Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Mission10X

2026-05-07T08:35:34Z

Gurupratap Rajan: creating the details w/ infobox - done

{{Short description|Indian employment initiative}}
{{distinguish|Mission X (disambiguation){{!}}Mission X}}
{{Orphan|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox company
|name = Mission10X
|logo = MISSION10X.jpg
|logo_caption =
|type = Not for profit trust of [[Wipro Limited]]
|founded = 2007
|defunct = 2012
|location = India
|industry = Engineering
|services = Education
}}

'''Mission10X''' was a nonprofit trust that was initiated by Wipro Technologies, to enhance the employability skills of fresh graduates in India, and was launched on 5 September 2007,<ref name=TheHindu>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/06/stories/2007090655601600.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105085339/http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/06/stories/2007090655601600.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-11-05|date=2007-09-06|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Wipro Tech launches Mission10X|location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref name=BusinessLine>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2007/09/06/stories/2007090650910400.htm|date=2007-09-06|title=Wipro Mission10X launched|work=Business Line}}</ref><ref name=TopNews>{{cite news|url=http://www.topnews.in/wipro-sets-mission-10x-indian-engg-grads-21364|last=Ranade|first=Malini|date=2007-09-06|title=Wipro Sets Up Mission10X For Indian Eng. Grads|work=TopNews.in|publisher=TopNews Network}}</ref> celebrated as [[Teachers’ Day]] in India. Mission10X was once a fast-growing academic community of learners and innovators. Mission10X closed its activities in 2012.

==History==
Mission10X was an initiative started with an aim to increase employability skills in graduates of higher education. Mission10X, was initiated as a part of Wipro's Quantum Innovation project.<ref name=LiveMint>{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/2008/01/06223446/Boutique-consultancy-Small-is.html|date=Jan 6, 2008|last=Rai|first=Archana|title=Wipro Quantum Innovation Programme|work=Live Mint|publisher=HT Media}}</ref> Mission10X initiative was launched to create a reasonable change in the employability landscape in higher education.<ref name=BusinessLine/><ref name=TopNews/><ref name=IFEES>{{cite web|url=http://www.ifees.net/news/2010March.cfm|title=IFEES Welcomes New Member – Wipro Mission10X|access-date=2011-05-05}}</ref><ref name=WP>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/12/17/AR2010121703199.html|title=India tech firms challenge 'guru' teaching culture to better prepare workforce|access-date=2011-05-05 | newspaper=The Washington Post|first=Emily|last=Wax|date=18 December 2010}}</ref>

[[Azim Premji]], [[Chairman]], [[Wipro]] Limited, launched Mission10X on 5 September 2007, in a gathering of senior academicians<ref name=TheHindu /> from Higher Educational Institutions across India.

Mission10X Faculty Empowerment Workshops were started on 12 November 2007 <ref name=Workshops>{{cite web|url=http://www.iact.ac.in/_programs/iACT%20partners%20with%20Wipro's%20Technologies.htm|title=iACT partners with WIPRO Technologies|access-date=2010-02-16|work=International Academy for Creative Teaching}}</ref> and they continued until 2012.

==Team==
The Mission10X team consisted of an advisory board of senior academicians, a core team to set directions, a research team to conceptualize design and delivery of learnings by means of faculty workshops, and they were conducted with the support of academic relationship managers who interacted with academia.

==Mission10X framework==
The Mission10X Learning Approach (MxLA),<ref name="JITS Workshops and Conferences">{{Cite web
| title = JITS Workshops and Conferences
| url = http://www.jits.ac.in/wipromission.html
| date = May 2009
| access-date = 21 January 2011}}
</ref> was a procedure used in the workshops to empower faculty members with innovative teaching techniques and tools that would enable their learners to:
* Imbibe higher levels of understanding of their courses
* Effectively apply the learnt concepts in practical situations
* Develop key behavioral skills required for employability

MxLA was sensitive to the contemporary intellectual development in the human and social sciences and derived its essence from multiple disciplines, methods and approaches. Amongst many pedagogical and androgogical approaches, the MxLA focused on:
* Benjamin S. Bloom's Taxonomy of educational objectives
* [[Howard Gardner]]'s Multiple Intelligence Theory

==Workshops==
Mission10X conducted the following workshops and events:

* Mission10X 5 Day Workshop <ref name=DNAIndia.com>{{Cite news
| title = Mission 10x workshop begins at Nirma
| newspaper = Daily News and Analysis
| location = Ahmedabad
| date = 25 August 2009
| url = http://www.dnaindia.com/academy/report_mission-10x-workshop-begins-at-nirma_1285002}}</ref> – 5 full-day workshop, conducted for around 30 faculty members chosen from 3 different institutions. This program was oriented towards building continuous professional development of faculty members from higher education. It was primarily designed to shift the paradigm from teaching to learning and transform the learning cultures in the institutions of higher education.
* Mission10X Advanced Workshop – 2 full-day workshop, conducted for the same group of around 30 faculty members who had earlier attended the 5 full day workshop. This workshop was oriented towards documenting the faculty classroom initiations and also for obtaining international certifications.
* Mission10X Learning Forums – 1 half-day event, organised to facilitate learning culture amongst faculty members where each member could learn from each other.
* Mission10X Academic Leadership Workshop – 2 full-day workshop, organised for academic heads to enhance their leadership and managerial skills.

==Mission10X international certifications==
During their course of learning, faculty members were able to acquire three certificates that contributed towards their professional development:
* Mission10X Dale Carnegie Certificate in High Impact Teaching Skills
* Cambridge International Certificate for Teachers and Trainers
* Mission10X Certificate in Teaching and Learning

==Affiliations and collaborations==
Collaborated partners of Mission10X:
* [[Dale Carnegie]] Training<ref name=DaleCarn>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090703/cth2.htm#2|date=July 2, 2009|title=Workshop for engg teachers|work=The Tribune|location=India}}</ref>
* [[University of Cambridge]]<ref name=DaleCarn/>
* [[IIT Bombay]]<ref name=IITB1>{{cite news|url=http://indiaedunews.net/IIT/IIT-B,_Wipro_sign_MoU_to_enhance_Engg_faculty_5738/print.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109051116/http://indiaedunews.net/IIT/IIT-B,_Wipro_sign_MoU_to_enhance_Engg_faculty_5738/print.asp|url-status=usurped|archive-date=January 9, 2009|date=August 24, 2008|title=IIT-B, Wipro sign MoU to enhance Engg faculty|work=India Edunews|publisher=National Network of Education}}</ref><ref name=IITB2>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-08-22/pune/27925469_1_engineering-colleges-engineering-teachers-mission-10x|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024161046/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-08-22/pune/27925469_1_engineering-colleges-engineering-teachers-mission-10x|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 October 2012|date=22 August 2008|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Mission10X to train engg teachers}}</ref><ref name=IITB3>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_iit-b-wipro-ink-mou-to-boost-engg-faculty-skills_1184971|date=August 22, 2008|last=Basu|first=Mihika|title=IIT-B, Wipro ink MoU to boost engg faculty skills|work=Daly News and Analysis}}</ref>
* [[Anna University]]<ref name=AnnaUniv>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/edu/2008/12/08/stories/2008120850450400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105085359/http://www.hindu.com/edu/2008/12/08/stories/2008120850450400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 5, 2012|date=Dec 8, 2008|last=Mallady|first=Shastry V.|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Empowering Engineering Teachers|location=Chennai, India}}</ref>
* [[Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada]]<ref name=JNTU>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/17/stories/2009031752090300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090321002146/http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/17/stories/2009031752090300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 21, 2009|date=Mar 17, 2009
|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=JNTU signs MoU with Mission10X|location=Chennai, India}}</ref>
* [[Visvesvaraya Technological University ]]<ref name=vtu>{{cite news|url=http://www.expressbuzz.com/edition/story.aspx?Title=VTU+in+MoU+with+Wipro+trust+for+faculty+training&artid=i3jWfGVo3yw=&SectionID=Qz/kHVp9tEs=&MainSectionID=wIcBMLGbUJI=&SectionName=UOaHCPTTmuP3XGzZRCAUTQ==&SEO=|date=14 Aug 2009|title=VTU in MoU with Wipro trust for faculty training|work=Express Buzz}}</ref>
* [[Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya]]<ref name=RGPV>{{cite news|url=http://www.ummid.com/news/December/22.12.2009/mou_signed_for_mp_engineering_college_with_wipro.htm|date=December 22, 2009|last=Bari|first=Pervez|title=MP Engg. Colleges sign MoU with Wipro for faculty empowerment|work=Ummid.com|publisher=Awaz Multimedia & Publications}}</ref>
* [[West Bengal University of Technology]]<ref name=WBTU1>{{cite news|url=http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=338314&catid=89|date=August 17, 2010|last=Banerjea|first=Gautam|title=Devoid of commercial interests|work=The Statesman}}</ref><ref name=WBTU2>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100826/jsp/careergraph/story_12855002.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025231135/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100826/jsp/careergraph/story_12855002.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 25, 2012|date=August 26, 2010|last=Campus Buzz|title=On a mission|work=The Telegraph|location=India}}</ref>
* Indian Society for Technical Institution
* International Federation of Engineering Education<ref name=IFEE>{{cite news|url=http://www.ifees.net/news/2010March.cfm|date=March 13, 2010|title=IFEES Welcomes New Member – Wipro Mission10X|work=IFEES|publisher=The International Federation of Engineering Education Societies (IFEES)}}</ref>
* [[Gautam Buddha Technical University]]
* [[Chandigarh University]] – http://www.cuchd.in/
* Administrative Staff College of India

==Spread==
During its initial three years (2007–2010), Mission10X was able to reach out to 10,000 faculty members from over 700 higher education institutions across 20 states in India.<ref name="Wipro Education">{{Cite news| title = Wipro Program Takes on Education Woes| url = https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/04/05/wipro-program-takes-on-education-woes/| date = April 5, 2011| access-date = 4 May 2011| work=The Wall Street Journal| first=Geeta| last=Anand}}</ref><ref name="India Graduates">{{Cite news| title = India Graduates Millions, but Too Few Are Fit to Hire| url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703515504576142092863219826| date = April 5, 2011| access-date = 4 May 2011| work=The Wall Street Journal| first=Geeta| last=Anand}}</ref>

==Mission10X Phase II==
Mission10X Phase II was launched on September 6, 2010. Wipro Chairman Mr. A H Premji and the Union Minister for HRD, Sri [[Kapil Sibal]] unveiled the Phase II activities.<ref name=ASCI>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-educationplus/article699595.ece|date=September 20, 2010|title=For innovative engineering education
|work=The Hindu|location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref name=ASCI2>{{cite news|url=http://www.businessstandard.co.in/india/news/mission10x-empowers-10000-faculties-announces-phase-2/407128/|date=September 6, 2010|title=Mission10X empowers 10,000 faculties, announces Phase 2|work=Business Standard}}</ref>
During Mission10X Phase II (2010–2012):
* 250 Academic Leaders were trained
* 2500 Unified Learning Kits were deployed
* 25000 more higher education faculty members were empowered

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*http://www.weforum.org/reports/talent-mobility-good-practices-collaboration-core-driving-economic-growth – Talent Mobility Good Practices in the world

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mission10x}}
[[Category:Indian engineering organisations]]
[[Category:Wipro]]

INS Sandhayak (2021)

2026-05-06T12:28:00Z

Gurupratap Rajan:

{{Short description|Hydrographic survey ship}}
{{other ships|INS Sandhayak}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}{{italic title|string=Sandhayak}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image = INS Sandhayak (J18) during sea trials.jpg
| image_caption = ''Sandhayak'' during sea trials
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
| hide_header =
| country = India
| flag = {{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
| name = Sandhayak
| namesake = {{INS|Sandhayak|J18|2}}
| ordered = 30 October 2018<ref name="sandhayak-class_order" />
| builder = [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers]]
| laid_down = 8 November 2019<ref name="sandhayak_keel" />
| launched = 5 December 2021<ref name="sadhayak_launch"/>
| completed =
| acquired = 4 December 2023<ref name="PIB-041223"/>
| commissioned = 3 February 2024<ref name="TH-010224">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/ins-sandhayak-to-be-commissioned-on-february-3/article67796667.ece|title=INS Sandhayak to be commissioned at Visakhapatnam on February 3|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2024-02-01}}</ref>
| decommissioned =
| in_service =
| out_of_service =
| struck =
| reinstated =
| yard_number = 3025
| identification = [[Pennant number]]: J18
| motto =
| fate =
| status = Active
| badge =
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| class = {{sclass|Sandhayak|survey vessel|||2023}}
| displacement = {{convert|3300|t|LT|lk=on|0}}
| length = {{convert|110|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| beam =
| draft =
| propulsion =
| speed = {{convert|18|kn|lk=in}}
| boats = *Survey Motor Boats (SMBs)
*Rigid Hull Inflatable Boats (RHIBs)
| range = *{{convert|6500|nmi|abbr=on|lk=in}} at {{convert|14|kn}} to {{convert|16|kn}}
| complement = 231
| armament = [[CRN 91 Naval Gun|CRN 91]] naval gun
| sensors = *Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs)
*Remote Operated Vehicles (ROVs)
*Multi Beam Echo Sounders
| aircraft = 1 × [[HAL Dhruv]]
| aircraft_facilities = [[Helipad]]
| notes =
}}
}}
'''INS ''Sandhayak''''' ([[Hindi]]: संधायक lit. coordinator) is the lead ship of [[Sandhayak-class survey vessel (2023)|her class]] of survey ships. It is a [[hydrographic survey|hydrographic survey ship]] built by [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers]] (GRSE) for the [[Indian Navy]].<ref name="sadhayak_launch">{{cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1778276|title=First of the four ships under Survey Vessel (Large) project for Indian Navy launched in the presence of Raksha Rajya Mantri at GRSE, Kolkata|publisher=PIB|date=2021-12-05}}</ref><ref name="3025_launch">{{cite tweet|number=1467495738791714823|user=indiannavy|title=Sandhayak and her three other sister ships are scheduled to be delivered between Oct 22 and Jan 24|date=2021-12-05}}</ref>

== Design ==
The ships have a displacement of {{convert|3300|t|LT|0}} and a length of {{Convert|110|m|ftin}}. They have a cruising speed of {{Convert|16|knot|lk=in}} with a maximum speed of {{Convert|18|knot}} and an operating range of {{Convert|6500|nmi|lk=in}} at a speed of {{Convert|14|to|16|knot}}. The ships have a complement of 231 and are equipped with [[Hydrography|hydrographic]] sensor equipment and a [[hangar]] which can accommodate one advanced light helicopter. In the secondary role, the ships can be fitted with a [[CRN 91 Naval Gun|CRN 91]] naval gun. In addition, the vessels will follow MARPOL ([[marine pollution]]) Standards of the [[International Maritime Organization|International Maritime Organisation]] and will be built per Classification Society Rules and Naval Ship Regulations.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/301018/grse-bags-over-rs-2000-crore-contract-to-build-4-large-survey-vessels.html|title=GRSE bags over Rs 2,000 crore contract to build 4 large survey vessels for Navy|date=2018-10-30|work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=2018-11-26|language=en}}</ref>

The primary role of the vessels would be to conduct coastal and deep-water hydro-graphic survey of ports, navigational channels, Exclusive Economic Zones and collection of oceanographic data for defence. Their secondary role would be to perform search & rescue, ocean research and function as hospital ships for casualties.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=184472|title=MOD signs contract with GRSE for supply of four survey vessels for Indian Navy|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2018-11-26}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/article/84181/indian-mod-orders-four-survey-ships-from-grse|title=Indian MoD orders four survey ships from GRSE {{!}} Jane's 360|website=www.janes.com|access-date=2018-11-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/grse-to-build-four-survey-vehicles-for-indian-navy-contract-inked/articleshow/66431579.cms|title=GRSE to build four survey vehicles for Indian Navy, contract inked|date=2018-10-30|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-11-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/imps-news/grse-supply-survey-vessels-indian-navy/|title=GRSE to supply vessels to Indian Navy - NWI - Naval Warfare - Shephard Media|website=www.shephardmedia.com|language=en|access-date=2018-11-26}}</ref>

== Construction ==
The class of the survey vessel were ordered on 30 October 2018 by the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] to the [[GRSE]] for its design, construction and delivery to the [[Indian Navy]].<ref name="sandhayak-class_order">{{Cite press release |title=MOD signs contract with GRSE for supply of four survey vessels for Indian Navy |date=2018-10-30 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2146022 |access-date=2025-07-19 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250719120053/https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1551240 |archive-date=2025-07-19}}</ref> The keel of the ship was laid on 8 November 2019<ref name="sandhayak_keel">{{cite tweet|user=OfficialGRSE|number=1192733198821675010|title=Vice Admiral Ajay Kumar Saxena, PVSM, AVSM, VSM, Controller of Warship Production & Acquisition delivering his speech on the Keel Laying Ceremony of First Survey Vessel Large won on competitive bidding by GRSE|date=2019-11-08}}</ref> and launched on 5 December 2021.<ref name="sadhayak_launch"/> She is the lead ship of her [[GRSE-class survey vessel|class]].

The ship was delivered on the eve of [[Navy Day (India)|Navy Day]] celebration on 4 December 2023.<ref name="PIB-041223">{{cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1982348|title=FIRST SHIP OF SURVEY VESSEL (LARGE) SANDHAYAK DELIVERED TO INDIAN NAVY|publisher=PIB|date=2023-12-04}}</ref> The ship was commissioned on 3 February 2024 in [[Visakhapatnam]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devalla |first=Rani |date=2024-02-03 |title=Defence Minister commissions INS Sandhayak at Naval Dockyard |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/visakhapatnam/defence-minister-commissions-ins-sandhayak-at-naval-dockyard-856162 |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-03 |title=INS Sandhayak, Indian Navy's First Survey Vessel, Joins Naval Force {{!}} All You Need to Know |url=https://www.news18.com/india/indian-navy-first-survey-vessel-ins-sandhayak-commissioned-rajnath-singh-all-you-need-to-know-8765118.html |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Service history ==
On 19 July 2025, ''Sandhayak'' made her maiden port call at [[Port Klang]], [[Malaysia]] following a hydrographic operation from 16–19 July.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=INS Sandhayak, the first indigenous Survey Vessel Large (SVL), visits Port Klang, Malaysia |date=2025-07-19 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2146022 |access-date=2025-07-19}}</ref> On 9 August, [[National Day (Singapore)|Singapore's National Day]], the ship called at [[Changi Naval Base]] for a three-day visit.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=INS Sandhayak in Changi Naval Base, Singapore |date=2025-08-09 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2154707 |access-date=2025-08-10}}</ref> The ship departed Singapore on 12 August and is being commanded by Commanding Officer [[Captain (Indian Navy)|Captain]] N Dheeraj.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=INS Sandhayak completes maiden port call at Singapore |date=2025-08-14 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2156394 |access-date=2025-08-14}}</ref> She participated at the [[International Fleet Review 2026]] held at [[Visakhapatnam|Visakapatanam]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=IFR & MILAN 2026 |url=https://www.ifrmilan26.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260219124733/https://www.ifrmilan26.com/ |archive-date=2026-02-19 |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=IFR & MILAN 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

==Gallery==
{{Gallery
|title=
|width=160 | height=170
|File:Sandhayak (J18) during its launch ceremony.jpg
|Sandhayak during its launch ceremony.
| File:INS Sandhayak (2021) during commissioning ceremony.jpg
|Sandhayak (2021) during commissioning ceremony
}}

==See also==
*[[Sandhayak-class survey vessel (2023)]] - class of survey ship

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sandhayak (2021)}}
[[Category:Ships built in Kolkata]]
[[Category:2021 ships]]

Naga peoples

2026-05-05T19:50:06Z

Gurupratap Rajan: creating basic stub v1

{{Short description|Ethnic group of South Asia}}
{{about|the modern ethnic group|other uses|Naga (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| image =
| caption =
| group = Nagas
| population = {{circa|2,900,000+}}
| region1 = India
| pop1 = 2.5 million+<ref>{{cite web |title=Census of India |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/population_enumeration.html |website=Census India |publisher=MHA, Govt of India |access-date=10 May 2020 |archive-date=27 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427153523/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/population_enumeration.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| region2 = {{nbsp|10}}[[Nagaland]]
| pop2 = 1,600,000+
| region3 = {{nbsp|10}}[[Manipur]]
| pop3 = 650,000+
| region4 = {{nbsp|10}}[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| pop4 = 150,000+
| region5 = {{nbsp|10}}[[Assam]]
| pop5 = 40,000+
| region6 = {{nbsp|10}}[[Meghalaya]]
| pop6 = 2,556
| region7 = {{nbsp|10}}[[Mizoram]]
| pop7 = 760
| region8 = [[Myanmar]]
| pop8 = 300,000<ref>{{cite web| url= https://www.gomyanmartours.com/naga-ethnic-group-myanmar/| title= Naga ethnic group Myanmar| date= 13 November 2014| access-date= 25 October 2019| archive-date= 11 October 2022| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221011144626/https://www.gomyanmartours.com/naga-ethnic-group-myanmar/| url-status= live}}</ref>
| region9 = {{nbsp|10}} [[Naga Self-Administered Zone|Naga SAZ]]
| pop9 = 120,000+<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www3.bostonglobe.com/news/bigpicture/2015/01/16/the-naga-tribes-myanmar/2vat0F9BMYfQs3VbHFPWHO/story.html?arc404=true | title=Nagas of Myanmar | work=BostonGlobe.com | access-date=25 October 2019 | archive-date=11 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011144628/https://www3.bostonglobe.com/news/bigpicture/2015/01/16/the-naga-tribes-myanmar/2vat0F9BMYfQs3VbHFPWHO/story.html?arc404=true | url-status=live }}</ref>
| region10 = {{nbsp|10}} [[Sagaing Division]]
| pop10 = N/A
| region11 = {{nbsp|10}} [[Kachin State]]
| pop11 = N/A
| languages = [[Naga languages|Naga]], [[Northern Naga languages|Northern Naga]], [[Nagamese Creole]], [[English language|English]], [[Burmese language|Burmese]]
| religions = '''Majority''' – [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]] [[Christianity]] (Predominantly [[Baptist]]),<ref>{{cite news |last=Dey |first=Kalol |date=January 7, 2018 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/nagaland/in-christian-nagaland-indigenous-religion-of-pre-christian-nagas-withstand-test-of-time-5010777/ |title=In Christian Nagaland, indigenous religion of pre-Christian Nagas withstands test of time |access-date=February 7, 2025}}</ref>
'''Minority''' – [[Buddhism]], [[Animism]] (including [[Heraka]], Krüna/Pfütsana, [[Rangfrah]] and [[Tingkao Ragwang Chapriak]]){{cn|date=July 2025}}
| related = {{ubl|Other [[Kachin state|Kachin]] and [[Shan state|Shan]] ethnicities}}

{{hlist|item_style=font-size:90%;
|[[Jingpo people|Jingpo]]{{·}}[[Naxi people|Naxi]]{{·}}[[Yi people|Yi]]{{·}}[[Shan people|Shan]]{{·}}[[Wa people|Wa]]{{·}}[[Lisu people|Lisu]]{{·}}[[Chin people|Chin]]
}}
}}
{{Naga people}}
'''Nagas''' are various [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] [[ethnic group]]s native to [[northeastern India]] and northwestern [[Myanmar]]. The groups have similar cultures and traditions, and form the majority of population in the [[Indian state]] of [[Nagaland]] and [[Naga Self-Administered Zone]] of [[Myanmar]] (Burma); with significant populations in [[Manipur]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]] and [[Assam]] in [[India]], and [[Sagaing Region]] and [[Kachin State]] in Myanmar.

The Nagas are divided into various [[List of Naga ethnic groups|Naga ethnic groups]] whose numbers and populations are unclear. They each speak distinct [[List of Naga languages|Naga languages]] often unintelligible to the others, but all are loosely connected to each other.

== Etymology ==
The present day Naga people have historically been referred to by many names, like "Noga" or "Naka" by the inhabitants of the [[Ahom kingdom]] in what is now considered as [[Assam]] which means "people with pierced ears",<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grierson |title=Linguistic Survey of India Vol iii part ii |page=194}}</ref> "Hao" by [[Meitei people]] of [[Imphal Valley]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hodson |first1=TC |title=The Naga tribes of Manipur |date=1911 |page=9}}</ref> and "Nakas" by [[Bamar people|Burmese]] of what is now considered as [[Myanmar]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Upper Chindwin District vol A |publisher=Burma Gazetteer |page=22}}</ref> However, over time "Naga" became the commonly accepted nomenclature, and was also used by the British. According to the Burma Gazetteer, the term 'Naga' is of doubtful origin and is used to describe hill tribes that occupy the country between the [[Chin people|Chin]]s in the south and [[Kachin people|Kachin]]s ([[Jingpo people|Singpho]]s) in the Northeast.<ref>Burma Gazetteer, Upper chindwin vol A. page 23. published 1913</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of the Nagas}}
[[File:A Side Show- Naga Tribesmen in their full War-paint.jpg|thumb|Naga tribemen wearing warpaint {{circa|1905}}]]
Aside from developing contacts with the [[Ahom kingdom]].{{Vague|reason=This seems like the beginning of some relevant info, but it is an incomplete sentence and does not therefore convey any intelligible meaning.|date=September 2025}} During the 19th century, the British attempted to subjugate the Naga tribes and abolish traditional Naga practices such as [[headhunting]] and intertribal violence.<ref name="britannica">{{cite web |title=Nagaland – Government and society |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Nagaland/Government-and-society#ref46186 |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}</ref> After India became independent from [[British Raj|British rule]] in 1947, the Naga became [[Indian nationality law|Indian citizens]], though an [[Ethnic conflict in Nagaland|ongoing ethnic conflict]] has existed in the region since 1958.<ref name="britannica"/>

===Mongkawng===
According to the Burmese chronicles ''[[Toungoo Yazawin|Tagung Yazawin]]'', the first [[Saopha|Chaopha]] of [[Mongkawng]] Samlongpha (1150–1201 CE) with the main town in [[Mogaung]] captured Naga country in the early 1200s. In the chronicle Naga country is named as "Khang Se".<ref>{{harvcol|Gogoi|1956|p=133}}</ref>
[[File:Map of Toungoo Kingdom 1572.jpg|thumb|190px|Mongkawng in North in 1572]]

===Kingdom of Ava===
In [[Yan Aung Myin Shwe Lett Hla Pagoda|Yan-aung-myin Pagoda]] inscription found in [[Pinya]] of [[Myanmar]] mentions that the [[Kingdom of Ava]] under [[Minkhaung I]] (1400–1421) in the early 1400s extended till the territories of the Nagas.<ref>"The recently discovered Yan-aung-myin pagoda inscription at ' 'Themaunggan, south of Pinya (Obverse, line 8, 762 s.), claims that in 1400 CE the rule of the king extended beyond the Kandu (Kadu) and the Ponlon amri yols ("Palaungs who grow tails"), to the "heretic kingdoms of the Naked Nagas on the borders of Khamti Khun lcyviw (?),"{{harvcol|Luce|Htway|1976|p=174}}</ref>
[[File:Burma in 1450.png|thumb|200px|Ava kingdom in 1450]]

== Culture ==
[[File:An Ao Naga lady in her traditional attire.jpg|thumb|Ao Naga girl in her traditional attire]]

=== Art ===
The Naga people love colour, as is evident in the shawls designed and woven by women, and in the headgear that both sexes design. Clothing patterns are traditional to each group, and the cloths are woven by the women. They use beads in variety, profusion and complexity in their jewellery, along with a wide range of materials including glass, shell, stone, teeth or tusk, claws, horns, metal, bone, wood, seeds, hair, and fibre.<ref>Ao, Ayinla Shilu. ''Naga Tribal Adornment: Signatures of Status and Self'' (The Bead Society of Greater Washington. September 2003) {{ISBN|0-9725066-2-4}}</ref>

[[File:Naga traditional shawl.jpg|thumb|Two Yimkhiung Naga women weaving traditional shawl]]

According to Dr. [[Verrier Elwin]], these groups made all the goods they used, as was once common in many traditional societies:
{{blockquote|they have made their own cloth, their own hats and rain-coats; they have prepared their own medicines, their own cooking-vessels, their own substitutes for crockery.<ref>[http://nagaland.nic.in/profile/arts/arts.htm "Arts and crafts of the Nagas"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619070932/http://nagaland.nic.in/profile/arts/arts.htm |date=19 June 2009 }}, Nagaland, Retrieved 23 June 2009</ref>}}

Craftwork includes the making of baskets, weaving of cloth, wood carving, pottery, metalwork, jewellery-making and bead-work.

Weaving of colourful woolen and cotton shawls is a central activity for women of all Nagas. One of the common features of Naga shawls is that three pieces are woven separately and stitched together. Weaving is an intricate and time-consuming work and each shawl takes at least a few days to complete. Designs for shawls and wraparound garments (commonly called ''[[Mekhela chador|mekhala]]'') are different for men and women.
[[File:Ancestral Naga Tribal Beads.jpg|thumb|right|Ancestral Naga Beads, Courtesy Wovensouls Collection]]
Among many groups the design of the shawl denotes the social status of the wearer. Some of the more known shawls include ''Tsüngkotepsü'' and ''Rongsü'' of the Aos; ''Sütam, Ethasü, Longpensü'' of the Lothas; ''Süpong'' of the Sangtams, ''Rongkhim'' and ''Tsüngrem Khim'' of the Yimkhiungs; and the Angami ''Lohe'' shawls with thick embroidered animal motifs.

Naga jewellery is an equally important part of identity, with the entire community wearing similar bead jewellery, specifically the necklace.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Koiso |first1=Manabu |last2=Endo |first2=Hitoshi |title=Necklace of ethnic groups of Naga, India: their meaning and function through time |url=https://nomadit.co.uk/conference/euraseaa15/paper/25856 |access-date=18 April 2022 |website=nomadit.co.uk |language=en}}</ref>

The Indian Chamber of Commerce has filed an application seeking registration of traditional Naga shawls made in Nagaland with the Geographical Registry of India for [[Geographical Indication]].<ref>"Naga shawls in for geographical registration", AndhraNews.net, 7 April 2008</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
[[File:Naga Smoked Pork with Axone (Fermented Soyabeans).jpg|thumb|Smoked pork with [[akhuni]], a fermented soybean product]]

{{Main|Naga cuisine}}

[[Naga cuisine]] is characterised by smoked and fermented foods.

=== Folk song and dance ===
Folk songs and dances are essential ingredients of the traditional Naga culture. The oral tradition is kept alive through the media of folk tales and songs. Naga folk songs are both romantic and historical, with songs narrating entire stories of famous ancestors and incidents. Seasonal songs describe activities done in a particular agricultural cycle. The early Western missionaries opposed the use of folk songs by Naga Christians as they were perceived to be associated with spirit worship, war, and immorality. As a result, translated versions of Western hymns were introduced, leading to the slow disappearance of indigenous music from the Naga hills.<ref>Shikhu, Inato Yekheto. ''A Re-discovery and Re-building of Naga Cultural Values: An Analytical Approach with Special Reference to Maori as a Colonized and Minority Group of People in New Zealand'' (Daya Books, 2007), p. 210</ref>

[[File:Chakhesang 1883b.jpg|upright|thumb|A Chakhesang Naga man]]

Folk dances of the Nagas are mostly performed in groups in synchronised fashion, by both men and women, depending on the type of dance. Dances are usually performed at festivals and religious occasions. War dances are performed mostly by men and are athletic and martial in style. All dances are accompanied by songs and war cries by the dancers. Indigenous musical instruments made and used by the people are [[Tati (instrument)|tati]], bamboo mouth organs, bamboo flutes, trumpets, drums made of cattle skin and log drums.<ref>Mongro, Kajen & Ao, A Lanunungsang. ''Naga Cultural Attires and Musical Instruments'' (Concept Publishing Company, 1999), {{ISBN|81-7022-793-3}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{Main|Christianity in Nagaland}}
Traditionally, the Nagas practised animism, venerating natural elements such as the sun, moon, trees, and stones. They believed in a Supreme Being and various lesser spirits associated with nature, conducting rituals and sacrifices to appease these entities. This deep connection to nature was central to their worldview and daily life.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Study of Traditional Religion of the Nagas with Special Reference to the Sümi Nagas |url=https://www.erpublications.com/uploaded_files/download/y-hukheli-zhimomi_OMXOr.pdf}}</ref>

In the mid-19th century, Christian missionaries, particularly from the American Baptist denomination, introduced Christianity to the Naga hills. The Nagas embraced the new faith, leading to a significant religious transformation. Today, Christianity is the predominant religion among the Naga people, with over 87% identifying as Christians, making Nagaland one of the three Christian-majority states in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2018 |title=In Christian Nagaland, indigenous religion of pre-Christian Nagas withstands test of time |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/nagaland/in-christian-nagaland-indigenous-religion-of-pre-christian-nagas-withstand-test-of-time-5010777/ |access-date=20 December 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Project |first=Joshua |title=Naga in India |url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/17738/in |access-date=20 December 2024 |website=joshuaproject.net |language=en}}</ref>

While Christianity dominates, remnants of traditional beliefs persist, especially in cultural practices and festivals. Some Nagas integrate indigenous rituals with Christian practices, reflecting a syncretic approach to spirituality. Additionally, there are small minorities practising other religions (such as Buddhism),<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=30 May 2014 |title=Forced Conversion to Buddhism in Eastern Nagaland |url=https://www.burmalink.org/forced-conversion-buddhism-eastern-nagaland/ |access-date=20 December 2024 |website=Burma Link |language=en-US}}</ref> but they constitute a very limited portion of the population. In Myanmar, the term "Naga" holds significance in Buddhist mythology, referring to serpent-like beings often depicted in religious art and architecture.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2022 |title=Origins Of Naga Worship In Buddhism |url=https://burmese-buddha.com/origins-of-naga-worship-in-buddhism/ |access-date=20 December 2024 |website=burmese-buddha.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Festivals ===
{{main|List of traditional Naga festivals}}
The various Naga groups have their own distinct festivals. To promote inter-group interaction, the Government of Nagaland has organised the annual [[Hornbill Festival]] since 2000. Another inter-ethnic festival is [[Lui Ngai Ni]]. The group-specific festivals include:<ref>{{cite web | url = http://nagaland.nic.in/potential/tourism.htm | title = Tourism: General Information | publisher = Government of Nagaland | access-date = 24 October 2011 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111030111232/http://nagaland.nic.in/potential/tourism.htm | archive-date = 30 October 2011 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>
[[File:Hornbill Festival.jpg|thumb|Hornbill Festival]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Festival
! Ethnic group
! Time
! Major center
|-
| ''[[Aoleang]]''
| [[Konyak people|Konyak]]
| April (first week)
| [[Mon district|Mon]]
|-
| ''Chaga Ngee'', ''[[Gaan-Ngai]]'', ''Hega n'gi'', ''Mlei-Ngyi''
| [[Zeliangrong]] Communities – ([[Liangmai Naga people|Liangmai]], [[Rongmei Naga people|Rongmei]], and [[Zeme people|Zeme]])
| December (last week), 10 March for ''Melei-Ngyi'', 30 October for ''Chaga Ngee''
| [[Tamenglong district|Tamenglong]]–[[Cachar district|Cachar]], [[Peren district|Peren]]
|-
| ''Chavan Kumhrin''
| [[Anāl Naga people|Anāl]]
| October (23)
| [[Chandel district|Chandel]]
|-
| ''[[Chiithuni]]''
| [[Mao Naga people|Mao]]
| January (7)
| [[Senapati district|Senapati]]
|-
| ''Kaīvi''
| [[Lainong Naga|Lainong]]
| January/March
| [[Lahe Township|Lahe]]
|-
| ''Luira Phanit''
| [[Tangkhul Naga people|Tangkhul]]
| February/March
| [[Ukhrul district|Ukhrul]]
|-
| ''[[Metümnyo]]''
| [[Yimkhiung Naga|Yimkhiung]]
| August (second week)
| [[Shamator district|Shamator]]
|-
| ''[[Miu (Naga festival)|Miu]]''
| [[Khiamniungan people|Khiamniungan]]
| May (second week)
| [[Noklak district|Noklak]]
|-
| ''[[Moatsü]]''
| [[Ao Naga|Ao]]
| May (first week)
| [[Mokokchung district|Mokokchung]]
|-
| ''[[Mungmung]]''
| [[Sangtam Naga|Sangtam]]
| September (first week)
| [[Kiphire district|Kiphire]] and Tuensang
|-
| ''[[Monyü]]''
| [[Phom Naga|Phom]]
| April (first week)
| [[Longleng district|Longleng]]
|-
| ''[[Naknyulüm]]''
| [[Chang Naga|Chang]]
| July (second week)
| [[Tuensang district|Tuensang]]
|-
| ''[[Ngada festival|Ngada]]''
| [[Rengma]]
| November (last week)
| [[Tseminyü district|Tseminyü]]
|-
| ''[[Sekrenyi]]''
| [[Angami Naga|Angami]]
| February
| [[Kohima district|Kohima]], [[Chümoukedima district|Chümoukedima]]
|-
| ''Sükhrünyie'', ''Tsükhenyie''
| [[Chakhesang]]
| January & March/April
| [[Phek district|Phek]]
|-
| ''Thounii''
| [[Poumai Naga people|Poumai]]
| January (18th to 22nd)
| [[Senapati district|Senapati]]
|-
| ''[[Tokhü Emong]]''
| [[Lotha Naga|Lotha]]
| November (first week)
| [[Wokha district|Wokha]]
|-
| ''Tülüni'', ''[[Sümi Naga#Ahuna|Ahuna]]''
| [[Sümi Naga|Sümi]]
| July
| [[Zünheboto district|Zünheboto]]
|-
| ''Yemshi''
| [[Pochury]]
| September/October
| [[Phek]]
|-
|}

== Ethnic groups ==
{{main|List of Naga ethnic groups}}

The word Naga originated as an [[exonym]].<ref name="Christopher2012">{{cite book | author=Christopher Moseley | title=Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p-7ON7Rvx_AC&pg=PT572 | access-date=8 September 2013 | date=6 December 2012 | publisher=Routledge | isbn=978-1-135-79640-2 | pages=572–}}</ref> Today, it covers a number of ethnic groups that reside in Nagaland, Manipur, Assam and Arunachal Pradesh states of India, and also in Myanmar.

Before the arrival of the British, the term "Naga" was used by [[Assamese people|Assamese]] to refer to certain isolated ethnic groups. The British adopted this term for a number of ethnic groups in the surrounding area, based on loose linguistic and cultural associations. The number of groups classified as "Naga" grew significantly in the 20th century: as of December 2015, 89 groups are classified as Naga by the various sources. This expansion in the "Naga" identity has been due to a number of factors including the quest for upward mobility in the society of Nagaland, and the desire to establish a common purpose of resistance against dominance by other groups. In this way, the "Naga" identity has not always been fixed.<ref name="Arkotong2010">{{cite book | author=Arkotong Longkumer | title=Reform, Identity and Narratives of Belonging: The Heraka Movement in Northeast India | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E6HR3bjokSUC&pg=PA6 | access-date=8 September 2013 | date=4 May 2010 | publisher=Continuum | isbn=978-0-8264-3970-3 | pages=6–7 }}</ref>

=== Nagas in India ===
Nagas population are spread across all Northeast Indian States except Tripura and are listed as [[scheduled tribes]] in 6 Northeastern States: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland.<ref>[https://tribal.nic.in/ST/LatestListofScheduledtribes.pdf Scheduled tribes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131142900/https://tribal.nic.in/ST/LatestListofScheduledtribes.pdf |date=31 January 2022 }} (PDF)</ref>

=== Nagas in Myanmar ===
Nagas in [[Myanmar]] are mostly found in [[Sagaing Region|Sagaing Division]] and [[Kachin State|Kachin state]]. The Naga territory in Myanmar is marked by [[Kabaw Valley|Kabaw valley]] in the south bordering to the [[Chin State|Chin state]], the [[Kachin people|Kachin]] on the north and the [[Bamar people|Burmese]] on the east.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://morungexpress.com/nagas-myanmar-people-forgotten-land|title=India News, Nagaland News, Breaking News ||access-date=26 October 2019|archive-date=26 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026173705/http://morungexpress.com/nagas-myanmar-people-forgotten-land|url-status=live}}</ref>

'''The Major Naga ethnic groups in Myanmar are''':

# [[Konyak Naga |Konyak]] (Chen)
# [[Lainong Naga |Lainong]] (Htangan)
# [[Makury Naga |Makury]]
# Nokko ([[Khiamniungan people |Khiamniungan]])
# [[Para Naga |Para]]
# [[Tangkhul people |Somra Tangkhul]]
# [[Tangsa Naga |Tangshang]]

Some other minor Naga groups are [[Anāl Naga people|Anāl]], [[Lamkang people|Lamkang]], [[Moyon people|Moyon]], Koka (sometimes spelt as Goga or Koki), [[Longphuri Naga |Longphuri]], [[Makyam Language |Paung Nyuan]] (Makhyam), etc.

'''The townships which are inhabited by the Nagas are''':
# [[Homalin Township|Homalin]]
# [[Lahe Township|Lahe]] with Tanbakwe sub-township
# [[Lay Shi Township|Layshi]] with Mowailut sub-township and Somra sub-township
# [[Hkamti Township|Hkamti]]
# [[Nanyun Township|Nanyun]] with [[Pangsau Pass|Pangsau]] and Dunghi sub-township
# [[Tamu Township|Tamu]] of Sagaing Division and
# [[Tanai Township|Tanai]] of Kachin state

[[Anāl Naga people|Anāl]] and [[Moyon Naga people|Moyon]] are mainly found in [[Tamu Township|Tamu township]] on the south and a few [[Tangkhul Naga people|Somra Nagas]] are also found in and around Tamu bordering to [[Lay Shi Township|Layshi]] jurisdiction. [[Makury language|Makury]], [[Para Naga|Para]] and Somra tribes are mainly found in Layshi township. Makury Nagas and a few Somra Nagas are also found in [[Homalin Township|Homalin township]]. [[Lahe Township|Lahe]] is highly populated by [[Konyak Naga|Konyak]], [[Khiamniungan people|Nokko]], [[Leinong language|Lainong]] and [[Makury language|Makury]] tribes. [[Nanyun Township|Nanyun]] on the north is the home of [[Tangshang Naga|Tangshang]] tribe which comprises more than 54 sub-dialect groups. [[Homalin Township|Homlin]] township is highly populated by the considered lost tribes ([[Shanni Nationalities Army|Red Shans]]). But [[Kuki people|Kukis]], [[Bamar people|Burmese]], [[Chinese people in Myanmar|Chinese]] and [[Burmese Indians|Indians]] are also found there. [[Hkamti Township|Hkamti township]] is populated altogether by all the Naga tribes majority and with a number of Burmese, [[Shan people|Shans]], Chinese and Indians. [[Tanai Township|Tanai]] in Kachin state of Myanmar is inhabited by the [[Tangshang Naga|Tangshang]] Nagas among the [[Kachin people]].

== Languages ==
{{Main|List of Naga languages}}
The [[Naga languages]] are either classified under the [[Kuki-Chin-Naga languages|Chin-Naga languages]] or the [[Sal languages]].

[[File:Lenguas_tibeto-birmanas.png | thumb|right | Language groups in northeast India.
{{legend-col|
{{legend|#32CD32|[[Tibetan languages|Tibetan]]}}
|{{legend|#FFD700|[[Burmese language|Burmese]]}}
|{{legend|#FF0000|[[Karen languages|Karen]]}}
|{{legend|#FF4500|[[Rung languages|Rung]]}}
|{{legend|#8B4513|[[Tani language|Tani]]}}
|{{legend|#800000|[[Qiang language|Qiang]]}}
|{{legend|#0000FF|[[Bodo-Garo languages|Bodo-Garo]]}}
|{{legend|#1E90FF|[[Konyak languages|Konyak]]}}
|{{legend|#9400D3|'''[[Naga languages|Naga]]'''}}
|{{legend|#FF69B4|[[Manipuri language|Metei]]}}
|{{legend|#FF1493|[[Kuki-Chin languages|Kuki-Chin]]}}
}}]]

Nagas have more language diversity than any other ethnic group or states in India. Naga people speak over 89 languages and dialects, mostly unintelligible with each other. However, there are many similarities among the languages spoken by them. The diversity of languages and traditions of the Nagas results most likely from the multiple cultural absorptions that occurred during their successive migrations. According to legend, before settling in the region, these groups moved over vast zones, and in the process, some clans were absorbed into one or more other groups. Therefore, until recent times, absorptions were a source of many interclan conflicts.<ref>Drouyer, Azevedo, Isabel, Drouyer, René, THE NAGAS -MEMORIES OF HEADHUNTERS vol.1, White Lotus, 2016, p. 7</ref>

In 1967, the Nagaland Assembly proclaimed English as the official language of Nagaland and it is the medium for education in Nagaland. Other than English, [[Nagamese Creole|Nagamese]], a creole language form of the [[Assamese language]], is a widely spoken language. Every community has its own mother tongue but communicates with other communities in either Nagamese or [[English language|English]]. However, English is the predominant spoken and written language in Nagaland. Hindi is also taught along with English in most schools and most Nagas prefer to use Hindi to communicate with the migrant workers of the state, that primarily comes from Bihar, UP and Madhya Pradesh. Since 2022, Hindi in Northeastern India has been taught in school until class 10.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |title=Hindi will be made compulsory in northeastern states till Class 10, says Amit Shah |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1021393/hindi-should-be-accepted-as-an-alternative-to-english-says-amit-shah |access-date=18 April 2022 |website=Scroll.in |date=8 April 2022 |language=en-US |archive-date=18 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418060123/https://scroll.in/latest/1021393/hindi-should-be-accepted-as-an-alternative-to-english-says-amit-shah |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[List of Naga people]]
*[[Naga Hoho]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Citation|last=Scott|first=James George|year =1967|title=Hsenwi State Chronicle}}
* {{citation|last1=Luce|first1=G.H|last2= Htway|first2=Tin|contribution=A 15th Century Inscription and Library at Pagán, Burma|year=1976|title= Malalasekera Commemoration Volume. Colombo: The Malalasekera Commemoration Volume Editorial Committee|pages =203–256|publisher=Dept of Pali and Buddhist Studies, University of Ceylon}}
* {{cite book|last=Gogoi|first=Padmeswar|title=The political expansion of the Mao Shans|year=1956}}
*Drouyer, A. Isabel, Drouyer René, " THE NAGAS: MEMORIES OF HEADHUNTERS- Indo-Burmese Borderlands vol.1"; White Lotus, 2016, {{ISBN|978-2-9545112-2-1}}.
* Wettstein, Marion. 2014. ''Naga Textiles: Design, Technique, Meaning and Effect of a Local Craft Tradition in Northeast India''. Arnoldsche, Stuttgart 2014, {{ISBN|978-3-89790-419-4}}.
* von Stockhausen, Alban. 2014. ''Imag(in)ing the Nagas: The Pictorial Ethnography of Hans-Eberhard Kauffmann and [[Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf]]''. Arnoldsche, Stuttgart 2014, {{ISBN|978-3-89790-412-5}}.
*Shongzan, Mayaso, "A Portrait of the Tangkhul Nagas"; Exodus, 2013, {{ISBN|978-81-929139-0-2}}.
*Stirn, Aglaja & Peter van Ham. ''The Hidden world of the Naga: Living Traditions in Northeast India''. London: Prestel.
*Oppitz, Michael, Thomas Kaiser, Alban von Stockhausen & Marion Wettstein. 2008. ''Naga Identities: Changing Local Cultures in the Northeast of India''. Gent: Snoeck Publishers.
*Kunz, Richard & Vibha Joshi. 2008. ''Naga – A Forgotten Mountain Region Rediscovered''. Basel: Merian.
*{{cite web |first=Waikhom Damodar |last=Singh |date=21 June 2002|url=http://www.manipuronline.com/Features/June2002/Indo-NagaCeasefire21_1.htm |title=The Indo – Naga Ceasefire Agreement |publisher=Manipur Online (originally published in The Sangai Express) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050526113938/http://www.manipuronline.com/Features/June2002/Indo-NagaCeasefire21_1.htm |archive-date=26 May 2005}}
* Shimray, Atai, A.S. – "Let freedom ring?: Story of Naga nationalism".
* {{Cite book |title=Naga Folk Tales |first=Kiran Shankar |last=Maitra |location=New Delhi, India |publisher=Mittal Publications |date=1990 |isbn=81-7099-200-0}}
{{refend}}

== Novels ==
* Ben Doherty, ''Nagaland'', Wild Dingo Press, Melbourne, 2018, {{ISBN|978-0-6480-6637-8}}.

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100617042629/http://nagaland.nic.in/ Official site of Nagaland state government]
* [http://www.ayeyarwady.com/Photo-e/naga/2001-1/index.htm Photos of Nagas in Burma by Goto Osami]
* [http://old.netphotograph.com/netphoto/print/nagaintro.zhtml?pgbid=1&gid=1 Photos of Nagas by Pablo Bartholomew] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603115530/http://old.netphotograph.com/netphoto/print/nagaintro.zhtml?pgbid=1&gid=1 |date=3 June 2016 }}
* [http://wovensouls.org/2010/12/27/tribal-textiles-beads-of-nagaland/ Article "Textile & Bead Art of Nagaland"]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oLs-UoqzLlU National Geographic Why These Headhunters Converted to Christianity]
* [http://naganationalcouncil.org/Nagaland.html Naga National Council's Official site]

{{Naga tribes}}
{{Scheduled tribes of India}}
{{Hill tribes of Northeast India}}
{{Ethnic groups in Myanmar}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naga People}}
[[Category:Naga people| ]]
[[Category:Sino-Tibetan-speaking peoples]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Northeast India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Manipur]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Myanmar]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of South Asia]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of Southeast Asia]]
[[Category:Social groups of Assam]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in South Asia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Southeast Asia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups divided by international borders]]
[[Category:Tribes of India]]

Hemis National Park

2026-05-03T14:49:20Z

Gurupratap Rajan: new

{{Short description|National park in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Hemis National Park
| image = 13-10-08 217 CONFLUENCE OF INDUS RIVER N.jpg
| image_caption = Confluence of [[Zanskar River|Zanskar]] and [[Indus|Indus Rivers]]
| map = India Ladakh#India
| map_caption = Location in Ladakh, India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| coordinates = {{coord|33|59|N|77|26|E|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Leh district]], [[Ladakh]], [[India]]
| established = 1981
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| area_km2 = 4400
| elevation = {{convert|3000|to|6000|m|abbr=on}}
| nearest_city = [[Leh]]
| iucn_category = II
}}

'''Hemis National Park''', a high-elevation [[national park]] near [[Hemis]] in the [[Leh district]] of [[Ladakh]] in [[India]], is located {{convert|50|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Leh]] town, the capitals of Ladakh. Globally famous for its endangered [[snow leopard]]s, it has the highest density of them in any protected area in the world.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Birding trip reports {{!}} CloudBirders | url=http://www.cloudbirders.com/tripreport/repository/BARUAH_India_03_2014.pdf | access-date=2026-02-02 | website=www.cloudbirders.com}}</ref> The park is also home to a number of other endangered [[mammal]] species.

It is one of the three largest wildlife sanctuaries in Ladakh, others being [[Karakoram Wildlife Sanctuary]], and [[Changthang Cold Desert Wildlife Sanctuary]].<ref name=bound1>Boundaries of sanctuaries in Ladakh to be 'rationalised', WII, 9 Apr 2022.</ref> It is the largest notified [[Protected areas of India|protected area in India]] (largest national park); the only national park in India north of the [[Himalaya]]s; and the second largest contiguous protected area in India (after the [[Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve]] and surrounding protected areas). Along with the [[Changthang Wildlife Sanctuary]] and North Sikkim's proposed [[Tso Lhamo|Tso Lhamo Cold Desert Conservation Area]], the Hemis National Park is India's one of the three protected [[Palearctic realm]].

==History==

The park was founded in 1981 by protecting the [[Rumbak]] and [[Markha River (India)|Markha]] river catchments, an area of about {{convert|600|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}. It grew in 1988 to around {{convert|3350|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, by incorporating neighbouring lands,<ref>Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Environment, By G R Chhatwal, D K Pandey, K K Nanda, Published by Anmol Publications PVT. LTD., 1988 ({{ISBN|8170411009}}), ({{ISBN|9788170411000}})</ref>
before increasing in 1990 to {{convert|4400|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}},<ref name="snowleopardnetwork.org">http://www.snowleopardnetwork.org/bibliography/anlp99.htm{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and is the largest national park in [[South Asia]].

==Geography ==

The park is bounded on the north by the banks of the [[Indus River]], and includes the catchments of Markha and Rumbak rivers, and parts of the [[Zanskar Range]]. The park lies within the [[Karakoram-West Tibetan Plateau alpine steppe]] [[ecoregion]], and contains pine forests, [[alpine zone|alpine shrublands and meadows]], and [[alpine tundra]] vegetation.

Hemis National Park lies entirely within the Zanskar area of India-administered Ladakh. It's boundaries, defined by the [[ Wildlife Institute of India]] (WII), are:<ref name=bound1/>

* Southern boundary: run from Tetha to [[Padum]];<ref name=bound1/>

* Eastern boundary: from Padum along the [[Nimmu–Padum–Darcha road]] till [[Nimo, Ladakh|Nimmu]] (on [[National Highway 1 (India)|NH-1]]);<ref name=bound1/>

* Northern boundary: From Nimmu run along NH-1 till [[Karu, Ladakh|Karu]] (on [[National Highway 3 (India)|NH-3]]).<ref name=bound1/>

* Western boundary: then from Karu run southward along NH-3 till Tetha.<ref name=bound1/>

==Ecology==

===Fauna===
[[File:Mountain Weasel (Mustela altaica).jpg|thumb|right|[[Mountain weasel]] (''Mustela altaica'')]]

16 mammal species and 73 bird [[species]] have been recorded in the park so far.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Khan|first=Asif|date=2016|title=Ladakh: The Land Beyond|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B7UUVmCgCiGATFFhcGJqdkg3S28/view?usp=sharing|journal=Buceros|volume=21 |issue=3|pages=6–15}}</ref>

The park is home to a viable breeding [[Population (biology)|population]] of about 200 snow leopards, especially in the Rumbak catchment area. The prey base for the [[apex predator]] in the [[Central Asia]]n Highlands is primarily supported in Hemis by [[Argali]] (Great Tibetan Sheep), [[Bharal]] (Blue Sheep), [[Urial|Shapu]] (Ladakhi Urial), and livestock. A small population of the [[Asiatic ibex]] is also present in Hemis. Hemis is the only refuge in India containing the [[Urial|Shapu]].<ref>Wild Sheep and Goats and Their Relatives: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan for Caprinae
By David M. Shackleton, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Species Survival Commission. Caprinae Specialist Group
Contributor David M. Shackleton, Published by IUCN, 1997 ({{ISBN|2831703530}}), ({{ISBN|9782831703534}})</ref>

The [[Tibetan wolf]], the [[Eurasian brown bear]] (endangered in India), and the [[red fox]] are also present in Hemis.<ref name="ngm.nationalgeographic.com">[https://web.archive.org/web/20080621044630/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/06/snow-leopards/chadwick-text.html Out of the Shadows], [[National Geographic Magazine]], June 2008</ref> Small [[mammal]]s include the [[Himalayan marmot]], [[mountain weasel]] and the Himalayan mouse hare.<ref name=":0" />

Among [[bird]]s of prey noted here are Himalayan and Trans-Himalayan [[birds of prey]]: the [[golden eagle]], [[lammergeier]] vulture, and [[Himalayan griffon]] vulture.<ref name=":0" /> The Rumbak Valley offers opportunities for birdwatching,<ref name=":0" /> including several Tibetan species not common in other parts of India. Birds present here include [[brown accentor]], [[robin accentor]], [[Tickell's leaf warbler]], [[streaked rosefinch]], [[black-winged snowfinch]], [[Chukar partridge|chukar]], [[Blyth's swift]], [[red-billed chough]], [[Himalayan snowcock]], and the [[Red-fronted serin|fire-fronted serin]].<ref name=":0" />

===Flora===
[[File:Himalayan Lavender in Hemis National Park.jpg|thumb|upright|Himalayan lavender (''[[Perovskia atriplicifolia]]'')]]

This region is in the [[rain shadow]] of the Himalayas, and does not receive much precipitation. Hence, dry forests of [[juniper]], ''[[Populus]]'' - ''[[Salix]]'' forests, subalpine dry [[birch]] - [[fir]] are present at lower elevations. Alpine and steppe trees are predominantly found here. These trees and shrubs are spread across the valley bottoms. Since the upper mountain slopes are moist, this area is characterized by alpine vegetation including ''Anemone'', ''Gentiana'', ''Thalictrum'', ''Lloydia'', ''Veronica'', ''Delphinum'', ''Carex'' and ''Kobresia''. The other parts of the park support steppe vegetation which is dominated by Caragana, Artemisia, Stachys, and Ephedra, present along the lower river courses. A study conducted by CP Kala reports 15 rare and endangered [[medicinal plant]]s growing in the park, which include ''Acantholimon lycopodioides'', ''Arnebia euchroma'', ''Artemisia maritima'', ''Bergenia stracheyi'', ''Ephedra gerardiana'', ''Ferula jaeschkeana'', and ''Hyoscyamus niger''.<ref>Kala, CP 2005. Indigenous Uses, Population Density, and Conservation of Threatened Medicinal Plants in Protected Areas of the Indian Himalayas. Conservation Biology, 19 (2): 368-378 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00602.x/abstract</ref><ref>Handbook of National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries and Biosphere Reserves in India, By S.S. Negi, Published by Indus Publishing, 2002 ({{ISBN|8173871280}}), ({{ISBN|9788173871283}})</ref>

==Environmental issues==

Over 1,600 people live inside the park boundaries, mostly [[pastoralism|pastoralist]]s raising [[poultry]], goats, and sheep. This results in considerable animal-human conflict within the region. Snow leopards prey on [[livestock]], sometimes killing several animals from a single flock in one hunt. This has been attributed to the [[overgrazing]] of livestock. Crop damage caused by bharal has also been seen.

The Department of Wildlife Protection, Government of Ladakh is the custodian of the park. Any activity in the park is prohibited unless special permission is obtained from the Chief Wildlife Warden. The department has initiated many projects for biodiversity conservation and rural livelihood improvement, such as:
* Project Snow Leopard for Conserving the entire Himalayan biosphere, initiated in 2004 and formally launched on 20 February 2009.
* Ladakh Eco tourism Project
* Ladakh Homestays program for providing tourists accommodation in local villagers' residences (source of additional income).
* Nature Guide Training for the educated unemployed youth.
* Eco Cafe for the women Help Group to run the cafe and sell the local handicraft products to the tourist.
* Creation of a no-grazing zone for domestic livestock
* Predator-proofing livestock pens in the area<ref name="snowleopardnetwork.org">http://www.snowleopardnetwork.org/bibliography/anlp99.htm{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="ngm.nationalgeographic.com"/>

==Tourism==
[[File:StokKangripiccrop.jpg|thumb|right|[[Stok Kangri]] peak]]

The historic Hemis Monastery is home to the 2-days long annual "Hemis [[Tsechu]] Festival" usually held every summer in June-July. Lodging is restricted to backcountry camps and homestays initiated by the [[Snow Leopard Conservancy India Trust]] (SLC-IT) in 2000.<ref name=tr1/> Hemis was a destination and via point on the [[silk route]]s to [[Tibet]].

The park has also become popular among tourists who want to observe the snow leopard. The best season for spotting snow leopards is in late winter.<ref name=tr1/>

===Tibetan Buddhist monasteries===
{{anchor | Monsatery | Monasteries }}

Over 1,600 people live inside the park presently. The park houses numerous Tibetan [[gompa]]s and holy [[chorten]]s within its boundaries. These include the famous 400-year-old [[Hemis Monastery]], a place of pilgrimage for [[Tibetan Buddhists]]. However, in the late 19th and early 20th century, the monastery attracted some attention due to the writings of [[Nicolas Notovitch]], a [[Russia]]n aristocrat and journalist, who claimed that Jesus had spent the [[Lost years of Jesus|missing years of his life]] in Tibet and Ladakh, specifically in Hemis.

===Mountaineering ===

The Hemis National Park is also famous for mountaineering expeditions. The [[Stok Kangri|Stok Kangri peak]] (6,153 metres (20,187 ft)) and the [[Kang Yatze|Kang Yatse peak]] (elevation 6,496 metres (21,312 ft)) are the two mountains which attract the highest number of climbers every year.<ref name=tr1>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=9 December 2017|title=Himalayan Homestays|newspaper=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/how-homestays-are-saving-snow-leopards-in-ladakh/article21302533.ece|access-date=|website=|last1=Majumdar|first1=Swapna}}</ref> and supported and managed by the local government.

===Trekking===

The park offers a number of routes for trekking from mid-June to mid-October; some of these trekking routes are among the most popular in Ladakh. This includes the Markha valley trek and the trek from Spituk to Stok over the Ganda La pass.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Markha valley trek, Ladakh|url=https://www.ju-lehadventure.com/trekking-ladakh/markha-valley-from-chilling|access-date=|website=}}</ref>

; Markha valley-Ganda La-Leh treks
{{anchor | GL | Ganda La }}

{{Infobox mountain pass
| name = Ganda La
| photo = Ganda La.jpg
| photo_caption = The top of Ganda La (winter pass); the way to [[Skiu]]
| elevation_m = 4980
| elevation_ref =
| traversed =
| location = [[India]]
| range = [[Himalaya]]
| coordinates =
| topo =
}}

The [[Markha valley]] to Leh trek crosses the Ganda La pass on the section between [[Rumbak]] and [[Skiu]] villages, which is usually done over 2 days.<ref name="Cic" /> The other pass on the trek is the Gongmaru La (Kongmaru La).<ref name="Cic" /> Ganda La (also called the "Kanda La",<ref name="Cic" /> {{coord|34|2|29.62|N|77|21|45.42|E}}), a high [[mountain pass]] located at around 4980 metres above sea level and {{convert|23|km|mile|abbr=on}} south-west of Leh in Ladakh,<ref name="Cic">{{cite book |title=Trekking in Ladakh |publisher=[[Cicerone]] |edition=1st |date=2012 |page=339 |isbn=978-1-85284-675-6}}</ref> lies within the Hemis National Park,<ref name="GoogleMap">{{cite web |url=https://www.google.co.uk/maps/place/Hemis+National+Park/@33.7448967,77.041626,10z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0xf74ea9833e5618e2!8m2!3d33.7563151!4d77.2833252 |title=Hemis National Park on Google Maps |access-date=2016-10-28}}</ref> and connects the Markha valley villages to Leh town. It is regularly used by local people. The summer pass is open from June, and the winter pass (half kilometre north-west of summer pass) is open from late April.

=== Check posts at the park boundaries ===
{{anchor | CP}}

Since 2019, ALTOA (All Ladakh Tour Operator Association) and the Department of Wildlife Protection have set up check posts at each entrance of the Hemis National Park. These check posts are located at Skiu village, Zingchen, and Shang Sumdo. Beyond these check posts, only motorized vehicles used by villagers who live inside the park are allowed. Tourists are not allowed to use motorized vehicles inside the park, they shall walk. Tourists also need to pay a fee (called “wildlife fee”) when entering the park.

==Transport==

* Nearest airport: [[Leh Kushok Bakula Rimpochee Airport]] at [[Leh]] about {{convert|5|km|mile|abbr=on}} north of the Hemis National Park boundary.

* Nearest highway: [[National Highway 1 (India)|NH1 Srinagar-Kargil-Leh Highway]] (north of the park), [[National Highway 3 (India)|NH3 Leh-Manali Highway]] (north and east of the park), [[Nimmu–Padum–Darcha road]] (south of the park), and [[National Highway 301 (India)|NH301 Padum-Pensi La-Kargil Highway]] (southwest of the park). There is no metalled road in Hemis National Park. However, a few rough roads enable local people to reach their villages. There is a rough road connecting Chilling bridge to Skiu village in the Markha valley and another one connecting Spituk to Zingchen and Rumbak village. On Hemis side, there is a road connecting Martselang to Shang Sumdo. In order to protect the national park and its tourism-related activities (trekking, homestays, wildlife spotting), the in inhabitants of the region demanded in 2018 a regulation of vehicle access to the park.

* Nearest town: There are quite a few villages, and [[gompa]]s (monasteries) inside the national park

* Nearest city: Leh {{convert|10|km|mile|abbr=on}} to the north and [[Padum]] {{convert|10|km|mile|abbr=on}} southwest of the park.

==In culture==

The national park, monastery and the [[Changthang Wildlife Sanctuary]] were prominently featured in the award-winning documentary ''[[Riding Solo to the Top of the World]]''.

==See also==

* [[Changthang Cold Desert Wildlife Sanctuary]], east of Hemis National Park
* [[Karakorum Wildlife Sanctuary]], north of Hemis National Park

* [[Geography of Ladakh]]
* [[Tourism in Ladakh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* Management Plan Hemis High Altitude National Park, Jigmet Takpa IFS and Saleem Ul Haq.
*Hemis High Altitude National Park-Government of Jammu and Kashmir, Department of Wildlife Protection, Wildlife Division(LAHDC) Leh-Ladakh
* Chettri, Nakul. 2003.
* Namgail, T., Fox, J.L. & Bhatnagar, Y.V. (2004). Habitat segregation between sympatric Tibetan argali Ovis ammon hodgsoni and blue sheep Pseudois nayaur in the Indian Trans-Himalaya. Journal of Zoology (London), 262: 57-63.
* Ladakh: The Land and the People, By Prem Singh Jina. Published by Indus Publishing, 1996 ({{ISBN|8173870578}}), ({{ISBN|9788173870576}})

[[Category:National parks in Ladakh]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1981]]
[[Category:Tourism in Ladakh]]
[[Category:Geography of Ladakh]]
[[Category:1981 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]

Awadhesh Kumar Bharti

2026-05-03T05:53:03Z

Gurupratap Rajan: made new bio v1

{{Short description|Deputy Chief of the Air Staff, Indian Air Force}}
{{use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Air Marshal (India)|Air Marshal]]
| name = Awadhesh Kumar Bharti
| honorific_suffix = {{Post-nominals|country=IND|size=90%|SYSM|AVSM|VM}}
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = File:Air Marshal Bharti.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| alt =
| caption = Air Marshal Bharti during press briefing of [[Operation Sindoor]]
| office = [[Deputy Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Deputy Chief of Air Staff]]
| 1blankname = [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chief of Air Staff]]
| 1namedata = [[Amar Preet Singh]]
| term_start = 1 June 2025
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Tejinder Singh (air marshal)|Tejinder Singh]]
| successor =
| office1 = Director General of Air Operations
| term_start1 = 1 October 2024
| term_end1 = 31 May 2025
| 1blankname1 = [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chief of Air Staff]]
| 1namedata1 = [[Amar Preet Singh]]
| predecessor1 = [[Surat Singh (air marshal)|Surat Singh]]
| successor1 = George Thomas
| birth_date = 
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| placeofburial =
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial_coordinates = 
| nickname = Galloping Horse
| birth_place = [[Purnea]], [[Bihar]]
| allegiance = {{Country|India}}
| branch = {{Air force|India}}
| service_years = 13 June 1987 – Present
| rank = [[File:Indian IAF OF-8.svg|24px]] [[Air Marshal (India)|Air Marshal]]
| military_blank1 = [[Service number]]
| military_data1 = 18781<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2025 |title=President approves 127 Gallantry awards, 40 Distinguished Service awards & 290 Mention-in-Despatches on the eve of 79th Independence Day |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2156515 |website=PIB Delhi}}</ref>
| unit = [[No. 30 Squadron IAF|No. 30 Squadron]]
| commands = {{plainlist|
* [[Lohagaon|2 Wing]]
* [[No. 24 Squadron IAF|No. 24 Squadron]]
* [[No. 30 Squadron IAF|No. 30 Squadron]]
}}
| battles = [[Operation Vijay (1999)|Operation Vijay]] [[Operation Parakram]] [[Operation Sindoor]]
| battles_label = Battles
| military_blank2 = Awards
| military_data2 = {{plainlist|
* [[File:Sarvottam Yudh Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Sarvottam Yudh Seva Medal]]
* [[File:Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
* [[File:Vayusena Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Vayu Sena Medal]]
}}
| spouse =
| relations =
| laterwork =
| signature =
| website =
| other_name =
| memorials =
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
| module =
| alma_mater = [[File:Badge of the Indian Air Force.png|20px|class=skin-invert]] [[Air Force Academy (India)|Indian Air Force Academy]] [[File:National Defence Academy NDA.png|20px|class=skin-invert]] [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]] [[Sainik School, Tilaiya]]
}}
[[Air Marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] '''Awadhesh Kumar Bharti''', [[Sarvottam Yudh Seva Medal|SYSM]], [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]],[[Vayu Sena Medal|VM]] is a serving [[air officer]] of the [[Indian Air Force]]. He is the currently serving as the [[Deputy Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Deputy Chief of the Air Staff]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2025 |title=On being appointed as Deputy Chief of Air Staff, Air Marshal AK Bharti, AVSM, VM, paid homage to fallen soldiers at National War Memorial. Saluting before the Amar Jawan Jyoti, the DCAS expressed his heartfelt gratitude to Bravehearts for their gallant service. |url=https://x.com/salute2soldier/status/1929062553629421661?s=20 |access-date=16 Dec 2025 |website=X.com}}</ref> He was previously serving as the Director General of Air Operations,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=MCC |first=IAF |date=3 October 2024 |title=Air Marshal Awadhesh Kumar Bharti assumed the position of Director General Air Operations today |url=https://x.com/IAF_MCC/status/1841770329477415072?s=20 |website=x.com}}</ref> prior to that he was Senior Air Staff Officer, [[Central Air Command (India)|Central Air Command]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Central Air Command, Indian Air Force - Database |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/units/CAC |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=Bharat Rakshak |language=en-gb}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
He was born in [[Purnia district]] of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yadav |first=Jyoti |date=2025-05-25 |title=Sainik School to Operation Sindoor, Air Marshal Bharti is Purnea’s pride. ‘See! He is on TV’ |url=https://theprint.in/ground-reports/sainik-school-to-operation-sindoor-dgao-bharti-is-purneas-pride-see-he-is-on-tv/2634710/ |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> His father is Jiwachh Lal Yadav, a retired govt personnel of Kosi Project and his mother is Urmila Devi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Operation Sindoor: He Stayed True To His Childhood Resolve, Says DG Air Ops Bharti's Mother |url=https://www.news18.com/india/operation-sindoor-he-stayed-true-to-his-childhood-resolve-says-dgao-Bharti’s-mother-ws-dkl-9335415.html |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He is an alumnus of [[Sainik School, Tilaiya]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 Sep 2025 |title=Air Marshal AK Bharti, SYSM,AVSM,VM Deputy Chief of the Air Staff visited Sainik School Tilaiya to pay tribute to his teachers and the almamater. He motivated cadets in a Special Assembly to serve the Nation in Uniform and challenge their limits to the brim to achieve all targets. |url=https://x.com/SSTilaiya/status/1970034509946188118?s=20 |access-date=16 Dec 2025 |website=X}}</ref> He then attended the [[National Defence Academy]], Khadakwasla and the [[Air Force Academy (India)|Air Force Academy]], Dundigal. He was awarded the ''President’s Silver Medal'' at the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]] and was awarded the ''Sword of Honour'' for standing first in overall merit in his course at the [[Air Force Academy (India)|Air Force Academy]]. He is also an alumnus of the [[Defence Services Staff College]], [[Wellington, Tamil Nadu|Wellington]] and the [[National Defence College (India)|National Defence College]], [[New Delhi]]. <ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-12 |title=Op Sindoor architect Air Marshal Bharti gives fresh fame and pride to parents and Purnia |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/op-sindoor-architect-air-marshal-bharti-gives-fresh-fame-and-pride-to-parents-and-purnia-101747064254268.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250512174318/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/op-sindoor-architect-air-marshal-bharti-gives-fresh-fame-and-pride-to-parents-and-purnia-101747064254268.html |archive-date=2025-05-12 |access-date=2025-05-15 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref> During his NDA days, [[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] Bharti was nicknamed ‘''Galloping Horse''’, as his cross country record there remained unbroken for many years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Ruchir |title=Op Sindoor architect Air Marshal Bharti gives fresh fame and pride to parents and Purnia |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/op-sindoor-architect-air-marshal-bharti-gives-fresh-fame-and-pride-to-parents-and-purnia-101747064254268.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=12 May 2025 }}</ref>

==Military career==
The Air Marshal was commissioned as a fighter pilot in the [[Indian Air Force]] on 13 June 1987 from the [[Air Force Academy (India)|Air Force Academy]]. In a career spanning over three decades, he has more than 4000 hours of flying experience across various fighter jets and has held numerous field & staff appointments. He is a highly experienced combat fighter pilot and has flown different types of aircraft like [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21|MIG-21]], [[Mikoyan MiG-29|MIG-29]] , [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI|SU-30MKI]], [[Sukhoi Su-30MKM|SU-30MKM]]. He has led and also been a part of many IAF air exercises viz [[Cope India|COPE India]] 2004, [[Exercise Garuda]], Exercise Indradanush on foreign soils.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2025-05-13 |title=A Mother's Ardent Wish Gave India Her Brave Air Marshal AK Bharti, Who Played Vital Role In Operation Sindoor |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!bharat/air-marshal-ak-bharti-bihar-purnea-know-his-journey-op-sindoor-indian-air-force-enn25051306071 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref> He has been the Flight Commander of Sukhoi 30 fighter squadron [[No. 24 Squadron IAF|No. 24 Squadron]] and Commanding Officer of Sukhoi 30 Mk I [[No. 30 Squadron IAF|No. 30 Squadron]].<ref name=":3" /> He was awarded with three stars for accident-free flying. The Air Marshal's operational tenures include being the Air Officer Commanding Officer of a frontline fighter Air base at Pune in the Southern Western Air Command. His staff appointments include Air Attaché with [[Royal Malaysian Air Force]] where he trained the Malaysian Fighter Pilots on [[Sukhoi Su-30MKM|SU-30 MKM]].

As an [[Air vice marshal (India)|Air Vice Marshal]], he served as the Chief Staff Officer (Air Vector Strategy) in [[Strategic Forces Command]] and later as Assistant Chief of Staff, Offensive Operations at Air Force Headquarters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Strategic Forces Command, Indian Air Force - Database |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/units/SFC |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=Bharat Rakshak |language=en-gb}}</ref>

After being promoted to the rank of [[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]], he was appointed as the Senior Air Staff Officer, [[Central Air Command (India)|Central Air Command]]. A year later, on 3 October 2024, he assumed the appointment of Director General Air Operations .As the Director General of Air Operations,he played a vital role in India's [[2025 India–Pakistan conflict|Operation Sindoor]]. On 1 June 2025, [[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] Bharti took over as the [[Deputy Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Deputy Chief of the Air Staff]] .

==Awards and decorations==
During his career, the air marshal has been awarded the [[Sarvottam Yudh Seva Medal]] on Independence Day 2025,<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2025 |title=President approves 127 Gallantry awards, 40 Distinguished Service awards & 290 Mention-in-Despatches on the eve of 79th Independence Day |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2156515 |website=PIB Delhi}}</ref> the [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] in 2024<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 Jan 2024 |title=75th Republic Day: President approves Gallantry awards to 80 Armed Forces personnel, including 12 posthumous |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1999669&reg=3&lang=2 |archive-url= |access-date=16 Dec 2025 |website=PIB}}</ref> and the [[Vayu Sena Medal]] in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 Jan 2008 |title=Republic Day gallantry and other Defence decorations 2008 |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=34900&reg=3&lang=2 |access-date=16 Dec 2025 |website=PIB}}</ref> He has also received commendations from the [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chief of Air Staff]].
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
| colspan="4" |{{Ribbon devices|ribbon=Sarvottam Yudh Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}} {{Ribbon devices|ribbon=Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Ribbon devices|ribbon=Vayusena Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}} [[File:IND_Samanya_Seva_medal.svg|105x105px]] [[File:IND_Operation_Vijay_medal.svg|105x105px]]
|-
|[[File:IND_Operation_Parakram_medal.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_Sainya_Seva_Medal_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_Videsh_Seva_Medal_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:75yearmedal.svg|105x105px]]
|-
|[[File:IND_50th_Anniversary_Independence_medal.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_30_Years_Long_Service_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105x105px]]
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
| colspan="2" |[[Sarvottam Yudh Seva Medal]]
| colspan="2" |[[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Vayu Sena Medal]]
| colspan="2" |[[Samanya Seva Medal]]
|[[Operation Vijay Medal]]
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Operation Parakram Medal]]
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Sainya Seva Medal]]
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Videsh Seva Medal]]
| style="text-align: center;" |[[75th Independence Anniversary Medal (India)|75th Anniversary of Independence Medal]]
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |[[50th Independence Anniversary Medal]]
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|30 Years Long Service Medal]]
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|20 Years Long Service Medal]]
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|9 Years Long Service Medal]]
|}

== Dates of ranks ==
{| class="wikitable" style="background:white"
!Insignia
!Rank
!Component
!Date of rank
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Indian_IAF_OF-1a.svg|64x64px]]
|[[Pilot Officer]]
|Indian Air Force
|13 June 1987<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Service Record for Air Marshal Awadesh Kumar Bharti 18781 F(P) at Bharat Rakshak.com |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/18781 |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=Bharat Rakshak |language=en-gb}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Indian_IAF_OF-1b.svg|64x64px]]
|[[Flying officer|Flying Officer]]
|Indian Air Force
|13 June 1988<ref name=":3" />
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Indian_IAF_OF-2.svg|64x64px]]
|[[Flight Lieutenant]]
|Indian Air Force
|13 June 1992<ref name=":3" />
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Indian_IAF_OF-3.svg|64x64px]]
|[[Squadron Leader]]
|Indian Air Force
|13 June 1998<ref name=":3" />
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Indian_IAF_OF-4.svg|64x64px]]
|[[Wing commander (rank)|Wing Commander]]
|Indian Air Force
|11 May 2004<ref name=":3" />
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Indian_IAF_OF-5.svg|64x64px]]
|[[Group Captain]]
|Indian Air Force
|1 June 2009 (acting 13 Sep 2010)<ref name=":3" />
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Indian_IAF_OF-6.svg|65x65px]]
|[[Air commodore (India)|Air Commodore]]
|Indian Air Force
|17 June 2013<ref name=":3" />
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Indian_IAF_OF-7.svg|65x65px]]
|[[Air vice marshal (India)|Air Vice Marshal]]
|Indian Air Force
|4 December 2019<ref name=":3" />
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Indian_IAF_OF-8.svg|65x65px]]
|[[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]]
|Indian Air Force
|1 September 2023<ref name=":3" />
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[Deputy Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Deputy Chief of Air Staff]]
| years = 1 June 2025 – Present
| before = [[Tejinder Singh (air marshal)|Tejinder Singh]]
| after = ''Incumbent''
}}
{{Succession box
| title = Director General Air Operations
| years = 1 October 2024 - 30 May 2025
| before = [[Surat Singh (air marshal)|Surat Singh]]
| after = George Thomas
}}
{{Succession box
| title = Senior Air Staff Officer [[Central Air Command (India)|Central Air Command]]
| years = 1 September 2023 – 30 September 2024
| before = [[Nagesh Kapoor]]
| after = George Thomas
}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bharti, Awadhesh Kumar}}
[[Category:Sainik School alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian Air Force air marshals]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sarvottam Yudh Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Vayu Sena Medal]]
[[Category:Defence Services Staff College alumni]]

Mangaluru–Chennai Mail

2026-05-03T05:42:48Z

Gurupratap Rajan: creating initial article and citations

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = D24E01
| name = Mangaluru – Chennai Superfast Mail
| image = Chennai Mangaluru SF Mail.jpg
| image_width = 300px
| caption = MAS - MAQ '''Superfast Mail''' Train board
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]/[[Mail]]
| locale = [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Kerala]] and [[Karnataka]]
| first = {{start date and age|1867|07|1|df=yes}}
| last =
| operator = [[Indian Railways]]
| ridership =
| start = [[Chennai Central]]
| stops = 31
| end = [[Mangaluru Central]]
| distance = {{convert|901|km|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 16 Hrs 20 minutes
| frequency = Daily
| class = Second AC, Third AC, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved, First Ac
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack = Yes
| catering = On Board
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment = No
| baggage = Under Seat & RMS
| otherfacilities = -
| stock = Wap 4/ Wap 7 & LHB Dedicated Rake
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| el = 100%
| trainnumber = 12601 / 12602
| speed = {{convert|55|km/h|abbr=on}} average with halts, 120 km/h (75 mph) maximum
| map = [[File:West Coast Express (India) Route map.jpg|300px]]
| map_state =
}}

The 12601 / 12602 '''Mangaluru Central–MGR Chennai Central Mail''' is a [[Express trains in India|Superfast Mail]] daily train operated by the [[Indian Railways]] belonging to [[Southern Railway zone]] that runs between [[Chennai Central railway station|Chennai Central]] (Madras) of [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Mangaluru Central]] of [[Karnataka]] in [[India]]. It is one of the oldest train still being operated by [[Indian Railways]]. Earlier it ran from Madras [[Royapuram]] to [[Kozhikode]] (Calicut). When the line was extended up to Mangaluru, it ran up to [[Mangaluru Central]] from [[Royapuram]] Chennai. When Madras Central was built, the train's terminus was changed to [[Chennai Central]] from Royapuram and it ran as the Madras Central - [[Mangaluru Central]] Malabar Express. Till 1907, it ran as Malabar Express, after that its name was changed to Chennai/Mangaluru Mail. It was one of the prestigious train in [[Indian Railways]]. It runs always full by having more stoppages in northern [[Kerala]] beginning from [[Palakkad Junction]] to [[Kasaragod]]. It also has nine stoppages at [[Tamilnadu]] and it does not have any other stoppages in [[Karnataka]] except [[Mangaluru Central]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Vinay |title=4987589-15: Pic 3: Bypore Mail: 1863-64 Through as G - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/blog/post/4987589/15 |access-date=2026-01-28 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

==History==
Originally, It was introduced as Mangalore - Madras Malabar Express on July 1, 1867, which had train number 1/2 and as Mangalore/Chennai Mail from 1887. It was one single Composite Train called as “01UP/02DOWN Mail” from Madras to Old Coimbatore (Now Podanur) and from there to Chaliyam (now Beypore in Calicut). Its inaugural run was on July 1st 1867. It did not have a name until 1887. The train was split into the Nilgiri Express in 1864 and the Malabar Mail in 1867. The Kerala Mainline was further extended to Kumbla (near Mangaluru) which was completed on July 3rd 1907. Because of this the Malabar Mail was renamed into the Mangalore Mail and <ref>{{Cite web | title=Chaliyam Archives - Ajaysekher.net | url=https://ajaysekher.net/tag/chaliyam/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819164237/https://ajaysekher.net/tag/chaliyam/ | access-date=2025-06-28 | archive-date=2022-08-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title=Nilgiris | url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1624367745307-1233.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814104551/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1624367745307-1233.pdf | archive-date=2021-08-14}}</ref> The present day Malabar Express was introduced as an altogether new train from Mangalore to Cochin Harbour Terminus in 1963. Later when the metre gauge from Ernakulam to Kollam was converted to broad gauge, this train was extended to Thiruvananthapuram in 1976 bearing numbers 16629/30 now.
At present Chennai-Mangalore central mail runs with train numbers 12601/12602.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/blog/post/4987589/14#4987589-14|title = 4987589-14: Portion in Attachment: 1. Sep 16 1865: G - Railway Enquiry}}</ref>
It was the first-ever train to enter Kerala with electric locomotive.

== Routes and halts ==
The Important Halts of the train are :

● [[Chennai Central railway station|MGR Chennai Central]]

● [[Tiruvallur railway station|Tiruvallur]]

● [[Arakkonam Junction railway station|Arakkonam Junction]]

● [[Walajah Road railway station|Walajah Road]]

● [[Katpadi Junction railway station|Katpadi Junction]]

● [[Jolarpettai Junction railway station|Jolarpettai Junction]]

● [[Salem Junction railway station|Salem Junction]]

● [[Erode Junction railway station|Erode Junction]]

● [[Tiruppur railway station|Tiruppur]]

● [[Podanur Junction railway station|Podanur Junction]]

● [[Ottapalam railway station|Ottappalam]]

● [[Shoranur Junction railway station|Shoranur Junction]]

● [[Pattambi]]

● [[Kuttippuram railway station|Kuttipuram]]

● [[Tirur railway station|Tirur]]

● [[Tanur railway station|Tanur]]

● [[Parappanangadi railway station|Parappanangadi]]

● [[Ferok railway station|Ferok]]

● [[Kozhikode railway station|Kozhikode]]

● [[Quirindi railway station|Quilandi]]

● [[Vadakara railway station|Vadakara]]

● [[Mahe railway station|Mahe]]

● [[Thalassery railway station|Thalassery]]

● [[Kannur railway station|Kannur]]

● [[Pazhayangadi railway station|Pazhayangadi]]

● [[Payyanur railway station|Payyanur]]

● [[Gregory Charvat|Charvattur]]

● [[Kanhangad railway station|Kanhangad]]

● [[Kasaragod railway station|Kasaragod]]

● '''[[Mangalore Central railway station|Mangaluru Central]]'''

== Rake sharing ==
The train shares its rake with the [[West Coast Express (India)|West Coast Express]].

==Locomotive link==
earlier first run was [[WDM-2]]. As the route is fully electrified now it is hauled by a [[WAP-7]] or [[WAP-4]] locomotive from [[Royapuram]].

==Kadalundi River Train Disaster==
the [[Mangaluru-Chennai Mail]] accident involved in [[Kadalundi train derailment]] when the Mangalore-Chennai Mail passenger train was crossing over the Kadalundi river. Three carriages fell into the water, with 59 people reported killed or missing, and up to 300 believed injured. The official inquiry concluded that the derailment was caused by one pillar of the 140-year old bridge sinking into the riverbed, following recent heavy rain, though this finding has been challenged.

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{Express trains running through Kerala}}
{{Railways in Southern India}}
{{Historical trains in India}}

[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Mail trains in India]]

{{India-passenger-train-stub}}

Nagesh Guttula

2026-05-01T13:49:28Z

Gurupratap Rajan:

{{Short description|Indian chess player (born 1981)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox chess biography
|name=Durga Nagesh Guttula ( Chess Coach Durga)
|birth_date={{birth date and age|11 October 1981|df=y}}
|birth_place = Mumbai, India
|country=India
|full_name=Durga Nagesh Guttula
|FideID=45016070
|image=Nagesh Guttula teaching his student.jpg
|image_size=200px
|peakrating = 1706 (July 2025)
}}
'''Durga Nagesh Guttula''' (born 11 October 1981) is an Indian [[chess player]] with an International [[FIDE|FIDE rating]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Durga Nagesh WR Guttula |url=https://ratings.fide.com/profile/45016070 |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=ratings.fide.com}}</ref> He is also a Chess Coach, a reputed chess trainer in Mumbai and one of the most sought after chess coaches in India.Most of his students frequently win medals and accolades at the state, national, and International levels.He and his elder brother, [[Balaji Guttula]], founded the [[South Mumbai]] Chess Academy, a renowned brand known as SMCA, in 1996, conceptualised by their father, [[Surya Chandra]] Rao Guttula.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Mumbai Chess Academy in Mumbai |url=https://youngbutterfly.in/class/south-mumbai-chess-academy-in-mumbai/ |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=Youngbutterfly |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SMCA Scholastic Tournament U10 team |url=https://lichess.org/team/smca-scholastic-tournament-u10 |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=lichess.org |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Rohit Bhardwaj|date=4 Jun 2016 |title=Chess: Scholarship boost for underprivileged kids {{!}} Chess News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/chess-scholarship-boost-for-underprivileged-kids/articleshow/52583048.cms |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

He was the administration head of the [[World Junior Chess Championship|World Junior chess championship]] that concluded in [[Mumbai]] at Hotel Renaissance, [[Powai]] in October 2019.

== Early life and education ==

Durga Nagesh Guttula was born on 11 October 1981 in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]] in a [[Dravidian peoples|South Indian]] family to the couple Surya chandra Rao and Aruna. He completed his education in [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-14 |title=Pawn Hub: How the web is boosting every chess player's game |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/pawn-hub-how-the-web-is-boosting-every-chess-player-s-game/story-aoHcpmrQcqmh3UwOpD7CnN.html |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-14 |title=Can young India checkmate the world? Our gameplan for chess domination |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/can-young-india-checkmate-the-world-our-gameplan-for-chess-domination/story-8JFDrWVOs9SyAIV6rPFhPL.html |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> He is married to Kanaka Chandra, they have two children, Shivadikrit and Sumukha Jalsesh."

<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=T. L. |date=2020-06-01 |title=SMCA goes global with online learning of chess |url=https://thelateralz.com/smca-goes-global-with-online-learning-of-chess/ |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=The Lateralz |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=twfindia |title=South Mumbai Chess Academy (SMCA) spreads its wings in south India {{!}} Trans World Features |url=https://www.twfindia.in/sports-details/23/south-mumbai-chess-academy-smca-spreads-its-wings-in-south-india.html |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=twfindia.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |title=Over 500 schools to take part in Maharashtra chess tournament |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/chess/over-500-schools-to-take-part-in-maharashtra-chess-tournament |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=www.sportskeeda.com |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-10 |title=Over 500 Schools to Take Part in Maharashtra Chess Tournament Beginning from November 14 |url=https://www.latestly.com/agency-news/over-500-schools-to-take-part-in-maharashtra-chess-tournament-480348.html |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=S. C. |date=2018-01-27 |title=SMCA Spreads Its Wings - 100 Best Sports News |url=https://www.sportscrunch.in/smca-spreads-wings-pune/ |access-date=2022-04-01 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Professional chess career ==
Durga Nagesh Guttula has coached many players, who won National and International Chess Championships. Some of them are<ref>{{Cite web |title=SMCA |url=https://prezi.com/p/ar3ogh0cdajb/smca/?fallback=1 |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=prezi.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chess-Results Server Chess-results.com - 6th All India Open Online Chess Championship 2021 |url=https://chess-results.com/tnr574522.aspx?lan=1 |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=chess-results.com}}</ref>

* Siddhanth Lohia<ref>{{Cite web |agency=PTI|date=19 Jun 2014 |title=Siddhanth Lohia: Mumbai boy Siddhanth wins bronze in world schools rapid chess {{!}} Chess News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/mumbai-boy-siddhanth-wins-bronze-in-world-schools-rapid-chess/articleshow/36820430.cms |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=City boy Siddhanth makes the right move at world stage |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/city-boy-siddhanth-makes-the-right-move-at-world-stage |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>
* Suhaani Lohia<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-04-26 |title=The girl who excels at everything she does – WCM Suhaani Lohia - ChessBase India |url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/profile-of-wcm-suhaani-lohia |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=www.chessbase.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ABPL |title=Six year old from Mumbai 6th in world chess players... |url=https://www.asian-voice.com/Sport/Six-year-old-from-Mumbai-6th-in-world-chess-players |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=www.asian-voice.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=City girl Suhaani hopes to do country proud |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/city-girl-suhaani-hopes-to-do-country-proud |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>
* Dev Shah<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai prodigy is world schools chess champ! |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/headlines/mumbai-prodigy-is-world-schools-chess-champ |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>
* Ananyashree Birla<ref>{{Cite web |title=A princess on the board |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-a-princess-on-the-board-1049535 |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>
* Armaan Gala<ref>{{Cite web |author=Vinamrata Borwankar|date=4 Nov 2014 |title=Chess silver for city boy in Cannes youth tournament {{!}} Mumbai News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/chess-silver-for-city-boy-in-cannes-youth-tournament/articleshow/45029983.cms |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
* Ananya Gupta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=India TV News |date=2013-05-28 |title=Mumbai girl Ananya wins bronze in World School Chess {{!}} India News – India TV |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/mumbai-girl-ananya-wins-bronze-in-world-school-chess-23351.html |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-05-28 |title=Around Town |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/around-town-804/ |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* Ashwath Kaushik [https://thelateralz.com/world-youth-rapid-chess-indias-ashwath-kaushik-bags-historic-gold/]
* Nivaan Khandhadia [https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/pune-s-prodigy-aarush-dolas-wins-gold-at-world-school-chess-meet/story-NUPDIqU8zBd1y1RYQSiBdO_amp.html]
* Anishka Biyani
* Aryaveer Pittie
* Avyaay Garg
* Yohan Faridun Dotiwala

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{FIDE}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Guttula, Nagesh}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chess coaches]]
[[Category:Chess players from Mumbai]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian chess players]]

{{India-chess-bio-stub}}

Teji Grover

2026-05-01T04:27:12Z

Gurupratap Rajan: creating info...

{{Short description|Hindi poet and painter (born 1955)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Teji Grover
| image = Teji Grover.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Grover in 2017
| other_names =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1955|03|07}}
| birth_place = [[Pathankot]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| occupation = Poet and Painter
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}
'''Teji Grover''' is a [[Hindi]] poet,<ref>See http://www.poetryinternationalweb.net/pi/site/poet/item/17742/27/Teji-Grover {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930034136/http://www.poetryinternationalweb.net/pi/site/poet/item/17742/27/Teji-Grover |date=30 September 2018 }}. Accessed on 3 April 2015. Also see, Anirudh Umat, "Some Reflections on Teji Grover's Recent Poetry", ''The Book Review'', Vol. XXXV, No. 2 - February 2011 <http://www.thebookreviewindia.org/articles/archives-510/2011/febuary/2/some-reflections-on-teji-grovers-recent-poetry.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810031350/http://www.thebookreviewindia.org/articles/archives-510/2011/febuary/2/some-reflections-on-teji-grovers-recent-poetry.html |date=10 August 2016 }}>, accessed on 23 April 2015; Birgitta Wallin, "Portatt av en poet i gult", ''Karavan'', Stockholm, June 2010, pp. 118-20 (Special issue on Indian Literature); Lars Hermansson, "Nagot om hindipoesi, kari boli och Teji Grover", ''Lyrikvannen'', Stockholm, No. 4, 2001, pp. 40-41; and Birgitta Wallin, "Bilder ur ett pagaende", ''Lyrikvannen'', Stockholm, No. 4, 2001, pp. 52-54.</ref> fiction writer,<ref>See, Kamila Junik, "Teji Grover's ''Blue''", ''Cracow Indological Studies'', Vol. 12 (ed. Halina Marlewicz), Ksiegarnia Akademicka, Krakow, 2010, and Manoj Pandey, "Seven Stories of Love in Dream", ''The Book Review'', VOL. XXXV, No. 1 January 2011 <http://www.thebookreviewindia.org/articles/archives-486/2011/january/1/seven-stories-of-love-in-dream.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810013919/http://www.thebookreviewindia.org/articles/archives-486/2011/january/1/seven-stories-of-love-in-dream.html |date=10 August 2016 }}>, accessed on 23 April 2015</ref> translator and painter. According to poet and critic [[Ashok Vajpeyi]], "Teji Grover shapes her language away from the prevalent idiom of Hindi poetry. In her poetry language acquires a form which is unique..."<ref>See, Ashok Vajpeyi's preface to Teji Grover and Rustam Singh, ''Teji aur Rustam Ki Kavitaen'', selected poems of both poets, New Delhi: HarperCollins, {{ISBN|978-81-7223-879-7}}, Hindi-language. Accessed on 17 April 2015.</ref> Her poems have been translated into many Indian and foreign languages.

Grover's fiction is known for its blending of dream and reality. Polish Hindi scholar Kamila Junik writes about her novel ''Neela'' (Blue), "All the characters write. All the events are being written. The existence is being written as well. There is no other world beyond writing."<ref>Kamila Junik, "Teji Grover's ''Blue''", ''Cracow Indological Studies'', Vol. 12 (ed. Halina Marlewicz), Ksiegarnia Akademicka, Krakow, 2010.</ref>

Through her translations, Teji Grover has introduced modern Scandinavian writers and poets to Hindi readers, such as [[Knut Hamsun]], [[Tarjei Vesaas]], [[Jon Fosse]], [[Kjell Askildsen]], Gunnar Björling, [[Hans Herbjørnsrud]], [[Lars Amund Vaage]], [[Edith Södergran]], [[Harry Martinson]], [[Tomas Tranströmer]], Lars Lundkvist, and [[Ann Jäderlund]], as also the French writer [[Marguerite Duras]].

She is also an abstract painter, using organic and natural colours.<ref name="Pen to Brush">Georgina Maddox, [https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/pen-to-brush/ "Pen to Brush"] (review of ''Jo Nahi Hai'', solo show in Delhi), ''The Indian Express'', 9 January 2011.</ref>

== Life ==
Teji Grover was born on 7 March 1955 at [[Pathankot]] in the state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] in [[India]].<ref>See http://www.poetryinternationalweb.net/pi/site/poet/item/17742/27/Teji-Grover {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930034136/http://www.poetryinternationalweb.net/pi/site/poet/item/17742/27/Teji-Grover |date=30 September 2018 }}. Accessed on 3 April 2015.</ref> She taught English literature at MCM DAV College for Women at [[Chandigarh]] for over two decades before early retirement in 2003. {{Citation needed|date=March 2024|reason=sourced needed to verify}}She is based in [[Bhopal]], [[Madhya Pradesh]].

== Awards and fellowships ==
* Bharat Bhushan Agrawal Award for poetry (1989);<ref>See, Bharat Bhushan Agrawal Award http://www.geocities.ws/indian_poets/hindi.html. See also, ''Poetry International'', http://www.poetryinternationalweb.net/pi/site/poet/item/17742/27/Teji-Grover {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930034136/http://www.poetryinternationalweb.net/pi/site/poet/item/17742/27/Teji-Grover |date=30 September 2018 }}. Accessed on 17 April 2015.</ref>
* Writer-in-Residence/Director, [[Premchand]] Srijanpeeth, [[Ujjain]] (1995–1997);<ref name="pratilipi">{{cite web |url=http://pratilipi.in/teji-grover/ |title=Pratilipi » तेजी ग्रोवर / Teji Grover |website=pratilipi.in |access-date=17 April 2015}}</ref>
* Senior Fellow (Literature), Department of Culture, Ministry of Human Resource Development, [[Government of India]], [[New Delhi]] (1995–1997);<ref name="pratilipi"/> and
* Sayed Haider Raza ([[S. H. Raza]]) Award for poetry (2003);<ref name="pratilipi"/><ref>See also, The Raza Foundation: Awards, http://www.therazafoundation.org/awards.php {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919032135/http://www.therazafoundation.org/awards.php |date=19 September 2016 }}, accessed on 26 April 2015, and ''Poetry International'' http://www.poetryinternationalweb.net/pi/site/poet/item/17742/27/Teji-Grover {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930034136/http://www.poetryinternationalweb.net/pi/site/poet/item/17742/27/Teji-Grover |date=30 September 2018 }}, accessed on 17 April 2015.</ref>
* Fellow, Institute of Advanced Study, Nantes, France (2016–2017).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fellows - Nantes Institute for Advanced Study Foundation |url=https://www.iea-nantes.fr/en/chercheurs/?residents_recherche=&residents_annee%5B%5D=23&residents_submit=Ok&simpleform_submitted=form_residents&fromSimpleForm=1 |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=www.iea-nantes.fr}}</ref>
* Vani Foundation Distinguished Translator Award (2019).<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2019-01-23 |title=Teji Grover bags distinguished translator award |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/hot-news/teji-grover-bags-distinguished-translator-award |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Order of the Polar Star|The Royal Order of the Polar Star]], Member 1st Class, by the King and the Queen of Sweden (2019) for promoting literary and cultural relations between India and Sweden.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-12-05 |title=Sweden king and queen bestow top royal honours on 7 Indians |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sweden-king-and-queen-bestow-top-royal-honours-on-7-indians/articleshow/72376005.cms |access-date=2023-07-31 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Work ==

=== Original work ===
Teji Grover's individual collections of poetry are:

* ''Yahan Kucch Andheri Aur Tikhi Hai Nadi'' (Bharati Bhasha Prakashan, Delhi, 1983);
* ''Lo Kaha Sambari'' (National Publishing House, New Delhi, 1994; {{ISBN|81-214-0537-8}});
* ''Ant Ki Kucch Aur Kavitayen'' (Vani Prakashan, New Delhi, 2000); and
* ''Maitri'' (Surya Prakashan Mandir, Bikaner, 2008; {{ISBN|81-88858-51-X}});
* ''Darpan Abhi Kaanch Hee Thaa'' (Vani Prakashan, New Delhi, 2019; {{ISBN|978-93-88684-48-4}}).

The second edition of the collection ''Lo Kaha Sambari'' was published by Vani Prakashan, New Delhi, in 2016 ({{ISBN|978-93-5229-362-9}}).
The second edition of the collection ''Maitri'' was published by Vani Prakashan, New Delhi, in 2020 ({{ISBN|978-93-89915-25-9}}).

Her selected poems were published in 2021. The volume is titled ''Kathputli Kee Aankh: Chuni Hui Kavitaen'' (Surya Prakashan Mandir, Bikaner, 2021); {{ISBN|978-93-87252-94-3}}.

Her poems also figured in the following books:

* ''Jaise Parampara Sajate Hue'' (Parag Prakashan, Delhi, 1982), an anthology of poems by three fellow poets; and
* ''Teji aur Rustam Ki Kavitayen'' ({{ISBN|978-81-7223-879-7}}),<ref>See, Teji Grover and Rustam Singh, ''Teji aur Rustam Ki Kavitaen'', selected poems of both poets, New Delhi: HarperCollins, {{ISBN|978-81-7223-879-7}}, Hindi-language. Accessed on 17 April 2015.</ref> a two-in-one, two-sided book of poems published by HarperCollins India in 2009.

The most recent publication of her poems in Hindi was in the online [[literary magazine]] ''Samalochan''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-29 |title=माँ के लिए ग्सयारह कविताएँ : तेजी ग्रोवर |url=https://samalochan.com/teji-grover-mother |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=समालोचन}}</ref>

Grover has published two books of fiction:

* a novel ''Neela'' (Vani Prakashan, New Delhi, 1999; {{ISBN|81-7055-668-6}}); and
* a collection of short stories ''Sapne Mein Prem Ki Saat Kahanian'' (Vani Prakashan, New Delhi, 2009; {{ISBN|9350001136}}).

The second edition of her novel came out in 2016 (Vani Prakashan, New Delhi; {{ISBN|978-81-7055-668-8}}).

Grover has published a collection of essays, memoirs and travelogues and another collection of essays on folktales:

* ''Neela Ghar aur Doosri Yatrayen'' (Vani Prakashan, New Delhi, 2016; {{ISBN|978-93-5229-365-0}});
* ''Akam se Puram Tak: Lok Kathaon ka Ghar aur Bahar'' (Eklavya, Bhopal, 2017; {{ISBN|978-93-85236-21-1}}).<ref>{{Cite web |title=New publication by Teji Grover, Fellow 2016-2017 at IAS-Nantes - News - Nantes Institute for Advanced Study Foundation |url=https://www.iea-nantes.fr/en/news/new-publication-by-teji-grover-fellow-2016-2017-at-ias-nantes_738 |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=www.iea-nantes.fr |archive-date=17 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717184557/https://www.iea-nantes.fr/en/news/new-publication-by-teji-grover-fellow-2016-2017-at-ias-nantes_738 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Grover has also published the following book for children:

* ''Man Mein Khushi Paida Karne Wale Rang'' ({{ISBN|978-81-94599-20-3}}).<ref>See, https://www.ektaraindia.in/product/man-mein-khushi-paida-karne-wale-rang/{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Accessed on 25 November 2017.</ref> The book was published by Jugnoo Prakashan, an imprint of Takshila Publication, New Delhi, in 2020.

=== Translations of her work ===
==== Books ====
* In 2009 the Polish translation of Teji Grover's novel ''Neela'' by Kamila Junik was published by Ksiegarnia Akademicka, Kraków, under the title ''Blekit'' ({{ISBN|978-83-7638-010-0}}).
* In 2019 a collection of her selected poems was translated into Swedish and was published by Tranan, a Stockholm-based publisher. The title of the book was HUR SKA JAG SÄGA VAD SOM KOMMER ({{ISBN|978-91-88253-83-5}}). The poems were translated by six Swedish poets and translators, namely, Ann Jäderlund, Birgitta Wallin, Lars Andersson, Lars Hermansson, Niclas Nilsson and Staffan Söderblom.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hur ska jag säga vad som kommer |url=https://tranan.nu/bocker/hur-ska-jag-saga-vad-som-kommer/ |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=Bokförlaget Tranan |language=sv-SE}}</ref>
* In 2020 her novel ''Neela'' and the collection of her short stories ''Sapne Mein Prem Ki Saat Kahanian'' were published together in English translation by Vani Book Company, an imprint of Vani Prakashan Group, under the title ''Blue and Other Tales of Obsessive Love'' ({{ISBN|978-81-948736-4-8}}). The book was translated by Meena Arora Nayak.

Teji Grover's poems have been translated into Indian and foreign languages including Marathi, English, Swedish, Polish, Norwegian, Catalan and Estonian. English translations of her poems have been included in the following anthologies:

* ''Penguin New Writing in India'', ed. Aditya Behl and David Nicholls ([[Penguin Books]] India, New Delhi,1992; {{ISBN|0-14-023340-7}});
* ''In Their Own Voice'', ed. Arlene Zide (Penguin Books India, New Delhi, 1993; {{ISBN|0140156437}} and 9780140156430);
* ''An Anthology of Modern Hindi Poetry'', ed. Kailash Vajpeyi (Rupa & Co., New Delhi, 1998; {{ISBN|8171674305}} and 9788171674305);
* ''The Tree of Tongues'', ed. E. V. Ramakrishnan ([[Indian Institute of Advanced Study]], Shimla, 1999; {{ISBN|8185952701}});
* ''Love Poems from India'', ed. [[Meena Alexander]] (Everyman's Library/Knopf, 2005; {{ISBN|0-14-303264-X}});
* ''Speaking for Myself: An Anthology of Asian Women's Writing'', eds. [[Sukrita Paul Kumar]] and [[Malashri Lal]] (Penguin Books India and India International Center, New Delhi, 2009; {{ISBN|9780143065333}}); and
* ''Home from A Distance'', eds. Giriraj Kiradoo and Rahul Soni (Pratilipi Books, Jaipur, 2011; {{ISBN|9788192066592}} ).

Her poems figure in the following anthologies in foreign languages:

* Swedish: ''Roster fraan Indien'', eds. Birgitta Wallin and Tomas Lofstrom (Sveriges Forfattarforbund, Stockholm, 1997; {{ISBN|91-7448-994-1}}), and ''Innan Ganges Flyter In I Natten'', eds. Tomas Lofstrom and Birgitta Wallin (Bokforlaget Tranan, Stockholm, 2009; {{ISBN|978-91-86307-07-3}});<ref>See Innan Ganges flyter in i natten : indiska dikter översatta från Hindi, Malayalam och engelska
http://www.adlibris.com/se/bok/innan-ganges-flyter-in-i-natten-indiska-dikter-oversatta-fran-hindi-malayalam-och-engelska-9789186307073 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626000647/http://www.adlibris.com/se/bok/innan-ganges-flyter-in-i-natten-indiska-dikter-oversatta-fran-hindi-malayalam-och-engelska-9789186307073 |date=26 June 2017 }}. Accessed on 17 April 2015.</ref>
* Polish: Cracow Indological Studies, Volume VI, ''Literatura Indyjska W Przekladzie'' (Ksiegarnia Akademicka, Kraków, 2004; {{ISBN|83-7188-778-7}});
* Catalan: ''Com espigues de blat amb vents de l'est'', ed. Sameer Rawal (Cafe Central and Emboscall, Tordera in 2011; {{ISBN|978-84-92563-40-1}}); and
* Norwegian: ''Stemmer i Andre Hus'', ed. [[Hanne Bramness]] (Cappelen Damm, Oslo, 2011; {{ISBN|978-82-02-36632-2}}).

Her poems have also appeared in a Marathi anthology of Hindi poetry: ''Sangini niwadak, Hindi stree kavita'', ed. and trans. by Chandrakant Patil (Manovikas Prakashan, 2012; {{ISBN|9789381636404}}).

The international literary journals in which the English translations of her poems have appeared include ''Poetry International Rotterdam'', ''Rhino: The Poetry Forum'', ''Chase Park'', [[Modern Poetry in Translation]], ''Hindi: Language, Discourse, Writing'', ''Indian Literature'', ''Paintbrush'', ''Aufgabe'' and ''dialog''.<ref>See ''Poetry International Rotterdam'', http://www.poetryinternationalweb.net/pi/site/poet/item/17742/27/Teji-Grover {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930034136/http://www.poetryinternationalweb.net/pi/site/poet/item/17742/27/Teji-Grover |date=30 September 2018 }}, accessed on 16 May 2015; ''Rhino 99: The Poetry Forum'', p. 69; ''Chase Park'', No. 7, pp. 47-51; ''Modern Poetry in Translation'', New Series/No. 11 (Summer 1997), [http://www.yasni.info/ext.php?url=http%3A%2%2Fwww.kcl.ac.uk%2Fartshums%2Fahri%2Fmpt%2Fissues%2Fmptss11.aspx&name=Teji+Grover&showads=1&lc=en-us&lg=en&rg=us&rip=in pp. 184-88], accessed on 16 May 2015); ''Indian Literature'', No. 158 (November–December 1993), pp. 18-21, and No. 180 (July–August 1997), pp. 13-15; ''Paintbrush'', Vol. XXIX (2002/2003), pp. 54-58; ''Hindi: Language, Discourse, Writing'', Vol. 2, No. 2 (July–September 2001), pp. 31–42; ''Aufgabe'', No. 13, pp. 32-40 (http://www.litmuspress.org/aufgabe-13/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150301232813/http://www.litmuspress.org/aufgabe-13/ |date=1 March 2015 }}. Accessed on 17 April 2015); and ''dialog'', No. 26 (Autumn 2014).</ref>

The non-English international journals in which her poems have been published include ''Lyrikvannen'' (Swedish), ''Karavan'' (Swedish) and ''Sirp'' (Estonian).<ref>See ''Lyrikvannen'', No. 4 (2001) and No. 1 (2003); ''Karavan'', No. 2 (2008); and ''Sirp'', No. 1 (3521) (9 January 2015). Also see, DORIS KAREVA, [http://www.sirp.ee/s1-artiklid/c7-kirjandus/tuhandevarvine-kivi/. "Tuhandevärvine kivi".]</ref>

In 2018 an issue of the Swedish journal ''Karavan'' was focused on her writing and her art-work. The issue carried an interview with her, translation of a long poem by her and two articles on her paintings.<ref>See [https://www.bokborsen.se/view/-/Karavan-Nr-4-2018-I-Det-%C3%96ppna-Teji-Grover-Poet/8304084 "Teji Grover, poet som sökte sig till måleriet"], ''Karavan'', No. 4 (2018). Accessed on 25 November 2020.</ref>

Her novel ''Neela'' appeared in English translation, by Meena Arora Nayak, in the journal ''Hindi: Language, Discourse, Writing'' in 2000.<ref>See, ''Hindi: Language, Discourse, Writing'', Vol. 1, No. 1 (April–June 2000).</ref>

Two of her short stories, "Bhikshuni" and "Suparna", have also been translated into and published in English.<ref>See, ''Hindi: Language, Discourse, Writing'', Vol. 2, No. 2 (July–September 2001), pp. 69-74, and ''Pratilipi'', http://pratilipi.in/2011/11/suparna-teji-grover/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109115101/http://pratilipi.in/2011/11/suparna-teji-grover/ |date=9 January 2012 }}, accessed on 25 April 2015, respectively.</ref>

Her short story "Su" has been translated into Croatian and published in the anthology ''Lotosi od neona: indijski autori o gradovima i drugim ljubavima'' edited by Lora Tomas and Marijana Janjic and published by Studio Tim, Rijeka, and Udruga Lotos, Zagreb, in 2017 ({{ISBN|9789537780661}}).

=== Translations by Teji Grover ===
Teji Grover has translated into Hindi the following works:

==== From the Norwegian ====
* ''Pan'', a novel by [[Knut Hamsun]], under the title ''Pāna'' {{oclc|54782311}}, Vani Prakashan, New Delhi, 2002.
* ''Sult'', a novel by Knut Hamsun, under the title ''Bhookh'' ({{ISBN|81-8143-215-0}}), Vani Prakashan, New Delhi, 2004.
* Knut Hamsun's memoir ''Paa Gjengrodde Stier'', under the title ''Ghas Dhanki Pagdandiyan'' ({{ISBN|978-93-5072-722-5}}), Vani Prakashan, New Delhi, 2014.
* ''Hedda Gabler'', a play by [[Henrik Ibsen]] (co-translated with [[Rustam Singh (poet)|Rustam Singh]]), under the title ''Hedda Gabler'' ({{ISBN|81-8143-622-9}}), Vani Prakashan, New Delhi, 2006.
* ''Master Builder'', a play by Henrik Ibsen (co-translated with [[Rustam Singh (poet)|Rustam Singh]]), under the title ''Master Builder'' ({{ISBN|81-8143-621-0}}), Vani Prakashan, New Delhi, 2006.
* An anthology of ten contemporary Norwegian short stories, under the title ''Das Samkaleen Norwigee Kahanian'' ({{ISBN|978-81-8143-733-4}}), Vani Prakashan, New Delhi, 2008.
* ''Fuglane'', a novel by [[Tarjei Vesaas]], under the title ''Parinde'' ({{ISBN|978-93-5072-215-2}}), Vani Prakashan, New Delhi, 2012.
* ''Aliss at the Fire'', a novel by [[Jon Fosse]], under the title ''Aag Ke Paas Aliss Hai Yeh'' ({{ISBN|978-93-5229-363-6}}), Vani Prakashan, New Delhi, 2016.
* ''Mendhak'', a story book for children by [[Hans Sande]] ({{ISBN|978-93-91132-33-0}}), Eklavya, Bhopal, 2021.
* ''Archimedes Aur Bread Ka Slice'', a story book for children by [[Hans Sande]] ({{ISBN|978-93-91132-42-2}}), Eklavya, Bhopal, 2021.

Apart from these books, she translated the following book into English:
* ''The Plum Tree'', a story book for children by [[Hans Sande]] ({{ISBN|978-81-19771-42-4}}), Eklavya, Bhopal, 2024.

==== From the Swedish ====
* An anthology of 23 Swedish poets, under the title ''Barf Ki Khushboo'' ({{ISBN|81-7055-827-1}}) (co-edited with Lars Andersson), Vani Prakashan, New Delhi, in 2001.
* A collection of poems by the Swedish poet Lars Lundkvist, under the title ''Tove Olga Aurora'' ({{ISBN|81-8143-301-7}}), Vani Prakashan, New Delhi, 2006.
* A selection of poems of the Swedish poet [[Ann Jäderlund]], under the title ''Pheeka Gulabi Rang'' ({{ISBN|81-88858-57-9}}), Surya Prakashan Mandir, Bikaner, 2008.

==== From the French ====
* ''La maladie de la mort'', a novel by [[Marguerite Duras]], under the title ''Mrityurog'' ({{ISBN|978-93-5000-296-4}}), Vani Prakashan, New Delhi, 2010.

==== From the Latvian ====
* ''Life-Stories'', a collection of short stories by Nora Ikstena, under the title ''Jeevan-Gathayen'' ({{ISBN|978-93-5229-404-6}}), Vani Prakashan, New Delhi, 2016.

==== From the Estonian ====
* A selection of poems (with [[Rustam Singh (poet)|Rustam Singh]]) of the Estonian poet [[Doris Kareva]], under the title ''Aag Jo Jalati Nahin'' ({{ISBN|978-9392757433}}),
[[Rajkamal Prakashan]], New Delhi, 2021.

=== Essays ===
From among Teji Grover's essays in Hindi, the following two essays have been translated into and published in English:
"The Blue House" and "Looking at the Body of a Poem: The Journey of a Hindi Poet".<ref>See, ''Hindi: Language, Discourse, Writing'', Vol. 2, No. 2 (July–September 2001), pp. 59-68, and ''Poetry International Rotterdam'' (1 August 2010), http://www.poetryinternationalweb.net/pi/site/cou_article/item/17820 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171120222249/http://www.poetryinternationalweb.net/pi/site/cou_article/item/17820 |date=20 November 2017 }}, accessed on 24 April 2015, respectively.</ref>

Further, the following essays were written and published originally in English:
* "A Poet Caged in the Act of Translation";<ref>''Indian Literature'', Vol. XL, No. 5 (September–October 1997), pp. 153-59.</ref>
* "Weak Pink Color: Translating Ann Jäderlund on the Ghats of the Narmada";<ref>''Pratilipi'', http://pratilipi.in/2008/06/weak-pink-color-teji-grover/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521123628/http://pratilipi.in/2008/06/weak-pink-color-teji-grover/ |date=21 May 2015 }} Accessed on 24 April 2015.</ref>
* "A Necessary Poem";<ref>''Pratilipi'', http://pratilipi.in/2008/08/a-necessary-poem-teji-grover/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101081543/http://pratilipi.in/2008/08/a-necessary-poem-teji-grover/ |date=1 January 2015 }} Accessed on 24 April 2015.</ref>
* "The Fragrance of Delgadina’s Soul";<ref>''Pratlipi'', http://pratilipi.in/2009/07/the-fragrance-of-delgadina%E2%80%99s-soul-teji-grover/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151205095341/http://pratilipi.in/2009/07/the-fragrance-of-delgadina%e2%80%99s-soul-teji-grover/ |date=5 December 2015 }} Accessed on 24 April 2015.</ref>
* "A Poet Bursting into Color";<ref>''Pratilipi'', http://pratilipi.in/2010/01/a-poet-bursting-into-color-teji-grover/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151205024112/http://pratilipi.in/2010/01/a-poet-bursting-into-color-teji-grover/ |date=5 December 2015 }} Accessed on 24 April 2015.</ref> and
* "Incessant Search for Languages: Some Thoughts on Hindi Poetry."<ref>''ArtConnect'', Vol. 4, No. 1 (January–June 2010, pp. 6-19. http://www.indiaifa.org/platforms/publications/vol-4-issue-1.pdf Accessed on 24 April 2015.)</ref>

From among these essays, "A Necessary Poem", "The Fragrance of Delgadina’s Soul", "Weak Pink Color: Translating Ann Jäderlund on the Ghats of the Narmada" and "A Poet Caged in the Act of Translation" have been translated into and published in Swedish.<ref>See, ''Lyrikvannen'', No. 1, 2003, pp. 29-31; ''Karavan'', No. 1, 2006, pp. 54-55; ''med andra ord'', No. 55 (June 2008), pp. 4-10, http://www.oversattarcentrum.se/Content/files/mao%20nr%2055.pdf, accessed on 25 April 2015, and ''med andra ord'', No. 79 (June 2014), pp. 10-15, respectively.</ref>

Another of her essays, "Song of the Cows: Translating Lars Amund Vaage's 'Cows' into Hindi", has been translated into and published in Norwegian as part of an anthology of essays on the Norwegian author Lars Amund Vaage's work.<ref>See, ''Vaage'', eds. Hanne Bramness and Jahn Holljen Thon, Forlaget Oktober, Oslo, 2012, pp. 231-44.</ref>

=== Books Edited by Teji Grover ===
Teji Grover has edited five books for children in Hindi, all of them published by Eklavya, Bhopal. These are:
* ''Doodh Jalebi Jaggagga'' ({{ISBN|978-81-87171-84-3}});
* ''Kyon Ji Beta Ram Sahay'' ({{ISBN|978-81-87171-86-7}});
* ''Apke Japani Haiku'' ({{ISBN|978-81-87171-79-9}});
* ''Mann Ke Laddoo'' ({{ISBN|978-81-89976-60-6}});
* ''Hau Hau Happ: A collection of Poems for children'' ({{ISBN|978-93-85236-81-5}}).

In addition, she has compiled and edited a collection of ghazals by well known Hindi ''shayar'' Harjeet Singh:
* ''Mujhse Phir Mil'' ({{ISBN|978-93-92621-28-4}}), published by Sambhavna Prakashan, Hapur, in 2023.

=== Poetry readings and cultural visits ===
In 1999, Teji Grover read her poems at Bengt Berg's Book Cafe ''Heidruns'' in [[Torsby]], Sweden.<ref>See, 1999-09-25 - De 33:s Salong, http://www.heidruns.se/600/601.asp?id=1 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518080731/http://www.heidruns.se/600/601.asp?id=1 |date=18 May 2015 }}. Accessed on 27 April 2015.</ref> In 2008 she read her poems at the Baltic Center for Writers and Translators, [[Visby]], Sweden, at their annual International Poetry Festival.<ref>International poetry festival, Visby. http://www.bcwt.org/servlet/GetDoc?meta_id=1962. Accessed on 17 April 2015.</ref> In the same year, she read her poems in the [[Olav Hauge]] Centenary Festival at the poet's birthplace, [[Ulvik (village)|Ulvik]], in Norway.<ref>Ulvik Poesifestival 08, Program, 17–21 September (2008), p. 17.</ref> In 2011 she had readings of her poetry at [[Trondheim]], Norway, during the IndiaFestival that was being held there.<ref>See, India 2011 NTNU, Section on Indian Poetry, [https://web.archive.org/web/20150518085017/http://www.ntnu.no/india-2011/?cat=11&lang=en]. Accessed on 17 April 2015.</ref> Further, in 2014 she read her poems at the Writers' House at [[Tallinn]], Estonia.<ref>Kirjanduslik kolmapäev: tuhandevärvine kivi http://www.kultuur.info/syndmus/kirjanduslik-kolmapaev-tuhandevarvine-kivi/ Accessed on 17 April 2015.</ref>

In 1997, Teji Grover visited Sweden as part of a delegation of 10 Indian writers.<ref>See, LITTERÄRA MÖTEN MELLAN ÖST OCH VÄST: Svensk-indiska översättningsprojektet 1998–2009, Personregister: MEDARBETARE, http://u83402978.pwww.webhosting.telia.com/indbibl10ar.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040521/http://u83402978.pwww.webhosting.telia.com/indbibl10ar.htm |date=4 March 2016 }}. Accessed on 26 April 2015. See also, ''sydasien'', No. 4, 1997, pp. 17–19.</ref> Subsequently, she was one of the Indian collaborators of the Indo-Swedish Translation Project, 1998–2009. Under the aegis of this project she translated three volumes of poetry from the Swedish into Hindi (see "Translations by Teji Grover" above.)<ref>See, LITTERÄRA MÖTEN MELLAN ÖST OCH VÄST: Svensk-indiska översättningsprojektet 1998–2009, http://u83402978.pwww.webhosting.telia.com/indbibl10ar.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040521/http://u83402978.pwww.webhosting.telia.com/indbibl10ar.htm |date=4 March 2016 }}. Accessed on 26 April 2015.</ref> In 2008, she lectured at the Book Fair at [[Gothenburg]] on her translation of the Swedish poet Ann Jäderlund's poetry into Hindi.<ref>See, From Henriksdals ring to Hoshangabad. Ann Jäderlund in Hindi: India in Focus at the 2008 Gothenburg Book Fair, http://www.sasnet.lu.se/culture/göteborg-book-fair-2008{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Accessed on 26 April 2015.</ref>

=== Exhibitions of her paintings ===
Grover has held the following solo shows of her paintings:
* ''Earth Colors'': At [[Jawahar Kala Kendra]], [[Jaipur]], in November 2010;<ref>5th Pratilipi Event: An Exhibition of Teji Grover’s Paintings http://udaharan.pratilipi.in/2010/10/27/5th-pratilipi-event-an-exhibition-of-teji-grovers-paintings/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712021107/http://udaharan.pratilipi.in/2010/10/27/5th-pratilipi-event-an-exhibition-of-teji-grovers-paintings/ |date=12 July 2015 }}. Accessed on 17 April 2015.</ref>
* ''Jo Nahin Hai'': At Arpana Fine Arts Gallery, New Delhi, in January 2011;<ref>Georgina Maddox, [https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/pen-to-brush/ "Pen to Brush"] (review of ''Jo Nahi Hai'', solo show in Delhi), ''The Indian Express'', 9 January 2011; and [http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/lines-of-poetry/article1019504.ece "Lines of Poetry"] (''Jo Nahi Hai''), ''The Hindu'', 31 December 2010. Accessed on 15 January 2022.</ref>
* ''Maitri'': At [[Bharat Bhavan]], Bhopal, in November 2013.<ref>Teji Grover’s painting exhibition begins today http://www.dailypioneer.com/story.php?section_url_key=state-editions&cat_url_key=bhopal&url_key=teji-grovers-painting-exhibition-begins-today. Accessed on 17 April 2015.</ref> and
* ''The Earth is Blue like an Orange'': At the Institute of Advanced Studies, Nantes, France, in March–June, 2017.<ref>See [https://www.iea-nantes.fr/en/news/exhibition-by-teji-grover-indian-painter-and-fellow-at-the-ias-nantes_734 "Exhibition by Teji Grover, Indian painter and Fellow at the IAS-Nantes"], News, IAS-Nantes, 16 March 2017.</ref>

Her paintings were also part of the following group shows:
* ''Palettes of Bhopal'': At Jawahar Kala Kendra, Jaipur, in 2011;<ref>[http://www.theindiapost.com/nation/rajasthan/jaipur/palettes-of-bhopal-an-exhibition-opened-by-hindu-statesman-rajan-zed/ "Palettes of Bhopal, an exhibition opened by Hindu statesman Rajan Zed"], ''The India Post'', 26 November 2011. Accessed on 17 April 2015.</ref>
* ''Ensemble'': At [[Kala Academy]], [[Goa]], in February 2012.<ref>Naguesh Rao Sardessai, "Artistic Synthesis", an article about group show Ensemble, held in Kala Academy, Goa, ''[[The Navhind Times]]'', Goa, 8 February 2012, p. 2, under Section BUZZ.</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Indian writers]]
* [[Rustam Singh (poet)|Rustam Singh]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* Puppet's Eye: Teji Grover https://web.archive.org/web/20150518085843/http://pratilipi.in/2010/06/puppets-eye-teji-grover/

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Jalantheeswarar Temple

2026-04-25T13:39:15Z

Gurupratap Rajan:

{{Short description|Shiva temple in Thakkolam, Tamil Nandu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Jalanatheeswarar Temple
| image = Jalandeeswarar temple, Thakkolam (6).jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|13|00|57|N|79|44|13|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| native_name = Thiruvooral
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Vellore district|Vellore]]
| locale =
| elevation_m =
| deity = Jalanatheeswarar([[Shiva]])
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Jalanatheeswarar Temple''' (also called '''Thiruvooral''') is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to the deity [[Shiva]] and located in [[Thakkolam]], a village in [[Vellore district]] in the [[South India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Shiva is worshipped as Jalanatheeswarar and is represented by the ''[[lingam]]''. His consort [[Parvati]] is depicted as Giriraja Kannikambal. The presiding deity is revered in the 7th-century Tamil Saiva canonical work, the ''[[Tevaram]]'', written by Tamil saint poets known as the [[Nayanars]] and classified as ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]''.

The temple complex, which is entered through a three-tiered gopuram (main gateway), covers approximately one acre. The temple has a number of shrines, with those of Jalantheeswarar and his consort Giriraja Kannikambal being the most prominent. All the shrines are enclosed in large concentric rectangular granite walls.

The temple has four daily rituals, at various times from 6:00 a.m. to 8:30 p.m., and four yearly festivals. The Brahmotsavam festival, celebrated during the month of Chittirai (April–May), is the most prominent.

The original complex is believed to have been built by the [[Pallavas]], with later expansion from the [[Cholas]]; the present masonry structure was built during the [[Madurai Nayak|Nayak]] period in the 16th century. The temple is maintained and administered by the [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

==Legend==
[[File:Jalandeeswarar temple, Thakkolam (5).jpg|thumb|left|250px|The gopuram of the temple]]
Per Hindu legend, [[Kamdhenu]], the divine cow, worshipped Shiva here. According to another legend, the region was once inundated by floodwaters that reached Shiva's half. Parvati is believed to have embraced Shiva in fear, and it is believed that Shivaa (Parvati) is still seen embracing Shiva at this place. Shivaa and Shiva are different, as Shivaa is "aa"kaaraanta and Shiva "a"kaaraanta. The former denotes the female deity Shivaa (Parvati), and the latter refers to male deity Shiva. During the first six months of the year, the [[Linga]] image of Shiva appears red when crops are fertile during rain, while it turns white during drought.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}} It is also believed to be the place where [[Yama]], the god of death, [[Saptamartrikas]], the seven divine mothers, and sages Uthadi and Theerkatha worshipped Shiva.<ref name=dinamalar/>

==History==
[[File:Jalandeeswarar temple, Thakkolam (7).jpg|250px|thumb|A shrine in the temple]]
The temple was originally believed to have been built by the [[Pallavas]].<ref name=Orr/> Most of the Chola temples built between 866 and 1004 CE are associated with certain military events or political campaigns. Around 940 CE, [[Parantaka I]] had frequent trouble from invading [[Rashtrakutas]]. The [[Battle of Takkolam|Takkolam War]], called the greatest war held in the Tamil region, was fought between the Cholas and Rashtrakutas. Parantaka's son [[Rajaditya Chola|Rajaditya]] was killed in the campaign, and Krishna III assumed the name "conqueror of Tanjai and Kanchi".<ref>{{cite book|title=Temple Imagery from Early Mediaeval Peninsular India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=My8rDwAAQBAJ&q=takkolam+monument&pg=PA257|page=257|last=Verma|first=Archana |publisher=Routledge|year=2017|isbn=9781351547000}}</ref> The temple has four inscriptions dating to the 10th and 11th centuries identifying temple women engaged in the temple.<ref name=Orr>{{cite book|title=Donors, Devotees, and Daughters of God: Temple Women in Medieval Tamilnadu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F___xKcP8lMC&q=takkolam&pg=PA143|page=143|last=Orr|first=Leslie C|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2000|isbn=9780195356724}}</ref>

==Architecture==
The temple has a three-tiered gateway tower, and all the shrines are enclosed in concentric rectangular granite walls. The temple occupies an area of around {{convert|1.5|acre|ha|abbr=on}}. The central shrine houses the image of Jalantheeswarar in the form of [[Lingam]]. The [[Lingam]] is made of sand, and sacred ablution is performed only on the Aavudayar. The shrine of Kiriraca Kannikar, Shiva's consort, faces west and is located in the Mahamandapam leading to the sanctum. The central shrine is approached through the flagstaff and Mahamandapam, both located axially to the gateway. The central shrine has an entrance towards the south and can be approached by circumambulating the shrine. The temple tank has a natural spring that fills through Nandi's shrine. Because water comes out of Nandi's mouth, it is called Pokkeswarar temple.<ref name=R/> As in other Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu, the shrines of [[Vinayaka]], [[Murugan]], [[Navagraha]], Chandikesa, and [[Durga]] are located around the precinct of the main shrine.<ref name=R/>

The temple has a specimen of [[Thyagaraja]], classified as Pre-Rajasimha style of Pallavas. Siva is depicted in a seated posture holding a rosary and an axe in the back left and right hands. [[Kartikeya|Skanda]] is seen in a standing posture between Siva and Uma. The model in the temple is similar to the one at [[Thyagaraja Temple, Tiruvarur]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Tyāgarāja Cult in Tamilnāḍu: A Study in Conflict and Accommodation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ORwNmkDswqwC&q=takkolam&pg=PA23|page=23|last=Ghose|first=Rajeshwari|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|year=1996|isbn=9788120813915 }}</ref> The temple has Koshta Murthis (Niche sculptures) of [[Vishnu]], [[Durga]], [[Brahma]], [[Dakshinamurthi]], [[Ganesha]], and [[Durga]] from the [[Pallava]] period, which are found in the walls of the main shrine.<ref name=R/>

==Religious importance==
[[File:Jalandeeswarar temple, Thakkolam (2).jpg|250px|thumb|The natural springs in the western side of the temple]]
It is one of the shrines of the 275 [[Paadal Petra Sthalams]] - [[Shiva Temples of Tamil Nadu#Sthalams|Shiva Sthalams]] glorified in the early medieval ''[[Tevaram]]'' poems by Tamil Saivite [[Nayanars]] [[Sambandar]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Ooral|url=http://www.thevaaram.org/thirumurai_1/koil_view.php?koil_idField=44|publisher=Thevaaram.org|year=2011|accessdate=14 March 2016}}</ref> ''Periyapuranam'', the treatise about 63 [[Nayanmar]]s of Shaivites, gives an account of the temple. The Sthalapuranam of the temple, ''Orriyur Puranam'' refers to the Nandi of the temple.<ref name=R/>

==Festivals==
The temple priests perform the ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and daily. The temple rituals are performed four times a day: ''Kalasanthi'' at 8:00 a.m., ''Uchikalam'' at 12:00 a.m., ''Sayarakshai'' at 6:00 p.m., and ''Arthajamam'' at 8:00 p.m. Each ritual comprises four steps: ''[[abhisheka]]'' (sacred bath), ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''[[Naivedhya|naivethanam]]'' (food offering), and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for Jalantheeswarar and Giriraja Kannikambal. There are weekly rituals like ''{{lang|te-Latn|somavaram}}'' (Monday) and ''{{lang|te-Latn|sukravaram}}'' (Friday), fortnightly rituals like ''[[pradosha]]m'', and monthly festivals like ''[[amavasya|amavasai]]'' (new moon day), ''kiruthigai'', ''[[pournami (festival)|pournami]]'' (full moon day), and ''sathurthi''. The Brahmotsavam during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] month of ''Chittirai'' (April–May) is the most important festival. It follows Chitra Pournami during the month.<ref name=dinamalar>{{cite web|title=Sri Chalanatheeswarar temple|url=http://temple.dinamalar.com/en/New_en.php?id=156|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107204503/http://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=156|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 November 2011|publisher=[[Dinamalar]]|year=2014|accessdate=24 November 2015}}</ref><ref name=R>{{cite book|title=An introduction to religion and Philosophy - Tévarám and Tivviyappirapantam|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZY2lZpy.TVA_BOK_0006115|last=R.|first=Dr. Vijayalakshmy|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies| location=Chennai|year=2001|edition=1st|pages=174–5}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Jalandeeswarar temple, Thakkolam}}

{{Famous Shiva temples|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Vellore district]]
[[Category:Padal Petra Stalam]]

Hasan Gafoor

2026-04-19T11:11:39Z

Gurupratap Rajan: new

{{Short description|Indian police commissioner (1950–2012)}}
{{use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Hasan Gafoor IPS
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 11 December 1950
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], India
| death_date = 12 March 2012 (aged 62)
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| resting_place = [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| resting_place_coordinates =
| citizenship = Indian
| known_for = Director General of Police, [[Maharashtra]]
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Law enforcement
| title = [[Police Commissioner of Mumbai]]
| term = 1 March 2008 – 12 June 2009
| predecessor = [[D.N. Jadhav]]
| successor =
| party =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| relations =
| callsign =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Hasan Gafoor''' (11 December 1950 – 12 March 2012) was the [[Director General of Police]] of [[Maharashtra]] (Anti Corruption bureau). Previously he was the [[Director General of Police]] of [[Maharashtra]] and managing director of the Maharashtra Police Housing & Welfare Corporation. He was the [[Police Commissioner of Mumbai]], but was transferred as an aftermath of the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=2&contentid=20090614200906140346509302dbced1f|title=D Sivanandan to be new police chief of Mumbai|date=June 14, 2009|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2009-11-27|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615071337/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=2&contentid=20090614200906140346509302dbced1f|archive-date=15 June 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Prior to being the Police Commissioner, he was the Additional Director General, Anti-Corruption Bureau (ACB) between 15 June 2007 and 29 February 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www1.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2124293.cms|title=Maria to take over as crime branch chief|date=15 June 2007|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2008-12-07|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103082754/http://www1.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2124293.cms|archive-date=3 January 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Gafoor was a 1974 batch [[Indian Penal Service|IPS]] officer.

Hasan Gafoor was indicted in Pradhan commission report on lack of leadership during the Mumbai terror attacks. Hasan Gafoor died of a heart attack in the Breach Candy Hospital, Mumbai, on 12 March 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/former-police-chief-hasan-gafoor-dead/922926/ |title=Former police chief Hasan Gafoor dead |newspaper=Indian Express |access-date=2012-03-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/former-mumbai-police-commissioner-hasan-gafoor-dead/20120312.htm |title=Former Mumbai Police Commissioner Hasan Gafoor dead |publisher=Rediff.com |access-date=2012-03-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Ex-Mumbai-police-chief-Hasan-Gafoor-dead/articleshow/12236049.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312200710/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Ex-Mumbai-police-chief-Hasan-Gafoor-dead/articleshow/12236049.cms |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-03-12 |title=Ex-Mumbai police chief Hasan Gafoor dead |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=2012-03-12}}</ref>

==Incidents==
During his tenure as [[Police Commissioner of Mumbai]] the following events took place:
# [[2008 anti-North Indian violence in Maharashtra]]
# [[2008 Ahmedabad bombings]]
# [[Rahul Raj encounter]]
# [[2008 Mumbai attacks]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = [[D.N. Jhadav]]
| title = [[Police Commissioner of Mumbai]]
| years = 1 March 2008 – 13 June 2009
| after = [[Dhanushyakodi Sivanandan]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gafoor, Hasan}}
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:Police commissioners of Mumbai]]
[[Category:People from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian police chiefs]]
[[Category:1950 births]]

Bajrang Manohar Sonwane

2026-04-18T23:03:56Z

Gurupratap Rajan: made first details w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bajrang Manohar Sonwane
| image = Bajrang sonwane from beed.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1970|07|06}}
| birth_place =
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Beed (Lok Sabha constituency)|Beed]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| successor =
| predecessor = [[Pritam Munde]]
| party = *''' [[Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)|NCP (SP)]] {{small|(2024–present)}}'''
| spouse = Sarika Sonwane
| father =
| children = 3
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''Bajrang Manohar Sonwane''' is an Indian politician. He is a member of [[Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar|NCP–SP]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bajrang Manohar Sonwane, Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar) Representative for Beed, Maharashtra - Candidate Overview {{!}} 2024 Lok Sabha Elections |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/maharashtra/beed/candidateshow/bajrang-manohar-sonwane-1226 |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Businessmen {{!}} In august company">{{cite news |last1=India Today |date=13 July 2024 |title=Businessmen {{!}} In august company |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-businessmen-in-august-company-2565840-2024-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807175452/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-businessmen-in-august-company-2565840-2024-07-13 |archive-date=7 August 2024 |access-date=7 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Sonwane was elected as a Parliament member from [[Beed Lok Sabha constituency|Beed Lok Sabha Constituency]] in [[2024 Indian general election]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Lok Sabha Elections 2024 Winners' List: From Narendra Modi to Rahul Gandhi, Here's List Of All Your MPs |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/election-results-winners-list-lok-sabha-election-2024-bharatiya-janata-party-congress-india-alliance-8920579.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Election Result 2024: BJP's Pankaja Munde Loses Family Bastion Beed to NCP(SP)'s Sonwane by Over 6,000 Votes |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/beed-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-lok-sabha-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mp-margin-8917003.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar politicians]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Beed district]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]
[[Category:1970 births]]

{{Maharashtra-politician-stub}}

AstroSat

2026-04-18T18:41:47Z

Gurupratap Rajan: made some stub w/ refs

{{Short description|Space observatory}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = ''AstroSat''
| names_list = 

| image = File:Astrosat-1_in_deployed_configuration_001.png
| image_caption = 
| image_size = 300px

| mission_type = [[Space telescope]]
| operator = [[ISRO]]
| COSPAR_ID = 2015-052A
| SATCAT = 40930
| website = {{URL|http://astrosat.iucaa.in/}}
| mission_duration = Planned: 5 years Elapsed : {{time interval|28 September 2015|show=ymd|sep=,}}
| spacecraft = ''AstroSat''
| manufacturer = 
| launch_mass = {{convert|1513|kg|abbr=on}}
| dry_mass = 
| payload_mass = 
| dimensions =
| power = 

| launch_date = {{start date|2015|09|28}}<ref name="astro15">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/indias-eye-on-universe-ready-for-tests/article7224853.ece | title=India's eye on universe ready for tests | access-date= May 20, 2015 | newspaper=The Hindu | date=2015-05-19 | last1=s | first1=Madhumathi D. }}</ref><ref name="astrosatiucaa">{{cite web|url=http://astrosat.iucaa.in/ |title=ASTROSAT: A Satellite Mission for Multi-wavelength Astronomy |publisher=[[IUCAA]] |date=2012-04-20 |access-date=2013-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130422111440/http://astrosat.iucaa.in/ |archive-date=2013-04-22 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| launch_rocket = [[PSLV|PSLV-C30]]
| launch_site = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre First Launch Pad]]
| launch_contractor = ISRO

| orbit_reference = [[Geocentric orbit|Geocentric]]
| orbit_regime = [[Near-equatorial orbit|Near-equatorial]]
| orbit_slot = 
| orbit_semimajor = 7020 km
| orbit_eccentricity = 
| orbit_periapsis = 643.5 km
| orbit_apoapsis = 654.9 km
| orbit_inclination = 6.0°
| orbit_period = 97.6 min
| orbit_RAAN = 
| orbit_arg_periapsis = 
| orbit_mean_anomaly = 
| orbit_mean_motion = 
| orbit_repeat = 
| orbit_velocity = 
| orbit_epoch = 
| orbit_rev_number = 
| apsis = gee

| instrument_type = 
| telescope_name = 
| telescope_type = 
| telescope_diameter = 
| telescope_focal_length = 
| telescope_area = 
| telescope_wavelength = Far [[Ultraviolet]] to hard [[X-ray astronomy|X-ray]]
| telescope_resolution = 
| instruments = UVIT SXT LAXPC CZTI SSM CPM

| insignia = 
| insignia_caption = 
| insignia_alt = 
| insignia_size = 
| next_mission = [[AstroSat-2]]
}}

'''''AstroSat''''' is India's first dedicated multi-wavelength [[space telescope]]. It was launched on a [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle#PSLV-XL|PSLV-XL]] on 28 September 2015.<ref name="astro15" /><ref name=astrosatiucaa/> With the success of this satellite, [[ISRO]] has proposed launching ''[[AstroSat-2]]'' as a successor for ''AstroSat''.<ref name=TOI1>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/isro-plans-to-launch-indias-2nd-space-observatory/articleshow/62975636.cms Isro plans to launch India's 2nd space observatory] Times of India 19 February 2018</ref>

== Overview ==
After the success of the satellite-borne [[Indian X-ray Astronomy Experiment]] (IXAE), which was launched in 1996, the [[ISRO|Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) approved further development for a full-fledged astronomy satellite, ''AstroSat'', in 2004.<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3650407.ece | title=India set to launch Astrosat next year | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | date=2012-07-18 | access-date=2013-09-07 | last1=Raj | first1=N. Gopal }}</ref>

A number of astronomy research institutions in India, and abroad have jointly built instruments for the satellite. Important areas requiring coverage include studies of [[astrophysics|astrophysical]] objects ranging from nearby [[Solar System]] objects to distant stars and objects at [[cosmology|cosmological]] distances; timing studies of variables ranging from pulsations of hot [[white dwarf]]s to those of [[active galactic nucleus|active galactic nuclei]] can be conducted with ''AstroSat'' as well, with time scales ranging from milliseconds to days.

''AstroSat'' is a multi-[[wavelength]] astronomy mission on an IRS-class satellite into a near-Earth, [[equatorial orbit]]. The five instruments on board cover the [[visible spectrum|visible]] (320–530 nm), [[ultraviolet|near UV]] (180–300 nm), [[ultraviolet|far UV]] (130–180 nm), [[soft X-ray]] (0.3–8 keV and 2–10 keV) and [[hard X-ray]] (3–80 keV and 10–150 keV) regions of the [[electromagnetic spectrum]].

The sanctioned cost of Astrosat was ₹177.85 crore (equivalent to about 20 million USD as of March 2025).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Launch of Astrosat |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=132222 |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> ''Astrosat'' was successfully launched on 28 September 2015 from the [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] on board a [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|PSLV-XL]] vehicle at 10:00AM.

== Mission ==
[[Image:Microquasar GRO J1655-40.jpg|thumb|Artist's conception of a binary star system with one black hole and one main sequence star]]
[[File:Tilted view of Astrosat-1 with folded solar-arrays.jpg|thumb|Tilted view of Astrosat|alt=]]
''AstroSat'' is a proposal-driven general purpose observatory, with main scientific focus on:
* Simultaneous multi-wavelength monitoring of intensity variations in a broad range of cosmic sources
* Monitoring the X-ray sky for new transients
* Sky surveys in the hard X-ray and UV bands
* Broadband spectroscopic studies of X-ray binaries, [[Active galactic nucleus|AGN]], [[Supernova remnant|SNR]]s, clusters of galaxies, and stellar coronae
* Studies of periodic and non-periodic variability of X-ray sources

''AstroSat'' performs multi-wavelength observations covering spectral bands from radio, optical, IR, UV, and X-ray wavelengths. Both individual studies of specific sources of interest and [[astronomical survey|surveys]] are undertaken. While radio, optical, and IR observations would be coordinated through ground-based telescopes, the high energy regions, i.e., UV, X-ray and visible wavelength, would be covered by the dedicated satellite-borne instrumentation of ''AstroSat''.<ref name=yin2008>{{cite web | url=http://www.yourindustrynews.com/india+plans+for+x-ray+spacecraft+2009+launch_15475.html | title=India plans for X-ray spacecraft 2009 launch | publisher=Yourindustrynews.com | date=2008-11-13 | access-date=2010-11-24 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205220/http://www.yourindustrynews.com/india+plans+for+x-ray+spacecraft+2009+launch_15475.html | archive-date=2016-03-03 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

The mission would also study near simultaneous multi-wavelength data from different variable sources. In a [[binary system]], for example, regions near the compact object emit predominantly in the [[X-ray]], with the [[accretion disc]] emitting most of its light in the UV/optical waveband, whereas the mass of the donating star is brightest in the optical band.

The observatory will also carry out:
* Low- to moderate-resolution [[spectroscopy]] over a wide energy band with the primary emphasis on studies of X-ray-emitting objects
* Timing studies of periodic and aperiodic phenomena in X-ray binaries
* Studies of pulsations in [[X-ray pulsar]]s
* [[Quasi-periodic oscillations]], flickering, flaring, and other variations in X-ray binaries
* Short- and long-term intensity variations in [[active galactic nucleus|active galactic nuclei]]
* Time-lag studies in low/hard X-rays and UV/optical radiation
* Detection and study of X-ray transients.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isro.org/scripts/futureprogramme.aspx |title=Welcome To Indian Space Research Organisation :: Current Programme |publisher=Isro.org |date=2009-09-23 |access-date=2010-11-24| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101125163045/http://isro.org/scripts/futureprogramme.aspx| archive-date= 25 November 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref>

In particular, the mission will train its instruments at active galactic nuclei, which are believed to contain super-massive black holes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kuku.sawf.org/News/57791.aspx |title=ISRO schedules Astrosat launch for 2010 |publisher=Kuku.sawf.org |date=2009-04-22 |access-date=2010-11-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719054844/http://kuku.sawf.org/News/57791.aspx |archive-date=2011-07-19 }}</ref>

== Payloads ==
[[Image:Astrosat folded large.png|250px|right]]
The scientific payload contains six instruments.
* The '''Ultra Violet Imaging Telescope (UVIT)''' performs imaging simultaneously in three channels: 130–180 nm, 180–300 nm, and 320–530 nm. The three detectors are vacuum image intensifiers manufactured by [[Photek Ltd|Photek, UK]].<ref name=UVITdetectors>{{cite web| title=Photek UVIT Detectors |url=http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/physics/research/xroa/astronomical-facilities-1/world-space-observatory-4/presentations/Photek-Space%20Science%20Detector%20Capabilities.ppt/at_download/file| website=University of Leicester| access-date=18 March 2016}}</ref> The FUV detector consists of a [[Caesium iodide|CsI]] [[photocathode]] with a [[Magnesium fluoride|MgF{{sub|2}}]] input optic, the NUV detector consists of CsTe [[photocathode]] with a [[Fused quartz|fused-silica]] input optic and the visible detector consists of an alkali-antimonide [[photocathode]] with a [[Fused quartz|fused-silica]] input optic. The field of view is a circle of ~28′ diameter and the angular resolution is 1.8" for the ultraviolet channels and 2.5″ for the visible channel. In each of the three channels a spectral band can be selected through a set of filters mounted on a wheel; in addition, for the two ultraviolet channels a grating can be selected in the wheel to do slitless spectroscopy with a resolution of ~100. The primary mirror diameter of the telescope is 40 cm.<ref name="Astrosat">{{cite web |title=ASTROSAT |url=http://astrosat.iucaa.in |access-date=28 September 2015 |publisher=Indian Space Research Organization}}</ref>
* The '''Soft X-ray imaging Telescope (SXT)''' employs focusing optics and a deep depletion CCD camera at the focal plane to perform X-ray imaging in the 0.3–8.0 keV band. The optics will consist of 41 concentric shells of gold-coated conical foil mirrors in an approximate Wolter-I configuration (the effective area of 120 cm2). The focal plane CCD camera will be very similar to that flown on SWIFT XRT. The CCD will be operated at a temperature of about −80 °C by thermoelectric cooling.<ref name=Astrosat/>
* The '''Large Area X-ray Proportional Counter (LAXPC)''' covers X-ray timing and low-resolution spectral studies over a broad energy band (3–80 keV), ''Astrosat'' will use a cluster of 3 co-aligned identical Large Area X-ray Proportional Counters (LAXPCs), each with a multi-wire-multi-layer configuration and a Field of View of 1° × 1°. These detectors are designed to achieve (I) wide energy band of 3–80 keV, (II) high detection efficiency over the entire energy band, (III) narrow field of view to minimize source confusion, (IV) moderate energy resolution, (V) small internal background and (VI) long lifetime in space. The effective area of the telescope is 6000 cm2.<ref name=Astrosat/>
* The '''Cadmium Zinc Telluride Imager (CZTI)''' is a hard X-ray imager. It will consist of a Pixellated Cadmium-Zinc-Telluride detector array of 500 cm2 effective area and the energy range from 10 to 150 kev.<ref name=Astrosat/> The detectors have a detection efficiency close to 100% up to 100 keV, and have a superior energy resolution (~2% at 60 keV) compared to scintillation and proportional counters. Their small pixel size also facilitates medium resolution imaging in hard x-rays. The CZTI will be fitted with a two dimensional [[Coded aperture|coded mask]], for imaging purposes. The sky brightness distribution will be obtained by applying a deconvolution procedure to the shadow pattern of the coded mask recorded by the detector. Apart from spectroscopic studies, CZTI would be able to do sensitive polarization measurements for bright galactic X-ray sources in 100–300 keV.<ref name=cztipol>{{cite journal|last1=Chattopadhyay|first1=T.|last2=Vadawale|first2=S.V.|last3=Rao|first3=A. R.|last4=Sreekumar|first4=S.|last5=Bhattacharya|first5=D.|title=Prospects of hard X-ray polarimetry with Astrosat-CZTI|journal=Experimental Astronomy|date=2014-05-09|volume=37|issue=3|pages=555–577|doi=10.1007/s10686-014-9386-1|bibcode = 2014ExA....37..555C |s2cid=42864309}}</ref>
* The '''Scanning Sky Monitor (SSM)''' consists of three position sensitive proportional counters, each with a one-dimensional coded mask, very similar in design to the All Sky Monitor on NASA's [[Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer|RXTE satellite]]. The gas-filled proportional counter will have resistive wires as anodes. The ratio of the output charge on either ends of the wire will provide the position of the X-ray interaction, providing an imaging plane at the detector. The coded mask, consisting of a series of slits, will cast a shadow on the detector, from which the sky brightness distribution will be derived.
* The '''Charged Particle Monitor (CPM)''' will be included as a part of ''Astrosat'' payloads to control the operation of the LAXPC, SXT and SSM. Even though the orbital inclination of the satellite will be 8 deg or less, in about 2/3 of the orbits, the satellite will spend a considerable time (15–20 minutes) in the [[South Atlantic Anomaly]] (SAA) region which has high fluxes of low energy protons and electrons. The high voltage will be lowered or put off using data from CPM when the satellite enters the SAA region to prevent damage to the detectors as well as to minimize ageing effect in the Proportional Counters.

== Ground support ==
The Ground Command and Control Center for ''Astrosat'' is the ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC) at Bangalore, India. Command and control of the spacecraft, and scientific data downloads is possible during every visible pass over Bangalore. 10 out of 14 orbits per day are visible to the ground station.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://astrosat.iucaa.in/ | title=ASTROSAT | astrosat}}</ref> The satellite is capable of gathering 420 gigabits of data every day that can be downloaded during the 10 visible orbits by the Tracking and Data receiving center of ISRO in Bangalore. A third 11-meter antenna at the [[Indian Deep Space Network]] (IDSN) became operational in July 2009 to track ''Astrosat''.

== AstroSat support cell ==
ISRO has set up a support cell for AstroSat at [[Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics|IUCAA]], [[Pune]]. A [[Memorandum of understanding|MoU]] was signed between ISRO and IUCAA in May 2016. The support cell has been set up to give opportunity to the scientific community in making proposals on processing and usage of AstroSat data. The support cell will provide necessary resource materials, tools, training and help to the guest observers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AstroSat Support Cell (ASC) has been Set up at IUCAA, Pune – ISRO |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/pslv-c30-astrosat-mission/astrosat-support-cell-asc-has-been-set-iucaa-pune |access-date=2022-09-05 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref>

== Participants ==
The ''Astrosat'' project is a collaborative effort of many different research institutions. The participants are:
{{Div col |colwidth=25em}}

* [[ISRO|Indian Space Research Organisation]]
* [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]], [[Mumbai]]
* [[Indian Institute of Astrophysics]], [[Bangalore]]
* [[Raman Research Institute]], [[Bangalore]]
* [[Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics]], [[Pune]]
* [[Physical Research Laboratory]], [[Ahmedabad]]
* [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]], [[Mumbai]]
* [[S.N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences]], [[Kolkata]]
* [[Presidency University, Kolkata]]
* [[Canadian Space Agency]]
* [[University of Leicester]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indodaily.com/reports/India_Works_With_University_Of_Leicester_On_First_National_Astronomy_Satellite_999.html |title=India Works With University Of Leicester On First National Astronomy Satellite |publisher=Indodaily.com |access-date=2010-11-24}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

== Timeline ==
[[File:AstroSatPicO1 medium.webp|thumb|right|This image of [[NGC 2336]] was one of the first images takes by Astrosat-1, The Near-UV (200-300 nm) and Far-UV (130-180 nm) images were captured by Ultra-Violet Imaging Telescope(UVIT)]]
* April 2009 : Scientists from [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] (TIFR) have completed the developmental phase of complex science payloads and have begun integrating them before delivery of the 1,650 kg satellite ''Astrosat''. The challenges in the design of payloads and [[Attitude control system|Attitude Control System]] have been overcome and in a recent review committee meeting, it was decided that the delivery of the payload to the ISRO Satellite Centre will begin from the middle of 2009 and continue until early 2010 to enable the launch of ASTROSAT in 2010 using ISRO workhorse PSLV-C34.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/2009/04/22123907/ASTROSAT-to-be-launched-in-mid.html |title=ASTROSAT to be launched in mid-2010 – Technology |publisher=livemint.com |date=2009-04-22 |access-date=2010-11-24}}</ref>
* May 2015 : The integration of ''Astrosat'' is complete and final tests are under way. ISRO issued a press release stating that "The satellite is planned to be launched during the second half of 2015 by PSLV C-34 to a 650 km near equatorial orbit around the Earth."<ref>{{cite web |title=ASTROSAT crossed a major milestone – Spacecraft fully assembled and tests initiated |url=http://www.isro.gov.in/astrosat-crossed-major-milestone-%E2%80%93-spacecraft-fully-assembled-and-tests-initiated |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223213458/http://www.isro.gov.in/astrosat-crossed-major-milestone-%E2%80%93-spacecraft-fully-assembled-and-tests-initiated |archive-date=23 December 2015 |access-date=22 May 2015 |website=ISRO}}</ref>
* 24 July 2015: Thermovac completed. Solar panels attached. Start of final vibration tests.<ref name="Astrosat" />
* 10 Aug 2015: All tests passed. Pre-shipment review successfully completed.<ref name="Astrosat" />
* 28 Sep 2015: ASTROSAT has been successfully launched into orbit.<ref>{{cite news |date=28 September 2015 |title=PSLV-C30/ASTROSAT Launch Live Webcast |url=http://www.isro.gov.in/pslv-c30-astrosat-mission/pslv-c30-astrosat-launch-live-webcast |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210150952/http://www.isro.gov.in/pslv-c30-astrosat-mission/pslv-c30-astrosat-launch-live-webcast |archive-date=10 December 2015 |access-date=28 September 2015 |work=Indian Space Research Organization}}</ref>
* 15 April 2016: The satellite has completed its performance verification and started its operations.<ref name="astrosat_iucaa">{{cite web |title=AstroSat Support Cell (ASC) has been Set up at IUCAA, Pune |url=http://www.isro.gov.in/pslv-c30-astrosat-mission/astrosat-support-cell-asc-has-been-set-iucaa-pune |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524040851/https://www.isro.gov.in/pslv-c30-astrosat-mission/astrosat-support-cell-asc-has-been-set-iucaa-pune |archive-date=May 24, 2022 |access-date=May 23, 2016 |work=Indian Space Research Organisation |publisher=isro.gov.in}}</ref>
* 29 Sep 2018: The satellite has completed 3 years since its launch in 2015. It has observed over 750 sources and resulted in close to 100 publications in peer-reviewed journals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Three years of AstroSat – ISRO |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/28-sep-2018/three-years-of-astrosat |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830213436/http://isro.gov.in/update/28-sep-2018/three-years-of-astrosat |archive-date=2019-08-30 |access-date=2018-09-28 |website=www.isro.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>
* 29 Sep 2020: The satellite completed its mission life of 5 years and will continue to remain operational for many years.<ref>{{cite web |date=29 September 2020 |title=India's space telescope completes 5-year mission life, will continue to function: ISRO chief |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/science/india-s-space-telescope-completes-5-year-mission-life-will-continue-to-function-isro-chief/story-cqwBCQyVTzHu1B8SKsmfCK.html |publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
* 29 September 2025 : The Satellite completed 10 years in orbit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebrating a Decade of India's first Astronomy Observatory AstroSat |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/celebrating_decade_Indias_first_Astronomy_Observatory_AstroSat.html |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref> URSC hosted a conference to commomorate the decadal survey of satellite data in Bengaluru.<ref>{{Cite web|title=International conference on Celebrating Ten years of AstroSat|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Celebrating_Ten_years_of_AstroSat.html|website=www.isro.gov.in|access-date=2026-01-31}}</ref>

== Results ==
A [[gamma-ray burst]] was detected by ''Astrosat'' on 5 January 2017. There was a confusion whether this event was related to the gravitational wave signal detected by [[LIGO]] from the black hole merger event [[GW170104]] on 4 January 2017.<ref name="astro_gamma">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/astrosat-rules-out-afterglow-in-black-hole-merger/article19094393.ece |title=AstroSat rules out afterglow in black hole merger|newspaper=The Hindu|date=2017-06-17|last1=Desikan|first1=Shubashree}}</ref> ''Astrosat'' helped in distinguishing between the two events. The gamma-ray burst from 4 January 2017 was identified as a distinct supernova explosion that would form a black hole.<ref name="astro_gamma"/>

''Astrosat'' also captured the rare phenomenon of a 6 billion year old small star or [[blue straggler]] feeding off and sucking out the mass and energy of a bigger companion star.<ref name="astro_vampire">{{Cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/vampire-star-caught-in-the-act-by-indian-space-observatory-4498660/ |title='Vampire' star caught in the act by Indian space observatory ASTROSAT|date=2017-01-30}}</ref>

On 31 May 2017, ''Astrosat'', [[Chandra X-ray Observatory]] and [[Hubble Space Telescope]] simultaneously detected a [[stellar corona|coronal]] explosion on the nearest planet-hosting star [[Proxima Centauri]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tifr.res.in/TSN/news_detail.php?id=124|title=News Detail {{!}} TIFR|website=www.tifr.res.in|language=en|access-date=2017-07-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://astrosat-ssc.iucaa.in/?q=press-release:Astrosat,%20Chandra%20and%20Hubble%20Space%20Telescope|title=Press Release: Astrosat, Chandra and Hubble Space Telescope simultaneously detect a coronal explosion on the nearest planet-hosting star {{!}} ASTROSAT SCIENCE SUPPORT CELL|website=astrosat-ssc.iucaa.in|language=en|access-date=2017-07-20}}</ref>

On 6 November 2017 ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature Astronomy]]'' published a paper from Indian astronomers measuring the variations of X-ray polarisation of the Crab Pulsar in the Taurus constellation.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-017-0293-z | doi=10.1038/s41550-017-0293-z | title=Phase-resolved X-ray polarimetry of the Crab pulsar with the AstroSat CZT Imager | year=2017 | last1=Vadawale | first1=S. V. | last2=Chattopadhyay | first2=T. | last3=Mithun | first3=N. P. S. | last4=Rao | first4=A. R. | last5=Bhattacharya | first5=D. | last6=Vibhute | first6=A. | last7=Bhalerao | first7=V. B. | last8=Dewangan | first8=G. C. | last9=Misra | first9=R. | last10=Paul | first10=B. | last11=Basu | first11=A. | last12=Joshi | first12=B. C. | last13=Sreekumar | first13=S. | last14=Samuel | first14=E. | last15=Priya | first15=P. | last16=Vinod | first16=P. | last17=Seetha | first17=S. | journal=Nature Astronomy | volume=2 | pages=50–55 | s2cid=256708500 | url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="TOI201711">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/indias-space-observatory-accomplishes-x-ray-polarisation/articleshow/61535714.cms India's space observatory accomplishes X-ray polarisation] Times of India 6 November 2017</ref> This study was a project conducted by scientists from [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]], Mumbai; the [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]], Thiruvananthapuram; [[ISRO Satellite Centre]] Bengaluru; the [[Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics]], Pune; and the [[Physical Research Laboratory]], Ahmedabad.<ref name="TOI201711" />

In July 2018, ''Astrosat'' has captured an image of a special galaxy cluster that is more than 800 million light years away from Earth. Named abell 2256 the galaxy cluster is made of three separate cluster of galaxy that are all merging with one another to eventually form a single massive cluster in the future. The three massive cluster contain more than 500 galaxies and the cluster is almost 100 times larger and more than 1500 times massive as our own galaxy.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/isros-astrosat-captures-image-of-galaxy-cluster-800-million-light-years-away/articleshow/64836364.cms | title=Isro's Astrosat captures image of galaxy cluster 800 million light years away – Times of India| website=[[The Times of India]]| date=3 July 2018}}</ref>

On 26 September 2018, the archival data of AstroSat was publicly released.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/26-sep-2018/archival-data-of-astrosat-released|title=Archival Data of AstroSat released – ISRO|website=www.isro.gov.in|access-date=2019-08-03|archive-date=2022-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715184540/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/26-sep-2018/archival-data-of-astrosat-released|url-status=dead}}</ref> As of 28 September 2018, data from AstroSat has been cited in around 100 publications in refereed journals. This figure is expected to rise after the public release of data from AstroSat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/28-sep-2018/three-years-of-astrosat|title=Three years of AstroSat – ISRO|website=www.isro.gov.in|access-date=2019-08-03|archive-date=2019-08-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830213436/http://isro.gov.in/update/28-sep-2018/three-years-of-astrosat|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2019 AstroSat observed a very rare X-ray outburst in a [[Be/X-ray binary]] system RX J0209.6-7427. Only a couple of rare outbursts have been observed from this source hosting a neutron star. The last outburst was detected in 2019 after about 26 years. The accreting neutron star in this Be/X-ray binary system was found to be an ultraluminous X-ray Pulsar (ULXP) making it the second closest ULXP and the first ULXP in our neighbouring Galaxy in the [[Magellanic Clouds]]. This source is the first ULX pulsar discovered with the AstroSat mission and only the eight known ULX pulsar.<ref>
{{cite journal
| author1 = Chandra, A. D.|author2=Roy, J. |author3=Agrawal, P. C.|author4=Choudhury, M.
| title = Study of recent outburst in the Be/X-ray binary RX J0209.6−7427 with AstroSat: a new ultraluminous X-ray pulsar in the Magellanic Bridge?
| journal = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
| date = 2020
| volume = 495
| issue = 3
| pages = 2664–2672
| doi = 10.1093/mnras/staa1041
|doi-access=free | bibcode = 2020MNRAS.495.2664C
|arxiv = 2004.04930|s2cid=215737137 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ultra-bright X-ray source awakens near a galaxy not so far away |url=https://ras.ac.uk/news-and-press/research-highlights/ultra-bright-x-ray-source-awakens-near-galaxy-not-so-far-away |date=June 2020 |work=Royal Astronomical Society}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ultra-Bright Pulsar Awakens Next Door To The Milky Way After 26-Year Slumber |url=https://www.iflscience.com/space/ultrabright-pulsar-awakens-next-door-to-the-milky-way-after-26year-slumber/ |date= June 2020 |work=Alfredo Carpineti}}</ref>

In August 2020, ''AstroSat'' had detected extreme-UV light from a galaxy located 9.3 billion light-years away from Earth. The galaxy called AUDFs01 was discovered by a team of Astronomers led by Kanak Saha from the [[Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics]], Pune.<ref>{{cite news | title=Global team of scientists discovers one of the earliest galaxies using India's AstroSat | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/global-team-led-by-iucaa-scientists-marks-a-major-breakthrough-6568281/ |website=The Indian Express }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Saha, K , Tandon, S N , Simmonds, C et al.|date=24 August 2020|title=AstroSat detection of Lyman continuum emission from a z = 1.42 galaxy.|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-020-1173-5%20#citeas|journal=Nature Astronomy|volume=4|issue=12 |page=1185|doi=10.1038/s41550-020-1173-5|arxiv=2008.11394|bibcode=2020NatAs...4.1185S|s2cid=221319445|access-date=6 November 2020}}</ref>

In August 2025, researchers from ISRO, [[University of Haifa|Haifa University]] , [[U. R. Rao Satellite Centre|URSC]] & [[IIT Guwahati|IIT-Guwahati]] observed the origins of X-ray flickering on a black hole named GRS 1915+105 and discovered that it's X-ray brightness alternated between bright and dim phases, each lasting several hundred seconds.This discovery will provide critical insights into how black holes interact with surrounding matter and release energy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-18 |title=IIT Guwahati and ISRO uncover mysterious X-ray flickers from distant black hole |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/iit-guwahati-and-isro-decode-rapid-x-ray-flickering-from-black-hole-grs-1915105-2772783-2025-08-18 |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
In 2019 a documentary titled ''Indian Space Dreams'' on the developmental journey of Astrosat, and directed by Sue Sudbury, was released.<ref>{{Citation|title=Indian Space Dreams|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt11178478/|access-date=2020-01-27}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:AstroSatPicN1 medium.jpg.webp|FUV Images of the [[NGC 1851|NGC-1851]] cluster
File:Apom nov18 medium.webp|[[Messier 74]] captured by astrosat
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{Portal |Spaceflight}}
*[[AstroSat-2]]
*[[Indian Astronomical Observatory]]
*[[Indian Space Research Organisation]]
*[[List of space telescopes]]
*[[Ultraviolet astronomy]]
*[[X-ray astronomy]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* [http://astrosat.iucaa.in/ ''Astrosat'']
* [http://www.isro.org/ ISRO]
* [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12036-017-9449-6 AstroSat: From Inception to Realization and Launch]

{{Indian space programme}}
{{Indian spacecraft}}
{{Space observatories}}
{{2015 in space}}
{{Orbital launches in 2015}}

[[Category:September 2015 in India]]
[[Category:Space telescopes of India]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched in 2015]]
[[Category:Ultraviolet telescopes]]
[[Category:X-ray telescopes]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched by PSLV rockets]]

Katghora Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:06:02Z

Gurupratap Rajan: stub

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Chhattisgarh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Katghora
| mla = [[Premchand Patel]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janta Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Purushottam Kanwar
| state = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| district = [[Korba district|Korba]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Korba (Lok Sabha constituency)|Korba]]
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:214882}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/chhattisgarh-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=State Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate=25 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 22
| map_image = Katghora Assembly constituency map.svg
}}

'''Katghora''' is one of the 90 [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Chhattisgarh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceochhattisgarh.nic.in/en/new-maps-assembly-constituency |title=New Maps of Assembly Constituency |website=ceochhattisgarh.nic.in| access-date=1 September 2021}}</ref> It is in [[Korba district|Korba]] district and is a part of [[Korba (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name="intoday">{{cite web|url=https://aajtak.intoday.in/story/chhattisgarh-assembly-election-2018-katghora-seat-bjp-mla-congress-janta-congres-tpt-1-1027275.html|title=छत्तीसगढ़ चुनाव: कांग्रेस के गढ़ कटघोरा में कमल का कब्जा, इस बार त्रिकोणीय मुकाबला! - Chhattisgarh assembly election 2018 katghora seat bjp mla congress janta congres tpt|website=AajTak|language=Hindi|accessdate=2019-02-28}}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
! colspan=4|[[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|| [[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]|| Banwari Lal
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|| 1957^ || rowspan="2" | Rudrasharan Pratap Singh
|-
|| [[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
|| [[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]|| B. Navbatram
|-
|| [[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]|| rowspan="4" | Bodhram Kanwar
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|| [[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|| [[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
|| [[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|| [[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]|| Krishnalal Jaiswal
|-
|| [[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]|| rowspan="2" | [[Banwari Lal Agrawal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|| [[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
! colspan=4|[[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|| [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]|| rowspan="2" | Bodhram Kanwar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|| [[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
|| [[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]|| [[Lakhan Lal Dewangan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name="election2018" />
| Purushottam Kanwar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|| [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name=election2023/> || [[Premchand Patel]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}
^by-election

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Election, 2023]]: Katghora<ref name=election2023/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Premchand Patel]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 73,680
|percentage = 45.19
|change = +14.20
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Purushottam Kanwar
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 56,780
|percentage = 34.83
|change = -3.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Bhuneshwar Singh Shrotey
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|votes = 9,547
|percentage = 5.86
|change = +2.92
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Engineer Satyajeet Kurrey
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 4900
|percentage = 3.01
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Surendra Rathore
|party = Janta Congress Chhattisgarh
|votes = 4507
|percentage = 2.76
|change = -17.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Chandrakant Dixena
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 3149
|percentage = 1.93
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Jawhar Singh Kanwar
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 2535
|percentage = 1.55
|change = -1.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 1,462
|percentage = 0.90
|change = -0.96
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 16,900
|percentage = 10.36
|change = +2.89
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 163,032
|percentage = 75.87
|change = -2.06
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Katghora<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9643-statistical-data-of-general-election-to-chhatisgarh-assembly/ |title=State Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 1 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Purushottam Kanwar
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 59,227
|percentage = 38.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Lakhan Lal Dewangan]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 47,716
|percentage = 30.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Govind Singh Rajput
|party = Janta Congress Chhattisgarh
|votes = 30,509
|percentage = 19.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Lalit Manikpuri
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|votes = 4,520
|percentage = 2.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sapuran Kuldeep
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 4,113
|percentage = 2.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 2,867
|percentage = 1.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 11,511
|percentage = 7.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 153,995
|percentage = 77.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Korba district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}

{{coord|22.51|82.55|display=title}}

[[Category:Korba district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Politics of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]

Suryan FM

2026-04-09T22:28:15Z

Gurupratap Rajan: creating stub...

{{short description|Indian FM radio network}}
{{for|the Sri Lankan Tamil radio station|Sooriyan FM}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}

{{Infobox radio station
| logo = Suryan FM Logo.png
| format =
| former_callsigns =
| owner = [[Sun Group]]
| name = Suryan FM
| city = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = IN
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| airdate =
| frequency = 91.9–93.9 MHz {{Force plural}}
| erp =
| callsign_meaning =
| website = {{URL|www.suryanfm.in}}
| coordinates =
}}

'''Suryan FM''' is a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] language [[FM radio]] channel owned by [[India]]n media conglomerate [[Sun Group]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2003-08-26 |title=Radio Mirchi and Suryan FM popular in Chennai: Survey |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/radio-mirchi-and-suryan-fm-popular-in-chennai-survey/articleshow/147905.cms |access-date=2025-05-21 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The channel has 10 broadcasting stations in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.suryanfm.in/chennai/|title=Suryan FM|access-date=28 November 2015}}</ref><ref name="Forbes">{{Cite news|url=http://forbesindia.com/article/southern-titans/kalanithi-maran-defying-the-odds/41601/1|title=Kalanithi Maran: Defying the odds|work=Forbes|date=25 November 2015}}</ref> In other states, [[SUN Group]]'s FM service is known as [[Red FM (India)|Red FM]] 93.5 and Magic FM 106.4.

==Radio stations==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em 1em 1em 1em 0; font-size:90%;"
|+
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" style="background: White;" | Suryan FM Tamil Nadu
|- colspan="2" style="background: LightSteelBlue;"
! Frequency
! City
|-
| rowspan="1" style="background: LightSteelBlue; text-align:center" |'''93.5 MHz'''
| [[Chennai]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], [[Madurai]], [[Tirunelveli]], [[Tuticorin]], [[Trichy|Tiruchirappalli]]
|-
| rowspan="1" style="background: LightSteelBlue; text-align:center" |'''93.9 MHz'''
|[[Vellore]], [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]
|-
| rowspan="1" style="background: LightSteelBlue; text-align:center" |'''91.9 MHz'''
|[[Erode]]
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Tamil-language radio stations]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Sun TV Network}}

[[Category:Radio stations in Chennai]]
[[Category:Radio stations in Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Radio stations in Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Mass media in Puducherry]]
[[Category:Radio stations in India]]
[[Category:Radio stations in Madurai]]
[[Category:Sun Group]]
[[Category:Companies with year of establishment missing]]

{{India-radio-station-stub}}

Prime Minister of Nepal

2026-03-27T15:37:36Z

Gurupratap Rajan:

{{pp-protected|small=yes}}
{{Short description|Head of government of Nepal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Prime Minister
| body = the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal
| native_name = {{lang|ne|संघीय लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र नेपालका प्रधानमन्त्री}} Sanghīya lōkatāntrika gaṇatantra nēpālakā pradhānamantrī
| insignia = Emblem of Nepal (alternative).svg
| insigniasize = 150px
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of Nepal]]
| flag = Flag of Nepal.svg
| flagsize = 100px
| flagcaption = [[Flag of Nepal]]
| image = Balendra Shah, official portrait.jpg
| imagesize =
| incumbent = [[Balendra Shah]]
| incumbentsince = 27 March 2026
| member_of = {{ubl|[[Council of Ministers of Nepal]]|[[Pratinidhi Sabha]]}}
| reports_to = {{ubl|[[President of Nepal]]|[[Pratinidhi Sabha]]}}
| status = [[Head of government]]
| abbreviation = PM
| residence = [[Kathmandu]]<ref name="himalayandeuba">{{cite web|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/pm-sher-bahadur-deuba-shifts-to-official-residence-in-baluwatar/|title=PM Deuba shifts to official residence in Baluwatar|date=19 June 2017|website=The Himalayan Times|access-date=26 March 2018}}</ref>
| seat = [[Singha Durbar]], [[Kathmandu]]
| style = [[The Right Honourable]]
| appointer = [[President of Nepal]]
| termlength = 5 Years
| formation = {{start date and age|df=yes|1806}}
| inaugural = [[Bhimsen Thapa]]
| salary =
| deputy = [[Deputy Prime Minister of Nepal]]
| website = {{Official URL}}
| flagborder =
| nominator =
| constituting_instrument = Article 76(1), [[Constitution of Nepal]]
}}
{{Politics of Nepal}}
The '''Prime Minister of Nepal''' ({{langx|ne|नेपालको प्रधानमन्त्री|Nēpālakō pradhānamantrī}}) is the [[head of government]] of [[Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal]]. The prime minister leads the [[Council of Ministers of Nepal|Council of Ministers]] and holds the chief executive authority in the country. The prime minister must command majority support and maintain the confidence of the [[House of Representatives (Nepal)|Pratinidhi Sabha]] to remain in office.<ref>{{Cite web |title=President appoints Pushpa Kamal Dahal prime minister |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/12/25/president-appoints-pushpa-kamal-dahal-prime-minister|website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ecs.com.np/heritage-tale/pms-office|title=PM's Office – Heritage Tale – ECSNEPAL – The Nepali Way|website=ecs.com.np|access-date=26 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="himalayandeuba" /><ref name="himalayansushil">{{cite web|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/baluwatar-vacated/|title=Baluwatar vacated – The Himalayan Times|date=14 October 2015|website=The Himalayan Times|access-date=26 March 2018}}</ref> If the prime minister loses this support, they are required to resign.

The official residence of the prime minister is located in [[Baluwatar, Kathmandu]].<ref name="himalayandeuba" /><ref name="himalayansushil" /> The seat of the prime minister's office has been at [[Singha Durbar|Singha Darbar]] since [[Chandra Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana]]'s reign (1901–1929).

The sitting prime minister ranks third in the [[order of precedence in Nepal]].

[[Balendra Shah]] has been serving as the 40th Prime Minister of Nepal since 27 March 2026.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2026/03/27/balendra-shah-appointed-prime-minister |title=Balendra Shah appointed Prime Minister |website=Kathmandu Post |date=27 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ekantipur.com/politics/2026/03/27/balen-will-take-the-oath-of-office-as-prime-minister-at-1234-pm-44-38.html |title=Balen to take oath as Prime Minister |website=eKantipur |date=27 March 2026}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|List of prime ministers of Nepal}}
The position of Prime Minister of Nepal has evolved significantly over centuries, reflecting the country's complex political and social transformations. Initially, the role was largely ceremonial under the rule of monarchs, with real power concentrated in the hands of kings and hereditary chiefs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Prime Ministers {{!}} Office of the Prime Minister and Council of Ministers |url=https://www.opmcm.gov.np/en/former-pm/ |access-date=2025-05-25 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The establishment of the [[Shah dynasty|Shah monarchy]] in the 18th century brought the office of Prime Minister into greater prominence.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-12 |title=List of Prime Ministers of Nepal (1806-2022) |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/prime-ministers-of-nepal-1626097279-1 |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=Jagranjosh.com |language=en}}</ref> The title was often held by powerful nobles and royal courtiers who effectively controlled the administration and military affairs. During the [[Rana dynasty|Rana period]] (1846–1951), the Prime Ministership became hereditary within the Rana family, marking an era of autocratic rule where the Prime Minister wielded supreme power, while the king remained a figurehead.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jung Bahadur {{!}} Prime Minister of Nepal & Founder of Rana Dynasty {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jung-Bahadur |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information |first=Bureau of Public Affairs |date=2005-02-09 |title=Nepal (01/09) |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5283.htm |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=2001-2009.state.gov |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-23 |title=Nepal - Monarchy, Democracy, Constitution {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Nepal/Government-and-society |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-02 |title=List of Prime Ministers Of Nepal |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/prime-ministers-of-modern-nepal.html |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=WorldAtlas |language=en-US}}</ref>

The end of the Rana regime in 1951 ushered in a new era of parliamentary democracy. Since then, the office of Prime Minister has been central to Nepal’s political landscape, navigating through various phases including constitutional monarchies, multiparty democracy, periods of political instability, and the eventual abolition of the monarchy in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reynolds |first=Latisha |title=UofL Libraries: Government Resources and International Information: Nepal |url=https://library.louisville.edu/ekstrom/gov_intl/nepal |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=library.louisville.edu |language=en}}</ref>

Following the declaration of Nepal as a federal democratic republic, the Prime Minister now serves as the head of government, responsible for executive functions and policy-making,<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Nepal {{!}} Events, People, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Nepal |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> working alongside the President, who acts as the ceremonial head of state.

==Powers and authority==
The prime minister has a more enhanced constitutional role than their counterparts in other parliamentary democracies. This is because Section 75 of the Constitution explicitly vests the executive power of the federal government in the Council of Ministers–of which the prime minister is the leader–not the president. In most other parliamentary republics, the president is at least the nominal chief executive, while being bound by convention to act on the advice of the cabinet. Per Section 76, the prime minister is the chairman of the Council of Ministers and thus exercises executive power collectively with the Council of Ministers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Part 7 Federal Executive, Section 75 Executive power|url=http://www.lawcommission.gov.np/en/archives/971|access-date=2020-06-23|website=Nepal Law Commission|language=en-UK}}</ref>

==Constitutional background==
Under part 7, Article 76, of the Constitution,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Part 7 Federal Executive, Section 76 Constitution of Council of Ministers|url=http://www.lawcommission.gov.np/en/archives/971|access-date=2020-06-23|website=Nepal Law Commission|language=en-UK}}</ref> the president is required to appoint the leader of the majority party in the House of Representatives as prime minister. If no party has a majority, the president is required to appoint an MP who has the support of a coalition of parties who between them have a majority in the chamber–in practice, the leader of the senior partner in such a coalition. If no majority coalition can be formed within 30 days of the final result of a parliamentary election, the president is required to appoint the leader of the largest party in the chamber. In the latter cases, the person appointed as prime minister must win a confidence vote within 30 days. However, if a confidence vote is unsuccessful, the president must appoint an MP who can demonstrate command the confidence of the House. In the event that no member can command the confidence of the House within 55 days of the announcement of the final results of the election, new elections must be held within six months.

==Vacation of office==
The vacation process of the prime minister as per Section 77 (1) of 2015 [[Constitution of Nepal]] is as follows:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Part 7 Federal Executive, Section 77 Vacation of office of Prime Minister and Minister|url=http://www.lawcommission.gov.np/en/archives/971|access-date=2020-06-23|website=Nepal Law Commission|language=en-UK}}</ref>

The prime minister shall cease to hold office in the following circumstances:

# If they tender written resignation to the president,
# If a vote of confidence fails to be approved according to Article (100), or a motion of no confidence is passed,
# If they cease to be a member of the House of Representatives,
# If they pass away.

Furthermore, the Section 77 (3) states: If the prime minister ceases to hold the office according to clause (1), the same council of ministers shall continue to work until another council of ministers is constituted, provided that, in the case of the death of the prime minister, the senior most minister shall continue to act as prime minister until a new prime minister is appointed.

==See also==

* [[Balen Shah cabinet]]

* [[List of prime ministers of Nepal]]

==References==

===Notes===
{{reflist}}

===Books===
*{{citation | last = Acharya | first = Baburam | editor-last = Acharya | editor-first = Shri Krishna |title = Janaral Bhimsen Thapa : Yinko Utthan Tatha Pattan | location = Kathmandu | year = 2012 | pages = 228 | language = ne | publisher = Education Book House | isbn = 9789937241748}}
*{{citation | last = Nepal | first = Gyanmani | title = Nepal ko Mahabharat | publisher = Sajha | language = ne | year = 2007 | edition = 3rd | pages = 314 | location = Kathmandu | isbn = 9789993325857 }}
*{{citation | last = Amatya | first = Shaphalya | title = The failure of Captain Knox's mission in Nepal| journal = Ancient Nepal | issue = 46–48 | pages = 9–17 | location = Kathmandu | date = June–November 1978 | url = http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ancientnepal/pdf/ancient_nepal_46-48_05.pdf | access-date = January 11, 2013}}
*{{citation | last = Pradhan | first = Kumar L. | title = Thapa Politics in Nepal: With Special Reference to Bhim Sen Thapa, 1806–1839 | publisher = Concept Publishing Company | year = 2012 | isbn = 9788180698132 | location = New Delhi | pages = 278 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7PP1yElRzIUC}}
*{{citation | last = Karmacharya | first = Ganga | title = Queens in Nepalese Politics: an account of roles of Nepalese queens in state affairs, 1775–1846 | publisher = Educational Publishing House | year = 2005 | isbn = 9789994633937 | location = Nepal | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6G5uAAAAMAAJ}}
*{{citation|title=The Origins, Growth and Dissolution of Feudalism in Nepal: A Contribution to the Debate on Feudalism in Non-European Societies|volume=4 |last=Pahari|first =Anup |year=1995 |publisher= University of Wisconsin—Madison |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gz7TAAAAMAAJ}}
*{{citation|title=Brahmins of Nepal|last= Raj |first=Prakash A.|year=1996|publisher= Nabeen Publications |isbn=9780785573661|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4i1uAAAAMAAJ}}
*{{cite book |last=Regmi |first=Mahesh Chandra |year=1971|title= Regmi Research Series |volume=03|publisher= Regmi Research Centre |url= http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/regmi/pdf/Regmi_03.pdf}}
*{{Citation |last=Shaha | first=Rishikesh |title=Modern Nepal 1769–1885 |year=1990 |publisher=Riverdale Company |isbn=0-913215-64-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3NuAAAAMAAJ}}
*{{Citation |last=Shaha | first=Rishikesh |title=An Introduction of Nepal|location= Kathmandu |year=2001 |publisher=Ratna Pustak Bhandar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kmwwAQAAIAAJ}}
*{{Citation|author=D.R. Regmi |title= Modern Nepal|volume= 1|publisher=Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay |year=1975 |isbn= 0883864916|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=idJBAAAAYAAJ}}
*{{citation | last = Wright | first = Daniel | title = History of Nepal | year = 1877 | publisher = Cambridge University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mHE5hkHc7kcC}}

==External links==
{{Sister project auto}}

* [http://opmcm.gov.np/en/former-pm/ Office of the Prime Minister and Council of Ministers]

{{Prime Ministers of Nepal}}
{{Prime Minister}}
{{Nepal topics}}

[[Category:Prime ministers of Nepal]]
[[Category:1806 establishments in Nepal]]

Thiruvananthapuram North–Yog Nagari Rishikesh Superfast Express

2026-03-25T20:08:07Z

Gurupratap Rajan: creating new article...

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Thiruvananthapuram North-Yog Nagari Rishikesh Superfast Express
| image =
| caption =
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]]
| locale = [[Kerala]], [[Karnataka]], [[Goa]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Haryana]], [[Delhi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] & [[Uttarakhand]]
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = [[Thiruvananthapuram North railway station|Thiruvananthapuram North]] (TVCN)
| stops = 27
| end = [[Yog Nagari Rishikesh railway station|Yog Nagari Rishikesh]] (YNRK)
| distance = {{convert|3111|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 52 hours 25 minutes
| frequency = Weekly
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 22659 / 22660
| speed = {{convert|130|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum, {{convert|60|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
}}

The 22659 / 22660 '''Thiruvananthapuram North–Yog Nagari Rishikesh Superfast Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] - [[Southern Railway zone]] that runs between [[Thiruvananthapuram North railway station|Thiruvananthapuram North]] and [[Yog Nagari Rishikesh railway station|Yog Nagari Rishikesh]] in [[India]]. This train runs via [[Alappuzha]]. From April 2021, the service to Dehradun was discontinued permanently and was diverted permanently to Yog Nagari Rishikesh and was renamed as Thiruvananthapuram North - Yog Nagari Rishikesh Superfast Express. The slip coaches to Haridwar also discontinued and extended to Yog Nagari Rishikesh. Therefore, it won't go to Dehradun; instead it was diverted permanently to Yog Nagari Rishikesh.

It operates as train number 22659 from [[Thiruvananthapuram North railway station|Thiruvananthapuram North]] to [[Yog Nagari Rishikesh railway station|Yog Nagari Rishikesh]] and as train number 22660 in the reverse direction serving the nine states of [[Kerala]], [[Karnataka]], [[Goa]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Delhi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Uttarakhand]].

==Coaches==

The 22659 / 60 [[Thiruvananthapuram North railway station|Thiruvananthapuram North]] - Yog Nagari [[Rishikesh]] Superfast Express runs with highly refurbished LHB coaches. It has 2 AC Two tier, 6 AC Three tier, 8 Sleeper Class, 3 General Unreserved, 1 Pantry Car and 2 EOG (End On Generator) coaches.

As is customary with most train services in India, Coach Composition may be amended at the discretion of [[Indian Railways]] depending on demand.

==Timings==

The 22659 [[Thiruvananthapuram North railway station|Thiruvananthapuram North]] - Yog Nagari [[Rishikesh]] Superfast Express covers the distance of 3459 kilometres in 51 hours 35 mins (60 km/h) and in 54 hours 15 mins as 22660 Yog Nagari [[Rishikesh]] -[[Thiruvananthapuram North railway station|Thiruvananthapuram North]] Superfast Express (60 km/h).

As the average speed of the train is above {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, as per [[Indian Railways]] rules, its fare includes a superfast surcharge.

==Route & halts==

# '''{{rws|Thiruvananthapuram North}}'''
# {{rws|Kollam}}
# {{rws|Alappuzha}}
# {{rws|Ernakulam Junction}}
# {{rws|Thrissur}}
# {{rws|Shoranur Junction}}
# {{rws|Kozhikode}}
# {{rws|Kannur}}
# {{rws|Kasaragod}}
# {{rws|Mangalore}}
# {{rws|Udupi}}
# {{rws|Madgaon}}
# {{rws|Ratnagiri}}
# {{rws|Panvel}}
# {{rws|Vasai Road}}
# {{rws|Palghar}}
# {{rws|Surat}}
# {{rws|Vadodara Junction}}
# {{rws|Kota Junction}}
# {{rws|Hazrat Nizamuddin}}
# {{rws|Ghaziabad Junction}}
# {{rws|Meerut City}}
# {{rws|Muzaffarnagar}}
# {{rws|Roorkee}}
# {{rws|Haridwar}}
# '''{{rws|Yog Nagari Rishikesh}}'''

==Traction==

As the route is fully electrified, it is hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Royapuram|Royapuram Loco Shed]] or [[Electric Loco Shed, Erode|Erode Loco Shed]] based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive from Thiruvananthapuram North to Yog Nagari Rishikesh and vice versa.

==History==

It was introduced as a superfast express between [[Thiruvananthapuram North railway station|Thiruvananthapuram North]] - [[Dehradun]] Superfast Express. The train used to run via [[Kottayam railway station|Kottayam]] and was rerouted to [[Alappuzha]] post covid lockdown. As Dehradun Railway doesn't hold 24 coaches in platform some slip coaches will be detached at Haridwar which ran as [[Haridwar]] - [[Thiruvananthapuram North railway station|Thiruvananthapuram North]] Slip Superfast Express. Since Yog Nagari [[Rishikesh]] Railway Station was developed and reconstructed, the railway authority had decided to withdraw coaches running to Dehradun and slip coaches to Haridwar. Instead they decided to run it as a train without slip coaches. After Yog Nagari Rishikesh was developed it was extended to Rishikesh, instead of Dehradun and slip coaches were made to run as a full coach train to Rishikesh. Therefore, it runs as [[Thiruvananthapuram North railway station|Thiruvananthapuram North]] - Yog Nagari [[Rishikesh]] Superfast Express.

After April 2021, the service to Dehradun and the slip coaches to Haridwar were permanently discontinued and was extended to Rishikesh instead of Dehradun and it will run as Yog Nagari [[Rishikesh]] - [[Thiruvananthapuram North railway station|Thiruvananthapuram North]] Superfast Express.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/regular-service-of-new-trains-to-begin-later/article360533.ece
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8fGS52OTcrM
*{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in |title=Welcome to Indian Railway Passenger reservation Enquiry |publisher=indianrail.gov.in |accessdate=2014-04-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408180437/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ |archivedate= 8 April 2014 }}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.irctc.co.in|title=IRCTC Online Passenger Reservation System|publisher=irctc.co.in|accessdate=2014-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303131207/http://www.irctc.co.in/|archive-date=3 March 2007|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org|title=[IRFCA] Welcome to IRFCA.org, the home of IRFCA on the internet.|publisher=irfca.org|accessdate=2014-04-05}}

{{Railways in Northern India}}
{{Railways in Western India}}
{{Railways in Southern India}}
{{Express trains running through Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kochuveli - Dehradun Superfast Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Trains from Dehradun]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Kerala]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Goa]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Konkan Railway]]

Dhumbada Mata Temple

2026-03-23T19:37:22Z

Gurupratap Rajan: Creating A Place Initial Version

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Orphan|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Dhumbada Mataji Temple
| image = Dhumbada Mataji.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = धुम्बड़ा माता मंदिर
| map_type = India Rajasthan#India
| map_caption = Location in Rajasthan
| coordinates = {{coord|25|35|54|N|72|50|49|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = India
| state = Rajasthan
| district = Jalore
| location = Dhumbada hills, Near Bhadrajun
| deity = Subhadra
| architecture = [[Hindu]]
| year =
| website =
}}

'''Dhumbada Mataji Temple''', also known as Dhumda Mata or Dhubra Mata Temple, is a Hindu shrine dedicated to Goddess [[Subhadra]], located near [[Bhadrajun]] in the [[Jalore]] district of [[Rajasthan]], India. Situated in the Aravalli mountain range's Dhumbada hills also known as Bhadrajun hills, approximately 4.3 km from Bhadrajun and 6.4 km from Rama, the temple is revered for its association with the Hindu epic ''[[Mahabharata]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-30 |title=इस पहाड़ी पर है महाभारत कालीन सुभद्रा माता का प्राचीन मंदिर {{!}} Ancient temple of Subhadra Mata in Dhumbada Bhadrajune Jalore |url=https://www.patrika.com/jalore-news/ancient-temple-of-subhadra-mata-in-dhumbada-bhadrajune-jalore-5158556?amp=1 |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}</ref>

== History and mythology ==
Local tradition identifies the temple as the site where [[Arjuna]], a [[Pandava]] prince, married Subhadra, sister of Lord [[Krishna]] and [[Balarama]], with Krishna's consent, as per the ''Mahabharata''. This event, believed to have occurred under the [[Gandharva marriage|Gandharva rite]], is said to have named the nearby town of Bhadrajun, derived from "Bhadra" (Subhadra) and "Arjun." The temple's historical significance is tied to its strategic location on a route connecting [[Dwarka]] and [[Hastinapur]] during the ''Mahabharata'' era. While archaeological evidence is lacking, oral traditions and the region's Vedic history support its antiquity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Sampradaya Sun - Independent Vaisnava News - Feature Stories - August 2012 |url=https://www.harekrsna.com/sun/features/08-12/features2562.htm |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=www.harekrsna.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title={{!}}{{!}} Dhumda Mata Temple, Bhadrajun Rajasthan, Rajasthan India {{!}}{{!}} |url=https://www.optimatravels.com/bhadrajun-rajasthan/dhumda-mata-temple-bhadrajun-rajasthan-india.aspx |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=www.optimatravels.com}}</ref>

== Significance ==
{{unreferenced section|date= April 2025}}
Goddess Subhadra, venerated as Bhadrā or Chodhra and Jogmaya by the locals, is central to the temple's worship. She is revered as part of the [[Jagannath]] triad in [[Puri]] and associated with goddesses [[Ekanamsha]] and [[Yogmaya]], embodying divine feminine energy. The temple houses multiple idols, with Subhadra's being particularly noted for its beauty. Unique rituals include devotees offering sand and wood, used in the temple's ''bhojanshala'' to prepare ''[[Prasad (food offering)|prasadi]]'' (blessed food). Daily ''arti'' ceremonies and communal meals foster a vibrant devotional culture.

== Features and accessibility ==
{{unreferenced section|date= April 2025}}
The temple, freshly renovated, is nestled on a peaceful hilltop, it's a spiritual spot drawing both pilgrims and visitors. Bhajans and devotional videos are available online on YouTube.
It can be accessed by road from nearby town of Bhadrajun.

== Cultural impact ==
{{unreferenced section|date= April 2025}}
The Dhumbada Mataji Temple remains a significant pilgrimage site for local population around Bhadrajun and other parts of Jalore, Pali, Balotra and Jodhpur, embodying Rajasthan's rich mythological and religious heritage. Its connection to the ''Mahabharata'' and distinctive traditions continue to draw devotees and scholars, reinforcing its cultural and historical importance.
The temple sees huge crowds during Navratri festival.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Hindu temples in Rajasthan}}
{{Tourism in India}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Jalore district]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Rajasthan]]

Shanavas Shanu

2026-03-22T15:55:39Z

Gurupratap Rajan:

{{Short description|Indian television actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shanavas Shanu
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Manjeri]], [[Malappuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = Actor
| alma_mater = NSS College Manjeri
| yearsactive = 2010–present
| parents = 
| spouse =
| children = 
}}
'''Shanavas Shanu''' is an Indian television actor best known for his roles as Rudhran in ''[[Kumkumapoovu]]'' and Indran in ''[[Seetha (serial)|Seetha]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/meet-the-endearing-anti-hero-of-telly-town-shanavas-shanu/articleshow/63960761.cms|title=Meet the endearing anti-hero of telly town, Shanavas Shanu |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=30 April 2018 }}</ref>

==Biography==
Shanu was born in [[Manjeri]], [[Malappuram]]. He studied at NSS College Manjeri. His mother's name is Mymoona. He has two younger sisters named Shanna and Jimsha Sheri. His father died at a very young age. He is married to Sona and has two children.<ref>{{Cite interview |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/style/style-factor/2018/12/17/malayalam-serial-actor-shanavas-interview.html|script-title=ml:മനസ്സറിയാത്ത കാര്യങ്ങൾക്കു ഞാൻ ക്രൂശിക്കപ്പെടുന്നു: ഷാനവാസ് |language=ml |trans-title=I am crucified for things I do not understand: Shanavas |last=Shanu |first=Shanavas |date=17 December 2018 |website=ManoramaOnline}}</ref>

== Career ==
Shanu made his television debut in 2010, playing the lead role opposite [[Nithya Das]] in ''Indraneelam''. He rose to fame by playing the villainous hero Rudhran in ''[[Kumkumapoovu]]'' and became a household name among the [[Malayali]] audience.<ref>{{Cite news |title=11 years of 'Kumkumapoovu': From Shelly to Shanavas Shanu, here's what the actors are doing now |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/11-years-of-kumkumapoovu-from-shelly-to-shanavas-shanu-heres-what-the-actors-are-doing-now/photostory/89256371.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-08-10 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

From 2017 to 2019, he played Indran in [[Seetha (serial)|Seetha]].<ref>{{Cite interview |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/celebrity-news/seetha-serial-actor-shanavas-shanu-about-his-role-in-seetha-and-his-ambitions/articleshow/73018176.cms |script-title=ml:സീതയിലെ വിവാഹം വല്ലാത്തൊരു അനുഭവമായിരുന്നു! ചെയ്യാനെളുപ്പം വില്ലത്തരമെന്നും ഷാനവാസ്! |language=ml |trans-title=Sita's wedding was a great experience! Shanavas says villains are easy to do! |last=Shanu |first=Shanavas |interviewer=Bibin Babu |website=malayalam.samayam.com}}</ref> His on-screen chemistry with [[Swasika]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/seetha-actor-shanavas-shanu-i-was-initially-apprehensive-about-doing-intimate-scenes-with-swasika/articleshow/70891863.cms|title=Seetha actor Shanavas Shanu: I was initially apprehensive about doing intimate scenes with Swasika a|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=29 August 2019 }}</ref> created controversy among the younger audience. The pair were known as #Seethendriyam<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/reality-shows/seetha-serial-fame-swasika-and-shanavas-as-guests-in-onnum-onnum-moonnu-show-with-rimi-tomy/articleshow/74505233.cms |script-title=ml:അങ്ങനെ അവർ വീണ്ടും ഒന്നിച്ചു സൂർത്തുക്കളെ വീണ്ടും ഒന്നിച്ചു! ഒരേ സ്‌ക്രീനിൽ വീണ്ടും 'സീതേന്ദ്രിയം' |language=ml |trans-title=So they put the Surats back together again! 'Silence' again on the same screen |first=Lekshmi |last=Nair |date=6 March 2020|website=malayalam.samayam.com}}</ref> on [[social network]]ing sites.

In 2018, he debuted as a lead hero in a Malayalam film titled ''Police Junior'', which won him the New Face Award at the Adoor Bhasi Awards in 2019.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} In 2019, he appeared in the television shows ''[[Alliyambal]]''<ref name="TOI">{{Cite web |title=Alliyambal: Shanavas Shanu to play Devan's childhood friend |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/alliyambal-shanavas-shanu-to-play-devans-childhood-friend/articleshow/68219006.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=March 2019 }}</ref> and ''Thamarathumbi''.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/i-will-give-my-future-husband-a-second-chance-if-he-is-like-rajeevan-says-happily-single-rini-raj-of-thamara-thumbi-fame/articleshow/71941398.cms I will give my future husband a second chance if he is like Rajeevan, says happily single Rini Raj of Thamara Thumbi fame]</ref>

He is also a prominent figure in television shows like ''Star Magic''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/seetha-team-bring-the-house-down-on-star-magic/articleshow/69484694.cms|title=Seetha team bring the house down on 'Star Magic' |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=24 May 2019 }}</ref> on Flowers TV and ''Thakarppan Comedy'' on ''[[Mazhavil Manorama]]''.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}

== Television works ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year(s)
!Show
!Role
!Channel
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|2010-2011
|''Indraneelam''
|Unni
|[[Surya TV]]
|Television Debut
|
|-
|2011-2014
|''[[Kumkumapoovu]]''
|Rudhran
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|
|
|-
|2012
|Malakhamar
|Sreekanth
|[[Mazhavil Manorama]]
|
|
|-
|2012
|Sathyameva Jayathe
|Aman
|[[Surya TV]]
|
|
|-
|2015
|Vasthavam
|Aravind Kumar [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
|[[Kairali TV]]
|
|
|-
|2015-2016
|Mayamohini
|Amal
|[[Mazhavil Manorama]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mayamohini on Mazhavil Manorama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/Mayamohini-on-Mazhavil-Manorama/articleshow/47703072.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=17 June 2015 }}</ref>
|-
|2016
|Mizhi Randilum
|Vinayan
|[[Surya TV]]
|
|
|-
|2016-2017
|''[[Chinthavishtayaya Seetha]]''
|Indran
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Seetha ends; Director confirms the third part of the popular show |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/malayalam/seetha-ends-director-confirms-the-third-part-of-the-popular-show/videoshow/70754456.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|2017-2019
|''[[Seetha (serial)|Seetha]]''
|Indran
|[[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]]
|sequel to ''[[Chinthavishtayaya Seetha]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Seetha: Indran makes a heroic comeback |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/seetha-indran-makes-a-heroic-comeback/articleshow/68407241.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=14 March 2019 }}</ref>
|-
|2019
|Arayangalude Veedu
|Indran
|[[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]]
|
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Alliyambal]]''
|Sreeram
|[[Zee Keralam]]
|
|<ref name="TOI" />
|-
|2019-2020
|Thamarathumbi
|Rajeevan
|[[Surya TV]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shanavas Shanu is all excited to play Rajeevan in 'Thamarathumbi' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/shanavas-shanu-is-all-excited-to-play-rajeevan-in-thamarathumbi/articleshow/69788497.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=14 June 2019 }}</ref>
|-
|2020
|Koodathayi
|[[Inspector-general of police|IG]] Sharath Chandran [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
|[[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2020 |title=Koodathayi The Game Of Death Serial Launching On 13th January At 9.30 P.M |url=https://www.keralatv.in/koodathayi-the-game-of-death/}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|Aamir
|Aamir
|ADN Originals
|
|
|-
|2021-2022
|''[[Mrs. Hitler]]''
|Dev Krishna "DK"
|[[Zee Keralam]]
|replaced By [[Arun G Raghavan]]
|<ref>{{cite web |date=22 March 2021 |title=Shanavas Shanu is excited to play DK in 'Mrs Hitler', says 'It's entirely different from whatever I have played in my entire career' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/shanavas-shanu-is-excited-to-play-dk-in-mrs-hitler-says-its-entirely-different-from-whatever-i-have-played-in-my-entire-career/articleshow/81626920.cms |access-date=24 April 2021 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Kana Kanmani (2021 TV series)|Kana Kanmani]]''
|[[Assistant superintendent|ASP]] Dinesh [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
|[[Surya TV]]
|Guest appearance
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Shanavas Shanu to play a cameo in 'Kanakanmani'; watch the teaser - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/shanavas-shanu-to-play-a-cameo-in-kanakanmani-watch-the-teaser/articleshow/90224504.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=15 March 2022 }}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Seetha (TV series)|Seethapennu]]''
|Indran
|[[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]]
|sequel to [[Seetha (TV series)|''Seetha'']]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Watch: Shanavas Shanu and Swasika Vijay starrer Seethappennu's first teaser is out - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/watch-shanavas-shanu-and-swasika-vijay-starrer-seethappennus-first-teaser-is-out/articleshow/90147446.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=11 March 2022 }}</ref>
|-
|2023 - 2024
|''[[Swayamvaram (TV series)|Swayamvaram]]''
|Rajeevan
|[[Mazhavil Manorama]]
|
|
|-
|2024 - 2025
|Mangalyam
|Michael
|[[Zee Keralam]]
|
|
|-
|2025
|[[Bigg Boss (Malayalam TV series) season 7|Bigg Boss 7]]
|Contestant|| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||2nd Runner-up Reality show||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Malayalam 7: Confirmed list of contestants who are set to enter the Mohanlal-hosted show|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bigg-boss-malayalam-7-contestants-list-with-photos-confirmed-list-of-contestants-of-bigg-boss-malayalam-7/photostory/123071490.cms |access-date=2025-08-03 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=കപ്പിന് തൊട്ടരികില്‍ ആ ജനപ്രിയ മത്സരാര്‍ഥി പുറത്തേക്ക്! സീസണ്‍ 7 ഹൗസിലെ അവസാന എവിക്ഷന്‍ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ച് ബി ഗ് ബോസ്|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-biggboss/shanavas-shanu-evicted-from-bigg-boss-malayalam-as-second-runner-up-in-bbms7-articleshow-el9xroi|date=2025-11-09 |access-date=2025-11-10 |website=Asianet News}}</ref>
|}

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year!! Film !!Notes
|-
|2007||''[[Speed Track]]''||First appearance
|-
|2010||''Rhythm''||
|-
|2011||''[[Nadakame Ulakam]]''||
|-
|2015||''Lasagu''||
|-
|2016||''[[Angane Thanne Nethave Anjettennam Pinnale|Angane Thanne Nethave Anchettennam Pinnale]]''||Lead Antagonist
|-
|2017||''Aakashathinum Bhoomikkumidayil''||
|-
|2018||''Queen''||
|-
|2018||''Police Junior''||Debut as a Lead Hero
|-
|2019||''Big Salute''||
|-
|}

== Controversies ==
In ''[[Bigg Boss (Malayalam season 7)|Bigg Boss Malayalam season 7]]'', he became the subject of controversy over his remarks on female contestants’ clothing. He advised fellow participant [[Gizele Thakral]] to "dress modestly," stating that such presentation was necessary to gain love and votes from the [[Malayali]] audience.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bigg Boss Malayalam 7: Shanavas advises Gizele to dress modestly, says 'It's needed to earn love and votes from the Malayali audience' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bigg-boss-malayalam-7-shanavas-advises-gizele-to-dress-modestly-says-its-needed-to-earn-love-and-votes-from-the-malayali-audience/articleshow/123148805.cms |work=The Times of India |date=2025-08-14 |access-date=21 August 2025}}</ref>

The statement drew criticism on social media and in the press, especially when he nominated Gizele for eviction due to this dressing reason with many accusing him of endorsing regressive cultural norms. Netizens labelled him a "Kulapurushan," a Malayalam colloquial term for a conservative, narrow-minded man.<ref>{{cite news |title=Biand in the pressgg Boss Malayalam 7: Shanavas faces backlash over comment on Gizele Thakral's outfits; netizens call him 'kulapurushan' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bigg-boss-malayalam-7-shanavas-shanu-faces-backlash-over-comment-on-gizele-thakrals-outfits-netizens-call-him-kulapurushan/articleshow/123115274.cms |work=The Times of India |date=2025-08-13 |access-date=21 August 2025}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=August 2025}}
*[[Asianet Television Awards|Asianet Television Awards 2012]] - Best Popular Actor
*[[Asiavision Awards]] - Best Actor
*Adoor Bhasi Awards 2013 - Best Actor
*Thikkirushy Award 2013 - Best Actor
*Johnson Master Memorial Award - Best Actor
*Lohithadas Memorial Awards - Best Actor
*NCP Awards 2019 - Best Actor
*Adoor Bhasi Film awards 2019 - Best Debut
*Mollywood Flick Awards 2021- Best On-Screen Pair with [[Swasika]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|8351178}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shanu, Shanavas}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Ilavarasi

2026-03-21T19:40:50Z

Gurupratap Rajan:

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ilavarasi
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1967|01|5}}
| othername = Kalpana (Telugu) Manjula Sharma (Kannada)
| yearsactive = 1982–1992 (Lead actress) 1993–2005 (Supporting actress)
| spouse = Gopal
| children = 1
| occupation = Film actress
}}

'''Ilavarasi''' is an Indian actress. She has appeared in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam]], and [[Kannada]] cinema. She was one of the prominent lead actresses from 1982 to 1992. Her popular lead roles are ''[[Vatsalyam]]'' along with [[Mammootty]] and [[Visu]]' s ''[[Samsaram Adhu Minsaram]]''. She is credited as Ilavarasi in Tamil, Kalpana in Telugu and Manjula Sharma in Kannada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vishnuvardhan birth anniversary: Here are some rare stills of 'The Phoenix Of Indian Cinema' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/entertainment/2019/sep/18/vishnuvardhan-birth-anniversary-here-are-some-rare-stills-of-the-phoenix-of-indian-cinema-102531.html |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=The New Indian Express|date=18 September 2019 }}</ref> She is best known for her supporting roles in late 1990s.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=Kalki|access-date=12 March 2024|url=https://kalkionline.com/entertainment/cinema/same-beauty-at-50|title=50+ வயதிலும் அதே அழகு!|date=8 March 2024}}</ref>

==Partial filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
|1982|| ''[[Vazhvey Maayam]]'' ||Savithri Saminathan Sasthri ||Tamil||
|-
| rowspan="5" |1983|| ''[[Mutthaide Bhagya (1983 film)|Mutthaide Bhagya]]''|| ||Kannada||
|-
|''[[Kokkarakko]]''|| ||Tamil||
|-
| ''[[Manaivi Solle Manthiram]]''||Rani || Tamil||
|-
| ''[[Sattam]]''|| ||Tamil ||
|-
| ''Alai Payum Nenjangal''|| ||Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="13" |1984|| ''Oorkku Upadesam''|| ||Tamil ||
|-
| ''Sathiyam Neeye''|| ||Tamil ||
|-
|''[[Veetuku Oru Kannagi]]''|| ||Tamil ||
|-
|''[[24 Mani Neram]]''|| Rekha ||Tamil ||
|-
|''Kadamai''|| ||Tamil||
|-
|''[[Alaya Deepam]]''|| ||Tamil ||
|-
|''[[Sirai (1984 film)|Sirai]]''|| Politician's daughter ||Tamil||
|-
| ''[[Kuva Kuva Vaathugal]]''|| ||Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Dhavani Kanavugal]]''|| ||Tamil ||
|-
|''[[Naan Paadum Paadal]]''||Sivagami ||Tamil ||
|-
|''Vengaiyin Mainthan''|| ||Tamil||
|-
|''[[Oru Kochu Swapnam]]''||Sindhu ||Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Hosa Ithihasa]]''|| ||Kannada ||
|-
| rowspan="13" |1985||''[[Aval Sumangalithan]]''|| Uma||Tamil ||
|-
|''[[Mannukketha Ponnu]]''|| ||Tamil ||
|-
|''[[Anthasthu]]''|| Radha ||Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Chain Jayapal]]''|| ||Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Avan (1985 film)|Avan]]''|| Priya ||Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Chidambara Rahasiyam (film)|Chidambara Rahasiyam]]''|| Uma||Tamil ||
|-
|''[[Kunguma Chimil]]''||Philomena||Tamil ||
|-
|''Samaya Purathale Satchi''|| ||Tamil||
|-
|''Vesham''|| ||Tamil ||
|-
|''Naam''|| ||Tamil||
|-
|''Mappillai Singam ''|| ||Tamil ||
|-
|''Alaya Deepam ''||Radha||Telugu ||
|-
|''Karaiyai Thodadha Alaigal ''|| ||Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="11" |1986|| ''[[Samsaram Adhu Minsaram]]''|| Sarojini||Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Oomai Vizhigal]]''|| Uma||Tamil ||
|-
|''[[Thaaiku Oru Thaalaattu]]''|| ||Tamil ||
|-
|''Thalayattu Bommaigal''|| ||Tamil ||
|-
|''Bathil Solval Bhadrakali''|| ||Tamil ||
|-
|''Mama Kodallu Saval''
|
|Telugu
|
|-
|''Adutha Veedu''|| Selvi||Tamil ||
|-
|''Kadaikan Paarvai''|| ||Tamil||
|-
|''Mahasakthi Mariamman''|| ||Tamil||
|-
|''Odangal''|| ||Tamil ||
|-
|''Jeevanathi''|| ||Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="14" |1987|| ''Aattakkadha''|| ||Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Olavina Udugore]]''|| ||Kannada||
|-
|''Thaliya Aane''|| ||Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Samsaram Oka Chadarangam]]''|| Sarojini||Telugu ||
|-
| ''Naku Pellam Kavali''|| Seeta||Telugu ||
|-
|''Rowdy Police''
|
|Telugu
|
|-
|''[[Chinna Kuyil Paaduthu]]''|| Vasanthi || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Srimathi Oka Bahumathi]] ''|| Divya ||Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Kaboye Alludu]]''|| Saroja ||Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Manmadha Leela Kamaraju Gola]] ''|| Kalpana ||Telugu ||
|-
| ''Chandamama Raave''|| ||Telugu ||
|-
| ''Alludu Kosam''|| Radha Kumari||Telugu ||
|-
|''Enga Veetu Ramayanam''|| ||Tamil ||
|-
|''Kalyana Kachery ''|| ||Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="13" |1988||''[[Penmani Aval Kanmani]]''|| ||Tamil ||
|-
|''Vasanthi''|| ||Tamil||
|-
| ''[[Nammoora Raja]]''|| ||Kannada ||
|-
|''Oomai Kuyil ''|| || Tamil||
|-
|''Pelli Kodukulosthunnaru''
|
|Telugu
|
|-
|''Nava Bharatham''||Parvathamma ||Telugu ||
|-
|''Maa Telugu Talli''|| ||Telugu ||
|-
|''[[Bandipotu (1988 film)|Bandipotu]]''<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tR9eRF3Zgkw |title=BANDIPOTU {{!}} { EXCLUSIVE } TELUGU FULL MOVIE {{!}} SUMAN {{!}} GOWTHAMI {{!}} KALPANA {{!}} V9 VIDEOS |language=en |access-date=2024-04-21 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
|Rani
|Telugu
|
|-
|''[[Bava Marudula Saval]]''|| ||Telugu ||
|-
|''Sagatu Manishi ''|| ||Telugu ||
|-
|''[[Chattamtho Chadarangam]]''|| Inspector Prema||Telugu ||
|-
|''[[Sahasam Cheyara Dimbhaka]]''|| Kalpana||Telugu ||
|-
| ''Padmavyuha''|| ||Kannada ||
|-
| rowspan="9" |1989|| ''[[Ondagi Balu]]''|| ||Kannada ||
|-
| ''Mundhanai Sabhatham''|| || Tamil||
|-
|''[[Prema (1989 film)|Prema]]''|| ||Telugu ||
|-
|''Rasathi Kalyanam''|| ||Tamil ||
|-
|''Namma Bhoomi''|| ||Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Athaimadi Methaiadi]]''|| Radha ||Tamil ||
|-
| ''Sumangali''||Divya||Telugu||
|-
| ''Joo Laka Taka''||Mary Karuna ||Telugu||
|-
| ''Oorantha Golanta''||Geetha ||Telugu||
|-
| rowspan="6" |1990|| ''Ethir Kaatru''|| ||Tamil||
|-
| ''Poli Kitty''|| ||Kannada||
|-
|''Arubadhu Naal Arubadhu Nimidam''|| ||Tamil||
|-
|''[[Enga Ooru Aattukkaran|Enga Ooru Attukkaran]]''|| ||Tamil||
|-
| ''Ethir Kaatru''|| ||Tamil||
|-
| ''Neti Charitra'' || Sumathi||Telugu||
|-
| 1991|| ''Thanga Thamaraigal'' || || Tamil||
|-
| rowspan="3" |1992||''Mangala Nayagan'' || ||Tamil||
|-
|''Samarasimha'' || ||Kannada||
|-
| ''[[Balarama Krishnulu]]'' ||Seeta ||Telugu||
|-
| rowspan="6" |1993|| ''[[Aalavattam (film)|Aalavattam]]'' ||Usha ||Malayalam||
|-
| ''[[Vatsalyam]]'' || Shobha||Malayalam||
|-
|''[[Aranmanai Kili]]''|| Poongodi's mother || Tamil || Supporting role
|-
| ''Jailer Jagannath'' || ||Kannada||
|-
|''[[O' Faby]]'' || Jeni||Malayalam||
|-
|''[[Sabash Babu]]''|| || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |1994|| ''Santhaanagopaalam'' ||Sandhya ||Malayalam||
|-
|''Mudhal Manaivi '' || Renu||Tamil||
|-
| ''[[Maa Voori Maaraju]]'' ||Rajamma ||Telugu||
|-
| rowspan="6" |1995|| ''[[Kaattile Thadi Thevarude Ana|Kaattile Thadi Thevarude Aana]]''||Ammini ||Malayalam||
|-
| ''[[Aadaalla Majaka]]'' || ||Telugu||
|-
|''Real Hero''
|
|Telugu
|
|-
| ''Aunty'' || ||Telugu||
|-
| ''[[Big Boss (film)|Big Boss]]'' || ||Telugu||
|-
|''[[Thedi Vandha Raasa]]'' || ||Tamil||
|-
| rowspan="4" |1996|| ''[[Hitler (1996 film)|Hitler]]''|| Seetha||Malayalam||
|-
| ''[[Pudhu Nilavu]]'' || ||Tamil||
|-
|''[[Panchalankurichi (film)|Panchalankurichi]]'' || ||Tamil||
|-
|''Rhythu Rajyam'' || ||Telugu||
|-
| rowspan="2" |1997|| ''[[Asuravamsam]]'' || Serin||Malayalam||
|-
|''Priyamaina Srivaru''
|
|Telugu
|
|-
|1998||''[[Sivappu Nila (1998 film)|Sivappu Nila]]'' || ||Tamil||
|-
| rowspan="2" |1999||''[[Hello (1999 film)|Hello]]''|| ||Tamil||
|-
| ''[[Seetharama Raju]]'' ||Lakshmi ||Telugu||
|-
|2000||''[[Good Luck (2000 film)|Good Luck]]''||Sangeetha ||Tamil||
|-
|2000|| ''[[Devullu]]''|| Goddess Alamelu ||Telugu||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2001|| ''Rashtrageethe'' || ||Kannada||
|-
| ''Apparaoki Oka Nela Thappindi''||Sumitra ||Telugu||
|-
|''[[Kottai Mariamman]]''|| ||Tamil||
|-
|''[[Seerivarum Kaalai]]''||Doctor||Tamil||
|-
|2002||''[[Indra (2008 film)|Indra]]''||Indra's Elder Sister ||Telugu||
|-
|2003|| ''[[Dil (2003 film)|Dil]]''||Nandhini's mother ||Telugu||
|-
|2005|| ''[[Chakram (2005 film)|Chakram]]''|| ||Telugu||
|-
|2008|| ''[[Parugu]]''||Meena's Mother||Telugu
|
|-
|}

=== TV ===
* ''Silandhi Valai'' - Tamil serial
* ''Antharangaalu'' - Telugu serial
* ''Saradha'' - Malayalam serial

==Awards==
;[[Nandi Award|Nandi Film Awards]]
* [[Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actress]] for ''Sagatu Manishi'' (1988)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|3766452}}
{{Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actress}}
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[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
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[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
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[[Category:1970 births]]

{{India-screen-actor-stub}}

Theosophy

2026-03-20T23:59:53Z

Gurupratap Rajan: Improved wording and formatting

{{Short description|Religion established in the United States}}
{{About|the occult movement originating in the 19th century|the esoteric Christian movement established by Böhme|Christian theosophy|other uses|}}
[[File:Emb logo.png|thumb|right|The logo for the Theosophical Society brought together various ancient symbols.]]

'''Theosophy''' is a [[religious movement]] established in the [[United States]] in the late 19th century. Founded primarily by the Russian [[Helena Blavatsky]] and based largely on her writings, it draws heavily from both older European philosophies such as [[Neoplatonism]] and [[Indian religions]] such as [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]]. Although many adherents maintain that Theosophy is not a religion, it is variably categorized by [[Religious studies|religious scholars]] as both a [[new religious movement]] and a form of [[occultism]] from within [[Western esotericism]].

As presented by Blavatsky, Theosophy teaches that there is an ancient and secretive brotherhood of spiritual [[adept]]s known as the [[Masters of the Ancient Wisdom|Masters]], who are found around the world but primarily centered in [[Tibet]]. These Masters were alleged by Blavatsky to have cultivated great wisdom and supernatural powers, and Theosophists believe they initiated the modern Theosophical movement through disseminating their teachings via Blavatsky. Theosophists believe that these Masters are attempting to revive knowledge of an ancient religion once found around the world that will again come to eclipse existing [[world religions]]. Theosophy holds a [[Monism|monist]] position that there exists a single divine [[Absolute (philosophy)|Absolute]] and articulates an [[emanationism|emanationist]] cosmology in which the universe is perceived as outward reflections from this Absolute. The purpose of human life is spiritual emancipation and the human [[Soul#Theosophy|soul]] undergoes [[reincarnation]] upon bodily death according to a process of [[karma]]. Universal brotherhood and social improvement are guiding principles, although there is no particular ethical framework.

Theosophy was established in [[New York City]] in 1875 with the founding of the [[Theosophical Society]] by Blavatsky and Americans [[Henry Olcott]] and [[William Quan Judge]]. In the early 1880s, Blavatsky and Olcott relocated to India, where they established the Society's headquarters at [[Adyar, Chennai|Adyar]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. Blavatsky described her ideas in two books, ''[[Isis Unveiled]]'' and ''[[The Secret Doctrine]]'', which became key texts within Theosophy. Following her death in 1891, there was a schism in the Society, with Judge leading the [[Theosophical Society in America]] (TSA) to split from the international organization. Under Judge's successor [[Katherine Tingley]], a Theosophical community named [[Lomaland]] was established in [[San Diego]], California. At its height in 1895, there were 102 American branches with nearly 6,000 members. The [[Theosophical Society Adyar|Adyar]]-based Society was later taken over by [[Annie Besant]], under whom it grew to its largest extent during the late 1920s, before going into decline after the Great Depression. TSA has since been reincorporated as a national section of the global Theosophical Society, which has a global membership of roughly 26,606 across 70 countries, including over 3,550 in the United States.

Theosophy played a significant role in bringing knowledge of Eastern religions to the West and encouraging cultural pride in South Asia. Many prominent artists and writers have also been influenced by Theosophical teachings. Theosophy has an international following, and during the 20th century had tens of thousands of adherents. Theosophical ideas have also inspired over 100 esoteric movements and philosophies, among them [[Anthroposophy]], the [[Church Universal and Triumphant]], and the [[New Age]].

==Definition==
[[Helena Blavatsky]], the founder of Theosophy, insisted that it was not a religion,{{sfn|Lachman|2012|p=137}} although she did refer to it as the modern transmission of the "once-universal religion" that she said had existed deep in the human past.{{sfn|Franklin|2018|p=193}} Theosophical organizations have maintained the belief that Theosophy should not be labeled a religion;{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=196}} instead, they regard it as a system that embraces what they see as the "essential truth" underlying religion, philosophy, and science.{{sfn|Santucci|2012|p=234}} As a result, Theosophical groups allow their members to hold other religious allegiances,{{sfnm|1a1=Campbell|1y=1980|1p=196|2a1=Dixon|2y=2001|2p=4}} resulting in Theosophists who also identify as Christians, Buddhists, or Hindus.{{sfn|Dixon|2001|p=4}}

[[Religious studies|Scholars of religion]] who have studied Theosophy have characterized it as a religion.{{sfnm|1a1=Campbell|1y=1980|1pp=38, 72|2a1=Godwin|2y=1994b|2p=xix|3a1=Hammer|3a2=Rothstein|3y=2013|3p=2|4a1=Franklin|4y=2018|4p=192}} In his history of the Theosophical movement, Bruce F. Campbell noted that Theosophy promoted "a religious world-view" using "explicitly religious terms" and that its central tenets are not unequivocal fact, but rather rely on belief.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|pp=72, 196}} [[Olav Hammer]] and Mikael Rothstein termed it "one of the modern world's most important religious traditions".{{sfn|Hammer|Rothstein|2013|p=2}} Various scholars have pointed to its eclectic nature; [[Joscelyn Godwin]] described it as a "universally eclectic religious movement",{{sfn|Godwin|1994b|p=xix}} while scholar J. Jeffrey Franklin characterized Theosophy as a "hybrid religion" for its syncretic combination of elements from various other sources.{{sfn|Franklin|2018|pp=xiv, 192}} More specifically, Theosophy has been categorized as a [[new religious movement]].{{sfn|Lowry|2019|p=70}} According to Maria Carlson, Theosophy is a "positivistic religion" "offering a seemingly logical theology based on pseudoscience."<ref>{{cite book |last=Carlson |first=Maria |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jrl9BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA136 |title=No Religion Higher Than Truth: A History of the Theosophical Movement in Russia, 1875-1922 |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-4008-7279-4 |series=Princeton Legacy Library |page=136 |quote=Both turned out to be "positivistic religions," offering a seemingly logical theology based on pseudoscience. |access-date=14 August 2024 |orig-year=1993}}</ref>

Scholars have also classified Theosophy as a form of [[Western esotericism]].{{sfn|Hanegraaff|2013|pp=130–31}} Campbell for instance referred to it as "an esoteric religious tradition",{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=38}} while the historian Joy Dixon called it an "esoteric religion".{{sfn|Dixon|2001|pp=3, 5}} More specifically, it is considered a form of occultism.{{sfn|Carlson|1993|p=3}} Along with other groups such as the [[Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn]], the Theosophical Society has been seen as part of an "occult revival" that took place in Western countries during the late 19th century.{{sfn|Dixon|2001|p=8}} The historian of religion [[Wouter Hanegraaff]] noted that Theosophy helped to establish the "essential foundations for much of twentieth-century esotericism".{{sfn|Hanegraaff|2013|p=131}}
Although Theosophy draws upon Indian religious beliefs, the sociologist of religion [[Christopher Partridge]] observed that "Theosophy is fundamentally Western. That is to say, Theosophy is not Eastern thought in the West, but Western thought with an Eastern flavour."{{sfn|Partridge|2004|pp=90–91}}

===Etymology===
[[File:Blavatsky and Olcott.jpg|thumb|right|Blavatsky and Olcott, two of the founding members of the Theosophical Society]]

At a meeting of the Miracle Club in [[New York City]] on 7 September 1875, Blavatsky, Olcott, and Judge agreed to establish an organisation, with [[Charles Sotheran]] suggesting that they call it the [[Theosophical Society]].{{sfnm|1a1=Campbell|1y=1980|1pp=27–28|2a1=Meade|2y=1980|2p=151|3a1=Washington|3y=1993|3pp=53–54|4a1=Goodrick-Clarke|4y=2004|4p=7|5a1=Lachman|5y=2012|5pp=130–31, 136}} Prior to adopting the name "Theosophical", they had debated various potential names, among them the Egyptological Society, the Hermetic Society, and the Rosicrucian Society.{{sfn|Santucci|2012|p=232}}

The term was not new; originally it appeared in the works of early [[Church Fathers]], as a synonym for [[theology]].{{sfn|Faivre|1994|p=24}} It derives from {{Langx|grc|θεός|translit=theós|lit=god}} and {{Langx|grc|σοφῐ́ᾱ|lit=wisdom|translit=sophíā}}; thus meaning "god-wisdom", "divine wisdom", or "wisdom of God".{{sfnm|1a1=Faivre|1y=1994|1p=24|2a1=Lachman|2y=2012|2p=132}} Its esoteric meaning emerged during the [[Renaissance|Renaissance period]], possibly originating in the 1575 [[Arbatel de magia veterum|Arbatel De Magia Veterum]], a Latin [[grimoire]] and the first work to draw a dualism between what it calls "anthroposophia" (human knowledge) and "theosophia" (divine knowledge).{{sfnm|1a1=Faivre|1y=2000|1p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZW4FtJLNe-kC&dq=arbatel%20de%20magia&pg=PA12 12]|2a1=Åkerman|2y=1998|2p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0mxGmeG3mzIC&dq=arbatel%20de%20magia&pg=PA53 53–55]}} It had consequently been used in various esoterics contexts for example by the [[Eirenaeus Philalethes|Philaletheian]]s and by the [[Christian mysticism|Christian mystic]] [[Jakob Böhme]].{{sfnm|1a1=Washington|1y=1993|1p=55|2a1=Goodrick-Clarke|2y=2004|2p=8|3a1=Lachman|3y=2012|3p=133}} In her 1889 book ''[[The Key to Theosophy]]'', Blavatsky claims that the term ''Theosophy'' had been coined by "the Alexandrian philosophers", especially [[Ammonius Saccas]].{{sfn|Partridge|2013|p=325}}

Blavatsky's Theosophy is not the only movement to use the term "theosophy" and this has resulted in scholarly attempts to differentiate the different currents. Godwin drew a division by referring to Blavatskian Theosophy with a capital letter and older, Boehmian theosophy with a lower-case letter.{{sfn|Godwin|1994|p=xii}} Alternately, the scholar of esotericism [[Wouter J. Hanegraaff]] distinguished the Blavatskian movement from its older namesake by terming it "modern Theosophy".{{sfn|Hanegraaff|2013|p=130}} Followers of Blavatsky's movement are known as Theosophists, while adherents of the older tradition are termed theosophers.{{sfn|Godwin|1994|p=xii}} Causing some confusion, a few Theosophists—such as C. C. Massey—were also theosophers.{{sfn|Godwin|1994|p=xii}}
In the early years of Blavatsky's movement, some critics referred to it as "Neo-Theosophy" to differentiate it from the older [[Christian theosophy]] movement.{{sfn|Poller|2018|p=77}} The term "[[Neo-Theosophy]]" would later be adopted within the modern Theosophical movement itself, where it was used—largely pejoratively—to describe the teachings promoted by [[Annie Besant]] and [[Charles Webster Leadbeater]] by those who opposed their innovations.{{sfn|Poller|2018|p=77}}

According to the scholar of religion James A. Santucci, discerning what the term "Theosophy" meant to the early Theosophists is "not as obvious as one might think".{{sfn|Santucci|2012|p=233}} As used by Olcott, the term "Theosophy" appeared to be applied to an approach that emphasized experimentation as a means of learning about the "Unseen Universe"; conversely, Blavatsky used the term in reference to gnosis regarding said information.{{sfn|Santucci|2012|pp=233–234}}

==Beliefs and teachings==
Although the writings of prominent Theosophists lay out a set of teachings, the Theosophical Society itself states that it has no official beliefs with which all members must agree. It, therefore, has doctrine but does not present it as dogma.{{sfnm|1a1=Campbell|1y=1980|1p=191|2a1=Dixon|2y=2001|2p=4}} The Society stated that the only tenet to which all members should subscribe was a commitment "to form a nucleus of the Universal Brotherhood of Humanity without distinction of race, creed, sex, caste or color".{{sfn|Dixon|2001|pp=3–4}} This means that there are members of the Theosophical Society who are skeptical about many, or even all, of the Theosophical doctrines while remaining sympathetic to its basic aim of universal brotherhood.{{sfn|Dixon|2001|p=4}}

As noted by Santucci, Theosophy is "derived primarily from the writings" of Blavatsky,{{sfn|Santucci|2006|p=1114}} but revisions and innovations have also been produced by subsequent Theosophists such as [[Annie Besant]] and [[Charles Webster Leadbeater]].{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=191}} Blavatsky said that these Theosophical doctrines were not her own invention but had been received from a brotherhood of secretive spiritual adepts whom she referred to as the "Masters" or "Mahatmas".{{sfn|Johnson|1994|p=1}}

===The Masters===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Koothoomi.jpg
| width1 = 142
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = Moryaportrait.jpg
| width2 = 140
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| footer = [[Hermann Schmiechen]]'s 1884 depiction of the two Masters with whom Blavatsky was said to be in contact, [[Koot Hoomi]] (left) and [[Morya (Theosophy)|Morya]] (right)
}}

Central to Theosophical belief is the idea that a group of spiritual adepts known as the Masters not only presently exist but were responsible for producing early Theosophical texts.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=61}} For most Theosophists, these Masters are deemed the real founders of the modern Theosophical movement.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=53}} In Theosophical literature, these Masters are also referred to as the Mahatmas, Adepts, Masters of Wisdom, Masters of Compassion, and Elder Brothers.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=53}} They are perceived to be a fraternity of human men who are highly evolved in terms of having both moral development and intellectual attainment.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=53}} They are said to have achieved extra-long life spans,{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=53}} and to have gained supernatural powers, including [[clairvoyance]] and the ability to [[Astral projection|instantly project their soul out of their body to any other location]].{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=54}} These are powers they have allegedly attained through many years of training.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=54}} According to Blavatsky, by the late 19th century, their chief residence was in the Himalayan kingdom of [[Tibet]].{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=53}} She also said that these Masters were the source of many of her published writings.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=53}}

The Masters are believed to preserve the world's ancient spiritual knowledge,{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=54}} and to represent a Great White Brotherhood or White Lodge, which watches over humanity and guides its evolution.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=54}} Among those whom the early Theosophists believed as Masters were Biblical figures such as [[Abraham]], [[Moses]], [[Solomon]], and, in the Christian Bible, [[Jesus]], as well as Asian religious figures such as [[Gautama Buddha]], [[Confucius]], and [[Laozi]], and modern individuals such as [[Jakob Bohme]], [[Alessandro Cagliostro]], and [[Franz Mesmer]].{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=54}} However, the most prominent Masters to appear in Theosophical literature are [[Koot Hoomi]] (sometimes spelled Kuthumi) and [[Morya (Theosophy)|Morya]], with whom Blavatsky declared to be in contact.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|pp=55–56}} According to Theosophical belief, the Masters approach those deemed worthy to embark on an apprenticeship or ''chelaship''.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=55}} The apprentice would then undergo several years of probation, during which they would live a life of physical purity, remaining chaste, abstinent, and indifferent to physical luxury.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=55}} Blavatsky encouraged the production of images of the Masters.{{sfn|Introvigne|2018|p=206}} The most important portraits of the Masters to be produced were created in 1884 by [[Hermann Schmiechen]].{{sfn|Introvigne|2018|p=212}} According to scholar of religion [[Massimo Introvigne]], Schmiechen's images of Morya and Koot Humi gained "semi-canonical status" in the Theosophical community,{{sfn|Introvigne|2018|p=214}} being regarded as sacred objects rather than simply decorative images.{{sfn|Introvigne|2018|p=220}}

Campbell noted that for non-Theosophists, the hypotheses regarding the existence of the Masters are among the weakest made by the movement.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=61}} Such statements can be examined and potentially refuted, challenging the existence of the Masters and thereby undermining Theosophical beliefs.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=199}} The idea of a brotherhood of secret adepts had a long pedigree stretching back several centuries before the foundation of Theosophy; such ideas can be found in the work of the [[Rosicrucianism|Rosicrucians]], and was popularized in the fictional literature of [[Edward Bulwer-Lytton]].{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=56}} The idea of having messages conveyed to a medium through spiritually advanced entities had also been popularized at the time of Theosophy's foundation through the [[Spiritualism (movement)|Spiritualist]] movement.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=56}}

===The ancient wisdom religion===
According to Blavatsky's teachings, many of the world's religions have their origins in a universal ancient religion, a "secret doctrine" that was known to [[Plato]] and early [[Hinduism|Hindu]] sages and which continues to underpin every religion.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=36}} She argued that ancient societies demonstrated a unity of science and religion that humanity has since lost, with their achievements and knowledge far exceeding what modern scholars believe about them.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=37}} Blavatsky also taught that a secret brotherhood had conserved this ancient wisdom religion throughout the centuries and that members of this fraternity hold the key to understanding miracles, the afterlife, and psychic phenomena and that moreover, these adepts themselves have paranormal powers.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|pp=37–38}}

She stated that this ancient religion would be revived and spread throughout humanity in the future, replacing dominant world religions such as [[Christianity]], [[Islam]], [[Buddhism]], and [[Hinduism]].{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=36}} Theosophy emphasized the importance of ancient texts over the popular rituals and customs within various religious traditions.{{sfn|Dixon|2001|p=4}} The Theosophical depiction of [[Buddhism]] and [[Hinduism]], however, drew criticism both from practitioners of orthodox Buddhist and Hindu traditions, as well as from Western scholars of these traditions, such as [[Max Müller]], who believed that Theosophists such as Blavatsky were misrepresenting the Asian traditions.{{sfn|Dixon|2001|p=4}}

===Theology and cosmology===
{{See also|Theosophy and Western philosophy}}

Theosophy advocates an [[Emanationism|emanationist]] [[cosmology]], asserting that the universe is an outward reflection of the [[Absolute (philosophy)|Absolute]].{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=62}} Theosophy presents the idea that the world as humans perceive it is illusory, or ''[[Maya (illusion)|maya]]'',{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=47}} an idea that it draws from Asian religions.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=51}} Accordingly, Blavatsky taught that a life limited by the perception of this illusory world was ignorant and deluded.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=49}}

[[File:Montagem Sistema Solar.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.3|According to Theosophical teaching, each solar system is an emanation of a "Logos" or "Solar Deity", with planetary spirits each overseeing one of the planets.]]
According to Blavatsky's teaching, every [[planetary system|solar system]] in the universe is the expression of what is termed a "[[Logos]]" or "[[Solar Deity]]".{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=63}} Below the solar deity are seven planetary spirits or ministers, with each of these celestial beings controlling the evolution on a specific planet.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=63}} In ''[[The Secret Doctrine]]'', Blavatsky stated that each planet had a sevenfold constitution, known as the "Planetary Chains"; these consist not only of a physical globe but also of two astral bodies, two mental bodies, and two spiritual bodies, all overlapping in the same space.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|pp=43, 63}} According to Blavatsky, evolution occurs in descending and ascending arcs, from the first spiritual globe to the first mental globe, then from the first astral globe to the first physical globe, and then on from there.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=43}} She said there were different levels of evolution, from mineral to vegetable, animal, human, and then to superhuman or spiritual.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=43}} Different levels of evolution occur in successive order on each planet; thus, when mineral evolution ends on the first planet, and it proceeds on to vegetable evolution, then mineral evolution begins on the second planet.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=43}} Theosophy teaches that human evolution is tied to this planetary and wider cosmic evolution.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=64}}

In ''The Secret Doctrine'', Blavatsky advocated the idea of seven "[[Root Race]]s", each of which was divided into seven "Sub-Races".{{sfnm|1a1=Campbell|1y=1980|1p=44|2a1=Lachman|2y=2012|2p=256}} In Blavatsky's [[cosmogony]], the first Root Race was created from pure spirit and lived on a continent known as the "Imperishable Sacred Land".{{sfnm|1a1=Campbell|1y=1980|1p=44|2a1=Lachman|2y=2012|2p=255}} The second Root Race, known as the [[Hyperborea]]ns, were also formed from pure spirit and lived on a land near to the [[North Pole]], which then had a mild climate.{{sfnm|1a1=Campbell|1y=1980|1p=44|2a1=Lachman|2y=2012|2p=255}} The third lived on the continent of [[Lemuria (continent)|Lemuria]], which Blavatsky alleged survives today as Australia and Rapa Nui.{{sfnm|1a1=Campbell|1y=1980|1p=44|2a1=Lachman|2y=2012|2pp=255–256}} Blavatsky alleged that during the fourth Round of the Earth,{{definition needed|date=January 2025}} higher beings descended to the planet, with the beginnings of human physical bodies developing and the sexes separating.{{sfn|Lachman|2012|p=256}} At this point, the fourth Root Race appeared, living on the continent of [[Atlantis]]; they had physical bodies but also psychic powers and advanced technology.{{sfnm|1a1=Campbell|1y=1980|1pp=44–45|2a1=Lachman|2y=2012|2p=256}} She said that some Atlanteans were giants and built such ancient monuments as [[Stonehenge]] in southern England and that they also mated with "she-animals", resulting in the creation of [[gorillas]] and [[Common chimpanzee|chimpanzees]].{{sfn|Lachman|2012|p=256}} The Atlanteans were decadent and abused their power and knowledge, so Atlantis sank into the sea, although various Atlanteans escaped and created new societies in Egypt and the Americas.{{sfn|Lachman|2012|p=256}}

The fifth Root Race to emerge was the [[Aryan]]s, which was found worldwide when she was writing.{{sfn|Lachman|2012|p=256}} She believed that the fifth Race would come to be replaced by the sixth, which would be heralded by the arrival of [[Maitreya]], a figure from [[Mahayana|Mahayana Buddhist]] mythology.{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|2008|p=223}} She further believed that humanity would eventually develop into the final, seventh Root Race.{{sfn|Lachman|2012|p=256}} At this, she stated that humanity will have reached the end of its evolutionary cycle and that life will withdraw from the Earth.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=45}} Lachman suggested that by reading Blavatsky's cosmogonical beliefs as a literal account of history, "we may be doing it a disservice."{{sfn|Lachman|2012|p=256}} He instead suggested that it could be read as Blavatsky's attempt to formulate "a new myth for the modern age, or as a huge, fantastic science fiction story".{{sfn|Lachman|2012|p=256}}

====Maitreya and messianism====
Blavatsky taught that [[Maitreya (Theosophy)|Lord Maitreya]]—a figure she borrowed from Buddhism—would come to Earth as a messianic figure.{{sfn|Poller|2018|p=85}} Her ideas on this were expanded upon by Besant and Leadbeater.{{sfn|Poller|2018|p=85}} They said that Maitreya had previously incarnated onto the Earth as [[Krishna]], a figure from Hinduism.{{sfn|Poller|2018|p=85}} They also said that he had entered [[Jesus of Nazareth]] at the time of [[Baptism of Jesus|the latter's baptism]] and that henceforth Maitreya would be known as "the [[Christ (title)|Christ]]".{{sfn|Poller|2018|p=85}} Besant and Leadbeater said that Maitreya would again come to Earth by manifesting through an Indian boy named [[Jiddu Krishnamurti]], whom Leadbeater had encountered playing on a beach at Adyar in 1909.{{sfn|Poller|2018|p=85}} The introduction of the Krishnamurti belief into Theosophy has been identified as a [[millenarianism|millenarian]] element.{{sfn|Poller|2018|p=90}}

===Personal development and reincarnation===
[[File:The Theosophical Society (6708436163).jpg|thumb|right|Statue of Blavatsky and Olcott at Adyar]]

According to Theosophy, the purpose of human life is the spiritual emancipation of the soul.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=68}} The human individual is described as an "Ego" or "Monad" and believed to have emanated from the Solar Deity, to whom it will also eventually return.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=64}} The human being is presented as composed of seven parts while operating on three separate planes of being.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=66}} As presented by Sinnett and often repeated in Theosophical literature, these seven parts are the Body (''Rupa''), Vitality (''Prana-Jiva''), the Astral Body (''Linga Sarira''), the Animal Soul (''Kama-Rupa''), the Human Soul (''Manas''), the Spiritual Soul (''Buddhi''), and the Spirit (''Atma'').{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=64}} According to Theosophical teaching, the latter three of these components are immortal, while the other aspects perish following bodily death.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=68}} Theosophy teaches that the Spiritual Soul and the Spirit do not reside within the human body alongside the other components but are connected to it through the human soul.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=68}}

In ''The Voice of the Silence'', Blavatsky said that within each human, there is an eternal, divine facet, which she referred to as "the Master," the "uncreate," the "inner God," and the "higher self." She promoted the idea that uniting with this "higher self" results in wisdom.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=49}} In that same book, she compared the progress of the human soul to a transition through three halls; the first was that of ignorance, which is the state of the soul before it understands the need to unite with its higher self. The second is the Hall of Learning, in which the individual becomes aware of other facets of human life but is distracted by an interest in psychic powers. The third is the Hall of Wisdom, in which union with the higher self is made; the Vale of Bliss follows this.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=49}} At this point, the human soul can merge into the One.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=49}}

====Reincarnation and karma====
Throughout her writings, Blavatsky made a variety of statements about rebirth and the afterlife, and there is a discrepancy between her earlier and later teachings on the subject.{{sfn|Chajes|2017|p=66}} Between the 1870s and {{Circa|1882}}, Blavatsky taught a doctrine called "metempsychosis".{{sfn|Chajes|2017|p=66}} In ''Isis Unveiled'', Blavatsky stated that the human soul progresses through more spiritual planes on bodily death.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|pp=38–39}} Two years later, she introduced the idea of [[reincarnation]] into Theosophical doctrine,{{sfnm|1a1=Campbell|1y=1980|1pp=38–39|2a1=Santucci|2y=2012|2p=235}} using it to replace her metempsychosis doctrine.{{sfn|Chajes|2017|p=90}} In ''The Secret Doctrine'', she stated that the spirit was immortal and would repeatedly incarnate into a new, mortal soul and body on Earth.{{sfn|Chajes|2017|p=66}} According to Theosophical teaching, human spirits will always be reborn into human bodies and not into those of any other life forms.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=68}} Blavatsky stated that spirits would not be reborn until some time after bodily death and never during the lifetime of the deceased's relatives.{{sfn|Chajes|2017|p=91}}

Blavatsky taught that on the death of the body, the astral body survives for a time in a state called [[kama-loka]], which she compared to [[limbo]], before also dying.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=71}} According to this belief, the human then moves into its mental body in a realm called [[devachan]], which she compared to [[Heaven]] or [[paradise]].{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=71}} Blavatsky taught that the soul remained in devachan for 1000 to 1500 years, although the Theosophist [[Charles Webster Leadbeater]] said that it was only 200.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=72}}

Theosophy espouses the existence of [[karma]] as a system that regulates the cycle of reincarnation, ensuring that an individual's actions in one life affect the circumstances of the next one.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=69}} This belief, therefore, seeks to explain why misery and suffering exist in the world, attributing any misfortune that someone suffers as punishment for misdeeds that they perpetrated in a prior life.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|pp=70, 71}} In Blavatsky's words, karma and reincarnation were "inextricably interwoven".{{sfn|Chajes|2017|p=72}} However, she did not believe that karma had always been the system that governed reincarnation; she believed that it came into being when humans developed egos and that one day will also no longer be required.{{sfn|Chajes|2017|p=72}}

Besant and Leadbeater said they were able to investigate people's past lives through reading the [[akashic record]], an etheric store of all the knowledge of the universe.{{sfn|Poller|2018|p=80}} They, for instance, stated to have attained knowledge of their own past lives as monkey-like creatures residing on the moon, where they served as pets to the "Moon-man" (a prior incarnation of the Master Morya), his wife (Koot Humi), and their child (the Lord Maitreya). When they were attacked by "savages" and animals "resembling furry lizards and crocodiles", Besant sacrificed herself to save Morya, and for that act made the karmic evolutionary leap to becoming a human in her next incarnation.{{sfn|Poller|2018|pp=80–81}}

===Morality and ethics===
[[File:TheosophicalSocietyBudapest.jpg|thumb|right|The Theosophical seal as door decoration in Budapest, Hungary]]

Theosophy does not express any formal ethical teaching,{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=74}} a situation that generated ambiguity.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=194}} However, it has expressed and promoted certain values, such as brotherhood and social improvement.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=194}} During its early years, the Theosophical Society promoted a puritanical attitude toward sexuality, for instance, by encouraging [[chastity]] even within marriage.{{sfn|Godwin|1994|p=348}}

By 1911, the Theosophical Society was involved in projects connected to a range of [[progressivism|progressive]] political causes.{{sfn|Dixon|2001|p=5}} In England, there were strong links between Theosophy and [[first-wave feminism]].{{sfn|Dixon|2001|p=5}} Based on a statistical analysis, Dixon noted that prominent English feminists of the period were several hundred times more likely to join the Theosophical Society than the average member of the country's population.{{sfn|Dixon|2001|p=6}} Theosophical contingents took part in feminist marches of the period; for instance, a Theosophical group operating under the banner of [[Co-Freemasonry|Universal Co-Freemasonry]] marched as part of the [[Women's Coronation Procession]] in 1911.{{sfn|Dixon|2001|p=5}}

===Ritual===
The Theosophical Society did not prescribe specific [[ritual]]s for adherents to practice.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=196}} However, ritualized practices have been established by various Theosophical groups; one such group is the [[Liberal Catholic Church]].{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=196}} Another is the meetings of the [[United Lodge of Theosophists]], which has been characterized as having a "quasi-sacred and quasi-liturgical" character.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|pp=196–197}} {{See also|Christianity and Theosophy#Theosophical Christianity}}

==Historical development==
{{Quote box|width=25em|align=right|quote=The American social situation from which the Theosophical Society emerged was one of great upheaval, and the religious situation was one of challenge to orthodox Christianity. The forces that had surfaced in spiritualism included anticlericalism, anti-institutionalism, eclecticism, social liberalism, and belief in progress and individual effort. Occultism, mediated to America in the form of Mesmerism, Swedenborgianism, Freemasonry, and Rosicrucianism, was present. Recent developments in science led by the 1870s to renewed interest in reconciling science and religion. There was present also a hope that Asian religious ideas could be integrated into a grand religious synthesis.|source=— Bruce F. Campbell, 1980{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=20}} }}

The Theosophical Society was largely the creation of two individuals: Helena Blavatsky and Henry Steel Olcott.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=2}} Established Christianity in the United States was experiencing challenges in the second half of the nineteenth century, a result of rapid urbanization and industrialization, high rates of immigration, and the growing understanding of [[evolutionary theory]] which challenged traditional Christian accounts of history.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=8}} Various new religious communities were established in different parts of the country, among them the [[Free Religious Association]], [[New Thought]], [[Christian Science]], and [[Spiritualism (movement)|Spiritualism]].{{sfn|Campbell|1980|pp=8–9}} Theosophy would inherit the idea—then popular in the United States—that emphasized the idea of [[free will]] and the inevitability of [[Progress (history)|progress]], including on a spiritual level.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=18}} It was also influenced by a growing knowledge about Asian religions in the United States.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=19}}

Prior to her arrival in the United States, Blavatsky had experience with esoteric currents such as Spiritualism.{{sfn|Santucci|2006|p=1115}}
It was through Spiritualism that Blavatsky and Olcott met.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=20}}

In 1884, Olcott established the first Scottish lodge, in Edinburgh.{{sfn|Shaw|2018|p=25}}

In 1980, Campbell noted that Theosophical books were selling at record levels.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=2}}

In the United States, Judge had been devoting himself to the promotion of Theosophy with little success.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=104}}

===Post-Blavatsky===
During her lifetime, Blavatsky had suggested to many different people that they would be her successor.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=103}} Three of the most prominent candidates—Olcott, Judge, and Besant—all met in London shortly after her death to discuss the situation.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=104}} Judge said that he too was in contact with the Masters, and that they had provided him with a message instructing him to co-delegate the Society's Esoteric Section with Besant.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|pp=104–105}} Olcott, however, suspected that the notes from the Masters which Judge was producing were forged, exacerbating tensions between them.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|pp=105–106}} Besant attempted to act as a bridge between the two men, while Judge informed her that the Masters had revealed to him a plot that Olcott was orchestrating to kill her.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=106}} In 1893, Besant came down on Olcott's side in the argument and backed the internal proceedings that Olcott raised against Judge.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|pp=107–108}} A two-stage enquiry took place, which concluded that because the Society took no official stance on whether the Masters existed or not, Judge could not be considered guilty of forgery and would be allowed to retain his position.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|pp=108–109}} The details of this trial were leaked to the journalist [[F. Edmund Garrett]], who used them as the basis of his critical book, ''Isis Very Much Unveiled''.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=110}} Judge then announced that the Masters had informed him that he should take sole control of the Esoteric Section, deposing Besant; she rejected his beliefs.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|pp=110–111}} Amid calls from Olcott that Judge should stand down, in April 1895 the American section voted to secede from the main Society. Judge remained its leader, but died within a year.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=111}}

[[File:Annie-Besant-J-Krishnamurti-Ernest-Wood.jpg|thumb|right|Besant with the child Krishnamurti]]

Olcott then sent Besant to the United States to gain support for the Adyar-based{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}} Society. In this she was successful, gaining thousands of new members and establishing many new branches.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|pp=113–114}}
Besant had developed a friendship with the Theosophist [[Charles Webster Leadbeater]], and together they co-wrote a number of books.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|pp=114–115}} Leadbeater was controversial, and concerns were raised when he was found to have instructed two boys in [[masturbation]]. The American Section of the Theosophical Society raised internal charges against him, although Besant came to his defense.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|pp=115–116}} In a move probably designed to limit negative publicity for the Society, they accepted his resignation rather than expelling him.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=116}}

On Olcott's death in 1907, he had nominated Besant to be his successor, and she was then elected to the position with a large majority in June.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|pp=117–118}} In her first years as the head of the Society, Besant oversaw a dramatic growth in its membership, raising it by 50%, to 23,000.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=119}} She also oversaw an expansion of the Adyar property, from 27 to 253 acres.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=119}} Besant was involved in various activist causes, promoting women's rights in India through the [[Women's Indian Association]] and helping to establish both the [[Central Hindu College]] and a Hindu girls' school.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=119}} Besant also began a campaign for Indian Home Rule, founding a group called the Home Rule League.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|pp=122–123}} She established the ''New India'' newspaper, and after continuing to promote Indian independence in the paper's pages during the [[First World War]] she was interned for several months.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|pp=123–124}} This helped to boost her status within the independence movement, and at the age of 70 she was appointed President of the [[Indian National Congress]], a largely honorary position.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=124}}

In December 1908, Leadbeater was readmitted to the Society; this generated a wave of resignations, with the [[Sydney]] branch seceding to form the Independent Theosophical Society. Leadbeater traveled to Adyar, where he met a young boy living there, [[Jiddu Krishnamurti]], and pronounced him to be the next incarnation of a figure called the [[World Teacher]]. He subsequently took control of the boy's instruction for two years.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|pp=119–120}} With Besant, Leadbeater established a group known as the [[Order of the Star in the East]] to promote the idea of Krishnamurti as World Teacher.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=121}} Leadbeater also wanted more ritual within Theosophy, and to achieve this he and [[J. I. Wedgwood]] became bishops in the [[Old Catholic Church]].{{sfn|Campbell|1980|pp=125–126}} They then split from that to form their own [[Liberal Catholic Church]], which was independent from the Theosophical Society (Adyar) while retaining an affiliation with it.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=126}} The Church drew most of its membership from the Society and heavily relied upon its resources.{{sfn|Poller|2018|p=88}} However, in 1919 the Church was marred by police investigations into allegations that six of its priests had engaged in acts of [[pedophilia]] and Wedgewood—who was implicated in the allegations—resigned from the organization.{{sfnm|1a1=Campbell|1y=1980|1p=126|2a1=Poller|2y=2018|2pp=88–89}}

[[File:Raja Yoga Academy, Point Loma.png|left|thumb|The Raja Yoga Academy and the Temple of Peace, Point Loma, San Diego, c. 1915]]

In retaliation, a "Back to Blavatsky" movement emerged within the Society. Its members pejoratively referred to Besant and her followers as practitioners of "Neo-Theosophy", objecting to the Liberal Catholic Church's allegiance to the Pope, and to the prominence that they were according to Besant and Leadbeater's publications.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|pp=126–127}} The main benefactor of the disquiet within the Back to Blavatsky movement was a rival group called the [[United Lodge of Theosophists]].{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=127}} One of the most prominent figures to switch allegiance was [[B. P. Wadia]].{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=143}} The United Lodge of Theosophists had been established in [[Los Angeles]] in 1909, when it had split from Judge's Theosophical Society in America, seeking to minimize formal organization.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=143}} It focused on publishing new editions of Blavatsky and Judge's writings, as well as other books, which were usually released anonymously so as to prevent any personality cults developing within the Theosophical movement.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|pp=143–144}}

The Adyar Society membership later peaked at 40,000 in the late 1920s.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=128}} The Order of the Star had 30,000 members at its height.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=128}} Krishnamurti himself repudiated these beliefs, insisting that he was not the World Teacher, and then resigned from the Society; the effect on the society was dramatic, as it lost a third of its membership over the coming few years.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|pp=128, 130}} Besant died in 1933, when the Society was taken over by [[George Arundale]], who led it until 1945; the group's activities were greatly curtailed by [[World War II]].{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=130}}

Judge left no clear successor as leader of the Theosophical Society in America, but the position was taken by [[Katherine Tingley]], who said that she remained in mediumistic contact with Judge's spirit.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|pp=131, 133}} Tingley launched an international campaign to promote her Theosophical group, sending delegations to Europe, Egypt, and India. In the latter country they clashed with the Adyar-based{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}} Theosophical Society, and were unsuccessful in gaining converts.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=134}} Her leadership would be challenged by Ernest T. Hargrove in 1898, and when he failed he split to form [[Theosophical Society in America (Hargrove)|his own rival group]].{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=135}} In 1897, Tingley had established a Theosophical community, [[Lomaland]], at [[Point Loma]] in [[San Diego]], California.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|pp=135–137}} Various Theosophical writers and artists congregated there,{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=138}} while horticultural development was also emphasized.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|pp=138–139}}
In 1919, the community helped establish a Theosophical University.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=137}} Longstanding financial problems coupled with an aging population resulted in the Society selling Lomaland in 1942.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|pp=140–141}} Meanwhile, Tingley's death in 1929 had resulted in the Theosophical Society in America being taken over by [[Gottfried de Purucker]], who promoted rapprochement with other Theosophical groups in what came to be known as the Fraternisation movement.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|pp=141–142}}

==Demographics==
[[File:Theosophical Society.jpg|thumb|right|Theosophical Society lodge building in [[Reykjavík]], Iceland]]
[[File:Palmerston North Theosophical Hall MRD.jpg|thumb|Theosophical Hall in [[Palmerston North]], New Zealand]]

During its first century, Theosophy established itself as an international movement.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=147}} Campbell believed that from its foundation until 1980, Theosophy had gained tens of thousands of adherents.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=175}} He noted that in that latter year, there were about 35,000 members of the Adyar-based{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}} Theosophical Society (9000 of whom were in India), c. 5,500 members of the Theosophical Society in America, c. 1,500 members of the Theosophical Society International (Pasadena), and about 1200 members of the United Lodge of Theosophy.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=177}} Membership of the Theosophical Society reached its highest peak in 1928, with 45,000 members.{{sfn|Poller|2018|p=86}} The HPB Lodge in Auckland, New Zealand, was one of the world's largest, with over 500 members in 1949.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theosophyforward.com/theosophical-encyclopedia/677-theosophy-in-new-zealand|title=Theosophy in New Zealand|last=Ravelli|first=Sandy|date=13 November 2012|website=Theosophy Forward|access-date=2020-04-05|archive-date=2020-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617152738/https://www.theosophyforward.com/theosophical-encyclopedia/677-theosophy-in-new-zealand|url-status=live}}</ref>

Theosophical groups consist largely of individuals as opposed to family groups.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=45}} Campbell noted that these members were alienated in ways from conventional social roles and practices.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=45}}

As noted by Dixon, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the Theosophical Society "appealed above all to an elite, educated, middle- and upper-middle-class constituency".{{sfn|Dixon|2001|p=8}} It was, in her words, "a religion for the 'thinking classes'."{{sfn|Dixon|2001|p=8}} Campbell stated that Theosophy attracted "unconventional, liberal-minded Westerners",{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=94}} and according to Dixon they were among those "who constituted themselves as the humanitarian conscience of the middle classes, a dissident minority who worked in a variety of parallel organizations to critique the dominant bourgeois values and culture."{{sfn|Dixon|2001|p=10}}

Campbell also noted that Theosophy appealed to educated Asians, particularly Indians, because it identified Asia as central to a universal ancient religion and allowed Asians to retain traditional religious beliefs and practices within a modern framework.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=62}}

==Reception and legacy==
Hammer and Rothstein believed that the formation and early history of the Theosophical Society was one of the "pivotal chapters of religious history in the West."{{sfn|Hammer|Rothstein|2013|p=1}} The Theosophical Society had significant effects on religion, politics, culture, and society.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=1}} In the Western world, it was a major force for the introduction of Asian religious ideas.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=1}} In 1980, Campbell described it as "probably the most important non-traditional or occult group in the last century",{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=1}} while in 2012 Santucci noted that it had had "a profound impact on the contemporary religious landscape".{{sfn|Santucci|2012|p=240}}

[[File:Librería Sociedad Teosófica en Buenos Aires.jpg|thumb|left|A Theosophical bookshop in Buenos Aires, Argentina]]

In approaching Asian religion with respect and treating its religious beliefs seriously, Blavatsky and Olcott influenced South Asian society.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=165}} In India, it played an important role in the Indian independence movement and in the Buddhist revival.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=1}} The Indian independence leader [[Mahatma Gandhi]] developed much of his interest in Hindu culture after being given a copy of the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' by two Theosophists.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=172}} Alongside her support for Indian home rule, Besant had also supported home rule for Scotland, Wales, and Ireland.{{sfn|Shaw|2018|p=36}} Campbell suggested that Theosophy could be seen as a "grandfather" movement to this 20th century growth in Asian spirituality.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=vii}}
Given the spread of such ideas in the West, some critics have perceived Theosophy's role as being largely obsolete.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=201}}

===Influence on the arts and culture===
Many important figures, in particular within the humanities and the arts, were involved in the Theosophical movement and influenced by its teachings.{{sfn|Santucci|2012|p=240}} Prominent scientists who had belonged to the Theosophical Society included the inventor [[Thomas Edison]], the biologist [[Alfred Russel Wallace]], and the chemist [[William Crookes]].{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=165}}

Theosophy also exerted an influence on the arts,{{sfn|Hammer|Rothstein|2013|p=10}} and was especially formative for many early pioneers of [[abstract art]].{{sfnm|1a1=Campbell|1y=1980|1p=169|2a1=Hammer|2a2=Rothstein|2y=2013|2p=10}} [[Hilma af Klint]]'s development of abstraction was directly tied to her work with the Theosophical Society, with the aim of presenting and preserving spiritual concepts visually.<ref>Bashkoff, T., ed., et al., ''Hilma Af Klint'' (New York: Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, 2018).</ref> The same was true for the Russian [[expressionist]] and pioneering abstract painter [[Wassily Kandinsky]], who was interested in Theosophy and Theosophical ideas about colour.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|pp=169–170}} The Dutch abstract artist [[Piet Mondrian]] was also influenced by Theosophical symbolism.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|pp=170–171}}

Theosophical ideas were also an influence on the Irish literary movement of the late 19th and early 20th century, with writers such as [[Charles Johnston (Theosophist)|Charles Johnston]], [[George William Russell|George Russell]], [[John Eglinton]], [[Charles Weeks]], and [[William Butler Yeats]] having an interest in the movement.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|pp=165–169}} The American adventure fiction writer [[Talbot Mundy]] included Theosophical themes in many of his works.{{sfn|Taves|1985|p=153}} He had abandoned his previous allegiance to [[Christian Science]] to join the Theosophical faction led by Tingley, joining the Society in 1923 and settling at the Point Loma community.{{sfn|Taves|1985|pp=157–159}}

The turn-of-the-20th century Russian composer [[Alexander Scriabin]], whose metaphysical and mystical views greatly influenced his [[Tonality|tonal system]] and compositional output,<ref>Maria Carlson. '[https://sites.middlebury.edu/alexandra/files/2008/05/scriabin-carlson.pdf Fashionable Occultism:TheTheosophical World of Aleksandr Scriabin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404084718/https://sites.middlebury.edu/alexandra/files/2008/05/scriabin-carlson.pdf |date=2023-04-04 }}', in ''Journal of the Scriabin Society of America'', 12:1, Winter 2007-2008, pp. 54-62</ref> became interested in Theosophy while living in Brussels from 1909–10.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} Other composers whose music was influenced by theosophical concerns include [[Gustav Holst]], [[Luigi Russolo]], [[Cyril Scott]] and [[Edmund Rubbra]].<ref>Dr John Algeo. 'Theosophy and the Zeitgeist', from ''The American Theosophist'' (1987)</ref><ref>Cradduck, Lucinda. ''[https://www.routledge.com/Spiritual-Dimensions-in-the-Music-of-Edmund-Rubbra/Cradduck/p/book/9780367635374 Spiritual Dimensions in the Music of Edmund Rubbra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410045510/https://www.routledge.com/Spiritual-Dimensions-in-the-Music-of-Edmund-Rubbra/Cradduck/p/book/9780367635374 |date=2023-04-10 }}'' (2023)</ref>

[[Mark Frost]] cites Theosophy as a direct influence in the writing and creation of the television series ''[[Twin Peaks]]'', which itself includes a 'white lodge'.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/higher-peaks-in-view-the-man-who-wrote-twin-peaks-has-plans-to-get-weirder-mark-frost-talked-to-kevin-jackson-about-sherlock-and-warlocks-1541807.html Higher peaks in view: The man who wrote Twin Peaks has plans to get weirder. Mark Frost talked to Kevin Jackson about Sherlock and warlocks] (1992)</ref>

The character [[Obadiah Archer]] from the [[Valiant Comics]] universe series "[[Archer & Armstrong]]" draws his abilities from Theosophic belief, and the series makes multiple references to Theosophy, Anthroposophy, [[Völkisch movement]] and other esoteric schools of thought that believe in the Akashic Plane. The series also ties in the [[Fascist]] history of these groups, with a group of connected Nazis living in Tibet. Obadiah Archer is implied to be one of the ascended masters in the Theosophy tradition.

===Influence on other religious and esoteric groups===
{{Quote box|width=25em|align=right|quote=Bestsellers and television shows are devoted to Theosophical concepts such as reincarnation and spiritual evolution; the Internet overflows with references to Theosophical concepts such as the human aura (a Google search in May 2012 retrieved 47 million hits) and the ''chakras'' (12 million hits). Even truly mainstream media such as the National Geographic Channel present programs devoted to arch-Theosophical themes such as Atlantis, and the spiritual mysteries of Egypt. Terms and ideas created or mediated by spokespersons of the Theosophical Society have over time become household words, and the advent of Theosophy thus marked a fundamental change in the religious lives of countless individuals.|source=— Olav Hammer and Mikael Rothstein, 2013{{sfn|Hammer|Rothstein|2013|p=2}} }}

The founders of many later new religious movements had been involved in Theosophy.{{sfn|Santucci|2012|pp=240–241}} Many esoteric groups—such as Alice Bailey's [[Arcane School]] and [[Rudolf Steiner]]'s [[Anthroposophy]]—are "directly dependent" on Theosophy.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=1}} Although he had split from Theosophy when renouncing Leadbeater's statement that he was the World Teacher, Krishnamurti continued to exhibit Theosophical influences in his later teachings.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=148}} In 1923 a former Theosophist, the Anglo-American [[Alice Bailey]], established the [[Arcane School]], which also rested on beliefs regarding contact with the Ascended Masters.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|pp=150–153}}

Another former Theosophist, the Austrian Rudolf Steiner, split from the Theosophical Society over the statements about Krishnamurti and then established his own [[Anthroposophical Society]] in 1913, which promoted [[Anthroposophy]], a philosophy influenced by Theosophical ideas.{{sfnm|1a1=Campbell|1y=1980|1pp=155–158|2a1=Poller|2y=2018|2p=86}} [[Rudolf Steiner]] founded the [[Anthroposophical Society]] on 28 December 1912 and he was expelled from the [[Theosophical Society]] on 7 March 1913.<ref name=TS>Paull, John (2022).[http://www.academia.edu/87330828/Rudolf_Steiner_From_Theosophy_to_Anthroposophy_1902_1913_ Rudolf Steiner: From Theosophy to Anthroposophy (1902–1913)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012184858/https://www.academia.edu/87330828/Rudolf_Steiner_From_Theosophy_to_Anthroposophy_1902_1913_ |date=2022-10-12 }}, European Journal of Theology and Philosophy, 2 (5): 8-13 .</ref> Despite his departure from the Theosophists, Rudolf Steiner nevertheless maintained a keen interest in Theosophy for the rest of his life.<ref>Paull, John (2018) [https://www.academia.edu/37618538/The_Library_of_Rudolf_Steiner_The_Books_in_English The Library of Rudolf Steiner: The Books in English] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190208095552/http://www.academia.edu/37618538/The_Library_of_Rudolf_Steiner_The_Books_in_English |date=2019-02-08 }}, Journal of Social and Development Sciences. 9 (3): 21–46.</ref>

As Theosophy entered the [[Völkisch movement]] of late 19th century Austria and Germany, it syncretized to form an eclectic occult movement known as [[Ariosophy]].{{sfn|Gardell|2003|p=22}} The most prominent Ariosophist, the Austrian [[Guido von List]], was influenced by Theosophical ideas in creating his own occult system.{{sfn|Gardell|2003|p=23}}

In the United States during the 1930s, the [["I AM" Activity|I AM]] group was established by [[Guy Ballard]] and Edna Ballard; the group adopted the idea of the Ascended Masters from Theosophy.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|pp=1, 161–163}} The idea of the Masters—and a belief in Morya and Kuthumi—have also been adopted into the belief system of the [[Church Universal and Triumphant]].{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=163}} The Canadian mystic [[Manly P. Hall]] also cited Blavatsky's writings as a key influence on his ideas.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|pp=163–165}} Theosophical ideas, including on the evolution of the Earth, influenced the teachings of British conspiracist [[David Icke]].{{sfn|Robertson|2016|pp=25, 133–134}}

Hammer and Rothstein stated that Theosophy came to heavily influence "popular religiosity" and by the late twentieth and twenty-first centuries was "permeating just about every nook and cranny of contemporary "folk" religious culture" in Western countries.{{sfn|Hammer|Rothstein|2013|p=2}} It was a major influence on the [[New Age]] milieu of the latter twentieth century.{{sfnm|1a1=Dixon|1y=2001|1p=4|2a1=Hammer|2a2=Rothstein|2y=2013|2p=4}} It played an important role in promoting belief in reincarnation among Westerners.{{sfn|Chajes|2017|p=68}}

===Scholarly research===
[[File:Theosophy Hall E72 jeh.JPG|thumb|right|Theosophy Hall in Manhattan, New York City]]

A considerable amount of literature has been produced on the subject of Theosophy and the Theosophical Society.{{sfn|Hammer|2001|p=17}} Most early publications on Theosophy fell into two camps: either [[apologetics|apologetic]] and highly defensive, or highly antagonistic and aggressive towards the movement.{{sfn|Campbell|1980|p=vii}} As of 2001, the scholar of religion [[Olav Hammer]] could still note that books presenting the Theosophical doctrines were mostly apologetic in nature.{{sfn|Hammer|2001|p=18}} Examples of such works include William Q. Judge's 1893 book ''Ocean of Theosophy'' and [[Robert Ellwood]]'s 1986 book ''Theosophy''.{{sfn|Hammer|2001|p=18}} He noted that most of these works treated Theosophical doctrine as if it were a fixed entity and provided little or no discussion of how they have changed over the decades.{{sfn|Hammer|2001|p=18}} Many articles on the historical development of the movement have also appeared in the journal ''Theosophical History''.{{sfn|Hammer|2001|p=18}}

Many early scholars of religion dismissed Theosophy as being not worthy of study; [[Mircea Eliade]] for instance described Theosophy as a "detestable 'spiritual' hybridism".{{sfn|Hammer|Rothstein|2013|p=3}} The academic study of the Theosophical current developed at the intersection of two scholarly sub-fields: the study of new religious movements, which emerged in the 1970s, and the study of Western esotericism.{{sfn|Hammer|Rothstein|2013|pp=3–4}} For example, ''Blavatsky Unveiled Volume 1''{{sfn|Laramie|2020|}} by theosophical scholar Moon Laramie provides a modern translation and dispassionate analysis of the first seven chapters of ''Isis Unveiled''.

A significant proportion of the scholarship on Theosophy constitutes biographies of its leading members and discussions of events in the Society's history.{{sfn|Hammer|2001|p=17}} In contrast to the significant amount of research focused on the first two generations of Theosophists, little has been produced on later figures.{{sfn|Hammer|Rothstein|2013|p=3}} Hammer also lamented that while scholarship on Theosophy was developing, it had not focused on the reformulation of Theosophy by Leadbeater and Besant or with the developing ideas of post-Theosophical writers such as Steiner or Bailey.{{sfn|Hammer|2001|p=19}} Hammer and Rothstein suggested that the "dearth of scholarly literature" on Theosophy was because "powerful individuals and institutions" in Europe and North America regarded the religion as "ludicrous", thus discouraging scholars from devoting their time to researching it.{{sfn|Hammer|Rothstein|2013|p=3}}

== See also ==
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Agni Yoga]]
* [[Benjamin Creme]]
* [[Hinduism and Theosophy]]
* [[Neo-Theosophy]]
* [[Helena Roerich]]
* [[Nicholas Roerich]]
* [[Victor Skumin]]
* [[New religious movement]]
* [[Theosophy and literature]]
* [[Theosophy and visual arts]]
* [[Theosophical Society Adyar]]
* [[Theosophical Society in America]]
* [[Perennialism]]
}}

==Sources==

===Footnotes===

{{Reflist|20em}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite book |last=Åkerman |first=Susanna |title=Rose Cross Over the Baltic: The Spread of Rosicrucianism in Northern Europe |publisher=Brill |year=1998 |isbn=9004110305}}
* {{cite book |last=Campbell |first=Bruce F. |year=1980 |title=Ancient Wisdom Revived: A History of the Theosophical Movement |location=Berkeley |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0520039681}}
* {{cite book |last=Carlson |first=Maria |title=No Religion Higher than Truth: A History of the Theosophical Movement in Russia, 1875–1922 |url=https://archive.org/details/noreligionhigher00carl |url-access=registration |location=Princeton, NJ |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1993 |isbn=978-0691636337}}
* {{cite journal |last=Chajes |first=Julie |year=2017 |title=Reincarnation in H.P. Blavatsky's ''The Secret Doctrine'' |journal=Correspondences: An Online Journal for the Academic Study of Western Esotericism |volume=5 |pages=65–93}}
* {{cite book |last=Dixon |first=Joy |year=2001 |title=Divine Feminine: Theosophy and Feminism in England |location=Baltimore and London |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |series=The Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science |isbn=0-8018-6499-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Faivre |first=Antoine |author-link=Antoine Faivre |year=1994 |title=Access to Western Esotericism |location=Albany, NY |publisher=State University of New York Press |series=SUNY Series in Western Esoteric Traditions}}
* {{Cite book |last=Faivre |first=Antoine |title=Theosophy, Imagination, Tradition: Studies in Western Esotericism |publisher=SUNY Press |year=2000 |isbn=9780791444368 |pages=12}}
*{{cite book |last=Franklin |first=J. Jeffrey |title=Spirit Matters: Occult Beliefs, Alternative Religions, and the Crisis of Faith in Victorian Britain |location=Ithaca and London |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2018 |isbn=9781501715440}}
* {{cite book |last=Gardell |first=Matthias |title=Gods of the Blood: The Pagan Revival and White Separatism |year=2003 |publisher=Duke University Press |location=Durham and London |isbn=978-0-8223-3071-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Godwin |first=Joscelyn |year=1994 |title=The Theosophical Enlightenment |location=Albany |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0791421512}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Godwin |first=Joscelyn |year=1994b |contribution=Foreword |title=The Masters Revealed: Madame Blavatsky and the Myth of the Great White Lodge |editor=K. Paul Johnson |pages=[https://archive.org/details/mastersrevealedm0000john/page/ xv–xix] |location=Albany |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0791420645 |url=https://archive.org/details/mastersrevealedm0000john/page/}}
* {{cite book |last=Goodrick-Clarke |first=Nicholas |author-link=Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke |title=Helena Blavatsky |location=Berkeley |publisher=North Atlantic Books |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-55643-457-0 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/helenablavatsky0000blav}}
* {{cite book |last=Goodrick-Clarke |first=Nicholas |year=2008 |title=The Western Esoteric Traditions: A Historical Introduction |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0195320992}}
* {{cite book |last=Hammer |first=Olav |year=2001 |title=Claiming Knowledge: Strategies of Epistemology from Theosophy to the New Age |location=Leiden and Boston |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-13638-0}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last1=Hammer |first1=Olav |author1-link=Olav Hammer |last2=Rothstein |first2=Mikael |author2-link=Mikael Rothstein |year=2013 |chapter=Introduction |title=Handbook of the Theosophical Current |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill |pages=1–12 |series=Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion |editor1=Olav Hammer |editor2=Mikael Rothstein |isbn=978-90-04-23596-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Hanegraaff |first=Wouter |author-link=Wouter Hanegraaff |year=2013 |title=Western Esotericism: A Guide for the Perplexed |publisher=Bloomsbury Press |location=London |isbn=978-1441136466}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Introvigne |first=Massimo |author-link=Massimo Introvigne |contribution=Painting the Masters in Britain: From Schmiechen to Scott |pages=206–226 |title=The Occult Imagination in Britain: 1875–1947 |editor1=Christine Ferguson |editor2=Andrew Radford |isbn=978-1-4724-8698-1 |year=2018 |location=Abingdon and New York |publisher=Routledge}}
* {{cite book |last=Johnson |first=K. Paul |year=1994 |title=The Masters Revealed: Madame Blavatsky and the Myth of the Great White Lodge |location=Albany |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0791420645 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/mastersrevealedm0000john}}
* {{cite book |author-last=Johnston |author-first=Jay |year=2012 |chapter=Theosophical Bodies: Colour, Shape, and Emotion from Modern Aesthetics to Healing Therapies |editor1-last=Cusack |editor1-first=Carol |editor2-last=Norman |editor2-first=Alex |title=Handbook of New Religions and Cultural Production |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |series=Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion |volume=4 |doi=10.1163/9789004226487_008 |pages=153–170 |isbn=978-90-04-22187-1 |issn=1874-6691}}
* {{cite book |last=Lachman |first=Gary |author-link=Gary Lachman |title=Madame Blavatsky: The Mother of Modern Spirituality |year=2012 |publisher=Jeremy P. Tarcher/Penguin |location=New York |isbn=978-1-58542-863-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Laramie |first=Moon |year=2020 |title=Blavatsky Unveiled: The Writings of H.P. Blavatsky in modern English. Volume I. |location=London |publisher=Martin Firrell Company Ltd |isbn=978-0993178696}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Lowry |first=Elizabeth |year=2019 |contribution=These Lovers are Out of this World: Sex, Consent, and the Rhetoric of Conversion in Abductee Narratives |title=The Paranormal and Popular Culture: A Postmodern Religious Landscape |pages=68–77 |editor1=Darryl Caterine |editor2=John W. Morehead |publisher=Routledge |location=London and New York |isbn=978-1-138-73857-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Meade |first=Marion |author-link=Marion Meade |title=Madame Blavatsky: The Woman Behind the Myth |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-399-12376-4 |location=New York |publisher=Putnam}}
* {{cite book |last=Partridge |first=Christopher |author-link=Christopher Partridge |year=2004 |title=The Re-Enchantment of the West Volume. 1: Alternative Spiritualities, Sacralization, Popular Culture, and Occulture |publisher=T&T Clark International |location=London |isbn=978-0567084088}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Partridge |first=Christopher |year=2013 |chapter=Lost Horizon: H. P. Blavatsky and Theosophical Orientalism |title=Handbook of the Theosophical Current |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill |pages=309–333 |series=Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion |editor1=Olav Hammer |editor2=Mikael Rothstein |isbn=978-90-04-23596-0}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Poller |first=Jake |contribution="Under a Glamour": Annie Besant, Charles Leadbeater and Neo-Theosophy |pages=77–93 |title=The Occult Imagination in Britain: 1875–1947 |editor1=Christine Ferguson |editor2=Andrew Radford |isbn=978-1-4724-8698-1 |year=2018 |location=Abingdon and New York |publisher=Routledge}}
* {{cite book |last=Robertson |first=David G. |title=UFOs, Conspiracy Theories and the New Age: Millennial Conspiracism |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |location=London and New York |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-350-04498-2}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Santucci |first=James A. |contribution=Theosophical Society |year=2006 |title=Dictionary of Gnosis and Western Esotericism |editor1=Wouter Hanegraaff |pages=1114–1123 |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-15231-1}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Santucci |first=James A. |contribution=Theosophy |title=The Cambridge Companion to New Religious Movements |editor1=Olav Hammer |editor2=Mikael Rothstein |year=2012 |pages=231–246 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0521145657}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Shaw |first=Michael |contribution=Theosophy in Scotland: Oriental Occultism and National Identity |pages=23–40 |title=The Occult Imagination in Britain: 1875–1947 |editor1=Christine Ferguson |editor2=Andrew Radford |isbn=978-1-4724-8698-1 |year=2018 |location=Abingdon and New York |publisher=Routledge}}
* {{cite journal |last=Taves |first=Brian |title=Philosophy Into Popular Fiction: Talbot Mundy and The Theosophical Society |journal=Southern California Quarterly |volume=67 |number=2 |year=1985 |pages=153–186 |doi=10.2307/41171147 |jstor=41171147}}
* {{cite book |author1-last=Trompf |author1-first=Garry W. |author2-last=Bernauer |author2-first=Lauren |year=2012 |chapter=Producing Lost Civilisations: Theosophical Concepts in Literature, Visual Media, and Popular Culture |editor1-last=Cusack |editor1-first=Carol |editor2-last=Norman |editor2-first=Alex |title=Handbook of New Religions and Cultural Production |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |series=Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion |volume=4 |doi=10.1163/9789004226487_006 |pages=99–131 |isbn=978-90-04-22187-1 |issn=1874-6691}}
* {{cite book |last=Washington |first=Peter |year=1993 |title=Madame Blavatsky's Baboon: Theosophy and the Emergence of the Western Guru |publisher=Secker & Warburg |location=London |isbn=978-0-436-56418-5}}

{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite journal |last=Bednarowski |first=Mary Farrell |title=Outside the Mainstream: Women's Religion and Women Religious Leaders in Nineteenth-Century America |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion |volume=48 |number=2 |year=1980 |pages=207–231 |doi=10.1093/jaarel/XLVIII.2.207 |jstor=1462703}}
* {{cite journal |first=Michael |last=Bergunder |title=Experiments with Theosophical Truth: Gandhi, Esotericism, and Global Religious History |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion |volume=82 |year=2014 |issue=2 |pages=398–426 |doi=10.1093/jaarel/lft095}}
* {{cite journal |last=Bevir |first=Mark |title=The West Turns Eastward: Madame Blavatsky and the Transformation of the Occult Tradition |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion |volume=62 |number=3 |year=1994 |pages=747–767 |doi=10.1093/jaarel/LXII.3.747 |jstor=1465212}}
* {{cite journal |last=Bevir |first=Mark |title=Theosophy and the Origins of the Indian National Congress |journal=International Journal of Hindu Studies |volume=7 |number=1 |year=2003 |pages=99–115 |doi=10.1007/s11407-003-0005-4 |jstor=20106850 |s2cid=54542458 |url=http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/73b4862g |access-date=2020-12-13 |archive-date=2021-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222050455/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/73b4862g |url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal |last=Bryson |first=Mary E. |title=Metaphors for Freedom: Theosophy and the Irish Literary Revival |volume=3 |number=1 |year=1977 |journal=The Canadian Journal of Irish Studies |pages=32–40 |doi=10.2307/25512386 |jstor=25512386}}
* {{cite journal |last=Charjes |first=Julie |title=Metempsychosis and Reincarnation in ''Isis Unveiled'' |journal=Theosophical History |volume=16 |year=2012 |pages=128–150}}
* {{cite journal |last=Charjes |first=Julie |title=Blavatsky and Monotheism: Towards the Historicisation of a Critical Category |journal=Journal of Religion in Europe |volume=9 |issue=2–3 |pages=247–275 |year=2016 |doi=10.1163/18748929-00902008}}
* {{cite journal |last=Dixon |first=Joy |title=Sexology and the Occult: Sexuality and Subjectivity in Theosophy's New Age |journal=Journal of the History of Sexuality |volume=7 |number=3 |year=1997 |pages=409–433 |jstor=4629636}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Hammer |first=Olav |contribution=Schism and Consolidation: The Case of the Theosophical Movement |title=Sacred Schisms: How Religions Divide |editor=James R. Lewis |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2009 |pages=196–217}}
* {{cite book |title=New Age Religion and Western Culture: Esotericism in the Mirror of Secular Thought |last=Hanegraaff |first=Wouter |author-link=Wouter Hanegraaff |year=1996 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=978-9004106956}}
* {{cite journal |last=Hanegraaff |first=Wouter J. |year=2017 |title=The Theosophical Imagination |journal=Correspondences: An Online Journal for the Academic Study of Western Esotericism |volume=5 |pages=3–39}}
* {{cite journal |last=Kirkley |first=Evelyn A. |title="Equality of the Sexes, But…": Women in Point Loma Theosophy, 1899–1942 |journal=Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions |volume=1 |number=2 |year=1998 |pages=272–288 |doi=10.1525/nr.1998.1.2.272 |jstor=10.1525/nr.1998.1.2.272}}
* {{cite journal |last=Kraft |first=Siv Ellen |title="To Mix or Not to Mix": Syncretism/Anti-Syncretism in the History of Theosophy |journal=Numen |volume=49 |issue=2 |year=2002 |pages=142–177 |doi=10.1163/156852702760186754 |jstor=3270480}}
* {{cite book |last=Lavoie |first=Jeffrey D. |title=The Theosophical Society: The History of a Spiritualist Movement |year=2012 |publisher=Universal-Publishers |isbn=9781612335537 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X1VvIS8AJ0oC }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Neufeldt |first=Ronald |contribution=In Search of Utopia: Karma and Rebirth in the Theosophical Movement |title=Karma and Rebirth: Post Classical Developments |editor=Ronald W. Neufeldt |location=Albany |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=1986}}
* {{cite journal |last=Prothero |first=Stephen |title=From Spiritualism to Theosophy: "Uplifting" a Democratic Tradition |journal=Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation |volume=3 |number=2 |year=1993 |pages=197–216 |jstor=1123988}}
* {{cite journal |last=Prothero |first=Stephen |title=Henry Steel Olcott and "Protestant Buddhism" |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion |volume=63 |number=2 |year=1995 |pages=281–302 |doi=10.1093/jaarel/LXIII.2.281 |jstor=1465402}}
* {{cite book |last=Prothero |first=Stephen |title=The White Buddhist: The Asian Odyssey of Henry Steel Olcott |location=Bloomington |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=1996}}
* {{cite journal |last=Santucci |first=James A. |title=The Notion of Race in Theosophy |journal=Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions |volume=11 |number=3 |year=2008 |pages=37–63 |doi=10.1525/nr.2008.11.3.37 |jstor=10.1525/nr.2008.11.3.37}}
* {{cite journal |last=Scott |first=J. Barton |title=Miracle Publics: Theosophy, Christianity, and the Coulomb Affair |journal=History of Religions |volume=49 |number=2 |year=2009 |pages=172–196 |doi=10.1086/649525 |jstor=10.1086/649525 |s2cid=161606445}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Van Wormer |first1=Stephen R. |last2=Gross |first2=G. Timothy |title=Archaeological Identification of an Idiosyncratic Lifestyle: Excavation and Analysis of the Theosophical Society Dump, San Diego, California |journal=Historical Archaeology |volume=40 |issue=1 |year=2006 |pages=100–118 |doi=10.1007/BF03376717 |jstor=25617318 |s2cid=141573487}}
* {{cite journal |last=Vinitsky |first=Ilya |title=Where Bobok Is Buried: The Theosophical Roots of Dostoevskii's "Fantastic Realism" |year=2006 |journal=Slavic Review |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=523–543 |doi=10.2307/4148662 |jstor=4148662 |s2cid=163253453}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Wikisource|Category:Theosophy}}
{{Commons category|Theosophy}}
{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [http://www.blavatskyarchives.com Blavatsky Study Center]—Online Blavatsky archive
* [http://www.theohistory.org/ Theosophical History]—Website associated with the independent, [[peer-review]]ed journal of the same name
* [http://theosophy.katinkahesselink.net/ Modern Theosophy]—Large collection of Theosophy related articles
* [http://www.theosophy.org/ Theosophy Library Online]—Associated with the [[United Lodge of Theosophists]], Phoenix, Arizona
* [http://www.theosociety.org/pasadena/ts/tup.htm Online Literature about Theosophy]—Associated with the [[Theosophical Society Pasadena]]
* [http://www.theosophy.net/# Theosophy Network library and resources]
* [https://www.justwatch.com/us/movie/the-day-of-the-white-lotus ''The Day of the White Lotus'']—A movie about The Theosophical Society in New York, London and Adyar (India)
}}

{{Theosophy series}}
{{New Religious Movements in the United States}}
{{Portal bar|Religion|India|Hinduism|Mythology}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Theosophy| ]]
[[Category:Helena Blavatsky]]
[[Category:Esoteric schools of thought]]
[[Category:Religious belief systems founded in the United States]]
[[Category:Western esotericism]]
[[Category:New religious movements established in the 19th century]]

List of Vidarbha cricketers

2026-03-20T16:40:43Z

Gurupratap Rajan:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{incomplete list|date=March 2019}}
This is a list of cricketers who have played cricket for the [[Vidarbha Cricket Association]].

{{compact TOC|refs=yes}}

==A==
{{div col |colwidth=22em}}
* [[Anilkumar Abhayankar]]<ref>''[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|Wisden]]'' 2017, p. 239.</ref> (1939–2016)
* [[R. N. Abhyankar]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/rn-abhyankar-26608|title=RN Abhyankar profile and biography, stats, records, averages, photos and videos|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
* [[Imran Ali (Indian cricketer)|Imran Ali]]<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/39/39190/39190.html Imran Ali player profile and statistics] – CricketArchive. Retrieved 25 June 2013.</ref>
* [[Rajinder Amarnath]]<ref>{{cite web|title=First-Class Matches played by Rajinder Amarnath|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/24/24545/First-Class_Matches.html|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=18 March 2016}}</ref> (born 1956)
* Chandrashekhar Atram<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/26319.html |title=Chandrashekhar Atram |access-date=13 December 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> (born 1983)
{{div col end}}

==B==
{{div col |colwidth=22em}}
* [[Hemang Badani]] (born 1976)
* [[Sairaj Bahutule]]<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-news/sairaj-bahutule-announces-first-class-retirement/43167| title=Sairaj Bahutule announces first-class retirement| publisher=Wisden India| date=2 January 2013| access-date=29 November 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823120437/http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-news/sairaj-bahutule-announces-first-class-retirement/43167| archive-date=23 August 2017| url-status=dead}}</ref> (born 1973)
* [[Swapnil Bandiwar]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/590189.html |title=Swapnil Bandiwar |access-date=6 October 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> (born 1988)
{{div col end}}

==C==
{{div col |colwidth=22em}}
* [[Abhishek Chaurasia]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1083779.html |title=Abhishek Chaurasia |access-date=26 February 2017 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> (born 1991)
* [[Rahul Chikhalkar]]<ref>{{cite web|title="Vidarbha Squad"|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/squad/376100.html|access-date=15 September 2017}}</ref> (born 1983)
* [[Aniruddha Chore]]
{{div col end}}

==D==
{{div col |colwidth=22em}}
* [[Madhav Dalvi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/28378.html |title=Madhav Dalvi |access-date=23 June 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> (1925–2012)
* [[Shiv Sunder Das]]<ref>{{cite news| first = Partab| last = Ramchand| title = First list of NCA trainees| url = http://feedsuk.cricinfo.com/link_to_database/ARCHIVE/CRICKET_NEWS/2000/APR/029816_CI_15APR2000.html| publisher=ESPNcricinfo| date = 2000-04-15| access-date = 2007-02-08| archive-date = 9 July 2012| archive-url = https://archive.today/20120709221110/http://feedsuk.cricinfo.com/link_to_database/ARCHIVE/CRICKET_NEWS/2000/APR/029816_CI_15APR2000.html| url-status = dead}}</ref> (born 1977)
* [[Anil Deshpande]]<ref>{{cite web|title=First-class Batting and Fielding For Each Team by Anil Deshpande |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/38/38726/f_Batting_by_Team.html|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=6 February 2016}}</ref> (born 1952)
* [[Ramesh Dewan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/28496.html |title=Ramesh Dewan |access-date=8 April 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> (born 1938)
* [[Sudhir Dhagamwar]] (1951–2010)
* [[Dipesh Parwani]] (2023–)
{{div col end}}

==F==
{{div col |colwidth=22em}}
* [[Faiz Fazal]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/zimbabwe-v-india-2016/content/story/1018583.html |title=India pick Faiz Fazal for Zimbabwe tour |access-date=23 May 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> (born 1985)
{{div col end}}

==G==
{{div col |colwidth=22em}}
* [[Pritam Gandhe]] (born 1971)
* [[Ulhas Gandhe]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/28768.html |title=Ulhas Gandhe |access-date=12 October 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> (born 1974)
* [[Rajneesh Gurbani]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/950165.html |title=Rajneesh Gurbani |access-date=10 January 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> (born 1993)
{{div col end}}

==I==
{{div col |colwidth=22em}}
* [[Sadashiv Iyer]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/29549.html |title=Sadashiv Iyer |access-date=11 October 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> (born 1972)
{{div col end}}

==J==
{{div col |colwidth=22em}}
* [[Wasim Jaffer]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/mumbai-v-punjab-ranji-trophy-elite-wasim-jaffer-breaks-ranji-run-record-546568|title=Jaffer breaks Ranji run record|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> (born 1978)
* [[Ravi Jangid]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/323223.html |title=Ravi Jangid |access-date=6 October 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> (born 1987)
* [[Amol Jichkar]]
* [[Amol Jungade]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/425826.html |title=Amol Jungade |access-date=17 October 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> (born 1989)
{{div col end}}

==K==
{{div col |colwidth=22em}}
* [[Viraj Kadbe]] (born 1989)
* [[Shubham Kapse]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1126969.html |title=Shubham Kapse |access-date=25 November 2017 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> (born 1994)
* [[Akshay Karnewar]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/528730.html |title=Akshay Karnewar |access-date=10 January 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> (born 1992)
* [[Gajanan Kathaley]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/30540.html |title=Gajanan Kathaley |access-date=5 April 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> (1946–2014)
* [[Kamraj Kesari]]<ref>{{cite web | url = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/17/17519.html | title = Western India v Gujarat 1945-46| publisher=CricketArchive|url-access=subscription | access-date = 17 September 2017}}</ref> (1922–1985)
* [[Kushal Kakad]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/435121.html |title=Kushal Kakad |access-date=17 October 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> (born 1995)
*[[Akshay Kolhar]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/435121.html |title=Akshay Kolhar |access-date=17 October 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> (born 1988)
* [[Sulakshan Kulkarni]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Highest Partnership for Each Wicket for Mumbai|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Records/India/Firstclass/Mumbai/Batting_Records/Highest_Partnership_Each_Wicket_For.html|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=3 January 2016}}</ref> (born 1967)
{{div col end}}

==M==
{{div col |colwidth=22em}}
* [[Dinesh Mirkar]]
{{div col end}}

==N==
{{div col |colwidth=22em}}
* [[Alind Naidu]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/31771.html |title=Onkar Dattaram Gurav|access-date=25 April 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> (born 1983)
* [[Vivek Naidu]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/31889.html |title=Vivek Naidu |access-date=22 November 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> (born 1979)
* [[Siddesh Neral]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/604560.html |title=Siddesh Neral |access-date=14 October 2017 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> (born 1994)
{{div col end}}

==O==
{{div col |colwidth=22em}}
* [[Arun Ogiral]]<ref>{{cite web | url = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Records/India/Firstclass/Vidarbha/Bowling_Records/Best_Innings_Bowling_For.html| title = Most wickets in an innings for Vidarbha | publisher=CricketArchive| access-date = 18 September 2017}}</ref> (1942–2004)
{{div col end}}

==P==
Prasad Shetty 1981_89

{{div col |colwidth=22em}}
* [[Madan Pande]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/32716.html |title=Madan Pande |access-date=22 April 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> (1943–2014)
* [[Rashmi Parida]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/8/8138/8138.html|title = CA details|website=CricketArchive}}</ref> (born 1977)
* [[Urvesh Patel]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/340838.html |title=Urvesh Patel |access-date=29 January 2017 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> (born 1988)
* [[Amit Paunikar]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/profiles/6291/amit-paunikar|title=Amit Paunikar Profile - ICC Ranking, Age, Career Info & Stats|website=Cricbuzz|access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> (born 1988)
{{div col end}}
*[[Pranjal Sangole]] (born 1989)

==R==
{{div col |colwidth=22em}}
* [[Syed Rahim]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/33473.html |title=Syed Rahim |access-date=12 April 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> (1929–2014)
* [[Murthy Rajan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/33497.html |title=Murthy Rajan |access-date=1 April 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> (born 1944)
* [[Lalchand Rajput]]<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/05/28/stories/2004052805821600.htm | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120908225302/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/05/28/stories/2004052805821600.htm | url-status = usurped | archive-date = 2012-09-08 | title = Lalchand Rajput tops in coaches clinic }}</ref> (born 1961)
* [[Sanjay Ramaswamy (cricketer)|Sanjay Ramaswamy]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/807657.html |title=Sanjay Ramaswamy |access-date=30 October 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> (born 1995)
* [[Rushabh Rathod]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1079561.html |title=Rushabh Rathod |access-date=25 February 2017 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> (born 1994)
* [[Sumit Ruikar]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/527291.html |title=Sumit Ruikar |access-date=28 October 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> (born 1990)
{{div col end}}

==S==
{{div col |colwidth=22em}}
* [[Piyush Sadhu]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ranji-trophy/Former-Vidarbha-spinner-Piyush-Sadhu-passes-away/articleshow/30920953.cms |title=Former Vidarbha spinner Piyush Sadhu passes away |access-date=13 May 2016 |work=Times of India}}</ref> (1977–2014)
* [[Wasuderao Sane]]<ref>{{cite web | url = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/18/18316.html | title = Mysore v Central Provinces and Berar 1947-48| publisher=CricketArchive|url-access=subscription | access-date = 17 September 2017}}</ref> (1914–1991)
* [[Aditya Sarwate]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/719717.html |title=Aditya Sarwate |access-date=25 October 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> (born 1989)
* [[Chandu Sarwate]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/149464.html |title=Sting in the tail |access-date=15 May 2017 |work=ESPNcricinfo|date=13 May 2005 }}</ref> (1920–2003)
* [[Madhukar Sathe]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/34930.html |title=Madhukar Sathe |access-date=3 April 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> (born 1934)
* [[Aditya Shanware]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/798135.html |title=Aditya Shanware |access-date=6 October 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> (born 1991)
* [[Jitesh Sharma]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/721867.html |title=Jitesh Sharma |access-date=6 October 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> (born 1993)
* [[Azhar Sheikh]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/33979.html |title=Azhar Sheikh |access-date=24 November 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> (born 1985)
* [[Shalabh Shrivastava]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Delhi's Ranji match against Vidarbha temporarily stopped due to dangerous pitch|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/news/218281-delhis-ranji-match-against-vidarbha-temporarily-stopped-due-to-dangerous-pitch|publisher=NDTV|date=14 December 2013|access-date=14 January 2013}}</ref> (born 1986)
* [[Sandeep Singh (cricketer, born 1981)|Sandeep Singh]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/34063.html |title=Sandeep Singh |access-date=17 October 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> (born 1981)
{{div col end}}

==T==
{{div col |colwidth=22em}}
* [[Vijay Telang]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/35451.html | title=Player Profile: Vijay Telang | publisher=ESPNcricinfo | access-date=28 July 2013}}</ref> (1952–2013)
* [[Sharad Thakre]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/35432.html |title=Sharad Thakre |access-date=1 April 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> (1968–2014)
* [[Ravikumar Thakur]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/597172.html |title=Ravikumar Thakur |access-date=6 October 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> (born 1984)
* [[Yash Thakur]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1070196.html |title=Yash Thakur |access-date=25 February 2017 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> (born 1999)
* [[Vishweshwar Thool]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/35526.html |title=Vishweshwar Thool |access-date=22 April 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> (1946–2014)
{{div col end}}

==U==
{{div col |colwidth=22em}}
* [[Amol Ubarhande]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/340833.html |title=Amol Ubarhande |access-date=6 October 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> (born 1988)
* [[Ashok Upadhyay]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/delhis-ranji-match-temporarily-stopped/20131214.htm|title=Delhi's Ranji match temporarily stopped|website=Rediff|access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> (born 1953)
* [[Gaurav Upadhyaya]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/gaurav-upadhyaya-290652.html|title=Gaurav Upadhyaya |access-date=6 October 2024 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> (born 1988)
{{div col end}}

==V==
{{div col |colwidth=22em}}
* [[Prashant Vaidya]] (born 1967)
* [[R. Venkataraman (Indian cricketer)|R. Venkataraman]]
{{div col end}}

==W==
{{div col |colwidth=22em}}
* [[Akshay Wadkar]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/605360.html |title=Akshay Wadkar |access-date=17 November 2017 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> (born 1994)
* [[Shrikant Wagh]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Shrikant Wagh - Cricket Player|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/279552.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=13 April 2011}}</ref> (born 1988)
* [[Akshay Wakhare]]<ref>{{cite web|title=List of players sold in IPL 8 auction|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/icc-world-cup-2015/ipl/ipl-8-auction/List-of-players-sold-in-IPL-8-auction/articleshow/46261483.cms|publisher=Times of India|access-date=27 March 2015}}</ref> (born 1985)
* [[Apoorv Wankhade]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/505773.html |title=Apoorv Wankhade |access-date=29 January 2017 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> (born 1992)
* [[Siddhesh Wath]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1069549.html |title=Siddhesh Wath |access-date=29 November 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> (born 1997)
* [[Hemant Wasu]] (Born October 1960)
{{div col end}}

==Y==
{{div col |colwidth=22em}}
* [[Baburao Yadav]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/36047.html |title=Baburao Yadav|access-date=18 May 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> (born 1982)
* [[Lalit Yadav (Vidarbha cricketer)|Lalit Yadav]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1060363.html |title=Lalit Yadav |access-date=6 October 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> (born 1995)
* [[Umesh Yadav]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/cricket-world-cup/teams/india/stats/most-wickets |title=India - Cricket Teams. ICC Cricket World Cup 2015 |access-date=29 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005180734/http://www.icc-cricket.com/cricket-world-cup/teams/india/stats/most-wickets |archive-date=5 October 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> (born 1987)
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Lists of Indian cricketers}}

[[Category:Lists of Indian cricketers by state or union territory|Vidarbha cricketers]]
[[Category:Vidarbha cricketers|*]]
[[Category:Lists of people from Maharashtra|cricketers]]

Challapalle, Eluru district

2026-03-17T00:58:31Z

Gurupratap Rajan: Creating A Place More To Come

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Challapalle
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.7556|N|81.1058|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Eluru district|Eluru]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Eluru district|Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Denduluru mandal|Denduluru]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/588458-challapalle-andhra-pradesh.html|title=Challapalle Village Population - Denduluru - West Godavari, Andhra Pradesh|publisher=}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 630
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Challapalle''' (also known as [[Challapalli]]) is a village in [[Eluru district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is administered under of [[Eluru revenue division]].

== Geography ==
Challapalle is located at 16.7556ºN and 81.1058ºE. Notable nearby features include the [[Bay of Bengal]] to the east, and [[Eastern Ghats]] mountains to the west. The nearest significant population center from Challapalle is [[Avanigadda]], 6 kilometers south.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Challapalle (GPS Coordinates, Nearby Cities & Power Plants) |url=https://database.earth/countries/india/regions/andhra-pradesh/cities/Challapalle |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=database.earth |language=en}}</ref>

== Climate ==
In Challapalle, the [[wet season]] is oppressive and overcast, the [[dry season]] is muggy and partly cloudy, and it is hot year round. Over the course of the year, the temperature typically varies from 69°F to 98°F and is rarely below 66°F or above 105°F.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Challapalle Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (India) - Weather Spark |url=https://weatherspark.com/y/110159/Average-Weather-in-Challapalle-India-Year-Round |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=weatherspark.com |language=en}}</ref>

The hot season lasts for 2.3 months, from 28 March to 6 June, with an average daily high temperature above 95°F. The hottest month of the year in Challapalle is May, with an average high of 98°F and low of 84°F.<ref name=":0" />

The cool season lasts for 3.5 months, from 13 October to 28 January, with an average daily high temperature below 86°F. The coldest month of the year in Challapalle is December, with an average low of 70°F and high of 83°F.<ref name=":0" />

The rainy period of the year lasts for 8.5 months, from 14 April to 29 December, with a sliding 31-day rainfall of at least 0.5 inches. The month with the most rain in Challapalle is October, with an average rainfall of 7.1 inches.<ref name=":0" />

The rainless period of the year lasts for 3.5 months, from 29 December to 14 April. The month with the least rain in Challapalle is March, with an average rainfall of 0.2 inches.<ref name=":0" />

== Demographics ==

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India]], Challapalle has population of 630 of which 302 are males while 328 are females. Average Sex Ratio is 1086. Population of children with age 0-6 is 79 which makes up 12.54% of total population of village, Child sex ratio is 1026. [[Literacy]] rate of the village was 66.61%.{{fact|date=March 2026}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Eluru district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}

National School of Drama

2026-03-15T19:00:00Z

Gurupratap Rajan: general enhanced article after review and updated info

{{Short description|Theatre training institute in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = National School of Drama
| image_name = NSD logo 2017.gif
| image_upright = 0.7
| established = {{start date and age|1959}}
| parent = [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]]
| type = [[Public university|Public]]
| chairperson = [[Paresh Rawal]]
| director = [[Chittaranjan Tripathy]]
| city = [[New Delhi]]
| state = [[National Capital Territory of Delhi]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|28|37|30.17|N|77|14|2.72|E|display=inline,title}}
| website = {{official URL}}
}}

'''National School of Drama''' ('''NSD''') is a [[drama school]] situated at [[New Delhi]], [[India]]. It is an autonomous organization under [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], [[Government of India]]. It was set up in 1959 by the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] and became an independent school in 1975.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=qYfH1tOwsHcC&dq=%22national+school+of+drama%22&pg=PA676 Training – National School of Drama]''The Columbia encyclopedia of modern drama'', by Gabrielle H. Cody, Evert Sprinchorn. Columbia University Press, 2007. {{ISBN|0-231-14422-9}}. ''Page 766''.</ref> In 2005, it was granted [[deemed university]] status, but in 2011 it was revoked.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/pmo-wants-deemed-varsity-tag-for-nsd-institute-disagrees-2960543/|title=PMO wants deemed varsity tag for NSD, institute disagrees|date=8 August 2016}}</ref> [[Paresh Rawal]] is the current Chairperson & [[Chittaranjan Tripathy]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/odia-actor-chittaranjan-tripathy-new-nsd-director/articleshow/104229050.cms|title=Odia Actor Chittaranjan Tripathy New NSD Director|date=7 October 2023}}</ref> currently serves as Director of National School of Drama (NSD).

[[File:National School of Drama.jpg|thumb|National School of Drama in Mandi House]]

==History==
The origins of the school can be traced back to a seminar in 1954, where the idea of a Central institution for theatre was mooted, subsequently, a draft scheme was prepared in 1955, and the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], which had [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] as its president, started drawing plans for the institution. Meanwhile, elsewhere in Delhi, Bharatiya Natya Sangh (BNS) with assistance from [[UNESCO]], independently established the Asian Theatre Institute (ATI) on 20 January 1958, and in July 1958, ATI was taken over by the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] (SNA), India's National Academy of Music, dance and drama of [[Government of India]].<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090315/spectrum/main1.htm National School of Drama ..over the past 50 years] [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] 15 March 2009.</ref><ref name=ns/>

In the following year, the government merged it with the newly founded school, and thus NSD was established in April 1959 under the auspices of [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]]. Initially, the school was situated at [[Nizamuddin West]] and was called National School of Drama and Asian Theatre Institute, whose first batch passed out in 1961. During his tenure as the director of the institution, [[Ebrahim Alkazi]] (1962–1977), not only overhauled the syllabus, but also had the students dig and build platforms for a theatre in the backyard of a rented [[Kailash Colony]] house, where NSD had moved.<ref name=hin>{{cite news |title=Theatre is revelation (Interview) |url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2008/02/24/stories/2008022450160500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302010357/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2008/02/24/stories/2008022450160500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 March 2008 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 February 2008 }}</ref> Later when it moved to its present location, he also designed two theatres for NSD, including a 200-seat studio theatre, and the open-air Meghdoot theatre, under a banyan tree.<ref name=ns/><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=COkXM9n7KUcC&dq=%22National+School+of+Drama%22&pg=PA168 National School of Drama] ''The World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre: Asia/Pacific'', by Don Rubin. Published by Taylor & Francis, 2001. {{ISBN|0-415-26087-6}}. Page 168.</ref>

In 1975 it became an [[Autonomous entity|autonomous]] organization, under the erstwhile [[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education]] and [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Department of Culture, with the name 'National School of Drama' and relocated in May 1975, to its present premises at [[Bahawalpur House]], the residence of [[Bahawalpur (princely state)|Bahawalpur]] a former [[princely state]]. However, the place is generally known by adjacent (now demolished) [[Mandi House]], the former residence of Raja of erstwhile [[Mandi State|Mandi princely state]].<ref name=ns/> In 1999, the school organized its first National Theatre Festival, [[Bharat Rang Mahotsav]], generally held during the second week of January each year.

In 2008, the institution celebrated its golden jubilee at its annual theatre festival, [[Bharat Rang Mahotsav]], with a gathering of its alumni from all over the country,<ref>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Features/Culture_Cauldron/National_School_of_Drama_celebrates_golden_jubilee_in_style/rssarticleshow/2694072.cms National School of Drama celebrates golden jubilee in style] [[The Economic Times]], 12 January 2008.</ref> the festival's satellite edition in Mumbai showcased plays of NSD graduates, including [[Ratan Thiyam]]'s Prologue, [[Bansi Kaul]] (Aranyadhipati Tantiya), [[Neelam Mansingh Chowdhry|Neelam Mansingh Chowdhury]] (The Suit), Sanjay Upadhyay (Harsingar), [[Baharul Islam (actor)|Baharul Islam]] (Akash), [[Mohan Maharishi]] (Dear Bapu) and [[M K Raina]] (Stay Yet Awhile).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/the-graduates/255144/|title=The Graduates|date=28 December 2007|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=2 April 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004221012/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/the-graduates/255144/|archive-date=4 October 2012}}</ref> [[Waman Kendre]] was appointed as Director the school in 2013. He will serve a five-year term.<ref>{{cite press release | title = Government Appoints Prof. Waman Kendre as Director of National School of Drama | publisher = Press Information Bureau, Government of India | date = 1 August 2013 | url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=97520 | access-date = 1 August 2013 }}</ref> He has done post-graduate with research in folk theatre of [[Kerala]] from NSD. He belongs to the nomadic Vanjara tribal community of [[Marathwada]] and was one of the leading lights of the Dalit theatre movement in [[Maharashtra]] in the late 1970s.<ref>{{cite news | title = Marathi theatre veteran to head NSD | newspaper = The Telegraph | date =26 July 2013 | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130726/jsp/nation/story_17159090.jsp | archive-url = https://archive.today/20130727095020/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130726/jsp/nation/story_17159090.jsp | url-status = dead | archive-date = 27 July 2013 | access-date = 1 August 2013}}</ref> As of 10 September 2020 [[Paresh Rawal]], has been appointed as the Chairman of the National School of Drama.<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 September 2020|title=Paresh Rawal appointed as chief of National School of Drama|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/paresh-rawal-appointed-as-new-chief-of-national-school-of-drama/story-rcziCGmn09Zckrv42YsgQO.html|access-date=10 September 2020|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> On 6 October 2023, [[Chittaranjan Tripathy]] became the new Director of NSD. He is a prominent theater and film actor, director, screen writer and music composer both in Hindi and [[Odia film industry]].<ref>{{cite news | title = Two months after his play on Tamas was cancelled, theatre artiste Tripathy is NSD director | newspaper = The Indian Express | date = 6 October 2023 | url = https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/theatre-artiste-tripathy-appointed-nsd-director-8971621/ | access-date = 23 October 2023}}</ref>

===Deemed university status===
On 16 March 2005, the [[Government of India]] granted the NSD the status of [[deemed university]].<ref>[http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page1.asp?relid=7814 National School of Drama gets Deemed University Status][[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Ministry of Human Resource Development]] 16 March 2005."The Government has declared the National School of Drama, New Delhi as Deemed to be University with immediate effect."</ref><ref>[http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/mar162005/update11.asp ''NSD declared deemed university''] ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' 16 March 2005.</ref> However, in 2010 the NSD Society asked for the deemed university status to be revoked since "[it] could undermine the professional training, autonomy, and flexibility required in the creative fields such as theatre." Thus, in October 2011, the status was revoked on request of NSD.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2518525.ece |title=The Hindu : News / National : NSD loses deemed varsity status on own request |work=The Hindu |date=7 October 2011 |access-date=9 October 2011}}</ref>

==Performing wings==

===Repertory company===
[[File:NSD at Anugoonj 2011.png|right|250px|thumb|Play by the NSD at the Anugoonj, 2011 (cultural festival of the [[GGSIPU]], Delhi)]]

The professional performing wing of NSD, the National School of Drama Repertory Company was set up in 1964, with an aim to promote professional theatre in India. Its first head was [[Om Shivpuri]], followed by [[Manohar Singh]], [[Ram Gopal Bajaj]] (Acting Chief), J.N. Kaushal (Acting Chief), [[Anuradha Kapur]] (Acting Chief), and Suresh Sharma, Sagar Kamble, Atul Singhai (Animation chief).

Today, the Repertory Company has staged over 120 plays based on the works of about 70 playwrights and featuring around 50 directors in several countries, and various cities across the nation, and has its own festival every year called the Annual Repertory Company Summer Festival, in which it performs new and past plays. In 2004, the repertory celebrated its 40th anniversary with a theatre festival in New Delhi.

===Sanskaar Rang Toli===
In 1989 NSD established the Theatre-in-Education Company (TIE), called Sanskaar Rang Toli, which coaches children aged 8 to 16 years. The company regularly performs plays for school and adult audiences alike, and has its own yearly theatre festivals, Jashn-e-Bachpan and Bal Sangam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nsd.gov.in/nsd_tietours.htm|title=T.I.E.|access-date=29 October 2007|archive-date=13 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013060951/http://www.nsd.gov.in/nsd_tietours.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Performing spaces==
The school has three auditoria within the campus:

* Abhimanch Auditorium
* Sammukh Auditorium
* Bahumukh Auditorium

It also has a studio theatre and minor performances spaces used on special occasions, like the Bharat Rangmahotsav.

==Regional centres==

In a bid to decentralize its activities, NSD opened Regional Resource Centres (RRC) across India, the first of which was opened at [[Bengaluru]] in 1994.<ref name=ns>[http://www.nsd.gov.in/Annual_Report_2005-06.pdf NSD Genesis] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718213711/http://www.nsd.gov.in/Annual_Report_2005-06.pdf |date=18 July 2011 }} NSD website</ref> A new centre was established in [[Varanasi]]. After the Reorganization of [[Andhra Pradesh]] State the "National Institute of Drama (NID)" was sanctioned for the city of [[Rajahmundry]] but is still pending to be fulfilled.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-08-03 |title=NSD’s proposed centre at Rajahmundry put on hold |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/nsds-proposed-centre-at-rajahmundry-put-on-hold/articleshow/59870161.cms |access-date=2025-07-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

[[File:20 Rang Mahotsav.jpg|thumb|Rang Mahotsav festival at NSD]]In November 2025, NSD inaugurated its 6th permanent center in Mumbai, with notable alumni and theatre personalities in attendance. The program featured theatre veterans, including Prof. Waman Kendre and Prof. Ram Gopal Bajaj. The centre aims to bring world-class theatre training to the city and to serve as a hub for aspiring actors and theatre professionals. The Mumbai center offers a One-Year Acting Programme, part-time certificate and weekend certificate courses in dramatic arts.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Debarati S. |last=Sen |title=From Delhi to Mumbai: NSD’s theatre legacy finds a new home |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/mumbai/from-delhi-to-mumbai-nsds-theatre-legacy-finds-a-new-home/amp_articleshow/125488821.cms |date=21 November 2025 |access-date=15 March 2026 |website=Times of India}}</ref>

==Bharat Rang Mahotsav==
{{Main|Bharat Rang Mahotsav}}

[[Bharat Rang Mahotsav]], or the National Theatre Festival, established in 1999, is the annual [[theatre festival]] of National School of Drama (NSD), held in [[New Delhi]], today it is acknowledged as the largest theatre festival of [[Asia/World]], dedicated solely to theatre.<ref name=bh>{{cite news |title=11th Bharat Rang Mahotsav to begin from Jan 7 |url= http://www.financialexpress.com/news/11th-bharat-rang-mahotsav-to-begin-from-jan-7/406807/|work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |date=5 January 2009 }}</ref> The school also organizes a festival showcasing tribal traditions, the [[Adirang Mahotsav]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/nation/2017/mar/04/celebrating-tribal-art-and-culture-with-adi-rang-mahotsav-100287.html|title=Celebrating tribal art and culture with 'Adi Rang Mahotsav'|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2019-10-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/rural-india-comes-together-at-adi-rang-mahotsav/articleshow/64465598.cms|title=Rural India comes together at Adi Rang Mahotsav - Times of India|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-10-03}}</ref>

===BRM@25===
NSD concluded its BRM@25, Silver Jubilee edition in February 2025. The festival was celebrated in India, Sri Lanka and Nepal, with over 500 performances by recognised industry stalwarts, global theatre practitioners and students of the drama school.

Bollywood actor and NSD alumni [[Rajpal Yadav]] was nominated as the Rang Doot for BRM@25.

There were masterclasses, seminars and talks with notable alumni of the school and industry professionals.

Students of the Short Term courses also performed at the festival, with 10 - 30 minutes performances directed by faculty and alumni of the institute.

== Extension programme ==

Extension programmes, through which NSD staff and alumni conduct workshops in various parts of the nation, were established in 1978. Workshops and programmes for adults and children have since been conducted throughout the country, and in Nepal, Sikkim, Ladakh, and Bhutan. Since its inception in 1980, the Traditional Theatrical Project has regularly allowed creative contact between traditional and contemporary theatre performers. Along with providing an introduction to theatre, these programmes aim to help participants develop their personalities and broaden their emotional horizons.

=== Extension centers ===

* Sikkim Center
* Bengaluru Center
* [[National School of Drama, Tripura|TIE Wings Tripura]]
* [[National School of Drama, Varanasi|Varanasi Center]]

==== Northeast Extension Programme ====
The National School of Drama's Extension Programme connects the school in Delhi to other regional theatres around the country. The school has been imparting training and creating plays with theatre practitioners all throughout the country through a series of well-planned theatrical workshops that take into account the individual demands of each location. These courses instruct those who cannot afford to spend three years at NSD and those who have been practising theatre for a long time.

The school also builds contact with a significant number of theatrical groups and organizations that are performing good work in the regions through collaborative projects through this programme.

NSD has recently arranged a series of theatre workshops in the Northeastern States as part of its Extension Programme. The workshops followed a three-step programme: the first was to pique all participants' interest in the complexities of the theatre experience - performance and transference; the second was to impart training in the area; and the third was to assist and guide them in preparing productions based on the received training. Once the productions were completed, participants were given the opportunity to present ten shows in various sections of the region in order to build self-confidence, a variety of experience, and audience engagement. Finally, the School decided to provide a forum to present these creations, which is how the Poorvottar Natya Samaroh was born.{{fact|date=February 2023}}

The first Poorvottar Natya Samaroh took place in Guwahati in 2007, followed by the second in Gangtok, Sikkim, in 2008. The plays in the Poorvottar Natya Samaroh covered a wide range of topics, including romance, social issues such as caste and gender, exploitation in a feudal system, survival and hope in a conflict-torn societal milieu, philosophical ideas, and resistance.{{fact|date=February 2023}}

== Short term courses ==

In 2024, NSD resumed conducting short term courses in acting and theatre direction with introduction of a 3 month certification course at its Delhi campus.

The course aims to further propagate interest in theatre, while giving opportunities to theatre professionals and aspirants alike, to develop and hone their craft with the best facilities available at the drama school.

The course currently operates with 4 variants - Basic, Advance, Weekend and Senior citizens, building an environment to foster the spirit of ‘Theatre is for everyone’.
In this series of short term course nsd after completion of Advance course new course super Advance is going to start from 26th may 2025 who has completed Advance Course.

== Publications ==

Major books and journals of NSD include:

* ''Theatre India''
* ''Rang Prasang''
* ''Raj Bhasha Munjusha'' (19th edition)
* ''Raj Bhasha Munjusha'' (20th edition)
* ''Rang Manch''

==Notable alumni==
Several NSD alumni have achieved national recognition for their work on stage, television and film. The following is a partial listing as provided by the school's website.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2022 |title=National School of Drama - Alumni |url=https://nsd.gov.in/delhi/index.php/alumni/ |access-date=1 August 2022 |website=National School of Drama |language=en-US}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Name
!Year
|-
|[[Om Shivpuri]]
| rowspan="3" |1963
|-
|[[Sudha Shivpuri]]
|-
|[[Sai Paranjpye]]
|-
|[[V K Sharma]]
|1972
|-
|[[Om Puri]]
|1973
|-
|[[Naseeruddin Shah]]
|1973
|-
|[[Rohini Hattangadi]]
|1974
|-
|[[Ratan Thiyam]]
|1974
|-
|[[Rajesh Vivek]]
|1974
|-
|[[Raj Babbar]]
|1975
|-
|[[Bijay Mohanty]]
|1975
|-
|[[Suresh Bhardwaj (actor)|Suresh Bhardwaj]]
|1976
|-
|[[Pankaj Kapur]]
| rowspan="4" |1976
|-
|[[Annu Kapoor]]
|-
|Robin Das
|-
|[[K. K. Raina]]
|-
|[[Virendra Razdan]]
| rowspan="3" |1977
|-
|[[Raghubir Yadav]]
|-
|[[Govind Namdev]]
|-
|[[Satish Kaushik]]
| rowspan="3" |1978
|-
|[[Anupam Kher]]
|-
|[[Anang Desai]]
|-
|[[Alok Nath]]
| rowspan="2" |1980
|-
|[[Neena Gupta]]
|-
|[[Ratna Pathak Shah|Ratna Pathak]]
| rowspan="2" |1981
|-
|[[Deepa Sahi]]
|-
|[[Himani Shivpuri|Himani Bhatt Shivpuri]]
|1982
|-
|[[Savita Prabhune]]
|1983
|-
|[[Seema Biswas]]
|1984
|-
|[[Piyush Mishra]]
| rowspan="4" |1986
|-
|[[Suresh Sharma]]
|-
|[[Vibha Chibber]]
|-
|[[Raghubir Yadav]]
|-
|[[Irrfan Khan]]
| rowspan="2" |1987
|-
|[[Mita Vashisht]]
|-
|[[Vineet Kumar]]
| rowspan="7" |1989
|-
|[[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]]
|-
|[[Nirmal Pandey]]
|-
|[[Navneet Nishan]]
|-
|[[Tigmanshu Dhulia]]
|-
|Kenneth Desai
|-
|[[Sitaram Panchal]]
|-
|[[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]]
| rowspan="2" |1990
|-
|[[Ashish Vidyarthi]]
|-
|[[Anup Soni]]
| rowspan="4" |1993
|-
|[[Rajesh Tailang]]
|-
|[[Zakir Hussain (actor)]]
|-
|[[Harish Khanna (actor)]]
|-
|[[Ashutosh Rana]]
| rowspan="6" |1994
|-
|Abhay Kulkarni
|-
|[[Rajpal Yadav]]
|-
|[[Kumud Mishra]]
|-
|[[Mukesh Tiwari]]
|-
|[[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]]
|-
|[[Atul Kulkarni]]
|1995
|-
|[[Swanand Kirkire]]
|1996
|-
|[[Sunita Rajwar]]
|1997
|-
|[[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]]
|1999
|-
|[[Subrat Dutta]]
|1999
|-
|[[Chittaranjan Tripathy]]
|1999
|-
|[[Gopal Datt]]
|1999
|-
|[[Neeraj Sood]]
|1999
|-
|[[Shyam Pathak]]
|2001
|-
|[[Chinmay Mandlekar]]
|2001
|-
|[[Pankaj Tripathi]]
|2004
|-
|[[Ishtiyak Khan]]
|2004
|-
|[[Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub]]
|2007
|-
|[[Tushar Pandey]]
|2009
|-
|[[Durgesh Kumar]]
|2009
|-
|[[Boloram Das]]
|2009
|-
|[[Bhupendra Jadawat]]
|2017
|-
|[[Indira Tiwari]]
|2018
|}

==Chairpersons of NSD==
{| class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; font-size: 85%; background:#ffffcc; color:black; width:20em; max-width: 85%;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
! style="background-color:#cccccc;" | Chairpersons of NSD<ref>{{cite web |title=Chairperson of the NSD|url=https://nsd.gov.in/delhi/index.php/chairperson/ |access-date=4 April 2021}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align: left;" |
* Dr. K.V. Rajamannar – 1959-61
* [[Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar|Maharaja Shri Chamaraja Wadiyar Bahadur]] – 1961-65
* [[Indira Gandhi]] – 1965-72
* [[K.P.S. Menon]] – 1976-Feb.1978
* [[Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay]] – March–Nov.1978
* [[L. M. Singhvi]] – Nov. 1978–82
* [[Shanta Gandhi]] – 1982–84
* Suresh Awasthi – 1984–86
* [[Vijaya Mehta|Vijaya F. Mehta]] – 1988–92
* P.C. Joshi – 1992–96
* [[Chandrashekhara Kambara]] – 1996-Nov.2000
* [[Anupam Kher]] – 2001-04
* [[Amal Allana]] – May 2005-13
* [[Ratan Thiyam]] – 2013-17
* [[Arjun Deo Charan]] – 2017-2020<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actor Paresh Rawal Appointed As Next Chairman Of National School Of Drama |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/actor-paresh-rawal-appointed-as-next-chairman-of-national-school-of-drama-2293458 |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
* [[Paresh Rawal]] – Sept.2020-2024

|}

==Directors of NSD==
NSD has had fourteen directors since its establishment in 1959:<ref>[http://www.nsd.gov.in/nsd_pdirectors.htm Previous Directors] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227081550/http://nsd.gov.in/nsd_pdirectors.htm |date=27 December 2007 }} National School of Drama, Official website.</ref>
{|class=wikitable
! Director !! Took office !! Left office
|-
| Satu Sen || 1959 || 1961
|-
| [[Ebrahim Alkazi]] || 1962 ||1977
|-
| [[B. V. Karanth]] || 1977 || 1982
|-
| [[B. M. Shah]] || 1982 || 1984
|-
| [[Mohan Maharishi]] || 1984 || 1986
|-
| [[Ratan Thiyam]] || 1987 || 1988
|-
| [[Kirti Jain]] || 1988 || 1995
|-
| [[Ram Gopal Bajaj]] || 1995 || Sept 2001
|-
| Devendra Raj Ankur || 2001 || 3 July 2007
|-
| [[Anuradha Kapur]] || July 2007 || July 2013
|-
| [[Waman Kendre]] || August 2013 || 26 September 2018
|-
| [[Chittaranjan Tripathy]] || 6 October 2023 ||
|}

== Molestation allegation ==
In August 2018, a woman student alleged molestation<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/national-school-of-drama-student-alleges-molestation-by-guest-teacher-1834097.html|title=National School of Drama Student Alleges Molestation by Guest Teacher|work=News18|access-date=5 August 2018}}</ref> – that she was inappropriately touched by National School of Drama's guest professor Suresh Shetty during the entrance workshop.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/delhi/girl-alleges-molestation-by-national-school-of-drama-professor-during-test-5292115/|title=Girl alleges molestation by National School of Drama professor during test|date=5 August 2018|work=The Indian Express|access-date=5 August 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/applicant-says-65-year-old-nsd-teacher-molested-her-during-test/articleshow/65274777.cms|title=Applicant says 65-year-old NSD teacher molested her during test |work=The Times of India|access-date=5 August 2018}}</ref> The accused professor was a retired Academics Dean of NSD.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/woman-who-alleged-molestation-not-our-student-national-school-of-drama-1895606|title=Woman Who Alleged Molestation Not Our Student: National School of Drama|work=NDTV.com|access-date=5 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/national-school-of-drama-student-alleges-molestation-by-guest-teacher/story-a17UXBCu0y5o8DXbXyxNSJ.html|title=National School of Drama student alleges molestation by guest teacher|date=4 August 2018|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=5 August 2018|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Theatre of India]]
* [[Ebrahim Alkazi]]
* [[Ninasam]]
* [[Bhartendu Academy of Dramatic Arts|Bhartendu Natya Academy]]
* [[Biju Pattnaik Film and Television Institute of Odisha]]
* [[Government Film and Television Institute]]
* [[Film and Television Institute of India]]
* [[Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute]]
* [[State Institute of Film and Television]]
* [[Madhya Pradesh School of Drama]]
*[[Kalabhavan]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* ''Rang yatra: twenty-five years of the National School of Drama Repertory Company'', by National School of Drama. Published by National School of Drama, 1992.

==External links==
* [http://www.nsd.gov.in Official NSD website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121207043957/http://nsd.gov.in/ |date=7 December 2012 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100102071553/http://www.nsdtheatrefest.com/indexenglish.html Official Bharat Rang Mahotsav website]

* [https://nationalschoolofdrama.blogspot.com/ NSD Alumni – Activities and Associations]
{{commons category|position=right}}

{{Film schools in India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:National School of Drama}}
[[Category:National School of Drama| ]]
[[Category:Drama schools in India]]
[[Category:Film schools in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Delhi]]
[[Category:Arts organisations based in Delhi]]
[[Category:Arts organizations established in 1959]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1959]]
[[Category:1959 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Performing arts education in India]]
[[Category:Theatre of India]]

Sourav Das (actor)

2026-03-15T04:50:06Z

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{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1989)}}
{{about|the actor born 1989|the actor born 1988|Subhra Sourav Das}}
{{redirect|Saurav Das|the football player born 1996|Sourav Das (footballer)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sourav Das
| image = Sourav Das RAG.jpg
| caption = Sourav in an interview
| native_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1989|01|21}}
| education = [[South Point School]]
| occupation = Actor
| height_m =
| height_ft =
| spouse = {{married|[[Darshana Banik]]|2023}}<ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:স্বপ্নের বাড়ি হল, বিয়ের অনেক দেরি: অনিন্দিতা |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/actor-anindita-bose-and-sourav-das-build-their-new-home-dgtl-1.1218348 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=20 October 2020 |language=bn}}</ref>
| awards = [[Films and Frames Digital Film Awards]] (2020)
| party =
}}
'''Sourav Das''' (or sometimes spelled '''Saurav Das''') is an Indian actor,<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=ভট্টাচার্য|first=স্বরলিপি|script-title=bn:ওনিরের হাত ধরে সৌরভের বলিউড ডেবিউ|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/sourav-das-starts-his-bollywood-journey-with-onir-dgtl-1.652878|access-date=2021-09-29|work=Anandabazar Patrika|language=bn}}</ref> presenter, comedian, and theater director in [[Indian television|Bengali television]], [[Cinema of West Bengal|cinema]] and [[Bengali theatre|theatre]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-01-26|title=The Festival of Politics, Played Out |work=The Telegraph|url=https://epaper.telegraphindia.com/details/152214-32031640.html|access-date=2021-09-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126185245/https://epaper.telegraphindia.com/details/152214-32031640.html|archive-date=2018-01-26}}</ref> He is best known for ''Dum Dum Digha Digha'', ''[[Bolo Dugga Maiki]]'' and for his roles in the web series "[[Montu Pilot]]", "Charitraheen – Seasons 1, 2, 3" and "Rahasya Romancha – Season 3".

== Early life and career ==
He graduated from [[South Point High School (India)|South Point High School]] in [[Kolkata]]. Then, he joined theater and later started his acting career in the [[Zee Bangla]] TV series [[Boyei Gelo]], in which he played Birsa Basak, the younger brother of Arjun (the hero of the series). He made his Bollywood film debut with ''[[Kuchh Bheege Alfaaz]]'' directed by [[Onir]]. He has worked with acclaimed Bengali film directors like [[Anjan Dutt]], [[Arindam Sil]], [[Birsa Dasgupta]], [[Kamaleshwar Mukherjee]], and [[Raj Chakraborty]]. He made his debut as a playback singer in [[Zee Bangla Cinema]] Originals, ''Chore Chore Mastuto Bhai''. Das married to actress [[Darshana Banik]] on 15 December 2023.<ref name=":0" />

== Filmography ==
* [[Aashiqui (2015 film)|''Aashiqui'']] ''(2015)''<ref>{{cite news |author=Md Enamul Hassan |date=29 September 2015 |title=Eid films bring life into theatres |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/arcprint/details/78966/Eid-films-bring-life-into-theatres/2015-09-29 |work=Daily Sun}}</ref>
* ''Guti Malhar'' (2016)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-01-26|title=New Zee Bangla Cinema Originals film Guti Malhar {{!}} Sholoanabangaliana Portal|url=http://sholoanabangaliana.in/2016/04/12/new-zee-bangla-cinema-originals-film-guti-malhar-team-meets-the-press/|access-date=2021-09-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126190109/http://sholoanabangaliana.in/2016/04/12/new-zee-bangla-cinema-originals-film-guti-malhar-team-meets-the-press/|archive-date=2018-01-26}}</ref>
* ''Dum Dum Digha Digha'' (2016)<ref>{{Cite web|title=ZBCO brings sequel of Guti Malhar|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/movie/movie-news/zbco-brings-sequel-of-guti-malhar-161122|access-date=2021-09-29|website=Tellychakkar.com|language=en}}</ref>
* ''[[Gangster (2016 film)|Gangster]]'' (2016)<ref>{{Citation|title=Gangster Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Gangster by Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/gangster/movie-review/54808624.cms|access-date=2021-09-29}}</ref>
* ''Guti Malhar Er Atithi'' (2017)<ref>{{cite news |title=Guti Malhar Er Atithi' on ZEE5 |url=https://www.zee5.com/movies/details/guti-malhar-er-atithi/0-0-gutimalhareratithi |work=ZEE5 |publisher=[[Zee Entertainment]] |access-date=5 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=দেব |first1=স্বর্ণাভ |script-title=bn:ইট'স অফিশিয়াল! |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/it-s-official-saurav-das-to-marry-anindita-bose-soon-1.712267 |work=Anandabazar Patrika |date=24 November 2017|language=bn}}</ref>
* ''One Night Stand'' (2017)<ref>{{Cite news |script-title=bn:সৌরভ-প্রিয়মের 'ওয়ান নাইট স্ট্যান্ড'-এ এলেন নতুন কেউ!|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/there-is-a-new-character-in-saurav-das-and-priyam-chakraborty-s-one-night-stand-dgtl-1.722687|access-date=2021-09-29|work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|language=bn}}</ref>
* ''[[Bolo Dugga Maiki]] ''(2017)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/specials/bengali/durga-comes-alive-on-the-big-screen/articleshow/60826794.cms|title=Durga comes alive on the big screen |work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-11-20}}</ref>
* ''Good Night City'' (2018)<ref>{{Cite news |script-title=bn:অপরাধ মনস্তত্ত্ব ও আইন নিয়ে|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/good-night-city-the-new-film-of-director-kamaleshwar-mukherjee-1.727641|access-date=2021-09-29|work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|language=bn}}</ref>
* ''[[Ka Kha Ga Gha]] ''(2018)<ref>{{cite news |title='Ka Kha Ga Gha' trailer promises a fun roller coaster ride - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/ka-kha-ga-gha-trailer-promises-a-fun-roller-coaster-ride/articleshow/63026364.cms |access-date=5 October 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Reunion'' (2018)<ref name="a">{{cite news |title=Telly actor Sourav Das in the serail Khokababu? - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/telly-actor-sourav-das-in-the-serial-khokababu/articleshow/63378045.cms |access-date=5 October 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Teen Cup Cha'' (2018)<ref name="b"/>
* ''Chore Chore Mastuto Bhai'' (2019)<ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:আসছে নতুন কমেডি ছবি 'চোরে চোরে মাসতুতো ভাই' |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/a-new-comedy-film-is-coming-on-tv-dgtl-1.933191 |access-date=5 October 2021 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|language=bn}}</ref>
* ''[[Finally Bhalobasha]]'' (2019)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sarkar |first1=Roushni |title=Finally Bhalobasa review: Despite fine performances, film fails to delineate the journey to true love |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/finally-bhalobasha-36535 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807154656/https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/finally-bhalobasha-36535 |url-status=live |archive-date=7 August 2020 |work=Cinestaan |date=8 February 2019}}</ref>
* ''[[Sweater (film)|Sweater]]'' (2019)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Sankha |title=Sourav thrilled to share screen with Saswata and Rudranil - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/sourav-thrilled-to-share-screen-with-saswata-and-rudranil/articleshow/78679721.cms |work=The Times of India |date=15 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Ke Tumi Nandini'' (2019)<ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:নন্দিনীর প্রেমের প্রস্তাব ফেরালেন বনি, ব্যাপারটা কী? |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/bony-sengupta-starrer-bengali-film-ke-tumi-nandini-trailer-out-now/ |access-date=5 October 2021 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |language=bn}}</ref>
* ''Wrong Number'' (2019)
* ''Felunather Marksheet'' (2019)<ref>{{cite news |title=Sourav Das and Tonni Laha Roy in a rom-com - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/sourav-das-and-tonni-laha-roy-in-a-rom-com/articleshow/70766057.cms |access-date=5 October 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Bhalobashar Sohor'' (2019)<ref>{{cite news |title=A Bengali anthology celebrating the spirit of Kolkata - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/a-bengali-anthology-celebrating-the-spirit-of-kolkata/articleshow/71370786.cms |access-date=5 October 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
* ''[[Prem Amar 2]]'' (2019)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sarkar |first1=Roushni |title=Prem Amar 2 trailer looks like typical love story with nothing new to offer |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2019/jan/5/17860 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005114127/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2019/jan/5/17860 |url-status=live |archive-date=5 October 2021 |work=Cinestaan |date=5 January 2019}}</ref>
* ''Teen Bindu'' (2019){{fact|date=October 2024}}
* ''[[Adda (2019 film)|Adda]]'' (2019)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Sankha |title=Director Devayush gives a peek into 'Adda's storyline - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/director-devayush-gives-a-peek-into-addas-storyline/articleshow/70972014.cms |access-date=5 October 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Kora Pak'' (2020){{fact|date=October 2024}}
* ''Archie'' (2020)<ref>{{cite news |title=Sourav Das in Joydip Banerjee's new-age romantic comedy 'Archie' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/sourav-das-in-joydip-banerjees-new-age-romantic-comedy-archie/articleshow/73098059.cms |access-date=5 October 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Cheeni'' (2020)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Buzarbaruah |first1=Upam |title=Cheeni Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/cheeni/movieshow/79774678.cms |access-date=5 October 2021 |work=Times of India}}</ref>
* ''Pratidwandi'' (2021)<ref name="c">{{cite news |title=Sourav Das turns a painter in upcoming thriller - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/sourav-das-turns-a-painter-in-upcoming-thriller/articleshow/83599395.cms |access-date=5 October 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Olpo Holeo Sotti'' (2021)<ref>{{cite news |title=Sourav-Darshana: ওটিটির পরিবর্তে বড় পর্দায় আসছে সৌরভ-দর্শনার 'অল্প হলেও সত্যি' |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/sourav-das-and-darshana-banik-starrer-alpo-holeo-sotti-to-release-on-big-screen-after-durga-puja-31632136683756.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005114129/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/sourav-das-and-darshana-banik-starrer-alpo-holeo-sotti-to-release-on-big-screen-after-durga-puja-31632136683756.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 October 2021 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] Bangla |date=20 September 2021 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Alpo Holeo Sotte: সামনে এল সৌরভ, দর্শনা, ঋষভ, সৃজনীর লুক |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/photos/sourav-das-darshana-banik-starrer-film-alpo-holeo-sotte-all-look-revealed-407211 |work=[[Zee 24 Ghanta]] |date=2 October 2021 |language=bn}}</ref>
* ''Harano Prapti'' (2020)<ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:মর্মান্তিক কাহিনি-নির্ভর রাজা চন্দের আগামী ছবি |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/soham-tanushree-payels-new-movie-harano-prapti-91617/ |access-date=5 October 2021 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=5 April 2019 |language=bn-IN}}</ref>
* ''Iskabon'' (2022)
* ''Rish'' (2022)
* ''Bishakto Manush'' (2022)
* ''[[Kolkata Chalantika]]'' (2022)
* ''[[Karnasubarner Guptodhon]]'' (2022)
* ''Hridoypur'' (2022)
* ''[[Abar Bibaho Obhijaan]]'' (2023)
* ''[[Boomerang (2024 Bengali film)|Boomerang]]'' (2024)
* ''Turuper Tass'' (2025)
* ''[[Mir Jafar: Chapter 2]]'' (Upcoming)
* ''Flashback'' (filming)<ref>{{Cite news |date= |title=First look of Bubly-starrer 'Flashback' out |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/post/731238 |access-date=2024-02-07 |work=Daily Sun |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Achena Charitra'' (Announced) (2025)
* ''[[The Bengal Files]]'' (2025)
* ''Serious or Not'' (Announced) (TBA)
* [[The Academy of Fine Arts (film)|''The Academy of Fine Arts'']] (2025)

== Web series ==
{{columns-list|colwidth=35em|
* ''[[Gariahater Ganglords]]''<ref>{{Cite news |script-title=bn:গড়িয়াহাটের মোড়ে 'হইচই' গ্যাংলর্ডসের!|url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/hoichoi-brings-bengals-first-web-sitcom-gariahat-er-ganglords/articleshow/62457439.cms|access-date=2021-09-29|work=Ei Samay|date=11 January 2018 |language=bn}}</ref>
* ''Bou Keno Psycho''<ref>{{cite web |title=Bou Keno Psycho (2019) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/bou-keno-psycho-44487 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118050316/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/bou-keno-psycho-44487 |url-status=live |archive-date=18 January 2021 |website=Cinestaan |ref=21 February 2021}}</ref>
* ''Charitraheen''
* ''Astey Ladies''<ref name="b">{{cite news |title=Canvas Short Film: দাগী খুনির স্কেচ আঁকলেন সৌরভ, শুরু হল তদন্ত |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/canvas-short-film-819574 |work=bengali.abplive.com |publisher=[[ABP Ananda]] |date=17 June 2021 |language=bn}}</ref>
* ''Ore Maa''
* ''Apaharan''<ref name="b"/>
* ''Charitraheen 2''<ref name="b"/>
* ''[[Montu Pilot]]''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Raksit |first1=Priyadarshinee |title=Saurav Das: I isolated myself for more than a week to prepare for Montu Pilot |url=https://www.spotboye.com/bengali/bengali-news/saurav-das-i-isolated-myself-for-more-than-a-week-to-prepare-for-montu-pilot/5dde9f156608a427896976da |work=www.spotboye.com |publisher=[[9X Media]] |date=28 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Kamini''
* ''Charitraheen 3''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bose |first1=Priyanka |script-title=bn:কাদামাখা শরীরে অন্তরঙ্গে মুহূর্তে লীন স্বস্তিকা-সৌরভ, মুক্তি পেল 'চরিত্রহীন ৩' |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/swastika-mukherjee-and-sourav-das-cosy-picture-charitraheen-3-released-31608813493964.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125003205/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/swastika-mukherjee-and-sourav-das-cosy-picture-charitraheen-3-released-31608813493964.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 January 2021 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] Bangla |date=24 December 2020 |language=bn}}</ref>
* ''[[Break Up Story]]''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Arindam |title=Anindita Bose: Saurav is method and I am spontaneous |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/anindita-bose-saurav-is-method-and-i-am-spontaneous/cid/1806769 |work=www.telegraphindia.com |publisher=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |date=16 February 2021}}</ref>
* [[Rahasya Romancha Series|''Rahasya Romancho Series'']] (Season 3)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Farzeen |first1=Sana |title=Hoichoi announces over 25 new titles on its third anniversary |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/hoichoi-announces-over-25-new-titles-on-its-third-anniversary-6601536/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=18 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Pabitra Puppies''
* ''Canvas''<ref name="b"/><ref name="c"/>
* [[Katakuti (web series)|''Katakuti'']]<ref>{{cite news |title='Katakuti' Trailer: Sourav Das, Manosi Sengupta And Biplab Bandyopadhyay Starrer 'Katakuti' Official Trailer {{!}} Entertainment |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/web-series/bengali/katakuti-trailer-sourav-das-manosi-sengupta-and-biplab-bandyopadhyay-starrer-katakuti-official-trailer/videoshow/93000004.cms |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
* ''[[Picasso (web series)|Picasso]]'' (2023)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Banerjee |first1=Anish |title=Picasso Web Series: Actor Tota Roy Chowdhury appears as a painter in Klikk's Crime and Thriller 'Picasso' |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/entertainment/picasso-web-series-actor-tota-roy-chowdhury-appears-as-a-painter-in-klikks-crime-and-thriller-picasso |website=BruTimes |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Paashbalish]]

== Television ==
* ''[[Boyei Gelo]]'' ([[Zee Bangla]])<ref name="a"/>
* ''[[Kojagori]]'' ([[Zee Bangla]])
* ''[[Raage Anuraage]]'' ([[Zee Bangla]])
* ''[[Thik Jeno Love Story]]'' ([[Star Jalsha]])<ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:ঈশ্বরের কাছে প্রার্থনা করলে সৌরভের নামটা মাথায় আসে, ও খুব ভাল থাকুক: অলিভিয়া |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/alivia-sarkar-wishes-sourav-das-on-his-birthday-shares-a-picture-of-their-upcoming-movie-dgtl/cid/1262516 |work=Anandabazar Patrika |language=bn}}</ref>
* ''[[Jarowar Jhumko]]'' ([[Zee Bangla]])
* ''I Laugh You'' (2015) {as a contestant}
* ''[[Potol Kumar Ganwala]]'' ([[Star Jalsha]])
* Amra Na Ora (2015)
* [[Apur Sangsar (TV series)|''Apur Sangsar'']] (2017)
* ''[[Dadagiri Unlimited]]'' 7, 9 (2017) (2021) {as a contestant}
* ''[[Zee Bangla]] Football League'' (2019) {as a participant}
* ''Start Music'' (2020)<ref>{{cite news |title=Actor Saurav Das is excited to host 'Start Music' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/actor-saurav-das-is-excited-to-host-srart-music/articleshow/72120388.cms |work=The Times of India |date=19 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''[[Didi No. 1]]'' (2021) {as a contestant}<ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:'দিদি নম্বর ১'-এর মঞ্চে দাদা সৌরভের সমস্ত কীর্তি ফাঁস বোন অরুণিমার, দেখুন ভিডিয়ো |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/actor-sourav-das-is-in-didi-no-1-whith-sister-arunima-das-31620710807233.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511062436/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/actor-sourav-das-is-in-didi-no-1-whith-sister-arunima-das-31620710807233.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 May 2021 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=11 May 2021 |language=bn}}</ref>/ {as a temporary host} <ref>{{cite news |title=Why is Rachna Banerjee not in Didi No. 1 ?|url=https://www.khaskhobor.com/entertainment/why-is-rachna-banerjee-not-in-didi-no1/?amp |work=Khashkhobor|date=22 November 2021}} </ref>
* ''Gole-Male-Gol'' (2021)<ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:সেলিব্রিটি রান্নার শো অথচ রান্না করতে দিচ্ছেন না সঞ্চালক Saurav, বোঝো কাণ্ড! |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/entertainment/saurav-das-is-going-to-host-a-fun-show-golemale-gol-with-twelve-bengali-celebrities_405603.html |work=Zee24Ghanta.com |publisher=[[Zee 24 Ghanta]] |date=22 September 2021|language=bn}}</ref>
}}

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Award
!Category
|-
|2016
|[[Star Jalsha]] Parivaar Awards
|Best Anchor
|-
|2019
|Hoichoi Awards
|Series Star Of the Year
|-
|2020
|[[Films and Frames Digital Film Awards]]
|OTT Most Promising Face<ref>{{cite news |title=Films and Frames hosts 'Digital Film Awards' for Tollywood |url=https://www.indiablooms.com/showbiz-details/T/13032/films-and-frames-hosts-digital-film-awards-for-tollywood.html |work=Indiablooms.com |date=11 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|Hoichoi Awards
|Breakthrough Performance of The Year<ref>{{cite news |title=Hoichoi Awards 2020: স্বস্তিকা, সৌরভ, সৃজিত, অনির্বাণদের ঝুলিতে এল পুরস্কার, কে কী পেলেন? |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/photos/hoichoi-awards-2020-see-the-winners-list-362450 |work=Zee24Ghanta.com |publisher=[[Zee 24 Ghanta]] |date=5 January 2021}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{commons category-inline}}
* {{IMDb name|nm0201911}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Bengali male television actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian web series actors]]
[[Category:Bengali male actors]]

List of Hindu School people

2026-03-09T04:56:08Z

Gurupratap Rajan: creating first page from scratch - done

{{Short description|none}}
{{refimprove|date=August 2016}}
Alumni members as well as professors and teachers of [[Hindu School, Kolkata]] are nicknamed '''Hindu School People'''. In 1947 ''Hindu School Alumni Association'' was established to keep the students connected ever after. The school's alumni includes many educationalists, poets, writers, social reformers, political activists, doctors and engineers of [[Bengal Renaissance]] era. Such as:
* [[Satyendranath Tagore]].<ref>Sengupta, Subodh Chandra and Bose, Anjali (editors), ''Sansad Bangali Charitabhidhan'' (Biographical dictionary) Vol I, 1976/1998, pp. 554–5, Sahitya Sansad, {{ISBN|81-85626-65-0}} {{in lang|bn}}.</ref>
* [[Jyotirindranath Tagore]].<ref>Sengupta, Subodh Chandra and Bose, Anjali (editors), 1976/1998, ''Sansad Bangali Charitabhidhan'', pp. 184–185</ref>
* [[Taraknath Palit]]
* [[Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee]]
* [[Satyendra Nath Bose]]
* [[Chhabi Biswas]]
* [[Nitin Bose]]
* [[Birendranath Sircar]]
* [[Meghnad Saha]]
* [[Michael Madhusudan Dutt|Michael Modhusudan Dutt]]
* [[Young Bengal]]s
* [[Prasanna Kumar Tagore]]
* [[Rajendralal Mitra]]
* [[Peary Chand Mitra]]
* [[Pratap Chandra Chunder|Dr. Pratap Chandra Chunder]]
* [[Keshub Chandra Sen|Keshob Chandra Sen]]
* [[Nisith Ranjan Ray]]
* [[Rajnarayan Basu|Rishi Rajnarayan Bosu]]
* [[Anandamohan Bose]]
* [[Kaliprasanna Singha]]
* [[Kulada Charan Das Gupta]]
* [[Digambar Mitra]]

== Detailed and categorised list ==

* Social reform
:* [[Rajendralal Mitra]] - first Indian administrator of [[Asiatic Society]].
:* [[Surendranath Banerjee]] - educationalist, social reformer and political activist during Indian freedom movement.
:* [[Young Bengal]]s - Derozians, key people of Young Bengal Movement.
:* [[Keshub Chandra Sen|Keshob Chandra Sen]] - key person of The Bramha Samaj Movement.
:* [[Anandamohan Bose]] - prominent leader of Bramha Samaj Movement.

* Professors
:* [[Taraknath Palit]] -An eminent professor and founder member or Calcutta University Science College.
:* [[Satyendranath Bose]] -an eminent professor, known world-wide for the famous [[Bose–Einstein statistics]] theory.
:* [[Meghnad Saha]] -Professor and famous scientist.
:* [[Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis]] -Famous educationist, scientist, founder of Indian Statistical Institute.

* Education
:* [[Manindra Chandra Nandy]] -An eminent educationalist, founder of [[Maharaja Manindra Chandra College]].
:* Dr.[[Pratap Chandra Chunder]] -An eminent educationist.
:* [[Surendranath Banerjee]] -An eminent educationalist, social reformer and political activist during Indian freedom movement.
:* [[Taraknath Palit]] -An eminent professor and founder member or Calcutta University Science College.
:* [[Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis]] -Famous educationist, scientist, founder of Indian Statistical Institute.
:* [[Anandamohan Bose]] -Founder of [[City College, Kolkata]].
:* [[Kaliprasanna Singha]] - founder of '''Vidyotsahini Sabha'''.

* Political Activism

:* [[Atulya Ghosh]] - Former Chief-minister of West Bengal
:* [[Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee]] - one of the founders of Indian National Congress
:* [[Bipin Chandra Pal]] - leader of August Movement & Indian National Congress
:* [[Anandamohan Bose]] - founder of [[Indian National Association]].
:* [[Santosh Kumar Mitra]] - martyr and Indian freedom fighter
:* [[Radharaman Mitra]] - Bengali revolutionary in [[Meerut Conspiracy Case]] and social historian
:* [[Sankar Das Banerji]] - Indian barrister and politician
:* [[Bankim Mukherjee]] - One of the first communist political leaders from Bengal.
:* [[Charu Majumdar]] - key person of extreme leftist movement of Kolkata of 1970's
:* [[Somendra Nath Mitra]] - prominent leader of Indian National Congress.

* Poetry & writing
:* [[Peary Chand Mitra]] - key person of Standard Bengali Language literature
:* [[Premendra Mitra]] - creator of Ghona Da (a fictional character)
:* [[Hemendra Kumar Roy]] - writer of juvenile literature
:* [[Michael Madhusudan Dutt|Michael Modhusudan Dutt]] - creator of Bengali sonnet, writer of Meghnadbadh Kavya
:* [[Pulak Bandyopadhyay]] - lyricist of modern Bengali songs
:* [[Kaliprasanna Singha]] - author of '''Hutom Pyanchar Naksha''', earliest book of Modern Standard Bengali language
:* [[Tridib Kumar Chattopadhyay]] - author and editor of Kishore Bharati

* Science
:* [[Satyendranath Bose]] -an eminent professor, known world-wide for the famous [[Bose–Einstein statistics]] theory
:* [[Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis]] - educationist, scientist, founder of Indian Statistical Institute
:* [[Taraknath Palit]] - professor and founder member of Calcutta University Science College
:* [[Meghnad Saha]] - professor and scientist
:* [[Radhanath Sikdar]] - Calculate the height of Mt. Everest for the first time.

* Doctors
:* Dr.[[Nilratan Sircar]] - founder of Campbell Hospital (now, Nilratan Sircar Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata)
:* Dr.[[Radha Gobinda Kar]] - founder of R.G. Kar Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata

* Performing arts
:* [[Chhabi Biswas]] - actor, awarded with Padwashre
:* [[Birendranath Sircar]] - eminent [[Engineer]], [[Film]] [[Film producer|Producer]], founder of [[New Theaters]] [[Calcutta]], awarded with [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]].
:* [[Nitin Bose]] - director, cinematographer & screenplay writer, awarded with [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]].
:* [[Pulak Bandyopadhyay]] - lyricist of modern Bengali songs.
:* [[Shiboprosad Mukherjee]] - film director
* Sports
:* [[Prasanta Banerjee]] - football player
:* [[Chuni Goswami]] - player of Indian football team & Mohun Bagan Athletic Club.
:* [[Surya Sekhar Ganguly]] - Grandmaster.

* Government administration
:* [[Sir Edward Hyde East]] - Chief-justice of Supreme Court India
:* [[Atulya Ghosh]] - Former Chief-minister of West Bengal
:* [[Ranjit Kumar Gupta|Ranjit Gupta]] - Former commissioner of Calcutta Police
* [[Kulada Charan Das Gupta]]- Former Chief Justice of Calcutta High Court.

* Industrialists and entrepreneurs
:* [[Purnendu Chatterjee]] - Key people of Chatterjee Internationals
:* [[Hemendra Mohan Bose]] - A scientist, entrepreneur of [[Bengal Renaissance]] period.
:* [[B.K. Chandra]] - Key person of PC Chandra Group

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu School, Kolkata alumni]]

2025 National Games of India

2026-03-08T17:04:50Z

Gurupratap Rajan: made the article basic info

{{Short description|Sporting event}}
{{Infobox games
| name = 38th National Games of India
| logo = 2025 National Games of India logo.png
| size =
| caption =
| host_city = [[Dehradun]], [[Haridwar]], [[Shivpuri (Rishikesh), Uttrakhand|Shivpuri]], [[New Tehri]], [[Nainital]], [[Haldwani]], [[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand|Rudrapur]], and [[Pithoragarh]]
| motto = ''Sankalp Se Shikhar Tak'' {{small|([[Hindi]] for, ''Reaching Heights With Resolve'')}}
| teams = 37
| athletes = 11,354
| opening = 28 January
| closing = 14 February
| opened_by = [[Narendra Modi]] ([[Prime Minister of India]])
| closed_by = [[Amit Shah]] ([[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister of India]])
| athlete_oath = [[Lakshya Sen]]
| judge_oath =
| torch_lighter =
| stadium = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Dehradun|Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Raipur, Uttarakhand|Raipur]], Dehradun
| website = [https://38nguk.in/ 38th National Games]
| previous = [[2023 National Games of India|2023]]
| next =
| sports = 35
}}

The '''2025 National Games of India''', also known as the '''38th [[National Games of India]]''' and informally as the '''Uttarakhand 2025''', were held in the state of [[Uttarakhand]] from 28 January to 14 February.
The games were Inaugurated by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] along with him, the [[Governor of Uttarakhand]], Lt. Gen. (Retd.) [[Gurmit Singh (general)|Gurmit Singh]], [[Chief Minister of Uttarakhand]], [[Pushkar Singh Dhami]], Union Ministers of State [[Ajay Tamta]], [[Raksha Khadse]] were present among other dignitaries at the event. The Event ended on 14 February 2025, Home Minister [[Amit Shah]] was the chief guest of the closing ceremony. Apart from Amit Shah, several dignitaries were in attendance, including Union Sports Minister [[Mansukh Mandaviya]], Uttarakhand Chief Minister Pushkar Singh Dhami, Meghalaya Chief Minister [[Conrad Sangma]], Union Minister of State for Road Transport and Highways Ajay Tamta, Uttarakhand Sports Minister [[Rekha Arya]], Nainital MP [[Ajay Bhatt]], and Indian Olympic Association President and MP [[P. T. Usha]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=38th National Games to be held at seven places in Uttarakhand|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/dehradun-city-38th-national-games-in-uttarakhand-38th-national-games-to-be-held-at-seven-places-in-uttarakhand-23463761.html |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=[[Dainik Jagran|Jagran]]|language=hindi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Successful completion of National Games will bring greater recognition to Uttarakhand at national level: CM Dhami
|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/successful-completion-of-national-games-will-bring-greater-recognition-to-uttarakhand-at-national-level-cm-dhami20230706205356/ |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=[[Asian News International|ANI]]|language=en}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |title=PM inaugurates the 38th National Games in Dehradun |url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/pm-inaugurates-the-38th-national-games-in-dehradun/ |website=PM India |publisher=Prime Minister's Office, Government of India |date=2024-12-15 |access-date=2025-02-16}}</ref>

==Host selection==
The [[Indian Olympic Association]] gave the Uttarakhand Olympic Association hosting rights for the 2025 edition during the closing ceremony of the [[2023 National Games of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttarakhand will host 38th national games 2024, Indian Olympic Association flag will be received on 9 November |url=https://www.amarujala.com/dehradun/uttarakhand-will-host-38th-national-games-2024-indian-olympic-association-flag-will-be-received-on-9-november-2023-11-03 |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=[[Amar Ujala]]|language=hindi}}</ref>

==Organisers==
* Uttarakhand Olympic Association
* [[Government of Uttarakhand]] Department of Sports
* [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]]
* [[Indian Olympic Association]]

==Venues==
; [[Dehradun]]
* [[Maharana Pratap Sports College|Maharana Pratap Sports Complex]]
* Pavallion Ground Sports Complex
* FRIMA Golf Course
; [[Haridwar]]
* Roshnabad Sports Complex
; [[Shivpuri, Uttarakhand|Shivpuri]]
* Shivpuri Adventure Sports Complex
; [[New Tehri]]
* [[Tehri Dam|Tehri Lake]]
; [[Nainital]]
* [[Nainital Lake]]
* [[Raj Bhavan, Nainital|Raj Bhavan Golf Course]]
; [[Haldwani]]
* Haldwani District Sports Complex
* [[IGl Sports Stadium|Indira Gandhi Sports Complex]]
; [[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand|Rudrapur]]
* Manoj Sarkar Sports Complex
; [[Pithoragarh]]
* Hari Singh Thapa Sports Complex

==Marketing==
The official logo of the games and the mascot, ''Mauli'' a [[Himalayan monal]], were unveiled in December 2024. The official olympic torch for the game is named ''Tejaswini''.

==Sports==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 60%;"
|-
!38th National Games of India
|-
|
*{{GamesSport|Aquatics}}
**[[Diving (sport)|Diving]]
**[[Swimming (sport)|Swimming]]
**[[Water polo]]
*{{GamesSport|Archery}}
*{{GamesSport|Athletics}}
*{{GamesSport|Badminton}}
*{{GamesSport|Basketball}}
**[[3x3 basketball]]
*{{GamesSport|Boxing}}
*{{GamesSport|Canoeing}}
*{{GamesSport|Equestrian}}
*{{GamesSport|Field hockey}}
*{{GamesSport|Football}}
*{{GamesSport|Golf}}
*{{GamesSport|Gymnastics}}
*{{GamesSport|Handball}}
*{{GamesSport|Judo}}
*{{GamesSport|Kabaddi}}
*{{GamesSport|Kho kho}}
*{{GamesSport|Lawn bowls}}
*{{GamesSport|Netball}}
*{{GamesSport|Rowing}}
*{{GamesSport|Rugby}}
*{{GamesSport|Sailing}}
*{{GamesSport|Shooting}}
*{{GamesSport|Squash}}
*{{GamesSport|Table tennis}}
*{{GamesSport|Taekwondo}}
*{{GamesSport|Tennis}}
*{{GamesSport|Triathlon}}
*{{GamesSport|Volleyball}}
*{{GamesSport|Weightlifting}}
*{{GamesSport|Wrestling}}
*{{GamesSport|Wushu}}
*[[Competitive yoga|Yogasana]]
|}

==Participation and events==
Participation from 11,354 athletes representing various states and union territories. The host state, Uttarakhand, had the highest number of participants with 1,012, followed by Haryana (875), Maharashtra (795), Karnataka (677), and Tamil Nadu (618). The event featured 32 competitive sports and three demonstration events, including traditional disciplines like [[Kalarippayattu]], [[Mallakhamba]], and [[Rafting]]. Competitions were held across multiple venues in cities such as Dehradun, Haridwar, Rishikesh, and Pithoragarh, showcasing India's diverse athletic talent and cultural heritage.

== Medal table ==
{{Medals table
| caption = 2025 National Games medal table <ref>https://www.olympics.com/en/news/national-games-2025-medal-tally-table</ref><ref>https://38nguk.in/games/medals</ref>
| host =Host state
| flag_template = {{flagicon image|Flag of Uttarakhand.svg}}
| event = 38th National Games of India
| team = State
| show_limit =
| gold_1 = 68 | silver_1 = 26 | bronze_1 = 27 | total_1 = 121 | name_1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Indian Armed Forces.svg}} [[Services Sports Control Board|Services]]
| gold_2 = 54 | silver_2 = 71 | bronze_2 = 76 | total_2 = 201 | name_2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Maharashtra.svg}} [[Maharashtra]]
| gold_3 = 48 | silver_3 = 47 | bronze_3 = 58 | total_3 = 153 | name_3 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Haryana.svg}} [[Haryana]]
| gold_4 = 34 | silver_4 = 26 | bronze_4 = 22 | total_4 = 82 | name_4 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Madhya Pradesh.svg}} [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| gold_5 = 34 | silver_5 = 18 | bronze_5 = 28 | total_5 = 80 | name_5 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Karnataka.svg}} [[Karnataka]]
| gold_6 = 27 | silver_6 = 30 | bronze_6 = 35 | total_6 = 92 | name_6 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Tamil Nadu.svg}} [[Tamil Nadu]]
| gold_7 = 24 | silver_7 = 35 | bronze_7 = 44 | total_7 = 103 |name_7 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Uttarakhand.svg}} [[Uttarakhand]] | host_7 = yes

| gold_8 = 16 | silver_8 = 13 | bronze_8 = 18 | total_8 = 47 | name_8 = [[West Bengal]]
| gold_9 = 15 | silver_9 = 20 | bronze_9 = 31 | total_9 = 66 | name_9 = [[Punjab]]
| gold_10 = 15 | silver_10 = 18 | bronze_10 = 29 | total_10 = 62 | name_10 = [[Delhi]]
| gold_11 = 14 | silver_11 = 16 | bronze_11 = 25 | total_11 = 55 | name_11 = [[Manipur]]
| gold_12 = 14 | silver_12 = 15 | bronze_12 = 17 | total_12 = 46 | name_12 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Odisha.svg}} [[Odisha]]
| gold_13 = 13 | silver_13 = 20 | bronze_13 = 23 | total_13 = 56 | name_13 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Uttar Pradesh.svg}}
[[Uttar Pradesh]]
| gold_14 = 13 | silver_14 = 17 | bronze_14 = 24 | total_14 = 54 | name_14 = [[Kerala]]
| gold_15 = 9 | silver_15 = 11 | bronze_15 = 23 | total_15 = 43 | name_15 = [[Rajasthan]]
| gold_16 = 8 | silver_16 = 10 | bronze_16 = 20 | total_16 = 38 | name_16 = [[Gujarat]]
| gold_17 = 7 | silver_17 = 6 | bronze_17 = 12 | total_17 = 25 | name_17 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Jharkhand.svg}} [[Jharkhand]]
| gold_18 = 7 | silver_18 = 1 | bronze_18 = 6 | total_18 = 14 | name_18 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| gold_19 = 5 | silver_19 = 6 | bronze_19 = 13 | total_19 = 24 | name_19 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Jammu and Kashmir.svg}} [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| gold_20 = 5 | silver_20 = 3 | bronze_20 = 2 | total_20 = 10 | name_20 = {{nowrap|[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]}}
| gold_21 = 4 | silver_21 = 6 | bronze_21 = 9 | total_21 = 19 | name_21 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Chandigarh.svg}} [[Chandigarh]]
| gold_22 = 4 | silver_22 = 3 | bronze_22 = 8 | total_22 = 15 | name_22 = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| gold_23 = 4 | silver_23 = 3 | bronze_23 = 6 | total_23 = 13 | name_23 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Arunachal Pradesh.svg}} [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| gold_24 = 3 | silver_24 = 15 | bronze_24 = 16 | total_24 = 34 | name_24 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Assam.svg}} [[Assam]]
| gold_25 = 3 | silver_25 = 4 | bronze_25 = 9 | total_25 = 16 | name_25 = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| gold_26 = 3 | silver_26 = 3 | bronze_26 = 12 | total_26 = 18 | name_26 = [[Telangana]]
| gold_27 = 2 | silver_27 = 4 | bronze_27 = 4 | total_27 = 10 | name_27 = [[Goa]]
| gold_28 = 2 | silver_28 = 0 | bronze_28 = 1 | total_28 = 3 | name_28 = [[Mizoram]]
| gold_29 = 1 | silver_29 = 6 | bronze_29 = 5 | total_29 = 12 | name_29 = [[Bihar]]
| gold_30 = 1 | silver_30 = 2 | bronze_30 = 2 | total_30 = 5 | name_30 = [[Meghalaya]]
| gold_31 = 0 | silver_31 = 1 | bronze_31 = 1 | total_31 = 2 | name_31 = [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
| gold_32 = 0 | silver_32 = 0 | bronze_32 = 2 | total_32 = 2 | name_32 = [[Nagaland]]
| gold_33 = 0 | silver_33 = 0 | bronze_33 = 2 | total_33 = 2 | name_33 = [[Sikkim]]
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://olympic.ind.in/national-games Official website]
*[https://38nguk.in/ 38th National Games]

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = ''[[2023 National Games of India]]''
| title = [[National Games of India]]
| years =
| after = ''TBD''
}}
{{S-end}}

{{National Games of India}}

[[Category:2024 in Indian sport|National Games of India]]
[[Category:2024 in multi-sport events|National Games of India]]
[[Category:National Games of India]]
[[Category:Sport in Uttarakhand]]

Maxwell School

2026-03-07T15:09:01Z

Gurupratap Rajan: further cleanup citations per sources and updated info

{{for|other schools|Maxwell (disambiguation)#Education}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Maxwell School
| native_name = SMK Maxwell
| image = The Frontiers of Maxwell School.jpg
| caption = Maxwell School
| motto = [[Latin]]: ''Disco Ut Serviam'' [[English language|English]]: ''I Learn That I May Serve'' [[Malay language|Malay]]: ''Berilmu, Beramal''
| address = [[Jalan Tun Ismail]]
| city = [[Kuala Lumpur]]
| postal_code = 50480
| country = [[Malaysia]]
| schooltype = [[Single-sex school|All-boys]] [[secondary school]]
| established = {{Start date|1916|df=y}}
| status = Operational
| district = [[Dang Wangi]]
| principal = Ravi Chandran [[Malaysian names#Indian names|a/l]] Krishnan
| grades = Form 1–6
| gender = [[single-sex school|Male]]: Form 1-5 [[Co-ed]]: Form 6
| campus_type = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| houses = [[K. Thamboosamy|Thamboosamy]] (red) [[Frank Swettenham|Swettenham]] (green) [[Yap Ah Loy]] (blue) [[Sulaiman of Selangor|Sulaiman]] (yellow)
| yearbook = The Burning Tiger
| affiliations = [[Education in Malaysia|Malaysia Ministry Of Education]]
| website =
| picture =
| picture_caption =
| head_label = Assistant Headmaster
| campus = Small school campus, at the edge of the city centre
| colors = Royal Green, Yellow, Blue and White
| free_label1 = Slogan
| free_text1 = Maxwell, Hebat! & Maxwell Dihatiku.
| free_label2 = Alumni
| free_text2 = Maxwellian Old Boys' Association {{URL|www.maxwelloba.com.my}}
}}

'''Maxwell School''' ({{langx|ms|'''Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Maxwell'''}}) is an [[single-sex school|all-boys]] [[secondary school]], located north of [[Kuala Lumpur]]. Established in 1916,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernama |date=2018-11-04 |title=Maxwell school in KL now a national heritage {{!}} New Straits Times |url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2018/11/428188/maxwell-school-kl-now-national-heritage |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=NST Online |language=en}}</ref> the school is believed to be the oldest school in north of [[Kuala Lumpur]] as well as one of the oldest in [[Kuala Lumpur]] and [[Malaysia]]. Both current students and alumnus are known as a '''Maxwellian'''. A centennial ceremony, celebrating the school's 100th anniversary since its establishment, was held on 30 September 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernama |date=2018-11-04 |title=SMK Maxwell in KL given national heritage status |url=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2018/11/04/smk-maxwell-in-kl-given-national-heritage-status/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=Free Malaysia Today (FMT) |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Campus==
The school has remained on its original site. It originally consisted of two blocks, the present day main block and the gymnasium block, which now is a meeting room. The design and features of the two blocks are typical of colonial era structures and bear some similarities with the [[Kuala Lumpur railway station|railway station]] and [[Sultan Abdul Samad Building|Sultan Abdul Samad]] buildings, both of which have [[Moorish architecture]]. The school was later extended to a block of solid masonry construction with arched openings along the corridors. There is a veranda on both sides of each storey of the main block, high ceilings and broad stairways. The 'H' shape of the main block is locally a distinctive feature. The school since have expanded, and now the school has two additional main blocks. The first of which are located behind the original 1917 block, housing most of the classrooms and laboratories, and a new 6-storey tower that houses most of the Form Sixth classrooms and the school library.

==History==
Maxwell School was established in 1916, and named after a road in honour of [[:en:George Maxwell (administrator)|Sir William George Maxwell]]. It opened its doors to 110 students and five teaching staff on 1 June 1922. During its pre-war days, it functioned as a feeder school (primary school) to the [[Victoria Institution]]. By 1933, the school was shut down to the public due to the recession, but was opened as a private school from 1934 to 1938. It was then given to the Trade School for their use.

During the Japanese Occupation, it was used as a camp for the Japanese Kempeitai. After the war, the school was used as a hostel by the newly formed Technical College until 1953, when, in September, the school was re-opened as Malaya's first modern secondary school. Today, the Maxwell School is still housed in the same building and has remained a secondary school ever since.

[[File:Lencana Ketua Pelajar, Maxwell School.JPG|thumb|Sample of Head Prefects, Maxwell School]]

==Alumni==
The alumni association of the school is the Maxwell School Old Boys' Association. It was established in 1956, de-registered in 1983 and was registered again on 13 February 1999. The OBA has a newsletter known as ''Berita O'Max'', issued quarterly.

Notable alumni include:
* [[Syed Hamid Albar]], Former Home Minister of Malaysia
* [[Zainal Abidin Hassan]], former national football player
* [[S. Mahalingam (engineer)|Selvadurai Mahalingam]], won the Punjab University Field Hockey championship after 27 years for King Edward Medical College.
* [[Yaacob Latiff]], second Mayor of Kuala Lumpur

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Secondary schools in Kuala Lumpur]]
[[Category:Publicly funded schools in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1917]]
[[Category:1917 establishments in British Malaya]]
[[Category:Boys' schools in Malaysia]]

Aandhali Koshimbir

2026-03-04T09:46:36Z

Gurupratap Rajan: update page per sources and added references per sources

{{short description|2014 film directed by Aditya Ingale}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aandhali Koshimbir
| image =
| alt = Story of a lonely Zagdalu father Bapu and his Nikamma son Ranga.
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Aditya Ingale
| story = Pratap Deshmukh
| starring = [[Ashok Saraf]] [[Vandana Gupte]] Anand Ingale
| producer = Sudha Productions
| editing = Pravin Jahagirdar
| music = [[Narendra Bhide]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2014|05|30}}
| runtime = 148 minutes
| language = Marathi
| country = India
}}

'''''Aandhali Koshimbir'''''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://aandhalikoshimbir.com/story_new.html |title=Synopsis:Aandhali Koshimbir |access-date=2014-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140515130218/http://aandhalikoshimbir.com/story_new.html |archive-date=2014-05-15 |url-status=dead |df=}}</ref> ({{langx|mar|आंधळी कोशिंबीर}}) is a 2014 [[marathi language|Marathi]] comedy film directed by Aditya Ingale and starring [[Ashok Saraf]], [[Vandana Gupte]] and Anand Ingale.

==Plot==
Aandhali Koshimbir is about a lonely father Bapu and his son Ranga and about a lonely woman, Shanti, and her landlord Marne, a lawyer and a bad poet who is in love with her.

For monetary reasons, Ranga and his friend, Vashya, decides to bring home Shanti to meet Bapu to get them to start a quarrel. Because she is more powerful in quarrel, Ranga thinks she will win over Bapu in the quarrel, and that Bapu will lose his confidence, and they will therefore have their problem solved by getting money from Bapu. They tell each of Bapu and Shanti both that the other one is mentally out of control and that their lost spouses were exactly same looking as Bapu and Shanti, and if they come and have a big quarrel, the other patient might get cured. As planned, Shanti comes home to have a quarrel with Bapu, and Bapu prepares to quarrel, too. But Bapu and Shanti fall in love instead.

Bapu invites Shanti to stay at his place for a few days, and the situation becomes more complicated for Ranga and Vashya, and Marne too, as he can not recite his poems to Shanti. At the Bapu house, all the lonely characters come together eventually and become a family. But Marne becomes increasingly lonely with his poems and becomes a villain. As he learns of Ranga's plan, he blackmails him and lodges a court case against Bapu and Shanti. While siding with Marne, Ranga still helps Bapu and Shanti to get rid of Marne, who in the end becomes insane.

==Reception==
{{Album ratings
| rev1 = Book My Show<ref name="Movie Review 1">{{cite web |title=Aandhali Koshimbir - Book My Show |url=http://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/aandhali-koshimbir-marathi/ET00021077#reviews |work=Book My Show |accessdate=24 June 2014}}{{Rating|3|5}} {{unreliable?|date=March 2019}}</ref>
| rev1Score ={{Rating|3|5}}
| rev2 = Marathimovieworld.com<ref name="Movie Review 2">{{cite web |title=Aandhali Koshimbir - Marathi Movie World |url=http://marathimovieworld.com/review/aandhali-koshimbir-review.php |work=Marathimovieworld.com |accessdate=24 June 2014}}{{Rating|3.5|5}} {{unreliable?|date=March 2019}}</ref>
| rev2Score ={{Rating|3.5|5}}
}}

Aandhali Koshimbir was met with favorable reviews. Marathimovieworld gave it 3.5 out of 5 stars, calling it "a neat and clean comedy".<ref name="Movie Review 2" /> Bookmyshow.com gave it 3 out of 5 stars and had the verdict "A quarreling contest gone wrong."<ref name="Movie Review 1" />

==Cast==
* [[Ashok Saraf]] as Bapu Sadavarte
* [[Vandana Gupte]] as Shanti Chitnis
* Anand Ingale as Adv. Marne
* [[Aniket Vishwasrao]] as Ranga
* [[Hemant Dhome]] as Vashya
* [[Hrishikesh Joshi]] as Goraksha
* [[Priya Bapat]] as Manju
* [[Mrunmayee Deshpande]] as Radhika<ref>[http://www.nthwall.com/ma/Aandhali-Koshimbir-2013/9554300384 Cast:Cast] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514214238/http://www.nthwall.com/ma/Aandhali-Koshimbir-2013/9554300384 |date=14 May 2014 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://aandhalikoshimbir.com/}}
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language comedy films]]
[[Category:2014 comedy films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]

Seetha (1967 film)

2026-03-04T05:11:40Z

Gurupratap Rajan: creating a data

{{short description|1967 film by A. P. Nagarajan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Seetha
| image = Seetha 1967.JPG
| caption = Poster
| director = [[A. P. Nagarajan]]
| screenplay = A. P. Nagarajan
| story = Dharmaraj
| starring = [[Gemini Ganesan|Gemini Ganesh]] [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri Ganesh]]
| cinematography = T. S. Rangasamy
| editing = Rajan T. Natarajan
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| studio = Rajalaxmi Pictures
| distributor = Crescent Movies
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1967|6|23}}
| runtime = 180 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Seeta |url=http://www.citwf.com/film311233.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170312080006/http://www.citwf.com/film311233.htm |archive-date=12 March 2017 |access-date=12 March 2017 |website=[[Complete Index to World Film]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Seetha''''' is a 1967 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] written and directed by [[A. P. Nagarajan]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=9 July 1967 |title=சீதா |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1967/jul/09-07-1967/p45.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220725092900/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1967/jul/09-07-1967/p45.jpg |archive-date=25 July 2022 |access-date=22 December 2021 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=45 |language=ta}}</ref> The film stars [[Gemini Ganesan|Gemini]] and [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri Ganesh]], the former's 100th film as an actor. It was released on 23 June 1967.

== Plot ==
{{no plot|date=December 2021}}

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Gemini Ganesan|Gemini Ganesh]]
* [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri Ganesh]] as Seetha
* [[R. Muthuraman|Muthuraman]]
* [[Nagesh]]
* [[K. R. Vijaya]] as Vedha
* [[K. Sarangapani]]
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]]
}}

== Production ==
''Seetha'' was directed by [[A. P. Nagarajan]] under the banner Rajalaxmi Pictures. He also wrote its screenplay. Ganga was the art director, Rajan and T. Natarajan were the editors.{{sfn|Cowie|Elley|1977|p=280}} The film was [[Gemini Ganesan]]'s (credited as Gemini Ganesh) 100th as an actor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2017 |title=100 வது படம்! |trans-title=100th film! |url=http://www.kungumam.co.in/VArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=7701&id1=40&issue=20170519 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118175335/http://www.kungumam.co.in/VArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=7701&id1=40&issue=20170519 |archive-date=18 November 2017 |access-date=18 November 2017 |website=[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]] |language=ta}}</ref> The final length of the film was {{convert|3990|metres|feet}}.<ref name="lakshmansruthi" />

== Soundtrack ==
Music was by [[K. V. Mahadevan]] and lyrics were written by [[Kannadasan]].{{sfn|Cowie|Elley|1977|p=280}}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Naadi Thudikkudhu" || Seerkazhi Govindarajan & P. Susheela || 04:31
|-
| "Pennukku Ragasiyam Enna" || P. Susheela || 02:48
|-
| "Nalam Kaakkum Kula Dheivame" || P. Susheela & Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi || 03:50
|-
| "Kaviyathin Thalaivan" || P. Susheela || 03:29
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Seetha'' was released on 23 June 1967,<ref name="lakshmansruthi" /> and distributed by Crescent Movies.{{sfn|Cowie|Elley|1977|p=280}} ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' appreciated the story for lacking confusion, and the cast performances.<ref name="Kalki review" />

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="Kalki review">{{Cite magazine |date=23 July 1967 |title=சீதா |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1967/jul/23-07-1967/p24.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220725092928/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1967/jul/23-07-1967/p24.jpg |archive-date=25 July 2022 |access-date=22 December 2021 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=24 |language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name="lakshmansruthi">{{Cite web |title=1967- சீதா- ராஜலக்ஷ்மி பிக் |trans-title=1967- Seetha- Rajalaxmi Pic |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1967-cinedetails15.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170312082332/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1967-cinedetails15.asp |archive-date=12 March 2017 |access-date=12 March 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>

</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jp7ayTLX1D8C&q=Seetha |title=World Filmography: 1967 |publisher=[[Fairleigh Dickinson University Press]] |year=1977 |isbn=0-498-01565-3 |editor-last=Cowie |editor-first=Peter |editor-last2=Elley |editor-first2=Derek}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0246920}}

{{A. P. Nagarajan}}
[[Category:1967 Indian films]]
[[Category:1967 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1967 drama films]]
[[Category:1967 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. P. Nagarajan]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by A. P. Nagarajan]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

College Girl (1974 film)

2026-03-03T21:06:20Z

Gurupratap Rajan: refine article as per guidelines and corrected details

{{short description|Malayalam 1974 Film}}
{{Overly detailed|date=June 2021}}{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = College Girl
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Hariharan (director)|Hariharan]]
| producer = Dr. Balakrishnan
| writer = [[Dr. Balakrishnan]]
| screenplay = Dr. Balakrishnan
| starring = [[Prem Nazir]] [[Vidhubala]] [[KP Ummer]] [[Adoor Bhasi]] [[Bahadoor]] [[Sudheer (Malayalam actor)|Sudheer]]
| music = [[A. T. Ummer]]
| cinematography = T. N. Krishnankutty Nair
| editing = G. Venkittaraman
| studio = Rekha Cine Arts
| distributor = Rekha Cine Arts
| released = {{Film date|1974|07|12|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''College Girl''''' is a 1974 Indian [[Malayalam]] film directed by [[Hariharan (director)|Hariharan]] and produced by Dr. Balakrishnan. The film stars [[Prem Nazir]], [[Vidhubala]], [[KP Ummer]], [[Bahadoor]], [[Sudheer (Malayalam actor)|Sudheer]], [[Adoor Bhasi]] and [[Balakrishnan]] in the lead roles. The film has musical score by [[A. T. Ummer]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=536|title=College Girl|accessdate=2014-10-15|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?2577|title=College Girl|accessdate=2014-10-15|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/college-girl-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053800/http://spicyonion.com/title/college-girl-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=4 March 2016|title=College Girl|accessdate=2014-10-15|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Prem Nazir]] as Rajan
*[[Vidhubala]] as Radha
*[[K. P. Ummer]] as Kunjahammadali Hajiyar
*[[Bahadoor]] as Damu
*[[Adoor Bhasi]] as Sukumaran
*Balakrishnan
*[[Jose Prakash]] as Nanu
*[[Manavalan Joseph]]
*[[Pattom Sadan]] as Hyder
*[[Sudheer (Malayalam actor)|Sudheer]] as College Student
*[[Sadhana (Malayalam actress)|Sadhana]] as Leela
*[[Prema (Malayalam actress)|Prema]] as Vichaminia
*[[Sankaradi]] as Parakulam Raman Nair
*[[Cochin Haneefa]] as College Student
*Ramdas
*[[T. S. Muthaiah]] as Leela's Father
*[[Paul Vengola]] as Govindan
*[[Khadeeja (actress)|Khadeeja]] as College Principal
*[[Meena (Malayalam actress)|Meena]] as Meenakshi
*[[Paravoor Bharathan]] as Kittunni Ammavan
*[[Philomina]] as Professor / Principal Parukkuttyamma
*Karunan
*Saraswathi
*Unni
*[[Kumaran Nair]]
*Sebastian
*Premachandran
*Anjana Raja
*Balan Kovil
*Devnath
*Geetha (Old)
*Kanjangad Balakrishnan
*Muraleedharan
*P. C. Thomas
*Prajatha
*Pushpa
*Rajamma
*T. S. Radhamani
*Vimala Junior
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[A. T. Ummer]] and the lyrics were written by [[Dr. Balakrishnan]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Amrithaprabhaatham Virinju" || [[Chandrabhanu]], Devi Chandran || [[Dr. Balakrishnan]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Anjanamizhikal" || [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[S. Janaki]] || Dr. Balakrishnan ||
|-
| 3 || "Arikathu Njammalu Bannotte" ||[[Yashoda Palayad]]|| Dr. Balakrishnan ||
|-
| 4 || "Chandanakkuriyitta" || K. J. Yesudas || Dr. Balakrishnan ||
|-
| 5 || "Kingini Ketti" || K. J. Yesudas || Dr. Balakrishnan ||
|-
| 6 || "Muthiyamma Pole Vannu" || [[P. Jayachandran]], [[P. Madhuri]], Chorus || Dr. Balakrishnan ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0215635|College Girl}}

[[Category:1974 films]]
[[Category:1974 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1974 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Hariharan]]

{{1970s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Golconda Abbulu

2026-03-03T19:06:33Z

Gurupratap Rajan: adjusted intro and corrected details based on references

{{Multiple issues|
{{No plot|date=July 2020}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2020}}
{{One source|date=July 2020}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=July 2020}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}

'''''Golconda Abbulu''''' is a 1982 [[Telugu film|Telugu]] [[drama film]] directed by [[Dasari Narayana Rao]] and produced by Kumarjee. The film stars [[Krishnam Raju]] and [[Jaya Prada]] in the lead roles. The music was composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]].

The story of this film is about a villain who becomes a challenge to the police by committing crimes without evidence and avoiding detection, until a rowdy stops him and brings him to justice.

==Cast==
*[[Krishnam Raju]] as Ramu aka Golconda Abbulu
*[[Jaya Prada]]
*[[Kaikala Satyanarayana]] as Satyam
*[[Rao Gopal Rao|Rao Gopala Rao]] as Mayor JB
*[[Allu Ramalingaiah|Allu Rama Lingaiah]] as Chandramouli
*[[Kanta Rao|Kantha Rao]]
*[[Mukkamala (actor)|Mukkamala]]
*[[Nirmalamma]]
*[[M. Prabhakar Reddy|Prabhakar Reddy]]
*[[Chalapathi Rao]]
*[[Mikkilineni (actor)|Mikkilineni]]
*[[Manjula Vijayakumar|Manjula]]
*[[Master Haja Sheriff]]

==External links==
{{IMDb title|0262442}}

{{Dasari Narayana Rao}}

[[Category:1982 films]]
[[Category:1982 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1982 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Dasari Narayana Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]

{{1980s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Uruvam

2026-03-03T05:01:31Z

Gurupratap Rajan: creating article

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Uruvam.jpg
| caption = Title card
| director = [[G. M. Kumar]]
| writer = [[G. M. Kumar]] R. P. Viswam (dialogues)
| producer = D. P. Singh Tarun Jalan
| starring = {{ubl|[[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]]|[[Pallavi (actress)|Pallavi]]|R. P. Viswam|Veera Pandiyan|[[Jayamala]]}}
| cinematography = [[Velu Prabhakaran]]
| editing = A. P. Manivannan
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Prathik Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1991|1|3}}
| runtime = 105 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Uruvam''''' ({{translation|Figure}}) is a 1991 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Supernatural horror film]], directed by [[G. M. Kumar]]. The film stars [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]], [[Pallavi (actress)|Pallavi]], R. P. Viswam, débutante Veera Pandiyan and [[Jayamala]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=uruvam ( 1991 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=uruvam |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029135323/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=uruvam |archive-date=29 October 2006 |access-date=11 June 2013 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2020 |title=மறக்க முடியுமா? - உருவம் |url=https://m.dinamalar.com/cinema_detail.php?id=91457 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020075252/https://m.dinamalar.com/cinema_detail.php?id=91457 |archive-date=20 October 2022 |access-date=20 October 2022 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=October 2022}}
The illegitimate son of a rich man loses a court battle over the palatial house in which he has been living. So he appeals to Bangaru Muni and he sets off a devastating abhichara prayoga (black magic attack) on the legitimate son Mohan and his family. Bangaru Muni unleashes [[dakini]], [[sakini]], [[Mohini pisachi]] and other pretas in house. He does the ashtadig bandhan so that person should not escape.

Mohan lives happily with his wife, his two children, his sister Raasi, his brother-in-law Ashok and his wife's sister Meena. They all move to the palatial house. Mohan is an [[Atheism|atheist]] who doesn't believe in the supernatural or God. Soon, the family is disturbed by a supernatural spirit unleashed by Bangaru Muni. The spirit in Mohan's body kills his wife, his children and his brother-in-law and even Bangaru Muni. Finally, Jolna Swamy comes to their rescue and fights against the evil spirit which is in Mohan's body. Jolna Swamy finally destroys the spirit, but Mohan is sent to a mental asylum, where he grieves for not believing in Almighty God.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]] as Mohan
*[[Pallavi (actress)|Pallavi]] as Raasi
*R. P. Viswam as Jolna Swamy
*Veera Pandiyan as Ashok
*[[Jayamala]] as Mohan's wife
*[[Sathyajith (Tamil actor)|Sathyajith]] as Bangaru Muni
*Moorthy
*[[Roshini]] as Meena
*Master Krishnaprasad as Mohan's son
*Baby Swarnalatha as Mohan's daughter
*Crazy Venkatesh as Venkatesh
*Vaithyanathan
*R. T. Madurai Mani
*Sottai Mani
*Pandian
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
After the failure of his films ''[[Pick Pocket (1989 film)|Pick Pocket]]'' and ''[[Irumbu Pookkal]]'', [[G. M. Kumar]] began work on his next film, also his first horror film. The film was produced by actress [[Pallavi (entertainer)|Pallavi]]'s brother and another partner.<ref name="newspaper">{{Cite news |last=Krishnaswamy |first=K |date=22 February 1991 |title=Uruvam |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19910222&printsec=frontpage |access-date=22 June 2013 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
[[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]] accepted the offer of the protagonist and hoped for a fresh lease on his career. Pallavi signed on for this new project with G. M. Kumar, who acted in two of his previous films. R. P. Viswam would have a vital role of a Swamy and was also responsible for the dialogue. The newcomer Arasavarathan would essay the role as Pallavi's husband, while [[Jayamala]] would play Mohan's wife. Three different cinematographers: K. Rajpreeth, Ilavarasan and Dhayal handle the camera, K. A. Balan was signed up as the art director, while A. P. Manivannan took up the post of the editor.<ref name="newspaper" />

=== Filming ===
The film was made on low budget, [[G. M. Kumar]] shot the film with three different units, each unit consisting of an assistant director and a cinematographer: S. Govindaraj with K. Rajpreeth, S. Selvakumar with Ilavarasan and D. Narayanamoorthy with Dhayal. G. M. Kumar managed to complete the film within 12 days. The film did not include any fight sequences. [[Ilaiyaraaja]] provided mainly the [[background music]] and composed only one song.<ref name="newspaper" /> The film was heavily censored by the [[Central Board of Film Certification|censor board]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=Subha J. |date=7 January 2016 |title=G.M. Kumar teams up with Bala |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Back-in-focus-in-Bala%E2%80%99s-film/article13986386.ece |url-status=live |access-date=23 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730065652/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Back-in-focus-in-Bala%E2%80%99s-film/article13986386.ece |archive-date=30 July 2021}}</ref> which gave the film an "A" certificate, an adult rating, due to its "mix of soft porn and hard horror".<ref name="newspaper" />

== Reception ==
N. Krishnaswamy of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "The proceedings are sometimes terrifying, even repulsive, and are surely not meant for the soft hearted. Kumar resorts to a mix of soft porn and hard horror".<ref name="newspaper" /> Sundarji of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote even though it is inspired from American films like ''[[The Exorcist]]'', it is not the kind of building up fear slowly, its kind of horror standing behind the door and suddenly appearing. Therefore the initial fear in the beginning gradually becomes normal and becomes like that is it.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சுந்தர்ஜி |date=24 March 1991 |title=உருவம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1991-03-24/page/n53/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240510081811/https://archive.org/details/kalki1991-03-24/page/n53/mode/2up |archive-date=10 May 2024 |access-date=10 May 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=52 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1991 Indian films]]
[[Category:1991 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1991 films]]
[[Category:1991 horror films]]
[[Category:Censored films]]
[[Category:Film censorship in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by G. M. Kumar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Indian horror films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language horror films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Works subject to expurgation]]

Azhagi (2002 film)

2026-03-03T04:34:48Z

Gurupratap Rajan: Content updated and refined

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Azhagi 2002 poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Thangar Bachan]]
| writer = Thangar Bachan
| based_on = {{based on|"Kalvettugal"|Thangar Bachan}}
| producer = Udhaya Geetha
| starring = [[R. Parthiban|Parthiban]] [[Nandita Das]] [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]]
| cinematography = Thangar Bachan
| editing = [[B. Lenin]] [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Uthaya Geetha Productions
| released = {{film date|2002|1|14|df=y}}
| runtime = 147 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2003 |title=Udhaiyya Gheetha's Azhagi |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/udhaiyya-gheethas-azhagi-film-qxnzzxq6vlgtnzu5nzu0 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301065724/https://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/udhaiyya-gheethas-azhagi-film-qxnzzxq6vlgtnzu5nzu0 |archive-date=1 March 2022 |access-date=1 March 2022 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Azhagi''''' ({{audio|Ta-அழகி.ogg|pronunciation}}) ({{translation|''Beautiful lady''}}) is a 2002 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama film]] written and directed by [[Thangar Bachan]] in his directoral debut, based on his short story "Kalvettugal".{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=411}} The film stars [[R. Parthiban|Parthiban]], [[Nandita Das]] and [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]]. It was released on 14 January 2002 and won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil]]. The film was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Letha Manasulu (2004 film)|Letha Manasulu]]'' in 2004.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mohan Rao Ogirala |date=21 July 2004 |title=And quiet flows the don's sidekick... |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/hyderabad-times/And-quiet-flows-the-dons-sidekick/articleshow/785217.cms |url-status=live |access-date=28 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329095506/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/hyderabad-times/And-quiet-flows-the-dons-sidekick/articleshow/785217.cms |archive-date=29 March 2019}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Shanmugam, a veterinary doctor, lives in the city with his wife Valarmati and their two children. In school, Shanmugam was in love with his classmate Dhanalakshmi, but fate had forced them to go their separate ways, with Dhanam being forced to wed her brother-in-law ([[Sayaji Shinde]]). One day, Shanmugam spots Dhanam, who, having lost her husband, now lives a life of poverty on the platforms with her son Balu. After an unsuccessful attempt to find her a job in a friend's house, he hires her as their servant-maid. However, memories of the past start to create a tension between Shanmugam and Dhanam, despite their attempts to maintain a distance.

One day, Valarmati finds out from Shanmugam's old classmates how her husband and Dhanam were in love when they were young, and she starts fearing that Shanmugam might leave her and her children for Dhanam. Valarmati becomes so distraught that she even humiliates Dhanam at a party organised by one of their friends. When they return home, Valarmati confronts Shanmugam, and an argument ensues. Dhanam overhears their argument and silently goes to bed. The next morning, Dhanam and Balu are nowhere to be found. When Shanmugam searches the house, he finds a letter written by Dhanam, saying that she wants Valarmati and Shanmugam to be happy and doesn't want to come between them. Soon, Valarmati realises the truth and wants to bring Dhanam back home and ask her for her forgiveness.

Shanmugam searches everywhere for them and at last finds Balu in an orphanage. The matron informs them that his mother had left instructions that her son should remain at the orphanage till her return. However, when the matron questions Balu, he replies that he wants to go with Shanmugam and stay in their house and to tell his mother that he is there when she returns. The matron agrees and lets him go. At the beginning of the movie, it is mentioned that Balu has been adopted by Shanmugam but still continues to call him "Sir" and never "Father or "Dad". As Shanmugam leaves for home from the orphanage, he mentions that he is still searching for Dhanam's whereabouts to that day.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[R. Parthiban]] as Shanmugam
** Ramu Saravanan as little Shanmugam
** Sathish Stephen as young Shanmugam
* [[Nandita Das]] as Dhanalakshmi aka Dhanam
** [[Monica (actress)|Monica]] as young Dhanalakshmi aka Dhanam
* [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]] as Valarmathi
* [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] as Veterinary Doctor Desingu
* [[Sayaji Shinde]] as Gothandam
* [[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]] as Shanmugam's assistant
* [[Loose Mohan]] as Pandu's father-in-law
* [[Pyramid Natarajan]] as Natarajan
* [[Periyar Dasan]]
* [[Elango Kumaravel]] as Kaakaiyan
* [[George Maryan]] as Maths Teacher
* [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] as Sundaralingam
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Azhagi (2001) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0000383 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014232443/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0000383 |archive-date=14 October 2008 |access-date=4 October 2008 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable tracklist" style="font-size:95%;"
! #
! Song
! Lyrics
! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Paattu Solli Paada Solli"
| Ilaiyaraaja
| [[Sadhana Sargam]]
|-
| 2
| "Damakku Damakku Dum"
| [[Palani Bharathi]]
| [[Bhavatharini]], Chorus
|-
| 3
| "Un Kuthama En Kuthama"
| Ilaiyaraaja
| Ilaiyaraaja
|-
| 4
| "Oru Sundari Vandhalam"
| Karunanithi
| [[P. Unnikrishnan]], Sadhana Sargam, [[Malgudi Subha]]
|-
| 5
| "Oliyile Therivadhu Devadhaya"
| Ilaiyaraaja
| [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], Bhavatharini
|-
| 6
| "Kuruvi Kodanja"
| [[Palani Bharathi]]
| [[Pushpavanam Kuppusamy]], [[Swarnalatha]]
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Azhagi'' was released on 14 January 2002, [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] day.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |author-link=Shobha Warrier |date=14 January 2002 |title=Pongal releases |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/jan/14pongal.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301070617/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/jan/14pongal.htm |archive-date=1 March 2022 |access-date=1 March 2022 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' wrote "''Azhagi'' is a much talked about film, as it promises to usher in good cinema. The debutant director of the film is Thankar Bachchan, who has made a name for himself as one of the best cinematographers in Tamil.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Azhagi |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/azhagi-review-tamil-pclunkhdjbbjh.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228195136/http://www.sify.com/movies/azhagi-review-tamil-pclunkhdjbbjh.html |archive-date=28 December 2016 |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Visual Dasan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' appreciated the film's plot and direction for realism while also praising the music, cinematography and performances of lead artistes.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=தாசன் |first=விசுவல் |date=20 January 2002 |title=அழகி |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2002-01-20/page/n3/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230207060234/https://archive.org/details/kalki2002-01-20/page/n3/mode/2up |archive-date=7 February 2023 |access-date=10 November 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page= |pages=1–2 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "The sensitivity with which emotions have been portrayed, speaks volumes of the capabilities of director Thankar Bachchan who has already made a mark as a meritorious camera person".<ref>{{cite web |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=18 January 2002 |title=Azhagi |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/01/18/stories/2002011801400202.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030128141326/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/01/18/stories/2002011801400202.htm |archive-date=28 January 2003 |access-date=5 March 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
''Azhagi'' won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manikchand Filmfare Awards: Sizzling at 50 |url=http://portal.bsnl.in/intranetnews.asp?url=/bsnl/asp/content%20mgmt/html%20content/entertainment/entertainment14489.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721152719/http://portal.bsnl.in/intranetnews.asp?url=%2Fbsnl%2Fasp%2Fcontent%20mgmt%2Fhtml%20content%2Fentertainment%2Fentertainment14489.html |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=[[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited]]}}</ref> At the [[49th National Film Awards]], [[Sadhana Sargam]] won the [[National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|award for Best Female Playback Singer]] for the song "Pattu Solli".<ref>{{Cite web |title=49th National Film Awards |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm49NFAAward.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224105444/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm49NFAAward.aspx |archive-date=24 December 2013 |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}</ref> At the 2002 SICA Awards, the film won in three categories: Best Actress (Nandita Das), Best Director (Thangar Bachan) and Best Music Director (Ilaiyaraaja).<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2003 |title=SICA Awards 2002 |url=https://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/25112003-3.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050216210833/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/25112003-3.shtml |archive-date=2005-02-16 |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
[[G. Dhananjayan]] in his book ''[[Pride of Tamil Cinema]]'' said, "A trendsetting film shows how childhood love remains in the hearts of people even after they have grown up and settled in their adult lives. It made a deep impact among the audience and aspiring film makers".{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=410}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |title=Pride of Tamil Cinema: 1931–2013 |title-link=Pride of Tamil Cinema |publisher=Blue Ocean Publishers |year=2014 |oclc=898765509 |author-link=G. Dhananjayan}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Thangar Bachan}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil}}

[[Category:2002 Indian films]]
[[Category:2002 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2002 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:2002 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian short stories]]
[[Category:Films directed by Thangar Bachan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]

Maan Karate

2026-03-03T03:31:40Z

Gurupratap Rajan: creating a stub first draft

{{Short description|2014 Indian film by Krish Thirukumaran}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Maan Karate.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Krish Thirukumaran
| screenplay = Krish Thirukumaran
| story = [[AR Murugadoss]]
| producer = P. Madhan AR Murugadoss
| starring = [[Sivakarthikeyan]] [[Hansika Motwani]] [[Vamsi Krishna]]
| cinematography = [[M. Sukumar]]
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| music = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| studio = AR Murugadoss Productions
| distributor = [[Escape Artists Motion Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|2014|04|04|df=y}}
| runtime = 159 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Maan Karate''''' ({{Translation|Deer Karate}}) is a 2014 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[fantasy]] [[sports comedy film]] written and directed by Krish Thirukumaran in his directorial debut. The film was written and co-produced by [[AR Murugadoss]] and produced by P. Madhan under banner of [[Escape Artists Motion Pictures]]. It stars [[Sivakarthikeyan]], [[Hansika Motwani]], and [[Vamsi Krishna]], with [[Sathish]], [[Sayaji Shinde]], [[Yogi Babu]], [[Shaji Chen]], [[Maya (actress)|Preethi Shankar]], Ashwathy Ravikumar, Rajesh Gopalan, and Vinu Karthik in supporting roles. The soundtrack and background score composed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]], cinematography handled by [[M. Sukumar]], editing by [[Sreekar Prasad]] and stunt choreography by [[Dhilip Subbarayan]]. The film was released theatrically on 4 April 2014 to mixed reviews from critics. It was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Tuntari]]'' (2016).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=11 March 2016 |title=Tuntari review: The making of an unlikely champ |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tuntari-the-making-of-an-unlikely-champ/article8341887.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309053051/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tuntari-the-making-of-an-unlikely-champ/article8341887.ece |archive-date=9 March 2024 |access-date=22 April 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{long plot|date=September 2021}} 
Five [[Information technology in India|IT]] employees – Santhosh aka "Sandy", Joe, Gokul, Vaishnavi and Nikita – meet a [[siddhar]] who has the power to grant wishes, during a weekend trip to the [[Chandragiri]] [[forest]]. A sceptical Sandy asks the siddhar for a copy of the ''[[Dina Thanthi|Daily Thanthi]]'' newspaper dated on the day after [[Ayudha Puja]] (no newspapers are printed during Ayudha Puja). To his surprise, the siddhar materialises the requested copy. The IT gang reads in the newspaper that the company which they work for ([[Mahindra Satyam|Satyam Computers]]) would close down the next day. When this does happen, they accept the credibility of the newspaper and decide to make money through it. While Vaishnavi is reading the paper, she sees an article mentioning a certain Peter winning a boxing tournament on the day of Ayudha Puja and dedicates the prize money of {{INR}}2,00,00,000 to the five of them. The IT gang is astounded on reading this news and decide to find this Peter and sponsor him for the boxing tournament, with the hope of getting the money.

The IT gang successfully manages to track down Peter. However, they immediately find that he is not a boxer but rather an unambitious youth who spends roaming around with his best friend, Neruppu Kumar. However, he is in love with a young woman named Yazhini Sethuraman, who is a sports buff. To impress Yazhini, he accepts their offer to participate in the tournament. However, Peter does not show any inclination to train for the tournament and instead uses the IT gang to fulfill his own desires, including winning Yazhini's heart.

Later, the IT gang finds out that there is another boxer named Peter and he is a 15-time champion boxer, nicknamed "Peter the Killer". Thinking that they are sponsoring the wrong Peter, the IT gang approaches "Killer" Peter and offers to sponsor him, but he refuses. They reluctantly decide to continue sponsoring the initial Peter.

The boxing tournament starts, and Peter somehow manages to win all the preliminary matches by fluke. The media gives a name for his technique: "Maan Karate", (Deer Karate). Peter soon becomes known as "Maan Karate" Peter to distinguish from Killer Peter.

Eventually, Peter enters the final of the tournament, where he faces Killer Peter. He fears that he might be killed by Killer Peter and also fears Yazhini's rejection if she finds out he is not a boxer. He tries to avoid fighting in the final through various means but none of which are successful.

In a last-ditch attempt, Peter tries to convince Killer Peter to [[match fixing|throw the match]] so that he could win and impress Yazhini but Killer Peter refuses. Peter begins to train hard for the final. Meanwhile, the IT gang defects to Killer Peter's side after being offered {{INR}}75,00,000.

The final takes place on the day of Ayudha Puja. Killer Peter immediately gains the upper hand. However, Peter is undaunted and continues to put up a brave fight. A teary-eyed Yazhini, who has found that Peter is not a boxer, tries to convince him to call off the fight, but he refuses and fights on, eventually knocking out Killer Peter. Peter wins the tournament and dedicates the prize money of {{INR}}2,00,00,000 to the IT gang, but they deny the offer. He also publicly conveys his love to Yazhini.

The film ends with a display of a portion of the newspaper, the siddhar had materialised, torn by Nikita and left at the Chandragiri forest several months ago. The portion shows a photo of Maan Karate Peter lifting the boxing tournament trophy.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Sivakarthikeyan]] as Thomas Peter / "Maan Karate" Peter
* [[Hansika Motwani]] as Yazhini Sethuraman
* [[Sathish]] as Santhosh "Sandy"
* [[Vamsi Krishna]] as "Killer" Peter
* [[Sayaji Shinde]] as [[Kalaimamani]] Sethuraman
* [[Ravi Prakash]] as Fernando
* [[Swaminathan|L. M. M. Swaminathan]] as Doctor
* Vikramadithyan as the [[siddhar]]
* [[Arunraja Kamaraj]] as Neruppu Kumar
* Rajesh Gopalan as Joe
* Vinu Karthik as Gokul
* [[Maya (actress)|Preethi Shankar]] as Vaishnavi
* Ashwathy Ravikumar as Nikitha
* [[Yogi Babu]] as Vavvaal
* Tejaswini as Nancy
* [[Shaji Chen]] as Peter's coach
* [[Maran (actor)|Maaran]] as a boxer
* Mippusaamy as Vavvaal's friend
* [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] as Tiger Tyson (cameo appearance)
* [[Paravai Muniyamma]] (special appearance in the song "Royapuram Peter")
* [[Baba Bhaskar]] (special appearance in the song "Royapuram Peter")
* Louna (special appearance in the song "Maanja")
* [[AR Murugadoss]] (special appearance in the song "Open the Tasmac")
* [[Anirudh Ravichander]] as himself (special appearance in the song "Open the Tasmac")
}}

== Production ==
A ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|pooja]]'' ceremony for the launch of the film took place on 10 July 2013, and it was followed by a press meet. The film was shot in [[Chennai]], [[Bangalore]] and [[Athirappilly]] during the first schedule and a couple of songs were shot in Malta. [[Hansika Motwani]] started shooting for her portions first while [[Sivakarthikeyan]] joined the team from the first week of August 2013.<ref name="Times Of India">{{Cite news |date=11 July 2013 |title=Maan Karate begins with Pooja |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Maan-Karate-begins-with-Pooja/articleshow/21014065.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065249/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Maan-Karate-begins-with-Pooja/articleshow/21014065.cms |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=26 October 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film was named after a dialogue spoken by [[Dhamu]] in ''[[Gemini (2002 film)|Gemini]]'' (2002),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Swaroop |first=Ananya |date=2023-09-24 |title=Best movies of AR Murugadoss to stream if you love Tamil filmmakers |url=https://www.lifestyleasia.com/ind/entertainment/celebrities/best-ar-murugadoss-movies-to-watch/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128011247/https://www.lifestyleasia.com/ind/entertainment/celebrities/best-ar-murugadoss-movies-to-watch/ |archive-date=28 January 2024 |access-date=2024-10-05 |website=[[Lifestyle Asia]] |place=India |language=en}}</ref> where he explains that "Maan Karate" means nothing more than how a deer runs away when in danger.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lakshmi |first=V |date=30 June 2013 |title=Kollywood movie titles based on popular dialogues |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Kollywood-movie-titles-based-on-popular-dialogues/articleshow/20831436.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703092737/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-30/news-interviews/40285809_1_vtv-ganesh-film-dhanush |archive-date=3 July 2013 |access-date=9 April 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Maan Karate
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{start date|df=y|2014|3|16}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = 24:52
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Sony Music India|Sony Music]]
| producer = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| prev_title = [[Velaiyilla Pattathari]]
| prev_year = 2014
| next_title = [[Kaththi]]
| next_year = 2014
}}

The soundtrack was composed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]] scoring for the second Sivakarthikeyan film after ''[[Ethir Neechal (2013 film)|Ethir Neechal]]'' (2013). The audio was launched at [[Sathyam Cinemas]], Chennai on 16 March 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2014 |title=Maan Karate Audio Launch Function Stills |url=https://moviegalleri.net/2014/03/maan-karate-audio-launch-function-stills.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005080752/https://moviegalleri.net/2014/03/maan-karate-audio-launch-function-stills.html |archive-date=5 October 2024 |access-date=5 October 2024 |website=Moviegalleri.net |language=en}}</ref> The song "Open the Tasmac" has an alternate, edited version titled "Open the Shutter" after it elicited controversy from a welfare organisation for "misleading" use of the term [[TASMAC]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 March 2022 |title=Tamil songs with the most controversial lyrics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/tamil-songs-with-the-most-controversial-lyrics/photostory/90185511.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928184632/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/tamil-songs-with-the-most-controversial-lyrics/photostory/90185511.cms |archive-date=28 September 2023 |access-date=22 April 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

{{track listing
| all_writing =
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 24:52
| title1 = Maanja
| extra1 = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| lyrics1 = [[Madhan Karky]]
| length1 = 4:44
| title2 = Darling Dambakku
| extra2 = [[Benny Dayal]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| lyrics2 = [[Yugabharathi]]
| length2 = 4:10
| title3 = Un Vizhigalil
| extra3 = Anirudh Ravichander, [[Shruti Haasan]]
| lyrics3 = H. P.
| length3 = 4:04
| title4 = Royapuram Peter
| extra4 = [[Sivakarthikeyan]], Anirudh Ravichander, [[Paravai Muniamma]]
| lyrics4 = [[R. D. Raja]]
| length4 = 3:37
| title5 = Open the Tasmac
| extra5 = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], Anirudh Ravichander
| lyrics5 = [[Gaana Bala]]
| length5 = 4:06
| title6 = Darling Dambakku Reprise Version
| extra6 = Nivas, Kalpana Raghavender
| lyrics6 = [[Yugabharathi]]
| length6 = 4:11
}}

== Release ==
''Maan Karate'' was released on 4 April 2014,<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 April 2014 |title='Maan Karate' celebrates success |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140408/entertainment-kollywood/article/maan-karate-celebrates-success |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425234438/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140408/entertainment-kollywood/article/maan-karate-celebrates-success |archive-date=25 April 2014 |access-date=22 April 2024 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> in over 650 screens worldwide, which was the biggest release in Sivakarthikeyan's career to that point.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2014 |title=Maan Karate: Will Sivakarthikeyan hit jackpot? |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2014-04-05/Maan-Karate-Will-Sivakarthikeyan-hit-jackpot/91090 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005081216/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2014-04-05/Maan-Karate-Will-Sivakarthikeyan-hit-jackpot/91090 |archive-date=5 October 2024 |access-date=5 October 2024 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Critical reception ===
''Maan Karate'' received mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 May 2014 |title=Maan Karate scores half century |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/maan-karate-scores-half-century/articleshow/35584359.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409021420/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Maan-Karate-scores-half-century/articleshow/35584359.cms |archive-date=9 April 2016 |access-date=2024-10-05 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] wrote for ''[[The Hindu]]'', "Sivakarthikeyan, the likeable boy next door, has transformed into Sivakarthikeyan, the big star — and ''Maan Karate'' is less a film than a ticker-tape celebration of this reality...This isn’t about ''Maan Karate'' or even about boxing. It’s about the cult of the star. And as is the case with these movies, some two hours go by during which nothing seems to be at stake. And then we get the last half-hour, soaked in melodramatic sentiment, where everything seems to be at stake".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=5 April 2014 |title=Maan Karate: Glove story |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/maan-karate-glove-story/article5876563.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408132439/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/maan-karate-glove-story/article5876563.ece |archive-date=8 April 2023 |access-date=22 April 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 2.5/5 and wrote, "''Maan Karate'' is nothing but a showcase for Sivakarthikeyan...[the film] dispenses with any form of logic, and wants us to take it as it is, no questions asked. The story, by director AR Murugadoss, is a mix of fantasy and romance, but Thirukumaran's script is underdeveloped".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |date=5 April 2014 |title=Maan Karate |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Maan-Karate/movie-review/33269089.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405141847/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Maan-Karate/movie-review/33269089.cms |archive-date=5 April 2014 |access-date=6 January 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Gautaman Bhaskaran of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave it 2/5 and wrote, "''Maan Karate'' has an interesting plot, but the way it is scripted and narrated is illogical...the movie drags you along in its sometimes strong, sometimes weak currents, interspersed with the silliest of songs and the dumbest of dances".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhaskaran |first=Gautaman |date=5 April 2014 |title=Movie review: Maan Karate is a messed-up bout |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/movie-review-maan-karate-is-a-messed-up-bout/article1-1204483.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405182532/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/movie-review-maan-karate-is-a-messed-up-bout/article1-1204483.aspx |archive-date=5 April 2014 |access-date=9 April 2014 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> [[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] gave it 2/5 and wrote, "While the makers present the film as an out-and-out commercial entertainer and that's what it is, you still find ''Maan Karate'' meaningless because debutant Thirukumaran only tried to do justice to the hero's image by compromising on the plot. He also takes the audience for granted and gives them a film under the assumption that they will embrace it because it has been written by Murugadoss".<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2014 |title='Maan Karate': Escapist cinema (IANS Tamil Movie Review) |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/maan-karate-escapist-cinema-ians-tamil-movie-review-114040500298_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411004731/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/maan-karate-escapist-cinema-ians-tamil-movie-review-114040500298_1.html |archive-date=11 April 2014 |access-date=9 April 2014 |website=[[Business Standard]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref>

S. Saraswathi of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave the film 2/5 and wrote, "''Maan Karate'' is a letdown by uninspiring direction".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saraswathi |first=S |date=4 April 2014 |title=Review: Maan Karate is a letdown by uninspiring direction |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-maan-karate-is-a-letdown-by-uninspiring-direction-south/20140404.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409031136/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-maan-karate-is-a-letdown-by-uninspiring-direction-south/20140404.htm |archive-date=9 April 2014 |access-date=9 April 2014 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote, "With a watchable first half and a disappointing second half, ''Maan Karate'' is an average entertainer".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=9 May 2014 |title=This Contender Packs a Mean Punch |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2014/may/09/this-contender-packs-a-mean-punch-610255.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408113715/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2014/may/09/This-Contender-Packs-a-Mean-Punch-610255.html |archive-date=8 April 2023 |access-date=22 April 2024 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave 2.5/5 and summarised that, "For Sivakarthikeyan and Hansika fans, this movie will prove to be decent entertainer, if not a blockbuster".<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 April 2014 |title=Movie Review 'Maan Karate': Debutant director fails to live up to hype |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140405/entertainment-tollywood/article/movie-review-%E2%80%98maan-karate%E2%80%99-debutant-director-fails-live-hype |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628082952/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140405/entertainment-tollywood/article/movie-review-%E2%80%98maan-karate%E2%80%99-debutant-director-fails-live-hype |archive-date=28 June 2014 |access-date=25 July 2014 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' stated that the film is "On the whole, a perfect summer outing with your family".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maan Karate |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/maan-karate-review-tamil-15052626.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405070610/http://www.sify.com/movies/maan-karate-review-tamil-15052626.html |archive-date=5 April 2014 |access-date=25 July 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
Over its first weekend, the film grossed {{INRConvert|10.83|c}} in Tamil Nadu, and was considered by IANS to be the "biggest opening" for a Sivakarthikeyan film to that point.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 April 2014 |title=Maan Karate strikes gold for Sivakarthikeyan, earns Rs 10.83 crore |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/maan-karate-strikes-gold-for-sivakarthikeyan-earns-rs-10-83-crore/story-kZrLEYlSJLmSylX7aRIHpI.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130175458/http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/maan-karate-strikes-gold-for-sivakarthikeyan-earns-rs-10-83-crore/story-kZrLEYlSJLmSylX7aRIHpI.html |archive-date=30 January 2016 |access-date=5 October 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of boxing films]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{AR Murugadoss}}

[[Category:2010s sports comedy films]]
[[Category:2014 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2014 comedy films]]
[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:2014 sports films]]
[[Category:Anirudh Ravichander soundtracks]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anirudh Ravichander]]
[[Category:Indian boxing films]]
[[Category:Indian sports comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language sports comedy films]]

Hinduism in the United Arab Emirates

2026-03-02T21:19:26Z

Gurupratap Rajan: Done!

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}

{{Infobox religious group
| group = Hindus in the United Arab Emirates
| population = 1,240,000 (2022){{increase}}; '''6.6%-15%''' of total population
| religions = [[Hinduism]]
| related-c = [[Indians in the United Arab Emirates]]
| image = BAPS Abu Dhabi Mandir.jpg
| caption = Visitors at newly constructed [[BAPS Hindu Mandir Abu Dhabi|BAPS Hindu Mandir]] at [[Abu Dhabi]].
| regions = [[Abu Dhabi]], [[Dubai]], and [[Sharjah]]
}}

'''[[Hinduism]]''' is the third largest religion in the [[United Arab Emirates]] and [[Hindus]] constitute around 6.6%-15% of the population in the nation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=United Arab Emirates|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2007/90223.htm|access-date=2021-05-24|publisher=[[U.S. Department of State]]|archive-date=4 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204132631/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2007/90223.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Hinduism is followed mainly by the significant Nepali and [[Indians in the United Arab Emirates|Indian population in the United Arab Emirates]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ahuja |first=Akshay |date=2023-04-27 |title=Determinants of cardiovascular diseases among Indian expatriates residing in Ajman, UAE-A Pilot study |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.18332/popmed/165582 |journal=Population Medicine |volume=5 |issue=Supplement |doi=10.18332/popmed/165582 |issn=2654-1459|doi-access=free }}</ref>

== History ==
At the turn of the 20th century, the region that now comprises the UAE experienced an economic boom as a result of the [[pearl hunting|pearling]] industry; the few Indian traders who immigrated to the emirates settled in coastal towns and remained on the fringes of [[Emirati culture|Emirati]] society.<ref name=pearling>Abed, Hellyer. [https://books.google.com/books?id=QcMz3zV0qAMC&pg=PA246 United Arab Emirates: A New Perspective] (page 114). [[Trident Press]]. 2001</ref> Dubai has traditionally served as an "''[[entrepôt]]'' for trade between the [[Middle East]] and the [[Indian subcontinent]] and was dominated by [[Hindu]] merchants in both gold and textile trade".<ref name=dubai_oman>King, Russel. [https://books.google.com/books?id=nbsNAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA245 Return Migration and Regional Economic Problems] (page 245). Routledge. 1986</ref> After the discovery of crude oil and large-scale industrialization and urbanization in the [[UAE]], many workers and employees came to [[UAE]] for employment purposes in the nation.{{Sfn|Marsh|2015|p=67}} Many [[South Asian ethnic groups|South Asians]] immigrated there for work, and after 2000, [[Dubai]] became a global hotspot, attracting mainly [[South Asians]], many of whom were [[Hindus]].{{Sfn|Marsh|2015|p=71}}

== Demographics ==
Most of the [[Hindu diaspora]] in [[UAE]] are [[Indians in the United Arab Emirates|Indian]], especially from [[Gujarat]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Karnataka]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Kerala]], [[Maharashtra]], and [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} The other [[Hindus]] are from [[Nepalis|Nepal]], [[Pakistanis in the United Arab Emirates|Pakistan]], [[Bangladeshis in the Middle East|Bangladesh]], [[Sri Lankans in the United Arab Emirates|Sri Lanka]], and [[Bhutanese refugees|Bhutan]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-04-28|title=Centre's intervention sought to help Indians stranded in Nepal|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/centres-intervention-sought-to-help-indians-stranded-in-nepal/article34426182.ece|access-date=2021-07-12|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=12 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712115519/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/centres-intervention-sought-to-help-indians-stranded-in-nepal/article34426182.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Did you know 250,000 Sri Lankans live in the UAE?|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/getting-to-know-sri-lankans-in-the-uae-1.1541417647108|access-date=2021-07-12|website=gulfnews.com|language=en|archive-date=12 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712115519/https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/getting-to-know-sri-lankans-in-the-uae-1.1541417647108|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Hindu temples in the UAE: A symbol of tolerance|work=Maktoob Yahoo|url=https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/hindu-temple-symbol-uae-culture-tolerance-040508995.html|access-date=12 July 2021|archive-date=5 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405104239/https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/hindu-temple-symbol-uae-culture-tolerance-040508995.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to the 2007 [[International Religious Freedom Report]], unofficial figures estimate that at least 15 percent of the UAE population is Hindu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=United Arab Emirates: International Religious Freedom Report 2007 |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90223.htm |publisher=[[United States Department of State]]: [[Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor]] |date=2007-09-14 |access-date=2023-04-01 |archive-date=10 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110154648/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90223.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2011, the [[Pew Research Center]] estimates that Hindus constitute 6.6% of the population.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: United Arab Emirates |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/united-arab-emirates/ |publisher=[[United States Department of State]]: [[Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor]] |access-date=2023-04-01}}</ref>

== Temples ==
[[File:Hindu Temple Dubai.jpg|thumb|Hindu Temple, Jebel Ali, Dubai]]
There are currently two temples in Dubai and one temple in Abu Dhabi.
* Hindu Temple, Dubai (1958)
* [[Hindu Temple, Dubai|Hindu Temple Jebel Ali, Dubai]] (2022)
* [[BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Abu Dhabi|BAPS Hindu Mandir Abu Dhabi]] (2024)

The first Hindu Temple in Dubai is located in [[Bur Dubai]], and is locally referred to as "Shiva and Krishna Mandir." It was built in 1958.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-03|title=First Hindu temple in Abu Dhabi: 8 things you may want to know|url=https://www.cntraveller.in/story/first-hindu-temple-in-abu-dhabi-8-things-you-may-want-to-know-baps-hindu-mandir/|access-date=2021-05-24|publisher=Condé Nast Traveller India|language=en-IN}}</ref> The Shiv temple closed in 2024 due to lack of space and was relocated to Jebel Ali. The Krishna Temple continues to exist there.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

The second temple, [[Hindu Temple, Dubai]], is in [[Jebel Ali Village]] next to the Sikh Gurudwara and Churches Complex. The temple was opened on October 5, 2022.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}

In August 2015, the UAE government allocated land for the construction of a Hindu temple in Abu Dhabi. The construction of the [[BAPS Hindu Mandir Abu Dhabi|BAPS Hindu Mandir]] in Abu Dhabi commenced in December 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Ashwani |title=‘Dream come true’: 30 days left for Abu Dhabi Hindu temple grand opening |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/dream-come-true-30-days-left-for-abu-dhabi-hindu-temple-grand-opening |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=Khaleej Times |language=en |archive-date=21 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221190534/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/dream-come-true-30-days-left-for-abu-dhabi-hindu-temple-grand-opening |url-status=live }}</ref> Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] inaugurated the temple on 14 February 2024.<ref name="The Economic Times 2024 z715">{{cite web | title=PM Modi performs Aarti at the BAPS Mandir, the first Hindu temple in Abu Dhabi | website=The Economic Times | date=2024-02-14 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/pm-modi-performs-aarti-at-the-baps-mandir-the-first-hindu-temple-in-abu-dhabi/videoshow/107696957.cms?from=mdr | access-date=14 February 2024 | archive-date=14 February 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214201200/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/pm-modi-performs-aarti-at-the-baps-mandir-the-first-hindu-temple-in-abu-dhabi/videoshow/107696957.cms?from=mdr | url-status=live }}</ref>

In addition to temples, there are community centers where Hindus can gather for prayer, religious ceremonies, and cultural activities.<ref>{{Citation |last=Divya |first=Vaid |title=Caste and Contemporary Hindu Society |date=2019-06-27 |work=The Oxford History of Hinduism: Modern Hinduism |pages=216–243 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790839.003.0013 |access-date=2024-09-03 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-879083-9 |last2=Ankur |first2=Datta}}</ref>

== Cremation facilities for Hindus ==
There are two operating cremation facilities for the Hindu community, one in Abu Dhabi and one in Dubai.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Ashwani|title=Look: Abu Dhabi Hindu temple rising 'at great pace'|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/news/look-abu-dhabi-hindu-temple-rising-at-great-pace|access-date=2021-05-24|website=Khaleej Times|language=en|archive-date=24 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524135134/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/news/look-abu-dhabi-hindu-temple-rising-at-great-pace|url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Religion in the United Arab Emirates]]
* [[Hinduism in Bahrain]]

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{Cite book|last=Marsh |first=Donna |year=2015 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_brBQAAQBAJ|title=Doing Business in the Middle East|publisher=Brown Book Group |isbn=9781472135674}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file/1079186/download United Arab Emirates 2017 International Religious Freedom Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412003833/https://www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file/1079186/download |date=12 April 2022 }} (PDF)

{{Portal bar|United Arab Emirates|Hinduism}}
{{Asia topic|Hinduism in}}
{{Religion in the United Arab Emirates}}

[[Category:Hinduism in the United Arab Emirates| ]]
[[Category:Hinduism and Islam]]

Yash Chopra

2026-03-01T07:00:46Z

Gurupratap Rajan: update

{{short description|Indian film director and film producer (1932–2012)}}
{{For|the biography|Yash Chopra (book)}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Yash Chopra
| image = Yash Chopra 2012.jpg
| caption = Chopra in 2012
| birth_name = Yash Raj Chopra
| birth_date = {{birth date|1932|09|27|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Lahore, Pakistan|Lahore]], [[Pakistan]])<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QdDQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA189 |title=Empires Without Imperialism: Anglo-American Decline and the Politics of Deflection |first=Jeanne |last=Morefield |date=1 April 2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=13 September 2016 |via=Google Books |isbn=9780199387250}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oi9neJg39wcC&q=indian+empire&pg=PA106 |title=Britain's Oceanic motherchodw antic and Indian Ocean Worlds, C.1550-1850 |first1=H. V. |last1=Bowen |first2=Elizabeth |last2=Mancke |first3=John G. |last3=Reid |date=31 May 2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |access-date=13 September 2016 |via=Google Books |isbn=9781107020146 |archive-date=4 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104234547/https://books.google.com/books?id=Oi9neJg39wcC&q=indian+empire&pg=PA106#v=snippet&q=indian%20empire&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>
| death_date = {{death date and age|2012|10|21|1932|09|27|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| citizenship =
| occupation = {{hlist| Film director| Film producer}}
| years_active = 1959–2012
| works = [[Yash Chopra filmography|Full list]]
| organization = [[Yash Raj Films]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Pamela Chopra|Pamela Singh]]|1970}}
| children = {{ubl|[[Aditya Chopra]]|[[Uday Chopra]]}}
| relatives = [[List of Hindi film families#Chopra family|Chopra family]]
| signature = YashChopraSignature.svg
| signature_size = 100px
}}

'''Yash Raj Chopra''' (27 September 1932 – 21 October 2012)<ref name="Zoom The Life and Times of Yash Chopra">{{cite web |title=The Life and Times of Yash Chopra |url=http://zoomtv.indiatimes.com/getphotosdata/Yash-Chopra-King-of-Romance/photoshow/16911861.cms |publisher=India Times|access-date=28 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029194109/http://zoomtv.indiatimes.com/getphotosdata/Yash-Chopra-King-of-Romance/photoshow/16911861.cms|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> was an Indian [[film director]] and [[film producer]] who worked in [[Bollywood|Hindi cinema]].<ref name="Ganti2004">{{cite book |author=Tejaswini Ganti |title=Bollywood: A Guidebook to Popular Hindi Cinema |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DIVlw5AzQTgC&pg=PA101|access-date=29 October 2012 |date=24 August 2004 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-28853-8 |pages=101}} [https://archive.org/details/2021-08-21a-bollywood-a-guidebook-to-popular-hindi-cinema Alt URL]</ref> The founding chairman of the film production and distribution company [[Yash Raj Films]], Chopra was the recipient of several awards, including 6 [[National Film Awards]] and 8 [[Filmfare Awards]].<ref name="Yash Chopra King of Romance" /> He is considered among the best Hindi filmmakers, particularly known and admired for his romantic films with strong female leads. For his contributions to film, the [[Government of India]] honoured him with the [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]] in 2001, and the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 2005.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |archive-date=19 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2006, the [[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]] presented him with a lifetime membership, making him the first Indian to receive the honour.

Chopra began his career as an assistant director to [[I. S. Johar]] and his elder brother, [[B. R. Chopra]]. He made his directorial debut with ''[[Dhool Ka Phool]]'' in 1959, a melodrama about illegitimacy, and followed it with the social drama ''[[Dharmputra]]'' (1961). Chopra rose to prominence after directing the critically and commercially successful family drama ''[[Waqt (1965 film)|Waqt]]'' (1965), which pioneered the concept of [[ensemble cast]]s in Bollywood. In 1970, he founded his own production company, Yash Raj Films, whose first production was ''[[Daag (1973 film)|Daag: A Poem of Love]]'' (1973), a successful melodrama about polygamy. His success continued in the seventies, with some of Indian cinema's most successful and iconic films, including the action-thriller ''[[Deewaar]]'' (1975), which established [[Amitabh Bachchan]] as a leading actor in Bollywood; the ensemble musical romantic drama ''[[Kabhi Kabhie (1976 film)|Kabhi Kabhie]]'' (1976) and the ensemble family drama ''[[Trishul (film)|Trishul]]'' (1978).

Chopra collaborated with [[Sridevi]] in two of what has been considered to be his finest films; the romantic musical ''[[Chandni (1989 film)|Chandni]]'' (1989), which became instrumental in ending the era of violent films in Bollywood and rejuvenating the romantic musical genre, and the intergenerational musical romantic drama ''[[Lamhe]]'' (1991), considered by critics and Chopra himself to be his best work, but underperformed at the domestic box-office, although bringing major profits overseas. After helming the critically-panned ''[[Parampara (1993 film)|Parampara]]'' (1993), Chopra directed the musical psychological thriller ''[[Darr]]'' (1993), the first of his collaborations with [[Shah Rukh Khan|Shahrukh Khan]]. Chopra directed three more romantic films, all starring Khan; ''[[Dil To Pagal Hai]]'' (1997), ''[[Veer-Zaara]]'' (2004) and ''[[Jab Tak Hai Jaan]]'' (2012), before announcing his retirement from direction in 2012. He died of [[dengue fever]] during ''Jab Tak Hai Jaan''{{'}}s production in 2012. He is considered one of the all-time best directors of the Hindi film industry.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yash-Chopra |title=Yash Chopra | Punjabi filmmaker |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |date=8 December 2023 |access-date=27 September 2020 |archive-date=26 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026171432/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yash-Chopra |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Early life ==
[[File:Baldev Raj Chopra and Yash Chopra.jpg|thumb|Chopra with his brother [[B. R. Chopra]] at an event in 2007]]
Chopra was born on 27 September 1932 in [[Lahore]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[British India]] into a [[Punjabi Hindu]] [[Khatri#Hindu Khatris|Khatri]] family.<ref name="The life and times of Yash Chopra" /><ref name="Dwyer2002">{{cite book|author=Rachel Dwyer|title=Yash Chopra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FwVlAAAAMAAJ|access-date=31 October 2012|date=1 July 2002|publisher=British Film Institute|isbn=978-0-85170-874-4|page=13}}</ref><ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20121105-obituary-of-yash-chopra-760349-1999-11-29 End of a Love Story] India Today- 5 November 2012</ref> His father was an accountant in the PWD division of the British Punjab administration. He was the youngest of eight children,<ref name="Yash Chopra cremated in Mumbai, Bollywood, fans mourn">{{cite news|title=Yash Chopra cremated in Mumbai, Bollywood, fans mourn |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/bollywood-fans-mourn-yash-chopra-cremated-in-mumbai-119341-2012-10-21 |access-date=28 October 2012 |newspaper=India Today |date=22 October 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025125014/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/bollywood-fans-mourn-yash-chopra-cremated-in-mumbai/1/225779.html |archive-date=25 October 2012 }}</ref> the oldest of whom was almost 30 years his senior. The eminent film-maker [[B. R. Chopra]] is one of his brothers, thus making him the uncle of [[Ravi Chopra]].

Chopra was largely brought up in the [[Lahore]] house of his second brother, B. R. Chopra, then a film journalist.<ref name="The Man Who Sparked Bollywood’s Love of Foreign Locales">{{cite web|title=The Man Who Sparked Bollywood's Love of Foreign Locales|date=23 October 2012|url=http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/10/23/the-man-who-sparked-bollywoods-love-of-exotic-locales/|publisher=NYTimes|access-date=28 October 2012|archive-date=4 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204084420/http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/10/23/the-man-who-sparked-bollywoods-love-of-exotic-locales/|url-status=live}}</ref> Chopra studied at [[Doaba College, Jalandhar|Doaba College]] Jalandhar and originally sought to pursue a career in engineering.<ref>{{cite news|title=King Khan salutes Yash Chopra's alma mater|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Punjab/Jalandhar/King-Khan-salutes-Yash-Chopra-s-alma-mater/SP-Article1-956296.aspx|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=7 November 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108113657/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Punjab/Jalandhar/King-Khan-salutes-Yash-Chopra-s-alma-mater/SP-Article1-956296.aspx|archive-date=8 November 2012}}</ref> He later moved to [[Ludhiana]], [[East Punjab]] (in India) after the [[Partition of India]].<ref name="Face of romance in Bollywood: Iconic filmmaker Yash Chopra's five-decade long illustrious career" /><ref name="The Man Who Sparked Bollywood’s Love of Foreign Locales" />

Like many other Punjabi Hindu families, who were associated with the [[Arya Samaj]] movement, in his youth Chopra was a member of the ''[[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]]'', later in his life he would recall that he didn't see it as a [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalist]] organization but as a club of boy-scouts with emphasis on physical training as well mental health, through [[Kabaddi|kabbadi]] and [[yoga]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dwyer |first=Rachel |title=Yash Chopra |date=2002 |publisher=British Film Institute |isbn=978-0-85170-875-1 |edition=1st |series=World Directors |location=London |pages=18}}</ref>

His passion for film-making led him to travel to [[Bombay]], where he initially worked as an assistant director to [[I. S. Johar]], and then for his director-producer brother, B. R. Chopra, while another brother, Dharam Chopra, worked as his cameraman.<ref name="The life and times of Yash Chopra" /><ref name="Face of romance in Bollywood: Iconic filmmaker Yash Chopra's five-decade long illustrious career">{{cite news|title=Face of romance in Bollywood: Iconic filmmaker Yash Chopra's five-decade long illustrious career|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/yash-chopra-obituary-119265-2012-10-21|access-date=29 October 2012|newspaper=India Today|date=21 October 2012|archive-date=31 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031123324/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/yash-chopra-obituary/1/225684.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Career==
{{see also|Yash Chopra filmography}}

=== Early career (1959–1970) ===
Chopra received his first directorial opportunity in 1959 with the social drama ''[[Dhool Ka Phool]]'',<ref name="The Man Who Sparked Bollywood’s Love of Foreign Locales" /> produced by his elder brother [[B. R. Chopra]] and starring [[Mala Sinha]], [[Rajendra Kumar]] and [[Nanda (actress)|Nanda]]. The film revolved around a Muslim bringing up an "illegitimate" [[Hindu]] child.<ref name="The life and times of Yash Chopra" /> The film was well received by critics and became the fourth highest-grossing film of the year. Encouraged by their success, the Chopras made another hard-hitting social drama, ''[[Dharmputra]]'' (1961).<ref name="GulzarNihalani2003">{{cite book|author1=Gulzar|author2=Govind Nihalani|author3=Saibal Chatterjee|title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&pg=PT667|access-date=29 October 2012|year=2003|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7991-066-5|pages=667–}}</ref> It was one of the first films to depict the [[Partition of India]]<ref name="The Man Who Sparked Bollywood’s Love of Foreign Locales" /> and [[Hindu]] fundamentalism. The film marked the debut of [[Shashi Kapoor]] in a fully fledged role and was awarded with the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi]].

Chopra's collaboration with his brother continued in the form of the 1965 film ''[[Waqt (1965 film)|Waqt]]'',<ref name="The life and times of Yash Chopra" /> which featured an [[ensemble cast]] including [[Sunil Dutt]], [[Raaj Kumar]], [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Sadhana]], [[Balraj Sahni]], [[Madan Puri]], [[Sharmila Tagore]], [[Achala Sachdev]] and [[Rehman (actor)|Rehman]]. The film became a critical and commercial success. It is acknowledged as a "found film" of the "lost-and-found" genre. Setting many other trends, it was one of [[Indian cinema]]'s first multi-starrers,<ref name="The life and times of Yash Chopra" /> a mode which became increasingly popular among the producers during the 1970s. It also began the now-obligatory style of depicting wealth and social class. Chopra received his first [[Filmfare Award for Best Director]] for the film.

In 1969, Chopra directed two films produced by his brother. The first was ''[[Aadmi Aur Insaan]]'',<ref name="The life and times of Yash Chopra" /> which featured [[Dharmendra]] and [[Saira Banu]] in the lead roles. He directed ''[[Ittefaq (1969 film)|Ittefaq]]'' (1969),<ref name="The life and times of Yash Chopra" /> a mystery thriller film based on a [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] play, depicting the events of a single night, with [[Rajesh Khanna]] and [[Nanda (actress)|Nanda]] in the lead roles. Shot in a month and on a low budget, the film was deemed unusual by critics. Despite a being a slow starter, it eventually became a hit and won Chopra his second Filmfare Award for Best Director.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=3406|title=Ittefaq Low First Week - Thor Good First Week|date=10 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1970/101|title=Filmfare Awards (1970)|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

=== Formation of Yash Raj Films, continued success, setback and resurgence (1971–1992) ===
[[File:Amitabh Bachchan and Yash Chopra in the premiere of Paa.jpg|thumb|left|Chopra with actor [[Amitabh Bachchan]] at the premiere of ''[[Paa (film)|Paa]]'' in 2009]]

His first independently-produced film, ''[[Daag (1973 film)|Daag: A Poem of Love]]'' (1973),<ref name="Yash Chopra's cinematic journey">{{cite web|title=Yash Chopra's cinematic journey|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/photos-news/Photos-Entertainment/RememberingYashChopra/Article4-948208.aspx|publisher=Hindustan Times|access-date=28 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024210544/http://www.hindustantimes.com/photos-news/Photos-Entertainment/RememberingYashChopra/Article4-948208.aspx|archive-date=24 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> a melodrama about polygamy, starring [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Sharmila Tagore]] and [[Raakhee]] was a blockbuster and won Chopra his third Filmfare Award for Best Director.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://filminformation.com/featured/flashback-13-october-2023-from-our-issue-dated-17th-october-1998/|title=Blockbusters Of Twenty-Five Years (1973-1997)|date=13 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="Nom"/><ref name="Yash Chopra King of Romance">{{cite news|title=Yash Chopra King of Romance|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?keyword=bollywood&ID=282619&subcatg=&nid=282619|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130129171228/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?keyword=bollywood&ID=282619&subcatg=&nid=282619|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 January 2013|access-date=28 October 2012|newspaper=NDTV|date=22 October 2012}}</ref><ref name="The Man Who Sparked Bollywood’s Love of Foreign Locales" />

He directed a number of cult classics starring [[Shashi Kapoor]] and [[Amitabh Bachchan]], and scripted by [[Salim–Javed]], notably ''[[Deewaar]]'' (1975) and ''[[Trishul (film)|Trishul]]'' (1978), which were major critical and commercial successes and remain popular even today.<ref name="Top 10 Yash Chopra films">{{cite news|title=Top 10 Yash Chopra films|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/articlelist/entertainment/Top-10-Yash-Chopra-films/videols/16911320.cms|access-date=29 October 2012|newspaper=Times of India|date=23 October 2012|archive-date=25 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025020311/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/articlelist/entertainment/Top-10-Yash-Chopra-films/videols/16911320.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> These films set the trend for the late-'70s and '80s, establishing Bachchan as the "angry young man". Chopra produced, directed and scripted two more films starring the duo. Unlike his earlier action-oriented films, these were musical romantic dramas: {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Kabhie Kabhie (1976 film)|Kabhi Kabhie]]}} (1976),<ref name="Yash Chopra King of Romance" /><ref name="The life and times of Yash Chopra" /> co-starring [[Waheeda Rehman]], [[Raakhee]], [[Rishi Kapoor]] and [[Neetu Singh]], followed by ''[[Silsila (1981 film)|Silsila]]'' (1981),<ref name="Yash Chopra King of Romance" /> co-starring [[Jaya Bachchan]], [[Rekha]] and [[Sanjeev Kumar]]. Chopra suggested [[Javed Akhtar]] to become a lyricist, starting from this film.<ref name="10 things you didn't know about Yash Chopra" /> He also directed the duo in the action drama ''[[Kaala Patthar]]'' (1979), based on the [[Chasnala mining disaster]]. The film emerged a box office hit and received several [[Filmfare Awards|Filmfare Award]] nominations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/npages.php?page=shownews&articleid=5005&nCat=|title=Legendary Director Yash Chopra Passes Away|date=22 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131121054713/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/npages.php?page=shownews&articleid=5005&nCat= |archive-date=21 November 2013 }}</ref><ref name="Nom">{{Cite web |url=http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf |title=Filmfare Awards (1953–2005)|access-date=5 November 2007 |archive-date=12 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612065210/http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The 1980s marked a professional setback in Chopra's career, as several films he directed and produced in that period failed to leave a mark at the Indian box-office. His film ''[[Mashaal]]'' (1984) was his first collaboration with the legendary actor, [[Dilip Kumar]]. The action-oriented film, which was based on the well-known Marathi play titled ''Ashroonchi Zhali Phule'', received critical acclaim, but fared only average at the box-office. A year later, he made ''[[Faasle]]'', a romantic drama starring [[Sunil Dutt]], [[Rekha]], [[Rohan Kapoor (actor)|Rohan Kapoor]] and [[Farah (actress)|Farah]], which proved to be a critical and commercial disaster at the box-office.<ref name="Face of romance in Bollywood: Iconic filmmaker Yash Chopra's five-decade long illustrious career" /> He and critics consider it his worst film. ''[[Vijay (1988 film)|Vijay]]'' (1988)<ref name="The life and times of Yash Chopra" /> was also a box-office failure.<ref name="Face of romance in Bollywood: Iconic filmmaker Yash Chopra's five-decade long illustrious career" /> The film received mixed-to-negative reviews from critics and was dubbed a remake of ''Trishul''.

Chopra's lean phase ended in 1989 with the highly-successful romantic musical ''[[Chandni (1989 film)|Chandni]]'',<ref name="The life and times of Yash Chopra" /> a film with all the hallmarks of what has come to be known as the "Yash Chopra style": heroine-oriented, romantic, emotional, depicting the lifestyle of the elite, with melodious music used in songs picturized in foreign locations. It marked the first collaboration between Chopra and [[Sridevi]]. The huge success of its soundtrack was instrumental in ending the era of violence in Bollywood films and bringing back music into Hindi films. After a string of critically and commercially films, the success of ''Chandni'' consolidated Sridevi's position as the top female [[Bollywood]] star of the era. Though it was not the first time Chopra shot a film in [[Switzerland]], the extensive scenes shot there made it a popular tourist destination for Indians. The film won the [[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]] for 1989, in addition to earning Chopra his eighth nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Director.''<ref name="Bollywood movie mogul Chopra dies at 80">{{cite news|title=Bollywood movie mogul Chopra dies at 80|url=http://articles.nydailynews.com/2012-10-22/news/34660131_1_elder-son-aditya-chopra-uday-chopra-yash-raj-films|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130130114142/http://articles.nydailynews.com/2012-10-22/news/34660131_1_elder-son-aditya-chopra-uday-chopra-yash-raj-films|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 January 2013|access-date=29 October 2012|newspaper=NY Daily News|date=22 October 2012}}</ref>''

He followed it with ''[[Lamhe]]'' (1991) an intergenerational musical romantic drama starring frequent collaborators Sridevi and [[Anil Kapoor]].<ref name="The life and times of Yash Chopra" /> The film received widespread critical acclaim, had exceptional music, and was one of the biggest Bollywood hits in the overseas market; however, it was a flop in India due to its controversial storyline.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=6153|title=The Top Actor Of 2020|date=9 February 2021}}</ref> The film won five [[Filmfare Awards]], including the [[Filmfare Award for Best Film]], and earned Chopra his ninth nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Director. Over the years, ''Lamhe'' has been hailed as a cult classic; it is regarded as a modern masterpiece and possibly his finest film to date. It was featured in ''Outlook'' magazine's list of All-Time Great Indian films.<ref name="Outlook Bollywood's best films">{{cite web|title=Outlook Bollywood's best films|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?220089|publisher=Outlook|access-date=29 October 2012|archive-date=27 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101027170450/http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?220089|url-status=live}}</ref> It has been cited by Chopra as his personal favourite of his films.<ref name="10 things you didn't know about Yash Chopra">{{cite news|title=10 things you didn't know about Yash Chopra|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/yashchopratrivia-119316-2012-10-21|access-date=29 October 2012|newspaper=India Today|date=22 October 2012|archive-date=29 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029100550/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/yashchopratrivia/1/225747.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1992, Chopra directed ''[[Parampara (1993 film)|Parampara]]''. Despite an all-star cast of [[Ramya Krishnan]], [[Aamir Khan]], [[Raveena Tandon]], [[Sunil Dutt]], [[Anupam Kher]], [[Vinod Khanna]], [[Ashwini Bhave]] and [[Saif Ali Khan]] (in his film debut), the film was a commercial failure and was panned by critics for its weak storyline and soundtrack, although Chopra's direction was commended.

=== Later career (1993–2012) ===
[[File:Yash Chopra and Shahrukh Khan.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Shahrukh Khan and Yash Chopra are looking away from camera.|Chopra with actor [[Shah Rukh Khan|Shahrukh Khan]] at a promotional event for their film ''[[Jab Tak Hai Jaan]]'' in 2012<ref name="Yash Chopra King of Romance" />]]
In 1993, Chopra directed the newcomer [[Shah Rukh Khan|Shahrukh Khan]] along with [[Juhi Chawla]] and [[Sunny Deol]] in the musical psychological thriller ''[[Darr]]''.<ref name="Yash Chopra King of Romance" /><ref name="The life and times of Yash Chopra" /> The film depicted the story of an obsessed lover (Khan) and the lengths to which he goes to pursue a woman (Chawla) who is already happily engaged to another man (Deol). The film was a runaway success and is now considered a cult classic. ''Darr'' emerged as one of the highest-grossing Hindi films of 1993. It also established Khan as a bankable star and earned Chopra the [[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]], in addition to his tenth nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Director.

In 1995, Chopra launched the television production house ''Metavision''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19950815-doordarshan-3-to-begin-test-transmission-in-mid-august-formal-launch-one-month-later-807646-1995-08-14|title=Doordarshan-3 to begin test transmission in mid-August, formal launch one month later|website=[[India Today]]|date=15 August 1995|first=Amit|last=Agarwal|access-date=1 April 2023|archive-date=1 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401163555/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19950815-doordarshan-3-to-begin-test-transmission-in-mid-august-formal-launch-one-month-later-807646-1995-08-14|url-status=live}}</ref> This company produced a singing reality show ''Meri Awaaz Suno'' (1995–1997), a talk show ''Meri Pasand'' (1995–1996), and a telefilm ''Humko Ishq Ne Mara'' (1997).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19971222-tv-is-the-new-platform-to-show-off-latent-talent-831123-1997-12-21|title=TV is the new platform to show off latent talent|website=India Today|date=22 December 1997|access-date=31 March 2023|archive-date=31 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331223131/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19971222-tv-is-the-new-platform-to-show-off-latent-talent-831123-1997-12-21|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/humko-ishq-ne-maara-tv/cast/|title=Humko Ishq Ne Maara (TV) Cast List | Humko Ishq Ne Maara (TV) Movie Star Cast | Release Date | Movie Trailer | Review|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=December 1996|access-date=31 March 2023|archive-date=12 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012000306/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/humko-ishq-ne-maara-tv/cast/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1997, Chopra directed, produced and co-wrote the musical romantic drama ''[[Dil To Pagal Hai]]'',<ref name="The life and times of Yash Chopra" /> starring yet again Shahrukh Khan in a love quadrangle with [[Madhuri Dixit]], [[Karisma Kapoor]] and [[Akshay Kumar]]. It was the first Bollywood film to be shot in [[Germany]]. The film became the highest grosser for the year and won several awards, including 8 [[Filmfare Awards]] (including an eleventh nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Director for Chopra) and 3 [[National Film Awards]], including the [[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]]. Chopra then took a sabbatical from directing and focused solely on producing films for over 7 years.

In 2004, he returned to direction with the epic love saga ''[[Veer-Zaara]]''.<ref name="The life and times of Yash Chopra" /> Starring Shahrukh Khan again, [[Preity Zinta]] and [[Rani Mukerji]] in lead roles, the film was the biggest hit of 2004 in both domestic and overseas markets, with a worldwide gross of over {{Indian Rupee}}940 million and was screened at the [[Berlin Film Festival]] to high critical appreciation. The film which narrated the star-crossed love story of an Indian air-force officer Veer Pratap Singh (Khan) and a Pakistani woman, Zaara Hayaat Khan (Zinta) was highly appreciated by critics. Rama Sharma from ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'' wrote: "Giving love its due, Chopra has understandably linked the script to the life of a common man. The pace is exacting. Drawing from the best of the two countries, the story is made more colorful by a spray of the [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]i culture—be it celebrating [[Lohri]] in India or visiting a [[dargah]] in Pakistan. He has handled the script cleverly. Whenever the pace begins to slacken, he introduces a new character and a twist." ''Veer-Zaara'' won 4 [[Filmfare Awards]], including the Filmfare Award for Best Film, and earned Chopra a record-setting twelfth nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Director. The film also won the [[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]].

In September 2012, in a special interview with actor [[Shah Rukh Khan|Shahrukh Khan]] on the occasion of his 80th birthday, Chopra announced that ''[[Jab Tak Hai Jaan]]'' (2012)<ref name="The life and times of Yash Chopra" /> would be his last directorial venture and that he would opt to focus on his production company and his personal life. For the shoot of the last remaining song in ''Jab Tak Hai Jaan,'' director Yash Chopra wanted to shoot a scene with a sari-clad [[Katrina Kaif]] romancing Shahrukh Khan in the lush meadows of the [[Swiss Alps]]. But his illness, caused by a bout of [[dengue]], stymied the plan for the song, which would have reflected his trademark directorial style.

=== Frequent collaborations ===

Chopra was known to often cast the same actors in his films, his most famous collaborations being with [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Sanjeev Kumar]], [[Madan Puri]], [[Amrish Puri]], [[Prem Chopra]], [[Nirupa Roy]], [[Aruna Irani]], [[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]], [[Manmohan Krishna]], [[Poonam Dhillon]], [[Parikshit Sahni]], [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Rishi Kapoor]], [[Neetu Singh]], [[Rekha]], [[Sharmila Tagore]], [[Raakhee]], [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Sunil Dutt]], [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Waheeda Rehman]], [[Hema Malini]], [[Sridevi]], [[Anupam Kher]], [[Iftekhar]], [[Achala Sachdev]], [[Vikas Anand]] and more recently, [[Shah Rukh Khan|Shahrukh Khan]].

== Personal life ==

=== Family ===
In 1970, Chopra married [[Pamela Chopra|Pamela Singh]]<ref name="Yash Chopra's wife Pamela Chopra passes away at 74">{{cite news |last1=India Today |title=Yash Chopra's wife Pamela Chopra passes away at 74 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/yash-chopras-wife-pamela-chopra-passes-away-2362248-2023-04-20 |access-date=20 April 2023 |date=20 April 2023 |language=en |archive-date=20 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420054521/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/yash-chopras-wife-pamela-chopra-passes-away-2362248-2023-04-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> and together they have two sons [[Aditya Chopra]] and [[Uday Chopra]],<ref name="The life and times of Yash Chopra">{{cite news|title=The life and times of Yash Chopra|url=http://www.punemirror.in/article/19/20121022201210220903242644ce0d31b/The-life-and-times-of-Yash-Chopra.html|access-date=29 October 2012|newspaper=Pune Mirror|date=22 October 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213061754/http://www.punemirror.in/article/19/20121022201210220903242644ce0d31b/The-life-and-times-of-Yash-Chopra.html|archive-date=13 December 2013}}</ref> born in 1971 and 1973, respectively. Aditya Chopra is also a film director and producer and holds the position of chairman and managing director of Yash Raj Films, while Uday is an assistant director turned actor who made his acting debut in 2000 in his brother's directorial, ''[[Mohabbatein]]''.<ref name=Ganti2004/> Uday is currently the Director – Yash Raj Films, CEO – YRF Entertainment.

=== Religion ===
Chopra was born into an [[Arya Samaj]]i family, a [[Hindu reform movements|Hindu reformist movement]] noted for pushing social reforms, and in her book on Chopra [[Rachel Dwyer]] would say it had an influence at many levels: at a personal level, Chopra would refuse to identify as a [[Khatri]], as it'd appear [[Casteism|casteist]];<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dwyer |first=Rachel |title=Yash Chopra |date=2002 |publisher=British Film Institute |isbn=978-0-85170-875-1 |edition=1st |series=World Directors |location=London |pages=11 |quote=Yash Chopra does not find the term 'Khatri' particularly meaningful in his own life, as one would expect of a member of the Arya Samaj, a nineteenth-century socio-religious reform movement.}}</ref> when it comes to his filmmaking style, the Chopra film clan in general would make movies containing a message of social change.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dwyer |first=Rachel |title=Yash Chopra |date=2002 |publisher=British Film Institute |isbn=978-0-85170-875-1 |edition=1st |series=World Directors |location=London |pages=25–26}}</ref>

== Death ==
[[File:Yash Chopra 2013 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Chopra on a 2013 Indian stamp.]]
On 13 October 2012, Chopra was diagnosed with [[dengue fever]] and was admitted to [[Lilavati Hospital]] in [[Bandra]], Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-20038380 |title=India probes 'dengue fever' death of Yash Chopra |work=[[BBC News]] |date=23 October 2012 |access-date=22 June 2018 |archive-date=16 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716183934/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-20038380 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=23 October 2012|title=India probes 'dengue fever' death of Yash Chopra|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-20038380|access-date=10 October 2020|archive-date=12 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012172703/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-20038380|url-status=live}}</ref> On 21 October, Yash Chopra succumbed to death following [[multiple organ failure]]. He was 80 years of age.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/bollywood-fans-mourn-yash-chopra-cremated-in-mumbai-119341-2012-10-22|title=Yash Chopra cremated in Mumbai, Bollywood, fans mourn|date=25 October 2012|magazine=India Today|language=en|access-date=14 August 2019|archive-date=14 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814093312/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/bollywood-fans-mourn-yash-chopra-cremated-in-mumbai-119341-2012-10-22|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-20023315 |title=Bollywood veteran film-maker Yash Chopra dies |work=BBC News |date=21 October 2012 |access-date=22 June 2018 |archive-date=16 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716183931/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-20023315 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/dengue-was-the-cause-of-yash-chopra-s-death-says-bmc/story-aIRnnSH8UIWyzdKdn6NYhO.html |title=Dengue was the cause of Yash Chopra's death, says BMC |work=Hindustan Times |date=30 October 2012 |access-date=22 June 2018 |archive-date=22 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622032815/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/dengue-was-the-cause-of-yash-chopra-s-death-says-bmc/story-aIRnnSH8UIWyzdKdn6NYhO.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Chautha ceremony for Yash Chopra was held on 25 October 2012 at [[Yash Raj Films]] studio.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/yash-chopras-chautha-ceremony-119572-2012-10-25|title=Yash Chopra's chautha ceremony today|date=25 October 2012|magazine=India Today|language=en|access-date=14 August 2019|archive-date=14 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814093315/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/yash-chopras-chautha-ceremony-119572-2012-10-25|url-status=live}}</ref> Yash Chopra's final rites took place at Pawan Hans crematorium on 22 October 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/live-yash-chopras-final-rites-take-place-at-vile-parle-498325.html|title=Live: Yash Chopra's final rites take place at Vile Parle|date=22 October 2012|website=Firstpost|language=en|access-date=14 August 2019|archive-date=14 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814104101/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/live-yash-chopras-final-rites-take-place-at-vile-parle-498325.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Awards ==
[[File:Yash Chopra gets title Ambassador of Interlaken.jpg|thumb|Chopra with his wife [[Pamela Chopra]] at an award show in 2011]]
[[File:Yash-Chopra-statue Interlaken 2023 NNW.jpg|thumb|Statue of Chopra in Interlaken, Switzerland]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year || Award || Category || Film
|-
|[[9th National Film Awards|1961]] ||rowspan="7"|[[National Film Awards]] ||[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi|Best Feature Film in Hindi]] ||''[[Dharmputra|Dharamputra]]''
|-
|[[37th National Film Awards|1989]] ||rowspan="6"|[[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment|Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]] ||''[[Chandni (1989 film)|Chandni]]''
|-
|[[41st National Film Awards|1993]] ||''[[Darr]]''
|-
|[[43rd National Film Awards|1995]] ||''[[Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jayenge]]''
|-
|[[45th National Film Awards|1997]] ||''[[Dil To Pagal Hai]]''
|-
|[[52nd National Film Awards|2004]] ||''[[Veer Zaara|Veer-Zaara]]''
|-
|[[55th National Film Awards|2008]] ||''[[Chak De India]]''
|-
|[[37th Filmfare Awards|1992]]|| rowspan="12" |[[Filmfare Awards]] ||rowspan="4"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]] ||''[[Lamhe]]''
|-
|[[41st Filmfare Awards|1996]]||''Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jayenge''
|-
|[[43rd Filmfare Awards|1998]] ||''Dil To Pagal Hai''
|-
|[[50th Filmfare Awards|2005]]||''Veer-Zaara''
|-
|[[13th Filmfare Awards|1966]]|| rowspan="4" |[[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]]||''[[Waqt (1965 film)|Waqt]]''
|-
|[[17th Filmfare Awards|1970]]||''[[Ittefaq (1969 film)|Ittefaq]]''
|-
|[[21st Filmfare Awards|1974]] ||''[[Daag: A Poem of Love|Daag]]''
|-
|[[23rd Filmfare Awards|1976]]||''[[Deewaar]]''
|-
|[[51st Filmfare Awards|2006]] ||rowspan="3"|Power Award || rowspan="3" |Special Award
|-
|[[52nd Filmfare Awards|2007]]
|-
|[[53rd Filmfare Awards|2008]]
|-
|[[58th Filmfare Awards|2013]] || [[Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award|Lifetime Achievement Award]] || rowspan="2"|All of his films
|-
|[[3rd IIFA Awards|2002]] ||rowspan="5"|[[IIFA Awards]] || Outstanding Contribution to Indian Cinema
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[6th IIFA Awards|2005]] ||[[IIFA Award for Best Film|Best Film]] ||rowspan="2"|''Veer-Zaara''
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|-
|[[9th IIFA Awards|2008]] || Best Film ||''Chak De India''
|-
|[[14th IIFA Awards|2013]] ||IIFA 2013 [[Macau]] is dedicated to Mr. Yash Chopra || Special Award
|-
|1998
| rowspan="4" |[[Zee Cine Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Zee Cine Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|''Dil To Pagal Hai''
|-
| rowspan="2" |2005 ||''Veer-Zaara''
|-
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|''Veer-Zaara''
|-
|2008
|Best Film||''Chak De India''
|-
|1996 ||rowspan="4"|[[Screen Awards]] || rowspan="3"|[[Screen Award for Best Film|Best Film]] || ''Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jayenge''
|-
|2005 ||''Veer-Zaara''
|-
|2008 ||''Chak De India''
|-
|2013 ||[[Screen Lifetime Achievement Award|Lifetime Achievement Award]]|| All of his films
|-
|rowspan="2"|2005 || rowspan="2"|[[Bollywood Movie Awards]] || [[Bollywood Movie Award - Best Film|Best Film]] ||rowspan="2"|''Veer-Zaara''
|-
|[[Bollywood Movie Award - Best Director|Best Director]]
|}

=== Honours and recognitions ===
* 1996: Founder Trustee of Film Industry Welfare Trust established.<ref name="ficci1">{{cite web |title=Entertainment Sector : FICCI |url=http://www.ficci.com/cvs/yash-entertainment.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403123304/http://www.ficci.com/cvs/yash-entertainment.htm |archive-date=3 April 2007 |access-date=7 September 2011}}</ref>
* 1998 & 2001: Received BBC Asia Awards in both years – in 1998 and 2001 for his outstanding contribution to films.<ref name="ficci1" />
* 2001: [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]], the topmost and the highest honour given in the Indian film industry.<ref name="ficci1" />
* 2001: Dr. [[Dadabhai Naoroji]] Millennium Lifetime Achievement award.<ref name="ficci1" />
* 2003-2012: Vice President of the Film Producers’ Guild of India for 10 years.<ref name="guild-2003">{{cite web|title=TSR National Yash Chopra Memorial Award 2013 Press Meet|website=Ragalahari|date=2013|language=en|url=https://www.ragalahari.com/localevents/12232/tsr-national-yash-chopra-memorial-award-2013-press-meet.aspx|access-date=4 September 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904055148/https://www.ragalahari.com/localevents/12232/tsr-national-yash-chopra-memorial-award-2013-press-meet.aspx|archive-date=4 September 2021}}</ref>
* 2005: [[Padma Bhushan]], India's third highest civilian honours.<ref name="The life and times of Yash Chopra" />
* 2005: Honoured along with the Egyptian comedian [[Adel Emam]] and the Oscar-winning actor [[Morgan Freeman]] as the Asian, Arab and Hollywood honorees in the [[Dubai International Film Festival]] "In the Spotlight", which honours the work of eminent actors, producers and directors from around the world for their distinguished service to the film industry.<ref>{{cite web |title=Yash Chopra honored at 2nd Dubai Film Festival |url=http://sify.com/movies/fullstory.php?id=14054892 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070326021853/http://sify.com/movies/fullstory.php?id=14054892 |archive-date=26 March 2007 |access-date=13 September 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
* 2006: A lifetime membership to [[BAFTA]] for his contribution to the Indian film industry. He is the first Indian to be honoured at BAFTA in 59-year history of the academy.<ref>{{cite web |date=21 July 2006 |title=Mr. Yash Chopra honored at BAFTA |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/news/2006/yash-chopra-210706.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903222045/https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/news/2006/yash-chopra-210706.html |archive-date=3 September 2021 |access-date=4 September 2021 |website=Filmi Beat |language=en}}</ref><ref name="The life and times of Yash Chopra" />
* 2006: [[Punjab Rattan]], Punjab's highest civilian honour.<ref>{{cite news |date=19 June 2006 |title=Yash Chopra bags Punjab Rattan Award |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/yash-chopra-bags-punjab-rattan-award/story-gPX7CbkUbt2ZzQYLyXNfbP.html |access-date=22 June 2018 |archive-date=22 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622060501/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/yash-chopra-bags-punjab-rattan-award/story-gPX7CbkUbt2ZzQYLyXNfbP.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 June 2006 |title=First Punjab Rattan awarded to Yash Chopra |url=https://www.yashrajfilms.com/news/detail/2016/05/26/first-punjab-rattan-awarded-to-yash-chopra |access-date=22 June 2018 |publisher=Yash Raj Films |archive-date=22 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622060428/https://www.yashrajfilms.com/news/detail/2016/05/26/first-punjab-rattan-awarded-to-yash-chopra |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2006: [[Lifetime Achievement Award]] at the 4th [[Pune International Film Festival]] (P.I.F.F.)<ref>{{cite web |title=Yash Chopra honored at P.I.F.F. |url=http://sify.com/movies/fullstory.php?id=14122874 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060503211704/http://sify.com/movies/fullstory.php?id=14122874 |archive-date=3 May 2006 |access-date=13 September 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
* 2007: The veteran director was on the advisory board of the Information & Broadcasting Ministry of the [[Government of India]].<ref name="ficci1" />
* 2007: He has been given the [[Maharashtra]] state government's [[Raj Kapoor]]<ref name="Yash Chopra receives Raj Kapoor Award">{{cite web |date=5 May 2007 |title=Yash Chopra receives Raj Kapoor Award |url=http://businessofcinema.com/bollywood-news/yash-chopra-receives-raj-kapoor-award/18381 |access-date=29 October 2012 |publisher=Business of Cinema |archive-date=29 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121129102519/http://businessofcinema.com/bollywood-news/yash-chopra-receives-raj-kapoor-award/18381 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Maha Govt Confers Raj Kapoor Awards On Nihalani, Shabana">{{cite news |date=1 May 2011 |title=Maha Govt Confers Raj Kapoor Awards On Nihalani, Shabana |newspaper=NDTV |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=102624&subcatg=&keyword=Bollywood&nid=102624 |url-status=dead |access-date=29 October 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130129191458/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=102624&subcatg=&keyword=Bollywood&nid=102624 |archive-date=29 January 2013}}</ref> and [[V. Shantaram]]’ Awards, in recognition of his impressive contributions to the Hindi film industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajdutt, Yash Chopra receive V Shantaram and Raj Kapoor awards resp |url=http://www.realbollywood.com/blog/2007/04/rajdutt-yash-chopra-receive-v-shantaram-and-raj-kapoor-awards-resp.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929092751/http://www.realbollywood.com/blog/2007/04/rajdutt-yash-chopra-receive-v-shantaram-and-raj-kapoor-awards-resp.html |archive-date=29 September 2007}}</ref>
* 13 November 2007: Chopra was conferred the Zenith Asia Honour for his contribution to Indian cinema.<ref name="Yash Chopra conferred Zenith Asia Honour">{{cite news |date=22 November 2007 |title=Yash Chopra conferred Zenith Asia Honour |newspaper=One India |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/news/2007/yash-chopra-zenith-asian-honour-221107.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130218064700/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/news/2007/yash-chopra-zenith-asian-honour-221107.html |url-status=live |archive-date=18 February 2013 |access-date=29 October 2012 }}</ref>
* 5 July 2008: France's [[Legion of Honour]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Yash Chopra - The Legend|website=Yash Raj Films|language=en|url=https://www.yashrajfilms.com/news/detail/2016/06/01/yash-chopra-honoured-with-the-highest-civilian-award-of-france|access-date=21 August 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821065456/https://www.yashrajfilms.com/news/detail/2016/06/01/yash-chopra-honoured-with-the-highest-civilian-award-of-france|archive-date=21 August 2021}} [https://archive.org/details/2021-08-21a-yash-chopra-honoured-with-the-highest-civilian-award-of-france-yash-raj-films Alt URL]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apunkachoice.com/happenings/20080707-0.html|title=Yash Chopra denies underworld money being used in Bollywood : Happenings News |publisher=ApunKaChoice.Com|date=7 July 2008|access-date=2 October 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213224739/http://www.apunkachoice.com/happenings/20080707-0.html|archive-date=13 February 2012}}</ref>
* 2008: [[FIAPF Award]] for Outstanding Achievement in Film at the [[Asia Pacific Screen Awards]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hungama |first1=Bollywood |title=Yash Chopra receives FIAPF Award, presented at 2008 Asia Pacific Screen Awards : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/yash-chopra-receives-fiapf-award-presented-at-2008-asia-pacific-screen-awards/ |language=en |date=13 November 2008}}</ref>
* 2009: Yash Chopra received the Lifetime Achievement Award<ref>{{Cite web |title=India Leadership Conclave 2009 |url=http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/events/india-leadership-conclave-2009/107546 |access-date=7 March 2016 |website=www.ndtv.com |archive-date=8 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308011429/http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/events/india-leadership-conclave-2009/107546 |url-status=live }}</ref> at Satya Brahma-founded [[India Leadership Conclave]], moderated by [[NDTV]].
* 2009: [[Pusan International Film Festival]] – [[Pusan International Film Festival#Asian Filmmaker of the Year|Asian Filmmaker of the Year]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessofcinema.com/news.php?newsid=14709 |title=Yash Chopra honored at Pusan International Film Festival |publisher=Businessofcinema.com |access-date=2 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415214206/http://www.businessofcinema.com/news.php?newsid=14709 |archive-date=15 April 2012 }}</ref>
* 2010: National [[Kishore Kumar]] Award by the [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]].<ref name="Kishore Kumar award for Yash Chopra">{{cite news |title=Kishore Kumar award for Yash Chopra |newspaper=Deccan Herald |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/104888/kishore-kumar-award-yash-chopra.html |access-date=29 October 2012 |archive-date=12 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812224000/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/104888/kishore-kumar-award-yash-chopra.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=13 October 2010 |title=Yash Chopra honoured with the prestigious National Kishore Kumar Award |url=https://www.yashrajfilms.com/news/detail/2016/07/25/yash-chopra-honoured-with-the-prestigious-national-kishore-kumar-award |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904063250/https://www.yashrajfilms.com/news/detail/2016/07/25/yash-chopra-honoured-with-the-prestigious-national-kishore-kumar-award |archive-date=4 September 2021 |access-date=4 September 2021 |website=Yashrajfilms |language=en}}</ref>
* 2010: Honoured by the [[Swiss Government]] for rediscovering [[Switzerland]], and recently, he was presented a Special Award by [[Ursula Andress]] on behalf of the Swiss Government.<ref>{{cite web|title=Yash Chopra felicitated with a Swiss award|website=[[Indian Express]]|date=5 November 2010|language=en|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/yash-chopra-felicitated-with-a-swiss-award/|access-date=4 September 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903223522/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/yash-chopra-felicitated-with-a-swiss-award/|archive-date=3 September 2021}}</ref>
* 2010: Swiss Ambassador's Award for his contribution in promoting "Brand [[Switzerland]]" through his movies.<ref name="Yash Chopra receives Swiss Ambassador's Award">{{cite news |date=26 October 2010 |title=Yash Chopra receives Swiss Ambassador's Award |newspaper=The Indian Express |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/yash-chopra-receives-swiss-ambassadors-award/702794 |access-date=29 October 2012 |archive-date=15 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315000002/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/yash-chopra-receives-swiss-ambassadors-award/702794 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* October 2010: Chopra was given the Outstanding Achievement in Cinema award at [[The Asian Awards]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Asian Awards 2010 Winners List |url=http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/news-releases/the-asian-awards-winners-list-153204315.html |access-date=2 October 2012 |publisher=Prnewswire.co.uk |location=united kingdom, asia |archive-date=18 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418220630/http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/news-releases/the-asian-awards-winners-list-153204315.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2011: Chopra was honoured with the title of Ambassador of Interlaken.<ref name="Yash Chopra honoured with the title of Ambassador of Interlaken">{{cite web |date=11 April 2011 |title=Yash Chopra honoured with the title of Ambassador of Interlaken |url=http://businessofcinema.com/bollywood-news/yash-chopra-honoured-with-the-title-of-ambassador-of-interlaken/33092 |access-date=29 October 2012 |publisher=Business of Cinema |archive-date=12 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812210428/http://businessofcinema.com/bollywood-news/yash-chopra-honoured-with-the-title-of-ambassador-of-interlaken/33092 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2011: In Mumbai, the [[India Leadership Conclave]] felicitated him in the category of "Excellence in outstanding contribution to Indian Cinema".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Affairs & Indo American Chamber of Commerce (IACC), Annual India Leadership Conclave 2011, Shri Rajiv Gandhi |url=http://businesswireindia.com/news/news-details/indian-affairs-indo-american-chamber-commerce-iacc-set-host-2nd-annual-india-leadership-conclave-2011-mumbai/25600 |access-date=7 March 2016 |website=businesswireindia.com |archive-date=8 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308000845/http://businesswireindia.com/news/news-details/indian-affairs-indo-american-chamber-commerce-iacc-set-host-2nd-annual-india-leadership-conclave-2011-mumbai/25600 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2013: Awarded the "Father of Contemporary Indian Cinema" at [[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]] (IFFM).<ref>{{cite web |date=21 April 2013 |title=Yash Chopra to be honoured with Father of Contemporary Indian Cinema title |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/yash-chopra-to-be-honoured-with-father-of-contemporary-indian-cinema-title-611694 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904072223/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/yash-chopra-to-be-honoured-with-father-of-contemporary-indian-cinema-title-611694 |archive-date=4 September 2021 |access-date=4 September 2021 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref>
* The Jaipur International Film Festival-JIFF's Outstanding Lifetime Achievement Award was presented to the 'King of Romance,' Yash Raj Chopra on 17 January 2025 in Jaipur. The award was accepted by his grandson, Rishab Chopra.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JIFF {{!}} Jaipur International Film Festival - JIFF Awards |url=https://jiffindia.org/jiffawards.html |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=jiffindia.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-06 |title=Yash Chopra, Shyam Benegal to receive lifetime honours at Jaipur International Film Festival 2025 - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/yash-chopra-shyam-benegal-to-receive-lifetime-honours-at-jaipur-international-film-festival-2025-19535361.htm |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>
* 3 May 2013: A postage stamp, bearing his likeness, was released by [[India Post]] to honour him.
* Handpicked by the [[British Film Institute]] for a book written by Rachel Dwyer in their "World Directors Series". This book showcases the glorious five-decade career of Yash Chopra.<ref name="ficci1" />
* Certificate of Recognition from the [[British Tourist Authority]] and British Film Commission for promoting tourism in the UK through his films.<ref name="ficci1"/>
* Vocational Excellence Award by the [[Rotary Club]]<ref name="ficci1"/>
* Outstanding Achievement Awards by the apex bodies of Indian Industry – like the [[Confederation of Indian Industry]] (CII).<ref name="ficci1"/>
* Honoured by ''National Association of Software and Service Companies'' ([[NASSCOM]]) and ''All India Association of Industries'' (AIAI) for his outstanding achievements.<ref name="guild-2003"/>
* He has also been awarded the Priyadarshini Award for his outstanding contribution to Indian cinema.<ref name="ficci1"/>

=== Honorary Doctorate degrees ===
* 2004: by the Guru Nanak University, [[Amritsar]], India in recognition of his stature as a leading luminary of India.<ref name="Yash Chopra awarded doctorate by UK varsity">{{cite news|title=Yash Chopra awarded doctorate by UK varsity |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/yash-chopra-awarded-doctorate-by-uk-varsity-79406-2010-07-26 |newspaper=India Today |date=27 July 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403122417/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/yash-chopra-awarded-doctorate-by-uk-varsity/1/106872.html |archive-date=3 April 2015 }}</ref>
* 2007: by the [[Leeds Metropolitan University]] in Yorkshire.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apunkachoice.com/scoop/bollywood/20070610-0.html |title=Leeds University honours Bollywood icons : Bollywood News |publisher=ApunKaChoice.Com |date=10 June 2007 |access-date=2 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011070216/http://www.apunkachoice.com/scoop/bollywood/20070610-0.html |archive-date=11 October 2012 }}</ref>
* 2008: by the [[Panjab University]], [[Chandigarh]], India for his contribution to Indian cinema.<ref name="Yash Chopra awarded doctorate by UK varsity" />
* 2010: from the [[School of Oriental and African Studies]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.soas.ac.uk/news/newsitem60284.html |title=SOAS Celebrates Largest Ever Graduation |publisher=Soas.ac.uk |date=28 July 2010 |access-date=2 October 2012 |archive-date=9 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309144131/http://www.soas.ac.uk/news/newsitem60284.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 2012 Honorary Professorship from [[Trinity College Dublin]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=6 September 2012 |title=Office of the Vice President for Global Relations : Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Ireland |url=http://www.tcd.ie/globalrelations/news/YashChopraHonoraryProfes.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121123015011/http://www.tcd.ie/globalrelations/news/YashChopraHonoraryProfes.php |archive-date=23 November 2012 |access-date=13 November 2012 |publisher=Tcd.ie}}</ref>

=== Memorial Awards ===
The Yash Chopra Memorial Award ceremonies were instituted by the TSR Foundation of [[T. Subbarami Reddy]], which carries Rs 10.00 [[lakhs]] cash and citation.<ref>{{cite web|title=SR National Yash Chopra Memorial Award 2013 Press Meet|website=Ragalahari|language=en|url=https://www.ragalahari.com/localevents/12232/tsr-national-yash-chopra-memorial-award-2013-press-meet.aspx|access-date=4 September 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904235800/https://www.ragalahari.com/localevents/12232/tsr-national-yash-chopra-memorial-award-2013-press-meet.aspx|archive-date=4 September 2021}}</ref> These awards ceremonies started in 2013, on the eve of Chopra's death and are dedicated to his memory. The ceremonies are held annually in Mumbai, and feature awards to people in recognition of their outstanding contribution in the field of art and culture.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Ordinal || Date
|-
|1||17 February 2018<ref>{{cite web|title=Yash Chopra Memorial Award: Lata Mangeshkar is the first recipient|website=Bollywood Life|date=21 October 2013|language=en|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/yash-chopra-memorial-award-lata-mangeshkar-is-the-first-recipient-279761/|access-date=21 October 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905032153/https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/yash-chopra-memorial-award-lata-mangeshkar-is-the-first-recipient-279761/|archive-date=5 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
|2||25 December 2014<ref>{{cite web|title=Bollywood Glitters at the Yash Chopra Memorial Award Ceremony|website=NDTV|date=26 December 2014|language=en|url=https://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/bollywood-glitters-at-the-yash-chopra-memorial-award-ceremony-19041|access-date=4 September 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904232949/https://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/bollywood-glitters-at-the-yash-chopra-memorial-award-ceremony-19041|archive-date=4 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
|3||25 January 2016<ref>{{cite web|title=3rd National Yash Chopra Memorial Award|website=E Times|date=27 January 2016|language=en|url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/awards/awards-and-honours/3rd-national-yash-chopra-memorial-award/articleshow/50738415.cms#:~:text=%203rd%20National%20Yash%20Chopra%20Memorial%20Award%20,January%2025%2C...%205%2010%2F%2040.%20%20More%20|access-date=4 September 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904133503/https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/awards/awards-and-honours/3rd-national-yash-chopra-memorial-award/articleshow/50738415.cms|archive-date=4 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
|4||25 February 2017<ref>{{cite web|title=4th Yash Chopra Memorial National Awards|website=E Times|date=26 February 2017|language=en|url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/awards/awards-and-honours/4th-yash-chopra-memorial-national-awards/articleshow/57353518.cms|access-date=4 September 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904132408/https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/awards/awards-and-honours/4th-yash-chopra-memorial-national-awards/articleshow/57353518.cms|archive-date=4 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
|5||17 February 2018<ref>{{cite web|title=Yash Chopra 5th Memorial Awards|website=E Times|date=18 February 2018|language=en|url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/awards/awards-and-honours/yash-chopra-5th-memorial-awards/articleshow/62969051.cms|access-date=4 September 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904100452/https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/awards/awards-and-honours/yash-chopra-5th-memorial-awards/articleshow/62969051.cms|archive-date=4 September 2021}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
*''[[The Romantics (series)|The Romantics (documentary)]]'' (2023)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* {{cite book|author=Dwyer|first=Rachel|title=[[Yash Chopra (book)|Yash Chopra]]|date=29 April 2002|publisher=[[British Film Institute]]|isbn=978-0-85170-874-4|author-link=Rachel Dwyer|ref=none}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|id=0007181}}
* [http://www.yashrajfilms.com/AboutUs/YRFTeam.aspx?SectionCode=PRO003 Biography of Yash Chopra in Yash Raj Film's official website]

{{Yash Chopra}}
{{Asian Filmmaker of the Year}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–09}}
{{Dadasaheb Phalke Award}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestDirector}}
{{FilmfareLifetimeAchievementAward}}
{{IIFAAwardBestDirector}}
{{ZeeCineAwardBestDirector}}
{{Portal bar|India|Bollywood|Biography}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chopra, Yash}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Dadasaheb Phalke Award recipients]]
[[Category:Deaths from dengue fever]]
[[Category:Directors who won the Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment National Film Award]]
[[Category:Film directors from Lahore]]
[[Category:Film directors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Film producers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award winners]]
[[Category:Hindi film producers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:International Indian Film Academy Awards winners]]
[[Category:Mass media people from Lahore]]
[[Category:People from Jalandhar]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]
[[Category:Producers who won the Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment National Film Award]]
[[Category:Punjabi Hindus]]
[[Category:Arya Samajis]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts]]
[[Category:Yash Raj Films people]]
[[Category:Zee Cine Awards winners]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh members]]

Prem Singh (social worker)

2026-02-24T04:15:06Z

Gurupratap Rajan: stub

{{Short description|Indian social worker from Punjab}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Prem Singh
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1952}}
| birth_place = [[Ropar district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| occupation = Social worker
| known_for = Work for leprosy-affected persons
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2022)
}}

'''Prem Singh''' (born {{Circa|1952}}) is an Indian [[Social work|social worker]]. He was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth-highest civilian award, in 2022 in the field of social service for his contributions to the welfare and rehabilitation of [[leprosy]]-affected persons.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri Prem Singh, a retired officer from this office, awarded with Padma Shri by President Ram Nath Kovind for the welfare and rehabilitation of leprosy affected persons. {{!}} Principal Accountant General (Audit) Punjab, Chandigarh |url=https://cag.gov.in/ag/punjab/en/photo-gallery/view/Shri-Prem-Singh-70-a-retired-officer-awarded-with-Padma-Shri-by-President-Ram-Nath-Kovind-for-the-welfare-and-rehabilitation-of-leprosy-affected-persons |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=cag.gov.in}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Singh was born in Behrampur Zimidari village in [[Rupnagar district|Ropar]] district, Punjab,<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=26 January 2022 |title=Feel honoured, will continue to work for leprosy patients: Padma Shri Prem Singh |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/feel-honoured-will-continue-to-work-for-leprosy-patients-padma-shri-prem-singh-364506 |access-date=13 May 2025 |newspaper=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> He is a retired audit officer for Indian Audit and Accounts Department.<ref name=":0" />

Singh has spent decades to the community-based rehabilitation of leprosy-affected individuals and advocating for their human rights.<ref name=":0" /> He has advocated for eliminating the [[Leprosy stigma|social stigma]] associated with leprosy and facilitating the integration of affected persons into society.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jacob |first1=Jesse T. |last2=Franco-Paredes |first2=Carlos |date=2008-01-30 |title=The stigmatization of leprosy in India and its impact on future approaches to elimination and control |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases|volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=e113 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0000113 |doi-access=free |pmid=18235845 |pmc=2217676 }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> His efforts have included establishing shelters and providing support using personal funds, reportedly including his gratuity provident fund and the sale of his house and his wife's ornaments.

== Awards ==
Singh got recognition for his social work, and was awarded the ''Vayoshrestha Samman'' ''National Award'' in the 'Courage and Bravery' category by the [[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment]] in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-03 |title=President of India Presented "Vayoshreshtha Samman – 2019" to Eminent Senior Citizens & Institutions |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1587141 |access-date={{TODAY}} |website=Press Information Bureau—Government of India}}</ref> He also received the Padma Shri in 2022.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Social Work}}

[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Indian social workers]]
[[Category:1952 births]]

N. J. Nandini

2026-02-20T10:23:25Z

Gurupratap Rajan: creating a data and citations - done

{{More footnotes needed|date=January 2025}}

{{Use British English|date=May 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Dr N J Nandini
| image =
| caption = Dr NJ Nandini
| image_size =
| birth_name = N.J Nandini
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1991|08|05}}
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], Kerala, India
| instrument = Vocals
| genre = [[Carnatic music]], [[Playback singer|Playback singing]]
| occupation = Carnatic singer
| years_active = 2004–present
| label =
| website = [https://www.facebook.com/NJNandini-600732353377535/ FB : N.J.Nandini]
https://www.youtube.com/@NJNandinimusic
https://www.instagram.com/njnandini/reels/
}}
'''N J Nandini''' (born 5 August 1991) is a [[Carnatic music]] [[vocalist]] from [[Trivandrum]].<ref name="Creating waves2">{{cite news |date=6 April 2012 |title=Creating waves |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/creating-waves/article3287082.ece |accessdate=18 May 2016}}</ref> Nandini was awarded the [[Chembai]] Puraskaram, the Isai Chudar title and a [[M S Subbalakshmi]] fellowship. She is the youngest to receive the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award (Carnatic Music), at the age of 34. Nandini, who comes from a family that has a musical lineage, has been nurtured by gurus such as [[Parassala B. Ponnammal|Parassala Ponnammal]].

Nandini, who is the recipient of numerous awards, has performed in concert in India and abroad.

==Early life and family==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=November 2022}}
Dr. N.J. Nandini hails from a musical family. Her late grandfather, Vechoor N. Hariharasubramania Iyer, was a Carnatic vocalist and teacher. Her uncle, Vechoor C. Sankar, is a Carnatic musician, while her brother, N.J. Nandagopal, is also a vocalist and mridangam artist.

From an early age, Nandini exhibited a deep affinity for music. She was encouraged by her parents, C. Neelakantan and S. Jayanthi, who regularly took her to concerts. Her family ensured she received the finest training in classical music.

Dr. Nandini currently serves as assistant professor of music at Maharaja’s College, Kochi, a position she has held since December 2023. She is also a Top Grade artiste of All India Radio, Trivandrum as of 2025. She earned her Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in Music from the University of Kerala in 2022 and has previously served as a guest lecturer at Sree Swathi Thirunal College of Music, Trivandrum. She is the founder of Nayaki Music and Arts Foundation, a creative and revolutionary platform exclusive for music and arts.

==Career==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=November 2022}}
* Kerala Sangeetha Nayaka Akademi Winner (Carnatic Music)
* Top Grade Artiste of All India Radio, Trivandrum (2025)
* The youngest musician to secure "A" grade from [[All India Radio]] [[Trivandrum]]
* Received Outstanding Lady Vocalist Award from The Music Academy, Madras
* Winner of [[All India Radio]] National Music Competition in 2009
* Winner of the title Ragaratnam Yuva, from [[Carnatic Music]] Reality Show in [[Amrita TV]]
* 1 st Runner Up in [[Jaya TV]] – Pothys Carnatic Music Idol 2011
* 1 st Runner Up in Jaya TV – Vivel Carnatic Music Idol 2012
* The People's Choice Award in Jaya TV – Vivel Carnatic Music Idol 2012
* 1st Rank Holder- MA Music, [[Kerala]] University
* Delegate to China, from [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]], [[Govt of India]] in 2014
* ICCR Empaneled Artist since the year 2012
* Recipient of CCRT Cultural Talent Scholarship since 2002
* She has rendered songs for various devotional albums, documentaries, short films and title songs for various television programmes.
* She has composed music for various creative concepts & stage shows such as Bharatha Nandini – Tribute to Mother land, Hari Bhakti Navakam – Nava Vidha Bhakthi Krithis, Bharathiyin Kannamma (Poems of Bharathiyar) Vaggeya Vaibhavam (celebrating illustrious composers of Carnatic Music) and Abhyaasa Gaanam (Mic less practice session), with her students.
* She has composed many dance musical pieces and collaborated with musicians and danseuses.
* She has conceptualized and curated popular musical series such as Malayalam May, Padmanabham and Out of the Box on her YouTube channel.
* She has recorded Soundarya Lahari, 100 verses in 100 ragas composed by KR Kedaranathan.
* She turned playback singer in M Jayachandran's movie Kambhoji, wherein she sang two Kathakali padams.
* Sang in Sachin Shankor Mannath's Neeraja (2023)
* Sang in M Jayachandran's Njanum Pinnoru Njanum

==Select awards, honors and recognition==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=November 2022}}
* 2026 - Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award (Carnatic Music)
* 2026 - Acharya Ratna Award - Dr TVG’s Academy of Indian Music & Arts, Chennai
* 2026 - Hyderabad Sisters B Lalita Memorial Award - Andhra Mahila Sabha
* 2025 - Sangeetha Prathibha Puraskar - MS Subbulakshmi Foundation
* 2024 - Outstanding Lady Vocalist - The Music Academy, Madras
* 2016 – Mavelikkara Prabhakara Varma Smaraka Yuva Sangeetha Puraskara – Sri Poornathrayesha Sangeetha Sabha, [[Thrippunithura]]
* 2014 – ISAI CHUDAR – Kartik Fine Arts, [[Chennai]]
* 2014 – [[Chembai]] Puraskar – Cultural Department, [[Government of Kerala]]
* 2013 – [[Madurai Mani Iyer]] Award – Sri Krishna Gana Sabha, Chennai
* 2013 – Prof P Mahalingam Endowment Award – Narada Gana Sabha, Chennai
* 2013 – Shanmukhananda [[Bharat Ratna]] Dr [[M S Subbulakshmi]] Fellowship – Shanmukhananda Sangeetha Sabha, [[Mumbai]]
* 2013 – Best Vocalist- 2013 – Kuwait Carnatic Music Forum
* 2012 – Best Vocalist - Female – The Spirit of Youth Music and Dance Festival, The Music Academy, [[Madras]]
* 2010 – Sangeetha Shri – Travancore Music Society, Harippad
* 2010 – Yuva Sangeetha Prathibha Puraskar – Swaranjali
* 2009 – Ragaratnam Yuva – [[Amrita TV]]
* 2009 – Dr. L Muthayya Bhagavathar Award – Edapally Sangeetha Sadas, [[Ernakulam]]
* 2009 – Best Female Singer Award – Bharathiya Vidya Bhavan
* 2008 – MLV Srividya Sangeetha Puraskar – MLV Srividya Charitable Society, [[Trivandrum]]
* 2008 – Yuva Sri Kala Bharathi – Bharathi Yuva Kendra, [[Madurai]]
* 2008 – Kalathilakom – Bharathiya Vidya Bhavan, Trivandrum
* 2008 – Award of Accreditation – Sri Sankara council for Assessment & Accreditation, Kalady
* 2007 – Venuganam Award – Neelakanta Sivan Sangeetha Sabha, Trivandrum
* 2005 – Augustine Joseph Memorial Award – Poornathrayeesha Sangeetha Sabha, [[Thrippunithura]]
* 2005 – Uma Maheswaran Memorial Award – [[Chembai]] Memorial Trust, Trivandrum
* 2005 – Vaikom Vasudevan Nair Memorial Award – Vaikathashtami Festival
* 2004 – Best Young Talent Award – VDS Arts Academy, Chennai

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

# https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-sangeetha-nataka-akademi-fellowships-for-venuji-kaithapram-jayaprakash-kuloor/article70652546.ece/amp/

# https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/expressing-love-through-classical-compositions/article68885236.ece

# https://starofmysore.com/a-soulful-singing/

# https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/carnatic-vocalist-nj-nandini-curates-a-music-themed-fete-to-be-held-in-thiruvananthapuram-on-may-13/article66834688.ece

# https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/May/10/new-song-from-shruti-ramachandrans-neeraja-out-43271.html#google_vignette

# https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2022/Sep/23/for-the-perfect-voice-2500936.html

# https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2022/Nov/01/will-the-real-copycats-please-stand-up-2513565.html

# https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2021/May/29/next-generation-strings-2308837.html

# https://www.thehindu.com/society/n-j-nandini-says-her-neighbourhood-helped-inculcate-her-love-for-music/article24870809.ece

# https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/carnatic-vocalist-nj-nandini-curates-a-music-themed-fete-to-be-held-in-thiruvananthapuram-on-may-13/article66834688.ece

# https://irinjalakudalive.com/music/independence-day-sangeetharchana-at-varaveena-school-of-music/

# https://timesxpmalayalam.indiatimes.com/samayam/entertainment/carnatic-vocal-artist-nj-nandini-latest-interview/videoshow/103045978.cms

# https://keralakaumudi.com/news/mobile/news.php?id=777480&u=local-news-ernakulam-777480

# https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/neeraja-movie-song-released-shruti-ramachandran-starrer-movie-to-hit-theatres-on-may-19-138760

# https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=TIr0ipao0N8

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nandini, N. J.}}
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Singers from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Women Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian women classical singers]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Kerala]]

Mookaneri Lake

2026-02-19T18:46:26Z

Gurupratap Rajan: improved details and fixed typos for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox body of water
| name = Mookaneri Lake
| other_name = Kannankurichi Lake
| image = [[File:Mookeneri(Kannakurichi) Lake.jpg|270px]]
| caption = Mookaneri Lake with the [[Shevaroy Hills]] in the background
| alt = View of Mookaneri Lake with the Shevaroy Hills in the background
| image_bathymetry =
| caption_bathymetry =
| pushpin_map = India Salem#India Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_map_alt = Location of the lake within Tamil Nadu
| location = [[Kannankurichi]], [[Salem, Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| coords = {{Coord|11|41|11|N|78|10|45|E|display=inline,title}}
| type = [[Lake]]
| inflow =
| outflow =
| catchment =
| basin_countries = India
| length =
| width =
| area = {{convert|23.5|ha|acres|abbr=on}}<ref name=acrman>{{cite news|last=Ananth|first =M.K|title=Pathways to man-made islands in Mookaneri Lake demolished|newspaper=The Hindu|location=Salem|pages= |language= |date=1 September 2013|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/pathways-to-manmade-islands-in-mookaneri-lake-demolished/article5081428.ece|accessdate=2 February 2018}}</ref>
| depth =
| max-depth =
| volume =
| residence_time =
| shore =
| elevation =
| islands = 47<ref>{{cite news|last=Muthahar Saqaf|first=Syed|title=A wedding on an island with a message|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|location=Salem|pages= |language= |publisher=The Hindu|date=3 November 2017|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/a-wedding-on-an-island-with-a-message/article19973958.ece|accessdate=2 February 2018}}</ref>
| cities = Salem
}}

'''Mookaneri Lake''', also called '''Kannankurichi Lake''', is a lake in [[Kannankurichi]], in the [[Salem taluk|Salem Taluk]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], that covers an area of {{convert|23.5|ha|acre}}.<ref>{{cite news|last= |first= |title=Mookaneri Lake bund found 'encroached upon'|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|location=Salem|pages= |language= |publisher=The Hindu|date=30 December 2015|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/mookaneri-lake-bund-found-encroached-upon/article8020048.ece|accessdate=2 February 2018}}</ref> It is located to the south of the [[Shevaroy Hills]] and is a major body of water in [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]. The lake is fed by rainfall, including the hills surrounding [[Yercaud]], which flow into the lake via the Puthu Yeri and Kothukaran Odai streams.<ref>{{cite news|last= |first= |title=Mookaneri Lake filling up|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|location=Salem|pages= |language= |publisher=The Hindu|date=26 May 2016|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/mookaneri-lake-filling-up/article7885914.ece|accessdate=2 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last= |first= |title=Mookaneri Looks Like Ocean|newspaper= [[Dinakaran]]|location=Salem|pages= |language= |publisher=Dinakaran|date=13 August 2018|url=http://www.dinakaran.com/District_Detail.asp?Nid=878799|accessdate=13 August 2018}}</ref>

There are 47 man-made islands in the lake. Each island was created by excavating and piling lakebed clay about 10 feet high, and covers an area of a few thousand square feet.<ref name=acrman/> Initially, [[millet]] was planted on the islands to arrest erosion and help build a soil layer before saplings of [[neem]], [[banyan]], [[jambul]], [[Ficus religiosa|peepal]], and [[Chrysopogon zizanioides|vetiver]] trees could be planted.<ref>{{cite web|last= |first= |title=TN couple to get married on an island|location=Salem|pages= |language= |publisher=[[The News Minute]]|date=18 October 2017|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/destination-wedding-green-style-tn-couple-get-married-island-groom-created-himself-70166|accessdate=2 February 2018}}</ref> The lake islands were populated by nearly 12,000 trees as of 2013.<ref name=trees>{{cite news|last=Pankaja|first=Srinivasan|title=A lake comes to life|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|location=Salem|pages= |language= |publisher=The Hindu|date=15 June 2013|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/a-lake-comes-to-life/article4817432.ece|accessdate=2 February 2018}}</ref>
[[File:Mookeneri lake islands.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Islands of Mookaneri Lake]]

==Recreation==
[[File:Mookeneri lake salem.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Mookaneri Lake]]

=== Bird Watching ===
Mookaneri Lake is a popular bird watching destination. The floating islands lush growth of trees help in providing shelter for the birds, like a birds’ sanctum, and their food needs are sufficed by waterholes or the lake. The most commonly sighted birds are Egrets and Kingfishers. Over 169 species of birds have been spotted at the lake. The [[Flamingo|Pink-feathered Flamingos]] are magnificent to watch. Apart from this, [[Garganey]], [[Northern pintail]], [[Grey Wagtail]], [[Common sandpiper]], [[Rosy starling]], [[Whiskered tern]], [[Baillon's crake]], [[Yellow bittern]], [[Paddyfield warbler]], [[Citrine wagtail]], [[Streak-throated swallow]], [[Brown-headed gull]], [[Painted stork]], [[Oriental darter]] and [[Black-headed gull]] are the migratory birds sighted in the lake.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kannankurichi (Mookaneri) Lake, Salem|work=ebird|url=https://ebird.org/india/hotspot/L2604129?yr=all&m&rank=mrec|accessdate=2 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://tamil.thehindu.com/general/environment/தேடி-வந்த-பூநாரைகள்/article6895505.ece|title=Painting the town pink!|publisher=The Hindu|date=14 February 2015|access-date=2 February 2018|language=Tamil}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Saravanan|first=S.P|title=Rare birds sighted in Salem|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|location=Salem|pages= |language= |publisher=The Hindu|date=17 February 2016|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/rare-birds-sighted-in-salem/article8246543.ece|accessdate=2 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last= |first= |title=Rare migratory birds sighted at Kannankurichi Lake|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|location=Salem|pages= |language= |publisher=The Hindu|date=4 November 2016|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/rare-migratory-birds-spotted-in-kannankurichi-lake-in-salem/article5744860.ece|accessdate=2 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Saravanan|first=S.P|title=Rare migratory birds sighted during Pongal bird count|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|location=Salem|pages= |language= |publisher=The Hindu|date=22 January 2018|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/rare-migratory-birds-sighted-during-pongal-bird-count/article22488079.ece|accessdate=2 February 2018}}</ref> Bird watchers and naturalists in the city want to obtain sanctuary status for the lake.<ref>{{cite news|last=Saravanan|first=S.P|title=Rare migratory birds spotted in Kannankurichi Lake in Salem|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|location=Salem|pages= |language= |publisher=The Hindu|date=4 November 2016|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/rare-migratory-birds-spotted-in-kannankurichi-lake-in-salem/article5744860.ece|accessdate=2 February 2018}}</ref>

=== Facilities ===
The park has a children's play area and mini auditorium set up in a natural environment, seating arrangements, flower pants on the bunds and walker's path along the lake. Coracles are available to visit the islands of the lake.<ref>{{cite news |last=Muthahar Saqaf |first=Syed |date=26 May 2016 |title=Mookaneri Lake, a major tourist attraction |language= |pages= |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |publisher=The Hindu |location=Salem |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/mookaneri-lake-a-major-tourist-attraction/article8647514.ece |accessdate=2 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=7 November 2015 |title=Salem's green warrior |language= |pages= |newspaper=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |publisher=livemint.com |location=Salem |url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/tZc3CAq1yJcXmRlnrKEh8O/Salems-green-warrior.html |accessdate=2 February 2018}}</ref>

=== Fishing ===
[[File:Mookaneri Lake with Coracle.jpg|thumb|A [[coracle]] in the lake]]
The lake is a source of [[groundwater recharge]] for the surrounding areas. The lake has a few varieties of fish, such as [[rohu]], [[catla]] kendai and kuruvai. The local fisherman's boats are [[coracle]]s.<ref>{{cite news|last= |first= |title=Once dry, now generates income|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|location=Salem|pages= |language= |publisher=The Hindu|date=3 January 2016|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Once-dry-now-generates-income/article13977590.ece|accessdate=2 February 2018}}</ref>

==Environmental concerns==
During [[Ganesh Chaturthi|Vinayaka Chaturthi]] every year there is rampant pollution and damage caused to Mookaneri by the immersing of idols. The idols' toxic wastes can persist in water for ten years and spread from one body of water to another, harming rivers and lakes. The impact can endure up to 100 years when combined with other harmful substances.<ref>{{cite news|last= |first= |title=Confusion over immersion of Vinakaya idols at Mookaneri Lake|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|location=Salem|pages= |language= |publisher=The Hindu|date=7 September 2016|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Confusion-over-immersion-of-Vinakaya-idols-at-Mookaneri-Lake/article14625485.ece|accessdate=2 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last= |first= |title=Petition seeks study of pollution caused to lake water|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|location=Salem|pages= |language= |publisher=The Hindu|date=2 September 2017|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/petition-seeks-study-of-pollution-caused-to-lake-water/article19607737.ece|accessdate=2 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Adverse Effects of Idol Immersion and How to Prevent Idol Pollution |url=https://www.india.com/lifestyle/adverse-effects-of-idol-immersion-and-how-to-prevent-idol-pollution-4942310/ |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref> Salem Citizen's Forum, a collective of urban citizens resurrected the lake at an outlay of Rs. 87 Lakh under the public initiative.<ref name="acrman" /> The Forum began work at Mookaneri in May 2010 after many pleas to the district administration failed to evoke a response.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=2 February 2013 |title=How a Salem citizens' body led the fight to save a lake |language= |pages= |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=Times of India |location=Salem |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/How-a-Salem-citizens-body-led-the-fight-to-save-a-lake/articleshow/18298079.cms |accessdate=2 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |date=12 July 2013 |title=Back from the brink |url=http://www.frontline.in/environment/back-from-the-brink/article4840745.ece |accessdate=2 February 2018 |publisher=The Hindu |pages= |language= |magazine= |location=Salem}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=2 February 2013 |title=How a Salem citizens' body led the fight to save a lake |language= |pages= |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=Times of India |location=Salem |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Missing-A-mass-movement-for-water-conservation/articleshow/48384454.cms |accessdate=2 February 2018}}</ref>

==Gallery==
[[File:Mookaneri Lake Panorama.jpg|1000px|alt=Panorama View of Lake|Panorama View from Entrance]]

==See also==

* [[Yercaud|Yercaud, Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Shevaroy Hills|Shevaroy Hills, Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Salem, Tamil Nadu]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Lakes of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Salem, Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Salem district]]

Bunkar: The Last of the Varanasi Weavers

2026-02-18T18:26:57Z

Gurupratap Rajan: stub - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bunkar: The Last of the Varanasi Weavers
| image = Bunkar- The last of the Varanasi Weavers.jpg
| director = Satyaprakash Upadhyay
| producer = Sapana Sharma
| story = Sarah Lucy Beach
| music = Ankit Shah
| cinematography = Vijay Mishra
| editing = Arunabha Mukherjee
| runtime = 67 minutes
| released = {{Film date|2018}}
| country = India
| language = English
}}
'''''Bunkar: The Last of the Varanasi Weavers''''' is an Indian documentary that focuses on the lives of the weavers of [[Varanasi]]. It was directed by [[Satyaprakash Upadhyay]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://satyaprakashupadhyay.com/|title=Satyaprakash Upadhyay – Filmmaker|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-21}}</ref> It showcases the nuances of the handloom sector in Varanasi, what makes it stand out from other handloom products and the issues that affect its artisans. The film was made in 2018 and had its world premiere in the Indian Panorama at [[49th International Film Festival of India]] in [[Goa]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/a-window-to-indian-cinema/article25578477.ece|title=A window to Indian cinema|last=Khan|first=Murtaza Ali|date=2018-11-23|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-12-11|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The film's director, [[Satyaprakash Upadhyay]], has also won Best Debutante Director (Documentary) Award at [[Jaipur International Film Festival]] (JIFF) 2019. It won "Best arts and culture film" in the 2018 National Film Awards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=192564|title=PIB Press Release 66 National Film Awards}}</ref>

==Background==

Varanasi or Kashi is known to have been, and continues to be a famous weaving center for luxury textiles. The Varanasi handloom sector has been in a state of decline, and has been the subject of efforts to revive it by the government of India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/in-this-documentary-varanasis-sari-weavers-talk-about-their-craft-and-its-present-state-of-decline/article23774217.ece|title=In this documentary, Varanasi's sari weavers talk about their craft and its present state of decline|last=Panicker|first=Anahita|date=2018-05-05|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-05-21|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/hanging-on-a-thread-national-handloom-day-varanasi-weavers-5296625/|title=Hanging on a Thread|date=2018-08-08|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2020-05-21}}</ref>

== Story ==
''Bunkar: The last of the Varanasi Weavers'' is a documentary that focuses on the lives of the weavers of Varanasi. It highlights the various nuances of the handloom sector in Varanasi, what makes it stand out from other handloom products and the issues that plague its artisans.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.caleidoscope.in/art-culture/bunkar-the-last-of-the-varanasi-weavers|title=Bunkar – The Last of the Varanasi Weavers|last=Sariya|first=Tasneem|date=2018-09-10|website=Caleidoscope {{!}} Indian Culture, Heritage|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-24}}</ref>

The weaving traditions of Varanasi can be traced back to the Vedic times and have since been handed down from generation to generation. Not a skill that can be taught in any institution, weaving is an art that takes a lifetime of dedication to master. The weavers of Varanasi pride themselves in being able to weave with precision almost anything that the human mind can imagine. But, an art of this prominence comes at a price. Aspirant artisans start their training at the age of 10 and often even sacrifice all forms of formal education so they can perfect their talents.

With cheap powerloom fabrics<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/hanging-by-a-thread-5615364/|title=Varanasi's sari bunkars say a glorious tradition is hanging by a thread|date=2019-03-10|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-03-10}}</ref> rapidly making their way into our wardrobes, the weavers and their families stand at a cross roads. As they shoulder the responsibility of safeguarding centuries of tradition, they also crave the benefaction from society that they once enjoyed. Having to compete on cost, without willing to compromise on the quality of their art, the preservers of our heritage are struggling to hold on to their vocation and dignity. Bunkar is an attempt to awaken society to the reality of the life of a weaver and the price he pays so that our Indian legacy lives for one more day.

While celebrating the weaves of Varanasi and their creators, the documentary compels us to rethink the role each one of us can play in making a difference to their lives. For every time that art has played its role in shaping society, today an art is calling out to us. If we do not step up now, we may lose it forever.

== Accolades ==

* Screened at [http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=184490 Indian Panorama] in IFFI 2018
* Won Best Debutant Director (Documentary) at [http://jiffindia.org/uploads/JIFF-2019-Awards.pdf Jaipur International Film Festival 2019]
* Won Best Indian Feature Film at [https://filmfreeway.com/BanarasFilmFestival Banaras Film Festival] 2019
* Official Selection at the Indo-German Film Week<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indogerman-filmweek.de/?p=6028|title=Indo German FilmWeek 2019 Program}}</ref> 2019, Berlin
* Won Best Film (Arts & Culture) at [[66th National Film Awards|66 National Film Awards]], India<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/66th-national-film-awards-list-of-winners-1579143-2019-08-09|title=66th National Film Awards: Full winners list|date=2019-08-09|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-08-11|author=}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|7202190}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l1RM9VJq7ZM&index=18&list=PLzkvk19CaSlJxrEhhFQjt8esKFO08pMsx Director's meet at World Premiere]

[[Category:Indian documentary films]]
[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:2018 English-language films]]
[[Category:English-language documentary films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Varanasi]]

Ravi Raj

2026-02-10T02:58:48Z

Gurupratap Rajan: brief add citations for accuracy and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = 
| image = Ravi-raj.jpg
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Jamshedpur]] ([[Jharkhand]])
| death_date = 
| other_names =
| occupation = Director & Producer
| years_active = 2000 to Present
| known_for = [[Swaragini - Jodein Rishton Ke Sur]] & [[Agniphera (TV series)]]
| notable_works = [[Bhabhi (TV series)|Bhabhi]]

[[Woh Rehne Waali Mehlon Ki]]

[[Kkusum]]

[[Ye Meri Life Hai]]

[[Devi (TV series)|Devi]]

[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]
[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NMbUX_Bpkm4PdKz9mcTsIQHYHVfMXs6R/view?usp=sharing Showreel]
}}
'''Ravi Raj''' (born Jamshedpur, Jharkhand) is a well-known television and film director and producer in [[India]]. He started his production house "Ravi Raj Creations" in 2017 & launched ''[[Agnifera (TV Series)|Agniphera]],''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/ravi-raj-s-agnifera-launch-tv-170221|title=Ravi Raj's 'Agnifera' to launch on &TV!!|last=Team|first=Tellychakkar|work=Tellychakkar.com|access-date=2017-06-21}}</ref> ''[[Ankit Gera]],''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ankit-gera-to-play-nri-in-agnifera/articleshow/57541210.cms|title=Ankit Gera to play NRI in 'Agnifera' - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-06-21}}</ref> ''[[Yukti Kapoor]]''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yukti-kapoor-goes-bold-for-agnifera/articleshow/57638625.cms|title=Yukti Kapoor goes bold for 'Agnifera' - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-06-21}}</ref> ''[[Simran Kaur]]'',<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/simran-kaur-excited-about-tv-debut-with-agnifera/articleshow/57714724.cms|title=Simran Kaur excited about TV debut with 'Agnifera' - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-06-21}}</ref> are going to play leads in the show, he has Directed many TV shows include ''[[Swaragini]]'' and ''[[Woh Rehne Waali Mehlon Ki|Woh Rehne Waali Mahlon Ki]]''.

==Director==
===Television===
*''[[Swaragini - Jodein Rishton Ke Sur|Swaragini]]- Colors TV''
*''[[Bhabhi (TV series)|Bhabhi]]- [[STAR Plus]] ( 500 episodes)''
*''[[Devi (TV series)|Devi]] [[Sony TV|SONY Entertainment Television]] ( 104 episodes)''
*''[[Yeh Meri Life Hai]] - [[Sony TV|SONY Entertainment Television]](200 episodes)''
*''[[Ek Ladki Anjaani Si|Ek Ladki Anjani Si]] [[Sony TV|SONY Entertainment Television]]( 200 episodes)''
*''[[Miilee]]- Star TV.( 110 episodes)''
* ''[[Woh Rehne Waali Mehlon Ki]]'' - [[Sahara One]] (600 episodes)
*''[[Grihasti]]<nowiki/>i- [[STAR Plus]](105 Episodes)''
*''[[Aise Karo Naa Vidaa]] - [[Colors TV]].(90 episodes)''
*''[[Sabki Laadli Bebo]] - [[STAR Plus]].(200 episodes)''
*''[[Beend Banoongaa Ghodi Chadhunga]] -[[Imagine TV]] .(150 episodes)''
*''[[Phir Subah Hogi (TV series)|Phir Subah Hogi]] [[Zee TV]].( 90 episodes)''
*''[[Punar Vivah - Ek Nayi Umeed]]- [[Zee TV]].(90 episodes)''
*''[[Anamika (2012 TV series)|Anamika]] - [[Sony TV|SONY Entertainment Television]] (110 episodes)''
*''[[Dil Ki Nazar Se Khoobsurat]] -[[Sony TV|SONY Entertainment Television]] (50 Episodes)''
*''[[Kaisa Yeh Ishq Hai... Ajab Sa Risk Hai]] -[[Life OK]](240 Episodes)''

==Producer==

*[[Laal Ishq (Indian TV series)|''Laal Ishq'']] - &TV
*''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-TZ8YnUJ7Js Mauka-E-Vardaat - &TV]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ravi Raj}}
[[Category:Indian television producers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Jamshedpur]]

{{India-film-bio-stub}}

N. Murali

2026-02-08T17:58:22Z

Gurupratap Rajan: creating basic biography and citations - done

{{Short description|Director of The Hindu Group Publishing (P) Ltd. and of Kasturi and Sons Ltd}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Lead rewrite|date=June 2020}}
{{Resume-like|date=December 2023}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Narasimhan Murali
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1946|5|10|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| known_for = Publisher of [[The Hindu Group]]
| education = Chartered Accountant
| employer = Kasturi and Sons Limited (KSL)
| alma_mater = [[Loyola College, Chennai]]
| occupation =
| title = Director of The Hindu Group Publishing (P) Ltd. and Director, Kasturi and Sons Ltd.
| height =
| spouse = Tara Murali
| children = Krishna Murali, Kanta Murali
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Narasimhan Murali''' (born 10 May 1946) is currently Director of The Hindu Group Publishing Private Limited that publishes [[The Hindu]] and other allied publications. He is also the Director of the holding company, Kasturi and Sons limited.

==Career==
In a career spanning over four decades Murali handled all non-editorial and business functions focussing on finance, advertisement, circulation, administration and other commercial aspects.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.forbesindia.com/interview/exit-interview/n-murali-i-have-not-known-lifes-except-in-the-hindu/27912/1 | title=N Murali: I Have Not Known Life Except In The Hindu | first1=N.S. | last1=Ramnath | first2=Mitu | last2=Jayashankar | date=26 August 2011 | work=Forbes India | accessdate=30 May 2018 }}</ref>
Posts held in Newspaper and Media Industry bodies:
President of the Indian Newspaper Society (INS) - (1983–84) <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.exchange4media.com/Dialogue/InterView.aspx?ID=365 |title=''''N Murali''', Managing Director, The Hindu' |access-date=31 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402135313/http://www.exchange4media.com/Dialogue/InterView.aspx?ID=365 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Chairman, Council of Management, Audit Bureau of Circulations (ABC) (1996–97);
chairman, National Readership Studies Council (NRSC) (1998-2000);
chairman, Board of Governors, Advertising Standards Council of India (ASCI) (2003–04)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2003/09/13/stories/2003091301350600.htm |title=N. Murali elected ASCI Chairman - MARKETING |publisher=The Hindu BusinessLine |date=2003-09-13 |accessdate=2020-06-25}}</ref> Elected as first board member from South Asia of IFRA, Darmstadt, Germany (the world's leading association for media publishing) (1998-2004); Member of the Board of World Association of Newspapers(WAN), Paris (2005–06)
Chairman, Board of Trustees of Press Institute of India – RIND (May 2003-Sept.2010).
Conferred "Distinguished Service Award" by the Advertising Club Chennai in 1995 for contribution to Advertising.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2004/11/11/stories/2004111102730400.htm |title=Ad Club confers distinguished service award on CavinKare CMD - MARKETING |publisher=The Hindu BusinessLine |date=2004-11-11 |accessdate=2020-06-25}}</ref>

==Other interests==
Trustee of The Music Academy, Madras (up to 6 November 2005); '''Currently''', '''President of The Music Academy, Madras, (from November 2005) in Chennai''' <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/07/01/stories/2008070160471300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704020550/http://www.hindu.com/2008/07/01/stories/2008070160471300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 July 2008| title=N. Murali re-elected Music Academy president | date=1 July 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]]| accessdate=2013-04-08}}</ref>
He has held administrative positions as chairman, Finance Committee and a vice-president of the [[Tamil Nadu Cricket Association]]
President, Tamil Nadu Tennis Association, (1994–96)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2001/01/13/stories/0713102h.htm |title=The Hindu : Tamil Nadu Tennis Association - 75 years old and still young |website=www.thehindu.com |access-date=2 February 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150408070828/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2001/01/13/stories/0713102h.htm |archive-date=8 April 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
Trustee, Media Development Foundation, Chennai;<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.asianmedia.org/aboutus/mdf.asp |title=ACJ - About Us - Media Development Foundation |access-date=31 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317110952/http://asianmedia.org/aboutus/mdf.asp |archive-date=17 March 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Member of the Board of Governors of Thiagarajar School of Management (Affiliated to Madurai Kamaraj University), Madurai, Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tsm.ac.in/ABT_board_of_governors.html |title=Thiagarajar School of Management - About TSM - Board of Governors |access-date=31 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017234517/http://tsm.ac.in/ABT_board_of_governors.html |archive-date=17 October 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Murali is married to Tara, an architect. They have two children.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{KasturiSons}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Murali, N.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Chennai]]
[[Category:The Hindu Group]]
[[Category:Indian mass media owners]]
[[Category:Indian publishers (people)]]
[[Category:Newspaper executives]]
[[Category:1946 births]]

Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 1

2026-01-29T12:25:36Z

Gurupratap Rajan: made some stub added tags

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television season
| season_number = 1
| image = Bigboss SET.jpg
| image_alt =
| bgcolour = #B00000
| caption = Title card of season 1
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[Arshad Warsi]]
| num_days = 86
| num_housemates = 15
| winner = [[Rahul Roy]]
| runner_up = [[Carol Gracias]]
}}
| num_episodes = 86
| network = [[Sony Entertainment Television|SET]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2006|11|03}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2007|01|26}}
| episode_list =
}}
'''''Bigg Boss''''', also known as '''''Bigg Boss: Kahin Uski Nazar Aap Pe To Nahi''''' or '''''Bigg Boss: Kadi Nazar, Solid Assarr''''', is the first season of the Indian [[reality television|reality TV]] programme ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series)|Bigg Boss]]''. It aired on [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony Entertainment Television]] from 3 November 2006 to 26 January 2007, a total of 86 days. Unlike other versions of ''[[Big Brother (TV series)|Big Brother]]'', the Indian version uses celebrities, not members of the general public, as housemates. The first season was hosted by Bollywood actor [[Arshad Warsi]]. The 86-episode series ended on 26 January 2007 with [[Rahul Roy]] becoming the winner while [[Carol Gracias]] became the runner-up.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-25 |title=Bigg Boss winners complete list from season 1 to 16, prize money and more: Know all details ahead of BB17 grand finale |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/bigg-boss-winners-complete-list-from-season-1-to-season-16-101706167304329.html |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Production ==
The show is based on the ''[[Big Brother (TV series)|Big Brother]]'' format developed by [[John de Mol]]. A number of contestants (known as "housemates") lived in a [[bespoke|purpose-built]] house and were isolated from the rest of the world. Each week, housemates nominated two of their peers for eviction, and the housemates who received the most nominations would face a public [[vote]]. Of these, one would eventually leave, having been "evicted" from the House. However, there were exceptions to this process as dictated by ''Bigg Boss''. In the final week, there were three housemates remaining, and the public voted for who they wanted to win.

Tasks were set by ''Bigg Boss'' each week. The housemates were allowed to gamble on task outcomes and were rewarded with extra money to order more supplies if they won.

==Housemates status==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
|-
! scope="col" style="background:#B00000; color:#fff;" | Sr
! scope="col" style="background:#B00000; color:#fff;" | Housemate
! scope="col" style="background:#B00000; color:#fff;" | {{nowrap|Day entered}}
! scope="col" style="background:#B00000; color:#fff;" | {{nowrap|Day exited}}
! scope="col" style="background:#B00000; color:#fff;" | Status
|-
| 1
| Rahul
| Day 1
| Day 86
| {{won|Winner}}
|-
| 2
| Carol
| Day 1
| Day 86
| {{Runner-up|1st runner-up}}
|-
| 3
| Ravi
| Day 1
| Day 86
| style="background:#7FFFD4;" | {{nowrap|2nd runner-up}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 4
| rowspan= "2" | Rakhi
| Day 1
| Day 29
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| Day 42
| Day 83
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 5
| Amit
| Day 1
| Day 77
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 6
| Rupali
| Day 1
| Day 70
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 7
| Baba
| Day 42
| Day 63
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 8
| Ragini
| Day 1
| Day 56
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 9
| Deepak T
| Day 13
| Day 50
|{{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 10
| Anupama
| Day 1
| Day 42
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 11
| Aryan
| Day 1
| Day 35
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 12
| rowspan="2" | Kashmera
| Day 1
| Day 21
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| Day 71
| Day 81
| {{Guest}}
|-
| 13
| Deepak P
| Day 1
| Day 14
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 14
| Bobby
| Day 1
| Day 7
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 15
| Salil
| Day 1
| Day 6
| {{CRemoved|Ejected}}
|}

==Housemates==
The participants in the order of appearance and entered in house are:

===Original entrants===
* [[Salil Ankola]] – Cricketer and actor.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-bigg-boss-shows-ankola-the-door-1063302|title=Bigg Boss 1: Salil Ankola shown the door|date=9 November 2006}}</ref> A right-arm fast bowler, he played first-class cricket for Maharashtra, regularly opening the bowling. Ankola's consistent performances for Maharashtra earned him a call for representing India during their tour of Pakistan in 1989–90. After the first Test match at Karachi, he was dropped for the subsequent matches in the series owing to injuries (TEST). After a brief phase of playing first-class cricket, Ankola was called for the Indian ODI team during 1993, eventually led to being a part of the 1996 Cricket World Cup. He has acted in films like ''[[Pitaah]]'' and ''[[Chura Liyaa Hai Tumne]]''.
* [[Kashmera Shah]] – Film actress.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi//photostory/49164410.cms?picid=49196803|title=Kashmera Shah in Bigg Boss 1|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 November 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/feb/08kash.htm|title=Bigg Boss 1: Kashmera Shah gets evicted says Rakhi stabbed her|date=8 February 2007}}</ref> She is known for acting in films like ''[[Dulhan Hum Le Jayenge]]'', ''[[Kahin Pyaar Na Ho Jaaye]]'' and ''[[Murder (2004 film)|Murder]]''.
* [[Rakhi Sawant]] – Film actress.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi//photostory/49164410.cms?picid=49196503|title=Rakhi Sawant enters Bigg Boss|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 November 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=4 December 2006 |title=Rakhi Sawant evicted says 'You saw the real me in Bigg Boss'|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/rakhi/20061204.htm}}</ref> She has appeared in many Hindi and a few Kannada, Marathi, Odia, Telugu and Tamil films. She acted in films like ''[[Chura Liyaa Hai Tumne]]'', ''[[Main Hoon Na]]'' and ''[[Masti (2004 film)|Masti]]''. She also appeared in the music video "Pardesiya", from the album D.J. Hot Remix - Vol 3.
* [[Rupali Ganguly]] – Actress.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi//photostory/49164410.cms?picid=49196687|title=Rupali Ganguly in Bigg Boss 1|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=3 November 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/apr/03rupali.htm|title='Bigg Boss made me famous': Rupali Ganguly|date=3 April 2008}}</ref> She is well known for her roles in ''[[Sarabhai vs Sarabhai]]'', ''[[Bhabhi (TV series)|Bhabhi]]'', ''[[Sanjivani (2002 TV series)|Sanjivani]]'', ''[[Kkavyanjali]]'', ''[[Baa Bahoo Aur Baby]]'' and ''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]''.
* [[Ravi Kishan]] – [[Bhojpuri cinema|Bhojpuri]] actor and [[Indian people|Indian]] politician (later).<ref>{{cite web |date=20 November 2008 |title=Ravi Kishan to enter Bigg Boss house |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_Story.aspx?id=ENTEN20080073385&keyword=&subcatg= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120712141007/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_Story.aspx?id=ENTEN20080073385&keyword=&subcatg= |archive-date=12 July 2012 |publisher=ndtv.com |df=dmy-all}}</ref> He is known for appearing in various Bollywood and Bhojpuri films. He acted in films like ''[[Tere Naam]]'' and ''[[Phir Hera Pheri]]''.
* [[Amit Sadh]] – Actor.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi//photostory/49164410.cms?picid=49196634|title=Amit Sadh In Bigg Boss 1|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=3 November 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/bigg-boss-update-amit-sadh-evicted/|title=Bigg Boss Update: Amit Sadh evicted|date=20 January 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=1 February 2013 |title=Bigg Boss was a very disturbing experience: Amit Sadh |url=https://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-bigg-boss-was-a-very-disturbing-experience-amit-sadh-4165081-NOR.html |access-date=11 August 2018 |archive-date=28 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128052014/https://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-bigg-boss-was-a-very-disturbing-experience-amit-sadh-4165081-NOR.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He participated in the dance reality show ''[[Nach Baliye]]'' with [[Neeru Bajwa]]. He has acted in shows like ''[[Kyun Hota Hai Pyarrr]]'', ''[[Saaksshi]]'' and ''[[Kahiin To Hoga]]''.
* [[Aryan Vaid]] – Actor and model.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-when-ex-lovers-anupama-verma-and-aryan-vaid-re-kindled-their-affair-in-first-season-1304331-2018-08-03|title=Bigg Boss: When ex-lovers Anupama Verma and Aryan Vaid re-kindled their affair in first season|date=3 August 2018}}</ref> He participated and emerged as the winner of [[Mister India World]]. He later acted in Bollywood films like ''[[Fun – Can Be Dangerous Sometimes]]'' and ''Naam Gum Jayega''.
* [[Bobby Darling]] – Actress.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/bigg-boss-update-bobby-darling-first-evictee/|title=Bigg Boss Update: Bobby Darling first evictee|date=10 November 2006}}</ref> She acted in television shows like ''[[Kaahin Kissii Roz]]'' and ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]''. She acted in films. She gained much popularity after her gender reassignment surgery.
* [[Deepak Parashar]] – Television and film actor.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/bigg-boss-update-deepak-prashar-evicted/|title=Bigg Boss Update: Deepak Prashar evicted|date=18 November 2006}}</ref> He acted in films like ''[[Pyar Kiya Hai Pyar Karenge]]'' and ''[[Aap To Aise Na The]]''.
* [[Rahul Roy]] – Former actor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/boss/20070127.htm|title=Rahul Roy wins Bigg Boss|date=27 January 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/feb/02rahul.htm|title='Bigg Boss has brought me the platform I needed'|date=2 February 2007}}</ref> He is known for his role in the film ''[[Aashiqui]]''.
* Anupama Verma – Model and actress.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/bigg-boss-nearly-killed-me-anupama-253820.html|title=Bigg Boss nearly killed me: Anupama|date=18 December 2006}}</ref>
* [[Carol Gracias]] – Model.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-07-30 |title=Ex-Bigg Boss contestant Carol Maria Gracias blsssed with a baby boy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ex-bigg-boss-contestant-carol-maria-gracias-blsssed-with-a-baby-boy/articleshow/53463692.cms |access-date=2024-05-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She is a past winner of the India's L'Oréal/Elite Look of the Year title. He gained much publicity after a wardrobe malfunction. He has also been a part of films like ''[[Bluffmaster!]]''.
* Ragini Shetty – Model.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/mom-spends-big-cash-to-get-ragini-out-of-bigg-boss/articleshow/15668481.cms|title=Bigg Boss: Ragini evicted|date=30 December 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-throwback-remembering-the-first-ever-commoner-abhijatha-umesh-who-died-four-years-back-1330529-2018-09-03|title=Bigg Boss throwback: Remembering the first-ever commoner Abhijatha Umesh who died four years back|date=3 September 2018}}</ref> She has appeared in many South films.

===Wild card entrants===
* [[Deepak Tijori]] – Film actor.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/nov/15tijori.htm|title=Deepak Tijori enters Bigg Boss|date=15 November 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/i-want-to-make-a-film-on-big-boss/story-Sq0hAMeM2hwLX61UGRHm6M.html|title=Deepak Tijori gets evicted says he wants to make a film on the show|date=26 December 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/bigg-boss-is-a-laundered-reality/story-c994Xo8Bj3fbVhcE9i99AN.html|title='Bigg Boss is a laundered reality'|date=21 January 2007}}</ref> He has acted in films like ''[[Aashiqui]]'', ''[[Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar]]'', ''[[Dil Tera Aashiq]]'', ''[[Dulhan Hum Le Jayenge]]''.
* [[Baba Sehgal]] – Singer and rapper.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/they-re-all-acting-on-bigg-boss-baba-sehgal/story-m02OWixvMtInZfHADlcvxM.html|title=They're all acting on Bigg Boss: Baba Sehgal|date=16 January 2007}}</ref> He has been involved in various other areas of the entertainment industry, and works in several different languages' media.

==Guest appearances==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0;font-size:85%; background: white; width:100%;"
|-
! style="background:#B00000; color:#fff; width:1%;" | Week
! style="background:#B00000; color:#fff; width:1%;" | Day
! style="background:#B00000; color:#fff; width:5%;" | Guest(s)
! style="background:#B00000; color:#fff; width:5%;" | Purpose of Visit
! style="background:#B00000; color:#fff; width:1%;" | Ref(s)
|-
! rowspan="2" | 1
! rowspan="2" | Day 7
| [[Shahid Kapoor]]
| To promote his film ''[[Vivah]]''
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/big-boss-update-shahid-to-enter-the-house/|title=Shahid Kapoor to enter Bigg Boss 1|date=8 November 2006}}</ref>
|-
| [[Johnny Lever]]
| Special appearance
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/big-boss-update-shahid-to-enter-the-house/|title=Johnny Lever to appear on Bigg Boss|date=9 November 2006}}</ref>
|-
! 2
! Day 13
| [[Ritesh Deshmukh]]
| To promote his film ''[[Apna Sapna Money Money]]''
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/big-boss-update-shahid-to-enter-the-house/|title=Ritesh in Bigg Boss|date=17 November 2006}}</ref>
|-
! 3
! Day 22
| [[Hrithik Roshan]]
| To promote his film ''[[Dhoom 2]]''
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/big-boss-update-shahid-to-enter-the-house/|title=Hritik Roshan have a blast on Bigg Boss|date=24 November 2006}}</ref>
|-
! 4
! Day 26
| [[Parvin Dabas]] & [[Preeti Jhangiani]]
| To promote their film ''With Luv... Tumhaara''
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/big-boss-update-shahid-to-enter-the-house/|title=Pravin and Preeti to appear in Bigg Boss|date=1 December 2006}}</ref>
|-
! 5
! Day 30
| [[Salman Khan]] & [[Rani Mukerji]]
| To promote their film ''[[Baabul (2006 film)|Baabul]]''
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/big-boss-update-shahid-to-enter-the-house/|title=Salman Rani in Bigg Boss|date=8 December 2006}}</ref>
|-
! 6
! Day 43
| [[John Abraham]]
| To promote his film ''[[Kabul Express]]''
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/big-boss-update-shahid-to-enter-the-house/|title=John Abraham to enter Bigg Boss 1|date=17 December 2006}}</ref>
|-
! 7
! Day 50
| [[Akshay Kumar]] & [[Lara Dutta]]
| To promote their film ''[[Bhagam Bhag]]''
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/big-boss-update-shahid-to-enter-the-house/|title=Akshay Kumar to enter Bigg Boss 1|date=24 December 2006}}</ref>
|-
! 8
! Day 58
| [[Apurva Agnihotri]], [[Surveen Chawla]], [[Saumya Tandon]] & [[Kavita Kaushik]]
| Special appearances from Sony shows
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/big-boss-update-shahid-to-enter-the-house/|title=Sony stars to grace Bigg Boss 1|date=2 January 2007}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="6" | 9
! rowspan="6" | Days 62-63
| Anu Gaur
| To support her brother [[Amit Sadh]]
| <ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/big-boss-update-shahid-to-enter-the-house/|title=Family to enter Bigg Boss 1|date=6 January 2007}}</ref>
|-
| Jaya Sawant
| To support her daughter [[Rakhi Sawant]]
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| Rajni Ganguly
| To support her daughter [[Rupali Ganguly]]
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| Ronnie Gracias
| To support his daughter [[Carol Gracias]]
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| Rajlaxmi R. Roy
| To support her husband [[Rahul Roy]]
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| Preeti Kishan
| To support her husband [[Ravi Kishan]]
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
! 10
! Day 72
| [[Abhishek Bachchan]] & [[Aishwarya Rai]]
| To promote their film ''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]''
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/big-boss-update-shahid-to-enter-the-house/|title=Abhishek Aishwarya to enter Bigg Boss 1|date=12 January 2007}}</ref>
|-
! 11
! Day 79
| [[Salman Khan]] & [[Priyanka Chopra]]
| To promote their film ''[[Salaam-E-Ishq]]''
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/big-boss-update-shahid-to-enter-the-house/|title=Salman Priyanka to enter Bigg Boss 1|date=20 January 2007}}</ref>
|-
! 12
! Day 85
| [[Saif Ali Khan]] & [[Vidya Balan]]
| To promote their film ''[[Eklavya: The Royal Guard]]''
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/big-boss-update-shahid-to-enter-the-house/|title=Saif Vidya to appear on Bigg Boss 1 finale|date=25 January 2007}}</ref>
|}

==Nominations table==




<blockquote style="padding: 0em; overflow:auto;">
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; font-size:85%; line-height:15px;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" |
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 1
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 2
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 3
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 4
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 5
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 6
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 7
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 8
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 9
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 10
! rowspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 11
! colspan="3" style="width: 5%;" style="background:gold;" | Week 12
|-
! style="width: 5%;" | Day 80
! colspan="2" style="width: 5%;" style="background:gold;" | Day 85
|- style="background:#cfc;"
! rowspan="1" | House Captain
| rowspan="1" | '''Rahul'''
| rowspan="1" | '''Aryan'''
| rowspan="1" | '''{{nowrap|Deepak T}}'''
| rowspan="1" | '''Rahul'''
| rowspan="1" | '''Carol'''
| rowspan="1" | '''Ravi'''
| rowspan="1" | '''Carol'''
| rowspan="1" | '''Rahul'''
| rowspan="1" | '''Rupali'''
| rowspan="1" | '''Amit'''
| rowspan="1" | '''Ravi'''
| colspan="3" rowspan="3" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No Captain''
|-
! Captain's Nominations
| Bobby Amit
| Rupali Carol
| Kashmera Ragini
| Rupali Rakhi
| Anupama Aryan
| Rahul Amit
| {{nowrap|Deepak T}} Ravi
| Rupali Amit
| Rahul Rakhi
| Rupali Ravi
| 2 Amit Carol
|-
! colspan="15" style="background:#000;" |
|-
! Vote to:
! colspan="11" | Evict
! None
! colspan="2" | ''WIN''
|-
! colspan="15" style="background:#000;" |
|-
! Rahul
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| {{nowrap|Deepak P}} Ragini
| Rakhi Kashmera
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| Aryan
| {{nowrap|Deepak T}} Ragini
| {{nowrap|Deepak T}} Rupali
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| Baba Amit
| Rupali Rakhi
| 4 Amit Carol
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#73FB76" |{{nowrap|'''''Winner''''' (Day 85)}}
|-
! Carol
| {{nowrap|Deepak P}} Bobby
| {{nowrap|Deepak P}} Kashmera
| Rakhi Kashmera
| Rakhi Anupama
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| Anupama {{nowrap|Deepak T}}
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| Baba Rakhi
| Rakhi Baba
| Rakhi Amit
| 3 Amit Ravi
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#D1E8EF" |{{nowrap|'''''1st runner-up''''' (Day 85)}}
|-
! Ravi
| {{nowrap|Deepak P}} Bobby
| style="background:#959FFD;" |{{nowrap|Deepak P}} Kashmera
| Kashmera Rakhi
| Ragini Aryan
| {{nowrap|Deepak T}} Aryan
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| Ragini {{nowrap|Deepak T}}
| Carol Amit
| Baba Amit
| Rupali Carol
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#7FFFD4;" |{{nowrap|'''''2nd runner-up''''' (Day 85)}}
|-
! Rakhi
| Rahul {{nowrap|Deepak P}}
| Kashmera Rupali
| Carol Rupali
| Ravi Carol
| colspan="2" style="background:#FF8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 29)
| Rupali Ragini
| Rupali Carol
| Carol Rupali
| Carol Rupali
| style="background:#FBF373;" |5 Rahul Ravi
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="2" style="background:#FF8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 83)
|-
! Amit
| {{nowrap|Deepak P}} Rupali
| {{nowrap|Deepak P}} Rupali
| Aryan Kashmera
| Aryan Rakhi
| Rupali Aryan
| Ragini Rupali
| Ravi {{nowrap|Deepak T}}
| Rakhi Ragini
| Rakhi Rahul
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| 1 Rahul Ravi
| colspan="3" style="background:#FF8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 77)
|-
! Rupali
| Aryan Anupama
| Kashmera {{nowrap|Deepak P}}
| Kashmera Ragini
| Anupama Ragini
| Anupama {{nowrap|Deepak T}}
| {{nowrap|Deepak T}} Anupama
| {{nowrap|Deepak T}} Rahul
| Ragini Rahul
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| Rahul Rakhi
| colspan="4" style="background:#FF8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 70)
|-
! Baba
| colspan="7" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not In House''
| Rakhi Ragini
| Carol Ravi
| colspan="5" style="background:#FF8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 63)
|-
! Ragini
| {{nowrap|Deepak P}} Bobby
| Ravi Rupali
| {{nowrap|Deepak T}} Ravi
| Rakhi Ravi
| Carol Anupama
| Anupama Ravi
| Ravi Rupali
| Carol Rupali
| colspan="6" style="background:#FF8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 56)
|-
! {{nowrap|Deepak T}}
| colspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not In House''
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| Rakhi Ragini
| Ragini Rupali
| Rahul Rupali
| Rahul Carol
| colspan="7" style="background:#FF8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 50)
|-
! Anupama
| Rupali Carol
| Rupali Carol
| Carol Amit
| Carol Ravi
| Carol Rupali
| Rupali Carol
| colspan="8" style="background:#FF8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 42)
|-
! Aryan
| {{nowrap|Deepak P}} Rahul
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| Carol Rupali
| {{nowrap|Deepak T}} Carol
| Carol Rupali
| colspan="9" style="background:#FF8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 35)
|-
! Kashmera
| {{nowrap|Deepak P}} Rahul
| Carol Rupali
| Carol Amit
| colspan="7" style="background:#FF8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 22)
| colspan="2" style="background-image: linear-gradient(to right bottom, #8FCCC1 50%, #87CEFA 50%);" |{{nowrap|''Guest'' / ''Secret Room'' (Days 72–81)}}
| colspan="2" style="background:#D8BFD8;" |''Left'' (Day 81)
|-
! {{nowrap|Deepak P}}
| Ravi Ragini
| Rupali Carol
| colspan="12" style="background:#FF8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 14)
|-
! Bobby
| {{nowrap|Deepak P}} Ravi
| colspan="13" style="background:#FF8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 7)
|-
! Salil
| {{nowrap|Deepak P}} Bobby
| colspan="13" style="background:#FFE08B;" |''Ejected'' (Day 6)
|-
! colspan="15" style="background:#000;" |
|-
! Notes
| {{n/a|''None''}}
| ''[[#endnote 1|1]]''
| colspan="2" {{n/a|''None''}}
| ''[[#endnote 2|2]]''
| ''[[#endnote 3|3]]''
| colspan="4" {{n/a|''None''}}
| ''[[#endnote 5|5]]''
| {{n/a|''None''}}
| colspan="2" | ''[[#endnote 4|4]]''
|- style="background:#B2FFFF"|
! Against Public Vote
| Ayaan Bobby {{nowrap|Deepak P}}
| {{nowrap|Deepak P}} Ravi Rupali
| Carol Kashmera
| Carol Ragini Rakhi Ravi
| Aryan Rupali
| Anupama {{nowrap|Deepak T}} Ragini Rahul Rupali
| {{nowrap|Deepak T}} Ravi Rupali
| Amit Carol Ragini Rakhi Rupali
| Amit Baba Carol Rahul Rakhi
| Rakhi Rupali
| Amit Carol Rahul Ravi
| Carol Rahul Rakhi Ravi
| colspan="2" | Carol Rahul Ravi
|-
! Re-entered
| colspan="6" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
| style="background:#DAFF99;" |'''Rakhi'''
| colspan="3" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
| style="background:#DAFF99;" |'''Kashmera'''
| colspan="3" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
|-
! {{nowrap|Secret Room}}
| colspan="10" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
| colspan="2" style="background:#87CEFA;" |'''Kashmera'''
| colspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
|-
! Guest
| colspan="10" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
| colspan="2" style="background:#8FCCC1;" |'''Kashmera'''
| colspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
|-
! Ejected
| style="background:#FFE08B" |'''Salil'''
| colspan="13" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
|-
! rowspan="2" | Evicted
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072" |'''Bobby'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072" |'''{{nowrap|Deepak P}}'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072" |'''Kashmera'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072" |'''Rakhi'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072" |'''Aryan'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072" |'''Anupama'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072" |'''{{nowrap|Deepak T}}'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072" |'''Ragini'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072" |'''Baba'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072" |'''Rupali'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072" |'''Amit'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072" |'''Rakhi'''
| colspan="2" style="background:#7FFFD4" |'''Ravi'''
|-
| style="background:#D1E8EF" |'''Carol'''
| style="background:#73FB76" |'''Rahul'''
|}
</blockquote>
: {{Color box|#cfc|border=darkgray}} indicates the House Captain.
: {{Color box|#959FFD|border=darkgray}} indicates that the Housemate was directly nominated for eviction prior to the regular nominations process.
: {{Color box|#DAFF99|border=darkgray}} indicates that the housemate has re-entered.
: {{Color box|#FBF373|border=darkgray}} indicates that the person was saved by another housemate.
: {{Color box|#FFD700|border=darkgray}} indicates that the housemate has been granted immunity from nominations.
: {{Color box|#87CEFA|border=darkgray}} indicates that the housemate was in the caravan or secret room.
: {{Color box|#E9FFDB|border=darkgray}} indicates that the housemate entered as a wild card entrant.
: {{Color box|#73FB76|border=darkgray}} indicates that the housemate has been declared as the winner.
: {{Color box|#D1E8EF|border=darkgray}} indicates that the housemate has been declared as the first runner-up.
: {{Color box|#7FFFD4|border=darkgray}} indicates that the housemate has been declared as the second runner-up.
: {{Color box|#FA8072|border=darkgray}} indicates the contestant has been evicted.
: {{Color box|#fcf|border=darkgray}} indicates the contestant has been walked out of the show.
: {{Color box|#FFE08B|border=darkgray}} indicates the housemate was ejected.

===Nomination notes===
{{smalldiv|
*{{note|1|1}}: Ravi was automatically put up for eviction by Bigg Boss for swearing and for refusing to wear a microphone.
*{{note|2|2}}: On Day 44, Rakhi re-entered through as a wild card entrant.
*{{note|3|3}}: Rahul was the Sarpanch and only allowed to have 1 nomination this week.
*{{note|4|4}}: Bigg Boss called for an open nominations and Rakhi was exempted from the nominations for winning a task.
*{{note|5|5}}: On Day 85, Rahul Roy was announced as the winner.
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series)}}
{{SET Shows}}

[[Category:2006 Indian television seasons]]
[[Category:2007 Indian television seasons]]
[[Category:Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) seasons|01]]
[[Category:Sony Entertainment Television original programming]]

Rao Gopal Rao

2026-01-10T18:12:28Z

Gurupratap Rajan: update intro further

{{Short description|Indian Tollywood actor and politician (1937–1994)}}
{{Family name hatnote|Rao|lang=Telugu}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rao Gopal Rao
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1937|1|14}}
| birth_place = Ganganapalli, near [[Kakinada]], [[Madras Presidency]] (present-day [[Andhra Pradesh]])
| residence =
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1994|8|13|1937|1|14}}
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament]] [[Rajya sabha]]
| term_start = 3 April 1986
| term_end = 2 April 1992
| constituency = [[Andhra Pradesh]].
| office2 = Member of Andhra Pradesh Legislature ([[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]])
| term_start2 = 1984
| term_end2 = 1985
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| spouse = Kamala Kumari
| children = 2; including [[Rao Ramesh]]
}}

'''Rao Gopal Rao''' (14 January 1937 – 13 August 1994) was an Indian actor and producer known for his works in [[Telugu cinema]] and [[Telugu theatre]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/drama-competition-from-oct-9/article7697173.ece|title=Drama competition from Oct. 9|newspaper=The Hindu |date=28 September 2015|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> In a film career spanning more than 25 years, Rao starred in over 400 feature films in a variety of characters. He was known for his gruesome portrayals of antagonist roles with a touch of humor.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thetelugufilmnagar.com/celebs/rao-gopal-rao/|title=Rao Gopal Rao|first=Team|last=Tfn|website=Telugu Filmnagar|date=5 July 2023|access-date=8 December 2019|archive-date=25 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025111608/https://www.thetelugufilmnagar.com/celebs/rao-gopal-rao/|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was presented with [[Kala Prapoorna]] in 1990 by [[Andhra University]] and was honored with "Natavirat" and "Chittoor Nagayya Award" in 1987.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=8 April 2018 |title=Rao Gopala Rao's wife passes away! |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/080418/rao-gopala-raos-wife-passes-away.html |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/telugu/movie-actor/rao-gopal-rao|title=Tollywood Movie Actor Rao Gopal Rao Biography, News, Photos, Videos|website=nettv4u}}</ref>

Rao was known for his villainous roles in works such as ''[[Mutyala Muggu]]'' (1975), ''[[Bhakta Kannappa]]'' (1976), ''[[Gorantha Deepam]]'' (1978), ''[[Mana Voori Pandavulu|Manavoori Pandavulu]]'' (1978), ''Kaliyuga Ravanasurudu'' (1980), ''[[Tyagayya]]'' (1981), ''[[Ooruki Monagadu]]'' (1981), ''[[Gudachari No.1]]'' (1983), ''[[Abhilasha (1983 film)|Abhilasha]]'' (1983), ''[[Khaidi (1983 film)|Khaidi]]'' (1983), ''[[Challenge (1984 film)|Challenge]]'' (1984), ''Jaakii'' (1985), ''[[Bullet (1985 film)|Bullet]]'' (1985), ''[[Athaku Yamudu Ammayiki Mogudu]]'' (1989), ''[[Lorry Driver (film)|Lorry Driver]]'' (1990), ''[[Kondaveeti Donga]]'' (1990), and ''[[Gang Leader]]'' (1991).<ref name="auto1"/>

==Early life==
Rao started his career in theatre, with his own company, Associated Amateur Drama Company, and did many plays under the banner. [[S. V. Ranga Rao]] saw his plays and recommended him to [[Gutta Ramineedu]], who was making ''Bhakta Potana'' (1966).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.style.yahoo.com/harish-shankar-brings-back-rao-gopal-raos-look-in-092827290.html|title=Harish Shankar brings back Rao Gopal Rao's look in Duvvada Jagannadham|website=in.style.yahoo.com}}</ref> He worked as an assistant director for this film and served as an assistant director in other films, including ''Bangaru Sankellu'' and ''Mooga Prema''.<ref name="auto1"/>

==Politics==
Rao was appointed to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]] in 1984-85 and [[Indian Parliament]] by [[N. T. Rama Rao]], the then chief minister of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He was a member of [[Rajya Sabha]] from 3 April 1986 until 2 April 1992.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/r.pdf |title=Profile of Former Rajya Sabha members |access-date=2012-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031073313/http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/r.pdf|archive-date=2013-10-31}}</ref>

==Death==
Rao died on 13 August 1994, aged 57. The film ''Prema & Co'' was released after his death.

His son, [[Rao Ramesh]], is a Telugu film actor.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=2017-06-17 |title=Rao Ramesh lives up to his father's name |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/170617/rao-ramesh-lives-up-to-his-fathers-name.html |access-date=2020-06-03 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|1966
|''Bhakta Potana''
|Mamidi Singanamatya
|
|-
|1968
|''Bangaru Sankellu''
|Film Director
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1969
|''Manushulu Marali''
|
|
|-
|''[[Bangaru Panjaram]]''
|Doctor
|
|-
|''[[Gandara Gandadu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gandara Gandadu 1969 Telugu Movie Cast Crew,Actors,Director, Gandara Gandadu Producer,Banner,Music Director,Singers & Lyricists |url=https://moviegq.com/movie/gandara-gandadu-3105/cast-crew |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=MovieGQ |language=en}}</ref>
|Singanna
|
|-
|''[[Jagath Kiladeelu]]''
|Bhayankar
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1970
|''[[Pettandarulu]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Akhandudu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Akandudu (1970) |url=https://indiancine.ma/NSO |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Bhagyalakshmi Devi's husband
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1971
|''[[Kathanayakuralu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kathanayakuralu (1971) |url=https://indiancine.ma/OLR/info |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Bhujangam
|
|-
|''[[Revolver Rani 1971 film|Revolver Rani]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Revolver Rani (1971) |url=https://indiancine.ma/OQX |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Naagu
|
|-
|''[[Mosagallaku Mosagadu (1971 film)|Mosagallaku Mosagadu]]''
|
|
|-
|[[Chelleli Kapuram]]
|
|
|-
|''CID Raju''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1972
|''[[Kalam Marindi]]''
|Koteshu
|
|-
|''[[Nijam Nirupistha]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nijam Nirupistha (1972) |url=https://indiancine.ma/PEX |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Kotwal Kodandam
|
|-
|''[[Bala Bharatam]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1973
|''[[Desoddharakulu]]''
|
|
|-
|''Devudamma''
|Ramaiah
|
|-
|''[[Manchi Vallaki Manchivadu]]''
|
|
|-
|''Sarada''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1974
|''Kode Naagu''
|
|
|-
|''[[Andaru Dongale]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Manchi Manushulu]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1975
|''Babu''
|
|
|-
|''[[Mutyala Muggu]]''
|Contractor
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |1976
|''[[Bhakta Kannappa]]''
|Kailasanatha Sastry
|
|-
|''Raaja''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raaja (1976) |url=https://indiancine.ma/RTZ |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Bhupathi Varma
|
|-
|''Ramarajyamlo Rakthapasam''
|
|
|-
|''Monagadu''
|Dada
|
|-
|''[[Bangaru Manishi]]''
|Satyam
|
|-
|''Pichi Maraju''
|Dr. Madhu
|
|-
|''[[Jyothi (1976 film)|Jyothi]]''
|Dr. Karunakaram
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |1977
|''[[Kurukshetram (1977 film)|Kurukshetram]]''
|[[Shalya]]
|
|-
|''[[Eetharam Manishi]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eetharam Manishi (1977) |url=https://indiancine.ma/SFC |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Kameshwara Rao
|
|-
|''[[Chanakya Chandragupta]]''
|
|
|-
|''Sneham''
|
|
|-
|''[[Yama Gola]]''
|
|
|-
|''Bangaru Bommalu''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |1978
|''[[Pranam Khareedu]]''
|Kanakaiah
|
|-
|''[[Athani Kante Ghanudu]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Mana Voori Pandavulu]]''
|Rambhoopal (Dora vaaru)
|
|-
|''[[Katakataala Rudraiah]]''
|
|
|-
|''Pottelu Punnamma''
|Sripathi
|
|-
|''[[Gorantha Deepam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Anugraham]]''
|Konduraswamy
|
|-
|''Kalanthakulu''
|Kanaka Rao
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1979
|''[[Rangoon Rowdy]]''
|Gopal Rao
|
|-
|''[[Vetagadu]]''
|Dhiwanji
|
|-
|''[[Maa Voollo Mahasivudu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maavoollo Mahasivudu (1979) |url=https://indiancine.ma/TZL |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|[[Shiva|Lord Shiva]]
|
|-
| ''[[Pancha Bhoothalu]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Samajaniki Saval]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Samajaniki Sawal (1979) |url=https://indiancine.ma/UGK |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Rajasekharam
|
|-
| rowspan="12" |1980
|''[[Bangaru Bava]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangaru Bava (1980) |url=https://indiancine.ma/UNV |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Ramaswami
|
|-
|''[[Bebbuli]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bebbuli (1980) |url=https://indiancine.ma/UOC |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Jagannatham
|
|-
|''[[Gharana Donga]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gharana Donga (1980) |url=https://indiancine.ma/USK |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Babu Lal
|
|-
|''[[Vintha dongalu|Vintha Dongalu]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Circus Ramudu]]''
|
|
|-
|''Pasupu Parani''
|
|
|-
|''[[Sardar Papa Rayudu]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Adrushtavanthudu]]''
|Narayana
|
|-
|''Saradaa Ramudu''
|
|
|-
|''[[Bandodu Gundamma]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bandodu Gundamma (1980) |url=https://indiancine.ma/UNT |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Dasaratharamaiah
|
|-
|''Kaliyuga Ravana Surudu''
|
|
|-
|''Gopala Rao Gari Ammayi''
|Gopal Rao
|
|-
| rowspan="10" |1981
|''Todu Dongalu''
|
|
|-
|''[[Ragile Jwala]]''
|Dharma Raju
|
|-
|''[[Kondaveeti Simham]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Kirayi Rowdylu]]''
|Baburao
|
|-
|''[[Tyagayya (1981 film)|Tyagayya]]''
|Japesam
|
|-
|''[[Ooriki Monagadu]]''
|
|
|-
|''Nayudu gari abbai''
|
|
|-
|''Taxi Driver''
|Bhaskara Rao
|
|-
|''Maa Voori Pedda Manushulu''
|
|
|-
|''[[Gadasari Atta Sogasari Kodalu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gadasari Atha Sogasari Kodalu (1981) |url=https://indiancine.ma/VPR/info |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Kanaka Rao
|
|-
| rowspan="15" |1982
|''[[Bobbili Puli]]''
|Bhanoji Rao
|
|-
|''[[Nipputo Chelagaatam]]''
|Jagapati
|
|-
|''[[Patnam Vachina Pativrathalu]]''
|Malish Man
|
|-
|''[[Kalahala Kapuram]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalahala Kapuram (1982) {{!}} V CINEMA - Movie, Review, Cast, Songs & Release Date |url=https://www.vcinema.com/movie/about:blank |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=www.vcinema.com |language=en}}</ref>''
|Gandabherundam
|
|-
|''Prathikaram''
|Alexander
|
|-
|[[Sankarlal|''Andagaadu'']]
|
|
|-
|''[[Justice Chowdhary]]''
|Kailasam
|
|-
|''[[Shamsher Shankar]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shamsher Shankar (1982) |url=https://www.avclub.com/film/reviews/shamsher-shankar-1982 |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=The A.V. Club |language=en}}</ref>
|Dharmaraju
|
|-
|''Swayamvaram''
|
|
|-
|''[[Billa Ranga]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Eenadu (film)|Eenadu]]''
|
|
|-
|''Krishnarajunulu''
|
|
|-
|''Bangaru Bhoomi''
|Chander Rao
|
|-
|''[[Trisulam (film)|Trisulam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Pralaya Rudrudu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pralaya Rudrudu (1982) |url=https://indiancine.ma/WYA |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Sarvarayudu/Nalla Trachu
|
|-
| rowspan="17" |1983
|''[[Shakthi (film)|Shakthi]]''
|Chinthapikkala Narasaraju
|
|-
|''[[Abhilasha (1983 film)|Abhilasha]]''
|Sarvothama Rao
|
|-
|''[[Kirayi Kotigadu]]''
|Adiseshaiah
|
|-
|''[[Khaidi (1983 film)|Khaidi]]''
|Veerabhadraiah
|
|-
|''[[Ramarajyamlo Bheemaraju]]''
|Ramaraju
|
|-
|''[[Chattaniki Veyi Kallu|Chattaniki Veyyi Kallu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chattaniki Veyi Kallu |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/chattaniki-veyi-kallu/cast/2030372570/ |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=TVGuide.com |language=en}}</ref>
|Kitukula Damodara Swamy aka K.D. Swamy
|
|-
|''[[Sangharshana|Sangarshana]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Praja Rajyam film|Praja Rajyam]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Praja Rajyam (1983) |url=https://indiancine.ma/XYK |access-date=2023-09-18 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Raja Rao
|
|-
|''[[Kanthayya Kanakayya]]''<ref>{{Citation |title=KANTHAYYA KANAKAYYA {{!}} TELUGU FULL MOVIE {{!}} CHANDRA MOHAN {{!}} KAVITHA {{!}} TELUGU CINE CAFE |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7MgpTI6qoic |access-date=2023-10-27 |language=en}}</ref>
|Kanakayya
|
|-
|''[[Mundadugu]]''
|Phanibhushan Rao
|
|-
|[[Poratam]]
|
|
|-
|''Nijam Chepite Nerama''
|Panakalu
|
|-
|''Prema Pichollu''
|
|
|-
|''[[Gudachari No.1]]''
|Govinda Rao
|
|-
|''[[Maga Maharaju]]''
|
|Dual roles
|-
|''Chanda Sasanudu''
|
|
|-
|''[[Adavi Simhalu]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="19" |1984
|''[[Goonda (film)|Goonda]]''
|Dharmaraju
|
|-
|''Bangaru Kapuram''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangaru Kapuram (1984) |url=https://indiancine.ma/YKF/info |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Gajapathi
|
|-
|''Dandayatra''
|
|
|-
|''Kanchu Kagada''
|Phanindra
|
|-
|''[[Hero (1984 film)|Hero]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Mahanagaramlo Mayagadu]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Kode Trachu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kode Trachu (1984) {{!}} V CINEMA - Movie, Review, Cast, Songs & Release Date |url=https://www.vcinema.com/movie/about:blank |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=www.vcinema.com |language=en}}</ref>
|Blackjack
|
|-
|''[[Punyam Koddi Purushudu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Punyam Koddi Purushudu Movie Info |url=https://www.vcinema.com/movie/punyam-koddi-purushudu-1984#overview}}</ref>
|Sarvamangalam
|
|-
|''[[Bobbili Brahmanna]]''
|
|
|-
|''Rama Rao Gopal Rao''
|
|
|-
|''[[Challenge (1984 film)|Challenge]]''
|RamMohanRao
|
|-
|''[[Intiguttu (1984 film)|Intiguttu]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Yuddham (1984 film)|Yuddham]]''
|Panakalu
|
|-
|''[[Naagu]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Agni Gundam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Dandayatra]]''
|Tata Rao
|
|-
|''[[Rustum (1984 film)|Rustum]]''
|
|
|-
|''Sampoorna Premayanam''
|
|
|-
|''Danavudu''
|Ravulapalem Raja Ramagopala Rao
|
|-
| rowspan="12" |1985
|''Ooriki Soggadu''
|Nayudamma
|
|-
|''[[Agni Parvatam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Chattamtho Poratam]]''
|Lokeswara Rao
|
|-
|''[[Puli (1985 film)|Puli]]''
|J.K.
|
|-
|''[[Donga (film)|Donga]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Adavi Donga]]''
|Thodella Appalanaidu
|
|-
|''Pattabhishekham''
|Markandeylu
|
|-
|''Musugu Donga''
|
|
|-
|''[[Kongumudi telugu movie|Kongumudi]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kongumudi (1985) |url=https://indiancine.ma/ZWU |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Suribabu
|
|-
|''Jackie''
|
|
|-
|''Devalayam''
|
|
|-
|''[[Bullet (1985 film)|Bullet]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="14" |1986
|''[[Ravana Brahma]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ravana Brahma (1986) |url=https://indiancine.ma/ABHJ |access-date=2023-04-16 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Govardhan Rao
|
|-
|''[[Brahmastram (1986 film)|Brahmastram]]''
|Gopanna
|
|-
|''[[Oka Radha Iddaru Krishnulu]]''
|Narasimham
|
|-
|''[[Rakshasudu (1986 film)|Rakshashudu]]''
|JK
|
|-
|''[[Chanakya Shapadham]]''
|Rana
|
|-
|''[[Jailu Pakshi]]''
|Chakrapani
|
|-
|''[[Jayam Manade (1986 film)|Jayam Manade]]''
|Jodugulla Basavappa
|
|-
|''[[Anasuyamma Gari Alludu]]''
|Lokeswara Rao
|
|-
|''Konaseema Kurradu''
|
|
|-
|''[[Krishna Garadi]]''
|Idea Appa Rao
|
|-
|''[[Kondaveeti Raja]]''
|Papa Rao
|
|-
|''[[Magadheerudu]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Kaliyuga Krishnudu]]''
|Siddheshwara Rao
|
|-
|''[[Apoorva Sahodarulu]]''
|Bangarraju
|
|-
| rowspan="10" |1987
|''[[Sahasa Samrat]]''
|Raghavaiah
|
|-
|''[[Trimurtulu]]''
|Damodaram
|
|-
|''[[Bharatamlo Arjunudu]]''
|Benerjee
|
|-
|''[[Bhargava Ramudu]]''
|
|
|-
|''Kulala Kurukshetram''
|
|
|-
|''[[Inti Donga]]''
|Veerabhadraiah
|
|-
|''[[Vijetha Vikram]]''
|Rudra Bhupathi
|
|-
|''[[Sardar Krishnama Naidu]]''
|Sasibhushan Rao
|
|-
|''[[Kirai Dada]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Donga Mogudu]]''
|Chenchuramaiah
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |1988
|''[[Manchi Donga]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Yamudiki Mogudu (1988 film)|Yamudiki Mogudu]]''
|Veerabhadraiah
|
|-
|''[[Tiragabadda Telugubidda]]''
|Mayor Sisupala Rao
|
|-
|''Station Master''
|
|
|-
|''[[Donga Ramudu (1988 film)|Donga Ramudu]]''
|
|
|-
|''Chinnabaabu''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |1989
|''[[Bhale Donga]]''
|Viswanatham Master
|
|-
|''[[Rudranetra]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Vintha Dongalu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vinta Dongalu |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/vinta-dongalu/cast/2000145213/ |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=TVGuide.com |language=en}}</ref>
|Vaayuvegula Vishnumurthy
|
|-
|[[Bala Gopaludu]]
|
|
|-
|''[[State Rowdy]]''
|Narendra Bhupathi
|
|-
|''[[Athaku Yamudu Ammayiki Mogudu]]''
|Vinayaka Rao aka V.R. Bongarala
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1990
|''[[Kondaveeti Donga]]''
|Sarabhoji
|
|-
|''[[Raja Vikramarka (1990 film)|Raja Vikramarka]]''
|Viswanatham
|
|-
|''[[Lorry Driver (film)|Lorry Driver]]''
|
|
|-
|''Manasu Mamata''
|
|
|-
|''[[Kaliyuga Abhimanyudu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaliyuga Abhimanyudu (1990) {{!}} V CINEMA - Movie, Review, Cast, Songs & Release Date |url=https://www.vcinema.com/movie/about:blank |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=www.vcinema.com |language=en}}</ref>
|Janakiramaiah
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1991
|''[[Gang Leader]]''
|Ekambaram
|
|-
|''[[Coolie No. 1 (1991 film)|Coolie No. 1]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1992
|''[[Gharana Mogudu]]''
|Bapineedu
|
|-
|''[[Dabbu Bhale Jabbu]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Aa Okkati Adakku]]''
|Royyala Naidu
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1993
|''[[Allari Priyudu]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Dongalludu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dongalludu (1993) |url=https://indiancine.ma/AHSR |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|''[[Nippu Ravva]]''
|Labour Minister
|
|-
|''[[Bangaru Bullodu (1993 film)|Bangaru Bullodu]]''
|Ramadasu
|
|-
|''[[Allari Alludu]]''
|
|
|-
|rowspan="2" |1994
|''Kurradhi Kurradu''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kurradi Kurradu (1994) Telugu Movie Review, Rating - Harish |url=https://www.thecinebay.com/movie/index/id/9086?ed=Tolly |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=www.thecinebay.com |archive-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410084229/https://www.thecinebay.com/movie/index/id/9086?ed=Tolly |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|Koteswara Prasad
|
|-
|''Prema & Co.''
|
|Final film role
|}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=0710623|name=Rao Gopal Rao}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Rao Gopal}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:1994 deaths]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Telugu comedians]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Telugu film producers]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1983–1985]]
[[Category:Place of death missing]]
[[Category:People from Kakinada]]
[[Category:Actors from East Godavari district]]
[[Category:Male actors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian actor-politicians]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Film producers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian comedians]]

Meet Jain

2026-01-08T00:42:47Z

Gurupratap Rajan: creating some article from scratch - done

{{Short description|Indian singer}}
{{unreliable sources|date=September 2020}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Meet Jain
| image = Meet Jain New.jpg
| caption = Jain in 2019
| alma_mater = [[Sardar Patel University]]
| occupation = Singer, composer, lyricist
| years_active = 2013–present
| website = {{URL|meetjain.co.in}}
}}

'''Meet Jain''' is an Indian [[playback singer]], composer, and lyricist in the Hindi and Gujarati film industry who became a part of the first season of the Indian reality singing show [[The Voice (Indian season 1)|''The Voice'']] in 2015, mentored by singer [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]].<ref>{{cite news |title=V Reporter Meet Jain plays blindfold with talents backstage Videos - The Voice India Official Website |url=http://www.thevoiceindia.in/videos/v-reporter-meet-jain-plays-blindfold-with-talents-backstage.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116170630/http://www.thevoiceindia.in/videos/v-reporter-meet-jain-plays-blindfold-with-talents-backstage.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 January 2017 |date=16 January 2017}}</ref>

==Personal life==

Jain was born and brought up in [[Ahmedabad, Gujarat]] in a family of [[professors]]. He went to Aroma High School and holds a master's degree in [[Industrial Biotechnology]], from [[Sardar Patel University]] in [[Vallabh Vidyanagar]]. He is a well-trained vocalist, pianist, and guitarist. He has done stage performances since the age of 12.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Radio |first1=Music |title=Meet Jain's 'gutsy' story of 'pursuing music' |url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/interviews/190708-meet-jains-gutsy-story-pursuing-music |accessdate=26 April 2020 |work=radioandmusic.com |agency=Radioandmusic |language=en}}</ref>

==Music career==

Jain sings for both the Gujarati and Hindi industry. His career took off when in 2013 he was the winner of ''Idea Rocks India, Ahmedabad'',<ref>{{cite news |title=Meet Jain - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad-times/most-desirable-men/meet-jain/articleshow/72258234.cms |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> where he shared the stage with [[Mika Singh]].

He has sung for big business banner advertisements of TATA and ADANI in [[Gujarati language]].

Jain was a contestant in the 5th edition of ''[[Entertainment Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega#Season 5|Sony TV Entertainment Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega]]'', judged by [[Farah Khan]] and [[Anu Malik]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Meghdhanush at Entertainment ke liye kuch bhi karega |url=https://vimeo.com/101158349 |via=Vimeo |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Meghdhanush with Indian Idol Juniors (Special Episode) at Entertainment ke liye kuch bhi karega |url=https://vimeo.com/101424515 |via=Vimeo |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Meghdhanush (India Travel Theme) in qaurter [sic] finals at Entertainment ke liye kuch bhi karega |url=https://vimeo.com/102305899 |via=Vimeo |language=en}}</ref> In 2015 his band made it to the reality show ''MTV Never Hide Sound'' with [[Rahul Ram]] ([[Indian Ocean Band]]) as their mentor.

In June 2015, he participated in the first season of ''The Voice''. He was chosen to be a part of Shaan's team and was eliminated during the battle rounds.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Raj |first1=Jem |title=The Voice India Week 9: Live Shows |url=https://bollyspice.com/the-voice-india-week-9-live-shows/ |work=BollySpice.com - The latest movies, interviews in Bollywood |date=5 August 2015}}</ref> Due to his popularity in the show, he hosted ''The Voice India'' as well, with [[Karan Tacker]].

He played his friend, the actor and host [[Arjun Bijlani]], on a special episode of ''[[Dance Deewane#Season 2|Dance Deewane 2]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Arjun Bijlani gets a co-host for Dance Deewane 2! |url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/arjun-bijlani-gets-a-cohost-for-dance-deewane-2_152245 |work=India Forums |language=en}}</ref> There, he sang for Bijlani and shared the stage with [[Madhuri Dixit]], [[Tushar Kalia]], and [[Shashank Khaitan]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Team |first1=Tellychakkar |title=Singer Meet Jain on the sets of Dance Deewane 2 |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/singer-meet-jain-the-sets-of-dance-deewane-2-190705 |work=Tellychakkar.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Dance Deewane 2: The Voice fame Meet Jain excited to perform in front of his idol Madhuri Dixit - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/dance-deewane-2-the-voice-fame-meet-jain-excited-to-perform-in-front-of-his-idol-madhuri-dixit/articleshow/70105921.cms |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

He has performed in more than 1100 shows worldwide and has given his voice to several Gujarati songs. His most popular one is "Radha Khovai", in which he featured alongside [[Shraddha Dangar]].

He has also composed several Gujarati songs such as "Radha Khovai", "Nach Mari Saathe" (title song) and "E Memo".

In 2019, Jain spoke at a TEDx event held at [[Great Lakes Institute of Management]], [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jain |first1=Meet |title=A Middle Class Dream |date=4 April 2019 |url=https://www.ted.com/talks/meet_jain_a_middle_class_dream |language=en}}</ref>

He has done playback singing for more than 25 Gujarati albums and movies including ''Ghar Ek Mandir'', ''Kalyug No Kanho'', ''Armaan'', ''Superstar'', ''Bau Na Vichar'', and ''Ambe Maat Ni''.{{cn|date=August 2023}}

==Albums / singles==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S. no
! Year
! Album(s)/single(s)
! Song
! Singer(s)/co-singer(s)
! Lyrics
! Music
! Length
|-
|1
|2019
|Radha Khovaai
| Radha Khovaai
|Meet Jain
|Bhargav Purohit
|Arpan Mahida
|3:27
|-
|2
|2016
|[[Armaan: Story of a Storyteller|Armaan]]
| Nazariya
|Meet Jain
|D - Kay
|Samir Mana
|4:54
|-
|3
|2019
|[[Bau Na Vichar|Bau na vichar]]
| Bau na vichar title
|Meet Jain, [[Kirtidan Gadhvi]], [[Jigardan Gadhavi]], Siddharth Amit Bhavsar, [[Aishwarya Majmudar]], Parth Oza & Aditya Gadhavi
|Hrutul, Hardik Jagani
|Hrutul
|2:27
|-
|4
|2017
|''[[Superstar (2017 film)|Superstar]]''
| Aayo Maro Superstar
| Arvind Vegda & Meet Jain (Rap)
|[[Niren Bhatt]]
|Parth Bharat Thakkar
|3:03
|-
|5
|2018
|Nach Mari Sathe<ref>{{cite web |last1=Farm |first1=Bollywood |title=Naach Mari Saathe: Judges, Hosts, Starting Date, Time Revealed |url=https://www.bollywoodfarm.com/naach-mari-saathe-judges-hosts-starting-date-time-revealed/ |website=Bollywood Farm |date=20 June 2018}}</ref>
|Nach Mari Sathe
|Meet Jain
|Bhargav Purohit
|Kunal Shah
|0:30
|-
|6
|2015
|[[Premji: Rise of a Warrior|Prem Ji]]
|Prem Ji Title
|Balraj Shahtri, Meet Jain, Rutvij Pandya & Vrattini Ghadge
|Bhargav Purohit
|Kedar- Bhargav
|2:29
|-
|7
|2015
|Red Raas - 6
|Bhavnao Ko Samjho
|Meet Jain
| Bhargav Purohit
|Kedar & Bhargav
|3:14
|-
|8
|2015
|Red Raas - 6
|
|Vratini & Meet Jain
| RJ Devaki
|Kedar & Bhargav
|3:17
|-
|9
|2019
|Red Raas season 9
|Let's Havmore
|Meet Jain & Dimple Biscuitwala
| Bhargav Purohit
|Kedar & Bhargav
|4:57
|-
|10
|2019
|Red Raas season 10
|Helmetdhari no garbo
|Meet Jain
|Tushar Shukla
|Kedar & Bhargav
|3:48
|-
|11
|2019
|Red Raas season 10
|E Memo
|Meet Jain
|Bhavesh Bhatt
|Arpan Mahida
|3:50
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* https://www.youtube.com/user/meetjain103/videos
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jain, Meet}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Ishank Kumar Chabbewal

2026-01-05T13:49:52Z

Gurupratap Rajan: done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Chabbewal Assembly constituency|Chabbewal]]
| term_start = 23 November 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Raj Kumar Chabbewal]]
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
}}
'''Dr. Ishank Kumar Chabbewal''' is an Indian politician from Punjab. He has been a [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|member of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]] since 2024, representing the [[Chabbewal Assembly constituency]] as a member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]]. The constituency was formerly held by his father [[Raj Kumar Chabbewal|Dr. Raj Kumar Chabbewal]], who had vacated the seat after being elected as a [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha MP]] from the [[Hoshiarpur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |title=AAP's Ishank Kumar Chabbewal wins Hoshiarpur bypoll by 28,690 votes |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/aaps-ishank-kumar-chabbewal-wins-hoshiarpur-bypoll-by-28-690-votes-101732348847022-amp.html |website=hindustantimes.com |access-date=23 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Punjab Bypolls Showdown: AAP wins Chabbewal, Gidderbaha, and Dera Baba Nanak as Congress holds Barnala |url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/assembly-elections/punjab-bypolls-aap-takes-lead-in-chabbewal-gidderbaha-dera-baba-nanak-congress-ahead-in-barnala/amp-11732344176833.html |website=livemint.com |access-date=23 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Punjab bypolls: In Chabbewal, AAP secures resounding victory, gets highest ever vote share of 60.9% |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/punjab-bypolls-ishank-kumar-aap-chabbewal-victory-highest-vote-share-9685889/lite/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=23 November 2024 |language=en |date=23 November 2024}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Chief Minister of Punjab (India)|List of chief ministers of Punjab]]
* [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chabbewal, Ishank Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{PunjabIN-AAP-politician-stub}}

Simaria block

2025-12-20T15:54:01Z

Gurupratap Rajan: further corrected details as per guidelines further and cleaned formatting for consistency

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Simaria
| other_name = Simariya
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.0619|N|84.9360|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[districts of Jharkhand|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chatra, Jharkhand|Chatra]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Community development block in India|CD block]]
| subdivision_name3 = Simaria
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 512.48
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 537
| population_total = 107,871
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 825103 (Simaria)
| area_code_type = Telephone/STD code
| area_code = 06559
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#JH.E2.80.94Jharkhand|JH]]-13
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 63.40%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Chatra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chatra]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Simaria (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Simaria]]
| website = {{URL|chatra.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Simaria''' is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in the [[Simaria subdivision]] of the [[Chatra district]], [[Jharkhand]] [[States and territories of India|state]], India.

==Overview==
Chatra district forms a part of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau#Hazaribagh plateau|Upper Hazaribagh Plateau]], [[Chota Nagpur Plateau#Koderma plateau|Lower Hazaribagh Plateau]] and northern [[Escarpment|scarp]]. Located at an elevation of about {{convert|450|m|ft|0}}, the general slope of the district is from north to south. Red [[laterite]] acidic soil predominates in an area that is primarily dependent upon rain-fed agriculture. Around 60% of the district is covered with forests. The district has a population density of 275 persons per km2. Around two-thirds of the families in the district live [[Below Poverty Line (India)|below poverty line]].<ref name="blocks">{{cite web| url = http://chatra.nic.in/blocks.html |title = Chatra - the official website |work = Blocks, Circles & Panchayats – List of villages under Panchayats| publisher= Chatra district authority | access-date = 9 August 2016}}</ref> In the extreme south of the district some portions of Tandwa CD Block are part of [[North Karanpura Coalfield]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://sinclairenvironmental.com/karanpura/coalfields.htm | title = The North Karanpura Coalfields | work = Jharkhand | publisher = sinclair-environmental | access-date = 10 August 2016 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://archive.today/20150516093809/http://sinclairenvironmental.com/karanpura/coalfields.htm | archive-date = 16 May 2015 }}</ref>

==Maoist activities==
Jharkhand is one of the states affected by [[Naxalite|Maoist]] activities. {{As of|2012}}, Chatra was one of the 14 highly affected districts in the state. 5 persons were killed in Chatra district in 2012, but Maoist activities, such as arms training camps and organisation of ‘Jan Adalats’ ([[kangaroo court]]s) were on the decline.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/maoist/Assessment/2013/Jharkhand.htm |title = Jharkhand Assessment 2013 | publisher= Satp | access-date = 10 August 2016}}</ref>

{{As of|2016}}, Chatra was identified as one of the 13 focus areas by the state police to check Maoist activities.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.eenaduindia.com/states/east/jharkhand/ranchi/2016/06/14073809/13-focus-areas-identified-in-Jharkhand-to-check-Maoist.vpf |title = 13 focus areas identified in Jharkhand to check Maoist activities | publisher= Eenadu India, 14 June 2016 | access-date = 10 August 2016}}</ref>

==Geography==
Simaria Kalan is located at {{coord|24.0619|N|84.9360|E|format=dms}}. It has an average elevation of {{convert|537|m}}.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/38/Simaria_Kalan.html | title = Simaria Kalan, India Page | access-date = 29 November 2015 | publisher = Fallingrain Genomics}}</ref>

Simaria CD block is bounded by [[Chatra (community development block)|Chatra]] and [[Pathalgada block|Pathalgada]] CD blocks in the north, [[Katkamdag (community development block)|Katkamdag]] and [[Barkagaon (community development block)|Barkagaon]] CD blocks, in [[Hazaribagh district]], in the east, [[Keredari (community development block)|Keredari]] CD block in Hazaribagh district, [[Tandwa block|Tandwa]] CD block, and [[Bariyatu Block|Bariyatu]] CD block in [[Latehar district]], in the south and [[Lawalong]] CD block in the west.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://chatra.nic.in/images/chatra-tehsil-map.jpg |title = Chatra |work = CD Block/Tehsil Map| publisher= Chatra district administration | access-date = 9 August 2016}}</ref>

Simaria CD block has an area of 512.48 km2.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2002_PART_B_DCHB_CHATRA.pdf |title = Chatra District Census Handbook, |work = Census of India 2011, Page 26 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand | access-date = 17 August 2016}}</ref>[[Simaria, Chatra#Police station|Simaria]] police station serves this block.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/chatra | title= District Police Profile – Chatra | work= Contact Number |publisher= Jharkhand Police| accessdate = 8 January 2021}}</ref> The headquarters of Simaria CD block is at [[Simaria, Chatra|Simaria]] village.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3ff4d5fbbafdf976cfdc032e3bde78de5/uploads/2017/06/2018030936.jpg | title= Administrative Boundary Map, Chatra District, Jharkhand|publisher= Chatra district administration| accessdate = 8 January 2021}}</ref>

There are 17 panchayats and 100 villages in Simaria CD block.<ref name="blocks"/>

[[Gram panchayat]]s of Simaria CD block/ panchayat samiti are: Chope, Pundra, Pagar, Sabano, Bagra, Srendag, Kasari, Jabra, Jirwa Khurd, Banasadi, Edla, Piri, Dadi, Ichak, Hurnali, Jangi and Banhe.<ref name="blocks"/>

==Demographics==
===Population===
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Simaria CD block had a total population of 107,871, all of which were rural. There were 54,855 (51%) males and 53,016 (49%) females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 19,129. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 32,496 (30.12%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 8,761 (8.12%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-JK.html |title = 2011 Census C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= Jharkhand – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 20 November 2015}}</ref>

Simaria Khurd had a population of 1,055 and Simaria Kalan had a population of 2,412 in 2011.<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
As per the 2011 census, the total number of literate persons in Simaria CD block was 56,262 (63.40% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 32,846 (72.63% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 23,416 (44.18% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 28.45%.<ref name=census2011/>

As per the 2011 census, literacy in Chatra district was 60.18% <ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.census2011.co.in/search.php?cx=partner-pub-0612465356921996%3A9964620645&cof=FORID%3A10&ie=UTF-8&q=Chatra&sa=Search&siteurl=www.census2011.co.in%2Fdistrict.php&ref=&ss=1966j851948j7 |title = District Census 2011 |publisher= Population Census 2011 | access-date = 8 July 2016}}</ref> Literacy in Jharkhand (for population over 7 years) was 66.41% in 2011.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/stock/profiles/en/IND020_Jharkhand.pdf | title= Jharkhand Profile| work= Census Info India 2011 – Final population totals |publisher= Census Commissioner, Government of India | access-date = 8 July 2016}}</ref> Literacy in India in 2011 was 74.04%.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.census2011.co.in/literacy.php | title= Literacy in India| work= Census 2011 |publisher= Census population 2015 data | access-date = 8 July 2016}}</ref>

See also – [[List of Jharkhand districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Chatra district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Simaria CD block (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Jharkhand|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11377/download/14490/DDW20C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|83.23}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|13.69}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Jharkhand|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|1.67}}
{{bar percent|[[Sarnaism|Sarna]]|maroon|1.27}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.14}}
}}

[[Hindi]] is the official language in Jharkhand and [[Urdu language|Urdu]] has been declared as an additional official language.<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 50th report (July 2012 to June 2013) |pages= 35 |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date=3 October 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date= 8 July 2016 }}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Simaria CD block (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Hindi]] |value1 = 60.74 |color1 = orange
|label2 = [[Khortha language|Khortha]] |value2 = 28.60 |color2 = red
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 5.35 |color3 = green
|label4 = [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]] |value4 = 1.66 |color4 = mediumseagreen
|label5 = [[Nagpuri language|Nagpuri]] |value5 = 1.39 |color5 = burlywood
|label6 = [[Mundari language|Mundari]] |value6 = 1.27 |color6 = teal
|label7 = Others |value7 = 0.99 |color7 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 60.74% of the population spoke [[Hindi]], 28.60% [[Khortha language|Khortha]], 5.35% [[Urdu]], 1.66% [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]], 1.39% [[Nagpuri language|Nagpuri]] and 1.27% [[Mundari language|Mundari]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10207/download/13319/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX|title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Jharkhand|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
Total number of [[Below Poverty Line|BPL]] households in Simaria CD block in 2002-2007 was 13,863.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://chatra.nic.in/food_and_supply/ | title= Departments: Food and Supply | work= Blockwise Statistics BPL List 2002-2007 |publisher= Chatra district administration| accessdate = 10 January 2021}}</ref> According to 2011 census, number of households in Simaria CD block was 19,556.<ref>{{cite web| url= https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2002_PART_A_DCHB_CHATRA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Chatra, Series 20, Part XII B, 2011 census|work = page 26: District Primary Census Abstract | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 10 January 2021}}</ref> Rural poverty in Jharkhand declined from 66% in 1993–94 to 46% in 2004–05. In 2011, it has come down to 39.1%.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/Jharkhand%20presentation.pdf | title = Eliminating poverty | publisher = Jharkhand government | accessdate = 10 January 2011}}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Simaria CD block'''
|value1 = 38.33
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 45.62
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 2.86
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 13.19
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In Simaria CD block in 2011, among the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 17,974 and formed 38.33%, agricultural labourers numbered 21,391 and formed 45.62%, household industry workers numbered 1,339 and formed 2.86% and other workers numbered 6,183 and formed 13.19%. Total workers numbered 46,887 and formed 43.47% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 60,984 and formed 56.53% of the population.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2002_PART_A_DCHB_CHATRA.pdf| title = District Census Handbook 2011 Chatra, Series 21, Part XII A| work = Tables 30 and 33, pages 48 and 51 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand | accessdate = 10 January 2021}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 95 inhabited villages in Simaria CD block. In 2011, 16 villages had power supply. 2 villages had tap water (treated/ untreated), 94 villages had well water (covered/ uncovered), 95 villages had hand pumps, and all villages had drinking water facility. 8 villages had post offices, 8 villages had sub post offices, 6 villages had telephone (land line), 34 villages had mobile phone coverage. All villages had pucca (paved) village roads, 27 villages had bus service (public/ private), 14 villages had [[Auto rickshaw|autos]]/ modified autos, 19 villages had taxi/vans and 59 villages had tractors. 3 villages had bank branches, 4 villages had agricultural credit societies, 1 village had cinema/ video hall, 1 village had public library and public reading room. 43 villages had [[public distribution system]], 12 villages had weekly haat (market) and 44 villages had [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] [[Polling place|polling stations]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2002_PART_A_DCHB_CHATRA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Chatra, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work = Page 673-675, Appendix I: Village Directory | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand. | accessdate = 10 January 2021}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
Chatra is a predominantly forest district with 65% of the land area being covered with forests. The balance 35% of the area has both rocky and [[Alluvium|alluvial]] soil. Alluvial soil is found mostly near river valleys. Rice is the main crop of the district. Other important crops grown are [[Pearl millet|bajra]], maize and pulses (mainly [[arhar]] and [[Vigna mungo|gram]]).<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2002_PART_A_DCHB_CHATRA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Chatra, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work = Pages 9-10 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand. | accessdate = 10 January 2021}}</ref>

===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
Chatra district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund created by the Government of India is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 21 districts of Jharkhand.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | accessdate = 10 January 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | accessdate = 10 January 2021}}</ref>

==Transport==
[[National Highway 22 (India)|NH 22]] (old numbering [[National Highway 99 (India, old numbering)|NH 99]]) connects Sonbarsha (India-Nepal border) with Muzaffarpur, Patna, Gaya, Dobhi, Hunterganj and Chatra and terminates at its junction with [[National Highway 39 (India)|NH 39]] in [[Chandwa (community development block)|Chandwa]] CD Block in [[Latehar district]]. NH 22 crosses [[National Highway 19 (India)|NH 19]] (old numbering [[National Highway 2 (India, old numbering)|NH 2]]) at Dobhi in [[Gaya district]] of Bihar.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf |title= Rationalisation of numbering system on National Highways | publisher = Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Government of India | access-date = 9 August 2016}}</ref>

==Education==
According to the ''District Census Handbook, Chatra, 2011 census,'' Simaria CD block had 36 villages with pre-primary schools, 93 villages with primary schools, 71 villages with middle schools, 12 villages with secondary schools, 2 villages with senior secondary schools, 2 villages with no educational facility.<ref name=directory>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2002_PART_A_DCHB_CHATRA.pdf| title= District Census Handbook Chatra, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work= Pages 671-673 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand| accessdate = 10 January 2021}}</ref>
 .*Note: Senior secondary schools are also known as Inter colleges in Jharkhand

Simaria Degree Mahavidyalaya was established at [[Simaria, Chatra|Simaria]] in 2015. It is affiliated with the [[Vinoba Bhave University]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.jagranjosh.com/institutes-colleges/simaria-degree-mahavidyalaya-sdm-simaria/courses-17670 | title= Simaria Degree Mahaviyalaya (SDM), Simaria |publisher= Josh College | accessdate = 20 January 2021}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
According to the ''District Census Handbook, Chatra, 2011 census,'' Simaria CD block had 11 villages with [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]], 16 villages with primary health subcentres, 14 villages with maternity and child welfare centres, 12 villages with allopathic hospital, 4 villages with dispensaries, 9 villages with veterinary hospitals, 7 villages with family welfare centres, 4 villages with medicine shops.<ref name=directory/>
 .*Note: Private medical practitioners, alternative medicine etc. not included

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{North Chotanagpur Division topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Chatra district]]

Mallige line

2025-12-06T19:27:00Z

Gurupratap Rajan: creating some stub and citations

{{short description|Under-construction suburban rail line in Bengaluru, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox rail line
| name = Mallige line
| native_name = ಮಲ್ಲಿಗೆ ಮಾರ್ಗ
| color = {{rail color|Bengaluru Suburban Railway|Mallige}}
| logo = [[File:Kride logo.png|100px]]
| logo_width =
| image =
| image_width = 300px
| caption =
| type = [[Commuter rail]]
| status =
| locale =
| start = Benniganahalli
| end = [[Chikkabanavara]]
| stations = 16
| routes =
| daily_ridership =
| planopen = {{start date and age|March 2027|df=y}}<ref name="malligekanaka_deadline">{{Cite web |date=2025-01-17 |title=Railways to construct new terminal at Devanahalli; Bengaluru suburban rail corridor deadline pushed to 2027 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/railways-new-terminal-devanahalli-bengaluru-suburban-rail-corridor-deadline-pushed-2027-9783585/ |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
| close =
| owner = Rail Infrastructure Development Company (Karnataka) Limited [https://kride.in/about/ K-RIDE]
| operator = Rail Infrastructure Development Company (Karnataka) Limited [https://kride.in/about/ K-RIDE]
| character = Elevated and at-grade
| depot = Soladevanahalli
| stock =
| linelength = {{cvt|28.72|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| tracklength =
| tracks = [[Double-track railway|Double-track]]
| gauge = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[Broad-gauge railway|broad gauge]]
| minradius =
| electrification = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]
| speed =
| map = {{Mallige Line, Bengaluru Suburban}}
}}

The '''Mallige line''' is an under-construction [[Bengaluru Suburban Railway|Bengaluru Suburban]] rail line between Benniganahalli to [[Chikkabanavara]]. The {{cvt|27|km}} long [[Broad-gauge railway|broad-gauge]] line was approved in 2019 with its construction works commencing in 2022. The line which is also referred as 'corridor-2' is being built in two packages C2A and C2B respectively. The C1A package consists eight stations, while the C1B has four. The line is named after the flower ''Mallige'' ([[Jasmine]]) in [[Kannada]].

== History ==
The route between Benniganahalli and Chikkabanavara was part of the longer line ({{cvt|83|km}}) of [[Tumkur|Tumakuru]]–[[Yesvantpur Junction railway station|Yeshavanthapur]]–Benniganahalli proposed under 'Call To Action' report of 2010.<ref name="cta_2010">{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru Commuter Rail - Call To Action - Reprint 2 {{!}} PDF {{!}} Rail Transport {{!}} Sustainable Transport |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/35799171/Bengaluru-Commuter-Rail-Call-to-Action-Reprint-2 |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=Scribd |language=en}}</ref> Later in 2019, the line saw reduction in length with termination in Chikkabanavara, in Northwest of Bengaluru.<ref>{{Cite web |title=railnews.in |url=http://www.railnews.in/rites-submits-revised-dpr-of-bengaluru-suburban-rail-project/ |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=www.railnews.in}}</ref>

On 7 October 2020, government of India approved the four corridors of Bengaluru suburban rail project including the KSR Bengaluru – Devanahalli line and its Airport branch.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Centre approves Bengaluru suburban rail project |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/centre-approves-bengaluru-suburban-rail-project-898773.html |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> The line was then named after the regional flower's Kannada name ''Mallige''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 March 2021|first1=Christin Mathew|last1=Philip|title=Bengaluru suburban rail corridors likely to be named after flowers|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/bengaluru-suburban-corridors-likely-to-be-named-after-flowers/articleshow/81368480.cms|access-date=10 July 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

It was also the first line among four where construction works began.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-02 |title=Bengaluru: Byappanahalli-Chikkabanavara suburban rail corridor work to commence in a month; work order issued to L&T |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/bengaluru-byappanahalli-chikkabanavara-suburban-rail-corridor-work-to-commence-in-a-month-work-order-issued-to-lt/articleshow/93956518.cms |access-date=2025-01-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In 2024, minister for railways in Karnataka, V Somanna stated that the Mallige line along with Kanaka (line 4) were prioritised.<ref name="2&4_priority">{{Cite web |date=2024-11-28 |title=Bengaluru Suburban Railway Project: ‘Corridors 2 and 4 are priority now,’ says minister V Somanna amid talks on axing Corridor 3 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-suburban-railway-project-9692659/ |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In september 2024, the construction progress on the line stood at 28% with 22% of the financial expenditure. The line was then targeted for completion in June 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vivan |first=Sridhar |title=Suburban rail project: All things considered |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/civic/suburban-rail-project-all-things-considered/articleshow/113204016.cms |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref> However, the deadline was later pushed to March 2027.<ref name="malligekanaka_deadline"/>

=== Construction ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="6" style="background:#{{rcr|Bengaluru Suburban Railway|Mallige}};" | '''History'''
|-
! Section
! Opening
! colspan="2" | Terminals
! Length
! Stations
|-
| C2A
| ''March 2027''
| Benniaganahalli
| [[Yesvantpur Junction railway station|Yeshavanthapur]]
| {{cvt|16|km}}
| 8
|-
| C2B
| ''March 2027''
| [[Yesvantpur Junction railway station|Yeshavanthapur]]
| [[Chikkabanavara]]
| {{cvt|12|km}}
| 4
|}

== Stations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan="7" style="background:#{{rcr|Bengaluru Suburban Railway|Mallige}};" | '''Mallige Line'''
|-
! rowspan="2" | #
! colspan="2" | Station Name
! rowspan="2" | Opening
! rowspan="2" | Connections / Transits / Terminals
! rowspan="2" | Station Layout
! rowspan="2" | Platform Level Type
|-
! [[English language|English]]||[[Kannada]]
|-
| 1
| Benniganahalli
| ಬೆನ್ನಿಗಾನಹಳ್ಳಿ
| rowspan="17" | 2028
| {{rint|bengaluru|metro}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Purple|croute}} {{RouteBox|Parijaata|Parijaata line|#{{rcr|Bengaluru Suburban Railway|Parijaata}}}} (''Planned'')
| rowspan="17"| TBD
| rowspan="17"| Side
|-
| 2
| Kasthuri Nagar
| ಕಸ್ತೂರಿ ನಗರ
| {{rint|bengaluru|metro}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|blue|croute}}
|-
| 3
| Seva Nagar
| ಸೇವಾನಗರ
|
|-
| 4
| [[Banaswadi]]
| [[Banaswadi|ಬಾಣಸವಾಡಿ]]
|
|-
| 5
| Kaveri Nagar (Future Station)
| ಕಾವೇರಿನಗರ
|
|-
| 6
| Nagawara
| ನಾಗವಾರ
|
|-
| 7
| Kanaka Nagar
| ಕನಕನಗರ
|
|-
| 8
| [[Hebbal, Bengaluru|Hebbala]]
| [[Hebbal, Bengaluru|ಹೆಬ್ಬಾಳ]]
| {{rint|bengaluru|metro}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Blue|croute}} {{rint|bengaluru|metro}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Orange|croute}} {{rint|bengaluru|metro}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Red|croute}}
|-
| 9
| Lottegollahalli (Proposed)
| ಲೊಟ್ಟೆಗೊಲ್ಲಹಳ್ಳಿ
|
|-
| 10
| Mathikere
| ಮತ್ತಿಕೆರೆ
|
|-
| 11
| [[Yesvantpur Junction railway station|Yeshavanthapura]]
| [[Yesvantpur Junction railway station|ಯಶವಂತಪುರ]]
| {{rint|bengaluru|metro}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Green|croute}} {{RouteBox|Sampige|Sampige line|#{{rcr|Bengaluru Suburban Railway|Sampige}}|black}} (''Planned'')
|-
| 12
| Jalahalli (Future Station)
| ಜಾಲಹಳ್ಳಿ
|
|-
| 13
| Shettyhalli
| ಶೆಟ್ಟಿಹಳ್ಳಿ
|
|-
| 14
| Maidarahallli
| ಮೈದರಹಳ್ಳಿ
|
|-
| 15
| [[Chikkabanavara]]
| [[Chikkabanavara|ಚಿಕ್ಕಬಾಣಾವರ]]
|
|
|-
| 16
| Soladevanahalli (Future Station)
| ಸೋಲದೇವನಹಳ್ಳ
|
|}

==See also==
* [[Urban rail transit in India]]
** [[Bengaluru Suburban Railway]]
** [[Namma Metro]]
** [[Sampige line]]
** [[Parijaata line]]
** [[Kanaka line]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://kride.in/sub-urban-rail-project/ KRide]

[[Category:Proposed railway lines in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bengaluru]]

Gingger Shankar

2025-12-02T17:24:30Z

Gurupratap Rajan: updated details

{{short description|American singer-songwriter}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Gingger Shankar
| image = Gingger Sunday Bloody Sunday Video Shoot.jpg
| alt = Gingger Shankar—an Indian woman in a black dress and black boots, with long black hair—plays 10-string violin onstage.
| birth_name = Niranjani Subramaniam
| alias = Gingger Shankar
| origin = Los Angeles, United States
| genre = Pop, Rock, [[Electronica]], [[World music|World]], [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]]
| instrument = Vocals, double violin, violin, [[viola]]
| occupations = Singer-songwriter, violinist, composer
| years_active = 2003—present
| associated_acts = [[The Smashing Pumpkins]], [[Rabbit in the Moon]]
| label = [[Sony Classical|Sony]], [[Varese Sarabande]], [[Milan Records]], [[Mondo Melodia|Universal]]
| website = [http://www.ginggershankar.com ginggershankar.com]
}}
'''Gingger Shankar''' (born '''Niranjani Subramaniam'''; in [[Los Angeles]]) is an American singer, composer and multi-instrumentalist. She has [[film score|score]]d several films, including ''[[Circumstance (2011 film)|Circumstance]]''.

==Early life==
Shankar was born in Los Angeles, California and raised there and in [[India]]. She is the eldest daughter of violinist [[L. Subramaniam|Dr. L. Subramaniam]]. Her mother, [[Viji Subramaniam]], was a classical singer just like her grandmother [[Lakshmi Shankar]], sister-in-law of noted sitarist [[Ravi Shankar]].<ref name="das">{{cite web |title=Being a Shankar |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/being-a-shankar/cid/160752 |date=12 Jul 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231001224907/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/being-a-shankar/cid/160752 |archive-date=1 October 2023 |work=Telegraph |last=Das |first=Mohua}}</ref><ref name="own site">{{cite web |title=Gingger Shankar: Bio |url=http://ginggershankar.com/?page_id=90 |access-date=July 17, 2012}}</ref> As a child, she learned to sing, dance, and play violin and piano and attended the [[Kalakshetra]] [[creative arts]] school in [[Chennai, Tamil Nadu]]. Later, she studied opera vocals with professional opera singer [[Tantoo Cardinal]] in [[Sherman Oaks, California]]. She also modeled and acted in [[theatre|stage productions]]. She began performing professionally at age 14.

==Instruments==
Shankar plays the violin, cello and piano. She is the only woman in the world to play the [[double violin]].<ref name="own site" /> This ten-string, [[stereophonic]] instrument covers the entire orchestral range, including double bass, cello, [[viola]] and violin.<ref name="I am a Hybrid">{{cite web | title= Gingger Shankar: I am a Hybrid | url= http://www.timescrest.com/society/i-am-a-hybrid-gingger-shankar-5165 | access-date= April 9, 2011 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110411080805/http://www.timescrest.com/society/i-am-a-hybrid-gingger-shankar-5165 | archive-date= April 11, 2011 | url-status= dead }}</ref>

==Career==

===Motion pictures===
In 2004, she performed on the score of composer [[John Debney]] for the movie ''[[The Passion of the Christ]]''.<ref>{{Citation|title=The Passion of the Christ (2004)|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0335345/fullcredits|access-date=February 18, 2018}}</ref>

She is also credited as a performer on the score the 2007 film ''[[Charlie Wilson's War (film)|Charlie Wilson's War]]'', alongside composer [[James Newton Howard]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Charlie Wilson's War (2007)|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0472062/fullcredits|access-date=February 18, 2018}}</ref>

Shankar contributed to the 2008 film ''[[The Forbidden Kingdom]]''.<ref name="own site" />

She composed music for the 2011 film, ''[[Circumstance (2011 film)|Circumstance]]'', which won the Sundance Audience Choice Award.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://deadline.com/2011/01/sundance-2011-winners-101770/ |title=Sundance: 2011 Winners: 'Like Crazy' Wins Grand Jury Dramatic Prize, 'How To Die In Oregon' Wins Documentary | first=Mike | last=Fleming | date=January 29, 2011|work=Deadline New York}}</ref>

In 2012, she debuted her multi-media project [[Himalaya Song]] at the [[Sundance Film Festival]]. It was a project about climate change in the Himalayas with live film, narration and music created by Gingger, [[Mridu Chandra]] and Dave Liang of the [[Shanghai Restoration Project]]. It was chosen as one of the 10 Best Music Films at Sundance by [[Rolling Stone Magazine]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/pictures/the-10-best-music-films-at-sundance-2012-20120117/himalaya-song-0966340 |title=Rolling Stone: 10 Best Music Films | first=Dan | last=Hyman | date=January 17, 2012|magazine=Rolling Stone}}</ref>

In May 2013, [[Monsoon Shootout]], a thriller she scored for director Amit Kumar premiered at the [[Cannes Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/2013/film/reviews/cannes-film-review-monsoon-shootout-1200484337/ |title=Variety: Monsoon Shootout| first=Maggie | last=Lee | date=May 20, 2013|work=Variety}}</ref>

In 2014, Brahmin Bulls, a film she scored for director Mahesh Pailoor opened in the US. Starring [[Sendhil Ramamurthy]], [[Roshan Seth]] and [[Mary Steenburgen]], it won film festival awards.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.villagevoice.com/2014-11-12/film/brahmin-bulls// |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141115191416/http://www.villagevoice.com/2014-11-12/film/brahmin-bulls/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 15, 2014 |title=Village Voice: Brahmin Bulls| first=Serena | last=Donadoni | date=November 12, 2014|work=The Village Voice}}</ref>

In 2015, she composed the music for the virtual reality 'Project Syria' created by Nonny De La Peña which premiered at the [[Sundance Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sundance.org/projects/project-syria |title=Project Syria |publisher=[[Sundance Institute]] |access-date=February 5, 2015 |archive-date=December 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205153325/https://www.sundance.org/projects/project-syria |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Musician===
Shankar has performed in numerous festivals and venues alongside acts such as [[Smashing Pumpkins]], [[Tony Levin]], [[Steve Vai]], [[Steve Lukather]] and [[Sussan Deyhim]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Ben |last=Ehrenreich |url=http://www.laweekly.com/film/index.php?option=com_sponsoredlinks&task=on_sale&id=1248&Itemid=366 |title=Minuteman Divisions |publisher=LA Weekly |date=July 28, 2005 |access-date=July 16, 2013 }}{{dead link|date=January 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

She performs on a [[song|track]] in the 2007 [[Saul Williams]] album ''[[Niggy Tardust]]'', produced by [[Trent Reznor]].<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.discogs.com/release/1124058|title=Saul Williams– The Inevitable Rise And Liberation Of NiggyTardust|publisher=discogs}}</ref>

In July 2008, Shankar appeared in two [[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band|Sgt. Pepper's]] 40th-anniversary concerts at the [[Hollywood Bowl]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117934409.html?categoryid=34&cs=1&nid=2562|newspaper=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]| title=Variety Review:Sgt. Pepper's at 40: A Beatles Celebration | first=Richard S. | last=Ginell | date=August 13, 2007|access-date=September 21, 2012}}</ref>

On July 16, 2012, she appeared in the music video "Love All Humans" alongside guitarist [[Anthony Gallo]], actress [[Kate Kelton]], model Tara Bre and others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://loveallhumans.com/CAST___CREW.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411074727/http://loveallhumans.com/CAST___CREW.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 11, 2013 |title=Cast & Crew |publisher=Loveallhumans.com |access-date=July 16, 2013 }}</ref>

In 2014, she performed at the George Fest in Los Angeles with the [[Flaming Lips]] honoring George Harrison. Other artists included [[Weird Al Yankovic]], [[Brandon Flowers]], [[Norah Jones]], [[Dhani Harrison]], [[Brian Wilson]] and more.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thebestfest.com/fests/george-fest-los-angeles/ |title=The Best Fest |first=Best |last=Fest |date=September 28, 2014 |access-date=February 2, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204194113/http://www.thebestfest.com/fests/george-fest-los-angeles/ |archive-date=February 4, 2015 }}</ref>

In 2014 she released music video cover of [[U2]]'s [[Sunday Bloody Sunday]] directed by [[Nicholas Bruckman]] through [[Paste Magazine]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2014/06/catching-up-with-gingger-shankar-and-nicholas-bruc.html| title= Catching Up With Gingger Shankar and Nicholas Bruckman| first=Michael| last=Dunaway | date=June 14, 2014|access-date=June 14, 2014}}</ref>

==Discography==
===Original===
*2019: ''[[Article 15 (film)|Article 15]]''

===Film scores===
* 2008: ''[[The Forbidden Kingdom]]''
* 2011: ''[[Circumstance (2011 film)|Circumstance]]''
* 2011: ''Homecoming Film''
* 2011: ''[[Bedouin]]''
* 2012: ''419''
* 2012: ''[[Himalaya Song]]'' – Collaboration with [[Shanghai Restoration Project]]
* 2013: ''[[Dose of Reality]]''
* 2013: ''[[The Missing Tomb]] [[National Geographic Channel|National Geographic]]''
* 2013: ''[[Monsoon Shootout]]''
* 2014: ''Girl, Adopted Documentary''
* 2014: ''[[Brahmin Bulls]]''
* 2014: ''[[Water & Power]]''
* 2014: ''[[Katiyabaaz]]'' Documentary
* 2014: ''[[Teacher in a Box (film)|Teacher in a Box]]''- [[ITVS]]
* 2016: ''[[AWOL (2016 film)|AWOL]]''
* 2016: ''[[Six LA Love Stories]]''
* 2018: ''[[Heartbeats (2018 film)|Heartbeats]]''

===Music albums===
* 2003: ''[[Enlightenment (Gingger Shankar album)|Enlightenment]] – L. Shankar, [[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]], [[T. H. Vinayakram|Vikku Vinayakram]]''
* 2008: ''[[The Inevitable Rise and Liberation of NiggyTardust!]]'' – [[Saul Williams]]
* 2010: ''Anywhere But Here'' – Solo EP

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.ginggershankar.com Official Website]

{{Shankar family}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shankar, Gingger}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Singers from Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Musicians from Los Angeles]]
[[Category:American film score composers]]
[[Category:American women film score composers]]
[[Category:Carnatic instrumentalists]]
[[Category:Tamil musicians]]
[[Category:Kalakshetra Foundation alumni]]
[[Category:Singer-songwriters from California]]
[[Category:American musicians of Indian descent]]
[[Category:American classical musicians of Indian descent]]
[[Category:American people of Indian Tamil descent]]
[[Category:Expatriate musicians in India]]
[[Category:American expatriate musicians]]
[[Category:American expatriates in India]]
[[Category:21st-century American violinists]]
[[Category:American women violinists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century American classical composers]]
[[Category:Shankar family|Gingger]]

Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Art Direction

2025-11-03T05:22:49Z

Gurupratap Rajan: creating first stub v1

{{Short description|Indian film award}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Art Direction
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| awarded_for = Best art direction in a Marathi film
| sponsor =
| firstawarded = 1962
| lastawarded = 2024
| reward = {{INR Convert|100000}}
| former name =
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| holder =
| most_awards =
| award1_type = Total awarded
| award1_winner = 61
| award2_type = First winner
| award2_winner = K. D. Mahajani
| award3_type = Last winner
| award3_winner = Amey Bhalerao
| website =
}}

The '''Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Art Direction''' is an award, begun in 1962, presented annually at the [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]] of India to an actor for best performance in a [[Marathi cinema]]. The awardees are decided by a jury constituted every year. They are announced by the Minister for Cultural Affairs and are presented by the [[List of Chief Ministers of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]].

==Winners ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="2%" | Year
! width="18%" | Recipient(s)
! width="48%" | Film
! width="2%" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|'''1962'''
|K. D. Mahajani
|''Putra Vhava Aisa''
| rowspan="4" |<ref name=":1" />
|-
|'''1963'''
|L. G. Patil
|''Phakira''
|-
|'''1964'''
|Ram Yedekar
|''Chhota Jawan''
|-
|'''1965'''
|B. D. Kotwal
|''Padchhaya''
|-
|'''1966'''
|Sadashiv Gaikwad
|''[[Sadhi Mansa]]''
|<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=सुधीर वासुदेव नांदगावकर |first=चैतन्य कुंटे |url=http://archive.org/details/20190823_20190823_0935 |title=शिल्पकार चरित्रकोश खंड ७ – चित्रपट, संगीत |date=2014 |page=231}}</ref>
|-
|'''1967'''
|Baliram Bidkar
|''Sant Gora Kumbhar''
| rowspan="4" |<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Mujawar |first=Isak |title=Gatha Marathi Cinemachi |publisher=Pratik Prakashan |year=2014 |edition=1st |location=Pune |language=Marathi}}</ref>
|-
|'''1968'''
|Dinanath Chavan
|''Thamb Laxmi Kunku Lavte''
|-
|'''1969'''
|T. K. Desai
|''Apradh''
|-
|'''1970'''
|Dada Mahajani
|''[[Mumbaicha Jawai]]''
|-
|'''1971'''
|Baliram Bidkar
|''Ashich Ek Ratra Hoti''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''1972-73'''
|Sadashiv Gaikwad
|''[[Ekta Jeev Sadashiv]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhusudan Kalelkar |url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/people/madhusudan-kalelkar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213115949/https://www.cinemaazi.com/people/madhusudan-kalelkar |archive-date=2024-12-13 |access-date= |website=Cinemaazi |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|K. D. Mahajani
|''Bholi Bhabdi''
|
|-
|'''1974'''
|Sadashiv Gaikwad
|''Kartiki''
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''1975'''
|K. D. Mahajani
|''[[Jyotibacha Navas]]''
| rowspan="6" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-11-07 |title=The man behind the villain |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/pune-times/the-man-behind-the-villain/articleshow/302761540.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|Shrikrishna Achrekar
|''Yashoda''
|-
| rowspan="4" | '''1976'''
|Pandurang Haval
| rowspan="2" |''Choricha Mamla''
|-
|C. S. Bhati
|-
|Baburao Jadhav
| rowspan="2" |''[[Ha Khel Sawalyancha]]''
|-
|Sudhir Gaikwad
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''1977'''
|Dinanath Chavan
|''Padrachya Savlit''
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|Sharad Pol
|''Naav Motha Lakshan Khota''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''1978'''
|Dinanath Chavan
|''Sasurvashin''
|<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Madgulkar |first=Sumitr |title=Marathi Songs {{!}} G D Madgulkar {{!}} Gadima {{!}} ग. दि. माडगूळकर {{!}} गदिमा {{!}} मराठी गाणी {{!}} Gani {{!}} Geete {{!}} GeetRamayan |url=https://www.gadima.com/ |access-date= |website=www.gadima.com}}</ref>
|-
|K. D. Mahajani
|''Bhairu Pehlwan Ki Jai''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''1979'''
|Sharad Pol
|''[[Ashtavinayak (film)|Ashtavinayak]]''
|<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=यशवंत दत्त (यशवंतसिंह महाडीक) – profiles |url=https://www.marathisrushti.com/profiles/yashwant-datta-yashwantsinha-mahadik/ |access-date=2024-12-01 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|Pandurang Haval
|''Irsha''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''1980'''
|Pandurang Haval
|''Sansar''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2008-05-19 |title=Marathi playwright Vijay Tendulkar dies |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/marathi-playwright-vijay-tendulkar-dies/65528-19.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227203315/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/marathi-playwright-vijay-tendulkar-dies/65528-19.html |archive-date=2013-12-27 |access-date= |work=IBNLive}}</ref>
|-
|C. S. Bhati
|''Zakol''
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''1981'''
|S. N. Kulkarni
|''Ghar Jawai''
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|Ramakant Kavthekar
|''Nagin''
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''1982'''
|Sudhir Sase
|''Malavarcha Ful''
|<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2019-07-04 |title=मिरासदार, द. मा. |url=https://vishwakosh.marathi.gov.in/30150/ |access-date= |website=मराठी विश्वकोश प्रथमावृत्ती |language=mr-IN}}</ref>
|-
|Dinanath Chavan
|''[[Laxmichi Paule]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''1983'''
|Kishor More
|''Raghu-Maina''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ashok Saraf |url=http://www.indiarocking.com/entertainment/ashok-saraf.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422184005/http://www.indiarocking.com/entertainment/ashok-saraf.php |archive-date=22 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
|Baliram Bidkar
|''Thinagi''
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''1984'''
|Sharad Pol
|''Sage Soyare''
|<ref name=":5" />
|-
|Sunil Sawant
|''Chavhata''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''1985'''
|Madhu Patil
|''Stree Dhan''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite book |last=Deshpande |first=Rekha |title=Marathi Chitrapatsrushticha Samagra Itihas |publisher=[[Ministry of Cultural Affairs (Maharashtra)]] |year=2014 |edition=1st |location=Mumbai |language=Marathi}}</ref>
|-
|Pandurang Haval
|''Gad Jejuri Jejuri''
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|'''1986'''
|Digamber Kulkarni
|''Pudhcha Paool''
|
|-
|'''1987'''
|Manohar Achrekar
|''Prem Karuya Khullam Khulla''
|<ref name=":5" />
|-
| '''1988'''
|Sharad Pol
|''[[Ashi Hi Banwa Banwi]]''
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":1" />
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''1989'''
|Purushottam Berde
| rowspan="2" |''[[Hamaal De Dhamaal]]''
|-
|Guruji Bandhu
|-
|'''1990'''
|Ramakant Kavthekar
|''Aaghat''
|-
| '''1991'''
|Ajit Dandekar
|''[[Chaukat Raja]]''
|-
| '''1992'''
|Sharad Pol
|''Anuradha''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":0" />
|-
| '''1993'''
|Sharad Pol
|''Paisa Paisa Paisa''
|-
|'''1994'''
|Sharad Pol
|''[[Majha Chakula]]''
|
|-
| '''1995'''
|[[Sumitra Bhave–Sunil Sukthankar|Sumitra Bhave]]
|''[[Doghi]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cinemas of India, Videos, Festival Participation & Awards, National Award, Regional Cinema, Independent Cinema, Art House Cinema, Jaya Ganga, Mirch Masala, Party, Salim Langde Pe Mat Ro |url=https://www.nfdcindia.com/cinemasofindia/home-video-02.htm |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=www.nfdcindia.com}}</ref>
|-
|'''1996'''
|Satish Bidkar
|''[[Putravati]]''
|
|-
| '''1997'''
|Satish Bidkar
|''Navsacha Por''
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":1" />
|-
| '''1998'''
|Ajit Dandekar
|''[[Tu Tithe Mee]]''
|-
| '''1999'''
|Ajit Dandekar
|''[[Gharabaher]]''
|-
|'''2000'''
|Satish Bidkar
|''Barkha Satarkar''
|-
|'''2001'''
|Sudhir Tarkar
|''Ek Hoti Vadi''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cinemas of India, Videos, Festival Participation & Awards, National Award, Regional Cinema, Independent Cinema, Art House Cinema, Suraj Ka Satvan Ghoda |url=https://www.nfdcindia.com/cinemasofindia/home-video-06.htm |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=www.nfdcindia.com}}</ref>
|-
| '''2002'''
|[[Sumitra Bhave]]
|''[[Vastupurush]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Film Bulletin: May 3rd |url=http://www.rrtd.nic.in/Film%20Bulletin-May03.htm}}</ref>
|-
| '''2003'''
|[[Nitin Chandrakant Desai]]
|''[[Anahat (film)|Anahat]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shwaas aims for an oscar |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20041114/spectrum/main5.htm |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref>
|-
| '''2004'''
|Arun Rahane
|''[[Savarkhed Ek Gaon]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Subodh Bhave (सुबोध भावे) - Marathi Actor, Director and Producer |url=https://subodhbhave.com/ |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=subodhbhave.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''2005'''
|[[Teddy Maurya]]
| rowspan="2" |''[[Pak Pak Pakaak]]''
| rowspan="4" |<ref name=":1" />
|-
|Mahesh Salgaonkar
|-
| '''2006'''
|Sanjay Ghabde
|''[[Maati Maay]]''
|-
| '''2007'''
|[[Nitin Chandrakant Desai]]
|''[[Vasudev Balwant Phadke]]''
|-
|'''2008'''
|[[Nitin Chandrakant Desai]]
|''[[Harishchandrachi Factory]]''
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title='जोगवा'साठी उपेंद्र लिमयेला राष्ट्रीय पुरस्कार |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/-/articleshow/5492381.cms |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| '''2009'''
|Sachin Nevase
|''Agnidivya''
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":1" />
|-
|'''2010'''
|Eknath Kadam
|''Mani Mangalsutra''
|-
| '''2011'''
|[[Nitin Chandrakant Desai]]
|''[[Balgandharva (film)|Balgandharva]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''2012'''
|Prashant Rane
| rowspan="2" |''[[Kaksparsh]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaksparsh Awards |url=http://www.kaksparshthefilm.com/awards.php|url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407093640/http://www.kaksparshthefilm.com/awards.php |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|Abhishek Vijaykar
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|'''2013'''
|Santosh Futane
|''[[Maat (film)|Maat]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of 51st Maharashtra State Film Awards |website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/photofeatures/winners-at-the-51st-maharashtra-state-awards/photostory/slide/imgid/40284194.cms}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''2014'''
|Tejas Modak
| rowspan="3" |''[[Happy Journey (2014 Marathi film)|Happy Journey]]''
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-04-27 |title=Maharashtra government announces annual film awards |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra-government-announces-annual-film-awards/article7147328.ece |access-date= |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|Prashant Bidkar
|-
|Ajay Sharma
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''2015'''
|Santosh Futane
|''[[Katyar Kaljat Ghusali (film)|Katyar Kaljat Ghusali]]''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=53rd Maharashtra State Film Awards 2016: Full Nominations List - Marathi Cineyug |url=http://marathicineyug.com/news/latest-news/833-53rd-maharashtra-state-film-awards-2016-full-nominations-list |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603120402/http://marathicineyug.com/news/latest-news/833-53rd-maharashtra-state-film-awards-2016-full-nominations-list |archive-date=2016-06-03 |access-date= |website=marathicineyug.com |language=en-gb}}</ref>
|-
|Mahesh Salgaonkar
|''[[Mitwaa]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''2016'''
|Baban Adagale
|''[[Ekk Albela]]''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=State Award winning film Bandookya release date out |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/state-award-winning-film-bandookya-release-date-out/articleshow/59367741.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|Aman Vidhate
|''[[Rukhmabai|Dr. Rakhmabai Raut]]''
|-
| '''2017'''
|Vinayak Katkar
|''Ziprya''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-10 |title=55th Maharashtra State Marathi Film Awards Distribution Celebrated - Latest Photos {{!}} दिमाखात पार पडला ५५ वा महाराष्ट्र मराठी चित्रपट पुरस्कार सोहळा - Watch Galleryimages Photos at Loksatta.com |url=https://www.loksatta.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/1671617/55th-maharashtra-state-marathi-film-awards-distribution-celebrated/ |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|'''2018'''
|Narendra Haldankar
|''[[Bandishala]]''
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=MMW |first=Team |date=2019-06-22 |title=56th Maharashtra State Marathi Film Awards Winners |url=https://marathimovieworld.com/awards/56th-maharashtra-state-marathi-film-awards-winners.php |access-date= |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''2019'''
|Sunil Nigvekar
| rowspan="2" |''[[Anandi Gopal]]''
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-02-23 |title=Pimple Saudagar resident receives best debut director award in 57th Maharashtra State Marathi Film Awards Ceremony - PUNE PULSE |url=https://www.mypunepulse.com/pimple-saudagar-resident-receives-best-debut-director-award-in-57th-maharashtra-state-marathi-film-awards-ceremony/ |access-date= |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|Nilesh Wagh
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''2020'''
|Ashok Lokare
| rowspan="2" |''[[Me Vasantrao]]''
| rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=डेस्क |first=एबीपी माझा एंटरटेनमेंट |title=57 व्या राज्य मराठी चित्रपट पुरस्काराचे वितरण, 'वाय' ठरला सर्वोत्कृष्ट चित्रपट |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/57th-state-marathi-film-awards-y-adjudged-the-best-film-maharashtra-entertainment-news-1258896 |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=ABP Majha |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|A. Rucha
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''2021'''
|Bhushan Rahul
| rowspan="2" |''[[Pandu (film)|Pandu]]''
|-
|Rakesh Kadam
|-
|'''2022'''
|Mahesh Kundalkar
|''[[Unaad]]''
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=६० व्या व ६१ व्या राज्य मराठी चित्रपट पारितोषिकांचे, तसेच चित्रपती व्ही.शांताराम व स्व.राज कपूर पुरस्कारांचे वितरण |url=https://mahasamvad.in/174491/ |website=Mahasamvad}}</ref>
|-
|'''2023'''
|Amey Bhalerao
|''[[Shyamchi Aai (2023 film)|Shyamchi Aai]]''
|}

==Multiple wins==
Individuals with two or more Best Editing awards:

{| class="wikitable"
! scope="col" | Wins
! scope="col" | Actress
|-
| 7
| {{cslist|Sharad Pol}}
|-
| 4
| {{cslist|[[Nitin Chandrakant Desai]]|K. D. Mahajani|Pandurang Haval }}
|-
| 3
| {{cslist|Sadashiv Gaikwad |Baliram Bidkar |Ajit Dandekar |Dinanath Chavan |Satish Bidkar ||||
||
|
}}
|-
|2
|{{Cslist|[[Sumitra Bhave]]|Santosh Futane |Mahesh Salgaonkar |Ramakant Kavthekar|C. S. Bhati|}}
|-
|}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb event|0015478|Maharashtra State Film Awards}}

[[Category:Maharashtra State Film Awards|Art Direction]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]