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Chinmayi Sripada

2026-05-08T02:02:59Z

Gurushivam:

{{short description|Indian playback singer (born 1984)}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2026}}
{{Family name hatnote|Sripada|lang=Telugu}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Chinmayi Sripada
| image = FilmFare Awards,2018.jpg
| image_upright = yes
| caption = Chinmayi in 2018
| birth_name = Chinmayi Sripada
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1984|09|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|Voice Actor|Entrepreneur|[[Radio Jockey]]}}
| alma_mater = [[University of Madras]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Rahul Ravindran]]|2014}}
| children = 2
| relatives = {{ubl|[[Sripada Kameswara Rao]] (Great-grandfather)
| [[Sripada Pinakapani]] (Grandfather)}}
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| genre = {{flat list|
* [[Indian classical music]]
* [[playback singer|Playback singing]]
* [[Filmi]]
* [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]]
* [[Ghazal]]
}}
| instrument = Vocals, Piano
| label = {{plainlist|
* [[Times Music]]
* WorldWide Records
* Nadham Music Media
* Sruthilaya Audio Recording Co
}}
| website =
}}
| years_active = 2002–present
}}

'''Chinmayi Sripada''' (born 10 September 1984), known [[mononymously]] as '''Chinmayi''', is an [[India]]n singer, voice actress, entrepreneur and a former radio and video jockey. She predominantly works in Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi and Hindi films. She rose to fame for her critically acclaimed song "Oru Deivam Thantha Poovae" from ''[[Kannathil Muthamittal]]'' (2002), directed by [[Mani Ratnam]] and composed by [[A. R. Rahman]]. She debuted as a voice actress in ''[[Sillunu Oru Kaadhal]]'' (2006) rendering her voice for [[Bhumika Chawla]], after being referred by one of A. R. Rahman's sound engineers. She debuted as a composer with a short lullaby titled ''Laali'', which she also sang and released as part of [[Instagram]]'s ''#1MinMusic''.

She is the founder and CEO of a translation services company Blue Elephant, a skincare company importing K-beauty to India, Skinroute (formerly Isle Of Skin), and a medi-spa Deep Skin Dialogues in [[Chennai]] and [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]. She is often credited as Chinmayee and was credited as Indai Haza which means "Angel of Music" (by composer [[A. R. Rahman]] for one of his songs - I Miss You da). She is also a social activist often raising her voice against issues faced by women and has been one of the faces of the second wave of [[MeToo movement|#MeToo]] movement in India.

== Early life ==
Chinmayi was born in [[Bombay]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=PA |first1=Aneesa |title='It comes from anger'. Tamil singer Chinmayi Sripada isn’t afraid to speak her mind |url=https://theprint.in/india/it-comes-from-anger-tamil-singer-chinmayi-sripada-isnt-afraid-to-speak-her-mind/1962035/ |work=[[ThePrint]] |date=11 February 2024}}</ref> [[Maharashtra]] to parents Sripada Kameswara Rao and Padmhasini Thirumalai, and is the granddaughter of legendary Carnatic musician and doctor [[Sripada Pinakapani]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sahu |first1=Diana |title='I Count on my blessings' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2014/Mar/01/i-count-on-my-blessings-581190.html |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=1 March 2014 |language=en}}</ref> She underwent formal training in [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] classical music from her mother from a very young age (3-4). She later decided to switch over to [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] classical music. She received the [[Centre for Cultural Resources and Training|CCRT]] Scholarship for Young Talent for Carnatic Music from the Government of India at the age of 10.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/01/13/stories/2006011302990300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060115062136/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/01/13/stories/2006011302990300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 January 2006 |title=Entertainment Chennai / Personality : Young and talented |date=13 January 2006 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=20 August 2011}}</ref> She won the gold medal from All India Radio for Ghazals in 2000 and the silver medal for Hindustani Classical Music in 2002 also Carnatic classical music silver medal . She learned German as a language in the Max Mueller Bhavan in Chennai and completed certification courses from [[NIIT]] and SSI in web design. During her school life, she held jobs with both Sify and studentconcepts.org.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

Chinmayi has a Bachelor of Science degree in [[psychology]] from the [[University of Madras]]. She is also a versatile dancer and mostly enjoys the Odissi dance form. Chinmayi is a [[polyglot]]; apart from [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] she also speaks, [[English language|English]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], German and French fluently, and has a working knowledge of Spanish, [[Malayalam]], [[Kannada]], Marathi and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chinmayionline.com/about.html |title=Chinmayi's education |publisher=Chinmayionline.com |access-date=20 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226105941/http://www.chinmayionline.com/about.html |archive-date=26 February 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Career ==
=== Singing ===
[[File:Chimayee (cropped).jpg|thumb|Chinmayi performing at a concert]]
She participated and won the singing show of [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]], ''Saptasawarangal'', following which she was introduced by singer Srinivas to film composer [[A. R. Rahman]]. Chinmayi's playback singing career began with her performance of Rahman's "Oru Dheivam Thanta Poove" for the film ''[[Kannathil Muthamittal]]''. After a couple of years of singing exclusively for Tamil, Telugu, Tulu and [[Malayalam]] films, she made her [[Bollywood]] debut in ''[[Mangal Pandey: The Rising]]'' with the song "Holi Re". About a year later, she garnered more recognition with her performances of "[[Tere Bina (Guru)|Tere Bina]]" and "[[Mayya (song)|Mayya]]" in the movie ''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]''. In 2007, the song "Beda Beda" marked her first venture into [[Kannada]] playback singing. She has since received critical acclaim for songs such as "[[Sivaji (soundtrack)|Sahana Saaral]]", "[[Vaarayo Vaarayo]]", "[[Kilimanjaro (song)|Kilimanjaro]]", "[[Vaagai Sooda Vaa|Sara Sara]]", "[[Nanban (2012 film)|Asku Laska]]", "[['96 (film)|Kaathale Kaathale]]" and [[Muththa Mazhai]]. She received her second break in Bollywood with the song "[[Chennai Express (soundtrack)|Titli]]" from [[Chennai Express]] and "[[Hasee Toh Phasee|Zehnaseeb]]" from [[Hasee Toh Phasee]]. She then received critical acclaim for the song "[[Mast Magan]]" from [[2 States (2014 film)|2 states]], which she had sung along with [[Arijit Singh]]. She has also sung in Marathi language in movies such as "[[Sairat]]". Chinmayi as of 2020 had to her credit over 2,000 songs in 10 different languages.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/singing-is-my-first-love/article5241499.ece |title=Singing is my first love |newspaper=The Hindu. |date=17 October 2013 |last1=Rajendra |first1=Ranjani |access-date=17 October 2013 |archive-date=17 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017141348/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/singing-is-my-first-love/article5241499.ece |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 2025, Chinmayi had one of the biggest breakthroughs of her career, and also a re-entry to the Tamil industry with her performance of the song "[[Muththa Mazhai]]" from the [[Thug Life (2025 film)|Thug Life]] audio launch which went viral. Her live performance video uploaded on YouTube by Saregama Audio Label reached over 100M+ views, garnering widespread critical acclaim and an urge to include it in the official soundtrack by the audiences. Following this, "Muththa Mazhai (Reprise)" was officially released on music streaming platforms and included in the film's official soundtrack a day prior to its release. Additionally, as of the end of 2025, her song "Tere Bina" with [[A. R. Rahman]] continues to be in the top 10 streamed songs across India on Spotify.

==== Additional works ====
Chinmayi announced that she will release a single in Tamil, Malayalam and Telugu in iTunes on occasion of Joy of Giving Week on 2 Oct, and proceeds of which shall go to 17000 ft.org so as to promote philanthropy, charity and the concept of giving.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-30/news-interviews/42535391_1_giving-week-legal-downloads-chinmayi-sripada |title=Chinmayi to release single |access-date=17 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003042013/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-30/news-interviews/42535391_1_giving-week-legal-downloads-chinmayi-sripada |archive-date=3 October 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=dead}}</ref>

She also collaborated with Shekar Ravjiani to launch a single in Tamil/Telugu the name of the album being Sitakokachiluka (Butterfly), again for which the legal downloads of it will go to Ma Niketan, a home that takes care of abandoned or uncared-for girl children in Thane, a charity that composer Shekhar has been supporting.

During the COVID-19 Pandemic, she started an initiative called "Sing for Charity" through which her fans and audiences could support families in need (those who lost jobs due to the pandemic lockdown) by transferring some amount of money directly to the family, and in return, she would send them personalised singing videos/wishes for special occasions, for their friend/family member. Chinmayi, since April 2020 till the world returned to normalcy, has been able to raise money and essentials worth ₹1 crore to the needy through this initiative, by recording and sharing over 3,000 songs. She recollected one particular day when she recorded and sent over 85 such song requests.

=== Voice acting ===
Chinmayi turned a voice actor for the Tamil film ''[[Sillunu Oru Kadhal]]'' (2006), speaking dubbing for actress [[Bhumika Chawla]], an opportunity that came through [[A. R. Rahman]]'s office. Since then, she has dubbed for several lead actresses in Tamil films, including [[Tamannaah Bhatia]], [[Sameera Reddy]], [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]] and [[Trisha Krishnan]]. She has also provided her voice in dubbed Telugu films. She dubbed for the critically acclaimed fictional character Jessie who was portrayed by Trisha in ''[[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaaya]]''. The same character appeared in the film's Telugu version ''[[Ye Maaya Chesave]]'' and was portrayed by Samantha, while being portrayed by [[Amy Jackson]] in the Hindi version ''[[Ekk Deewana Tha|Ek Deewana Tha]]''. Chinmayi dubbed for the character in all three films and won the [[Nandi Award for Best Female Dubbing Artist]] for ''[[Ye Maaya Chesave]]'' in 2010. Chinmayi dubbed in ''[[Vettai]]'' for [[Sameera Reddy]] and has dubbed for her in all [[Tamil language|Tamil]] movies. She dubbed for Samantha Ruth Prabhu in ''[[Eega]]'' in Telugu and its Tamil version ''[[Naan Ee]]'' in 2012. She dubbed voice for [[Nayanthara]] in the Tamil version of the movie ''[[Sri Rama Rajyam]]'', and in the telugu version of ''[[Naanum Rowdy Dhaan]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tamilcinemanews123.blogspot.in/2012/04/spb-and-chinmayi-voice-for-balakrishna_02.html |title=SPB and Chinmayi voice for Balakrishna and Nayanthara in Sri Rama Rajyam movie | Tamil Cinema News - Latest News on Kollywood |access-date=23 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129093151/http://tamilcinemanews123.blogspot.in/2012/04/spb-and-chinmayi-voice-for-balakrishna_02.html |archive-date=29 November 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Chinmayi has also been the voice of [[Lavanya Tripathi]] in many of her movies, starting from ''[[Andala Rakshasi]]'', then ''[[Bhale Bhale Magadivoy]]'', ''[[Maayavan]]'', ''[[Chaavu Kaburu Challaga]]'', and ''[[A1 Express]]''. Chinmayi has dubbed for Samantha Ruth Prabhu in many films like ''[[Rabhasa]]'', ''[[Atharintiki Daaredi]]'', ''[[Ramayya Vasthavayya]]'', ''[[Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu]]'', ''[[24 (2016 film)|24]]'', ''[[Oh! Baby (2019 film)|Oh! Baby]]'' and many more in Telugu. In the 2018 film ''[['96 (film)]]'', she dubbed for the female lead [[Trisha Krishnan|Trisha]] and also sang all the songs in the film, and subsequently worked in the Telugu remake ''[[Jaanu (2020 film)|Jaanu]]'', in which she dubbed for [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha Prabhu]] and sang all the songs in the film. She made a comeback to dubbing in Tamil films in 2023 (after facing a 5-year ban from the Tamil film industry) with [[Lokesh Kanagaraj]] and [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]'s ''[[Leo (2023 Indian film)|Leo]]'' in which she dubbed for [[Trisha Krishnan|Trisha]]'s character, Sathya, in 3 languages - Tamil, Telugu, and Kannada. ''Leo'' also marks Chinmayi's dubbing debut in the Kannada film industry. Chinmayi dubbed for [[Mrunal Thakur]] in her Telugu debut ''[[Sita Ramam]]'', which became a huge success, and she received appreciation for dubbing for the character of Sita Mahalakshmi/Princess Noorjahan. She subsequently dubbed for Mrunal in her next Telugu film, ''[[Hi Nanna]]''. And in 2026 for her again in ''[[Dacoit: A Love Story]]''.

=== Television, radio, and hosting===
Chinmayi served as a television presenter during the first season of ''[[Airtel Super Singer]]'' on [[STAR Vijay]] that was aired between April and August 2006 and the first season of ''[[Airtel Super Singer Junior]]'' from February 2007 to July 2007. In 2008, she returned as host of the second season of ''Airtel Super Singer'', though she discontinued her role before the completion of the season, as she stated the show extended the period of the initial contract. During this time, she was also a [[radio jockey]] on Aahaa FM 91.9 in [[Chennai]], on a breakfast show titled ''Aahaa Kaapi Klub''. She later began compering [[Star Plus]]'s ''Chhote Ustaad'', which ran concurrently with another music talent show she started hosting in June, the debut season of [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]'s ''[[Sangeetha Mahayuddham]]''. On 15 August 2010, Chinmayi announced that that day's ''Chhote Ustaad'' would be her last as host, leaving the show after only eight episodes. She appeared as a judge on Sun Singer which aired on Sun TV between 2016-2017. She was also on the judges' panel of Jaya Star Singers in [[Jaya TV]], but the show was halted due to the Covid-19 Pandemic, and did not resume further.

Chinmayi has also been the host for numerous audio launch functions in the Tamil film industry, with one such event being the audio launch of [[S. Shankar|Shankar]]'s [[I (2015 film)|I]] where she welcomed stalwarts like [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] and [[Rajinikanth]]. She hosted one of the largest events in Indian Cinema in 2013 along with [[Sivakarthikeyan]], 100 years of Indian Cinema Celebrations, organized by the [[South Indian Film Chamber of Commerce]] and inaugurated by the then Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu [[J. Jayalalithaa]]. She also hosted the event organized to facilitate music composer [[M. S. Viswanathan]] with the ''Thirai Isai Chakravarthy'' award by Jayalalithaa, titled "Ninaithale Inikkum".

== Personal life ==

Chinmayi is married to [[Rahul Ravindran]]. In September 2013, through Twitter, Chinmayi's mother Padmhasini revealed Chinmayi was engaged to Rahul Ravindran, who is also an Indian actor, director, and screenwriter. Chinmayi and Rahul were friends, colleagues and started dating each other by June 2013.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} They got married on 5 May 2014. She gave birth to twin children, Driptah and Sharvas on 18 June 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Driptah and Sharvas – The new and forever center of our Universe|url=https://twitter.com/Chinmayi/status/1539301084501782528|access-date=21 June 2022|website=Twitter|archive-date=21 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621173642/https://twitter.com/Chinmayi/status/1539301084501782528|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Other work ==

=== Activism ===
Sripada is a prominent figure in India's [[MeToo movement|#MeToo]] movement, using her social media presence to publicise allegations of sexual harassment within the country's entertainment industry. In 2018, she accused lyricist [[Vairamuthu]] of sexual harassment, alleging an incident took place in [[Sweden]] in 2006.<ref>{{Cite news| url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/chinmayi-s-mom-opens-up-about-vairamuthu-s-harassment-1360492-2018-10-11 |title='Chinmayi's mom opens up about Vairamuthu's harassment' Sripada opens up about Sweden concert |work=indiatoday.in |access-date=10 October 2018 |archive-date=21 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021193053/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/chinmayi-s-mom-opens-up-about-vairamuthu-s-harassment-1360492-2018-10-11 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/liar-tweets-chinmayi-sripada-to-vairamuthus-defence-against-metoo-claims-1930012 |title='Liar,' Tweets Chinmayi Sripada To Vairamuthu's Defence Against #MeToo Claims |work=NDTV.com |access-date=10 October 2018 |archive-date=11 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011051434/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/liar-tweets-chinmayi-sripaadi-to-vairamuthus-defence-against-metoo-claims-1930012 |url-status=live }}</ref> She also amplified the claims of others against musicians such as [[O. S. Thyagarajan]], [[Raghu Dixit]], and [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/chinmayi-s-mom-opens-up-about-vairamuthu-s-harassment-1360492-2018-10-11 |title='Chinmayi's mom opens up about Vairamuthu's harassment' Sripada opens up about Sweden concert |work=indiatoday.in |access-date=10 October 2018 |archive-date=21 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021193053/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/chinmayi-s-mom-opens-up-about-vairamuthu-s-harassment-1360492-2018-10-11 |url-status=live }}</ref> Her allegations were met with [[cyberbullying]] and accusations from some political activists that they were motivated by [[Anti-Brahminism|caste prejudice]]. Sripada also publicised an allegation against N. Narayanan, the president of the Tamil Nadu Brahmins Association (TAMBRAS).<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2019 |title=Rebellion in TN Brahmin association over MeToo allegation against president |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/rebellion-tn-brahmin-association-over-metoo-allegation-against-president-103014 |access-date=2 June 2021 |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215824/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/rebellion-tn-brahmin-association-over-metoo-allegation-against-president-103014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Following her accusations, Sripada's membership in the Tamil Film Dubbing Union was terminated by its president, [[Radha Ravi]], citing non-payment of fees. Sripada stated that her singing and dubbing opportunities in the Tamil film industry declined significantly after her involvement in the movement and that she was effectively banned from working. The matter was taken to court and is [[sub judice]].

Sripada was selected for the Fortune/US State Department Global Women's Mentoring Partnership in 2011, one of three Indian women chosen that year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://chennai.usconsulate.gov/chinmayi_apr2011.html |title=Learning to be a Better Leader |publisher=U.S. Consulate General Chennai, India |access-date=20 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110820055606/http://chennai.usconsulate.gov/chinmayi_apr2011.html |archive-date=20 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Chinmayi Sripada /Chinmayee |date=21 April 2011 |title=WhatToNameIt: Another milestone |url=http://chinmayisripada.blogspot.com/2011/04/another-milestone.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813133129/http://chinmayisripada.blogspot.com/2011/04/another-milestone.html |archive-date=13 August 2011 |access-date=20 August 2011 |publisher=Chinmayisripada.blogspot.com}}</ref>

=== Entrepreneurship ===
Chinmayi is the CEO of "Blue Elephant", a translation services company she founded in August 2005. The company has since been the language service provider for various Multinational companies like Scope E Knowledge, Ford, Dell, Ashok Leyland, and Reliance India. She received an award from [[SAARC]] Chamber for Women Entrepreneurship for Excellence in a niche industry for Blue Elephant in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |author=Chinmayi Sripada /Chinmayee |url=http://chinmayisripada.blogspot.com/2010/11/blue-elephant-receives-award.html |title=WhatToNameIt: The Blue Elephant receives an Award |publisher=Chinmayisripada.blogspot.com |date=29 November 2010 |access-date=20 August 2011 |archive-date=13 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813133106/http://chinmayisripada.blogspot.com/2010/11/blue-elephant-receives-award.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2011, she became the first woman entrepreneur from Tamil Nadu to be selected for the FORTUNE/US State Department Global Women's Mentoring Partnership Program.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://chennai.usconsulate.gov/chinmayi_apr2011.html |title=Learning to be a Better Leader – U.S. Consulate General Chennai, India |publisher=Chennai.usconsulate.gov |access-date=20 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110820055606/http://chennai.usconsulate.gov/chinmayi_apr2011.html |archive-date=20 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Chinmayi Sripada /Chinmayee |url=http://chinmayisripada.blogspot.com/2011/04/another-milestone.html |title=WhatToNameIt: Anothee |publisher=Chinmayisripada.blogspot.com |date=21 April 2011 |access-date=20 August 2011 |archive-date=13 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813133129/http://chinmayisripada.blogspot.com/2011/04/another-milestone.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She started an architectural and interior design firm "Heka Studios" along with two architects on 27 August 2015. She travelled to South Korea in 2018 to explore K-Beauty products, post which she founded her skincare brand "Isle of Skin" which legally imports Korean and Taiwanese skincare products to India. She then opened a medi-spa "Deep Skin Dialogues" in November 2021, which was inaugurated by actor [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]] at Chetpet, Chennai. Another branch of ''DSD'' was opened in Hyderabad in May 2022.

== Discography ==
{{main|Chinmayi discography}}

[[File:Chinmayi.JPG|thumb|upright|200px|Chinmayi in 2011]]
Chinmayi has produced songs since 2002 and done work in Tamil, Telugu, Hindi, Malayalam, Kannada and other regional variants. She has also produced various jingles for advertisements and television.

== Filmography ==
=== As voice actor ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Dubbing for!! Language
!Notes
|-
| |2006 || ''[[Sillunu Oru Kadhal]]'' || [[Bhumika Chawla]]|| rowspan="12" | Tamil
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2007 || ''[[Unnale Unnale]]'' || [[Tanishaa Mukerji|Tanisha]]
|
|-
| ''[[Satham Podathey]]'' || [[Padmapriya Janakiraman|Padmapriya]]
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2008 || ''[[Jayamkondaan|Jayam Kondaan]]'' || [[Lekha Washington]]
|
|-
| ''[[Dhaam Dhoom]]'' || [[Kangana Ranaut]]
|
|-
| ''[[Sakkarakatti]]'' || [[Vedhika]]
|
|-
| ''[[Vaaranam Aayiram]]'' || [[Sameera Reddy]]
|Also dubbed in Telugu dubbed version titled ''Surya S/O Krishnan.'' Telugu dubbing debut.
|-
| rowspan="4" |2009 || ''[[TN-07 AL 4777]]'' || [[Meenakshi (actress)|Meenakshi]]
|
|-
| ''[[Yavarum Nalam]]'' || [[Neetu Chandra]]
|
|-
| ''[[Modhi Vilayaadu]]'' || [[Kajal Aggarwal]]
|
|-
| ''[[Kandein Kadhalai]]'' || [[Tamannaah Bhatia]]
|Also dubbed in Telugu dubbed version titled ''Priya Priyatama'' released in 2011.
|-
| rowspan="8" |2010 || ''[[Aasal]]'' || [[Sameera Reddy]]
|
|-
| ''[[Rakta Charitra]]'' || [[Radhika Apte]]|| Telugu
|
|-
| ''[[Theeradha Vilaiyattu Pillai]]'' || [[Neetu Chandra]]|| rowspan="3" | Tamil
|Also dubbed in Telugu dubbed version titled ''Khilladi.''
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa]]'' || [[Trisha Krishnan]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]]
| For the cameo role of Samantha
|-
| ''[[Ye Maaya Chesave]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
| ''[[Sura (film)|Sura]]'' || [[Tamannaah Bhatia]]|| Tamil
|
|-
| ''[[Manmadhan Ambu|Manmadha Baanam]] ([[Manmadhan Ambu]])''|| [[Trisha Krishnan]]|| Telugu
|Dubbed version
|-
| rowspan="8" |2011 || ''[[Ko (film)|Ko]]'' || [[Karthika Nair]]|| rowspan="3" |Tamil
|
|-
| ''[[Nadunissi Naaygal]]'' || [[Sameera Reddy]]
|Also dubbed in Telugu dubbed version titled ''Erra Gulabilu''
|-
| ''[[Vanthaan Vendraan]]'' || [[Taapsee Pannu]]
|
|-
| ''[[Sri Rama Rajyam]]'' || [[Nayanthara]]|| Tamil (Dubbed version)
|
|-
| ''[[Dhada]]'' || [[Kajal Aggarwal]]||Telugu
|
|-
| ''[[Dookudu]]'' || [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]]
|Telugu
|
|-
| ''[[Vedi (film)|Vedi]]'' || [[Sameera Reddy]]|| rowspan="3" | Tamil
|
|-
| ''[[Osthe]]'' || [[Richa Gangopadhyay]]
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |2012 || ''[[Vettai]]''|| [[Sameera Reddy]]
|
|-
| ''[[Ekk Deewana Tha]]'' || [[Amy Jackson]]|| Hindi
|Hindi dubbing debut
|-
| ''[[Muppozhudhum Un Karpanaigal]]'' ||[[Amala Paul]]|| Tamil
|
|-
| ''[[Eega]]'' || rowspan="2" |[[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]]|| Telugu
| rowspan="2" |
|-
| ''Naan Ee '' || Tamil
|-
| ''[[Maattrraan]]'' || [[Kajal Aggarwal]]|| Tamil
|Also dubbed in Telugu dubbed version titled ''Brothers'' and Hindi dubbed version titled ''No. 1 Judwaa - The Unbreakable'' released in 2014.
|-
| ''[[Andala Rakshasi]]'' || [[Lavanya Tripathi]]|| rowspan="6" | Telugu
|
|-
| ''[[Yeto Vellipoyindhi Manasu]]'' || rowspan="4" |[[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]]
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |2013 || ''[[Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Atharintiki Daaredi]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Ramayya Vasthavayya]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Zanjeer (2013 film)|Thoofan]]'' || [[Priyanka Chopra]]
|
|-
| ''[[Gundello Godari|Marandhen Manithen]]'' || [[Lakshmi Manchu]] || rowspan="2" | Tamil
|Dubbed version
|-
| ''[[Irandam Ulagam]]'' || [[Anushka Shetty]]
|
|-
| ''[[Ala Ela]]'' ||[[Hebah Patel]]|| Telugu
|
|-
| ''[[Endrendrum Punnagai]]'' || [[Trisha Krishnan]]|| rowspan="2" | Tamil
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2014|| ''[[Aaha Kalyanam]]'' || [[Vaani Kapoor]]|| Also dubbed in Telugu dubbed version.
|-
| ''[[Alludu Seenu]]'' || rowspan="2" | [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]]|| rowspan="3" | Telugu
|
|-
| ''[[Manam (film)|Manam]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Oka Laila Kosam]]'' || [[Pooja Hegde]]
|
|-
| ''[[Lingaa]]'' || [[Sonakshi Sinha]]|| Tamil
| Also dubbed in Telugu dubbed version
|-
| rowspan="5" |2015 || ''[[I (2015 film)|I]]'' || [[Amy Jackson]] || Hindi
|Dubbed version
|-
| ''Vaa Deal'' || [[Karthika Nair]] || Tamil
| Unreleased film
|-
| ''[[Bhale Bhale Magadivoy]]'' ||[[Lavanya Tripathi]]|| rowspan="3" | Telugu
|
|-
| ''[[Dohchay]]''|| [[Kriti Sanon]]
|
|-
| ''[[S/O Satyamurthy]]''|| rowspan="2" |[[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]]
|
|-
| rowspan="11" |2016 || ''[[Theri (film)|Police]]'' || rowspan="2" | Telugu
|Dubbed version
|-
| ''[[Naanum Rowdy Dhaan|Nenu Rowdy Ne]]'' || [[Nayanthara]]
|
|-
|''[[Brahmotsavam (film)|Brahmotsavam]]'' ||[[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]]|| rowspan="2" | Telugu
|
|-
| ''[[Sarrainodu]]'' || [[Rakul Preet Singh]]
|
|-
| ''[[24 (2016 film)|24]]'' || rowspan="2" | [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]]|| Tamil
|Also dubbed in Telugu dubbed version
|-
| ''[[Janatha Garage]]'' || rowspan="6" | Telugu
|
|-
| ''[[Majnu (2016 film)|Majnu]]'' || [[Anu Emmanuel]]
|
|-
| ''[[Jaguar (2016 film)|Jaguar]]'' || [[Deepti Sati]]
|
|-
| ''[[Premam (2016 film)|Premam]]'' || [[Shruthi Haasan]]
|
|-
| ''[[Sahasam Swasaga Sagipo]]'' || [[Manjima Mohan]]
|
|-
| ''[[Raju Gari Gadhi 2]]'' || [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]]
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2017 || ''[[Ivan Thanthiran]]'' ||[[Shraddha Srinath]]|| Tamil
|
|-
|''[[The House Next Door (2017 film)|The House Next Door]]''|| rowspan="2" |[[Andrea Jeremiah]]|| Hindi
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|''Gruham'' || Telugu
|-
| ''[[Maayavan]]''||[[Lavanya Tripathi]]|| rowspan="2" | Tamil
|Also dubbed in Telugu dubbed version titled ''Project Z''.
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2018 ||''[[Irumbu Thirai (2018 film)|Irumbu Thirai]]''||[[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]]
|
|-
|''[[Shailaja Reddy Alludu]]''||[[Anu Emmanuel]]|| rowspan="2" | Telugu
|
|-
|''[[Chi La Sow]]''|| [[Ruhani Sharma]]
|
|-
| ''[[96 (film)|96]]''|| [[Trisha Krishnan]]|| Tamil
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2019 || ''[[Seema Raja]]''|| rowspan="3"|[[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]]|| Telugu
|
|-
| ''[[Majili]]''|| rowspan="4" | Telugu
|
|-
| ''[[Oh! Baby (2019 film)|Oh Baby]]''
|Also dubbed in Tamil dubbed version.
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Manmadhudu 2]]''|| [[Rakul Preet Singh]]
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|[[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]]
|-
| ''[[Hero (2019 Tamil film)|Hero]]'' || [[Kalyani Priyadarshan]]|| Tamil
|
|-
| ''[[Ninu Veedani Needanu Nene]]'' || [[Anya Singh]] || Telugu
|
|-
| rowspan="1"|2020|| ''[[Jaanu (2020 film)|Jaanu]]'' || [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]]|| rowspan="5" | Telugu
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2021 || ''[[Chaavu Kaburu Challaga]]'' || rowspan="2" | [[Lavanya Tripathi]]
|
|-
| ''[[A1 Express]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Paagal]]'' || [[Nivetha Pethuraj]]
|
|-
| ''[[Romantic (film)|Romantic]]'' || [[Ketika Sharma]]
|
|-
| ''[[Thalli Pogathey (film)|Thalli Pogathey]]'' || [[Anupama Parameswaran]]|| rowspan="2" | Tamil
|
|-
| ''[[Atrangi Re|Galatta Kalyanam]] ([[Atrangi Re]])'' || [[Sara Ali Khan]]||Dubbed version
|-
| rowspan="7" |2022 || ''[[Malli Modalaindi]]'' || [[Naina Ganguly]]|| rowspan="2" | Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal|Kanmani Rambo Khatija]] ([[Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal]])'' || [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]]||Dubbed version
|-
| ''[[Ramarao on Duty]]'' || [[Rajisha Vijayan]]|| rowspan="3" | Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Sita Ramam]]'' || [[Mrunal Thakur]]||
|-
| ''[[Ori Devuda]]'' || [[Asha Bhat]] ||
|-
| ''[[Kaiyum Kalavum]]'' || Akka/Partner ''(Narrator)'' || Tamil || Sony Liv Web Series - Voice Only. Along with [[Bobby Simha]]
|-
| ''[[Yashoda (film)|Yashoda]]'' || rowspan="2" | [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]]|| Hindi ||Dubbed version
|-
|rowspan="3" |2023 || ''[[Kushi (2023 film)|Kushi]]'' || Telugu || Also dubbed in Tamil dubbed version.
|-
|''[[Leo (2023 Indian film)|Leo]]'' || [[Trisha Krishnan]] || Tamil || Also dubbed in Telugu and Kannada dubbed versions. Kannada dubbing debut. Won the Best Dubbing Artist at the JFW Movie Awards 2024.
|-
| ''[[Hi Nanna]]'' || rowspan="2" | [[Mrunal Thakur]] || rowspan="2" | Telugu || Also dubbed in Tamil dubbed version.
|-
|rowspan="2" |2026 || ''[[Dacoit: A Love Story]]'' ||
|-
|''[[Karuppu (film)|Karuppu]]'' || [[Trisha Krishnan]] || Tamil ||
|-
|}

=== Other roles ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Rowthiram]]'' || || Tamil || Special appearance
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Famously Filmfare]]'' || Host || rowspan="2" | Telugu || [[MX Player]] talk show
|-
|2021 || ''[[Most Eligible Bachelor]]'' || Herself || Cameo appearance along with her husband [[Rahul Ravindran]]
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{{BLP sources section|date=March 2024}}
; [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
* 2002: [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Female Playback|Best Female Playback]] – "Oru Deivam Thantha Poove" ([[Kannathil Muthamittal]])
* 2007: Best Female Playback – "Sahana" ([[Shivaji (film)|Sivaji]])
* 2010: Best Female Playback – "Kilimanjaro" ([[Enthiran]])

; [[Nandi Awards]]
*2015-[[Nandi Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]-"Yenno Yenno Varnala" ([[Malli Malli Idi Rani Roju]])
*2016-[[Nandi Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]-"Manasantha Megamai" ([[Kalyana Vaibhogame]])
*2010-[[Nandi Award for Best Female Dubbing Artist|Best Female Dubbing Artist]]- [[Ye Maaya Chesave]] ([[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]])
*2014-[[Nandi Award for Best Female Dubbing Artist|Best Female Dubbing Artist]]- [[Manam (film)|Manam]] ([[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]])

; Goa State Cultural Awards
*2025 : Best female Playback Singer —“Morachi Paankha” ([[Amizade]])
;[[Filmfare Awards]]
* [[59th Filmfare Awards|2014]]: Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]] – "Titli" ([[Chennai Express]])
; [[Filmfare Awards South]]
* [[57th Filmfare Awards South|2009]]: [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil|Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil]] – "[[Vaarayo Vaarayo]]" ([[Aadhavan]])
* [[59th Filmfare Awards South|2011]]: [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil|Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil]] – "Sara Sara Saara Kaathu" ([[Vaagai Sooda Vaa]])
* [[64th Filmfare Awards South|2016]]: [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Malayalam|Best Female Playback Singer – Malayalam]] – "Oonjalilaadi Vanna" ([[Action Hero Biju]])
* [[66th Filmfare Awards South|2018]]: [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil|Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil]] – "Kaathale Kaathale" ([['96 (film)|'96]])
* [[68th Filmfare Awards South|2022]]: [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu]] – "Oh Prema" ([[Sita Ramam]])
**[[54th Filmfare Awards South|2007]]: Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil|Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil]] – "Sahana" ([[Sivaji: The Boss]])
**[[58th Filmfare Awards South|2010]]: Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil|Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil]] – "Kilimanjaro" ([[Enthiran]])
**[[60th Filmfare Awards South|2013]]: Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil|Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil]] – "Asku Laska" ([[Nanban (2012 film)|Nanban]])
**[[62nd Filmfare Awards South|2015]]: Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu]] – "Ra Rakumara" ([[Govindudu Andarivadele]])
**[[64th Filmfare Awards South|2016]]: Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil|Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil]] – "Naan Un" ([[24 (2016 film)|24]])
**[[64th Filmfare Awards South|2017]]: Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu]] – "Oye Meghamala" ([[Majnu]])
**[[66th Filmfare Awards South|2018]]: Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu]] – "Yenti Yenti" ([[Geetha Govindam]])
**[[67th Filmfare Awards South|2020]]: Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Kannada|Best Female Playback Singer – Kannada]] – "Soul of Dia" ([[Dia (film)|Dia]])
**[[67th Filmfare Awards South|2021]]: Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu]] – "Manasulone Nilichipoke" ([[Varudu Kaavalenu]])
**[[68th Filmfare Awards South|2022]]: Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil|Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil]] – "Panithuli" ([[Raangi]])
**[[69th Filmfare Awards South|2023]]: Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu]] – "Aradhya" ([[Kushi (2023 film)|Kushi]])
**[[69th Filmfare Awards South|2023]]: Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu]] – "Odiyamma" ([[Hi Nanna]])

; [[Filmfare Marathi Awards|Filmfare Awards Marathi]]
* 2016: [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Marathi|Best Female Playback Singer]] - [[Sairat Zaala Ji]] ([[Sairat]])

; [[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
* 2011 – SIIMA Award for Best Female Playback Singer (Tamil) – "Sara Sara" ([[Vaagai Sooda Vaa]])
* 2019 - [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu]] - "Priyathama Priyathama" ([[Majili]])
**2013 : Nominated, SIIMA Award for Best Female Playback Singer (Tamil) - "Mella Sirithai" ([[Kalyana Samayal Saadham]])
**2014 : Nominated, SIIMA Award for Best Female Playback Singer (Telugu) - "Vaddantune" ([[Run Raja Run]])
**2015 : Nominated, SIIMA Award for Best Female Playback Singer (Tamil) - "Idhaythai Yedho Ondru" ([[Yennai Arindhaal]])
**2015 : Nominated, SIIMA Award for Best Female Playback Singer (Telugu) - "Vennellona Mounam" ([[Surya vs Surya]])
**2018 : Nominated, SIIMA Award for Best Female Playback Singer (Tamil) - "Kadhale Kadhale" ([['96 (film)|'96]])
**2018 : Nominated, SIIMA Award for Best Female Playback Singer (Telugu) - "Yenti Yenti" ([[Geetha Govindam]])
**2020 : Nominated, SIIMA Award for Best Female Playback Singer (Telugu) - "Oohale" ([[Jaanu (2020 film)|Jaanu]])
**2020 : Nominated, SIIMA Award for Best Female Playback Singer (Kannada) - "Soul of Dia" ([[Dia (film)|Dia]])

; [[Mirchi Music Awards]]
* [[6th Mirchi Music Awards|2013]]: Female Vocalist of the Year – "Titli" ([[Chennai Express]])
* 2014: Mirchi Platinum Disc - [[Mast Magan]]
* [[7th Mirchi Music Awards|2014]]: Mirchi Music Awards - Song of the Year - Zehnaseeb from Hasee Toh Phasee
* 2014: Mirchi Music Awards - Album of the Year - 2 States

; [[Vijay Awards]]
* [[4th Vijay Awards|2009]]: [[Vijay Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]] – "[[Vaarayo Vaarayo]]" ([[Aadhavan]])
* [[6th Vijay Awards|2011]]: [[Vijay Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]] – "Sara Sara" ([[Vaagai Sooda Vaa]])

; Mazhavil Music Awards
* 2024 - Mazhavil Music Award for Best Duet - "Omane" ([[The Goat Life]])
* 2025 - Mazhavil Music Award for Best Singer Female - "Nilagamanam" ([[Paathirathri]])

; [[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]]
* 2011: Best Female Playback Singer – "Sara Sara" ([[Vaagai Sooda Vaa]])<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Kollywood-gets-honoured-in-Norway/articleshow/12936171.cms |title=Kollywood gets honoured in Norway |work=The Times of India |date=15 January 2017 |access-date=2 May 2012 |archive-date=17 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117042247/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Kollywood-gets-honoured-in-Norway/articleshow/12936171.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2018: Best Female Playback Singer – "Kaathalae Kaathalae" (''[[96 (film)|96]]'')<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pariyerum-perumal-bags-best-film-award-norway-tamil-film-festival-94760 |title='Pariyerum Perumal' bags Best Film award at Norway Tamil Film Festival |date=9 January 2019 |access-date=10 January 2019 |archive-date=16 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416194435/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pariyerum-perumal-bags-best-film-award-norway-tamil-film-festival-94760 |url-status=live }}</ref>
** Nominated : Best Female Dubbing Artist - ''[[96 (film)|96]]''

; [[Vijay Music Awards]]
* 2010: [[Vijay Music Awards|Popular Female Playback Singer]] – "[[Kilimanjaro (song)|Kilimanjaro]]" ([[Endhiran]])<ref name="thehindu1">{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2009923.ece?homepage=true |title=Arts / Cinema : Rhythmic ripples of 'Mellisai' mark function |work=The Hindu |date=12 May 2011 |access-date=20 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517090521/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2009923.ece?homepage=true |archive-date=17 May 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 2011: [[Vijay Music Awards|Best Female Singer Female]] – "Sara Sara" ([[Vaagai Sooda Vaa]])
'''[[Sakshi Excellence Awards]]'''
*2019: Most Popular Singer Of The Year - "Yenti Yenti" from [[Geetha Govindam]] & "Priyathama" from [[Majili]]
*[[7th Sakshi Excellence Awards|2021]]: Most Popular Singer Of The Year - "Oohale Oohale" from [[Jaanu (2020 film)|Jaanu]]

; GAMA Awards
*2024 - Best Female Playback Singer - "Aradhya" ([[Kushi (2023 film)|Kushi]])

; JFW Movie Awards
* 2024: Best Dubbing Artist - [[Leo (2023 Indian film)|Leo]] ([[Trisha Krishnan]])
** 2026: Nominated : Best Singer (Tamil) - "Cheenikkallu" ([[Bison Kaalamaadan]])

; [[The Times of India|The Times Film Awards]]
* 2011: The Chennai Times Award for Best Female Playback Singer – "Sara Sara" ([[Vaagai Sooda Vaa]])

; [[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]]
* 2011: [[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Award for Best Female Playback Singer]] – "Chotta Chotta" ([[Engeyum Eppodhum]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mytamilmovie.com/descriphead.asp?idno=10699 |title=BEST SINGER FEMALE AWARD |publisher=My Tamil Movie |date=12 February 2012 |access-date=13 February 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120910065002/http://www.mytamilmovie.com/descriphead.asp?idno=10699 |archive-date=10 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 2012: [[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Award for Best Female Playback Singer]] – "Asku Laska" ([[Nanban (2012 film)|Nanban]]){{citation needed|date=February 2014}}
** 2018 : Nominated, [[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Award for Best Female Playback Singer]] - "Kaathale Kaathale" ([['96 (film)|'96]])

; [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
* 2018: Best Playback Singer (Female) - All songs from ''[[96 (film)|96]]''

; Isaiaruvi Tamil Music Awards
* 2007: Best Female Playback Singer – "Sahana" ([[Shivaji (film)|Sivaji]]){{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}
* 2009: Best Female Playback Singer – "[[Vaarayo Vaarayo]]" ([[Aadhavan]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://m.pressmart.com/Home.aspx?event=TNewInExpress&dt=12072010&page=351_032&mdl= |title=LAURELS |work=The New Indian Express |publisher=M.pressmart.com |date=1 April 2011 |access-date=20 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110820100957/http://m.pressmart.com/Home.aspx?event=TNewInExpress&dt=12072010&page=351_032&mdl= |archive-date=20 August 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

; [[Mirchi Music Awards South]]
* 2010: [[Mirchi Music Awards South|Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil]] – "[[Kilimanjaro (song)|Kilimanjaro]]" ([[Endhiran]])

; [[BIG Tamil Entertainment Awards]]
* 2010: [[BIG Tamil Entertainment Awards#Awards for Excellence in Films|BIG Tamil Award for Best Entertaining Female Singer]] – "Poove Poove" ([[Siddhu +2]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article1574375.ece |title=Cities / Chennai : Recognising icons of entertainment |work=The Hindu |date=27 March 2011 |access-date=20 August 2011 |archive-date=24 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024075346/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article1574375.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2011: BIG Tamil Melody Music Award for Best Female Playback Singer – "Sara Sara" ([[Vaagai Sooda Vaa]])
* 2015: BIG Tamil Music Awards - Best Female Playback Singer - "Ennodu Nee Irundhaal" ([[I (2015 film)|I]])

; [[Zee Cine Awards Telugu]]
* 2019 - Zee Cine Awards Telugu for Best Female Playback Singer - "Priyathama Priyathama" ([[Majili]])

; Other awards
* 2002: Award from Ajanta Fine Arts for "Oru Deivam" ([[Kannathil Muthamittal]])
* 2002: Best Media Associates Award for Best Female Playback Singer – "Oru Deivam" ([[Kannathil Muthamittal]])
* 2002: [[International Tamil Film Awards|ITFA Award for Best Upcoming Playback Singer]] – "Oru Deivam" ([[Kannathil Muthamittal]])
* 2007: Film Fans Association Award for Beat Female Playback Singer – "Sahana" ([[Shivaji (film)|Sivaji]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://chennaionline.com/film/news/sept08/09article266.aspx |title=Fans Association Awards |publisher=Chennaionline.com |date=8 May 2008 |access-date=20 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404033533/http://chennaionline.com/film/news/sept08/09article266.aspx |archive-date=4 April 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 2007: Jaya TV Award for Best Female Playback Singer – "Sahana" ([[Shivaji (film)|Sivaji]])<ref>{{cite web |author=Chinmayi Sripada /Chinmayee |url=http://chinmayisripada.blogspot.com/2008/01/sahana.html |title=WhatToNameIt: Sahana |publisher=Chinmayisripada.blogspot.com |date=2 January 2008 |access-date=20 August 2011 |archive-date=13 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813132839/http://chinmayisripada.blogspot.com/2008/01/sahana.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2007: Lions Club Award for Best Female Playback singer – "Sahana([[Shivaji (film)|Sivaji]])"
* 2009: Alandur Fine Arts for Best Female Playback Singer
* 2009: South Scope Cine Award for Best Female Playback Singer – "[[Vaarayo Vaarayo]]" ([[Aadhavan]])
* 2010: MGR Sivaji Academy Award for Best Female Playback Singer – "[[Kilimanjaro (song)|Kilimanjaro]]" ([[Endhiran]])<ref>{{cite web |author=seeucom |url=http://tamilmoviestar.com/enthiran-was-awarded-the-best-commercial-film-of-the-year-in-mgr-sivaji-awards/ |title=Enthiran was awarded the best commercial film of the year in MGR-Sivaji Awards |publisher=Tamilmoviestar.com |date=3 January 2011 |access-date=20 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830121703/http://tamilmoviestar.com/enthiran-was-awarded-the-best-commercial-film-of-the-year-in-mgr-sivaji-awards/ |archive-date=30 August 2011}}</ref>
* 2010: Vijayam Tamil Movie Award for Favourite Female Singer of the Year
* 2011: Navaratna Women Achievers Award for Best Female Playback Singer<ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/Chinmayi/status/181388091305635842 |title=Received the Navratna Award for Women Achievers |publisher=Chinmayi/Chinmayee |access-date=25 January 2016 |archive-date=7 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107072115/https://twitter.com/Chinmayi/status/181388091305635842 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=June 2023}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-sy9T3wgp0tk/T3VCiztSUdI/AAAAAAAAB0U/rXWH8Xoqtok/s1600/Chin+Navaratna+Award.jpg |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120630235251/http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-sy9T3wgp0tk/T3VCiztSUdI/AAAAAAAAB0U/rXWH8Xoqtok/s1600/Chin+Navaratna+Award.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 June 2012 |title=Chinmayi Navratna Award Photo |publisher=Yogitharani}}</ref>
* 2011: Filmfans' Association Award for Best Female Playback Singer – "Sara Sara" ([[Vaagai Sooda Vaa]])
* 2011: Variety Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer – "Sara Sara" ([[Vaagai Sooda Vaa]])
* 2015: Ugadi Puraskar - Best Female Playback Singer - Vadhantune - "[[Run Raja Run]]"
* 2018: Behindwoods Gold Medals - Voice of the Year (Female) - ''[[96 (film)|96]]''
* 2018: Radio City Awards - Best Singer Female (Telugu) - Yenti Yenti - "[[Geetha Govindam]]" & Mellaga Mellaga - "[[Chi La Sow]]"
* 2018: Mahila Ratna Awards - Best Singer Female (Telugu) - Yenti Yenti - "[[Geetha Govindam]]"
* 2018: Ugadi Puraskar - Best Female Playback Singer - Yenti Yenti - "[[Geetha Govindam]]"
*2021: Chandanavana Film Critics Academy Award for Best Playback Singer - Female for the song "Soul of Dia" from ''[[Dia (film)|Dia]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cinimirror.com/cfca-awards-2021-dhananjaya-and-kushee-win-best-actors-award-in-lead-role |title=CFCA Awards 2021 – Dhananjaya and Kushee win Best Actors award in lead role |newspaper=cinimirror |date=22 February 2021 |access-date=18 May 2021 |archive-date=26 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226214810/http://cinimirror.com/cfca-awards-2021-dhananjaya-and-kushee-win-best-actors-award-in-lead-role/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

; Other Nominations
* 2007: [[Star Screen Award for Best Female Playback]] – "[[Tere Bina (Guru song)|Tere Bina]]"
* 2009: Tamil Cinema Press Awards for Best Female Playback Singer – "Nila Nee Vaanam" ([[Pokkisham]])
* 2011: BIG Salute to Tamil Women Entertainer Award for Best Singer<ref name="mysixer1">{{cite web |url=http://www.mysixer.com/?p=16099 |title=A BIG tribute to Tamil Women Entertainers |publisher=My Sixer |date=7 February 2012 |access-date=3 March 2012 |archive-date=27 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627040903/http://www.mysixer.com/?p=16099 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2014: [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1819884/awards Screen Awards for Best Female Playback Singer] - "Titli" ([[Chennai Express]])
* 2014: [[Main Rang Sharbaton Ka|Star Guild Awards for Best Female Playback Singer]] - " Main Rang Sharbaton Ka" ([[Phata Poster Nikla Hero]])
* 2015: [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3173910/awards Bollywood Hungama Surfers Choice Music Awards for Best Female Playback Singer] - "Zehnaseeb" ([[Hasee Toh Phasee]])
* 2017: Female vocalist of the year for the song "Sairat Zala Ji" from the film ''[[Sairat]]'', [[Mirchi Music Awards]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/marathi-2016/nominations/ |title=nomination |access-date=21 February 2017 |archive-date=22 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222112232/http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/marathi-2016/nominations/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Other awards ===
* 1999: All India First and Best Performer Award from Sangam Kala Group
* 2000: All India First from [[All India Radio]] for Ghazals
* 2003: Pride of Sangam Award
* 2008: RITZ Amazing Woman Award<ref>{{cite web |author=Chinmayi Sripada /Chinmayee |url=http://chinmayisripada.blogspot.com/2009/01/ritz-award-for-amazing-women.html |title=WhatToNameIt: The RITZ award for Amazing Women |publisher=Chinmayisripada.blogspot.com |date=19 January 2009 |access-date=20 August 2011 |archive-date=13 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813133022/http://chinmayisripada.blogspot.com/2009/01/ritz-award-for-amazing-women.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2009: Vikatan Award for Best Television Show Host
* 2011: Award from SAARC Chamber for Women Entrepreneurship for Excellence<ref>{{cite web |author=suraen on |url=http://suraen.wordpress.com/2011/01/17/is-this-nightingale-an-entrepreneur/ |title=CHINMAYI SRIPADA!! " Business on Globe |publisher=Suraen.wordpress.com |date=17 January 2011 |access-date=20 August 2011 |archive-date=18 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818045456/http://suraen.wordpress.com/2011/01/17/is-this-nightingale-an-entrepreneur/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2011: Vocational Excellence Award from Rotary Club of Madras<ref>{{cite web |url=http://twitoaster.com/country-in/chinmayi/i-received-the-vocational-excellence-award-from-the-rotary-club-of-madras-downtown-this-evening-got-a-lovely-citation-from-them/ |title=I received the Vocational Excellence Award from the Rotary Club of Madras Downtown this evening. Got a lovely citation from them – Twitter |publisher=Twitoaster.com |access-date=20 August 2011 |archive-date=31 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831161714/http://twitoaster.com/country-in/chinmayi/i-received-the-vocational-excellence-award-from-the-rotary-club-of-madras-downtown-this-evening-got-a-lovely-citation-from-them/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*2015: Mercedes Benz - Ritz Woman of Merit award
*2015: Rotary Club Inner Wheel (Nanganallur) : Swarna Ratna Award
*2016: Indian of the Year: CNN IBN : Chennai Micro
*2025: Golden Icon of Inspiration : Galatta Pink

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Chinmayi}}
*{{IMDb name|1819884|Chinmayee Sripada}}
*{{Twitter|chinmayi}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer - Tamil}}{{Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu}}{{SIIMA Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chinmayi Sripada}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian women classical singers]]
[[Category:Indian folk-pop singers]]
[[Category:Indian voice actresses]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Indian radio actresses]]
[[Category:Women Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:Zee Cine Awards Telugu winners]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Tamil television presenters]]

Department of Personnel & Administrative Reforms (West Bengal)

2026-05-07T16:48:50Z

Gurushivam:

{{short description|Indian state government ministry}}
{{Self-published|date=April 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Department of Personnel & Administrative Reforms
| type = Department
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| seal =
| seal_width = 70px
| seal_caption = Seal of West Bengal
| picture =
| picture_width =
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| formed = 
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 = 
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| jurisdiction = [[Government of West Bengal]]
| headquarters = [[Writers' Building]], [[Kolkata]]
| coordinates =
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| minister1_name = Vacant
| minister1_pfo = Minister for Personnel & Administrative Reforms
| minister2_name =
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| parent_department = Government of West Bengal
| parent_agency =
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| keydocument1 = {{URL|https://par.wb.gov.in/wbsm.php}}
| website = {{URL|https://par.wb.gov.in/}}
| map =
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}}

'''Department of Personnel & Administrative Reforms of West Bengal''' commonly known as P&AR is a [[Government of West Bengal|Bengal government]] [[Ministry (government department)|ministry]].<ref name="WBGOV.com">[http://www.banglarmukh.com/portal/banglarMukh/Government/Departments/DepartmentListPortletWindow?action=e&windowstate=normal&mode=view Official Departmental Website of the Ministry of Home Affairs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407213738/http://www.banglarmukh.com/portal/banglarMukh/Government/Departments/DepartmentListPortletWindow?action=e&windowstate=normal&mode=view |date=7 April 2014 }} [[Government of West Bengal]] (2011-05-25)</ref> It is a ministry basically responsible for controlling the Department for IAS, WBCS (Exe), WBSS and other common cadres of the Secretariat. It also acts as the nodal Department for monitoring activities in Administrative Reforms, Redressal of Public Grievances, Implementation of the Right to Information Act, 2005 & the West Bengal Lokayukta Act, 2003.<ref name="WBGOV.com"/>

== Ministerial Team ==
The ministerial team is headed by the Cabinet Minister for Personnel & Administrative Reforms, who may or may not be supported by Ministers of State. Civil servants are assigned to them to manage the ministers' office and ministry.<ref name="WBGOV.com"/>

The current head of the department is [[Mamata Banerjee]], the [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]].<ref name="WBGOV.com"/>

== Departmental Cells ==
*All India Service Pension Cell
*Indian Administrative Service Cell
*West Bengal Civil Service Cell
*West Bengal Secretariat Service Cell
*Common Cadre Wing Cell
*Establishment Cell
*Training Cell
*General Cell
*Vigilance Cell
*Administrative Reforms Cell
*IT Cell
*Pension and Group Insurance Cell
*Service Records Cell
*Accounts Cell
*Medical Cell
*E-Gov Cell

== Attached Offices ==
*Administrative Training Institute
*Resident Commissioner of West Bengal
*West Bengal Information Commission
*Lokayukta
*State Vigilance Commission
*Anti Corruption Branch
*West Bengal Staff Selection Commission

== Acts and Rules ==
=== Acts ===
* West Bengal Lokayukta (Amendment) Act, 2018
* PREVENTION OF CORRUPTION ACT, 1988
* DEPARTMENTAL PROCEEDINGS (ENFORCEMENT OF ATTENDANCE OF WITNESSES AND PRODUCTION OF DOCUMENTS) ACT, 1973
* DEPARTMENTAL INQUIRIES (ENFORCEMENT OF ATTENDANCE OF WITNESSES AND PRODUCTION OF DOCUMENTS) ACT, 1972
=== Rules ===
* AMENDMENT TO THE WEST BENGAL SERVICES (CLASSIFICATION, CONTROL AND APEAL) RULES, 1971
* WEST BENGAL LOKAYUKTA ACT, 2003
* WEST BENGAL LOKAYUKTA (AMENDMENT) ACT, 2007
* [[Indian Administrative Service|INDIAN ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICE]] (APPOINTMENT BY SELECTION) REGULATIONS, 1997
* AMENDMENT TO THE WEST BENGAL SERVICES (TRAINING AND EXAMINATION) RULES, 1953
* [[All India Services|ALL INDIA SERVICES]] (STUDY LEAVE) REGULATIONS, 1960
* ALL INDIA SERVICES (DISIPLINE & APPEAL) AMENDMENT RULES, 2015
* WEST BENGAL SERVICES (DUTIES, RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS OF THE GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES) RULES, 1980
* WEST BENGAL SERVICES (DEATH-CUM-RETIREMENT BENEFIT) RULES, 1971
* INDIAN ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICE (APPOINTMENT BY PROMOTION) REGULATIONS, 1955
* INDIAN ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICE (CADRE) RULES, 1954
* ALL INDIA SERVICES (PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL REPORT) RULES, 2007
* ALL INDIA SERVICES (DISCIPLINE AND APPEAL) RULES, 1969
* ALL INDIA SERVICES (DEATH-CUM-RETIREMENT BENEFITS) RULES, 1958

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ministry of Personnel and Administrative Reforms (West Bengal)}}
[[Category:Administrative reforms in India]]
[[Category:Government departments of West Bengal]]

{{India-gov-stub}}

Bangladesh

2026-05-04T10:22:12Z

Gurushivam:

{{Short description|Country in South Asia}}
{{About|the country}}
{{Pp-move}}
{{Protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = People's Republic of Bangladesh
| common_name = Bangladesh
| native_name = {{native name|bn|গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ}} {{resize|90%|{{nobold|{{transliteration|bn|Gôṇôprôjātôntrī Bāṅlādēś}}}}}}
| image_flag = Flag of Bangladesh.svg
| image_coat = National emblem of Bangladesh.svg
| symbol_type = [[National Emblem of Bangladesh|Emblem]]
| other_symbol = {{unbulleted list |[[File:Government Seal of Bangladesh.svg|100px|Seal of the Government of Bangladesh]]}}
| other_symbol_type = [[Government Seal of Bangladesh|Government Seal]]
| national_anthem = {{lang|bn|আমার সোনার বাংলা}} ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]) {{transliteration|bn|[[Amar Sonar Bangla]]}} "My Golden Bengal" <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:Amar Sonar Bangla instrumental by US Navy Band.oga|center]]</div>
| image_map = {{Switcher|[[File: Bangladesh (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File: Bangladesh rel location map.svg |upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Bangladesh|default=1}}
| capital = [[Dhaka]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|23|45|50|N|90|23|20|E|type:city_region:BD|display=inline}}
| largest_city = capital
| languages_type = Official language {{nowrap|{{nobold|and national language}}}}
| languages = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd">{{cite web |url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html |title=The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh |website=[[Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs]] |access-date=1 February 2017 |archive-date=10 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110101626/http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-705.html |script-title=bn:বাংলা ভাষা প্রচলন আইন, ১৯৮৭ |author= |website=bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd |publisher=[[Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs]] |trans-title=Bengali Language Implementation Act, 1987 |language=bn |access-date=7 January 2024 |archive-date=7 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107175804/http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-705.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| languages2_type = Other common language
| religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |91.04% [[Islam in Bangladesh|Islam]] ([[State religion|official]])|7.94% [[Hinduism in Bangladesh|Hinduism]] |0.60% [[Buddhism in Bangladesh|Buddhism]] |0.30% [[Christianity in Bangladesh|Christianity]]|0.12% [[Religion in Bangladesh|other]]}}
| religion_year = 2022
| languages2 = [[Bangladeshi English|English]]<ref>{{cite journal |id={{ERIC|EJ1249887}} |last1=Ara |first1=Rowshon |title=A Foreign Language or the Second Language: The Future of English in Bangladesh |journal=International Journal of Language Education |date=March 2020 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=81–95 |doi=10.26858/ijole.v4i2.10458 |doi-broken-date=9 January 2026 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Islam |first1=Mohammad Nurul |last2=Hashim |first2=Azirah |title=Historical Evolution of English in Bangladesh |journal=Journal of Language Teaching and Research |date=2019 |volume=10 |issue=2 |page=247 |doi=10.17507/jltr.1002.05 }}</ref>
| ethnic_groups = 99% [[Bengalis|Bengali]]
{{collapsible list
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%;
| title = 1% [[Indigenous peoples in Bangladesh|others]]
| hlist = on
| [[Chakma people|Chakmas]]
| [[Garo people|Garos]]
| [[Khasi people|Khasis]]
| [[Khumi people|Khumis]]
| [[Meitei people|Manipuris]]
| [[Marma people|Marmas]]
| [[Mizo people|Mizos]]
| [[Rakhine people|Arakanese]]
| [[Mru people (Mrucha)|Mrus]]
| [[Santal people|Santals]]
| [[Tanchangya people|Tanchangyas]]
| [[Tripuri people|Tripuris]]
| [[Bishnupriya people|Bishnupriyas]]
}}
| ethnic_groups_ref = <ref>{{cite web |title=Ethnic population in 2022 census |url=https://sid.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/sid.portal.gov.bd/publications/01ad1ffe_cfef_4811_af97_594b6c64d7c3/PHC_Preliminary_Report_(English)_August_2022.pdf |access-date=9 June 2024 |archive-date=8 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708004426/https://sid.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/sid.portal.gov.bd/publications/01ad1ffe_cfef_4811_af97_594b6c64d7c3/PHC_Preliminary_Report_(English)_August_2022.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| ethnic_groups_year = 2022
| religion_ref = <ref name="census"/>
| demonym = [[Bangladeshis|Bangladeshi]]
| government_type = [[Unitary parliamentary republic]]
| leader_title1 = [[President of Bangladesh|President]]
| leader_name1 = [[Mohammed Shahabuddin]]
| leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name2 = [[Tarique Rahman]]
| leader_title3 = [[Speaker of the Jatiya Sangsad|Speaker]]
| leader_name3 = [[Hafiz Uddin Ahmad]]
| leader_title4 = [[Chief Justice of Bangladesh|Chief Justice]]
| leader_name4 = [[Zubayer Rahman Chowdhury]]
| legislature = [[Jatiya Sangsad]]
| sovereignty_note = from [[Pakistan]]
| sovereignty_type = [[Independence of Bangladesh|Independence]]
| established_event1 = [[East Bengal]]
| established_date1 = 15 August 1947
| established_event2 = [[East Pakistan]]
| established_date2 = 29 February 1956
| established_event3 = [[Proclamation of Bangladeshi Independence|Proclamation of independence]]
| established_date3 = 26 March 1971
| established_event4 = [[Provisional Government of Bangladesh|Provisional government]]
| established_date4 = 10 April 1971
| established_event5 = [[Pakistani Instrument of Surrender|Victory]] in the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|Liberation War]]
| established_date5 = 16 December 1971
| established_event6 = [[Constitution of Bangladesh|Current constitution]]
| established_date6 = 16 December 1972
| area_km2 = 148,460<ref>{{cite web|title=Bangladesh country profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-12650940|website=[[BBC News]] |date=4 March 2011 |access-date=18 February 2025}}</ref>
| area_rank = 93rd
| area_sq_mi = 57320
| area_label2 = Land area
| area_data2 = 130,170 km2<ref name="cia">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Bangladesh|access-date=13 November 2021|year=2021}}</ref>
| area_label3 = Water area
| area_data3 = 18,290 km2<ref name="cia"/>
| percent_water = 6.4
| population_estimate = 175,423,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh and the IMF |url=https://www.imf.org/en/countries/bgd |access-date=2026-05-02 |website=IMF}}</ref>
| population_census = 169,828,911<ref name="populationcensus2022">{{cite web |title=Population and Housing Census 2022: Post Enumeration Check (PEC) Adjusted Population |url=http://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/b343a8b4_956b_45ca_872f_4cf9b2f1a6e0/2023-04-18-08-42-4f13d316f798b9e5fd3a4c61eae4bfef.pdf |date=18 April 2023 |website=[[Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]] |access-date=30 May 2023 |archive-date=30 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530205648/http://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/b343a8b4_956b_45ca_872f_4cf9b2f1a6e0/2023-04-18-08-42-4f13d316f798b9e5fd3a4c61eae4bfef.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Report: 68% Bangladeshis live in villages |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/332419/report-68%25-bangladeshis-live-in-villages |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |date=28 November 2023 |access-date=6 February 2024 |archive-date=6 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206021005/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/332419/report-68%25-bangladeshis-live-in-villages |url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_estimate_year = 2026
| population_estimate_rank = 8th
| population_census_year = 2022
| population_census_rank = 8th
| population_density_km2 = 1,165
| population_density_sq_mi = 3,020
| population_density_rank = 13th
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1.922 trillion<ref name="IMFWEO.BD">{{cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) |title=World Economic Outlook Database (April 2026 Edition) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=14 April 2026 |access-date=19 April 2026}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year = 2026
| GDP_PPP_rank = 25th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $10,955<ref name="IMFWEO.BD" />
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 127th
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $510.705 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.BD" />
| GDP_nominal_year = 2026
| GDP_nominal_rank = 36th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $2,911<ref name="IMFWEO.BD" />
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 142nd
| Gini = 30.9
| Gini_year = 2022
| Gini_change = decrease
| Gini_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gini index - Bangladesh |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=BD |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=World Bank}}</ref>
| Gini_rank =
| HDI = 0.685 
| HDI_year = 2023 
| HDI_change = increase 
| HDI_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref>
| HDI_rank = {{ordinal|130}}
| currency = [[Bangladeshi taka|Taka]] ({{lang|bn|[[৳]]}})
| currency_code = BDT
| time_zone = [[Bangladesh Standard Time|BST]]
| utc_offset = +6
| date_format = dd/mm/yyyy
| drives_on = [[Left]]
| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Bangladesh|+880]]
| cctld = {{ubl|[[.bd]]|{{lang|bn|[[.bangla|.বাংলা]]}}}}
| area_magnitude =
| footnote =
| today =
}}
{{Contains special characters|Bengali}}

'''Bangladesh''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|%|b|ae|N|g|l|@|"|d|E|S|,_|%|b|A:|N|-|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Bangladesh.wav}}; {{langx|bn|বাংলাদেশ|Bāṅlādēś|engvar=gb}}, {{IPA|bn|ˈbaŋlaˌdeʃ|pron|Bn-বাংলাদেশ.oga}}}} officially the '''People's Republic of Bangladesh''',{{efn|{{langx|bn|গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ|Gôṇôprôjātôntrī Bāṅlādēś|engvar=gb}}, {{IPA|bn|ɡɔnopɾodʒat̪ɔnt̪ɾi‿baŋlad̪eʃ|pron|}}}} is a country in [[South Asia]]. It is the [[List of countries and dependencies by population|eighth-most populous country]] in the world and among the [[List of countries and dependencies by population density|most densely populated]] with a population of almost 176 million within an area of {{convert|148460|km2|sqmi}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh and the IMF |url=https://www.imf.org/en/countries/bgd |access-date=2026-05-02 |website=IMF}}</ref> Bangladesh shares land borders with [[India]] to the north, west, and east, and [[Myanmar]] to the southeast. It has a coastline along the [[Bay of Bengal]] to its south and is separated from [[Bhutan]] and [[Nepal]] by the [[Siliguri Corridor]], and from [[China]] by the [[List of Indian states|Indian state]] of [[Sikkim]] to its north. [[Dhaka]], the capital and [[list of cities and towns in Bangladesh|largest city]], is the nation's political, financial, and cultural centre, with its most affluent neighborhood [[Gulshan Thana|Gulshan]] being among the most posh neighborhoods in [[South Asia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sinardaily.my/article/728620/culture/travel-amp-food/bangladesh-may-not-have-a-mega-monument-but-what-it-has-is-captivating|title=Bangladesh may not have a mega monument but what it has is captivating|first=S. D.|last=Reporter|date=12 July 2025|website=Sinar Daily}}</ref> [[Chittagong]] is the second-largest city and [[Port of Chittagong|the busiest port]] of the country.

The territory of modern Bangladesh was a stronghold of many [[List of Hindu empires and dynasties|Hindu]] and [[List of Buddhist kingdoms and empires|Buddhist dynasties]] in ancient history. Following the [[Ghurid conquest of Bengal|Muslim conquest]] in 1204, the region saw [[Bengal Sultanate|Sultanate]] and [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] rule. As the [[Bengal Subah|largest subdivision of the Mughal Empire]], the region of [[Bengal]] emerged one of the most prosperous and commercially active areas of the world, known for its [[Muslin trade in Bengal|thriving textile industry]] and agricultural productivity. The [[Battle of Plassey]] in 1757 marked the beginning of [[Bengal Presidency|British colonial rule]] for the following two centuries. In the aftermath of the [[Partition of British India|Partition of India]] in 1947, [[East Bengal]] became the eastern and most populous wing of the newly formed [[Dominion of Pakistan]] and was later renamed to [[East Pakistan]].

Following over two decades of political repression and [[institutional racism|systemic racism]] from the [[West Pakistan]]–based government, [[East Pakistan]] experienced civil unrest with the [[Non-cooperation movement (1971)|1971 non-cooperation movement]], which led to the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] following a violent government [[Operation Searchlight|military operation]]. The [[Mukti Bahini]], with [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971|aid and assistance from Indian forces]], waged a successful [[Revolution|armed revolution]]; and, despite the [[Bangladesh genocide]] carried out by Pakistan, Bangladesh became a [[sovereign nation]] on 16 December 1971. Post-Independence, [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] led the country until his [[Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman|assassination in 1975]]. Presidency was later transferred to [[Ziaur Rahman]], who himself was [[Assassination of Ziaur Rahman|assassinated]] in 1981. The 1980s were dominated by the dictatorship of [[Hussain Muhammad Ershad]], who was overthrown in a [[1990 Bangladesh mass uprising|mass uprising]] in 1990. Following the democratisation in 1991, the [[Battle of Begums|Battle of the Begums]] between [[Khaleda Zia]] and [[Sheikh Hasina]] defined the country's politics for the next four decades. Hasina was overthrown in a [[July Uprising|mass uprising]] in August 2024.

Bangladesh is a unitary [[parliamentary republic]] based on the [[Westminster system]]. It is a [[middle power]] with the [[Economy of Bangladesh|second-largest economy]] in South Asia. Bangladesh is home to the [[Islam by country|fourth-largest Muslim population]] in the world. It maintains the [[Bangladesh Armed Forces|third-largest military]] in South Asia and is the largest contributor to the [[peacekeeping]] operations of the United Nations. Bangladesh consists of [[Divisions of Bangladesh|eight divisions]], [[Districts of Bangladesh|64 districts]], [[Upazila|495 sub-districts]], and [[Union councils of Bangladesh|4,578 union councils]], and is home to the [[Sundarbans|largest mangrove forest]] in the world. It has one of the largest [[Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh|refugee populations]] in the world and continues to face challenges such as endemic [[Corruption in Bangladesh|corruption]], [[Human rights in Bangladesh|human rights abuses]], [[religious violence]], [[political decay|political instability]], and adverse [[effects of climate change]]. Bangladesh is a member state of [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|SAARC]] and [[Foreign relations of Bangladesh|several other international organisations]].

== Etymology ==
{{Main|Names of Bengal}}

The etymology of ''Bangladesh'' ("Bengali country") can be traced to the early 20th century, when Bengali patriotic songs, such as ''Aaji Bangladesher Hridoy'' by [[Rabindranath Tagore]] and ''Namo Namo Namo Bangladesh Momo'' by [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]], used the term in 1905 and 1932 respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geetabitan.com/lyrics/A/aaji-bangladesher-hridoy.html |title=Notation of song aaji bangladesher hridoy |access-date=10 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904011316/http://www.geetabitan.com/lyrics/A/aaji-bangladesher-hridoy.html |archive-date=4 September 2015}}</ref> Starting in the 1950s, Bengali nationalists used the term in political rallies in [[East Pakistan]].

The term ''Bangla'' can refer to both the [[Bengal]] region and the [[Bengali language]]. The origins of the term ''Bangla'' are unclear, with theories pointing to a Bronze Age [[Proto-Dravidian language|proto-Dravidian]] tribe,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field%28DOCID+bd0014%29 |title=Bangladesh: early history, 1000 B.C.–A.D. 1202 |date=September 1988 |website=Bangladesh: A country study |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |access-date=1 December 2014 |quote=Historians believe that Bengal, the area comprising present-day Bangladesh and the Indian state of [[West Bengal]], was settled in about 1000 B.C. by Dravidian-speaking peoples who were later known as the Bang. Their homeland bore various titles that reflected earlier tribal names, such as Vanga, Banga, Bangala, Bangal, and Bengal. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207010051/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+bd0014%29 |url-status=live |archive-date=7 December 2013 }}</ref> and the Iron Age [[Vanga Kingdom]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Vanga|title=Vanga | ancient kingdom, India|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=24 April 2023|archive-date=30 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730062030/https://www.britannica.com/place/Vanga|url-status=live}}</ref> The earliest known usage of the term is the [[Nesari|Nesari plate]] in 805 AD. The term ''Vangala Desa'' is found in 11th-century South Indian records.<ref>{{cite book |last=Keay |first=John |author-link=John Keay |year=2000 |title=India: A History |publisher=[[Atlantic Monthly Press]] |page=220 |isbn=978-0-87113-800-2 |quote=In C1020 ... launched Rajendra's great northern escapade ... peoples he defeated have been tentatively identified ... 'Vangala-desa where the rain water never stopped' sounds like a fair description of Bengal in the monsoon.}}</ref><ref name="Sen-1999">{{cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra Nath |year=1999 |orig-date=First published 1988 |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA281 |publisher=New Age International |page=281 |isbn=978-81-224-1198-0 |access-date=25 July 2023 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116111745/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA281 |url-status=live }}</ref> The term gained official status during the [[Sultanate of Bengal]] in the 14th century.<ref name="Ahmed2004">{{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Salahuddin |date=2004 |title=Bangladesh: Past and Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Szfqq7ruqWgC&pg=PA23 |publisher=APH Publishing |page=23 |isbn=978-81-7648-469-5 |access-date=14 May 2016 |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206161602/https://books.google.com/books?id=Szfqq7ruqWgC&pg=PA23 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>"But the most important development of this period was that the country for the first time received a name, ie Bangalah." [http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Islam,_Bengal Banglapedia: Islam, Bengal] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723091245/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Islam,_Bengal |date=23 July 2015 }}</ref> [[Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah]] proclaimed himself as the first "[[Shah]] of Bangala" in 1342.<ref name="Ahmed2004" /> The word ''Bangāl'' became the most common name for the region during the Islamic period.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sircar |first=D.C. |author-link=Dineshchandra Sircar |year=1971 |orig-date=First published 1960 |title=Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AqKw1Mn8WcwC |edition=2nd |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |page=135 |isbn=978-81-208-0690-0 |access-date=19 April 2016 |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206161603/https://books.google.com/books?id=AqKw1Mn8WcwC |url-status=live }}</ref> 16th-century historian [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak]] mentions in his ''[[Ain-i-Akbari]]'' that the addition of the suffix ''"al"'' came from the fact that the ancient rajahs of the land raised mounds of earth in lowlands at the foot of the hills which were called "al".<ref>Land of Two Rivers, [[Nitish Sengupta]]</ref> This is also mentioned in [[Ghulam Husain Salim]]'s [[Riyaz-us-Salatin]].<ref name="riaj">[http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=07601010&ct=11 RIYAZU-S-SALĀTĪN: A History of Bengal] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215055926/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=07601010&ct=11|date=15 December 2014}}, [[Ghulam Husain Salim]], The Asiatic Society, Calcutta, 1902.</ref>

The Indo-Aryan suffix ''[[-desh|Desh]]'' is derived from the Sanskrit word ''deśha'', which means "land" or "country". Hence, the name ''Bangladesh'' means "Land of Bengal" or "Country of Bengal".<ref name="Sen-1999" />

== History ==
{{Main|History of Bangladesh}}

=== Early history ===

The first great indigenous empire to cover the territory was the [[Maurya Empire]] ({{Circa}} 320–185 BC). Following its decline, the kingdom of [[Samatata]] arose, which was a tributary state of the [[Gupta Empire]] (ca. 319-ca. 540 AD). [[Harsha]] (606–47 AD) drew Samatata into its loosely administered political structure. The Buddhist [[Pala Empire]] ruled the region from 750 to 1150 AD. It was overthrown by the Hindu [[Sena dynasty]], which ruled the territory until the [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent|Muslim conquests]] led by [[Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji]] of the [[Ghurid dynasty]] in 1204.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=EARLY HISTORY, 1000 B.C.-A.D. 1202|chapter-url=https://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/4.htm|editor1-last=Heitzman|editor1-first=James|editor2-last=Worden|editor2-first=Robert|title=Bangladesh: A Country Study|url=http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/|publisher=[[Federal Research Division]], [[Library of Congress]]|access-date=13 January 2025}}</ref>

=== Medieval period ===
{{Main|Bengal Sultanate|Bengal Subah}}

[[File:Renaldis muslin woman.jpg|thumb|A woman in [[Dhaka]] clad in fine [[Muslin trade in Bengal|Bengali muslin]], 18th century]]

{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 300
| image1 = Kusumba Mosque, Naogaon.jpg
| image2 = গোয়ালদি মসজিদ 3.jpg
| image3 = Bagha Shahi Mosque.jpg
| image4 = Choto Shona Mosque Rajshahi.jpg
| footer = Bengal Sultanate era Mosque architecture. Clockwise from upper left: Arches in [[Kusumba Mosque]], [[Goaldi Mosque]], [[Bagha Mosque]] and Pointed arches and a Bengal roof in [[Choto Sona Mosque]].
}}

[[File:Hussain Shahis of Bengal.png|thumb|left|Bengal during the [[Hussain Shahi dynasty]]]]

Bengal was then incorporated into the [[Delhi Sultanate]] (1206–1526 AD).<ref name="islamization">{{cite book|chapter=ISLAMIZATION OF BENGAL, 1202–1757|chapter-url=https://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/5.htm|editor1-last=Heitzman|editor1-first=James|editor2-last=Worden|editor2-first=Robert|title=Bangladesh: A Country Study|url=http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/|publisher=[[Federal Research Division]], [[Library of Congress]]|access-date=13 January 2025}}</ref> In 1341, the independent [[Bengal Sultanate]] was established by [[Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah]].<ref name="islamization"/> Two dynasties ruled the independent Sultanate of Bengal consecutively, the [[Hussain Shahi dynasty]] and the [[Ilyas Shahi dynasty]], with a brief reign of the [[House of Ganesha]]. Amidst geographic expansion and economic prosperity, it was regarded by European and Chinese visitors as the "richest country to trade with".<ref>{{cite book|last=Nanda|first=J.N.|year=2005|title=Bengal: the unique state|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-149-2}}</ref>{{rp|10}} The [[Mughal Empire]] conquered Bengal in 1576.<ref name="islamization"/><ref>Raychaudhuri, Tapan; Habib, Irfan (eds). ''The Cambridge Economic History of India: Volume 1, c.1200–c.1750''. Cambridge University Press, 1982.</ref> By the 18th century, the [[Bengal Subah]] emerged as the wealthiest province of the empire and was described as the "Paradise of Countries" and the "breadbasket of India".<ref name="islamization"/> Its citizens maintained some of the best [[standard of living|standards of living]] in the world, as the region was a major global exporter and producer of cotton textiles ([[Muslin trade in Bengal|muslin]] in particular), silk and [[shipbuilding in Bangladesh|shipbuilding]].<ref name="ray">{{cite book|first=Indrajit|last=Ray|year=2011|title=Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution (1757–1857)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CHOrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-82552-1|access-date=30 May 2019}}</ref>{{rp|174}} Following the decline of the Mughal Empire in the early 1700s, the region became a semi-independent state under the [[Nawabs of Bengal]], founded by [[Murshid Quli Khan]] in 1717.

=== British colonial rule ===
{{Main|Bengal Presidency}}

[[File:Bengal Presidency in British India with dependencies 1852.png|thumb|left|Bengal Presidency (green) in British India with dependencies (gray)]]

On 23 June 1757, the state led by [[Siraj-ud-Daulah]] was defeated by the British [[East India Company]] in the [[Battle of Plassey]]—which was key in establishing colonial [[British Raj|British rule]] over Bengal and the wider Indian subcontinent. Bengal played a crucial role in the [[Industrial Revolution]] at the expense of an extraordinary [[capital flight]] and deindustrialisation following British colonial loot and the collapse of the Bengali textile industry.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ray|first=Indrajit|title=Identifying the woes of the cotton textile industry in Bengal: tales of the nineteenth century|volume=62|number=4|pages=857–892|publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]]|journal=[[The Economic History Review]]|jstor=27771525|date=November 2009|doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00444.x }}</ref><ref name="ray"/>{{rp|7–10}} The catastrophic [[Great Bengal famine of 1770]] caused between one ten million deaths,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ghose|first=Ajit Kumar|title=Food Supply and Starvation: A Study of Famines with Reference to the Indian Sub-Continent|volume=34|number=2|pages=368–389|jstor=2662775|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|journal=[[Oxford Economic Papers]]|year=1982|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.oep.a041557 |pmid=11620403 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dyson |first=Tim |title=A population history of India: from the first modern people to the present day |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-882905-8 |edition=1st |location=Oxford |pages=80–81 |quote=However, in assessing the likely scale of the mortality ... there were no demographic data for any significant part of Bengal. Indeed, many Company administrators seldom ventured from Calcutta. The few local reports on famine deaths were for small and unrepresentative populations. Also, as we noted in Chapter 4, cultivators could be very mobile, and they often abandoned their villages at times of famine. Much of any 'depopulation' was undoubtedly caused by out-migration. In addition, birth rates tend to fall during famines, and this too would have reduced the population ... To sum up, the 1769–70 famine was certainly exceptional in terms of Bengal's experience during the eighteenth century (although crop losses from a cyclone and a shift in a river course also contributed to many famine deaths in 1787–88). It is very unlikely, however, that the 1769–70 crisis involved the deaths of 10 million people. Indeed, on Datta's assessment, even a figure of 5 million may well lie outside the plausible range. However, famine mortality and large-scale out-migration did cause significant depopulation in large parts of Bengal—from which it evidently took several years to recover. As late as 1773, Company officials regarded the revival of the province's economy as requiring substantial return-migration from adjacent territories—including the, then, independent state of Awadh.}}</ref><ref name="Irschick2018">{{citation|last=Irschick|first=Eugene F.|author-link=Eugene F. Irschick|title=A History of the New India: Past and Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wqiaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA73|year=2018|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-43617-1|pages=73–|quote=In addition, deaths among the cultivating population were much lower than previous figures, which suggested a loss of one third of the population. Famine mortality in the Burdwan zamindari in central Bengal was not severe and agriculturists who left came back or were replaced.}}</ref> killing up to one-third of the total population of the Bengal Presidency.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6iNuAAAAMAAJ|last=Peers|first=Douglas M.|year=2006|title=India under colonial rule: 1700–1885|publisher=Pearson Education|isbn=978-0-582-31738-3}}</ref>{{rp|47}}

=== As part of Pakistan ===
{{Main|Dominion of Pakistan|East Bengal|East Pakistan}}

{{further|West Pakistan|Partition of Bengal (1947)|Partition of India}}

In the aftermath of [[Bengal Presidency|direct British rule]] for nearly two centuries, the borders of modern Bangladesh were established with the [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|partition of Bengal]] between India and Pakistan by the [[Radcliffe Line]]<ref>{{cite journal|last=Chatterji|first=Joya|title=The Fashioning of a Frontier: The Radcliffe Line and Bengal's Border Landscape, 1947–52|volume=33|number=1|year=1999|pages=185–242|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|journal=[[Modern Asian Studies]]|doi=10.1017/S0026749X99003066 |jstor=313155}}</ref> during the [[partition of India]] on 15 August 1947, when the region became [[East Bengal]] as the eastern and most populous wing of the newly formed [[Dominion of Pakistan]]—alongside [[West Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite book|chapter=PAKISTAN PERIOD, 1947–71|chapter-url=https://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/14.htm|editor1-last=Heitzman|editor1-first=James|editor2-last=Worden|editor2-first=Robert|title=Bangladesh: A Country Study|url=http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/|publisher=[[Federal Research Division]], [[Library of Congress]]|page=4|access-date=13 January 2025}}</ref> The western and eastern wings of the newly formed Pakistan were geographically separated by a distance of over 1,000 miles, which became the root cause of deep [[economic inequality]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sobhan|first=Rehman|title=The Problem of Regional Imbalance in the Economic Development of Pakistan|journal=[[Asian Survey]]|volume=2|number=5|year=1962|pages=31–37|doi=10.2307/3023445 |jstor=3023445}}</ref> Khawaja Nazimuddin was East Bengal's first [[Chief Minister of East Bengal|chief minister]] with [[Frederick Chalmers Bourne]] its governor. The [[All Pakistan Awami Muslim League]] was formed in 1949. In 1950, the [[East Bengal Legislative Assembly]] enacted [[land reform]], abolishing the Permanent Settlement and the zamindari system.<ref>[[#Baxter|Baxter]], p. 72</ref> The Awami Muslim League was renamed as a more "secular" [[Awami League]] in 1953.<ref name="LewisSagar1992">{{cite book |author1=David S. Lewis |author2=Darren J. Sagar|title=Political Parties of Asia and the Pacific: A Reference Guide |url={{GBurl|id=S4uyAAAAIAAJ}}|year=1992|publisher=Longman|isbn=978-0-582-09811-4|page=36|access-date=30 July 2017}}"its present name in December 1953"</ref> The first constituent assembly was dissolved in 1954. The [[United Front (East Pakistan)|United Front]] coalition swept aside the Muslim League in a landslide victory in the [[1954 East Bengali legislative election]]. East Bengal was renamed [[East Pakistan]] in 1956 as part of the [[One Unit Scheme]] under the [[1956 Constitution of Pakistan|new constitution]], and the province became a vital part of the [[Southeast Asia Treaty Organization]].

Amidst rising cultural and societal differences, the brutal government crackdown on the 1952 [[Bengali language movement]] to establish [[Bengali language|Bengali]] as the official language of Pakistan spurred [[Bengali nationalism]] and [[pro-democracy]] movements. Pakistan adopted a new constitution in 1956.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=The "Revolution" of Ayub Khan, 1958–66|chapter-url=https://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/15.htm|editor1-last=Heitzman|editor1-first=James|editor2-last=Worden|editor2-first=Robert|title=Bangladesh: A Country Study|url=http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/|publisher=[[Federal Research Division]], [[Library of Congress]]|page=4|access-date=13 January 2025}}</ref> The [[Pakistan Armed Forces]] imposed [[martial law]] in 1958, following a [[1958 Pakistani coup d'état|coup d'état]], with [[Ayub Khan (general)|Ayub Khan]] establishing a dictatorship for over a decade. A new constitution was introduced in 1962, replacing the [[parliamentary system]] with a presidential and gubernatorial system (based on [[electoral college]] selection) known as "Basic Democracy".<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=4323370|title=Pakistan's Basic Democracy|last1=Sayeed|first1=Khalid B.|journal=[[Middle East Journal]]|year=1961|volume=15|issue=3|pages=249–263}}</ref> In 1962, Dhaka became the seat of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]], a move seen as appeasing increased Bengali nationalism.<ref>{{cite book |last=Vale |first=Lawrence J. |year=2008 |title=Architecture, Power and National Identity |url={{GBurl|id=qWx9AwAAQBAJ|p=291}} |publisher=Routledge |edition=2nd |page=291 |isbn=978-1-134-72921-0 |access-date=14 May 2016}}</ref> In 1966, Awami League leader [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] announced a [[six point movement|six-point movement]] for a federal parliamentary democracy.

Ethnic, linguistic, and cultural discrimination was common in Pakistan's civil and military services, in which Bengalis were under-represented;<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Raic |first1=D |year=2002 |title=Statehood and the Law of Self-Determination |url={{GBurl|id=L7UOyPGYBkwC|p=336}} |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |page=336 |isbn=978-90-411-1890-5 |access-date=20 January 2017}}</ref> leading to East Pakistan forging a distinct political identity.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=Raju G.C. |year=2003 |title=Yugoslavia Unraveled |url={{GBurl|id=9L6ZayN27PAC|p=322}} |publisher=Lexington Books |page=322 |isbn=978-0-7391-0757-7}}</ref> Authorities banned Bengali literature and music in the state media.<ref>{{cite news |author=Ahsan |first=Syed Badrul |author-link=Syed Badrul Ahsan |date=2 June 2010 |title=The sky, the mind, the ban culture |work=The Daily Star |type=Editorial |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=140968 |url-status=live |access-date=11 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222114353/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=140968 |archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref> The Pakistani government practised extensive [[economic discrimination]] against East Pakistan, including the refusal for foreign aid allocation.<ref name="google.co.nz">{{cite book |last=Muscat |first=Robert J. |year=2015 |title=Investing in Peace: How Development Aid Can Prevent or Promote Conflict |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yZ5zCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT72 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-46729-8 |access-date=20 January 2017 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404212613/https://books.google.com/books?id=yZ5zCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT72 |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite generating 70% of Pakistan's export revenue with jute and tea, East Pakistan received much less government spending. Notable economists from East Pakistan, including [[Rehman Sobhan]] and [[Nurul Islam (economist)|Nurul Islam]] demanded a separate foreign exchange account for the eastern wing, also pointing to the existence of two different economies within Pakistan itself, dubbed the Two-Economies Theory.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/the-two-economies-thesis-road-to-the-six-points-programme-29679 |title=The Two Economies thesis: Road to the Six Points Programme |first=Nurul |last=Islam |date=22 June 2014 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=5 April 2023 |archive-date=7 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107182453/https://www.thedailystar.net/the-two-economies-thesis-road-to-the-six-points-programme-29679 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cpd.org.bd/from-two-economies-to-two-nations-my-journey-to-bangladesh/ |title=Two Economies to Two Nations: Rehman Sobhan's Journey to Bangladesh |work=CPD |date=30 August 2015 |access-date=5 April 2023 |archive-date=7 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107182457/https://cpd.org.bd/from-two-economies-to-two-nations-my-journey-to-bangladesh/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The populist leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was arrested for treason in the [[Agartala Conspiracy Case]] and was released during the [[1969 uprising in East Pakistan]] which resulted in Ayub Khan's resignation. General [[Yahya Khan]] assumed power, reintroducing martial law.

After the Pakistan Government's poor response to the [[1970 Bhola Cyclone]] which left over 500,000 people dead,<ref name="countrystudies.us1">{{cite web |url=http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/16.htm|title=Bangladesh – Emerging Discontent, 1966–70|access-date=11 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623150140/http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/16.htm|archive-date=23 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani]] a prominent political figure who had previously led multiple rebellion against the [[British Raj]] was the first ever Bengali to declare independence of East Pakistan in a massive public rally on 23 November 1970 but it was not officially recognized.<ref>{{cite web | title=Maulana Bhashani was the first to declare 'Independence' of East Pakistan - Sindh Courier | date=29 September 2022 | url=https://sindhcourier.com/maulana-bhashani-was-the-first-to-declare-independence-of-east-pakistan/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Bangladesh's Independence: The Forgotten Declaration of 4 December | url=https://www.daily-sun.com/post/780477#:~:text=On%20that%20fateful%20day%2C%20Bhashani,government%20based%20in%20West%20Pakistan }}</ref> After the December 1970 elections, the Bengali-nationalist Awami League won 167 of 169 East Pakistani seats in the National Assembly. The League claimed the right to form a government and develop a new constitution but was strongly opposed by the Pakistani military and the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] led by [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]].

The [[7 March Speech of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman|7 March Speech]] of Mujib led to a [[Non-cooperation movement (1971)|non-cooperation movement]]. The autocratic Pakistani government then initiated [[Operation Searchlight]] on 25 March 1971 in response.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bose|first=Sarmila|title=Anatomy of Violence: Analysis of Civil War in East Pakistan in 1971|journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]]|volume=40|number=41|year=2005|pages=4463–4471|jstor=4417267}}</ref> While Mujib was arrested by the Pakistani Army on 26 March 1971, freedom fighter Major [[Ziaur Rahman]] publicly broadcast the independence of Bangladesh on behalf of Mujib.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/zias-declaration-19001 | title=Zia's declaration |work=The Daily Star |date=7 April 2014 }}</ref> A nine-month-long bloody [[Bangladesh Liberation War|liberation war]] ensued, during which [[Bangladesh genocide|a genocide]] of ethnic Bengalis occurred.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Saikia|first=Yasmin|title=Beyond the Archive of Silence: Narratives of Violence of the 1971 Liberation War of Bangladesh|journal=[[History Workshop Journal]]|number=58|year=2004|volume=58 |pages=275–287|doi=10.1093/hwj/58.1.275 |jstor=25472765}}</ref> The culmination of the war established Bangladesh as a sovereign nation following [[Pakistani Instrument of Surrender|Pakistani surrender]] on 16 December 1971.

=== Independent Bangladesh ===
The [[Constitution of Bangladesh]] was enacted on 4 November 1972.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Chakma|first1=Parbon|last2=Saumik|first2=Rafid Azad|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/law-our-rights/news/50-years-bangladesh-constitution-nutshell-3160281|title=50 Years of Bangladesh Constitution In a nutshell|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=4 November 2022|access-date=13 January 2025}}</ref> Following independence, the Mujib-led government engaged in large-scale corruption and mismanagement, leading to nationwide lawlessness and economic devastation. Efforts to establish [[BAKSAL|One-party socialism]] and a [[Bangladesh famine of 1974|large famine in 1974]] led to [[Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman|Mujib's assassination]] in 1975 following a significant decline in his popularity.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Fall of the Bangabandhu, 1972–75|chapter-url=https://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/19.htm|editor1-last=Heitzman|editor1-first=James|editor2-last=Worden|editor2-first=Robert|title=Bangladesh: A Country Study|url=http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/|publisher=[[Federal Research Division]], [[Library of Congress]]|access-date=13 January 2025}}</ref><ref name="gov0"/>{{rp|131}} The presidency was then transferred to [[Ziaur Rahman]], who re-established public order, industrialised agriculture, founded the [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] and initiated the creation of the [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation]].<ref>{{cite book|chapter=The Zia Regime and Its Aftermath, 1977–82|chapter-url=https://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/21.htm|editor1-last=Heitzman|editor1-first=James|editor2-last=Worden|editor2-first=Robert|title=Bangladesh: A Country Study|url=http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/|publisher=[[Federal Research Division]], [[Library of Congress]]|access-date=13 January 2025}}</ref> Following [[Assassination of Ziaur Rahman|Rahman's assassination]] in 1981, the ensuing decade was a [[military dictatorship]] under [[Hussain Muhammad Ershad]] that saw infrastructural development, [[devolution]] reforms, privatisation of nationalised industries and the declaration of Islam as the [[state religion]] in 1988.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=THE ERSHAD PERIOD: Achieving Stability, 1982–83|chapter-url=https://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/90.htm|editor1-last=Heitzman|editor1-first=James|editor2-last=Worden|editor2-first=Robert|title=Bangladesh: A Country Study|url=http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/|publisher=[[Federal Research Division]], [[Library of Congress]]|access-date=13 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|chapter=Emerging Opposition, 1983–86|chapter-url=https://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/91.htm|editor1-last=Heitzman|editor1-first=James|editor2-last=Worden|editor2-first=Robert|title=Bangladesh: A Country Study|url=https://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/|publisher=[[Federal Research Division]], [[Library of Congress]]|access-date=13 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|chapter=Relaxation of Martial Law, 1986–87|chapter-url=https://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/92.htm|editor1-last=Heitzman|editor1-first=James|editor2-last=Worden|editor2-first=Robert|title=Bangladesh: A Country Study|url=http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/|publisher=[[Federal Research Division]], [[Library of Congress]]|access-date=13 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|chapter=More Opposition Pressure|chapter-url=https://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/93.htm|editor1-last=Heitzman|editor1-first=James|editor2-last=Worden|editor2-first=Robert|title=Bangladesh: A Country Study|url=http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/|publisher=[[Federal Research Division]], [[Library of Congress]]|access-date=13 January 2025}}</ref>

After the [[1990 Bangladesh mass uprising|restoration]] of [[parliamentary democracy]] in [[1991 Bangladeshi general election|1991]], power alternated between [[Khaleda Zia]] of the BNP and [[Sheikh Hasina]] of the Awami League, an era dubbed the [[Battle of Begums]]—which defined Bangladesh's politics and history for 34 years until 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42999503|title=Bangladesh grows tired of the Battling Begums|last=Rowlatt|first=Justin|work=[[BBC News]]|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=11 February 2018|access-date =13 January 2025}}</ref><ref name="gov0"/>{{rp|130}} Following the return of the Awami League to power after the [[2008 Bangladeshi general election|2008 general election]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-2008-12-30-voa9/401556.html|title=Bangladesh's Sheikh Hasina Wins Landslide Election|date=1 November 2009|access-date=14 February 2025|publisher=[[Voice of America]]|last=Herman|first=Steve}}</ref> The country under [[Sheikh Hasina]]'s leadership saw economic progress but also witnessed [[democratic backsliding]], increasing [[authoritarianism]], endemic [[Corruption in Bangladesh|corruption]], and widespread [[Human rights in Bangladesh|human rights abuse]]s.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ethirajan|first1=Anbarasan|last2=Wong|first2=Tessa|title=Sheikh Hasina: The pro-democracy icon who became an autocrat|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cg3ee303yxpo|date=6 August 2024|work=[[BBC News]]|publisher=[[BBC]]|access-date=15 January 2025}}</ref> According to various reports Hasina and the Awami League Government, aided by cooperation with India, organized the [[2009 Bangladesh Rifles revolt]] to kill capable army officers whom Hasina deemed a threat to her power destabilizing the [[Bangladesh Army]] and solidifying de facto one party rule.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Reporter |first1=Staff |title='Hasina, AL leaders behind BDR mutiny' |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/crime-justice/news/hasina-al-leaders-behind-bdr-mutiny-4047691 |access-date=1 December 2025 |work=The Daily Star |date=1 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Did India benefit from BDR mutiny? What the probe commission says|url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/did-india-benefit-bdr-mutiny-what-probe-commission-says-1299101|website=The Business Standard|date=2025-12-01|access-date=2025-12-01|language=en}}</ref> Hasina won her second, third and fourth consecutive terms in the [[2014 Bangladeshi general election|2014]], [[2018 Bangladeshi general election|2018]] and the [[2024 Bangladeshi general election|2024 general elections]]—all of which were shams and neither [[Free and fair election|free nor fair]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2014/01/06/world/asia/bangladesh-elections/index.html|title=Bangladesh ruling party wins elections marred by boycott, violence|date=6 January 2014|access-date=14 February 2025|publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-46718393|title=Bangladesh election: PM Sheikh Hasina wins landslide in disputed vote|date=31 December 2018|access-date=14 February 2025|work=[[BBC News]]|publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-67889387|title=Bangladesh election: PM Sheikh Hasina wins fourth term in controversial vote|date=8 January 2024|access-date=14 February 2025|work=[[BBC News]]|publisher=[[BBC]]|last1=Anbarasan|first1=Ethirajan|last2=Ng|first2=Kelly}}</ref> Following a [[July uprising]] against the authoritarian government, Hasina was [[Non-cooperation movement (2024)|forced to resign and flee]] to India on [[July 36|5 August 2024]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/8/5/bangladeshs-sheikh-hasina-forced-to-resign-what-happened-and-whats-next|title=Bangladesh's Sheikh Hasina forced to resign: What happened and what's next?|date=5 August 2024|access-date=14 February 2025|publisher=[[Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> An interim government was formed in August 2024, with Nobel laureate [[Muhammad Yunus]] as the [[Chief Adviser of Bangladesh|Chief Adviser]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/clyg7we8xvno|title=Yunus sworn in as interim Bangladesh leader|last1=Hussain|first1=Samira|last2=Drury|first2=Flora|date=8 August 2024|access-date=14 February 2025|work=[[BBC News]]|publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> After the [[2026 Bangladeshi general election|2026 general election]] the [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] (BNP) returned to power with Chairman [[Tarique Rahman]] being inaugurated as the Prime Minister of Bangladesh on 17 February 2026. [[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami]] became the main opposition party.<ref>{{cite web |title=From a marginal force to opposition party: The rise of Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/features/panorama/marginal-force-opposition-party-rise-bangladesh-jamaat-e-islami-1361786 |website=The Business Standard |access-date=19 February 2026}}</ref>

Since the early 1990s, driven by [[free market]] policies and [[economic liberalisation]] measures, Bangladesh has achieved significant economic growth—emerging as one of the [[List of countries by real GDP growth rate|fastest-growing economies in the world]], driven by its large [[Textile industry in Bangladesh|textile industry]], which is the second-largest in the world.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bashar|first1=Omar K M R|last2=Khan|first2=Habibullah|title=Liberalisation and Growth in Bangladesh: An Empirical Investigation|volume=32|number=1|date=March 2009|pages=61–76|jstor=40795710|journal=The Bangladesh Development Studies|publisher=[[Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies]] (BIDS) |doi=10.57138/XTYK4544 }}</ref> It has emerged as the [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|second-largest economy in South Asia]], achieving comparable nominal GDP per capita to that of neighbouring India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/bangladesh/bangladesh-ranked-41st-largest-economy-in-2019-all-over-the-world-study-1684078|title=Bangladesh 2nd largest economy in South Asia|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=8 January 2019|access-date=13 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/10/20/india-falls-behind-bangladesh-gdp/|title=Angst and Denial in India as It's Now Officially Poorer Than Bangladesh|last=Babones|first=Salvatore|date=20 October 2020|access-date=13 January 2025|work=[[Foreign Policy]]}}</ref> Bangladesh has achieved remarkable feats in reducing its [[Poverty in Bangladesh|poverty rate]], which has gone down from 80% in 1971,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cri.org.bd/2021/03/26/what-milestones-have-bangladesh-crossed-in-50-years/|title=What milestones have Bangladesh crossed in 50 years|date=26 March 2021|access-date=1 October 2022}}</ref> to 44.2% in 1991,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2018/11/15/bangladesh-reducing-poverty-and-sharing-prosperity|title=Bangladesh: Reducing Poverty and Sharing Prosperity|publisher=World Bank|access-date=1 October 2022}}</ref> and all the way down to 18.7% in 2022.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://pip.worldbank.org/country-profiles/BGD|title=Country Profile – Poverty and Inequality Platform|publisher=[[World Bank]]|access-date=9 January 2025}}</ref> Its [[List of countries by Human Development Index|Human Development Index]] growth during the 21st century was surpassed only by China.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangladesh.un.org/en/256074-new-directions-human-development-bangladesh|title=New directions for human development in Bangladesh|date=17 December 2023|access-date=12 February 2025|publisher=United Nations}}</ref> As part of the [[green transition]], Bangladesh's industrial sector emerged as a leader in building [[green factory|green factories]], with the country having the largest number of certified green factories in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tbsnews.net/supplement/green-rmg-factories-how-bangladesh-became-global-champion-939426|title=Green RMG factories: How Bangladesh became a global champion|last=Uddin|first=Jasim|date=12 September 2024|access-date=13 January 2025|work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref> It has also given shelter to [[Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh|over a million Rohingya refugees]] fleeing the [[Rohingya genocide]] since 2017, which has strained its resources and highlighted its humanitarian commitments.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unrefugees.org/news/rohingya-refugee-crisis-explained/|title=Rohingya Refugee Crisis Explained|date=22 August 2024|work=[[United Nations Commission on Human Rights]] (UNCHR)|access-date=13 January 2025}}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Bangladesh}}

[[File:Map of Bangladesh-en.svg|thumb|Physical map of Bangladesh]]

Bangladesh is in South Asia on the [[Bay of Bengal]]. It is surrounded almost entirely by neighbouring India, and shares a small border with [[Myanmar]] to its southeast, though it lies very close to [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], and China. The country is divided into three regions. Most of the country is dominated by the fertile [[Ganges Delta]], the largest river delta in the world.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Aditi Rajagopal|title=How the World's Largest Delta Might Slowly Go Under Water |url=https://www.discovery.com/nature/largest-delta-underwater|website=Discovery|date=8 February 2020|access-date=9 March 2020|archive-date=8 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200208052815/http://www.discovery.com/nature/largest-delta-underwater|url-status=live}}</ref> The northwest and central parts of the country are formed by the [[Madhupur tract|Madhupur]] and the [[Barind Tract|Barind]] plateaus. The northeast and southeast are home to [[evergreen]] hill ranges.

The Ganges delta is formed by the confluence of the Ganges (local name [[Padma River|Padma]] or ''Pôdda''), [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]] ([[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]] or ''Jomuna''), and [[Meghna River|Meghna]] rivers and their tributaries. The Ganges unites with the Jamuna (main channel of the Brahmaputra) and later joins the Meghna, finally flowing into the Bay of Bengal. Bangladesh is called the "Land of Rivers",<ref>{{cite web |title=No Place Like Home – BANGLADESH: LAND OF RIVERS |url=https://ejfoundation.org/films/bangladesh-land-of-rivers |work=Environmental Justice Foundation |access-date=10 March 2020 |archive-date=30 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930051647/https://ejfoundation.org/films/bangladesh-land-of-rivers |url-status=live }}</ref> as it is home to over 57 [[trans-boundary river]]s, the most of any nation-state. Water issues are politically complicated since Bangladesh is downstream of India.<ref>{{cite book |last=Suvedī |first=Sūryaprasāda |title=International watercourses law for the 21st century |publisher=[[Ashgate Publishing]] |year=2005 |pages=154–166 |isbn=978-0-7546-4527-6}}</ref>

Bangladesh is predominantly rich fertile flat land. Most of it is less than {{convert|12|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level, and it is estimated that about 10% of its land would be flooded if the sea level were to rise by {{convert|1|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="ali">{{cite journal |last=Ali |first=A. |title=Vulnerability of Bangladesh to climate change and sea level rise through tropical cyclones and storm surges |journal=Water, Air, & Soil Pollution |volume=92 |issue=1–2 |pages=171–179 |year=1996 |bibcode=1996WASP...92..171A |doi=10.1007/BF00175563 }}</ref> 12% of the country is covered by hill systems. The country's [[haor]] wetlands are of significance to global environmental science. The [[List of mountains of Bangladesh|highest point in Bangladesh]] is the [[Saka Haphong]], located near the border with Myanmar, with an elevation of {{convert|1064|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name=CIA/> Previously, either [[Keokradong]] or [[Tazing Dong]] were considered the highest.

In Bangladesh [[forest cover]] is around 14% of the total land area, equivalent to 1,883,400 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, down from 1,920,330 hectares (ha) in 1990. In 2020, naturally regenerating forest covered 1,725,330 hectares (ha) and planted forest covered 158,070 hectares (ha). Of the naturally regenerating forest 0% was reported to be [[primary forest]] (consisting of native tree species with no clearly visible indications of human activity) and around 33% of the forest area was found within protected areas. For the year 2015, 100% of the forest area was reported to be under [[State ownership|public ownership]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635/content |title=Terms and Definitions FRA 2025 Forest Resources Assessment, Working Paper 194 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=2023 |archive-date=11 September 2024 |access-date=19 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911122341/https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635/content |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020, Bangladesh |url=https://fra-data.fao.org/assessments/fra/2020/BGD/home/overview |website=Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=19 September 2024 |archive-date=19 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919133606/https://fra-data.fao.org/assessments/fra/2020/BGD/home/overview/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Climate ===
{{Main|Geography of Bangladesh#Climate|Climate change in Bangladesh}}

[[File:Aerosol pollution over Northern India, Bangladesh, and Bay of Bengal.jpg|thumb|A photo from space showing the pollution over Bangladesh]]

Straddling the [[Tropic of Cancer]], Bangladesh's climate is tropical, with a mild winter from October to March and a hot, humid summer from March to June. The country has never recorded an air temperature below {{convert|0|°C}}, with a record low of {{convert|1.1|°C}} in the northwest city of [[Dinajpur]] on 3 February 1905.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kantaji.com/dinajpurmap.html |title=Map of Dinajpur |website=kantaji.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713134542/http://kantaji.com/dinajpurmap.html |archive-date=13 July 2011 |access-date=17 April 2015}}</ref> A warm and humid [[monsoon]] season lasts from June to October and supplies most of the country's rainfall. Natural calamities, such as [[Floods in Bangladesh|floods]], [[tropical cyclone]]s, [[tornado]]es, and [[tidal bore]]s occur almost every year,<ref name="NatDis">{{cite book |last=Alexander |first=David E. |title= Natural Disasters |chapter-url= {{GBurl|id=gWHsuGTcF34C|p=532}}|year= 1999|publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers |isbn=978-0-412-04751-0 |page=532 |chapter=The Third World |orig-date=1993}}</ref> combined with the effects of [[deforestation]], [[Soils retrogression and degradation|soil degradation]] and [[erosion]]. The [[List of Bangladesh tropical cyclones|cyclones]] of 1970 and 1991 were particularly devastating, the [[1991 Bangladesh cyclone|latter]] killing approximately 140,000 people.<ref>"[https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-feb-27-adfg-bangla27-story.html Beset by Bay's Killer Storms, Bangladesh Prepares and Hopes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902065034/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-feb-27-adfg-bangla27-story.html |date=2 September 2024 }} ". ''Los Angeles Times''. 27 February 2005</ref>

In September 1998, Bangladesh saw the [[1998 Bangladesh floods|most severe flooding]] in modern history, after which two-thirds of the country went underwater, along with a death toll of 1,000.<ref name="EWG">{{cite book |last=Haggett |first=Peter |title=Encyclopedia of World Geography |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IROIY4ONOSEC&pg=PA2634 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-7614-7308-4 |oclc=46578454 |pages=2, 634 |chapter=The Indian Subcontinent |orig-date=2002 |access-date=25 July 2023 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328182107/https://books.google.com/books?id=IROIY4ONOSEC&pg=PA2634 |url-status=live }}</ref> As a result of various international and national level initiatives in disaster risk reduction, the human toll and economic damage from floods and cyclones have come down over the years.<ref>{{cite news |last=Raju |first=M. N. A. |title=Disaster Preparedness for Sustainable Development in Bangladesh |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/arcprint/details/294175/Disaster-Preparedness-for-Sustainable-Development-in-Bangladesh/2018-03-10 |work=Daily Sun |date=10 March 2018 |access-date=26 September 2019 |archive-date=24 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724074442/https://www.daily-sun.com/arcprint/details/294175/Disaster-Preparedness-for-Sustainable-Development-in-Bangladesh/2018-03-10}}</ref> The [[2007 South Asian floods]] ravaged areas across the country, leaving five million people displaced, with a death toll around 500.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh flood death toll nears 500, thousands ill |url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/DHA30252.htm |agency=[[Reuters]] |date=15 August 2007 |access-date=15 August 2007 |archive-date=5 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080205073714/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/DHA30252.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Flooding after 1991 cyclone.jpg|thumb|Flooding after the [[1991 Bangladesh cyclone]], which killed around 140,000 people]]

==== Climate change ====
{{Main|Climate change in Bangladesh|}}

Bangladesh is recognised to be one of the countries most [[Climate change vulnerability|vulnerable to climate change]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kulp |first1=Scott A. |last2=Strauss |first2=Benjamin H.|date=29 October 2019|title=New elevation data triple estimates of global vulnerability to sea-level rise and coastal flooding|journal=Nature Communications |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=4844 |bibcode=2019NatCo..10.4844K |doi=10.1038/s41467-019-12808-z |pmc=6820795 |pmid=31664024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=29 October 2019|title=Report: Flooded Future: Global vulnerability to sea level rise worse than previously understood |url=https://climatecentral.org/news/report-flooded-future-global-vulnerability-to-sea-level-rise-worse-than-previously-understood|access-date=3 November 2019|website=climatecentral.org|archive-date=2 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102025006/https://climatecentral.org/news/report-flooded-future-global-vulnerability-to-sea-level-rise-worse-than-previously-understood}}</ref> Over the course of a century, 508 cyclones have affected the Bay of Bengal region, 17 per cent of which are believed to have made landfall in Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chaturvedi|first=Sanjay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UB1qDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT67|title=Climate Change and the Bay of Bengal|date=29 April 2016|publisher=Flipside Digital Content Company Inc.|isbn=978-981-4762-01-4|access-date=25 July 2023|archive-date=28 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328182105/https://books.google.com/books?id=UB1qDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT67#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Natural hazards]] that come from increased rainfall, rising sea levels, and tropical cyclones are expected to increase as the climate changes, each seriously affecting agriculture, water and food security, human health, and shelter.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.moef.gov.bd/moef.pdf|title=Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan, 2008 |publisher=Ministry of Environment and Forests Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh|year=2008|isbn=978-984-8574-25-6|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007060017/http://www.moef.gov.bd/moef.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2009}}</ref> It is estimated that by 2050, a three-foot rise in sea levels will inundate some 20 per cent of the land and displace more than 30 million people.<ref>{{cite web |last=Glennon |first=Robert|title=The Unfolding Tragedy of Climate Change in Bangladesh |url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/the-unfolding-tragedy-of-climate-change-in-bangladesh/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201040750/https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/the-unfolding-tragedy-of-climate-change-in-bangladesh/|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=23 November 2017}}</ref> To address the [[sea level rise]] threat in Bangladesh, the [[Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100]] has been launched.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dutchwatersector.com/news/bangladesh-delta-plan-2100 |title=Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100|publisher=The Dutch water sector|access-date=24 September 2019|date=20 May 2019|archive-date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513135800/https://www.dutchwatersector.com/news/bangladesh-delta-plan-2100|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gwp.org/globalassets/global/gwp-sas_images/gwp-sas-in-action/ldai/bdp-2100-ppt.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.gwp.org/globalassets/global/gwp-sas_images/gwp-sas-in-action/ldai/bdp-2100-ppt.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live|title=Bangladesh Delta Plan (BDP) 2100}}</ref>

=== Biodiversity ===
{{Main|Fauna of Bangladesh}}

[[File:Bengal Tiger gets down in a shallow canal in Sundarban.jpg|thumb|A [[Bengal tiger]], the national animal, in the Sundarbans]]

Bangladesh is located in the [[Indomalayan realm]], and lies within four terrestrial ecoregions: [[Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests]], [[Mizoram–Manipur–Kachin rain forests]], [[Sundarbans freshwater swamp forests]], and [[Sundarbans mangroves]].<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal |last1=Dinerstein |first1=Eric |last2=Olson |first2=David |last3=Joshi |first3=Anup |last4=Vynne |first4=Carly |last5=Burgess |first5=Neil D. |last6=Wikramanayake |first6=Eric |last7=Hahn |first7=Nathan |last8=Palminteri |first8=Suzanne |last9=Hedao |first9=Prashant |last10=Noss |first10=Reed |last11=Hansen |first11=Matt |last12=Locke |first12=Harvey |last13=Ellis |first13=Erle C |last14=Jones |first14=Benjamin |last15=Barber |first15=Charles Victor |last16=Hayes |first16=Randy |last17=Kormos |first17=Cyril |last18=Martin |first18=Vance |last19=Crist |first19=Eileen |last20=Sechrest |first20=Wes |last21=Price |first21=Lori |last22=Baillie |first22=Jonathan E. M. |last23=Weeden |first23=Don |last24=Suckling |first24=Kierán |last25=Davis |first25=Crystal |last26=Sizer |first26=Nigel |last27=Moore |first27=Rebecca |last28=Thau |first28=David |last29=Birch |first29=Tanya |last30=Potapov |first30=Peter |last31=Turubanova |first31=Svetlana |last32=Tyukavina |first32=Alexandra |last33=de Souza |first33=Nadia |last34=Pintea |first34=Lilian |last35=Brito |first35=José C. |last36=Llewellyn |first36=Othman A. |last37=Miller |first37=Anthony G. |last38=Patzelt |first38=Annette |last39=Ghazanfar |first39=Shahina A. |last40=Timberlake |first40=Jonathan |last41=Klöser |first41=Heinz |last42=Shennan-Farpón |first42=Yara |last43=Kindt |first43=Roeland |last44=Lillesø |first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow |last45=van Breugel |first45=Paulo |last46=Graudal |first46=Lars |last47=Voge |first47=Maianna |last48=Al-Shammari |first48=Khalaf F. |last49=Saleem |first49=Muhammad|title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm |journal=BioScience|volume=67|issue=6|year=2017|pages=534–545 |doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014 |pmid=28608869 |pmc=5451287}}</ref> Its ecology includes a long sea coastline, numerous [[List of rivers in Bangladesh|rivers and tributaries]], lakes, [[wetland]]s, evergreen forests, semi evergreen forests, hill forests, moist [[deciduous forest]]s, freshwater swamp forests and flat land with tall grass. The Bangladesh Plain is famous for its fertile [[alluvial]] soil which supports extensive cultivation. The country is dominated by lush vegetation, with villages often buried in groves of [[mango]], [[jackfruit]], [[bamboo]], [[betel nut]], [[coconut]], and [[date palm]].<ref name="global.britannica.com">[http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/51736/Bangladesh/33426/Plant-and-animal-life Bangladesh | history – geography :: Plant and animal life] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203195926/http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/51736/Bangladesh/33426/Plant-and-animal-life|date=3 February 2014}}. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''.</ref> The country has up to 6000 species of plant life, including 5000 flowering plants.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bdhcdelhi.org/index.php/flora-fauna|title=Flora and Fauna – Bangladesh high commission in India |website=Bangladesh High Commission, New Delhi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820012655/http://www.bdhcdelhi.org/index.php/flora-fauna |archive-date=20 August 2013}}</ref> Water bodies and wetland systems provide a habitat for many aquatic plants. [[Nymphaeaceae|Water lilies]] and [[Nelumbo nucifera|lotuses]] grow vividly during the monsoon season. The country has [[List of protected areas of Bangladesh|60 wildlife sanctuaries]].<ref>{{cite web |year=2026|title=Protected Area Profile for Bangladesh from the World Database of Protected Areas|url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/country/BGD|access-date=22 February 2026|website=[[World Database on Protected Areas]]}}</ref>

Bangladesh is home to most of the [[Sundarbans]], the world's largest [[mangrove forest]], covering an area of {{convert|6000|km2}} in the southwest littoral region. It is divided into three protected sanctuaries: the [[Sundarbans South Wildlife Sanctuary|South]], [[Sundarbans East Wildlife Sanctuary|East]], and [[Sundarbans West Wildlife Sanctuary|West]] zones. The forest is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Sundarbans |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/798/ |access-date=2026-02-21 |website=[[UNESCO]] |language=en}}</ref> The northeastern Sylhet region is home to haor wetlands, a unique ecosystem. It also includes [[tropical and subtropical coniferous forests]], a [[freshwater swamp forest]], and mixed deciduous forests. The southeastern Chittagong region covers evergreen and semi-evergreen hilly jungles. Central Bangladesh includes the plainland Sal forest running along with the districts of Gazipur, [[Tangail]], and [[Mymensingh]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rahman |first=Mohammed Mahabubur |last2=Rahman |first2=Md. Motiur |last3=Guogang |first3=Zhang |last4=Islam |first4=Kazi Shakila |date=1 March 2010 |title=A Review of the Present Threats to Tropical Moist Deciduous Sal (Shorea Robusta) Forest Ecosystem of Central Bangladesh |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/194008291000300108 |access-date=2026-02-21 |website=[[Sage Journals]] |language=en |doi=10.1177/194008291000300108}}</ref> [[St. Martin's Island]] is the only [[coral reef]] in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kuddus |first=Abdul |date=2025-03-03 |title=Is St Martin's actually a 'coral island', what do researchers say? |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/environment/9rpuv1x2ra |access-date=2026-02-21 |website=[[Prothom Alo]] |language=en}}</ref>

Bangladesh has an abundance of [[Wildlife in Bangladesh|wildlife]] in its forests, marshes, woodlands, and hills.<ref name="global.britannica.com"/> The vast majority of animals dwell within a habitat of {{convert|150000|km2}}.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Soraya Auer |author2=Anika Hossain |date=7 July 2012 |title=Lost Wards of the State |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/magazine/2012/07/01/cover.htm|work=The Daily Star|access-date=14 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214120509/http://archive.thedailystar.net/magazine/2012/07/01/cover.htm |archive-date=14 February 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Bengal tiger]], [[clouded leopard]], [[saltwater crocodile]], [[black panther]] and [[fishing cat]] are among the chief predators in the Sundarbans.<ref>{{cite book|author=Peter Haggett|title=Encyclopedia of World Geography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IROIY4ONOSEC&pg=PA2620|year=2001|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=978-0-7614-7289-6|page=2620|access-date=20 January 2017|archive-date=28 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328182110/https://books.google.com/books?id=IROIY4ONOSEC&pg=PA2620|url-status=live}}</ref> Northern and eastern Bangladesh is home to the [[Asian elephant]], [[hoolock gibbon]], [[Asian black bear]] and [[oriental pied hornbill]].<ref name="bearprojectbd.weebly.com">{{cite web |url=http://bearprojectbd.weebly.com/bears-in-bangladesh.html|title=Bears in Bangladesh|website=Bangladesh Bear Project|access-date=14 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214061240/http://bearprojectbd.weebly.com/bears-in-bangladesh.html|archive-date=14 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[chital]] deer are widely seen in southwestern woodlands. Other animals include the [[black giant squirrel]], [[capped langur]], [[Bengal fox]], [[sambar deer]], [[jungle cat]], [[king cobra]], [[wild boar]], [[mongoose]]s, [[pangolin]]s, [[Python (genus)|pythons]] and [[Asian water monitor|water monitors]]. Bangladesh has one of the largest populations of [[Irrawaddy dolphins|Irrawaddy]] and [[South Asian river dolphin|Ganges dolphins]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/03/090331-dolphins-found.html|title=6,000 Rare, Large River Dolphins Found in Bangladesh|work=National Geographic|date=March 2009|access-date=13 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012093653/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/03/090331-dolphins-found.html|archive-date=12 October 2014}}</ref> The country has numerous species of [[amphibian]]s (53), reptiles (139), [[marine reptile]]s (19) and [[marine mammal]]s (5). It also has [[List of birds of Bangladesh|628 species of birds]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hossain |first1=Muhammad Selim |date=23 May 2009 |title=Conserving biodiversity must for survival |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=89375 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530100603/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=89375 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Several animals became extinct in Bangladesh during the last century, including the one-horned and two-horned [[rhinoceros]] and common [[peafowl]]. The human population is concentrated in urban areas, limiting deforestation to a certain extent. Rapid urban growth has threatened natural habitats. The country has widespread environmental issues; pollution of the [[Dhaleshwari River]] by the textile industry and shrimp cultivation in Chakaria Sundarbans have both been described by academics as [[ecocide]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Suny |first1=Rabby Us |last2=Sarkar |first2=Oliver Tirtho |last3=Hasan |first3=Md Abid |title=Politics of Climate Change |chapter=Political Economy of River Ecocide in Bangladesh: A Study in the Context of Dhaleshwari River |date=2023 |pages=83–103 |doi=10.1142/9789811263750_0005 |isbn=978-981-12-6374-3 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zaman |first=Samia |date=7 June 2023 |title=The Bangladesh Environmental Humanities Reader: by Samina Luthfa, Mohammad Tanzimuddin Khan, and Munasir Kamal, Lanham, Lexinton Books, 2022 ISBN 978-1-4985-9913-9 and 978-1-4985-9914-6 |journal=Environmental Politics |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=752–754 |doi=10.1080/09644016.2023.2192149 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Although many areas are protected under law, some Bangladeshi wildlife is threatened by this growth. The [[Bangladesh Environment Conservation Act]] was enacted in 1995. The government has designated several regions as [[Ecologically Critical Area]]s, including wetlands, forests, and rivers. The [[Sundarbans tiger project]] and the Bangladesh Bear Project are among the key initiatives to strengthen conservation.<ref name="bearprojectbd.weebly.com"/> It ratified the Rio [[Convention on Biological Diversity]] on 3 May 1994.<ref name="cbd.int">{{cite web |url=http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/default.shtml?country=bd|title=Bangladesh – Country Profile|website=cbd.int|access-date=16 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217020013/http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/default.shtml?country=bd|archive-date=17 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2014}}, the country was set to revise its [[Biodiversity action plan|National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan]].<ref name="cbd.int"/>

== Government and politics ==
{{Main|Government of Bangladesh|Politics of Bangladesh|List of People's Republic of Bangladesh governments}}

{{Multiple image
| caption_align = center
| total_width = 300
| image1 = Mohammed Shahabuddin official portrait.jpg
| caption1 = [[Mohammed Shahabuddin]] [[President of Bangladesh|President]]
| image2 = Tarique Rahman at meeting on Farmer cards, Cabinet Division, Secretariat, Dhaka, 2026-02-23 (cropped).jpg
| caption2 = [[Tarique Rahman]] [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh|Prime Minister]]
}}

{{multiple image
| perrow = 1
| total_width = 220
| image_style = border:none;
| align = right
| image1 = National Assembly of Bangladesh (10).jpg
| caption1 = The [[Jatiya Sangsad Bhaban|National Parliament]] building in [[Sher-e-Bangla Nagar]], a neighbourhood named after the first [[Prime Minister of Bengal]]
| image2 = Bangabhaban.jpg
| caption2 = [[Bangabhaban]] (Translation: ''Bengal House'') is the [[presidential palace]] of Bangladesh. It was originally a house for the [[Viceroy of India]] and the [[List of governors of Bengal Presidency|Governor of Bengal]].
}}

Bangladesh, by [[Constitution of Bangladesh|constitution]], is a [[unitary state]]<ref name="gov2"/> and a ''[[de jure]]'' [[representative democracy]] with a [[Westminster system|Westminster]]-style [[parliamentary republic|parliamentary system]]<ref name="gov0"/> that has [[universal suffrage]].<ref name="gov">{{cite journal|last=Jahan|first=Rounaq|title=The Parliament of Bangladesh: Representation and Accountability|doi=10.1080/13572334.2014.975470|year=2014|pages=250–269|journal=[[The Journal of Legislative Studies]]|volume=21|issue=2}}</ref> The [[Government of Bangladesh|government]] can be divided into three pillars: the executive, the legislative and the [[Judiciary of Bangladesh|judiciary]]. All function to ensure accountability, transparency and [[Separation of powers|checks and balances]].<ref name="gov2">{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/rising-stars/explained/news/explained-the-branches-bangladeshs-government-3512581|title=Explained: The branches of Bangladesh's government|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=6 January 2024|access-date=20 January 2025|last=Siddiquee|first=Ayaan Shams}}</ref> Since its independence, the [[Awami League]] (AL) and the [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] (BNP) have remained two of the most powerful [[List of political parties in Bangladesh|political parties in Bangladesh]].<ref name="gov0">{{cite journal|last=Shah|first=Aqil|title=Democracy Deadlocked in Bangladesh|journal=[[Current History]]|volume=115|number=780|year=2016|pages=130–135|doi=10.1525/curh.2016.115.780.130 |jstor=48614157}}</ref>

*The first pillar of the government is the executive organ, which is entrusted with the administration of the country.<ref name="gov2"/> Executive powers are largely vested in the [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh|Prime Minister]], who is the [[head of government]] and oversees the [[Cabinet of Bangladesh|cabinet]].<ref name="gov2"/> The tenure of a parliamentary government is five years. Various ministers form the bulk of the executive organ, overseeing government departments and forming policies.<ref name="gov2"/> The [[Bangladesh Civil Service|Civil Service]] assists the ministers in implementing policy.<ref name="gov2"/> All authorities unite to formulate policies, manage public services, and implement national development plans.<ref name="gov2"/> The [[President of Bangladesh|President]] is the ceremonial [[head of state]], whose powers include signing bills passed by parliament into law, maintaining the government's stability and continuity,<ref name="gov2"/> and fulfilling their duties as the commander-in-chief of the [[Bangladesh Armed Forces|Armed Forces]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-367/section-24615.html|title=61.Supreme command|work=Laws of Bangladesh|publisher=[[Legislative and Parliamentary Affairs Division]]|access-date=21 January 2025}}</ref> and the [[chancellor]] of all universities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-447.html|title=The Dhaka University Order, 1973 (President's Order).|work=Laws of Bangladesh|publisher=[[Legislative and Parliamentary Affairs Division]]|access-date=21 January 2025}}</ref>
*The second pillar of the government is the legislative organ, also known as the [[Jatiya Sangsad]] (House of the Nation).<ref name="parliament">{{cite web|url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-367/section-24619.html|title=65. Establishment of Parliament|work=Laws of Bangladesh|publisher=[[Legislative and Parliamentary Affairs Division]]|access-date=21 January 2025}}</ref> Citizens elect the members of parliament (MPs).<ref name="gov2"/> The [[unicameral]] parliament has 350 MPs, including 300 elected on the [[first past the post]] system and 50 appointed to reserved seats for [[women's empowerment]].<ref name="parliament"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/women-mps-reserved-seats-how-empowered-are-they-really-3601271|title=Women MPs in reserved seats: How empowered are they really?|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=4 May 2024|access-date=20 January 2025|last=Hasan|first=Rashidul}}</ref> [[Article 70 of the Constitution of Bangladesh]] forbids MPs from voting against their party.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/article-70-constitution-its-safeguard-democracy-1581670|title=Article 70 of Constitution: It's a safeguard for democracy|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=26 May 2018|access-date=20 January 2025}}</ref> The parliament is presided over by the [[Speaker of the Jatiya Sangsad|Speaker]], who is second in line to the president.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-367/section-24603.html|title=54.Speaker to act as President during absence, etc.|work=Laws of Bangladesh|publisher=[[Legislative and Parliamentary Affairs Division]]|access-date=21 January 2025}}</ref>
*The third pillar of the government is the judiciary organ, which is in charge of interpreting the law, resolving conflicts, and maintaining justice.<ref name="gov2"/> The [[Supreme Court of Bangladesh|Supreme Court]] is the highest court, separated into the [[Appellate Division, Supreme Court of Bangladesh|Appellate Division]] and the [[High Court Division, Supreme Court of Bangladesh|High Court Division]].<ref name="court">{{cite web|url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-367/part-details-203.html|title=THE JUDICIARY|work=Laws of Bangladesh|publisher=[[Legislative and Parliamentary Affairs Division]]|access-date=21 January 2025}}</ref><ref name="gov2"/> It is led by the [[Chief Justice of Bangladesh|Chief Justice]].<ref name="court"/> The judiciary has the power to assess a law's constitutionality and offer legal remedies. It protects citizens' rights, ensures the law is applied fairly, and preserves the balance of power within the government.<ref name="gov2"/> The courts have wide latitude in [[judicial review in Bangladesh|judicial review]], and judicial [[precedent]] is supported by Article 111 of the constitution.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-367/section-24668.html|title=111.Binding effect of Supreme Court judgments|work=Laws of Bangladesh|publisher=[[Legislative and Parliamentary Affairs Division]]|access-date=21 January 2025}}</ref> The judiciary includes district and metropolitan courts divided into civil and criminal courts. Due to a shortage of judges, the judiciary has a large backlog.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/editorial/news/huge-case-backlog-only-hurting-citizens-3306391|title=Huge case backlog only hurting citizens|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=28 April 2023|access-date=20 January 2025}}</ref>
According to [[International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance|International IDEA]]’s Global State of Democracy (GSoD) Indices and Democracy Tracker, Bangladesh performs in the low range on overall democratic measures, with particular weaknesses in political representation, including credible elections, inclusive suffrage and elected government.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh {{!}} The Global State of Democracy |url=https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/country/bangladesh |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=www.idea.int |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} The Global State of Democracy |url=https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/ |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=www.idea.int}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Global State of Democracy Indices {{!}} The Global State of Democracy |url=https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/gsod-indices |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=www.idea.int}}</ref>

=== Administrative divisions ===
{{Main|Administrative geography of Bangladesh}}

{{Further|Divisions of Bangladesh|Districts of Bangladesh|Upazilas of Bangladesh}}
{{Bangladesh Divisions Image Map}}

Bangladesh is divided into eight administrative divisions,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bangladesh.gov.bd/site/view/division-list/List-of-Divisions|publisher=Bangladesh Government|title=National Web Portal of Bangladesh|date=15 September 2015|access-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923061605/http://www.bangladesh.gov.bd/site/view/division-list/List-of-Divisions|archive-date=23 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CIA">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Bangladesh|access-date=15 May 2007 |year=2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2010/01/25/rangpur-becomes-a-division |title=Rangpur becomes a divivion |work=bdnews24.com |date=25 January 2010 |access-date=6 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903184553/http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2010/01/25/rangpur-becomes-a-division |archive-date=3 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> each named after its headquarters: [[Barisal Division|Barisal]] (officially ''Barishal''<ref name="namechange">{{cite news |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2018/04/02/bangladesh-changes-english-spellings-of-five-districts|title=Bangladesh changes English spellings of five districts|work=bdnews24.com|date=2 April 2018|access-date=1 October 2019 |archive-date=15 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215091950/https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2018/04/02/bangladesh-changes-english-spellings-of-five-districts|url-status=live}}</ref>), [[Chittagong Division|Chittagong]] (officially ''Chattogram''<ref name="namechange" />), [[Dhaka Division|Dhaka]], [[Khulna Division|Khulna]], [[Mymensingh Division|Mymensingh]], [[Rajshahi Division|Rajshahi]], [[Rangpur Division|Rangpur]], and [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet]].

Divisions are subdivided into districts (''zila''). Bangladesh has 64 districts, each subdivided into ''upazila'' (subdistricts) or ''thana''. The area within each police station, except for those in metropolitan areas, is divided into ''[[Union Councils of Bangladesh|unions]]'', with each union comprising multiple villages. In the metropolitan areas, police stations are divided into wards, further divided into ''mahallas''.

There are no elected officials at the divisional or district levels, and the administration comprises only government officials. Direct elections are held in each union (or ward) for a chairperson and several members. In 1997, Parliament passed legislation reserving three seats (out of 12) in every union for women.<ref>''Local Government Act'', No. 20, 1997</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right"
|+ Administrative Divisions of Bangladesh
|-
! scope="col" | [[Divisions of Bangladesh|Division]]
! scope="col" | Capital
! scope="col" data-sort-type="date" | Established
! scope="col" | Area (km2) <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dghs.gov.bd/images/docs/Publicaations/HB%202016%20_2nd_edition_13_01_17.pdf |title=Health Bulletin 2016 |website=Directorate General of Health Services |page=14 |access-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613050056/http://dghs.gov.bd/images/docs/Publicaations/HB%202016%20_2nd_edition_13_01_17.pdf |archive-date=13 June 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
! scope="col" | 2021 Population (projected)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/PopMonographs/PopulationProjection.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/PopMonographs/PopulationProjection.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |title=Population Projection of Bangladesh: Dynamics and Trends, 2011–2061 |date=November 2015 |website=Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics |pages=25–28}}</ref>
! scope="col" | Density 2021
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Barisal Division]]
| style="text-align:left" | [[Barisal]]
| 1 January 1993
| 13,225
| 9,713,000
| 734
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Chittagong Division]]
| style="text-align:left" | [[Chittagong]]
| 1 January 1829
| 33,909
| 34,747,000
| 1,025
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Dhaka Division]]
| style="text-align:left" | [[Dhaka]]
| 1 January 1829
| 20,594
| 42,607,000
| 2,069
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Khulna Division]]
| style="text-align:left" | [[Khulna]]
| 1 October 1960
| 22,284
| 18,217,000
| 817
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Mymensingh Division]]
| style="text-align:left" | [[Mymensingh]]
| 14 September 2015
| 10,584
| 13,457,000
| 1,271
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Rajshahi Division]]
| style="text-align:left" | [[Rajshahi]]
| 1 January 1829
| 18,153
| 21,607,000
| 1,190
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Rangpur Division]]
| style="text-align:left" | [[Rangpur, Bangladesh|Rangpur]]
| 25 January 2010
| 16,185
| 18,868,000
| 1,166
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Sylhet Division]]
| style="text-align:left" | [[Sylhet]]
| 1 August 1995
| 12,635
| 12,463,000
| 986
|}

=== Foreign relations ===
{{Main|Foreign relations of Bangladesh}}

{{multiple image
| perrow = 1
| total_width = 220
| image_style = border:none;
| align = right
| image1 = Diplomatic relations of Bangladesh.svg
| caption1 = Countries that share diplomatic relations with Bangladesh
| image2 =
| caption2 =
}}

Bangladesh is considered a [[middle power]] in [[global politics]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thediplomat.com/2021/12/bangladesh-at-50-on-the-path-to-becoming-a-middle-power/|title=Bangladesh at 50: On the Path to Becoming a Middle Power|work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=16 December 2021 |last=Hassan |first=Asif Muztaba|access-date=26 September 2022|archive-date=26 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926153004/https://thediplomat.com/2021/12/bangladesh-at-50-on-the-path-to-becoming-a-middle-power/|url-status=live}}</ref> It plays an important role in the geopolitical affairs of the [[Indo-Pacific]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nbr.org/publication/understanding-the-importance-of-bangladesh-in-the-bay-of-bengal-and-the-indo-pacific/|title=Understanding the Importance of Bangladesh in the Bay of Bengal and the Indo-Pacific |last=Karim |first=Tariq A.|date=21 May 2022|publisher=[[National Bureau of Asian Research]]|access-date=26 September 2022|archive-date=26 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926153004/https://www.nbr.org/publication/understanding-the-importance-of-bangladesh-in-the-bay-of-bengal-and-the-indo-pacific/|url-status=live}}</ref> due to its strategic location between South and Southeast Asia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/156355/adbi-wp500.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/156355/adbi-wp500.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live|title=Connecting South Asia and Southeast Asia: A Bangladesh Country Study|date=September 2014|publisher=[[Asian Development Bank]]|access-date=26 September 2022|number=500 |last1=Rahman |first1=Mustafizur |last2=Moazzem |first2=Khondaker Golam |last3=Chowdhury |first3=Mehruna Islam |last4=Sehrin |first4=Farzana}}</ref> Bangladesh joined the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] in 1972 and the United Nations in 1974.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/news/bangladesh-enters-commonwealth-1894048 |title=Bangladesh enters Commonwealth |last=Sajen |first=Shamsuddoza|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=18 April 2020 |access-date=26 September 2022|archive-date=26 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926153013/https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/news/bangladesh-enters-commonwealth-1894048|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.un.org/en/audio/2014/09/592702|title=Bangladesh marks 40 years as Member State of the UN |publisher=United Nations|date=26 September 2014|access-date=26 September 2022 |last=Chaudhury |first=Dipanjan Roy|archive-date=26 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926153010/https://news.un.org/en/audio/2014/09/592702|url-status=live}}</ref> It relies on multilateral diplomacy on issues like climate change, nuclear non-proliferation, trade policy and non-traditional security issues.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rsis-ntsasia.org/roundtable-on-non-traditional-security-threats-in-the-indo-pacific-region/ | title=Roundtable on 'Non Traditional Security Threats in the Indo-Pacific Region' – NTS-Asia | date=30 August 2022 | access-date=28 September 2022 | archive-date=28 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928184723/https://rsis-ntsasia.org/roundtable-on-non-traditional-security-threats-in-the-indo-pacific-region/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Bangladesh pioneered the creation of [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|SAARC]], the preeminent forum for regional diplomacy on the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/156717/adbi-dp78.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/156717/adbi-dp78.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |last1=De |first1=Prabir |last2=Bhattacharyay |first2=Biswa N.|title=Prospects of India–Bangladesh Economic Cooperation: Implications for South Asian Regional Cooperation|publisher=[[Asian Development Bank]]|date=September 2007|access-date=27 September 2022}}</ref> It joined the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|OIC]] in 1974,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/news/bangladesh-example-religious-harmony-oic-2064177|title=Bangladesh an example of religious harmony: OIC|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |date=21 March 2021|access-date=27 September 2022|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927102404/https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/news/bangladesh-example-religious-harmony-oic-2064177 |url-status=live}}</ref> and is a founding member of the [[D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation|Developing-8]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/bangladesh-receives-international-peace-award-d-8-founding-member-3085371|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=1 August 2022|access-date=27 September 2022|title=Bangladesh receives "International Peace Award" as D-8 founding member|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927102352/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/bangladesh-receives-international-peace-award-d-8-founding-member-3085371|url-status=live}}</ref> Recently, Bangladesh has focused on promoting regional trade and transport links with support from the [[World Bank]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/06/28/regional-trade-and-connectivity-in-south-asia-gets-more-than-1-billion-boost-from-world-bank | title=Regional Trade and Connectivity in South Asia Gets More Than $1 Billion Boost from World Bank | access-date=28 September 2022 | archive-date=28 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928184718/https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/06/28/regional-trade-and-connectivity-in-south-asia-gets-more-than-1-billion-boost-from-world-bank | url-status=live }}</ref> It is also [[Accession of Bangladesh to ASEAN|attempting]] to join [[ASEAN]] as one of its top foreign policy goals.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |title=Ultimate goal is to join ASEAN as a full member |url=https://today.thefinancialexpress.com.bd/trade-market/ultimate-goal-is-to-join-asean-as-a-full-member-1743783067 |access-date=2025-07-12 |work=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-05 |title=Will Bangladesh join Asean? Maritime arbitration wins favour Dhaka |url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3277348/will-bangladesh-join-asean-maritime-arbitration-wins-and-cultural-links-favour-dhaka |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Rahman |first=Mohammad Tariqur |date=8 February 2025 |title=Perhaps: Should Bangladesh be a member of ASEAN? |url=https://apakhabartv.com/2025/02/08/perhaps/ |access-date=17 July 2025 |website=ApakhabarTV}}</ref> Dhaka hosts the headquarters of [[BIMSTEC]], an organisation that brings together [[countries dependent on the Bay of Bengal]].

[[Bangladesh–Myanmar relations|Relations]] with neighbouring Myanmar have been severely strained since 2016–2017, after over 700,000 [[Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh|Rohingya refugees]] illegally entered Bangladesh.<ref name="RohingyaHRW">{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/08/05/bangladesh-not-my-country/plight-rohingya-refugees-myanmar|title=Bangladesh Is Not My Country|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]|date=5 August 2018|access-date=27 September 2022|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927102348/https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/08/05/bangladesh-not-my-country/plight-rohingya-refugees-myanmar|url-status=live}}</ref> Bangladesh's parliament, government, and civil society have been at the forefront of [[International reaction to the 2016–17 Rohingya exodus|international criticism]] against Myanmar for military operations against the Rohingya, and have demanded their [[right of return]] to [[Arakan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thediplomat.com/2022/02/bangladesh-and-myanmar-resume-talks-on-rohingya-repatriation/ | title=Bangladesh and Myanmar Resume Talks on Rohingya Repatriation | access-date=28 September 2022 | archive-date=28 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928184715/https://thediplomat.com/2022/02/bangladesh-and-myanmar-resume-talks-on-rohingya-repatriation/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/8/17/rohingya-refugees-have-to-be-taken-back-bangladesh-pm-says|title=Bangladesh tells UN that Rohingya refugees must return to Myanmar|date=17 August 2022|publisher=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]|access-date=27 September 2022|archive-date=26 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926223428/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/8/17/rohingya-refugees-have-to-be-taken-back-bangladesh-pm-says|url-status=live}}</ref>

Bangladesh shares an important [[Bangladesh–India relations|bilateral and economic relationship]] with its largest neighbour, India,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/India_Bangladesh_MAR2021.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/India_Bangladesh_MAR2021.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live|title=India-Bangladesh Bilateral Relations|date=March 2021|publisher=[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)]]|access-date=27 September 2022}}</ref> which is often strained by [[Water politics in India|water politics]] of the [[Ganges water dispute|Ganges]] and the [[Teesta River#Water sharing challenge|Teesta]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://climate-diplomacy.org/case-studies/india-and-bangladesh-conflict-over-ganges-river | title=India and Bangladesh Conflict over the Ganges River | Climate-Diplomacy | date=January 1957 | access-date=23 October 2022 | archive-date=23 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023122123/https://climate-diplomacy.org/case-studies/india-and-bangladesh-conflict-over-ganges-river | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |last=Karim |first=Sajid |date=November 2020 |title=Transboundary Water Cooperation between Bangladesh and India in the Ganges River Basin: Exploring a Benefit-sharing Approach |type=Master's |publisher=[[Uppsala University]] |url=http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1499222/FULLTEXT01.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1499222/FULLTEXT01.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live|access-date=27 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://thediplomat.com/2021/04/india-must-settle-the-teesta-river-dispute-with-bangladesh-for-lasting-gains/|title=India Must Settle the Teesta River Dispute With Bangladesh for Lasting Gains|work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=9 April 2021|access-date=27 September 2022 |last=Banerji |first=Anuttama|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927102352/https://thediplomat.com/2021/04/india-must-settle-the-teesta-river-dispute-with-bangladesh-for-lasting-gains/|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Deaths along the Bangladesh–India border|border killings of Bangladeshi civilians]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/unlawful-killings-along-india-border-bangladeshi-families-seek-justice/2141343 |title='Unlawful killings' along India border: Bangladeshi families seek justice|publisher=[[Anadolu Agency]]|date=11 February 2021|access-date=27 September 2022 |last=Kamruzzaman |first=Md.|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927102348/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/unlawful-killings-along-india-border-bangladeshi-families-seek-justice/2141343|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2020/12/22/bangladesh-sees-highest-border-deaths-in-10-years|title=Bangladesh sees highest border deaths in 10 years|date=22 December 2020 |last=Anik |first=Syed Samiul Basher|work=[[Dhaka Tribune]]|access-date=27 September 2022|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927102351/https://archive.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2020/12/22/bangladesh-sees-highest-border-deaths-in-10-years|url-status=live}}</ref> Bangladesh's relationship with Pakistan is problematic, mainly because Pakistan denies the 1971 [[Bangladesh genocide]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dw.com/en/should-pakistan-apologize-to-bangladesh-for-the-1971-war/a-57051549|title=Should Pakistan apologize to Bangladesh for the 1971 war?|work=[[DW News]]|publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]|date=30 March 2021|access-date=27 September 2022 |last=Janjua |first=Haroon|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927102348/https://www.dw.com/en/should-pakistan-apologize-to-bangladesh-for-the-1971-war/a-57051549|url-status=live}}</ref> It maintains a [[Bangladesh-China relations|warm relationship]] with China, its largest trading partner and largest arms supplier.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/41935-decoding-china-bangladesh-relationship/|title=Decoding China-Bangladesh relationship |last=Bhattacharjee |first=Joyeeta|date=27 June 2018|access-date=27 September 2022|publisher=[[Observer Research Foundation]]|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927102352/https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/41935-decoding-china-bangladesh-relationship/|url-status=live}}</ref> Japan is Bangladesh's largest economic aid provider, and the two have a [[Bangladesh–Japan relations|strategic and economic partnership]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thediplomat.com/2022/02/50-years-of-japan-bangladesh-ties-from-economic-to-strategic-partnership/|title=50 Years of Japan-Bangladesh Ties: From Economic to Strategic Partnership|work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=10 February 2022 |last=Shazzad |first=Hussain|access-date=26 September 2022|archive-date=26 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926153002/https://thediplomat.com/2022/02/50-years-of-japan-bangladesh-ties-from-economic-to-strategic-partnership/|url-status=live}}</ref> Political relations with Middle Eastern countries are robust.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://saudigazette.com.sa/article/38010 | title=Bangladesh and Saudi Arabia have extremely cordial relations – Rizvi | date=27 March 2013 | access-date=28 September 2022 | archive-date=28 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928184720/https://saudigazette.com.sa/article/38010 | url-status=live }}</ref> Bangladesh receives 59% of its remittances from the Middle East,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/thoughts/middle-east-dual-shock-spillover-bangladeshs-remittance-108325 | title=Middle East dual shock spillover on Bangladesh's remittance | date=19 July 2020 | access-date=28 September 2022 | archive-date=28 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928184724/https://www.tbsnews.net/thoughts/middle-east-dual-shock-spillover-bangladeshs-remittance-108325 | url-status=live }}</ref> despite poor working conditions affecting over four million [[Bangladeshis in the Middle East|Bangladeshi workers]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2022/06/29/experts-middle-east-remains-key-to-bangladeshs-fortunes-in-a-changing-world|title=Experts: Middle East remains key to Bangladesh's fortunes in a changing world|date=29 June 2022|work=[[Dhaka Tribune]]|access-date=27 September 2022|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927102351/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2022/06/29/experts-middle-east-remains-key-to-bangladeshs-fortunes-in-a-changing-world|url-status=live}}</ref> Bangladesh plays a major role in [[Climate change|global climate]] diplomacy as a leader of the [[Climate Vulnerable Forum]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://study.soas.ac.uk/cop26-bangladesh-climate-diplomacy/ | title=COP26 and Bangladesh: Time to Consolidate Climate Diplomacy | work=SOAS Blog | date=11 October 2021 | access-date=28 September 2022 | archive-date=28 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928184721/https://study.soas.ac.uk/cop26-bangladesh-climate-diplomacy/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Military ===
{{Main|Bangladesh Armed Forces}}

{{multiple image
| perrow = 1
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| image1 = Bangladeshi soldiers on a BTR-80 APC.jpg
| caption1 = Bangladesh Army personnel on a [[BTR-80]]
| image2 = BNS Bongobondhu2.jpg
| caption2 = Bangladesh Navy [[Frigate]], [[BNS Khalid Bin Walid]]
| image3 = Mikoyan MiG-29-Chengdu F-7.jpg
| caption3 = Mig-29 and F-7, Fighter aircraft's of Bangladesh Air Force
}}

The [[Bangladesh Armed Forces]] have inherited the institutional framework of the [[British military]] and the [[British Indian Army]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p33231/mobile/ch07.html|title=The Military and Democracy in Bangladesh|website=press-files.anu.edu.au|access-date=19 September 2017|archive-date=10 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010141253/http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p33231/mobile/ch07.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2024, the active personnel strength of the [[Bangladesh Armed Forces]] was around 230,000,<ref name="IISS">*{{cite book| title=The Military Balance 2018 |author1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |author-link1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| date=14 February 2018| publisher=[[Routledge]]| isbn=978-1-85743-955-7| ref=IISS2018}}</ref> including the Air Force (21,000) and the Navy (27,000).<ref>Including service and civilian personnel. See [https://web.archive.org/web/20120112044228/http://www.bangladeshnavy.org/glance.html Bangladesh Navy]. Retrieved 17 July 2007.</ref> In addition to traditional defence roles, the military has supported civil authorities in disaster relief and provided internal security during periods of political unrest. For many years, Bangladesh has been the world's largest contributor to [[United Nations peacekeeping|UN peacekeeping forces]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2023 |title=Contribution of Uniformed Personnel to UN by Country and Personnel Type |url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/01_contributions_to_un_peacekeeping_operations_by_country_and_post_59_february_23.pdf.pdf |access-date=12 May 2023 |publisher=United Nations|archive-date=12 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512143419/https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/01_contributions_to_un_peacekeeping_operations_by_country_and_post_59_february_23.pdf.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[military budget of Bangladesh]] accounts for 1.3% of GDP, amounting to US$4.3 billion in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS?locations=BD |title=Military expenditure (% of GDP) – Bangladesh |publisher=World Bank |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207232946/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS?locations=BD |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Alif |first=Abdullah |date=11 June 2020 |title=Budget FY21: Military spending increases by Tk2,327 crore |url=https://archive.dhakatribune.com/business/economy/2020/06/11/military-spending-increases-by-tk2-327-crore |work=Dhaka Trbiune |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207231443/https://archive.dhakatribune.com/business/economy/2020/06/11/military-spending-increases-by-tk2-327-crore |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Bangladesh Navy]], one of the largest in the Bay of Bengal, includes a [[List of active ships of the Bangladesh Navy|fleet]] of frigates, submarines, corvettes, and other vessels. The [[Bangladesh Air Force]] has a [[List of active Bangladesh military aircraft|small fleet]] of multi-role combat aircraft. Most of Bangladesh's military equipment comes from China.<ref>{{cite news |last=Balachandran |first=P.K. |date=12 April 2017 |title=Rivals India and China woo Bangladesh with aid totalling $46 b |url=http://www.ft.lk/article/609166/Rivals-India-and-China-woo-Bangladesh-with-aid-totalling---46-b |work=[[Daily FT]] |access-date=27 July 2017 |archive-date=28 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728123712/http://www.ft.lk/article/609166/Rivals-India-and-China-woo-Bangladesh-with-aid-totalling---46-b |url-status=live }}</ref> In recent years, Bangladesh and India have increased joint military exercises, high-level visits of military leaders, [[counter-terrorism]] cooperation and intelligence sharing. Bangladesh is vital to ensuring stability and security in [[northeast India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.orfonline.org/research/migration-river-management-radicalisation-66008/ |title=Migration, river management, radicalisation: What does the future hold for India-Bangladesh relations? |last=Bhattacharjee |first=Joyeeta |date=May 2020 |website=Observer Research Foundation |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207231444/https://www.orfonline.org/research/migration-river-management-radicalisation-66008/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-206537 |title=Bangladesh and India's Northeast: A security perspective |work=The Daily Star |date=15 October 2011 |access-date=14 February 2022 |archive-date=8 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208025833/https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-206537 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Bangladesh's strategic importance in the eastern subcontinent hinges on its proximity to China, its frontier with Burma, the separation of mainland and northeast India, and its maritime territory in the Bay of Bengal.<ref>{{cite web |author=Anu Anwar, Michael Kugelman |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/12/01/us-bangladesh-relations-dhaka-india-china-bri/ |title=The U.S. Should Deepen Ties With Bangladesh |work=Foreign Policy |date=1 December 2021 |access-date=14 February 2022 |archive-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207162327/https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/12/01/us-bangladesh-relations-dhaka-india-china-bri/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2002, Bangladesh and China signed a Defence Cooperation Agreement.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kinne |first=Brandon J. |date=15 August 2018 |title=Defense Cooperation Agreements and the Emergence of a Global Security Network |journal=International Organization |volume=72 |issue=4 |pages=799–837 |doi=10.1017/S0020818318000218 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The United States has pursued negotiations with Bangladesh on a [[Status of forces agreement]], an [[Acquisition and Cross-Servicing Agreement]] and a General Security of Military Information Agreement.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Paul |first=Bimal Kanti |year=2005 |title=Bangladeshi American Response to the 1998 Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA): An Assessment |journal=The Professional Geographer |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=495–505 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9272.2005.00494.x |bibcode=2005ProfG..57..495P }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Ashraf |first=Nazmul |url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/us-keen-on-military-ties-with-dhaka-1.386026 |title=U.S. keen on military ties with Dhaka | Uae |work=Gulf News |date=11 May 2002 |access-date=14 February 2022 |archive-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207162344/https://gulfnews.com/uae/us-keen-on-military-ties-with-dhaka-1.386026 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=US wants 2 defence deals with Bangladesh |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/us-wants-2-defence-deals-bangladesh-1815466 |work=The Daily Star |date=18 October 2019 |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207162327/https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/us-wants-2-defence-deals-bangladesh-1815466 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2019, Bangladesh ratified the UN [[Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh ratifies nuclear weapons prohibition treaty |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/government-affairs/2019/09/28/bangladesh-ratifies-nuclear-weapons-prohibition-treaty |work=Dhaka Tribune |date=28 September 2020 |access-date=15 August 2020 |archive-date=20 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920163951/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/government-affairs/2019/09/28/bangladesh-ratifies-nuclear-weapons-prohibition-treaty |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Civil society ===
{{Main|List of non-governmental organisations in Bangladesh}}

Since the colonial period, Bangladesh has had a prominent [[civil society]]. There are various special interest groups, including [[non-governmental organisations]], human rights organisations, professional associations, [[chamber of commerce|chambers of commerce]], employers' associations, and trade unions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bti-project.org/en/reports/country-reports/detail/itc/BGD/ |title=Detail|website=bti-project.org|access-date=15 August 2019|archive-date=26 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626213607/https://www.bti-project.org/en/reports/country-reports/detail/itc/BGD/}}</ref> The [[National Human Rights Commission of Bangladesh]] was set up in 2007. Notable human rights organisations and initiatives include the [[Centre for Law and Mediation (Bangladesh)|Centre for Law and Mediation]], [[Odhikar]], the [[Alliance for Bangladesh Worker Safety]], the [[Bangladesh Environmental Lawyers Association]], the [[Bangladesh Hindu Buddhist Christian Unity Council]] and the [[War Crimes Fact Finding Committee]]. The world's largest international NGO [[BRAC (organisation)|BRAC]] is based in Bangladesh. There has been concern about the shrinking space for independent civil society in recent years.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://netra.news/2021/the-rise-and-fade-of-ngos-2357 |title=The rise and fade of NGOs?|date=26 October 2021|access-date=8 January 2022|archive-date=8 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108042353/https://netra.news/2021/the-rise-and-fade-of-ngos-2357}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/internationaldevelopment/2021/10/25/bangladeshs-ngos-at-50-a-conversation-between-david-lewis-and-naomi-hossain/ |title=Bangladesh's NGOs at 50: a conversation between David Lewis and Naomi Hossain|work=LSE International Development |date=25 October 2021 |access-date=8 January 2022|archive-date=8 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108042356/https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/internationaldevelopment/2021/10/25/bangladeshs-ngos-at-50-a-conversation-between-david-lewis-and-naomi-hossain/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/op-ed/2021/12/30/is-our-civil-society-dead|title=Is our civil society dead?|work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |access-date=8 January 2022|archive-date=8 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108225153/https://www.dhakatribune.com/op-ed/2021/12/30/is-our-civil-society-dead|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Human rights ===
{{Main|Human rights in Bangladesh}}

[[File:R.A.B.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Armed men in black uniforms on a street|The [[Rapid Action Battalion]] (RAB) have been widely accused of [[extrajudicial killing]]s, [[enforced disappearance]]s and human right abuses. The [[United States Department of the Treasury]] sanctioned RAB in 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/death-squad-inside-bangladeshs-rapid-action-battalion/a-65209010|last1=Caurla|first1=Christian|last2=Islam|first2=Arafatul|last3=Conrad|first3=Naomi|last4=Schülke|first4=Birgitta|title='Death squad': Inside Bangladesh's Rapid Action Battalion|work=[[DW News]]|date=3 April 2023|access-date=21 January 2025}}</ref>]]

[[Torture]] is banned by the [[Constitution of Bangladesh]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-367/section-24583.html|title=The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh | 35. Protection in respect of trial and punishment|website=bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd|access-date=8 January 2022|archive-date=8 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108042355/http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-367/section-24583.html|url-status=live}}</ref> but is rampantly used by Bangladesh's security forces. Bangladesh joined the [[Convention against Torture]] in 1998 and enacted its first anti-torture law, the [[Torture and Custodial Death (Prevention) Act]], in 2013. The first conviction under this law was announced in 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/law-our-rights/news/jonnys-custodial-death-case-lessons-learned-the-verdict-1969413|title=Jonny's custodial death case: Lessons learned from the verdict |first=Ali |last=Mashraf|date=29 September 2020|work=The Daily Star|access-date=8 January 2022|archive-date=8 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108042350/https://www.thedailystar.net/law-our-rights/news/jonnys-custodial-death-case-lessons-learned-the-verdict-1969413|url-status=live}}</ref> Amnesty International [[Prisoner of conscience|Prisoners of Conscience]] from Bangladesh have included [[Saber Hossain Chowdhury]] and [[Shahidul Alam]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa13/9065/2018/en/|title=Bangladesh: Prisoner of conscience faces prolonged detention: Shahidul Alam|date=11 September 2018|publisher=[[Amnesty International]]|access-date=8 January 2022|archive-date=8 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108042350/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa13/9065/2018/en/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/asa130022003en.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/asa130022003en.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |title=Bangladesh: Senior Awami League politician in danger of torture |date=9 January 2003 |publisher=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref> The widely criticised [[Digital Security Act]] was repealed and replaced by the Cyber Security Act in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/8/7/bangladesh-to-tone-down-draconian-digital-security-law|title=Bangladesh to tone down 'draconian' digital security law|first=Faisal|last=Mahmud|publisher=[[Al Jazeera]]|access-date=26 February 2024|archive-date=2 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902065035/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/8/7/bangladesh-to-tone-down-draconian-digital-security-law|url-status=live}}</ref> The repeal was welcomed by the [[International Press Institute]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ipi.media/bangladesh-ipi-welcomes-repeal-and-replacement-of-digital-security-act/#:~:text=This%20month%2C%20in%20response%20to,according%20to%20The%20Business%20Standard | title=Bangladesh: IPI welcomes repeal and replacement of Digital Security Act | date=18 August 2023 | access-date=26 February 2024 | archive-date=26 February 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226201510/https://ipi.media/bangladesh-ipi-welcomes-repeal-and-replacement-of-digital-security-act/#:~:text=This%20month%2C%20in%20response%20to,according%20to%20The%20Business%20Standard | url-status=live }}</ref>

On [[International Human Rights Day]] in December 2021, the [[United States Department of the Treasury]] announced [[Economic sanctions|sanctions]] on commanders of the [[Rapid Action Battalion]] for extrajudicial killings, torture, and other human rights abuses.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy0526 |title=Treasury Sanctions Perpetrators of Serious Human Rights Abuse on International Human Rights Day|website=[[United States Department of the Treasury]]|access-date=8 January 2022|archive-date=26 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226182610/https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy0526|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Freedom House]] has criticised the government for human rights abuses, the crackdown on the opposition, mass media, and civil society through politicised enforcement.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/bangladesh |title=Bangladesh: Country Profile |website=[[Freedom House]] |date=30 March 2022|access-date=18 February 2015|archive-date=12 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212185912/https://freedomhouse.org/country/bangladesh|url-status=live}}</ref> Bangladesh is ranked "partly free" in Freedom House's ''[[Freedom in the World]]'' report,<ref>[https://freedomhouse.org/country/bangladesh Bangladesh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212185912/https://freedomhouse.org/country/bangladesh |date=12 February 2015 }}. [[Freedom House]]. Retrieved 27 April 2015.</ref> but its [[press freedom]] has deteriorated from "free" to "not free" in recent years due to increasing government pressure.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2016/bangladesh |title=Bangladesh – Country report – Freedom in the World – 2016|website=[[Freedom House]]|access-date=12 May 2016|date=27 January 2016 |archive-date=10 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610020814/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2016/bangladesh}}</ref> According to the British [[Economist Intelligence Unit]], the country has a [[hybrid regime]]: the third of four rankings in its [[Democracy Index]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sudestada.com.uy/Content/Articles/421a313a-d58f-462e-9b24-2504a37f6b56/Democracy-index-2014.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.sudestada.com.uy/Content/Articles/421a313a-d58f-462e-9b24-2504a37f6b56/Democracy-index-2014.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |title=Democracy Index 2014: Democracy and its discontents |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |via=Sudestada.com.uy}}</ref> Bangladesh ranked 96th among 163 countries in the 2022 [[Global Peace Index]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.visionofhumanity.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/GPI-2022-web.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.visionofhumanity.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/GPI-2022-web.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |title=Global Peace Index 2022 |publisher=[[Institute for Economics & Peace]] |date=June 2022 |access-date=16 June 2022 |pages=10–11}}</ref> According to National Human Rights Commission, 70% of alleged human-rights violations are committed by law-enforcement agencies.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/bangladeshs-crisis-civil-liberties-and-human-rights |title= Clashing ideologies |author= Ridwanul Hoque |date= 5 August 2015 |publisher= D+C, development and cooperation |access-date= 21 December 2015 |archive-date= 22 December 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151222125141/http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/bangladeshs-crisis-civil-liberties-and-human-rights |url-status= live }}</ref>

[[LGBT rights in Bangladesh|LGBT rights]] are frowned upon among social conservatives.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/01/18/lgbt-activists-are-using-visual-arts-change-hearts-and-minds-bangladesh|last=Knight|first=Kyle|title=LGBT Activists Are Using Visual Arts to Change Hearts and Minds in Bangladesh|date=18 January 2019|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]|access-date=3 October 2022|archive-date=3 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003175319/https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/01/18/lgbt-activists-are-using-visual-arts-change-hearts-and-minds-bangladesh|url-status=live}}</ref> Homosexuality is affected by [[Section 377]] of the [[Penal Code of Bangladesh]], originally enacted by the British colonial government.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Ashif Islam Shaon |date=27 April 2016 |title=Where does Bangladesh stand on homosexuality issue? |url=http://archive.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2016/apr/27/where-does-bangladesh-stand-homosexuality-issue |work=Dhaka Tribune |access-date=30 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605155955/http://archive.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2016/apr/27/where-does-bangladesh-stand-homosexuality-issue |archive-date=5 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/bangladesh-authorities-arrest-27-men-gay-homosexuality-muslim-country-islam-police-charge-a7744366.html|title=Bangladesh authorities arrest 27 men on suspicion of being gay|work=[[The Independent]]|date=19 May 2017|access-date=21 June 2019|archive-date=21 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321164257/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/bangladesh-authorities-arrest-27-men-gay-homosexuality-muslim-country-islam-police-charge-a7744366.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The government only recognises the [[transgender]] and [[intersex]] community known as the [[Hijra (South Asia)|Hijra]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iri.org/resources/iri-conducts-innovative-mixed-method-lgbti-study-in-bangladesh/|title=Understanding the Lives of Bangladesh's LGBTI Community|date=8 April 2021|website=International Republican Institute|access-date=26 February 2024|archive-date=8 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308183530/https://www.iri.org/resources/iri-conducts-innovative-mixed-method-lgbti-study-in-bangladesh/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/01/bangladesh-adds-third-gender-option-to-voter-forms/|title=Bangladesh Adds Third Gender Option to Voter Forms|last=Shakil Bin Mushtaq|magazine=The Diplomat|access-date=15 August 2019|archive-date=2 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902065035/https://thediplomat.com/2018/01/bangladesh-adds-third-gender-option-to-voter-forms/|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the 2023 Global Slavery Index, an estimated 1.2 million people were enslaved in Bangladesh {{as of|2021|lc=y}}, which is among the highest in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.walkfree.org/global-slavery-index/country-studies/bangladesh/|title=Modern slavery in Bangladesh|publisher=[[Walk Free]]|location=Perth, Western Australia|access-date=21 January 2025}}</ref>

=== Corruption ===
{{Main|Corruption in Bangladesh}}

Like many developing countries, [[institutional corruption]] is an issue of concern for Bangladesh. Bangladesh ranked 146th among 180 countries on [[Transparency International]]'s 2018 [[Corruption Perceptions Index]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2018/results|title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2018 – Transparency International|publisher=[[Transparency International]]|access-date=29 January 2017|archive-date=30 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130053429/https://www.transparency.org/cpi2018/results}}</ref> Land administration was the sector with the most bribery in 2015,<ref>''[https://www.ti-bangladesh.org/beta3/images/2016/es_nhhs_16_en.pdf Corruption in Service Sectors: National Household Survey 2015] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107003918/https://www.ti-bangladesh.org/beta3/images/2016/es_nhhs_16_en.pdf |date=7 January 2017 }}'', Transparency International Bangladesh, Dhaka, 2016, p. 1</ref> followed by education,<ref>''[https://www.ti-bangladesh.org/beta3/images/2016/es_nhhs_16_en.pdf Corruption in Service Sectors: National Household Survey 2015] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107003918/https://www.ti-bangladesh.org/beta3/images/2016/es_nhhs_16_en.pdf |date=7 January 2017 }}'', Transparency International Bangladesh, Dhaka, 2016, p. 12</ref> police<ref>''[https://www.ti-bangladesh.org/beta3/images/2016/es_nhhs_16_en.pdf Corruption in Service Sectors: National Household Survey 2015] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107003918/https://www.ti-bangladesh.org/beta3/images/2016/es_nhhs_16_en.pdf |date=7 January 2017 }}'', Transparency International Bangladesh, Dhaka, 2016, p. 21</ref> and water supply.<ref>''[https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/bribe/2009/08/bangladesh-a-dirty-deal-back-fires.html The Business of Bribes: Bangladesh: The Blowback of Corruption] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809062926/http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/bribe/2009/08/bangladesh-a-dirty-deal-back-fires.html |date=9 August 2017 }}'', Public Broadcasting Services, Arlington, Virginia, 2009</ref> The [[Anti Corruption Commission Bangladesh|Anti Corruption Commission]] was formed in 2004, and was active during the [[2006–08 Bangladeshi political crisis]], indicting many leading politicians, bureaucrats and businessmen for [[Graft (politics)|graft]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.u4.no/publications/overview-of-corruption-and-anti-corruption-in-bangladesh/|title=Overview of corruption and anti-corruption in Bangladesh|website=U4|access-date=9 December 2015|archive-date=8 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151108140729/http://www.u4.no/publications/overview-of-corruption-and-anti-corruption-in-bangladesh/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=ACC largely ineffective |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/acc-largely-ineffective-25194 |work=The Daily Star |date=21 May 2014 |access-date=1 June 2016 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729013717/https://www.thedailystar.net/acc-largely-ineffective-25194 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://govpoliju.com/anti-corruption-commission-and-political-government-an-evaluation-of-awami-league-regime-2009-2012/|title=Anti Corruption Commission and Political Government: An Evaluation of Awami League Regime (2009–2012) {{!}} Government and Politics, JU|website=govpoliju.com|access-date=1 June 2016|archive-date=18 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118035306/http://govpoliju.com/anti-corruption-commission-and-political-government-an-evaluation-of-awami-league-regime-2009-2012/}}</ref>

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Bangladesh}}

{{Further|List of companies of Bangladesh}}
{{multiple image
| perrow = 1
| total_width = 220
| image_style = border:none;
| align = right
| image1 = Dhaka April (33244268934).jpg
| caption1 = [[Motijheel Thana|Motijheel]] in the nation's capital Dhaka is the largest [[central business district|commercial district]] in the city.
| image2 = The padma bridge 04.jpg
| caption2 = The [[Padma Bridge]], opened in 2022, is a [[List of road–rail bridges|road-rail bridge]] which spans the [[Padma River]].
}}

Bangladesh is a [[List of countries by GNI (nominal) per capita#Lower-middle-income group|lower-middle]] income [[mixed economy|mixed-market economy]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Ahmed|first=Zobaer|url=https://www.dw.com/en/bangladesh-economy-50-years-on/a-57015896|title=Bangladesh at 50: From 'basket case' to rising economic star|access-date=30 September 2022|work=[[DW News]]|publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]|date=16 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2023/01/22/a-journey-together-bangladesh-and-world-bank-celebrate-historic-partnership|title=A Journey Together: Bangladesh and World Bank Celebrate Historic Partnership|publisher=[[World Bank]]|date=22 January 2023|access-date=9 January 2025|quote="Bangladesh has made enormous strides in the past 50 years – from one of the poorest nations at birth, it is now one of the fastest-growing economies."}}</ref> It has the world's [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|36th-largest economy]] by nominal terms, and the [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|24th-largest]] by [[purchasing power parity|PPP]]. Bangladesh has a [[labour force]] of 71.4 million,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.TOTL.IN?locations=BD|title=Labor force, total – Bangladesh|publisher=[[World Bank]]|access-date=30 September 2022}}</ref> which is the world's [[List of countries by labour force|seventh-largest]]; with an unemployment rate of 3.6% {{as of|2024|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?locations=BD|title=Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) (modeled ILO estimate) – Bangladesh|publisher=[[World Bank]]|access-date=30 September 2022}}</ref> Its [[foreign exchange reserves]], although depleting,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.prothomalo.com/business/local/s3knbstt64|title=Respite from fall in forex reserves, dollar market stable|work=[[Prothom Alo]]|date=19 October 2024|last=Sakib|first=Shanaullah|access-date=9 January 2025}}</ref> remain the [[List of countries by foreign exchange reserves|second-highest in South Asia]], after India. Bangladesh's [[Bangladeshi diaspora|large diaspora]] contributed roughly $27 billion in [[Remittance to Bangladesh|remittances]] in 2024.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/business/economy/news/remittance-hit-all-time-high-2024-3789871|title=Remittance hit all-time high in 2024|last=Hasan|first=Md Mehedi|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=2 January 2025|access-date=9 January 2025}}</ref> The [[Bangladeshi taka]] is the national currency.

{{As of|2023}}, the large service sector accounts for about 51.5% of total GDP, followed by the industrial sector (34.6%), while the [[Agriculture in Bangladesh|agriculture sector]] is by far the smallest, making up only 11% of total GDP;<ref name="cia"/> despite being the largest employment sector, providing roughly half of the total workforce.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/labour-force-survey-2022-agriculture-still-main-job-generator-3283936|title=Labour Force Survey 2022: Agriculture still main job generator|last=Byron|first=Rejaul Karim|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=30 March 2023|access-date=11 January 2025}}</ref> Over 84% of the export earnings come from the [[Textile industry in Bangladesh|textile industry]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.weforum.org/stories/2024/02/how-bangladesh-offers-lessons-for-sustainable-industrialization-in-africa/|last=Akinrebiyo|first=Femi|title=Bangladesh's leap from poverty to textile powerhouse offers lessons for countries in Africa|date=16 February 2024|work=[[World Economic Forum]]|access-date=11 January 2025|quote="Right now, though, 84% of Bangladeshi export revenues come from apparel alone."}}</ref> Bangladesh is the second-leading garments exporter in the world, and plays a crucial role in the global [[fast fashion]] industry, exporting to various Western fashion brands.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cd6ye3e8x9po|title=Fast fashion drove Bangladesh – now its troubled economy needs more|work=[[BBC News]]|date=7 September 2024|access-date=16 January 2025|last=Imandar|first=Nikhil|publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> It is also a major producer of [[Jute industry of Bangladesh|jute]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/views/news/symbol-our-degradation-3624216|title=A symbol of our degradation|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=2 June 2024|last=Choudhury|first=Serajul Islam|access-date=9 January 2025}}</ref> [[Rice production in Bangladesh|rice]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/bw4ldbvrb4|title=Rice production rising high in Bangladesh|last=Mahmud|first=Iftekhar|work=[[Prothom Alo]]|date=17 June 2023|access-date=9 January 2025}}</ref> [[List of fishes in Bangladesh|fish]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/good-day-bangladesh/sk7ow1u6en|title=Bangladesh globally second in freshwater fish production|last=Mahmud|first=Iftekhar|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=10 June 2024|access-date=9 January 2025}}</ref> [[Tea production in Bangladesh|tea]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/business/economy/news/long-term-plan-behind-high-tea-production-3399926|title=Long-term plan behind high tea production|last1=Chowdhury|first1=Dwoha|last2=Halder|first2=Sukanta|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=22 August 2023|access-date=9 January 2025}}</ref> and flowers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tbsnews.net/thoughts/floriculture-lucrative-sector-bangladesh-131728|title=Floriculture: A lucrative sector in Bangladesh|date=12 September 2020|website=Business Standard|access-date=1 October 2022|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001203926/https://www.tbsnews.net/thoughts/floriculture-lucrative-sector-bangladesh-131728|url-status=live}}</ref> Other major industries include [[Shipbuilding in Bangladesh|shipbuilding]], [[pharmaceutical industry in Bangladesh|pharmaceuticals]], [[Steel industry in Bangladesh|steel]], [[Electronics industry in Bangladesh|electronics]] and [[Leather industry in Bangladesh|leather goods]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ahaduzzaman|last2=Sarkar|first2=Prottasha|last3=Anjum|first3=Aniqa|last4=Khan|first4=Easir A.|title=Overview of Major Industries in Bangladesh|date=7 December 2017|journal=Journal of Chemical Engineering|volume=30|number=1|doi=10.3329/jce.v30i1.34798|pages=51–58|doi-access=free}}</ref> China is the [[List of the largest trading partners of Bangladesh|largest trading partner]] of Bangladesh, accounting for 15% of the total trade, followed by India; which accounts for 8% of the total trade.<ref>{{cite web|last=Haroon|first=Jasim Uddin|date=11 December 2024|work=[[The Financial Express (Bangladesh)|The Financial Express]]|url=https://today.thefinancialexpress.com.bd/last-page/china-bangladeshs-top-trading-partner-in-fy24-1733855492|title=China Bangladesh's top trading partner in FY24|access-date=11 January 2025}}</ref>

The private sector accounts for 80% of GDP compared to the dwindling role of state-owned companies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tbsnews.net/supplement/public-sector-needs-keep-pace-private-sector-359749|title=Public sector needs to keep pace with private sector|date=20 January 2022|website=Business Standard|access-date=1 October 2022|archive-date=6 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006222805/https://www.tbsnews.net/supplement/public-sector-needs-keep-pace-private-sector-359749|url-status=live}}</ref> Bangladesh's economy is dominated by family-owned [[List of companies of Bangladesh|conglomerates]] and small and medium-sized businesses. Some of the largest publicly traded companies in Bangladesh include [[BEXIMCO]], [[BRAC Bank]], [[BSRM]], [[GPH Ispat]], [[Grameenphone]], [[Summit Group]], and [[Square Pharmaceuticals]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dse.com.bd/dse30_share.php|title=DS30 Index | Dhaka Stock Exchange|website=dse.com.bd}}</ref> The [[Dhaka Stock Exchange|Dhaka]] and [[Chittagong Stock Exchange]]s are the country's twin [[capital market]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tbsnews.net/features/panorama/tale-two-capital-markets-883756|title=A tale of two capital markets|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=25 June 2024|last=Islam|first=Shadique Mahbub|access-date=9 January 2025}}</ref> Its [[Telecommunications in Bangladesh|telecommunications industry]] is one of the world's fastest growing, with 188.78 million cellphone subscribers at the end of November 2024.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mobile Phone Subscribers in Bangladesh|url=https://www.amtob.org.bd/home/industrystatics|access-date=9 January 2025|work=[[Association of Mobile Telecom Operators of Bangladesh|AMTOB]]}}</ref> Political instability,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eiu.com/n/infrastructure-enhancements-will-underpin-growth-in-dhaka/|title=Infrastructure enhancements will underpin growth in Dhaka|date=30 September 2020|access-date=12 January 2025|work=[[Economist Intelligence Unit]]}}</ref> high inflation,<ref name="sadiq">{{cite web|last=Ahmed|first=Shakil|date=20 October 2024|title=Why is it taking so long to stabilise the economy?|access-date=12 January 2025|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/views/news/how-do-we-overcome-our-corruption-crisis-3731226}}</ref> [[Corruption in Bangladesh|endemic corruption]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Ahmed|first=Sadiq|date=22 May 2024|title=Why is it taking so long to stabilise the economy?|access-date=12 January 2025|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/views/news/why-it-taking-so-long-stabilise-the-economy-3615381}}</ref> insufficient power supplies,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Rahman|first1=Asifur|last2=Karmaker|first2=Konkon|date=11 September 2024|title=Power supply may not improve anytime soon|access-date=12 January 2025|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/views/news/how-do-we-overcome-our-corruption-crisis-3731226}}</ref> and slow implementation of reforms are major challenges to economic growth.<ref name="sadiq"/>

Bangladesh was ranked 106th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2024 and in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh ranking in the Global Innovation Index 2025|url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/bangladesh|access-date=2025-10-21 |website=www.wipo.int|language=en}}</ref>

=== Energy ===
{{Main|Electricity sector in Bangladesh}}

{{Further|Energy policy of Bangladesh|Bangladesh Power Development Board|Natural gas and petroleum in Bangladesh|Petrobangla}}

{{multiple image
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| align = right
| image1 = Ruppur Nuclear Power Plant , Ruppur, Pabna.jpg
| caption1 = The under-construction [[Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant]] at night
| image2 = Moving Turbines!!.jpg
| caption2 = Wind turbines on [[Kutubdia Island]]
}}

Bangladesh, a country experiencing daily blackouts several times a day in 2009, achieved 100% electrification by 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tbsnews.net/economy/how-100-electrification-changed-rural-game-384954|title=How 100% electrification changed the rural game|date=14 March 2022|website=Business Standard|access-date=1 October 2022|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004183507/https://www.tbsnews.net/economy/how-100-electrification-changed-rural-game-384954|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/electricity-now-every-house-2987601 |title=Electricity now in every house |work=The Daily Star |date=22 March 2022 |access-date=2 October 2022 |archive-date=30 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130005200/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/electricity-now-every-house-2987601 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is gradually transitioning to a [[green economy]] and has the largest off-grid solar power programme in the world, benefiting 20 million people.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2021/04/07/bangladesh-solar-home-systems-provide-clean-energy-for-20-million-people|title=Bangladesh Solar Home Systems Provide Clean Energy for 20 million People|publisher=World Bank|access-date=1 October 2022|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001203911/https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2021/04/07/bangladesh-solar-home-systems-provide-clean-energy-for-20-million-people|url-status=live}}</ref> An [[electric car]] called the ''Palki'' is being developed for production in the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/tech-startup/news/palki-affordable-locally-assembled-electric-vehicle-its-way-3103341 |title=Palki: An affordable locally assembled Electric Vehicle on its way |work=The Daily Star |date=26 August 2022 |access-date=2 October 2022 |archive-date=2 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902065543/https://www.thedailystar.net/tech-startup/news/palki-affordable-locally-assembled-electric-vehicle-its-way-3103341 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Biogas]] is being used to produce organic fertiliser.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mang |first=Heinz-Peter |title=Situation Analysis of Agro-Industrial Biogas Plants in Bangladesh |url=https://reeep.sreda.gov.bd/projects/2017-02-Situation-Analysis-of-Agro-Industrial-Biogas-Plants-In-Bangladesh_HPMang.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618191038/https://reeep.sreda.gov.bd/projects/2017-02-Situation-Analysis-of-Agro-Industrial-Biogas-Plants-In-Bangladesh_HPMang.pdf |archive-date=18 June 2022 |url-status=live |access-date=12 October 2022 |website=sreeda.gov.bd}}</ref> The under-construction [[Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant]], under-construction with assistance from the Russian company [[Rosatom]], will be the first operational [[nuclear power plant]] in the country. Its first unit, out of the two total units, is expected to go into operation in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Mohiuddin|title=Rooppur nuclear power plant: Power generation deferred|work=[[Prothom Alo]]|date=19 May 2024|url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/mens8s0lt0 |access-date=8 January 2025}}</ref>

Bangladesh continues to have huge untapped reserves of natural gas, particularly in its maritime territory.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geoexpro.com/articles/2021/12/natural-gas-underexplored-in-bangladesh|title=Natural Gas – Underexplored in Bangladesh?|date=15 December 2021|website=GEO ExPro|access-date=3 October 2022|archive-date=3 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003114124/https://www.geoexpro.com/articles/2021/12/natural-gas-underexplored-in-bangladesh}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/11/bangladesh-asias-new-energy-superpower/#:~:text=With%20its%20new%20territory%2C%20Bangladesh%27s,the%20end%20of%20the%20year. |title=Bangladesh: Asia's New Energy Superpower? |access-date=3 October 2022 |archive-date=29 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229123448/https://thediplomat.com/2014/11/bangladesh-asias-new-energy-superpower/#:~:text=With%20its%20new%20territory%2C%20Bangladesh%27s,the%20end%20of%20the%20year. |url-status=live }}</ref> A lack of exploration and decreasing proven reserves have forced Bangladesh to import [[LNG]] from abroad.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/energy/imported-lng-be-24-times-more-expensive-local-gas-cpd-370075|title=Imported LNG to be 24 times more expensive than local gas: CPD|date=13 February 2022|website=Business Standard|access-date=3 October 2022|archive-date=3 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003114118/https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/energy/imported-lng-be-24-times-more-expensive-local-gas-cpd-370075|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/bangladesh-lng-power-idINL1N2Z10R7|title=Bangladesh halts expensive spot LNG imports despite load-shedding|work=Reuters|date=20 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/views/opinion/news/let-us-not-become-dependent-lng-import-2925721|title=Let us not become dependent on LNG import|first=Badrul|last=Imam|date=26 December 2021|work=The Daily Star|access-date=3 October 2022|archive-date=3 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003114121/https://www.thedailystar.net/views/opinion/news/let-us-not-become-dependent-lng-import-2925721|url-status=live}}</ref> Gas shortages were further exacerbated by the [[Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present)|Russo-Ukrainian war]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/a9b8d051-a126-469c-b1ad-b0d29a8d53eb|title=Bangladesh is being 'killed by economic conditions elsewhere in the world'|newspaper=Financial Times|location=London|date=24 August 2022|access-date=1 October 2022|archive-date=26 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126085309/https://www.ft.com/content/a9b8d051-a126-469c-b1ad-b0d29a8d53eb|url-status=live}}</ref> Bangladesh stopped buying [[spot price]] LNG temporarily in July 2022, despite constant load-shedding, due to a steep price hike in the global market.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/markets/commodities/bangladesh-halts-expensive-spot-lng-imports-despite-load-shedding-idUSL1N2Z10R7/|title=Bangladesh halts expensive spot LNG imports despite load-shedding|work=[[Reuters]]|date=20 July 2022|access-date=8 January 2025}}</ref> It restarted buying spot price LNG once again in February 2023 as prices eased.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Paul|first1=Ruma|last2=Chow|first2=Emily|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/bangladesh-restart-spot-lng-buying-prices-ease-sources-2023-02-01/|title=Bangladesh to restart spot LNG buying as prices ease – sources|work=[[Reuters]]|date=1 February 2023|access-date=8 January 2025}}</ref>

While [[List of government-owned companies of Bangladesh|government-owned companies in Bangladesh]] generate nearly half of Bangladesh's electricity, privately owned companies like the Summit Group and [[Orion Group (Bangladesh)|Orion Group]] are playing an increasingly important role in both generating electricity, and supplying machinery, reactors, and equipment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ge.com/news/press-releases/summit-signs-22-year-ppa-upcoming-583-mw-gas-power-plant-ge-co-develop-plant|title=Summit signs 22-year PPA for upcoming 583 MW gas power plant; GE to co-develop plant in Bangladesh|website=GE News|access-date=23 October 2022|archive-date=23 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023153618/https://www.ge.com/news/press-releases/summit-signs-22-year-ppa-upcoming-583-mw-gas-power-plant-ge-co-develop-plant|url-status=live}}</ref> Bangladesh increased electricity production capacity from 5 gigawatts in 2009 to 25.5 gigawatts in 2022. It plans to further increase it to 50 [[gigawatts]] by 2041. US companies like [[Chevron Corporation|Chevron]] and [[General Electric]] supply around 55% of Bangladesh's domestic natural gas production and are among the largest investors in power projects. 80% of Bangladesh's installed gas-fired power generation capacity comes from turbines manufactured in the United States.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/bangladesh-power-and-energy | title=Bangladesh – Power and Energy | date=20 July 2022 | access-date=5 October 2022 | archive-date=5 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005062425/https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/bangladesh-power-and-energy | url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Tourism ===
{{Main|Tourism in Bangladesh}}

[[File:Save the sundarbans 20.jpg|thumb|The [[Sundarbans]] is the largest [[mangrove forest]] in the world.]]

The [[Tourism in Bangladesh|tourism industry]] is expanding, contributing some 3.02% of total GDP.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Byron|first1=Rejaul Karim|first2=Mahmudul|last2=Hasan|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/business/economy/industries/tourism/news/tourisms-share-302pc-gdp-2904556|title=Tourism's share 3.02% in GDP|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=28 November 2021|access-date=30 September 2022}}</ref> Bangladesh's international tourism receipts in 2019 amounted to $391 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ST.INT.RCPT.CD?locations=BD|title=International tourism, receipts (current US$) – Bangladesh|publisher=[[World Bank]]|access-date=30 September 2022}}</ref> The country has [[List of World Heritage Sites in Bangladesh|three UNESCO World Heritage Sites]] ([[Historic Mosque City of Bagerhat|the Mosque City]], [[Ruins of the Buddhist Vihara at Paharpur|the Buddhist Vihara]] and the [[Sundarbans]]) and seven [[World Heritage Site#Nominating process|tentative-list]] sites.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/state=bd|title=Tentative Lists|access-date=6 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806231331/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/state=bd|archive-date=6 August 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[World Travel and Tourism Council]] (WTTC) reported in 2019 that the travel and tourism industry in Bangladesh directly generated 1,180,500 jobs in 2018 or 1.9% of the country's total employment.<ref name="2019 report">{{cite web |url=http://reports.weforum.org/pdf/ttci-2019/WEF_TTCI_2019_Profile_BGD.pdf |title=Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index 2019 edition: Bangladesh |website=World Travel and Tourism Council|access-date=18 December 2019}}</ref> According to the same report, Bangladesh experiences around 125,000 international tourist arrivals per year.<ref name="2019 report"/> Domestic spending generated 97.7 per cent of direct travel and tourism gross domestic product (GDP) in 2012.<ref name="2013 report">{{cite web |url=http://www.wttc.org/site_media/uploads/downloads/bangladesh2013.pdf |title=Travel & Tourism Economic Impact 2013: Bangladesh |website=World Travel and Tourism Council |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007183403/http://www.wttc.org/site_media/uploads/downloads/bangladesh2013.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2013}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of Bangladesh}}

{{Further|Bengalis}}

{{Historical populations
|source = World Bank<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=BD|publisher=[[World Bank]]|title=Population, total – Bangladesh|access-date=19 January 2025}}</ref>
|title = Population (millions)
|percentages = pagr
|1960 |51,828,660
|1971 |70,276,758
|1980 |88,016,432
|1990 |111,633,717
|2000 |134,544,304
|2010 |152,201,981
|2023 |171,466,990
}}

Bangladesh had a recorded population of 169.8 million in the [[2022 Bangladeshi census|2022 census]],<ref name="populationcensus2022"/> which rose to 171.4 million {{as of|2023|lc=y}}.<ref name="unpop">{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=BD|title=Population, total – Bangladesh|publisher=[[World Bank]]|access-date=4 April 2025}}</ref> It is the [[List of countries by population|eighth-most-populous country]] in the world, the [[List of Asian countries by population|fifth-most populous country]] in Asia, and the [[List of countries and dependencies by population density|most densely populated large country]] in the world, with a headline population density of 1,265 people/km2 {{as of|2020|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.POP.DNST?locations=BD|title=Population density (people per sq. km of land area) – Bangladesh|publisher=[[World Bank]]|access-date=4 October 2022}}</ref> Bangladesh's [[total fertility rate]] (TFR), once among the highest in the world, has experienced a dramatic decline, from 5.5 in 1985 to 3.7 in 1995, down to 1.9 in 2022,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN?locations=BD|title=Fertility rate, total (births per woman) – Bangladesh|publisher=[[World Bank]]|access-date=4 October 2022}}</ref> which is below the [[sub-replacement fertility]] of 2.1.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bora |first1=Jayanta Kumar |last2=Saikia |first2=Nandita |last3=Kebede |first3=Endale Birhanu |last4=Lutz |first4=Wolfgang |title=Revisiting the causes of fertility decline in Bangladesh: The relative importance of female education and family planning programs |journal=Asian Population Studies |date=2023 |volume=19 |pages=81–104 |doi=10.1080/17441730.2022.2028253 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Most of the population live in rural areas, with only 40% of the population living in urban areas {{as of|2023|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS?locations=BD|title=Urban population (% of total population) – Bangladesh|publisher=[[World Bank]]|access-date=4 October 2022}}</ref> Bangladesh has a [[median age]] of roughly 28 years, with 26% of the total population aged 14 or younger,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.0014.TO.ZS?locations=BD|title=Population ages 0–14 (% of total population) – Bangladesh|publisher=[[World Bank]]|access-date=4 October 2022}}</ref> and merely 6% aged 65 and above {{as of|2023|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.65UP.TO.ZS?locations=BD|title=Population ages 65 and above (% of total population) – Bangladesh|publisher=[[World Bank]]|access-date=4 October 2022}}</ref>

Bangladesh is an [[List of countries ranked by ethnic and cultural diversity level|ethnically and culturally homogeneous society]], as [[Bengali people|Bengalis]] form 99% of the population.<ref name="cia"/> The [[Adivasi]] population includes the [[Chakma people|Chakmas]], [[Marma people|Marmas]], [[Santhal people|Santhals]], [[Mru people (Mrucha)|Mros]], [[Tanchangya people|Tanchangyas]], [[Bawm people|Bawms]], [[Tripuri people|Tripuris]], [[Khasi people|Khasis]], [[Khumi people|Khumis]], [[Kuki people|Kukis]], [[Garo people|Garos]], and [[Bisnupriya Manipuri people|Bisnupriya Manipuris]]. The Chittagong Hill Tracts region experienced unrest and an [[Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict|insurgency]] from 1975 to 1997 in an autonomy movement by its indigenous people. Although a peace accord was signed in 1997, the region [[Operation Uttaran|remains militarised]].<ref name="rashiduzzaman">{{cite journal |last=Rashiduzzaman |first=M |year=1998 |title=Bangladesh's Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord: Institutional Features and Strategic Concerns |journal=Asian Survey |volume=38 |issue=7 |pages=653–70 |doi=10.2307/2645754 |jstor=2645754}}</ref> [[Urdu]]-speaking [[stranded Pakistanis]] were given citizenship by the Supreme Court in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unhcr.org/news/stories/how-bangladesh-court-ruling-changed-lives-more-300000-stateless-people|title=How a Bangladesh court ruling changed the lives of more than 300,000 stateless people|last1=Shadman|first1=Onchita|last2=Schönbauer|first2=Roland|date=23 February 2015|access-date=27 January 2025}}</ref> Bangladesh also hosts over 700,000 Rohingya refugees since 2017, giving it one of the largest refugee populations in the world.<ref name="RohingyaHRW"/>

=== Urban centres ===
{{Further|List of cities and towns in Bangladesh}}

Bangladesh's capital Dhaka and the largest city and is overseen by two city corporations that manage between them the northern and southern parts of the city. There are 13 [[List of City Corporations of Bangladesh|city corporations]] which hold mayoral elections: Dhaka South, Dhaka North, [[Chittagong]], [[Comilla]], [[Khulna]], [[Mymensingh]], [[Sylhet]], [[Rajshahi]], [[Barisal]], [[Rangpur, Bangladesh|Rangpur]], [[Gazipur, Dhaka Division|Gazipur]], [[Bogura]] and [[Narayanganj]]. Mayors are elected for five-year terms. Altogether there are 506 urban centres in Bangladesh which 43 cities have a population of more than 100,000.
{{Largest cities
| country = Bangladesh
| stat_ref = [https://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/b343a8b4_956b_45ca_872f_4cf9b2f1a6e0/2023-09-27-09-50-a3672cdf61961a45347ab8660a3109b6.pdf]
| list_by_pop =
| div_name = Country
| div_link = Bangladesh 
| city_1 = Dhaka | pop_1 = 10,278,882
| city_2 = Chittagong | pop_2 = 3,227,246
| city_3 = Gazipur | pop_3 = 2,674,697
| city_4 = Narayanganj | pop_4 = 967,724
| city_5 = Khulna | pop_5 = 718,735
| city_6 = Rangpur, Bangladesh{{!}}Rangpur | pop_6 = 708,384
| city_7 = Mymensingh | pop_7 = 576,722
| city_8 = Rajshahi | pop_8 = 552,791
| city_9 = Sylhet | pop_9 = 532,426
| city_10 = Bogura | pop_10 =542,420
| city_11 = Comilla | pop_11 = 439,414
}}

=== Language ===
{{Main|Languages of Bangladesh}}

[[File:Shaheed Minar, Dhaka, Bangladesh.jpg|thumb|The [[Shaheed Minar, Dhaka|Shaheed Minar]], a national monument in Dhaka established to commemorate the martyrs of the 1952 [[Bengali language movement]], is a symbol of Bengali nationalism.]]

The official and predominant language of Bangladesh is [[Bengali language|Bengali]], which is spoken by more than 99% of the population as their [[first language|native language]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Population and Housing Census 2022: Report on Socio-Economic and Demographic Survey 2023 |url=http://nsds.bbs.gov.bd/storage/files/1/SEDS_2023_Report.pdf|date=June 2024|publisher=Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics|page=xx|isbn=978-984-35-2977-0|access-date=9 June 2024|archive-date=9 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609144133/http://nsds.bbs.gov.bd/storage/files/1/SEDS_2023_Report.pdf}}</ref><ref name="LOG">{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Rahim|first1=Enayetur|editor1-last=Heitzman|editor1-first=James|editor2-last=Worden|editor2-first=Robert L.|title=Ethnicity and Linguistic Diversity|encyclopedia=Bangladesh: a country study|year=1989|access-date=24 September 2022|url=http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/29.htm|publisher=[[Federal Research Division]], [[Library of Congress]]|page=59|oclc=49223313}}</ref> Bengali is described as a [[dialect continuum]] where there are various [[Bengali dialects|dialects]] spoken throughout the country. There is a [[diglossia]] in which much of the population can understand or speak in Standard Colloquial Bengali, and in their regional dialect or language variety.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/supplements/amar-ekushey-2018/amago-bhasha-1537534|title=Amago Basha|last=Khan|first=Sameer Ud Dowla|date=21 February 2018|access-date=24 September 2022|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref> These include [[Chittagonian language|Chittagonian]] which is spoken in the southeastern region of Chittagong,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Masica |first=Colin |author-link=Colin Masica |year=1991 |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |place= Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=16}} "The dialect of Chittagong, in southeast Bangladesh, is different enough to be considered a separate language."</ref> [[Noakhali language|Noakhali]] spoken in the southern district of [[Noakhali District|Noakhali]]<ref>{{citation|author=Sarwar, Fatina|title=Noakhali Dialect: Its Prospect of Standardization}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Rashel|first=Md. Mostafa|title=Phonological Analysis of Chatkhil Dialect in Noakhali District, Bangladesh|journal=Theory and Practice in Language Studies|volume=1|issue=9|date=September 2011|pages=1051–1061|doi=10.4304/tpls.1.9.1051-1061|url=http://www.academypublication.com/issues/past/tpls/vol01/09/09.html/|archive-date=15 June 2022|access-date=6 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615203456/http://www.academypublication.com/issues/past/tpls/vol01/09/09.html}}</ref> and [[Sylheti language|Sylheti]] spoken in the northeastern region of [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet]].<ref name="LOG"/>

English plays an important role in Bangladesh's judicial and educational affairs, due to the country's history as part of the British Empire. It is widely spoken and commonly understood, and is taught as a compulsory subject in all [[List of schools in Bangladesh|schools]], [[List of colleges in Bangladesh|colleges]] and [[List of universities in Bangladesh|universities]], while the English-medium educational system is widely attended.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rahman |first1=Mohammad Mosiur |last2=Islam |first2=Md Shaiful |last3=Karim |first3=Abdul |last4=Chowdhury |first4=Takad Ahmed |last5=Rahman |first5=Muhammad Mushfiqur |last6=Seraj |first6=Prodhan Mahbub Ibna |last7=Singh |first7=Manjet Kaur Mehar |title=English language teaching in Bangladesh today: Issues, outcomes and implications |journal=Language Testing in Asia |date=2019 |volume=9 |article-number=9 |doi=10.1186/s40468-019-0085-8 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Tribal languages, although increasingly endangered, include the [[Chakma language]], another native Eastern Indo-Aryan language, spoken by the Chakma people.<ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Chakma |first1=Sujana |title=Chakma language: survival from being extinct in Bangladesh |date=2014 |hdl=10361/3983 }}{{page needed|date=January 2026}}</ref> Others are [[Garo language|Garo]], [[Meitei language|Meitei]], [[Kokborok]] and [[Rakhine language|Rakhine]]. Among the [[Austroasiatic languages]], the most spoken is the [[Santali language]], native to the [[Santal people]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Seung|first1=Kim|last2=Kim|first2=Amy|title=The Santali cluster in Bangladesh: a sociolinguistic survey|year=2010|url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/85/39/32/85393268857150358467007206894440229270/silesr2010_006.pdf|issue=2010–006|publisher=[[SIL International]]|series=Survey Report|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref> The [[Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh|stranded Pakistanis]] and some sections of the [[Dhakaiyas|Old Dhakaite]]s often use [[Urdu]] as their native tongue. Still, the usage of the latter remains highly reproached.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ashrafi|first=Shah Tazria |title=How the Urdu language and literature slipped into darkness in Bangladesh|url=https://www.trtworld.com/opinion/how-the-urdu-language-and-literature-slipped-into-darkness-in-bangladesh-43391|work=[[TRT World]]|date=19 January 2021|type=Opinion|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref>

=== Religion ===
{{Main|Religion in Bangladesh}}

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Bangladesh (2022 census)<ref name="census">{{cite web |title=Population and Housing Census 2022: Preliminary Report |url=https://sid.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/sid.portal.gov.bd/publications/01ad1ffe_cfef_4811_af97_594b6c64d7c3/PHC_Preliminary_Report_(English)_August_2022.pdf |publisher=Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics |page=16 |date=August 2022 |access-date=25 September 2024 |archive-date=8 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708004426/https://sid.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/sid.portal.gov.bd/publications/01ad1ffe_cfef_4811_af97_594b6c64d7c3/PHC_Preliminary_Report_(English)_August_2022.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Bangladesh|Muslims]]|green|91.04}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Bangladesh|Hindus]]|darkorange|7.94}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism in Bangladesh|Buddhism]]|yellow|0.60}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Bangladesh|Christians]]|darkblue|0.31}}
{{bar percent|Others|red|0.11}}
}}

[[Islam in Bangladesh|Islam]] is the [[state religion]] of Bangladesh.<ref name="state religion">{{cite web |title=The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh (part I) |url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-367/section-24549.html |access-date=12 January 2025 |website=Laws of Bangladesh}}</ref> However, the [[Constitution of Bangladesh|constitution]] also upholds secularism and ensures equal rights for all religions.<ref name="secularism">{{cite web |title=The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh (part II) |url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-367/section-24560.html |access-date=12 January 2025 |website=Laws of Bangladesh}}</ref><ref name="state religion"/> Every citizen has the freedom to practice any religion.

[[Islam in Bangladesh|Islam]] the largest religion across the country, being followed by about 91.1% of the population.<ref name="census"/> The vast majority of Bangladeshi citizens are [[Bengali Muslims]], adhering to [[Sunni Islam]].<ref name="state"/> The country is the third-most populous Muslim-majority state in the world and has the fourth-largest overall Muslim population.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://features.pewforum.org/muslim-population/?sort=Pop2010 |title=Muslim Population by Country |publisher=Pew Research |date=27 January 2011 |access-date=23 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726201620/http://features.pewforum.org/muslim-population/?sort=Pop2010 |archive-date=26 July 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Bengali Hindus]] form the country's [[Hinduism in Bangladesh|second-largest religious minority]] and the [[Hindus#Demographics|third-largest Hindu community]] in the world. According to the [[2022 Bangladeshi census|2022 census]] Hindus form 7.95% of the total population.<ref name="state"/><ref name="census"/> In the [[2011 Bangladeshi census|2011 census]], Hindus formed 8.54% of the population.

[[Buddhism in Bangladesh|Buddhism]] is the third-most followed religion, adhered to by merely 0.6% of the population.<ref name="census"/> Bangladeshi Buddhists are concentrated among the tribal ethnic groups in the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]] and by the [[Bengali Buddhists|Bengali Buddhist]] minority across coastal Chittagong, who mostly follow the [[Theravada]] school.<ref name="state"/>

[[Christianity in Bangladesh|Christianity]] is the fourth-largest religion at 0.3%, followed mainly by a small [[Bengali Christians|Bengali Christian]] minority.<ref name="census"/> 0.1% of the population practices other religions such as [[Animism]] or is [[Irreligion|irreligious]].<ref name="state">{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/bangladesh/|title=2022 Report on International Religious Freedom: Bangladesh|work=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=8 January 2025}}</ref>

=== Education ===
{{Main|Education in Bangladesh}}

{{multiple image
| perrow = 1
| total_width = 220
| image_style = border:none;
| align = right
| image1 = Bangladesh Literacy Rate (2022, Total).svg
| caption1 = The [[literacy|literacy rate]] of the districts of Bangladesh
| image2 = Curzon Hall - Northern Facade - University of Dhaka - Dhaka 2015-05-31 1992.JPG
| caption2 = [[Curzon Hall]] of the [[University of Dhaka]]
}}

The constitution states that all children shall receive free and compulsory education.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh: Article 17 (Free and compulsory education)|url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-367/section-24565.html|website=Legislative and Parliamentary Affairs Division, Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs|access-date=27 January 2025}}</ref> Education in Bangladesh is overseen by the [[Ministry of Education (Bangladesh)|Ministry of Education]]. The [[Ministry of Primary and Mass Education]] is responsible for implementing policy for primary education and state-funded schools at a local level. Primary and secondary education is [[compulsory education|compulsory]], and is financed by the state and free of charge in public schools. Bangladesh has a [[literacy rate]] of 76% as of 2021: 79% for males and 71.9% for females.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.LITR.ZS?locations=BD|title=Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above) – Bangladesh|publisher=[[World Bank]]|access-date=9 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.LITR.MA.ZS?locations=BD|title=Literacy rate, adult male (% of males ages 15 and above) – Bangladesh|publisher=[[World Bank]]|access-date=9 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.LITR.FE.ZS?locations=BD|title=Literacy rate, adult female (% of females ages 15 and above) – Bangladesh|publisher=[[World Bank]]|access-date=9 February 2025}}</ref> Its educational system is three-tiered and heavily subsidised, with the government operating many schools at the primary, secondary and higher secondary levels and subsidising many private schools. However, government expenditure in education remains among the lowest in the world, at only 1.8% of the total GDP.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.XPD.TOTL.GD.ZS?locations=BD|title=Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP) – Bangladesh|publisher=[[World Bank]]|access-date=12 January 2025}}</ref>

The education system is divided into five levels: primary (first to fifth grade), junior secondary (sixth to eighth grade), secondary (ninth and tenth grade), higher secondary (11th and 12th grade), and tertiary which is university level.<ref name="CompEd2">{{cite book |author=T. Neville Postlethwaite |title=The Encyclopedia of Comparative Education and National Systems of Education |publisher=Pergamon Press |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-08-030853-1 |page=130}}</ref> Primary level students have to pass the [[Primary Education Completion]] (PEC) exam to proceed to junior secondary. The junior secondary students then give the [[Junior School Certificate]] (JSC) exam to get enrolled in ninth grade, while tenth-grade students have to pass the [[Secondary School Certificate (Bangladesh)|Secondary School Certificate]] (SSC) exam to proceed to eleventh grade. Lastly, students have to pass the [[Higher Secondary Certificate]] (HSC) exam at grade twelve to apply for higher education or universities.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mamun |first1=Mohammed A. |last2=Griffiths |first2=Mark D. |title=Young Teenage Suicides in Bangladesh—Are Mandatory Junior School Certificate Exams to Blame? |journal=International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction |date=2022 |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=1627–1631 |doi=10.1007/s11469-020-00275-3 }}</ref>

[[Universities in Bangladesh|Universities]] are three general types: public (government-owned and funded by the [[University Grants Commission (Bangladesh)|University Grants Commission]]), private (privately owned universities) and international (operated and funded by international organisations). The country has 55 public,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ugc-universities.gov.bd/public-universities|title=List of Public Universities|publisher=[[University Grants Commission of Bangladesh]]|access-date=9 February 2025}}</ref> 115 private<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ugc-universities.gov.bd/private-universities|title=List of Private Universities|publisher=[[University Grants Commission of Bangladesh]]|access-date=9 February 2025}}</ref> and 2 international universities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ugc-universities.gov.bd/international-universities|title=List of International Universities|publisher=[[University Grants Commission of Bangladesh]]|access-date=9 February 2025}}</ref> [[National University, Bangladesh|National University]] is the [[List of largest universities and university networks by enrollment|second-largest university in the world by enrolment]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tbsnews.net/thoughts/why-campus-programmes-matter-national-university-982726|title=Why on-campus programmes matter for National University|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=2 November 2024|last=Hossain|first=Shaikh Shohag}}</ref> The [[University of Dhaka]], established in 1921, is the oldest public university.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/youth/education/campus/news/the-conception-and-birth-dhaka-university-2121841|title=The conception and birth of Dhaka University|date=2 July 2021|access-date=9 February 2025|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|last=Mujib|first=Rasheek Tabassum}}</ref> [[Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology|BUET]] is the premiere university for [[engineering education]]. The [[University of Chittagong]], established in 1966, has the largest campus.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/education/2017/10/19/chittagong-university-model-campus-tourism/|title=Chittagong University: A model of campus tourism|last=Mahmud|first=Tarek|date=19 October 2017|work=[[Dhaka Tribune]]|access-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007152843/https://archive.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/education/2017/10/19/chittagong-university-model-campus-tourism|archive-date=7 October 2022}}</ref> [[Bangladesh University of Professionals|BUP]] is the largest public university affiliated with the armed forces.<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 April 2009|title=Bangladesh University of Professionals Act, 2009 (Act No. 30 of 2009)|url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-1016.html?lang=en|access-date=5 September 2021|website=bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd}}</ref> [[Dhaka College]], established in 1841, is among the oldest educational institutes in the Indian subcontinent.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/weekend-read/news/dhakas-educational-heritage-3414361|title=Dhaka's educational heritage|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=9 September 2023|last1=Nand|first1=Dipan|last2=Rahaman|first2=Arafat|access-date=9 February 2025}}</ref> Medical education is provided by 39 government, 6 armed force and 68 private [[List of medical colleges in Bangladesh|medical colleges]]. All medical colleges are affiliated with the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (Bangladesh)|Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/365640/three-more-medical-colleges-renamed-by-health|title=Three more medical colleges renamed by Health Ministry|date=19 November 2024|access-date=9 February 2025|work=[[Dhaka Tribune]]}}</ref> [[North South University]] is often viewed as the leading private University of the nation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Times Higher Education Rankings 2023: DU, NSU ranked top Bangladeshi universities |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/education/times-higher-education-rankings-2023-du-nsu-ranked-top-bangladeshi-universities |website=The Business Standard |date=12 October 2022 |access-date=19 February 2026}}</ref>

=== Health ===
{{Main|Health in Bangladesh}}

{{multiple image
| perrow = 1
| total_width = 220
| image_style = border:none;
| align = right
| image1 = Life expectancy by WBG -Bangladesh.png
| caption1 = Historical development of [[life expectancy]] in Bangladesh, displaying significant strides since independence
| image2 = Child mortality rate in Bangladesh.png
| caption2 = Historical development of [[child mortality]] in Bangladesh since 1990, showing a significant decrease
| image3 = A community health worker conducting a survey in the Korail slum, Bangladesh (8630810827).jpg
| caption3 = A community health worker conducting a survey in a slum of the capital city, Dhaka
}}

Bangladesh, by the constitution, guarantees healthcare services as a fundamental right to all of its citizens.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mof.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/mof.portal.gov.bd/budget_mof/b3342588_2e85_4fcb_95af_dddfdea4851b/G-1_04_127_Health%20Services_English.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://mof.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/mof.portal.gov.bd/budget_mof/b3342588_2e85_4fcb_95af_dddfdea4851b/G-1_04_127_Health%20Services_English.pdf|archive-date=9 October 2022|url-status=live|title=Chapter-5 {{!}} Health Services Division|publisher=[[Ministry of Finance (Bangladesh)]]|access-date=1 October 2022}}</ref> The [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (Bangladesh)|Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]] is the largest institutional healthcare provider in Bangladesh,<ref name="overview">{{cite journal |author1=World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific |title=Bangladesh health system review |journal=Health Systems in Transition |date=17 July 2015 |volume=5 |issue=3 |hdl=10665/208214 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> and contains two divisions: [[Health Service Division]] and [[Medical Education And Family Welfare Division]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/11610/onelink.to/articlelist/323/Cartoon|title=Health Ministry split into 2 divisions|work=[[New Age (Bangladesh)|New Age]]|date=20 March 2017|access-date=1 October 2022}}</ref> However, healthcare facilities in Bangladesh are considered less than adequate, although they have improved as the economy has grown and poverty levels have decreased significantly.<ref name="overview"/> Bangladesh faces a severe health workforce crisis, as formally trained providers make up a small percentage of the total health workforce.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ahmed|first1=Syed Masud|last2=Hossain|first2=Md Awlad|last3=Chowdhury|first3=Ahmed Mushtaque Raja|last4=Bhuiya|first4=Abbas Uddin|title=The health workforce crisis in Bangladesh: shortage, inappropriate skill-mix, and inequitable distribution|date=22 January 2011|journal=[[Human Resources for Health]]|publisher=[[BioMed Central]]|volume=9|number=3|page=3|pmid=21255446|doi=10.1186/1478-4491-9-3|pmc=3037300|doi-access=free}}</ref> Significant deficiencies in the treatment practices of village doctors persist, with widespread harmful and inappropriate drug prescribing.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mahmood|first1=Shehrin S.|last2=Iqbal|first2=Mohammad|last3=Hanifi|first3=S M A|last4=Wahed|first4=Tania|last5=Bhuiya|first5=Abbas|title=Are 'Village Doctors' in Bangladesh a curse or a blessing?|date=6 July 2010|doi=10.1186/1472-698X-10-18|volume=10|number=18|pmid=20602805|journal=BMC International Health and Human Rights|page=18|publisher=[[BioMed Central]]|pmc=2910021|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Bangladesh's poor healthcare system suffers from severe underfunding from the government.<ref name="overview"/> {{As of|2021}}, some 2.36% of total GDP was attributed to healthcare,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.CHEX.GD.ZS?locations=BD|title=Current health expenditure (% of GDP) – Bangladesh|publisher=[[World Bank]]|access-date=1 October 2022}}</ref> and domestic general government spending on healthcare was 16.88% of the total budget,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.GHED.CH.ZS?locations=BD|title=Domestic general government health expenditure (% of current health expenditure) – Bangladesh|publisher=[[World Bank]]|access-date=1 October 2022}}</ref> while out-of-pocket expenditures made up the vast majority of the total budget, totalling roughly 73%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.OOPC.CH.ZS?locations=BD|title=Out-of-pocket expenditure (% of current health expenditure) – Bangladesh|publisher=[[World Bank]]|access-date=1 October 2022}}</ref> Domestic private health expenditure was about 75.48% of the total healthcare expenditure.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.PVTD.CH.ZS?locations=BD|title=Domestic private health expenditure (% of current health expenditure) – Bangladesh|publisher=[[World Bank]]|access-date=4 October 2022}}</ref> There were only 5.3 doctors per 10,000 people, and about six physicians<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?locations=BD|title=Physicians (per 1,000 people) – Bangladesh|publisher=[[World Bank]]|access-date=1 October 2022}}</ref> and six nurses per 1,000 people,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.NUMW.P3?locations=BD|title=Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people) – Bangladesh|publisher=[[World Bank]]|access-date=7 January 2025}}</ref> while the number of hospital beds is 9 per 1,000.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Islam|first1=Md. Taimur|last2=Talukder|first2=Anup Kumar|last3=Siddiqui|first3=Md. Nurealam|last4=Islam|first4=Tofazzal|title=Tackling the COVID-19 pandemic: The Bangladesh perspective|journal=Journal of Public Health Research|doi=10.4081/jphr.2020.1794|date=14 October 2020|volume=9|number=4|article-number=jphr.2020.1794|pmid=33117758|pmc=7582102}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.BEDS.ZS?locations=BD|title=Hospital beds (per 1,000 people) – Bangladesh|publisher=[[World Bank]]|access-date=1 October 2022}}</ref> The specialist surgical workforce was only 3 per 100,000 people,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.SAOP.P5?locations=BD|title=Specialist surgical workforce (per 100,000 population) – Bangladesh|publisher=[[World Bank]]|access-date=7 January 2025}}</ref> and there were about 5 community health workers per 1,000 people.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.CMHW.P3?locations=BD|title=Community health workers (per 1,000 people) – Bangladesh|publisher=[[World Bank]]|access-date=7 January 2025}}</ref>

Roughly 60% of the population had access to [[drinking water]] in 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.H2O.SMDW.ZS?locations=BD|title=People using safely managed drinking water services (% of population) – Bangladesh|publisher=[[World Bank]]|access-date=7 January 2025}}</ref> In 2002, it was estimated that half of the drinking water was polluted with [[arsenic]], exceeding levels of 10 micrograms per litre.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.euronews.com/green/2024/01/18/half-of-bangladeshi-drinking-water-is-polluted-with-arsenic-and-climate-change-is-making-i|title=Half of Bangladeshi drinking water is polluted with arsenic – and climate change is making it worse|work=[[Euronews]]|date=18 January 2024|access-date=7 January 2025}}</ref> Bangladesh is crippled with one of the worst air qualities in the world, mostly concentrated in the densely populated urban areas, especially the capital [[Dhaka]] and its [[Greater Dhaka|metropolitan area]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/energysource/bangladeshs-air-quality-is-among-the-worlds-worst-what-can-be-done/|title=Bangladesh's air quality is among the world's worst. What can be done?|date=25 June 2024|access-date=7 January 2025|work=[[Atlantic Council]]|last1=Webster|first1=Joseph|last2=Sinha|first2=Natalie|last3=Meadows|first3=Sarah}}</ref> The World Bank estimated that roughly 80,000–90,000 deaths occurred in Bangladesh due to the drastic effects of air pollution in 2019. It was second-leading cause of death and disability, costing the country roughly 4–4.4% per cent of its total GDP.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/12/03/high-air-pollution-level-is-creating-physical-and-mental-health-hazards-in-bangladesh-world-bank|title=High Air Pollution Level is Creating Physical and Mental Health Hazards in Bangladesh: World Bank|publisher=[[World Bank]]|date=4 December 2022|access-date=7 January 2025}}</ref>

{{As of|2022}}, the overall life expectancy in Bangladesh at birth was 74 years (72 years for males and 76 years for females).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=BD|title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) – Bangladesh|publisher=[[World Bank]]|access-date=1 October 2022}}</ref> It has a comparably high [[infant mortality]] rate (24 per 1,000 live births) and [[child mortality]] rate (29 per 1,000 live births).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.IMRT.IN?locations=BD|title=Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) – Bangladesh|publisher=[[World Bank]]|access-date=1 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.DYN.MORT?locations=BD|title=Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) – Bangladesh|publisher=[[World Bank]]|access-date=1 October 2022}}</ref> {{As of|2020}}, [[Maternal death|maternal mortality]] remains high, clocking at 123 per 100,000 live births.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.MMRT?locations=BD|title=Maternal mortality ratio (modeled estimate, per 100,000 live births) – Bangladesh|publisher=[[World Bank]]|access-date=1 October 2022}}</ref> Bangladesh is a key source market for [[medical tourism]] for various countries, mainly [[Medical tourism in India|India]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/business/tourism/bangladesh-key-source-market-medical-tourism-1571314|title=Bangladesh a key source market for medical tourism|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=4 May 2018|access-date=4 October 2022}}</ref> due to its citizens dissatisfaction and distrust over their own healthcare system.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Andaleeb|first1=Syed Saad|last2=Siddiqui|first2=Nazlee |first3=Shahjahan |last3=Khandakar|title=Patient satisfaction with health services in Bangladesh|volume=22|number=4|date=July 2007 |pages=263–273|doi=10.1093/heapol/czm017 |journal=[[Health Policy and Planning]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|pmid=17545252|doi-access=free}}</ref>

The main causes of death are [[coronary artery disease]], stroke, and chronic [[respiratory disease]]; comprising 62% and 60% of all adult male and female deaths, respectively.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Shawon|first1=Md. Toufiq Hassan|last2=Ashrafi|first2=Shah Ali Akbar|last3=Azad|first3=Abul Kalam|last4=Firth|first4=Sonja M.|last5=Chowdhury|first5=Hafizur|last6=Mswia|first6=Robert G.|last7=Adair|first7=Tim|last8=Riley|first8=Ian|last9=Abouzahr|first9=Carla|last10=Lopez|first10=Alan D.|title=Routine mortality surveillance to identify the cause of death pattern for out-of-hospital adult (aged 12+ years) deaths in Bangladesh: introduction of automated verbal autopsy|date=12 March 2021|journal=BMC Public Health|publisher=[[BioMed Central]]|volume=21|number=491|page=491|doi=10.1186/s12889-021-10468-7|pmid=33706739|pmc=7952220|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Malnutrition]] is a major and persistent problem in Bangladesh, mainly affecting the rural regions, more than half of the population suffers from it. Severe acute malnutrition affects 450,000 children, while nearly 2 million children have moderate acute malnutrition. For children under the age of five, 52% are affected by [[anaemia]], 41% are [[stunted growth|stunted]], 16% are [[wasting|wasted]], and 36% are [[underweight]]. A quarter of women are underweight and around 15% have short stature, while over half also suffer from anaemia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icddrb.org/news-and-events/press-corner/media-resources/malnutrition|title=Malnutrition|publisher=[[International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh]] (ICDDR,B)|access-date=1 October 2022|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001130754/https://www.icddrb.org/news-and-events/press-corner/media-resources/malnutrition}}</ref> Bangladesh was ranked 84th out of the 127 countries listed in the 2024 [[Global Hunger Index]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Hunger Index Scores by 2024 GHI Rank|url=https://www.globalhungerindex.org/ranking.html|access-date=2024-12-11|website=Global Hunger Index (GHI)}}</ref>

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Bangladesh}}

{{Further|Culture of Bengal|Museums in Bangladesh|List of libraries in Bangladesh}}

=== Holidays and festivals ===
{{Main|Public holidays in Bangladesh|List of festivals in Bangladesh}}

Traditional festivals include [[Pahela Baishakh]] (Bengali New Year), which is the major festival of Bengali culture; with widespread festivities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/shout/news/the-universal-appeal-pahela-baishakh-2077693|title=The Universal Appeal of Pahela Baishakh|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=14 April 2021|access-date=16 January 2025|last=Islam|first=Hiya}}</ref> [[Pohela Falgun]] coincides with [[Valentine's Day in Bangladesh|Valentine's Day]], and is celebrated with a display of music, dance and other cultural activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/dhaka/373684/du-celebrates-pohela-falgun-with-spring-festival|title=DU celebrates Pohela Falgun with spring festival|work=[[Dhaka Tribune]]|date=14 February 2025|access-date=15 February 2025}}</ref> Other festivals include [[Nabanna|Nabonno]] and Poush Parbon, which celebrate new harvests of crops.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/nobanno-the-old-bangla-new-year-49964|title=Nobanno: The Old Bangla New Year|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=13 November 2014|access-date=16 January 2025|last=Chowdhury|first=Asrar}}</ref> [[Shakrain]] is an annual celebration, observed by flying [[kite]]s, occurring at the end of [[Poush]], the ninth month of the [[Bengali calendar]]. The festival coincides with [[Makar Sankranti]] celebrated in India and Nepal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-170574|title=Shakrain festival|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=19 January 2011|access-date=16 January 2025}}</ref>
[[File:Jatiyo Sritisoudho.jpg|thumb|Victory Day celebration at [[National Martyrs' Memorial]]]]
Among religious festivals, the two biggest festivals of the Muslim majority are [[Eid al-Fitr]], which marks the end of the month of [[Ramadan]]—and [[Eid al-Adha]], which is the festival of [[sacrifice#Islam|sacrifice]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/7/31/what-is-eid-al-adha-and-how-is-it-celebrated|title=What is Eid al-Adha and how is it celebrated?|publisher=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=31 July 2020|access-date=16 January 2025}}</ref> Both Eids are celebrated with the longest streak of [[Public holidays in Bangladesh|national holidays]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/governance/news/five-day-eid-vacation-two-day-holiday-durga-puja-3729086|title=Five-day Eid vacation, two-day holiday for Durga puja|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=17 October 2024|access-date=16 January 2025}}</ref> Other Muslim festivals include [[Mawlid]] (Eid-e-Milad Un Nabi),<ref>{{cite news|last=Zamir|first=Muhammad|title=Various dimensions of Mawlid or Milad-un-nabi|url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/views/various-dimensions-of-mawlid-or-milad-un-nabi|access-date=15 January 2025|work=[[The Financial Express (Bangladesh)|The Financial Express]]|date=15 September 2024}}</ref> [[Ashura]] on the tenth day of [[Muharram]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/ashura-being-observed-bangladesh-673434|title=Ashura being observed in Bangladesh|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=29 July 2023|access-date=16 January 2025}}</ref> [[Chaand Raat]],<ref>{{cite news|title=A reminiscent tour of Chaand Raat through the decades|url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/lifestyle/culture/a-reminiscent-tour-of-chaand-raat-through-the-decades|access-date=15 January 2025|work=[[The Financial Express (Bangladesh)|The Financial Express]]|date=10 April 2024}}</ref> and [[Shab-e-Barat]], [[Shab-e-Meraj]], [[Night of Power|Shab-e-Qadr]] during [[Ramadan]] and [[Bishwa Ijtema]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Shab-e-Barat to be observed on March 29|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2021/03/14/shab-e-barat-to-be-observed-on-march-29|access-date=15 January 2025|work=[[Dhaka Tribune]]|date=14 March 2021}}</ref> The most celebrated Hindu festival is [[Durga Puja]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Zand|first=Sahar|url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20241008-bangladeshs-devoted-idol-creators|title=The 'god makers': Bangladesh's devoted idol creators|work=[[BBC News]]|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=9 October 2024|access-date=16 January 2025}}</ref> Other major Hindu festivals include [[Krishna Janmashtami]], [[Kali Puja]], [[Saraswati Puja]], and [[Ratha Yatra]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/dxpkrv51ga|title=Janmashtami today|work=[[Prothom Alo]]|date=26 August 2024|access-date=16 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ratha Yatra festival begins across Bangladesh|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/351359/ratha-yatra-festival-begins-across-bangladesh|access-date=15 January 2025|work=[[Dhaka Tribune]]|date=7 July 2024}}</ref> The biggest festival of the Buddhists across the country is [[Vesak|Buddha Purnima]], which marks the birth of [[Gautama Buddha]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/buddha-purnima-today-3615671|title=Buddha Purnima today|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=22 May 2024|access-date=16 January 2025}}</ref> Among Christians, Christmas, known as [[Boro Din]], and [[Easter]] are the most widely celebrated .<ref>{{cite web|last1=Islam|first1=Tousef|last2=Gomez|first2=Rexy Jason|url=https://www.tbsnews.net/features/christmas-bangladesh-transposing-jingle-bells-memories-764026|title=Buddha Purnima today|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=25 December 2023|access-date=16 January 2025}}</ref>

Patriotic national festivals include the [[Language Movement Day]], which is celebrated on 21 February in remembrance of the martyrs of the 1952 [[Bengali language movement]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Rahman|first=Mohammad Afzalur|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/supplements/amar-ekushe-2024/news/how-ekushey-was-commemorated-during-the-pakistan-period-3549101|title=How Ekushey was commemorated during the Pakistan period|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=21 February 2024|access-date=16 January 2025}}</ref> It was declared as [[International Mother Language Day]] by [[UNESCO]] in 1999.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/days/mother-language|title=International Mother Language Day|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|access-date=15 January 2025}}</ref> [[Independence Day (Bangladesh)|Independence Day]] is celebrated on 26 March to commemorate the [[Proclamation of Bangladeshi Independence|proclamation of independence]] from Pakistan.<ref name="star2"/> [[Victory Day (Bangladesh)|Victory Day]] is celebrated on 16 December to celebrate the victory in the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]].<ref name="star2">{{cite web|date=26 March 2024|last=Rafa|first=Amrin Tasnim|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/rising-stars/news/the-significance-bangladeshs-independence-day-and-victory-day-3575421|title=The significance of Bangladesh's Independence Day and Victory Day|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|access-date=15 January 2025}}</ref> Public gatherings are observed at the [[Shaheed Minar, Dhaka|Shaheed Minar]] and [[National Martyrs' Memorial]] during the three latter festivals to pay homage to the fallen martyrs.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nation set to pay homage to language martyrs tomorrow|url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/nation-set-pay-homage-language-martyrs-tomorrow-795818|access-date=15 January 2025|work=[[The Financial Express (Bangladesh)|The Financial Express]]|date=20 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=National Martyrs' Memorial ready for Independence Day observance|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/307542/national-martyrs-memorial-ready-for-independence|access-date=15 January 2025|work=[[Dhaka Tribune]]|date=25 March 2023|last=Sabbir|first=Ariful Islam}}</ref>

=== Literature ===
{{Main|Bengali literature}}

{{multiple image
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| image1 = Nazrul.jpg
| caption1 = [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]] in Chittagong, {{circa|1926}}, the [[national poet]] of Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/zoogq5cu7n|title=Kazi Nazrul Islam officially recognised as national poet|date=3 January 2025|access-date=18 January 2025|work=[[Prothom Alo]]}}</ref>
| image2 = Humayun ahmed gossip.jpg
| caption2 = [[Humayun Ahmed]] (left), a popular author and filmmaker
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Bengali literature forms an important part of Bengali culture. The [[Charyapada]] poems dating back to the 10th to 12th centuries are the oldest extant examples of the Bengali language.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Guhathakurta|editor1-first= Meghna|editor2-last=Schendel|editor2-first=Willem van|title=The Bangladesh Reader: History, Culture, Politics|publisher=[[Duke University Press]]|year=2013|isbn=978-0-8223-5318-8}}</ref>{{rp|40}} During the [[Bengal Sultanate]], medieval Bengali writers were influenced by Arabic and [[Persian literature]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Bari|first=Sarah Anjum|title=A Tale of Two Languages: How the Persian language seeped into Bengali|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=12 April 2019|access-date=18 January 2025|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/star-weekend/longform/news/tale-two-languages-how-the-persian-language-seeped-bengali-1728421}}</ref> Milestones of the medieval age include the [[Mangal-Kāvya]]s.<ref name="run"/> The [[Vaishnava Padavali]] movement was led by writers such as [[Vidyapati]], [[Chandidas]], [[Govindadas]] and [[Balarama Dasa]]. ''[[Shreekrishna Kirtana]]'' written by Chandidas marked a particular height of poetic achievement since the Charyapadas.<ref name="run">{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/literature/news/some-issues-medieval-bangla-literature-baru-chandidas-and-vidyapati-1855582|title=Some Issues in Medieval Bangla Literature: Baru Chandidas and Vidyapati|last=Hussain|first=Azfar|date=18 January 2020|access-date=17 January 2025|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref> Other important works include [[Krittibas Ojha]]'s translation of the ''[[Ramayana]]'', [[Kashiram Das]]' translation of the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', and [[Maladhar Basu]]'s translation of the ''[[Bhagavata]]''.<ref name="run"/> Writers such as [[Bipradas Pipilai]],<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Sengupta|editor1-first=Subodh Chandra|editor2-last=Bose|editor2-first=Anjali|year=1998|title=Sansad Bangali Charitabhidhan (Biographical dictionary) Vol I|publisher=Sahitya Samsad |language=bn|isbn=81-85626-65-0}}</ref>{{rp|349}} [[Vijay Gupta (poet)|Vijay Gupta]],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sengupta|first1=Nitish K.|title=Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib|date=2011|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-341678-4}}</ref>{{rp|104}} [[Shah Muhammad Sagir]], [[Zainuddin (poet)|Zainuddin]] and [[Abdul Hakim (poet)|Abdul Hakim]] were important figures.<ref name="run"/> [[Alaol]], considered a [[bard]], is a prolific poet of medieval period.<ref name="run"/>

The [[Bengal Renaissance]] from the late 18th century to the early 20th century had a profound effect on modern Bengali literature. [[Michael Madhusudan Dutt]] invented the [[blank verse]] in Bengali literature.<ref>{{cite journal|year=2003|last=Radice|first=William|title=The Significance of Madhusudan Dutt and his Epic|journal=India International Centre Quarterly|publisher=[[India International Centre]]|jstor=23005843|pages=73–88|volume=30|number=1}}</ref> [[Mir Mosharraf Hossain]] was the first prominent Bengali Muslim writer.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Bangla Sahitye Musalman|last=Syed|first=Abdul Mannan|publisher=[[Islamic Foundation Bangladesh|Islamic Foundation]]|year=2009|isbn=978-984-06-0478-4|location=Dhaka|page=20|language=bn|script-title=bn:বাংলা সাহিত্যে মুসলমান|trans-title=Muslims in Bengali Literature|author-link=Abdul Mannan Syed}}</ref> [[Lalon]], a [[fakir]] practising [[Sufism]] and [[sādhanā]] influenced the [[baul]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/views/opinion/news/fakir-lalon-shah-love-life-and-liberation-2199996|title=Fakir Lalon Shah: Love, life and liberation|last=Hussain|first=Azfar|date=17 October 2021|access-date=17 January 2025|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref> [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]] wrote about the characteristics of the Bengali society.<ref>{{cite journal|year=1981|last1=Dutt|first1=A. K.|last2=Dhussa|first2=R.|title=Novelist Sarat Chandra's Perception of his Bengali Home Region: A Literary Geographic Study|publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]]|jstor=41142500|pages=429–461|volume=5|number=1|journal=[[GeoJournal]]|doi=10.1007/BF00185242 |bibcode=1981GeoJo...5...41D }}</ref>

[[Rabindranath Tagore]] was the first Asian and non-European laureate of the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]].<ref>{{cite journal|year=2000|last=Jewell|first=Richard|title=The Nobel Prize: History and Canonicity|journal=The Journal of the Midwest Modern Language Association|publisher=Midwest Modern Language Association|doi=10.2307/1315120|jstor=1315120|pages=97–113|volume=33|number=1}}</ref> [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]] was a revolutionary poet who espoused political rebellion against colonialism and fascism.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Rahaman|first=Habibur|title=Kazi Nazrul Islam and Decolonisation: Poetry as a Praxis of Political Intervention and Cultural Ecology|journal=Asiatic|publisher=[[Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University]]|pages=120–136|volume=16|number=1|date=June 2022}}</ref> [[Jibanananda Das]] was the most recognised Bengali poet after Tagore and Nazrul.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.prothomalo.com/entertainment/article/703870|title=Barishale Jibanananda Mela|date=6 December 2015|work=Prothom Alo|access-date=7 June 2018|publisher=Transcom Group|location=Dhaka|language=bn|script-title=bn:বরিশালে জীবনানন্দ মেলা|trans-title=Jibanananda Fair in Barishal}}</ref> [[Begum Rokeya]] is regarded as the pioneer feminist writer of Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite journal|year=1998|last=Alam|first=S. M. Shamsul|title=Women in the Era of Modernity and Islamic Fundamentalism: The Case of Taslima Nasrin of Bangladesh|publisher=[[The University of Chicago Press]]|jstor=3175098|pages=429–461|volume=23|number=2|journal=[[Signs (journal)|Signs]]|doi=10.1086/495258 }}</ref> [[Syed Mujtaba Ali]] is noted for his [[cosmopolitanism|cosmopolitan]] views.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-106359|title=Syed Mujtaba Ali|date=18 September 2009|access-date=17 January 2025|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref> [[Jasimuddin]] was a renowned pastoral poet, popularly called ''Palli Kabi'' (folk poet).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/views/opinion/news/46th-death-anniversary-jasim-uddin-more-pastoral-poet-2982236|title=More than a pastoral poet|last=Hussain|first=Azfar|date=14 March 2022|access-date=17 January 2025|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref> [[Farrukh Ahmad]] is considered the poet of the "Islamic Renaissance".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/the-poet-of-islamic-renaissance|title=The poet of Islamic Renaissance|date=13 June 2013|access-date=17 January 2025|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref> [[Syed Waliullah]] was a notable novelist.<ref name="pied"/>

[[Shamsur Rahman (poet)|Shamsur Rahman]] and [[Al Mahmud]] are considered two of the greatest Bangladeshi poets to have emerged in the late 20th century. [[Ahmed Sofa]] is regarded as the most important intellectual in the post-independence era.<ref>{{cite web|title=In the circle of fire|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=29 October 2011|access-date=18 January 2025|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-208350}}</ref> [[Sufia Kamal]] was a major feminist writer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/news/feminism-activism-and-literature-the-legacy-sufia-kamal-2114669|title=Feminism, activism, and literature: The legacy of Sufia Kamal|last=Khan|first=Nahaly Nafisa|date=20 June 2021|access-date=17 January 2025|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref> [[Humayun Ahmed]] was the most popular author in post-Independence Bangladesh.<ref name="pied">{{cite web|last=Alim|first=Syed Fattahul|title=Pied Piper of Bangla literature|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=23 July 2012|access-date=18 January 2025|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-243127}}</ref> [[Shahidul Zahir]] was widely acclaimed for his usage of [[magical realism]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/daily-star-books/news/mundanities-magic-realism-bangladesh-revisiting-shahidul-zahirs-novellas-3081576|title=Mundanities, magic realism, Bangladesh—Shahidul Zahir's novellas|last=Tariq|first=Jahanara|date=28 July 2022|access-date=17 January 2025|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref> Other major writers include [[Akhteruzzaman Elias]], [[Shawkat Osman]] and [[Syed Shamsul Haq]].<ref name="pied"/> [[Selina Hossain]] is a prolific female author in the modern era.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/in-focus/conversation-selina-hossain-182329|title=In conversation with Selina Hossain|date=5 December 2015|access-date=17 January 2025|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref> [[Muhammad Zafar Iqbal]] is a pioneer science fiction writer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/muhammad-zafar-iqbal|title=Muhammad Zafar Iqbal|last=Khan|first=Nahid|date=26 October 2023|access-date=17 January 2025|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref> [[Anisul Hoque]] is a popular contemporary literary figure.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/theatre-arts/news/the-artist-within-anisul-hoque-3537651|title=The artist within Anisul Hoque|last=Shazu|first=Shah Alam|date=6 February 2024|access-date=17 January 2025|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref> The annual [[Ekushey Book Fair]] and [[Dhaka Lit Fest]], organised by the [[Bangla Academy]], are among the largest literary festivals in South Asia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/views/columns/lit-fest-ekushey-boi-mela-and-our-books-1673450330|title=Lit Fest, Ekushey Boi Mela ... and our books|last=Ahsan|first=Syed Badrul|date=22 January 2023|access-date=17 January 2025|work=[[The Financial Express (Bangladesh)|The Financial Express]]}}</ref>

=== Architecture ===
{{Main|Architecture of Bangladesh}}

{{Further|Architecture of Bengal|List of archaeological sites in Bangladesh}}

{{multiple image
| perrow = 1
| total_width = 220
| image_style = border:none;
| align = right
| image1 = Paharpur Buddhist Bihar.jpg
| caption1 = [[Somapura Mahavihara]] in [[Naogaon]], a [[List of World Heritage Sites in Bangladesh|UNESCO World Heritage Site]]
| image2 = Sixty Dome Mosque,Bagerhat.jpg
| caption2 = The [[Sixty Dome Mosque]] in [[Bagerhat]], a [[List of World Heritage Sites in Bangladesh|UNESCO World Heritage Site]]
| image3 = Ahsan Manzil-Front View.jpg
| caption3 = The [[Ahsan Manzil]] in [[Old Dhaka]]
}}

The architecture of Bangladesh is intertwined with that of the [[Architecture of Bengal|Bengal region]] and the broader [[Architecture of India|Indian subcontinent]]. It is influenced by the country's [[Culture of Bangladesh|culture]], [[Religion in Bangladesh|religion]] and [[History of Bangladesh|history]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/51736/Bangladesh/277578/Visual-art-and-architecture|title=Visual art and architecture in Bangladesh|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=6 September 2009}}</ref> Hindu and Buddhist architectural remnants have been found in [[Mahasthangarh]], which dates back to the 3rd century BCE.<ref name="re">{{cite book|author=Susan L. Huntington|title=The "Påala-Sena" Schools of Sculpture|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xLA3AAAAIAAJ|year=1984|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|isbn=90-04-06856-2}}</ref>{{rp|157}} [[Nandipada]] and [[Swastika]] symbols have been found on stone querns in the [[Wari-Bateshwar ruins]], which indicate the presence of [[Hinduism]] in the area during the [[Iron Age]]—from 400 to 100 BCE.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Imam|first1=Abu|last2=Bulbul|first2=Ahmed|last3=Masood|first3=Imran|title=Religious and Auspicious Symbols Depicted on Artifacts of Wari-Bateshwar|journal=Pratnatattva|number=12|year=2006|pages=1–12|publisher=[[Jahangirnagar University]]}}</ref> The [[Somapura Mahavihara]] built under the rule of the Buddhist [[Pala Empire]] in the 8th century is an outstanding example of the pre-Islamic era.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/life-living/travel/news/think-youve-seen-it-all-wait-till-you-visit-8th-century-gem-bangladesh-3729731|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|title=Think you've seen it all? Wait till you visit this 8th-century gem in Bangladesh|date=17 October 2024|access-date=13 January 2025|last=Zarif|first=Mannan Mashhur}}</ref> Other Buddhist [[vihāra]]s include [[Shalban Bihar]] in [[Mainamati]] and [[Bikrampur Vihara]] in [[Bikrampur]].<ref name="re"/>{{rp|164–167}} Recent excavations have also uncovered new evidence of pre-Islamic smaller temples which served the Hindu, Buddhist and [[Jainism|Jain]] populations of the area.<ref name="sat"/> [[Indo-Islamic architecture]] can be seen from the 13th century, especially in the unique mosque architecture of the [[Bengal Sultanate]], an example being the [[Sixty Dome Mosque]] among others in the [[Mosque City of Bagerhat]]—which is a [[List of World Heritage Sites in Bangladesh|UNESCO World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hasan|first=Perween|title=Sultanate Mosques and Continuity in Bengal Architecture|journal=[[Muqarnas (journal)|Muqarnas]]|volume=6|pages=58–74|year=1989|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|jstor=1602281|doi=10.2307/1602281}}</ref><ref name="sat">{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/focus/news/sultanate-mughal-the-architectural-legacy-bengal-3738301|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|title=From Sultanate to Mughal: The Architectural Legacy of Bengal|date=28 October 2024|access-date=13 January 2025}}</ref>

[[Mughal Bengal]] saw the spread of [[Mughal architecture]] in the region. Examples in Dhaka include the [[Bara Katra]] and [[Choto Katra]] in Old Dhaka, the [[Sat Gambuj Mosque]] in [[Mohammadpur Thana|Mohammadpur]] and the [[Musa Khan Mosque]] in [[Curzon Hall]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6672/|title=Mughal Mosques in Bangladesh|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|access-date=13 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/historic-sites-left-ruins-3006146|last=Sarkar|first=Tarun|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|title=Boro Katra, Chhoto Katra: Dhaka's key historic sites in ruins|date=17 April 2022|access-date=13 January 2025}}</ref> Notable Mughal-era forts include the [[Lalbagh Fort]] in [[Old Dhaka]], the [[Idrakpur Fort]] in [[Munshiganj]]—and the [[Hajiganj Fort]] and the [[Sonakanda Fort]] in [[Narayanganj]], respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6675/|title=Mughal Forts on Fluvial Terrains in Dhaka|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|access-date=20 January 2025}}</ref> The [[Kantajew Temple]] and [[Dhakeshwari Temple]] are excellent examples of late medieval [[Hindu temple architecture]].<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Husain|editor-first=ABM|title=Architecture: A History Through the Ages|series=Cultural Survey of Bangladesh Series|volume=2|publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]|page=243|oclc=298612818}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Bakshi|first=Akhil|title=Between Heaven and Hell: Travels Through Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, and India: an Account of the Expedition Hands Across the Borders|year=2004|page=221|isbn=81-900862-1-9|publisher=Odyssey Books}}</ref>

Bengali [[vernacular architecture]] is noted for pioneering the [[bungalow]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Groth|first=Paul|title=Making New Connections in Vernacular Architecture|journal=[[Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians]]|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|publication-date=September 1999 |volume=58 |pages=444–451|doi=10.2307/991538|jstor=991538|number=3}}</ref> [[Panam Nagar]] in [[Sonargaon]] exhibits architectural influence from the Sultanate, Mughal, British and hybrid colonial traditions.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Haque|first=AKM Muzzammil|title=Historic Sonargaon|date=February 2016|publisher=[[Bangladesh Folk Arts and Crafts Foundation]]|isbn=978-984-34-0277-6|location=Narayanganj|language=bn|script-title=bn:এতিহাসিক সোনারগাঁ}}</ref>{{rp|22}} [[Indo-Saracenic architecture]] flourished during the [[British Raj]],<ref>{{cite journal|last=Groth|first=Paul|title=Architecture and the Representation of Empire: India, 1860–1910|journal=[[Representations]]|number=6|pages=37–65|year=1984|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|jstor=2928537|doi=10.2307/2928537}}</ref> examples include the [[Curzon Hall]] of the [[University of Dhaka]], the [[Chittagong Court Building]], [[Rangpur Town Hall]] and [[Rajshahi College]]. The [[zamindar]] gentry built many palaces in the latter style, including the [[Ahsan Manzil]], the [[Baliati Zamindari|Baliati Zamnidar Bari]], the [[Tajhat Palace]], the [[Rose Garden Palace]], the [[Uttara Gonobhaban|Dighapatia Palace]], the [[Puthia Rajbari]], [[Natore Rajbari]] and the [[Mohera Zamindar Bari]]. [[Muzharul Islam]] is considered to be a pioneer of [[modern architecture|modernist movement]] in Bangladesh and South Asia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6674/|title=The Architectural Works of Muzharul Islam: an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement in South Asia|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|access-date=13 January 2025}}</ref> [[Louis Kahn]] is a notable foreign architect who designed the [[Jatiya Sangsad Bhaban|National Parliament Building]] in [[Sher-e-Bangla Nagar]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lutolli |first1=Blerim |last2=Jashanica |first2=Kaltrina |title=Kahn's light: The measurable and the unmeasurable of the Bangladesh National Assembly Building |journal=Frontiers of Architectural Research |date=2022 |volume=11 |pages=89–102 |doi=10.1016/j.foar.2021.09.005 }}</ref>

=== Visual arts, crafts and clothing ===
{{Main|Bangladeshi art|Sculpture of Bangladesh|Textile industry in Bangladesh}}

{{Further|Muslin trade in Bengal}}

{{multiple image
| perrow = 1
| total_width = 220
| image_style = border:none;
| align = right
| image1 = Kantha (Quilt) LACMA AC1994.131.1.jpg
| caption1 = Embroidery on [[Nakshi kantha]] (embroidered [[quilt]]), a centuries-old Bengali art tradition
| image2 = Aparajeyo Bangla - 1979 CE - Sculpture by Syed Abdullah Khalid - University of Dhaka Campus - Dhaka 2015-05-31 2367.JPG
| caption2 = ''[[Aparajeyo Bangla]]'', a sculpture dedicated to the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]], located on the campus of the University of Dhaka
}}

The recorded history of art in Bangladesh can be traced to the 3rd century BCE, when [[terracotta]] sculptures were made in the region. In classical antiquity, notable sculptural [[Hindu art|Hindu]], [[Jain art|Jain]], and [[Buddhist art]] developed in the [[Pala Empire]] and the [[Sena dynasty]]. The [[Bengal Sultanate]] saw [[Islamic art]] evolve since the 14th century. During the Mughal rule, [[Jamdani]], a unique design on fine [[muslin]]; was woven on Persian [[Motif (textile arts)|motif]]s in Dhaka.<ref>{{cite book |title=Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis |publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]] |isbn=978-0810-880-245 |editor1-last=Chakrabarti |editor1-first=Kunal |publication-date=22 August 2013 |editor2-last=Chakrabarti |editor2-first=Shubhra}}</ref>{{rp|239}} It was classified by UNESCO as an [[Intangible cultural heritage]] in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/traditional-art-of-jamdani-weaving-00879|title=Traditional art of Jamdani weaving|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|access-date=15 January 2025}}</ref> Bangladesh also produces the [[Rajshahi silk]], a fine silk renowned for its softness and ability to create sophisticated designs.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopedia of Women & Islamic Cultures |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |editor1-last=Najmabadi |editor1-first=Afsaneh |publication-date=19 December 2003 |volume=4 |isbn=978-90-04-11380-0 |editor2-last=Joseph |editor2-first=Suad}}</ref>{{rp|158}} [[Ivory]], [[Brassware industry in Bangladesh|brass]] and [[Pottery of Bangladesh|pottery]] has deep roots in Bangladeshi culture.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Glassie|first=Henry|author-link=Henry Glassie|editor1-last=Mills|editor1-first=Margaret A.|editor2-last=Claus|editor2-first=Peter J.|editor3-last=Diamond|editor3-first=Sarah|year=2003|encyclopedia=South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka|title=Pottery, Bangladesh|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=0-415-93919-4}}</ref>{{rp|483–485}} The [[Nakshi Kantha]], a centuries-old [[embroidery]] tradition for [[quilt]]s in Bengal, is made throughout Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sirajuddin|first=Muhammad|date=1992|title=Living Crafts in Bangladesh|location=Dhaka|publisher=Markup International|oclc=29737195}}</ref>{{rp|44}}

The [[modern art]] movement in Bangladesh took shape in post-independence [[East Bengal]], especially with the pioneering works of [[Zainul Abedin]].<ref name="star">{{cite web|last=Hossain|first=Takir|year=2011|access-date=15 January 2015|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|url=https://archive.thedailystar.net/suppliments/2011/anniversary/part9/pg18.htm|title=Art movements between 1948 and 2000}}</ref> Other leading painters include [[SM Sultan]], [[Mohammad Kibria]], [[Safiuddin Ahmed]], [[Shahabuddin Ahmed (artist)|Shahabuddin Ahmed]], [[Kanak Chanpa Chakma]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jahangir |first1=Apurba |author-link=Apurba Jahangir |last2=Hossain |first2=Anika |date=6 March 2015 |title=A FREE SPIRIT |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/the-star/spotlight/free-spirit-5077 |access-date=15 January 2025 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref> [[Qayyum Chowdhury]], [[Rashid Choudhury]], [[Quamrul Hassan]], [[Rafiqun Nabi]] and [[Syed Jahangir]].<ref name="star"/>

[[Novera Ahmed]] is the pioneer of modernist sculpture in Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sarker|first=Sujit|date=7 May 2015|access-date=15 January 2015|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/novera-pioneer-progressiveness-bangladesh-80953|title=Novera, pioneer of progressiveness in Bangladesh}}</ref> Other eminent sculptors include [[Nitun Kundu]], [[Syed Abdullah Khalid]], [[Hamiduzzaman Khan]], [[Shamim Sikder]], [[Ferdousi Priyabhashini]] and [[Abdur Razzaque (artist)|Abdur Razzaque]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Alom|first=Zahangir|date=1 June 2018|access-date=15 January 2025|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|url=https://online84.thedailystar.net/star-weekend/exhibition/opulent-display-sculptures-1584643|title=An opulent display of sculptures}}</ref> The annual [[Mangal Shobhajatra]] (Bengali New Year parade) organised by the [[Faculty of Fine Arts, University of Dhaka|Faculty of Fine Arts]] of the University of Dhaka on [[Pohela Boishakh]] was enlisted as an Intangible cultural heritage by UNESCO in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/mangal-shobhajatra-on-pahela-baishakh-01091|title=Mangal Shobhajatra on Pahela Baishakh|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|access-date=15 January 2025}}</ref> Photography as a form of art has seen rapid growth in the 21st century. [[Chobi Mela International Photography Festival|Chobi Mela]], held biennially, is considered the largest photography festival in Asia.<ref>{{cite web|last=Asad|first=Kazi Akib Bin|date=5 February 2015|access-date=15 January 2025|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|url=https://online84.thedailystar.net/shout/chobi-mela-viii-1219|title=CHOBI MELA VIII|quote=Festival or not, it is the single largest photography event in Asia and has been since its inception in 2000.}}</ref>

[[Lungi]] is the most common informal clothing for men,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mahbub|first=Rifat|title=Re-imagining the Ambivalent: The Political Trajectory of Lungi from Pre-Colonial East Bangla to Post-Independent Bangladesh|journal=Spectrum|publisher=[[University of Dhaka]]|volume=17|number=1|year=2023|pages=47–65|doi=10.3329/spectrum.v17i1.68998|doi-access=free}}</ref> while [[kurta]] (''panjabi'') and [[pajama]] are worn by men on festivals and holidays.<ref>{{cite web|date=14 June 2016|access-date=15 January 2025|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/lifestyle/spotlight/the-panjabi-story-1238983|title=The panjabi story}}</ref> Domestically tailored [[suit (clothing)|suits]], [[neckties]] and [[trouser|pants]] are customarily worn by men at formal events, and the traditional [[sherwani]] and [[churidar]] are worn along with the [[turban]] in weddings.<ref name="arts"/> Women commonly wear the [[shalwar kameez]] accompanied by [[dupatta|orna]]; while [[sari]] is worn on more formal events.<ref name="arts">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Bangladesh|title=Bangladesh|last1=Husain|first1=Syed Sajjad|last2=Tinker|first2=Hugh Russell|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|access-date=15 January 2024}}</ref> Some women follow [[Islamic clothing]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Kamaruzzaman|first=Md.|date=31 January 2022|access-date=15 January 2025|publisher=[[Anadolu Agency]]|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/hijab-popularity-budding-among-educated-women-in-bangladesh/2489648|title=Hijab popularity budding among educated women in Bangladesh}}</ref>

=== Performing arts ===
{{Main|Music of Bangladesh|Dance in Bangladesh}}

{{multiple image
| perrow = 1
| total_width = 220
| image_style = border:none;
| align = right
| image1 = Bangladesh Udichi Shilpigoshthi - Chittagong University Sangsad celebrating Pohela Falgun 1423 at CU Muktomoncho (02).jpg
| caption1 = Dance in celebration of [[Pohela Falgun]] at the [[University of Chittagong]]
| image2 = Ektara player.jpg
| caption2 = A [[baul]] playing the [[ektara]] at the shrine of [[Lalon]] in [[Kushtia]]
}}

[[Theatre in Bangladesh]] includes various forms with a history dating back to the 4th century CE.<ref name="Ahmed">{{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Syed Jamil |date=2000 |title=Achinpakhi Infinity: Indigenous Theatre of Bangladesh |publisher=University Press |page=396 |isbn=978-984-05-1462-5}}</ref> It includes narrative forms, song and dance forms, supra-personae forms, performances with scroll paintings, puppet theatre and processional forms.<ref name="Ahmed"/> The [[Jatra (theatre)|Jatra]] is the most popular form of Bengali folk theatre.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sarkar|first=Pabitra|title=Jatra: The Popular Traditional Theatre of Bengal|journal=Journal of South Asian Literature|volume=10|number=2/4|pages=87–107|year=1975|publisher=[[Michigan State University]]|jstor=40871932}}</ref> Apart from the various forms of [[Indian classical dance]]s, including the ''[[Kathakali]]'', ''[[Bharatanatyam]]'', [[Odissi]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Shahriar|first=Amir Hasan|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/event/proma-abonti-life-dedicated-odissi-dance-1487770|title=Proma Abonti – A life dedicated to Odissi dance|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=8 November 2017|access-date=15 January 2024}}</ref> and [[Manipuri dance]]s–native dance traditions have formed across the country.<ref name="arts"/>

[[Music of Bangladesh]] can be classed into classical, light-classical, [[devotional music|devotional]], and [[popular music|popular]]. Classical music in Bangladesh is represented by the common forms of devotional music across the Indian subcontinent; such as the [[Hindustani classical music]] genre [[dhrupad]] and [[khayal]]. Other major forms include [[qawwali]] and [[kirtan]].<ref name="arts"/> [[Rabindra Sangeet]] and [[Nazrul geeti|Nazrul Sangeet]] retain their popularity.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sarkar|first=Pabitra|title=Musical Literature of Bengal|journal=[[Indian Literature (journal)|Indian Literature]]|volume=16|number=14–27|pages=14–27|year=1973|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|jstor=24157426}}</ref> Native [[folk music]] features the [[baul]] mystical tradition, which was popularised by [[Lalon]] in the 18th century, and is listed by UNESCO as a [[Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity|Masterpiece of Intangible Cultural Heritage]].<ref name="wei">{{cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/baul-songs-00107|title=Baul songs|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|access-date=15 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="alom"/> Other native lyric-based forms of folk music include [[bhatiali]], [[bhawaiya]], [[dhamail]], [[kavigan]], [[jarigan]], [[sari gan]], marfati, and [[gombhira]].<ref name="arts"/><ref name="alom"/>

Folk music is accompanied by instruments such as the [[ektara]], [[dotara]], [[dhol]], [[bansuri]] (a type of flute), mandira, [[khanjani]], [[sarinda (instrument)|sarinda]], [[khamak]], [[Duggi (drum)|dugdugi]], [[Jori (instrument)|juri]], jhunjhuni and [[Taal (instrument)|majira]] (a type of [[cymbal]]).<ref name="alom">{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/supplements/naboborsho-1423/the-timeless-appeal-folk-music-1208197|title=The timeless appeal of folk music|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=14 April 2016|access-date=15 January 2025|last=Alom|first=Zahangir}}</ref> Bangladesh has a rich tradition of [[Indian classical music]], which uses instruments like the [[sitar]], tabla, [[sarod]], and [[santoor]].<ref>London, Ellen (2004). Bangladesh. Gareth Stevens Pub. p. 29. {{ISBN|0-8368-3107-1}}.</ref> Musical organisations and schools such as the [[Bangladesh Shilpakala Academy]] and [[Chhayanaut]] have played significant roles in preserving the traditions of Bengali folk music.<ref name="alom"/>

[[Sabina Yasmin]] and [[Runa Laila]] are considered two of the greatest female playback singers in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/music/news/runa-lailas-voice-gift-god-sabina-yasmin-3171921|title=Runa Laila's voice is a gift from God: Sabina Yasmin|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=17 November 2022|access-date=15 January 2024|last=Shazu|first=Shah Alam}}</ref> [[Andrew Kishore]], another leading playback singer, is considered the "King of Playback".<ref>{{cite web|last=Reeti|first=Sadia Khalid|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/showtime/316303/remembering-%E2%80%98playback-king%E2%80%99-andrew-kishore|title=Remembering 'Playback King' Andrew Kishore|work=[[Dhaka Tribune]]|date=5 November 2021|access-date=15 January 2024}}</ref> [[Azam Khan (singer)|Azam Khan]], nicknamed the "Pop Samrat" and the "Rock Guru", is a founding figure of [[Bangladeshi rock]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Adnin|first=Nazia|title=Remembering Azam Khan: The rock pioneer of Bangladesh|url=https://www.tbsnews.net/glitz/remembering-azam-khan-rock-pioneer-bangladesh-4918|date=28 February 2020|access-date=15 January 2024|work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref> Musicians such as [[Ayub Bachchu]] and [[James (musician)|James]] have also gained nationwide popularity.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/news/ayub-bachchu-passes-away-1648585| title=Rock's leading light goes out|work=The Daily Star| date=18 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Shahnewaz|first=Sadi Mohammad|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/showbiz/cover-story/ode-the-guru-of-bangladeshi-rock-james-1509028|title=An Ode to the Guru of Rock|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=23 December 2017|access-date=28 September 2022}}</ref> [[Shayan Chowdhury Arnob]] has been an influential figure in [[indie rock]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/music/news/arnob-unplugged-candid-insights-his-artistic-journey-3606661|title=Arnob unplugged: Candid insights into his artistic journey|date=10 May 2024|access-date=15 January 2025|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref> Popular pop singers in the 21st century include [[Habib Wahid]] and [[Tahsan Rahman Khan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/showbiz/cover-story/musician-habib-wahid-king-of-fusion-music-in-bangladesh-1789549|title=KING OF FUSION|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=23 November 2018|access-date=15 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/interview/news/tahsan-opens-about-career-future-plans-1663867|title=TAHSAN opens up about career, future plans|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=24 August 2019|access-date=15 January 2024|last=Shahnewaz|first=Sadi Mohammad}}</ref> Influential [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]] include [[Artcell]] and [[Warfaze]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/music/news/canada-chants-artcell-artcell-beloved-band-celebrates-25-years-3612926|title=Canada chants 'Artcell, Artcell!' as beloved band celebrates 25 years|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=18 May 2024|access-date=15 January 2024|last=Shahnewaz|first=Sadi Mohammad}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/music/news/warfaze-celebrates-4-decades-concerts-worldwide-3680936|title=Warfaze celebrates 4 decades with concerts worldwide|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=19 August 2024|access-date=15 January 2024}}</ref>

=== Media and cinema ===
{{Main|Media of Bangladesh|Cinema of Bangladesh}}

The history of press in Bangladesh dates back to 1860, when the first printing press was established in Dhaka.<ref name="dr">{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/in-focus/news/purbabanga-rangabhumi-and-the-beginning-theatre-dhaka-1849873|title=Purbabanga Rangabhumi and the beginning of theatre in Dhaka|last=Quayyum|first=Dr Muhammad Abdul|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=6 January 2020 |access-date=14 January 2025}}</ref> The media in Bangladesh is diverse, competitive, commercial and profitable.<ref name="bbc1">{{cite web|url=https://downloads.bbc.co.uk/mediaaction/pdf/bangladesh.pdf|title=Country Case Study: Bangladesh|work=[[BBC Media Action]]|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=August 2012|access-date=14 January 2025}}</ref> Prominent news agencies in Bangladesh include [[Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha]] (BSS) and [[Bdnews24.com]].<ref name="bbc">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-12650946|title=Bangladesh media guide|work=[[BBC News]]|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=16 August 2024|access-date=14 January 2025}}</ref> Television is the most popular form of media consumption.<ref name="bbc1"/> [[Bangladesh Television]] (BTV) is the sole state-owned television network with nationwide coverage.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/bangladesh-others/131125/the-life-and-obscurity-of-btv|title=The life and obscurity of BTV|last=Irani|first=Bilkis|date=20 November 2017|access-date=14 January 2025|work=[[Dhaka Tribune]]}}</ref> Private television networks include [[ATN Bangla]], [[Channel I]], [[NTV (Bangladeshi TV channel)|NTV]], [[RTV (Bangladeshi TV channel)|RTV]], [[Ekushey TV]], [[Ekattor TV]], [[Jamuna TV]] and [[Somoy TV]].<ref name="bbc"/> Print media is the second-most widely consumed, and newspapers are privately owned and outspoken, including [[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]], [[Dhaka Tribune]], [[The Financial Express (Bangladesh)|The Financial Express]], [[Bangladesh Pratidin]], [[Kaler Kantho]], [[Prothom Alo]], [[The Daily Ittefaq]] and [[Jugantor]].<ref name="bbc"/><ref name="bbc1"/>

{{multiple image
| perrow = 1
| total_width = 220
| image_style = border:none;
| align = right
| image1 =
| caption1 = [[Anwar Hossain (actor)|Anwar Hossain]] playing [[Siraj-ud-Daulah]], the last independent [[Nawabs of Bengal|Nawab of Bengal]], in the 1967 film ''[[Nawab Sirajuddaula (film)|Nawab Sirajuddaulah]]''
| image2 = Headquarters of Ekushey Television, Kawran Bazar, Dhaka.jpg
| caption2 = Headquarters of [[Ekushey Television]] on a high-rise in [[Kawran Bazar]], Dhaka
}}

[[Bangladesh Betar]] is the lone state-run radio service.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/radio-silence-bangladesh-betars-external-service-inoperative-three-years-3221291|title=Radio Silence: Bangladesh Betar's external service inoperative for three years|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=15 January 2023|access-date=14 January 2025|last1=Hossain|first1=Sajjad|last2=Rahaman|first2=Arafat}}</ref><ref name="bbc1"/> [[Radio Foorti]], [[Radio Today]], [[Radio Aamar]] and ABC Radio were popular privately owned radio stations; popularity of radio has declined significantly.<ref name="bbc"/><ref name="bbc1"/> Popular foreign media include [[BBC News]] ([[BBC Bangla]]), [[CNN]], [[VOA]] and [[Al Jazeera]].<ref name="bbc1"/> [[Indian television drama]] in particular has established a "cultural hegemony" over Bangladeshi satellite television.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Rahman|first=Anis|title=The politico-commercial nexus and its implications for television industries in Bangladesh and South Asia|volume=42|number=7–8|doi=10.1177/016344372090818|date=13 March 2020|journal=[[Media, Culture & Society]]|publisher=[[SAGE Publishers]]|pages=1153–1174|doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 }}</ref><ref name="bbc1"/> [[Freedom of the press in Bangladesh|Freedom of the press]] remains a major concern due to government attempts at censorship and the harassment of journalists. Bangladesh ranked 149th out of the 180 countries listed in the 2025 [[World Press Freedom Index]], among the lowest rankings in the world.{{Update after|2026|05|04|reason=The preceding sentence should be updated from the 2026 World Press Freedom Index.}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=Bangladesh |url=https://rsf.org/en/country/bangladesh |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250701010054/https://rsf.org/en/country/bangladesh |archive-date=1 July 2025 |access-date=6 July 2025 |website=[[Reporters Without Borders]]}}</ref>

The [[cinema of Bangladesh]] dates back to a screening of a [[movie camera|bioscope]] in 1898.<ref name="easmin">{{cite journal |last1=Easmin |first1=Mst. Farjana |last2=Hossain |first2=Afjal |last3=Mandal |first3=Anup Kumar |title=Determinants of Watching a Film: A Case Study on Dhallywood Film Industry, Bangladesh |journal=Asian Business Review |date=2018 |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=131–138 |doi=10.18034/abr.v8i3.164 }}</ref>{{rp|129}}<ref name="back"/> The [[Nawab of Dhaka|Nawabs of Dhaka]] patronised the production of several [[silent film]]s from the 1900s.<ref name="back">{{cite web|url=https://www.tbsnews.net/first-anniversary/looking-back-forgotten-industry-193126|title=Looking back on a forgotten industry|last1=Tahnia|first1=Rawnak|last2=Rahman|first2=Arin|last3=Aziz|first3=Deena Afroza|last4=Reza|first4=Arafat|work=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=14 January 2024|date=28 January 2021}}</ref> Picture House, the first permanent cinema in Dhaka, began its operation during the year between 1913 and 1914.<ref name="easmin"/>{{rp|130}} ''[[Sukumari (film)|Sukumari]]'' (The Good Girl), released in 1929, was the first film produced in Bangladesh.<ref name="easmin"/>{{rp|130}} ''[[The Last Kiss (1931 film)|The Last Kiss]]'', the first full-length feature film, was released in 1931.<ref name="easmin"/>{{rp|130}}<ref name="back"/> By 1947, a total of 80 cinemas were listed.<ref name="easmin"/>{{rp|130}} The first Bengali-language film in East Pakistan, ''[[Mukh O Mukhosh]]'' (Face and Mask), was released in 1956.<ref name="easmin"/>{{rp|130}}<ref name="back"/> ''Akash ar Mati'' (Sky and Earth), released in 1959, was the second film as such.

The [[Bangladesh Film Development Corporation]] was founded in Dhaka as the East Pakistan Film Development Corporation in 1957–1958, as the full-service film production studio.<ref name="easmin"/>{{rp|130}}<ref name="back"/> [[Zahir Raihan]] made various influential films throughout the period, notably ''[[Kokhono Asheni]]'' in 1961, ''Shangam'' in 1964 (the first [[Color print film|colour film]] in Pakistan), and ''Jibon Theke Neowa'' in 1970.<ref name="back"/> The film industry in Dhaka positioned itself as the base for a Bengali Muslim cinema from the 1960s and onwards.<ref name="easmin"/>{{rp|130}} The first movie post-Independence, ''[[Ora Egaro Jon]]'', was directed by [[Chashi Nazrul Islam]] and released in 1972.<ref name="back"/> At the industry's peak, about 80 movies were produced each year between 1996 and 2003, a number which has constantly declined thereafter.<ref name="easmin"/>{{rp|130}}<ref name="back"/> Prominent directors include [[Khan Ataur Rahman]], [[Alamgir Kabir (film maker)|Alamgir Kabir]], [[Amjad Hossain]], [[Humayun Ahmed]], [[Morshedul Islam]], [[Tanvir Mokammel]], [[Tareque Masud]], [[Salahuddin Lavlu]] and [[Enamul Karim Nirjhar]].<ref name="easmin"/>{{rp|130}} Tareque Masud was honoured by [[FIPRESCI]] at the 2002 [[Cannes Film Festival]] for his film ''[[Matir Moina]]'' (The Clay Bird). [[Film society|Film societes]] have played a crucial role in the development of cinema in Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/views/reviews/how-film-societies-influence-cinema-1559231122|title=How film societies influence cinema|date=31 May 2019|access-date=14 January 2025|last=Sarkar|first=Shihab|work=[[The Financial Express (Bangladesh)|The Financial Express]]}}</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Bangladeshi cuisine}}

{{Further|Bengali cuisine}}
{{multiple image
| perrow = 1
| total_width = 220
| image_style = border:none;
| align = right
| image1 = Kala bhuna 1.jpg
| caption1 = ''[[Kala bhuna]]'', a [[List of beef dishes|beef dish]] from [[Chittagong Division]]
| image2 = রুই মাছের ভুনা.jpg
| caption2 = [[Rohu]] curry, a fish-based dish
| image3 = Morog Polao 1.jpg
| caption3 = Chicken [[pilaf]] (''Morog Polao''), a traditional dish from [[Old Dhaka]]
}}

Bangladeshi cuisine, formed by the nation's geographic location, climate, and history—is rich and diverse.<ref name="cuisine">{{cite book |last=Osman |first=Shawkat|title=খুনতি কড়াই: Bangladeshi Cuisine |publisher=Mapin Publishing|date=16 February 2009|isbn=978-1-890-20602-4}}</ref>{{rp|14}} The staple dish is [[white rice]], which along with fish, forms the culinary base. Varieties of [[leaf vegetable]]s, potatoes, [[gourd]]s and [[lentil]]s ([[dal]]) also play an important role. [[Curry|Curries]] of beef, [[mutton]], chicken and duck are commonly consumed,<ref name="shaheda">{{cite web|last=Yesmin|first=Shaheda|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/lifestyle/spotlight/bangladesh-cuisine-part-i-delectable-and-diverse-1325551|title=Bangladesh cuisine part I – delectable and diverse|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=6 December 2016|access-date=1 October 2022|archive-date=6 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161206142722/https://www.thedailystar.net/lifestyle/spotlight/bangladesh-cuisine-part-i-delectable-and-diverse-1325551|url-status=live}}</ref> along with multiple types of [[Bhurta|bhorta]]s (mashed vegetables),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/lifestyle/recipe/news/mashed-1723366 |title=MASHED |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |last=Huda |first=Shahana |date=2 April 2019 |access-date=2 October 2022 |quote=Bhorta is just another staple for Bengalis... |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002091752/https://www.thedailystar.net/lifestyle/recipe/news/mashed-1723366 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''bhajis'' ([[stir frying|stir fried]] vegetables) and [[tarkari]]s ([[curry|curried]] vegetables).<ref name="cuisine"/>{{rp|8}} Mughal-influenced dishes include [[korma]]s, kalias, [[biryani]]s, [[pilaf|pulaos]], [[Tahri (dish)|tehari]]s and [[khichuri]]s.<ref name="shaheda"/>

Among the various used spices, [[turmeric]], [[fenugreek]], [[nigella]], [[coriander]], [[anise]], [[cardamom]] and [[chili powder]] are widely used; a famous spice mix is the [[panch phoron]]. Condiments and herbs used include [[red onion]]s, [[Chili pepper|green chilli]]es, garlic, [[ginger]], [[cilantro]], and [[Mentha|mint]].<ref name="cuisine"/>{{rp|12}} [[Coconut milk]], [[Mustard (condiment)|mustard paste]], [[mustard seeds]], [[mustard oil]], [[ghee]], [[South Asian pickle|achar]]s<ref name="shaheda"/> and [[chutney]]s are also widely used in the cuisine.<ref name="cuisine"/>{{rp|13–14}}

Fish is the main source of protein, owing to the country's riverine geography, and it is often eaten with its [[roe]]. The [[hilsa]] is the national fish and is immensely popular. Other highly consumed fishes include [[rohu]], [[Pangasius pangasius|pangas]], and [[tilapia]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rahman |first1=Md. Naimur |last2=Islam |first2=Abu Reza Md Towfiqul|title=Consumer fish consumption preferences and contributing factors: empirical evidence from Rangpur city corporation, Bangladesh|pmid=33426347|doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05864|volume=6|number=12|date=28 December 2020|journal=[[Heliyon]]|article-number=e05864 |publisher=[[Cell Press]]|doi-access=free |pmc=7779775|bibcode=2020Heliy...605864R }}</ref> [[Lobster]]s, [[shrimp]]s and [[dried fish]] (''shutki'') also play an important role in the local cuisines.<ref name="cuisine"/>{{rp|8}} In Chittagong, dishes involving beef include [[kala bhuna]] and [[mezban]], the latter being a traditionally popular feast, featuring the serving of ''mezbani gosht'', a hot and spicy beef curry.<ref name="cuisine"/>{{rp|10}}<ref name="shaheda"/><ref name="guardiancuisine">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/21/from-kala-bhuna-to-shatkora-curry-lets-all-get-a-taste-for-bangladesh|last=Akbar|first=Ahsan|title=From kala bhuna to shatkora curry – let's all get a taste for Bangladesh|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=21 March 2021|access-date=2 October 2022|archive-date=2 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902070150/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/21/from-kala-bhuna-to-shatkora-curry-lets-all-get-a-taste-for-bangladesh|url-status=live}}</ref> In Sylhet, the ''[[shatkora]]'' lemons are used to marinate dishes, a notable one is [[Beef Hatkhora|beef hatkora]].<ref name="guardiancuisine"/> Among the tribal communities in the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]], cooking with [[bamboo shoot]]s is popular.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tbsnews.net/feature/food/bamboo-shoots-now-popular-delicacy-tourists-120037|title=Bamboo shoots now a popular delicacy for tourists|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=16 August 2020|access-date=2 October 2022|archive-date=2 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002095316/https://www.tbsnews.net/feature/food/bamboo-shoots-now-popular-delicacy-tourists-120037|url-status=live}}</ref> Khulna is known for using ''chui jhal'' ([[piper chaba]]) in its meat-based dishes.<ref name="guardiancuisine"/><ref name="shaheda"/> ''Kalai ruti'', a type of rustic [[flatbread]], is widely consumed in [[Chapai Nawabganj]] of Rajshahi.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/198302/kalai-ruti-a-northwestern-must-eat |title=Kalai Ruti, a northwestern must eat |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |date=9 January 2020 |access-date=9 January 2026 }}</ref>

Bangladesh has a vast spread of desserts, including [[sweets]] such as the ''[[Rasgulla|rôshogolla]]'', ''[[Ras malai|roshmalai]]'', ''[[chomchom]]'', ''[[Sandesh (confectionery)|sondesh]]'', ''[[mishti doi]]'' and ''[[Gulab jamun|kalojaam]]'', and ''[[Jalebi|jilapi]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/star-weekend/the-concept-desserts-bangladesh-1244389|title=The Concept of Desserts in Bangladesh|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=24 June 2016|access-date=2 October 2022 |last=Karim |first=Elita}}</ref> [[Pitha]]s are traditional boiled desserts made with rice or fruits.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/lifestyle/deshi-mix/winter-pitha-176893|title=Winter Pitha|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |date=24 November 2015|access-date=2 October 2022}}</ref> [[Halwa]], [[shemai]] and [[falooda]], the latter two being a variation of [[vermicelli]]; are popular desserts during religious festivities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/life-living/news/shab-e-barat-the-night-fortune-and-forgiveness-2983236|title=Shab-e-Barat: The night of fortune and forgiveness|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |date=15 March 2022|access-date=2 October 2022 |last=Khondokar |first=Faiza}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/lifestyle/aappayon/variations-vermicelli-1250221|title=Variations on Vermicelli|date=5 July 2016|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|access-date=24 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://images.thedailystar.net/lifestyle/recipe/news/dinas-table-1752979|title=Dina's Table|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=4 June 2019|access-date=11 January 2025}}</ref> [[Roti|Ruti]], [[naan]], [[paratha]], [[luchi]] and [[bakarkhani]] are the main local breads.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/lifestyle/ls-special/bread-101-1566847|title=Bread 101|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=24 April 2018|access-date=2 October 2022 |last=Tariq |first=Jahanara}}</ref><ref name="shaheda"/> Hot [[milk tea]] is the most commonly consumed beverage in the country, being at the centre of [[Adda (South Asian)|group conversations]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/lifestyle/reader%E2%80%99s-chit/coffee-lifestyle-or-just-another-alternative-tea-1503541|title=Coffee: a lifestyle or just another alternative to tea?|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=12 December 2017|access-date=1 October 2022 |last1=Amatya |first1=Suki |last2=Mahin |first2=Tamanna |last3=Sadaaf |first3=Bushra Humaira |last4=Sarkar |first4=Supriti}}</ref> [[Borhani]], [[mattha]] and [[lassi]] are popular traditionally consumed beverages.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jyoti Prakash |first1=Tamang |title=Ethnic Fermented Foods and Alcoholic Beverages of Asia |date=2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-81-322-2800-4 |pages=77–89}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Supriti|title=Tis' the season (almost) for Lassi|date=13 February 2018|access-date=24 April 2023|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/lifestyle/ls-pick/tis-the-season-almost-lassi-1533559}}</ref> [[Kebab]]s are widely popular, particularly [[seekh kebab]], [[chapli kebab]], [[shami kebab]], [[chicken tikka]] and [[shashlik]], along with various types of ''chaaps''.<ref name="shaheda"/> Popular street foods include [[chotpoti]], [[jhal muri]], ''shingara'',<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/my-dhaka/news/all-about-shingaras-3396736|title=All about shingaras|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=18 August 2023|access-date=7 June 2024}}</ref> [[samosa]] and [[Panipuri|fuchka]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://archive.thedailystar.net/lifestyle/2010/03/02/centre.htm|title=street food 101|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |date=9 March 2010 |last=Haider |first=M. H.|access-date=2 October 2022}}</ref>

=== Sports ===
{{Main|Sports in Bangladesh}}

[[File:Mashrafe 2016 (9).jpg|thumb|[[Bangladesh cricket team]]]]

In rural Bangladesh, several [[Bengali traditional games|traditional indigenous sports]] such as [[Kabaddi]], [[Boli Khela]], [[Lathi Khela]] and [[Nouka Baich]] remain fairly popular. While Kabaddi is the national sport,<ref>{{cite book |last=Faroqi |first=Gofran |year=2012 |chapter=Kabadi |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Kabadi |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> [[Cricket]] is arguably the most popular sport in the country. The [[Bangladesh national cricket team|national cricket team]] participated in their first [[Cricket World Cup]] in 1999 and the following year was granted [[Test cricket]] status. Bangladesh reached the quarter-final of the [[2015 Cricket World Cup]], the semi-final of the [[2017 ICC Champions Trophy]] and they reached the final of the [[Asia Cup]] 3 times – in 2012, 2016, and 2018. [[Shakib Al Hasan]] is widely regarded as one of the greatest [[all-rounder]]s in the history of the sport.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 March 2020 |title=Why Shakib Al Hasan is one of cricket's greatest allrounders|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/stats-analysis-why-shakib-al-hasan-is-one-of-cricket-s-greatest-allrounders-1219732 |access-date=23 March 2021}}</ref> In 2020, the [[Bangladesh national under-19 cricket team]] won the men's [[2020 Under-19 Cricket World Cup|Under-19 Cricket World Cup]].<ref>{{cite news|title=U19s Cricket World Cup: Bangladesh beat India in final to win first title |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/51437334|work=BBC Sport|date=9 February 2020|access-date=9 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=Minhaz Uddin Khan|title=Young Tigers become World Champions |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/sport/cricket/2020/02/09/u19wc-final-tilak-out-india-103-2-after-29-overs|work=Dhaka Tribune|date=9 February 2020|access-date=9 February 2020}}</ref> The [[Bangladesh national under-19 cricket team]] also won the [[Under-19 Men's Asia Cup|U-19 Asia cup]] in 2023 and 2024 consecutively.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 2024 |title=Bangladesh reach second consecutive U-19 Asia Cup final with dominant win over Pakistan |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/sports/bangladesh-reach-second-consecutive-u-19-asia-cup-final-dominant-win-over-pakistan-1011861 |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=Business Standard |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2024 |title=Under-19 Asia Cup winners list: Bangladesh win second title in Dubai over India |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/under-19-asia-cup-full-winners-list-india-vs-bangladesh-dubai-9713377/ |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In 2018, the [[Bangladesh women's national cricket team]] won the [[2018 Women's Twenty20 Asia Cup]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/star-live/women-asia-cup-t20-champions-2018-bangladesh-womens-cricket-team-got-victory-1590118 |title=Champions of Asia T20 Cup 2018: Bangladesh Women's Cricket Team |work=The Daily Star |date=12 June 2018 |access-date=14 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829153434/https://www.thedailystar.net/star-live/women-asia-cup-t20-champions-2018-bangladesh-womens-cricket-team-got-victory-1590118 |archive-date=29 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Bangladesh National Football Team in Maldives in the SAFF Championship 2021.jpg|thumb|[[Bangladesh national football team|Bangladesh football team]]]]

[[Association football|Football]] is the second-most popular sport in Bangladesh, following cricket.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/views/columns/football-the-game-which-makes-us-come-alive|title=Football ... the game which makes us come alive|date=14 December 2022|work=The Financial Express|type=Opinion}}</ref> The first instance of a national football team was the emergence of the [[Shadhin Bangla football team]] during the liberation war of 1971.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/sports/shadhin-bangla-football-dal-team-no-other |title='Shadhin Bangla Football Dal': A team like no other |date=16 December 2019 |work=Business Standard |access-date=15 August 2022 |archive-date=15 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815160845/https://www.tbsnews.net/sports/shadhin-bangla-football-dal-team-no-other |url-status=live }}</ref> On 25 July 1971, the team's captain, [[Zakaria Pintoo]], became the first person to hoist the Bangladesh flag on foreign land before their match in neighbouring India.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/133717/i-am-luckier-than-pele-zakaria-pintoo|title=I am luckier than Pele: Zakaria Pintoo|date=26 March 2021|work=New Age}}</ref> Following independence, the [[Bangladesh national football team|national football team]] made its debut in 1973 and eventually achieved the feat of participating in the [[AFC Asian Cup]] (1980), becoming only the second South Asian team to do so.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prothomalo.com/sports/football/যে-ম্যাচগুলো-'আফসোস'-বাংলাদেশের-ফুটবলে|title=যে ম্যাচগুলো 'আফসোস' বাংলাদেশের ফুটবলে|first=Niar|last=Iqbal|language=bn|work=Prothom Alo|date=6 April 2020|archive-date=10 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230910082413/https://www.prothomalo.com/sports/football/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B-%E2%80%98%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B8%E2%80%99-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87|url-status=live}}</ref> Bangladesh's most notable achievements in football include the [[2003 SAFF Gold Cup]] and [[Football at the 1999 South Asian Games|1999 South Asian Games]]. The [[Bangladesh women's national football team]] won the [[SAFF Women's Championship]] consecutively in 2022 and 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bangladesh retain SAFF Women's Champs title |url=https://today.thefinancialexpress.com.bd/first-page/bangladesh-retain-saff-womens-champs-title-1730307628 |access-date=2025-01-05 |work=The Financial Express |language=en|archive-date=2025-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251208052130/https://today.thefinancialexpress.com.bd/first-page/bangladesh-retain-saff-womens-champs-title-1730307628|url-status=live}}</ref>

Bangladesh archers Ety Khatun and Roman Sana won several gold medals winning all the 10 [[archery]] events (both individual and team events) in the [[2019 South Asian Games]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/athletics/bangladesh-win-all-10-golds-in-archery-sa-games-2019-1837909 |title=Ety, Sana complete Bangladesh's clean sweep in archery |date=9 December 2019 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref> The [[National Sports Council]] regulates 42 sporting federations.<ref>{{cite web|title=All Affiliated National Federation/Association |url=http://nsc.gov.bd/n/?cat=11 |publisher=[[National Sports Council]] |access-date=25 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121160742/http://nsc.gov.bd/n/?cat=11 |archive-date=21 January 2013}}</ref> [[Chess]] is very popular in Bangladesh. Bangladesh has five grandmasters in chess. Among them, [[Niaz Murshed]] was the first grandmaster in South Asia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bdchessfed.com/grand-masters|title=Bangladesh Chess Federation|website=bdchessfed.com|access-date=17 January 2020|archive-date=29 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129112718/http://bdchessfed.com/grand-masters/}}</ref> In 2010, mountain climber [[Musa Ibrahim]] became the first Bangladeshi climber to conquer [[Mount Everest]].<ref name="dailystardetail">{{cite news |title=Musa conquers Everest |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=139787 |work=The Daily Star |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027015045/https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-139787 |archive-date=27 October 2017 |date=24 May 2010}}</ref> [[Wasfia Nazreen]] is the first Bangladeshi climber to climb the [[Seven Summits]] and the [[K2]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=Mary Anne Potts |title=Bangladeshi Climber Shares Her Spiritual Journey for the Women of Her Country |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/adventure-blog/2016/05/27/bangadeshi-climber-wasfia-nazreen-shares-her-spiritual-journey-for-the-women-of-her-country/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191119031640/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/adventure-blog/2016/05/27/bangadeshi-climber-wasfia-nazreen-shares-her-spiritual-journey-for-the-women-of-her-country/ |archive-date=19 November 2019 |website=National Geographic |date=27 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/life-living/news/wasfia-nazreen-becomes-first-bangladeshi-summit-k2-3076801|title=Wasfia Nazreen becomes first Bangladeshi to summit K2|magazine=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|access-date=16 January 2024|date=22 July 2022}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Outline of Bangladesh]]{{clear}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Sources ===
* {{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Salahuddin |year=2004 |title=Bangladesh: Past and Present |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-7648-469-5}}
* {{cite book|ref=Baxter |last=Baxter |first=Craig |author-link=Craig Baxter |year=1997 |title=Bangladesh, from a Nation to a State |publisher=Westview Press |isbn=978-0-8133-3632-9 |oclc=47885632}}
* {{cite book |last=Lewis |first=David |year=2011 |title=Bangladesh: Politics, Economy and Civil Society |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-50257-3}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* Ahmed, Nizam. ''The Parliament of Bangladesh'' (Routledge, 2018).
* {{cite book |last=Ali |first=S. Mahmud |date=2010|title=Understanding Bangladesh |url={{GBurl|id=FD2KzBG1ejwC}}|publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-70143-3}}
* {{cite book |title=Bangladesh War: Report from Ground Zero |last=Ghosh |first=Manash |year=2021 |publisher=Niyogi Books |isbn=978-93-91125-37-0}}
* Baxter, Craig. ''Bangladesh: From a nation to a state'' (Routledge, 2018).
* {{cite book |last=Bose |first=Sarmila |date=2012 |title=Dead Reckoning Memories of the 1971 Bangladesh War |publisher=Hachette UK |isbn=978-93-5009-426-6 }}
* {{cite book |last=Chakrabarty |first=Bidyut | date=2004 |title=The Partition of Bengal and Assam, 1932-1947: Contour of Freedom |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-33274-8 |url={{GBurl|id=in1_AgAAQBAJ}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Grover |first=Verinder |date=2000 |title=Bangladesh: Government and Politics |publisher=Deep and Deep Publications |isbn=978-81-7100-928-2 }}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Guhathakurta |editor1-first=Meghna |editor2-last=van Schendel |editor2-first=Willem |year=2013 |title=The Bangladesh Reader: History, Culture, Politics |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-5304-1}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hasnat |first1=G. N. Tanjina |last2=Kabir |first2=Md. Alamgir |last3=Hossain |first3=Md. Akhter |title=Handbook of Environmental Materials Management |chapter=Major Environmental Issues and Problems of South Asia, Particularly Bangladesh |date=2018 |pages=1–40 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-58538-3_7-1 |isbn=978-3-319-58538-3 }}
* Iftekhar Iqbal (2010) ''The Bengal Delta: Ecology, State and Social Change, 1840–1943'' (Palgrave Macmillan) {{ISBN|0-230-23183-7}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Islam |first1=Saiful |last2=Khan |first2=Md. Ziaur Rahman |title=A Review of Energy Sector of Bangladesh |journal=Energy Procedia |date=March 2017 |volume=110 |pages=611–618 |doi=10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.193 |bibcode=2017EnPro.110..611I }}
* Jannuzi, F. Tomasson, and James T. Peach. ''The agrarian structure of Bangladesh: An impediment to development'' (Routledge, 2019).
* {{cite book |last=Khan |first=Muhammad Mojlum |year=2013 |title=The Muslim Heritage of Bengal: The Lives, Thoughts and Achievements of Great Muslim Scholars, Writers and Reformers of Bangladesh and West Bengal |publisher=Kube Publishing |isbn=978-1-84774-052-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Mookherjee |first=Nayanika |date=2015 |title=The Spectral Wound: Sexual Violence, Public Memories, and the Bangladesh War of 1971 |url={{GBurl|id=JjUWrgEACAAJ}}|publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-5949-4}}
* M. Mufakharul Islam (edited) (2004) Socio-Economic History of Bangladesh: essays in memory of Professor Shafiqur Rahman, 1st Edition, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, {{oclc|156800811}}
* M. Mufakharul Islam (2007) ''Bengal Agriculture 1920–1946: A Quantitative Study'' (Cambridge University Press), {{ISBN|0-521-04985-7}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Prodhan |first1=Mohit |title=The educational system in Bangladesh and scope for improvement |journal=Journal of International Social Issues |volume=4 |issue=1 |date=2016 |pages=11–23 |url=https://www.winona.edu/socialwork/Media/Prodhan%20The%20Educational%20System%20in%20Bangladesh%20and%20Scope%20for%20Improvement.pdf }}
* {{cite book |last=Raghavan |first=Srinath |year=2013 |title=1971: A Global History of the Creation of Bangladesh |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-72864-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Rashid |first=Haroun Er |year=1977 |title=Geography of Bangladesh|publisher=University Press |oclc=4638928}}
* Riaz, Ali. ''Bangladesh: A political history since independence'' (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2016).
* {{cite book |last=Riaz |first=Ali |date=2010 |title=Political Islam and Governance in Bangladesh |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-92624-2 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Riaz |first1= Ali |last2=Rahman |first2= Mohammad Sajjadur |date=2016 |title=Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Bangladesh |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-30877-5 }}
* {{cite book |last=Schendel |first=Willem van |year=2009 |title=A History of Bangladesh |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-86174-8 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=J. Shelley |first1=Israt |last2=Takahashi-Nosaka |first2=Misuzu |last3=Kano-Nakata |first3=Mana |last4=S. Haque |first4=Mohammad |last5=Inukai |first5=Yoshiaki |title=Rice Cultivation in Bangladesh: Present Scenario, Problems, and Prospects |journal=Journal of International Cooperation for Agricultural Development |date=2016 |volume=14 |doi=10.50907/jicad.14.0_20 }}
* Sirajul Islam (edited) (1997) History of Bangladesh 1704–1971(Three Volumes: Vol 1: Political History, Vol 2: Economic History Vol 3: Social and Cultural History), 2nd Edition (Revised New Edition), The Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, {{ISBN|984-512-337-6}}
* Sirajul Islam (Chief Editor) (2003) Banglapedia: A National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh.(10 Vols. Set), (written by 1300 scholars & 22 editors) The Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, {{ISBN|984-32-0585-5}}
* {{cite book |last1=Sisson |first1=Richard |last2=Rose |first2= Leo E|date=1991|title=War and Secession: Pakistan, India, and the Creation of Bangladesh |publisher=University of California Press |isbn= 978-0-520-07665-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Sogra |first=Khair Jahan |date=2014 |title=The Impact of Gender Differences on the Conflict Management Styles of Managers in Bangladesh: An Analysis |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-6854-9}}
* {{cite book |last= Umar |first=Badruddin |date=2006 |title=The Emergence of Bangladesh: Rise of Bengali nationalism, 1958–1971 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn= 978-0-19-597908-4}}
* Van Schendel, Willem. ''A history of Bangladesh'' (Cambridge University Press, 2020).
* {{cite book |last=Uddin |first=Sufia M. |date=2006|title=Constructing Bangladesh: Religion, Ethnicity, and Language in an Islamic Nation |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |isbn=978-0-8078-7733-3 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Wahid |first1=Abu N.M.. |last2=Weis |first2= Charles E |date=1996 |title=The Economy of Bangladesh: Problems and Prospects |publisher=Praeger |isbn=978-0-275-95347-8 }}

=== Government ===
* [https://bangladesh.gov.bd Government] – Official website of the Government of Bangladesh
* [https://bangabhaban.gov.bd Presidency] – official website of the president of Bangladesh
* [https://cao.gov.bd Chief Adviser] – official website of the Chief Adviser of Bangladesh
* [https://cabinet.gov.bd Cabinet] – official website of the Cabinet Division of Bangladesh
* [https://www.parliament.gov.bd Parliament] – official website of the Parliament of Bangladesh
* [https://www.supremecourt.gov.bd Supreme Court] – official website of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh
* [http://nsds.bbs.gov.bd/en Statistics] – official website of [[Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]]

=== History ===
* [https://bffwt.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bffwt.portal.gov.bd/page/e2b55969_0e0c_4337_bb4e_ddcc801df7db/History%2520of%2520Bangladesh%2520(4).docx "History"] – Bengali history at Bangladesh Freedom Fighter Welfare Trust

=== Tourism ===
* [https://beautifulbangladesh.gov.bd Beautiful Bangladesh] – Bangladesh's official tourism portal

=== Maps ===
* {{Wikiatlas}}
* {{OSM relation|184640}}

{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Library resources box}}
* [https://ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=BD Key Development Forecasts for Bangladesh] from [[International Futures]]

{{Bangladesh topics}}
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Shihabu'd-Din Shah

2026-05-03T23:28:50Z

Gurushivam: new a stub w/ infobox.

{{short description|Sultan of Kashmir from 1354 to 1373}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Shihabu'd-Din Shah
| title = Sultan of Kashmir The Lion's Claw Badshah
| image =
| succession = 5th [[Kashmir Sultanate|Sultan of Kashmir]]
| reign = 19 April 1354 – 6 June 1373
| coronation =
| predecessor = [[Alauddin Shah|Alau'd-Din Shah]]
| successor = [[Qutbu'd-Din Shah]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 6 June 1373
| death_place = [[Srinagar]], Kashmir Sultanate {{small|(present-day [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India)}}
| spouse = Rani Lakshmi<ref>{{cite book|last=Hasan|first=Mohibbul|title=Kashmir Under the Sultans|year=1959|page=52|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3147/page/52/mode/2up}}</ref>
| spouse-type = Consort
| issue = Hasan Khan Ali Khan {{sfn|Hasan|1959|p=52}}
| full name = Shihabu'd-Din Shah Miri
| dynasty = [[Shah Mir dynasty]]
| father = [[Alauddin Shah|Alau'd-Din Shah]]
| mother =
| signature =
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
| royal anthem =
}}

'''Shihabu'd-Din Shah Miri''' ([[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] and {{langx|fa|{{nq|شهاب الدین شاه میری}}}}) commonly known as '''Sherashamak''' (شِیراشَامَک ''The Lion's Claw''; reigned 19 April 1354 – 6 June 1373), or simply '''Shihabu'd-Din Shah''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dutt |first=J. C. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.180776 |title=Kings Of Kashmira |date=1879 |pages=26}}</ref> was a ruler from the [[Shah Mir dynasty]] based in [[Kashmir division|Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Retzlaff |first1=Ralph H. |last2=Hasan |first2=Mohibbul |date= |title=Kashmir under the Sultans |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/595144 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume= |issue=4 |pages=46 |doi=10.2307/595144 |jstor=595144 |issn=0003-0279|url-access=subscription }}</ref> He was the fifth [[Kashmir Sultanate|Sultan of Kashmir]] who ruled from 1354 to 1373.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/baharistaneshahi_201910 |title=BAHARISTAN E SHAHI |pages=20b–21b}}</ref> Shihab is considered to be one of the most powerful kings of Kashmir<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chādūrah |first=Ḥaydar Malik |url=https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/SCSB-6850343 |title=History of Kashmir |date=1991 |publisher=Delhi: Bhavna Prakashan |pages=107a |language=English}}</ref> as his empire extended from [[Kashgar]] [[Maryul|Ladakh]] to [[West Punjab]] and from [[Kabul]] to [[Chamba State|Chamba]].<ref name="Retzlaff 49">{{Cite journal |last1=Retzlaff |first1=Ralph H. |last2=Hasan |first2=Mohibbul |date=October 1959 |title=Kashmir under the Sultans |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/595144 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume= |issue= |pages=49 |doi=10.2307/595144 |jstor=595144 |issn=0003-0279|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Reign==
Sultan Shihabu’d-din Shah, the fifth Sultan of Kashmir, reigned from 1354 to 1373. Born as ([[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]: شِیراشَامَک) meaning "'''The Lion's Claw'''". Shihabu’d-din is considered to be one of the most powerful kings of [[Kashmir Sultanate|Kashmiri rulers]]. His rule marked a period of significant expansion, consolidating an empire that stretched from [[Kashgar]], [[Maryul|Ladakh]] to [[West Punjab]] and from [[Kabul]] to [[Chamba State|Chamba]] Under his reign [[Kashmir Sultanate|Kashmiri Sultanate]] reached its greatest territorial extent.<ref name="Retzlaff 49"/>

===Military triumphs===
====Conquests====
As a broad minded intellectual, Shihab'ud-Din, in the first half of his tenure, took care of the Sultanate and brought stability to the social and integral structure of Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hasan |first=Mohibbul |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781032666709 |title=Kashmir Under the Sultans |date=2023-09-26 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-032-66670-9 |location=London |pages=49|doi=10.4324/9781032666709 }}</ref> Full of animation and efficiency, Shihab'ud-Din set out to conquer its neighbour polities to expand and glorify his state. Marching through [[Baramulla]], he first occupied [[Pakhli]] and went on to add [[Swat District|Swat]] to his realm.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hasan |first=Mohibbul |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781032666709 |title=Kashmir Under the Sultans |date=2023-09-26 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-032-66670-9 |location=London |pages=50|doi=10.4324/9781032666709 }}</ref> Next, he invaded the Khokhar dominated [[Pothohar Plateau|Pothohar]], which extended from [[Attock]] to [[Sialkot]]. His commander-in-chief (Mir Bakhshi), Malik Candra, on the other hand, subdued [[Jammu district|Jammu]], [[Kishtwar district|Kishtwar]], [[Chamba district|Chamba]], and other [[Hill States of India|hill states]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Hasan |first=Mohibbul |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781032666709 |title=Kashmir Under the Sultans |date=2023-09-26 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-032-66670-9 |location=London |pages=51|doi=10.4324/9781032666709 }}</ref> Occupying all the bordering states in the south, Shihab'ud-Din went on to defeat the [[Dardic languages|Dardic]] forces of [[Gilgit District|Gilgit]] and the hill states of the north. [[Baltistan]] under the [[Maqpon Dynasty|Maqpons]] and [[Ladakh]] under the [[Maryul]]s were, at that time, tributary states of [[Moghulistan]] and [[Phagmodrupa dynasty|Tibet]], respectively.<ref name=":5" /> Shihab'ud-Din, along with Malik Candra, faced the [[Balti people|Baltis]] and [[Kashgarian|Kashgaris]], defeating them easily and soundly.<ref name=":5" /> He then moved towards Ladakh, beating the joint forces of [[Ladakhis]] and Tibetis.<ref name=":5" /> After all these conquests, Shihab'ud-Din returned to Srinagar around 1370 and rather ought to live the rest of his life peacefully but just after some years, in 1373, he died due to a viral illness.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dutt |first=Jogesh Chunder |title=Rajatarangini of Jonaraja |date=2012-01-01 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-212-0037-0 |location=New Delhi |pages=47–48 |language=English}}</ref>
One of Sultan Shihabu’d-din's remarkable feats was his victory against the ruler of [[Kashgar]], who invaded Kashmir with a formidable army. Despite numerical inferiority, Shihabu’d-din's strategic prowess led to the defeat of the Kashgar forces. This triumph resulted in the annexation of [[Ladakh]] and [[Baltistan]] into the [[Kashmir Sultanate|Kashmiri rule]]<ref name="Nath 2003">{{Cite book |last=Nath |first=R. |title=Oxford Art Online |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t070476 |chapter=Qutb Shahi |date=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t070476 |isbn=9781884446054}}</ref>

===March towards Delhi===
{{Main|Battle of Sutlej (1370)}}
Sultan Shihabu’d-din's ambitions extended beyond Kashmir, prompting a march towards Delhi. The confrontation occurred at the banks of the [[Sutlej|River Satluj]] against [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq|Feroz Shah Tughlaq]]'s army. A peace agreement was reached, stipulating that territories from [[Sirhind-Fategarh|Sirhind]] to Kashmir now belonged to the [[Kashmir Sultanate|Kashmiri Empire]].<ref name="Nath 2003"/>

===Administration===
====Hindu Courtiers in a Muslim Court====
An intriguing aspect of Shihabu’d-din's reign was his embrace of diversity. He notably retained Hindu courtiers in his administration, with Kota Bhat and Udyashri being prominent figures. This unusual practice set him apart from his predecessors.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1373 deaths]]
[[Category:Sultans of Kashmir]]
[[Category:Shah Mir dynasty]]

Sangam Reddy Satyanarayana

2026-04-29T19:57:45Z

Gurushivam: new some entry basic info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Orphan|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sangam Reddy Satyanarayana
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1933|1|21|df=y}}
| birth_place = Muchcherla, Hasanparthi mandal, Hanamkonda district, [[Telangana]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2016|10|10|1933|1|21|df=y}}
| death_place = Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| office = Minister for Transport, Government of Andhra Pradesh
| term = 1983 – 1984
| constituency= [[Hanamkonda Assembly constituency]]
| predecessor = V. Venkateshwara Rao
| successor = T. Hayagreevachari
| children = Bojyaraj, Yogiraj, Prithviraj, Madhavi
}}

'''Sangam Reddy Satyanarayana''' (21 January 1933 – 10 October 2016), popularly known as '''Muchcherla Satyanarayana''', was an Indian politician, first-generation lyricist, and Telangana activist. He served as the Minister for Transport in the Government of Andhra Pradesh (1983–1984) and was a member of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly representing Hanamkonda constituency.<ref name="sakshi2016">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/family/sakshi-literature-poetry-942020|title=బతుకే ఓ పోరాట పాట | sakshi literature on poetry | Sakshi|website=www.sakshi.com}}</ref><ref name="v6velugu2025">{{Cite web|url=https://www.v6velugu.com/|title=Latest Telugu News, తెలుగు వార్తలు, News in Telugu, తెలుగులో వార్తలు, Telugu News Live|first=V6|last=Velugu|date=September 21, 2025|website=V6 Velugu}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Satyanarayana was born on 21 January 1933 in Muchcherla village of Hasanparthi mandal, Hanamkonda district, Telangana to Narsamma and Narsaiah. During his childhood he actively participated in plays such as ''Sri Krishna Tulabharam'' and ''Satya Harischandra'', often winning accolades. He was a contemporary of Prof. Jayashankar, who used to perform female roles in those plays.<ref>Andhrajyothy, "Telangana Vedana, Sadhanala Saakshi", 9 October 2021.</ref>

== Political career ==
With the introduction of Panchayati Raj in 1959, he began as the Sarpanch of Muchcherla, later serving as Samithi President twice, and as President of Hanamkonda Panchayat. His popularity earned him the name "Muchcherla Satyanarayana". In 1983, he contested on behalf of the [[Telugu Desam Party]] and defeated senior Congress leader T. Hayagreevachari with a majority of 21,415 votes, becoming MLA from Hanamkonda and serving as Transport Minister in [[N. T. Rama Rao]]’s cabinet (1983–1984).<ref>V6 Velugu, "Telangana Vaitalikudu Sangam Reddy Satyanarayana", 21 January 2025.</ref>

He was one of the founding members of [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]] (TRS) and contributed ideological guidance during the Telangana movement. Known for his independent outlook and fearless nature, he often distanced himself from mainstream politics.

== Role in Telangana movements ==
=== Idli-Sambar Go Back movement ===
In 1952, Satyanarayana played a leading role in the ''Idli-Sambar Go Back'' and ''Non-Mulki Go Back'' agitations in Warangal. These movements emerged due to the large-scale appointment of non-local (Andhra) officials in Telangana after the Hyderabad Police Action.

=== 1969 Telangana agitation ===
He actively participated in the 1969 Telangana agitation, writing and singing songs such as ''Sanjeeva Reddy Mama'' and ''Raavoyi Raavoyi Marri Chenna Reddy'' which became slogans of the movement. Along with T. Purushotham Rao, he founded the Telangana Rakshana Samithi, organizing public meetings across Telangana.

He also established the newspaper ''Jai Telangana'' to promote the ideology of statehood.<ref>Andhrajyothy, "Bhaugolika Telangana Chaaladanna Darshanikuḍu", 10 October 2023.</ref>

== Later years ==
In the 2000s, he extended support to the re-ignited Telangana movement led by [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]. He continued inspiring youth through his speeches and songs.

== Death ==
Satyanarayana died on 10 October 2016 in Hyderabad at the age of 83.<ref>Sakshi, "Telangana Vaitalikudu Sangamreddi Satyanarayana", 20 October 2016.</ref>

== Legacy ==
A biography on his life and struggles, ''Dhikkara Keratam'', authored by P. Chand, was released on 9 November 2017 at Hanamkonda Public Garden.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.andhrajyothy.com/|title=Andhrajyothi Latest Telugu News , Latest తెలుగు వార్తలు and LIVE Updates | Breaking News in AP and Telangana | Top Stories in Telugu | Andhrajyothy|website=Andhrajyothy Telugu News}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Members of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly (1983)]]

== References ==
<references/>

== External links ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R5vobyyVzRI Video on Sangam Reddy Satyanarayana on YouTube]

[[Category:Indian politicians]]
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]

Tatanagar–Buxar Express

2026-04-27T17:39:48Z

Gurushivam:

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Tatanagar–Buxar Express
| image =
Tata Danapur Super Express.jpg
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1984|07|09}} {{small|(extended to {{stnlnk|Buxar}})}}
| status = {{color|green|Active}}
| last =
| operator = [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]]
| start = {{stnlnk|Tatanagar}} (TATA)
| stops = 35
| end = [[Buxar railway station|Buxar]] (BXR)
| distance = {{convert|614|km|0|abbr=on}}
| frequency = Daily {{efn|Runs seven days in a week for every direction}}
|journeytime = 14hrs 50mins as 18183
14hrs 30mins as 18184
| class = AC Three Tier, AC Three Tier Economy, AC Chair Car, Second Sitting, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| entertainment=
| catering = On-board catering E-catering is available at ARA,PNBE, KIUL, JAJ, JSME, MDP, ASN, PRR & TATA.
| observation = Large windows
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities=
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 18183 / 18184
| speed = {{convert|44|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 18183 / 18184 '''Tatanagar–Buxar Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[South Eastern Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Tatanagar Junction}} and [[Buxar railway station|Buxar]] in India. It is currently being operated with 18183/18184 train numbers on daily basis.<ref>{{Cite web |author=News Desk |date=2024-03-08 |title=Jamshedpur MP flags off Tatanagar-Buxar train |url=https://avenuemail.in/jamshedpur-mp-flags-off-tatanagar-buxar-train/ |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=The Avenue Mail |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-08 |title=MB Bidyut Mahato Flags Off Train to Buxar amid Cheers at Tata Station |url=https://townpost.in/2024/03/08/mb-bidyut-mahato-flags-off-train-to-buxar-amid-cheers-at-tata-station/ |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=Town Post |language=en-US}}</ref>

== History ==

Starting on 12 September 2023, a train was extended to Ara from its previous origin point in Danapur. Subsequently on 8 March 2024, The train was extended to Buxar. Additionally, the train received its LHB coach on 25 January 2022.

== Service==

The 18183/Tatanagar–Buxar Super Express has an average speed of 42 km/h and covers 614 km in 14h 35m. The 18184/Buxar–Tatanagar Super Express has an average speed of 44 km/h and covers 614 km in 13h 50m.

==Coach composition==

The train has 2 LHB rakes with a max speed of 130 kmph. The train consists of 20 coaches:

* 2 AC Three Tier
* 3 AC Three Tier Economy
* 2 AC Chair Car
* 5 Reserved Second Sitting
* 6 Unreserved Second Sitting
* 1 Seating cum Luggage Rake
*1 Generator Car

{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" style="background:orange;"|Loco
!scope="col" style="background:white;"|1
!scope="col" style="background:green;"|2
!scope="col" style="background:white;"|3
!scope="col" style="background:orange;"|4
!scope="col" style="background:white;"|5
!scope="col" style="background:green;"|6
!scope="col" style="background:white;"|7
!scope="col" style="background:orange;"|8
!scope="col" style="background:white;"|9
!scope="col" style="background:green;"|10
!scope="col" style="background:white;"|11
!scope="col" style="background:orange;"|12
!scope="col" style="background:white;"|13
!scope="col" style="background:green;"|14
!scope="col" style="background:white;"|15
!scope="col" style="background:orange;"|16
!scope="col" style="background:white;"|17
!scope="col" style="background: orange;"|18
!scope="col" style="background:white;"|19
!scope="col" style="background: green;"|20
|-
||[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]]
||SLRD||C1||C2||B1||B2||M1||M2||M3||D1||D2||D3||D4||D5||GS||GS||GS||GS||GS||GS||EOG
|}

== Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Tatanagar|Tatanagar Loco Shed]] based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive from Tatanagar to [[Asansol Junction]]. From Asansol Junction both trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Gomoh|Gomoh Loco Shed]] or [[Diesel Loco Shed, Samastipur|Samastipur Loco Shed]] based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive up to Buxar and vice versa.

==Direction reversal==

The train reverses its direction once:

* {{stnlnk|Asansol Junction}}

== See also ==

* [[Tatanagar Junction railway station]]
* [[Buxar railway station]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/362 18183/Tatanagar–Danapur Super Express] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/425 18184/Danapur–Tatanagar Super Express] India Rail Info

{{Railways in Eastern India}}
{{Railways in Northern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tatanagar-Danapur Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Jamshedpur]]
[[Category:Transport in Patna]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Tilanjali

2026-04-24T14:14:33Z

Gurushivam:

{{Short description|1944 novel by Subodh Ghosh}}
{{italic title}}
'''''Tilanjali''''' is a 1944 [[Bengali language]] novel authored by [[Subodh Ghosh]].<ref name="a1">Das, Sisir Kumar. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=sqBjpV9OzcsC&pg=PA757 A History of Indian Literature. 2.]''. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi, 1995. p. 757</ref><ref name="b2">Sanyal, Ashis. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=KzVuAAAAMAAJ Contribution of Bengali Writers to National Freedom Movement]''. Calcutta: Model Publ. House, 1989. p. 161</ref> The novel was published serially in ''Desh''.<ref>Chattopadhyay, Suchorita, and Debalina Sen. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=7eVjAAAAMAAJ Tapestry: An Anthology of 20th Century Indian Short Stories]''. Kolkata: DSA Publication, Dept. of Comparative Literature, Jadavpur University, 2004. p. 145</ref>

The novel is a love story set in the backdrop of the 1943 [[Bengal famine of 1943|Bengal famine]]. In ''Tilanjali'', the author contrasts the ideological postures of the [[Indian National Congress]] and the [[Communist Party of India]] (criticizing the position of the communists).<ref name="a1"/><ref>Ghosh, G. K. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=z34aAQAAIAAJ Language, Literature and National Integration]''. New Delhi: Ashish Pub. House, 1995. p. 108</ref>

==References==
{{Portal|India}}
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Bengali-language novels]]
[[Category:1944 novels]]
[[Category:Novels first published in serial form]]
[[Category:Novels by Subodh Ghosh]]

Tarun Kumar Aich

2026-04-24T10:47:17Z

Gurushivam: new new biography added tags

{{Short description|Indian Army officer (born 1964)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]]
| name = Tarun Kumar Aich
| honorific_suffix = {{Post-nominals|country=IND|size=90%|PVSM|AVSM}}
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Lt Gen Tarun Kumar Aich DCOAS (Strat).jpg
| image_size = 240px
| alt = Lt Gen Tarun Kumar Aich DCOAS (Strat)
| caption = Tarun Kumar Aich with [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]] Insignia
| office = [[Deputy Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Deputy Chief of the Army Staff (Strategy)]]
| 1blankname = [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]]
| 1namedata = [[Manoj Pande]] [[Upendra Dwivedi]]
| term_start = 14 March 2023
| term_end = 31 October 2024
| predecessor = [[M. V. Suchindra Kumar]]
| successor = [[Pratik Sharma]]
| office1 = [[General Officer Commanding-in-Chief|General Officer Commanding]] [[XXXIII Corps (India)|XXXIII Corps]]
| term_start1 = 22 October 2021
| term_end1 = 31 October 2022
| predecessor1 = [[Ajai Kumar Singh]]
| successor1 = VPS Kaushik
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1964|10|19}}
| death_date =
| birth_place =
| death_place =
| nickname =
| birth_name =
| allegiance = {{IND}}
| branch = {{army|India}}
| service_years = 14 June 1986 – 31 October 2024
| rank = [[File:Lieutenant General of the Indian Army.svg|21px]] [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]]
| military_blank1 = Service number
| military_data1 = IC-43710L<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2024/jan/doc2024125302501.pdf|title=List of Personnel Being Conferred Gallantry and Distinguished Service Awards on the Occasion Of Republic Day-2024 / Param Vishisht Seva Medal|accessdate=25 November 2024}}</ref>
| unit = [[File:Madras Regiment insignia (India).svg|18px]][[Madras Regiment|16 Madras Regiment]]
| commands = [[File:XXXIII Corps.png|20px]] [[XXXIII Corps (India)|XXXIII Corps]] [[12th Infantry Division (India)|12th Infantry Division (RAPID)]]
| battles =
| battles_label =
| military_blank2 = Awards
| military_data2 = {{plainlist|
* [[File:Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
* [[File:Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
}}
| relations =
| laterwork =
| signature =
| website =
| other_name =
| memorials =
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
| module =
}}

'''Tarun Kumar Aich,''' (born 19 October 1964) is a retired [[General Officer]] of the [[Indian Army]]. He last served as the 4th [[Deputy Chief of the Army Staff (India)#Deputy Chief of Army Staff (Strategy)|Deputy Chief of the Army Staff (Strategy)]].<ref name="Deputy_Chiefs" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://english.hindusthansamachar.in/Encyc/2023/3/14/Lt-Gen-Tarun-Kumar-Aich-appointed-as-Chief-of-Army-Staff.php | title=Lt Gen Tarun Kumar Aich appointed as Vice Chief of Army Staff |newspaper=Hindusthan Samachar |date=14 March 2023 }}</ref> He is the first officer from the Madras Regiment to become the Deputy Chief of Army Staff DCOAS (Strategy), assuming office from Lt Gen [[M. V. Suchindra Kumar]] on 14 March 2023.<ref name="Deputy_Chiefs">https://indianarmy.nic.in/leaders/leaders-site-main/deputy-chiefs-of-army-staff-leaders-site-main</ref>
Previously, he was the Director General of [[Directorate of Military Intelligence (India)|Military Intelligence]]. Prior to that, he was GOC [[XXXIII Corps (India)|Trishakti Corps (XXXIII Corps)]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lt Gen Tarun Kumar Aich takes charge of Trishakti Corps |url=https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/governance/lt-gen-tarun-kumar-aich-takes-charge-of-trishakti-corps/87207378 |access-date=22 Oct 2021 |website=Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Lt Gen Tarun Kumar Aich takes charge of Trishakti Corps |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/bharat/lt-gen-tarun-kumar-aich-takes-charge-of-trishakti-corps/na20211022152056596 |website=etvbharat.com |date=22 October 2021 |publisher=ETV Bharat |access-date=4 August 2024}}</ref> He earlier served as the Director General of [[National Cadet Corps (India)|National Cadet Corps]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/features/lt-gen-tarun-kumar-aich-takes-dg-ncc-1502944474.html|title=Lt Gen Tarun Kumar Aich takes over as DG NCC|date=4 January 2021 |newspaper=The Statesman}}</ref><ref name="Press Information Bureau-2021">{{cite news |date=1 January 2021 |title=Lt. Gen. Tarun Kumar Aich takes over as Director General, National Cadet Corps |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=218015 |access-date=22 August 2021 |work=Press Information Bureau}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=लेफ्टिनेंट जनरल तरुण कुमार ने संभाला एनसीसी के डीजी का पद |url=https://www.amarujala.com/india-news/lieutenant-general-tarun-kumar-aich-took-charge-of-director-general-of-national-cadet-corps |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Experts |first=Arihant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qNBSEAAAQBAJ&dq=tarun+kumar+aich&pg=PA78 |title=Yuva Current affairs yearly (Budget 2021-22) |date=2021-06-29 |publisher=Arihant Publications India limited |isbn=978-93-257-9126-8 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
He has completed his schooling from [[The Frank Anthony Public School, New Delhi|The Frank Anthony Public School]], Delhi and High school from Delhi Public School, Delhi. He is an alumnus of the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]], Khadakwasla where he graduated with the Degree of Bachelor of Arts and the [[Indian Military Academy]], [[Dehradun]]. He is also an alumnus of the [[Defence Services Staff College]], Wellington and [[Army War College, Mhow]]. He had undergone the Command and General Staff Course (CGSC) at [[Hamburg|Hamburg, Germany]]. He is a Postgraduate and holds an MPhil in Defence and Strategic Studies from the [[University of Madras|Madras University]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=K. |first1=Shefali |title=A more patriotic and a trained youth: Tarun K. Aich |url=https://goachronicle.com/a-more-patriotic-and-a-trained-youth-national-cadet-corps-ncc/ |access-date=5 August 2024 |date=25 August 2021}}</ref>

== Military career ==

He was commissioned into 16th battalion of the [[Madras Regiment]] (Travancore) in June 1986 from the [[Indian Military Academy]].<ref name="Part I-1988">{{cite news |date=29 October 1988 |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1988/O-0635-1988-0044-28046.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India |page=1586}}</ref> He has commanded his battalion in the [[Siachen Glacier]] and in the intense counter terrorism environment of the Valley Sector in Kashmir. He has held the appointment of the Brigade Major of a Brigade in Counter Insurgency Operations (CI Ops) and General Staff Officer-1 in the Military Intelligence Directorate. He has assumed command as the Colonel (General Staff) of a forward assault formation in the plains sector, served as Colonel General Staff (Planning) at Command Headquarters, and held the esteemed post of Brigadier General Staff at the prestigious [[Indian Military Academy]], Commandant of the [[High Altitude Warfare School]] at Gulmarg. He also commanded the 12 Reorganized Army Plains Infantry Division (RAPID) in the desert sector.{{citation needed|date= August 2024}}

On being promoted to the rank of [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant general]], he took over as the 33rd Director General of [[National Cadet Corps (India)|National Cadet Corps]] on 1 January 2021.<ref name="Press Information Bureau-2021" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lt. Gen. Tarun Kumar Aich takes over as DG, NCC |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/features/lt-gen-tarun-kumar-aich-takes-dg-ncc-1502944474.html |access-date=4 Jan 2021 |website=The Statesman|date=4 January 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last= |first=|date=January 5, 2021 |title=Lt. Gen. Tarun Kumar Aich is NCC Director General |url=https://www.ebangla.in/lt-gen-tarun-kumar-aich-is-ncc-director-general/ |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=ebangla.in}}</ref>

On 22 October 2021, he took over as the GOC [[XXXIII Corps (India)|XXXIII Corps]] succeeding Lieutenant General [[Ajai Kumar Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 October 2021 |title=Lt Gen Tarun Kumar Aich took over the command of Trishakti Corps of Eastern Command from Lt Gen AK Singh. |url=https://www.facebook.com/PBNS.India/posts/lt-gen-tarun-kumar-aich-took-over-the-command-of-trishakti-corps-of-eastern-comm/1056653421751809/ |access-date=3 July 2024 |website=Prasar Bharti News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Indiablooms |title=Lieutenant General Tarun Kumar Aich assumes charge as Corps Commander of Trishakti Corps {{!}} Indiablooms - First Portal on Digital News Management |url=https://www.indiablooms.com/news-details/N/76384/lieutenant-general-tarun-kumar-aich-assumes-charge-as-corps-commander-of-trishakti-corps.html |access-date=2024-07-11 |website=Indiablooms.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lt Gen Tarun Kumar Aich assumes command of Trishakti Corps |url=https://www.sikkimexpress.com/lt-gen-tarun-kumar-aich-assumes-command-of-trishakti-corps |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=Sikkimexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETGovernment.com |title=Lt Gen Tarun Kumar Aich takes charge of Trishakti Corps - ET Government |url=https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/governance/lt-gen-tarun-kumar-aich-takes-charge-of-trishakti-corps/87207378 |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=ETGovernment.com |language=en}}</ref> On 11 December 2021, he set up a 400 litres of oxygen per minute oxygen generation plant, at the base hospital in Bengdubi near Bagdogra in Siliguri<ref>{{Cite web |last=Online |first=The Telegraph |date=December 11, 2021 |title=Lt Gen Tarun Kumar Aich, GOC of Trishakti Corps inaugurates oxygen generation plant in Siliguri |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/goc-of-trishakti-corps-inaugurates-oxygen-generation-plant-in-siliguri/cid/1842800 |access-date=March 10, 2023 |website=The Telegraph India}}</ref> On 16 May 2022, Lt Gen Tarun Kumar Aich, the GOC of Trishakti Corps, and Avinash Khare, the [[Chancellor (education)|VC]] of [[Sikkim University]] signed the MoU for the Eastern Command Tibetology cadre course (ECTCC).<ref>{{Cite news |last=The |first=Telegraph |date=16 May 2022 |title=Indian Army signs MoU with Sikkim University |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/indian-army-signs-mou-with-sikkim-university/cid/1865245 |access-date=11 July 2024 |work=The Telegraph |publisher=The Telegraph}}</ref> On 20 September 2022, he inaugurated The Avalanche Monitoring Radar (TAMR) operational in North Sikkim. It is first of its kind radar in India installed jointly by the Indian Army and Defence Geoinformatics and Research Establishment (DGRE) located at an altitude of 15,000 feet.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-09-24 |title=India's first avalanche warning radar starts operating in Sikkim |url=https://www.indianarrative.com/science-news/indias-first-avalanche-warning-radar-starts-operating-in-sikkim-53100.html |access-date=2024-07-11 |website=www.indianarrative.com |language=en}}</ref> After relinquishing the command of Trishakti Corps, he moved to the Army headquarters and assumed the appointment of [[Directorate of Military Intelligence (India)|Director General Military Intelligence]].

On 14 March 2023, he assumed the appointment as the 4th and the current [[Deputy Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Deputy Chief of the Army Staff]] (Strategy) succeeding Lt Gen [[M. V. Suchindra Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite web |author=WEB Desk |title=लेफ्टिनेंट जनरल तरुण कुमार आइच बने चीफ ऑफ आर्मी स्टाफ (स्ट्रेटजी) |url=https://panchjanya.com/2023/03/14/270603/bharat/lt-gen-tarun-kumar-aich-deputy-chief-of-army-staff-strategy/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=panchjanya.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
He supernatuated on 31 October 2024.

== Awards and decorations ==
He has been awarded the [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] in 2024<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-25 |title=List of Gallantry Awards Winners 26 January 2024 Republic Day |url=https://www.ssbcrack.com/2024/01/list-of-gallantry-awards-winners-26-january-2024-republic-day.html |access-date=2024-07-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> and the [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2024 |title=President Shri Ram Nath Kovind approves 455 Gallantry & other defence decorations to Armed Forces personnel on Republic Day |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1692363 |access-date=25 January 2021 |website=Press Information Bureau}}</ref> The general officer has been awarded the Chief of Army Staff's Commendation thrice.<ref name="Deputy_Chiefs" />
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
| colspan="4" |[[File:Param_Vishisht_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|105x105px]] [[File:Ati_Vishisht_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|-
| colspan="4" |[[File:IND_Special_Service_Medal_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]] [[File:IND_Siachen_Glacier_Medal_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]] [[File:IND_Operation_Vijay_medal.svg|105x105px]]
|-
|[[File:IND_Sainya_Seva_Medal_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_High_Altitude_Medal_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_Videsh_Seva_Medal_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:75yearmedal.svg|105x105px]]
|-
|[[File:IND_50th_Anniversary_Independence_medal.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_30_Years_Long_Service_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105x105px]]
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
| colspan="2" |[[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
| colspan="2" |[[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|-
|[[Special Service Medal (India)|Special Service Medal]]
| colspan="2" |[[Siachen Glacier Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Operation Vijay Medal]]
|-
|[[Sainya Seva Medal]]
|[[High Altitude Medal]]
|[[Videsh Seva Medal]]
|[[75th Independence Anniversary Medal (India)|75th Independence Anniversary Medal]]
|-
|[[50th Independence Anniversary Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|30 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|20 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|9 Years Long Service Medal]]
|}

== Dates of rank ==
{| class="wikitable" style="background:white"
!Insignia
!Rank
!Component
!Date of rank
|-
| style="text-align:center" |[[File:Second_Lieutenant_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|89x89px]]
|[[Second Lieutenant]]
|[[Indian Army]]
|14 June 1986<ref name="Part I-1988" />
|-
| style="text-align:center" |[[File:Lieutenant_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|89x89px]]
|[[Lieutenant]]
|Indian Army
|14 June 1988<ref>{{cite news |date=14 October 1989 |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1989/O-0594-1989-0041-25652.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India |page=1551}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center" |[[File:Captain_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|89x89px]]
|[[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]]
|Indian Army
|14 June 1991<ref>{{cite news |date=22 August 1992 |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1992/O-0469-1992-0034-18769.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India |page=1441}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center" |[[File:Major_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|89x89px]]
|[[Major (rank)|Major]]
|Indian Army
|14 June 1997<ref>{{cite news |date=27 September 1997 |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1997/O-0207-1997-0039-7688.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India |page=1476}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center" |[[File:Lieutenant_Colonel_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|89x89px]]
|[[Lieutenant Colonel]]
|Indian Army
|16 December 2004<ref>{{cite news |date=6 August 2005 |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/2005/W_32_2012_130.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India |page=1355}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center" |[[File:Colonel_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|89x89px]]
|[[Colonel (India)|Colonel]]
|Indian Army
|1 May 2007<ref>{{cite news |date=15 August 2009 |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/2009/W_33_2010_011.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India |page=1386}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center" |[[File:Brigadier_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|89x89px]]
|[[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]]
|Indian Army
|14 December 2012 (acting)
1 April 2013 (substantive, with seniority from 10 June 2011)<ref>{{cite news |date=15 August 2015 |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/2015/165120.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India |page=2137}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center" |[[File:Major_General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|89x89px]]
|[[Major general (India)|Major General]]
|Indian Army
|1 October 2018 (seniority from 1 February 2017)<ref>{{cite news |date=25 December 2021 |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/2021/232121.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India |page=2962}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center" |[[File:Lieutenant_General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|89x89px]]
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]]
|Indian Army
|1 January 2021<ref>{{cite news |date=4 February 2023 |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/2023/243429.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India |page=273}}</ref>
|}

==Gallery==
<gallery perrow="4">
DG NCC 2.jpg| The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi presenting the trophy to the winners, at the National Cadet Corps (NCC) Rally, in New Delhi. The DG, NCC, Lieutenant General Tarun Kumar Aich is also seen, January 28, 2021.
Tarun Kumar Aich receiving AVSM.jpg|President Kovind presents Ati Vishisht Seva Medal to Lt. General Tarun Kumar Aich, The Infantry. November 23, 2021.
</gallery>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category-inline}}
* [https://indianarmy.nic.in/leaders/leaders-site-main/deputy-chiefs-of-army-staff-leaders-site-main www.indianarmy.nic.in/]
* [https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/eventgallery/pm-at-the-national-cadet-corps-ncc-rally-in-new-delhi-january-28-2021/ www.pmindia.gov.in]
* [https://nccorissa.org/old/Aboutus_Messages_Dignitaries.htm www.nccorissa.org]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jssI_Ft28yQ President of India presents AVSM to Lt. Gen. Tarun Kumar Aich]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aich, Tarun Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian generals]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:National Defence Academy (India) alumni]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

Ashwini Kumar Upadhyay v. Union of India

2026-04-19T16:30:42Z

Gurushivam: Put Up Initial Bio More To Come - done

{{Short description|2020 Supreme Court case about Places of Worship Act}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox court case
| start date = 2020
| image = Emblem of the Supreme Court of India 2025.svg
| court = [[Supreme Court of India]]
| citations = {{Abbr|WP|Writ Petition}} (Civil) No. 1246 of 2020
| full name = Ashwini Kumar Upadhyay vs. Union of India & Ors.
| dates_decided =
| judges = [[Sanjiv Khanna]] (Chief Justice), [[K. V. Viswanathan]], [[P. V. Sanjay Kumar]]
| prior_history =
| holding =
| related actions = [[2019 Supreme Court verdict on Ayodhya dispute]]
| court_membership =
| laws_applied = [[Constitution of India]], Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act, 1991
}}

'''''Ashwini Kumar Upadhyay v. Union of India''','' [[Writ petition|WP]] (Civil) 1246/2020'','' also known as the '''Places of Worship Act case''', is an ongoing litigation before the [[Supreme Court of India]] examining the constitutional validity of the [[Places of Worship Act, 1991]], which prohibits the conversion of any place of worship and provides for the maintenance of the religious character of any place of worship. The lead petition, filed by advocate and [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] leader [[Ashwini Upadhyay|Ashwini Kumar Upadhyay]], challenges the Sections 2–4 of the act arguing that the law infringes on religious freedom and constitutional [[Secularism in India|secularism]]. The case has significant implications for several ongoing disputes over religious sites in India, including the [[Gyanvapi Mosque|Gyanvapi mosque]] in [[Varanasi]] and the [[Shahi Eidgah mosque (Mathura)|Shahi Eidgah mosque]] in [[Mathura]].

== Background ==
The Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act, 1991, was enacted by the [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] government during the peak of the [[Ram Janmabhoomi]] movement.<ref name="venkataramanan-2019">{{Cite news |last=Venkataramanan |first=K. |date=2019-11-16 |title=What does the Places of Worship Act protect? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/what-does-the-places-of-worship-act-protect/article61615043.ece |access-date=2025-07-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref> The Act's stated objective was to freeze the status of all places of worship as they were on 15 August 1947, and to prevent future disputes over their religious character.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-13 |title=Explained: India’s controversial Places of Worship Act |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cwypgp8gnjjo |access-date=2025-07-31 |work=BBC News |language=en}}</ref> Section 3 of the Act bars the conversion of a place of worship of any religious denomination into a place of worship of a different religious denomination. Section 4 declares that the religious character of a place of worship shall continue to be the same as it was on the date of India's independence.<ref name="venkataramanan-2019" /> The only exception made in the Act, under Section 5, was for the Ram Janmabhoomi-Babri Masjid site in [[Ayodhya]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2019-10-16 |title=Ayodhya dispute: The complex legal history of India's holy site |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50065277 |access-date=2025-07-31 |work=BBC News |language=en}}</ref> In its 2019 [[2019 Supreme Court verdict on Ayodhya dispute|verdict on the Ayodhya dispute]], a five-judge Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court, while awarding the disputed site for the construction of a Ram temple, had commented on the 1991 Act.<ref name=":0" /> The Court stated that the Act "is a legislative instrument designed to protect the secular features of the Indian polity, which is one of the basic features of the Constitution."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dhawan |first=Pranav |last2=Maniktalaare |first2=Parth |date=2019-12-11 |title=The Ayodhya Ruling and the Rule of Law – RightsViews |url=https://blogs.cuit.columbia.edu/rightsviews/2019/12/11/the-ayodhya-ruling-and-the-rule-of-law/ |access-date=2025-07-31 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Legal challenge and arguments ==
In June 2020, Ashwini Kumar Upadhyay filed a writ petition challenging Sections 2, 3, and 4 of the Places of Worship Act, 1991, with several other similar petitions subsequently filed and tagged with the main case.<ref name="SCObserver_WP_Summary">{{cite web |title=Writ Petition Summary—Constitutionality of the Places of Worship Act |url=https://www.scobserver.in/reports/writ-petition-summary-3/ |access-date=30 July 2025 |publisher=Supreme Court Observer}}</ref> The petitioners argue that the Act infringes on the fundamental rights to equality ([[Article 14 of the Constitution of India|Article 14]]), non-discrimination ([[Article 15 of the Constitution of India|Article 15]]), and freedom of religion ([[Article 25 of the Constitution of India|Articles 25]] and [[Article 26 of the Constitution of India|26]]).<ref name="SCObserver_WP_Summary" /> They further contend that the Act creates an unconstitutional bar on [[judicial review]], which is a basic feature of the Constitution, by preventing courts from hearing claims over places of worship converted before 1947.<ref name="virmani-2023">{{Cite web |last=Virmani |first=Luv |date=2023-07-15 |title=Is The Places of Worship Act, 1991 constitutional? |url=https://www.barandbench.com/columns/is-the-places-of-worship-special-provisions-act-1991-constitutional |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref> The challenge also targets the choice of 15 August 1947 as an "arbitrary and irrational" cut-off date, which petitioners claim retroactively validates historical wrongs committed against their religious sites.<ref name="SCObserver_Background3">{{cite web |title=Constitutionality of the Places of Worship Act - Case Background |url=https://www.scobserver.in/cases/constitutionality-of-the-places-of-worship-act-case-background-ashwini-kumar-upadhyay-union-of-india/ |access-date=30 July 2025 |publisher=Supreme Court Observer}}</ref><ref name="virmani-2023" /> The petitions also question the [[Parliament of India]]'s legislative competence to make laws on "pilgrimages", a subject on the State List of the Constitution's Seventh Schedule, and assert that the Act violates secularism by creating an exception for the Ayodhya dispute while denying similar recourse to other communities.<ref name="SCObserver_WP_Summary" /><ref name="virmani-2023" />

=== Proceedings ===
The Supreme Court issued notice to the [[Government of India]] on the petition in March 2021. Since then, the case has been heard by multiple benches. The Union government has repeatedly sought extensions to file a "comprehensive" counter-affidavit detailing its stance on the law, but as of early 2025, it had not yet done so. Several political parties and Muslim organizations, including the [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]] and the [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]], have intervened in the case, supporting the Act and arguing that it is essential for maintaining communal harmony.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Salam |first=Ziya Us |date=2024-12-12 |title=Muslim bodies welcome Supreme Court’s interim order on Places of Worship Act |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/muslim-bodies-welcome-supreme-courts-interim-order-on-places-of-worship-act/article68978684.ece |access-date=2025-07-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref> In January 2024, a bench headed by Chief Justice [[D. Y. Chandrachud]] referred the pleas to a three-judge bench.<ref name="rajagopal-2024">{{Cite news |last=Rajagopal |first=Krishnadas |date=2024-12-07 |title=CJI-led Special Bench to hear challenges against Places of Worship Act on December 12 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-constitutes-special-bench-headed-by-cji-to-hear-challenges-to-pow-act/article68957904.ece |access-date=2025-07-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref> In subsequent hearings, the court expressed displeasure at the filing of numerous new petitions and intervention applications, with the Chief Justice stating, "We cannot keep these petitions pending endlessly. There has to be an end to this."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Debayan |date=2025-02-17 |title=There should be a limit to intervention applications in Places of Worship Act challenge: Supreme Court |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/there-should-be-a-limit-to-intervention-applications-in-places-of-worship-act-challenge-supreme-court |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref> The court has indicated it will only entertain applications that raise new legal grounds.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Rajagopal |first=Krishnadas |date=2025-02-17 |title=Places of Worship case put off; Centre yet to file response |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/places-of-worship-act-case-may-be-taken-up-in-april-cji-indicates/article69228952.ece |access-date=2025-07-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Significance and implications ==
The case is highly anticipated due to its far-reaching implications.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-05-17 |title=Gyanvapi masjid: India dispute could become a religious flashpoint |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-61476741 |access-date=2025-07-31 |work=BBC News |language=en}}</ref> A decision to strike down the Act or dilute its provisions could enable further litigation aimed at reclaiming religious sites across the country, similar to the Ayodhya dispute. Proponents of the Act argue that its repeal would lead to widespread communal conflict and disturb social harmony.<ref name=":1" /> Conversely, those challenging the Act argue that it denies justice and perpetuates historical wrongs.<ref name=":1" /> The case is seen as a major test for the constitutional principles of secularism, equality, and judicial review in India.<ref name="rajagopal-2024" /> The government's prolonged delay in clarifying its official stance has also been a significant point of discussion.<ref name="rajagopal-2024" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{SCI-cases}}

[[Category:Indian case law]]
[[Category:Supreme Court of India cases in 2020]]
[[Category:2020 in Indian law]]
[[Category:Religious controversies in India]]

Afazuddin Ahmed

2026-04-18T19:57:28Z

Gurushivam: Put Up New Stub Needs Work - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Afazuddin Ahmed
| image =
| birth_date =
| death_date =
| birth_place =
| alma_mater =
| death_place =
| office1 = Member of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 1978
| term_end1 = 1985
| predecessor1 = [[Lila Kanta Das]]
| successor1 = [[Jagot Hazarika]]
| constituency1 = [[Naoboicha Assembly constituency|Naoboicha]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| children =
| source =
}}
'''Afazuddin Ahmed''' was a former legislator of [[Assam]] who won the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] elections in 1978 and 1983 from [[Naoboicha Assembly constituency|Naoboicha constituency]].<ref name="eci1978">{{cite web | url=https://eci.gov.in/statistical-report/statistical-reports/ | title=STATISTICAL REPORTS OF GENERAL ELECTION TO STATE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY (VIDHANSABHA) 1978 | publisher=Election Commission of india | accessdate=28 November 2020 | archive-date=9 December 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209123723/https://eci.gov.in/statistical-report/statistical-reports/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="assam">{{cite web | url=http://assamassembly.gov.in/mla-1985-91.html | title=Assam Legislative Assembly - Members 1978-83 | publisher=Govt. of Assam | accessdate=29 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1978 |title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1978 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ASSAM |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3996-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-1978/?do=download |url-status=live |access-date=16 November 2024 |website=eci.gov.in |archive-date=30 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930232159/https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3996-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-1978/?do=download }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahmed, Afazuddin}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1978–1983]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1983–1985]]

{{Assam-politician-stub}}

2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election

2026-04-13T16:45:56Z

Gurushivam: Put Up The Stub Added Tags - done

{{short description|Election in Sikkim}}
{{For|Lok Sabha election|2024 Indian general election in Sikkim}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox election
| type = legislative
| ongoing = No
| country = India
| previous_year = 2019
| previous_election = 2019 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election
| election_date = {{Start date|2024|04|19|df=yes}}
| next_year = 2029
| next_election = Next Sikkim Legislative Assembly election
| seats_for_election = 32 seats in the [[Sikkim Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 17
| turnout = 79.88% ({{decrease}} 1.55%){{efn|does not include postal ballots}}
| outgoing_members = 10th Sikkim Assembly#Members of Legislative Assembly
| elected_members = 11th Sikkim Assembly#Members of Legislative Assembly
| party1 = Sikkim Krantikari Morcha
| alliance1 = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Prem Singh Tamang.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=05}}
| leader1 = [[Prem Singh Tamang]]
| leaders_seat1 = [[Rhenock Assembly constituency|Rhenock]] (retained), [[Soreng–Chakung Assembly constituency|Soreng–Chakung]] (vacated)
| last_election1 = 47.03%, 17 seats
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 14
| party2 = Sikkim Democratic Front
| alliance2 = 
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=PawanKumarChamling.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=03}}
| leader2 = [[Pawan Kumar Chamling]]
| leaders_seat2 = [[Poklok–Kamrang Assembly constituency|Poklok–Kamrang]], [[Namchaybong Assembly constituency|Namchaybong]] (both lost)
| last_election2 = 47.63%, 15 seats
| map_image = [[File:2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly Election Result Map.svg|300px]]
| map2_image = India Sikkim Legislative Assembly 2024.svg
| map2_caption = Structure of the [[Sikkim Legislative Assembly]] after the election
| map2_size = 300px
| title = [[List of chief ministers of Sikkim|Chief Minister]]
| before_election = [[Prem Singh Tamang]]
| before_party = Sikkim Krantikari Morcha
| posttitle = [[List of chief ministers of Sikkim|Chief Minister]] after election
| after_election = [[Prem Singh Tamang]]
| after_party = Sikkim Krantikari Morcha
| seats1 = '''31'''
| seats2 = 1
| percentage1 = '''58.38%'''
| percentage2 = 27.37%
| popular_vote1 = '''225,068'''
| popular_vote2 = 105,503
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 14
| swing1 = {{increase}} 13.35%
| swing2 = {{decrease}} 25.26%
}}
'''Legislative Assembly elections''' were held in [[Elections in Sikkim|Sikkim]] on [[2024 elections in India|19 April 2024]] to elect the [[List of constituencies of the Sikkim Legislative Assembly|32 members]] of the [[11th Sikkim Assembly]]. The votes were counted and the results were declared on 2 June 2024. The incumbent [[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha]] government, led by chief minister [[Prem Singh Tamang]], won re-election to a second term.

== Background ==
The tenure of [[Sikkim Legislative Assembly]] is scheduled to end on 2 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Terms of the Houses |url=https://eci.gov.in/elections/term-of-houses/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328103956/https://eci.gov.in/elections/term-of-houses/ |archive-date=28 March 2022 |access-date=2022-02-13 |website=Election Commission of India |language=en-IN}}</ref> The [[2019 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|previous assembly elections]] were held in April 2019. After the election, [[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha]] formed the [[Government of Sikkim|state government]], with [[Prem Singh Tamang]] becoming the [[List of chief ministers of Sikkim|Chief Minister]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 May 2019 |title=SKM president Prem Singh Tamang takes oath as Sikkim Chief Minister |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/p-s-golay-sworn-in-as-sikkim-cm-119052700178_1.html |access-date=25 June 2022 |archive-date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203223334/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/p-s-golay-sworn-in-as-sikkim-cm-119052700178_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Schedule ==
The schedule of the election was announced by the [[Election Commission of India]] on 16 March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-16 |title=Sikkim Assembly election 2024 to be held on April 19: Here is complete schedule |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sikkim-assembly-election-2024-to-be-held-on-april-19-here-is-complete-schedule-101710581636706.html |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=3 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403050051/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sikkim-assembly-election-2024-to-be-held-on-april-19-here-is-complete-schedule-101710581636706.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Poll event
! Schedule
|-
| Notification date
| 20 March 2024
|-
| Last date for filing nomination
| 27 March 2024
|-
| Scrutiny of nomination
| 28 March 2024
|-
| Last date for withdrawal of nomination
| 30 March 2024
|-
|''' Date of poll'''
| '''19 April 2024'''
|-
| '''Date of Counting of Votes'''
| '''2 June 2024'''
|}

== Parties and alliances ==
{|class="wikitable defaultcenter col2left col5left" style="font-size: 100%"
|+
!colspan="2" |Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|[[File:Sikkim Krantikari Morcha flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Symbol SKM.png|50px]]
|[[Prem Singh Tamang]]
|32
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
|[[File:Sikkim-Democratic-Front-flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Umberlla.png|50px]]
|[[Pawan Kumar Chamling|Pawan Chamling]]
|32
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[File:BJP flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:BJP election symbol.png|50px]]
|[[Dilli Ram Thapa]]
|31
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[File:INC Flag Official.jpg|50px]]
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|50px]]
|Gopal Chettri<ref>{{cite web|title=Gopal Chettri appointed president of Congress' Sikkim unit|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/sikkim/gopal-chettri-appointed-president-of-congress-sikkim-unit-2698500|access-date=16 April 2024|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603094911/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/sikkim/gopal-chettri-appointed-president-of-congress-sikkim-unit-2698500|url-status=live}}</ref>
|12
|-
|{{Full party name with color |Citizen Action Party – Sikkim}}
|[[File:No flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Nagrik.png|50px]]
|Ganesh Kumar Rai<ref>{{cite news|title=Ganesh Rai campaigns in Chujachen|url=https://www.sikkimexpress.com/ganesh-rai-campaigns-in-chujachen|access-date=20 April 2024|work=Sikkim Express|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603094913/https://www.sikkimexpress.com/ganesh-rai-campaigns-in-chujachen|url-status=live}}</ref>
|30
|-
|}

== Candidates ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="line-height:20px;text-align:left;"
|+List of candidates<ref name=":0">{{cite report|title=List of contesting candidates|url=https://ceosikkim.nic.in/UploadedFiles/NotificationCirculars/Election%20Gaz%202024.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416024013/https://ceosikkim.nic.in/UploadedFiles/NotificationCirculars/Election%20Gaz%202024.pdf|archive-date=16 April 2024|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Sikkim}}</ref>
! rowspan="2" | District
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Constituency
| colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}"|
| colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}"|
| colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|-
! colspan="3" | [[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|SKM]]
! colspan="3" | [[Sikkim Democratic Front|SDF]]
! colspan="3" | [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Gyalshing district|Gyalshing]]
!1
|[[Yoksam–Tashiding Assembly constituency|Yoksam–Tashiding]] ({{tooltip|BL|Reserved for Bhuta-Lepcha community}})
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|[[Tshering Thendup Bhutia]]
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
|Meewang Gyatso Bhutia
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Kunzang Sherab Bhutia
|-
!2
|[[Yangthang Assembly constituency|Yangthang]]
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|[[Bhim Hang Limboo]]
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
|Kesham Limboo
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sancha Man Limboo
|-
!3
|[[Maneybong–Dentam Assembly constituency|Maneybong–Dentam]]
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|[[Sudesh Kumar Subba]]
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
|Tika Ram Chettri
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Narendra Kumar Subba]]
|-
!4
|[[Gyalshing–Barnyak Assembly constituency|Gyalshing–Barnyak]]
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|[[Lok Nath Sharma]]
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
|Tika Prasad Sharma
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Bharat Kumar Sharma
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Soreng district|Soreng]]
!5
|[[Rinchenpong Assembly constituency|Rinchenpong]] ({{tooltip|BL|Reserved for Bhuta-Lepcha community}})
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|[[Erung Tenzing Lepcha]]
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
|Norden Bhutia
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sancho Lepcha
|-
!6
|[[Daramdin Assembly constituency|Daramdin]] ({{tooltip|BL|Reserved for Bhuta-Lepcha community}})
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|[[Mingma Narbu Sherpa]]
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
|Pem Norbu Sherpa
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Phurba Dorjee Sherpa
|-
!7
|[[Soreng–Chakung Assembly constituency|Soreng–Chakung]]
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|[[Prem Singh Tamang]]
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
|Akar Dhoj Limbu
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Purna Singh Subba
|-
!8
|[[Salghari–Zoom Assembly constituency|Salghari–Zoom]] ({{tooltip|SC|Reserved for Scheduled Castes}})
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|[[Madan Cintury]]
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
|Janga Bir Darnal
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Pahal Man Kami
|-
| rowspan="8" |[[Namchi district|Namchi]]
!9
|[[Barfung Assembly constituency|Barfung]] ({{tooltip|BL|Reserved for Bhuta-Lepcha community}})
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|[[Rikshal Dorjee Bhutia]]
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
|[[Bhaichung Bhutia]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Tashi Dadul Bhutia
|-
!10
|[[Poklok–Kamrang Assembly constituency|Poklok–Kamrang]]
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|[[Bhoj Raj Rai]]
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
|[[Pawan Kumar Chamling]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Arjun Rai
|-
!11
|[[Namchi–Singhithang Assembly constituency|Namchi–Singhithang]]
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|[[Krishna Kumari Rai]]
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
|Bimal Rai
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Aruna Manger
|-
!12
|[[Melli Assembly constituency|Melli]]
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|[[Nar Bahadur Pradhan]]
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
|Nirmal Kumar Pradhan
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Yogen Rai
|-
!13
|[[Namthang–Rateypani Assembly constituency|Namthang–Rateypani]]
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|[[Sanjit Kharel|Sanjeet Kharel]]
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
|Suman Pradhan
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Janak Kumar Gurung
|-
!14
|[[Temi–Namphing Assembly constituency|Temi–Namphing]]
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|[[Bedu Singh Panth]]
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
|Suman Kumar Tewari
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Bhupendra Giri
|-
!15
|[[Rangang–Yangang Assembly constituency|Rangang–Yangang]]
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|[[Raj Kumari Thapa]]
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
|Mani Kumar Subba
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Gopi Das Pokhrel
|-
!16
|[[Tumin–Lingee Assembly constituency|Tumin–Lingee]] ({{tooltip|BL|Reserved for Bhuta-Lepcha community}})
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|[[Samdup Tshering Bhutia]]
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
|Norzong Lepcha
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Passang Gyali Sherpa
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Gangtok district|Gangtok]]
!17
|[[Khamdong–Singtam Assembly constituency|Khamdong–Singtam]]
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|[[Nar Bahadur Dahal]]
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
|[[Mani Kumar Sharma]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Chetan Sapkota
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Pakyong district|Pakyong]]
!18
|[[West Pendam Assembly constituency|West Pendam]] ({{tooltip|SC|Reserved for Scheduled Castes}})
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|[[Lall Bahadur Das]]
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
|Anup Thatal
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Bhupal Baraily
|-
!19
|[[Rhenock Assembly constituency|Rhenock]]
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|[[Prem Singh Tamang]]
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
|[[Somnath Poudyal]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Prem Chhetri
|-
!20
|[[Chujachen Assembly constituency|Chujachen]]
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|[[Puran Kumar Gurung]]
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
|Mani Kumar Gurung
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Duk Nath Nepal
|-
!21
|[[Gnathang–Machong Assembly constituency|Gnathang–Machong]] ({{tooltip|BL|Reserved for Bhuta-Lepcha community}})
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|[[Pamin Lepcha]]
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
|[[Tshering Wangdi Lepcha]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sangay Gyatso Bhutia
|-
!22
|[[Namchaybong Assembly constituency|Namchaybong]]
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|[[Raju Basnet (politician)|Raju Basnet]]
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
|[[Pawan Kumar Chamling]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Pooja Sharma
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Gangtok district|Gangtok]]
!23
|[[Shyari Assembly constituency|Shyari]]
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|[[Kunga Nima Lepcha]]
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
|Tenzing Norbu Lamtha
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Pempo Dorjee Lepcha
|-
!24
|[[Martam–Rumtek Assembly constituency|Martam–Rumtek]] ({{tooltip|BL|Reserved for Bhuta-Lepcha community}})
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|[[Sonam Venchungpa]]
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
|Mechung Bhutia
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Chewang Dadul Bhutia
|-
!25
|[[Upper Tadong Assembly constituency|Upper Tadong]]
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|[[Gay Tshering Dhungel]]
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
|Chandra Bahadur Chettri
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Niren Bhandari
|-
!26
|[[Arithang Assembly constituency|Arithang]]
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|[[Arun Kumar Upreti]]
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
|Ashis Rai
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Udai Gurung
|-
!27
|[[Gangtok Assembly constituency|Gangtok]]
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|[[Delay Namgyal Barfungpa]]
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
|Pintso Chopel Lepcha
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Pema Wangyal Rinzing
|-
!28
|[[Upper Burtuk Assembly constituency|Upper Burtuk]]
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|[[Kala Rai]]
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
|Dil Bahadur Thapa Manger
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Dilli Ram Thapa]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Mangan district|Mangan]]
!29
|[[Kabi–Lungchok Assembly constituency|Kabi–Lungchok]] ({{tooltip|BL|Reserved for Bhuta-Lepcha community}})
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|[[Thenlay Tshering Bhutia]]
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
|Gnawo Chopel Lepcha
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Ugen Nedup Bhutia
|-
!30
|[[Djongu Assembly constituency|Djongu]] ({{tooltip|BL|Reserved for Bhuta-Lepcha community}})
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|[[Pintso Namgyal Lepcha]]
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
|[[Sonam Gyatso Lepcha]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Penzong Lepcha
|-
!31
|[[Lachen–Mangan Assembly constituency|Lachen–Mangan]] ({{tooltip|BL|Reserved for Bhuta-Lepcha community}})
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|[[Samdup Lepcha]]
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
|[[Hishey Lachungpa]]
!colspan=3|None
|-
|
!32
|[[Sangha Assembly constituency|Sangha]] ({{tooltip|BM|Reserved for Buddhist Monasteries}})
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|[[Sonam Lama]]
|{{party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
|Tshering Lama
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Tseten Tashi Bhutia
|-
|}

== Results ==
=== Results by party ===
{|class="wikitable defaultcenter col1left" style="font-size: 100%"
|+ Results by party<ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/partywiseresult-S21.htm|title=Party wise results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=2 June 2024|archive-date=2 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602085710/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/partywiseresult-S21.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=2 June 2024|title=Sikkim Election Results 2024: SKM sweeps polls by winning 31 of 32 seats, SDF bags 1|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/sikkim-assembly/sikkim-assembly-election-results-live-updates-june-2-2024/article68239147.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602131137/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/sikkim-assembly/sikkim-assembly-election-results-live-updates-june-2-2024/article68239147.ece|archive-date=2 June 2024|access-date=2 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> |[[File:India_Sikkim_Legislative_Assembly_2024.svg]]
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Party
!colspan="3"|Popular vote
!colspan="3"|Seats
|-
!Votes
!%
!Change ([[Percentage point|pp]])
!Contested
!Won
!Change
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|2,25,068
|58.38
|{{increase}} 11.21
|32
|31
|{{increase}} 14
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front }}
|1,05,503
|27.37
|{{decrease}} 20.26
|32
|1
|{{decrease}} 14
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Citizen Action Party – Sikkim}}
|23,261
|6.03
|New
|30
|0
|{{steady}}
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|19,956
|5.18
|{{increase}} 3.56
|31
|0
|{{steady}}
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,228
|0.32
|{{decrease}} 0.45
|12
|0
|{{steady}}
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|6,678
|1.73
|
|9
|0
|{{steady}}
|-
|{{Party name with color|None of the above (India)}}
|3,813
|0.99
|{{increase}} 0.13
!colspan="3" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!3,85,072
!100%
! -
!146
!32
!-
|-
|}

=== Results by districts ===
{{Table alignment}}
{|class="wikitable defaultcenter col1left" style="font-size: 100%"
|+Results by district<ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/statewiseS211.htm|title=State wise results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=2 June 2024|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603094913/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/statewiseS211.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
!District
!Seats
![[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|SKM]]
![[Sikkim Democratic Front|SDF]]
|-
|[[Gyalshing district|Gyalshing]]
!4
|style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}} ; color:white;" |4
|0
|-
|[[Soreng district|Soreng]]
!4
|style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}} ; color:white;"|4
|0
|-
|[[Namchi district|Namchi]]
!8
|style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}} ; color:white;"|8
|0
|-
|[[Gangtok district|Gangtok]]
!7
|style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}} ; color:white;"|6
|1
|-
|[[Pakyong district|Pakyong]]
!5
|style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}} ; color:white;"|5
|0
|-
|[[Mangan district|Mangan]]
!3
|style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}} ; color:white;"|3
|0
|-
|[[Sangha Assembly constituency|Sangha]]
!1
|style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}} ; color:white;"|1
|0
|-
!Total
!32
!31
!1
|}
{{clear}}

=== Results by constituency ===
{|class="sortable wikitable defaultleft" style="font-size: 90%"
|+Results by constituency<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=2 June 2024|title=Election Results 2024 Sikkim: Full list of winners on all 32 Legislative Assembly seats of Sikkim |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/election-results-2024-sikkim-full-list-of-winners-on-all-32-legislative-assembly-seats-of-sikkim-9366829/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603081356/https://indianexpress.com/elections/election-results-2024-sikkim-full-list-of-winners-on-all-32-legislative-assembly-seats-of-sikkim-9366829/ |archive-date=3 June 2024|access-date=3 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]|date=2 June 2024|title=Sikkim Assembly Election 2024 Winners List |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/sikkim-assembly-election-2024-winners-list/3509765/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603081540/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/sikkim-assembly-election-2024-winners-list/3509765/|archive-date=3 June 2024|access-date=3 June 2024}}</ref>
! rowspan="2" |District
! colspan="2" |Constituency
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner-up
! rowspan="2" |Margin
|-
! No.
! Name
! Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
! Votes
!%
! Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
! Votes
!%
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Gyalshing district|Gyalshing]]
!1
|[[Yoksam–Tashiding Assembly constituency|Yoksam–Tashiding]] ({{tooltip|BL|Reserved for Bhuta-Lepcha community}})
|[[Tshering Thendup Bhutia]]
|{{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|full=no}}
|8,271
|60.8
|Meewang Gyatso Bhutia
|{{Party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front|full=no}}
|3,459
|25.43
|style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}} ; color:white;" |4,812
|-
!2
|[[Yangthang Assembly constituency|Yangthang]]
|[[Bhim Hang Limboo]]
|{{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|full=no}}
|6,621
|54.61
|Kesham Limboo
|{{Party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front|full=no}}
|4,065
|33.53
|style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}} ; color:white;" |2,556
|-
!3
|[[Maneybong–Dentam Assembly constituency|Maneybong–Dentam]]
|[[Sudesh Kumar Subba]]
|{{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|full=no}}
|8,553
|61.16
|Tika Ram Chettri
|{{Party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front|full=no}}
|2,514
|17.68
|style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}} ; color:white;" |6,039
|-
!4
|[[Gyalshing–Barnyak Assembly constituency|Gyalshing–Barnyak]]
|[[Lok Nath Sharma]]
|{{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|full=no}}
|5,612
|48.1
|Khusandra Prasad Sharma
|{{Party name with color|Independent|full=no}}
|4,649
|39.85
|style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}} ; color:white;" |963
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Soreng district|Soreng]]
!5
|[[Rinchenpong Assembly constituency|Rinchenpong]] ({{tooltip|BL|Reserved for Bhuta-Lepcha community}})
|[[Erung Tenzing Lepcha]]
|{{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|full=no}}
|9,624
|68.91
|Norden Bhutia
|{{Party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front|full=no}}
|3,224
|23.08
|style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}} ; color:white;" |6,400
|-
!6
|[[Daramdin Assembly constituency|Daramdin]] ({{tooltip|BL|Reserved for Bhuta-Lepcha community}})
|[[Mingma Narbu Sherpa]]
|{{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|full=no}}
|9,404
|67.75
|Pem Norbu Sherpa
|{{Party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front|full=no}}
|3,429
|24.7
|style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}} ; color:white;" |5,975
|-
!7
|[[Soreng–Chakung Assembly constituency|Soreng–Chakung]]
|[[Prem Singh Tamang]]
|{{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|full=no}}
|10,480
|71.18
|Akar Dhoj Limbu
|{{Party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front|full=no}}
|3,084
|21.24
|style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}} ; color:white;" |7,396
|-
!8
|[[Salghari–Zoom Assembly constituency|Salghari–Zoom]] ({{tooltip|SC|Reserved for Scheduled Castes}})
|[[Madan Cintury]]
|{{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|full=no}}
|5,678
|58.69
|Janga Bir Darnal
|{{Party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front|full=no}}
|2,966
|30.66
|style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}} ; color:white;" |2,712
|-
| rowspan="8" |[[Namchi district|Namchi]]
!9
|[[Barfung Assembly constituency|Barfung]] ({{tooltip|BL|Reserved for Bhuta-Lepcha community}})
|[[Rikshal Dorjee Bhutia]]
|{{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|full=no}}
|8,358
|61.86
|[[Bhaichung Bhutia]]
|{{Party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front|full=no}}
|4,012
|23.69
|style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}} ; color:white;" |4,346
|-
!10
|[[Poklok–Kamrang Assembly constituency|Poklok–Kamrang]]
|[[Bhoj Raj Rai]]
|{{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|full=no}}
|8,037
|54.99
|[[Pawan Kumar Chamling]]
|{{Party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front|full=no}}
|4,974
|34.03
|style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}} ; color:white;" |3,063
|-
!11
|[[Namchi–Singhithang Assembly constituency|Namchi–Singhithang]]
|[[Krishna Kumari Rai]]
|{{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|full=no}}
|7,907
|71.60
|Bimal Rai
|{{Party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front|full=no}}
|2,605
|23.59
|style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}} ; color:white;" |5,302
|-
!12
|[[Melli Assembly constituency|Melli]]
|[[Nar Bahadur Pradhan]]
|{{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|full=no}}
|7,904
|57.96
|Ganesh Kumar Rai
|{{Party name with color|Citizen Action Party – Sikkim|full=no}}
|3,621
|26.55
|style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}} ; color:white;" |4,283
|-
!13
|[[Namthang–Rateypani Assembly constituency|Namthang–Rateypani]]
|[[Sanjit Kharel|Sanjeet Kharel]]
|{{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|full=no}}
|8,949
|63.46
|Suman Pradhan
|{{Party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front|full=no}}
|3,344
|23.71
|style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}} ; color:white;" |5,605
|-
!14
|[[Temi–Namphing Assembly constituency|Temi–Namphing]]
|[[Bedu Singh Panth]]
|{{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|full=no}}
|6,759
|51.84
|Suman Kumar Tewari
|{{Party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front|full=no}}
|3,201
|24.55
|style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}} ; color:white;" |3,558
|-
!15
|[[Rangang–Yangang Assembly constituency|Rangang–Yangang]]
|[[Raj Kumari Thapa]]
|{{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|full=no}}
|6,514
|50.74
|Mani Kumar Subba
|{{Party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front|full=no}}
|5,313
|41.38
|style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}} ; color:white;" |1,201
|-
!16
|[[Tumin–Lingee Assembly constituency|Tumin–Lingee]] ({{tooltip|BL|Reserved for Bhuta-Lepcha community}})
|[[Samdup Tshering Bhutia]]
|{{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|full=no}}
|8,265
|58.07
|Norzong Lepcha
|{{Party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front|full=no}}
|4,177
|29.35
|style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}} ; color:white;" |4,088
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Gangtok district|Gangtok]]
!17
|[[Khamdong–Singtam Assembly constituency|Khamdong–Singtam]]
|[[Nar Bahadur Dahal]]
|{{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|full=no}}
|5,882
|52.87
|[[Mani Kumar Sharma]]
|{{Party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front|full=no}}
|4,143
|37.24
|style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}} ; color:white;" |1,739
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Pakyong district|Pakyong]]
!18
|[[West Pendam Assembly constituency|West Pendam]] ({{tooltip|SC|Reserved for Scheduled Castes}})
|[[Lall Bahadur Das]]
|{{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|full=no}}
|6,237
|48.28
|Anup Thatal
|{{Party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front|full=no}}
|4,285
|33.17
|style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}} ; color:white;" |1,952
|-
!19
|[[Rhenock Assembly constituency|Rhenock]]
|[[Prem Singh Tamang]]
|{{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|full=no}}
|10,094
|64.54
|[[Somnath Poudyal]]
|{{Party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front|full=no}}
|3,050
|19.5
|style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}} ; color:white;" |7,044
|-
!20
|[[Chujachen Assembly constituency|Chujachen]]
|[[Puran Kumar Gurung]]
|{{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|full=no}}
|8,199
|55.66
|Mani Kumar Gurung
|{{Party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front|full=no}}
|4,865
|33.03
|style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}} ; color:white;" |3,334
|-
!21
|[[Gnathang–Machong Assembly constituency|Gnathang–Machong]] ({{tooltip|BL|Reserved for Bhuta-Lepcha community}})
|[[Pamin Lepcha]]
|{{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|full=no}}
|6,676
|61.58
|[[Tshering Wangdi Lepcha]]
|{{Party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front|full=no}}
|2,869
|26.46
|style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}} ; color:white;" |3,807
|-
!22
|[[Namchaybong Assembly constituency|Namchaybong]]
|[[Raju Basnet (politician)|Raju Basnet]]
|{{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|full=no}}
|7,195
|53.42
|[[Pawan Kumar Chamling]]
|{{Party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front|full=no}}
|4,939
|36.67
|style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}} ; color:white;" |2,256
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Gangtok district|Gangtok]]
!23
|[[Shyari Assembly constituency|Shyari]]
|[[Tenzing Norbu Lamtha]]
|{{Party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front|full=no}}
|6,633
|51.84
|[[Kunga Nima Lepcha]]
|{{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|full=no}}
|5,319
|41.57
|style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Democratic Front}} ; color:black;" |1,314
|-
!24
|[[Martam–Rumtek Assembly constituency|Martam–Rumtek]] ({{tooltip|BL|Reserved for Bhuta-Lepcha community}})
|[[Sonam Venchungpa]]
|{{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|full=no}}
|8,070
|54.01
|Mechung Bhutia
|{{Party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front|full=no}}
|5,308
|35.53
|style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}} ; color:white;" |2,762
|-
!25
|[[Upper Tadong Assembly constituency|Upper Tadong]]
|[[Gay Tshering Dhungel]]
|{{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|full=no}}
|6,209
|68.46
|Chandra Bahadur Chettri
|{{Party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front|full=no}}
|2,120
|23.38
|style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}} ; color:white;" |4,089
|-
!26
|[[Arithang Assembly constituency|Arithang]]
|[[Arun Kumar Upreti]]
|{{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|full=no}}
|5,356
|61.48
|Ashis Rai
|{{Party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front|full=no}}
|2,627
|30.15
|style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}} ; color:white;" |2,729
|-
!27
|[[Gangtok Assembly constituency|Gangtok]]
|[[Delay Namgyal Barfungpa]]
|{{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|full=no}}
|4,440
|57.44
|Pintso Chopel Lepcha
|{{Party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front|full=no}}
|1,748
|22.61
|style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}} ; color:white;" |2,692
|-
!28
|[[Upper Burtuk Assembly constituency|Upper Burtuk]]
|[[Kala Rai]]
|{{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|full=no}}
|6,323
|50.54
|[[Dilli Ram Thapa]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|full=no}}
|3,755
|30.01
|style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}} ; color:white;" |4,089
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Mangan district|Mangan]]
!29
|[[Kabi–Lungchok Assembly constituency|Kabi–Lungchok]] ({{tooltip|BL|Reserved for Bhuta-Lepcha community}})
|[[Thenlay Tshering Bhutia]]
|{{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|full=no}}
|5,882
|54.18
|Gnawo Chopel Lepcha
|{{Party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front|full=no}}
|4,189
|38.59
|style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}} ; color:white;" |1,693
|-
!30
|[[Djongu Assembly constituency|Djongu]] ({{tooltip|BL|Reserved for Bhuta-Lepcha community}})
|[[Pintso Namgyal Lepcha]]
|{{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|full=no}}
|6,402
|69.56
|[[Sonam Gyatso Lepcha]]
|{{Party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front|full=no}}
|1,395
|15.16
|style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}} ; color:white;" |5,007
|-
!31
|[[Lachen–Mangan Assembly constituency|Lachen–Mangan]] ({{tooltip|BL|Reserved for Bhuta-Lepcha community}})
|[[Samdup Lepcha]]
|{{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|full=no}}
|3,929
|55.37
|[[Hishey Lachungpa]]
|{{Party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front|full=no}}
|3,078
|43.38
|style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}} ; color:white;" |851
|-
|
!32
|[[Sangha Assembly constituency|Sangha]] ({{tooltip|BM|Reserved for Buddhist Monasteries}})
|[[Sonam Lama]]
|{{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|full=no}}
|1,919
|60.01
|Tseten Tashi Bhutia
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|full=no}}
|1,054
|32.96
|style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}} ; color:white;" |865
|-
|}

== See also ==

* [[Elections in Sikkim]]
* [[2024 elections in India]]
* [[2024 Indian general election in Sikkim]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

{{Sikkim elections}}

[[Category:2024 State Assembly elections in India|Sikkim]]
[[Category:State Assembly elections in Sikkim]]
[[Category:2020s in Sikkim]]
[[Category:April 2024 in India|Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]

English cricket team in India in 2005–06

2026-03-27T06:35:34Z

Gurushivam: brief cleaned up page as per guidelines

{{short description|International cricket tour}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = English cricket team in India in 2005-06
| team1_image = Flag of India.svg
| team1_name = India
| team2_image = Flag of England.svg
| team2_name = England
| from_date = 18 February
| to_date = 15 April 2006
| team1_captain = [[Rahul Dravid]]
| team2_captain = [[Andrew Flintoff]]
| no_of_tests = 3
| team1_tests_won = 1
| team2_tests_won = 1
| team1_tests_most_runs = [[Rahul Dravid]] (309)
| team2_tests_most_runs = [[Paul Collingwood]] (272)
| team1_tests_most_wickets = [[Anil Kumble]] (16)
| team2_tests_most_wickets = [[Matthew Hoggard]] (13)
| player_of_test_series = [[Andrew Flintoff]]
| no_of_ODIs = 7
| team1_ODIs_won = 5
| team2_ODIs_won = 1
| team1_ODIs_most_runs = [[Suresh Raina]] (242)
| team2_ODIs_most_runs = [[Kevin Pietersen]] (291)
| team1_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Harbhajan Singh]] (12)
| team2_ODIs_most_wickets = [[James Anderson (cricketer)|James Anderson]] (9)
| player_of_ODI_series = [[Yuvraj Singh]]
}}
The '''English cricket team played in India for the 2005-2006 season''', touring from February to April 2006. The [[Test cricket|Test matches]] were drawn 1-1, while India won the [[One Day International]] series 5–1.

Prior to this season, the [[English cricket team]] won second place at the [[ICC Test Championship]] and won [[the 2005 Ashes]] series at home against [[Australian cricket team|Australia]]. Despite these wins, England's captain [[Michael Vaughan]] as well as its swing bowler [[Simon Jones (cricketer)|Simon Jones]] were both injured during the season, with regular [[Ashley Giles]] entirely absent. Additionally, stand-in captain [[Marcus Trescothick]] left for "personal reasons", leaving [[Andrew Flintoff]] to step in as skipper [[Shanthakumaran Sreesanth]], [[Piyush Chawla]] and [[Munaf Patel]] made their debuts for the home team.

==Schedule==

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#efefef;"
! Date
! Match
! Venue
|-
! colspan="3" | February
|-
|| 18-20 || vs Cricket Club of India || [[Mumbai]]
|-
|| 23-25 || vs President's XI || [[Baroda]]
|-
! colspan="3" | March
|-
|| 1-5 || 1st Test || [[Nagpur]]
|-
|| 9-13 || 2nd Test || [[Mohali]]
|-
|| 18-22 || 3rd Test || [[Mumbai]]
|-
|| 25 || vs RCA President's XI || [[Jaipur]]
|-
|| 28 || 1st ODI || [[Delhi]]
|-
|| 31 || 2nd ODI || [[Faridabad]]
|-
! colspan="3" | April
|-
|| 3 || 3rd ODI || [[Goa]]
|-
|| 6 || 4th ODI || [[Kochi (India)|Kochi]]
|-
|| 9 || 5th ODI || [[Guwahati]]
|-
|| 12 || 6th ODI || [[Jamshedpur]]
|-
|| 15 || 7th ODI || [[Indore]]
|}

==Squads==

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#efefef;"
! England<ref>[http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005-06/ENG_IN_IND/SQUADS/ENG_IN_IND_FEB-APR2006_ENG-SQUAD.html England in India, February–April 2006, England Squad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080229122852/http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005-06/ENG_IN_IND/SQUADS/ENG_IN_IND_FEB-APR2006_ENG-SQUAD.html |date=29 February 2008 }}, from ESPNcricinfo, retrieved 26 March 2006</ref>
! India<ref>[http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005-06/ENG_IN_IND/SQUADS/ENG_IN_IND_FEB-APR2006_IND-SQUAD.html England in India, February–April 2006, India Squad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302021852/http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005-06/ENG_IN_IND/SQUADS/ENG_IN_IND_FEB-APR2006_IND-SQUAD.html |date=2 March 2008 }}, from ESPNcricinfo, retrieved 26 March 2006</ref>
|- valign="top"
||
* [[Andrew Flintoff]] (c)
* [[Geraint Jones]] (wk)
* [[James Anderson (cricketer)|James Anderson]]
* [[Ian Bell]]
* [[Ian Blackwell]]
* [[Paul Collingwood]]
* [[Alastair Cook]]
* [[Steve Harmison]]
* [[Matthew Hoggard]]
* [[Kevin Pietersen]]
* [[Liam Plunkett]]
* [[Matt Prior]]
* [[Owais Shah]]
* [[Andrew Strauss]]
* [[Shaun Udal]]
* [[Monty Panesar]]
* [[Vikram Solanki]] (Tour ODI c) (ODI only)
* [[Kabir Ali]] (ODI only)
* [[Sajid Mahmood]] (ODI only)
* [[Gareth Batty]] (ODI only)
* [[Marcus Trescothick]] (Home 24 February)
* [[Michael Vaughan]] (Home 27 February)
* [[Simon Jones (cricketer)|Simon Jones]] (Home 27 February)
||
* [[Rahul Dravid]] (c)
* [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]] (wk)
* [[Virender Sehwag]]
* [[Wasim Jaffer]] (Test only)
* [[Sachin Tendulkar]](Test only)
* [[VVS Laxman]] (Test only)
* [[Mohammad Kaif]]
* [[Suresh Raina]]
* [[Anil Kumble]] (Test only)
* [[Harbhajan Singh]]
* [[Piyush Chawla]] (Test only)
* [[Irfan Pathan]]
* [[Shanthakumaran Sreesanth]]
* [[R. P. Singh]]
* [[Yuvraj Singh]]
* [[Munaf Patel]]
* [[Piyush Chawla]]
* [[Gautam Gambhir]] (ODI only 1–3)
* [[Suresh Raina]] (ODI only)
* [[Yalaka Venugopal Rao|Venugopal Rao]] (ODI only 6-7)
* [[Ajit Agarkar]] (ODI only)
* [[Ramesh Powar]] (ODI only)
* [[Robin Uthappa]] (ODI 7)
* [[V. R. V. Singh]] (ODI only 6-7)
* [[Dinesh Karthik]] (ODI 7)
|}

==Tour Matches==

===Tour match v Cricket Club of India (18–20 February)===

'''England beat Cricket Club of India by 238 runs'''<ref>[http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005-06/ENG_IN_IND/SCORECARDS/ENG_CCI-XI_18-20FEB2006.html 1st Tour Match: England XI v Cricket Club of India President's XI ,18-20 February 2006], scorecard from ESPNcricinfo, retrieved 12 April 2006</ref>

England 1st Innings
299 all out (89.3 overs)

Cricket Club of India 1st Innings
251 all out (79.3 overs)

England 2nd Innings
265 all out (61.5 overs)

Cricket Club of India 2nd Innings
75 all out (26.2 overs)

===Tour match v President's XI (23–25 February)===

'''President's XI beat England by 8 wickets'''<ref>[http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005-06/ENG_IN_IND/SCORECARDS/ENG_IND-BPRES-XI_23-25FEB2006.html 2nd Tour Match: England XI v Indian Board President's XI, 23-25 February 2006], scorecard from ESPNcricinfo, retrieved 12 April 2006</ref>

England 1st Innings
238 for 9 (62.2 overs)

President's XI 1st Innings
348 for 8 (103.4 overs)

England 2nd Innings
158 for 9 (65.0 overs)

President's XI 2nd Innings
58 for 2 (17.0 overs)

Note: [[Munaf Patel]] took two five-wicket hauls at a combined total of 10-91 for the President's XI and subsequently gained a Test match debut in the Second Test against [[English cricket team|England]].

==Test series==

===1st Test===
{{Test match
| date = 1–5 March
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 393 (127.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Paul Collingwood]] 134* (252)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Sreesanth|S Sreesanth]] 4/95 (28.5 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 323 (126.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Mohammad Kaif]] 91 (263)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Matthew Hoggard]] 6/57 (30.5 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 297/3d (87 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Alastair Cook]] 104* (243)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Irfan Pathan]] 2/48 (14 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 260/6 (78.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Wasim Jaffer]] 100 (198)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Steve Harmison]] 2/48 (17.2 overs)

| result = Match drawn
| venue = [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground]], [[Nagpur]]
| umpires = [[Aleem Dar]] (Pak) and [[Ian Howell]] (South Africa)
| motm = [[Matthew Hoggard]] (Eng)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/239025.html Scorecard]
| toss = England won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Series level 0-0
* [[Ian Blackwell]] (Eng), [[Alastair Cook]] (Eng), [[Monty Panesar]] (Eng) and [[Sreesanth|S Sreesanth]] (Ind) all made their Test debuts.
}}

Both [[Alastair Cook|Alistair Cook]] and [[Monty Panesar]] made international debuts in this Test for [[English cricket team|England]], as well as a Test debut for ODI veteran [[Ian Blackwell]]. On the Indian team [[Shanthakumaran Sreesanth]] was the only debutant.

England won the toss and batted first and ended the day on 246/7. [[Alastair Cook]] made a debut scoring 60, and [[Paul Collingwood]] was 53 not out by the close of play. On day 2, England's lower order batsman assisted Collingwood to reach his maiden test century. England eventually reached a score of 393, with Collingwood unbeaten on 134 not out.

India lost [[Virender Sehwag]] early in their reply, but then [[Wasim Jaffer]] and [[Rahul Dravid]] batted out the day without further loss to take the hosts to 136/1 by the end of day 2.

On day 3, England's seam bowlers, in particular [[Matthew Hoggard]], engineered a middle order collapse. India slumped from 140/1 to 190/7 just after the lunch break. Hoggard took 5 wickets, and [[Monty Panesar]] dismissed [[Sachin Tendulkar]] to claim his maiden test wicket amid dramatic scenes.
However, [[Mohammad Kaif]] and [[Anil Kumble]] fought back, putting on 128 for the eighth wicket. The day ended with Kaif being clean bowled by Panesar with a spectacular delivery that span out of the rough and just clipped the off stump.

England wrapped up India's first innings very early on day 4 for 323, and began their second innings positively. [[Alastair Cook]] scored a century on debut, and [[Kevin Pietersen]] scored 87, despite a caught and bowled appeal being turned down by the third umpire early in his innings. This incident distracted the Indians who dropped 3 further catches during the day. England closed the day with a lead of 367 runs, and Cook was unbeaten on 104.

[[Andrew Flintoff]] declared overnight to set India a target of 368 to win. India again lost Sehwag early, but Dravid and Jaffer again formed a solid partnership that England were unable to break for two sessions. Scoring was very slow, and it looked like the match was heading for an uneventful draw.

Jaffer reached 100 shortly after tea but was dismissed soon after making the milestone. India then injected some life into the game by making a sudden charge at the target, despite the fact they still needed 170 runs to win. [[Irfan Pathan]] and [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]] were promoted up the order to accelerate the scoring, and England had to quickly adopt to a one-day scenario to protect boundaries and try and vary the bowling.

Both these batsmen fell after cameos, and [[Sachin Tendulkar]], who had also played some shots, was then trusted with seeing out the remaining overs. Although India scored 129 in 22 overs, they were still 108 runs short of the target, and eventually an offer for bad light was made with the score on 260/6.

[[Matthew Hoggard]] was awarded man of the match for his first innings effort of 6/57. England overall were pleased to hold a strong Indian team to a draw despite several of their key players missing, and went into the second test with renewed confidence.

===2nd Test===
{{Test match
| date = 9–13 March
| team1 = {{cr-rt|England}}
| team2 = {{cr|India}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 300 (103.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Andrew Flintoff]] 70 (123)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Anil Kumble]] 5/76 (29.4 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 338 (96.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Rahul Dravid]] 95 (208)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Andrew Flintoff]] 4/96 (22 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 181 (76.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Ian Bell]] 57 (137)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Munaf Patel]] 4/25 (13 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 144/1 (33 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Virender Sehwag]] 76* (89)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Matthew Hoggard]] 1/24 (8 overs)

| result = India won by 9 wickets
| venue = [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Mohali]]
| umpires = [[Darrell Hair]] (Aus) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Anil Kumble]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/current/match/238186.html Scorecard]
| toss = England won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = India leads the series 1-0.
* [[Piyush Chawla]] (Ind) and [[Munaf Patel]] (Ind) make their Test debuts.
}}

===3rd Test===
{{Test match
| date = 18–22 March
| team1 = {{cr-rt|England}}
| team2 = {{cr|India}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 400 (133.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Andrew Strauss]] 128 (240)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Sreesanth|S Sreesanth]] 4/70 (22 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 279 (104.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[MS Dhoni]] 64 (118)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[James Anderson (cricketer)|James Anderson]] 4/40 (19.1 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 191 (92.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Andrew Flintoff]] 50 (146)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Anil Kumble]] 4/49 (30.4 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 100 (48.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 34 (57)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Shaun Udal]] 4/14 (9.2 overs)

| result = England won by 212 runs
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Darrell Hair]] (Aus) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Andrew Flintoff]] (Eng)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/238187.html Scorecard]
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = England levels the series 1-1.
* [[Owais Shah]] (Eng) made his Test debut.
* [[Rahul Dravid]] (Ind) played in his [[List of cricketers who have played 100 Tests|100th Test]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Anand|last=Vasu|title='I never imagined I'd go on to play 100 Tests'|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/i-never-imagined-i-d-go-on-to-play-100-tests-240728|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=16 March 2006|access-date=2 January 2026}}</ref>
}}

Following their second test defeat, England suffered a further injury blow when [[Alastair Cook]] developed an upset stomach on the morning of the match. [[Owais Shah]] made his debut for the tourists, and [[Shaun Udal]] was also called into the side to replace [[Liam Plunkett]].

England's chances of success in this match were perceived to be low, but they were immediately boosted by Rahul Dravid's curious decision to ask England to bat on winning the toss. It was believed that this decision was based on the perceived weakness of England's spin attack, who would not be able to exploit conditions on the final day of the match.

[[Andrew Strauss]] scored 128 to end a run of low scores on the sub continent, and the debutant [[Owais Shah]] compiled a good half century before retiring hurt at the tea interval with cramps. England closed day 1 on 272/3 – a promising position.

On day 2, England continued to accumulate runs, but the Indian attack found more consistency than they were able to the previous day. [[Sri Sreesanth]] took 4 wickets and triggered a mini collapse, and [[Munaf Patel]] also bowled well. [[Owais Shah]] returned to continue his innings and reached 88 before being dismissed by [[Harbhajan Singh]]. He showed promise as a test player, and was confident enough to engage in dialogue with the Indian bowlers while compiling his innings. The most notable point was Shah visibly laughing having just lofted Harbhajan for a big six. England were eventually all out for 400.

India's reply started with [[Virender Sehwag]], [[Wasim Jaffer]] and [[Sachin Tendulkar]] all being dismissed cheaply to leave the hosts on 28/3. Tendulkar in particular was a concern for the Indians, taking a long time to score a solitary run and eventually being dismissed after facing 21 deliveries for that single. [[Rahul Dravid]] and [[Yuvraj Singh]] engineered a recovery to finish the day on 89/3.

On day 3, England's bowlers continued despite finding the hot and humid conditions difficult. They eventually bowled India out for 279, with [[Geraint Jones]] taking 5 catches as wicketkeeper. [[James Anderson (cricketer)|James Anderson]] took 4 wickets in the innings, including the vital ones of Tendulkar and Dravid. The India total could have been much less were it not for a late order partnership between [[Anil Kumble]] and Sreesanth.

England lost two wickets early in their second innings to close day 3 on 31/2. It was clear that the pitch was deteriorating fast, making Dravid's initial decision to field first even more unusual.

Day 4 proved to be a day of traditional style Test cricket, with slow scoring rates achieved throughout. Barely 2 runs per over were managed, and England lost regular wickets as most batsmen struggled to adapt to the conditions. [[Andrew Flintoff]] scored 50, and [[Paul Collingwood]] and [[Owais Shah]] scored 32 and 38 respectively, which would prove to be important contributions.

[[Andrew Flintoff]] had stressed to his batsmen before the match the importance of going on and making a big innings once a half century had been reached. He scored exactly 50 in both innings of this match.

England were bowled out for 191 late in the day, and some commentators believed the opportunity for them to force a win had perhaps been lost. For the Indian bowlers, the spinners were the main performers, with Kumble and Harbhajan taking 6 wickets between them. India started their second innings needing 313 to win, a large target given the conditions of the pitch.

The final day started off with India on 18/1 (having lost [[Irfan Pathan]] late in the previous day) and the first session was seen out relatively safely, with only 2 wickets falling, one of those being that of the nightwatchman Kumble. Scoring was slow, and Dravid had faced over 50 deliveries for 9 runs by the lunch interval. Tendulkar had scored more freely, but overall the score at lunch was 75/3.

The next session was nothing short of remarkable, as the Indian batting order collapsed in a dramatic fashion. Dravid edged a ball from Flintoff to the wicketkeeper off the third delivery after the lunch break, and Tendulkar was caught at short leg off the bowling of [[Shaun Udal]] next over. The Indian batsmen struggled with Udal's bowling, who obtained significant help from the pitch, and he would go on to take 4 wickets in the second innings at a cost of just 14 runs.

Sehwag had been suffering from a back injury and was forced to bat at no 7. He was unable to cope with conditions and was dismissed for a duck by [[James Anderson (cricketer)|James Anderson]]. The next dismissal, that of [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]], was bizarre. Dhoni skied a ball off Udal, only for [[Monty Panesar]] to miss the chance as it landed around 10 feet from where he was, despite having ample time to position himself to take it. Unbelievably, Dhoni attempted a similar shot two balls later, and Panesar this time successfully held the chance. Some television commentators were actually confused by events believing the second shot by Dhoni to have been a replay of the original incident. Dhoni left the field to a chorus of boos by the crowd, stunned by England's strikes. At this point, the score was 92/7.

Harbhajan Singh was dismissed next, attempting to slog sweep Udal for six, and Yuvraj Singh edged Flintoff into the slips. With the score on 99/9, the last man Munaf Patel managed a single to bring up the India 100, but he too then fell attempting to slog Udal out of the park. India were bowled out for 100, and had lost 7 wickets in 16 overs, for the addition of 25 runs. England won the match by 212 runs, and had levelled the series.

England regarded the victory to be as great as reclaiming the Ashes, with winning in India always perceived to be a difficult task. It was considered even more incredible, given the loss of key players due to injuries prior to and during the series. India, on the other hand, came under extreme criticism for the loss and questions were asked of Dravid's decision to field first, as well as the batsmen's technique and application during the second innings when they collapsed from 75/3 to 100 all out.

Overall, the test series had been competitive and demonstrated many opportunities of emerging talent on both sides which would hopefully benefit these two sides, as well as world cricket in general in the coming years.

==ODI series==
[[Image:Yuvraj Singh.jpg|120px|thumb|Yuvraj Singh, Man of the Series]]

===Tour match vs. Rajasthan President's XI (25 March)===
'''Rajasthan President's XI win by five runs'''<ref>[http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005-06/ENG_IN_IND/SCORECARDS/ENG_RCA-PRES-XI_25MAR2006.html One-Day Tour Match: England XI Vs Rajasthan President's XI in Jaipur, 25 March 2006], scorecard from ESPNcricinfo, retrieved 12 April 2006</ref>

Rajasthan President's XI 260-6 (50 overs)

England 255 (49.5 overs)

Notes: [[English cricket team|England]] captain [[Andrew Flintoff]] was replaced as captain by [[Vikram Solanki]], as he was at home visiting his newly born baby.

===1st ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 28 March
| daynight no
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| score1 = 203 (46.4 overs)
| score2 = 164 (38.1 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|ENG}}
| runs1 = [[Harbhajan Singh]] 37 (46)
| wickets1 = [[Kabir Ali]] 4/45 (8.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Kevin Pietersen]] 46 (49)
| wickets2 = [[Harbhajan Singh]] 5/31 (10 overs)
| result = India won by 39 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/238188.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Feroz Shah Kotla Ground]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = [[Asad Rauf]] (Pak) and [[Arani Jayaprakash|AV Jayaprakash]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Harbhajan Singh]] (Ind)
| toss = England won the toss and chose to field.
| rain =
| notes = India leads the series 1-0.
* US Travelwriter [[Paul Theroux]] was in the stadium and features this match in his book [[Ghost Train to the Eastern Star]].
}}

===2nd ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 31 March
| daynight no
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}
| score1 = 226 (49.5 overs)
| score2 = 230/6 (49 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[Kevin Pietersen]] 71 (87)
| wickets1 = [[Ramesh Powar]] 3/34 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Suresh Raina]] 81* (89)
| wickets2 = [[Ian Blackwell]] 2/39 (9 overs)
| result = India won by 4 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/238189.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Nahar Singh Stadium]], [[Faridabad]]
| umpires = [[Asad Rauf]] (Pak) and [[Arani Jayaprakash|AV Jayaprakash]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Suresh Raina]] (Ind)
| toss = England won the toss and chose to bat.
| rain =
| notes = India leads the series 2-0.
}}

In the first innings [[England cricket team|England]] batsmen [[Kevin Pietersen]] tied [[West Indian cricket team|West Indian]] [[Viv Richards]]' record as the quickest to reach 1,000 runs in ODIs (21 innings). [[Suresh Raina]], with his maiden ODI half-century, and [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]] set a new record for the sixth wicket partnership for India in One-day Internationals.

The fall of the third wicket provided a talking point: [[Yuvraj Singh]] swept [[Ian Blackwell]]'s delivery behind the stumps only for wicket keeper [[Geraint Jones]] to make a diving stop and throw the ball at the wicket, dislodging the leg stump and bail. With Singh still in his crease he was given not out, but [[Indian cricket team|Indian]] captain [[Rahul Dravid]] decided to take a quick run in the confusion as the ball ricocheted away; [[Paul Collingwood]] acted quickly though, and grabbed the ball and ran it into the remaining two stumps and bail just as Dravid made it to the crease. The TV umpire was called for the decision and after much deliberation Dravid was given out.

===3rd ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 3 April
| daynight no
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| score1 = 294/6 (50 overs)
| score2 = 245 (48.5 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|ENG}}
| runs1 = [[Yuvraj Singh]] 103 (76)
| wickets1 = [[Andrew Flintoff]] 3/56 (9 overs)
| runs2 = [[Paul Collingwood]] 93 (84)
| wickets2 = [[Irfan Pathan]] 4/51 (10 overs)
| result = India won by 49 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/238190.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Fatorda Stadium]], [[Margao]]
| umpires = [[Asad Rauf]] (Pak) and [[Krishna Hariharan|K Hariharan]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Yuvraj Singh]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and chose to bat.
| rain =
| notes = India leads the series 3-0.
* [[Munaf Patel]] (Ind) made his ODI debut.
}}

===4th ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 6 April
| daynight no
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}
| score1 = 237 (48.4 overs)
| score2 = 238/6 (47.2 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[Kevin Pietersen]] 77 (82)
| wickets1 = [[Virender Sehwag]] 2/31 (6 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rahul Dravid]] 65 (73)
| wickets2 = [[Ian Blackwell]] 2/41 (10 overs)
| result = India won by 4 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/238191.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Kochi|Nehru Stadium]], [[Kochi]]
| umpires = [[Krishna Hariharan|K Hariharan]] (Ind) and [[Rudi Koertzen]] (South Africa)
| motm = [[Yuvraj Singh]] (Ind)
| toss = England won the toss and chose to bat.
| rain =
| notes = India leads the series 4-0.
}}

===5th ODI===

The game was washed out.<ref>[http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005-06/ENG_IN_IND/SCORECARDS/ENG_IND_ODI5_09APR2006.html 5th: ODI (Abandoned): England v India in Guwahati, 9 April] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220203732/http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005-06/ENG_IN_IND/SCORECARDS/ENG_IND_ODI5_09APR2006.html |date=20 February 2009 }} scorecard from ESPNcricinfo, retrieved 12 April 2006</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hardik Pandya Biography |url=https://cricketnewstimes.com/featured/hardik-pandya-biography/ |access-date=17 March 2020}}</ref> Heavy rain poured the day before, and the ground could not be dried sufficiently for the game to start. Finally the game was called off by the Umpires' decisions without a ball being bowled due to a soggy outfield, an outcome that angered the fans who had been waiting for the game to start for five hours and they eventually started showing their frustration by hurling stones and setting fire to objects in the stands.

{{Limited overs matches
| date = 9 April
| daynight no
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| score1 =
| score2 =
| team2 = {{cr|ENG}}
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result = Match abandoned
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/238192.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Nehru Stadium, Guwahati|Nehru Stadium]], [[Guwahati]]
| umpires = [[Arani Jayaprakash|AV Jayaprakash]] (Ind) and [[Rudi Koertzen]] (SA)
| motm =
| toss = No toss.
| rain = Match abandoned without a ball bowled.
| notes =
}}

===6th ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 12 April
| daynight no
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| score1 = 223 (48 overs)
| score2 = 227/5 (42.4 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|ENG}}
| runs1 = [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni|MS Dhoni]] 96 (106)
| wickets1 = [[Sajid Mahmood]] 3/37 (8 overs)
| runs2 = [[Andrew Strauss]] (retired hurt) 74* (85)
| wickets2 = [[Harbhajan Singh]] 3/30 (10 overs)
| result = England won by 5 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/238193.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Keenan Stadium]], [[Jamshedpur]]
| umpires = [[Krishna Hariharan|K Hariharan]] (Ind) and [[Rudi Koertzen]] (SA)
| motm = [[Andrew Strauss]] (Eng)
| toss = India won the toss and chose to bat.
| rain =
| notes = India leads the series 4-1
* [[V. R. V. Singh]] (Ind) made his ODI debut.
}}

Twenty-one-year-old [[V. R. V. Singh]] made his debut for [[Indian cricket team|India]], who made a disastrous start to their innings, slipping to 76–5. [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]] (96) and [[Ramesh Powar]] (54) lifted the home team to a more respectable total with a century stand for the sixth wicket. Harbhajan Singh was clean bowled by Kevin Pietersen for 4, although Harbhajan did not walk, waiting for the third umpire to be called in to adjudicate on the dismissal before finally swearing at Pietersen as he left the ground.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cricket365.com/story/0,18305,6673_2978999,00.html |title=Cricket365 Soapbox |access-date=10 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218182032/http://www.cricket365.com/story/0,18305,6673_2978999,00.html |archive-date=18 December 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X3Ms37yt3lg YouTube - Harbhajan Singh v/s Kevin Pietersen]</ref> Acting skipper [[Andrew Strauss]] (the third acting captain on this tour with [[Andrew Flintoff]] resting as 12th man) led England from the front with 74, before retiring hurt with cramp, and they strolled to victory with 43 balls to spare. [[Ian Blackwell]] hit a no-ball from Powar for six to reach the target.

===7th ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 15 April
| daynight no
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}
| score1 = 288 (50 overs)
| score2 = 289/3 (49.1 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[Kevin Pietersen]] 64 (56)
| wickets1 = [[Sreesanth|S Sreesanth]] 6/55 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Robin Uthappa]] 86 (96)
| wickets2 = [[Kabir Ali]] 1/47 (8 overs)
| result = India won by 7 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/238194.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharani Usharaje Trust Cricket Ground]], [[Indore]]
| umpires = [[Arani Jayaprakash|AV Jayaprakash]] (Ind) and [[Rudi Koertzen]] (SA)
| motm = [[Sreesanth|S Sreesanth]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and chose to field.
| rain =
| notes = India won the series 5-1
* [[Robin Uthappa]] (Ind) made his ODI debut.
}}

Note: [[Indian cricket team|Indian]] wicket keeper [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]] was replaced by [[Dinesh Karthik]]. [[English cricket team|English]] captain [[Andrew Flintoff]] was again replaced by [[Andrew Strauss]].

Debut of [[Robin Uthappa]] as the [[Indian cricket team|Indian]] opener saw him hit 12 fours and one six before being run out by [[Geraint Jones]] after [[James Anderson (cricketer)|James Anderson]] dived for a ball to stop a boundary and threw it back to the wicket keeper. The batsman, sharing a 166 partnership for the first wicket with skipper [[Rahul Dravid]] had all but won the match until he chanced a lazy second run; his score of 86 is the second highest for any Indian debutant in a limited overs match. With this win, India extended its world record of successive wins while batting second to 16.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*

{{International cricket tours of India}}
{{International cricket in 2005-06}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:English cricket team in India in 2005-06}}
[[Category:2005 in English cricket]]
[[Category:2005 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2006 in English cricket]]
[[Category:2006 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:English cricket tours of India|2005-06]]
[[Category:Indian cricket seasons from 2000–01]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2005–06]]

Pharmacy Council of India

2026-03-25T18:55:23Z

Gurushivam: minor update page based on references and improved wording for consistency

{{Short description|Statutory medical body}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Pharmacy Council of India
| image = Pharmacy Council of India Logo.png
| abbreviation = PCI
| formation = {{Start date and age|1948|03|04}}
| type = [[Governmental organization|Government]]
| status = Active
| purpose = Regulation of the profession and practise of pharmacy
| headquarters = [[New Delhi]], India
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = Montubhai Patel
| leader_title2 = [[Vice president]]
| leader_name2 = [[Pramod G. Yeole]]
| website = {{URL|pci.nic.in}} (old site)
{{URL|pci.gov.in}} (new site)
}}

The '''Pharmacy Council of India''' ('''PCI''') is the statutory body under the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]], [[Government of India]].
It is constituted under the Pharmacy Act of 1948.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pharmacy Council of India|url=https://www.pci.nic.in/GenInfo_About_Introduction.html|access-date=2021-07-10|website=www.pci.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Home - PCI |url=https://pci.gov.in/en/ |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=pci.gov.in}}</ref> The council was first constituted on 4 March 1948.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gopal|first=M. Sai|title=Pharmacy Council notifies clinical pharmacist posts in hospitals|url=https://telanganatoday.com/pharmacy-council-notifies-clinical-pharmacist-posts-in-hospitals|access-date=2021-07-10|website=Telangana Today|date=7 July 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> Montubhai Patel was elected as the new president of PCI in May 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pharmacy Council of India appoints Montubhai Patel as new President - Express Pharma |url=https://www.expresspharma.in/pharmacy-council-of-india-appoints-montubhai-patel-as-new-president/ |access-date=2022-05-20 |website=www.expresspharma.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ruchika |date=2022-04-09 |title=Pharmacy Council of India elects Montubhai Patel as new President |url=https://medicaldialogues.in/news/industry/pharma/pharmacy-council-of-india-elects-montubhai-patel-as-new-president-91257 |access-date=2022-05-20 |website=medicaldialogues.in |language=en}}</ref>

==Members==
The Pharmacy Council of India is constituted by the [[Government Of India|central government]] every five years. There are three types of members that collectively form the frame of PCI:
# Elected members: One member is elected by the [[Medical Council of India]] (MCI) and one as a "registered pharmacist" by the state council.
# Nominated members: Six members are nominated by the central government.
# Ex-officio members:
1) The Director General, Health Service, Ex-officio.

2) The Drug Controller Of India.

3) The Director Of Central Drug Laboratory.

==Objectives==
The '''Pharmacy Council of India (PCI)''' is a statutory body established under the Pharmacy Act of 1948.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pharmacy Act 1948 - PCI |url=https://pci.gov.in/en/pharmacy-act-1948/ |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=pci.gov.in}}</ref> Its primary objectives are aimed at regulating and promoting the pharmacy profession and education in India. Here are the key objectives of the Pharmacy Council of India:

# '''Regulation of Pharmacy Education''':<ref>{{Cite web |title=Student Corner - PCI |url=https://pci.gov.in/en/student-corner/ |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=pci.gov.in}}</ref> PCI sets the standards for pharmacy education in India, ensuring that educational institutions meet the required criteria for quality and effectiveness in training future pharmacists.
# '''Registration of Pharmacists''':<ref>{{Cite web |title=How to Become a Pharmacist in India {{!}} #1 Best Online Community for... |url=https://epharmily.com/blogs/53/How-to-Become-a-Pharmacist-in-India |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=#1 Best Online Community for Pharmacy Professionals}}</ref> The council is responsible for maintaining a register of pharmacists in India, ensuring that only qualified individuals are allowed to practice pharmacy.
# '''Promotion of Professional Standards''': PCI works to enhance the [[National Occupational Standards|professional standards]] of [[pharmacy practice]], ensuring that pharmacists adhere to ethical guidelines and provide safe and effective pharmaceutical care.
# '''Continuing Education and Professional Development''': The council promotes continuous professional development and education for pharmacists to keep them updated with the latest advancements in the field of pharmacy.
# '''Policy Formulation''':<ref>{{Cite web |title=EC And CC Decision - PCI |url=https://pci.gov.in/en/ec-and-cc-decision/ |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=pci.gov.in}}</ref> PCI advises the government on matters related to pharmacy education and practice, helping to shape policies that affect the pharmacy profession.
# '''Public Awareness and Safety''': The council aims to educate the public about the role of pharmacists and the importance of safe medication practices, thereby enhancing public health.
# '''Research and Development''': PCI encourages research in the field of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences to foster innovation and improve healthcare outcomes.
# '''Collaboration with Other Organizations''': The council collaborates with various [[Stakeholder (corporate)|stakeholder]]s, including educational institutions, healthcare organizations, and government bodies, to promote the pharmacy profession and improve healthcare delivery.

==Main functions of PCI==
The main functions of the PCI are:<ref>{{cite web | url=http://pci.nic.in/RulesRegulations/RTI%28PCI%29main.aspx | title=Information published in pursuance of section 4(1) (b) of the Right to Information Act, 2005 | publisher=Pharmacy Council of India | access-date=2013-05-15 | archive-date=16 April 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416094933/http://www.pci.nic.in/RulesRegulations/RTI(PCI)main.aspx | url-status=dead }}</ref>
* To prescribe minimum standard of education required for qualifying as a pharmacist. (Ref.: section 10 of the Pharmacy Act)
* Framing of Education Regulations prescribing the conditions to be fulfilled by the institutions seeking approval of the PCI for imparting education in pharmacy. (Ref.: section 10 of the Pharmacy Act)
* To ensure uniform implementation of the educational standards throughout the country. (Ref. : section 10 of the Pharmacy Act)
* Inspection of Pharmacy Institutions seeking approval under the Pharmacy Act to verify availability of the prescribed norms. (Ref.: section 16 of the Pharmacy Act)
* To approve the course of study and examination for pharmacists i.e. approval of the academic training institutions providing pharmacy courses. (Ref. : section 12 of the Pharmacy Act)
* To withdraw approval, if the approved course of study or an approved examination does not continue to be in conformity with the educational standards prescribed by the PCI. (Ref.: section 13 of the Pharmacy Act)
* To approve qualifications granted outside [[Territories of India|the territories]] to which the Pharmacy Act extends i.e. the approval of foreign qualification. (Ref. : section 14 of the Pharmacy Act)
* To maintain Central Register of Pharmacists. (Ref. : section 15 A of the Pharmacy Act)

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Higher education in India}}

[[Category:Pharmacy organisations in India]]
[[Category:Medical and health government agencies of India]]
[[Category:Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]]
[[Category:1948 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1948]]

2005–06 Santosh Trophy

2026-03-25T15:53:51Z

Gurushivam: Put Up A Post Added Tags

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox football tournament season
| title = Santosh Trophy
| year = 2005-06
| other_titles = 60th Senior National Football Championship
| image =
| imagesize = 220px
| caption =
| country = India
| num_teams = 32 <ref name="indiantelevision2"/>
| champions = [[Goa football team|Goa]]
| count = 4
| runner-up = [[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]
| matches = 52
| goals = 198
| top goal scorer = [[Fredy Mascarenhas]] (9)<ref>{{cite web|author=Gasper Crasto |url=https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/gulf-go-have-ans/conversations/topics/7058 |title=Yahoo! Groups |publisher=Groups.yahoo.com |date=2005-11-12 |access-date=2013-10-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630095006/https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/gulf-go-have-ans/conversations/topics/7058 |archive-date=2016-06-30 |df= }}</ref>
| player = [[Nicholas Rodrigues]]<ref name="tssonnet1">{{cite web |url=http://www.tssonnet.com/tss2850/stories/20051210003807200.htm |title=Goa's cup of joy |publisher=Tssonnet.com |date=2005-11-29 |accessdate=2013-10-19 |archive-date=2013-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019150733/http://www.tssonnet.com/tss2850/stories/20051210003807200.htm |url-status=usurped }}</ref>
| prevseason = [[2004–05 Santosh Trophy|2004–05]]
| nextseason = [[2006–07 Santosh Trophy|2006–07]]
}}

The '''2005–06 Santosh Trophy''' (known as the 60th Air India Express Santosh Trophy 2005–06 for sponsorship reasons)<ref name="indiantelevision1">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/headlines/y2k5/nov/novmam3.htm |title=> Media, Advertising & Marketing Watch > Zee Sports ropes in Air India Express as title sponsor for Santosh Trophy |publisher=Indiantelevision.com |date=2005-11-04 |accessdate=2013-10-17 |archive-date=2013-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017131824/http://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/headlines/y2k5/nov/novmam3.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://footballdynamicsasia.blogspot.in/2005/11/air-india-express-named-sponsor-for.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131017100547/http://footballdynamicsasia.blogspot.in/2005/11/air-india-express-named-sponsor-for.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-10-17 |title=Asian Football Business Review: Air India Express named sponsor for Santosh trophy |publisher=Footballdynamicsasia.blogspot.in |date=2005-11-05 |accessdate=2013-10-17 }}</ref> was the 60th edition of the [[Santosh Trophy]]. The tournament was held from 4 to 21 November 2005 in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/09/27/stories/2005092706232000.htm |title=Sport / Football : Kochi to host final phase of Santosh Trophy |date=2005-09-27 |accessdate=2013-10-17 |archive-date=2011-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914223716/http://www.hindu.com/2005/09/27/stories/2005092706232000.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Arunava Chaudhuri |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005-06s.html |title=2005-06 Season |publisher=Indianfootball.de |date= |accessdate=2013-10-17 |archive-date=2013-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017221108/http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005-06s.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Goa football team|Goa]] won the Santosh Trophy 2005–06 for the fourth time after defeating [[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]] in the 2005 final at [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[Kochi]]<ref name="indianfootball2005">{{cite web |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005-06st.html |title=60th Santosh Trophy 2005 |publisher=Indianfootball.de |date= |accessdate=2013-10-17 |archive-date=2013-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017150247/http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005-06st.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="indianfootball1">{{cite web |author=Chris Punnakkattu Daniel |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/santosh/news/2005news.html |title=SANTOSH TROPHY - presented by IndianFootball.Com |publisher=Indianfootball.de |date= |accessdate=2013-10-17 |archive-date=2013-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017153221/http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/santosh/news/2005news.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author= |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Goa-clinches-Santosh-Trophy/articleshow/1303285.cms |title=Goa clinches Santosh Trophy |date=2005-11-21 |access-date=2013-10-18 |archive-date=2013-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019051721/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-11-21/top-stories/27831668_1_goans-santosh-trophy-clinches |work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live }}</ref> after 15 years.<ref name="tssonnet1"/> Host Kerala claimed third spot after defeating Punjab.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/21/stories/2005112104531900.htm |title=Sport : Kerala salvages some pride, finishes third |date=2005-11-21 |accessdate=2013-10-19 |archive-date=2013-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019072555/http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/21/stories/2005112104531900.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Teams==
===Automatically qualified to the group stage ===

30 [[States and territories of India|States]] / [[Union Territory|UT]] teams of India along with Services and Railways with total of 32 teams participated in the tournament
The defending champions [[Kerala football team|Kerala]], runners-up [[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]] along with last year's losing semi-finalists [[Services football team|Services]] and [[Manipur football team|Manipur]] receive automatic qualification into the Quarter-final stage.<ref name="indianfootball2005"/><ref name="rsssf1">{{cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india06.html |title=India 2005/06 |publisher=Rsssf.com |date= |accessdate=2013-10-17 |archive-date=2013-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114172539/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/india06.html#santosh |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#f76541;"
|-
! Teams directly Qualified for Quarter Finals
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|'''[[Kerala football team|Kerala]]'''
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|'''[[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]'''
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| '''[[Services football team|Services]]'''
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| '''[[Manipur football team|Manipur]]'''
|}

===Qualification round entry ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-

! style="width:175px;"| Cluster I !! style="width:175px;"| Cluster II !! style="width:175px;"| Cluster III !! style="width:175px;"| Cluster IV!! style="width:175px;"| Cluster V!! style="width:175px;"| Cluster VI!! style="width:175px;"| Cluster VII!! style="width:175px;"| Cluster VIII
|- style="background:#cfc;"
| '''Uttar Pradesh'''|| '''Delhi'''|| '''Maharashtra'''|| '''Assam'''|| '''Tamil Nadu'''|| '''Karnataka''' || '''Goa'''|| '''West Bengal'''
|- style="background:#ccf;"
| Uttarakhand || Bihar|| Orissa|| Railways|| Jharkhand|| Chandigar|| Tripura || Mizoram
|- style="background:#ccf;"
| Madhya Pradesh|| Himachal Pradesh|| Jammu and Kashmir || Chhattisgarh || Gujarat || Haryana|| Rajasthan || Nagaland
|- style="background:#ccf;"
| || || Meghalaya||Pondicherry || || || Rajasthan|| Andhra Pradesh
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="background:#ccccf0;"
|-
!Legend
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|'''Team that qualified for the pre-quarters'''
|- style="background:#ccf;"
|Teams that are eliminated
|}
<ref name="indianfootball2005"/><ref name="rsssf1"/>

==Stadiums and locations==
{{Location map+ |Kerala |width=280px |float=right |caption=Location of stadiums in '''Santosh Trophy 2005–06''' |places=
{{Location map~ |Kerala |lat=9.997253|long=76.301036 |label=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Nehru Stadium]] |position=top}}
{{Location map~ |Kerala |lat=11.2587531|long=75.7804100|label=[[Municipal Corporation Stadium, Kozhikode|Municipal Corporation Stadium]] |position=bottom}}
{{Location map~ |Kerala |lat=8.50487470|long=76.95064539|label=[[Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium]] |position=bottom}}
}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|-
! Stadium
! Location
! Capacity
! Matches
|-
| [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Kochi]]
| [[Kochi]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 60,000<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/58230.html |title=Nehru Stadium | India | Cricket Grounds |publisher=ESPN Cricinfo |date= |accessdate=2013-10-19 |archive-date=2013-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113090545/http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/58230.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.welivecricket.com/venues/jawaharlal-nehru-stadium-kochi/ |title=Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Kochi |publisher=We Live Cricket |date=1999-02-22 |access-date=2013-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019165301/http://www.welivecricket.com/venues/jawaharlal-nehru-stadium-kochi/ |archive-date=2013-10-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| Final, semi-finals and quarter-finals
|-
| [[Municipal Corporation Stadium, Kozhikode]]
| [[Kozhikode]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 53,000 <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldstadiums.com/asia/countries/india.shtml |title=Stadiums in India |publisher=World Stadiums |date= |access-date=2013-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924095432/http://www.worldstadiums.com/asia/countries/india.shtml |archive-date=2011-09-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wikistadiums.org/municipal-corporation-stadium-kozhikode-/1006 |title=Municipal Corporation Stadium (Kozhikode) | some local football teams matches Stadium Capacity Wiki |publisher=Wikistadiums.org |date= |accessdate=2013-10-19 |archive-date=2013-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628173602/http://www.wikistadiums.org/municipal-corporation-stadium-kozhikode-/1006 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| Qualifying rounds
|-
| [[Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium]]
| [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 25,000<ref>{{cite web |location=India |url=http://thiruvananthapuram.cityseekr.com/venue/704185-chandrashekaran-nair-stadium |title=Chandrashekaran Nair Stadium, Thiruvananthapuram, CitySeeker |publisher=Thiruvananthapuram.cityseekr.com |date= |accessdate=2013-10-19 |archive-date=2016-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204165932/http://thiruvananthapuram.cityseekr.com/venue/704185-chandrashekaran-nair-stadium |url-status=live }}</ref>
| Qualifying rounds
|-
| Fertilisers and Chemicals Travancore Ground
| Udyogamandalam
|
| Quarter-finals
|}

[[File:JNU-Stadium-kaloor-cochin.jpg|thumb|none|750px|[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Kochi]], hosted the Semi-finals and Final]]

==Qualifying rounds==
Qualifying round held from 4 to 10 November at the venues [[Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium| Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium, Thiruvananthapuram ]] and [[Municipal Corporation Stadium, Kozhikode]].<ref name="indiantelevision1"/><ref name="indianfootball2005"/><ref>{{cite web |author=Chris Punnakkattu Daniel |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/santosh/fixtures/2005fixtures-qual.html |title=FEDERATION CUP - presented by IndianFootball.Com |publisher=Indianfootball.de |date= |accessdate=2013-10-18 |archive-date=2013-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019134223/http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/santosh/fixtures/2005fixtures-qual.html |url-status=live }}</ref> 28 teams participated in qualifying rounds for Quarter final berth.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/16/stories/2005101603931700.htm |title=Sport / Football : Santosh Trophy preliminary stage from November 4 |date=2005-10-16 |accessdate=2013-10-19 |archive-date=2013-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019072350/http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/16/stories/2005101603931700.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Cluster I - Calicut===
{{#invoke:sports table|main|style=WDL
|res_col_header=Q
|show_positions=n
|sortable_table=y

|team1=UTP|name_UTP=[[Uttar Pradesh football team|Uttar Pradesh]]
|team2=UTK|name_UTK=[[Uttarakhand football team|Uttarakhand]]
|team3=MAD|name_MAD=[[Madhya Pradesh football team|Madhya Pradesh]]
|win_UTP=2|draw_UTP=0|loss_UTP=0|gf_UTP=4|ga_UTP=1
|win_UTK=1|draw_UTK=0|loss_UTK=1|gf_UTK=2|ga_UTK=3
|win_MAD=0|draw_MAD=0|loss_MAD=2|gf_MAD=2|ga_MAD=4

|col_A=#cfc|text_A=
|result1=A
|update=complete|source=[http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005-06st.html]
}}
----
{{football box
|date= 4 November 2005
|time=
|score= 1–2
|report=[http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005-06st.html Report]
|aet =
|team1=Madhya Pradesh
|team2=Uttarakhand
|goals1= Praveen Nair {{goal|27}}
|goals2= Siddharth Thapa {{goal|13}} Kundan Kanwal Singh {{goal|15}}
|stadium= Municipal Corporation Stadium, Calicut
|referee=
|attendance=
}}
----
{{football box
|date= 6 November 2005
|time=
|score= 2–0
|report=[http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005-06st.html Report]
|aet =
|team1=Uttar Pradesh
|team2=Uttarakhand
|goals1= Shamshi Raza {{goal|31}} Amit Singh {{goal|62}}
|goals2=
|stadium= Municipal Corporation Stadium, Calicut
|referee=
|attendance=
}}
----
{{football box
|date= 8 November 2005
|time=
|score= 1–2
|report=[http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005-06st.html Report]
|aet =
|team1=Madhya Pradesh
|team2=Uttar Pradesh
|goals1= Anuj Pratap Singh {{goal|90+}}
|goals2= Bhuvan Krishna Joshi {{goal|67||84}}
|stadium= Municipal Corporation Stadium, Calicut
|referee=
|attendance=
}}
----

===Cluster II - Thiruvananthapuram===
{{#invoke:sports table|main|style=WDL
|res_col_header=Q
|show_positions=n
|sortable_table=y

|team1=DEL|name_DEL=[[Delhi football team|Delhi]]
|team2=BIH|name_BIH=[[Bihar football team|Bihar]]
|team3=HIM|name_HIM=[[Himachal Pradesh football team|Himachal Pradesh]]
|win_DEL=2|draw_DEL=0|loss_DEL=0|gf_DEL=10|ga_DEL=0
|win_BIH=1|draw_BIH=0|loss_BIH=1|gf_BIH=3|ga_BIH=3
|win_HIM=0|draw_HIM=0|loss_HIM=2|gf_HIM=0|ga_HIM=10

|col_A=#cfc|text_A=
|result1=A
|update=complete|source=[http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005-06st.html]
}}
----
{{football box
|date= 4 November 2005
|time=
|score= 7–0
|report=[http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005-06st.html Report]
|aet =
|team1=Delhi
|team2=Himachal Pradesh
|goals1= Praveen Rawat Singh {{goal|10||59||87||89}} Sumit Thapa {{goal|62||88}} Ricky Chakchanak {{goal|85}}
|goals2=
|stadium= Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium, Thiruvananthapuram
|referee=
|attendance=
}}
----
{{football box
|date= 6 November 2005
|time=
|score= 3–0
|report=[http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005-06st.html Report]
|aet =
|team1=Bihar
|team2=Himachal Pradesh
|goals1= Upendra Kumar{{goal|32}} Manoj Raman {{goal|81}} Awdhes Kumar {{goal|89}}
|goals2=
|stadium= Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium, Thiruvananthapuram
|referee=
|attendance=
}}
----
{{football box
|date= 8 November 2005
|time=
|score= 2–0
|report=[http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005-06st.html Report]
|aet =
|team1=Delhi
|team2=Uttar Pradesh
|goals1= Sumit Thapa{{goal|32||52}}
|goals2=
|stadium= Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium, Thiruvananthapuram
|referee=
|attendance=
}}
----

===Cluster III - Thiruvananthapuram===
{{#invoke:sports table|main|style=WDL
|res_col_header=Q
|show_positions=n
|sortable_table=y

|team1=MAH|name_MAH=[[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]
|team2=ORI|name_ORI=[[Odisha football team|Orissa]]
|team3=J&K|name_J&K=[[Jammu and Kashmir football team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|team4=MEG|name_MEG=[[Meghalaya football team|Meghalaya]]
|win_MAH=2|draw_MAH=1|loss_MAH=0|gf_MAH=7|ga_MAH=1
|win_ORI=2|draw_ORI=0|loss_ORI=1|gf_ORI=06|ga_ORI=06
|win_J&K=0|draw_J&K=2|loss_J&K=1|gf_J&K=04|ga_J&K=05
|win_MEG=0|draw_MEG=1|loss_MEG=2|gf_MEG=03|ga_MEG=08

|col_A=#cfc|text_A=
|result1=A
|update=complete|source=[http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005-06st.html]
}}
----
{{football box
|date= 4 November 2005
|time=
|score= 2–0
|report=[http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005-06st.html Report]
|aet =
|team1=Maharashtra
|team2=Meghalaya
|goals1= Abhishek Yadav {{goal|57}} Sumit Thapa {{goal|61}}
|goals2=
|stadium= Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium, Thiruvananthapuram
|referee=
|attendance=
}}
----
{{football box
|date= 4 November 2005
|time=
|score= 1–2
|report=[http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005-06st.html Report]
|aet =
|team1=Jammu and Kashmir
|team2=Orissa
|goals1= JK Ishfaq Ahmed {{goal|70}}
|goals2= Bijay Ray {{goal|28}} Antu Murmu {{goal|84}}
|stadium= Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium, Thiruvananthapuram
|referee=
|attendance=
}}
----
{{football box
|date= 6 November 2005
|time=
|score= 1–1
|report=[http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005-06st.html Report]
|aet =
|team1=Maharashtra
|team2=Jammu and Kashmir
|goals1= Mehraj Din Wadoo (own Goal){{goal|70}}
|goals2= Bilal Ahmed Wani{{goal|11}}
|stadium= Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium, Thiruvananthapuram
|referee=
|attendance=
}}
----
{{football box
|date= 6 November 2005
|time=
|score= 1–4
|report=[http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005-06st.html Report]
|aet =
|team1=Meghalaya
|team2=Orissa
|goals1= Rogesterwell Basaiawmdit{{goal|46}}
|goals2= Gyan Ranjan Samal{{goal|2||33||59}} Rajendra Prasad Singh{{goal|24}}
|stadium= Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium, Thiruvananthapuram
|referee=
|attendance=
}}
----
{{football box
|date= 8 November 2005
|time=
|score= 2–2
|report=[http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005-06st.html Report]
|aet =
|team1=Jammu and Kashmir
|team2=Meghalaya
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium= Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium, Thiruvananthapuram
|referee=
|attendance=
}}
----
{{football box
|date= 9 November 2005
|time=
|score= 4–0
|report=[http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005-06st.html Report]
|aet =
|team1=Maharashtra
|team2=Orissa
|goals1= Paresh Shivalkar{{goal|46}} Soccor Velho {{goal|55}} Abhishek Yadav {{goal|66||71}}
|goals2=
|stadium= Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium, Thiruvananthapuram
|referee=
|attendance=
}}
----

===Cluster IV - Calicut===
{{#invoke:sports table|main|style=WDL
|res_col_header=Q
|show_positions=n
|sortable_table=y

|team1=ASS|name_ASS=[[Assam football team|Assam]]
|team2=RWY|name_RWY=[[Railways football team|Railways]]
|team3=CHH|name_CHH=[[Chhattisgarh football team|Chhattisgarh]]
|team4=PON|name_PON=[[Pondicherry football team|Pondicherry]]
|win_ASS=3|draw_ASS=0|loss_ASS=0|gf_ASS=17|ga_ASS=02
|win_RWY=2|draw_RWY=0|loss_RWY=1|gf_RWY=13|ga_RWY=02
|win_CHH=1|draw_CHH=0|loss_CHH=2|gf_CHH=04|ga_CHH=15
|win_PON=0|draw_PON=0|loss_PON=3|gf_PON=00|ga_PON=15

|col_A=#cfc|text_A=
|result1=A
|update=complete|source=[http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005-06st.html]
}}
----
{{football box
|date= 4 November 2005
|time=
|score= 4–0
|report=[http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005-06st.html Report]
|aet =
|team1=Railways
|team2=Chhattisgarh
|goals1= Kasif Jamal{{goal|32||90+3}} PV Vinoy {{goal|40}} S Suresh Kumar{{goal|78}}
|goals2=
|stadium= Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium, Thiruvananthapuram
|referee=
|attendance=
}}
----
{{football box
|date= 4 November 2005
|time=
|score= 0–5
|report=[http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005-06st.html Report]
|aet =
|team1=Pondicherry
|team2=Assam
|goals1=
|goals2= Nitu Narzary {{goal|17}} Rahajuddin Ahmed {{goal|31||35}} Manikanta Brahma {{goal|61}} Thomson Langthasa {{goal|86}}
|stadium= Municipal Corporation Stadium, Calicut
|referee=
|attendance=
}}
----
{{football box
|date= 6 November 2005
|time=
|score= 8–0
|report=[http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005-06st.html Report]
|aet =
|team1=Railways
|team2=Pondicherry
|goals1= Ashim Biswas {{goal|2||4||17||37}} Kasif Jamal {{goal|14||57||84 }} PV Vinoy {{goal|28}}
|goals2=
|stadium= Municipal Corporation Stadium, Calicut
|referee=
|attendance=
}}
----
{{football box
|date= 6 November 2005
|time=
|score= 10–1
|report=[http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005-06st.html Report]
|aet =
|team1=Assam
|team2=Chhattisgarh
|goals1= Manikanta Brahma{{goal|14||33||90+1}} Sanjiva Rongpi{{goal|31||37||74}} Khirod Das{{goal|57}} Rahajuddin Ahmed{{goal|59}} Nitu Narzary{{goal|68}} Thong Tham Kom{{goal|87}}
|goals2= Laxmendra Kumar{{goal|52}}
|stadium= Municipal Corporation Stadium, Calicut
|referee=
|attendance=
}}
----
{{football box
|date= 8 November 2005
|time=
|score= 1–3
|report=[http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005-06st.html Report]
|aet =
|team1=Pondicherry
|team2=Chhattisgarh
|goals1= Anas {{goal|24}}
|goals2= Kulwant Singh {{goal|40||43}} Krishna Naidu {{goal|90}}
|stadium= Municipal Corporation Stadium, Calicut
|referee=
|attendance=
}}
----
{{football box
|date= 8 November 2005
|time=
|score= 1–2
|report=[http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005-06st.html Report]
|aet =
|team1=Railways
|team2=Assam
|goals1= Kasif Jamal{{goal|54}}
|goals2= Sanjiva Rongpi{{goal|40||61}}
|stadium= Municipal Corporation Stadium, Calicut
|referee=
|attendance=
}}
----

===Cluster V - Thiruvananthapuram ===
{{#invoke:sports table|main|style=WDL
|res_col_header=Q
|show_positions=n
|sortable_table=y

|team1=TAM|name_TAM=[[Tamil Nadu football team|Tamil Nadu]]
|team2=JHA|name_JHA=[[Jharkhand football team|Jharkhand]]
|team3=GUJ|name_GUJ=[[Gujarat football team|Gujarat]]
|win_TAM=1|draw_TAM=1|loss_TAM=0|gf_TAM=03|ga_TAM=01
|win_JHA=0|draw_JHA=2|loss_JHA=0|gf_JHA=03|ga_JHA=03
|win_GUJ=0|draw_GUJ=1|loss_GUJ=1|gf_GUJ=02|ga_GUJ=04

|col_A=#cfc|text_A=
|result1=A
|update=complete|source=[http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005-06st.html]
}}
----
{{football box
|date= 5 November 2005
|time=
|score= 2–0
|report=[http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005-06st.html Report]
|aet =
|team1=Tamil Nadu
|team2=Gujarat
|goals1= Kalia Kulothungan {{goal|44||64}}
|goals2=
|stadium= Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium, Thiruvananthapuram
|referee=
|attendance=
}}
----
{{football box
|date= 7 November 2005
|time=
|score= 2–2
|report=[http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005-06st.html Report]
|aet =
|team1=Jharkhand
|team2=Gujarat
|goals1= Vimal Pariyar {{goal|44||64}}
|goals2= Vishnu Chauhan {{goal|5}} Mehul Rana {{goal|86}}
|stadium= Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium, Thiruvananthapuram
|referee=
|attendance=
}}
----
{{football box
|date= 9 November 2005
|time=
|score= 1–1
|report=[http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005-06st.html Report]
|aet =
|team1=Tamil Nadu
|team2=Jharkhand
|goals1= Jegan {{goal|88}}
|goals2= Mirja Besra {{goal|38}}
|stadium= Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium, Thiruvananthapuram
|referee=
|attendance=
}}
----

===Cluster VI - Calicut===
{{#invoke:sports table|main|style=WDL
|res_col_header=Q
|show_positions=n
|sortable_table=y

|team1=KAR|name_KAR=[[Karnataka football team|Karnataka]]
|team2=CHA|name_CHA=[[Chandigarh football team|Chandigarh]]
|team3=HAR|name_HAR=[[Haryana football team|Haryana]]
|win_KAR=1|draw_KAR=1|loss_KAR=0|gf_KAR=02|ga_KAR=01
|win_CHA=1|draw_CHA=0|loss_CHA=1|gf_CHA=01|ga_CHA=01
|win_HAR=0|draw_HAR=1|loss_HAR=1|gf_HAR=01|ga_HAR=02

|col_A=#cfc|text_A=
|result1=A
|update=complete|source=[http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005-06st.html]
}}
----
{{football box
|date= 5 November 2005
|time=
|score= 1–0
|report=[http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005-06st.html Report]
|aet =
|team1=Karnataka
|team2=Chandigarh
|goals1= Shanmugam Venkatesh {{goal|30}}
|goals2=
|stadium= Municipal Corporation Stadium, Calicut
|referee=
|attendance=
}}
----
{{football box
|date= 7 November 2005
|time=
|score= 1–0
|report=[http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005-06st.html Report]
|aet =
|team1=Chandigarh
|team2=Haryana
|goals1 =Sameer Singh {{goal|15}}
|goals2=
|stadium= Municipal Corporation Stadium, Calicut
|referee=
|attendance=
}}
----
{{football box
|date= 7 November 2005
|time=
|score= 1–1
|report=[http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005-06st.html Report]
|aet =
|team1=Karnataka
|team2=Haryana
|goals1 =Xavier Vijayakumar {{goal|17}}
|goals2= Praveen Arora] {{goal|36}}
|stadium= Municipal Corporation Stadium, Calicut
|referee=
|attendance=
}}
----

===Cluster VII - Calicut===
{{#invoke:sports table|main|style=WDL
|res_col_header=Q
|show_positions=n
|sortable_table=y

|team1=GOA|name_GOA=[[Goa football team|Goa]]
|team2=SIK|name_SIK=[[Sikkim football team|Sikkim]]
|team3=TRI|name_TRI=[[Tripura football team|Tripura]]
|team4=RAJ|name_RAJ=[[Rajasthan football team|Rajasthan]]
|win_GOA=3|draw_GOA=0|loss_GOA=0|gf_GOA=32|ga_GOA=00
|win_SIK=1|draw_SIK=1|loss_SIK=1|gf_SIK=05|ga_SIK=12
|win_TRI=1|draw_TRI=1|loss_TRI=1|gf_TRI=04|ga_TRI=16
|win_RAJ=0|draw_RAJ=0|loss_RAJ=3|gf_RAJ=01|ga_RAJ=14

|col_A=#cfc|text_A=
|result1=A
|update=complete|source=[http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005-06st.html]
}}
----
{{football box
|date= 5 November 2005
|time=
|score= 8–0
|report=[http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005-06st.html Report]
|aet =
|team1=Goa
|team2=Rajasthan
|goals1= Anthony Pereira {{goal|27}} Freddy Mascarenhas {{goal|37||59||79}} Climax Lawrence {{goal|51}} Mahesh Gawli {{goal|61}} Joaquim Abranches {{goal|90+2}}
|goals2=
|stadium= Municipal Corporation Stadium, Calicut
|referee=
|attendance=
}}
----
{{football box
|date= 5 November 2005
|time=
|score= 1–1
|report=[http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005-06st.html Report]
|aet =
|team1=Tripura
|team2=Sikkim
|goals1= Amarjit Singh {{goal|12}}
|goals2= Bigen Tamang {{goal|72}}
|stadium= Municipal Corporation Stadium, Calicut
|referee=
|attendance=
}}
----
{{football box
|date= 7 November 2005
|time=
|score= 15–0
|report=[http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005-06st.html Report]
|aet =
|team1=Goa
|team2=Tripura
|goals1= Clifford Miranda {{goal|12}} Anthony Pereira {{goal|17||55}} Freddy Mascarenhas {{goal|18||22||29||39||42||54}} 
[[Nicholas Rodrigues|Rodrigues]] {{goal|63||70||83}} Nicolas Borges {{goal|35||38}} Alvito Rodrigues {{goal|90}}
|goals2=
|stadium= Municipal Corporation Stadium, Calicut
|referee=
|attendance=
}}
----
{{football box
|date= 7 November 2005
|time=
|score= 4–1
|report=[http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005-06st.html Report]
|aet =
|team1=Sikkim
|team2=Rajasthan
|goals1 =Birbahadur Pradhan {{goal|4||32||72}} Milan Lepcha {{goal|83}}
|goals2 = Rajesh Shyam {{goal|56}}
|stadium= Municipal Corporation Stadium, Calicut
|referee=
|attendance=
}}
----
{{football box
|date= 9 November 2005
|time=
|score= 3–0
|report=[http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005-06st.html Report]
|aet =
|team1=Tripura
|team2=Rajasthan
|goals1 =Sathyajit Dev Roy {{goal|34||52}} Shyamal Bhowmick{{goal|51}}
|goals2 =
|stadium= Municipal Corporation Stadium, Calicut
|referee=
|attendance=
}}
----
{{football box
|date= 9 November 2005
|time=
|score= 10–0
|report=[http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005-06st.html Report]
|aet =
|team1=Goa
|team2=Sikkim
|goals1 =Anthony Pereira {{goal|8}} [[Nicholas Rodrigues|Rodrigues]] {{goal|33}} Climax Lawrence {{goal|35||40||45+1||85}} Nicolas Borges {{goal|48}} Joaquim Abranches {{goal|61||83}} Samir Naik {{goal|76}}
|goals2 =
|stadium= Municipal Corporation Stadium, Calicut
|referee=
|attendance=
}}
----

===Cluster VIII -Thiruvananthapuram===
{{#invoke:sports table|main|style=WDL
|res_col_header=Q
|show_positions=n
|sortable_table=y

|team1=WBE|name_WBE=[[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]]
|team2=MIZ|name_MIZ=[[Mizoram football team|Mizoram]]
|team3=NAG|name_NAG=[[Nagaland football team|Nagaland]]
|team4=AND|name_AND=[[Andhra Pradesh football team|Andhra Pradesh]]
|win_WBE=1|draw_WBE=2|loss_WBE=0|gf_WBE=06|ga_WBE=03
|win_MIZ=1|draw_MIZ=2|loss_MIZ=0|gf_MIZ=06|ga_MIZ=04
|win_NAG=0|draw_NAG=2|loss_NAG=1|gf_NAG=04|ga_NAG=06
|win_AND=0|draw_AND=2|loss_AND=1|gf_AND=03|ga_AND=06

|col_A=#cfc|text_A=
|result1=A
|update=complete|source=[http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005-06st.html]
}}

----
{{football box
|date= 5 November 2005
|time=
|score= 2–2
|report=[http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005-06st.html Report]
|aet =
|team1=West Bengal
|team2=Nagaland
|goals1= Dipendu Biswas {{goal|12}} Syed Rahim Nabi {{goal|45+1}}
|goals2= Temjen Kibang {{goal|44}} Vizorü Peseyie {{goal|76}}
|stadium= Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium, Thiruvananthapuram
|referee=
|attendance=
}}
----
{{football box
|date= 5 November 2005
|time=
|score= 2–2
|report=[http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005-06st.html Report]
|aet =
|team1= Andhra Pradesh
|team2= Mizoram
|goals1= Mohammed Quizar {{goal|14}} MD Fareed {{goal|73}}
|goals2= Shylo Malswam Tulunga {{goal|25}} Pachau Lalam Puia {{goal|67}}
|stadium= Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium, Thiruvananthapuram
|referee=
|attendance=
}}
----

{{football box
|date= 7 November 2005
|time=
|score= 3–0
|report=[http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005-06st.html Report]
|aet =
|team1= West Bengal
|team2= Andhra Pradesh
|goals1= Dipendu Biswas {{goal|8}} Sasthi Duley {{goal|64}} Syed Rahim Nabi {{goal|89}}
|goals2=
|stadium= Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium, Thiruvananthapuram
|referee=
|attendance=
}}
----
{{football box
|date= 7 November 2005
|time=
|score= 1–3
|report=[http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005-06st.html Report]
|aet =
|team1= Nagaland
|team2= Mizoram
|goals1= Yapong {{goal|18}}
|goals2= Jerry Zirsanga {{goal|32}} Vanlal Rovay {{goal|59}} Shylo Malswam Tulunga {{goal|60}}
|stadium= Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium, Thiruvananthapuram
|referee=
|attendance=
}}
----
{{football box
|date= 9 November 2005
|time=
|score= 1–2
|report=[http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005-06st.html Report]
|aet =
|team1= Andhra Pradesh
|team2= Nagaland
|goals1= Mohammed Fareed {{goal|67}}
|goals2= Leipakchao{{goal|81}}
|stadium= Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium, Thiruvananthapuram
|referee=
|attendance=
}}

==Quarterfinal League==
Quarterfinal rounds held from 11 to 17 November at the venue [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Kochi]]. Cheer girls, helicopter fly, sky diving, cultural programmes and mass drill was held to the kick-off of the main leg of the 60th Air India Express-Santosh Trophy national football tournament at Kochi on 11 November 2005.<ref name="yahoo1">{{cite web |author=Gasper Crasto |url=https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/gulf-goans/conversations/topics/7058 |title=Yahoo! Groups |publisher=Groups.yahoo.com |date=2005-11-12 |accessdate=2013-10-18 |archive-date=2013-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022100214/http://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/gulf-goans/conversations/topics/7058 |url-status=dead }}</ref> 4500 students from 25 schools and three colleges in the City lined up for mass drills, folk dances, traditional art forms while another 1000 students conducted special balloon display.<ref name="yahoo1"/>

===Group A===
{{#invoke:sports table|main|style=WDL
|res_col_header=Q
|show_positions=n
|sortable_table=y

|team1=KER|name_KER=[[Kerala football team|Kerala]]
|team2=UTP|name_UTP=[[Uttar Pradesh football team|Uttar Pradesh]]
|team3=DEL|name_DEL=[[Delhi football team|Delhi]]
|win_KER=2|draw_KER=0|loss_KER=0|gf_KER=04|ga_KER=00
|win_UTP=1|draw_UTP=0|loss_UTP=1|gf_UTP=02|ga_UTP=01
|win_DEL=0|draw_DEL=0|loss_DEL=2|gf_DEL=00|ga_DEL=05

|col_A=#cfc|text_A=
|result1=A
|update=complete|source=<ref name="Archived copy">{{Cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india06.html |title = India 2005/06 |access-date=2013-10-17 |archive-date=2013-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114172539/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/india06.html#santosh |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

{{football box collapsible
|date= 11 November 2005
|time=
|score= 1–0
|report=[http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005-06st.html Report]
|aet =
|team1=[[Kerala football team|Kerala]]
|team2=[[Uttar Pradesh football team|Uttar Pradesh]]
|goals1= MA Abdul Hakkim {{goal|71}}
|goals2=
|location= [[Kochi]]
|stadium= [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|referee=
|attendance=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date= 15 November 2005
|time=15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|score= 2–0
|report=[https://web.archive.org/web/20220422021319/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/maharashtra-puts-paid-to-bengals-hopes/article27511509.ece Report]
|team1=[[Uttar Pradesh football team|Uttar Pradesh]]
|team2=[[Delhi football team|Delhi]]
|goals1= Bhuvan Joshi {{goal}} Prahlad Rawat {{goal}}
|goals2=
|location= Udyogamandalam
|stadium=Fertilisers and Chemicals Travancore Ground
|referee=
|attendance=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date= 16 November 2005
|time=17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|score= 3–0
|report=[http://www.thehindu.com/2005/11/17/stories/2005111704131900.htm Report]{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
|aet =
|team1=[[Kerala football team|Kerala]]
|team2=[[Delhi football team|Delhi]]
|goals1= [[Krishnan Nair Ajayan|Ajayan]] {{goal|71}} MA Abdul Hakkim {{goal|53}} [[Pappachen Pradeep|Pradeep]] {{goal|67}}
|goals2=
|location= [[Kochi]]
|stadium= [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|referee=
|attendance=
}}

===Group B===
{{#invoke:sports table|main|style=WDL
|res_col_header=Q
|show_positions=n
|sortable_table=y

|team1=PUN|name_PUN=[[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]
|team2=KAR|name_KAR=[[Karnataka football team|Karnataka]]
|team3=TAM|name_TAM=[[Tamil Nadu football team|Tamil Nadu]]
|win_PUN=1|draw_PUN=1|loss_PUN=0|gf_PUN=04|ga_PUN=02
|win_KAR=1|draw_KAR=1|loss_KAR=0|gf_KAR=03|ga_KAR=02
|win_TAM=0|draw_TAM=0|loss_TAM=2|gf_TAM=00|ga_TAM=03

|col_A=#cfc|text_A=
|result1=A
|update=complete|source=<ref name="Archived copy">{{Cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india06.html |title = India 2005/06 |access-date=2013-10-17 |archive-date=2013-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114172539/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/india06.html#santosh |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date= 13 November 2005
|time=08:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|score= 2–2
|report=[https://web.archive.org/web/20071226051949/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/11/14/stories/2005111404951900.htm Report]
|aet =
|team1=[[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]
|team2=[[Karnataka football team|Karnataka]]
|goals1= Taranjit Singh {{goal|27}} Yadwinder Singh {{goal|71}}
|goals2=[[Shanmugam Venkatesh|Venkatesh]] {{goal|62}} Rajendra Prasad {{goal|84}}
|location= [[Kochi]]
|stadium= [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|referee=
|attendance=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date= 15 November 2005
|time=19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|score= 0–1
|report=[https://web.archive.org/web/20220422021319/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/maharashtra-puts-paid-to-bengals-hopes/article27511509.ece Report]
|team1=[[Tamil Nadu football team|Tamil Nadu]]
|team2=[[Karnataka football team|Karnataka]]
|goals1= Amrutharaja {{goal|48|o.g.}}
|goals2=
|location= [[Kochi]]
|stadium= [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|referee=
|attendance=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date= 17 November 2005
|time=17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|score= 2–0
|report=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080618073558/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/11/18/stories/2005111810221900.htm Report]
|team1=[[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]
|team2=[[Tamil Nadu football team|Tamil Nadu]]
|goals1= Gyan Moyon Thapa {{goal|51}} Charanjit Singh {{goal|83}}
|goals2=
|location= [[Kochi]]
|stadium= [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|referee=
|attendance=
}}

===Group C===
{{#invoke:sports table|main|style=WDL
|res_col_header=Q
|show_positions=n
|sortable_table=y

|team1=MAH|name_MAH=[[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]
|team2=WBE|name_WBE=[[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]]
|team3=SER|name_SER=[[Services football team|Services]]
|win_MAH=2|draw_MAH=0|loss_MAH=0|gf_MAH=07|ga_MAH=03
|win_WBE=1|draw_WBE=0|loss_WBE=1|gf_WBE=03|ga_WBE=04
|win_SER=0|draw_SER=0|loss_SER=2|gf_SER=05|ga_SER=08

|col_A=#cfc|text_A=
|result1=A
|update=complete|source=<ref name="Archived copy">{{Cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india06.html |title = India 2005/06 |access-date=2013-10-17 |archive-date=2013-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114172539/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/india06.html#santosh |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

{{football box collapsible
|date= 11 November 2005
|time=
|score= 3–5
|report=[http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005-06st.html Report]
|aet =
|team1=[[Services football team|Services]]
|team2=[[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]
|goals1= L Danny {{goal|33||70}} A Thirunavukarasu {{goal|67}}
|goals2= Abhishek Yadav {{goal|28||37||77}} Soccor Velho {{goal|41||49}}
|location= [[Kochi]]
|stadium= [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|referee=
|attendance=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date= 15 November 2005
|time=17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|score= 2–0
|report=[https://web.archive.org/web/20220422021319/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/maharashtra-puts-paid-to-bengals-hopes/article27511509.ece Report]
|team1=[[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]
|team2=[[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]]
|goals1= Reuben D'Souza {{goal|58}} Shivalkar {{goal|64}}
|goals2=
|location= [[Kochi]]
|stadium= [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|referee=
|attendance=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date= 16 November 2005
|time=19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|score= 2–3
|report=[http://www.thehindu.com/2005/11/17/stories/2005111704131900.htm Report]{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
|team1=[[Services football team|Services]]
|team2=[[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]]
|goals1= L Danny {{goal|71}} Shaji D'Silva {{goal|73}}
|goals2= Jayanta Sen {{goal|26}} Raman Vijayan {{goal|51}} S. Ramesh {{goal|85|o.g.}}
|location= [[Kochi]]
|stadium= [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|referee=
|attendance=
}}

===Group D===
{{#invoke:sports table|main|style=WDL
|res_col_header=Q
|show_positions=n
|sortable_table=y

|team1=GOA|name_GOA=[[Goa football team|Goa]]
|team2=MAN|name_MAN=[[Manipur football team|Manipur]]
|team3=ASS|name_ASS=[[Assam football team|Assam]]
|win_GOA=1|draw_GOA=1|loss_GOA=0|gf_GOA=07|ga_GOA=01
|win_MAN=1|draw_MAN=1|loss_MAN=0|gf_MAN=04|ga_MAN=02
|win_ASS=0|draw_ASS=0|loss_ASS=2|gf_ASS=01|ga_ASS=09

|col_A=#cfc|text_A=
|result1=A
|update=complete|source=<ref name="Archived copy">{{Cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india06.html |title = India 2005/06 |access-date=2013-10-17 |archive-date=2013-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114172539/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/india06.html#santosh |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

{{football box collapsible
|date= 12 November 2005
|time=
|score= 3–1
|report=[http://www.thehindu.com/2005/11/13/stories/2005111309231600.htm Report]{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
|team1=[[Manipur football team|Manipur]]
|team2=[[Assam football team|Assam]]
|goals1= Sushil Kumar {{goal|23}} Samson Singh {{goal|70}} Dharamjit Singh {{goal|90+1}}
|goals2= Sanjiva Rongpi {{goal|83}}
|location=[[Kochi]]
|stadium= [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|referee=
|attendance=300
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date= 15 November 2005
|time=08:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|score= 0–6
|report=[http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005-06st.html Report]
|team1=[[Assam football team|Assam]]
|team2=[[Goa football team|Goa]]
|goals1=
|goals2= [[Anthony Pereira|Pereira]] {{goal|12||26||45||53}} [[Climax Lawrence|Lawrence]] {{goal|16}} [[Clifford Miranda|Miranda]] {{goal|25}}
|location= Udyogamandalam
|stadium=Fertilisers and Chemicals Travancore Ground
|referee=
|attendance=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date= 16 November 2005
|time= 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|score= 0–1
|report=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080618073558/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/11/18/stories/2005111810221900.htm Report]
|team1=[[Manipur football team|Manipur]]
|team2=[[Goa football team|Goa]]
|goals1= [[Tomba Singh Wangkheirakpam|T. Singh]] {{goal|87}}
|goals2= [[Climax Lawrence|Lawrence]] {{goal|89}}
|location=[[Kochi]]
|stadium= [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|referee= Shaji C. Kurian ([[Kerala Football Association|Kerala]])
|attendance=
}}

==Semi-finals==
{{football box
|date= 18 November 2005
|time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|score= 0–1
|report=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080323111212/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/11/19/stories/2005111910351700.htm Report]
|team1=[[Kerala football team|Kerala]]
|team2=[[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]
|goals1=
|goals2=Reuben D'Souza {{goal|49}}
|stadium=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[Kochi]]
|referee=
|attendance=
}}
----
{{football box
|date= 19 November 2005
|time= 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|score= 0–2
|report=[http://www.thehindu.com/2005/11/20/stories/2005112011691700.htm Report]{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
|team1=[[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]
|team2=[[Goa football team|Goa]]
|goals1=
|goals2= [[Peter Carvalho|Carvalho]] {{goal|14}} [[Nicholas Rodrigues|Rodrigues]] {{goal|48}}
|stadium= [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[Kochi]]
|referee=
|attendance=
}}

==Third place play-off==
{{football box
|date= 20 November 2005
|time= 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|score= 2–1
|report=[https://web.archive.org/web/20071017155102/http://thehindu.com/2005/11/21/stories/2005112104531900.htm Report]
|aet =
|team1=Kerala
|team2=Punjab
|goals1 = [[Pappachen Pradeep|Pradeep]] {{goal|57}} [[Asif Saheer|Saheer]] {{goal|79}}
|goals2= Narinder Singh {{goal|68}}
|stadium= [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[Kochi]]
|referee=
|attendance=
}}

==Final==

{{football box
|date= 21 November 2005
|time=19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|score= 1–3
|report=[http://www.thehindu.com/2005/11/22/stories/2005112212671900.htm Report]{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
|aet = yes
|team1=[[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]
|team2=[[Goa football team|Goa]]
|goals1 = [[Soccor Velho|Velho]] {{goal|73}} Hekmat Singh {{yel|106}}
|goals2= Philip Gomes {{goal|74}} [[Nicholas Rodrigues|Rodrigues]] {{goal|105}} [[Joaquim Abranches|Abranches]] {{goal|115}} [[Nicholas Rodrigues|Rodrigues]] {{yel|21}} [[Joaquim Abranches|Abranches]] {{yel|81}}
|stadium= [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[Kochi]]
|referee= Shaji C. Kurian ([[Kerala Football Association|Kerala]])
|attendance=
}}
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/storyOld.php?storyId=82418 |title=Goa assert supremacy |publisher=Indianexpress.com |date=2005-11-22 |accessdate=2013-10-19 |archive-date=2020-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226082411/http://archive.indianexpress.com/storyOld.php?storyId=82418 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20051122/sports.htm#17 |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Sport |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |date= |accessdate=2013-10-19 |archive-date=2013-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019121213/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20051122/sports.htm#17 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:2005-06 Air India Santosh Trophy Winning Goa Team.jpg|thumb|230px|right|Winning Goa Team with [[Santosh Trophy]]]]

===Awards===
Best Player: [[Nicholas Rodrigues]]<ref name="tssonnet1"/>

===Statistics===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
!width=130 | Maharashtra
!width=210 |Match Statistics
!width=130 | Goa
|-
|1 ||Goals scored || 3
|-
|9 ||Total shots || 12
|-
|3 ||Shots on target || 4
|-
| 6 ||Shots off target || 8
|-
|12 ||Corner kicks || 7
|-
|21 || Fouls committed || 13
|-
|3 ||Offsides || 8
|-
|2 || Yellow cards || 1
|-
|0 ||Second yellow card & red card || 0
|-
|0 ||Red cards || 0
|}
<ref name="indianfootball1"/>

===Prizes===
The [[Chief Minister of Kerala|Kerala Chief Minister]], [[Oommen Chandy]] gave away the trophies. Besides the top prize and a cheque of Rs. 5 lakhs, the winning team also received Rs. 1 lakh announced by the Goa Sports Minister, Pandurang Madkikar .<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/22/stories/2005112212671900.htm |title=Sport : Goa clinches Santosh Trophy |date=2005-11-22 |accessdate=2013-10-19 |archive-date=2013-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019072808/http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/22/stories/2005112212671900.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Top scorers==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Rank
!Player
!State
!Goals
|-
|1
|align="left"|[[Fredy Mascarenhas]]
|align="left"|Goa
|9
|-
|2
|align="left"| Kasif Jamal
|align="left"|Railways
|6
|-
|3
|align="left"|Sanjiv Rongpi
|align="left"|Assam
|5
|-
|rowspan=6|4
|align="left"|[[Ashim Biswas (footballer)|Ashim Biswas]]
|align="left"|Railways
|4
|-
|align="left"|[[Anthony Pereira]]
|align="left"|Goa
|4
|-
|align="left"|[[Nicholas Rodrigues]]
|align="left"|Goa
|4
|-
|align="left"|[[Climax Lawrence]]
|align="left"|Goa
|4
|-
|align="left"|Praveen Rawat
|align="left"|Delhi
|4
|-
|align="left"|Sumit Thapa
|align="left"|Delhi
|4
|}
<ref name="yahoo1"/>

==Controversy==
In a Group D match between Goa and Manipur on 17 November 2005, the referee Shaji C. Kurian allowed Goa to restart the game even as most of the Manipur players were celebrating [[Tomba Singh Wangkheirakpam|Tomba Singh]]'s goal in the 87th minute from a free kick.<ref>{{cite web|title=Action recommended against four Manipur players|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/11/19/stories/2005111910381700.htm|accessdate=27 March 2017|date=19 November 2005|archive-date=23 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080323104247/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/11/19/stories/2005111910381700.htm|website=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=dead}}</ref> With the Manipur players unsettled for restart, [[Climax Lawrence]] rode on a break from the right and scored past Manipur goalkeeper Ingobi Singh.<ref name="manipur2005">{{cite web |url=http://tse.manipur.us/2005/11/19/News_pages/Local_page-03.htm |title=The Sangai Express -Local News |publisher=Tse.manipur.us |date=2005-11-20 |access-date=2013-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019152959/http://tse.manipur.us/2005/11/19/News_pages/Local_page-03.htm |archive-date=2013-10-19 |url-status=dead |df= }}</ref><ref name="indiatimes2005">{{cite web |author=Siddharth Saxena |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Football-Goa-enter-semis-Manipur-cry-foul/articleshow/1299533.cms |title=Football: Goa enter semis, Manipur cry foul |date=2005-11-18 |access-date=2013-10-18 |archive-date=2013-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019051700/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-11-18/top-stories/27867335_1_ekendra-singh-manipuris-manipur-players |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live }}</ref> The Manipuri players argued with referee Kurian, disputing the restart. Police was called in due to be some shoving and pushing between players and there was some argument between the Manipur players and the local police.<ref name="indiatimes2005"/> Game has only resumed after Manipur's coach [[Ekendra Singh]] and manager Dinamani Singh entered the ground and asked Manipur players to finish off the game.<ref name="indiatimes2005"/> Even though the match ended in a tie, Goa advanced to the semifinals with their superior goal difference in Group D.<ref name="indiatimes2005"/> Immediately after the incident, the Manipur team manager lodged a complaint contending violation of Rule No. 8 of the Laws of the Game, and Article No. 15 of the Regulation of the Championship.<ref name="manipur2005"/><ref name="blogspot2005"/><ref>{{cite web |author=Chris Punnakkattu Daniel |url=http://indianfootball.de/specials/santosh/news/2005news.html |title=SANTOSH TROPHY - presented by IndianFootball.Com |publisher=Indianfootball.de |date= |accessdate=2013-10-18 |archive-date=2013-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017153221/http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/santosh/news/2005news.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[All Manipur Football Association]] decided to boycott the national Under-19 and Under-14 football tournaments organized by the All India Football Federation in protest against a referee's decision<ref name="blogspot2005">{{cite web |url=http://footballdynamicsasia.blogspot.in/2005/11/manipur-to-boycott-indian-nationals.html |title=Asian Football Business Review: Manipur to boycott Indian nationals because of ref |publisher=Footballdynamicsasia.blogspot.in |date=2005-11-21 |accessdate=2013-10-18 |archive-date=2013-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019215119/http://footballdynamicsasia.blogspot.in/2005/11/manipur-to-boycott-indian-nationals.html |url-status=live }}</ref> People of Manipur gave a rousing welcome to the players and officials of the State team which participated in the 60th Air India Express Santosh trophy football Tournament on their arrival at Imphal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.opinions.Mohen_Naorem_Musing.IFA_violating_FIFA_Code_of_Conduct |title=IFA violating FIFA Code of Conduct |publisher=E-pao.net |date= |accessdate=2013-10-19 |archive-date=2013-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019142815/http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.opinions.Mohen_Naorem_Musing.IFA_violating_FIFA_Code_of_Conduct |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="e-pao1">{{cite web |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=1..281105.nov05 |title=Red carpet rolled out for State players : 28th nov05 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |publisher=E-pao.net |date= |accessdate=2013-10-18 |archive-date=2013-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019142234/http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=1..281105.nov05 |url-status=live }}</ref> To protest the biased decision of the referee, Manipur Students Federation had organised only sit-in-protest demonstration and imposed a 22-hour general strike on the day the final match.<ref name="e-pao1"/> The [[All India Football Federation]] (AIFF) on 18 December 2005 decided to retain Goa as the champions of the Santosh Trophy rejecting Manipur's appeal, which had asked the AIFF to strip the champions of the title.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lists.goanet.org/pipermail/goanet-goanet.org/2005-December/123155.html |title=[Goanet] Goa to retain Santosh Trophy, Manipur's appeal rejected |publisher=Lists.goanet.org |date=2005-12-18 |access-date=2013-10-18 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131018144148/http://lists.goanet.org/pipermail/goanet-goanet.org/2005-December/123155.html |archive-date=2013-10-18 |url-status=dead |df= }}</ref>

==Telecast==
[[TEN Action|Zee Sports]] telecasted the 16 matches from the quarterfinals onwards live.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/nov52005/sports1820542005114.asp |title=Delhi rout Himachal - Deccan Herald - Internet Edition |publisher=Archive.deccanherald.com |date=2005-11-05 |access-date=2013-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019111359/http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/nov52005/sports1820542005114.asp |archive-date=2013-10-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[John Helm (commentator)|John Helm]] and [[Russell Osman]] have been hired as commentators.<ref name="indiantelevision2">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/headlines/y2k5/nov/novmam3.htm |title=> Media, Advertising & Marketing Watch > Zee Sports ropes in Air India Express as title sponsor for Santosh Trophy |publisher=Indiantelevision.com |date=2005-11-04 |accessdate=2013-10-18 |archive-date=2013-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017131824/http://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/headlines/y2k5/nov/novmam3.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The telecast packages included preview and review shows, half time match analysis.<ref name="indiantelevision2"/> Music and dance performances by renowned bands during the half time and in between the two matches. Special performance by Zebra's was there to entertain the crowds before the start of each match.<ref name="indiantelevision2"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/11/21/stories/2005112101390100.htm |title=Metro Plus Kochi : Football pepped up with spice |date=2005-11-21 |accessdate=2013-10-19 |archive-date=2013-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019072552/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/11/21/stories/2005112101390100.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="exchange4media1">{{cite web |url=http://www.exchange4media.com/e4m/news/printpage.asp?section_id=6&news_id=18460&tag=13187 |title=Welcome to exchange4media - the media for media |publisher=Exchange4media.com |date=2005-04-29 |access-date=2013-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019143954/http://www.exchange4media.com/e4m/news/printpage.asp?section_id=6&news_id=18460&tag=13187 |archive-date=2013-10-19 |url-status=dead |df= }}</ref> Zee provided soccer fans with the latest team news, match scores, statistics and player profiles, as well as exclusive player interviews and photo galleries.<ref name="indiantelevision2"/><ref name="exchange4media1"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Santosh Trophy}}
{{2005–06 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Santosh Trophy 2005-06}}
[[Category:Santosh Trophy seasons|2005-06]]
[[Category:2005–06 in Indian football]]
[[Category:2005–06 in domestic association football cups]]

History of Faizabad

2026-03-25T09:26:39Z

Gurushivam: small add intro per sources and cleaned formatting

{{About|the historical capital city of [[Awadh]] in Uttar Pradesh, India|the present day modern city|Faizabad|other uses|Faizabad (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement

| name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = 
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = A View of Part of the Palace of the late Nabob Suja ul Dowla at Fizabad - British Library X307(37).jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Depiction of Faizabad Fort by William Hodges, 1787.
| image_flag = Flag of Awadh.svg
| flag_alt =
| image_seal = अवध मोहर.jpg
| seal_alt = Oudh-arms short.gif
| image_shield =
| shield_alt =
| nickname =
| motto =
| mottoeng =
| image_map = 1777 Rennell - Dury Wall Map of Delhi and Agra, India - Geographicus - DelhiAgrah-dury-1777.jpg
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Dury Wall Map of Delhi, Agra and Oudh
| pushpin_map =
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| coordinates =
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Awadh]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder = Faiz Bakhsh and later by [[Saadat Ali Khan I|Nawab Sadat Khan]] and his successors as capital city
| seat_type =
| seat = [[Faizabad|Fyzabad]]
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party =
| leader_title = [[Nawab]]s (Governor)
| leader_name = [[Saadat Ali Khan I]], [[Safdarjung]], [[Shujauddaula]] and [[Asafuddaula]].
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
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| population_density_km2 = auto
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| footnotes =
}}

Local tradition holds '''Fyzabad''' or now [[Faizabad]] is identical with [[Sāketa|Saketa]] of the [[Ramayana]], supposedly the private estate of King [[Dashratha|Dasharatha]], the father of [[Lord Rama|Rama]]. It is claimed that Saket was renamed after the death of Faiz Baksh, a courtier of the Nawab of Awadh. Historically, when [[Nawab Saadat Ali Khan]], Burhan-ul-Mulk was given the charge of the Subah of [[Awadh]] around 1722 by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] court, he settled on the banks of the river [[Ghaghara]], building a fortress and mud barracks. Due to these temporary dwellings, the settlement was initially referred to as 'Bangla' (implied meaning- [[Shanty town|hutment]]).<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url=http://www.myuttarpradesh.co.in/faizabad.html|title=History Of Faizabad|publisher=myuttarpradesh.co.in/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701141026/http://www.myuttarpradesh.co.in/faizabad.html|archive-date=1 July 2012}}</ref>

==Princely State of Avadh==
[[Avadh]] was established around 1722 with [[Faizabad]] as its capital and [[Saadat Ali Khan I]] as first [[Nawab]] and progenitor of [[Nawabs of Awadh]]. He made his own palace near [[Ayodhya]], and founded a new city Faizabad, which became the capital of the new government. Due to his management policy state's income rose from 7 million to 20 million rupees.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

==The 1st Nawab [[Saadat Ali Khan I]]==
[[File:Saadat Ali Khan I.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Saadat Ali Khan I|Saadat Ali Khan]], the first and powerful Nawab, who laid the foundation of [[Faizabad]] as capital city.]]

Sa'adat Khan was born '''Muhammad Amin Musawi''' the son of '''Muhammad Nasir Musawi''' a merchant of [[Greater Khorasan|Khurasan]].<ref name=autogenerated2 group="nt">An oriental biographical dictionary: founded on materials collected by the late Thomas William Beale;2nd Edition; Publisher:W.H. Allen, 1894; page 337</ref> His grandfather a wealthy merchant migrated to India during the reign of the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Shah Jahan]]. Saadat Ali Khan I's father became a very prominent official during the rule of [[Bahadur Shah I]].<ref name=autogenerated2 group="nt"/> He is the progenitor of the [[Nawabs of Awadh]].<ref name=autogenerated2 group="nt"/>

[[Nawab Saadat Ali Khan]], was given the charge of the Subah of [[Awadh]] around 1722 by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Court. Nawab [[Saadat Ali Khan I|Saadat Ali Khan]] made the first settlements along the banks of [[Ghaghra river]] with a [[cantonment]] consisting of a [[fortress]] and mud barracks.

Awadh under him included five districts [[Khalilabad, India|Khalilabad]], [[Faizabad]], [[Gorakhpur]], [[Bahraich]] and [[Lucknow]]. Boundaries of Oudh stretched to [[Himalaya]]n hills in north, [[Bihar]] in east, in south unto [[Kara, Uttar Pradesh|Kara]]-[[Manikpur, Uttar Pradesh|Manikpur]] of [[Allahabad]] province and in west unto [[Kannauj]]. From Gorakhpur to Kannauj 270 miles long and from northern hills to [[Kara-Manikpur]] the province was 230 miles wide, totalling to {{formatnum:10171080}} [[Bigha]] in area.

Local kings, [[zamindar]]s and [[jagirdar]]s have created mismanagement and destroyed the peace of the area since the reign of [[Aurangzeb]], specially the Sheikh Zadas. Sadat Khan tamed them, made his own palace near [[Ayodhya]], and founded a new city [[Faizabad]], which became the capital of the new government. Due to his management policy state's income rose from 7 million to 20 million rupees. [[Muhammad Shah]] was very pleased with his service and gave him the title of "Burhan-ul-Mulk".

Sa'adat Khan enlarged the state boundary on eastern front by taking [[Banaras]], [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]], [[Ghazipur]] and [[Chunar]] under his control from Jagirdar Murtaza Khan in 1728.

He was one of the commanding Mughal generals in the [[Battle of Karnal]] against [[Nadir Shah]].<ref name=autogenerated2 group="nt"/> Sa'adat Khan was captured during the battle and died on the night prior to the massacre of [[Delhi]] by [[Nadir Shah]] on 19 March 1739. He was buried at [[Delhi]] in the mausoleum of his brother '''Sayadat Khan'''.<ref name=autogenerated2 group="nt"/>

===Issue and successor===
His only child was a daughter who was married to his nephew '''Muhammad Muqim''' better known as ''Abul Mansur Khan'' [[Safdarjung|Safdar Jung]] the son of '''Sayadat Khan''' who succeeded him in the government of [[Awadh]].<ref name=autogenerated2 group="nt"/>

==The 2nd Nawab Safdarjung==
[[Faizabad]] developed further during the reign of Nawab [[Safdarjung]], the second nawab of Avadh (1739–54), who made it the military headquarters while his successor Nawab Shuja-ud-daula developed it as full-fledged capital city.

==The 3rd Nawab Shujauddaula==
[[File:Nawab shuja ud daulah.jpg|thumb|left|Shuja-ud-Daula the [[Nawab of Awadh]], with Four Sons, General Barker and other Military Officers.]]

[[Faizabad]] was developed later on by Nawab [[Safdarjung]]'s successor, Nawab [[Shujauddaula]] into a full-fledged capital city, with gardens, palaces, markets, roads and other infrastructure. Under Shuja-ud-Daula's reign Faizabad achieved its culmination as an important centre of trade and commerce in northern India and attracted travellers, writers, merchants, artists and courtesans from sll over Europe and Asia. [[Shuja-ud-Daula]] also built a fortress on the banks of Saryu after he lost the battle of Buxar in 1764. however, this fort now is nothing more than a hummock.Suja-ud-daula, the third Nawab of Awadh, built a fort known as Chhota Calcutta, now in ruins. In 1765 he built the Chowk and Tirpaulia and subsequently laid out the Anguribagh and Motibagh to the south of it, Asafbagh and Bulandbagh to the west of the city. During the reign of [[Shuja-Ud-Daula]], Faizabad attained such a prosperity which it never saw again. The Nawabs graced Faziabad with several beautiful buildings, notable among them being the [[Gulab Bari]], Moti Mahal and the [[Bahu Begum ka Maqbara|tomb of Bahu Begum]]. [[Gulab Bari]] is a striking building of fine properties, standing in a garden surrounded by a wall, approachable through two large gateways. These buildings are particularly interesting for their assimilative architectural styles. Shuja-ud-daula's wife was the well known Bahu Begum, who married the Nawab in 1743 and continued to reside in Faizabad, her residence being the Moti-Mahal. Close by at Jawaharbagh lies her Maqbara, where she was buried after her death in 1816. It is considered to be one of the finest buildings of its kind in Avadh, which was built at the cost of 300,000 rupees by her chief advisor Darab Ali Khan. A fine view of the city is obtainable from top of the Begum's tomb. Bahu Begum was a woman of great distinction and rank, bearing dignity. Most of the Muslim buildings of Faizabad are attributed to her. From the date of Bahu Begum's death in 1815 till the annexation of Avadh, the city of Faizabad gradually fell into decay. The glory of Faizabad finally eclipsed with the shifting of capital from Faizabad to Lucknow by Nawab [[Asaf-ud-daula]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://faizabad.nic.in/history.htm|title=Welcome to Faizabad History|publisher=official website of Faizabad district|access-date=3 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170725153211/http://faizabad.nic.in/history.htm|archive-date=25 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==The 4th Nawab Asaf-ud-Daula==
Nawab [[Asaf-ud-Daula]], son of Nawab [[Shujauddaula]], was the fourth Nawab of [[Avadh]]. He shifted the capital from [[Faizabad]] to [[Lucknow]] this led to decline of rapidly growing [[Faizabad]] but glory to [[Lucknow]]. It is said that due to interference in the regime by his mother after the death of his father Nawab [[Shujauddaula]] he compelled to move from [[Faizabad]] to [[Lucknow]].

===Move of capital From Faizabad to Lucknow===

[[Asaf-ud-Daula]], the fourth Nawab and son of [[Shuja-ud-Daula]], moved the capital from [[Faizabad]] to [[Lucknow]] in 1775. His rule saw the building of the [[Asafi Imambara]] and [[Rumi Darwaza]], built by [[Raja Tikait Rai]] Nawab Wazir (Diwan) of Awadh, which till date are the biggest architectural marvels in the city. Asaf-ud-Daula made [[Lucknow]] one of the most prosperous and glittering cities in all India. It is said, he moved because he wanted to get away from the control of a dominant mother. On such a thread did the fate of the great city of Lucknow depend. From the date of Bahu Begum's death in 1815 till the annexation of Avadh, the city of Faizabad gradually fell into decay. The glory of Faizabad finally eclipsed with the shifting of capital from Faizabad to Lucknow by Nawab Asaf-ud-daula.

==3rd Battle of Panipat (1761)==
[[File:The Third battle of Panipat 13 January 1761.jpg|thumb|150px|The Third battle of Panipat 13 January 1761]]
[[Battle of Panipat (1761)|Third battle of Panipat]] was fought between [[Maratha Empire]] and coalition forces. [[Shujauddaula]] was one of the commander/leader of coalition forces.

[[Faizabad]] was also a centre of one of many battles of the Mutiny of 1857. A detailed history of Faizabad can be read in 'Tareekh-e-Farahbaksh', written by Munshi Mohd. Faiz Baksh, (after whom Faizabad is named) a courtier in the Shuja-ud-Daula's court. This book has been translated into English by [[Hamid Afaq Quresh]]i as 'Memoirs of Faizabad'. Faizabad also finds a prominent and detailed mention in ''[[Guzashta Lucknow]]'' written by [[Abdul Halim Sharar]]. The fourth nawab of Awadh, Nawab [[Asaf-ud-Daula]], shifted the Capital of Avadh to Lucknow in 1775 after his terms with his mother became sour.<ref name=autogenerated1 />

==Nawabs of Awadh with [[Faizabad]] as capital==
{| width=100% class="wikitable"
! style="background-color:#F0DC82" width=10% | Portrait
! style="background-color:#F0DC82" width=20% | Titular Name
! style="background-color:#F0DC82" width=15% | Personal Name
! style="background-color:#F0DC82" width=9% | Birth
! style="background-color:#F0DC82" width=9% | Reign
! style="background-color:#F0DC82" width=9% | Death
|-
|align="center"|[[File:Saadat Ali Khan I.jpg|90px]]
|align="center"|''Burhan ul Mulk Sa'adat Khan'' {{Nastaliq|برہان الملک سعادت خان}}
|align="center"| [[Saadat Ali Khan I|Mir Muhammad Amin Musawi]]
|align="center"|1680
|align="center"|1722–1739
|align="center"|1739
|-
|align="center"|[[File:Safdarjung, second Nawab of Awadh, Mughal dynasty. India. early 18th century.jpg|90px]]
|align="center"|''Abul-Mansur Khan Safdar Jung'' {{Nastaliq|ابو المنصور خان صفدرجنگ}}
|align="center"| [[Safdarjung|Muhammad Muqim]]
|align="center"|1708
|align="center"|1737–1753
|align="center"|1754
|-
|align="center"|[[File:अवध के नवाब शुजाउद्दौला.jpg|90px]]
|align="center"|''Shuja-ud-Daula'' {{Nastaliq|شجاع الدولہ}}
|align="center"| [[Shuja-ud-Daula|Jalal-ud-din Haider Abul-Mansur Khan]]
|align="center"|1732
|align="center"|1753–1775
|align="center"|1775
|-
|align="center"|[[File:Asifportrait2 - Asuf ud Daula.jpg|90px]]
|align="center"|''Asaf-ud-Daula'' {{Nastaliq|آصف الدولہ}}
|align="center"| [[Asaf-Ud-Dowlah|Muhammad Yahya Mirza Amani]]
|align="center"|1748
|align="center"|1775–1797
|align="center"|1797
|}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Internal gate of faizabad tomb.jpg
File:Part of faizabad mausoleum.jpg
File:Second gate of faizabad tomb.jpg
File:Shujauddaula tomb faizabad.jpg
File:Tomb of faizabad.jpg
File:Way to faizabad tomb.jpg
File:Faizabad harem.jpg|A Palace Complex with Harem Gardens India, Faizabad, c. 1765
File:Colonel Antoine-Louis Henri Polier watching a nautch at Faizabad.jpg|watching a nautch, after a painting by Johann Zoffany, circa 1786–88
File:Faizabad fort.jpg|Depiction of The fort, now ruined, was built by [[Shujaudaula]] of [[Faizabad]] Hodges, William (1744–1797).
File:A View of Part of the Palace of the late Nabob Suja ul Dowla at Fizabad - British Library X307(37).jpg|Depiction of Faizabad Fort by William Hodges, 1787.
File:Lalbagh gate faizabad c.1801.jpg|Gate of the Loll-Baug at Fyzabad; by Thomas and William Daniell, 1801* (BL).
File:Gatewayfzd.JPG|Entrance to [[Bahu Begum ka Maqbara]].
File:Gateway faizabad c.1880's.jpg|"Gateway, Faizabad," a photo, c. 1880s.
File:View of Bahu Begum's Maqbara.JPG| another view of Maqbara
File:Ramparts of Maqbara.JPG|Ramparts of Maqbara
File:Maqbara with palm trees.JPG|The main entrance way of Maqbara is lined with palm trees.
File:Maqbara of Queen Bride.JPG | The majestic architecture
File:Arched entrance.JPG | Arched entrance to halls inside Maqbara.
File:The Maqbara.JPG|
File:Chamber inside maqabara.JPG| A hall inside maqbara of Bahu Begum
File:GulabBari.jpg| Gulab Bari, The Mausoleum of Nawab Shuja ud Daulah,
File:The temple complex at Guptar Ghat.jpg| The temple at Guptar Ghat
File:Gulab Bari.jpg| Gulab Bari
File:Shuja-ud-daula,_Nawab_of_Oudh.tif|[[Shuja-ud-Daula]]
File:Tilak Hall.jpg| Tilak Hall, Faizabad's town hall, office of the municipal board. During the Raj, was known as "Victoria Memorial Hall"
File:Portrait of Hyder Beg Khan, the Minister to the Nawab of A Wadh, Asaf-Au-Daula.jpg|Portrait of Hyder Beg Khan, the Minister to the Nawab of A Wadh, Asaf-Au-Daula
</gallery>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=nt}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:History of Awadh]]
[[Category:Faizabad]]
[[Category:History of Uttar Pradesh by city|Faizabad]]
[[Category:Histories of cities in India|Faizabad]]

Romanisation of Sindhi

2026-03-23T11:40:39Z

Gurushivam: created new pg!

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2026}}
{{Self-published|date=January 2020}}
'''Romanisation of Sindhi''' is a system for representing the [[Sindhi language]] using the [[Latin script]].

In [[Sindh]], [[Pakistan]], the Sindhi language is written in modified [[Perso-Arabic]] script and in India it is written in both Perso-Arabic script and [[Devanagari]].

Indus Roman Sindhi Script gives ability to Sindhis and would allow Sindhis all over the world to communicate with each other through one common script.
The Sindhi language is traditionally written in a script derived from the [[Arabic script]], with some modifications. Therefore, the transliteration is the process of converting text from one writing system into another, while preserving the original pronunciation. In the case of Sindhi to English transliteration, it involves converting Sindhi words written in the Sindhi script (a variant of the Arabic script) into the Latin alphabet used for writing English.

== Accessibility for Sindhi Speakers living abroad ==
One of the primary reasons for adopting Roman script is to ease communication for Sindhi speakers who know the language but are not familiar with the traditional persio-arabic or Devnagri scripts. This group, especially in India and abroad, could benefit from the use of Roman Sindhi script because they are already familiar with the [[English alphabet]]. The shift to Roman Sindhi script would allow them to read and write Sindhi without needing to learn new, unfamiliar scripts.

To use Roman Sindhi script for Sindhi language is not about replacing the traditional Sindhi script but about addressing specific needs in a changing world. By providing an additional script option, it could increase literacy, cultural exchange, and global reach for the Sindhi language, while still preserving its rich heritage in traditional Arabic Sindhi script.

"Indus Roman Sindhi" system is different than Haleem Brohi's Roman Sindhi (Haleem Brohee jee Roman Sindhee). Indus Roman Sindhi is developed by Fayaz Soomro.<ref>[[:sd:%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86 %D8%B3%D9%86%DA%8C%D9%8A %D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%AA%D8%B1%D9%BE%D9%BD]]</ref>{{Circular reference|date=September 2023}}

==Indus Roman Sindhi==
Indus Roman Sindhi {{langx|sd|'''سنڌو رومن سنڌي لپي'''}} is one system for the Romanisation of Sindhi. The Sindhi Alphabet has a rich and diverse set of sounds, and the mentioned below transliteration of the letters of Sindhi alphabet outlines the individual letters and their corresponding sounds.

===Alphabet chart===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:125%;"
|-
! Roman Sindhi !! Sindhi
|-
| AA || (آ (اڀو الف
|-
| A|| ا، ع
|-
| B || ب
|-
| BB || ٻ
|-
| C || Use C when needed
|-
| P || پ
|-
| BH || ڀ
|-
| T || ت، ط
|-
| TH || ٿ
|-
| TT || ٽ
|-
| THH || ٺ
|-
| J|| ج
|-
| JH || جھ
|-
| JJ || ڄ
|-
| NJN or NJ|| ڃ
|-
| CH || چ
|-
| CHH || ڇ، چھ
|-
| H || ه، ھ، ح
|-
| KH || خ
|-
| KHH or KK || ک
|-
| D|| د
|-
| DH || ڌ
|-
| DD || ڏ
|-
| D' or D or ddh || ڊ
|-
| DHH || ڍ
|-
| R || ر
|-
| RR || ڙ
|-
| S || س، ث، ص
|-
| SH || ش
|-
| G' or GHH || غ
|-
| F || ف
|-
| PH || ڦ
|-
| K || ڪ
|-
| Q || ق
|-
| G || گ
|-
| GG || ڳ
|-
| GH || گھ
|-
| NGN or NG || ڱ
|-
| L || ل
|-
| M || م
|-
| N || ن
|-
| NN || ڻ
|-
| W, V || و
|-
| X || Use X when needed
|-
| Y, E, EE, I || ي
|-
| Z || ض، ذ، ز، ظ
|}

Above mentioned list or table of transliteration of the Sindhi letters is a guide to the complex Sindhi script, with several letters representing distinct sounds that don't always have direct equivalents in English. It also reflects the wide variety of sounds in Sindhi, including retroflex, aspirated, and nasal sounds.

=== Elongation chart ===
The alphabet of persio-Arabic Sindhi script is highly context sensitive. Many of the letters of Sindhi alphabet share a common base form diacritical marks and diacritical points place either above or below.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:115%;"
|-
! Orthoepi/ Orthoepy !! Explanation in persio-Arabic Sindhi script !! Explanation in Indus Roman Sindhi Script !! Explanation in English
|-
| اَ، عَ || '''سنڌو رومن سنڌيءَ ۾ ”ايَ“ زَبرَ لاءِ ڪتب اچي ٿي، پر ڪن صورتن ۾ ”يو“ پڻ زَبرَ لاءِ ڪتب آڻڻ جي اجازت آهي''' || Sindhu Roman Sindhi mein "A" zabar laaey katab achay thee, par kin sooratin mein "U" pinn zabar laaey katab aannann ji ijaazat aahay. || In Indus Roman Sindhi, "A" is used as diacritical upper mark "zabar" but in some cases, as an exception allowed to use "U" as diacritical upper mark "Zabar"
|-
| اِ، عِ || '''سنڌو رومن سنڌيءَ ۾ ”آءِ“ زِير لاءِ ڪتب اچي تي، پر ڪن صورتن ۾ زير لاءِ ”اِي“ پڻ ڪتب آڻڻ جي اجازت آهي''' || Sindhu Roman Sindhi mein "i" zer laaey katab achay thee, par kin sooratin mein "E" pinn zer laaey katab aannann ji ijaazat aahay. || In Indus Roman Sindhi, "I" is used as diacritical below mark "Zer" but in some cases, as an exception allowed to use "E" as diacritical below mark "Zer"
|-
| اُ || '''سنڌو رومن سنڌيءَ ۾ پيش لاءِ ”يو“ ڪتب اچي ٿي''' || Sindhu Roman Sindhi mein "U" peshu laaey katab achay thi. || In Indus Roman Sindhi, "U" is used as diacritical upper mark "Peshu"
|}

From Sindhi to English transliteration, the diacritical marks (زبر, زیر, پشّو) are represented using specific vowels:

"َ" (Zabar) is typically represented by "a" in transliteration. This mark indicates a short "a" sound, like in "bhat" "ڀَت"

In [[Sindhi transliteration]], the diacritical mark "زبر" (Zabar), which typically represents a short "a" sound, is usually transliterated as "A". However, in some cases, as an exception, "U" can be used as the diacritical upper mark "زبر" (Zabar), particularly in words where the pronunciation resembles the "u" sound, similar to the "u" in "put" or "foot."

This is a flexibility in the transliteration system, acknowledging the complex phonetic variations in Sindhi. The choice to use "U" may depend on specific phonetic preferences, but the standard practice is to use "A" for the "زبر" (Zabar) in most cases.

For example:

"پٽ" (Patt) would typically be transliterated as "Patt" based on the "زبر" (Zabar) being the short "a."
However, in some words with a more rounded vowel sound, "U" could be used in transliteration: "پُٽ" (Putt) to reflect a more "u"-like sound in pronunciation.

This flexibility helps represent the varying pronunciations in Sindhi while keeping the system more phonetic and accessible to speakers of different dialects or accents.

"ِ" (Zer) is represented by "i" in transliteration. It indicates a short "i" sound, like in "bit" or "sit."

"i" is typically used for the diacritical mark "زیر" (Zer), which represents a short "i" sound (as in "bit" or "sit"). However, as an exception, "e" can sometimes be used to represent the diacritical "زیر" (Zer) in certain cases, especially when the pronunciation of the vowel sound is closer to the short "e" sound (as in "bed" or "let").

This exception acknowledges phonetic variations in Sindhi. In certain words or contexts, using "e" may be more accurate to reflect the pronunciation of the vowel, even though "i" is the standard representation for "زیر" (Zer).

For example:

"بِلا" (Bila) – the "i" in "Bila" would generally be transliterated as "i".
However, in some cases where the sound is closer to the "e" sound, you might see "e" used instead: "بِلو" (Belo).

"ُ" (Peshu) is represented by "u" in transliteration. It indicates a short "u" sound, like in "put" or "foot."

The diacritical mark "پيش" (Peshu), which represents the short "u" sound (as in "put" or "foot"), is typically represented by "U" in Latin script.

This diacritical mark "پيش" (Peshu) is used to indicate a "u"-like sound, and "U" is the standard transliteration for this mark.

== Basics ==
*"'''Alif'''" ({{langx|sd| '''ا'''}}), (In Romanized Sindhi: alif is '''"A"'''). For example: Ambu/Anbu ({{langx|sd| '''انبُ'''}})

"'''Alif'''" ({{langx|sd| '''ا'''}}) is the first letter of Sindhi alphabet and it is a base letter of Sindhi alphabet. Though in [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] there are no vowels but the below mentioned letters and compound letters considered almost as vowels in [[Sindhi language]] and all of them are formed with the help of alif ({{langx|sd| '''ا'''}}).

Roman Sindhi Vowels/رومن سنڌي سُر/ सुर
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:120%;"
|-
! آ !! اَ !! اِ !! اِي !! اُ !! اي !! اَي !! او !! اَو
|-
|}

अ आ इ ई उ ऊ

A aa i ee u oo

اُو اُ اِي اِ آ اَ

ए ऐ ओ औ अं ह

e ai o au a'n h

ھَ اَنّ اَؤ او اَي ئي

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
| Sindhi Vowels in Roman Sindhi || a || aa || i || ee || u || oo || e || ai || au || a'n
|-

| Vowels to combine with Consonants || Ma || Maa || Mi || Mee || Mu || Moo || Me || Mai || Mau || Ma'n
|}

In Indus Roman Sindhi, English alphabet's letter "A" stands for '''''alif''''' ({{langx|sd| '''ا'''}}), "AA" stants for '''''alif mand aa''''' ({{langx|sd| '''آ'''}}) and '''''alif zabar''''' ({{langx|sd| '''اَ'''}}) and '''''ubho alif''''' (vertical alif).
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://romansindhi.blogspot.com/2017/01/alif.html|title=Roman Sindhi سنڌو رومن سنڌي: Alif|last=Iaor|date=17 January 2017|publisher=}}</ref>

In the process of Sindhi transliteration, the following vowels and diphthongs are commonly used to represent the "سُرَ" (Sur'a) or vowel sounds in Sindhi:

a – Represents the short "a" sound (as in "cat").

aa – Represents the long "a" sound (as in "father").

i – Represents the short "i" sound (as in "bit").

ee – Represents the long "ee" sound (as in "see").

u – Represents the short "u" sound (as in "put").

oo – Represents the long "oo" sound (as in "food").

e – Represents the short "e" sound (as in "bed").

ai – Represents the [[diphthong]] "ai" sound (as in "ride").

au – Represents the diphthong "au" sound (as in "how").

a'n – Represents a nasalized "a" sound, often used in words that include a nasalized vowel.

These transliterations reflect the variety of vowel sounds in Sindhi, which can vary in length and quality. By using these specific characters, the transliteration system captures the correct phonetics and vowel sounds of Sindhi when written in the Latin script.

=== Vowel Combinations with "M" (م) ===
Ma, Maa, Mi, Mee, Mu, Moo, Me, Mai, Mau, Ma'n

These combinations demonstrate how vowels (سُرَ) attach to consonants (حَرفِ صحيح) in Sindhi transliteration.
Diacritical marks such as "زبر" , (Zer) "زیر" (Zabar), and "پیش" (Peshu) help determine the vowel sounds when transliterating Sindhi into Latin script.

Diphthongs like "ai" and "au" represent complex vowel sounds in Sindhi.

This structure allows accurate representation of Sindhi pronunciation in Latin script.

== Consonants ==
({{langx|sd| '''ب'''}}) is the second letter of Sindhi alphabet.

In Indus Roman Sindhi, English alphabet's letter "B" stands for ({{langx|sd| '''ب'''}}). For example: '''Badak''' ({{langx|sd| '''بَدَڪ'''}})

The chart shows different sounds of "B" ({{langx|sd| '''ب'''}})
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:120%;"
|-
! بَو !! بو !! بَي !! بي !! بوُ !! بُ !! بيِ !! بِ !! با !! بَ
|-
| BAO || BO || BAE/BAI/ BAY || BE/ BI/ BY || BOO || BU || BI/ BEE || BI/ BE || BAA || BA
|}
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://romansindhi.blogspot.com/2017/01/second-letter-of-sindhi-alphabet.html|title=Roman Sindhi سنڌو رومن سنڌي: Second letter of Sindhi alphabet|last=Iaor|date=18 January 2017|publisher=}}</ref>

=== Vowel Combinations with "B" (ب) ===
'''بَو'''

Transliteration: Bao

Represents a diphthong sound, as in "bounty."

'''بو'''

Transliteration: Bo

Represents a long "o" sound, as in "boat."

'''بَي'''

Transliteration: Bae / Bai / Bay

Represents a diphthong or short "ae/ai" sound, as in "bait" or "bay."

'''بي'''

Transliteration: Be / Bi / By

Represents either a short "e" sound (as in "bed") or a short "i" sound (as in "bit"), depending on the context.

'''بوُ'''

Transliteration: Boo

Represents a long "oo" sound, as in "boot."

'''بُ'''

Transliteration: Bu

Represents a short "u" sound, as in "put."

'''بيِ'''

Transliteration: Bi / Bee

Represents a long "ee" sound, as in "bee."

'''بِ'''

Transliteration: Bi / Be

Represents a short "i" sound (as in "bit") or a short "e" sound (as in "bed").

'''با'''

Transliteration: Baa

Represents a long "aa" sound, as in "father."

'''بَ'''

Transliteration: Ba

Represents a short "a" sound, as in "''Bhat''" (ڀَت)

Examples in Words:

''Badak'' (بَدَڪ) – Duck
Uses "Ba" for the زبر (Zabar) sound.

== Peculiar sounds of Sindhi language ==

There are six peculiar sounds in Sindhi language, four of them known as ''"Chaar choosinna aawaz"'' ({{langx|sd| '''چار چوسڻا آواز'''}}) (sounds made with back of the tongue) and two other peculiar sounds, known as Nasalization Consonant or '''Nasal sounds''' or "''Noonaasik or Nikwaan (weenjann) aawaz (Phoneme)''" ({{langx|sd| '''نوناسڪ يا نڪوان ”وينجڻ“ آواز'''}}).

*'''The chart of four peculiar ''Chaar choosinna aawaz'' sounds'''
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:120%;"
|-
! ڏ !! ڳ !! ڄ !! ٻ
|-
| dd || gg || jj || bb
|}

*'''The chart of two peculiar 'Nasal sounds' or "Noonaasik or Nikwaan (weenjann) aawaz" sounds'''
When you make a speech sound, air usually passes through your oral cavity and comes out of your mouth. But you can also direct the flow of air through your nose, making a '''nasal sound'''.

To get the air to come out of your nose, you lower your velum. This opens up your nasal cavity and lets the air out through your nostrils. You can let air out through your nose and mouth at the same time: This makes a '''nasalized sound'''.

'''Nasal consonants''' are made by closing the mouth at specific places of articulation and opening the velum. The resulting nasal consonants are called stops because the oral cavity is closed, but air still flows out through the nasal cavity.<ref>Book: Linguistics for Dummies, The Building Blocks of Language, page No. 44</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:120%;"
|-
! ڃ !! ڱ
|-
| njn || ngn
|}

This Sindhi alphabet's letter ({{langx|sd| '''ٻ'''}}) is one of four peculiar "chaar choosinna aawaz" sounds and in Indus Roman Sindhi it stands as "BB". For example: Bbakiri ({{langx|sd| '''ٻَڪِري'''}})

*The chart shows different sounds of "BB" ({{langx|sd| '''ٻ'''}})
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:120%;"
|-
! ٻَو !! ٻو !! ٻي !! ٻي !! ٻوُ !! ٻُ !! ٻيِ !! ٻِ !! ٻا !! ٻَ
|-
| BBAO || BBO || BBAE/ BBAI/ BBAY || BBE/ BBI/ BBY || BBOO || BBU || BBI/ BBEE || BBI || BBAA || BBA
|}
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://romansindhi.blogspot.com/2017/01/peculiar-sounds-of-sindhi-language.html|title=Roman Sindhi سنڌو رومن سنڌي: Peculiar sounds of Sindhi language|last=Iaor|date=20 January 2017|publisher=}}</ref>

===Multi purpose use of "D"===
The Roman letter '''"D"''' is some times used as '''Aspirates''' in Roman Sindhi. For example: '''d'''', '''dd''' and some times with the combination of letter '''"H"''', suppose: '''dh''' or '''ddh''' to make peculiar sounds of Sindhi language.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:125%;"
|-
! ڏ !! ڌ !! ڍ !! ڊ !! د
|-
| DD || DH || DHH || D' || D
|}

=="A" is used as "Alif" and as Zabar (diacritical uppar mark) in Roman Sindhi==
{| class="wikitable"
! ث، س، ص !! S
|-
| ثَ، سَ، صَ || SA
|-
| ثا، سا، صا || SAA
|}

== The difference between "R" "ر" and "RR" "ڙ" ==

""R"" represents Sindhi letter "ر"

"RR" represents Sindhi letter "ڙ"

"ڙ" = "rr" (representing the retroflex "ṛ" sound in Sindhi, which is distinct from the regular "ر" sound)

== A table that shows the examples of Zabar (diacritical upper mark) in Roman Sindhi ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ زَبرَ Zabar (diacritical uppar mark)
! In modified Sindhi script derived from Arabic alphabet !! In Roman Sindhi
|-
| ھَ، حَ || ha
|-
| جھَ || jha
|-
| ڪَ، قَ || ka, ka
|-
| تَ || ta
|-
| ٽَ || tta
|-
| ٺَ || thha
|-
| رَ || ra
|-
| ڙَ || rra
|-
| رََ. ذَ، ضَ، ظَ || za
|}

{| class="wikitable"
! In modified Sindhi script derived Arabic alphabet !! In Roman Sindhi
|-
| آ، عا || aa
|-
| ڪا، قا || kaa, qaa
|-
| ڀا || bhaa
|-
| سا، صا، ثا || saa
|-
| تا، طا || taa
|-
| ٽا || ttaa
|-
| ها، حا || haa
|-
| گا || gaa
|-
| زا، ظا، ذا، ضا || zaa
|}

{| class="wikitable"
! اَي، عي !! ay
|-
| اَئو، عَئو || ao, uo
|}

{| class="wikitable"
! In modified Sindhi script derived from Arabic alphabet !! In Roman Sindhi
|-
| بيَ || bay
|-
| ٻيَ || bbay
|-
| ڀيَ || bhay
|-
| تيَ || tay
|-
| ڇيَ || chhay
|-
| ڃيَ || njnay
|-
| ڱيَ || ngnay
|-
| ڙيَ || rray
|-
| ڦيَ || phay
|}

==Romanization of Sindhi words==
There is a difference between transliteration and Romanisation. The present modified persio-arabic script of Sindhi language is highly context sensitive. Many of the letters of Sindhi alphabet share a common base form diacritical marks and diacritical points place either above or below (Zer, Zabar and peshu). Therefore, through transliteration, the Romanization of Sindhi words is not possible. Therefore, each and every word should be Romanized separately from persio-arabic script into Roman Sindhi script.

===Haleem Brohi's Roman Sindhi Script===
Haleem Brohi created his Roman Sindhi and named it "Haleem Brohi's Roman Sindhi." Although there were several minor and major errors in the "Roman Sindhi arranged by him".

Haleem Brohi made a major error in Roman Sindhi by using "TH" for the letter "ذ" or possibly "THD." Additionally, he assigned only "E" and "EE" for the letter "ي." However, "ي" should have also included "آءِ" and "واءِ" as options. There are some words that already end with "ي" and should have "آءِ"/"i" as their spelling. These words have historical significance, and we cannot change their spelling or disregard their historical status, as the World recognizes them by that spelling. Some examples are: Sindh, Sindhi, Bhittai, Karachi.

Haleem Brohi stubbornly stood by his stance and did not agree to use "آءِ"/"i" as an exception for "ي." As a result, under "Haleem Brohi's Roman Sindhi," the words (Sindh, Sindhi, and Karachi) could be transliterated as: Sinth, Sinthee, Karachee Or perhaps they could be written/transliterated as: Sinthd, Sinthdee, Karachee.

Additionally, he left some letters in Roman Sindhi with brackets ( ) as indicators, which made it very difficult to write words or sentences smoothly. These were the reasons, when "Haleem Brohi's Roman Sindhi" was introduced to the public, it did not succeed, and Sindhi people did not consider it a viable script for transliteration. Thus, there were many other significant issues in Haleem Brohi's Roman Sindhi script, which prevented it from fully meeting the needs of the Sindhi language. Therefore, it can be said that Haleem Brohi's arranged Roman Sindhi script was an incomplete script.<ref>[[:sd:%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86 %D8%B3%D9%86%DA%8C%D9%8A %D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%AA%D8%B1%D9%BE%D9%BD]]</ref>{{Circular reference|date=February 2025}}

==See also==

* [[Pinyin|Romanizations of Chinese]]
* [[Devanagari transliteration|Romanizations of Hindi]]
* [[Romanization of Russian]]
* [[Romanization of Japanese]]
* [[Romanization of Arabic]]
* [[Romanization of Hebrew]]
* [[Romanization of Greek]]
* [[Romanization of Ukrainian]]
* [[Romanization of Persian]]
* [[Romanization of Bulgarian]]
* [[Romanization of Armenian]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Sindhi language]]
[[Category:Romanization of Arabic]]
[[Category:Romanization of Brahmic]]

Ritwik Bhowmik

2026-03-19T14:37:31Z

Gurushivam: refine structure for consistency

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ritwik Bhowmik
| image = Ritwik Bhowmik at the launch of Netflix Slate 2025 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Bhowmik in 2025
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age |df=yes|1992|8|28}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2025 |title=Ritwik Bhowmik(I) Actor |url=https://m.imdb.com/name/nm9076764/ |access-date=28 March 2025 |website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Aurangabad]], Maharashtra, India<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2025 |title=Ritwik Bhowmik, Adil Zafar Khan Exclusive: On Khakee, Female Attention, Portraying Violence |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XbV5YjZ07wM&si=TpIM86lgOGSTvPWl |access-date=28 March 2025 |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>
| education = B.Com <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2023 | title=Ritwik Bhowmik Biography |url=https://indianstarsbio.com/ritwik-bhowmik-biography/ |access-date=28 March 2025 |website=indianstarbio}}</ref>
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2017–present
| known for = ''[[Bandish Bandits]]'' ''[[The Whistleblower (web series)|The Whistleblower]]'' ''[[Modern Love Mumbai]]''
}}

'''Ritwik Bhowmik''' (born 28 August 1992) is an Indian actor known for portraying Radhe in ''[[Bandish Bandits]]'' and Sanket Bhadoria in [[The Whistleblower (web series)|''The Whistleblower'']].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ritwik Bhowmik: When People Appreciate Your Performance, You Tend To Get Stereotyped|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/entertainment-news-ritwik-bhowmik-when-people-appreciate-your-performance-you-tend-to-get-stereotyped/408589 | website= Outlook India|date= 7 January 2022|accessdate=14 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ritwik Bhowmik: Nobody achieves success without some help along the way|url=https://www.easterneye.biz/ritwik-bhowmik-nobody-achieves-success-without-some-help-along-the-way/ |website= EasternEye |date=19 February 2022| accessdate=14 May 2022 }}</ref>

==Career ==
Bhowmik started his acting career at the age of 9, appearing in live stage shows and plays. He worked in 17 plays, such as ''Charlie And The Tin Can'', and also made appearances in 6 short films including ''Sleep'', ''That’s How It Started'', and ''Gamble of Flesh''. Later, he became a part of the Bridging Gaps Entertainment production house.

In 2017, he made his acting debut on the digital platform with the [[TVF (The Viral Fever)|TVF]] web series ''Office VS Office''. In 2019, he made his film debut in the lead role in the Bengali drama film ''[[Dhuusar]]'' as Shiladitya Guha. He worked in a [[Netflix]] show titled ''Gabru'', and also appeared in several videos for ''FilterCopy Talkies''.

In 2020, he starred in [[Anand Tiwari]]'s musical romantic drama ''[[Bandish Bandits]]'', which premiered on [[Amazon Prime]], where he played the lead role of a trained classical singer, Radhe Rathore, opposite Shreya Chaudhary.<ref>{{cite web |title=WION Exclusive: 'Bandish Bandits' actor Ritwik Bhowmik on his new show 'Whistleblower', a scam drama|url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-wion-exclusive-bandish-bandits-actor-ritwik-bhowmik-on-his-new-show-whistleblower-a-scam-drama-439088 | website= Wionews|date= 22 December 2021|accessdate= 14 May 2022}}</ref> In 2022, he featured in Prime's [[Anthology series|anthology]] series ''[[Modern Love Mumbai]]'' opposite [[Masaba Gupta]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Modern Love: Mumbai review — Fatima Sana Shaikh, Vishal Bhardwaj rescue the tame, stilted anthology|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/modern-love-mumbai-review-fatima-sana-shaikh-vishal-bhardwaj-rescue-the-tame-stilted-anthology-10668541.html|website= Firstpost |date=13 May 2022| accessdate=14 May 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Masaba Gupta feels modern love is 'simply complicated' Exclusive|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/masaba-gupta-feels-modern-love-is-simply-complicated-exclusive-1946358-2022-05-06|website= Indian Today |date=6 May 2022| accessdate=14 May 2022 }}</ref> and in ''[[Maja Ma]]'' opposite [[Barkha Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2022 |title=Ritwik Bhowmik on Madhuri Dixit's Maja Ma: 'My career has been born on OTT' |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/not-just-bollywood-ritwik-bhowmik-on-madhuri-dixits-maja-ma-my-career-has-been-born-on-ott-11395581.html |access-date=12 October 2022 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref> In 2024, he reprised his role as Radhe in the second season of ''[[Bandish Bandits]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 December 2024 |title=Ritwik Bhowmik Reveals Bandish Bandits 'Changed His Life Forever', Recalls Being Chosen To Play Radhe {{!}} EXCL |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/web-series/ritwik-bhowmik-reveals-bandish-bandits-changed-his-life-forever-recalls-being-chosen-to-play-radhe-excl-article-116330386 |access-date=26 December 2024 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> He is set to make his Bengali film debut with Rahool Mukherjee's [[Mon Maaney Na (2026 Bengali Film)]]'','' starring opposite Hiya Chatterjee, daughter of [[Saswata Chatterjee]], who is also making her debut with this film.<ref>{{Cite web |title= First look of Mon Maaney Na unveiled|work=The Times of India |date=29 December 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/first-look-of-mon-maaney-na-unveiled/articleshow/126228394.cms}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Cargo (2019 film)|Cargo]]'' || Aggressive Cargo
|
|
|-
| 2019 ||''[[Dhuusar]]'' || Shiladitya Guha
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2020 |title=Bandish Bandits is about art vs exhibitionism: Ritwik Bhowmik |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/ritwik-bhowmik-on-bandish-bandits-shreya-chaudhary-amazon-prime-video-6534790/ |access-date=24 September 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
| ''Life Is Ruff'' ||Faizaan
| rowspan="2" |Short film
|
|-
|''Haba Goba'' || Kush
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 October 2020 |title=The Viral Shah directorial short film 'Haba Goba' powered by ttt trends for its act and anecdote |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/viral-shah-directorial-short-film-haba-goba-powered-by-ttt-trends-its-act-anecdote-829273 |access-date=20 March 2023 |website=www.ibtimes.co.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Maja Ma]]'' || Tejas Patel
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Maja Ma - Official Trailer {{!}} Madhuri Dixit, Gajraj Rao, Ritwik Bhowmik, Barkha Singh - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/videos/ott/maja-ma-official-trailer-madhuri-dixit-gajraj-rao-ritwik-bhowmik-barkha-singh/ |access-date=24 September 2022 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|''[[Mon Maaney Na (2026 Bengali Film)]]''
|Rahul Sen
|Bengali Debut
|
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
| 2017 || ''Office vs. Office'' || Baldev
|
|
|-
| 2018 || ''FilterCopy Talkies'' || Joy
|Season 1; Episode 5
|
|-
| 2020–2024 || ''[[Bandish Bandits]]'' || Radhemohan "Radhe" Rathod Jr.
| || <ref>{{cite web |date=30 December 2021 |title='A student is not a marksheet': Sonali Kulkarni |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2021/dec/30/a-student-is-nota-marksheet-2401068.html |website=The New Indian Express |accessdate=14 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2021 || ''[[The Whistleblower (web series)|The Whistleblower]]'' || Dr. Sanket Bhadoria
| || <ref>{{cite web |date=26 October 2021 |title=Ritwik Bhowmik: Took time to find a role I'd fall in love with |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/web-series/article/ritwik-bhowmik-took-time-to-find-a-role-id-fall-in-love-with-23198168 |website=Mid-Day |accessdate=14 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=27 December 2021 |title=Ritwik Bhowmik feels his character Dr Sanket Bhadoria in 'The Whistleblower' was challenging |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/ritwik-bhowmik-feels-his-character-dr-sanket-bhadoria-whistleblower-was-challenging-975928 |website=PinkVilla |accessdate=14 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Modern Love Mumbai]]'' || Parth
|Season 1; Episode 5|| <ref>{{cite web |date=6 May 2022 |title=Modern Love Mumbai: Masaba, Ritwik & Dhruv Talk About Their Worst Dates |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/celebrities/modern-love-mumbai-masaba-gupta-worst-date-ritwik-bhowmik-director-dhruv-sehgal-interview |website=The Quint |accessdate=14 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=13 May 2022 |title=Modern Love Mumbai review: Dhruv Sehgal, Hansal Mehta's beautiful stories are worth going through anything |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/modern-love-mumbai-review-dhruv-sehgal-hansal-mehta-s-beautiful-stories-are-worth-going-through-anything-101652418498354.html |website=Hindustan Times |accessdate=14 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=28 April 2022 |title=Modern Love Mumbai trailer: From millennial love to same-sex love, a show on different shades of love |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/modern-love-mumbai-trailer-prime-video-vishal-bhardwaj-pratik-gandhi-7891876/ |website=The Indian Express |accessdate=14 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2023
| ''[[Jehanabad - Of Love & War]]''
| Abhimanyu Singh
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2023 |title=Sweet love story amid a bloody revolution makes for a thrilling watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/jehanabad-of-love-war-review-love-story-engulfed-in-a-revolution-is-thrilling-and-touching-at-the-same-time-101675389310001.html |access-date=4 February 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

|-
| ''[[Sweet Kaaram Coffee]]''
| Radhemohan "Radhe" Rathod Jr.
| Guest appearance
|
|-
|2024
|''Butterflies''
|Rohan
|Season 5; Episode 1
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9RBJQcqP0MI |title=Ritwik Bhowmik and Reem Shaikh on their new show Butterflies |date=23 February 2024 |last=Indian Express |access-date=9 January 2025 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''The Pickle Factory''
|Deb
|
|
|-
|2025
|[[Fasco: |''Fasco'']]
|Atul Kar
|
|-
|2025
|[[Khakee: The Bengal Chapter|''Khakee: The Bengal Chapter'']]
|Sagor Talukdar
|
|
|}

=== Music videos ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Singer
!Ref.
|-
|2020
|''Khidki'' || [[Papon (singer)|Papon]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 October 2020 |title=Watch New Hindi Hit Song Music Video - 'Khidki' Sung By Papon |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/watch-new-hindi-hit-song-music-video-khidki-sung-by-papon/videoshow/78802656.cms |access-date=26 July 2022}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''Qatra''
|[[Stebin Ben]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2021 |title=Bandish Bandits Fame Ritwik Bhowmik Seen Romancing With Karishma Tanna In This New Song |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/bandish-bandits-fame-ritwik-bhowmik-seen-romancing-with-karishma-tanna-in-this-new-song-1435291 |access-date=24 September 2022 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Work
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|2022
|[[Indian Television Academy Awards|22nd Indian Television Academy Awards]]
|Popular Actor - OTT
|''[[The Whistleblower (web series)|The Whistleblower]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=The 22nd ITA Awards |url=https://ita2022.indiantelevisionacademy.com/ |access-date=27 September 2022 |website=Indian Television Academy |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Ritwik Bhowmik}}
* {{IMDb name|9076764}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhowmik, Ritwik}}
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

North Goa district

2026-03-16T06:12:11Z

Gurushivam: fixed structure after review for clarity

{{EngvarB|date=December 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = North Goa district
| settlement_type = [[Districts of Goa|District]]
| total_type = Total
| native_name =
| image_map = North_Goa_Political_Map.png
| map_caption = Location of North Goa within Goa Red: [[Velhas Conquistas]] regions Pink: [[Novas Conquistas]] regions
| coordinates =
| coor_pinpoint = Panaji
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|}} [[Goa]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 =
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Panaji]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Taluka]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = {{olist |[[Tiswadi]] |[[Bardez]] |[[Pernem taluk|Pernem]] |[[Bicholim taluk|Bicholim]] |[[Sattari]]}}
| area_total_km2 = 1,736
| area_rank = [[List of districts of Goa|2nd]]
| area_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_max_m = 1166
| elevation_max_point =  [[Sonsogor]]
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 818,008
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban = 60.28%<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/district/180-north-goa.html|title=North Goa District Population Census 2011–2019, Goa literacy sex ratio and density|website= Indian Census 2011|access-date=31 December 2019}}</ref>
| population_rank = [[List of districts of Goa|1st]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demography
| demographics1_title1 = Language <ref name="census2011-langreport"/>
| demographics1_info1 = [[Konkani Language|Konkani]]
| demographics1_title2 =
| demographics_type2 = Human Development
| demographics2_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics2_info1 = 89.57
| demographics2_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics2_info2 = 963
| leader_title2 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name2 = [[North Goa (Lok Sabha constituency)|North Goa]]
| leader_title3 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| leader_name3 = [[Shripad Naik]] ([[BJP]])
| leader_title4 = [[District council (India)|Zilla Parishad, Chairperson]]
| leader_name4 = Siddesh Naik
| leader_title = [[District collector]]
| leader_name = Dr. Sneha Gitte, [[Indian Administrative Service|I.A.S.]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Sneha-is-N-Collector/211345 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111075420/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Sneha-is-N-Collector/211345 | archive-date=11 November 2023 | title=Sneha is N Collector }}</ref>
| leader_title1 = [[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendent of Police]]
| leader_name1 = Akshat Kaushal, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 4030xx, 4031xx, 4032xx, 4034xx, 4035xx (North Goa)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiapincodes.net/Goa/North-goa/|title=Pin Codes of North-goa, Goa, India, North-goa Pincode Search|website=indiapincodes.net}}</ref>
| area_code = +91 0832
| area_code_type = Telephone
| blank1_name_sec1 = Largest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Panaji]] ({{convert|21.01|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}})
| blank2_name_sec1 = Largest city (by population)
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Mapusa]]
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#Goa|GA]]-01
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Tropical monsoon climate|Am]] {{small|([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])}}
| blank_name_sec2 = Average annual precipitation
| blank_info_sec2 = {{convert|320|cm|mm|abbr=on}} (June–September)
| website = {{URL|https://northgoa.gov.in}}
}}

'''North Goa district''' is one of the [[List of districts of Goa|three districts]] that constitutes the state of [[Goa]], India. The district has an area of {{convert|1736|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=off}}, and is bounded by [[Kolhapur district|Kolhapur]] and [[Sindhudurg district|Sindhudurg]] districts of [[Maharashtra]] state to the north and by [[Belagavi district]] of [[Karnataka]] to the east, by [[South Goa district]] to the south, and by the [[Arabian Sea]] to the west.

==Historical background==
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2021}}
At the advent of the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] in AD 1510, all of today's northern territories ([[Tiswadi|Ilhas]], [[Bardez]], [[Pernem]], [[Bicholim]], [[Ponda taluka|Antruz]], and [[Sattari]]) were part of the [[Bijapur Sultanate]]. [[Adil Shahi–Portuguese conflicts|Conflicts between the Adil Shahi dynasty and the Portuguese]] soon followed. Ilhas and Bardez were annexed by the Portuguese after their successful conquest and the region is now called ''[[Velhas Conquistas]]'' (Old Conquests). After the fall of the [[Deccan sultanates]] and rise of the [[Marathas]] in the late 1600s, the remaining region eventually fell under the control of the Maratha [[Sawantwadi State|Kingdom of Sawantwadi]] until AD 1783. These territories were seen as safe haven for the Hindus, Muslims and new-Christians who fled the Portuguese Inquisition taking place in Goa. These territories were acquired by the Portuguese as part of ''[[Novas Conquistas]]'' (New Conquest) in the late 18th century. They remained with the Portuguese until 1961 when they were annexed by India.

Goa and two other former Portuguese enclaves became the [[union territory]] of [[Goa, Daman and Diu|Goa, Daman, and Diu]], and Goa was organized into a single district in 1965. On 30 May 1987, Goa attained [[states and territories of India|statehood]] (while [[Daman and Diu]] remained a union territory), and Goa was reorganized into two districts, North Goa and South Goa.

=== Portuguese in Goa (1510–1961) ===

==== Advent of Portuguese (1498) ====
Lured by the thrill of discovery and goaded by the prospect of seeking Christians and spices Portugal embarked on perilous voyages to the Orient which culminated in Bartholomew Dias’ trip around the Cape of Good Hope. This spectacular breakthrough opened new vistas. A decade later Vasco Da Gama set off eastwards and in AD 1498 landed in Calicut and broke the Arab monopoly of trade.

==== Estado Da India (1510) ====
Fired with the dream of establishing an Eastern Empire for Portugal, [[Afonso de Albuquerque|Afonso De Albuquerque]], Governor-General of Goa, set to acquire strategic centers also the trade route. At the invitation of the Admiral of the Vijayanagar's fleet, he occupied Goa with little initial opposition. Though temporarily routed, he triumphantly regained possession of the city on 25 November 1510, and kneeling in the public square he dedicated Goa to St. Catherine whose feast was on that day.

In 1530 Goa became the capital of the [[Portuguese Empire in the East]] and mistress of the sea from the Cape of Good Hope to the China Sea.

==== Saint Francis Xavier (1542–1552) ====
The arrival in AD 1542 of a young Spanish nobleman turned Jesuit, with a brilliant background of academic learning, created an impact that was tremendous. His compassion for the weak and the downtrodden, his dynamic zeal and his innate holiness edified many. Two years after his death in AD 1552, the incorrupt body of the saint was enshrined in Goa. It continued to attract pilgrims from all over the world even to this day.

==== India's first printing press (1556) ====
The first printing press of moveable types in the whole of India printed ''Doutrina Christa'' written by Francis Xavier & Garcia de Orta called ''Colloquios Dos Simples Drogos Medicinais'' and an early work of the poet Luis De Camoes entitled ''Os Disparates Da India''.

=== Indian Incersions (1946–1961) ===

==== Jai Hind Movement (1946) ====
To intensify the flickering torch of freedom, the Indian Socialist leader, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia, courted arrest on 18 June 1946 by defiantly addressing a mammoth meeting in Goa.

In August 1946, at Londa on the border, a mass meeting of Goan nationalist workers charted out a plan of non-violent action. To express the peoples's longing for freedom, satyagrahas were launched until the year ended in different parts of the Portuguese enclaves and resulted in 1500 Goans being imprisoned and the ring leaders deported.

==== Goa Action Committee (1953) ====
After the French withdrawal from India, a futile attempt was made by the Government of India to negotiate with Portugal for a peaceful transfer of its possession to the Indian Union. Consequently, the Goa Action Committee was formed in Bombay to awaken sympathy for its cause within the country and abroad.

==== Operation Vijaya (1961) ====
In 1958 all parties amalgamated under the banner of Goan Political Convention presided over by Professor Aloysius Soares.

Through action by Armed forces, the Government of India entered Goa. Scant resistance was offered and in December 1961 with hardly any bloodshed, Goa was liberated from the Portuguese.

==Geography==
Its geographical position is marked by 15° 48′ 00″ N to 14° 53′ 54″ N latitudes and 73° E to 75° E longitudes

===Climate===
{{Weather box
|location = Panaji (1971–1990)
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 36.6
|Feb record high C = 39.2
|Mar record high C = 39.0
|Apr record high C = 39.8
|May record high C = 38.6
|Jun record high C = 35.9
|Jul record high C = 32.3
|Aug record high C = 34.0
|Sep record high C = 33.2
|Oct record high C = 37.2
|Nov record high C = 37.2
|Dec record high C = 36.6
|year record high C = 39.8
|Jan high C = 32.0
|Feb high C = 31.7
|Mar high C = 32.2
|Apr high C = 33.1
|May high C = 33.4
|Jun high C = 30.3
|Jul high C = 29.1
|Aug high C = 28.7
|Sep high C = 29.8
|Oct high C = 31.8
|Nov high C = 32.9
|Dec high C = 32.7
|year high C = 31.5
|Jan mean C = 26.0
|Feb mean C = 26.3
|Mar mean C = 27.7
|Apr mean C = 29.3
|May mean C = 30.0
|Jun mean C = 27.6
|Jul mean C = 26.7
|Aug mean C = 26.4
|Sep mean C = 26.9
|Oct mean C = 27.9
|Nov mean C = 27.6
|Dec mean C = 26.9
|year mean C = 27.4
|Jan low C = 19.9
|Feb low C = 20.7
|Mar low C = 23.2
|Apr low C = 25.5
|May low C = 26.5
|Jun low C = 24.8
|Jul low C = 24.3
|Aug low C = 24.0
|Sep low C = 24.0
|Oct low C = 23.9
|Nov low C = 22.2
|Dec low C = 21.0
|year low C = 23.3
|Jan record low C = 14.4
|Feb record low C = 13.3
|Mar record low C = 17.5
|Apr record low C = 19.4
|May record low C = 20.9
|Jun record low C = 20.9
|Jul record low C = 20.5
|Aug record low C = 21.7
|Sep record low C = 21.0
|Oct record low C = 20.0
|Nov record low C = 15.3
|Dec record low C = 15.7
|year record low C = 13.3
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 0
|Feb precipitation mm = 0
|Mar precipitation mm = 1
|Apr precipitation mm = 5
|May precipitation mm = 56
|Jun precipitation mm = 861
|Jul precipitation mm = 853
|Aug precipitation mm = 622
|Sep precipitation mm = 237
|Oct precipitation mm = 111
|Nov precipitation mm = 35
|Dec precipitation mm = 2
|year precipitation mm = 2813
|unit rain days = 1.0 mm
|Jan rain days = 0.0
|Feb rain days = 0.1
|Mar rain days = 0.1
|Apr rain days = 0.6
|May rain days = 3.8
|Jun rain days = 24.0
|Jul rain days = 28.2
|Aug rain days = 27.2
|Sep rain days = 14.9
|Oct rain days = 6.6
|Nov rain days = 3.5
|Dec rain days = 0.3
|year rain days = 109.3
|Jan humidity = 67
|Feb humidity = 69
|Mar humidity = 71
|Apr humidity = 71
|May humidity = 71
|Jun humidity = 85
|Jul humidity = 88
|Aug humidity = 89
|Sep humidity = 86
|Oct humidity = 80
|Nov humidity = 70
|Dec humidity = 64
|year humidity = 76
|Jan sun = 311.8
|Feb sun = 290.2
|Mar sun = 291.0
|Apr sun = 289.0
|May sun = 296.5
|Jun sun = 125.1
|Jul sun = 105.7
|Aug sun = 122.1
|Sep sun = 177.1
|Oct sun = 247.7
|Nov sun = 272.6
|Dec sun = 299.3
|year sun = 2828.1
|source 1 = NOAA<ref name= NOAA>{{cite web
| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-II/IN/43192.TXT
| title = Goa (Panjim) Climate Normals 1971-1990
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201031084218/ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-II/IN/43192.TXT
| archive-date = 2020-10-31
| url-status = dead
| access-date = 15 April 2015}}</ref>
|source 2 = India Meteorological Department (record high and low up to 2010)<ref name=IMD2>{{cite web
|url=http://www.imdpune.gov.in/Temp_Extremes/histext2010.pdf
|title=Ever recorded Maximum and minimum temperatures up to 2010
|publisher=India Meteorological Department
|access-date=15 April 2015
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316064314/http://www.imdpune.gov.in/Temp_Extremes/histext2010.pdf
|archive-date=16 March 2014
}}</ref>
|date=November 2010}}

==Politics==
{{transcluded section|source=8th Goa Assembly}}
{{#section:8th Goa Assembly|Table Caption}}
{{#section:8th Goa Assembly|North Goa district}}
{{end}}

==Administration==
The administrative headquarters of the district is [[Panaji]], which is also the capital of the state of Goa. The district forms part of a greater region called the [[Konkan]]. Ms Mamu Hage, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]], is the [[District Collector]].<ref name="goa.gov.in">[https://www.goa.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Order-Personnel-Department.pdf Order of Personnel Department] goa.gov.in</ref>

The district is divided into three subdivisions— [[Panaji]], [[Mapusa]], and [[Bicholim]]; and five ''[[Tehsil|talukas]]''—[[Tiswadi]] (Panaji), [[Bardez]] ([[Mapusa]]), [[Pernem taluka|Pernem]], [[Bicholim taluka|Bicholim]], and [[Sattari]] ([[Valpoi]]).

Each subdivision is headed by a Deputy Collector & [[Sub-divisional magistrate|Sub Divisional Officer]], and each talukas under a [[Tehsildar|Mamlatdar]]. Each talukas again subdivided into revenue villages, headed by [[Village accountant|talathis]].

[[Ponda taluka]] was transferred from North Goa district to South Goa district in January 2015.

=== Zilla Parishad ===
North Goa [[District council (India)|Zilla Panchayat]] is an elected body at district level, who look after the rural governance of the district, headed by a President/Chairperson.

==Demographics==
{{historical populations|11=1900|12=294074|13=1910|14=306323|15=1920|16=288039|17=1930|18=313614|19=1940|20=336628|21=1950|22=330874|23=1960|24=349667|25=1971|26=458312|27=1981|28=568021|29=1991|30=664804|31=2001|32=758573|33=2011|34=818008|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=31 December 2019}}</ref>|align=right}}

=== Population ===
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] North Goa has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 818,008<ref name=districtcensus>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php|title=District Census 2011|access-date=30 September 2011|year=2011|publisher=Census2011.co.in}}</ref> which is roughly equal to the nation of [[Comoros]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web|author=US Directorate of Intelligence|title=Country Comparison:Population|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 June 2007|access-date=1 October 2011|quote=Comoros 794,683 July 2011 est.}}</ref> or the US state of [[South Dakota]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php |title=2010 Resident Population Data |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=30 September 2011 |quote=South Dakota 814,180 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225031104/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php |archive-date=25 December 2010 }}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 480th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]). The district has a population density of {{convert|471|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}. Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001–2011 was 7.8%. North Goa has a [[sex ratio]] of 959 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males, and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 88.85%.<ref name=districtcensus/> The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 2.15% and 6.92% of the population of the district.<ref>{{Cite web |title=North Goa District Population, Goa, List of Talukas in North Goa |url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/goa/north-goa-population.html |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=Censusindia2011.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Language ===
{{Pie chart
| thumb = left
| caption = Languages of North Goa district (2011)
| label1 = [[Konkani language|Konkani]]
| value1 = 65.86
| color1 = salmon
| label2 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| value2 = 14.36
| color2 = red
| label3 = [[Hindi]]
| value3 = 8.65
| color3 = orange
| label4 = [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
| value4 = 3.62
| color4 = darkslateblue
| label5 = [[Urdu]]
| value5 = 2.89
| color5 = green
| label6 = [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
| value6 = 0.92
| color6 = blue
| label7 = Others
| value7 = 3.7
| color7 = grey
}}

[[Konkani language|Konkani]] is the mother tongue of a majority of the people living in North Goa district. [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] is also spoken and understood by a small number of people.

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 65.86% of the population in the district spoke [[Konkani language|Konkani]], 14.36% [[Marathi language|Marathi]], 8.65% [[Hindi]], 3.62% [[Kannada]], 2.39% [[Urdu]], 0.92 [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], 0.86 [[English language|English]], 0.80
[[Malayalam]], 0.68% [[Telugu language|Telugu]], 0.47% [[Tamil language|Tamil]], 0.46% [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and 0.43% [[Bengali language|Bengali]] as their first language.<ref name="census2011-langreport">{{cite web |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue - Goa |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-3000.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=4 October 2019}}</ref>

=== Religion ===
{{bar box
| title = Religion in North Goa district<ref name="Religion"/>
| titlebar = #Fcd116
| left1 = Religion
| right1 = Percent
| float = right
| bars =
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|76.06}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|dodgerblue|16.04}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|7.08}}
{{bar percent|Others|black|0.26}}
| caption =
}}

[[Hinduism]] (76%) is followed by the majority of population of North Goa. [[Christians]] (16%) form significant minority.<ref name="Religion" >{{cite web |title=C-1 Population By Religious Community |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW30C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=census.gov.in |access-date=15 September 2020}}</ref>

== Tourism ==
[[File:Candolim Beach Goa.jpg|thumb|Candolim Beach Goa]]
[[File:Fort Aguada Light House .jpg|thumb|Fort Aguada Light House]]
North Goa is known for its beaches, which include Anjuna Beach, [[Candolim Beach]], [[Mandrem Beach]], [[Calangute Beach]], Morjim Beach, and Arambol Beach.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Phillipose |first1=Susan |title=How to spend a day near Morjim Beach in North Goa |url=https://travel.manoramaonline.com/travel/beyond-kerala/2019/12/28/peaceful-morjim-beach-north-goa-trip-what-to-do.html |access-date=31 December 2019 |work=OnManorama |date=29 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Other tourist sites include [[Fort Aguada]], the church of Mae De Deus, the temple of Boghdeshwara,<ref>{{cite web|title=The Top 10 Things to Do in North Goa District 2017 - Must-See Attractions in North Goa District, India {{!}} TripAdvisor|url=https://www.tripadvisor.in/Attractions-g12412660-Activities-North_Goa_District_Goa.html|website=www.tripadvisor.in|access-date=25 November 2017}}</ref> and the [[Hanuman Natya Graha]] theatre centre.<ref>{{cite web |title=Town Survey Report: Goa, Daman & Diu, Mapusa. series-29 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fqVLHwe98VkC&q=%22Hanuman+Natya+Graha%22+-wikipedia |website=www.google.com |publisher=Controller of Publications |access-date=10 January 2024 |page=8 |language=en |date=1988}}</ref> [[Chorão (island)|Chorao]], [[Divar|Divar Island]] are islands of North Goa which are accessible via a ferry crossing.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Menezes |first1=Vivek |title=Travel Special: Ilhas de Goa |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/gFtyYLgxQDaZ0MgRHaLQfJ/Travel-Special-Ilhas-de-Goa.html |access-date=30 March 2020 |work=Livemint |date=10 November 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
<references>
<ref name="Goa 2022">{{Cite web |date=14 September 2022 |title=8 Goa Congress MLAs defect to BJP |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/goa/goa-congress-mlas-join-bjp-8149937/ |access-date=14 September 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
</references>

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[http://northgoa.nic.in/ North Goa District Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219223718/http://northgoa.nic.in/ |date=19 December 2011 }}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = North Goa district
|North = [[Sindhudurg district]], [[Maharashtra]]
|Northeast =[[Sindhudurg district]], [[Maharashtra]]
|East = [[Belgaum district]], [[Karnataka]]
|Southeast = [[Uttara Kannada district]], [[Karnataka]]
|South = [[South Goa]]
|Southwest =''[[Arabian Sea]]''
|West = ''[[Arabian Sea]]''
|Northwest =''[[Arabian Sea]]''
}}

{{Goa topics}}

{{coord|15.4938|N|73.8245|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

[[Category:North Goa district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Goa]]
[[Category:1987 establishments in Goa]]

Donakonda Airport

2026-03-12T06:59:18Z

Gurushivam: refined information after review

{{more citations needed|date=December 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Donakonda Airport
| nativename-a = 
| nativename-r = {{small|''Donakoṇḍa Vimānāśrayaṃ''}}
| image =
| image-width =
| caption =
| IATA =
| ICAO = VODK
| type = Public
| owner =
| operator = [[Airports Authority of India]]
| city-served =
| location = [[Donakonda]], Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label = '''VODK'''
| elevation-f = 467
| elevation-m = 142
| coordinates = {{Coord|15|49|28|N|079|29|12|E|type:airport_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| website =
| metric-elev =
| metric-rwy =
| r1-number = 05/23
| r1-length-f = 3,000
| r1-length-m = 914
| r1-surface = N/A
| stat-year =
| stat1-header =
| stat1-data =
| stat2-header =
| stat2-data =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Donakonda Airport''' {{Airport codes||VODK}} is located at [[Donakonda]] in the Markapur district of [[Andhra Pradesh, India]]. It was constructed during the [[Second World War]] by the British to refuel its aircraft.<ref>{{cite news|last=S.|first=Murali|date=21 March 2014|title=Debates take Donakonda turn|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/debates-take-donakonda-turn/article5813164.ece|access-date=31 March 2014}}</ref> It is owned by the [[Airports Authority of India]] and is closed.{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}} There have been plans to redevelop the airstrip by the Airports Authority of India, but so far there is no further development.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Donakonda Airport Profile {{!}} CAPA |url=https://centreforaviation.com/data/profiles/airports/donakonda-airport |access-date=2023-09-11 |website=centreforaviation.com}}</ref>

== Airlines and destinations ==
There are no scheduled commercial air services.{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Donakonda Airport}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140217131008/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/donakonda.jsp Donakonda Airport at the Airports Authority of India]
* [http://gc.kls2.com/airport/VODK VODK at Great Circle Airports]

{{Airports in India}}

{{Portal|Aviation}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Defunct airports in India]]
[[Category:Airports in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Prakasam district]]
[[Category:Transport in Prakasam district]]
[[Category:1940s establishments in India]]
[[Category:Airports established in the 1940s]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]
[[Category:Airports Authority of India]]

{{India-airport-stub}}
{{Prakasam-geo-stub}}

Dogra–Tibetan war

2026-03-10T20:27:56Z

Gurushivam:

{{Short description|1841–1842 war between the Dogra State of Jammu and Tibet}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Dogra-Sikh Invasion of Tibet
| image = Letter of exchange from the 1842 Treaty of Chushul between the Tibetans of the Qing Dynasty and Dogras of the Sikh Empire.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| partof =
| date = May 1841 – August 1842
| place = [[Tibet]] and [[Ladakh]]
| result = [[Treaty of Chushul]]
| territory = [[status quo ante bellum]]
| combatant1 = {{tree list}}[[File:Flag of China (1862–1889).svg|25px]] [[Qing dynasty]]
**{{flagicon|Tibet}} [[Tibet under Qing rule|Tibet]]{{tree list/end}}
| combatant2 = {{tree list}}[[File:Sikh Empire flag.jpg|25px]] [[Sikh Empire]]
** [[File:Dogra Flag.png|25px]] [[Dogra dynasty]]{{tree list/end}}
| commander1 = {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon|Tibet}} [[Khedrup Gyatso]]
*{{flagicon|Tibet}} [[Palden Tenpai Nyima|Palden Nyima]]
*{{flagicon|Tibet}} Minister Pellhün
*{{flagicon|Tibet}} General Pi-Hsi
*{{flagicon|Tibet}} Banka Kahloon{{WIA}}
*{{flagicon|Tibet}} Bazgoo Kahloon{{POW}}
*{{flagicon|Tibet}} Moru Tadsi{{POW}}
*{{flagicon|Tibet}} General Mandal{{KIA}}
*{{flagicon|Tibet}} General Ragasha{{Executed}}}}
| commander2 = {{plainlist|
*[[File:Sikh Empire flag.jpg|25px]] [[Sher Singh]]
*[[File:Dogra Flag.png|25px]] [[Gulab Singh]]
*[[File:Dogra Flag.png|25px]] [[Zorawar Singh (Dogra general)|Zorawar Singh]]{{KIA}}
*[[File:Dogra Flag.png|25px]] [[Diwan Hari Chand|Hari Chand]]
*[[File:Dogra Flag.png|25px]] Wazir Lakhpat
*[[File:Dogra Flag.png|25px]] Jawahir Singh
*[[File:Dogra Flag.png|25px]] [[Basti Ram]]}}
| strength1 = 10,000{{cn|date=May 2023}}
| strength2 = 4,000<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rose |first=Leo E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SWpKAQAAMAAJ |title=The Role of Nepal and Tibet in Sino-Indian Relations |date=1960 |publisher=University of California, Berkeley |pages=309 |language=en}}</ref>
| casualties1 = 2,800 killed 700 captured
| casualties2 = Unknown
| notes =
}}
{{Chinese
|s=森巴战争
|t=森巴戰爭
|p=Sēnbā Zhànzhēng
|l=Dogra War
}}

The '''Dogra–Tibetan war''',{{sfnp|Sarkees & Wayman, Resort to War|2010|p=504}}{{sfnp|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963|pp=49–59}} also called the '''Sino–Sikh war''',<ref name=Guo>{{cite book |last=Guo |first=Rongxing |title=China's Regional Development and Tibet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pZvDCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 |year=2015 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-287-958-5 |page=5}}</ref> was fought from May 1841 to August 1842 between the [[Dogra dynasty|Dogra]]-led [[Jammu#Modern history|Kingdom of Jammu]], a federal subject of the [[Sikh Empire]], and [[Ganden Phodrang|Tibet]], a protectorate of the [[Qing dynasty]].{{sfnp|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963|pp=49–59}} The Dogra king [[Gulab Singh]]'s commander was the able general [[Zorawar Singh Kahluria]], who, after the conquest of [[Ladakh]], attempted to extend its boundaries in order to control the trade routes into Ladakh.{{sfnp|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963|p=49}} Zorawar Singh's campaign, suffering from the effects of inclement weather, suffered a defeat at [[Taklakot]] (Purang) and Singh was killed.{{sfnp|Huttenback, Gulab Singh|1961|p=485}} The Tibetans then advanced on Ladakh. Gulab Singh sent reinforcements under the command of his nephew Jawahir Singh. A subsequent battle near [[Chushul]] in 1842 led to a Tibetan defeat. A treaty was signed in 1842 maintaining the ''[[status quo ante bellum]]''.{{sfnp|Huttenback, Gulab Singh|1961|p=487}}

== Background ==

=== Ladakh trade ===
In the 19th century, Ladakh was the hub of trade routes that branched out into [[Xinjiang|Turkestan]] and [[Tibet]]. Its trade with Tibet was governed by the 1684 [[Treaty of Tingmosgang]], by which Ladakh had the exclusive right to receive the [[pashmina]] wool produced in Tibet.<ref>{{harvp|Warikoo, India's gateway to Central Asia|2009|p=4}}: "Tibet's trade with Ladakh and Kashmir was regulated by the Treaty of Tingmosgang, concluded in 1684, under which Ladakh got the monopoly over shawl-wool produced in Tibet, and the Tibetans acquired the exclusive right to the brick-tea trade with Ladakh."</ref><ref>{{harvp|Mehra, An "agreed" frontier|1992|p=71}}: "The pashmina goat is indigenous to Ladakh, western Tibet and parts of the Tien Shan mountains where a harsh but snow-less winter and availability of grass for fodder through the year produces the finest ''pashm''. "</ref> The world-renowned [[Kashmir shawl|Kashmir shawl industry]] received its pashm wool supplies from Ladakh.{{sfnp|Warikoo, India's gateway to Central Asia|2009|p=2}}

=== Political environment ===
In the early 1800s, the [[Kashmir Valley]] and the adjoining [[Jammu Division|Jammu region]] were part of the [[Sikh Empire]]. But the [[Dogra dynasty|Dogras]] of Jammu were virtually autonomous under the rule of Raja [[Gulab Singh]], who was positioning himself to take control of Kashmir and all the surrounding areas after the passing of Sikh monarch [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh]].{{sfnp|Huttenback, Gulab Singh|1961|p=479}} In 1834, Gulab Singh sent his ablest general and [[Kishtwar district|Kishtwar]] governor, [[Zorawar Singh Kahluria|Zorawar Singh]], to take control of all the territory between Jammu and the Tibet border, leading to the conquest of [[Ladakh]] and [[Baltistan]].{{sfnp|Huttenback, Gulab Singh|1961|p=480}} By 1840, [[Ladakh]] and [[Baltistan]] were firmly under Dogra control, subject to the suzerainty of the Sikh Empire.{{sfnp|Huttenback, Gulab Singh|1961|pp=480–482}}

The British [[East India Company]] was the predominant power in the Indian subcontinent at the time. It treated the Sikh Empire as a valuable ally against the Afghans, but it also had designs for its own pashmina trade with Tibet. Zorawar Singh's conquest of Ladakh broke the Kashmiri–Ladakhi monopoly on Tibet trade, and the Tibetan pashmina wool started finding its way into British territory. To regain the monopoly, Gulab Singh and Zorawar Singh turned their eyes towards Tibet.<ref>{{harvp|Huttenback, Gulab Singh|1961|pp=480–482}}: "Gulab Singh had consolidated his position in Ladakh; still he was not satisfied. Knowing the advantages of controlling the profitable wool trade, he was not content to allow the major benefits to devolve to the British. ... All that was needed to possess the entire wool trade was the acquisition of the very territories where the goats were raised—the Chang Thung Plains of Western Tibet."</ref><ref>{{harvp|Sarkees & Wayman, Resort to War|2010|p=504}}: "In 1840 a disruption of the wool and tea trade had caused economic harm to Jammu. An alternative trade route had been developed as a result of a British endeavor to export opium through Tibet. Thus the Dogra concluded that a solution would be to capture western Tibet, thereby disrupting the newer route."</ref>

From the early 18th century, Tibet had been under the [[Tibet under Qing rule|protectorate]] of the [[Manchu people|Manchu]]-led [[Qing dynasty]]. A [[Amban of Lhasa|Qing Amban]] (imperial resident) was stationed in Lhasa to report on the affairs of Tibet. Nevertheless, Qing China was fighting the [[First Opium War]] (1839–1842) with the [[British Empire]] when the Dogra invasion of Tibet took place.<ref name="redfear"></ref>

== Dogra invasion of Tibet ==
{{OSM Location map
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| mark-coord8 = {{coord|30.297|81.174}}
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| mark-coord9 = {{coord|30.6031|82.4586}}
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| mark-coord11 = {{coord|31|29|03|N|79|48|02|E}}
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| mark-image11=
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| mark-coord12 = {{coord| 31.2290|79.9242}}
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[[File:A Buddhist shrine in Ladakh - detail from a painted scroll. In the bottom left corner can be seen Zorawar Singh of the Sikh Empire's army, looking on.webp|thumb|A Buddhist shrine in Ladakh, detail from a painted scroll. In the bottom left corner can be seen Zorawar Singh's army, looking on]]
Zorawar Singh led a 4,000 men-strong force consisting of [[Ladakhi people|Ladakhis]], [[Balti people|Baltis]] and [[Kishtwaris]] with a Dogra core.{{sfnp|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963|p=49}} The Tibetan estimate was 6,000 men. The Dogra forces had matchlocks and guns, while the Tibetans were mostly armed with bows, swords and spears.{{sfnp|Shakabpa, One Hundred Thousand Moons|2010|p=583}}{{sfnp|Charak, General Zorawar Singh|2003|p=751}}

Zorawar Singh divided his forces into three divisions, sending one via the [[Rupshu]] and [[Hanle Monastery|Hanle]], one along the [[Indus River|Indus valley]] towards [[Tashigang, Ngari Prefecture|Tashigang]] (Zhaxigang) and another along the [[Pangong lake]] towards [[Rudok]] (Rutog). The first two contingents plundered the Buddhist monasteries at Hanle and Tashigang.{{efn|According to Cunningham, the commander responsible for the destruction of monasteries was Ghulam Khan, the son-in-law of Rahim Khan. After his capture by the Tibetans, he was tortured to death.{{sfnp|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963|p=164}}}} The third division, commanded by Zorawar Singh, captured Rudok and then moved south, joining the other branches to attack [[Gartok]].{{sfnp|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963|pp=49–50}}{{sfnp|Shakabpa, One Hundred Thousand Moons|2010|p=583}}

The Tibetan border officials had, by then, sent an alert to [[Lhasa]].{{sfnp|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963|pp=49–50}} The Tibetan government dispatched a force under the command of cabinet minister Pellhün.{{sfnp|Shakabpa, One Hundred Thousand Moons|2010|pp=583–584}} Meanwhile, Zorawar Singh had captured Gartok as well as [[Taklakot]] (Burang) near Nepal border. The Tibetan general at Taklakot was unable to hold the town and retreated to the [[Mayum La]], the border between Western and Central Tibet.{{sfnp|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963|p=50}}

Zorawar Singh invoked the historical claims of Ladakh to Western Tibet up to the Mayum Pass (originally called [[Ngari Prefecture|Ngari]]),<ref>{{harvp|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963|p=50}}: "Zorawar Singh then announced his intention to conquer in the name of the Jammu Raja all of Tibet west of the Mayum Pass, on the ground that this territory had rightfully belonged, since ancient times, to the ruler of Ladakh."</ref> which were exercised prior to the 1648 [[Treaty of Tingmosgang]].
All the captured forts were garrisoned, while the main force was encamped at Tirthapuri near [[Minsar]], to the west of Lake [[Manasarovar]].{{sfnp|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963|p=53}} Administration was set up to rule the occupied territories.<ref name="McKay28">{{harvp|McKay, History of Tibet, Vol. 2|2003|p=28}}</ref> Minsar (also called Missar or Menshi), a Ladakhi enclave in Western Tibet,<ref name="Fisher165">{{harvp|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963|p=165}}</ref> was used to store supplies.{{sfnp|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963|p=190}}

[[File:The Empire of King Nyimagon with three divisions about 975 A. D.- 1000 A.D..jpg|thumb|right|270px|Ladakh's historical claim to west Tibet (A. H. Francke, 1907)]]
The Chinese Amban at Lhasa reported to the emperor on 2 September 1841:
{{quote|It has been learned that south of Ladakh there is a very large aboriginal tribe named ''Ren-chi-shen'' [Ranjit Singh]. Subordinate to this tribe are two smaller tribes-- ''Sa-re-shen'' [Sher Singh] and ''Ko-lang-shen'' [Gulab Singh], who together are known as the ''Shen-pa'' ["Singh people", possibly referring Sikhs and Dogra Rajputs together]. After the death of the Ladakhi ruler [Tshe-pal Nam-gyal], a certain Ladakhi chieftain had secret connections with the Shen-pa, who then occupied Ladakh. Now this Ladakhi chieftain is once again in league with the Shen-pa aborigines who have invaded Tibetan territory, occupied two of our military posts at Gartok and Rudok, and claimed the territory west of the Mayum that had formerly belonged to Ladakh. Actually they intended to occupy more territory than this.{{sfnp|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963|p=158}}}}

=== British and Nepalese reactions ===
The Dogra conquest of Ladakh had been previously advantageous to the British. The disturbances in Ladakh caused the Tibetan shawl wool to be diverted to the princely state of [[Bushahr]], a British dependency. But, now with the Dogra conquest of the Western Tibet, this trade was disrupted.{{sfnp|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963|p=50}}{{sfnp|Huttenback, Gulab Singh|1961|p=482}} The advance of Zorawar Singh's troops gave rise to vociferous complaints from the British to the Lahore durbar of the Sikh Empire. It was also reported that Zorawar Singh was exacting taxes from [[Bhotiyas of Uttarakhand|Bhotias]] under British protection in the [[Byans valley]]. The British demanded that this should be immediately stopped and the villagers already assessed should be compensated.{{sfnp|Huttenback, Gulab Singh|1961|pp=482–484}}

Added to these concerns was the possibility of intercourse between the Dogras and the Nepalese, which might have encircled British territory in [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]] and [[Garhwal division|Garhwal]].{{sfnp|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963|p=50}}{{sfnp|Huttenback, Gulab Singh|1961|p=484}} But such a relationship did not materialise. The Nepalese were sympathetic to the Ladakhis and they also had ongoing relationships with the Tibetans. Even though they sent a mission to Zorawar Singh after his conquest of Taklakot, nothing further came out of it. Winter sojourn to the Dogras was refused.{{sfnp|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963|p=51}}

Nevertheless, the British were apprehensive. The Governor General brought heavy pressure on the Sikhs to recall Zorawar Singh from Tibet, and set 10 December 1841 as the deadline.{{sfnp|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963|p=51}}

=== Winter debacle ===
Fisher et al. state that, with the winter approaching, the Dogras were not inimical to withdrawing in strength if they could make a deal with the Tibetans. But they appear to have made too high demands for the Tibetans to accept.{{sfnp|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963|p=53}} Sukhdev Singh Charak states that the Lahore Durbar responded to the British demands and ordered Zorawar Singh to return to Ladakh. In response, Zorawar Singh withdrew officers and troops from "advance posts" and from the British border, and promised to carry out the rest of the withdrawal after the snows cleared. Charak opines that these military movements, made to appease the British, weakened Zorawar Singh's position.{{sfnp|Charak, General Zorawar Singh|2003|p=758}}

Tibetan reinforcements arrived in November in considerable numbers. Alexander Cunningham estimated 10,000 troops.{{sfnp|Charak, General Zorawar Singh|2003|loc=p. 761 and note 33 (p. 766)}}{{efn|Sources state that Zorawar Singh had 3,000 troops at this stage. So he was outnumbered 3 to 1.}} The Mayum Pass was covered with snow, but the troops bypassed it via [[Maquan River|Matsang]]. After severe fighting, Taklakot was retaken on 9 November 1841. Detachments were sent forward to cut Dogra communication lines. Reconnaissance missions sent by Zorawar Singh were annihilated.{{sfnp|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963|p=53}}{{sfnp|Charak, General Zorawar Singh|2003|p=759}}

Eventually, Zorawar Singh decided to risk everything in an all-out campaign to recapture Taklakot. Fighting raged indecisively for three weeks.{{sfnp|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963|p=53}} In an attempt to cut the supply lines of the Tibetan forces at Taklakot, Zorawar Singh's forces marched on a side route from Minsar, along the upper course of the [[Ghaghara River|Karnali River]], and encamped at Kardung (Kardam). Tibetans calculated that they intended to intercept the supply line at a place called Do-yo slightly to the north of Taklakot.{{sfnp|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963|p=164}} According to the Tibetan report from the battlefield:
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{{quote|During this period, there was a great snowstorm and snow accumulated to the depth of several feet. A well-disguised ambush was carefully laid, in which a road was left open through the middle of our lines up which the enemy could advance. The invaders marched on Do-yo from 7 A.M. to 9 A.M. on the second day, 11th month [14 December 1841]. These forces included the troops stationed at their new fort at Chi-t'ang in addition to the force led by the Wazir [Zorawar Singh], the Shen-pa commander. They advanced in three units with flags flying and drums beating. General Pi-hsi led his troops to resist their advance. The invaders fell into the ambush that had been prepared and their rearguard was cut off and could not maneuver. They were attacked by our forces from all sides.<ref name="Fisher165"/>}}
Zorawar Singh was wounded in the battle, but he continued to fight with a sword. He was beheaded by Tibetan soldiers.<ref name="Fisher165"/> Three hundred of the Dogra troops were killed in combat and about seven hundred were captured. The rest fled to Ladakh. The Tibetans pursued them up to Dumra ([[Nubra Valley]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Kapadia |first=Harish |title=Across Peaks & Passes in Ladakh, Zanskar & East Karakoram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pl5qHu_K45kC&pg=PA230 |year=1999 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-100-9 |page=230}}
</ref> possibly [[Durbuk]]), a day's journey from Leh, where they encamped.{{sfnp|Shakabpa, One Hundred Thousand Moons|2010|pp=576–577, 583–584}}

== Tibetan invasion of Ladakh ==
{{Main|Battle of Ladakh|Siege of Leh}}
The Sino-Tibetan force then mopped up the other garrisons of the Dogras and advanced on Ladakh, now determined to conquer it and add it to the Imperial Chinese dominions. However the force under [[Mehta Basti Ram]] withstood a siege for several weeks at Chi-T’ang before escaping with 240 men across the Himalayas to the British post of [[Almora]]. Within Ladakh the Sino-Tibetan army laid [[Siege of Leh|siege to Leh]], when reinforcements under [[Diwan Hari Chand]] and Wazir Ratnu arrived from [[Jammu]] and repulsed them. The Tibetan fortifications at Drangtse were flooded when the Dogras dammed up the river. On open ground, the Chinese and Tibetans were chased to [[Chushul]]. The climactic Battle of Chushul (August 1842) was won by the Dogras who killed the Tibetan army's general to avenge the death of Zorawar Singh.<ref>[http://histomil.com/viewtopic.php?t=7883 Sino-Dogra War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729200233/http://histomil.com/viewtopic.php?t=7883 |date=29 July 2020 }}, Histomil.com, 6 February 2012</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=January 2019}}<ref>{{cite web |author=Sandhya Jain |title=On the defensive on too many occasions |newspaper=The Pioneer |date=21 May 2013 |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/columnists/edit/on-the-defensive-on-too-many-occasions.html}}</ref>

== Peace treaty ==
{{Main|Treaty of Chushul}}

On 17 September 1842, a peace treaty was agreed in [[Leh]] between the Dogras and the Tibetans, executed by an exchange of notes.{{efn|The treaty is often referred to as the [[Treaty of Chushul]],<ref name="redfear">
{{citation |last=Malhotra |first=Iqbal Chand |title=Red Fear: The China Threat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8k0FEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT68 |year=2020 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-93-89867-59-6 |pages=68–69}}
</ref><ref name="Guo"/> although there is no indication that the treaty was agreed at Chushul.}}
The Tibetan note, incorporating the concessions made by the Dogras, was handed to Gulab Singh's representatives. The Persian note, describing the Tibetan concessions, was presented to the Tibetan officials.{{sfnp|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963|pp=55–56}} The terms were also summarised in the [[Ladakh Chronicles]] as follows. Tibet recognised that Ladakh was annexed to the [[Sikh Empire]]. And the Sikh Empire relinquished the ancient Ladakhi claim to western Tibet. Both sides would remain within their own territories. Biennial [[Lopchak mission]]s would go on as before. Ladakhi merchants would be allowed to travel to [[Rudok]], [[Gartok]] and other places in Tibet and the Tibetan merchants from Chang Thang would be allowed to go to Ladakh.{{sfnp|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963|p=55}}

The texts of the notes also state that the "old, established frontiers" between Ladakh and Tibet would be respected. The Ladakhi king and queen were to be allowed to live in Ladakh peacefully, and it is the Ladakhi king that would send the biennial Lopchak missions to Lhasa rather than the Dogra regime. All trade between the two regions was to be conducted according to "old, established custom".{{sfnp|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963|p=56}}

The treaty came into discussion in the 1960s in the context of the [[Sino-Indian border dispute]]. The Indian government used the treaty to counter the Chinese contention that the border between Ladakh and Tibet had never been delimited. The Indian position was that the reference to "old, established frontiers" meant that the border had been delimited. The Chinese argued that, even if it had been delimited, there is no guarantee that it was the same as the Indian claimed boundary.<ref>
{{citation |last=Ahmad |first=Zahiruddin |chapter=Tibet and Ladakh: A History |title=Far Eastern Affairs |series=St. Antony's Papers |volume=14 |publisher=Chatto & Windus |year=1963 |pages=55–56 |chapter-url=http://pahar.in/?wpfb_dl=20160 |ref={{sfnref|Ahmad, Tibet and Ladakh|1963}}}}
</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal War]]
* [[Nepalese–Tibetan War]]
* [[Sino-Nepalese War]]
* [[Tibet under Qing rule]]
* [[Sino-Indian War]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==

=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation |last=Bakshi |first=G. D. |title=Footprints in the snow: on the trail of Zorawar Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4S99oXkx_-cC |year=2002 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=9788170622925 }}
* {{citation |last1=Fisher |first1=Margaret W. |last2=Rose |first2=Leo E. |last3=Huttenback |first3=Robert A. |title=Himalayan Battleground: Sino-Indian Rivalry in Ladakh |date=1963 |publisher=Praeger |url=https://archive.org/details/himalayanbattleg0000unse/mode/2up |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963}} }}
* {{citation |last=Heath |first=Ian |title=The Sikh Army 1799–1849 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YIh9eQlojGsC |year=2005 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=1-84176-777-8 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{citation |last=Huttenback |first=Robert A. |title=Gulab Singh and the Creation of the Dogra State of Jammu, Kashmir, and Ladakh |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=20 |number=4 |year=1961 |pages=477–488 |doi=10.2307/2049956 |jstor=2049956 |s2cid=162144034 |url=https://pahar.in/mountains/Books%20and%20Articles/Indian%20Subcontinent/1961%20Gulab%20Singh%20and%20Creation%20of%20Dogra%20State%20of%20Jammu%20Kashmir%20and%20Ladakh%20by%20Huttenback%20from%20J%20Asian%20Studies%20v20%20s.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Huttenback, Gulab Singh|1961}} |access-date=26 January 2019 |archive-date=23 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123065805/http://pahar.in/mountains/Books%20and%20Articles/Indian%20Subcontinent/1961%20Gulab%20Singh%20and%20Creation%20of%20Dogra%20State%20of%20Jammu%20Kashmir%20and%20Ladakh%20by%20Huttenback%20from%20J%20Asian%20Studies%20v20%20s.pdf |url-status=dead }}
* {{citation |last=Shakabpa |first=W. D. |translator=Derek F. Maher |title=One Hundred Thousand Moons: An Advanced Political History of Tibet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lGyrymfDdI0C |volume=1 |year=2010 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004177888 |ref={{sfnref|Shakabpa, One Hundred Thousand Moons|2010}} }}
* {{citation |last=McKay |first=Alex |title=History of Tibet, Volume 2: The Medieval Period: c.850-1895 |year=2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-415-30843-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/thehistoryoftibetvol2alexmckay_151_d |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|McKay, History of Tibet, Vol. 2|2003}} }}
** {{citation |last=Charak |first=Sukhdev Singh |chapter=General Zora War Singh (extracts) |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/thehistoryoftibetvol2alexmckay_151_d/page/n757/mode/2up |via=archive.org |title=ibid |year=2003 |pages=748–767 |ref={{sfnref|Charak, General Zorawar Singh|2003}} }}
* {{citation |last=Mehra |first=Parshotam |title=An "agreed" frontier: Ladakh and India's northernmost borders, 1846–1947 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mIduAAAAMAAJ |year=1992 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-562758-9 |ref={{sfnref|Mehra, An "agreed" frontier|1992}} }}
* {{citation |last1=Sarkees |first1=Meredith Reid |last2=Wayman |first2=Frank Whelon |title=Resort to War: A data guide to inter-state, extra-state, intra-state, and non-state wars, 1816-2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CvooAQAAMAAJ |year=2010 |publisher=CQ Press |isbn=978-0-87289-434-1 |ref={{sfnref|Sarkees & Wayman, Resort to War|2010}} }}
* {{citation |last=Warikoo |first=K. |chapter=India's gateway to Central Asia: trans-Himalayan trade and cultural movements through Kashmir and Ladakh, 1846–1947 |editor-first=K. |editor-last=Warikoo |title=Himalayan Frontiers of India: Historical, Geo-Political and Strategic Perspectives |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w_Z8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 |date=2009 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-03294-5 |ref={{sfnref|Warikoo, India's gateway to Central Asia|2009}} }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* Presumed attack route of Zorawar Singh: along [https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/305299253#map=10/30.5417/80.9615&layers=C a tributary] and [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/7909843#map=10/30.5417/80.9615&layers=C Ghaghara]
* [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12821040#map=10/30.5417/80.9615&layers=C Presumed Tibetan supply route]

{{Qing dynasty topics}}
{{Sikh Empire|state=collapsed}}
{{Tibet topics}}
{{Buddhist monasteries in Ladakh}}
{{Inner Asia}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dogra-Tibetan War}}
[[Category:1840s in China]]
[[Category:19th century in Tibet]]
[[Category:Dogra–Tibetan war| ]]
[[Category:1841 in China]]
[[Category:1842 in China]]
[[Category:1841 in India]]
[[Category:1842 in India]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Rajputs]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Sikhs]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1841]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1842]]
[[Category:Dogra]]
[[Category:Military history of Kashmir]]
[[Category:History of Ladakh]]
[[Category:Invasions of Tibet]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Qing dynasty]]
[[Category:Wars involving Tibet]]

List of India Twenty20 International cricket records

2026-03-10T11:09:17Z

Gurushivam: edit

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2013}}

A '''Twenty20 International''' ('''T20I''') is a form of [[cricket]], played between two of the international members of the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC), in which each team faces a maximum of twenty [[Over (cricket)|overs]]. The matches have top-class status and are the highest T20 standard. The game is played under the rules of [[Twenty20]] cricket.<ref>{{cite web |title=Classification of Official Cricket |publisher=International Cricket Council |url=http://l.yimg.com/t/icccricket/pdfs/classification-of-official-cricket-july-2008.pdf |access-date=12 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929114225/http://l.yimg.com/t/icccricket/pdfs/classification-of-official-cricket-july-2008.pdf |archive-date=29 September 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ecb.co.uk/news/england/england-archive/icc-world-twenty20-2009/history/ |title=History of Twenty20 cricket |publisher=[[England and Wales Cricket Board]] |access-date=3 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203150110/http://www.ecb.co.uk/news/england/england-archive/icc-world-twenty20-2009/history/ |archive-date=3 February 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The first Twenty20 International match between two men's sides was played on 17 February 2005, involving [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] and [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]]. ''[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack]]'' reported that "neither side took the game especially seriously",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/288833.html |title=New Zealand v Australia |last=Ramsay |first=Andrew |year=2006 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=30 January 2015}}</ref> and it was noted by ''[[ESPNcricinfo]]'' that but for a large score for [[Ricky Ponting]], "the concept would have shuddered".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/144657.html |title=Saved by Private Ricky |last=English |first=Peter |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |date=18 February 2005 |access-date=30 January 2015}}</ref> However, Ponting himself said "if it does become an international game then I'm sure the novelty won't be there all the time".<ref name="RP-quote">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/149574.html |title=South Africa's Superman |access-date=17 February 2017 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |date=17 May 2006 }}</ref>
This is a list of [[India national cricket team|India Cricket team]]'s [[Twenty20 International]] records. It is based on the [[List of Twenty20 International records]], but concentrates solely on records dealing with the Indian cricket team. India played its first Twenty20 game against South Africa in December 2006, and these records date from that game.
{{TOC limit|3}}

==Key==
The top five records are listed for each category, except for the [[#Head to head record|team wins, losses, draws and ties]], [[#All-round Records|all round records]] and the [[#Partnership records|partnership records]]. Tied records for fifth place are also included. Explanations of the general symbols and cricketing terms used in the list are given below. Specific details are provided in each category where appropriate. All records include matches played for [[India national cricket team|India]] only, and are correct {{as of|2023|10|lc=yes}}.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ Key
|-
! scope=col | Symbol
! scope=col | Meaning
|-
! scope=row | {{dagger}}
| Player or umpire is currently active in T20I cricket
|-
! scope=row | {{double-dagger}}
| Event took place during a [[ICC Men's T20 World Cup]]
|-
! scope=row | *
| Player remained [[not out]] or partnership remained unbroken
|-
! scope=row style=background:#cee0f2; | ♠
| [[List of Twenty20 International records|Twenty20 International cricket record]]
|-
! scope=row | Date
| Starting date of the match
|-
! scope=row | Innings
| Number of [[innings]] played
|-
! scope=row | Matches
| Number of matches played
|-
! scope=row | Opposition
| The team India was playing against
|-
! scope=row | Period
| The time period when the player was active in ODI cricket
|-
! scope=row | Player
| The player involved in the record
|-
! scope=row | Venue
| [[List of Twenty20 International cricket grounds|Twenty20 International cricket ground]] where the match was played
|}

==Team records==

=== Overall record ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="background:#9cf;"
! scope="col" |Matches
! scope="col" |Won
! scope="col" |Lost
! scope="col" |Tied
! scope="col" |Tie+Win
! scope="col" |Tie+Loss
! scope="col" |NR
! scope="col" |Win %
|-
| 277 || 193 || 75 || 1 || 6 || 0 || 8 || 71.93
|-
| scope="row" colspan="8" style="text-align:left" |'' Last Updated: 8 March 2026''<ref name="T20I results summary">{{cite web |title=Records / T20I matches / Team records / Results summary |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283307.html |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=21 November 2021}}</ref>
|}

=== Head to head record ===
{{India T20I cricket records by opponent}}

=== First bilateral T20I series wins ===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! Opponent !! Year of first Home win !! Year of first Away win
|-
| {{cr|Afghanistan|2013}} || [[Afghan cricket team in India in 2023-24|2024]] || YTP
|-
| {{cr|Australia}} || [[Australian cricket team in India in 2007-08|2007]] || [[Indian cricket team in Australia in 2015-16|2016]]
|-
| {{cr|Bangladesh}} || [[Bangladeshi cricket team in India in 2019-20|2019]] || YTP
|-
| {{cr|England}} || [[English cricket team in India in 2016-17|2017]] || [[Indian cricket team in England in 2018|2018]]
|-
| {{cr|Ireland}} || YTP || [[Indian cricket team in Ireland in 2018|2018]]
|-
| {{cr|New Zealand}} || [[New Zealand cricket team in India in 2017-18|2017]] || [[Indian cricket team in New Zealand in 2019-20|2020]]
|-
| {{cr|Pakistan}} || – || YTP
|-
| {{cr|South Africa}} || [[South African cricket team in India in 2022-23|2022]] || [[Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2006-07|2006]]
|-
| {{cr|Sri Lanka}} || [[Sri Lankan cricket team in India in 2015-16|2016]] || [[Indian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2008-09|2008]]
|-
| {{cr|West Indies}} || [[West Indian cricket team in India in 2018-19|2018]] || [[Indian cricket team in the West Indies in 2011|2011]]
|-
| {{cr|Zimbabwe}} || YTP || [[Indian cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2010|2010]]
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=3 | Last Updated: 15 January 2024<ref>{{cite web |title=Records / India / T20I matches / Series summary |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=start;size=200;team=6;template=results;tournament_type=2;type=team;view=series |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== First T20I match wins ===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Opponent !! colspan="2" | Home !! colspan="2" | Away / Neutral
|-
! Venue !!style="text-align:center"|Year !!style="text-align:center"|Venue !!style="text-align:center"|Year
|-
| {{cr|AFG|2013}} || [[Inderjit Singh Bindra Stadium]], [[Mohali]], India || [[Afghan cricket team in India in 2023-24|2024]] || [[Darren Sammy National Cricket Stadium]], [[Gros Islet]], Saint Lucia || [[2010 ICC World Twenty20|2010]]
|-
| {{cr|AUS}} || [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || [[Australian cricket team in India in 2007–08|2007]] || [[Kingsmead cricket ground, Durban|Sahara Stadium, Kingsmead]], [[Durban]], South Africa || [[2007 ICC World Twenty20|2007]]
|-
| {{cr|BAN}} || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]], India || [[2016 ICC World Twenty20|2016]] || [[Trent Bridge]], [[Nottingham]], England || [[2009 ICC World Twenty20|2009]]
|-
| {{cr|ENG}} || [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Pune]], India || [[English cricket team in India in 2012–13|2012]] || [[Kingsmead cricket ground, Durban|Sahara Stadium, Kingsmead]], [[Durban]], South Africa || [[2007 ICC World Twenty20|2007]]
|-
| {{cr|HKG}} || rowspan=2 colspan=2 align=center|YTP || [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]], UAE || [[2022 Asia Cup|2022]]
|-
| {{cr|IRE}} || [[Trent Bridge]], [[Nottingham]], England || [[2009 ICC World Twenty20|2009]]
|-
| {{cr|NAM}} || [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[New Delhi]], India || [[2026 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2026]] || [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]], UAE || [[2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2021]]
|-
| {{cr|NED}} || [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]], India || [[2026 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2026]] || [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], [[Sydney]], Australia || [[2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2022]]
|-
| {{cr|NEP}} || colspan=2 align=center|YTP || [[Zhejiang University of Technology Cricket Field]], [[Hangzhou]], China || [[2022 Asian Games|2023]]
|-
| {{cr|NZ}} || [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[New Delhi]], India || [[New Zealand cricket team in India in 2017–18|2017]] || [[Eden Park]], [[Auckland]], New Zealand || [[Indian cricket team in New Zealand in 2018–19|2019]]
|-
| {{cr|OMN}} || colspan=2 align=center|YTP || [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium]], [[Abu Dhabi]], UAE || [[2025 Asia Cup|2025]]
|-
| {{cr|PAK}} || [[Sardar Patel Stadium, Motera|Sardar Patel Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]], India || [[Pakistani cricket team in India in 2012–13|2012]] || [[New Wanderers Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]], South Africa || [[2007 ICC World Twenty20|2007]]
|-
| {{cr|SCO}} || colspan=2 align=center|YTP || [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], UAE || [[2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2021]]
|-
| {{cr|RSA}} || rowspan=2|[[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Mohali]], India || [[South African cricket team in India in 2019–20|2019]] || [[New Wanderers Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]], South Africa || [[Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2006-07|2006]]
|-
| {{cr|SRI}} || [[Sri Lankan cricket team in India in 2009–10|2009]] || [[Ranasinghe Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka || [[Indian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2008–09|2009]]
|-
| {{cr|UAE}} || colspan=2 align=center|YTP || [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur]], Bangladesh || [[2016 Asia Cup|2016]]
|-
| {{cr|USA}} || [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || [[2026 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2026]] || [[Nassau County International Cricket Stadium]], [[New York (state)|New York]], United States || [[2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2024]]
|-
| {{cr|WIN}} || [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]], India || [[West Indian cricket team in India in 2018–19|2018]] || [[Queen's Park Oval]], [[Port of Spain]], Trinidad and Tobago || [[Indian cricket team in West Indies in 2011|2011]]
|-
| {{cr|ZIM}} || [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]], India || [[2026 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2026]] || [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe || [[Indian cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2010|2010]]
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last Updated: 26 February 2026<ref>{{cite web |title=Records / India / T20I matches / T20I Records |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=start;result=1;size=200;team=6;template=results;type=team;view=results |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=8 February 2026}}</ref>
|}

=== Winning every match in a Tournament ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col |Tournament
! scope=col style="text-align:center"|Matches
! scope=col |Host
! scope=col style="text-align:center"|Season
|-
| Asia Cup || 5 || {{cr|Bangladesh}} || [[2016 Asia Cup|2016]]
|-
|World Cup
|8
|{{cr|USA}} and {{cr|West Indies}}
|[[2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2024]]
|- class="sortbottom"
|-
| Asia Cup || 7 || {{cr|UAE}} || [[2025 Asia Cup|2025]]
|-
| colspan="4" | Last updated: 29 September 2025<ref name="whitewash" />
|}

=== Winning every match in a series ===
In a bilateral series winning all matches is referred to as [[whitewash (sport)|whitewash]]. Only series with more than one match are considered. India have recorded 16 such series victories.<ref name="whitewash">{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/335433.html|title= Records – T20i – Team Records – Whitewashes |access-date=2 March 2022}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col |Opposition
! scope=col style="text-align:center"|Matches
! scope=col |Host
! scope=col style="text-align:center"|Season
|-
| {{cr|ZIM}} || 2 || {{cr|ZIM}} || 2010
|-
| {{cr|AUS}} || 3 || {{cr|AUS}} || 2016
|-
| {{cr|SRI}} || 3 || {{cr|IND}} || 2017
|-
| {{cr|IRE}} || 2 || {{cr|IRE}} || 2018
|-
| {{cr|WIN}} || 3 || {{cr|IND}} || 2018
|-
|{{cr|WIN}} || 3 || {{Flagicon|USA}} [[United States|USA]] / {{Flagicon|GUY}} [[Guyana]] || 2019
|-
| {{cr|SRI}} || 3 || {{cr|IND}} || 2020
|-
| {{cr|NZ}} || 5 || {{cr|NZ}} || 2020
|-
| {{cr|NZ}} || 3 || {{cr|IND}} || 2022
|-
| {{cr|WIN}} || 3 || {{cr|IND}} || 2022
|-
| {{cr|SRI}} || 3 || {{cr|IND}} || 2022
|-
| {{cr|IRE}} || 2 || {{cr|IRE}} || 2022
|-
| {{cr|IRE}} || 2 || {{cr|IRE}} || 2023
|-
| {{cr|AFG|2013}} || 3 || {{cr|IND}} || 2024
|-
| {{cr|SL}} || 3 || {{cr|SL}} || 2024
|-
| {{cr|BAN}} || 3 || {{cr|IND}} || 2024
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan="4" | Last updated: 12 October 2024<ref name="whitewash" />
|}

=== Losing every match in a series ===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col |Opposition
! scope=col style="text-align:center"|Matches
! scope=col |Host
! scope=col style="text-align:center"|Season
|-
| rowspan=2|{{cr|NZ}} || rowspan=3|2 || {{cr|NZ}} || 2008/09
|-
| rowspan=2|{{cr|IND}} || 2012
|-
|{{cr|AUS}} || 2018/19
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last updated: 8 August 2022<ref name="whitewash" />
|}

===Team scoring records===

====Most runs in an innings====

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Score
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
|scope=row style=text-align:center; |1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|1|297/6}}
| {{cr|Bangladesh}}|| [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|October|12}}
|-
|scope=row style=text-align:center; |2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|283/1}}
|{{cr|South Africa}} || [[Wanderers Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]], South Africa ||{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|November|15}}
|-
|scope=row style=text-align:center; |3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|3|271/5}}
|{{cr|New Zealand}}|| [[Greenfield International Stadium]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2026|January|31}}
|-
|scope=row style=text-align:center; |4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|4|260/5}}
| {{cr|Sri Lanka}}|| [[Holkar Stadium]], [[Indore]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|December|22}}
|-
|scope=row style=text-align:center; |5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|5|256/4}}
| {{cr|Zimbabwe}}|| [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2026|February|26}}{{double-dagger}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last Updated: 26 February 2026<ref>{{cite news |title=India T20I Records – Highest innings totals |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/highest_innings_totals.html?class=3;id=6;type=team |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

====Fewest runs in an innings====

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Score
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center |1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|1|74}}
| {{cr|Australia}}|| [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[Melbourne]], Australia || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|February|1}}
|-
| align=center |2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|79}}
| {{cr|New Zealand}}|| [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Nagpur]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|March|15}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
| align=center |3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|3|81/8}}
| {{cr|Sri Lanka}}|| [[R. Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2021|July|29}}
|-
| align=center |4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|4|92}}
| {{cr|South Africa}}|| [[Barabati Stadium]], [[Cuttack]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|October|5}}
|-
| align=center |5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|5|101}}
| {{cr|Sri Lanka}}|| [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Pune]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|February|9}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last Updated: 5 November 2021<ref name="India T20I Records – Lowest Totals">{{cite news |title=India T20I Records – Lowest innings totals |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/lowest_innings_totals.html?class=3;id=6;type=team |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

====Most runs conceded in an innings====

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Score
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center |1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|1|246/7}}
| {{cr|ENG}}|| [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2026|March|5}}{{double-dagger}}
|-
| align=center |2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|245/6}}
| {{cr|West Indies}}|| [[Central Broward Park]], [[Lauderhill]], United States || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|August|27}}
|-
| align=center |3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|3|227/3}}
| {{cr|South Africa}}|| [[Holkar Stadium]], [[Indore]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|October|4}}
|-
| align=center |4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|4|225}}
| {{cr|NZ}} || [[Greenfield International Stadium]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2026|January|31}}
|-
| align=center |5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|5|225/5}}
| {{cr|Australia}} || [[Assam Cricket Association Stadium, Guwahati|Assam Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Guwahati]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|November|28}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last Updated: 5 March 2026<ref name="India T20I Records – Highest Totals Conceded">{{cite news |title=India T20I Records – Highest Full innings totals |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/opposition/team-highest-innings-totals/india-6/twenty20-internationals-3 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

====Fewest runs conceded in an innings====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Score
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center |1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|1|57}}
| {{cr|UAE}}|| [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]], UAE || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2025|September|10}}
|-
| align=center |2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|66}}
| {{cr|New Zealand}}|| [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|February|1}}
|-
| align=center |3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|3|70}}
| {{cr|Ireland}}|| [[Malahide Cricket Club Ground]], [[Dublin]], Ireland || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|June|29}}
|-
| align=center |4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|4|74}}
| {{cr|RSA}}|| [[Barabati Stadium]], [[Cuttack]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2025|December|9}}
|-
| align=center |5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|5|80}}
| {{cr|England}}|| [[R. Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|September|23}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last Updated: 9 December 2025<ref name="India T20I Records – Lowest Totals Conceded">{{cite news |title=India T20I Records – Lowest Full innings totals |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/lowest_innings_totals.html?class=3;id=6;type=opposition |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

====Most runs aggregate in a match====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Aggregate
! scope=col | Scores
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center |1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|1|499/14}}
| {{cr|IND}} (253/7) v {{cr|ENG}} (246/7) || [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2026|March|5}}{{double-dagger}}
|-
| align=center |2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|496/15}}
| {{cr|India}} (271/5) v {{cr|New Zealand}} (225/10) || [[Greenfield International Stadium]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2026|January|31}}
|-
| align=center |3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|3|489/10}}
| {{cr|West Indies}} (245/6) v {{cr|India}} (244/4)|| [[Central Broward Park]], [[Lauderhill]], United States || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|August|27}}
|-
| align=center |4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|4|461/13}}
| {{cr|India}} (297/6) v {{cr|Bangladesh}} (164/7)|| [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|October|12}}
|-
| align=center |5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|5|458/6}}
| {{cr|India}} (237/3) v {{cr|South Africa}} (221/3) || [[Assam Cricket Association Stadium, Guwahati|Assam Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Guwahati]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|October|2}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 5 March 2026<ref>{{cite news |title=India T20I Records – Highest match aggregates |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/highest_match_aggregates.html?class=3;id=6;type=team |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=28 October 2022}}</ref>
|}

====Fewest runs aggregate in a match====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Aggregate
! scope=col | Scores
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center |1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|1|117/11}}
| {{cr|UAE}} (57/10) v {{cr|India}} (60/1)|| [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]], UAE || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2025|September|10}}
|-
| align=center |2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|128/11}}
| {{cr|India}} (67/5) v {{cr|New Zealand}} (61/6)|| [[Greenfield International Stadium]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|November|7}}
|-
| align=center |3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|3|149/11}}
| {{cr|India}} (74) v {{cr|Australia}} (75/1)|| [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[Melbourne]], Australia || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|February|1}}
|-
| align=center |4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|4|163/11}}
| {{cr|India}} (81/8) v {{cr|Sri Lanka}} (82/3)|| [[R. Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2021|July|29}}
|-
| align=center |5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|5|163/10}}
| {{cr|United Arab Emirates}} (81/9) v {{cr|India}} (82/1)|| [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur]], Bangladesh || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|March|3}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last Updated: 10 September 2025<ref name="India T20I Records – Lowest Match Aggregate">{{cite news |title=India T20I Records – Lowest match aggregates |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/lowest_match_aggregates.html?class=3;id=6;type=team |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Result records===
A T20I match is [[result (cricket)|won]] when one side has scored more [[run (cricket)|runs]] than the runs scored by the opposing side during their [[innings]]. If both sides have completed both their allocated innings and the side that fielded last has the higher aggregate of runs, it is known as a win by runs. This indicates the number of runs that they had scored more than the opposing side. If the side batting last wins the match, it is known as a win by [[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|wickets]], indicating the number of wickets that were still to fall.<ref name="result">{{cite web |title=Law 16 – The Result |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws/the-result |publisher=[[Marylebone Cricket Club]] |access-date=29 December 2018 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229231840/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws/the-result|archive-date=29 December 2018}}</ref>

====Greatest win margins (by runs)====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Margin
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 168 runs
| {{cr|NZL}}|| [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|February|01}}
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 150 runs
| {{cr|ENG}} || [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2025|February|02}}
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 143 runs
| {{cr|IRE}}|| [[Malahide Cricket Club Ground]], [[Dublin]], Ireland || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|June|29}}
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 135 runs
| {{cr|RSA}}|| [[Wanderers Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]], South Africa || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|November|15}}
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 133 runs
| {{cr|BAN}}|| [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|October|12}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 02 February 2025<ref name="Largest victories">{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/largest_margins.html?class=3;id=6;type=team |title=India Records – T20I – Largest Victories |access-date=9 August 2020 |work= ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|}

====Greatest win margins (by balls remaining)====

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Balls remaining
! scope=col | Margin
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center | 93
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 9 wickets|| {{cr|UAE}} || rowspan=2|[[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]], UAE || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2025|September|10}}
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center | 81
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 8 wickets|| {{cr|SCO}}|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2021|November|5}}
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center | 64
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 9 wickets|| {{cr|BAN}}|| [[Zhejiang University of Technology Cricket Field]], [[Hangzhou]], China|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|October|6}}{{double-dagger}}
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center | 60
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 8 wickets|| {{cr|NZ}}|| [[Assam Cricket Association Stadium, Guwahati|Assam Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Guwahati]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2026|January|25}}
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center | 59
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 9 wickets|| {{cr|UAE}}|| [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur]], Bangladesh|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|March|3}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 25 January 2026<ref name="Largest victories" />
|}

====Greatest win margins (by wickets)====

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Margin
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-bgcolor=#cee0f2
| align=center rowspan=2| 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center rowspan=2| 10 wickets
| rowspan=2|{{cr|ZIM}}|| rowspan=2|[[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|June|20}}
|-bgcolor=#cee0f2
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|July|13}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=7| 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center rowspan=7| 9 wickets
| {{cr|SL}}|| [[ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|February|14}}
|-
| {{cr|UAE}}|| [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur]], Bangladesh || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|March|3}}
|-
| {{cr|AUS}}|| [[JSCA International Stadium Complex]], [[Ranchi]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|October|7}}
|-
| {{cr|NAM}}|| [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]], UAE || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2021|November|8}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
| {{cr|WIN}}|| [[Central Broward Park]], [[Lauderhill]], United States || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|August|12}}
|-
| {{cr|BAN}}|| [[Zhejiang University of Technology Cricket Field]], [[Hangzhou]], China || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|October|6}}
|-
| {{cr|UAE}}|| [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]], UAE || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2025|September|10}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last updated: 10 September 2025<ref name="Largest victories"/>
|}

====Highest successful run chases====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Score
! scope=col | Target
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align="center" rowspan=2| 1
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|1|209/8}}
! rowspan="2" align="center" | 209
| {{cr|Australia}} || [[ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|November|23}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|1|209/3}}
| {{cr|New Zealand}} || [[Shaheed Veer Narayan Singh International Cricket Stadium]], [[Raipur]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2026|January|23}}
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|3|209/4}}
! align="center" | 208
| {{cr|West Indies}} || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|December|6}}
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|4|211/4}}
! align="center" | 207
| {{cr|Sri Lanka}} || [[Inderjit Singh Bindra Stadium]], [[Mohali]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|December|12}}
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|5|204/4}}
! align="center" | 204
| {{cr|New Zealand}} || [[Eden Park]], [[Auckland]], New Zealand || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2020|January|24}}
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 23 January 2026<ref name="India T20I Records – Highest successful run chases">{{cite news |title=India T20I Records – Highest successful run chases |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_fielding_first=2;class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=target;result=1;size=200;team=6;template=results;type=team;view=innings |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=23 November 2023}}</ref>
|}

====Narrowest win margins (by runs)====

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Margin
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center rowspan=2 | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center rowspan=2| 1 Run
| {{cr|RSA}}|| [[R. Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|October|2}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
| {{cr|BAN}}|| [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|March|23}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center rowspan=2| 2 Runs
| {{cr|SL}}|| [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|January|3}}
|-
| {{cr|IRE}}|| [[Malahide Cricket Club Ground]], [[Dublin]], Ireland || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|August|18}}
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center | 3 Runs
| {{cr|ZIM}}|| [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|June|20}}
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Last Updated: 4 January 2023<ref name="Smallest victories">{{cite news |title=India T20I Records – Smallest victories |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/smallest_margins.html?class=3;id=6;type=team |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=28 October 2022}}</ref>
|}

====Narrowest win margins (by balls remaining)====

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Balls remaining
! scope=col | Margin
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center rowspan=4| 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center rowspan=4| 0
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 7 wickets|| {{cr|Australia}}|| [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], [[Sydney]], Australia|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|January|31}}
|-
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 4 wickets|| {{cr|Bangladesh}}|| [[R. Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|March|18}}
|-
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 6 wickets|| {{cr|West Indies}}|| [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]], India|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|November|11}}
|-
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 4 wickets|| {{cr|Pakistan}}|| [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[Melbourne]], Australia|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|October|23}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=4 | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center rowspan=4 | 1
| scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=3| 6 wickets|| {{cr|South Africa}}|| [[Wanderers Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]], South Africa|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2006|December|1}}
|-
| {{cr|Australia}} || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]], India|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|September|25}}
|-
| {{cr|New Zealand}}|| [[Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]], India|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|January|29}}
|-
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 2 wickets|| {{cr|Australia}}|| [[ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|November|23}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 23 November 2023<ref name="Smallest victories" />
|}

====Narrowest win margins (by wickets)====

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Margin
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center rowspan=2| 2 wickets
| {{cr|AUS}}|| [[ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|November|23}}
|-
| {{cr|ENG}}|| [[M.A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2025|January|25}}
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center | 3 wickets
| {{cr|SL}}|| rowspan=2|[[R. Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|February|10}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=3| 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center rowspan=3| 4 wickets
| {{cr|BAN}} || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|March|18}}
|-
| {{cr|WIN}}|| [[Central Broward Park]], [[Lauderhill]], United States || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|August|3}}
|-
| {{cr|PAK}}|| [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[Melbourne]], Australia || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|October|23}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 25 January 2025<ref name="Smallest victories"/>
|}

====Greatest loss margins (by runs)====

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Margin
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 80 runs
| {{cr|NZL}}|| [[Wellington Regional Stadium]], [[Wellington]], New Zealand || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|February|6}}
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 76 runs
| rowspan=2|{{cr|SA}}|| [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2026|February|22}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 51 runs
| [[Maharaja Yadavindra Singh International Cricket Stadium]], [[New Chandigarh]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2025|December|11}}
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 50 runs
|{{cr|NZL}}|| [[ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2026|January|28}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| 49 runs
| {{cr|AUS}}|| [[Kensington Oval]], [[Bridgetown]], Barbados || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2010|May|7}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
| {{cr|RSA}}|| [[Holkar Stadium]], [[Indore]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|October|4}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last Updated: 22 February 2026<ref name="Largest defeats">{{cite web |title=Records – India – Largest defeats |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/largest_margins.html?class=3;id=6;type=opposition |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

====Greatest loss margins (by balls remaining)====

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Balls remaining
! scope=col | Margin
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center | 52
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 9 wickets|| rowspan=2|{{cr|Australia}}|| rowspan=2|[[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[Melbourne]], Australia|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|February|1}}
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center | 40
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 4 wickets|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2025|October|31}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center rowspan=2| 33
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 7 wickets|| {{cr|Sri Lanka}} || [[R. Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2021|July|29}}
|-
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 8 wickets|| {{cr|New Zealand}} || [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]], UAE|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2021|October|31}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center | 31
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 9 wickets|| {{cr|Australia}}|| [[R. Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|September|28}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 31 October 2025<ref name="Largest defeats" />
|}

====Greatest loss margins (by wickets)====

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Margins
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Most recent venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center rowspan=2| 10 wickets
||{{cr|Pakistan}}|| [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]], UAE || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2021|October|24}}{{double-dagger}}
|-
||{{cr|England}}|| [[Adelaide Oval]], [[Adelaide]], Australia || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|November|10}}{{double-dagger}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=4| 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center rowspan=4| 9 wickets
| rowspan=2|{{cr|Australia}}|| [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[Melbourne]], Australia || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|February|1}}
|-
|| [[R. Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|September|28}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
| {{cr|West Indies}}|| [[Sabina Park]], [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]], Jamaica || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|July|9}}
|-
| {{cr|South Africa}}|| [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|September|22}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last Updated: 20 April 2023<ref name="Largest defeats"/>
|}

====Narrowest loss margins (by runs)====

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Margin
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| 1 run
| {{cr|New Zealand}}|| [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|September|11}}
|-
| {{cr|West Indies}}|| [[Central Broward Park]], [[Lauderhill]], United States || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|August|27}}
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 2 runs
| {{cr|Zimbabwe}}|| [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|June|18}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center rowspan=2| 3 runs
| rowspan=2|{{cr|England}}|| [[Lord's]], [[London]], England || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|June|14}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
|| [[Edgbaston Cricket Ground]], [[Birmingham]], England || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2014|September|7}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last Updated: 9 August 2020<ref name="Smallest defeats">{{cite news |title=India T20I Records – Smallest defeats |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/smallest_margins.html?class=3;id=6;type=opposition |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=1 September 2019}}</ref>
|}

====Narrowest loss margins (by balls remaining)====

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Balls remaining
! scope=col | Margin
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center rowspan=5| 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center rowspan=5| 0
| scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2 | 5 wickets|| {{cr|New Zealand}}|| [[Wellington Regional Stadium]], [[Wellington]], New Zealand|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|February|27}}
|-
|| {{cr|Sri Lanka}}|| [[Darren Sammy National Cricket Stadium]], [[Gros Islet]], Saint Lucia|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2010|May|11}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 6 wickets|| {{cr|England}}|| [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|December|22}}
|-
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 3 wickets||rowspan=2|{{cr|Australia}}|| [[ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]], India|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|February|24}}
|-
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 5 wickets|| [[Assam Cricket Association Stadium, Guwahati|Assam Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Guwahati]], India|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|November|28}}
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 28 November 2023<ref name="Smallest defeats" />
|}

====Narrowest loss margins (by wickets)====

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Margin
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center |1
! scope=row style=text-align:center | 2 wickets
| {{cr|WIN}}|| [[Providence Stadium]], [[Georgetown, Guyana|Georgetown]], Guyana || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|August|6}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=2|2
! scope=row style=text-align:center rowspan=2| 3 wickets
| {{cr|AUS}}|| [[ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|February|24}}
|-
| {{cr|RSA}}|| [[St George's Park Cricket Ground]], [[Gqeberha]], South Africa || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|November|10}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=4|4
! scope=row style=text-align:center rowspan=4| 4 wickets
| {{cr|SL}}|| [[R. Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2021|July|28}}
|-
| {{cr|RSA}}|| [[Barabati Stadium]], [[Cuttack]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|June|12}}
|-
| rowspan=2|{{cr|AUS}}|| [[Inderjit Singh Bindra Stadium]], [[Mohali]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|September|20}}
|-
| [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[Melbourne]], Australia || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2025|October|31}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last Updated: 31 October 2025<ref name="Smallest defeats"/>
|}

====Tied matches====
A [[Result (cricket)#Tie|tie]] can occur when the scores of both teams are equal at the conclusion of play, provided that the side batting last has completed their innings.<ref name="result"/>
There have been 44 [[List of tied Twenty20 Internationals|ties]] in T20Is history with India involved in 7 such games.<ref name="T20I results summary"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| scope=row | {{cr|PAK}} || [[Kingsmead Cricket Ground]], [[Durban]], South Africa || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2007|September|14}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
| scope=row rowspan=3| {{cr|NZL}} || [[Seddon Park]], [[Hamilton, New Zealand|Hamilton]], New Zealand || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2020|January|29}}
|-
|| [[Wellington Regional Stadium]], [[Wellington]], New Zealand || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2020|January|31}}
|-
|| [[McLean Park]], [[Napier, New Zealand|Napier]], New Zealand || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|November|22}}
|-
| scope=row | {{cr|AFG|2013}} || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|January|17}}
|-
| scope=row rowspan=2| {{cr|SL}} || [[Pallekele International Cricket Stadium]], [[Pallekele]], Sri Lanka || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|July|30}}
|-
| [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]], UAE || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2025|September|26}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=3 | Last updated: 26 September 2025<ref name="Smallest defeats"/>
|}

== Batting records ==

=== Most career runs ===
A [[run (cricket)|run]] is the basic means of [[scoring (cricket)|scoring]] in cricket. A run is scored when the batsman hits the [[cricket ball|ball]] with his [[cricket bat|bat]] and with his partner runs the length of {{convert|22|yards|metres}} of the [[cricket pitch|pitch]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Law 18 – Scoring runs |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws/scoring-runs |publisher=Marylebone Cricket Club |access-date=29 December 2018 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229232041/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws/scoring-runs|archive-date=29 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=T20I Records – Most career runs |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/282827.html |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=21 November 2021}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Innings
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 4,231
| [[Rohit Sharma]] || align=center | 159 || align=center | 151 || 2007–2024
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 4,188
| [[Virat Kohli]] || align=center | 125 || align="center" | 117 || 2010–2024
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 3,272
| [[Suryakumar Yadav]]{{dagger}} || align=center | 113 || align="center" | 107 || 2021–2026
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 2,288
| [[Hardik Pandya]]{{dagger}} || align=center | 138 || align="center" | 109 || 2016–2026
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 2,265
| [[KL Rahul]]{{dagger}} || align=center | 72 || align=center | 68 || 2016–2022
|-
| align="center" |6
! style="text-align: center;" |1,759
| [[Shikhar Dhawan]] || align="center" |68 || align="center" |66 || 2011–2021
|-
| align="center" |7
! style="text-align: center;" |1,617
|[[MS Dhoni]] || align="center" |98 || align="center" |85 || 2006–2019
|-
| align="center" |8
! style="text-align: center;" |1,605
|[[Suresh Raina]] || align="center" |78 || align="center" |66 || 2006–2018
|-
| align="center" |9
! style="text-align: center;" |1,438
|[[Abhishek Sharma]]{{dagger}}|| align="center" |46 || align="center" |45 || 2024–2026
|-
| align="center" |10
! style="text-align: center;" |1,399
|[[Sanju Samson]]{{dagger}}|| align="center" |62 || align="center" |54 || 2015–2026
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="6" | Last Updated: 08 March 2026<ref name="India T20I Records – Most career runs">{{cite news |title=India T20I Records – Most career runs |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?class=3;id=6;type=team |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=23 October 2022}}</ref>
|}

=== Fastest runs getter ===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Runs
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Batsman
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Innings
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Record Date
! scope="col" |Reference
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 1,000
|rowspan=2|[[Virat Kohli]]
|27
|2 October 2015
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/925247.html |title=Records. Twenty20 Internationals. Batting records. Fastest to 1000 runs |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=25 October 2022}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| 2,000
|rowspan=2|56
|3 July 2018
|rowspan=2|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/1213211.html |title=Records. Twenty20 Internationals. Batting records. Fastest to 2000 runs |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=25 October 2022}}</ref>
|-
| [[Suryakumar Yadav]]
|12 December 2023
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 3,000
|rowspan=2| [[Virat Kohli]]
|81
|14 March 2021
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/1335852.html |title=Records. Twenty20 Internationals. Batting records. Fastest to 3000 runs |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=25 October 2022}}</ref>
|-bgcolor=#cee0f2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 4,000
|107
|10 November 2022
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=HowSTAT! T20 Internationals – Fastest Batsmen to 2000 Runs |url=http://howstat.com/cricket/Statistics/Batting/BattingFastestXRuns_T20.asp |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240507200940/http://howstat.com/cricket/Statistics/Batting/BattingFastestXRuns_T20.asp |archive-date=2024-05-07 |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=www.howstat.com |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Most runs in each batting position ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=text-align:center;
|-
! scope="col" |Batting position
! scope="col" |Batsman
! scope="col" |Innings
! scope="col" |Runs
! scope="col" |Average
! scope="col" |Career Span
! scope="col" |Ref
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | Opener
| [[Rohit Sharma]] || 124 || 3,750 || 32.60 || 2009–2024
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Batting records {{!}} Twenty20 Internationals {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=2;batting_positionmin1=1;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=3;filter=advanced;team=6;template=results;type=batting|website=Cricinfo|access-date=2026-01-31}}</ref>
|-bgcolor=#cee0f2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | Number 3
| [[Virat Kohli]] || 80 || 3,076 || 53.96 || 2011–2024
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=3;batting_positionmin1=3;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;size=200;team=6;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics. Most Runs. Number 3{{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=21 November 2021}}</ref>
|-bgcolor=#cee0f2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | Number 4
| [[Suryakumar Yadav]]{{dagger}} || 63 || 2,122 || 40.80 || 2021–2026
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=4;batting_positionmin1=4;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;size=200;team=6;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics. Most Runs. Number 4{{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=21 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | Number 5
| rowspan=2|[[Hardik Pandya]]{{dagger}} || 52 || 1,258 || 32.25 || 2016–2026
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=5;batting_positionmin1=5;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;size=200;team=6;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics. Most Runs. Number 5{{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=21 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | Number 6
| 32 || 675 || 29.34 || 2016–2026
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=6;batting_positionmin1=6;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;size=200;team=6;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics. Most Runs. Number 6{{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=21 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | Number 7
| rowspan=2|[[Axar Patel]]{{dagger}} || 28 || 352 || 23.46 || 2015–2025
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=7;batting_positionmin1=7;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;size=200;team=6;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics. Most Runs. Number 7{{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=21 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | Number 8
| 15 || 111 || 11.10 || 2015–2026
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=8;batting_positionmin1=8;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;size=200;team=6;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics. Most Runs. Number 8{{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=21 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | Number 9
| [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] || 4 || 57 || 28.50 || 2012–2022
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=9;batting_positionmin1=9;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;size=200;team=6;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics. Most Runs. Number 9{{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=21 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2|Number 10
| [[Umesh Yadav]] || 1 || rowspan=2|20 || – || 2012–2022
| rowspan=2|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=10;batting_positionmin1=10;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;size=200;team=6;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics. Most Runs. Number 10{{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=21 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[S. Sreesanth]] || 3 || 20.00 || 2007–2008
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | Number 11
| [[Mohammed Siraj]]{{dagger}} || 2 || 12 || – || 2017–2024
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=11;batting_positionmin1=11;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;size=200;team=6;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics. Most Runs. Number 11{{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=21 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
| colspan=7 | Last Updated: 5 March 2026
|}

=== Most runs against each team ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" |Opposition
! scope="col" |Runs
! scope="col" |Batsman
! scope="col" |Matches
! scope="col" |Innings
! scope="col" |Career Span
! scope="col" |Ref
|-
| {{cr|AFG|2013}}
! 225
| rowspan=2|{{sortname|Virat|Kohli}} || align=center| 6 || align=center| 5 || 2012–2024 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=40;orderby=runs;team=6;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics. Most Runs. Against Afghanistan |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
|-bgcolor=#cee0f2
| {{cr|AUS}}
! 794
| align=center| 23 || align=center| 22 || 2012–2024 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=2;orderby=runs;team=6;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics. Most Runs. Against Australia |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
|-bgcolor=#cee0f2
| {{cr|BAN}}
! 477
| {{sortname|Rohit|Sharma}} || align=center| 13 || align=center| 13 || 2009–2024 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=25;orderby=runs;team=6;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics. Most Runs. Against Bangladesh |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|ENG}}
! 648
| {{sortname|Virat|Kohli}} || align=center| 21 || align=center| 21 || 2011–2024 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=1;orderby=runs;team=6;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics. Most Runs. Against England |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|HK}}
! 68
| {{sortname|Suryakumar|Yadav}}{{dagger}} || align=center|1 || align=center|1 || 2022–2022 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=19;team=6;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics. Most Runs. Against Hong Kong |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|IRE}}
! 201
|{{sortname|Rohit|Sharma}} || align=center|4 || align=center|4 || 2009–2024 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=29;orderby=runs;team=6;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics. Most Runs. Against Ireland |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|NAM}}
! 61
|[[Ishan Kishan]]†
| align="center" | 1 || align=center| 1 || 2026–2026 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=28;orderby=runs;team=6;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics. Most Runs. Against Namibia |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|NEP}}
! 100
| {{sortname|Yashasvi|Jaiswal}}{{dagger}} || align=center|1 || align=center|1 || 2023–2023 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=32;orderby=runs;team=6;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics. Most Runs. Against Nepal |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=2023-10-03}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|NED}}
! 85
| rowspan=2|{{sortname|Suryakumar|Yadav}}{{dagger}} || align=center|2 || align=center|2 || 2022–2026 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=15;orderby=runs;team=6;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics. Most Runs. Against Netherlands |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|NZ}}
! 526
| align="center" | 14 || align="center" | 14 || 2021–2026 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=5;orderby=runs;team=6;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics. Most Runs. Against New Zealand |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|OMA}}
! 56
| {{sortname|Sanju|Samson}} || align=center| 1 || align=center| 1 || 2025–2025 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=37;orderby=runs;team=6;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics. Most Runs. Against Oman |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|PAK}}
! 492
| {{sortname|Virat|Kohli}} || align=center| 11 || align=center| 11 || 2012–2024 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=7;orderby=runs;team=6;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics. Most Runs. Against Pakistan |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|SCO}}
! 50
| {{sortname|KL|Rahul}}{{dagger}} || align=center| 1 || align=center| 1 || 2021–2021 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=30;orderby=runs;team=6;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics. Most Runs. Against Scotland |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|SL}}
! 411
| rowspan="2" |{{sortname|Rohit|Sharma}}
| align="center" | 19 || align="center" | 17 || 2009–2022 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=8;orderby=runs;team=6;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics. Most Runs. Against Sri Lanka |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|UAE}}
! 39
| align=center| 1 || align=center| 1 || 2016–2016 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=27;orderby=runs;team=6;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics. Most Runs. Against United Arab Emirates |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|SA}}
! 497
|[[Tilak Varma]]†|| align="center" | 11 || align="center" | 11 || 2023–2026 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=3;orderby=runs;team=6;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics. Most Runs. Against South Africa |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|USA}}
! 134
| [[Suryakumar Yadav]]{{dagger}} || align=center| 2 || align="center" | 2 || 2024–2026 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=11;orderby=runs;team=6;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics. Most Runs. Against United States of America |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
|-bgcolor=#cee0f2
| {{cr|WIN}}
! 693
| [[Rohit Sharma]] || align=center| 22 || align=center| 22 || 2009–2022 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=4;orderby=runs;team=6;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics. Most Runs. Against West Indies |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|ZIM}}
! 179
| [[Abhishek Sharma]]{{dagger}} || align="center" | 6 || align="center" | 5 || 2024–2026 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=9;orderby=runs;team=6;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics. Most Runs. Against Zimbabwe |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
|-
| colspan=7 | Last updated: 26 February 2026
|}

=== Highest individual score ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 135
|[[Abhishek Sharma]] || {{cr|ENG}} || [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2025|February|02}}
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 126*
| [[Shubman Gill]] || {{cr|NZL}}|| [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|February|01}}
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 123*
| [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] || {{cr|AUS}}|| [[Assam Cricket Association Stadium, Guwahati|Assam Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Guwahati]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|November|28}}
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 122*
| [[Virat Kohli]] || rowspan=2|{{cr|AFG}}|| [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]], UAE || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|September|08}}
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 121*
|[[Rohit Sharma]] || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|January|17}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 02 February 2025<ref name="India T20I Records – Highest individual score">{{cite news |title=India T20I Records – Highest individual score |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_innings.html?class=3;id=6;type=team |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== Highest individual score in each batting position ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" |Batting position
! scope="col" |Batsman
! scope="col" |Score
! scope="col" |Opposition
! scope="col" |Ground
! scope="col" |Date
! scope="col" |Ref
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | Opener
| [[Abhishek Sharma]] || 135 || {{cr|ENG}} || [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || 2 February 2025
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=2;batting_positionmin1=1;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=batted_score;team=6;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |title=Statistics. Most Runs. Opener |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=21 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | Number 3
| [[Tilak Varma]] || 120* || {{cr|SA}} || [[Wanderers Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]], South Africa || 15 November 2024
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=3;batting_positionmin1=3;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=batted_score;team=6;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |title=Statistics. Most Runs. Number 3{{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=21 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | Number 4
| [[Suryakumar Yadav]] || 117 || {{cr|ENG}} || [[Trent Bridge]], [[Nottingham]], England || 10 July 2022
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=4;batting_positionmin1=4;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=batted_score;team=6;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |title=Statistics. Most Runs. Number 4{{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=21 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | Number 5
| [[Manish Pandey]] || 79* || {{cr|SA}} || [[Centurion Park]], [[Centurion, South Africa|Centurion]], South Africa || 21 February 2018
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=5;batting_positionmin1=5;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=batted_score;team=6;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |title=Statistics. Most Runs. Number 5{{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=21 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | Number 6
| [[Rinku Singh (cricketer)|Rinku Singh]] || 69* || {{cr|AFG|2013}} || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]], India || 17 January 2024
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=6;batting_positionmin1=6;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=batted_score;team=6;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |title=Statistics. Most Runs. Number 6{{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=21 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | Number 7
| [[Axar Patel]] || 65 || {{cr|SL}} || [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Pune]], India || 5 January 2023
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=7;batting_positionmin1=7;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=batted_score;team=6;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |title=Statistics. Most Runs. Number 7{{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=21 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| Number 8
| [[Krunal Pandya]] || 26* || {{cr|NZ}} || [[Seddon Park]], [[Hamilton, New Zealand|Hamilton]], New Zealand || 10 February 2019
| rowspan=2|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=8;batting_positionmin1=8;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=batted_score;team=6;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |title=Statistics. Most Runs. Number 8{{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=21 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[Shivam Mavi]] || 26 || rowspan=2|{{cr|SL}} || [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Pune]], India || 5 January 2023
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | Number 9
| [[Irfan Pathan]] || 33* || [[R.Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka || 10 February 2009
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=9;batting_positionmin1=9;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=batted_score;team=6;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |title=Statistics. Most Runs. Number 9{{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=21 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | Number 10
| [[Umesh Yadav]] || 20* || {{cr|SA}} || [[Holkar Cricket Stadium]], [[Indore]], India || 4 October 2022
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=10;batting_positionmin1=10;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=batted_score;team=6;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |title=Statistics. Most Runs. Number 10{{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=21 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | Number 11
| [[Mohammed Siraj]] || 7* || {{cr|PAK}} || [[Nassau County International Cricket Stadium]], [[New York (state)|New York]], United States || 9 June 2024
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=11;batting_positionmin1=11;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=batted_score;team=6;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |title=Statistics. Most Runs. Number 11{{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=21 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
| colspan=7 | Last Updated: 02 February 2025
|}

=== Highest score against each opponent ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Opposition !! Player !! Score !! Date
|-
| {{cr|AFG|2013}} ||[[Virat Kohli]]|| 122* || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|September|8}}
|-
| {{cr|AUS}} || [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] || 123* || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|November|28}}
|-
| {{cr|BAN}} || [[Sanju Samson]] || 111 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|October|12}}
|-
| {{cr|ENG}} || [[Abhishek Sharma]] || 135 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2025|February|02}}
|-
| {{cr|HKG}} || [[Suryakumar Yadav]] || 68* || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|August|31}}
|-
| {{cr|IRE}} || [[Deepak Hooda]] || 104 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|June|28}}
|-
| {{cr|NAM}} || [[Ishan Kishan]] || 61 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2026|February|12}}
|-
| {{cr|NEP}} || [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] || 100 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|October|3}}
|-
| {{cr|NED}} || [[Shivam Dube]] || 66 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2026|February|18}}
|-
| {{cr|NZL}} || [[Shubman Gill]] || 126* || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|February|01}}
|-
| {{cr|OMN}} || [[Sanju Samson]] || 56 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2025|September|19}}
|-
| {{cr|PAK}} || [[Virat Kohli]] || 82* || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|October|23}}
|-
| {{cr|SCO}} || [[K. L. Rahul]] || 50 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2021|November|5}}
|-
| {{cr|RSA}} || [[Tilak Varma]] || 120* || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|November|15}}
|-
| {{cr|SRI}} || rowspan=2|[[Rohit Sharma]] || 118 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|December|22}}
|-
| {{cr|UAE}} || 39 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|March|3}}
|-
| {{cr|USA}} || [[Suryakumar Yadav]] || 84* || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2026|February|07}}
|-
| {{cr|WIN}} || [[Rohit Sharma]] || 111* || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|November|6}}
|-
| {{cr|ZIM}} || [[Abhishek Sharma]] || 100 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|July |07}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last Updated: 18 February 2026<ref name="India T20I Records – Highest individual score"/>
|}

=== Highest career average ===
A batsman's [[batting average (cricket)|batting average]] is the total number of runs they have scored divided by the number of times they have been dismissed.<ref>{{cite book|first=M. A.|last=Pervez |title=A Dictionary of Cricket |publisher=Orient Blackswan|year=2001|page=7|isbn=978-81-7370-184-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VwYsHe-F-IUC&pg=PA7}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Average
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Innings
! scope=col | Not out
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align="center" | 1
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 48.69
| [[Virat Kohli]]|| align="center" | 117 || align="center" | 31 || align="center" | 4,188 || 2010–2024
|-
| align="center" | 2
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 44.83
| [[Tilak Varma]]{{dagger}}|| align="center" | 46 || align="center" | 15 || align="center" | 1,390 || 2023–2026
|-
| align="center" | 3
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 44.31
| [[Manish Pandey]]|| align="center" | 33 || align="center" | 17 || align="center" | 709 || 2015–2020
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 39.56
| [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]]{{dagger}} || align=center | 20 || align=center | 4 || align=center | 633 || 2021–2024
|-
| align="center" | 5
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 39.11
| [[Rinku Singh (cricketer)|Rinku Singh]]† || align="center" | 33 || align="center" | 16 || align="center" | 665 || 2023–2026
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Qualification: 20 innings. Last Updated: 08 March 2026<ref>{{cite news |title=India T20I Records – Highest career average |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/highest_career_batting_average.html?class=3;id=6;type=team |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=29 September 2025}}</ref>
|}

=== Highest average in each batting position ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! scope="col" |Batting position
! scope="col" |Batsman
! scope="col" |Innings
! scope="col" |Runs
! scope="col" |Average
! scope="col" |Career Span
! scope="col" |Ref
|-
!scope="row" | Opener
| rowspan="2" | [[Virat Kohli]]|| 17 || 551
! 36.73
| 2011–2024
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=2;batting_positionmin1=1;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=batting_average;qualmin1=10;qualval1=innings;team=6;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics. Highest Average. Opener |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | Number 3
| 80 || 3,076
! 53.96
| 2023–2026
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=3;batting_positionmin1=3;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=batting_average;qualmin1=10;qualval1=innings;size=200;team=6;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics. Highest Average. Number 3 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | Number 4
|[[Tilak Varma]]†
| 14 || 490
! 54.44
| 2023–2025
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=4;batting_positionmin1=4;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=3;filter=advced;orderby=batting_average;qualmin1=10;qualval1=innings;size=200;team=6;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics. Highest Average. Number 4 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | Number 5
| [[Manish Pandey]] || 15 || 357
! 51.00
| 2016–2020
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=5;batting_positionmin1=5;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=batting_average;qualmin1=10;qualval1=innings;size=200;team=6;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics. Highest Average. Number 5 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | Number 6
| [[Rinku Singh (cricketer)|Rinku Singh]]† || 11 || 195
! 65.00
| 2023–2026
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=6;batting_positionmin1=6;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=batting_average;qualmin1=10;qualval1=innings;size=200;team=6;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics. Highest Average. Number 6 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | Number 7
| [[MS Dhoni]] || 10 || 132
! 44.00
| 2011–2018
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=7;batting_positionmin1=7;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=batting_average;qualmin1=10;qualval1=innings;size=200;team=6;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics. Highest Average. Number 7 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | Number 8
| [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] || 13 || 110
! 22.00
| 2011–2022
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=8;batting_positionmin1=8;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=batting_average;qualmin1=10;qualval1=innings;size=200;team=6;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics. Highest Average. Number 8 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | Number 9
| [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] || 11 || 28
! 5.60
| 2012–2022
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=9;batting_positionmin1=9;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=batting_average;qualmin1=10;qualval1=innings;size=200;team=6;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics. Highest Average. Number 9 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | Number 10
| [[S. Sreesanth]] || 3 || 20
! 20.00
| 2007–2008
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=10;batting_positionmin1=10;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=batting_average;size=200;team=6;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics. Highest Average. Number 10 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | Number 11
| [[Mohammed Siraj]]{{dagger}} || 2 || 12
! 12.00
| 2017–2024
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=11;batting_positionmin1=11;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=batting_average;size=200;team=6;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics. Highest Average. Number 11 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
|-class="sortbottom"
| colspan="7" style="text-align:left;" |''Qualification: Minimum 10 innings batted at position.'' Last updated: 12 February 2026
|}

=== Most half-centuries ===
A half-century is a score of between 50 and 99 runs. Statistically, once a batsman's score reaches 100, it is no longer considered a half-century but a century.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Half centuries
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Innings
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 38
| [[Virat Kohli]] || align=center | 117 || 2010–2024
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 32
| [[Rohit Sharma]] || align=center | 151 || 2007–2024
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 25
| [[Suryakumar Yadav]]{{dagger}} || align="center" | 107 || 2021–2026
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 22
| [[KL Rahul]]{{dagger}} || align="center" |68 || 2016–2022
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 11
| [[Shikhar Dhawan]] || align=center | 66 || 2011–2021
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan="5" | Last Updated: 15 February 2026<ref>{{cite news |title=India T20I Records – Most half-centuries |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_fifties_career.html?class=3;id=6;type=team |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=1 September 2022}}</ref>
|}

=== Most centuries ===
A [[century (cricket)|century]] is a score of 100 or more runs in a single innings.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Centuries
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Innings
! scope=col | Period
|- bgcolor=#cee0f2
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 5
| [[Rohit Sharma]] || align=center | 151 || 2007–2024
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 4
| [[Suryakumar Yadav]]{{dagger}} || align=center | 107 || 2021–2026
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 3
| [[Sanju Samson]]{{dagger}} || align=center | 54 || 2015–2026
|-
| align=center rowspan=3| 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center rowspan=3| 2
| [[Abhishek Sharma]]{{dagger}} || align=center | 45 || 2024–2026
|-
| [[Tilak Varma]]{{dagger}} || align=center | 46 || 2023–2026
|-
| [[KL Rahul]]{{dagger}} || align=center | 68 || 2016–2022
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan="5" | Last Updated: 18 February 2026<ref name="India T20I Records – Most centuries">{{cite news |title=India T20I Records – Most centuries |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=hundreds;team=6;template=results;type=batting |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=1 September 2022}}</ref>
|}

=== Most Sixes ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Sixes
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Innings
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 205
| [[Rohit Sharma]] || align=center | 151 || 2007–2024
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 179
| [[Suryakumar Yadav]]{{dagger}} || align=center | 107 || 2021–2026
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 126
| [[Hardik Pandya]]{{dagger}} || align=center | 109 || 2016–2026
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 124
| [[Virat Kohli]] || align=center | 117 || 2010–2024
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 99
| [[KL Rahul]]{{dagger}} || align=center | 68 || 2016–2022
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan="5" | Last Updated: 08 March 2026<ref>{{cite news |title=India T20I Records – Most sixes |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=sixes;team=6;template=results;type=batting |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=1 September 2022}}</ref>
|}

=== Most Fours ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Fours
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Innings
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 383
| [[Rohit Sharma]] || align=center | 151 || 2007–2024
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 369
| [[Virat Kohli]] || align=center | 117 || 2010–2024
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 297
| [[Suryakumar Yadav]]{{dagger}} || align=center | 107 || 2021–2026
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| 191
| [[Shikhar Dhawan]] || align=center | 66 || 2011–2021
|-
| [[KL Rahul]] || align=center | 68 || 2016–2022
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan="5" | Last Updated: 08 March 2026<ref>{{cite news |title=India T20I Records – Most fours |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=fours;team=6;template=results;type=batting |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=1 September 2022}}</ref>
|}

=== Highest strike rates ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Strike rate
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | Balls Faced
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 190.46
| {{sortname|Abhishek|Sharma}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 1,438 || align="center" | 755 || 2024–2026
|-
| align="center" | 2
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 164.31
| {{sortname|Yashasvi|Jaiswal}}{{dagger}}|| align="center" | 723 || align="center" | 440 || 2023–2024
|-
| align="center" | 3
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 162.94
| {{sortname|Suryakumar|Yadav}}{{dagger}}|| align="center" | 3,272 || align="center" | 2,008 || 2021–2026
|-
| align="center" | 4
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 156.83
| {{sortname|Sanju|Samson}}{{dagger}}|| align="center" | 1,399 || align="center" | 892 || 2015–2026
|-
| align="center" | 5
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 155.73
| {{sortname|Rinku|Singh|dab=cricketer}}{{dagger}}|| align="center" | 665 || align="center" | 427 || 2023–2026
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Qualification= 250 balls faced. Last updated: 08 March 2026<ref>{{cite news |title=India T20I Records – Highest strike rate |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/highest_career_strike_rate.html?class=3;id=6;type=team |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=1 September 2022}}</ref>
|}

=== Highest strike rates in an inning ===
[[Yuvraj Singh]] during his innings of 58 of 18 balls which included [[Boundary (cricket)#Six sixes in an over|six sixes]] in an over off [[Stuart Broad]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/content/records/305877.html |title=Twenty20 matches-Fastest fifties |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=20 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/content/records/284095.html |title=One-Day Internationals-Fastest fifties |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=20 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/content/records/284096.html |title=Test matches-Fastest fifties |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=20 December 2010}}</ref> and Dinesh Karthik with his innings of 29* off 8 balls against Bangladesh in the final of the [[2018 Nidahas Trophy]] hold the top position for an India player in this list.<ref name="Highest Strike Rate in an inning">{{cite news |title=T20I Records – Highest Strike Rate in an Inning |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/284190.html |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Strike rate
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | Balls Faced
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" | 1
! rowspan="2" scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 362.50
| {{sortname|Yuvraj|Singh}} || align="center" | 58 || align="center" | 16 || {{cr|England}} || [[Kingsmead cricket ground, Durban|Sahara Stadium, Kingsmead]], [[Durban]], South Africa || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2007|September|19}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
| {{sortname|Dinesh|Karthik}} || align=center | 29* || align=center | 8 || {{cr|Bangladesh}} || [[Ranasinghe Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|March|18}}
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 355.55
| {{sortname|Hardik|Pandya}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 32* || rowspan="2" align="center" | 9 || {{cr|Ireland}} || [[Malahide Cricket Club Ground]], [[Dublin]], Ireland || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|June|29}}
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 344.44
| [[Rinku Singh (cricketer)|Rinku Singh]]{{dagger}} || align=center | 31* ||{{cr|Australia}} || [[Greenfield International Stadium]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|November|26}}
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 340.00
| [[Abhishek Sharma]]{{dagger}} || align="center" | 68* || align=center | 20 ||{{cr|New Zealand}}|| [[Assam Cricket Association Stadium, Guwahati|Assam Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Guwahati]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2026|January|25}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=8 | Last Updated: 25 January 2026<ref>{{cite news |title=India T20I Records – Highest strike rate in an Inning |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/highest_strike_rate_innings.html?class=3;id=6;type=team |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== Most runs in a calendar year ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Innings
! scope=col | Year
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 1,164
| [[Suryakumar Yadav]]† || align="center" | 31 || align=center| 31 || {{sort|2022|2022}}
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 859
| {{sortname|Abhishek|Sharma}}† || align="center" | 21 || align=center | 21 || {{sort|2025|2025}}
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 781
| {{sortname|Virat|Kohli}} || align=center | 20 || align=center | 20 || {{sort|2022|2022}}
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 733
| [[Suryakumar Yadav]]† || align="center" | 18 || align=center | 17 || {{sort|2023|2023}}
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 689
| {{sortname|Shikhar|Dhawan}} || align=center | 18 || align=center | 17 || {{sort|2018|2018}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 19 December 2025<ref>{{cite news |title=India T20I Records – Most runs in a year |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;size=5;team=6;template=results;type=batting;view=year |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== Most runs in a tournament ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Innings
! scope=col | Series
|-
| align="center" |1
! style="text-align: center;" |321
| [[Sanju Samson]]{{dagger}} || align="center" |5 || align="center" |5 || {{sort|2026|[[2026 Men's T20 World Cup]]}}
|-
| align="center" | 2
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 319
| [[Virat Kohli]]|| align="center" | 6|| align="center" | 6 || {{sort|2014|[[2014 ICC World Twenty20]]}}
|-
| align="center" |3
! style="text-align: center;" |317
| [[Ishan Kishan]]{{dagger}} || align="center" |9 || align="center" |9 || {{sort|2026|[[2026 Men's T20 World Cup]]}}
|-
| align="center" | 4
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 314
| [[Abhishek Sharma]]{{dagger}} || align="center" | 7 || align="center" | 7 || {{sort|2025|[[2025 Asia Cup]]}}
|-
| align="center" | 5
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 296
| [[Virat Kohli]]|| align="center" | 6|| align="center" | 6|| {{sort|2022|[[2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup]]}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 8 March 2026<ref>{{cite news |title=India T20I Records – Most runs in a series |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_series.html?class=3;id=6;type=team |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== Most ducks ===
A [[duck (cricket)|duck]] refers to a batsman being dismissed without scoring a run.<ref name="glossary">{{cite news |first=Martin|last=Williamson |title=A glossary of cricket terms |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/239756.html |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=21 November 2021}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Ducks
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Innings
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 12
| {{sortname|Rohit|Sharma}} || align=center | 151 || 2007–2024
|-
| rowspan="3" align="center" | 2
! rowspan="3" scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 7
| {{sortname|Sanju|Samson}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 54 || 2015–2026
|-
| {{sortname|Suryakumar|Yadav}}{{dagger}}|| align="center" | 107 || 2021–2026
|-
| {{sortname|Virat|Kohli}} || align=center | 117 || 2010–2024
|-
| align="center" | 5
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 6
| {{sortname|Abhishek|Sharma}}{{dagger}}|| align="center" |45 || 2024–2026
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan="5" | Last Updated: 08 March 2026<ref>{{cite news |title=India T20I Records – Most ducks |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_ducks_career.html?class=3;id=6;type=team |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=21 November 2021}}</ref>
|}

==Bowling records==

=== Most career wickets ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Wickets
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Innings
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align="center" | 1
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 127
| {{sortname|Arshdeep|Singh}}{{dagger}} || align="center" | 84 || align="center" | 83 || 2022–2026
|-
| align="center" | 2
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 121
| {{sortname|Jasprit|Bumrah}}{{dagger}} || align="center" | 95 || align="center" | 92 || 2016–2026
|-
| align="center" | 3
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 114
| {{sortname|Hardik|Pandya}}{{dagger}} || align="center" | 138 || align="center" | 125 || 2016–2026
|-
| align="center" |4
! style="text-align: center;" |97
| {{sortname|Axar|Patel}}{{dagger}} || align="center" |94 || align="center" |88 || 2015–2026
|-
| align="center" | 5
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 96
| {{sortname|Yuzvendra|Chahal}} || align="center" | 80 || align="center" | 79 || 2016–2023
|-
| align="center" | 6
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 95
| {{sortname|Kuldeep|Yadav}}{{dagger}} || align="center" | 54 || align="center" | 52 || 2017–2026
|-
| align="center" |7
! style="text-align: center;" |90
| {{sortname|Bhuvneshwar|Kumar}} || align="center" |87 || align="center" |86 || 2012–2022
|-
| align="center" |8
! style="text-align: center;" |73
| {{sortname|Varun|Chakravarthy}}{{dagger}}|| align="center" |45 || align="center" |43 || 2021–2026
|-
| align="center" |9
! style="text-align: center;" |72
| {{sortname|Ravichandran|Ashwin}} || align="center" |65 || align="center" |65 || 2010–2022
|-
| align="center" |10
! style="text-align: center;" |64
| {{sortname|Ravi|Bishnoi}}{{dagger}}|| align="center" |44 || align="center" |44 || 2022–2026
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="6" | Last Updated: 8 March 2026<ref name="India T20I Records – Most career wickets">{{cite news |title=India T20I Records – Bowling Most Wickets Career |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/bowling-most-wickets-career/india-6/twenty20-internationals-3 |access-date=20 September 2025 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
|}

=== Most wickets against each team ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" |Opposition
! scope="col" |Wickets
! scope="col" |Bowler
! scope="col" |Matches
! scope="col" |Innings
! scope="col" |Span
! scope="col" |Ref
|-
| {{cr|AFG|2013}}
! 8
| [[Arshdeep Singh]]{{dagger}} || align=center| 5 || align=center| 5 || 2022–2024 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=40;orderby=wickets;team=6;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics. Most Wickets. Against Afghanistan |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|AUS}}
! 20
| [[Jasprit Bumrah]]{{dagger}} || align=center| 18 || align=center| 17 || 2016–2025 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=2;orderby=wickets;team=6;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics. Most Wickets. Against Australia |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|BAN}}
! 10
| [[Washington Sundar]]{{dagger}} || align=center| 10 || align=center| 10 || 2018–2024 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=25;orderby=wickets;team=6;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics. Most Wickets. Against Bangladesh |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
|-
| |{{cr|ENG}}
! 21
| [[Hardik Pandya]]{{dagger}} || align=center| 21 || align=center| 20 || 2017–2026 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=1;orderby=wickets;team=6;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics. Most Wickets. Against Bangladesh |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=4|{{cr|HK}}
! rowspan=4| 1
| [[Ravindra Jadeja]] || align=center rowspan=4|1 || align=center rowspan=4|1 || rowspan=4|2022–2022 || rowspan=4|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=19;orderby=wickets;team=6;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics. Most Wickets. Against Hong Kong |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]]{{dagger}}
|-
| [[Arshdeep Singh]]{{dagger}}
|-
| [[Avesh Khan]]{{dagger}}
|-
| {{cr|IRE}}
! 8
| [[Jasprit Bumrah]]{{dagger}} || align=center|4 || align=center|4 || 2018–2024 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=29;orderby=wickets;team=6;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics. Most Wickets. Against Ireland |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=4|{{cr|NAM}}
! rowspan=4| 3
| [[Ravindra Jadeja]] || align=center rowspan=3| 1 || align=center rowspan=3| 1 || rowspan=2|2021–2021 || rowspan=4|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=28;orderby=wickets;team=6;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics. Most Wicket. Against Namibia |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ravichandran Ashwin]]{{dagger}}
|-
| [[Varun Chakravarthy]]{{dagger}} || 2026–2026
|-
| [[Jasprit Bumrah]]{{dagger}} || align=center | 2 || align=center | 2 || 2021–2026
|-
| rowspan=2|{{cr|NEP}}
! rowspan=2| 3
| [[Ravi Bishnoi]]{{dagger}} || align=center rowspan=2|1 || align=center rowspan=2|1 || rowspan=2|2023–2023 || rowspan=2|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=15;orderby=wickets;team=6;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics. Most Wickets. Against Nepal |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=2023-10-03}}</ref>
|-
| [[Avesh Khan]]{{dagger}}
|-
|{{cr|NED}}
! 3
| [[Varun Chakravarthy]]{{dagger}} || align=center |1 || align=center |1 || 2026–2026 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=15;orderby=wickets;team=6;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics. Most Wickets. Against Netherlands |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|NZ}}
! 17
| [[Jasprit Bumrah]]{{dagger}} || align="center" | 15 || align="center" | 15 || 2016–2026 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=5;orderby=wickets;team=6;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics. Most Wickets. Against New Zealand |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=4|{{cr|OMN}}
! rowspan=4| 1
| [[Hardik Pandya]]{{dagger}} || align=center rowspan=4|1 || align=center rowspan=4|1 || rowspan=4|2025–2025 || rowspan=4|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=37;orderby=wickets;team=6;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics. Most Wickets. Against Oman |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=2025-09-19}}</ref>
|-
| [[Harshit Rana]]{{dagger}}
|-
| [[Kuldeep Yadav]]{{dagger}}
|-
| [[Arshdeep Singh]]{{dagger}}
|-
| {{cr|PAK}}
! 17
| [[Hardik Pandya]]{{dagger}} || align=center| 10 || align="center" | 9 || 2016–2026 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=7;orderby=wickets;team=6;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics. Most Wickets. Against Pakistan |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2|{{cr|SCO}}
! rowspan=2| 3
| [[Mohammad Shami]]{{dagger}} || align=center rowspan=2| 1 || align=center rowspan=2| 1 || rowspan=2|2021–2021 || rowspan=2|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=30;orderby=wickets;team=6;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics. Most Wickets. Against Scotland |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ravindra Jadeja]]
|-
| {{cr|RSA}}
! 25
| [[Arshdeep Singh]]{{dagger}} || align=center| 15 || align="center" | 15 || 2022–2026 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=3;orderby=wickets;team=6;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics. Most Wickets. Against South Africa |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|SL}}
! 23
| [[Yuzvendra Chahal]]{{dagger}} || align=center| 13 || align=center| 13 || 2017–2023 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=8;orderby=wickets;team=6;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics. Most Wickets. Against Sri Lanka |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|UAE}}
! 4
| [[Kuldeep Yadav]]{{dagger}} || align=center| 1 || align=center| 1 || 2025–2025 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=27;orderby=wickets;team=6;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics. Most Wickets. Against United Arab Emirates |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|USA}}
! 6
| [[Arshdeep Singh]]{{dagger}} || align=center| 2 || align="center" | 2 || 2024–2026 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=11;orderby=wickets;team=6;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics. Most Wickets. Against United States of America |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|WIN}}
! 17
| [[Kuldeep Yadav]]{{dagger}} || align=center| 9 || align=center| 9 || 2017–2023 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=4;orderby=wickets;team=6;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics. Most Wickets. Against West Indies |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3|{{cr|ZIM}}
! rowspan=3|8
| [[Mukesh Kumar (cricketer)|Mukesh Kumar]]{{dagger}} || align=center| 3 || align=center| 3 || 2024–2024 || rowspan=3|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=9;orderby=wickets;team=6;template=results;type=bowling |title=Statistics. Most Wickets. Against Zimbabwe |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
|-
| [[Washington Sundar]]{{dagger}} || align=center| 5 || align=center| 5 || 2024–2024
|-
| [[Axar Patel]]{{dagger}} || align=center| 7 || align=center| 7 || 2015–2026
|-
| colspan=7 | Last updated: 8 March 2026
|}

=== Best figures in an innings ===
[[Bowling analysis|Bowling figures]] refers to the number of the wickets a bowler has taken and the number of runs conceded.<ref>{{cite web |title=Definition: bowling analysis |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bowling%20analysis |work=[[Merriam-Webster]] |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=3 December 2017 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904012227/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bowling%20analysis|archive-date=4 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=T20I Records – Best bowling figures in an innings |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283204.html |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Figures
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|1|6/7}}
| {{sortname|Deepak|Chahar}} || {{cr|Bangladesh}}|| [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Nagpur]], India|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|November|10}}
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|6/25}}
| {{sortname|Yuzvendra|Chahal}} || {{cr|England}}|| [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]], India|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|February|1}}
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|3|5/4}}
| {{sortname|Bhuvneshwar|Kumar}} || {{cr|Afghanistan}}|| [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]], UAE|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|September|08}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| {{sort|3|5/17}}
| {{sortname|Kuldeep|Yadav}} ||rowspan=2|{{cr|South Africa}}|| [[New Wanderers Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]], South Africa|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|December|14}}
|-
| {{sortname|Varun|Chakravarthy}} || [[St George's Park Cricket Ground]], [[Gqeberha]], South Africa || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|November|10}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 10 November 2024<ref name="Best Bowling Figures">{{cite news |title=India T20I Records – Best bowling figures in an innings |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_figures_innings.html?class=3;id=6;type=team |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== Best figures in an innings – progression of record ===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Figures
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
! 2/10
| {{sortname|Ajit|Agarkar}}|| {{cr|South Africa}}|| [[New Wanderers Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]], South Africa|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2006|December|1}}
|-
! 3/37
| {{sortname|Irfan|Pathan}}|| {{cr|England}}|| rowspan=2|[[Kingsmead Cricket Ground]], [[Durban]], South Africa|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2007|September|19}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
! 4/13
| {{sortname|R. P.|Singh}}|| {{cr|South Africa}}|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2007|September|20}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
! 4/8
| {{sortname|Ravichandran|Ashwin}}|| {{cr|Sri Lanka}}|| [[ACA-VDCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]], India|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|February|14}}
|-
! 6/25
| {{sortname|Yuzvendra|Chahal}}|| {{cr|England}}|| [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]], India|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|February|1}}
|-
! 6/7
| {{sortname|Deepak|Chahar}}|| {{cr|Bangladesh}}|| [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Nagpur]], India|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|November|10}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last Updated: 9 August 2020<ref name="Best Bowling Figures"/>
|}

=== Best Bowling Figure against each opponent ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Opposition !! Player !! Figures !! Date
|-
| {{cr|AFG|2013}} || [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] || 5/4 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|September|8}}
|-
| {{cr|AUS}} || [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] ||4/11 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2014|March|30}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
| {{cr|BAN}} || [[Deepak Chahar]] ||6/7 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|November|10}}
|-
| {{cr|ENG}} || [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] ||6/25 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|February|1}}
|-
| rowspan=2|{{cr|HKG}} || [[Ravindra Jadeja]] || rowspan=2|1/15 || rowspan=2|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|August|31}}
|-
| [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]]
|-
| {{cr|IRE}} || [[Zaheer Khan]] ||4/19 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|June|10}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
| {{cr|NAM}} || [[Ravindra Jadeja]] ||3/16 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2021|November|8}}
|-
| {{cr|NEP}} || [[Ravi Bishnoi]] || 3/24 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|October|3}}
|-
| {{cr|NED}} || [[Varun Chakravarthy]] || 3/14 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2026|February|18}}
|-
| {{cr|NZ}} || [[Arshdeep Singh]]|| 5/51 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2026|January|31}}
|-
| {{cr|OMN}} || [[Kuldeep Yadav]] || 1/23 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2025|September|19}}
|-
| {{cr|PAK}} || [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] || 4/26 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|August|28}}
|-
| rowspan=2|{{cr|SCO}} || [[Ravindra Jadeja]] || rowspan=2|3/15 || rowspan=2|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2021|November|5}}
|-
| [[Mohammad Shami]]
|-
| rowspan=2|{{cr|RSA}} || [[Kuldeep Yadav]] || rowspan=2|5/17 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|December|14}}
|-
| [[Varun Chakravarthy]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|November|10}}
|-
| {{cr|SL}} || [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] ||4/8 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|February|14}}
|-
| {{cr|UAE}} || [[Kuldeep Yadav]] || 4/7 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2025|September|10}}
|-
| {{cr|USA}} || [[Arshdeep Singh]] || 4/9 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|June|12}}
|-
| {{cr|WIN}} || [[Ravi Bishnoi]] ||4/16 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|August|7}}
|-
| {{cr|ZIM}} || [[Barinder Sran]] ||4/10 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|June|20}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan="4" | ''Last updated: 18 February 2026''<ref name="Best Bowling Figures" />
|}

=== Best career average ===
A bowler's [[bowling average]] is the total number of runs they have conceded divided by the number of wickets they have taken.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Average
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Wickets
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | Overs
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 13.74
| {{sortname|Kuldeep|Yadav}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 95 || align="center" | 1,306 || align="center" | 187.5 || 2017–2026
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 16.61
| {{sortname|Varun|Chakravarthy}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 73 || align="center" | 1,213 || align="center" | 160.3 || 2021–2026
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 18.08
| {{sortname|Jasprit|Bumrah}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 121 || align="center" | 2,188 || align="center" | 335.4 || 2016–2026
|-
| align="center" | 4
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 19.51
| {{sortname|Ravi|Bishnoi}}{{dagger}}|| align="center" | 64 || align="center" | 1,249 || align="center" | 168.4 || 2022–2026
|-
| align="center" | 5
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 19.70
| {{sortname|Arshdeep|Singh}}{{dagger}}|| align="center" | 127 || align="center" | 2,502 || align="center" | 293.2 || 2022–2026
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Qualification: 500 balls. Last Updated: 8 March 2026<ref name="India T20I Records – Best career average">{{cite news |title=India T20I Records – Best career average |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=bowling_average;qualmin1=500;qualval1=balls;team=6;template=results;type=bowling |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=21 November 2021}}</ref>
|}

=== Best career economy rate ===
A bowler's [[economy rate (cricket)|economy rate]] is the total number of runs they have conceded divided by the number of [[over (cricket)|overs]] they have bowled.<ref name="glossary"/>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Economy rate
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | Overs
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 6.20
| {{sortname|Harbhajan|Singh}} || align=center | 633 || align=center | 102.0 || 2006–2016
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 6.51
| {{sortname|Jasprit|Bumrah}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 2,188 || align="center" | 335.4 || 2016–2026
|-
| align="center" | 3
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 6.90
| {{sortname|Ravichandran|Ashwin}} || align="center" | 1,672 || align="center" | 242.0 || 2010–2022
|-
| align="center" | 4
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 6.95
| {{sortname|Kuldeep|Yadav}}{{dagger}} || align="center" | 1,306 || align="center" | 187.5 || 2017–2026
|-
| align="center" | 5
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 6.96
| {{sortname|Bhuvneshwar|Kumar}} || align="center" | 2,079 || align="center" | 298.3 || 2012–2022
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan="6" | Qualification: 500 balls. Last Updated: 8 March 2026<ref>{{cite news |title=India T20I Records – Best career economy rate |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=economy_rate;qualmin1=500;qualval1=balls;team=6;template=results;type=bowling |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=1 September 2022}}</ref>
|}

=== Best career strike rate ===
A bowler's [[strike rate]] is the total number of [[delivery (cricket)|balls]] they have bowled divided by the number of wickets they have taken.<ref name="glossary"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Strike rate
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Wickets
! scope=col | Overs
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 11.86
| {{sortname|Kuldeep|Yadav}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 95 || align="center" | 187.5 || 2017–2026
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 13.19
| {{sortname|Varun|Chakravarthy}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 73 || align="center" | 160.3 || 2016–2026
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 13.85
| {{sortname|Arshdeep|Singh}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 127 || align="center" | 293.2 || 2022–2026
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 15.33
| {{sortname|Shardul|Thakur}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 33 || align=center | 84.2 || 2018–2022
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 15.81
| {{sortname|Ravi|Bishnoi}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 64 || align="center" | 168.4 || 2022–2026
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan="6" | Qualification: 500 balls. Last Updated: 8 March 2026<ref name="India T20I Records – Best career strike rate">{{cite news |title=India T20I Records – Best career strike rate |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/bowling-best-career-strike-rate/india-6/twenty20-internationals-3 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=21 November 2021}}</ref>
|}

=== Most four-wickets (& over) hauls in an innings ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Four-wicket hauls
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Innings
! scope=col | Overs
! scope=col | Wickets
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| 5
| {{sortname|Kuldeep|Yadav}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 52 || align="center" | 187.5 || align="center" | 95 || 2017–2026
|-
| {{sortname|Bhuvneshwar|Kumar}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 86 || align=center | 298.3 || align="center" | 90 || 2012–2022
|-
| align=center rowspan=4| 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan="4" |3
|{{sortname|Varun|Chakravarthy}}{{dagger}}|| align="center" | 43 || align="center" | 160.3 || align="center" | 73 || 2021–2026
|-
| {{sortname|Yuzvendra|Chahal}}{{dagger}}|| align="center" |79 || align="center" | 294.0 || align="center" | 96 || 2016–2023
|-
| {{sortname|Arshdeep|Singh}}{{dagger}}|| align="center" |83 || align="center" |293.2 || align="center" |127 || 2022–2026
|-
| {{sortname|Hardik|Pandya}}{{dagger}}|| align="center" | 125 || align="center" | 370.5 || align="center" | 114 || 2016–2026
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan="7" | Last Updated: 8 March 2026<ref name="India T20I Records – Most four-wickets-in-an-innings">{{cite news |title=India T20I Records – Best career strike rate |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/bowling-most-4wi-career/india-6/twenty20-internationals-3 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=21 November 2021}}</ref>
|}

=== Best economy rates in an inning ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Economy
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Overs
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | Wickets
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2 | {{sort|1|1.00}}
| rowspan=2|{{sortname|Bhuvneshwar|Kumar}} || align=center | 4 || align=center | 4 || align=center | 5 || {{cr|AFG|2013}} || [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]], UAE || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|September|8}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 3 || align=center | 3 || align=center | 0 || rowspan=2|{{cr|WIN}} || [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur]], Bangladesh || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2014|March|23}}{{double-dagger}}
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|1.33}}
| {{sortname|Deepak|Chahar}} || align=center | 4 || align=center | 3 || [[Providence Stadium]], [[Providence, Guyana|Providence]], Guyana || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|August|6}}
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|3|1.50}}
| {{sortname|Harshal|Patel}} || align=center | 2 || align=center | 3 || align=center | 1 || {{cr|RSA}} || [[Niranjan Shah Stadium]], [[Rajkot]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|June|17}}
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|4|1.75}}
| {{sortname|Jasprit|Bumrah}} || align=center | 4 || align=center | 7 || align=center | 3 || {{cr|AFG|2013}} || [[Kensington Oval]], [[Bridgetown]], Barbados || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|June|20}}{{double-dagger}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=9 | Qualification: 12 balls bowled. Last Updated: 20 June 2024<ref>{{cite news |title=India T20I Records – Best economy rates in an innings |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_economy_rate_innings.html?class=3;id=6;type=team |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== Best strike rates in an inning ===
The best strike rate in an inning, when a minimum of 4 wickets are taken by the player, is by [[Steve Tikolo]] of Kenya during his spell of 4/2 in 1.2 overs against Scotland during the [[2013 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier]] at [[ICC Academy]], [[Dubai]], UAE.<ref>{{cite news |title=Best strike rates in an inning |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283886.html |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Strike rate
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Wickets
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | Balls
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|1|3.25}}
| {{sortname|Kuldeep|Yadav}} || align=center | 4 || align=center | 7 || align=center | 13 || {{cr|UAE}} || [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]], UAE || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2025|September|10}}
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|3.33}}
| {{sortname|Deepak|Chahar}} || align=center | 6 || align=center | 7 || align=center | 20 || {{cr|Bangladesh}} || [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Nagpur]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|November|10}}
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|3|3.40}}
| {{sortname|Kuldeep|Yadav}} || align=center | 5 || align=center | 17 || align=center | 17 || {{cr|South Africa}} || [[Wanderers Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]], South Africa || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|December|14}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| {{sort|4|4.00}}
| {{sortname|Yuzvendra|Chahal}} ||align=center | 6 || align=center | 25 || align=center | 24 || {{cr|England}} || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|February|1}}
|-
| [[Ravi Bishnoi]] || align=center | 4 || align=center | 16 || align=center | 16 || {{cr|West Indies}} || [[Lauderhill]], [[Florida]], West Indies || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|August|7}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=9 | Last Updated: 10 September 2025<ref>{{cite news |title=India T20I Records – Best strike rates in an innings |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_strike_rate_innings.html?class=3;id=6;type=team |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== Most runs conceded in a match ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | Figures
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Overs
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center | 1
! 68
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 0/68
| [[Prasidh Krishna]] || align=center rowspan=5| 4 || {{cr|AUS}} || [[Assam Cricket Association Stadium, Guwahati|Assam Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Guwahati]], India|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|November|28}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 2
! rowspan=2|64
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 0/64
| {{sortname|Yuzvendra|Chahal}} || {{cr|RSA}} || [[Centurion Park]], [[Centurion, Gauteng|Centurion]], South Africa|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|February|21}}
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 1/64
| {{sortname|Varun|Chakravarthy}}|| {{cr|ENG}}|| [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2026|March|5}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
| align=center | 4
! 62
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 2/62
| [[Arshdeep Singh]] || {{cr|RSA}}|| [[Assam Cricket Association Stadium, Guwahati|Assam Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Guwahati]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|October|2}}
|-
| align=center | 5
! 58
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 0/58
| [[Jasprit Bumrah]] || {{cr|NZ}} || [[Greenfield International Stadium]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2026|January|31}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=8 | Last updated: 5 March 2026<ref>{{cite news |title=India T20I Records – Most runs conceded in a match |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_runs_conceded_innings.html?class=3;id=6;type=team |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== Most wickets in a calendar year ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Wickets
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Innings
! scope=col | Year
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 37
| [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] || align=center | 32 || align=center | 31 || {{sort|2022|2022}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| 36
| [[Arshdeep Singh]] || align=center | 18 || align=center | 18 || {{sort|2024|2024}}
|-
| [[Varun Chakravarthy]] || align=center | 20 || align=center | 18 || {{sort|2025|2025}}
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 33
| [[Arshdeep Singh]] || align=center rowspan=2| 21 || align=center rowspan=2| 21|| {{sort|2022|2022}}
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 28
| {{sortname|Jasprit|Bumrah}} || {{sort|2016|2016}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 19 December 2025<ref name="India T20I Records – Most wickets in a calendar year">{{cite news |title=India T20I Records – Most wickets in a calendar year |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=wickets;size=10;team=6;template=results;type=bowling;view=year |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== Most wickets in a tournament ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Wickets
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Innings
! scope=col | Series
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| 17
| {{sortname|Kuldeep|Yadav}}|| align=center | 7 || {{sort|2025|[[2025 Asia Cup]]}}
|-
| {{sortname|Arshdeep|Singh}}|| align=center rowspan=2| 8 || rowspan=2|{{sort|2024|[[2024 Men's T20 World Cup]]}}
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 15
| {{sortname|Jasprit|Bumrah}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=3| 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=3| 14
| {{sortname|Varun|Chakravarthy}}|| align=center | 5 || {{sort|2025|[[English cricket team in India in 2024–25|England in India in 2025]]}}
|-
| {{sortname|Jasprit|Bumrah}}|| align=center | 8 || rowspan=2|{{sort|2026|[[2026 Men's T20 World Cup]]}}
|-
| {{sortname|Varun|Chakravarthy}}|| align=center | 9
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last Updated: 8 March 2026<ref name="India T20I Records – Most wickets in a series">{{cite news |title=India T20I Records – Most wickets in a series |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_series.html?class=3;id=6;type=team |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== Hat-trick ===
In [[cricket]], a '''hat-trick''' occurs when a bowler [[Dismissal (cricket)|takes three wickets]] with consecutive [[Delivery (cricket)|deliveries]]. The deliveries may be interrupted by an [[over (cricket)|over]] bowled by another bowler from the other end of the [[Cricket pitch|pitch]] or the other team's [[innings]], but must be three consecutive deliveries by the individual bowler in the same match. Only [[wickets#Dismissing a batsman|wickets]] attributed to the bowler count towards a hat-trick; run outs do not count.<ref name="Hatricks" />

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
|-
!S. No
! Bowler
! Against
! class="unsortable" | Wickets
! Venue
! Date
! Ref.
|-
| 1
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | [[Deepak Chahar]]
| {{cr|BAN}}
|
* [[Shafiul Islam]] ([[caught|c]] [[KL Rahul]])
* [[Mustafizur Rahman]] ([[caught|c]] [[Shreyas Iyer]])
* [[Aminul Islam (cricketer, born 1999)|Aminul Islam]] ([[Bowled|b]])
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Nagpur]]
| 10 November 2019
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/19312/scorecard/1187015/india-vs-bangladesh-3rd-t20i-bangladesh-in-india-2019-20 |title=3rd T20I (N), Bangladesh tour of India at Nagpur, Nov 10 2019 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=10 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=8 | Last Updated: 9 August 2020<ref name="Hatricks">{{cite news |title=Hatricks |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283738.html |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

==Wicket-keeping records==
The [[wicket-keeper]] is a specialist [[fielding (cricket)|fielder]] who stands behind the [[stump (cricket)|stumps]] being guarded by the batsman on [[strike (cricket)|strike]] and is the only member of the fielding side allowed to wear gloves and leg pads.<ref>{{cite web |title=Law 27 – The wicket-keeper |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws/the-wicket-keeper |publisher=Marylebone Cricket Club |access-date=29 December 2018 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229232954/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws/the-wicket-keeper|archive-date=29 December 2018}}</ref>

=== Most career dismissals ===
A wicket-keeper can be credited with the dismissal of a batsman in two ways, [[caught]] or [[stumped]]. A fair catch is taken when the [[cricket ball|ball]] is caught fully within the field of play without it bouncing after the ball has touched the striker's [[cricket bat|bat]] or glove holding the bat,<ref name="Law 33">{{cite web |title=Law 33 – Caught |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws/caught |publisher=Marylebone Cricket Club |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref><ref name="Law 5">{{cite web |title=Law 5 – The Bat |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws/the-bat |publisher=Marylebone Cricket Club |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref> Laws 5.6.2.2 and 5.6.2.3 state that the hand or the glove holding the bat shall be regarded as the ball striking or touching the bat while a stumping occurs when the wicket-keeper puts down the wicket while the batsman is out of his [[crease (cricket)|ground]] and not attempting a run.<ref>{{cite web |title=Law 39 – Stumped |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws/stumped |publisher=Marylebone Cricket Club |access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank !! scope=col | Dismissals !! scope=col | Player !! scope=col | Matches !! scope=col | Innings !! scope=col | Catches !! scope=col | Stumpings !! scope=col | Dis/Inn !! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 91
| {{sortname|MS|Dhoni}}|| align=center | 98 || align=center | 97 || align=center | 57 || align=center | 34 || align=center | 0.938 || 2006–2019
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 49
| {{sortname|Rishabh|Pant}}{{dagger}}|| align=center | 76 || align=center | 62 || align=center | 38 || align=center | 11 || align=center | 0.790 || 2017–2024
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 37
| {{sortname|Sanju|Samson}}{{dagger}}|| align=center | 62 || align="center" | 44 || align="center" | 30 || align="center" | 7 || align=center | 0.840 || 2015–2026
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 27
| {{sortname|Dinesh|Karthik}} || align=center | 59 || align=center | 19 || align=center | 19 || align=center | 8 || align=center | 1.421 || 2006–2022
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 14
| {{sortname|Ishan|Kishan}}{{dagger}}|| align=center | 45 || align="center" | 21 || align="center" | 9 || align=center | 5 || align="center" | 0.666 || 2021–2026
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=9 | Last updated: 8 March 2026<ref name="wicket-keeper">{{cite news |title=India T20I Records – Most wicket-keeper career dismissals |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/keeping/most_dismissals_career.html?class=3;id=6;type=team |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=21 November 2021}}</ref>
|}

=== Most career catches ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Catches
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Innings
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 57
| {{sortname|MS|Dhoni}}|| align=center | 98|| align=center | 97|| 2006–2019
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 38
| {{sortname|Rishabh|Pant}}{{dagger}}|| align=center | 76 || align=center | 62 || 2017–2024
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 30
| {{sortname|Sanju|Samson}}{{dagger}}|| align=center | 62 || align="center" | 44 || 2015–2026
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 19
| {{sortname|Dinesh|Karthik}}|| align=center | 59 || align=center | 19 || 2006–2022
|-
| align=center rowspan="2" |5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan="2" |9
| {{sortname|Jitesh|Sharma}}{{dagger}}|| align="center" | 16 || align="center" | 14 || 2023–2025
|-
| {{sortname|Ishan|Kishan}}{{dagger}}|| align="center" | 45 || align="center" | 21 || 2021–2026
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 8 March 2026<ref name="Indian T20I Records - Wicket Keeper Catches">{{cite news |title=India T20I Records – Most wicket-keeper career catches |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/keeping/most_catches_career.html?class=3;id=6;type=team |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=21 November 2021}}</ref>
|}

=== Most career stumpings ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Stumpings
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Innings
! scope=col | Period
|-bgcolor=#cee0f2
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 34 ♠
| {{sortname|MS|Dhoni}}|| align=center | 98|| align=center | 97|| 2006–2019
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 11
| {{sortname|Rishabh|Pant}}{{dagger}}|| align=center | 76 || align=center | 62 || 2017–2024
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 8
| {{sortname|Dinesh|Karthik}} || align=center | 59 || align=center | 19 || 2006–2022
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 7
| {{sortname|Sanju|Samson}}{{dagger}}|| align=center | 62 || align="center" | 44 || 2015–2026
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 5
| {{sortname|Ishan|Kishan}}{{dagger}}|| align=center | 45 || align="center" | 21 || 2021–2026
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 8 March 2026<ref name="Indian T20I Records - Wicket Keeper Stumpings">{{cite news |title=India T20I Records – Most wicket-keeper career stumpings |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/keeping-most-stumpings-career/india-6/twenty20-internationals-3 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=21 November 2021}}</ref>

|}

=== Most dismissals in an innings ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Dismissals
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 5
| rowspan=4|{{sortname|MS|Dhoni}}|| {{cr|England}}|| [[Bristol County Ground]], [[Bristol]], England || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|July|8}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=5| 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=5| 4
|| {{cr|Afghanistan|2013}}|| [[Darren Sammy National Cricket Stadium]], [[Gros Islet]], Saint Lucia || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2010|May|1}}
|-
|| {{cr|Pakistan}}|| [[Ranasinghe Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|September|30}}
|-
|| {{cr|Sri Lanka}}|| [[Barabati Stadium]], [[Cuttack]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|December|20}}
|-
| {{sortname|Dinesh|Karthik}}|| {{cr|England}}|| [[Rose Bowl (cricket ground)|Rose Bowl]], [[Southampton]], England || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|July|7}}
|-
| {{sortname|Jitesh|Sharma}}|| {{cr|South Africa}}|| [[Barabati Stadium]], [[Cuttack]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2025|December|9}}
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 9 December 2025<ref>{{cite news |title=India T20I Records – Most dismissals in an innings by a wicket-keeper |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/keeping/most_dismissals_innings.html?class=3;id=6;type=team |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== Most dismissals in a series ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Dismissals
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Innings
! scope=col | Series
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 14
| {{sortname|Rishabh|Pant}}|| align=center | 8 || align=center | 8 || {{sort|2024|[[2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup]]}}
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 8
| rowspan="2" |{{sortname|MS|Dhoni}}|| align="center" | 5|| align="center" | 5|| {{sort|2016|[[2016 ICC World Twenty20]]}}
|-
| rowspan="4" align="center" | 3
! rowspan="4" scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 7
| align="center" |3 || rowspan="2" align="center" |3 || {{sort|2018|[[Indian cricket team in England in 2018|India in England in 2018]]}}
|-
|{{sortname|Jitesh|Sharma}}
| align="center" |4 || [[South African cricket team in India in 2025–26|South Africa in India in 2025]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{sortname|MS|Dhoni}}
| rowspan="2" align="center" |5 || rowspan="2" align="center" |5 || {{sort|2010|[[2010 ICC World Twenty20]]}}
|-
| {{sort|2016|[[2016 Asia Cup]]}}
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 19 December 2025<ref>{{cite news |title=India T20I Records – Most dismissals in a series by a wicket-keeper |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/keeping/most_dismissals_series.html?class=3;id=6;type=team |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

==Fielding records==

=== Most career catches by a fielder ===
[[Caught]] is one of the nine methods a batsman can be [[dismissal (cricket)|dismissed]] in cricket.{{efn|In 2017, ''The Laws of Cricket'' were amended, reducing the methods of dismissals from ten to nine, with [[handled the ball]] now covered as part of [[obstructing the field]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The new cricket rule changes coming into effect from September 28 |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/20822607/the-new-cricket-rule-changes-coming-effect-september-28 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |date=26 September 2017 |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>}} The majority of catches are caught in the [[slip (cricket)|slips]], located behind the batsman, next to the wicket-keeper, on the [[off side]] of the field. Most slip fielders are [[Batting order (cricket)|top order]] batsmen.<ref>{{cite book|first1=S.|last1=Giridhar|first2=V. J.|last2= Raghunath|year=2014 |title=Mid-Wicket Tales: From Trumper to Tendulkar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IPwjBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2 |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]]|page=2|isbn=978-81-321-1738-4 |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|first=Mike|last=Selvey|author-link=Mike Selvey |title=The greatest slip catcher |url=http://www.thecricketmonthly.com/story/863595/the-greatest-slip-catcher|magazine=The Cricket Monthly |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |date=May 2015 |access-date=21 November 2021}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Catches
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Innings
! scope=col | Ct/Inn
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 65
| {{sortname|Rohit|Sharma}} || align=center | 159 || align=center | 159 || align=center | 0.408 || 2007–2024
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 64
| {{sortname|Hardik|Pandya}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 138 || align="center" | 137 || align="center" | 0.467 || 2016–2026
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 58
| {{sortname|Suryakumar|Yadav}}{{dagger}}|| align=center | 113 || align="center" | 111 || align="center" | 0.522 || 2021–2026
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 54
| {{sortname|Virat|Kohli}} || align=center | 125 || align=center | 124 || align=center | 0.435 || 2010–2024
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 42
| {{sortname|Suresh|Raina}}|| align=center | 78 || align=center | 78 || align=center | 0.538 || 2006–2018
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Last Updated: 8 March 2026<ref name="India T20I records - Most career catches by a non-wicket-keeper">{{cite news |title=India T20I Records – Most career catches by a non-wicket-keeper |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/fielding/most_catches_career.html?class=3;id=6;type=team |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=1 September 2022}}</ref>
|}
{{notelist}}

=== Most catches in an innings ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Dismissals
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| rowspan="2" align=center | 1
! rowspan="2" scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 4
| {{sortname|Ajinkya|Rahane}}|| {{cr|ENG}}|| [[Edgbaston Cricket Ground]], [[Birmingham]], England || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2014|September|7}}
|-
| {{sortname|Rinku|Singh|dab=cricketer}}† || {{cr|NZL}} || [[ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2026|January|28}}
|-
| align="center" | 3
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 3
| colspan="4" |13 players on 18 occasions
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="6" | Last Updated: 28 January 2026<ref>{{cite news |title=India T20I Records – Most dismissals in an innings by a non-wicket-keeper |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/fielding/most_catches_innings.html?class=3;id=6;type=team |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== Most catches in a series ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Catches
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Innings
! scope=col | Series
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 8
| {{sortname|Tilak|Varma}} || align=center | 9|| align=center | 9|| {{sort|2026|[[2026 Men's T20 World Cup]]}}{{double-dagger}}
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 7
| {{sortname|Rinku|Singh|dab=cricketer}} || align="center" |5 || align="center" |5 || [[New Zealand cricket team in India in 2025–26|New Zealand in India in 2026]]
|-
| align=center rowspan=5| 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=5| 6
| {{sortname|Hardik|Pandya}} || align=center | 3|| align=center | 3|| {{sort|2017|[[Sri Lankan cricket team in India in 2017-18|Sri Lanka in India in 2017-18]]}}
|-
| {{sortname|Suresh|Raina}} || align=center rowspan=2| 5|| align=center rowspan=2| 5|| {{sort|2012|[[2012 World Twenty20]]}}{{double-dagger}}
|-
| {{sortname|Rinku|Singh|dab=cricketer}} || {{sort|2024|[[Indian cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2024|India in Zimbabwe in 2024]]}}
|-
| {{sortname|Suryakumar|Yadav}} || align=center | 6|| align=center | 6|| {{sort|2022|[[2022 Men's T20 World Cup]]}}{{double-dagger}}
|-
| {{sortname|Shivam|Dube}} || align=center | 9|| align=center | 9|| {{sort|2026|[[2026 Men's T20 World Cup]]}}{{double-dagger}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 8 March 2026<ref>{{cite news |title=India T20I Records – Most catches in a series by a non-wicket-keeper |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/fielding/most_catches_series.html?class=3;id=6;type=team |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=21 November 2021}}</ref>
|}

==Other records==
=== Most career matches ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | Wkts
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 159
| {{sortname|Rohit|Sharma}} || align=center | 4,231 || align="center" | 1 || 2007–2024
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 138
| [[Hardik Pandya]]{{dagger}} || align=center | 2,288 || align="center" | 114 || 2016–2026
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 125
| {{sortname|Virat|Kohli}} || align=center | 4,188 || align=center | 4 || 2010–2024
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 113
| [[Suryakumar Yadav]]{{dagger}} || align=center | 3,272 || align="center" | 2 || 2021–2026
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 98
| {{sortname|MS|Dhoni}} || align=center | 1,617 || align=center | – || 2006–2019
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 8 March 2026<ref>{{cite news |title=India T20I Records – Most career matches |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/individual/most_matches_career.html?class=3;id=6;type=team |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=1 September 2022}}</ref>
|}

=== Most consecutive career matches ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 45*
| {{sortname|Suryakumar|Yadav}}† || 2024–2026
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 43
| {{sortname|Suresh|Raina}} || 2009–2014
|-
| align="center" | 3
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 39
| {{sortname|MS|Dhoni}} || 2015–2018
|-
| align="center" | 4
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 34
| {{sortname|Abhishek|Sharma}}† || 2024–2026
|-
| align="center" | 5
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 32
| {{sortname|Rohit|Sharma}} || 2017–2019
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=4 | Last updated: 8 March 2026<ref>{{Cite web |title=T20I matches {{!}} Individual records (captains, players, umpires) {{!}} Most consecutive matches for a team {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/most-consecutive-matches-for-a-team-283482 |access-date=2026-01-28 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Most matches as captain ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Player
! Won
! Lost
! Tied
! NR
! Win %
! Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 72
| {{sortname|MS|Dhoni}} || 41 || 28 || 1 || 2 || 56.94 || 2007–2016
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 62
| {{sortname|Rohit|Sharma}} || 49 || 12 || 1 || 1 || 79.03 || 2017–2024
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 52
| {{sortname|Suryakumar|Yadav}}{{dagger}} || 40 || 8 || 2 || 2 || 76.92 || 2023–2026
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 50
| {{sortname|Virat|Kohli}} || 30 || 16 || 2 || 2 || 60.00 || 2017–2021
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 16
| {{sortname|Hardik|Pandya}}{{dagger}} || 10 || 5 || 1 || 0 || 62.50 || 2022–2023
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=9 | Last Updated: 8 March 2026<ref>{{cite news |title=India T20I Records – Most matches as captain |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/individual/most_matches_as_captain.html?class=3;id=6;type=team |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref>
|}

=== Most matches won as a captain ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! Won
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Matches
! Lost
! Tied
! NR
! Win %
! Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 49
| {{sortname|Rohit|Sharma}} || 62 || 12 || 1 || 1 || 79.03 || 2017–2024
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 41
| {{sortname|MS|Dhoni}} || 72 || 28 || 1 || 2 || 56.94 || 2007–2016
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 40
| {{sortname|Suryakumar|Yadav}}{{dagger}} || 52 || 8 || 2 || 2 || 76.92 || 2023–2026
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 30
| {{sortname|Virat|Kohli}} || 50 || 16 || 2 || 2 || 60.00 || 2017–2021
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; |10
| [[Hardik Pandya]]{{dagger}} || 16 || 5 || 1 || 0 || 62.50 || 2022–2023
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=9 | Last Updated: 8 March 2026<ref>{{cite news |title=India T20I Records – Most matches won as a captain |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/individual/most_matches_as_captain.html?class=3;id=6;type=team |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=20 September 2025}}</ref>
|}

=== Most man of the match awards ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | M.O.M
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 17
| [[Suryakumar Yadav]]{{dagger}} || align=center | 113 || 2021–2026
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 16
| [[Virat Kohli]] || align=center | 125 || 2010–2024
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 14
| [[Rohit Sharma]] || align=center | 159 || 2007–2024
|-
| align=center rowspan=3| 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=3| 8
| [[Axar Patel]]{{dagger}} || align=center | 94 || 2015–2026
|-
| [[Jasprit Bumrah]]{{dagger}} || align=center | 95 || 2015–2026
|-
| [[Hardik Pandya]]{{dagger}} || align=center | 138 || 2016–2026
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Last Updated: 8 March 2026<ref>{{cite news |title=India T20I Records – Most M.O.M awards |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=awards_match;team=6;template=results;type=allround;view=awards |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
|}

=== Most man of the series awards ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | M.O.S
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| 6
| [[Suryakumar Yadav]]{{dagger}} || align=center | 107 || 2021–2026
|-
| [[Virat Kohli]] || align=center | 125 || 2010–2024
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 3
| [[Hardik Pandya]]{{dagger}} || align=center | 132 || 2016–2025
|-
| align=center rowspan=8| 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=8| 2
| [[Varun Chakravarthy]]{{dagger}} || align=center | 39 || 2021–2025
|-
| [[Abhishek Sharma]]{{dagger}} || align=center | 39 || 2024–2025
|-
| [[Washington Sundar]]{{dagger}} || align=center | 58 || 2017–2025
|-
| [[Yuzvendra Chahal]]{{dagger}} || align=center | 80 || 2016–2023
|-
| [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] || align=center | 87 || 2012–2022
|-
| [[Jasprit Bumrah]]{{dagger}} || align=center | 89 || 2016–2026
|-
| [[Axar Patel]]{{dagger}} || align=center | 90 || 2015–2026
|-
| [[Rohit Sharma]] || align=center | 159 || 2007–2024
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Last Updated: 15 February 2026<ref>{{cite news |title=India T20I Records – Most M.O.S awards |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=awards_series;team=6;template=results;type=allround;view=awards |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
|}

=== Youngest players on debut ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Age
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center |1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|1|18 years and 80 days}}
| {{sortname|Washington|Sundar}} || {{cr|Sri Lanka}} || [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|December|24}}
|-
| align=center |2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|19 years and 120 days}}
| {{sortname|Rishabh|Pant}} || {{cr|England}} || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|February|1}}
|-
| align=center |3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|3|19 years and 152 days}}
| {{sortname|Ishant|Sharma}} || {{cr|Australia}} || [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[Melbourne]], Australia || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|February|1}}
|-
| align=center |4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|4|20 years and 2 days}}
| {{sortname|Rahul|Chahar}} || {{cr|West Indies}} || [[Providence Stadium]], [[Providence, Guyana|Providence]], Guyana || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|August|6}}
|-
| align=center |5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|5|20 years and 4 days}}
| {{sortname|Suresh|Raina}} || {{cr|South Africa}} || [[Wanderers Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]], South Africa || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2006|December|1}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Last Updated: 9 August 2020<ref>{{cite news |title=India T20I Records – Youngest players on debut|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;debut_or_last=1;filter=advanced;orderby=age;orderbyad=reverse;team=6;template=results;type=allround;view=match|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
|}

=== Oldest Players on debut ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Age
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center |1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|1|38 years and 232 days}}
| {{sortname|Rahul|Dravid}} || {{cr|England}} || [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground]], [[Manchester]], England || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2011|August|31}}
|-
| align=center |2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|33 years and 221 days}}
| {{sortname|Sachin|Tendulkar}} || {{cr|South Africa}} || [[Wanderers Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]], South Africa || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2006|December|1}}
|-
| align=center |3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|3|31 years and 309 days}}
| [[Rahul Tripathi]] || {{cr|Sri Lanka}} || [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Pune]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|January|5}}
|-
| align=center |4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|3|31 years and 177 days}}
| {{sortname|Sreenath|Aravind}} || {{cr|South Africa}} || [[Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Dharamshala]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|October|2}}
|-
| align=center |5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|4|31 years and 44 days}}
| {{sortname|Stuart|Binny}} || {{cr|Zimbabwe}} || [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|July|17}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Last Updated: 5 January 2023<ref>{{cite news |title=India T20I Records – Oldest players on debut|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;debut_or_last=1;filter=advanced;orderby=age;team=6;template=results;type=allround;view=match|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
|}

=== Oldest Players ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Age
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center |1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|1|38 years and 232 days}}
| {{sortname|Rahul|Dravid}} || {{cr|ENG}} || [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground]], [[Manchester]], England || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2011|August|31}}
|-
| align=center |2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|38 years and 186 days}}
| {{sortname|Ashish|Nehra}} || {{cr|NZL}} || [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|November|1}}
|-
| align=center |3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|3|37 years and 235 days}}
| {{sortname|MS|Dhoni}} || {{cr|AUS}} || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|February|27}}
|-
| align=center |4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|4|37 years and 154 days}}
| [[Dinesh Karthik]] || {{cr|BAN}} || [[Adelaide Oval]], [[Adelaide]], Australia || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|November|2}}
|-
| align=center |5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|5|37 years and 60 days}}
| [[Rohit Sharma]] || {{cr|RSA}} || [[Kensington Oval]], [[Bridgetown]], Barbados || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|June|29}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Last Updated: 29 June 2024<ref>{{cite news |title=India T20I Records – Oldest Players |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;debut_or_last=2;filter=advanced;orderby=age;team=6;template=results;type=allround;view=match |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
|}

==Partnership records==
In cricket, two batsmen are always present at the [[Crease (cricket)|crease]] batting together in a partnership. This partnership will continue until one of them is [[Dismissal (cricket)|dismissed]], [[Substitute (cricket)#Retired hurt (or not out)|retires]] or the innings comes to a close.

=== Highest partnerships by wicket ===
A wicket partnership describes the number of runs scored before each wicket falls. The first wicket partnership is between the opening batsmen and continues until the first wicket falls. The second wicket partnership then commences between the [[not out]] batsman and the number three batsman. This partnership continues until the second wicket falls. The third wicket partnership then commences between the not out batsman and the new batsman. This continues down to the tenth wicket partnership. When the tenth wicket has fallen, there is no batsman left to partner so the innings is closed.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Wicket
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col colspan=2| Players
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
! align=center rowspan=2| {{sort|01|1st Wicket}}
| scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| 165 || {{sortname|K. L.|Rahul}} || {{sortname|Rohit|Sharma}} || {{cr|SL}} || [[Holkar Stadium]], [[Indore]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|December|22}}
|-
| {{sortname|Yashasvi|Jaiswal}} || {{sortname|Shubman|Gill}} || {{cr|WIN}} || [[Central Broward Park]], [[Lauderhill]], USA || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|August|12}}
|-bgcolor=#cee0f2
! align=center | {{sort|02|2nd Wicket}}
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 210* || {{sortname|Sanju|Samson}} || {{sortname|Tilak|Varma}} || {{cr|RSA}} || [[Wanderers Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]], South Africa || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|November|15}}
|-
! align=center | {{sort|03|3rd Wicket}}
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 137 || {{sortname|Ishan|Kishan}} || {{sortname|Suryakumar|Yadav}} || {{cr|NZL}} || [[Greenfield International Stadium]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], India|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2026|January|31}}
|-
! align=center | {{sort|04|4th Wicket}}
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 141* || {{sortname|Ruturaj|Gaikwad}} || {{sortname|Tilak|Varma}} || {{cr|AUS}} || [[Assam Cricket Association Stadium, Guwahati|Assam Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Guwahati]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|November|28}}
|-bgcolor=#cee0f2
! align=center | {{sort|05|5th Wicket}}
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 190* || {{sortname|Rohit|Sharma}} || {{sortname|Rinku|Singh|dab=cricketer}} || {{cr|AFG|2013}} || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|January|17}}
|-
! align=center | {{sort|06|6th Wicket}}
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 91 || {{sortname|Suryakumar|Yadav}} || {{sortname|Axar|Patel}} || {{cr|SL}} || [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Pune]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|January|5}}
|-
! align=center | {{sort|07|7th Wicket}}
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 63* || {{sortname|Dinesh|Karthik}} || {{sortname|Krunal|Pandya}} || rowspan=2|{{cr|NZ}} || [[Seddon Park]], [[Hamilton, New Zealand|Hamilton]], New Zealand || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|February|10}}
|-
! align=center | {{sort|08|8th Wicket}}
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 61 || {{sortname|Suresh|Raina}} || {{sortname|Harbhajan|Singh}} || [[Lancaster Park]], [[Christchurch]], New Zealand || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|February|25}}
|-
! align=center | {{sort|09|9th Wicket}}
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 48 || {{sortname|Deepak|Chahar}} || {{sortname|Umesh|Yadav}} || {{cr|RSA}} || [[Holkar Stadium]], [[Indore]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|October|4}}
|-
! align=center | {{sort|010|10th Wicket}}
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 17* || {{sortname|S.|Sreesanth}} || {{sortname|R.P.|Singh}} || {{cr|NZ}} || [[New Wanderers Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]], South Africa || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2007|September|16}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Last Updated: 31 January 2026<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/India/engine/records/fow/highest_partnerships_by_wicket.html?class=3;id=6;type=team |title=India/Records/T20I matches/Highest partnerships by wicket |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== Highest partnerships by runs ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Wicket
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col colspan=2| Players
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center | 1
| align=center | {{sort|05|2nd Wicket}}
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 210*
| {{sortname|Sanju|Samson}} || {{sortname|Tilak|Varma}} || {{cr|SA}} || [[Wanderers Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]], South Africa || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|November|15}}
|-
| align=center | 2
| align=center | {{sort|05|5th Wicket}}
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 190*
| {{sortname|Rohit|Sharma}} || {{sortname|Rinku|Singh|dab=cricketer}} || {{cr|AFG}} || [[M.Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|January|17}}
|-
| align=center | 3
| align=center rowspan=2| {{sort|04|2nd Wicket}}
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 176
| rowspan=2|[[Sanju Samson]] || [[Deepak Hooda]] || {{cr|IRE}} || [[Malahide]], [[Dublin]], Ireland || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|June|28}}
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 173
| {{sortname|Suryakumar|Yadav}}|| {{cr|BAN}} || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|October|12}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 5
| align=center rowspan=2| {{sort|01|1st Wicket}}
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| 165
| {{sortname|K. L.|Rahul}} || {{sortname|Rohit|Sharma}} || {{cr|Sri Lanka}} || [[Holkar Stadium]], [[Indore]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|December|22}}
|-
| {{sortname|Yashasvi|Jaiswal}} || {{sortname|Shubman|Gill}} || {{cr|West Indies}} || [[Central Broward Park]], [[Lauderhill]], USA || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|August|12}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Last Updated: 15 November 2024<ref>{{cite news |title=India T20I Records – Highest partnerships by runs |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/fow/highest_partnerships_for_any_wicket.html?class=3;id=6;type=team |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Highest overall partnership runs by a pair===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:centre;"
|-
! scope="col"| Rank
! scope="col"| Runs
! scope="col"| Innings
! scope="col" colspan=2| Players
! scope="col"| Highest
! scope="col"| Average
! scope="col"| 100
! scope="col"| 50
! scope="col"| T20I career span
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope="row" | 1,897
| 42 || [[KL Rahul]] ||rowspan=3|[[Rohit Sharma]] || 165 || 46.26 || 5 || 10 || 2016–2022
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope="row" | 1,743
| 52 || [[Shikhar Dhawan]] || 160 || 33.51 || 4 || 7 || 2013–2019
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope="row" | 1,350
| 42 ||rowspan=2|[[Virat Kohli]] || 138 || 32.14 || 3 || 5 || 2010–2024
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope="row" | 1,015
| 27 || [[KL Rahul]] || 119 || 39.03 || 2 || 6 || 2017–2022
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope="row" | 730
| 23 || [[MS Dhoni]] || [[Yuvraj Singh]] || 102* || 38.42 || 1 || 5 || 2007–2017
|-class="sortbottom"
| scope="row" colspan=10 | ''An asterisk (*) signifies an unbroken partnership (i.e. neither of the batsmen was dismissed before either the end of the allotted overs or the required score being reached).'' Last updated: 30 June 2024<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;team=6;template=results;type=fow|title=Records–Twenty20 Internationals–Partnership records–Highest overall partnership runs by a pair–ESPNcricinfo|publisher=ESPN| work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=7 October 2022}}</ref>
|}

==See also==

*[[List of Twenty20 International records]]
*[[List of Twenty20 International cricket hat-tricks]]
*[[List of Test cricket records]]
*[[List of One Day International cricket records]]
*[[List of India Test cricket records]]
*[[List of India One Day International cricket records]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Portal bar|India|Cricket|Sports|World|2000s}}
{{India national cricket team}}
{{Cricket records}}
{{Cricket in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India Twenty20 International cricket records}}
[[Category:Twenty20 International cricket records and statistics]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian cricket records and statistics|Twenty20 International cricket records]]

Hushaar

2026-03-06T03:47:59Z

Gurushivam: adding first article w/ refs

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Short description|2009 Indian Kannada-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Hushaar
| image =
| caption =
| director = S Adarsh
| producer = T Amaranath Hegde
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*Adarsh
*[[Mallika Kapoor]]
}}
| narrator =
| music = S Adarsh
| cinematography = Ramesh Appi
| editing = K M Prakash
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2009|09|04}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Hushaar''''' is a 2009 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film directed by S Adarsh, starring Adarsh and [[Mallika Kapoor]] in lead roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/colour-crazy/articleshow/21960500.cms|title=Colour crazy|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=28 December 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2009/Sep/03/viewers-will-be-glued-to-their-seats-83011.html|title='Viewers will be glued to their seats'|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=3 September 2009}}</ref>

==Cast==

* Adarsha as Vishwas
* [[Mallika Kapoor]] as Akshatha
* Master Anand
* Vikram Udaykumar
* [[Mohan Raj]]
* Jayasheela

==Music==

{{Infobox album
| name = Hushaar
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = S Adarsh
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2009
| recorded = 2009
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 7:38
| language = Kannada
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year = 2008
| year = 2009
| next_title =
| next_year = 2010
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube| SMs1hodnQD0| Hushaar- Full Album}}
}}
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 7:38
| title1 = Ninna Kandare
| extra1 =[[K. S. Chithra]]
| length1 = 3:10
| title2 = Artha Madkolo
| extra2 = Akanksha Badami
| length2 = 4:28
}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===

R G Vijayasarathy of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' scored the film at 2 out of 5 stars and says "Adarsha has done a better job in the second half as an actor. Mumbai import Mallika Kapoor should be given a crash course in acting immediately. No amount of make-up can cover up an expressionless face. Anand is a good actor, but he is handicapped by uninspiring comedy sequences. Hushaar could have made a greater impact as a suspense thriller if not for the comedy".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-movie-review-kannada-hushaar/20090907.htm|title=Hushaar could be been thrilling|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=7 September 2009}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' scored the film at 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Aadarsha excels as hero and music director. Mallika Kapoor fails to impress. Master Anand's performance as the hero's friend is amateurish. Aadarsha's music is good".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/hushaar/movie-review/5002378.cms?from=mdr|title=HUSHAAR MOVIE REVIEW|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 May 2016}}</ref> A critic from [[Mid-Day]] wrote "Aadarsh has done a good job as an actor and director and Mallika charms the audience with her simplistic beauty and acting. Anand*s comedy adds the fun element to the script. Director Aadarsh*s script is praiseworthy, but his cinematography drags like a tele-serial. Thriller and comedy are the highlights of the film. Music is not worth a mention at all and the camerawork needs a lot of improvement. You could watch the movie {{Sic|atleast}} once"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/news/india-news/article/Kannada-Movies-Reviews-56684|title=Unravelling mysteries|work=[[Mid-Day]]|date=7 September 2009}}</ref> Manju Shettar from [[The New Indian Express]] wrote "Meanwhile, a group of youngsters get killed in peculiar circumstances. The climax is how Viswas succeeds in arresting the culprit behind the killings. Had Adarsha selected a few experienced artistes, the film would have been a lot better".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/news/india-news/article/Film-review--Mussanjeya-Gelathi-56503|title=The many shades of ADARSHA|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=5 September 2009}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2009 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2009 Indian films]]

Indore stepwell collapse

2026-03-04T17:47:35Z

Gurushivam: adding first info from scratch...

{{Short description|2023 disaster in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox event
| title = Indore stepwell collapse
| date = 30 March 2023
| time =
| location = Beleshwar Mahadev Temple, [[Indore]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| coordinates =
| type = Collapse
| theme =
| cause = Overcrowding
| reported deaths = 36
| reported injuries = 16
| suspected perpetrators =
| victims =
| perps =
| numparts =
| motive =
| affected =
| inquiries =
| litigation =
| verdict =
| suspects =
| convicts =
| charges =
| website =
}}
On 30 March 2023, a [[stepwell]] cover in an Beleshwar Mahadev temple in [[Indore]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India; collapsed during a celebration of [[Rama Navami]], killing at least 36 people and injuring 16.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Dhillon |first=Amrit |date=2023-03-31 |title=Thirty-six dead after floor of Indian temple collapses |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/30/people-trapped-in-well-in-indore-india-after-temple-floor-collapses |access-date=2023-03-31 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=2023-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330215553/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/30/people-trapped-in-well-in-indore-india-after-temple-floor-collapses |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Collapse ==
On the occasion of [[Rama Navami]], a large number of [[Hindus]] visited Beleshwar Mahadev Temple, which sits atop an unused {{Convert|40|ft|m|adj=on}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-30 |title=12 killed in Indore temple stepwell collapse; 19 rescued so far |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bhopal-news/12-killed-in-indore-temple-stepwell-collapse-19-rescued-so-far-101680178148596.html |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> [[stepwell]] covered by a grill and tiles.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=At least 35 killed after well covering at India temple collapses |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/31/at-least-35-killed-after-well-covering-at-india-temple-collapses |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=[[Al Jazeera English]] |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331115446/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/31/at-least-35-killed-after-well-covering-at-india-temple-collapses |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1" /> The weight of the crowd caused the cover to collapse, according to [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]], [[Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Ashok |date=2023-03-31 |title=35 bodies found inside well after collapse at Indian temple |url=https://apnews.com/article/deadly-temple-well-collapse-india-6a39103758f2b8b9ca56ab000c8d2bfd |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331103804/https://apnews.com/article/deadly-temple-well-collapse-india-6a39103758f2b8b9ca56ab000c8d2bfd |archive-date=2023-03-31 |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=[[Associated Press]] |language=en}}</ref> The incident resulted in death of 36 people and injuries to other 16.<ref name=":1" />

== Rescue and relief ==
After its collapse, nearly 140 army soldiers helped pull the injured and dead from the well with ropes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhaskar |first=Yashwant |title=140 army soldiers rescue operation underway |url=https://zeenews.india.com/video/news/indore-temple-collapse-140-army-soldiers-rescue-operation-underway-2589680.html |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=[[Zee News]] |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331115453/https://zeenews.india.com/video/news/indore-temple-collapse-140-army-soldiers-rescue-operation-underway-2589680.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Those rescued were brought to a hospital in [[Indore]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zargar |first=Arshad R. |title=India temple floor collapse leaves at least 12 Hindu worshipers dead as victims fall into walk-in well |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/india-temple-collapse-deaths-hindu-worshipers-fall-walk-in-well/ |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=[[CBS News]] |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330220945/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/india-temple-collapse-deaths-hindu-worshipers-fall-walk-in-well/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Narottam Mishra]], a government cabinet minister, said in a statement that water was pumped out of the well in an effort to ease rescue and recovery efforts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sud |first=Jessie Yeung, Manveena Suri, Vedika |date=2023-03-31 |title=At least 35 killed after falling into underground stepwell in Indian temple |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/31/india/india-temple-stepwell-collapse-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=[[CNN]] |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331120752/https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/31/india/india-temple-stepwell-collapse-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]] said that {{INRconvert|2|l}} will be given as compensation,<ref>{{Cite web |title=At least 35 killed in India temple collapse |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/at-least-35-killed-in-india-temple-collapse-1.94813305 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331115451/https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/at-least-35-killed-in-india-temple-collapse-1.94813305 |archive-date=2023-03-31 |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=[[Gulf News]] |date=30 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref> while Mishra said that an investigation and compensation to families would be forthcoming.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Yasir |first=Sameer |date=2023-03-30 |title=At Least 35 Are Killed in India When a Temple's Well Cover Collapses |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/30/world/asia/indore-temple-well-collapse-india.html |url-status=live |access-date=2023-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330214938/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/30/world/asia/indore-temple-well-collapse-india.html |archive-date=2023-03-30 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

== Investigation ==
An [[First information report|FIR]] was lodged against the president and the secretary of the temple trust. ''[[The Hindu]]'' reported that the stepwell roof was two decades old and was an illegal construction. The [[Indore Municipal Corporation]] had asked the temple trust to remove the illegal construction but the temple trust had not complied.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sikdar |first=Shubhomoy |date=2023-03-31 |title=Indore stepwell roof collapse death toll rises to 36 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/indore-stepwell-collapse-residents-allege-illegal-construction-encroachment-by-temple-as-death-toll-mounts-to-36/article66684775.ece |access-date=2023-04-08 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Reaction ==
[[Narendra Modi]], [[Prime Minister of India]] offered his condolences, thoughts, and prayers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deaths in India temple tragedy climb |url=https://www.dw.com/en/deaths-in-india-temple-tragedy-climb/a-65189589 |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=[[DW News]] |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331110346/https://www.dw.com/en/deaths-in-india-temple-tragedy-climb/a-65189589 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Shivraj Singh Chouhan, Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh, said "It's an unfortunate incident. A rescue operation is underway. 10 people were rescued safely while nine are still trapped and will be rescued. Efforts are underway to rescue other people."<ref>{{Cite web |title=India: At least 8 dead, dozen rescued after 25 worshippers plunge into stepwell of temple |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/world/asia/at-least-eight-dead-in-india-temple-collapse |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=[[Khaleej Times]] |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114736/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/world/asia/at-least-eight-dead-in-india-temple-collapse |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Disasters in India in 2023}}
{{Portal bar|Hinduism|India}}

[[Category:March 2023 in India]]
[[Category:2023 disasters in India]]
[[Category:Stepwells in India]]
[[Category:History of Indore]]

Moondravadhu Kann

2026-03-03T04:56:23Z

Gurushivam: creating a data from scratch - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| director = [[Manivannan]]
| writer = Manivannan
| producer = M. Rajarathinam
| starring = {{ubl|[[R. Sarathkumar|Sarathkumar]]|[[Nizhalgal Ravi]]|[[Raja (Tamil actor)|Raja]]|[[Monisha]]}}
| cinematography = S. Sankar
| editing = P. Venkateswara Rao
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| studio = Gi. Di. En. Art Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1993|09|18}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Moonravathu Kann''''' ({{translation|Third Eye}}) is a 1993 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[thriller film]] written and directed by [[Manivannan]]. The story is inspired by [[Alfred Hitchcock]]'s ''[[Rear Window]]''. The film stars [[R. Sarathkumar]], [[Nizhalgal Ravi]], [[Raja (Tamil actor)|Raja]] and [[Monisha Unni|Monisha]], while [[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]], [[Vinu Chakravarthy]], Srividya, Yuvasri, and [[Ganeshkar]] play supporting roles. It had music by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], cinematography by S. Sankar, and editing by P. Venkateswara Rao. The film was released on 18 September 1993,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moondravadhu kann ( 1993 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=moondravadhu%20kann |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130628214634/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=moondravadhu%20kann |archive-date=28 June 2013 |access-date=21 April 2013 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref> and became a success.<ref>{{Cite web |last=mani |date=23 April 2021 |title=மணிவண்ணன் இயக்கத்தில் தமிழ் சினிமாவை மிரட்டிய 6 திரைப்படங்கள் இதோ முழு லிஸ்ட்.! |url=https://www.tamil360newz.com/here-is-the-full-list-of-6-movies-directed-by-manivannan-that-intimidated-tamil-cinema/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628052737/https://www.tamil360newz.com/here-is-the-full-list-of-6-movies-directed-by-manivannan-that-intimidated-tamil-cinema/ |archive-date=28 June 2023 |access-date=28 June 2023 |website=tamil360newz |language=ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
A rich woman Priya and a poor man Sundar fall in love with each other. One day, Priya tries to elope with her lover Sundar but she fails, and her parents lock her in her bedroom. That night, from her bedroom, Priya witnesses the murder of Shanthi by her husband Sabapathy in the opposite building. She takes photos of this murder with her camera, and Sabapathy notices this act. Priya even shouts from her room, but her parents ignore her, thinking she is shouting because she has been locked up in her room.

The next day, all friends and relatives come for Shanthi's death. Shanthi's parents arrive and ask Sabapathy about what happened to her. He lies to them that Shanthi complained of chest pains, and before he could call the doctor, she died. Gopi, Shanthi's brother, only knows that his brother-in-law tortured his sister for a long time. In the past, Shanthi used to tell Gopi that her husband behaves like a caring and loving husband in public, but in private, they used to fight a lot. She also tells Gopi that she suspects that her husband has an affair with someone. Remembering this, Gopi shouts that Sabapathy killed his sister, but all others subdue him since they consider Sabapathy as a perfect gentleman. Gopi requests his parents to conduct an autopsy on his sister's body, but his parents ignore this plea and cremate her body. The desperate Gopi then secretly files a complaint against Sabapathy. However, the honest police officer Sarath gives up the case due to lack of evidence.

Sabapathy starts to pressure Priya to give him the negative. In the meantime, Priya's parents decide to marry Priya to their relative. Priya tells about the murder's scene to her maid Sornakili, and Priya gives her the [[Negative (photography)|negative]]. Sornakili later gives the negative to a photographer who then blackmails Sabapathy to get money from him. Thereafter, Sabapathy kills Sornakili and the photographer, and he burns the proofs. Sarath then investigates these two murders and he finds out that Sabapathy is the killer. Thereafter, Sabapathy tries to kill Priya, but Sarath tracks them down and shoots Sabapathy dead.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[R. Sarathkumar|Sarath Kumar]] as Inspector Sarath
*[[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as Sabapathy
*[[Raja (Tamil actor)|Raja]] as Sundar
*[[Monisha]] as Priya
*[[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]] as Subbarayan
*[[Vinu Chakravarthy]] as Shanmuganathan, Priya's father
*[[Srividya]] as Priya's mother
*Yuvasri as Shanthi
*[[Ganeshkar]] as Gopi
*[[Halwa Vasu|Vasu]] as Thulukanam
*[[Pasi Sathya]] as Sornakili
*Sudhangan as Photographer
*[[Sundar C]] as Studio Assistant
*Veeraraghavan as Shanthi's father
*Sharmili as Sabapathy's mistress
*[[Vellai Subbaiah]] as Corporation Worker
*[[Karuppu Subbiah]] as Corporation Worker
*Sounder
*[[Thideer Kannaiah]]
*[[S. N. Vasanth]] as Groom (guest appearance)
*[[Silk Smitha]] (item number)
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], with lyrics written by Kalidasan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 1993 |title=Moondravadhu Kann |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/moondravadhu-kann/tUjpD3VqZQw_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628052206/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/moondravadhu-kann/tUjpD3VqZQw_ |archive-date=28 June 2023 |access-date=27 June 2023 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 7:45
| title1 = Malayalam Malayalam
| extra1 = [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[Sunanda (singer)|Sunanda]]
| length1 = 3:44
| title2 = Suluru Santhaiyile
| extra2 = Malaysia Vasudevan, [[Malgudi Subha]]
| length2 = 4:01
}}

== Reception ==
The film was reviewed by K. Vijiyan of ''[[New Straits Times]]'' in October 1993.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. |date=16 October 1993 |title=Bogged down in too many songs |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=iTpOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=xBMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1541%2C2794387 |access-date=19 January 2023 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=28 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{Manivannan}}

[[Category:1993 Indian films]]
[[Category:1993 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1993 films]]
[[Category:1993 thriller films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Manivannan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language thriller films]]

Amita Sehgal

2026-02-18T17:21:02Z

Gurushivam:

{{short description|Indian biologist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox scientist
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Amita Sehgal
| honorific_suffix =
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| other_names =
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| fields = [[chronobiology]]
| workplaces = [[Perelman School of Medicine]]
| patrons =
| education =
| alma_mater = {{Nowrap|[[Delhi University]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University]] [[Cornell University]]}}
| thesis_title = 
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| doctoral_advisor = 
| academic_advisors = [[Michael W. Young|Michael Young]], [[Moses Chao]]
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}}

'''Amita Sehgal''' is a [[molecular biologist]] and [[chronobiologist]] in the Department of Neuroscience at the [[Perelman School of Medicine]] at the [[University of Pennsylvania]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.med.upenn.edu/sehgallab/|title=Home | Sehgal Lab | Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania|website=www.med.upenn.edu}}</ref> Sehgal was involved in the discovery of ''Drosophila'' TIM and many other important components of the ''Drosophila'' clock mechanism.<ref name=":3">Pennsylvania scientist played role in research that won 2017 Nobel Prize https://www.pennlive.com/news/2017/10/pennsylvania_scientist_contrib.html</ref> Sehgal also played a pivotal role in the development of ''Drosophila'' as a model for the study of sleep.<ref name=":7">{{cite journal |last1=Sehgal |first1=Amita |last2=Mignot |first2=Emmanuel |title=Genetics of Sleep and Sleep Disorders |journal=Cell |date=July 2011 |volume=146 |issue=2 |pages=194–207 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2011.07.004 |pmid=21784243 |pmc=3153991 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.consultant360.com/podcast/neurology/sleep-medicine/amita-sehgal-phd-using-fruit-flies-sleep-research|title = Amita Sehgal, PHD, on Using Fruit Flies for Sleep Research|date = 11 July 2019}}</ref> Her research continues to be focused on understanding the genetic basis of sleep and also how circadian systems relate to other aspects of physiology.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sleepreviewmag.com/sleep-treatments/therapy-devices/light-therapy/time-flies-amita-seghal/|title=How Time Flies: Amita Sehgal, PhD | Sleep Review|first=Sree|last=Roy|date=4 September 2016}}</ref>

== Education and early career ==
Sehgal grew up in India, and earned her BSc as an undergraduate at [[Delhi University]] and her MSc at [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University]], both in New Delhi, India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-scientist.com/profile/time-flies-32620|title=Time, Flies|website=The Scientist Magazine®}}</ref> She began pursuing her PhD in cell biology and genetics at [[Cornell University]] in 1983.<ref name=":0" /> It was here, while studying a human neuronal growth factor, that her interest in science truly developed.<ref name=":0" /> In 1988, she began her Postdoctoral Fellowship at [[Rockefeller University]] in the lab of [[Michael W. Young|Michael Young]], where she had her first exposure to the study of [[circadian rhythm]]s, a field in which she has since remained.<ref name=":0" />

== Research ==

=== Timeline of selected major research contributions ===
*1994: Discovered the ''timeless'' mutation in fruit flies.
*1995: Cloned the ''timeless'' gene and showed the expression of the ''timeless'' gene has daily cycles.
*1996: Showed pulses of light degrade ''timeless''.
*2000: Developed a ''[[Drosophila]]'' model for sleep.
*2001: Showed ''neurofibromin 1'' plays a role in the circadian pathway in fruit flies.
*2006: Discovered the ''jetlag ''mutation and'' ''showed the JETLAG protein is involved in the degradation of the TIMELESS protein.
*2006: Showed mushroom bodies in fruit flies are important for sleep.
*2008: Discovered the ''sleepless'' gene in fruit flies.
*2014: Mapped neural circuits that link the clock to behavior
*2014: Discovered a function of sleep in early life
*2018: Identified a potential role of sleep in adult flies
*2018: Demonstrated circadian regulation of the blood brain barrier
*2019: Discovered a molecular link between sleep and the immune system

=== Timeless and Period ===
Amita Sehgal has contributed tremendously towards the understanding of the biological clock of ''Drosophila melanogaster''. In 1994, Sehgal, Price, Man, and Young, through [[forward genetics]], discovered a mutant of the gene [[Timeless (gene)|''timeless'']] (TIM) in ''Drosophila melanogaster''.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sehgal |first1=A. |last2=Price |first2=J. L. |last3=Man |first3=B. |last4=Young |first4=M. W. |title=Loss of circadian behavioral rhythms and per RNA oscillations in the Drosophila mutant timeless |journal=Science |date=18 March 1994 |volume=263 |issue=5153 |pages=1603–1606 |doi=10.1126/science.8128246 |pmid=8128246 |bibcode=1994Sci...263.1603S }}</ref>'' ''In the following year, Sehgal and colleagues cloned TIM through [[positional cloning]] and were able to show that TIM and [[Period gene|PER]] had similar cycling levels of their mRNA.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Myers |first1=Michael P. |last2=Wager-Smith |first2=Karen |last3=Wesley |first3=Cedric S. |last4=Young |first4=Michael W. |last5=Sehgal |first5=Amita |title=Positional Cloning and Sequence Analysis of the Drosophila Clock Gene, timeless |journal=Science |date=3 November 1995 |volume=270 |issue=5237 |pages=805–808 |doi=10.1126/science.270.5237.805 |pmid=7481771 |bibcode=1995Sci...270..805M |s2cid=3211623 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sehgal |first1=Amita |last2=Rothenfluh-Hilfiker |first2=Adrian |last3=Hunter-Ensor |first3=Melissa |last4=Chen |first4=Yifeng |last5=Myers |first5=Michael P. |last6=Young |first6=Michael W. |title=Rhythmic Expression of timeless: A Basis for Promoting Circadian Cycles in period Gene Autoregulation |journal=Science |date=3 November 1995 |volume=270 |issue=5237 |pages=808–810 |doi=10.1126/science.270.5237.808 |pmid=7481772 |bibcode=1995Sci...270..808S |s2cid=38151127 }}</ref> The model they proposed, which was confirmed over time, was that PER and TIM interact and accumulate during the day. In the evening, they enter the nucleus to inhibit the transcription of their mRNA. In 1996, Sehgal's laboratory showed that degradation in TIM levels caused by a pulse of light resets the circadian clock.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hunter-Ensor |first1=Melissa |last2=Ousley |first2=Andrea |last3=Sehgal |first3=Amita |title=Regulation of the Drosophila Protein Timeless Suggests a Mechanism for Resetting the Circadian Clock by Light |journal=Cell |date=March 1996 |volume=84 |issue=5 |pages=677–685 |doi=10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81046-6 |pmid=8625406 |s2cid=15049039 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Later, they showed that specific phosphatases control stability of PER and TIM in daily cycles.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sathyanarayanan |first1=Sriram |last2=Zheng |first2=Xiangzhong |last3=Xiao |first3=Rui |last4=Sehgal |first4=Amita |title=Posttranslational Regulation of Drosophila PERIOD Protein by Protein Phosphatase 2A |journal=Cell |date=February 2004 |volume=116 |issue=4 |pages=603–615 |doi=10.1016/S0092-8674(04)00128-X |pmid=14980226 |s2cid=295780 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Neurofibromin 1 ===
[[Neurofibromin 1]] (NF1) is a [[tumor suppressor gene]] known to be dis-regulated in [[Neurofibromatosis Type 1|Neurofibromatosis type 1]], a disorder which causes tumors along the spine. In 2001, Sehgal and her colleagues learned that some patients with Neurofibromatosis type 1 also experience irregularities in their sleep, and so decided to investigate the circadian rhythms of flies with a nonfunctional NF1 gene.<ref name="Williams et al 2001">{{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Julie A. |last2=Su |first2=Henry S. |last3=Bernards |first3=Andre |last4=Field |first4=Jeffrey |last5=Sehgal |first5=Amita |title=A Circadian Output in Drosophila Mediated by Neurofibromatosis-1 and Ras/MAPK |journal=Science |date=21 September 2001 |volume=293 |issue=5538 |pages=2251–2256 |doi=10.1126/science.1063097 |pmid=11567138 |bibcode=2001Sci...293.2251W |s2cid=23175890 }}</ref> They found that these flies also have disrupted circadian rhythms, and these rhythms could be restored by inserting NF1 [[transgene]]s, thus proving that NF1 is involved in the circadian pathway. They showed that in flies, NF1 functions through the [[Mitogen-activated protein kinase|MAP kinase]] pathway, which is the same pathway implicated in Neurofibromatosis type 1 in humans.<ref name="Williams et al 2001"/>

=== Jetlag ===
In 2006, Sehgal and her colleagues discovered a mutant fly which takes an abnormally long time to adjust to new light-dark cycles.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Koh |first1=Kyunghee |last2=Zheng |first2=Xiangzhong |last3=Sehgal |first3=Amita |title=JETLAG Resets the Drosophila Circadian Clock by Promoting Light-Induced Degradation of TIMELESS |journal=Science |date=23 June 2006 |volume=312 |issue=5781 |pages=1809–1812 |doi=10.1126/science.1124951 |pmid=16794082 |pmc=2767177 |bibcode=2006Sci...312.1809K }}</ref> They named the underlying mutated gene ''jetlag'' (jet). This gene codes for an [[F-box protein]] called JET, a [[ubiquitin ligase]] that facilitates resetting the drosophila clock. Sequencing of the gene revealed two [[allele]]s of ''jetlag:'' the "c" allele (common) and the "r" allele (rare). In the presence of [[Cryptochrome|CRYPTOCHROME]] (CRY), JET plays a major role in the degradation of [[Timeless (gene)|TIMELESS (TIM)]] protein in response to light, which is necessary for the clock to entrain to external light cues.

=== Mushroom bodies ===
[[Mushroom bodies]] are located in the brains of ''Drosophila'' and are known to play a role in learning, memory, olfaction, and locomotion.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Heisenberg |first1=Martin |title=Mushroom body memoir: from maps to models |journal=Nature Reviews Neuroscience |date=April 2003 |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=266–275 |doi=10.1038/nrn1074 |pmid=12671643 |s2cid=5038386 }}</ref> In 2006, Sehgal and her colleagues discovered that mushroom bodies also play a major role in regulating sleep in flies. By using a steroid called [[Mifepristone|RU-486 (Mifepristone)]] to regulate protein kinase A ([[Protein kinase A|PKA]]), they were able to upregulate and downregulate the expression of genes in specific areas like the mushroom bodies, and found that this structure is critical for fly sleep.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Joiner |first1=William J. |last2=Crocker |first2=Amanda |last3=White |first3=Benjamin H. |last4=Sehgal |first4=Amita |title=Sleep in Drosophila is regulated by adult mushroom bodies |journal=Nature |date=June 2006 |volume=441 |issue=7094 |pages=757–760 |doi=10.1038/nature04811 |pmid=16760980 |bibcode=2006Natur.441..757J |s2cid=4323353 }}</ref> While the specific pathway through which these mushroom bodies regulate sleep is currently unknown, it may be that they are involved in inhibiting processing of sensory information, allowing flies to fall asleep.{{fact|date=August 2025}}

=== Sleepless ===
In 2008, Sehgal ''et al.'' discovered the ''sleepless ''gene in fruit flies through [[insertional mutagenesis]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Koh |first1=Kyunghee |last2=Joiner |first2=William J. |last3=Wu |first3=Mark N. |last4=Yue |first4=Zhifeng |last5=Smith |first5=Corinne J. |last6=Sehgal |first6=Amita |title=Identification of SLEEPLESS, a Sleep-Promoting Factor |journal=Science |date=18 July 2008 |volume=321 |issue=5887 |pages=372–376 |doi=10.1126/science.1155942 |pmid=18635795 |pmc=2771549 |bibcode=2008Sci...321..372K }}</ref> Mutations in the ''sleepless'' gene caused the flies to sleep 80% less than normal flies, and live half as long as normal flies. Sehgal ''et al.'' discovered that the SLEEPLESS protein regulates the voltage-gated potassium channel, Shaker, and also nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, specifically one called redeye that they discovered through another genetic screen.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title = HHMI Bulletin Spring 2014: Around the Clock |publisher=Howard Hughes Medical Institute |url=http://www.hhmi.org/bulletin/spring-2014/around-clock |access-date = 2015-04-09}}</ref> Sehgal ''et al.'' also found increased stem cell activity within the testes of male flies with mutations in ''sleepless''.{{fact|date=August 2025}}

=== Functions of sleep ===
All species, including humans, sleep a lot in early life. Sehgal et al discovered what keeps sleep at high levels in young fruit flies. They also found that when sleep is disrupted in early life, mating behavior is perturbed in adults.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kayser |first1=Matthew S. |last2=Yue |first2=Zhifeng |last3=Sehgal |first3=Amita |title=A Critical Period of Sleep for Development of Courtship Circuitry and Behavior in Drosophila |journal=Science |date=18 April 2014 |volume=344 |issue=6181 |pages=269–274 |doi=10.1126/science.1250553 |pmid=24744368 |pmc=4479292 |bibcode=2014Sci...344..269K }}</ref> Thus, sleep may be required to allow brain development for behaviors that promote survival and species propagation. In adult animals, a possible function of sleep is to promote clearance of waste.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Makin |first1=Simon |title=Deep Sleep Gives Your Brain a Deep Clean |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/deep-sleep-gives-your-brain-a-deep-clean1/ |work=Scientific American |date=1 November 2019 }}</ref> Sehgal et al found that sleep promotes endocytosis through the blood brain barrier in flies.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Artiushin |first1=Gregory |last2=Zhang |first2=Shirley L |last3=Tricoire |first3=Hervé |last4=Sehgal |first4=Amita |title=Endocytosis at the Drosophila blood–brain barrier as a function for sleep |journal=eLife |date=26 November 2018 |volume=7 |article-number=e43326 |doi=10.7554/eLife.43326 |pmid=30475209 |pmc=6255390 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Clocks and behavior and the blood brain barrier ===
The blood brain barrier (BBB) protects the brain from potentially harmful molecules in the periphery, but it can also impede the delivery of drugs to the central nervous system. Sehgal et al found that permeability of the fly BBB changes over the course of the day: night cycle, so an anti-epileptic works better at a specific time of day.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Shirley L. |last2=Yue |first2=Zhifeng |last3=Arnold |first3=Denice M. |last4=Artiushin |first4=Gregory |last5=Sehgal |first5=Amita |title=A Circadian Clock in the Blood-Brain Barrier Regulates Xenobiotic Efflux |journal=Cell |date=March 2018 |volume=173 |issue=1 |pages=130–139.e10 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2018.02.017 |pmid=29526461 |pmc=5866247 }}</ref> They have also mapped circuits that link the clock to behavioral activity.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cavanaugh |first1=Daniel J. |last2=Geratowski |first2=Jill D. |last3=Wooltorton |first3=Julian R.A. |last4=Spaethling |first4=Jennifer M. |last5=Hector |first5=Clare E. |last6=Zheng |first6=Xiangzhong |last7=Johnson |first7=Erik C. |last8=Eberwine |first8=James H. |last9=Sehgal |first9=Amita |title=Identification of a Circadian Output Circuit for Rest:Activity Rhythms in Drosophila |journal=Cell |date=April 2014 |volume=157 |issue=3 |pages=689–701 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2014.02.024 |pmid=24766812 |pmc=4003459 }}</ref>

=== Sleep and immune function ===
Seeking to identify molecules that induce sleep, Toda et al conducted a genetic screen of >10,000 of fruit fly strains, and found one that drives sleep. This molecule, which they named nemuri, is an anti-microbial peptide. Its expression is switched on by infection or [[sleep deprivation]], and it promotes survival by killing bacteria and increasing sleep.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Toda |first1=Hirofumi |last2=Williams |first2=Julie A. |last3=Gulledge |first3=Michael |last4=Sehgal |first4=Amita |title=A sleep-inducing gene, nemuri, links sleep and immune function in Drosophila |journal=Science |date=1 February 2019 |volume=363 |issue=6426 |pages=509–515 |doi=10.1126/science.aat1650 |pmid=30705188 |pmc=6505470 |bibcode=2019Sci...363..509T }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Lambert |first1=Jonathan |title=Sick And Tired? Scientists Find Protein That Puts Flies To Sleep And Fights Infection |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/01/31/690170468/sick-and-tired-scientists-find-protein-that-puts-flies-to-sleep-and-fights-infection |work=NPR |date=31 January 2019 }}</ref>

== Awards and positions ==

=== Positions ===
*Director, Chronobiology and Sleep Institute (CSI), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 2019-present
*Director of Penn Chronobiology Program, 2014-19
*[[Howard Hughes Medical Institute]] Investigator, 1997 – present
*John Herr Musser Professor of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
*Vice Chair of the Department of Neuroscience
*Co-Director of the Penn Medicine Neuroscience Center, 2008-2014
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.upenn.edu/pennnews/current/peopleofpenn/amita-sehgal |title=Amita Sehgal |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=Penn Current |editor-last=Johnson |editor-first=Greg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908083239/http://www.upenn.edu/pennnews/current/peopleofpenn/amita-sehgal |archive-date=8 September 2015 }}</ref>

=== Awards ===
*Outstanding Scientific Achievement Award, [[Sleep Research Society]]
*[[Michael Stuart Brown|Michael S. Brown]] Junior Faculty Research Award
*[[Stanley Cohen (biochemist)|Stanley Cohen]] Senior Faculty Research Award
*Elected to the [[National Academy of Medicine]] (formerly Institute of Medicine), 2009
*Elected to the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]], 2011
*Elected Fellow of the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]], 2016
*Elected to the [[National Academy of Sciences]], 2016<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.nasonline.org/news-and-multimedia/news/may-3-2016-NAS-Election.html|title=National Academy of Sciences Members and Foreign Associates Elected|department=News from the National Academy of Sciences|publisher=[[National Academy of Sciences]]|date=3 May 2016|access-date=2016-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506052951/http://www.nasonline.org/news-and-multimedia/news/may-3-2016-NAS-Election.html|archive-date=6 May 2016}}.</ref>
*Switzer Prize from the [[David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA]], 2020 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/david-geffen-school-of-medicine-names-2020-winner-of-switzer-prize-for-research-excellence|title=David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA names 2020 Switzer Prize recipient|website=UCLA}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sehgal, Amita}}
[[Category:Cornell University alumni]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru University alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian molecular biologists]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian women molecular biologists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Chronobiologists]]
[[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Women scientists from Delhi]]
[[Category:Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania faculty]]
[[Category:Members of the National Academy of Medicine]]
[[Category:Howard Hughes Medical Investigators]]

Indira Billi

2026-02-07T22:54:34Z

Gurushivam: adding initial info from scratch...

{{Short description|Indian actress (1936–2025)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Indira Billi
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Indira Kaur
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1936|8|6|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Dina Nagar]], [[Gurdaspur district]], [[Punjab, British India|Punjab Province]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2025|06|16|1936|8|6|df=y}}
| death_place =
| other_names = Indira Billi, Indra Billi
| known_for =
| occupation = [[Actress]] in Hindi and Punjabi films
}}

'''Indira Billi''' (6 August 1936 – 16 June 2025) was an Indian actress of Hindi and Punjabi language films.

==Early life and career==
Born as Indira Kaur on 6 August 1936 at [[Dina Nagar]], [[Gurdaspur district]], [[Punjab, British India|Punjab]], [[British India]],<ref name=Cinemaazi>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/people/indira-billi-1|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 December 2021|access-date=19 February 2025|title=Indira Billi profile and filmography|website=Indian Cinema Heritage Foundation (Cinemaazi.com) website|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201182303/https://www.cinemaazi.com/people/indira-billi-1}}</ref><ref name=Upperstall>{{cite web|url=http://www.upperstall.com/people/indira-billi|url-status=dead|title=Indira Billi filmography|website=Upperstall.com website|archive-date=20 July 2012|access-date=20 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120720102643/http://www.upperstall.com/people/indira-billi}}</ref><ref name="l">{{cite web |url=http://www.likhari.org/archive/Likhari%20Pages%202009/5480%20mintu%20brar%20australia%203_luchharta%20toun%20kohan%20door%20uj%20dee%20punjabi%20Film%2026%20June%202009.htm |title=ਲੱਚਰਤਾ ਤੋਂ ਕੋਹਾਂ ਦੂਰ ਅੱਜ ਦੀ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਫ਼ਿਲਮ (Aaj Ki Punjabi Film)|publisher=likhari.org |access-date=20 February 2025|archive-date=18 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218172819/http://www.likhari.org/archive/Likhari%20Pages%202009/5480%20mintu%20brar%20australia%203_luchharta%20toun%20kohan%20door%20uj%20dee%20punjabi%20Film%2026%20June%202009.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> she acted in many [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] films<ref name="ph">{{cite web |url=http://www.punjabiherald.co.nz/news.php?NID=10 |title=ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਫਿਲਮਾਂ ਦੀ ਗੱਲ ਕਰੀਏ ਤਾਂ.... (Talking about Punjabi films)|publisher=punjabiherald.co.nz |access-date=20 February 2025|archive-date=19 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519165359/http://www.punjabiherald.co.nz/news.php?NID=10 |url-status=dead}}</ref> as a heroine and played minor roles in many Hindi films.

Indira Billi, as a child, grew up in [[Kharian]], [[Gujrat District]], Punjab, British India, now in Pakistan, when her family lived there before the [[Partition of India]] in 1947.<ref name=Cinemaazi/> Then her family migrated to India and settled in [[Kanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. However, her family later moved to Bombay in 1952 where her elder brother ran a business.<ref name=Cinemaazi/>

Due to her beauty and big blue eyes, she was noticed by many film studio people, when she visited them and was offered film roles. Her namesake actress Indira Bansal was also active in the film industry, when she first started acting. So filmmakers chose to call her 'Indira Billi' due to her blue eyes.<ref name=Cinemaazi/>

==Personal life and death==
Billi married Shiv Kumar Mehra who owned Kumar Talkies and was from an affluent family of Delhi. After her marriage, she retired and quit the film world to fully devote herself to the home life and to her family.<ref name=Cinemaazi/>

Billi died on 16 June 2025, at the age of 88.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RIP: Legendary Punjabi Actress Indira Billi ! – Punjabi Screen Magazine |url=https://punjabiscreen.com/rip-legendary-punjabi-actress-indira-billi/ |access-date=2025-06-22 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Filmography (selected) ==
===Punjabi===
{{Div col}}
#'' Kiklee'' (1960)<ref name=Upperstall/>
#''[[Yamla Jat]]t'' (1960)<ref name=Upperstall/>
#''[[Do Lachhian]]'' (1960)
#'' Chambe Di Kali'' (1960) Chambi
#'' Billo'' (1961)
#'' Khedan De Din Char'' (1962)
#'' Lado Rani'' (1963)
#''[[Jagga (film)|Jagga]]'' (1964)
#''[[Mama Ji]]'' (1964)... as Laali
#''Sassi Punnu'' (1965 film)... as Sassi
#'' Shehar Di Kudi'' (1966)
#'' Neem Hakeem'' (1967)
#'' Pardesan'' (1969)......as Nikki
#''[[Dupatta (film)|Dupatta]]'' (1970)<ref name=Upperstall/>
#''[[Kankan De Ohle]]'' (1971)<ref name=Upperstall/>
#'' Patola'' (1973)<ref name=Upperstall/>
{{Div col end}}

===Urdu/Hindi===
{{Div col}}
#''[[Shri Ganesh Mahima]]'' (1950) as Rukmini
#''Rangeela'' (1953)<ref name=Cinemaazi/>
#'' [[Faraar (1955 film)|Faraar]]'' (1955)
#''[[Milap (1955 film)|Milap]]'' (1955)
#''[[Shree 420]]'' (1955)<ref name=Cinemaazi/>
#'' Jawab'' (1955)
#''[[Basant Bahar (film)|Basant Bahar]]'' (1956)<ref name=Cinemaazi/>
#'' Laxmi'' (1957)... actors in theatre
#''[[Paristan]]'' (1957)
#''[[Yahudi]]'' (1958)... as Yasmin<ref name=Cinemaazi/>
#''Forty Days'' (1959)
#''[[Dil Deke Dekho]]'' (1959)<ref name=Cinemaazi/>
#''Lalach'' (1960)
#''Lucky Number'' (1961)
#''[[Asli-Naqli]]'' (1962).. as Indira
#''[[Meri Surat Teri Ankhen]]''(1963) as Bela<ref name=Cinemaazi/><ref name=Upperstall/>
#''Fauladi Mukka'' (1965)as Anguri
#''Mujrim Kaun Khooni Kaun'' (1965)
#''[[Do Dil]]'' (1965) ..as Radhika<ref name=Cinemaazi/><ref name=Upperstall/>
#''Teen Sardar'' (1965) ..as Rukhsana
#'' Professor Aur Jadugar'' (1966)
#[[Alibaba Aur 40 Chor (1966 film)|''Ali Baba aur 40 Chor'' (1966)]]<ref name=Upperstall/>
#''[[Phool Aur Patthar]]'' (1966)<ref name=Cinemaazi/>
#''Badrinath Yatra'' (1967) ..as Chandra
#''[[Mere Huzoor]]'' (1968)<ref name=Cinemaazi/><ref name=Upperstall/>
{{Div col end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|0408522|Indira}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Billi, Indira}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Actresses in Punjabi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]

{{India-film-actor-1930s-stub}}

Rowale

2026-02-01T17:25:07Z

Gurushivam: updated page

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
|name = Rowale
|native_name =
|native_name_lang = mr
|settlement_type = Village
|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_alt =
|image_caption =
|etymology =
|nickname =
|coordinates = {{coord|17|54|39|N|73|05|33|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
|population_total =
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = India
|subdivision_type1 = State
|subdivision_name1 = Maharashtra
|subdivision_type2 =
|subdivision_name2 =
|website = 
}}
'''Rowale''' is a small [[village]] in [[Ratnagiri district]], [[Maharashtra]] state in [[Western India]].<ref name="COI-1"/> The [[2011 Census of India]] recorded a total of 453 residents in the village.<ref name="COI-1"/> Rowale's geographical area is {{convert|480|hectare|acre}}.<ref name="COI-1"/>

==References==
<references>

<ref name="COI-1">{{cite web | url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2732_PART_B_DCHB_RATNAGIRI.pdf | title=District Census Handbook | publisher=[[Census of India]] | accessdate=16 April 2016}}</ref>

</references>

[[Category:Villages in Ratnagiri district]]

Calcutta Bank (1824)

2026-02-01T00:58:48Z

Gurushivam: Created First Data W/ Sources

{{Short description|Bank established in India in 1824}}
{{distinguish|Bank of Calcutta}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox company
| name = The Calcutta Bank (1824)
| logo =
| native_name =
| type = [[Private sector]]
| traded_as =
| industry = [[Banking]], [[Insurance]], [[Capital Markets]] and allied industries
| genre = 
| fate = merged with [[The Commercial Bank (1819)]] to form [[The Union Bank (1828)]] in 1828
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1824|04|01|df=yes|br=yes}} as The Calcutta Bank (1824)
| founder =
| defunct = {{End date|df=yes|1828|03|31}}
| location_city =
| locations = [[Bengal Presidency]]
| area_served = [[India]]
| key_people =
| products = [[Deposit (finance)|Deposits]], [[Personal banking|Personal Banking Schemes]], C & I Banking Schemes, Agri Banking Schemes, [[Small and medium enterprises|SME Banking Schemes]]
| production =
| services = Banking, Trade Finance
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| aum = 
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees =
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| footnotes =
| location_country = [[India]]
| homepage =
}}

The '''Calcutta Bank''' was a bank founded in the year 1824 in [[Company rule in India|British India]]. The bank was the [[List of oldest banks in India|twelfth oldest bank in India]].<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |title=Reserve Bank of India - Museum |url=https://rbi.org.in/scripts/ms_banks.aspx |website=rbi.org.in |access-date=20 October 2021 |archive-date=20 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020132511/https://rbi.org.in/scripts/ms_banks.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>

The bank was merged with [[The Commercial Bank (1819)]] to form [[The Union Bank (1828)]] in 1828. The Union Bank itself became defunct in 1848.<ref name="auto1"/>

== History ==

=== Founding ===

The bank was established in 1824 by the British [[Agency Houses in British India|agency house]] of [[Palmer and Company]].<ref>{{Cite web | title=History of Banking | url=https://lkouniv.ac.in/site/writereaddata/siteContent/202004051341563589anurag_sriv_History_banking.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527095430/https://lkouniv.ac.in/site/writereaddata/siteContent/202004051341563589anurag_sriv_History_banking.pdf |archive-date=27 May 2021 }}</ref><ref name="insa.nic.in">{{Cite web | url=https://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol17_1_8_EGKRao.pdf | title=Development of banking institutions in India in the eighteenth-nineteenth century | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616074523/https://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol17_1_8_EGKRao.pdf |archive-date=16 June 2022 }}</ref>

The bank played a major role in the early economic history of [[East Bengal]] and [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.theindependentbd.com/home/printnews/143488|title=Banking in Bangladesh | Independent|website=m.theindependentbd.com|access-date=20 October 2021|archive-date=20 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020132514/https://m.theindependentbd.com/home/printnews/143488|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Management ===

Although the bank was largely a private bank, it enjoyed patronage from the then government of India, the [[East India Company]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2021}}

The bank was staffed by mostly British nationals who were drawn mainly from the [[East India Company]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2021}}

The bank had most of its offices and branches in [[East Bengal]], which is the present day [[Bangladesh]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2021}}

=== Final years ===

The bank lasted in business for only four years and was finally merged with [[The Commercial Bank (1819)]] to form [[The Union Bank (1828)]] in 1828. In 1828, there was an economic crisis which forced a [[Bank run]] on the bank and precipitated the merger with [[The Commercial Bank (1819)]] to form [[The Union Bank (1828)]] in 1828.<ref name="insa.nic.in"/><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto3">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R6NRMzvltFkC&dq=%22The+Commercial+Bank%22+1819&pg=PA70|title=A Comprehensive Guide of Early Paper Money of India (1770–1861 A.D.): (1770–1861 A.D.)|isbn=9781469166285|author1=Nilaish|date=28 March 2012}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=December 2021|reason=This is a hidden Xlibris link, a vanity publisher}}

The bank also issued its own currency notes in its four years of existence.<ref name="auto3"/>{{unreliable source?|date=December 2021|reason=This is a hidden Xlibris link, a vanity publisher}}<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.livehistoryindia.com/story/forgotten-treasures/indias-first-currency-note/|title=India's First Currency Note|date=5 October 2018 |access-date=20 October 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026224641/https://www.livehistoryindia.com/story/forgotten-treasures/indias-first-currency-note/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mintageworld.com/note/dynasty/32/|title=Early Bank Notes | Old Currency Bank Notes | Rare Bank Notes | Mintage World|website=mintageworld.com|access-date=20 October 2021|archive-date=20 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020132511/https://www.mintageworld.com/note/dynasty/32/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The total value of the banknotes issued by the bank is estimated to be around Rupees 20 lakhs.<ref name="auto3"/>{{unreliable source?|date=December 2021|reason=This is a hidden Xlibris link, a vanity publisher}}

== Legacy ==

The bank is notable for being the [[List of oldest banks in India|twelfth oldest bank in India]].<ref name="auto1"/> It is also notable for being one of the first institutions in India to issue its own paper banknotes or currency notes.<ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto"/><ref name="insa.nic.in"/>

The ability of private banks to issue their own currency notes was taken away by [[The Paper Currency Act, 1861]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/commonman/English/Currency/Scripts/EarlyIssues.aspx|title=Reserve Bank of India|website=www.rbi.org.in|access-date=20 October 2021|archive-date=20 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020132511/https://www.rbi.org.in/commonman/English/Currency/Scripts/EarlyIssues.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rbi.org.in/scripts/pm_papermoney.aspx|title=Reserve Bank of India - Museum|website=rbi.org.in|access-date=20 October 2021|archive-date=20 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020132511/https://rbi.org.in/scripts/pm_papermoney.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==

{{Portal|Banks}}
*[[Indian banking]]
*[[List of banks in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://rbi.org.in/scripts/ms_banks.aspx Oldest Banks in India]
* [https://www.mintageworld.com/note/dynasty/32/ Banking in India]

{{Banking in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Defunct banks of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Banks established in 1824]]

Cherma's

2026-01-21T10:17:19Z

Gurushivam: Created A Post From Scratch

{{Multiple issues|{{Notability|date=May 2025}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2020}}}}
{{Short description|Major apparel retail store in Hyderabad, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Cherma's
| image =
| caption =
| location = [[Abids]], [[Hyderabad, Telangana|Hyderabad]]
| coordinates =
| foundation = 8 January 1978
| closing_date =
| founder = Capt. Kayarmin Piston
| owner = Capt. K. F. Pestonji
| architect =
| num_locations = 7
| website = {{URL| www.chermasindia.com}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Cherma's''' is an apparel store located in [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]], India.

It was started with the brand of shirts and jeans called Cherma's.

Cherma's manufacturing unit is located in Apparel Export Park at [[Gundlapochampally]], near Hyderabad.

==History==
This retail outlet was started by Kayarmin Pestonji in 1980.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.chermas-india.com/aboutus_mgmt_main.htm |title=::.. Chermas ..:: |access-date=26 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050420125028/http://www.chermas-india.com/aboutus_mgmt_main.htm|archive-date=20 April 2005 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Community-on-the-move-Navroze-Mubarak-Parsis/articleshow/572582.cms?null|title=Community on the move: Navroze Mubarak, Parsis|author=Mithi Chenoy|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=Mar 21, 2004|accessdate=2008-10-31 }}</ref> Earlier known as Babson's, the first store was opened in [[Abids]]. Cherma's offered low cost, ready- to wear garments. One of their popular ads was "you name it! we have it".

The Pestonji family was originally from the seaport town of [[Tarapore]] in Thana District and settled in Hyderabad 200 years ago. Pestonji’s father the late Ferozsha Dadabhoy Pestonji was a senior Government Officer in Hyderabad and retired as Director of Industries. He and his wife had two sons and one daughter. The elder son, Dadafrid F Pestonji, after earning his MBA from [[Andhra University]], migrated to Bombay in 1965 and entered the business of exporting garments. Daughter Farida S Wadia is married to Sam F Wadia, who is in the business of manufacturing fire engines and fire fighting equipment at Ahmedabad. K. F. Pestonji, the youngest remained at Hyderabad, married Ms. Gool H Nakra resident of Secunderabad. They have four children – Cherazad, Maniza, Jasmine and Kaizad.

Pestonji started flying at A.P Flying Club in 1967 and earned his Commercial Pilot’s Licence in 1970. He joined AP Flying club in 1972 as a flight instructor.

In 1975 he started manufacturing handloom cloth at primary societies around Hyderabad. He supplied his elder brother D.F. Pestonji with export goods. In 1978 G. K. Pestonji (who had resigned her job with Canara Bank after the birth of their two daughters) started selling surplus export garments for her brother-in-law. The business grew steadily, which led K.F. Pestonji to resign from the State Government and join the business.

=== Kaizad Kayarmin Pestonji ===
Kaizad was born in a family that was already at the centre of retail business in Hyderabad. He developed interest in joining the group and heading its expansion plans. He earned Bachelors in Commerce and Computers and an MBA from the [[University of Warwick]].

He graduated in 2010 and joined the firm.

Kaizad initiated the footwear category. This was a success and accounts for over 10% of turnover. He introduced new brands in the Men's and Children's wear. He is involved in enhancing in-house brands of Cherma’s such as Kaijas, Shamrock, Jasika, Sim One, which are manufactured by a subsidiary – Singh Casuals Pvt, Ltd.

==Stores==
In Hyderabad, they have branches at [[Secunderabad]], [[Abids]], [[Ameerpet]], [[Kukatpally]] and [[Malakpet]].

== Personal life ==
Kayarmin Pestonji is a National Seeded Motor Rallyist in both two-wheeler and four-wheeler categories, and bas won National and International events. He won the first Himalayan Rally in 1980 and the 3rd Himalayan Rally in 1982 in the Indian Cars Class.

He is involved with community work and was nominated Trustee in The Old Parsi Fire Temple Trust. He served as President of Dr. Nania Educational Trust, which provides education to poor and needy people.

He is a member of the Local Managing Committee of NIFT.

He served as member of the AP Minorities Commission, Government of Andhra Pradesh from 1991 to 1994 and he was reappointed for the period 1999 to 2002. He is a member of a committee constituted by A P Red Cross Society.

He is a Member of the Direct Taxes Advisory Committee constituted by the Income Tax Department of Andhra Pradesh.

He is the recipient of the "Samman Patra" award for Andhra Pradesh Region for the Financial Year 1997-98 by the Income Tax Department, Government of India on 30 July 2000.

He is also the recipient of a higher award for the second consecutive year and had been honoured with "Rashtriya Sanman" on National Level for the Financial Year 1998-99 by the Income Tax Department, Government of India on 11 March 2002.

He is a recipient of the "Best Management Award" from the Government of Andhra Pradesh on 1 May 2002, for his outstanding contribution in maintenance of Industrial Relations, Labour Welfare and Productivity.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

* {{Official|https://www.chermasindia.com/}}

{{coord missing|Hyderabad, India}}

[[Category:Companies based in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1978]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

{{retail-company-stub}}

Next Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election

2025-12-14T21:42:34Z

Gurushivam: Page updated with additional details

{{Short description|Elections for the 17th Legislative assembly of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = Next Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = Legislative
| ongoing = yes
| vote_type = party
| previous_election = 2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 2024
| next_election =
| next_year = 2034
| election_date = By May 2029
| seats_for_election = All 175 seats in the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 88
| map_image = [[File:Wahlkreise zur Vidhan Sabha von Andhra Pradesh (2014-).svg|300px]]
| map2_image =
| map_size =
| map_caption = Map of the assembly constituencies in Andhra Pradesh
| turnout =
| outgoing_members = 16th Andhra Pradesh Assembly
| elected_members =

| image5 =
| leader5 = [[P. V. N. Madhav]]
| leader_since5 = 2025
| leaders_seat5 = TBD
| last_election5 = 2.83%, 8 seats
| party5 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| alliance5 = Kutami
| seats5 =

| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=The portrait of Pawan Kalyan (2024).jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=5}}
| leader2 = [[Pawan Kalyan]]
| leader_since2 = 2014
| leaders_seat2 = [[Pithapuram Assembly constituency|Pithapuram]]
| last_election2 = 6.87%, 21 seats
| party2 = Jana Sena Party
| alliance2 = Kutami
| seats2 =
| seat_change2 =
| popular_vote2 =
| percentage2 =
| swing2 =

| image4 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Jagan Mohan Reddy.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=5}}
| leader4 = [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]
| leader_since4 = 2011
| leaders_seat4 = [[Pulivendla Assembly constituency|Pulivendla]]
| last_election4 = 39.37%, 11 seats
| party4 = YSR Congress Party
| alliance4 = -
| seats4 =

| seat_change1 =
| popular_vote1 =
| percentage1 =
| swing1 =
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=The portrait of CM Shri Nara Chandrababu Naidu.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=5}}
| image1_size = 130px
| leader1 = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| leader_since1 = 1995
| party1 = Telugu Desam Party
| alliance1 = Kutami
| leaders_seat1 = [[Kuppam Assembly constituency|Kuppam]]
| last_election1 = 45.60%, 135 seats
| seats1 =

| title = [[Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| before_election = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| before_party = Telugu Desam Party
| after_election =
| after_party =
| seats_before1 = 135
| seats_needed1 = {{steady}}
| seats_before2 = 21
| seats_needed2 = {{increase}} 67
| seats_before4 = 11
| seats_needed4 = {{increase}} 77
| seats_before5 = 8
| seats_needed5 = {{increase}} 80
}}

The '''Next Andhra Pradesh legislative assembly election''' is expected to be held in May 2029 to elect all 175 members of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]. [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]] is the incumbent [[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|title='Already planned for 2029': Andhra Pradesh CM Chandrababu Naidu praises PM Modi's leadership|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/already-planned-for-2029-andhra-pradesh-cm-chandrababu-naidu-praises-pm-modis-leadership/articleshow/115644277.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Congress will form govt at Centre & in Andhra Pradesh in 2029, says Revanth Reddy|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/Jul/09/congress-will-form-govt-at-centre-in-andhra-pradesh-in-2029-says-revanth |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Strengthen TDP ahead of 2029 elections, respect NDA partners: Naidu to party legislators|url=https://thesouthfirst.com/andhrapradesh/strengthen-tdp-ahead-of-2029-elections-respect-nda-partners-naidu-to-party-legislators/ |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=South First}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=I-PAC’s Return to Andhra Politics: Jagan Prepares for 2029 Battle|url=https://english.rtvlive.com/i-pacs-return-to-andhra-politics-jagan-prepares-for-2029-battle/ |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=RTV}}</ref>

==Schedule==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Poll Event
! Schedule
|-
| Notification Date
| '''TBD'''
|-
| Last Date for filing nomination
| '''TBD'''
|-
| Scrutiny of nomination
| '''TBD'''
|-
| Last Date for Withdrawal of nomination
| '''TBD'''
|-
| Date of Poll
| '''TBD'''
|-
| Date of Counting of Votes
| '''TBD'''
|}

== Parties and Alliances ==
=== {{legend2|{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}|[[Kutami]]}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;
! colspan="2" | Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Photo
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|[[File:Telugu Desam Party Flag.png|50px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Cycle.png|50px]]
|[[File:The portrait of CM Shri Nara Chandrababu Naidu.jpg|50px]]
|[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
|TBD
|-
|{{party color cell|Jana Sena Party}}
|[[Jana Sena Party]]
|[[File:Janasena Party Flag.png|50px]]
|[[File:Indian election symbol glass tumbler.svg|50px]]
|[[File:The portrait of Pawan Kalyan (2024).jpg|50px]]
|[[Pawan Kalyan]]
|TBD
|-
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:BJP flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]
|
|[[P. V. N. Madhav]]
|TBD
|-
!colspan="6"|Total
!
|}

=== {{legend2|{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}|[[YSR Congress Party]]}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;
! colspan="2" | Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Photo
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|YSR Congress Party}}
|[[YSR Congress Party]]
|[[File:Blank.svg|50px]] 
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Ceiling Fan.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Jagan Mohan Reddy.jpg|50px]]
|[[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]
|TBD
|}

=== {{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;
! colspan="2" | Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Photo
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:INC Hand.svg|50px]]
|[[File:YS Sharmila at Sitaram Yechury remembrance meet.jpg|50px]]
|[[Y. S. Sharmila]]
|TBD
|-
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|[[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:CPIM election symbol.png|50px]]
|[[File:Blank.svg|50px]] 
|[[V. Srinivasa Rao]]
|TBD
|-
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|[[File:CPI-banner.svg|50px]]
|[[File:CPI symbol.svg|50px]]
|[[File:K. Ramakrishna CPI.png|50px]]
|[[K. Ramakrishna]]
|TBD
|-
!colspan="6"|Total
!
|}

== See also ==
* [[2029 elections in India]]
* [[Elections in Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[List of deputy chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{notelist}}

{{Andhra Pradesh elections}}

[[Category:State Assembly elections in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Future elections in India]]

EOS-01

2025-12-09T19:19:23Z

Gurushivam: rework formatting and cleaned formatting after review

{{Short description|Indian Earth observation satellite}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = EOS-01
| names_list = RISAT-2BR2 [[Earth observation satellite|Earth Observation Satellite-01]]
| image =
| image_caption =
| image_size = 300px

| mission_type = [[Radar imaging]] [[Earth observation satellite]]
| operator = [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]]
| COSPAR_ID = 2020-081A
| SATCAT = 46905
| website = https://www.isro.gov.in
| mission_duration = 5 years (planned) {{time interval|7 November 2020|show=ymd}} ''(in progress)''

| spacecraft = EOS-01
| spacecraft_type =
| spacecraft_bus = [[RISAT]]
| manufacturer = [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]
| launch_mass = {{cvt|615|kg}}
| dimensions =
| power = 2 [[Watt|kW]]<ref name="SFN20201107">{{cite news|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/11/07/indian-pslv-deploys-10-satellites-in-first-launch-since-start-of-pandemic/|title=Indian PSLV deploys 10 satellites in first launch since start of pandemic|publisher=Spaceflight Now|date=7 November 2020|access-date=7 November 2020}}</ref>

| launch_date = 7 November 2020, 09:41 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]<ref name="DOS_PR_20201107">{{cite web|title=PSLV successfully launches EOS-01 and nine customer satellites from Sriharikota|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/07-nov-2020/pslv-successfully-launches-eos-01-and-nine-customer-satellites-sriharikota|publisher=ISRO|date=7 November 2020|access-date=7 November 2020|archive-date=21 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121095436/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/07-nov-2020/pslv-successfully-launches-eos-01-and-nine-customer-satellites-sriharikota|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| launch_rocket = [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|PSLV-DL]], [[PSLV-C49]]
| launch_site = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]], [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|First Launch Pad (FLP)]]
| launch_contractor = [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]

| entered_service = February 2021
| disposal_type =
| deactivated =
| last_contact =

| orbit_reference = [[Geocentric orbit]]
| orbit_regime = [[Low Earth orbit]]
| orbit_altitude = {{cvt|555|km}}
| orbit_inclination = 36.9°
| orbit_period = 90.0 minutes
| apsis = gee

| instruments = [[Synthetic-aperture radar|Synthetic Aperture Radar]] ([[X band|X-band]]) (SAR-X)
| programme = '''[[Indian Remote Sensing Programme|EOS series]]'''
| previous_mission =
| next_mission = [[GISAT|EOS-03]]
| programme2 = [[RISAT|RISAT series]]
| previous_mission2 = [[RISAT-2BR1]]
| next_mission2 = [[EOS-04|RISAT-1A]]
}}

'''EOS-01''' (formerly known as ''RISAT-2BR2''<ref name="IANS">{{cite news|date=29 October 2020|title=ISRO adopts new satellite naming style, RISAT-2BR2, now EOS-01|publisher=Deccan News |url=https://deccan.news/isro-adopts-new-satellite-naming-style-risat-2br2-now-eos-01/|access-date=29 October 2020|via=Indo Asian News Service}}</ref>) is an [[X band|X-band]], [[synthetic-aperture radar]] (SAR) based all weather [[Earth observation satellite|Earth imaging satellite]] built by the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) for tasks pertaining to [[forestry]], [[Agriculture|agricultural]] and [[Emergency management|disaster management]].<ref>{{cite web|title=PSLV-C49/EOS-01|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/pslv-c49-eos-01|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|access-date=29 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029074633/https://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/pslv-c49-eos-01|archive-date=29 October 2020}}</ref> It is a part of India's [[RISAT]] series of SAR imaging spacecraft and would be third satellite in the series including [[RISAT-2B]], [[RISAT-2BR1]] with 120° [[Orbit phasing|phasing]].<ref>{{cite web|date=14 February 2020|title=Department of Space, Annual Report 2019-20 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/annual_report_2019-20_english/files/assets/common/downloads/Annual%20Report%202019-20%20%28English%29.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214130824/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/annual_report_2019-20_english/files/assets/common/downloads/Annual%20Report%202019-20%20%28English%29.pdf |archive-date=14 February 2020|access-date=6 November 2020|website=isro.gov.in}}</ref> EOS-01 has been developed at the cost of roughly {{INRConvert|125|c|lk=on|year=2020}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=పీఎస్‌ఎల్‌వీ-సీ49కు ప్రారంభమైన కౌంట్‌డౌన్‌|url=https://m.eenadu.net/general/latestnews/PSLV-C49-Countdown-Starts/0600/120132268|access-date=2020-11-06|website=m.eenadu.net|language=te}}</ref>

== Launch ==
EOS-1 (RISAT-2BR2) has been launched on board a [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|PSLV-DL]] [[PSLV-C49]] [[launch vehicle]] on 7 November 2020 along with 9 foreign satellites. The satellite was although earlier scheduled for first half of 2020, impact of [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]] affected ISRO's activities and delayed a number of programs by months and it was first launch mission of ISRO in 2020. Due to fears of infections amid pandemic, gathering of staff and media were dismissed for this launch.<ref name="TOI">{{cite news|author=Surendra Singh|location=New Delhi|title=ISRO will launch first satellite of this year from Sriharikota on 7 November 2020|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-will-launch-first-satellite-of-this-year-from-sriharikota-on-november-7/articleshow/78916323.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|date=28 October 2020|access-date=29 October 2020}}</ref>

As per reports on 29 October 2020, RISAT-2BR2 was renamed as "EOS-01" per new naming criteria adopted by ISRO.<ref name="Name change">{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/news/national-isro-adopts-new-satellite-naming-style-20975436.html|title=इसरो ने बदला सेटेलाइट के नामकरण का तरीका, जनिए अब कैसे रखा जाएगा नाम|trans-title=ISRO has changed the way to name the satellite, how will the name be named now |website=jagran.com|publisher=Jagran|language=hi|access-date=16 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=ISRO adopts new satellite naming style, RISAT-2BR2 now EOS-01|url=https://telanganatoday.com/isro-adopts-new-satellite-naming-style-risat-2br2-now-eos-01|access-date=2020-11-07|website=telanganatoday.com|date=29 October 2020 }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[RISAT]]
* [[List of Indian satellites]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/pslv-c49-eos-01 PSLV-C49/EOS-01] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029074633/https://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/pslv-c49-eos-01 |date=29 October 2020 }}
* [https://www.isro.gov.in/pslv-c49-eos-01/pslv-c49-eos-01-gallery PSLV-C49/EOS-01 Gallery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107192000/https://www.isro.gov.in/pslv-c49-eos-01/pslv-c49-eos-01-gallery |date=7 November 2020 }}

{{Portal bar|Spaceflight}}{{Indian spacecraft}}{{PSLV}}
{{Orbital launches in 2020}}

[[Category:Space programme of India]]
[[Category:ISRO]]
[[Category:Satellites of India]]
[[Category:Earth observation satellites of India]]
[[Category:Space synthetic aperture radar]]
[[Category:RISAT]]

Ritu Raj

2025-12-06T21:10:56Z

Gurushivam: created a pg

{{about||the cricketer|Rituraj Singh (cricketer)|the actor|Rituraj Singh (actor)}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = 
| honorific_suffix = Ritu Raj
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Entrepreneur_Ritu_Raj.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
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| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
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| body_discovered =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| monuments =
| nationality =
| other_names =
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Entrepreneur]]
| years_active =
| employer =
| organization =
| known_for = [[Organizational founder|Founder]] and [[CEO]] of Avasta, OrchestratorMail, Objectiveli and Wag Hotels
| notable_works =
| style =
| height = 
| television =
| title =
| term =
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| module6 =
| website = 
| footnotes =
}}
'''Ritu Raj''' is an entrepreneur based in [[California]]. Raj is the founder of Avasta, OrchestratorMail and Objectiveli, as well as Wag Hotels, a chain of luxury hotels for dogs and cats.

== Education and early career ==
Ritu Raj graduated from [[Kirori Mal College]] at [[Delhi University]], and worked for IT consulting firms in [[Delhi]] before moving to the US in 1994.<ref>Doley, Kunal (February 8, 2008). "Owners not allowed in doggie hotel". ''Mail Today'', p. 16-17.</ref> Upon his arrival in the US, he worked for a small startup, AT Systems, and was later an executive with [[TMP Worldwide]].<ref name="technet1">{{cite web|author=BizSpark Online |url=http://blogs.technet.com/b/bizspark_featured_startups/archive/2011/06/27/bizspark-startup-of-the-day-orchestratormail.aspx |title=BizSpark Startup of the Day - OrchestratorMail - BizSpark Featured Startups - Site Home - TechNet Blogs |publisher=Blogs.technet.com |date=2011-06-27 |accessdate=2013-10-02}}</ref>

== Chapter 2/Avasta ==

In 1999, Raj founded Chapter 2, an [[application service provider]] (ASP) that supports the business applications for companies as an outsourcing company running the companies' existing networks.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rogers |first=Amy |url=http://www.crn.com/news/channel-programs/18821739/avasta-not-asp-but-outsourcer.htm |title=Avasta Not ASP, But Outsourcer |publisher=Crn.com |date= |accessdate=2013-10-02}}</ref> The company based its name on the idea that chapter one of the internet was web site hosting, with chapter two being business application hosting.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internetnews.com/asp-news/article.php/423621/Chapter+2+Launches+ASP+Hosting+Service.htm |title=Chapter 2 Launches ASP Hosting Service - InternetNews |publisher=InternetNews. |date= |accessdate=2013-10-02}}</ref> In 2000 the company secured $9.5 million in funding.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internetnews.com/asp-news/article.php/408971/Chapter+2+Raises+95+Million.htm |title=Chapter 2 Raises $9.5 Million - InternetNews |publisher=InternetNews. |date=2000-07-06 |accessdate=2013-10-02}}</ref> That year they also opened offices that provided back-office operations, security management and call center operations services.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rohde |first=David |url=http://www.networkworld.com/news/2000/0718edgechapter2.html |title='Chapter 2' hosting is for ASPs, start-up says |publisher=Networkworld.com |date=2000-07-18 |accessdate=2013-10-02 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426232217/http://www.networkworld.com/news/2000/0718edgechapter2.html |archivedate=2014-04-26 }}</ref> As of 2001, the company had raised $50 million from investors.<ref>{{cite web|author=Edward Cone |url=http://www.eweek.com/c/a/Enterprise-Applications/Same-Game-New-Name/ |title=Same Game, New Name |publisher=Eweek.com |date=2001-02-12 |accessdate=2013-10-02}}</ref> That year Chapter 2 was renamed Avasta - a name based on the Sanskrit word "vasta," meaning "to stand and remain" - in order to reflect the company's new services.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internetnews.com/xSP/article.php/586521/Chapter+2+Becomes+Avasta.htm |title=Chapter 2 Becomes Avasta - InternetNews |publisher=InternetNews. |date=2001-02-12 |accessdate=2013-10-02}}</ref> In 2003, Avasta was acquired by [[NaviSite]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insideview.com/directory/avasta-inc |title=Avasta, Inc. - Company Profile by Insideview |publisher=Insideview.com |date= |accessdate=2013-10-02}}</ref>

== Wag Hotels ==
Following Avasta, Raj was a partner with the information technology consulting firm [[Accenture]]. He was away from home and his dog frequently.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/eastbay/stories/2007/12/17/daily11.html?page=all |title=Wag Hotels sniffs out Oakland location - San Francisco Business Times |publisher=Bizjournals.com |date= |accessdate=2013-10-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chron.com/news/bizarre/article/Luxury-hotel-caters-to-pampered-pets-1672344.php |title=Luxury hotel caters to pampered pets - Houston Chronicle |publisher=Chron.com |date=2007-05-10 |accessdate=2013-10-02}}</ref> This was the inspiration behind his venture Wag Hotels, a California-based line of luxury hotel for dogs and cats.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dogchannel.com/dog-news/san-francisco-dog-hotel.aspx |title=New Dog Hotel Opens in San Francisco |publisher=Dogchannel.com |date= |accessdate=2013-10-02}}</ref><ref name="bizjournals2007">{{cite web|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/sacramento/stories/2007/01/29/story12.html?page=all |title=Bay Area is next frontier for West Sacramento-based Wag Hotels - Sacramento Business Journal |publisher=Bizjournals.com |date=2007-01-28 |accessdate=2013-10-02}}</ref><ref name="doeswhat1">{{cite web|url=http://doeswhat.com/2012/10/09/interview-with-ritu-raj-objectiveli/ |title=Interview with Objectiveli founder and CEO Ritu Raj |publisher=DoesWhat |date=2012-10-09 |accessdate=2013-10-02}}</ref> In 2005, Wag opened its first location in [[West Sacramento]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/sacramento/stories/2005/11/14/story4.html?page=all |title=For lapdogs of luxury - Sacramento Business Journal |publisher=Bizjournals.com |date=2005-11-13 |accessdate=2013-10-02}}</ref><ref>Bonilla, Rachel (August, 2007). "The Suite Life". ''Bark Magazine'', p. 59-62.</ref><ref>May, Meredith (June 17, 2007). "SF's Best Friend". ''San Francisco Chronicle'', p. A8.</ref> The company also operates Wag Store, a hotel-affiliated store.<ref>{{cite web|author=Nancy Davis Kho, Special to The Chronicle |url=http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Pets-in-America-have-40-billion-spent-on-them-by-2498053.php#page-1 |title=Pets in America have $40 billion spent on them by doting owners |publisher=SFGate |date=2007-10-09 |accessdate=2013-10-02}}</ref> In 2007, Wag opened a location in [[San Francisco]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Meredith May |url=http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/S-F-S-BEST-FRIEND-Where-pooches-outnumber-2555688.php#page-2 |title=S.F.'S BEST FRIEND / Where pooches outnumber kids, impassioned, doting owners and hounds dressed to the canines treat all days like dog days |publisher=SFGate |date=2007-06-17 |accessdate=2013-10-02}}</ref> In June 2007, the company also bought a stake in the Modesto-based pet quarterly publication, ''Wag Magazine''.<ref name=bizjournals2007 />

== Other Ventures ==
In 2010, Raj co-founded OrchestratorMail, and serves as the company's CEO.<ref name=technet1 /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abilitysuccessgrowth.com/tag/ritu-raj/ |title=Ritu Raj |publisher=Ability Success Growth |date=2011-09-29 |accessdate=2013-10-02}}</ref> An application that works on top of an existing user's email platform, OrchestratorMail organizes email into a set of categories.<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=http://www.managementexchange.com/hack/productivity-increase-through-bringing-efficiency-email |title=Corporations can increase productivity by bringing efficiency and collaboration to email communication | Management Innovation eXchange |publisher=Managementexchange.com |date=2011-06-22 |accessdate=2013-10-02}}</ref> Users then use this differentiation to determine what emails to reply to first.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://currents.michaelsampson.net/2011/06/om.html |title=OrchestratorMail - Bringing Structure and Clarity to Email Communication - Michael Sampson on Making Collaboration Work |publisher=Currents.michaelsampson.net |date=2011-06-07 |accessdate=2013-10-02}}</ref>

From 2011 to 2012, Raj was an Entrepreneur in Residence at Spring Ventures, LLC, a [[venture capital]] firm in San Francisco.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://buzzsparks.org/financial-organization/spring-ventures |title=Spring Ventures |publisher=BuzzSparks.org |date=2011-11-10 |accessdate=2013-10-02}}</ref> While there, he helped launch SideCar, a ride-sharing app that connects drivers with people looking for rides.<ref>{{cite news |title=A Ride Home That's Not a Taxi, Maybe |author=Joshua Brustein |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/31/nyregion/sidecar-a-new-ride-share-app-offers-an-alternative-to-cabs.html?_r=0 |newspaper=New York Times |date=March 29, 2013 |accessdate=1 October 2013}}</ref> In exchange, passengers can give drivers a financial donation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2013/06/12/new-sidecar-app-turns-strangers-cars-into-cabs/ |title=New Sidecar App Turns Strangers' Cars Into Cabs - Digits - WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2013-06-12 |accessdate=2013-10-02}}</ref> The apps were initially banned, however new regulations have since allowed them to operate.<ref>{{cite web|last=Farivar |first=Cyrus |url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2013/09/california-finally-legalizes-lyft-sidecar-and-other-rideshare-app-firms/ |title=California finally legalizes Lyft, SideCar, and other rideshare app firms |publisher=Ars Technica |date=2013-09-19 |accessdate=2013-10-02}}</ref>

In 2012, Raj co-founded Objectiveli with Jonathan Yankovich.<ref name=doeswhat1 /> Objectiveli is a [[web application]] designed for companies to set and manage objectives and goals and track the outcomes in real-time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.killerstartups.com/startup-spotlight/interview-with-ritu-raj-manage-goals-with-objectiveli/ |title=Interview With Ritu Raj - Manage Goals With Objectiveli |publisher=Killerstartups.com |date=2012-09-14 |accessdate=2013-10-02}}</ref>

==Artistic career==

Ritu Raj began painting in 2020 during the COVID lockdowns in San Francisco, and began to paint on increasingly larger canvases and moved his practice to Phoenix, Arizona. His improvisational abstract art is based in various inspirations, such as the philosophy of Heidegger.{{cn|date=November 2025}} Raj became a full time fine artist in 2024,{{cn|date=November 2025}} after founding RituStudio in 2022. He has stated of his work that, “In my creative process, I let my intuition guide me, allowing images in my mind to take on a life of their own on the canvas. Foregoing sketches, I allow the colors to form their language - dynamic, unrestricted, and honest. This approach, coupled with my relentless pursuit of experimentation and medium exploration, gives my work a unique touch that defies pattern or style.”<ref>https://www.artistcloseup.com/blog/interview-ritu-raj</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* [http://rituart.com Official artist website]
* [http://www.waghotels.com/ Wag Hotels]
* [http://www.orchestratormail.com/ OrchestratorMail]
* [http://objectiveli.com/# Objectiveli]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raj, Ritu}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from California]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:American people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Indian roofed turtle

2025-11-30T02:29:36Z

Gurushivam: Started

{{Short description|Species of turtle}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Indian roofed turtle.jpg
| image_caption = Indian roofed turtle in KNP Bharatpur
| status = VU
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Ahmed, M.F. |author2=Praschag, P. |author3=Singh, S. |date=2021 |title=''Pangshura tecta'' |volume=2021 |article-number=e.T46370A3005714 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T46370A3005714.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| status2 = CITES_A1
| status2_system = CITES
| status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}</ref>
| genus = Pangshura
| species = tecta
| authority = ([[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1831)
| synonyms = {{collapsible list|bullets = true|title=List
| ''Emys tectum'' Gray, 1830
| ''Emys tecta'' Gray, 1831
| ''Testudo dura'' Hamilton, 1831 ''([[nomen nudum]])''
| ''Testudo katuya'' Hamilton, 1831 ''(nomen nudum)''
| ''Testudo khagraskata'' Hamilton, 1831 ''(nomen nudum)''
| ''Emys trigibbosa'' Lesson, 1831
| ''Clemmys (Clemmys) tecta'' Fitzinger, 1835
| ''Batagur (Pangshura) tecta'' Gray, 1856
| ''Emys namadicus'' Theobald, 1860 ''(nomen nudum)''
| ''Clemmys tectum'' Strauch, 1862
| ''Pangshura tecta'' Günther, 1864
| ''Pangshura tectum'' Theobald, 1868
| ''Pangshura dura'' Gray, 1869
| ''Pangshura ventricosa'' Gray, 1870
| ''Emys namadica'' Boulenger, 1889
| ''Kachuga tectum'' Boulenger, 1889
| ''Kachuga tecta'' Lindholm, 1929
| ''Kachuga tectum tectum'' Smith, 1931
| ''Kachuga tecta tecta'' Mertens, Müller & Rust, 1934
}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="Fritz 2007">{{Cite journal|journal=Vertebrate Zoology |title=Checklist of Chelonians of the World |year=2007 |author=Fritz Uwe |author2=Peter Havaš |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=239–240 |doi=10.3897/vz.57.e30895 |doi-access=free |issn=1864-5755 |url=https://zenodo.org/records/7511437/files/VZ_article_30895.pdf }}</ref>
}}{{Multiple issues|{{Cleanup rewrite|date=February 2025}}
{{More footnotes|date=February 2025}}
{{Technical|date=November 2024}}}}
The '''Indian roofed turtle''' ('''''Pangshura tecta''''') is a [[species]] of [[turtle]] in the family [[Geoemydidae]]. It can be distinguished by the distinct "roof" at the topmost part of the shell. It is found in the major [[river]]s of [[South Asia]]. It is a common pet in the Indian Subcontinent.

==Description==
[[File:Indian roofed turtle (Pangshura tecta) (cropped).jpg|center|thumb|467x467px|Indian roofed turtles at the [[Bronx Zoo]].]]Carapace elevated, tectiform, the keel; ending in a nodosity on the third vertebral shield; posterior margin not or but very slightly serrated; nuchal shield small, square or trapezoidal; first vertebral very variable in shape, usually with straight lateral borders diverging forwards in the half-grown specimens, narrower in front and with sinuous lateral borders in the adult; second vertebral as long as or a little longer than second, frequently obtusely pointed behind; third vertebral pointed behind, in contact with the point of the very elongate fourth; fifth vertebral broader than the others. Plastron large, strongly angulated laterally in the young, truncate anteriorly, angularly notched posteriorly; proportions of plastral shields very variable; suture between gulars and humerals forming a right angle; axillary and inguinal large. Head moderate; snout short, rather pointed and prominent; jaws with denticulated edge, upper not notched mesially; alveolar surface of upper jaw with the median ridge nearer the inner than the outer border; bony choanae between the orbits; the width of the lower jaw at the symphysis is less than the diameter of the orbit. Fore limbs with large transverse scales. Carapace olive, that of young with some black spots, especially on the posterior edge of the first three vertebrals; an orange vertebral band and a narrow yellow margin; carapace more uniform in the adult; plastron orange or red, with black spots, or brown with a yellowish anterior and lateral border to each shield, in one specimen uniform yellow. Head blackish; jaws and sides of crown orange; neck with numerous yellow lines on a blackish ground; limbs dark olive, spotted with yellow.
Length of shell up to nearly 9 inches.<ref>Boulenger, G. A. 1890. Fauna of British India. Reptilia and Batrachia.</ref>
==Recognition==
[[File:Kachuga tecta.jpg|thumb|Indian roofed turtle.]]
[[File:Indian roofed turtle (Pangshura tecta) 3.jpg|thumb|[[Bronx Zoo]].]]
The arched, elliptical carapace (to 23 cm) is widest behind the middle and unserrated posteriorly. The medial keel is prominent with a strong spinelike posterior projection on the 3rd vertebral. Vertebrals 2 and 5 are broader than long, while 1, 3, and 4 are longer than broad. Vertebral 3 is posteriorly pointed while the 4th is anteriorly pointed, making the seam between these two scutes very short. The carapace is brown, sometimes yellow or orange bordered, with a red to orange medial stripe. The plastron is long and narrow; the forelobe is much shorter than the broad bridge, and the hindlobe is slightly shorter than the bridge and contains a posterior anal notch. The humero-pectoral seam joins the plastral seam at an obtuse angle. The plastral formula is: abd > fem > an >< hum > pect >< gul. On the bridge, the inguinal and axillary scutes are nearly equal in length, or the inguinal is slightly larger. Plastron and bridge are yellow with at least two black elongated blotches on each scute, except the gulars and anals which have only a single blotch. The head is moderate in size with a projecting, short, pointed snout. Its upper jaw is not medially notched. Skin on the back of the head is divided into large scales. Dorsally, the head is black with a large crescent-shaped, orange to yellowish red blotch on each temple (these may unite posteriorly to form a V-shaped mark). The jaws are yellow, and the neck is black with numerous yellow stripes. Limbs are olive to gray, and spotted and bordered with yellow. They have large transverse scales.
The karyotype is 2n = 52; 20 metacentric and submetacentric, 10 subtelocentric, and 22 acrocentric and telocentric chromosomes
Males are brighter in color than females, and have long, thick tails with the vent beyond the carapacial rim. Females have short tails with the vent under the carapace. Females grow larger than males.

==Habitat==
This is a quiet-water turtle, occurring in quiet streams, canals, oxbows, ponds, and man-made water tanks. It also occurs in brackish coastal waters. A soft bottom and abundant aquatic vegetation are preferred conditions.
It loves basking in the early morning sun. Basking helps the turtle to maintain its body temperature as well as for the synthesis of Vitamin D.

==Breeding==
[[File:KeyursTurtle1.JPG|thumb|Baby]]
Male ''P. tecta'' develop a small tubercle at the end of the thick tail during October, just before the breeding season, and shed it in March. This tubercle may help in probing the females cloacal vent during courtship. During courtship the male swims along the females side and may also circle her.
Nesting has been reported in October, December, January and February, and February and March; eggs were found in January and in March. ''P. tecta'' in Bangladesh may oviposit in two separate periods, from the beginning of December to mid-January and from mid-February to the end of March. A nest cavity 14–20 cm deep is usually dug.
Clutches contain 3-14 elongated (35-45 x 21–29 mm) eggs. There are reports of clutches with a maximum of 15 ovoid (50-51 x 20–21 mm), white eggs, that tend to become bluish at hatching time. The natural incubation period lasts 70–144 days. Hatchlings have 34.1-35.2 mm carapaces and weigh 7 g;
This species is omnivorous, feeding on aquatic plants, like water hyacinths and weeds, and animal prey such as crabs and snails; it also scavenges.

==Distribution==
''Pangshura tecta'' inhabits the [[Ganges]], [[Brahmaputra]], [[Indus]], and [[Mahanadi]] river drainages in Pakistan, northern and peninsular India, and [[Bangladesh]].

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* Edds, David 1998 Geographic Distribution. ''Kachuga tecta'' '''Herpetological Review''' 29 (2): 109
* [[John Edward Gray|Gray, J. E.]] 1831 Synopsis Reptilium or short descriptions of the species of reptiles. Part I: Cataphracta, tortoises, crocodiles, and enaliosaurians. Treuttel, Wurz & Co., London, 85 pp.
* Mertens, R. 1969 Eine neue Rasse der, ''Kachuga tecta''. Senckenbergiana, Biologica. Frankfurt am Main. 50 (1/2): 23–30.
*{{cite journal|author1=Phillip Q. Spinks |author2=H. Bradley Shaffer |author3=John B. Iverson |author4=William P. McCord |year=2004 |title=Phylogenetic hypotheses for the turtle family Geoemydidae |journal=[[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution]] |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=164–182 |url=http://www.eve.ucdavis.edu/shafferlab/pubs/SpinksMolPhyloEvo2004.pdf |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2003.12.015 |pmid=15186805 |bibcode=2004MolPE..32..164S |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611040217/http://www2.eve.ucdavis.edu/shafferlab/pubs/SpinksMolPhyloEvo2004.pdf |archive-date=2010-06-11 }}

==External links==
*{{NRDB species|genus=Kachuga |species=tecta }}

{{Geoemydidae}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1993237}}

[[Category:Reptiles of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Reptiles of India]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1831]]
[[Category:Taxa named by John Edward Gray]]
[[Category:Pangshura]]

Al-Ghazali (book)

2025-11-29T19:17:21Z

Gurushivam: Put Up First Bio More To Come - done

{{Short description|1902 book by Shibli Nomani}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Al-Ghazali
| image = Cover of Al-Ghazali.jpg
| image_size = 280px
| caption = 1902 original edition cover
| alt = Book cover
| author = [[Shibli Nomani]]
| title_orig = الغزالی
| orig_lang_code = ur
| country = [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]]
| language = Urdu
| subject = [[Al-Ghazali]], [[Kalam]]
| genre = [[Biography]]
| published = 1902
| series = Kalam series
| media_type = Print
| preceded_by = [[Ilm-ul-Kalam]]
| pages = 282
| isbn = 978-81-905979-9-9
| isbn_note = ([[Darul Musannefin Shibli Academy]], 2013)
| oclc = 793358025
| dewey = 297.092
| external_url = https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/al-ghazali-imam-mohammad-ghazali-ki-sawaneh-umri-shibli-nomani-ebooks
}}
'''''Al-Ghazali''''' ({{langx|ur|الغزالی}}) is a 20th-century Urdu work by [[Shibli Nomani]] that examines the life, thought, and writings of [[al-Ghazali]] within the framework of Islamic scholastic theology, i.e., [[kalam]]. Published in 1902 as the first in a series of four works by Shibli on kalam, the book provides only brief details of al-Ghazali's personal life while focusing extensively on his intellectual and doctrinal output, presenting him primarily as a philosopher and teacher of ethics.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://egyankosh.ac.in//handle/123456789/79256 |title=Urdu Non-fiction |publisher=[[Indira Gandhi National Open University]] |year=2021 |editor-last=Hafiz |editor-first=Abdul |volume=1 |location=India |pages=276 |language=ur |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223162829/https://www.egyankosh.ac.in/handle/123456789/79256 |archive-date=23 February 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> The work reflects a shift in Shibli's approach from historical researcher to philosophical analyst. Encouraged by [[Syed Ahmad Khan]], Shibli addresses widespread accusations about al-Ghazali, refuting claims that he opposed philosophy and challenging [[Ibn Khaldun]]'s assertion that he invented rational kalam. Instead, Shibli argues that Al-Ghazali developed transmitted (naqli) kalam to a level of reasoned analysis (aqlī), moving beyond simple transmission into systematic theological reasoning.

== Background ==
Shibli Nomani's book [[Al-Farooq (book)|''Al-Farooq'']] was published in the late 1890s. When he planned to write it, [[Syed Ahmad Khan]] suggested that he write about [[al-Ghazali]] instead, because ''Al-Farooq'' might cause sectarian disputes. Shibli could not start this immediately, but after finishing ''Al-Farooq'', he began work on al-Ghazali.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Mahmud |first=Minhaj Uddin |title=Contribution of Allama Shibli Nu'mani to Urdu Literature |type=PhD |publisher=[[University of Dhaka]] |url=http://repository.library.du.ac.bd:8080/bitstream/handle/123456789/886/Minhaj%20Uddin.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |language=bn |page=57 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531151106/http://repository.library.du.ac.bd:8080/bitstream/handle/123456789/886/Minhaj%20Uddin.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |archive-date=31 May 2023 |year=2016 |location=Bangladesh |url-status=dead}}</ref> While staying in [[Hyderabad]], he became interested in Islamic theology ([[kalam]]), which he saw as an important part of Muslim history. In the preface of ''Al-Ghazali'', he explained that he wanted to write about four things: the origins and development of kalam, its role in supporting [[Aqidah|Islamic beliefs]] and responding to [[philosophy]], the biographies of its main scholars, and its modern state.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Jahan |first=Nayyar |title=Shibli Bahaisiyat Sawaneh Nigar Ek Tankeedi Mutalea |type=PhD |publisher=Department of Urdu, [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/387883 |language=ur |page=191 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250923182907/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/387883 |archive-date=23 September 2025 |year=1994 |location=India |hdl=10603/387883 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Yeaqub |first=Md |title=Writings of Allama Shibli Nomani in Arabic : Edition and annotation |degree=PhD |publisher=[[Aligarh Muslim University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/666571 |language=ar |year=2019 |location=India |hdl=10603/666571 |p=149}}</ref> He first worked on the origins but later focused on biographies, beginning with al-Ghazali.<ref name=":Haq21" />

Shibli chose al-Ghazali because of his extensive work in theology, law, and ethics, especially through the book ''[[The Revival of the Religious Sciences]]''.{{Sfn|Aboobacker|2014|p=276}} ''Al-Ghazali'' was not just a biography, but a record intended to guide scholars of his time and future generations, aiming to raise their understanding in a particular line of thought.{{Sfn|Zafar|2017|p=318}} The book was completed in December 1901 in Hyderabad, sent to press in February 1902,<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Aboobacker |first=M.C |title=Urdu Mein Sawaneh Nigari Hali Aur Shibli Ke Khusoosi Hawale Se |type=PhD |publisher=Department of Urdu, [[Sri Venkateswara University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/106639 |language=ur |pages=276 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250225143125/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/106639 |archive-date=25 February 2025 |url-status=live |year=2014 |location=India |hdl=10603/106639}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Khatoon |first=Shaista |title=Allama Shibli ka kirdar Muslim khawatin ki talimi wa samaji taraqqi men |type=PhD |publisher=Department of Urdu, [[Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/128335 |language=ur |page=55 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224183802/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/128335 |archive-date=24 February 2025 |year=2013 |location=India |hdl=10603/128335 |url-status=live}}</ref> and published in [[Kanpur]] in August 1902.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Ahrari |first=Mohd Jafar |title=The renaissance of Urdu literature and Shibli |type=PhD |publisher=School of Language Literature and Culture Studies, [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/16762 |language=ur |pages=162 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250919231544/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/16762 |archive-date=19 September 2025 |year=1999 |location=India |url-status=live |hdl=10603/16762}}</ref> It was later translated into Bengali by Kausar Bin Khaled as ''Īmām Gāzzālīr Jīban o Darśan'' (ইমাম গাজ্জালীর জীবন ও দর্শন), with the sixth edition published in 2012 in [[Dhaka]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Īmām Gāzzālīr Jīban o Darśan |url=https://www.wafilife.com/imam-gazzalir-jibon-o-dorshon/dp/306059 |access-date=28 October 2025 |website=Wafilife |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
''Al-Ghazali'' is divided into two parts.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Nasir |first=Md |title=Allama Shibli Nomani Ki Nasri Khidmat |type=PhD |publisher=Department of Urdu, [[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/648649 |language=ur |page=160 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250923000459/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/648649 |archive-date=23 September 2025 |year=1986 |location=India |hdl=10603/648649 |url-status=live}}</ref> The first part focuses on his biography but shifts toward Kalam (theology).<ref name=":Haq21">{{Cite thesis |last=Haq |first=Sirajul |title=Maqalat e Shibli ka adbi aur tanqeedi jaiza |type=PhD |publisher=Department of Urdu, [[Delhi University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/439484 |language=ur |page=105 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250920114558/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/439484 |archive-date=20 September 2025 |year=2021 |location=India |hdl=10603/439484 |url-status=live}}</ref> Shibli examines historical claims, such as the [[Nisba (onomastics)|nisba]] 'Ghazali', which [[Ibn al-Sam'ani]] in ''Kitab al-Ansab'' associates with a village called Ghazala in [[Tus, Iran|Tus]]. Finding no such village, he concludes that the nisba likely relates to al-Ghazali's father's occupation as a matchmaker.<ref name=":Hai17">{{Cite thesis |last=Hai |first=Ammar Abdul |title=Unneeswin wa beeswin sadi ke Hindustan mein Muslim Mufakkirin ka Tasawwur-e- Talim |type=PhD |publisher=Department of Urdu, [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/313157 |language=ur |page=164 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226034413/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/313157 |archive-date=26 February 2025 |year=2017 |location=India |hdl=10603/313157 |url-status=live}}</ref> The work details al-Ghazali's education, including his journey to [[Nishapur]], the challenges he faced, his dedication to study, the loss and recovery of his notes, and his memorization of material upon returning home.{{Sfn|Haq|2021|p=106}}<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Akhtar |first=Md Jamil |title=Maulana Shibli Noamani As A Biographer And Historian |type=PhD |publisher=University Department of Urdu, [[Lalit Narayan Mithila University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/496281 |language=ur |page=199 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250921220545/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/496281 |archive-date=21 September 2025 |year=1988 |location=India |url-status=live}}</ref> Shibli also notes al-Ghazali's circle of students, known as ''Majalis al-Ghazaliyya''.{{Sfn|Zafar|2017|p=325}}

The second part analyzes al-Ghazali's writings, noting the large number of works he produced—788 in total—and their subjects and influence in the [[Eastern world|East]] and [[Western world|West]]. Shibli provides an introduction to major works, discusses their reception in Europe, and presents commentary on al-Ghazali's poetry.{{Sfn|Haq|2021|p=107}} The analysis covers his works in theology, jurisprudence, [[Principles of Islamic jurisprudence|principles of jurisprudence]], ethics, poetry, and Sufism. The book also examines opposition to al-Ghazali, including criticism from those who disagreed with his reconciliation of philosophy and religion or who were motivated by envy or malice.{{Sfn|Haq|2021|p=107}}

Shibli notes both the strengths and limitations of al-Ghazali's work. He highlights ''[[The Revival of the Religious Sciences]]'' for its intellectual content but critiques gaps in reporting [[Hadith|Hadiths]], historical accounts, and traditions.<ref name=":Aziz16">{{Cite thesis |last=Aziz |first=Shahid |title=Comparative Study of Biographical Writings of Muhammad Hussain Haikal and Shibli Noumani |type=PhD |publisher=School of Islamic Studies, [[Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/294809 |language=ar |page=216 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411210133/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/294809 |archive-date=11 April 2025 |year=2016 |location=India |hdl=10603/294809 |url-status=live}}</ref> The book situates al-Ghazali within the political, social, economic, and educational context of his time, noting his connections with the [[Caliphate|Caliphal]] court.<ref name=":Aziz16" /> Shibli draws extensively on al-Ghazali's letters and writings for biographical information.{{Sfn|Zafar|2017|p=326}} A large part of the discussion addresses al-Ghazali's ethics, showing that although he drew on philosophy, he extended its scope in ways that were unique to his approach.<ref name=":Nomani04">{{Cite book |last=Nomani |first=Khursheed |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/dar-ul-musannifeen-ki-tareekh-aur-ilmi-khidmat-part-002-khursheed-nomani-ebooks |title=Dar-ul-musannifin Ki Tareekh Aur Ilmi Khidmat |publisher=Darul Musannefin Shibli Academy |year=2004 |volume=2 |location=India |pages=16 |language=ur}}</ref>

al-Ghazali's engagement with philosophy shaped his development of a new Kalam.<ref name=":Nomani04" /> Shibli explains that ''Al-Ghazali'' accepted philosophical principles compatible with religion and rejected those that conflicted with them. He clarifies that accusations claiming ''Al-Ghazali'' opposed philosophy were mistaken. ''Al-Ghazali'' is quoted explaining that misunderstandings about philosophy can cause doubts about Islam, though these issues do not undermine the faith.<ref name=":Nomani04" /> Shibli also refutes Ibn Khaldun's claim that ''Al-Ghazali'' invented rational Kalam, arguing instead that he developed transmitted (naqli) Kalam to a level where it became effectively rational (aqlī), moving beyond simple transmission into reasoned theology.{{Sfn|Nomani|2004|p=17}}

== Legacy ==
''Al-Ghazali'' received mixed responses from scholars. It was praised for intellectual depth but criticized for lacking biographical detail. Sirajul Haq of [[Delhi University]] said Shibli's historical and biographical insight was evident though not fully expressed, and while the book fluently presents al-Ghazali's personality and achievements, details of his personal and social life are limited.{{Sfn|Haq|2021|p=105}} Akhtar Waqar Azim called it 'the most deficient in historical and biographical terms among all of Shibli's works,' saying Shibli focused on intellectual development but overlooked personal and cultural aspects.{{Sfn|Haq|2021|p=105}} Syed Abdullah wrote, 'Shibli has succeeded in his purpose. Through ''Al-Ghazali'', he has encouraged certain trends: reforming internal shortcomings of scholars, emphasizing freedom and truthfulness before rulers, and highlighting the importance of studying philosophy and rational sciences.'{{Sfn|Haq|2021|p=105}} Almas Khanum of [[Government College University, Lahore]] described the book as a milestone in Shibli's study of Kalam, though 'not entirely successful,' where 'instead of the meticulous researcher, a philosophical Shibli appears to emerge.'<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khanum |first=Almas |date=2016 |title=Maulana Shibli Nomani ki Muhqiqana Kawishen |url=https://tahqeeqnama.gcu.edu.pk/website/journal/article/5d9f27733d6e0/page |journal=Tahqeeq Nama |language=ur |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=290}}</ref> Sayeeda Begum of [[Tumkur University]] found the work outstanding,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Begum |first=Sayeeda |date=2020 |title=Maulana Shibli's Historical Perspectives: A study of Al-Mamun and Imam Ghazali |url=https://shabdbooks.com/volume-9-issue-5-2020-2 |journal=Mukt Shabd Journal |language=en |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=7664 |issn=2347-3150 |archive-date=30 April 2025 |access-date=29 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430231356/https://shabdbooks.com/volume-9-issue-5-2020-2 |url-status=live }}</ref> while M.C. Aboobacker of [[Sri Venkateswara University]] noted that 'the greatest shortcoming of the book is the lack of biographical elements,' yet regarded it as 'the finest biography of al-Ghazali written at a time when no independent work on his life was available.'{{Sfn|Aboobacker|2014|p=278}} Safia B. said its aim was 'to present al-Ghazali's life within these pages,' though readers 'may feel a sense of incompleteness or thirst for more detail.'{{Sfn|Aboobacker|2014|p=279}} Mohd Jafar Ahrari of [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] observed that Shibli used the book to promote reform among scholars, courage before rulers, and the study of philosophy, rational sciences, and [[ijtihad]].{{Sfn|Ahrari|1999|p=163}} Ammar Abdul Hai of [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] noted it 'contains very few biographical elements' but remains 'a unique work on its subject' in Urdu.<ref name=":Hai17" />

Shaista Khatoon of [[Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University]] said the book became highly popular and first made Urdu readers aware of al-Ghazali's exemplary personality.{{Sfn|Khatoon|2013|p=55}} Talat Zafar of [[Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University]] concluded that ''Al-Ghazali'' 'cannot be called a fully successful biography' and 'may be called a "[[history of knowledge]]" rather than a strict biography.' He added that Shibli faced difficulty collecting material from old and limited sources but developed 'a style that made philosophical and theological ideas attractive, clear, and fluent.'<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Zafar |first=Talat |title=Shibli nomani bahaisiyat Sawaneh Nagar |type=PhD |publisher=Department of Urdu, [[Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/201138 |language=ur |page=327 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241221091359/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/201138 |archive-date=21 December 2024 |year=2017 |location=India |hdl=10603/201138 |url-status=live}}</ref> Syed Shah Ali wrote that ''Al-Ghazali'' 'cannot serve as an excellent source for other biographies,'{{Sfn|Zafar|2017|p=319}} while [[Sabahuddin Abdur Rahman]] noted that Shibli faced great difficulty obtaining material but 'made every possible effort to gather it.'{{Sfn|Zafar|2017|p=320}} Khursheed Nomani summarized that 'Shibli's book can be considered fully successful in achieving its lofty purpose.'{{Sfn|Nomani|2004|p=18}}

== See also ==
* [[:Category:Deobandi biographical literature|Deobandi biographical literature]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite thesis |last=Gasman |first=Fejri |title=Shibli Numanis contribution to revitalization of Ilm al-kalam |degree=MA |publisher=[[International Islamic University Malaysia]] |url=https://studentrepo.iium.edu.my/entities/publication/f81cc928-6269-46b9-b8ec-bc272952deb2 |language=en |page=50–90 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250921212035/https://studentrepo.iium.edu.my/entities/publication/f81cc928-6269-46b9-b8ec-bc272952deb2 |archive-date=21 September 2025 |url-status=live |year=2012 |location=Malaysia}}

== External links ==
* [[iarchive:AlGhazali0|''Al-Ghazali'']] at [[Internet Archive]]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Deobandi biographical literature]]
[[Category:Books by Shibli Nomani]]
[[Category:Al-Ghazali]]
[[Category:Islamic theology books]]
[[Category:1902 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Urdu-language books]]
[[Category:Indian non-fiction books]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Darul Musannefin Shibli Academy books]]
[[Category:1902 books]]

V. V. K. Valath

2025-11-29T17:45:36Z

Gurushivam: new some entry from scratch.

{{Short description|Malayalam writer and historian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{COI|date=June 2022}}{{Like resume|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Vadakke Valath Krishnan
| image = VVK Valath.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| pseudonym = V. V. K. Valath
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1918|12|25}}
| birth_place = Valam, [[Cheranallur]], [[Ernakulam]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2000|12|31|1918|12|25}}
| death_place = [[North Paravur]], Ernakulam
| occupation = Historian, writer, poet, [[toponymist]]
| nationality = Indian
| period =
| genre = Novel, poem, [[toponymy]]
| subject = Social aspects, history
| parents = Velu Ashan (Father), Paru (Mother)
| movement =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards = {{ubl|[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contributions]]|[[Pandit Karuppan]] Award|Place Names Society Fellowship}}
| notableworks= {{ubl|''Rigvedathilude''|''Keralathile Stalacharitrangal''|''Idimuzhakkam''|''Minnal Velicham''}}
| signature =
| website = {{url|http://vvkvalath.blogspot.com|vvkvalath.com}}
}}
'''Vadakke Valath Krishnan''' (25 December 1918 – 31 December 2000), commonly known as '''V. V. K. Valath''', was an Indian writer, poet, toponymist and historian of [[Malayalam language]]. One of the pioneers of [[toponymy]] in Kerala, he focused on the origin of place names in the state as the subject of his works which are known for their attention to historic detail. He wrote poems, short-stories, novels, and over 400 historical articles and his most notable works are ''Rigvedathilude'' (a study of ''[[Rigveda]]''), ''Keralathile Stalacharitrangal'' (History of Places in Kerala), and poetry anthologies, ''Idimuzhakkam'' (The Thunder Rumble) and ''Minnal Velicham'' (The Thunder Flash). [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] awarded him their [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contributions|annual award for overall contributions]] in 1999. He was also a fellow of the Place Names Society and a recipient of the Pandit Karuppan Award.

== Biography ==
V. V. K. Valath was born on the [[Christmas Day]] of 1918 at Valam, a small hamlet between South Chittoor and [[Cheranellore]], near [[Edapally]] in [[Ernakulam district]] of the south Indian state of [[Kerala]] to Vadakke Valath Velu Asan and Paru.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/PROFILES/VVKValath/Html/VVKValathgraphy.htm |title=Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal |date=30 April 2019 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal |access-date=30 April 2019}}</ref> After early schooling at Little Flower Upper Primary School, Cheranellore, he passed the tenth standard examination from [[St. Albert's HSS, Ernakulam|St. Albert's High School, Ernakulam]] before completing the teachers' training course. His career started as a civilian clerk in Indian Army, stationed in [[Whitefield, Bangalore]] and on his return to Kerala, he taught at his alma mater, Little Flower Upper Primary School, for a short period, before joining Al Farookiya High School, Cheranellore where he spent the rest of his teaching career spanning 27 years until his superannuation from service.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal" />

Valath was married to Krishodhari and the couple had three sons, [[Mopasang Valath]], a painter,<ref name="http://en.artscad.com/@/MopasangValath">{{Cite web |url=http://en.artscad.com/@/MopasangValath |title=Mopasang Valath Artworks |date=1 May 2019 |website=en.artscad.com |access-date=1 May 2019}}</ref> [[Einstein Valath]], a writer<ref name="Angabhangam - Einstein Valath">{{Cite web |url=https://www.pratilipi.com/story/അംഗഭംഗം-60nw5sq5gzr9 |title=Angabhangam - Einstein Valath |date=30 April 2019 |website=www.pratilipi.com |language=ml |access-date=30 April 2019}}</ref> and [[Socrates K. Valath]], a writer<ref name="Madanelloorile penpannikal">{{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=86623&query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520valath |title=Madanelloorile penpannikal |last=Socrates Valath |date=2010 |publisher=Sahithyapravarthaka Sahakaranasangham |isbn=9780000170446 |location=Kottayam}}</ref> as well as a screenwriter. He died on the last day of 2000, at his rented house in [[North Paravur]], at the age of 82.<ref name="വി.വി.കെ.വാലത്ത് അന്തരിച്ചു">{{Cite web |url=https://malayalam.oneindia.com/news/2001/01/01/ker-vvk.html |title=വി.വി.കെ.വാലത്ത് അന്തരിച്ചു |last=Staff |date=1 December 2001 |website=malayalam.oneindia.com |language=ml |access-date=30 April 2019}}</ref>

== Legacy and honours ==
Though not involved in active politics, Valath was attracted to communist ideals and his works focused mainly on the effects of [[capitalism]] and poverty.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal" /> He published a poem on [[Mahatma Gandhi]], titled ''The Light of the 20th Century'' in [[Mathrubhumi Azhchappathippu]] while serving as a civilian clerk in [[British Military]] at Bangalore for which he was dismissed from British service. Later, going against the normal practice followed in the 1940s, he pioneered [[free verse]] in Malayalam poetry, by writing poems without following poetic rules, [[Metre (poetry)|metre]], or rhythms.<ref name="Das2005">{{cite book |author=Sisir Kumar Das |title=History of Indian Literature: 1911-1956, struggle for freedom : triumph and tragedy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sqBjpV9OzcsC&pg=PA530 |year=2005 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-7201-798-9 |pages=530–}}</ref> ''Idimuzhakkam'', ''MinnalVelicham'', ''Chakravalathinapuram'', ''Randu Mazha Veenalo'' and ''Aarkkariyanam'' were written in free verse.<ref name="List of works">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/PROFILES/VVKValath/Html/VVKValathPage.htm |title=List of works |date=1 May 2019 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=1 May 2019}}</ref> In late 1960s, he shifted his attention to Kerala history and its links to [[Sangam literature]] and published his first book on Kerala history, ''Keralathile Stalacharitrangal'', in 1969. Later, he furthered his research with assistance from [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]], and published four books on [[toponymy]] viz. ''Keralathile Stalacharitrangal: Thrissur'',<ref name="A valuable study of Thrissur's history">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/a-valuable-study-of-thrissurs-history/article2918405.ece |title=A valuable study of Thrissur's history |last=Santhosh |first=K. |date=22 February 2012 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=30 April 2019}}</ref> ''Keralathile Stalacharitrangal: Ernakulam'', ''Keralathile Stalacharitrangal: Palakkad''<ref name="Palakkad fort – A reminder of Mysore's campaigns in Malabar">{{Cite web |url=https://travel.manoramaonline.com/travel/getting-about-kerala/palakkad/2018/10/03/palakkad-fort-a-reminder-of-mysores-campaigns-in-malabar.html |title=Palakkad fort – A reminder of Mysore's campaigns in Malabar |website=OnManorama |language=en |access-date=1 May 2019}}</ref> and ''Keralathile Stalacharitrangal: Trivandrum''.<ref name="Padinjarae Kotta, a gateway to Thiruvananthapuram’s past">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/padinjare-kotta-serves-as-a-gateway-to-thiruvananthapurams-past/article23850789.ece |title=Padinjarae Kotta, a gateway to Thiruvananthapuram's past |last=Rajeev |first=Sharat Sunder |date=11 May 2018 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=30 April 2019}}</ref> His work, ''Rigvedathilude'',<ref name="Rigvedathilude">{{Cite web |url=http://2.bp.blogspot.com/__OKothvYs7I/TKf6005fu4I/AAAAAAAAAB8/zCiiKNuAuPs/s1600/3.jpg |title=Rigvedathilude |date=1 May 2019 |website=Blog image |access-date=1 May 2019}}</ref> is an attempt to relate the [[Rigveda]] to the history of the land and the book detailed the customs and culture of [[vedic age]] India.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal" />

Valath, who wrote ''Lumumbaye Taracha Kurish'' (The Cross on which [[Patrice Lumumba]] was Crucified), ''Avar Nammude Rosenberg Dambadikale Konnu Kalanju'' (They killed our [[Julius and Ethel Rosenberg|Rosenberg couples]]), based on global themes, was honoured for his [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contributions|overall contributions]] by the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] in 1999.<ref name="Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contributions">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/ksa/Awards/total.htm |title=Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contributions |date=30 April 2019 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=30 April 2019}}</ref> He was also a fellow of the Place Names Society of India and a recipient of the Pandit Karuppan Award.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal" /> A road in Cheranellore has been named after him as ''V. V. K. Valath Road''.<ref name="V. V. K. Valath Road - Kochi">{{Cite web |url=http://wikimapia.org/street/16390861/vvk-valath-road |title=V. V. K. Valath Road - Kochi |date=30 April 2019 |website=wikimapia.org |access-date=30 April 2019}}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==

=== Poems ===
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=48974 |title=Idumuzhakkam |last=Valath |first=V. V. K. |date=1984 |publisher=National Book Stall |location=Kottayam}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=35322 |title=Minnal Velicham |last=Valath |first=V. V. K. |date=1947 |publisher=Mangalodayam |location=Thrissur}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=41760 |title=Njan Iniyum Varum |last=Valath |first=V. V. K. |date=1974 |publisher=National Book Stall |location=Kottayam}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=65107 |title=Chakravalathinappuram |last=Valath |first=V. V. K. }}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=84358&query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520valath |title=V V K Valathinte kavithakal |last=Valath |first=V. V. K. |date=2002 |publisher=Current books |isbn=9788124012154 |location=Kottayam}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=64146 |title=Bhavasramkhala |last=Valath |first=V. V. K. |publisher=P. K. Brothers |location=Kozhikode}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=64183 |title=Vallaki |last=Valath |first=V. V. K. }}
{{div col end}}

=== Short stories ===
* {{Cite book |url=http://122.165.117.71/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=12374&query_desc=au%3A%22V.%20V.%20K.%20Valath%22 |title=Ini Vandi Illa |last=Valath |first=V. V. K. |date=1955 }}
*''Ayakkanja Kathu'' (The Mail that was Never Sent)

=== Novel ===
*''Ivide Oru Kamukan Marikunnu'' (Here Dies a Lover)

=== Biography ===
* {{Cite book |url=http://122.165.117.71/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=45791&query_desc=au%3A%22V.%20V.%20K.%20Valath%22 |title=Pandit Karuppan |last=Valath |first=V. V. K. |date=1985 |publisher=Kerala History Association }}

=== Scholarly works ===
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=212968&query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520valath |title=Rigvedathiloode |last=Valath |first=V. V. K. |date=1969 |publisher=N.B.S |location=Kottayam}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=76390&query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520valath |title=Charithra kavadangal |last=Valath |first=V. V. K. |date=1977 |publisher=Sahitya Pravarthaka Sahakarana Sangam |location=Kottayam}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=7326 |title=Sabaimala, Sholayar, Moonar |last=Valath |first=V. V. K. |date=1978 |publisher=Sahitya Pravarthaka Sahakarana Sangam |location=Kottayam}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=291576&query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520valath |title=Keralathile sthala charithrangal |last=Valath |first=V. V. K. |date=1969 |publisher=National Book Stall |location=Kottayam}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=85463&query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520valath |title=Keralathile sthalacharithrangal: Thrissur Jilla |last=Valath |first=V. V. K. |date=2003 |publisher=Kerala Sahitya Academy |isbn=9788176900515 |location=Thrissur}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=85464&query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520valath |title=Keralathile sthalacharithrangal: Palakkad Jilla |last=Valath |first=V. V. K. |date=2005 |publisher=Kerala Sahitya Academy |isbn=9788176900737 |location=Thrissur}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=85465&query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520valath |title=Keralathile sthalacharithrangal: Ernakulam Jilla |last=Valath |first=V. V. K. |date=2006 |publisher=Kerala Sahitya Academy |isbn=9788176901055 |location=Thrissur}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=85466&query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520valath |title=Keralathile sthalacharithrangal: Thiruvananthapuram jilla |last=Valath |first=V. V. K. |date=1998 |publisher=Kerala Sahitya Academy |location=Thrissur}}
{{div col end}}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* [[List of Malayalam-language authors by category]]
* [[List of Malayalam-language authors]]
{{div col end}}
{{Portal|India|Literature|History}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite web |url=https://ajaysekher.net/2009/12/26/kallil-surviving-relic-jainism-central-kerala/ |title=Kallil: The Last Surviving Relic of Jainism in Central Kerala |last=Ajay |date=26 December 2009 |website=Ajaysekher.net |language=en-US |access-date=1 May 2019}}
* {{cite book |author=Bardwell L. Smith |title=Religion and Social Conflict in South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xNAI9F8IBOgC&pg=PA26 |year=1976 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=90-04-04510-4 |pages=26–}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/PROFILES/VVKValath/Html/VVKValath.htm |title=Portrait commissioned by Kerala Sahitya Akademi |date=23 April 2019 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=23 April 2019}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/PROFILES/VVKValath/Html/VVKValathScript.htm |title=Handwriting |date=23 April 2019 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=23 April 2019}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0_TXcIhAygE |title=VVK Valath Interview |last=Doordarshan |date=6 January 2011 |website=YouTube |access-date=30 April 2019}}

{{Malayalam Literature}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Valath, V. V. K.}}
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:2000 deaths]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:People from Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian scholars]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biographers]]

Pancha Kshethram

2025-11-19T20:57:59Z

Gurushivam:

{{refimprove|date=January 2025}}
{{Short description|Group of five Vishnu temples in South India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
[[File:Maharishi Bhrighuji.jpg|thumb|alt=Painting of a seated holy man, looking at a deity|The maharishi [[Bhrigu]]]]
The '''Pancha Kshetram''', ({{langx|sa|पञ्च क्षेत्रम्|lit=Five abodes/stages of Vishnu|translit=Pañca Kṣetram}}) or '''Pancha Bhargavi Kshethram''', is a group of five [[Hindu temple]]s in [[Hinduism in India|India]] which are dedicated to the deities [[Vishnu]] and [[Lakshmi]] (Bhargavi). Their legend is associated with the [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala]]. Four of the temples are [[Divya Desam]]s, and one is an [[Abhimana Kshethram]].

==Legend==
During ''[[Kali Yuga]]'', [[Narada]] advised sages who were performing a [[yajna|yagna]] (fire ritual) to decide who of the [[Trimurti]] ([[Brahma]], [[Vishnu]] and [[Shiva]]) should receive its fruits. [[Bhrigu]] was sent to test the trinity. The sage, who had an extra eye in the sole of his foot, visited Brahma and Shiva without being noticed. He cursed Brahma to not be worshipped, and Shiva to be worshipped as a [[lingam]]. Bhrigu then visited Vishnu, who ignored him. Angry, Bhrigu kicked Vishnu in the chest; Vishnu apologised to the sage by massaging his feet, crushing the extra eye on the sole of Bhrigu's foot. [[Lakshmi]] considered the kick an insult, since Vishnu's chest was considered Lakshmi's residence. She left [[Vaikuntha]], came to Earth at [[Kolhapur|Kohlapura]], and began meditating.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/religion/religious-places/history-of-tirupati-balaji-temple/articleshow/68206101.cms|title=History of Tirupati Balaji temple|date=21 January 2023|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>

Vishnu took human form as [[Venkateswara|Srinivasa]], left Vaikuntha in search of Lakshmi, reached the [[Seshachalam Hills]] in [[Tirumala]], and began meditating. Lakshmi learned about Srinivasa and called Shiva and Brahma, who became a cow and a calf. Lakshmi gave them to the [[Chola]] king ruling the Tirumala Hills; the cow would provide milk to Srinivasa daily while it was grazing. A cowherd in the king's household saw this, and tried to beat the cow with his staff; Srinivasa bore the injury, and struck down the cowherd. Angered by the cowherd's actions, Srinivasa made the Chola king an [[asura]]; sins committed by servants should be born by their employers. The king prayed for mercy; Srinivasa told him that he would be reborn as Akasharaja and should marry Srinivasa to his foster-daughter, [[Padmavati (Hinduism)|Padmavati]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/tirumala-tirupati-devasthanam-all-about-the-tirupati-temple-its-legend-architecture-and-more-1632477971-1|title=Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanam: TTD Online, TTD Darshan, Tirupati Temple Legend, Architecture & More|date=24 December 2021|website=Jagranjosh.com}}</ref>

Srinivasa stayed with his foster-mother, [[Vakula Devi]], on the Tirumala Hills. The [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] king was reborn as Akasharaja and had a foster-daughter, Padmavati (the human form of Lakshmi, who took this form in the Padmapushkarini, present-day [[Tiruchanur]] in Tirupati, [[Andhra Pradesh]]). Srinivasa married Padmavati in present-day [[Narayanavanam]], and returned to the Tirumala Hills. After a few months, Srinivasa and Padmavati went to the seven Tirumala hills to emancipate humankind from the troubles of ''Kali Yuga''. They became stone deities, expressing their wish to always be there.

Padmavati was still angry with Vishnu. Bhrigu sought an apology and asked Lakshmi to allow him to be born in four more places: Sundararaja Perumal Temple, Salem, as Bhrigu; [[Nachiyar Koil]] as Medhavi Maharishi; [[Oppiliappan Temple]] as Markandeya Maharishi, and [[Sarangapani Temple]] as Hema Maharishi.<ref name="templesinindiainfo">{{cite web|title=Salem Alagirinathar Temple Timings, History|url=https://templesinindiainfo.com/salem-alagirinathar-temple-timings-history/|publisher=templesinindiainfo|accessdate=9 April 2017}}</ref><ref name="Meena">{{cite book|title=Temples in South India|last=V.|first=Meena|publisher=Harikumar Arts|location=Kanniyakumari|year=1974|edition=1st|page=29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2020/jun/22/sharngapani-perumal-the-temple-designed-like-a-chariot-2159561.html|title=Sharngapani Perumal: The temple designed like a chariot|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==The five temples==
{{Location map+|Tamil Nadu
|places=
{{location map~ |Tamil Nadu|lat=13.6830|long=79.3469|label= Tirumala|position=left}}
{{location map~ |Tamil Nadu|lat=11.65|long=78.15|label= Salem|position=left}}
{{location map~ |Tamil Nadu|lat=10.9166|long=79.4333|label= Thirunarayur|position=bottom}}
{{location map~ |Tamil Nadu|lat=10.9613|long=79.4313|label= Thirunageswaram|position=right}}
{{location map~ |Tamil Nadu|lat=10.9594|long=79.3747|label= Thirukudandhai|position=left}}
|caption=Pancha Kshethram locations|float=center|width=360|alt=Map of Tamil Nadu region, with temple locations}}

[[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala]] is run by Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams (TTD), controlled by the Andhra Pradesh government. The other four temples, in [[Tamil Nadu]], are maintained and administered by the [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] of the [[government of Tamil Nadu]]. The deities are revered in the fifth-century Tamil [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavate]] ''[[Divya Prabandha]]m'', written by the [[Alvars]]. The temples are classified as [[Divya Desam]] except for one, which is one of the 108 [[Abhimana Kshethram|Abhimana Sthalam]].

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#FFC569"
! Temple
! Photo
! Location
! Details
|-
| [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala]]
| [[File:Tirumala 090615.jpg|200px|alt=The temple, seen from a distance]]
| [[Tirumala]] {{coord|13|40|59.7|N|79|20|49.9|E|}}
| Venkateswara Temple is in the hill town of [[Tirumala]], at [[Tirupati]] in the [[Tirupati district]] of Andhra Pradesh. It is dedicated to Venkateswara, a form of Vishnu believed to have appeared on Earth to save humankind from ''Kali Yuga''. The temple is also known as Kaliyuga Vaikuntha, Tirumala Temple, Tirupati Temple and Tirupati Balaji Temple. Venkateswara is also known as Balaji, Govinda, and Srinivasa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tirumala.org/maintemple_about.htm |title=Tirumala Temple |access-date=13 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011032254/http://tirumala.org/maintemple_about.htm |archive-date=11 October 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| Sundararaja Perumal Temple
|
| [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], {{coord|11.65|N|78.15|E}}
| Sundararaja Perumal Temple, also known as Kottai Perumal Koil, is located on the [[Thirumanimutharu River (tributary of Kaveri)|Thirumanimutharu River]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/news/district/in-fort-perumal-templeonline-booking-for-special-darshan-554269|title=கோட்டை பெருமாள் கோவிலில் சிறப்பு தரிசனத்துக்கு ஆன்லைனில் முன்பதிவு|first=மாலை|last=மலர்|date=28 December 2022|website=www.maalaimalar.com}}</ref> It has contributions from the medieval Cholas, [[Vijayanagara Empire]], [[Chera]], [[Pandyas]] and [[Madurai Nayaks]]. The temple follows the [[Vaikhanasa]] tradition and its priests belong to the [[Vadakalai]] sect of [[Vaishnavism]], a Brahmin sub-caste.
|-
| [[Nachiyar Koil]]
| [[File:Nachiyar Kovil (13).jpg|200px|alt=Front of a newer-looking temple]]
| [[Nachiyar Koil]] {{coord|10|55|N|79|26|E}}
| Nachiyar Kovil (or Thirunarayur Nambi Temple) is in Thirunarayur, a village on the outskirts of [[Kumbakonam]]. The [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian]] temple is mentioned in the [[Divya Prabandha]]m, the early-medieval [[Tamil literature|Tamil]] verse collection from the [[Alvars]]. It is one of the 108 Divya Desam dedicated to Vishnu, who is worshipped as Srinivasa Perumal; his consort, Lakshmi, is worshiped as Nachiyar. The temple is where Vishnu is believed to have begun ''[[Samashrayana|Pancha Samskara]]'' (religious initiation) for [[Thirumangai Alvar]], and follows the [[Thenkalai|Tenkalai]] tradition.
|-
| [[Oppiliappan Temple]]
| [[File:Uppliyappan Kovil.jpg|200px|alt=Front of an older-looking temple]]
| Thirunageswaram {{coord|10|57|41.63|N|79|25|53.73|E}}
| The Dravidian Oppiliappan Temple is near [[Thirunageswaram]], a village on the outskirts of Kumbakonam. It is the 60th of the 108 Divya Desams dedicated to Vishnu, who is worshiped as Oppiliappan; his consort, Lakshmi, is worshiped as [[Bhumi Devi|Bhudevi]]. The temple is believed to have been begun by the medieval Cholas of the late 8th century CE, with later contributions from the [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom|Thanjavur Nayaks]]. It has two inscriptions dating to the Chola period, a five-tiered ''[[gopuram]]'' (gateway tower), and a granite wall.
|-
| [[Sarangapani Temple]]
| [[File:Gopuras in Kumbakonam - India.JPG|200px|alt=Two large, Dravidian buildings]]
| Kumbakonam {{coord|10|57|34|N|79|22|29|E}}
| Sarangapani Temple, in Kumbakonam, is one of the [[Divya Desam]]: the 108 temples of [[Vishnu]] revered in [[Nalayira Divya Prabandham]] by the [[Alwars|12 poet-saints]].<ref>{{cite book|title=108 Vaishnavite Divya Desams: Divya desams in Malai Nadu and Vada Nadu|last= M. S. |first=Ramesh|publisher= Tirumalai-Tirupati Devasthanam}}</ref> On the [[Kaveri]], it is one of the [[Pancharanga Kshetrams]].<ref name="Pancharanga Kshetrams">{{cite web | title=Pancharanga Kshetrams|work=Indiantemples.com |url=http://www.indiantemples.com/Tamilnadu/df012.html |access-date= 2007-06-20}}</ref> The temple, believed to have had contributions from the medieval Cholas, the Vijayanagara Empire, and the [[Madurai Nayaks]], is within a large granite wall. Its ''gopuram'' (main gateway) has eleven tiers and a height of {{convert|173|ft|m|abbr=on}}.
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Vishnu temples]]
[[Category:Lakshmi temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Tamil Nadu]]

Mogra railway station

2025-11-18T04:28:18Z

Gurushivam:

{{Short description|Railway station in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Magra
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] station
| style = Kolkata Suburban Railway
| image = Magra railway station 02.jpg
| image_caption = Mogra railway station
| address = [[Polba]] Road, Alikhoja, [[Mogra]], [[Hooghly district]], [[West Bengal]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.984155|88.368112|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| elevation =
| line = [[Howrah–Bardhaman main line]]
| other =
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| platform = 5
| tracks = 3 Main/8 Loop
| entrances =
| parking = Yes
| bicycle =
| opened = 1855
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 1958
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = MUG
| zone =
| division = {{rwd|Howrah}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| status = Functioning
| former = [[East Indian Railway Company]]
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system = India
| map_type = India West Bengal#India
| map_dot_label = Mogra
| map_size = 300
| map_caption = Location in West Bengal##Location in India
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Kolkata Suburban Railway|line=Eastern|left=Adisaptagram|right=Talandu|to-left=Howrah Junction|to-right=Barddhaman Junction|type=[[Howrah–Bardhaman main line]]}}
| route_map = {{Howrah–Bardhaman main line}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}
'''Magra railway station''' is a [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] station on the [[Howrah–Bardhaman main line]] operated by [[Eastern Railway zone]] of [[Indian Railways]]. It is situated beside [[Polba]] Road, [[Alikhoja]], [[Mogra]] in [[Hooghly district]] in the [[India|Indian]] state of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/magra-mug/3534|title=MUG/Magra|access-date=9 May 2019}}</ref> All [[EMU (train)|EMU]] and passenger trains stops at Mogra railway station. The construction work of third line between [[Bandel]] and [[Bardhaman]] is completed for which a new platform(1) is created. Mogra-Katwa line connecting Magra on Howrah–Bardhaman Main line with [[Tribeni, Hooghly|Tribeni]] on Bandel–Katwa line is also there. As of now it is only use for goods train transport. Another line from [[Tarakeswar]] to Mogra via Dhaniakhali is also in development.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/magra-mug-station|title=MAGRA (MUG) Railway Station|publisher=NDTV|access-date=9 May 2019}}</ref> Magra will be transferred to Magra Junction soon after the development of the Magra-Tarakeswar line via [[Dhaniakhali]]. Lands for the new Magra-Tarakeswar line are brought by the government and it is also in development.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

==History==
The [[East Indian Railway Company]] was formed on 1 June 1845, The first passenger train in the eastern section was operated up to {{stnlnk|Hooghly}}, on 15 August 1854. On 1 February 1855 the first train ran from {{stnlnk|Howrah}} to {{stnlnk|Raniganj}} through [[Howrah–Bardhaman main line]]. [[Bandel Junction railway station|Bandel]] to [[Barddhaman Junction railway station|Bardhaman]] route was opened for traffic on 1 January 1885. Electrification of the Howrah–Bardhaman main line was initiated up to Bandel in 1957, with the 3000V DC system, and the entire Howrah–Bardhaman route including Mogra railway station completed with AC system, along with conversion of earlier DC portions to 25 kV AC, in 1958.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,6,441,737|title=HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE – THE FIRST JOURNEY|website=er.indianrailways.gov.in|access-date=9 May 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{commons category|Magra railway station}}

{{Kolkata Suburban Railway, Eastern}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1855]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Hooghly district]]
[[Category:Kolkata Suburban Railway stations]]
[[Category:Howrah railway division]]

Femina Miss India 2023

2025-10-23T18:23:35Z

Gurushivam: Created First Article and Citations

{{short description|Indian beauty pageant}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox beauty pageant
| theme =
| image =
| caption =
| date = 15 April 2023
| presenters = {{hlist|[[Manish Paul]]|[[Bhumi Pednekar]]}}
| acts = {{hlist|[[Kartik Aaryan]]|[[Ananya Panday]]}}
| venue = [[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium|Indoor Stadium, Khuman Lampak Sports Complex]], [[Imphal]], Manipur, India
| broadcaster = [[Colors TV]]
| entrants = 30
| placements = 12
| winner = [[Nandini Gupta]]
| represented = [[Rajasthan]]
| photogenic = Megan Edward, [[Karnataka]]
| congeniality = Urmila Chauhan, [[Telangana]]
| before = [[Femina Miss India 2022|2022]]
| next = [[Femina Miss India 2024|2024]]
}}

'''Femina Miss India 2023''' was the 59th edition of the [[Femina Miss India]] beauty pageant. After a two-year hiatus, it was held on 15 April 2023 at [[Imphal]], Manipur, with contestants from 29 states (including Delhi) and a collective representative for all Union Territories adding up to 30 participants competed for the title.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/manipur/femina-miss-india-2023-to-be-hosted-in-imphal-624045|title=Femina Miss India 2023 to be Hosted in Imphal|website =sentinelassam.com|date=18 November 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/femina-miss-india-2023-announces-its-official-launch/articleshow/95790621.cms?from=mdr|title=Femina Miss India 2023 announces its official launch!|website=beautypageants.indiatimes.com|access-date=16 January 2023|archive-date=20 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420162249/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/femina-miss-india-2023-announces-its-official-launch/articleshow/95790621.cms?from=mdr|url-status=dead}}</ref>

At the end of the event, Sini Shetty of [[Karnataka]] crowned [[Nandini Gupta]] of [[Rajasthan]] as her successor, who will represent India at [[Miss World 2025]]. Rubal Shekhawat of [[Rajasthan]], crowned Shreya Poonja of Delhi as the first runner-up and Shinata Chauhan of [[Uttar Pradesh]] crowned [[Thounaojam Strela Luwang|Strela Thounaojam Luwang]] of [[Manipur]] as the second runner-up.

== Results ==
{|
|-
|colspan=2|For regional group:||colspan=2|For international placement:
|-
|width=200px|{{legend|Yellow|East Zone|text=E}}|| ||{{legend|gold|The contestant won in an international pageant.}}
|-
|width=200px|{{legend|HotPink|North East Zone|text=NE}}|| ||{{legend|#FFFF66|The contestant was a runner-up in an international pageant.}}
|-
|{{legend|DarkOrange|North Zone|text=N}}|| ||{{legend|#FFFACD|The contestant was a semi-finalist in an international pageant.}}
|-
|{{legend|Green|South Zone|text=S}}|| ||{{legend|#fadadd|Unplaced}}
|-
|{{legend|Blue|West Zone|text=W}}
|-
|{{legend|SkyBlue|Union Territory|text=UT}}
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! style="width:280px;background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;"| Placement
! style="width:300px;background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;"| Contestant
! style="width:200px;background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;"| International Placement
|-align="center" style="background:#FFFACD;"
|Femina Miss India World 2024
|
* {{legend|Blue|text=W|[[Rajasthan]] – [[Nandini Gupta]]}}
|
* [[Miss World 2025]] – Top 20
|-align="center"
| 1st Runner-up
|
* {{legend|DarkOrange|text=N|[[Delhi]] – Shreya Poonja}}
|-align="center"
| 2nd Runner-Up
|
* {{legend|HotPink|text=NE|[[Manipur]] – [[Thounaojam Strela Luwang]]}}
|-
|-align="center"
| Top 7
|
* {{legend|Yellow|text=E|[[Chhattisgarh]] – Aditi Sharma}}
* {{legend|Green|text=S|[[Karnataka]] – Megan Edward}}
* {{legend|Green|text=S|[[Kerala]] – Christeena Biju}}
* {{legend|Blue|text=W|[[Maharashtra]] – Apurva Chavan}}
|-align="center"
| Top 12
|
* {{legend|HotPink|text=NE|[[Assam]] – Anushka Lekharu}}
* {{legend|DarkOrange|text=N|[[Himachal Pradesh]] – Nikeet Dhillon}}
* {{legend|HotPink|text=NE|[[Sikkim]] – Zaanvii Sharma}}
* {{legend|DarkOrange|text=N|[[Uttar Pradesh]] – Tanya Sharma}}
* {{legend|Yellow|text=E|[[West Bengal]] – Shaswati Bala}}
|}

== Sub Title Awards ==
{|class="wikitable"
!Award
!Contestant
|-
|Beauty with a Purpose
|[[Union Territory]] - Navya Kalra
|-
|Miss Multimedia
|[[West Bengal]] - Shaswati Bala
|-
|Miss Glamorous Look
|[[Manipur]] - [[Thounaojam Strela Luwang]]
|-
|-
|Miss Rampwalk
|[[Kerala]] - Christeena Biju
|-
|Miss Beautiful Skin
|[[Union Territory]] - Navya Kalra
|-
|Miss Style Icon
|[[Manipur]] - [[Thounaojam Strela Luwang]]
|-
|-
|Miss Fit and Fabulous
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]] - Shyna Choudhary
|-
|Miss Sudoku
|[[Union Territory]] - Navya Kalra
|-
|Miss Fashion Quotient
|[[Union Territory]] - Navya Kalra
|-
|Miss Shining Star
|[[Himachal Pradesh]] - Nikeet Dhillon
|-
|Miss Photogenic
|[[Karnataka]] - Megan Edward
|-
|Miss Intelligent Quotient
|[[Haryana]] - Meharmeet Kaur
|-
|Miss Body Beautiful
|Delhi - Shreya Poonja
|-
|Miss Congeniality
|[[Telangana]] - Urmila Chauhan
|-
|Miss Eco Warrior
|[[Assam]] - Anushka Lekharu
|-
|Miss Goodness Ambassador
|[[Madhya Pradesh]] - Pratika Saxena
|-
|Miss Talented
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]] - Tana Puniya
[[Punjab, India|Punjab]] - Shyna Choudhary
|}

== Location & Format ==
=== Venue planning and agreement ===
[[Manipur]] hosted the grand finale of Femina Miss India 2023 in April 2023; this marked the first time the pageant was held outside [[Mumbai]] since 2002. In the presence of Manipur's Chief Minister [[N. Biren Singh]], and [[Times of India]] Managing Director [[Vineet Jain]] at the CM's Secretariat in [[Imphal]], an agreement to formalise the cooperation was signed between the Tourism Department, [[Government of Manipur]], and the [[The Times Group|Times Group]]. MP [[Leishemba Sanajaoba]], ministers [[Yumnam Khemchand Singh]], [[Govindas Konthoujam]], [[Awangbow Newmai]], Dr Sapam Ranjan Singh, H Dingko Singh, [[Leishangthem Susindro Meitei]], MLA [[Losii Dikho]], Chief Secretary Rajesh Kumar, and Rohit Gopakumar, Chief Operational Officer, [[Femina Miss India|Miss India Organisation]], were also present.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eastmojo.com/manipur/2022/11/17/manipur-to-host-femina-miss-india-2023-in-imphal/|title=Manipur to host Femina Miss India 2023 in Imphal|website =eastmojo.com|date=17 November 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/manipur/manipur-to-host-grand-finale-of-femina-miss-india-2023.html|title=Manipur to host grand finale of Femina Miss India 2023|website =nenow.in|date=17 November 2022 }}</ref>

=== Offline registrations ===
After two years of online pageant operations, from registration to auditions, Femina Miss India 2023 was held entirely offline. Contestants from all over the country auditioned in front of a panel of experts in a venue chosen for the zonal division. Following the audition, the organization's social media account revealed the state finalists, from which the 29 state representatives were chosen, in addition to a collective representative for the [[Union territory|Union Territories]]. These 30 finalists went through rigorous training and grooming activities. Furthermore, former Miss India and Bollywood actress [[Neha Dhupia]] was a mentor to the state delegates.

=== Activities in Manipur ===
The 30 state representatives arrived at [[Imphal International Airport]] on April 7, 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Femina Miss India 2023 contestants arrive in Imphal for grand finale |url=https://newsonair.com/2023/04/07/femina-miss-india-2023-contestants-arrive-in-imphal-for-grand-finale/ |access-date=2023-04-11 |language=en-US}}</ref>
They were received by crowning all of them with a [[Kajenglei]] (traditional Meitei female headdress) each and Leirum Lengyan (traditional Meitei shawl) each.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Online |first=Irap |date=2023-04-08 |title=Miss Femina India 2023 Contestants Arrive in Imphal; SC unhappy with Manipur HC Non-Compliance With its Ruling; Imphal-Ukhrul Road Widening Hurdles » Imphal Review of Arts and Politics |url=https://imphalreviews.in/miss-femina-india-2023-contestants-arrive-in-imphal-sc-unhappy-with-manipur-hc-non-compliance-with-its-ruling-imphal-ukhrul-road-widening-hurdles/ |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=imphalreviews.in |language=en-GB |quote=Thirty contestants of the Miss Femina India 2023 Grand Finale were accorded a warm welcome with traditional Leirum lengyan ang Kajenglei upon their arrival at Bir Tikendrajit International Airport in Imphal on April 7.}}</ref>
On 9 April, they visited the historic [[Kangla Fort]] located in the heart of [[Imphal]] city, where they were photographed and had videos shot for the pageant. During the shoot, the contestants were photographed at the temples (including the [[Pakhangba Temple, Kangla]]), fort ruins and the twin [[Kanglasha]] dragon statues.<ref>{{Cite web |last=NEWS |first=NE NOW |date=2023-04-10 |title=Manipur {{!}} Girls' day out: Femina Miss India 2023 contestants visit Kangla Fort in Imphal |url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/manipur/manipur-girls-femina-miss-india-2023-contestants-kangla-fort-imphal.html |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=NORTHEAST NOW |language=en-US}}</ref>
They attended a self defense session organised exclusively for them at the [[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipur Police hosts a self-defence session for Femina Miss India 2023 state winners |url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-india/manipur-police-hosts-a-self-defence-session-for-femina-miss-india-2023-state-winners/articleshow/99411478.cms |website=beautypageants.in}}</ref>

On 10 April, the state representatives visited the [[Loktak lake]] for their filming.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Miss India contestants soak in beauty of Loktak : 11th apr23 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=2..110423.apr23 |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref> After that, they visited the [[Indian National Army Memorial Complex]] (INA Memorial) in [[Moirang]]. They also visited the [[Little Flower School, Imphal]] where they interacted with the students.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-10 |title=A heartwarming and wholesome day for the 30 state winners of Femina Miss India 2023 {{!}} Pothashang News |url=https://www.pothashang.in/2023/04/10/a-heartwarming-and-wholesome-day-for-the-30-state-winners-of-femina-miss-india-2023/ |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=Pothashang |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="e-pao.net">{{Cite web |title=Contestants exhort students, visit Keithel, Loktak Lake : 11th apr23 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=28..110423.apr23 |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
At the end of the day, the ladies visited the {{langnf|mni|[[Ima Keithel]]|[[Ima Market]]}},<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-10 |title=A heartwarming and wholesome day for the 30 state winners of Femina Miss India 2023 {{!}} Pothashang News |url=https://www.pothashang.in/2023/04/10/a-heartwarming-and-wholesome-day-for-the-30-state-winners-of-femina-miss-india-2023/ |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=Pothashang |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="e-pao.net"/> in the heart of [[Imphal]], which is the world's only market run exclusively by women.<ref>–{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Om |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eENU_a8c79MC&q=ima+keithel+market+khwairamband+only+women+world&pg=PA974 |title=Encyclopaedia of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh |date=2006 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-8205-389-2 |language=en |quote='Ima Keithel' at Khwairamband Bazar is the only market in the world where, as the name suggests, all the stalls are run by women.}} –{{Cite book |last=Shivhare |first=Vishal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vjzcDAAAQBAJ&q=ima+market+nupi+keithel+only+women+world&pg=PT37 |title=Vyapar Shastra |date=2016-08-17 |publisher=Jaico Publishing House |isbn=978-81-8495-898-0 |language=en |quote=Ima Keithel Market, Imphal, Manipur Ima market or Nupi Keithel, in Imphal, Manipur, is the only all-women marketplace in the world.}} –{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Dr Th Suresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kbu_AwAAQBAJ&q=ima+keithel+market+only+women+world&pg=PA4 |title=The Endless Kabaw Valley: British Created Visious [sic] Cycle of Manipur, Burma and India |date=2014-06-02 |publisher=Quills Ink |isbn=978-93-84318-00-0 |language=en |quote=The world famous Ima Keithel, the only unique women ́s market in the world, situated at the heart of the capital : It was established in 1636 AD by king Khagemba as a part of his ...}} –{{Cite news |title=India's Mother's Market run by women |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-asia-32793952}}</ref>

=== Event schedule ===
The following is the list of the schedules of all the events of Femina Miss India 2023:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/are-you-excited-about-femina-miss-india-2023-auditions-heres-all-you-need-to-know-to-stay-ahead-of-your-game/articleshow/96768594.cms|title=Are you excited about Femina Miss India 2023 auditions? Here's all you need to know to stay ahead of your game!|website=beautypageants.indiatimes.com|access-date=16 January 2023|archive-date=7 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207073424/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/are-you-excited-about-femina-miss-india-2023-auditions-heres-all-you-need-to-know-to-stay-ahead-of-your-game/articleshow/96768594.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{| class="toccolours" style="font-size: 95%"
|-
! width=250px style = "background: #CECECE; color: #333333; text-align:center" | Event
! width=120px style = "background: #CECECE; color: #333333; text-align:center" | Date
! width=120px style = "background: #CECECE; color: #333333; text-align:center" | Location
|-
| style = "background: #eaecf0; color:#333333; "|Grand Finale
| style = "background: #eaecf0; color:#333333; "| 15 April 2023
| [[Imphal]]
|-
| style = "background: #eaecf0; color:#333333; "|Announcement of the Top 30 State Representatives
| style = "background: #eaecf0; color:#333333; "| 17 February 2023
| [[Mumbai]]
|-
| style = "background: #eaecf0; color:#333333; "|Final Audition
| style = "background: #eaecf0; color:#333333; "| 8–10 February 2023
| [[Mumbai]]
|-
| style = "background: #eaecf0; color:#333333; "|West Zone Auditions
| style = "background: #eaecf0; color:#333333; "| 3 February 2023
| [[Mumbai]]
|-
| style = "background: #eaecf0; color:#333333; "|North Zone Auditions
| style = "background: #eaecf0; color:#333333; "| 27 January 2023
| New Delhi
|-
| style = "background: #eaecf0; color:#333333; "|South Zone Auditions
| style = "background: #eaecf0; color:#333333; "| 20 January 2023
| [[Bengaluru]]
|-
| style = "background: #eaecf0; color:#333333; "|North-East Zone Auditions
| style = "background: #eaecf0; color:#333333; "| 18 January 2023
| [[Guwahati]]
|-
| style = "background: #eaecf0; color:#333333; "|East Zone Auditions
| style = "background: #eaecf0; color:#333333; "| 13 January 2023
| [[Kolkata]]
|}

==Contestants==
The following is the list of the official delegates of Miss India 2023 representing 29 states +1 common winner from all Union territories of the country:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/national-announcement-top-30-state-winners-of-femina-miss-india-2023/eventshow/98016329.cms|title=National Announcement: Top 30 state winners of Femina Miss India 2023|website=beautypageants.indiatimes.com}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
;Color key
{{plainlist|
* {{Color box|gold|border=darkgray}} Declared as Winner
* {{Color box|#FFF83B|border=darkgray}} Ended as Runner-up
* {{Color box|khaki|border=darkgray}} Ended as one of the Finalists or Semi-finalists
}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
! Zone
! width=150px |State
! width=150px |Delegate
! Age
|-
! rowspan=5| East
| [[Bihar]]
| Tanu Shree
| 24
|-style="background-color:khaki"
| [[Chhattisgarh]]
| Aditi Sharma
| 25
|-
| [[Jharkhand]]
| Kushmandvi Sharma
| 18
|-
| [[Odisha]]
| Janvi Soni
| 22
|-style="background-color:khaki"
| [[West Bengal]]
| Shaswati Bala
| 23
|-
! rowspan=8| North East
| [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| Tana Puniya
| 24
|-style="background-color:khaki"
| [[Assam]]
| Anushka Lekharu
| 23
|-style="background-color:#FFF83B"
| [[Manipur]]
| [[Thounaojam Strela Luwang]]
| 21
|-
| [[Meghalaya]]
| Irene Dkhar
| 20
|-
| [[Mizoram]]
| C. Lalhmangaihzuali
| 22
|-
| [[Nagaland]]
| Ezhotou Keyho
| 22
|-style="background-color:khaki"
| [[Sikkim]]
| Zaanvii Sharma
| 20
|-
| [[Tripura]]
| Nabanita Bhattacharjee
| 21
|-
! rowspan=7| North
| style="background-color:#FFF83B"|Delhi
| style="background-color:#FFF83B"|Shreya Poonja
| style="background-color:#FFF83B"|22
|-
| [[Haryana]]
| Meharmeet Kaur
| 24
|-style="background-color:khaki"
| [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| Nikeet Dhillon
| 23
|-
| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| Pratika Saxena
| 19
|-
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| Shyna Choudhary
| 23
|-
| [[Uttarakhand]]
| Ameesha Basera
| 22
|-style="background-color:khaki"
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| Tanya Sharma
| 20
|-
! rowspan=5| [[Femina Miss India South|South]]
| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| Gomathy Reddy
| 21
|-style="background-color:khaki"
| [[Karnataka]]
| Megan Edward
| 24
|-style="background-color:khaki"
| [[Kerala]]
| Christeena Biju
| 25
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| Karunya Mohanasundaram
| 24
|-
| [[Telangana]]
| Urmila Chauhan
| 25
|-
! rowspan=5| West & Union Territory
| [[Goa]]
| Victoria Fernandes
| 23
|-
| [[Gujarat]]
| Simran Saini
| 25
|-style="background-color:khaki"
| [[Maharashtra]]
| Apurva Chavan
| 25
|-style="background-color:Gold"
| [[Rajasthan]]
| [[Nandini Gupta]]
| 19
|-
| [[Union Territory]]
| Navya Kalra
| 24
|}

==Judges==
*[[Neha Dhupia]] – Femina Miss India 2002, Actress, Mentor & Reality show host<ref name="Judges">{{cite web |title=Femina Miss India contestants shoot at Imphal's Kangla Fort |date=10 April 2023 |url=https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/femina-miss-india-contestants-shoot-at-imphals-kangla-fort/ |publisher=Nagaland Post |access-date=10 April 2023 |archive-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410050708/https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/femina-miss-india-contestants-shoot-at-imphals-kangla-fort/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[Laishram Sarita Devi]] – Boxer<ref name="Judges" />
*[[Terence Lewis (choreographer)|Terence Lewis]] – Choreographer<ref name="Judges" />
*[[Rocky Star]] – Fashion designer<ref name="Judges" />
*Namrata Joshipura – Fashion designer<ref name="Judges" />
*[[Harshavardhan Kulkarni|Harshvardhan Kulkarni]] - Film director & writer

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.missindia.in/ Miss India Official Website]

{{Femina Miss India}}

[[Category:Femina Miss India|2023]]
[[Category:2023 beauty pageants]]
[[Category:2023 in India]]
[[Category:Beauty pageants in India]]

Abdul Salam Nadwi

2025-10-21T10:12:37Z

Gurushivam:

{{Short description|Indian Islamic scholar (1883 – 1955)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Abdul Salam Nadwi
| native_name = عبد السلام ندوی
| native_name_lang = ur
| image = Abdul Salam Nadwi.jpg
| birth_place = [[Azamgarh district|Azamgarh]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1883|2|16|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1955|10|04|1883|2|16|df=yes}}
| alma_mater = [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]]
| module = {{Infobox religious biography
| embed = yes
| religion = Islam
| denomination = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]
| jurisprudence = [[Hanafi school|Hanafi]]
| teacher = [[Shibli Nomani]]
}}
}}
'''Abdul Salam Nadwi''' (16 February 1883 – 4 October 1955) was an Indian Islamic scholar, historian, and writer of the 20th century. He was among the early students of [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]] and a close disciple of [[Shibli Nomani]]. For much of his career, he was associated with the [[Darul Musannefin Shibli Academy]] in Azamgarh, where he worked for several decades.

== Biography ==
Abdul Salam Nadwi was born on 16 February 1883 in Alauddin Patti, a village in [[Azamgarh district|Azamgarh]], India. He received his early education at local institutions before joining Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama in 1906. There, he studied under Shibli Nomani and began his training in research and writing. In the same year, he wrote an essay on the Hindu doctrine of transmigration, which was published in the magazine ''[[Al-Nadwa]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Nadwi |first=Ajmal Farooq |date=2025 |title=Shida-ye-Ilm Maulana Abdul Salam Nadwi (ra) |url=https://tameerehayat.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/Tameer-e-Hayat-10-August-2025.pdf |journal=[[Tameer-e-Hayat]] |volume=62 |issue=19 |pages=12–14 |issn=2582-4619}}</ref>

In 1909, Nadwi was appointed as a teacher at Nadwa. In 1912, he traveled to Calcutta with [[Maulana Azad|Abul Kalam Azad]] and worked with him on the newspaper [[Al-Hilal (newspaper)|''Al-Hilal'']]. Following the closure of ''al-Hilal'' and the death of Shibli Nomani, Nadwi joined the newly established [[Darul Musannefin Shibli Academy]] in 1914, where he remained active until his death in 1955.<ref name=":0" />

== Works ==
Nadwi’s writings fall into three main categories: history, literature, and translation. His historical works include ''Uswa-e-Sahaba'' (2 vols.), ''Uswa-e-Sahabiyat'', ''Hukama-e-Islam'' (2 vols.), ''Tarikh Akhlaq-e-Islam'', ''Imam Razi'', and ''Sirat Umar ibn Abdul Aziz''. His literary works include ''Sher al-Hind'' (2 vols.) and ''Iqbal Kamil'', an early study of [[Muhammad Iqbal]]. In translation, he produced Urdu versions of several texts, such as ''Tarikh Fiqh Islami'', works of [[Ibn Khaldun]], [[Ibn Yamin]], and ''Inqilab al-Umam''.<ref name=":0" />

== Sources ==
* {{Cite thesis |last=Ali Khan |first=Ghazanfar |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/144518216.pdf
|title=Maulana 'Abd al-salam Nadvi, and His Contribution to Islamic Studies |publisher=Department of Islamic Studies, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] |year=1996 |location=India |pages=1–37 |language=en |degree=Phd }}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Kalimullah |first=MD |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/648760
|title=Moulana Abdul Salam Nadwi Hayat Aur Karname |publisher=Department of Urdu, [[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University]] |year=1987 |location=India |pages=1 |language=ur |degree=Phd |hdl=10603/648760}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Shababuddin |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/56254
|title=Abdul Salam Nadvi hayath wa karname |publisher=Department of Urdu, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] |year=1988 |location=India |pages=1 |language=ur |degree=PhD |hdl=10603/56254}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Siddiqui |first=Farooque Ahmad |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/446653
|title=The Life and Works of Maulana Abdus Salam Nadvi |publisher=[[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University]] |year=1996 |location=India |pages=1 |language=ur |degree=PhD |hdl=10603/446653}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Azmi |first=Abdur Rasheed |title=Moulana Abdus Salam Nadvi Ki Sawaneh Aur Ilmi o Adabi Khidmat Ka Jaiza Sheirul Hind Key Khusoosi Hawaley Sey |degree=PhD |publisher=Department of Urdu, [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/382756
|language=ur |pages=1 |year=2009 |location=India |hdl=10603/382756}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ahmad |first=Kabir |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/maulana-abdus-salam-nadvi-ki-danishwari-aur-asr-e-hazir-ebooks
|title=Maulana Abdus Salam Nadvi Ki Danishwari Aur Asr-e-hazir |publisher=Maulana Abdul Salam Nadvi Foundation |year=2009 |editor-last=Haaron |editor-first=Mohammad |location=Mumbai |pages=17–37 |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Islahi |first=Ziauddin |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/maqalat-moulana-abdussalam-nadvi-ebooks
|title=Maqalat Moulana Abdussalam Nadvi |publisher=Mukhtar Packaging |year=2001 |editor-last=Haaron |editor-first=Mohammad |location=Mumbai |pages=17 |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Jaisi |first=Kabir Ahmad |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/maulana-abdussalam-nadvi-ek-mutala-kabir-ahmad-jaisi-ebooks
|title=Maulana Abdussalam Nadvi: Ek Mutala |publisher=Maulana Abdul Salam Nadvi Foundation |year=2013 |location=India |pages=16 |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Islahi |first=Abu Sufyan |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/maulana-abdussalam-nadvi-mahir-e-quraniyat-o-adbiyat-abu-sufyan-islahi-ebooks
|title=Maulana Abdussalam Nadvi Mahir-e-quraniyat-o-adbiyat |publisher=Ghazali Typesetters & Printers |year=2008 |location=Mumbai |pages=9 |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=al-A‘zami |first=Muhammad Ilyas |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/yagana-rozgar-maulana-abus-salam-nadvi-ebooks
|title=Yagana Rozgar Maulana Abdus Salam Nadvi |publisher=Adabi Daera |year=2014 |location=Azamgarh |pages=14 |language=ur}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Saif |first=Mashal |date=2019 |title=The Nadwat al-Ulama's Romance with Iqbal: Narrative construction and historiography |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26834908
|journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=53 |issue=6 |pages=1762–1796 |issn=0026-749X}}
* {{Cite journal |last=al-A‘zami |first=Muhammad Ilyas |date=1995 |title=Maulana Abdul Salam Nadwi : Tasnifat, Talifat, Tarajim |url=http://irigs.iiu.edu.pk:64447/ojs/index.php/irifikronazar/article/view/6078
|journal=Fikr-o Nazar |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=61–91 |doi=10.52541/fn.v33i1.6078 |eissn=2518-9948}}
* {{Cite news |date=2021 |title=Abdul Salam Nadwi: Insha wa Adab mein Mumtaz, ek Islami Mufakkir aur Aalim Fazil Shakhsiyat |url=https://urdu.arynews.tv/death-anniversary-abdus-salam-nadvi/
|work=[[ARY News]]}}
* {{Cite book |last=Al-Azami |first=Mohammad Ilyas |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/darul-musannefeen-ki-tarikhi-khidmat-mohammad-ilyas-al-azami-ebooks
|title=Darul Musannefeen Ki Tarikhi Khidmat |publisher=Khuda Bakhsh Library |year=2002 |location=Patna |pages=303–311 |language=ur}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Roquiya |first=Zainab |title=Darul Musannefin Ki Adbi Tasaneef Ka Tahqiqi Wa Tanqidi Jaiza |degree=PhD |publisher=Department of Urdu, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/63563
|language=ur |pages=68–80 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161214005710/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/63563
|archive-date=14 December 2016 |year=2014 |location=India |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Parveen |first=Naghma |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/127224
|title=Seerat Nigari mein Darul Mosannafeen Azamgarh ki Kidmat Ek Tehqiqi Jaiyza |publisher=Department of Sunni Theology, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] |year=2016 |location=India |pages=61–65 |language=ur |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508184632/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/127224
|archive-date=8 May 2019 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Nizamuddin |title=Darulmusannyafin Shiblee Ekademy Ka Aitihasik Addhyayan 1914 Se 1947 |degree=PhD |publisher=Department of History, [[Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/146535
|language=hi |pages=93–95 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250924000424/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/146535
|archive-date=24 September 2025 |year=2015 |location=India |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Fatima |first=Shaheen |title=Talamiza E Shibli Ki Ilmi Khidmaat |type=PhD |publisher=Department of Urdu, [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/376255
|language=ur |page=190–220 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241125115337/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/376255
|archive-date=25 November 2024 |year=2021 |location=India |hdl=10603/376255 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nomani |first=Khursheed |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/dar-ul-musannifin-ki-tareekh-aur-ilmi-khidmat-part-001-khursheed-nomani-ebooks
|title=Dar-ul-musannifin Ki Tareekh Aur Ilmi Khidmat |publisher=Darul Musannefin Shibli Academy |year=2003 |location=India |pages=69–73 |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Islahi |first=Kalim Sifaat |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/dar-ul-musannifin-ke-sau-saal-kalim-sifaat-islahi-ebooks
|title=Dar-ul-Musannefin Ke Sau Saal |publisher=Darul Musannefin Shibli Academy |year=2014 |isbn=978-93-82201-29-8 |location=India |pages=111–115 |language=ur}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Bano |first=Parveen |title=Hali Aur Shibli ke tanqeedi nazaryat ka taqaabli mutalaa |degree=PhD |publisher=Department of Urdu, [[Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/179176
|language=ur |year=2007 |location=India |hdl=10603/179176 |pp=201–213}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Rahman |first=Obaidur |title=Musahamatu Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama Fi Nashril Lughatil Arabiati Wal Adabil Islami Wa Dauruha Fi Majalis Sahafati Wal Elam |degree=PhD |publisher=[[University of Calcutta]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/314806 |language=ar |pages=258–259 |year=2017 |location=India |hdl=10603/314806 |access-date=11 November 2024 |archive-date=16 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616040516/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/314806 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite thesis
|last=Khan
|first=Ghazanfar Ali
|title=Nadvat-al-Ulama: a centre of islamic learning
|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/49833
|publisher=Department of Islamic Studies, [[Aligarh Muslim University]]
|year=2001
|location=India
|language=en
|hdl=10603/49833
|degree=PhD
|page=127–128
}}

== See also ==
* [[List of Deobandis]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Hanafi scholars}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nadwi, Abdul Salam}}
[[Category:Deobandis]]
[[Category:Hanafis]]
[[Category:1883 births]]
[[Category:1955 deaths]]
[[Category:Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama alumni]]
[[Category:People from Azamgarh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:20th-century Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:20th-century Urdu-language writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Arabic-language writers]]
[[Category:Iqbal scholars]]

Ramaswamy R Iyer

2025-09-24T23:17:50Z

Gurushivam: created new details!

{{short description|Indian civil servant (born 1929)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ramaswamy R. Iyer
| image =
| imagesize =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Civil Servant, Activist, Policy Maker
| yearsactive =
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]
}}

'''Ramaswamy R Iyer''' (October 1929 - 9 September 2015) was an Indian civil servant, activist, water policy expert <ref>{{Cite journal |author1=Janakarajan, S |author2=Joy, K J |year=2015 |title=Ramaswamy R Iyer: A Tribute |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/24482456 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=50 |issue=39 |pages=22–24 |jstor=24482456}}</ref> who received the [[Padma Shri|padma shri]], the fourth-highest civilian honor in India in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Allegation Of Abuse Against Karnataka Minister Laxmi: BJP Leader C T Ravi Booked, Arrested |url=https://www.news18.com/india/allegation-of-abuse-against-karnataka-minister-laxmi-bjp-leader-c-t-ravi-booked-arrested-9162244.html |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Life ==
Iyer was born in Oct 1929 in Thakkali [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/water-policy-expert-ramaswamy-iyer-no-more/article7638113.ece|title=Water policy expert Ramaswamy Iyer no more|newspaper=The Hindu |date=10 September 2015|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> He served as an honorary research professor at CPR (Center for Policy Research), Delhi, served as secretary of water resources in the Government of India. He was appointed as Secretary of Water Resources in June 1985 and he is credited to have drafted India's first [[Indian water policy|National Water Policy]] in 1987.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cprindia.org/people/ramaswamy-r-iyer/|title=Ramaswamy R Iyer}}</ref> He was a friend of the philosopher [[K. J. Shah]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Iyer |first1=Ramaswamy R. |title=Chomsky and Wittgenstein A Short Reflection |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |volume=48 |issue=44 |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2013/44/commentary/chomsky-and-wittgenstein.html}}</ref>

He was also a writer. His book, ''Living Rivers, Dying Rivers'' (Oxford University Press, 2015) presents a grim pictures of rivers in decline.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/obituary-on-ramaswamy-r-iyer/article7642407.ece|title=A visionary on water issues|newspaper=The Hindu |date=11 September 2015|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{2000s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:R Iyer Ramaswamy}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Indian biophysicists]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]

{{India-activist-stub}}

Nallamilli Ramakrishna Reddy

2025-09-03T19:09:31Z

Gurushivam:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox office holder
| name = Nallamilli Ramakrishna Reddy
| office = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly| Member of Legislative Assembly Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start = 2024
| predecessor = [[Sathi Suryanarayana Reddy]]
| term_start1 = 2014
| term_end1 = 2019
| predecessor1 = Nallamilli Sesha Reddy
| successor1 = Sathi Suryanarayana Reddy
| constituency1 = [[Anaparthy Assembly constituency| Anaparthy]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| party = [[BJP]]
}}
'''Nallamilli Ramakrishna Reddy''' is an Indian politician from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He is a member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Anaparthy]] constituency.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.aplegislature.org/web/legislative-assembly/member-s-information | title=FOURTEENTH ANDHRA PRADESH LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY Constituted on 20.05.2014 | publisher=Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706122213/http://www.aplegislature.org/web/legislative-assembly/member-s-information | accessdate=10 August 2021| archive-date=6 July 2015 }}</ref> He is the son of former member of the legislative assembly (MLA) Nallamilli Moola Reddy. He ranked first place among 175 MLAs in an ABN Channel survey.

He conducted a programme in his constituency to solve people's problems and to interact with them directly, naming it Mana Intiki Mana MLA.

This programme inspired chief minister [[N. Chandrababu Naidu|Chandra Babu Naidu]], who implemented it statewide and named it Inti Intiki MLA. From 2014, Nallamilli developed his constituency with 5 billion and from 2018 to 2019, he planned development with another 1.50 billion.{{Clarify|reason=billion needs to be clarified|date=July 2021}}

He distributed nearly {{cvt|150|acre}} of government lands to the poor in Anaparthy constituency. He developed government hospitals and schools.{{Citation needed|date=October 2019}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nallamilli, Ramakrishna Reddy}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]

Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow

2025-08-21T13:56:30Z

Gurushivam: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Mahatma Gandhi Road (Lucknow)]]

Jamboni (community development block)

2025-08-10T02:05:34Z

Gurushivam: enhance layout for clarity and fixed typos based on references

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jamboni
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Jamboni in Jhargram (West Bengal).svg
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.451|N|86.879|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jhargram district|Jhargram]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 318.83
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 79
| population_total = 113,197
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Santali language|Santali]], [[Kurmali language|Kudmali/Kurmali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 721505 (Gidhni) 721503 (Chilkigarh)
| area_code = 03221
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-34
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 72.63%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Jhargram Lok Sabha constituency|Jhargram]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Binpur Assembly constituency|Binpur]]
| website = {{URL|jhargram.gov.in/}}
[http://jamboniblock.in/ Jamboni Block]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Jamboni''' (also spelled Jambani) is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in [[Jhargram subdivision]] of [[Jhargram district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==History==

===Red corridor===
106 districts spanning 10 states across India, described as being a part of the [[Far-left politics|left wing extremism]] activities, constitutes the [[Red corridor]]. In West Bengal the districts of Pashim Medinipur, Bankura, Purulia and Birbhum are part of the Red corridor. However, as of July 2016, there has been no reported incidents of [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)|Maoist]] related activities from these districts for the previous 4 years.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/red-corridor-to-be-redrawn/article8894304.ece |title = Red Corridor to be redrawn |last = Singh|first= Vijayita | publisher= The Hindu, 25 July 2016 | access-date = 1 August 2016}}</ref> In the period 2009-2011 LWE violence resulted in more than 500 deaths and a similar number missing in Paschim Medinipur district.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Paschim%20Medinipur.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Paschim Medinipur | work = May 2011. Page 271 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 31 July 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170329040941/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Paschim%20Medinipur.pdf | archive-date = 29 March 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

The [[Operation Lalgarh|Lalgarh movement]], which started attracting attention after the failed assassination attempt on [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]], then chief minister of West Bengal, in the Salboni area of Paschim Medinipur district, on 2 November 2008 and the police action that followed, had also spread over to these areas.<ref name=frontline>{{Cite news| url = http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2614/stories/20090717261412900.htm | title = Lalgarh Battle |magazine = Frontline|date= 17 July 2009 |access-date = 23 July 2016}}</ref> The movement was not just a political struggle but an armed struggle that concurrently took the look of a social struggle. A large number of CPI (M) activists, and others active in different political parties, were killed. Although the epi-centre of the movement was Lalgarh, it was spread across 19 police stations in three adjoining districts – Paschim Medinipur, Bankura and Purulia, all thickly forested and near the border with Jharkhand. The deployment of [[Central Reserve Police Force|CRPF]] and other forces started on 11 June 2009. The movement came to an end after the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011 state assembly elections]] and change of government in West Bengal. The death of [[Kishenji]], the [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)|Maoist]] commander, on 24 November 2011 was the last major landmark.<ref name=frontline/><ref>{{Cite news| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kishenjis-death-a-serious-blow-to-maoist-movement/article2657105.ece| title = Kishenji’s death a serious blow to Maoist movement |newspaper = The Hindu|date= 25 November 2011|access-date = 23 July 2016}}</ref>

From 2009 Maoist violence had rapidly spread across eleven western CD blocks of the district: Binpur I, Binpur II, Salboni, Grahbeta II, Jamboni, Jhargram, Midnapore Sadar, Gopiballavpur I, Gopiballavpur II, Sankrail and Nayagram.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Paschim%20Medinipur.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Paschim Medinipur | work = May 2011. Page 271 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 8 January 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170329040941/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Paschim%20Medinipur.pdf | archive-date = 29 March 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Geography==
The [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] gradually slopes down creating an undulating area with infertile laterite rocks/ soil. In Jamboni CD block 85% of the cultivated area has [[laterite|lateritic]] soil and 15% has [[alluvium|alluvial]] soil. Jamboni CD block is drought prone with a particularly severe drought situation.<ref name="geography">{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Paschim%20Medinipur.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Paschim Medinipur | work = page 4 (About Paschim Medinipur), page 26 (Predominant Soil), pages 265- 268 (Identification of Flood prone areas, Names of drought prone blocks) | publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 2 January 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170329040941/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Paschim%20Medinipur.pdf | archive-date = 29 March 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Gidhni is located at {{coord|22.451|N|86.879|E|format=dms|}}.

Jamboni CD block is bounded by [[Binpur II]] and [[Binpur I]] CD blocks in the north, [[Jhargram (community development block)|Jhargram]] CD block in the east, [[Gopiballavpur II]] CD Bblock in the south and [[Chakulia block|Chakulia]] and [[Dhalbhumgarh block|Dhalbhumgarh]] CD blocks, in [[East Singhbhum district]] in Jharkhand, in the west.

It is located 13 km to the west of [[Jhargram]] town, the district headquarters.

Jamboni CD block has an area of 318.83 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 10 [[gram panchayat]]s, 85 gram sansads (village councils), 338 [[mouza]]s and 281 inhabited villages. [[Jamboni#Police station|Jamboni]] police station serves this block.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Paschim Medinipur | work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 20 September 2020 }}</ref> Headquarters of this CD block is at [[Gidhni]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1918_PART_A_DCHB_PASCHIM%20MEDINIPUR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Paschim Medinipur | work= Map of Paschim Medinipur with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 20 November 2016 }}</ref>

Jamboni CD block had a forest cover of 7,640 hectares, against a total geographical area of 33,110 hectares in 2005–06.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Paschim%20Medinipur.pdf | title = District Human Development Report, Paschim Medinipur | work = Table 2.4, Page 28 | publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, May 2011 | access-date = 2 January 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170329040941/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Paschim%20Medinipur.pdf | archive-date = 29 March 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

[[Gram panchayat]]s of Jamboni block/ panchayat samiti are: Chichra, [[Chilkigarh]], Dharsa, Dubra, [[Gidhni]], [[Jamboni]], [[Kapgari]], Kenddangri and Parihati.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Paschim Medinipur - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 1 August 2016}}</ref>

==Demographics==

===Population===
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Jamboni CD block had a total population of 113,197, all of which were rural. There were 57,607 (51%) males and 55,590 (49%) females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 13,582. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 20,484 (18.10%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 32,369 (28.60%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = CD block wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 3 May 2016}}</ref>

According to 2001 census, Jamboni block had a total population of 101,715, out of which 51,868 were males and 49,847 were females. Jamboni block registered a population growth of 12.83 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for the combined Midnapore district was 14.87 per cent.<ref name=census>{{cite web | url =http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_15.htm | title = Provisional population totals, West Bengal, Table 4, (erstwhile) Medinipur District | access-date = 22 July 2016 | work = Census of India 2001 | publisher = Census Commission of India|url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110928205819/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_15.htm|archive-date=September 28, 2011}}</ref> Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.45 per cent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date= 17 July 2016 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref>

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Jamboni CD block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Parihati (4,312).<ref name=census2011/>

Other villages in Jamboni CD block included (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Jamboni]] (886), [[Gidhni]] (1,935), [[Chilkigarh]] (1,553), [[Kapgari]] (1,225) and Chichra (3,116).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
According to the 2011 census, the total number of literate persons in Jamboni CD block was 72,348 (72.63% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 41,574 (82.04% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 30,774 (62.88% of the female population over 6 years). The gender gap in literacy rates was 19.15%.<ref name=census2011/>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Paschim Medinipur district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Jamboni CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|77.70}}
{{bar percent|Other (tribal religion)|maroon|15.15}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|6.78}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.37}}
}}

In the 2011 census Hindus numbered 87,957 and formed 77.70% of the population in Jamboni CD block. Muslims numbered 7,677 and formed 6.78% of the population. Others numbered 17,563 and formed 15.52% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> Others include Addi Bassi, Marang Boro, Santal, Saranath, Sari Dharma, Sarna, Alchchi, Bidin, Sant, Saevdharm, Seran, Saran, Sarin, Kheria,<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14A.html |title = ST-14 A Details Of Religions Shown Under 'Other Religions And Persuasions' In Main Table | work= West Bengal |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 29 July 2016}}</ref> Christian and other religious communities. In 2001, Hindus were 67.56%, Muslims 6.31% and tribal religions 25.91% of the population respectively.<ref name=censusreligion2001>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/21481/download/24613/PC01_C01_19.xls|title = Table C01 Population by Religious Community: West Bengal |publisher = [[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |date=2001}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Jamboni CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 75.86 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value2 = 21.88 |color2 = darkturquoise
|label3 = [[Hindi]] |value3 = 1.52 |color3 = orange
|label4 = Others |value4 = 0.74 |color4 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 75.86% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 21.88% [[Santali language|Santali]] and 1.52% [[Hindi]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==BPL families==
In Jamboni CD block 67.11% families were living [[Below Poverty Line (India)|below poverty line]] in 2007.<ref name=bpl>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Paschim%20Medinipur.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Paschim Medinipur | work = May 2011. Page 177 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 8 January 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170329040941/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Paschim%20Medinipur.pdf | archive-date = 29 March 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

According to the District [[Human Development Report]] of Paschim Medinipur: The 29 CD blocks of the district were classified into four categories based on the poverty ratio. Nayagram, Binpur II and Jamboni CD blocks have very high poverty levels (above 60%). Kharagpur I, Kharagpur II, Sankrail, Garhbeta II, Pingla and Mohanpur CD blocks have high levels of poverty (50-60%), Jhargram, Midnapore Sadar, Dantan I, Gopiballavpur II, Binpur I, Dantan II, Keshiari, Chandrakona I, Gopiballavpur I, Chandrakona II, Narayangarh, Keshpur, Ghatal, Sabang, Garhbeta I, Salboni, Debra and Garhbeta III CD blocks have moderate levels of poverty (25-50%) and Daspur II and Daspur I CD blocks have low levels of poverty (below 25%).<ref name=bpl/>

==Economy==
===Infrastructure===
283 or 84% of mouzas in Jamboni CD block were electrified by 31 March 2014.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Paschim Medinipur | work = Tables 2.1, 8.2, 16.1, 17.2, 18.2, 18.1, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 20 September 2020}}</ref>

284 mouzas in Jamboni CD block had drinking water facilities in 2013–14. There were 31 fertiliser depots, 3 seed stores and 40 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in the CD block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Agriculture===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Persons engaged in agriculture in Jamboni CD block'''
|value1 = 4.69
|label1 = Bargadars
|value2 = 36.57
|label2 = Patta holders
|value3 = 2.34
|label3 = Small farmers
|value4 = 14.15
|label4 = Marginal farmers
|value5 = 42.26
|label5= Agricultural labourers}}

Although the Bargadari Act of 1950 recognised the rights of [[bargadar]]s to a higher share of crops from the land that they tilled, it was not fully implemented. Large tracts, beyond the prescribed limit of land ceiling, remained with the rich landlords. From 1977 onwards major land reforms took place in West Bengal. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 7 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Following [[Land reform in India|land reforms]] land ownership pattern has undergone transformation. In 2013–14, persons engaged in agriculture in Jamboni CD block could be classified as follows: [[bargadar]]s 4.69%, patta (document) holders 36.57%, small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 2.34%, marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 14.15% and agricultural labourers 42.26%.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2005-06 net cropped area in Jamboni CD block was 20,450 hectares and the area in which more than one crop was grown was 10,843 hectares.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Paschim%20Medinipur.pdf | title = District Human Development Report, Paschim Medinipur | work = Table 2.4, Page 28 | publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, May 2011 | access-date = 2 January 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170329040941/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Paschim%20Medinipur.pdf | archive-date = 29 March 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

The extension of irrigation has played a role in growth of the predominantly agricultural economy.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Paschim%20Medinipur.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Paschim Medinipur | work = Chapter V: Economic Livelihoods, pages 129-131 | publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 2 January 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170329040941/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Paschim%20Medinipur.pdf | archive-date = 29 March 2017 | url-status = dead}}</ref> In 2013–14, the total area irrigated in Jamboni CD block was 4,140 hectares, out of which 900 hectares was by canal water, 240 hectares by tank water, 20 hectares by deep tubewells, 1,850 hectares by shallow tube wells, 450 hectares by river lift irrigation, 30 hectares by open dug wells and 650 hectares by other methods.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013–14, Jamboni CD block produced 28,941 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop, from 14,703 hectares, 3,221 tonnes of Boro paddy (summer crop) from 1,106 hectares, 183 tonnes of wheat from 67 hectares and 20,749 tonnes of potatoes from 745 hectares. It also produced mustard and til.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Banking===
In 2013–14, Jamboni CD block had offices of 7 commercial banks and 2 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2014/>

==Transport==
Jamboni CD block has 16 originating/ terminating bus routes.<ref name=handbook2014/>

The [[Asansol-Tatanagar-Kharagpur line|Kharagpur-Tatanagar line]] of South Eastern Railway passes through this CD block and there is a station at Gidhni,<ref>{{cite web| url = http://indiarailinfo.com/train/kharagpur-tatanagar-passenge.r-58021-kgp-to-tata/3390/167/168 |title = 58021 Kharagpur-Tatanagar Passenger |work= Time Table |publisher= indiarailinfo | access-date = 25 July 2016}}</ref>

[[State Highway 9 (West Bengal)|State Highway 9]] running from Durgapur (in Paschim Bardhaman district) to Nayagram (in Jhargram district) passes through this CD block.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |title = List of State Highways in West Bengal | publisher= West Bengal Traffic Police | access-date = 23 August 2016}}</ref>

==Education==
In 2013–14, Jamboni CD block had 114 primary schools with 7.947 students, 17 middle schools with 801 students and 16 higher secondary schools with 11,375 students. Jamboni CD block had 1 general college with 670 students, 1 technical/ professional institution with 50 students and 272 institutions for special and non-formal education with 6,992 students.<ref name=handbook2014/>

The [[United Nations Development Programme]] considers the combined primary and secondary enrolment ratio as the simple indicator of educational achievement of the children in the school going age. The infrastructure available is important. In Jamboni CD block out of the total 113 primary schools in 2008–2009, 89 had pucca buildings, 3 partially pucca, 4 kucha and 17 multiple type.<ref name=humandev2>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Paschim%20Medinipur.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Paschim Medinipur | work = May 2011. Page: 60 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 31 July 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170329040941/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Paschim%20Medinipur.pdf | archive-date = 29 March 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

[[Seva Bharati Mahavidyalaya]] at [[Kapgari]] was established in 1964 and is affiliated to [[Vidyasagar University]]. It offers honours courses in Bengali, Santali, English, history, philosophy, geography, mathematics, chemistry (proposed), anthropology and accountancy.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/SevaBharatiMahavidyalaya/Seva_Bharati_Mahavidyalaya.shtml | title = Seva Bharati Mahavidyalaya | publisher = College Admission | access-date = 28 October 2016 | archive-date = 3 December 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161203101359/http://www.collegeadmission.in/SevaBharatiMahavidyalaya/Seva_Bharati_Mahavidyalaya.shtml | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Healthcare==
In 2014, Jamboni CD block had 1 block primary health centre and 2 primary health centres with total 31 beds and 5 doctors. It had 25 family welfare sub centres and 1 family welfare centre. 3,106 patients were treated indoor and 80,593 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Chilkigarh Block Primary Health Centre, with 15 beds at [[Chilkigarh]], is the major government medical facility in the Jamboni CD block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at: Chinchira (with 10 beds), and Kapgari (with 6 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Block Primary Health Centres | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =1 September 2020 | archive-date =16 August 2020 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200816074737/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 1 September 2020 | archive-date = 21 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180421215645/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

==External links==
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Jhargram}}

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Jhargram district topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Jhargram district]]

Education in Ballari

2025-07-19T11:16:03Z

Gurushivam: Created The Info W/ Sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}

Most of graduate education in [[Ballari]] city, [[Karnataka]], [[India]] falls under the jurisdiction of [[Vijayanagara Sri Krishnadevaraya University]] and [[Visvesvaraya Technological University]]. Educational institutions in the city include:
* [[Vijayanagar Institute of Medical Sciences]]
* [[Vijayanagara Sri Krishnadevaraya University]] (VSKU), Ballari
{{Cleanup-list|section|date=July 2025}}
* [[Taranath Ayurveda College]]
* [[Government Polytechnic, Ballari]]
* [[Sanjay Gandhi Polytechnic]]
* [[V.V.S. Polytechnic]] in Kolagal Road
* [[Teacher's Training Institute, Ballari]]
* [[Shree Medha Degree College]]
* [[St. Philomena's High School & Good Shepherd Convent]]
:Founded in 1885. In 1901, a technical class was run at the high school by the nuns of the Order of Good Shepherd, and the pupils were almost all Europeans or Eurasians.<ref name="imperial-gazetteer">
{{cite book|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/toc.html?volume=7|title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India|date=1908–1931|publisher=Clarendon Press|volume=7|location=Oxford|pages=158–176}}
</ref>
* [[St. Joseph's High School, Ballari]]
* [[St. John's High School & Junior College, Ballari]]
* [[Wardlaw Composite Jr. College]]
:Founded as a school in 1846 by Rev. [[R S Wardlaw]], D.D. of the [[London Mission]], and raised to second grade college in 1891. For a long time, it was the only Arts college in the Ceded Districts. In 1903-04 it had an average daily attendance of 319 students, of whom 17 were in F.A.Class. This is the oldest educational institution in the Bellary town and continues to offer education to the people of Bellary to date.<ref name="imperial-gazetteer"/> Prof. [[U. R. Rao]] of [[ISRO]] studied in this institute{{Citation needed|date=October 2007}}.
* [[Maddikera Bhimayya Sonta Linganna]] [M.B.S.L] High School
* [[Bala Bharati Vivekananda High School]]
* [[London Mission Telugu Primary School]]
* [[Municipal Junior College, Ballari]]
:This school on Ananthapur Road is over 150 years old. One of the oldest institutions in the town, it was started as a composite school for students from the Class IV elementary to Class VI form school final with English as the medium of instruction along with other languages like Telugu, Kannada and [[Urdu]], besides ancient languages such as [[Sanskrit]], [[Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]].
:John Neale was the first headmaster of the school, followed by eminent people such as [[A. Ranganatha Mudaliar|Arcot Ranganath Mudaliar]], [[T. D. Logan]], [[Arcot Bheemachar]], [[K. S. Vedantham]], [[B. Madhava Rao]], and [[Bahadur S. Seshagiri Rao]]. The foundation for the present building on Anantapur Road was laid on 16 July 1926 by [[R. G. Grieve]], Director of Public Instruction, Government of Madras when [[Nagaruru Narayana Rao]] was the chairman of the Bellary Municipality<ref name="municipal_school">{{cite news
| title = Steering success
| publisher = Deccan Herald
|date=2003-08-08
| url =http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/aug08/spt3.asp
}}</ref>
* [[Moulana Abul Kalam Azad High School]] (MAKA High School)
:The Municipal High School was bifurcated in the 1950s and the Municipal Muslim High School, was later renamed Moulana Abul Kalam Azad High School. Janaab [[Meer Mohammed Hussain]] became the headmaster of the new school.<ref name="municipal_school" />
* [[Bellary Institute of Technology and Management]] (formerly Bellary Engineering College)
* [[Kendriya Vidyalaya, Ballari]] in Cowl Bazaar
* [[Heerada Sugamma Model Higher Primary School]]
* [[Shettra Gurushantappa Junior College]]
* [[Veerasaiva College]] (Arts, Commerce & Science)
* [[Kotturswamy College of Education]]
* [[Allam Sumangalamma Memorial Women's College]]
* [[Vunki Sannarudrappa Law College]]
* [[Rao Bahadur Y. Mahabaleshwarappa Engineering College]] (formerly Vijayanagar Engineering College)
* [[Togari Veeramallappa Memorial College of Pharmacy]]
* [[Kittur Rani Chennamma Girl's High School]]
* [[V.V. Sangha's Polytechnic]]
* [[Allum Karibasappa Institute of Management]] (formerly Vijayanagara Institute of Management)
* [[Pupil Tree School]]
* [[Dream World School]]
* [[Nandi School & College]]
* [[Sri Chaithanya School and College]]
* [[Nalandha School and College]]
* [[Bellary Residential School and College]]
* [[ICFAI University, Ballari]] in Moka Road
* [[Basavarajarajeswari Public School and College]]
* [[Sri Matha College]]
* [[Sathyam Group of Institutions]]
* [[SSS Govt. First Grade College]]
* [[Ashirvaad School]]
* [[Vasavi School]]
* [[Vyana Vidyalaya, Ballari]]
* [[BEST School and PU College]]
:Bellary Educational Service's Trust, generally known as BeST School.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Education in Bellary}}
[[Category:Education in Ballari| ]]

Kakdwip Fishing Harbour

2025-06-25T21:34:25Z

Gurushivam: adding some article nd citations

{{more citations needed|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox Port
| name = Kakdwip Fishing Harbour
| image =
| image_caption = Fishing tralar in Kakdwip fishing port
| country = {{IND}}
| location = [[Kakdwip]], [[South 24 Parganas]], [[West Bengal]]
| berths = 1
| arrivals = 200 per day
| operated = West Bengal Fisheries Department
| owner = [[West Bengal]]
| type = river port
}}
'''Kakdwip Fishing Harbour''' is located at [[Kakdwip]] in South Twenty-four Parganas in the coastal district of [[West Bengal]], India. It is an important full-fledged fishing port. The port was developed in the left-front period. The port serves the coastal area and fish trawler from deep seas anchor in this port.<ref>{{cite news|title= সমস্যায় কাকদ্বীপের মৎস্যজীবীরা লাগাতার ধর্মঘট বরফকলের শ্রমিকদের|url=http://www.anandabazar.com/district/dhaksinbanga/north-south-24-paraganas/ice-factory-workers-strike-fishermen-of-kakdwip-1.451879| accessdate = October 3, 2017}}</ref>

==Location ==
Kakdwip fishing port is located at Kakdwip in South 24 Parganas district of West Bengal, on the banks of river Muriganga, in the Kalnaagini canal. The port is about 130 kilometers away from [[Kolkata]].

==Details==
The Kakadipu fishing port is actually a place where fishing boats or trawlers are anchored in a non-organized manner for loading, unloading and repairing and shelter. This place has long-term demand for fishing in fish fishing as well as for organizing fishing business at the same time. Department of Fisheries, Government of West Bengal, establishes the modern fishing port, which provides 50% of the cost to the Indian government and 50% of the state government. Minister Kiranmoya hoped for the success of the port of Nanda. Briath Barn Construction Limited (a government in India inaugurated the Calcutta) was the contractor for the project. Expert for the fishing support project in West Bengal, a consultancy firm, Associate and Associate, a project company in West Bengal. Chief person Gautam Banerjee, Principal Architect for Project Planning and Design The project is composed of RCT jetty built under 650 mm thick diaphrram wall. This method is applied to a wall of the jetty area and it was first introduced in West Bengal, for the first time in India.

==Problem ==
Although the port has a lot of potential, it is also in trouble. The main problem is Kalnagini Reduces navigability of the canal. Kalanagani Canal was quite deep during the construction of the port, but some of the port constructions In the year the silt remains in the canal. Now there is no water in the canal during the time of the tide, as a result of which the fish laden trawlers or ships turnover Waiting for the tide in the river [[Ganges]]. There is no ice mill which is essential for the fishing port. There is no dry dock for ship repairs. Wireless systems do not have to keep in touch with fishing trawlers or ships.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ports in West Bengal}}

{{coord|21|51|52|N|88|10|28|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Ports and harbours of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Fishing in India]]

Beeyar Prasad

2025-05-26T11:33:43Z

Gurushivam: Put Up Basic Post W/ Infobox - done

{{Short description|Indian lyricist and poet (1961–2023)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Beeyar Prasad
| image = Beeyar Prasad.jpg
| caption =
| other_names =
| birth_name = B. Rajendraprasad
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1961|03|18|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Kuttanad]], [[Alappuzha district]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2023|01|04|1961|03|18|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Changanassery]], Kerala
| alma_mater = [[University of Kerala]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Lyricist|screenwriter|television presenter}}
| years_active = 2003 – 2023
| spouse = Vidhu Prasad
| children = 2
| awards =
}}

'''B. Rajendraprasad''' (18 March 1961 – 4 January 2023), professionally credited as '''Beeyar Prasad''', was an Indian lyricist, poet, and playwright in [[Malayalam]] language.<ref>{{Cite web|title=B.R. Prasad|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm10385003/|access-date=13 January 2021|website=IMDb}}</ref> He made his cinema debut in the [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film industry]] through the 2003 film ''[[Kilichundan Mampazham]]'' composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=All you want to know about #BRPrasad|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/br-prasad.html|access-date=13 January 2021|website=FilmiBeat|language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Prasad was born in the village of [[Monkombu]] in [[Kuttanad]], [[Kerala]], India. He completed [[Bachelor of Arts]] in Malayalam literature.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ബീയാർ പ്രസാദിന് വൃക്ക നൽകാൻ സുഹൃത്ത്; അര നൂറ്റാണ്ടിന്റെ സൗഹൃദം തുണയായപ്പോൾ പ്രതീക്ഷയുടെ 'വെട്ടം' {{!}} beeyar prasad poet special interview|url=https://www.vanitha.in/celluloid/movies/beeyar-prasad-poet-special-interview.html|access-date=13 January 2021|website=vanitha.in}}</ref> In his younger days, he has written, directed and acted in theatre plays.<ref>{{cite news |author1=The Hindu Bureau |title=Malayalam lyricist Beeyar Prasad passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/malayalam-lyricist-beeyar-prasad-passes-away/article66338384.ece |access-date=20 June 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=4 January 2023}}</ref> He has authored over 40 plays, including eight professional dramas. His play ''Shadkala Govindamarar'' won award at the Thiruvananthapuram Drama Competition. Prasad has written many librettos for [[Kathakali]].<ref name="MM"/>

==Career ==
In 1993, Beeyar scripted the children's film ''Johny'', which won the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Children's Film]]. In 2001, Prasad had played a role, Narayanan in the film ''[[Theerthadanam]]'' starring [[Jayaram]] and [[Suhasini Maniratnam]]. He made his debut in the Malayalam cinema music industry through 2003 film ''[[Kilichundan Mampazham]]'' directed by [[Priyadarshan]] and composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 December 2019|title=വൃക്കനൽകി; ഒരേ ഒരു നിബന്ധന...പേര് രഹസ്യമാക്കിവെക്കണം; കവിക്ക് ബാല്യകാല സുഹൃത്തിന്റെ സ്നേഹ സമ്മാനം|url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/life/writer-beeyar-prasad-get-kidney-from-a-childhood-friend-rv-182969.html|access-date=13 January 2021|website=News18 Malayalam}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He was married to Vidhu Prasad and they have two children. Prasad died from complications from a massive [[stroke]] at a private hospital in [[Changanassery]], [[Kottayam district]], on 4 January 2023, at age 61.<ref name="MM">[https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/01/04/popular-lyricist-poet-beeyar-prasad-dead.html Lyricist, poet Beeyar Prasad passes away]</ref> His dead body was cremated with full state honours at the premises of his home two days later.

== Discography ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Movie
!Song
!Composer
|-
| rowspan="8" |2003
| rowspan="6" |''[[Kilichundan Mampazham]]''
|Parayuka nee ...
| rowspan="6" |[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|-
|Onnaam Kili ...
|-
|Vilakku Koluthi Varum ...
|-
|Kasavinte Thattamittu ...
|-
|Onnaanaam Kunninmele ...
|-
|Kasthoori Poonkaatte
|-
|''[[Pattanathil Sundaran]]''
|Mullappoovin Motte ...
|[[Mohan Sithara]]
|-
|''[[Ivar (2003 film)|Ivar]]''
|Ore Swaram ...
|[[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]
|-
| rowspan="13" |2004
| rowspan="4" |''[[Njan Salperu Ramankutty]]''
|Madana Pathaakayil ...
| rowspan="4" |[[Raveendran]]
|-
|Kaliyaadi Thalir ...
|-
|They They
|-
|Mandaarappoo ...
|-
| rowspan="5" |''[[Vettam]]''
|Mazhathullikal [M] ...
| rowspan="5" |[[Berny–Ignatius|Berny Ignatius]]
|-
|Oru Kaathilola ...
|-
|Illathe Kalyanathinu (F) ...
|-
|Mazhathullikal (F) ...
|-
|Illathe Kalyanathinu [D] ...
|-
| rowspan="3" |''[[Jalolsavam]]''
|Keranirakalaadum ...
| rowspan="3" |[[Alphonse Joseph (composer)|Alphonse Joseph]]
|-
|Thaarakappodi ...
|-
|Kulirillam Vaazhum [D] ...
|-
|''[[Vamanapuram Bus Route]]''
|Yezhai Paravakale ...
|Sonu Sisupal
|-
| rowspan="26" |2005
| rowspan="5" |[[Iruvattam Manavaatti]]
|Veenayaakumo ...
| rowspan="5" |[[Alphonse Joseph (composer)|Alphonse Joseph]]
|-
|Ponnum Jamanthippoovum ...
|-
|Vidarum Varna Pookkal ...
|-
|Gaanamanu Njan ...
|-
|Kanneeril Pidayum ...
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Twinkle Twinkle Little Star (film)|Twinkle Twinkle Little Star]]''
|Magic Journey ...
| rowspan="2" |[[Ilaiyaraaja|Ilayaraja]]
|-
|Magic Journey ...
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[The Campus (2005 film)|The Campus]]''
|Paalnilaavamma ...
| rowspan="10" |[[M. Jayachandran]]
|-
|The Campus ...
|-
| rowspan="7" |''[[Sarkar Dada]]''
|Ruthu ruthu ...
|-
|Naadodippaattinte ...
|-
|Mandaarappoo Choriyum ...
|-
|Kallu Pattu ...
|-
|Tic Tic ...
|-
|Thulaaminnal ...
|-
|Tic Tic [F] ...
|-
|[[Bunglavil Outha|Banglaavil Outha]]
|Chandira Chandira ...
|-
| rowspan="8" |Hai
|Oru Veedu ...
| rowspan="8" |BJ Prakash
|-
|Ninavukalaal ...
|-
|Iniyum Veene Paadiyaalum ...
|-
|Breeze Ulakkum Shippinullil Ponathaaro ...
|-
|Vallee Vallee ...
|-
|Koo Koo Koo Koo ...
|-
|Oru Poovaniyile ...
|-
|Poovam Kurunnukale ...
|-
|Oraal
|Iniyente Maathram ...
|Viswajith
|-
| rowspan="11" |2006
| rowspan="4" |[[Lanka (2006 film)|Lanka]]
|Innoru Naal ...
|[[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]
|-
|Kadalezhum ...
|Rajesh Mohan
|-
|Ilaya Manmadha (D) ...
| rowspan="2" |[[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]
|-
|Kadalezhum ...
|-
| rowspan="7" |Jayam
|Kanneeril Punyaaham [F] ...
| rowspan="7" |Sonu Sisupal
|-
|Mizhiyiloru Theeyaay [F] ...
|-
|Mizhiyiloru Theeyaay [M] ...
|-
|Painkili Paadana [F] ...
|-
|Theliveyilum ...
|-
|Thulumbidum Then ...
|-
|Poovaanennu ...
|-
|2008
|Swarnnam
|Kanivodum ...
|[[Mohan Sithara]]
|-
| rowspan="7" |2009
| rowspan="7" |[[Seetha Kalyanam (2009 film)|Seethaa Kalyaanam]]
|Doore doore vaanil nee ...
| rowspan="7" |[[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]
|-
|Chandramada ...
|-
|Ragasudha Rasamay ...
|-
|Seethaakalyaana Vaibhogame ...
|-
|Seetharamam kadhasusaaram ...
|-
|Ketteele visesham ...
|-
|Doore Doore Vaanil Njaan [F] ...
|-
| rowspan="6" |2012
|[[Kunjaliyan]]
|Aadaadum ...
|[[M. G. Sreekumar|MG Sreekumar]]
|-
|[[Thalsamayam Oru Penkutty|Thalsamayam Oru Penkutti]]
|O Thinkal Pakshi ...
|[[Sharreth]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |Friday 11.11.11 Alappuzha
|Aaraaro Aaromale ...
| rowspan="4" |Roby Abraham
|-
|Olathil Chaanchaadi ...
|-
|Nilaavaay Pookkum ...
|-
|Sugandha Neeralayaay ...
|-
| rowspan="3" |2013
| rowspan="3" |Kallante Makan
|Naruvennayil ...
| rowspan="3" |Aji Sharas
|-
|Poo Poraanjo ...
|-
|Sree Vinaayaka ...
|-
| rowspan="8" |2014
| rowspan="3" |Call Me @
|Aaraarum Kaanaathe ...
| rowspan="3" |Afsal Yusuf, Thej Mervin
|-
|Oreyoru Naalil ...
|-
|Puthanoru Mettil ...
|-
| rowspan="2" |Monaayi Angane Aanaayi
|Taj Theerthoru ...
| rowspan="2" |Vinu Uday
|-
|Thaane Vidarum ...
|-
| rowspan="3" |Shesham Kadhaabhaagam
|Nerilaaloru Neythiri ...
| rowspan="3" |Vidhu Alleppey
|-
|Kaalam ...
|-
|Nerilaaloru Neythiri ...
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|Moonnara
|Thorathe Nenchil ...
|Sreerag Denni
|-
|[[Thattumpurath Achuthan]]
|Muthumani Raadhe ...
|[[Deepankuran Kaithapram|Deepankuran]]
|-
|2022
| rowspan="5" |Tha Thavalayude Tha
|Mizhiyilaaranu
| rowspan="5" |Nikhil Rajan
|-
| rowspan="4" |2023
|Akrom Pekrom
|-
|Karayumennano
|-
|Mindaanilla
|-
|Moolipaadum
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm10385003}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prasad, B. R.}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language lyricists]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Alappuzha district]]

Swahid Maniram Dewan College

2025-04-06T10:45:32Z

Gurushivam: general expanded section to improve readability additionally and fixed typos

{{short description|College in Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Swahid Maniram Dewan College
| image =
| type = Public
| established = 1 July 1964
| principal =
| city = Charing, [[Sivasagar district]]
| state = [[Assam]]
| country = [[India]]
| colors =
| affiliations = [[Dibrugarh University]]
| website = |
}}
'''Swahid Maniram Dewan College''', established in 1964, is a general degree college situated at Charing, in [[Sivasagar district]], [[Assam]]. This college is one of the oldest colleges of [[Upper Assam Division|Upper Assam]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Us – Swahid Maniram Dewan College|url=https://smdcollegecharing.edu.in/about-us/|access-date=2022-01-24|website=smdcollegecharing.edu.in}}</ref> and affiliated with the [[Dibrugarh University]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Affiliated College of Dibrugarh University | url=https://www.dibru.ac.in/academics/colleges}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=SMDC - Swahid Maniram Dewan College {{!}} Youth4work|url=https://www.university.youth4work.com/smdc_swahid-maniram-dewan-college|access-date=2022-01-24|website=youth4work.com|language=en}}</ref>

==Departments==
===Arts===
*Assamese
*English
*History
*Economics
*Philosophy
*Political Science
*Geography

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Assam}}

{{Dibrugarh University}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Assam]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Dibrugarh University]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1964]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Assam]]

Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy, 3rd Baronet

2024-10-01T22:46:54Z

Gurushivam: Content improved for clarity and flow

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy, 3rd Baronet
| image = Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy 3rd 1905 crop.png
| caption = Sir Jamsetjee Jeejeebhai, 3rd Baronet. Source:''The National Geographic Magazine'', Dec 1905
| birth_date = 3 March 1851
| birth_place =
| birth_name = Menekjee Cursatjee
| death_date = {{death date and age|1898|07|16|1851|03|03|df=y}}
| death_place =
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
}}

'''Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy, 3rd Baronet''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CSI}}, (3 March 1851 – 16 July 1898)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.leighrayment.com/baronetage/baronetsJ.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501224923/http://www.leighrayment.com/baronetage/baronetsJ.htm |archive-date=2008-05-01 |title=Peerage @ leighrayment.com|url-status=usurped |access-date=3 July 2022}}</ref> was an Indian businessman.

Born Menekjee Cursatjee,{{where|date=October 2024}} he was the eldest son of Sir Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy, the second baronet. His son inherited the baronetcy from his father in 1877. Jeejebhoy enjoyed the advantages of an [[English education system|English education]], and continued the career of benevolent activity and loyalty to British rule which had been the theme of his father and [[Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy|grandfather's]] life. His public service was recognised by his nomination to the [[Order of the Star of India]], as well as by appointment to the Legislative Councils of [[Calcutta]] and [[Bombay]]. In 1881, he visited King [[Kalākaua]] of [[Hawaiian Kingdom|Hawaii]] on the monarch's [[Kalākaua's 1881 world tour|world tour]], while he was in [[Bombay]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1881-08-06/ed-1/seq-1/ | title=The Pacific commercial advertiser. &#91;volume&#93; (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1856–1888, August 06, 1881, Image 1|website=Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov | date=6 August 1881 }}</ref> Upon his death in 1898 at age 47, his title was inherited by his younger brother, [[Sir Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy, Fourth Baronet|Cowsajee]].

{{S-start}}
{{s-reg|uk-bt}}
{{succession box | title=[[Jejeebhoy baronets|Baronet]] '''(of Bombay)| before=[[Sir Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy, Second Baronet|Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy]] | after=[[Sir Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy, Fourth Baronet|Cowsajee Jejeebhoy]] | years='''1877&ndash;1898}}
{{S-end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jejeebhoy, 3rd Baronet, Sir Jamsetjee}}
[[Category:1851 births]]
[[Category:1898 deaths]]
[[Category:Parsi people from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Indian baronets]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Members of the Bombay Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from British India]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Mumbai]]

{{India-business-bio-stub}}

Shyamsundar

2024-08-16T17:47:05Z

Gurushivam: new the data w/ refs.

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Shyamsundar
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23|06|16.8|N|87|51|59.0|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 4,903
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 713424 (Shyamsundar)
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 03451
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bardhaman Purba (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bardhaman Purba]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Raina (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raina]]
| website = {{URL|purbabardhaman.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Shyamsundar''' is a village in [[Raina I]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in [[Bardhaman Sadar South subdivision]] of [[Purba Bardhaman district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==History==
Earlier, the village was called ‘Ahar Belma’ and the village was renamed after the deity was established there by Bisalakhya Bose.<ref name="Chattopadhyay">Chattopadhyay, Akkori, ''Bardhaman Jelar Itihas O Lok Sanskriti'' (History and Folk lore of Bardhaman District.), {{in lang|bn}}, Vol II, page 603, Radical Impression, Kolkata. {{ISBN|81-85459-36-3}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=360| height=250| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|6|20|N|87|55|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the Bardhaman Sadar South subdivision of Purba Bardhaman district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious centre. Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|11|4|N|88|6|12|E}} | label-pos1=top|label1=Memari | numbered1=M| mark-title1= [[Memari]] (M)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=13| mark-size1=13|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#800000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|8|36|N|88|9|2|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2=Alipur | numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Alipur, Purba Bardhaman]] (CT)|shape-color2=#A40000
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|6|56|N|87|48|18|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3=Seharabazar | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Seharabazar]] (CT)|shape-color3=#A40000
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|3|45|N|87|59|31|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Jamalpur| numbered4=R| mark-title4= [[Jamalpur, Bardhaman]] (R)| shape-color4=#C42222
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|4|43|N|87|53|22|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5=Raina| numbered5=R| mark-title5= [[Raina, Bardhaman]] (R)| shape-color5=#C42222
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|1|9|N|87|52|33|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6=Madhabdihi| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Madhabdihi]] (R)| shape-color6=#C42222
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|12|56|N|87|41|23|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7=Khandaghosh| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Khandaghosh]] (R)| shape-color7=#C42222
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|14|35|N|88|5|57|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8=Paharhati| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Paharhati]] (R)| shape-color8=#C42222
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|6|16|N|87|51|59|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9=Shyamsundar| numbered9=R| mark-title9= Shyamsundar (R)|shape-color9=black| label-size9=13|label-color9=black 
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|9|10|N|87|48|58|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10=Sagrai| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Sagrai]] (R)| shape-color10=#C42222
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|10|14|N|87|43|18|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11=Ukhrid| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Ukhrid]] (R)| shape-color11=#C42222
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|58|46|N|87|55|33|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12=Gotan| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Gotan]] (R)| shape-color12=#C42222
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|4|34|N|87|54|22|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13=Maheshbati| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Maheshbati]] (R)| shape-color13=#C42222
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|8|18|N|88|2|26|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14=Masagram| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Masagram]] (R)| shape-color14=#C42222
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|11|6|N|88|1|47|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15=Rasulpur| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Rasulpur, Bardhaman]] (R)| shape-color15=#C42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|9|13|N|88|2|38|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16=Sat Deul| numbered16=H| mark-title16= [[Sat Deul]] (H)| shape-color16=#AA6666
|mark-coord17={{coord|23.0486|87.6836}}| label17=Dwarakeswar River| label-color17 = #77A1CB| label-angle17=50| label-pos17=right| label-size17=10| mark-size17=0| mark-title17 =none
|mark-coord18={{coord|23.1967|87.8661}}| label18=Damodar River| label-color18 = #77A1CB| label-angle18=20| label-pos18=top| label-size18=10| mark-size18=0| mark-title18 =none}}

===Location===
Shyamsundar is located at {{coord|23|06|16.8|N|87|51|59.0|E|display=inline}}.

It is 18 km from [[Bardhaman]].<ref name="Chattopadhyay"/>

===Urbanisation===
95.54% of the population of Bardhaman Sadar South subdivision live in the rural areas. Only 4.46% of the population live in the urban areas, and that is the lowest proportion of urban population amongst the four subdivisions in Purba Bardhaman district.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bardhaman | work = Table 2.2 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | accessdate = 25 January 2019 }}</ref> The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

===CD block HQ===
The headquarters of Raina I CD block are located at Shyamsundar.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1909_PART_B_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Barddhaman | work= Map of Barddhaman with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | accessdate = 27 February 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2110 |title = BDO Offices under Burdwan District | work= Department of Mass Education Extension & Library Services, Government of West Bengal |publisher= West Bengal Public Library Network | accessdate = 8 February 2019 }}</ref>

==Demographics==
As per the [[2011 Census of India]] Shyamsundar had a total population of 4,903, of which 2,469 (50%) were males and 2,434 (50%) were females. Population below 6 years was 446. The total number of literates in Shyamsundar was 3,707 (83.17% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 18 February 2017 }}</ref>

==Transport==
There is [[Shymsundar railway station]] on the [[Bankura-Masagram line]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/before-swearing-in-didi%5Cs-rail-sopstrack/435927/ | title = Before swearing-in, Didi's rail sops on track | accessdate = 27 February 2017| newspaper = Business Standard, 18 May 2011}}</ref><ref>Google maps</ref> As of 3 November 2021, MEMU services are available between Bankura and Masagram.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-masagram-bankura-memu-68152/138779/10122/955 | title = 78056 Bankura-Masagram MEMU| publisher = India Rail Info |accessdate = 3 November 2021}}</ref>

==Education==
In 1947, at the time of independence there were only three colleges in Bardhaman district – at Bardhaman, Kalna and Asansol. [[Shyamsundar College]] was established in 1948.<ref>Chattopadhyay, Akkori, ''Bardhaman Jelar Itihas O Lok Sanskriti'' (History and Folk lore of Bardhaman District.), {{in lang|bn}}, Vol I, pp. 560=561, Radical Impression. {{ISBN|81-85459-36-3}}</ref> Syamsundar College was founded by Raibahadur Bisalaksha Bose, a social worker of Shyamsundar. Amongst those who helped in establishing the college were: [[Abdus Sattar (West Bengal politician)|Abdus Sattar]], Kalipada Mukherjee, [[Prafulla Chandra Sen]] and Jadabendra Nath Panja.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://syamsundarcollege.ac.in/merit-list.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160607082339/http://syamsundarcollege.ac.in/merit-list.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 7 June 2016 |title = Shyamsundar College |publisher= College authorities | access-date = 27 February 2017 }}</ref> Subjects taught in the college include: physics, chemistry, mathematics, botany, zoology, microbiology, Bengali, English, Sanskrit, history, geography, political science, education, philosophy, economics and commerce.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/SyamsundarCollege/Syamsundar_College.shtml |title = Shyamsundar College | work= |publisher= College Admission | accessdate = 27 February 2017 }}</ref>

Shyamsundar Ramlal Adarsha Vidyalaya, a boys only high school, and Adarsha Balika Vidyalaya, a girls only high school, are affiliated with the West Bengal Board of Secondary Education.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbbse.org/sburdwan.htm | title = West Bengal Board of Secondary Education | work= Burdwan| publisher = WBBSE |accessdate = 29 January 2019}}</ref> Shymsundar Ramlal Adarsha Vidyalaya, a coeducational institution, is affiliated with West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbchse.nic.in/admin/Burdwan_school_list.php?page=16& | title = West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education| work=Budwan | publisher = WBCHSE |accessdate = 29 January 2019}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
There is a [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centre]] at Shyamsundar (with 10 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work= Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 19 January 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Purba Bardhaman District}}

[[Category:Villages in Purba Bardhaman district]]

Great Canara Trail

2024-06-19T05:53:45Z

Gurushivam: Created The Entry From Scratch

{{Short description|Hiking trail in India}}
{{Orphan|date=June 2018}}
{{notability|date=October 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}

'''Great Canara Trail''' is a [[hiking trail]] in [[India]]. It is the longest forest [[trekking]] and [[canopy walkway]] in India.<ref>{{cite news|title=Great Canara Trail at Western Ghats faces green challenge|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Great-Canara-Trail-at-Western-Ghats-faces-green-challenge/articleshow/55191429.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=15 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Great Canara Trails to be re-routed to bypass Kali Tiger Reserve|url=http://m.deccanherald.com/articles.php?name=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Fcontent%2F625304%2Fcanara-trails-re-routed-bypass.html|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|accessdate=15 October 2017|archive-date=16 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016014256/http://m.deccanherald.com/articles.php?name=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Fcontent%2F625304%2Fcanara-trails-re-routed-bypass.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The 270-km long trek take approximately 25 days to complete.<ref>{{cite news|title=Researcher wants Great Canara Trail modified to save rare flora and fauna|url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/news/state/Researcher-wants-Great-Canara-Trail-modified-to-save-rare-flora-and-fauna/articleshow/47620058.cms|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|accessdate=15 October 2017}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Hiking trails in India]]
[[Category:Western Ghats]]