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Islam in Mizoram

2026-05-07T11:47:41Z

GuillermoFenster: added new article

{{short description|Detailed data of Muslims in Mizoram}}

[[Islam]] is a minority religion in [[Mizoram]], a state in northeastern India, where it constitutes approximately 1.35%(14,832) of the total population, according to the 2011 Census.<ref name="Rel 2011">{{cite web|publisher=Census Department, Government of India|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11385|title=C-01: Population by religious community, Mizoram - 2011|access-date=7 October 2022|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The Muslim community in Mizoram is diverse, with ethnic groups such as the Assamese, Bengali, a small local converts.

==History==

The advent of Islam in Mizoram dates to the late nineteenth century, when Muslim soldiers serving under the [[British colonial India|British colonial]] forces arrived during the [[Lushai Expedition]] (1871–1872 and 1889–1890).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pachuau |first=Joy L. K. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books/about/The_Camera_as_Witness.html?id=wqiwBgAAQBAJ |title=The Camera as Witness |last2=Schendel |first2=Willem van |date=2015-04-13 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-07339-5 |pages=139 |language=en}}</ref> A number of [[sepoy]]s who accompanied the expeditionary troops were of Muslim background, marking the first recorded presence of Islam in the region.{{Sfn|Chakravarty|2020|p=89}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gabriel Khongsai |date=2025-09-07 |title=From Hill Warriors to Sepoys: The Induction of Nagas, Lushais (Mizos), And Kukis into the British Colonial Army |url=https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.17071219 |journal=International Journal of Multi-disciplinary |language=en |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=23-8 |doi=10.5281/ZENODO.17071219 |issn=2583-7397 |quote=After the Indian Revolt of 1857, which exposed the vulnerabilities of relying on large numbers of high-caste Hindu and Muslim sepoys from the Bengal Army, the British restructured their recruitment strategy.}}</ref>

Although their numbers remained small, the continued military presence, migration of traders from present-day Assam and Bengal, and later government employment contributed to the gradual settlement of Muslims in Mizoram throughout the twentieth century. The population of the community expanded slowly but consistently, forming small clusters across what became the districts of the modern state.{{Sfn|Chakravarty|2020|p=89}}

==Culture==
Muslims in Mizoram celebrate [[Eid al-Fitr]] at the high school ground in Zarkawt, [[Aizawl]], which is 15 minutes away from the [[Aizwal Mosque|Aijwal Mosque]].{{Efn|The Aijal Mosque, established in 1909, is the only mosque in [[Aizawl]] and the oldest mosque in Mizoram<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-07 |title="As it is a mandatory in Mizoram, we must make sure that during your stay in Mizoram you should hold a valid ILP," - Md. Mamon Majumdar |url=https://www.exploremizoram.com/2025/06/we-must-make-sure-that-during-your-stay-in-mizoram-you-should-hold-valid-ilp-mamon-majumder.html |access-date=2025-10-03 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251003152653/https://www.exploremizoram.com/2025/06/we-must-make-sure-that-during-your-stay-in-mizoram-you-should-hold-valid-ilp-mamon-majumder.html?m=1 |archive-date=3 Oct 2025 |website=EXPLORE MIZORAM - Mizoram's Most Trusted Website {{!}} Mizoram's Online Encyclopedia}}</ref>}} The ground is near a church, showing harmony between the Christians and Muslims of Mizoram.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Fanai |first=Ezrela Dalidia |date=August 12, 2019 |title=Muslims offer namaz near church in Christian-majority Mizoram |url=http://www.eastmojo.com/news/2019/08/12/muslims-offer-namaz-near-church-in-christian-majority-mizoram/ |website=EastMojo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Verghese |first=C. G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SzNuAAAAMAAJ&q=aizawl+Mosque |title=A History of the Mizos |date=1997 |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |isbn=978-81-259-0307-9 |pages=26 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India - ST-14: Scheduled tribe population by religious community (State/UT level), Mizoram - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11903 |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>

Quran is also Translated in [[Mizo language]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gajrani |first=S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QQWMc7_qj4kC&dq=mozi+muslim&pg=PA239 |title=History, Religion and Culture of India |date=2004 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-8205-065-5 |pages=239 |language=en}}</ref>

==Demographics==


{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Muslim Population in Mizoram<ref name=" Mizoram Pop Census" >{{Cite web |url=http://crsmizo.mizoram.gov.in/demography/index.php?page=census_religion_district&title=Religion-Wise%20Population%20-%20Census%20of%20MizoramPopulation%20-%20Census%20of%20Mizoram |access-date=2026-04-24 |website=crsmizo.mizoram.gov.in}}</ref>
! Year !! (Pop.) !! (%)
|-
| 1951 || ~1,200 || ~0.6
|-
| 1961 || ~1,500 || ~0.6
|-
| 1971 || 1,200 || 0.40
|-
| 1981 || 1,500 || 0.35
|-
| 1991 || 2,000 || 0.30
|-
| 2001 || 10,000 || 1.01
|-
| 2011 || 14,832 || 1.35
|}
The Significant population of Muslims in Mizoram are [[Bengali people|Bengali]], [[Meitei Pangals|Pangals]] and [[Assamese people|Assamese]] living in northern Mizoram districts of [[Kolasib District|Kolasib]] and [[Mamit district|Mamit]] where there are five mosques{{Sfn|Chakravarty|2020|p=89, 93}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bharadwaj |first=Sanskrita |title=Why seven people died in clash between two northeast India states |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/2/india-assam-mizoram-border-clash-northeast-dispute |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802115043/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/2/india-assam-mizoram-border-clash-northeast-dispute |archive-date=2021-08-02 |access-date=2026-04-27 |language=en |quote=Talukdar added that the anxieties of the Mizos are similar to those of the Assamese, who also consider themselves indigenous and dislike the Bengali Muslims}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-24 |title=As threats rise, Meiteis exodus from Mizoram continues |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/as-threats-rise-meiteis-exodus-from-mizorahttps://web.archive.org/web/20230724015003/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/as-threats-rise-meiteis-exodus-from-mizoram-continues/articleshow/102064001.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724015003/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/as-threats-rise-meiteis-exodus-from-mizoram-continues/articleshow/102064001.cms |archive-date=2023-07-24 |access-date=2026-05-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |quote=A vast majority of the Manipuri people, both Meiteis and Pangals (Manipuri Muslims), in Mizoram are from the Barak Valley areas of Assam.}}</ref> and there is also small community of [[khasi people]] who follow Islam.<ref>Dikshit, K. R.; Dikshit, Jutta K. (21 October 2013). "The People of Meghalaya". ''North-East India: Land, People and Economy.'' [[Springer Science+Business Media]]. p. 361.</ref>

{{Pie chart
| caption = Islam among social group of Mizoram, 2011 census<ref name="Rel 2011"/><ref name="ST Mizoram 2011" />
| value1 = 29
| label1 = [[List of Scheduled Tribes in Mizoram|Scheduled Tribes]]
| color1 = dodgerblue
| other = yes
| other-label = other Muslims
| other-color = gold
}}

===Muslim population by district===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! District<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mizoram Religion Data - Census 2011 |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/religion/state/15-mizoram.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403041147/http://www.census2011.co.in/data/religion/state/15-mizoram.html |archive-date=2016-04-03 |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>
! Percent
!Popul.
|-
| [[Aizawl district|Aizawl]]
| 1.31%
|5,177
|-
| [[Champhai district|Champhai]]
| 0.56%
|483
|-
| [[Kolasib district|Kolasib]]
| 5.27%
|4,426
|-
| [[Lawngtlai district|Lawngtlai]]
| 0.44%
|552
|-
| [[Lunglei district|Lunglei]]
| 0.80%
|1,164
|-
| [[Mamit district|Mamit]]
| 2.06%
|1,782
|-
| [[Siaha district|Saiha]]
| 0.91%
|514
|-
| [[Serchhip district|Serchhip]]
| 0.52%
|335
|-
|}

===Muslim population by Tribal Groups===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Muslima among Tribe Groups<ref name="ST Mizoram 2011" >Source:Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Population Census 2011. Table ST-14: Scheduled tribe population by religious community (State/UT level), Mizoram - 2011</ref> ([[Census 2011 India|Census 2011]])
! Tribe Name !! Total Muslims
|-
| All Schedule Tribes || 4,209
|-
| Chakma || 183
|-
| Dimasa Kachari || 99
|-
| Garo || 20
|-
| Hmar || 142
|-
| Any Kuki Tribes || 205
|-
| Any Mizo (Lushai) tribes || 3,168
|-
| Any Naga tribes || 27
|-
| Pawi || 158
|-
| Paite || 109
|-
| Generic Tribes etc. || 65
|}

== Organisations ==

* ''Mizoram Muslim Welfare Society.''<ref>{{Citation |last=Chakraborty|first=Anup Shekhar|title=Gleaning Political Communication Through 'Notices' in North East India|date=2022-10-10|work=Political Communication in Contemporary India|pages=139|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=ZyWUEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT104&dq=Mizoram+Muslim+welfare+society&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi6romoqLWSAxX2WHADHSyFLQMQ6AF6BAgPEAM#v=onepage&q=Mizoram%20Muslim%20welfare%20society&f=false|access-date=2026-01-29|edition=1|place=London|publisher=Routledge India|language=en|doi=10.4324/9781003159995-17|isbn=978-1-003-15999-5|via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2004 |title=The Mizoram Gazette |url=https://mizoramassembly.in/storage/Assembly/Gazette/GN/GZGN33_ISS043.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260412210919/https://mizoramassembly.in/storage/Assembly/Gazette/GN/GZGN33_ISS043.pdf |archive-date=2026-04-12 |access-date=2026-04-12 |website=mizoramassembly.in}}</ref>
* ''Aizawl Mosque Committee (AMC).''<ref>{{Cite news |title=Border standoff: Mizoram's Muslim organisations appeal to people to maintain peace |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/mizoram/border-standoff-mizorams-muslim-organisations-appeal-to-people-to-maintain-peace.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103174708/https://nenow.in/north-east-news/mizoram/border-standoff-mizorams-muslim-organisations-appeal-to-people-to-maintain-peace.html |archive-date=2020-11-03 |access-date=2026-04-24 |work=NORTHEAST NOW |language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Islam}}
*[[Religion in Mizoram]]
*[[Buddhism in Mizoram]]
*[[Hinduism in Mizoram]]
*[[Islam in India]]

==References==
{{Notelist}}
{{Reflist}}
* {{citation |last=Chakravarty |first=Ankita |publisher=Social Welfare & Tribal Affairs Department, Government of Mizoram |year=2020 |url=https://repository.tribal.gov.in/upload/bitstream/123456789/61938/1/TRMZ_2020_book1.pdf |location=Aizawl, Mizoram |title=Tribal Atlas Mizoram |pages= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251104095236/https://repository.tribal.gov.in/upload/bitstream/123456789/61938/1/TRMZ_2020_book1.pdf |archive-date=2025-11-04 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite thesis |last1=Ahmed |first1=Syed |title=Islam in North-East India: 17th to the 19th Century |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/16737 |hdl=10603/16737 |year=2003 |language=English |degree=Ph.D. |type=Ph.D. thesis |publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru University |publication-place=Delhi |department=School of Social Sciences |others=Supervisor: Yogesh Sharma |format=PDF |pages=237 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251118095749/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/16737 |archive-date=2025-11-18 |url-status=live |access-date=2025-11-18}}

[[Category:Islam in Mizoram| ]]

Mr. X (2026 film)

2026-05-07T00:09:00Z

GuillermoFenster:

{{More plot|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{short description|Upcoming Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Mr. X 2026 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Manu Anand
| writer = Manu Anand
| producer = S. Lakshman Kumar [[Vineet Jain]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Arya (actor)|Arya]]
*[[Gautham Ram Karthik]]
*[[R. Sarathkumar]]
*[[Manju Warrier]]
}}
| cinematography = Arul Vincent
| editing = [[Prasanna GK]]
| music = [[Dhibu Ninan Thomas]]
| studio = Prince Pictures [[Junglee Pictures|Maverik Movies Pvt Ltd]]
| released = {{Film date|2026|04|17|df=y}}
| runtime = 153 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Mr. X''''' is a 2026 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[spy film|spy]] [[action thriller]] film written and directed by Manu Anand and produced by S. Lakshman Kumar and [[Vineet Jain]] under the banner of Prince Pictures and [[Junglee Pictures|Maverik Movies Pvt Ltd]]. The film stars [[Arya (actor)|Arya]], [[Gautham Ram Karthik]], [[R. Sarathkumar]], and [[Manju Warrier]]. It has music composed by [[Dhibu Ninan Thomas]], cinematography by Arul Vincent, and editing by [[Prasanna GK]]. The film was theatrically released on 17 April 2026.

== Plot ==
{{Expand section|May 2026|date=April 2026}}
A group of intelligence operatives deal with a high-stakes national security threat involving a lost nuclear device and a wider espionage conspiracy.

== Cast ==
* [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] as Gautham Surya Pratap / "Businessman"
* [[Gautham Ram Karthik]] as Amaran Chakaravarthi / "Lone Wolf"
* [[R. Sarathkumar]] as Parameshwar Surya Pratap / "Mr. X"/ Rana
* [[Manju Warrier]] as Indira Varma
* [[Athulya Ravi]] as Aditi / Vedha Narayanan
* [[Anagha]] as Keerthana
* [[Raiza Wilson]] as Nirmala alias Kamini
* [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] as Vamanamoorthy
* [[Kaali Venkat]] as Ponnuswamy

== Production ==
The film was officially announced in May 2023, with a motion poster released by the makers.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |date=1 May 2023 |title=Arya & Gautham Karthik's film with Manu Anand titled 'Mr X' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/arya-gautham-karthiks-film-with-manu-anand-titled-mr-x/articleshow/99914124.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629140135/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/06/22/manju-warrier-tamil-movie-mr-x-new-project.html |archive-date=29 June 2023 |access-date=10 April 2026 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> In June 2023, actress [[Manju Warrier]] was confirmed to have joined the cast.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2023 |title=Manju Warrier returns to Tamil cinema with action entertainer 'Mr X' |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/06/22/manju-warrier-tamil-movie-mr-x-new-project.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630222256/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/06/22/manju-warrier-tamil-movie-mr-x-new-project.html |archive-date=30 June 2023 |access-date=10 April 2026 |website=[[Onmanorama]] |language=en}}</ref> Principal photography began in 2023.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=4 April 2026 |title=Arya's Mr X locks release window |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Apr/04/aryas-mr-x-locks-release-window |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260407050939/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Apr/04/aryas-mr-x-locks-release-window |archive-date=7 April 2026 |access-date=10 April 2026 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The film's shooting was completed in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2024 |title=Arya and Gautham Karthik starrer 'Mr X' wrapped up! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/arya-and-gautham-karthik-starrer-mr-x-wrapped-up/articleshow/111378136.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251221022127/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/arya-and-gautham-karthik-starrer-mr-x-wrapped-up/articleshow/111378136.cms |archive-date=21 December 2025 |access-date=10 April 2026 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2026 |title=Arya's Mr X to release later this month |url=https://newstodaynet.com/2026/04/04/aryas-mr-x-to-release-later-this-month/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260406151617/https://newstodaynet.com/2026/04/04/aryas-mr-x-to-release-later-this-month/ |archive-date=6 April 2026 |access-date=10 April 2026 |website=[[News Today]] |language=en}}</ref> Director Manu Anand stated during the film's promotion that the story drew inspiration from real incidents.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2026 |title=Director Manu Anand compares 'Mr. X' with 'Dhurandhar,' says, 'The spy thriller combines real incidents' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/director-manu-anand-compares-mr-x-with-dhurandhar-says-the-spy-thriller-combines-real-incidents/articleshow/130129673.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260410034327/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/director-manu-anand-compares-mr-x-with-dhurandhar-says-the-spy-thriller-combines-real-incidents/articleshow/130129673.cms |archive-date=10 April 2026 |access-date=10 April 2026 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2026 |title='Mr X is not Dhurandhar': Director Manu Anand addresses comparisons to Ranveer Singh's Rs 1,300 crore blockbuster |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/arya-starrer-mr-x-is-not-ranveer-singh-film-dhurandhar-says-director-manu-anand-10627991/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260410034725/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/arya-starrer-mr-x-is-not-ranveer-singh-film-dhurandhar-says-director-manu-anand-10627991/ |archive-date=10 April 2026 |access-date=10 April 2026 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
The film's soundtrack and background score are composed by [[Dhibu Ninan Thomas]]. The first single, "Haiyodi", was released on 27 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2025 |title=Arya's Mr X: First Single 'Haiyodi' to Release on Feb 27 |url=https://newstodaynet.com/2025/02/26/aryas-mr-x-first-single-haiyodi-to-release-on-feb-27/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250522040126/https://newstodaynet.com/2025/02/26/aryas-mr-x-first-single-haiyodi-to-release-on-feb-27/ |archive-date=22 May 2025 |access-date=21 April 2026 |website=[[News Today]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=27 February 2025 |title='Haiyodi' from Arya's Mr X out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Feb/27/haiyodi-from-aryas-mr-x-out |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251231104440/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Feb/27/haiyodi-from-aryas-mr-x-out |archive-date=31 December 2025 |access-date=21 April 2026 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)

| title1 = Haiyodi
| extra1 = [[Kapil Kapilan]]
| lyrics1 = Krithika Nelson
| length1 =

| title2 = X Force
| extra2 = [[Amogh Balaji]], Rabbit Mac
| lyrics2 =
| length2 =

| title3 = Agam
| extra3 = Dhibu Ninan Thomas
| lyrics3 =
| length3 =
}}

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
''Mr. X'' was released in theatres on 17 April 2026. It was reported that the film would be released in multiple languages, including dubbed versions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 April 2026 |title=Arya and Manju Warrier-starrer 'Mr X' set for release on April 17 |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2026/04/08/mr-x-tamil-movie-arya-spy-thriller-manju-warrier.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260409074805/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2026/04/08/mr-x-tamil-movie-arya-spy-thriller-manju-warrier.html |archive-date=9 April 2026 |access-date=10 April 2026 |website=[[Onmanorama]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2026 |title=ஆர்யாவின் "மிஸ்டர் எக்ஸ்" படத்தின் டிரெய்லர் வெளியானது |trans-title=The trailer of Arya's ''Mr. X'' has released |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/aryas-mr-x-film-trailer-out |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260410035835/https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/aryas-mr-x-film-trailer-out |archive-date=10 April 2026 |access-date=21 April 2026 |website=[[Dina Thanthi]] |language=ta}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The post-theatrical digital and satellite rights were acquired by [[JioHotstar]] and [[Star Vijay]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2026 |title=ஆர்யாவின் Mr X படத்திற்கு U/A சான்றிதழ் |trans-title=Arya's ''Mr. X'' gets a U/A certificate |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/mr-x-certified-ua-team-has-already-locked-satellite-and-digital-rights-bagged-by-star-vijay-and-hotstar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260404173453/https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/mr-x-certified-ua-team-has-already-locked-satellite-and-digital-rights-bagged-by-star-vijay-and-hotstar |archive-date=4 April 2026 |access-date=15 April 2026 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=Ta}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''[[News Today]]'' gave the film a positive review, saying, "What stands out in ''Mr X'' is its scale and intent. The film moves briskly through twists, betrayals, and action set pieces, ensuring there is rarely a dull moment".<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2026 |title=Mr X — Review |url=https://newstodaynet.com/2026/04/18/mr-x-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260421023414/https://newstodaynet.com/2026/04/18/mr-x-review/ |archive-date=21 April 2026 |access-date=21 April 2026 |website=[[News Today]] |language=en}}</ref> Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' gave a more mixed review, saying that despite trying to emulate the ''[[List of James Bond films|James Bond]]'', ''[[Mission: Impossible (film series)|Mission Impossible]]'' and ''[[Bourne (franchise)|Bourne]]'' series, it "ends up being a spoof of all three".<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=17 April 2026 |title=Mr X review: All guns and no glory in Arya-Gautham Karthik's spy thriller |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/mr-x-tamil-review-failed-attempt-at-spy-thrillers-arya-gautham-karthik-sarathkumar-manu-anand-2897628-2026-04-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260421023508/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/mr-x-tamil-review-failed-attempt-at-spy-thrillers-arya-gautham-karthik-sarathkumar-manu-anand-2897628-2026-04-17 |archive-date=21 April 2026 |access-date=21 April 2026 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> Abhinav Subramanian of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote, "''Mr. X'' lands its punches in bursts, even if it never quite strings them into a combo. Watchable once, thinkable zero times after".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Abhinav |date=17 April 2026 |title=Mr.X Movie Review: Arya's physicality powers a patchy spy thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/mr-x/movie-review/130329139.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260421020441/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/mr-x/movie-review/130329139.cms |archive-date=21 April 2026 |access-date=21 April 2026 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Avinash Ramachandran of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' wrote, "Even if the film doesn’t always hit the right notes, it never shies away from going all out with its imagination and creativity, and manages to entertain as long as we, just like the makers, don’t take the film too seriously".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Avinash |date=17 April 2026 |title=Mr X Movie Review: A campy, confident, but chaotic espionage thriller |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2026/Apr/17/mr-x-movie-review-a-campy-confident-but-chaotic-espionage-thriller |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260421024147/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2026/Apr/17/mr-x-movie-review-a-campy-confident-but-chaotic-espionage-thriller |archive-date=21 April 2026 |access-date=21 April 2026 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:2020s spy action films]]
[[Category:2020s spy thriller films]]
[[Category:2026 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2026 films]]
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:2026 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Dhibu Ninan Thomas]]
[[Category:Films shot in Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mysore]]
[[Category:Films shot in Puducherry]]
[[Category:Films shot in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thoothukudi]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian spy action films]]
[[Category:Indian spy thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Arun G Raghavan

2026-05-02T05:57:25Z

GuillermoFenster: new post

{{short description|Indian actor (born 20th century)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
[https://www.linkedin.com/in/arun-raghavan-b2827634 '''Arun G Raghavan'''] (born 20th century), also known by the stage name '''Arun Raghav''',<ref>https://www.linkedin.com/in/arun-raghavan-b2827634</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/arun-g-raghavan-i-went-to-gurudwara-to-learn-how-to-tie-a-pagadi-for-my-sardarji-role/articleshow/64245229.cms|title=Arun G Raghavan: I went to Gurudwara to learn how to tie a pagadi for my Sardarji role |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> is an Indian actor, known for his work in [[Malayalam-language]] television.

His work includes appearances in ''Soubhagyavathi'', ''[[Bharya (TV series)|Bharya]]'' and ''[[Pookkalam Varavayi (TV series)|Pookkalam Varavayi]]''. His breakthrough performance was playing ten roles, including a female role, in the ''Bharya'' serial.

==Early life, education, and early career==
Born to Raghavan and Sridevi, Arun finished his high schooling at St. Joseph School, [[Anandapuram]] and undergraduate studies at [[St. Thomas College, Thrissur]]. After completing his studies, he started working as a [[system engineer]] before taking acting as a profession.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanitha.in/justin/actor-arun-g-raghavan-interview-vanitha-online-special-story.html|title=ദിവസം അഞ്ചു തവണ മുഖം ഷേവ് ചെയ്തു, അണിഞ്ഞൊരുങ്ങാൻ മണിക്കൂറുകൾ! അരുണ്‍ രാഘവൻ ‘പെണ്ണായ’ കഥ | Actor Arun G Raghavan | Interview|website=vanitha.in}}</ref>

==Acting career==
Raghavan began his cinema career with the film ''Vilakkumaram'' (2017) which was directed by Vijay Menon. He was a part of the Malayalam short film ''Blade''. Later, he acted in serials, including ''Soubhagyavathi'', [[Bharya (TV series)|Bharya]], ''[[Sthreepadham]]'' and ''[[Pookkalam Varavayi (TV series)|Pookkalam Varavayi]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zee5.com/zeekannada/4-things-we-bet-you-didnt-know-about-abhimanyu-aka-arun-g-raghavan-from-pookalam-varavayi/|title=4 Things We Bet You Didn't Know About Abhimanyu Aka Arun G Raghavan From Pookalam Varavayi|date=13 January 2020}}</ref>

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !!Role !! Channel!!Notes
|-
|2014-2015||''Soubhagyavathi''<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/arun-raghav-my-first-salary-was-rs-7500-as-an-it-employee/articleshow/89296215.cms Arun Raghav: My first salary was Rs 7500 as an IT employee]. ''[[The Times of India]]''</ref>||Mahesh ||[[Surya TV]]||Debut
|-
|2016||''Anamika''{{fact|date=December 2023}}||||[[Amrita TV]]||
|-
|2016||''[[Kana Kanmani (2016 TV series)|Kana Kanmani]]''||Giri||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
|2017-2020||''[[Sthreepadham]]''||Sooraj||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]||
|-
|2017-2019||''[[Bharya (TV series)|Bharya]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bharya-serial-to-end-soon/articleshow/68778820.cms|title=Bharya serial to end soon!|last=|first=|date=|website=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222050939/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bharya-serial-to-end-soon/articleshow/68778820.cms |archive-date=2022-02-22 |access-date=}}</ref>
||Vidura Sura/Suresh/Surya/Sharath
/Shahjahan/Shankar Das/Krishnaprasad/
Arjun /Shakthi/Yamini
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|Played 10 roles
|-
|2019-2021||''[[Pookkalam Varavayi (TV series)|Pookkalam Varavayi]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/pookkalam-varavayi-completes-101-episodes-team-celebrates-the-achievement/articleshow/72109460.cms|title=Pookkalam Varavayi completes 101 episodes, team celebrates the achievement|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>||Abhimanyu||Zee Keralam||
|-
|2020||''[[Chembarathi (TV series)|Chembarathi]]''||rowspan=2|Abhimanyu||Zee Keralam ||rowspan=2|Guest appearance
|-
|2021||''[[Mrs. Hitler]]''||Zee Keralam
|-
|2022-2023||''[[Mrs. Hitler]]''||Dev Krishna [DK] ||Zee Keralam ||Replaced [[Shanavas Shanu]]
|-
|2021-2022
|''[[Pranayavarnangal]]''
|DK ||Zee Keralam ||Cameo appearance

|-
|2022||''[[Ente Maathavu]]''||Roshan ||Surya TV||Cameo appearance
|-
|2023||''[[Manjil Virinja Poovu]]''||Sudev||Mazhavil Manorama ||
|-
|2023||''Mangalyam''||DK ||Zee Keralam ||Cameo appearance
|-
|2023- 2024||''Mayamayuram ''||Maheshwaran||Zee Keralam ||
|-
|2024
|''Constable Manju''
|Swamy Ayyappan
|Surya TV
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Malikappuram: Apathbandhavan Ayyappan]]''
|[[Parashuraman]]
|Asianet
|
|-
|2025-present
|''Mahalakshmi''
|Kannan
|[[Flowers TV]]
|
|-
|2025
|''Meenu's Kitchen''||Suraj||Mazhavil Manorama ||
|-
|2025-present
|Othiri Othiri Swapnangal
|Sreenath
|Mazhavil Manorama
|
|}

{{Portal|Biography|India|Language|Television}}
* [[List of Indian television actors]]
* [[List of people from Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[List of people from Kerala]]
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|11062588}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raghavan, Arun}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:20th-century births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Male actors from Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:St. Thomas College, Thrissur, alumni]]

Ramanathapuram Assembly constituency

2026-04-24T17:02:27Z

GuillermoFenster: adding

{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India}}
{{coord|9.367|N|78.835|E|display=title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency

| name = Ramanathapuram
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 211
| map_image = Constitution-Ramanathapuram.svg
| established = 1951
| district = [[Ramanathapuram district|Ramanathapuram]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Ramanathapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Ramanathapuram]]
| mla = [[Katharbatcha Muthuramalingam]]
| party = {{Party index link|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| latest_election_year = 2021
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| electors = 312,303
}}

'''Ramanathapuram''' is a state assembly constituency in [[Ramanathapuram district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], India.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 23 January 2017}}</ref> It is a component of [[Ramanathapuram Lok Sabha constituency]]. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly constituencies in Tamil Nadu.

Elections and winners in the constituency are listed below.

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
=== Madras State ===

{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|rowspan=3| [[Shanmuga Rajeswara Sethupathy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[T. Thangappan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|}

=== Tamil Nadu ===

{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| [[M. S. K. Sathyendran]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan=3| T. Ramasamy
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| M. S. K. Rajendran
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| [[M. Thennavan]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[A. Rahman Khan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| [[A. Anwar Rhazza]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| [[K. Hussan Ali]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| [[M. H. Jawahirullah|Prof. M. H. Jawahirullah]]
| {{Full party name with color|Manithaneya Makkal Katchi}}
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| [[M. Manikandan (politician)|Dr. M. Manikandan]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| 2021
| [[Katharbatcha Muthuramalingam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|}

==Election results==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.88}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|46.30}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|Manithaneya Makkal Katchi}}|40.96}}
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|46.43}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|50.21}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.22}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|59.00}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|36.21}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|59.91}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|57.63}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|46.86}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|65.05}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.82}}
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|61.92}}
{{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|81.99}}
{{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|62.38}}

}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Ramanathapuram}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Katharbatcha Muthuramalingam]]|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=GBS K. Nagendran|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Muthu Kesavan |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= E. K. Sahul Hameed|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 310165|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Ramanathapuram<ref>{{cite web|title=Ramanathapuram Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a211|access-date= 12 Jun 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Katharbatcha Muthuramalingam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=111,075 |percentage=52.06 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Kuppuramu |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=60,763 |percentage=28.48 |change=+20.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Ilango |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=17,062 |percentage=8.00|change=+5.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Malaichamy |party=Independent politician |votes=10,845 |percentage=5.08 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Muniyasamy |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=6,776 |percentage=3.18 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. P Saravanan |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=1,996 |percentage=0.94 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=E. Vinoth |party=Independent politician |votes=1,219 |percentage=0.57|change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=50,312 |percentage=23.58 |change= +6.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=213,345 |percentage=69.20 |change= +1.34 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= +5.76 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Ramanathapuram<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Manikandan (politician)|M. Manikandan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=89,365 |percentage=46.30 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. H. Jawahirullah|Dr. M. H. Jawahirullah]] |party=Manithaneya Makkal Katchi |votes=56,143 |percentage=29.09 |change=-11.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. A. Singai Jinnah |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=16,353 |percentage=8.47 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Kannan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=15,029 |percentage=7.79 |change=-9.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Sivakumar |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=4,001 |percentage=2.07 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,528 |percentage=0.79 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=33,222 |percentage=17.21 |change= 7.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=193,002 |percentage=67.86 |change= -3.19 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Manithaneya Makkal Katchi |swing= +5.34 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Ramanathapuram<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. H. Jawahirullah|Dr. M. H. Jawahirullah]] |party=Manithaneya Makkal Katchi |votes=65,831 |percentage=40.96 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Hussan Ali]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=50,074 |percentage=31.16 |change=-15.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Kannan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=28,060 |percentage=17.46 |change=+13.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Raja Hussain |party=Indian National League |votes=3,606 |percentage=2.24 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,757 |percentage=9.81 |change= +0.53 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=160,703 |percentage=71.05 |change= +2.54 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manithaneya Makkal Katchi |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -5.46 }}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Ramanathapuram<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Hussan Ali]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=66,922 |percentage=46.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Palanichamy |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=53,555 |percentage=37.15% |change=+34.3 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Dharmaraj |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=12,070 |percentage=8.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Sathiah |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,624 |percentage=3.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Rajendiran |party=Independent politician |votes=1,012 |percentage=0.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Viswanathan |party=Independent politician |votes=974 |percentage=0.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,367 |percentage=9.27% |change= 1.63% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=144,149 |percentage=68.50% |change= 1.45% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 210,426 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -3.78% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Ramanathapuram<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Anwar Rhazza]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=59,824 |percentage=50.21% |change=+29.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Rahman Khan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=50,712 |percentage=42.56% |change=-8.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Patrick |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,399 |percentage=2.85% |change=-1.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rajaji N |party=Independent politician |votes=2,285 |percentage=1.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Jeyakumar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,458 |percentage=1.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,112 |percentage=7.65% |change= -23.10% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=119,150 |percentage=67.05% |change= 0.07% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 177,797 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -1.01% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Ramanathapuram<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Rahman Khan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=59,794 |percentage=51.22% |change=+21.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. K. G. Sekar |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=23,903 |percentage=20.47% |change=-38.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Ramasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=17,009 |percentage=14.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Kalanjiyam |party=Independent politician |votes=7,647 |percentage=6.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Singaraj |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,796 |percentage=4.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Rajan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,161 |percentage=1.85% |change=-0.98 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=35,891 |percentage=30.74% |change= 1.85% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=116,745 |percentage=66.98% |change= 5.45% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 186,156 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -7.78% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Ramanathapuram<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Thennavan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=62,004 |percentage=59.00 |change=+35.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. A. Kader |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=31,635 |percentage=30.10 |change=-6.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Raja Hussain |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=7,063 |percentage=6.72 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. A. Muniyasamy |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,971 |percentage=2.83 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=30,369 |percentage=28.90 |change= +15.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=105,098 |percentage=61.53 |change= -8.11 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 176,322 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= +22.78 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Ramanathapuram<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. S. K. Rajendran]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=38,747 |percentage=36.21% |change=-1.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Sekar |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=24,636 |percentage=23.03% |change=-36.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. S. A. Shajahan |party=Independent politician |votes=19,598 |percentage=18.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Anwar Raja |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=15,584 |percentage=14.57% |change=-45.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. K. Ganesan |party=Independent politician |votes=4,746 |percentage=4.44% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Mohamed Moosa |party=Independent politician |votes=1,766 |percentage=1.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,111 |percentage=13.19% |change= -8.85% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=106,993 |percentage=69.64% |change= -5.50% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 156,764 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -23.69% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Ramanathapuram<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. Ramasamy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=56,342 |percentage=59.91% |change=+2.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. S. Abdul Raheem |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=35,615 |percentage=37.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Chellathurai |party=Independent politician |votes=1,345 |percentage=1.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,727 |percentage=22.04% |change= 4.58% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=94,047 |percentage=75.14% |change= 7.03% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 130,455 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 2.27% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Ramanathapuram<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. Ramasamy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=46,987 |percentage=57.63% |change=+10.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Zeenath Sheriffdeen |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,755 |percentage=40.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Y. Sahul Hameed |party=Janata Party |votes=990 |percentage=1.21% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,232 |percentage=17.46% |change= -7.40% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=81,527 |percentage=68.11% |change= 2.78% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 121,008 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 10.77% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Ramanathapuram<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. Ramasamy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=33,048 |percentage=46.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. K. Ganesan |party=Janata Party |votes=15,520 |percentage=22.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Marimuthu |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=11,448 |percentage=16.23% |change=-48.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Ramaswamy |party=Communist Party of India |votes=9,984 |percentage=14.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Mani |party=Independent politician |votes=524 |percentage=0.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,528 |percentage=24.85% |change= -8.79% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=70,524 |percentage=65.33% |change= -6.43% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 109,710 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -18.19% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Ramanathapuram<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. S. K. Sathyendran]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=40,690 |percentage=65.05% |change=+8.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Balagangadharan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,649 |percentage=31.41% |change=-11.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=E. M. Abduliah |party=Independent politician |votes=1,632 |percentage=2.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. A. Mani |party=Independent politician |votes=578 |percentage=0.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,041 |percentage=33.64% |change= 20.01% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=62,549 |percentage=71.76% |change= -5.05% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 92,658 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 8.24% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Ramanathapuram<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|archive-date=20 March 2012|access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. Thangappan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=35,880 |percentage=56.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Shanmugha Rajeswara Sethupathi]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=27,270|percentage=43.18%|change=-18.74}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,610 |percentage=13.63% |change= -22.99% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=63,150|percentage=76.81%|change=7.30%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,526 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -5.11% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Ramanathapuram<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|access-date= 19 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Shanmuga Rajeshwara Sethupathi]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=44,942 |percentage=61.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Abdul Rahim |party=Indian Union Muslim League |votes=18,363 |percentage=25.30% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Padmanaban |party=Swatantra Party |votes=5,058 |percentage=6.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Kodangi |party=Independent politician |votes=2,238 |percentage=3.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Sathiah |party=Independent politician |votes=1,977 |percentage=2.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=26,579 |percentage=36.62% |change= -27.36% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=72,578 |percentage=69.51% |change= 18.08% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 107,593 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= -20.07% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Ramanathapuram<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1957 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf| access-date=2015-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf|archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Shanmuga Rajeshwara Sethupathi]] |party=Independent politician |votes=40,577 |percentage=81.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Mangalasamy |party=Communist Party of India |votes=8,912 |percentage=18.01% |change=-4.53 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=31,665 |percentage=63.98% |change= 24.14% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=49,489 |percentage=51.43% |change= -1.11% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 96,220 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 19.61% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Ramanathapuram<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1951| url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf| access-date=2014-10-14|archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Shanmuga Rajeswara Sethupathy]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,131 |percentage=62.38% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rajamanickam |party=Communist Party of India |votes=9,440 |percentage=22.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Meera Hussain |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=3,287 |percentage=7.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,691 |percentage=39.84% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=41,892 |percentage=52.54% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 79,728 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Ramanathapuram district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Amar Akbar Anthony

2026-04-23T08:41:40Z

GuillermoFenster: new new data - done

{{short description|1977 Indian film directed by Manmohan Desai}}
{{About||the Malayalam film|Amar Akbar Anthony (2015 film)|the Telugu film|Amar Akbar Anthony (2018 film)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Amar Akbar Anthony
| image = Amar Akbar Anthony 1977 film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Manmohan Desai]]
| producer = Manmohan Desai
| screenplay = Prayag Raj Sharma
| story = Jeevanprabha M. Desai Pushpa Sharma (story idea)
| writer = [[Kader Khan]] (dialogue) K. K. Shukla (scenario)
| starring = [[Vinod Khanna]] [[Rishi Kapoor]] [[Amitabh Bachchan]] [[Neetu Singh]] [[Parveen Babi]] [[Shabana Azmi]] [[Nirupa Roy]] [[Pran (actor)|Pran]]
| music = [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]] [[Anand Bakshi]] (lyrics)
| cinematography = Peter Pereira
| editing = [[Kamlakar Karkhanis]]
| distributor = Hirawat Jain & Co.
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1977|05|27}}
| runtime = 184 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]] [[Urdu]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sadana |first1=Rashmi |title=English Heart, Hindi Heartland: The Political Life of Literature in India |date=2 February 2012 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=978-0-520-26957-6 |page=45 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U2WNfFpT14IC&pg=PA45 |access-date=23 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=31 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831171001/https://books.google.com/books?id=U2WNfFpT14IC&pg=PA45 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Elison |first1=William |title=Amar Akbar Anthony: Bollywood, Brotherhood, and the Nation |date=4 January 2016 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=978-0-674-49599-9 |page=87 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qANuCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT87 |access-date=23 March 2022 |archive-date=31 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831171001/https://books.google.com/books?id=qANuCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT87 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INRConvert|155|m|year=1977}}<ref name=box />
}}

'''''Amar Akbar Anthony''''' is a [[List of Hindi films of 1977|1977]] [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]-language [[masala film]] directed and produced by [[Manmohan Desai]] and written by [[Kader Khan]]. Released in [[India]] on 27 May 1977, the film stars an [[ensemble cast]] of [[Vinod Khanna]], [[Rishi Kapoor]], [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Neetu Singh]], [[Parveen Babi]], [[Shabana Azmi]], [[Nirupa Roy]] and [[Pran (actor)|Pran]]. The plot focuses on three brothers separated in childhood who are adopted by families of different faiths; [[Hinduism]], [[Islam]] and [[Christianity]]. They grow up to be a [[police officer]], a [[qawwali]] singer and the owner of a country [[Bar (establishment)|bar]], respectively. The [[soundtrack]] album was composed by [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal|Laxmikant-Pyarelal]] and the lyrics were written by [[Anand Bakshi]]. The film earned {{INRConvert|155|m|year=1977|mode=historical}} at the Indian [[box office]], becoming the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|highest-grossing Indian film]] of that year, alongside ''[[Dharam Veer (film)|Dharam Veer]]'' and ''[[Hum Kisise Kum Naheen]]''.<ref name=box/>

[[Religious tolerance]] became a landmark theme in [[Bollywood]] [[masala film]]s,<ref name="Dwyer2005">{{cite book|last=Dwyer|first=Rachel|title=100 Bollywood films|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4EBNAQAAIAAJ|publisher=Lotus Collection, [[Roli Books]]|date=2005|page=14|isbn=978-81-7436-433-3|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920193359/https://books.google.com/books?id=4EBNAQAAIAAJ&hl=en|archive-date=20 September 2016}}</ref> building on the masala formula pioneered a few years earlier by [[Nasir Hussain]]'s ''[[Yaadon Ki Baaraat]]'' (1973).<ref>{{cite news|last=Sharma|first=Devansh|title=Yaadon Ki Baaraat: Nasir Hussain's 1973 potboiler initiated Hindi cinema's transformation into 'Bollywood'|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/yaadon-ki-baaraat-nasir-hussains-1973-potboiler-initiated-hindi-cinemas-transformation-into-bollywood-5469141.html|publisher=[[Firstpost]]|date=2 November 2018|access-date=5 February 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209180212/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/yaadon-ki-baaraat-nasir-hussains-1973-potboiler-initiated-hindi-cinemas-transformation-into-bollywood-5469141.html|archive-date=9 February 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Manwani|first=Akshay|title=Yaadon Ki Baaraat: The quintessential bollywood film |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-yaadon-ki-baaraat-the-quintessential-bollywood-film-2573936|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=8 January 2018|access-date=5 February 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124341/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-yaadon-ki-baaraat-the-quintessential-bollywood-film-2573936|archive-date=9 February 2019}}</ref> ''Amar Akbar Anthony'' also had a lasting impact on pop culture with its catchy songs, quotable one-liners, and the character of Anthony Gonsalves (played by Bachchan). It won several awards at the [[25th Filmfare Awards]], including [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]. It was later remade in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Shankar Salim Simon]]'' (1978), in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Ram Robert Rahim]]'' (1980),<ref>{{cite news |author=ET Bureau|title=Transcending language barrier|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Features/Business_of_Bollywood/Transcending_language_barrier/articleshow/3504534.cms|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|date=20 September 2008|access-date=12 June 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008025845/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Features/Business_of_Bollywood/Transcending_language_barrier/articleshow/3504534.cms|archive-date=8 October 2012}}</ref> and in [[Malayalam]] as ''[[John Jaffer Janardhanan]]'' (1982). In [[Pakistan]], the film was unofficially remade in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] as ''Akbar Amar Anthony'' (1978).<ref>{{cite news|last=Rabe|first=Nate|title=Sounds of Lollywood: The big difference between 'Amar Akbar Anthony' and its Pakistani rip-off|url=https://scroll.in/reel/848494/sound-of-lollywood-the-big-difference-between-amar-akbar-anthony-and-its-pakistani-rip-off|publisher=[[Scroll.in|Scroll]]|date=2 September 2017|access-date=13 July 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715121318/https://scroll.in/reel/848494/sound-of-lollywood-the-big-difference-between-amar-akbar-anthony-and-its-pakistani-rip-off|archive-date=15 July 2020}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{plot|date=March 2026}} 
Kishanlal, a [[chauffeur]], is released from [[prison]] on [[Indian Independence Day|15 August 1955]], after serving a sentence for the fatal [[Hit and run|hit-and-run]] [[accident]] committed by his employer, [[Crime boss|crime lord]] Robert.

Despite Robert's promises, Kishanlal returns home to find his wife Bharati suffering from [[tuberculosis]] and their three sons starving. Enraged, Kishanlal confronts Robert to beg for his assistance, only to be humiliated, abused and disowned. Turning the tables on Robert's [[Henchman|henchmen]], Kishanlal escapes in a car loaded with smuggled [[Gold bar|gold bullion]], pursued by Robert's goons. Arriving home, Kishanlal finds Bharati gone; her [[suicide note]] explains her shame and despair. Taking his sons with him, he eludes pursuit to place the boys at the foot of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s statue in [[Sanjay Gandhi National Park|Borivali National Park]], leaving the eldest in charge. He drives off to mislead Robert's goons, but after a fiery car crash both the police and Robert's people believe Kishanlal and his sons are dead.

The three children become separated. Amar, the eldest, runs after his father, is knocked down by Robert's goons and adopted by [[Superintendent (police)|Police Superintendent]] Khanna (a [[Hindus|Hindu]] by faith). Middle son Anthony goes in search of food for his crying baby brother; left alone, Raju is found and adopted by kindly [[Muslims|Muslim]] tailor Darji Ilahabadi. Returning to find no one, Anthony shelters from a [[storm]] outside a nearby [[List of Catholic churches in India|Catholic church]], falling asleep from exhaustion. The [[parish]] [[Priesthood in the Catholic Church|priest]], Father Gonsalves, discovers him and Bharati's suicide note and adopts him. Each will be reared in the religions of their adoptive fathers: Hindu, Islam and Christianity.

Elsewhere: Bharati is caught in the storm and struck blind by a falling branch - divine punishment for leaving her sons. She is rescued and dropped off home by Mr. Ilahabadi, but cannot see Raju beside him; at home she is told her family is dead. Kishanlal escapes the car crash and finds Robert's gold; returning to the empty park a rich man – he is devastated to be alone.

Twenty-two years pass. Bharati, now a [[flower seller]], is the victim of a hit-and-run accident outside a church and is rushed to a [[private hospital]] by Anthony, the [[Liquor license]] of the neighborhood. Raju, now called Akbar and a popular ''[[Qawwali]]'' singer, is at the hospital to romance Dr. Salma Ali because her grumpy father Taiyyab Ali disapproves of him. Amar is the police inspector who arrives to check on the accident case. All three men [[donating blood|donate blood]] to save Bharati's life, unaware they are related. Later, Amar tracks down [[highway]] [[robbery|robbers]] and meets Lakshmi, forced by her abusive criminal stepmother and stepbrother Ranjeet to act as [[Bait (luring substance)|bait]] to protect her elderly, [[wheelchair]]-using grandmother. Together they take evidence and arrest the stepmother, and Amar gives sanctuary to Lakshmi and her grandmother in his home.

With Robert's gold Kishanlal became a wealthy crime lord in his own right. Kidnapping Robert's infant daughter Jenny in revenge for his lost family, he reared her as his 'niece' and sent her to school abroad. He also destroyed Robert's organization, forcing a grovelling Robert to work for him while begging for his daughter's return. In the middle of a smuggling operation Kishanlal's gang are raided by police: in the chaos Robert takes a crate of Kishanlal's smuggled gold and shoots Superintendent Khanna (Amar's 'father'), badly wounding him. With the gold Robert reinstates himself as a crime lord and plans to get Jenny back and kill Kishanlal, hiring Ranjeet in the process.

Jenny returns from abroad and Anthony falls head over heels in love with her during [[Easter Sunday]] services. Bharati, taken hostage by Robert, suffers a minor head injury while escaping; miraculously, her sight is restored at a festival hosted by Akbar in honor of [[Sai Baba of Shirdi]]. Further, she identifies Akbar as Raju from a childhood photograph with Mr. Ilahabadi, while he recognizes her as the blind woman he drove home that fateful night.

Akbar rescues Salma and Taiyyab Ali from a [[Structure fire|house fire]] set by Taiyyab's blackmailing former mistress. A grateful Taiyyab gives permission for Akbar and Salma's marriage, leading to Akbar and Amar discovering they are brothers, Kishanlal and Bharati their parents.

Events take a drastic turn when Kishanlal is double-crossed by Jenny's bodyguard Zebisco, who takes her to Robert in exchange for her hand in marriage. Father Gonsalves and Lakshmi see her abducted, but Lakshmi is also taken by Ranjeet and Robert murders Father Gonsalves – planting Kishanlal's [[Kali]] [[talisman]] as a 'clue.' Through Father Gonsalves' death Anthony discovers that Kishanlal and Bharati are his parents and Amar and Akbar his brothers.

The brothers take action to infiltrate Robert's [[mansion]]. Akbar, made suspicious when strangers try to collect Jenny's wedding dress, disguises himself as an elderly dithering tailor who goes with them to make last minute alterations. He sends a letter to his adopted father which Salma reads, and she joins him as his 'assistant/wife' to help the girls escape. Amar and Anthony waylay and impersonate the [[one-man band]] and Catholic priest on their way to Robert's to marry Jenny and Zebisco. Rejoicing in their reunion, the brothers celebrate as they go after Robert, Zebisco, Ranjeet and the remaining goons.

Happy that he is alive, Bharati is distraught to learn Kishanlal will go to prison for his crimes, but he reassures her: their reunited family is the only thing that matters to him. Superintendent Khanna, recovered from Robert's attack, briefly releases Kishanlal so that he may embrace his sons. The film ends with the brothers and their sweethearts joyfully driving into the sunset.

== Cast ==
{{castlist|
* [[Vinod Khanna]] as Amar Khanna, the eldest son
* [[Amitabh Bachchan]] as Anthony Gonsalves, the middle son
* [[Rishi Kapoor]] as Akbar Ilahabadi, the youngest son
* [[Parveen Babi]] as Jenny
* [[Shabana Azmi]] as Lakshmi
* [[Neetu Singh]] as Dr. Salma Ali
* [[Nirupa Roy]] as Bharati (Amar, Akbar and Anthony's mother)
* [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] as Kishanlal (Amar, Akbar and Anthony's father)
* [[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]] as twins Robert and Albert
** [[Tom Alter]] as the voice of Albert
* [[Yusuf Khan (actor)|Yusuf Khan]] as Zebisko (Jenny's bodyguard), credited as Yusuf
* [[Mukri]] as Taiyyab Ali (Salma's father)
* [[Nazir Hussain]] as Father Gonsalves (Anthony's adoptive father)
* [[Kamal Kapoor]] as Superintendent Khanna (Amar's adoptive father)
* Hercules as Raghu
* [[Shivraj]] as Mr. Ilahabadi (Akbar's adoptive father)
* Protima Devi as Lakshmi's grandmother
* [[Moolchand]] as Pedro (Robert's friend)
* Master Bittu as Young Amar
* Master Ravi as Young Anthony
* Baby Sabina as Young Jenny
* Master Tito as Young Akbar
* [[Helen (actress)|Helen]] as Fake Jenny (special appearance)
* [[Nadira (Indian actress)|Nadira]] as Lakshmi's stepmother (special appearance)
* Madhumati as Bijli (special appearance)
* [[Ranjeet]] as Ranjeet, Lakshmi's stepbrother (special appearance)
}}

==Production==
{{Quote box
| quote = "You see the whole country of the system is juxtapositioned by the hemoglobin in the atmosphere, because you are a sophisticated rhetorician intoxicated with the exuberance of your own verbosity."
| source = —Anthony Gonsalves, in his monologue preceding the "My Name Is Anthony Gonsalves" sequence<ref name="HeymanSatpathy2007">{{cite book|last1=Heyman|first1=Michael|first2=Sumanyu|last2=Satpathy|first3=Anushka|last3=Ravishankar|title=The tenth rasa: An anthology of Indian nonsense|publisher=[[Penguin Books|Penguin Books India]]|date=2007|page=133|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lcur6s36gnEC&pg=PA133|isbn=978-0-14-310086-7|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107225218/http://books.google.com/books?id=lcur6s36gnEC&pg=PA133|archive-date=7 January 2014}}</ref>
| salign = right
| align =
| width = 25%
}}

''Amar Akbar Anthony'' has a cinematic antecedent in [[Yash Chopra]]'s 1965 film ''[[Waqt (1965 film)|Waqt]]'', in which a father's three sons are separated from each other. ''Waqt'' also inspired the 1976 super-hit diamond jubilee Pakistani film ''[[Talash (1976 film)|Talash]]'', starring [[Shabnam]] and [[Nadeem Baig (actor)|Nadeem]]. However, ''Amar Akbar Anthony'' was slated to release in 1975, prior to ''Talash'''s release.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dasgupta|first1=Rohit K.|first2=Sangeeta|last2=Datta|title=100 essential Indian films|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|date=2019|page=6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YT9xDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1|isbn=9781442277984|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-date=31 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831171001/https://books.google.com/books?id=YT9xDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1|url-status=live}}</ref>

Prayag Raj wrote the film's screenplay, while [[Kader Khan]] wrote the dialogue.<ref name="mint">{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/toFX50k1D6H0dep49vQXVK/Excerpt--Amar-Akbar-Anthony.html|title=Excerpt: Amar Akbar Anthony|date=3 August 2013|website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|access-date=6 August 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806021336/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/toFX50k1D6H0dep49vQXVK/Excerpt--Amar-Akbar-Anthony.html|archive-date=6 August 2013}}</ref>

The character of Anthony Gonsalves was named after the famous composer and teacher [[Anthony Gonsalves|of the same name]], whose pupils included Pyarelal (of [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]], the composer duo of the film) and [[R. D. Burman]].<ref name="ndtv" /><ref name="Booth3">[[#Bo|Booth, p. 3]]</ref> Director Manmohan Desai had planned for Amitabh's character to be named “Anthony Fernandes,” with Bakshi's song entitled “My Name is Anthony Fernandes.” However, the song didn't go well with Laxmikant-Pyarelal. Composer Pyarelal then recalled his famous violin teacher and suggested that the character's last name be changed to “Gonsalves.”<ref name="ndtv" /><ref name="Booth5">[[#Bo|Booth, p. 5]]</ref> The nonsensical monologue preceding the "My Name Is Anthony Gonsalves" sequence was taken in part from an 1878 speech by British politician [[Benjamin Disraeli]] in reference to [[W. E. Gladstone]].<ref name="ndtv" />

===Filming===
''Amar Akbar Anthony'' was Manmohan Desai's first film as an independent film producer. The film was shot over a month at [[Ranjit Studios]] in [[Mumbai]]. Some exterior and interior shots were filmed at the [[Basilica of Our Lady of the Mount, Bandra|Mount Mary Church]] in [[Bandra]], Mumbai and at the Don Bosco School, Wadala, Mumbai respectively.<ref name="ndtv">{{cite web|title=10 things you didn't know about Amar Akbar Anthony|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/10-things-you-didn-t-know-about-amar-akbar-anthony-358856|last=Roy|first=Gitanjali|date=8 May 2013|website=NDTV Movies|access-date=3 August 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715073914/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/10-things-you-didn-t-know-about-amar-akbar-anthony-358856|archive-date=15 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=San Miguel|first=Helio|title=Mumbai|publisher=Intellect Books|series=World Film Locations|date=2012|page=42|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q0_v3jr6TCAC&pg=PA42|isbn=978-1-84150-632-6}}</ref> Shooting was scheduled so that the entire cast didn't have to appear together except for the climactic sequence and the title song ("Anhoni Ko Honi"), where they all perform as a group. However, the shooting went over schedule, which required [[Rishi Kapoor]] and [[Shabana Azmi]] to shoot their scenes separately so they could leave towards the end of production to work on other films.

==Analysis==
''Amar Akbar Anthony'' incorporates a strong element of secularism<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/muslims-in-the-movies-the-good-the-bad-the-khiji|title=Muslims in the movies: The good, the bad, and the Khilji|last=Mohamed|first=Khalid|date=31 January 2018|website=[[The Quint]]|access-date=3 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202012739/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/muslims-in-the-movies-the-good-the-bad-the-khiji|archive-date=2 February 2018}}</ref> within a Bollywood masala film. Analysts such as Virdi (2003) and Kavoori & Punathambekar (2008) note that the themes of Desai's "magnum opus" include [[religious pluralism]] and [[Indian nationalism|secular nationalism]].<ref name="Virdi2003">{{cite book|last=Virdi|first=Jyotika|title=The cinematic imagiNation: Indian popular films as social history|publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]]|date=2003|page=36|url=https://archive.org/details/cinematicimagina0000vird|isbn=978-0-8135-3191-5}}</ref><ref name="KavooriPunathambekar2008">{{cite book|last1=Kavoori|first1=Anandam P.|first2=Aswin|last2=Punathambekar|title=Global Bollywood|publisher=[[New York University Press|NYU Press]]|date=2008|page=128|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2CqERCzWn5gC&pg=PA128|isbn=978-0-8147-2944-1}}</ref> [[Philip Lutgendorf]] hints that the separation of the three children on Indian Independence Day is akin to the [[Partition of India]].<ref name="uiowa">{{cite web|url=https://indiancinema.sites.uiowa.edu/amar-akbar-anthony|title=Amar Akbar Anthony|last=Lutgendorf|first=Philip|author-link=Philip Lutgendorf|date=2014|website=Indian cinema|publisher=[[University of Iowa]]|access-date=6 August 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627002402/http://www.uiowa.edu/~incinema/AmarAkbarAnthony.html|archive-date=27 June 2013}}</ref> Similarly, [[Vijay Mishra]] (2013) argues that the film reaffirmed India's "liberal ethos."
<ref>{{cite book|last=Mishra|first=Vijay|title=Bollywood cinema: Temples of desire|publisher=[[Routledge]]|date=2013|page=203|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e_8OtRb2cggC&pg=PA203|isbn=978-1-135-31099-8}}</ref> The three religions represented by the titular characters are the "pillars of the nation:" when they work together, they can restore life to their mother (represented when they donate blood during the opening title sequence) and beat any evil (symbolised by their common villain).<ref name="Damsteegt2003">{{cite book|editor-last=Damsteegt|editor-first=Theo|title=Heroes and heritage: The protagonist in Indian literature and film|publisher=[[Leiden University]]|date=2003|page=217|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tLPZAAAAMAAJ|isbn=978-90-5789-090-1}}</ref> The characters' reunion with their parents completes the [[Nationalism|nationalistic]] [[allegory]],<ref name="Virdi2003" /><ref name="KavooriPunathambekar2008" /> suggesting that what was lost at independence can be regained.<ref name="Nochimson2011">{{cite book|last=Nochimson|first=Martha P.|title=World on film: An introduction|publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|John Wiley & Sons]]|date=23 September 2011|page=266|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c3Kn7dsGGA0C&pg=PA266 |isbn=978-1-4443-5833-9}}</ref>

The film's masala style is evident in its plot and characters. According to Varia (2013), ''Amar Akbar Anthony'' was conceived as a tragedy but later incorporated many other genres.<ref>{{cite book|last=Varia|first=Kush|title=Bollywood: Gods, glamour, and gossip|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|date=2013|page=34|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DAtnAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA34|isbn=978-0-231-50260-3}}</ref> Dickson (2016) commented that the film featured a plot that was so complex that it would "give even [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]] migraines."<ref>{{cite book|last=Dickson|first=Andrew|title=Worlds elsewhere: Journeys around Shakespeare's globe|publisher=[[Henry Holt and Company]]|date=2016|page=200|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RdaLCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA200|isbn=978-0-8050-9735-1|access-date=12 December 2019|archive-date=31 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831171005/https://books.google.com/books?id=RdaLCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA200|url-status=live}}</ref> Some authors also highlight the archetypal character of the suffering and self-sacrificing mother (Roy).<ref name="Breckenridge1995">{{cite book|editor-last=Breckenridge|editor-first=Carol A.|editor-link=Carol Breckenridge|title=Consuming modernity: Public culture in a South Asian world|publisher=[[University of Minnesota Press]]|date=1995|page=166|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t6Wbnd7XgbIC&pg=PA166|isbn=978-0-8166-2305-1}}</ref> However, [[Dinesh Raheja]] concludes that "ultimately, the show belongs to Amitabh Bachchan. In a tailor-made role, he has the audience in stitches. Despite his playing an implausible character, one quickly surrenders one's reservations in favour of a rollicking romp."<ref>{{cite web |last=Raheja |first=Dinesh |author-link=Dinesh Raheja |date=22 March 2003 |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/dinesh/20030322.htm |title=Amar Akbar Anthony: Whoop-it-up fun! |website=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=3 February 2018 |archive-date=24 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724231921/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/dinesh/20030322.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Amar Akbar Anthony
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Laxmikant-Pyarelal]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 7 January 1977
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature Film Soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Universal Music India]]
| producer = Manmohan Desai
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

''Amar Akbar Anthony''{{'}}s soundtrack was composed by [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal|Laxmikant-Pyarelal]], with lyrics penned by [[Anand Bakshi]]. It proved as popular and successful as the film itself.{{Citation needed|reason=Measure for determining the soundtrack's popularity and success is not given|date=November 2020}} The vinyl record, released on [[Polydor Records|Polydor]], was the first LP that was coloured pink.{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}}

Some of the biggest names in the Indian music industry of the time provided vocals for the songs:
* [[Kishore Kumar]] for [[Amitabh Bachchan]]
* [[Mukesh]] and [[Mahendra Kapoor]] for [[Vinod Khanna]]
* [[Mohammed Rafi]] and [[Shailendra Singh]] for [[Rishi Kapoor]]
* [[Lata Mangeshkar]] for [[Parveen Babi]], [[Neetu Singh]], and [[Shabana Azmi]]

The song "Humko Tumse Ho Gaya Hai Pyar" is notable for bringing Mukesh, Kumar, Rafi and Mangeshkar together for the first and only occasion in their careers.<ref name="ndtv" /> The film also features a comical ''[[filmi qawwali]]'' entitled "Parda Hai Parda" sung by Rafi,<ref name="Morcom2007">{{cite book|last=Morcom|first=Anna|title=Hindi film songs and the cinema|publisher=[[Ashgate Publishing]]|date=1 January 2007|page=82|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kfVdxiSm-aYC&pg=PA82|isbn=978-0-7546-5198-7|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323000656/https://books.google.com/books?id=kfVdxiSm-aYC&pg=PA82&hl=en|archive-date=23 March 2016}}</ref> with a single line (for Bachchan) supplied by an uncredited [[Amit Kumar]] (Kishore Kumar's son).<ref name="Diptakirti Chaudhuri 2021">Diptakirti Chaudhuri, "Bollygeek: The Crazy Trivia Guide to Bollywood", Hachette India, 2021.</ref>

{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| headline = Original tracklist<ref name=itunes>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/amar-akbar-anthony-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/387361196|title=Amar Akbar Anthony (Original motion picture soundtrack)|date=January 1981|publisher=[[Apple Inc.]]|access-date=3 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131030239/https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/amar-akbar-anthony-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/387361196|archive-date=31 January 2018}}</ref><ref name=imdb>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0075669/soundtrack|title=Amar, Akbar, and Anthony soundtrack credits|publisher=[[IMDb]]|access-date=3 November 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104074808/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0075669/soundtrack |archive-date=4 November 2014}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title7 = Ye Sach Hai Koi Kahani Nahin
| extra7 = Mohammed Rafi
| length7 = 2:22
| title2 = Amar Akbar Anthony
| extra2 = Kishore Kumar, [[Mahendra Kapoor]], [[Shailendra Singh (singer)|Shailendra Singh]]
| length2 = 5:52
| title3 = Humko Tumse Ho Gaya Hai Pyar
| extra3 = Kishore Kumar, [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]], [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
| length3 = 7:33
| title4 = Taiyabali Pyar Ka Dushman
| extra4 = Mohammed Rafi
| length4 = 4:40
| title5 = [[Parda Hai Parda (song)|Parda Hai Parda]] (Raga Darbari)
| extra5 = Mohammed Rafi, [[Amit Kumar]]
| length5 = 7:59
| title6 = Shirdi Wale Sai Baba (Raga Bilawal)
| extra6 = Mohammed Rafi
| length6 = 5:52
| title1 = [[My Name Is Anthony Gonsalves (song)|My Name Is Anthony Gonsalves]]
| extra1 = [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Amitabh Bachchan]], uncredited female voice
| title8 =
| length8 =
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==Release==
The [[The Emergency (India)|Emergency Period]] delayed the release of several of [[Manmohan Desai]]'s films. As a result, four of Desai's films, ''[[Dharam Veer (film)|Dharam Veer]]'', ''[[Chacha Bhatija]]'', ''[[Parvarish (1977 film)|Parvarish]],'' and ''Amar Akbar Anthony'', were released in 1977.<ref name="nytimes">{{cite news|last=Whitener|first=Brian|title=Amar Akbar Anthony|url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/146552/Amar-Akbar-Anthony/overview|access-date=6 August 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071113014125/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/146552/Amar-Akbar-Anthony/overview|department=Movies & TV Dept.|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2007|archive-date=13 November 2007}}</ref><ref name="Ganti2013">{{cite book|last=Ganti|first=Tejaswini|title=Bollywood: A guidebook to popular Hindi cinema|publisher=[[Routledge]]|date=5 March 2013|page=223|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Elj3r-nAOFwC&pg=PA223|isbn=978-0-415-58384-8}}</ref> Incidentally, all of these would be amongst the top-grossing films of the year.<ref name=box/>

===Marketing===
For the film's marketing, [[eraser]]s with the images of Vinod Khanna, Rishi Kapoor, and Amitabh Bachchan were sold to students.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.filmfare.com/features/100-filmfare-days-49-amar-akbar-anthony-6373-1.html|title=100 Filmfare Days: 49- Amar Akbar Anthony|date=10 June 2014|website=[[Filmfare]]|access-date=3 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201133749/https://m.filmfare.com/features/100-filmfare-days-49-amar-akbar-anthony-6373-1.html|archive-date=1 February 2018}}</ref> Posters, postcards, and song booklets of the film were sold in shops.{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}} Colourful vests and metal crosses that were similar to the ones worn by Bachchan in the film achieved popularity.{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}}

==Reception==
The film grossed {{INRConvert|155|m|year=1977|mode=historical}} at the Indian box office and was the highest-grossing Bollywood film at the [[List of Bollywood films of 1977|Indian Box Office for the year 1977]].<ref name=box>{{cite web|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=183&catName=MTk3Nw==|title=Box office 1977|date=2011|website=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=6 August 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012163829/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=183&catName=MTk3Nw%3D%3D|archive-date=12 October 2012}}</ref> It has since been regarded as one of the most iconic films of Indian cinema.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/bQ0uThQTjybnvoYe13twlJ/70-iconic-films-of-Indian-cinema.html|title=70 iconic films of Indian cinema|date=18 August 2017|website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|access-date=3 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026163502/http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/bQ0uThQTjybnvoYe13twlJ/70-iconic-films-of-Indian-cinema.html|archive-date=26 October 2017}}</ref>

Adjusted for inflation, the film has grossed approximately {{INR}}423 crores ($51 million) as of 2023.

==Accolades==
In 2023, [[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]] ranked it #10 on its list of the "100 Best Bollywood Movies."<ref name="best">{{cite web |date=7 February 2023 |title=The 100 best Bollywood movies |url=https://www.timeout.com/film/the-100-best-bollywood-movies-the-list |access-date=28 November 2023 |work=[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]]}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! Award
! Category
! Recipients and nominees
! Results
|-
| rowspan="7" | [[25th Filmfare Awards]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| [[Amitabh Bachchan]]
| rowspan="3" {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]
| Kamlakar Karkhanis
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Manmohan Desai]]
| rowspan="4" {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
| [[Anand Bakshi]] for "Parda Hai Parda"
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
| [[Mohammed Rafi]] for "Parda Hai Parda"
|}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|last=Booth|first=Gregory D.|title=Behind the curtain: Making music in Mumbai's film studios|url=https://archive.org/details/behindcurtainmak00boot|url-access=registration |year= 2008|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-971665-4|ref=Bo}}
* {{cite book|last1=Elison|first1=William|first2=Christian Lee|last2=Novetzke|first3=Andy|last3=Rotman|title=Amar Akbar Anthony: Bollywood, brotherhood, and the nation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ypUCwAAQBAJ|year= 2016|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|isbn=9780674504486}}
* {{cite book|last=Haham|first=Connie|title=Enchantment of the mind: Manmohan Desai's films|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffVkAAAAMAAJ|year= 2006|publisher=[[Roli Books]]|isbn=978-81-7436-431-9}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last=Bhatia|first=Sidharth|title=Amar Akbar Anthony: Masala, madness, and Manmohan Desai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VwKNAgAAQBAJ|publisher=[[HarperCollins India|HarperCollins Publishers India]]|date=2013|isbn=978-8172239350}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0075669|title=Amar Akbar Anthony}}

{{Manmohan Desai}}

[[Category:1977 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1977 Indian films]]
[[Category:1970s masala films]]
[[Category:1977 films]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Manmohan Desai]]
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Secularism in India]]

Loni Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:29:58Z

GuillermoFenster: added first data more to come

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Loni
| type = SLA
| map_image = 53-Loni.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Ghaziabad district|Ghaziabad]]
| division = [[Meerut division|Meerut]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Ghaziabad Lok Sabha constituency|Ghaziabad]]
| constituency_no = 53
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| abolished =
| mla = [[Nand Kishor Gurjar]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| electors = 4,38,670 (2022)
}}

'''Loni Assembly constituency''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Ghaziabad district, India|Ghaziabad]] district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Ghaziabad Lok Sabha constituency]]. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 2012 after the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008" was passed and the constituency was constituted in 2008.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{Cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date=15 Oct 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{Cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=15 Oct 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency">{{Cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=15 Oct 2015|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/loni.html}}</ref>

== Wards / Areas ==

Extent of Loni Assembly constituency is PCs Agraula, Lutfullapur Nawada, Badshahpur Sirauli, Aurangabad Ristal, Shakalpura, Behta Hajipur, Pachaira, Chirori, Ganouli, Pavisadakpur, Meerpur Hindu, Asalatpur (Farookh Nagar), Sirora Salempur, Loni, Banthla, Mandaula, Nistauli, Sharfuddinpur Jawali of Loni KC, Rampark Extn. Ilayachipur 0 km distance from Delhi, Tronica City (Trans Delhi signature City) Upsidc & Loni NP of Ghaziabad Tehsil.<ref name=" Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 "/>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Loni Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/loni.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''Till 2012 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Zakir Ali]]
| style="background-color: {{Party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Nand Kishor Gurjar]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Loni<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Nand Kishor Gurjar]]
|votes = {{formatnum:127410}}
|percentage = 40.44
|change = -0.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = [[Madan Bhaiya]]
|votes = {{formatnum:118734}}
|percentage = 37.68
|change = +22.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ranjita Dhama
|votes = {{formatnum:27289}}
|percentage = 8.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Haji Akil Chaudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:25717}}
|percentage = 8.16
|change = -17.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Dr Sachin Kumar Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:6324}}
|percentage = 2.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|candidate = Dr Mehtab Ali
|votes = {{formatnum:3214}}
|percentage = 1.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1565}}
|percentage = 0.5
|change = -0.11
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:8676}}
|percentage = 2.76
|change = -12.83
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:315095}}
|percentage = 61.41
|change = +1.29
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = BJP
|swing = -1%
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Loni<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Nand Kishor Gurjar]]
|votes = {{formatnum:113088}}
|percentage = 41.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Zakir Ali]]
|votes = {{formatnum:70275}}
|percentage = 25.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = [[Madan Bhaiya]]
|votes = {{formatnum:42539}}
|percentage = 15.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Rashid Malik
|votes = {{formatnum:42302}}
|percentage = 15.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Amit Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:3808}}
|percentage = 1.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1663}}
|percentage = 0.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:42813}}
|percentage = 15.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:274555}}
|percentage = 60.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Loni}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Zakir Ali]]
|votes = 89,603
|percentage = 41.52
|change = -
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = [[Madan Bhaiya]]
|votes = 64,355
|percentage = 29.82
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Vinod Singh Bansal]]
|votes = 48,319
|percentage = 22.39
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Aulad Ali
|votes = 6,666
|percentage = 3.09
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate = Dr Habibur Rahman Khan
|votes = 1,863
|percentage = 0.86
|change = -
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 25,248
|percentage = 11.7
|change = -
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,15,801
|percentage = 60.19
|change = -
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==

* [[Ghaziabad district]]
* [[Ghaziabad Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
* [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Ghaziabad district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Ajit Singh (politician, died 2004)

2026-04-18T20:06:37Z

GuillermoFenster: new bio

{{Short description|Indian politician from Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Ajeet Singh
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| title = Member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
| predecessor =
| successor = Ranjit Singh
| term_start = 1997
| term_end = 2004
| birth_date = {{birth date|1964|9|4}}
| birth_place = [[Unnao]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.
| death_date = {{death date and age|2004|9|4|1964|9|4}}
| death_place = [[Unnao]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| spouse = Shakun Singh<ref>{{cite news |title=Gangsters' Kin Manage Win In Panchayat Polls |url=https://news.abplive.com/states/up-uk/gangsters-kin-manage-win-in-panchayat-polls-1457108 |publisher=[[ABP News]] |date=6 May 2021}}</ref>
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]] [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| children = 3
}}
'''Ajit Singh''' (died September 4, 2004) was an Indian politician affiliated with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He served as a Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]] twice.<ref>{{cite news |title=Police raids BJP MLC's house |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/police-raids-bjp-mlcs-house/articleshow/34808436.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=January 19, 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Murder heat piles on Mulayam crown |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/murder-heat-piles-on-mulayam-crown/cid/714992 |publisher=[[Telegraph India]] |date=September 5, 2004}}</ref>

Ajit Singh came into the limelight in the late 1990s. His wife is currently zila panchayat adhyaksh from Unnao .<ref name=D>{{cite news |title=MLC's murder jolts UP peace, Mulayam |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/mlcs-murder-jolts-up-peace-mulayam/articleshow/840359.cms?from=mdr |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=September 6, 2004}}</ref> He was inducted into the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] by [[Rajnath Singh]].<ref name=D/>

He was affiliated with the [[Samajwadi Party]] and the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He served as a Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]] twice.<ref>{{cite news |date=19 January 2003 |title=Police raids BJP MLC's house |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/police-raids-bjp-mlcs-house/articleshow/34808436.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=5 September 2004 |title=Murder heat piles on Mulayam crown |publisher=[[Telegraph India]] |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/murder-heat-piles-on-mulayam-crown/cid/714992}}</ref>

== Death ==
He was shot dead on 4 September 2004,<ref name=b>{{cite news |title=SP MLC Ajit Singh shot dead |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sp-mlc-ajit-singh-shot-dead/articleshow/839646.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=5 September 2004}}</ref> by five men allegedly led by [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] [[Akhilesh Kumar Singh]] at a hotel in [[Unnao]], where he was celebrating his birthday. A [[First information report]] (FIR)<ref name="A">{{cite news |date=6 September 2004 |title=MLC's murder jolts UP peace, Mulayam |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/mlcs-murder-jolts-up-peace-mulayam/articleshow/840359.cms?from=mdr}}</ref> was registered against Akhilesh Singh, who was then close to the Samajwadi, Ramesh Kalia, a BJP leader, and three others.<ref>{{cite news |title=UP Govt orders inquiry into MLC Ajit Singh's murder |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/i-took-jupiters-picture-30-years-ago-james-webb-captures-its-aurora-now/articleshow/93806837.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=7 September 2004}}</ref> Akhilesh was the prime suspect in the murder case, but his role was not established.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Rohit K. |title=Sons, daughter of strongmen tread on development path |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/sons-daughter-of-strongmen-tread-on-development-path/story-wYFWlyGUzdfa9Ao9KHJREP.html |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=10 February 2017}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Ajit}}
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Members of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian politicians assassinated in the 21st century]]
[[Category:People murdered in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Asian politicians assassinated in the 2000s]]
[[Category:Politicians assassinated in 2004]]
[[Category:1964 births]]

2024–25 Punjab State Super League

2026-04-18T09:16:25Z

GuillermoFenster: new new details - done

{{notability|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox football league season
| competition = [[Punjab State Super League]]
| season = 2024–25
| dates = 25 July 2024 — 1 April 2025
| winners = [[Namdhari FC]]
| promoted = International FC
| relegated = CRPF FC Doaba United [[JCT FC|JCT FA]] Kehar SC
| matches = 132
| total goals =
| league topscorer =
| biggest home win =
| biggest away win =
| highest scoring =
| longest wins =
| longest unbeaten =
| longest winless =
| longest losses =
| prevseason = [[2023-24 Punjab State Super League|2023–24]]
| nextseason = [[2025–26 Punjab State Super League|2025–26]]
| updated =
}}

The '''2024–25 Punjab State Super League''' is the 38th edition of the [[Punjab State Super League]], the fifth-tier league in the Indian football system, and [[Punjab]]'s top-tier football league. Namdhari FC are the current defending champions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Namdhari Sports |date=13 December 2023 |title=Punjab State Super League 🥇 Winner 🥇 🏆 2023-24 |url=https://www.facebook.com/share/p/Cy7rXeoS6a9e3ojB/ |website=Facebook}}</ref> This edition will see 12 teams compete for the title, down from the 15 teams which competed last season.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Away End |date=18 December 2023 |title=37th Punjab State Super Football League 2023-24 concluded on December 10. @namdharisports are the Champions! Congratulations! |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/C0-9REzs_gi/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link&igsh=MzRlODBiNWFlZA== |website=Instagram}}</ref>

==Teams==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Team
!Location
|-
|[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|BSF FC]]
|[[Jalandhar]]
|-
|[[Central Reserve Police Force Sporting Club|CRPF FC]]
|[[Jalandhar]]
|-
|[[Dalbir Football Academy|Dalbir FA]]
|[[Patiala]]
|-
|Doaba United
|[[Adampur]]
|-
|International FC
|[[Phagwara]]
|-
|[[JCT FC]]
|[[Phagwara]]
|-
|Kehar SC
|[[Jalandhar]]
|-
|[[Namdhari FC]]
|[[Sri Bhaini Sahib]]
|-
|Olympian Jarnail FA
|[[Garhshankar]]
|-
|[[Punjab FC Reserves and Academy|Punjab FC]]
|[[Mohali]]
|-
|[[Punjab Police FC]]
|[[Jalandhar]]
|-
|Young FC
|[[Mahilpur]]
|}

== Regular season ==
=== League table ===
<onlyinclude>
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=football
|update=complete
|source=[https://theawayend.co/punjab-state-super-football-league// The Away End]


|team2=PFC
|team3=INT
|team1=NFC
|team4=DFA
|team5=PPF
|team6=YFC
|team7=OJF
|team8=BSF
|team9=KSC
|team10=CRP
|team11=DUA
|team12=JCT


|result1=C
|result9=R
|result10=R
|result11=R
|result12=R



|win_INT = 12 | draw_INT = 3| loss_INT = 7 | gf_INT = 38| ga_INT = 25 
|win_NFC = 13 | draw_NFC = 5| loss_NFC = 4 | gf_NFC = 43| ga_NFC = 25 
|win_PPF = 10 | draw_PPF = 6| loss_PPF = 6 | gf_PPF = 32| ga_PPF = 28 
|win_YFC = 10 | draw_YFC = 5| loss_YFC = 7 | gf_YFC = 28| ga_YFC = 23 
|win_OJF = 9 | draw_OJF = 4| loss_OJF = 9 | gf_OJF = 37| ga_OJF = 36 
|win_DFA = 11 | draw_DFA = 5| loss_DFA = 6 | gf_DFA = 30| ga_DFA = 22 
|win_KSC = 7 | draw_KSC = 8| loss_KSC = 7 | gf_KSC = 25| ga_KSC = 27 
|win_PFC = 12 | draw_PFC = 4| loss_PFC = 6 | gf_PFC = 38| ga_PFC = 21 
|win_CRP = 5 | draw_CRP = 5| loss_CRP = 12| gf_CRP = 20| ga_CRP = 39 
|win_BSF = 8 | draw_BSF = 5| loss_BSF = 9 | gf_BSF = 30| ga_BSF = 31 
|win_DUA = 3 | draw_DUA = 4| loss_DUA = 15| gf_DUA = 17| ga_DUA = 38 
|win_JCT = 3 | draw_JCT = 4| loss_JCT = 15| gf_JCT = 26| ga_JCT = 49 

|status_NFC = C
|status_KSC = R
|status_CRP = R
|status_DUA = R
|status_JCT = R


|name_INT = International FC
|name_NFC = [[Namdhari FC]][[I-League|IL]]
|name_PPF = [[Punjab Police FC]]
|name_YFC = Young FC
|name_OJF = Olympian Jarnail FA
|name_DFA = [[Dalbir Football Academy]]
|name_KSC = Kehar SC
|name_PFC = [[Punjab FC Reserves and Academy|Punjab FC]][[Indian Super League|ISL]]
|name_CRP = [[Central Reserve Police Force Sporting Club|CRPF FC]]
|name_BSF = [[Border Security Force Sporting Club|BSF FC]]
|name_DUA = Doaba United FC
|name_JCT = [[JCT FC|JCT Academy]]

|show_limit=5
|class_rules = 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored
|res_col_header=QR
|col_C=green1 |text_C=Champions
|col_R=red1|text_R=Relegation to Punjab State Second Division}}
</onlyinclude>

International FC qualified for [[2025–26 I-League 3]] being the highest positioned team not currently playing in a national division.

== See also ==
* '''Men'''
** [[2024–25 Indian Super League]] (Tier I)
** [[2024–25 I-League]] (Tier II)
** [[2024–25 I-League 2]] (Tier III)
** [[2024–25 I-League 3]] (Tier IV)
** [[2024–25 Indian State Leagues]] (Tier V)
** [[Indian Super Cup|2025 Super Cup]]
** [[2024 Durand Cup]]

* '''Women'''
**[[2024–25 Indian Women's League]]
**[[2024–25 Indian Women's League 2]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{I-League 3}}
{{Indian football league seasons}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:2024-25 I-League 3}}

[[Category:I-League 3 seasons]]
[[Category:2024–25 in Indian football leagues]]

Mogambo (character)

2026-04-10T13:42:31Z

GuillermoFenster: added the pg w/ infobox

{{Short description|Fictional character}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox character
| name = Mogambo
| franchise = Mr. India
| first_major = Mr. India
| first_date = (1987)
| creator = [[Shekhar Kapur]]
| portrayer = [[Amrish Puri]]
| gender = Male
}}

'''Mogambo''' is a [[supervillain]] and the primary antagonist in the 1987 Indian science-fiction film [[Mr. India (1987 film)|''Mr. India'']], directed by [[Shekhar Kapur]]. Portrayed by [[Amrish Puri]], Mogambo is considered an iconic villain in Indian cinema, known for his distinctive appearance and the catchphrase "''Mogambo khush hua''" ("Mogambo is pleased").

==Overview==

Mogambo is a megalomaniacal dictator and eccentric retired army general who seeks to conquer India. Operating from a secret island lair equipped with advanced technology, including missiles and a den with acid tanks, he plots to destabilize the country through terrorism and chaos. His ultimate, albeit illogical, goal hinges on evicting orphans from a Mumbai orphanage, tying his schemes to the film’s protagonists.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=Shekhar Kapur shares his brief to Amrish Puri for playing Mogambo |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/shekhar-kapur-shares-his-brief-to-amrish-puri-for-playing-mogambo-a-shakespearean-character-in-a-village-nautanki/story-wRXDWMjbzf0jq4cgapxIvN.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=12 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

==Development==

Created by writers [[Salim Khan]] and [[Javed Akhtar]], the character of Mogambo was inspired by the 1953 Hollywood film ''[[Mogambo]]''. According to director Shekhar Kapur, the film adopted a comic-book tone, and Mogambo was written to match that exaggerated style. Director [[Shekhar Kapur]] described him as a "Shakespearean character in a village nautanki," someone who combined menace with theatrical flair—both fearsome and oddly charismatic.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-22 |title=When Amrish Puri almost refused Mr India, was cast as Mogambo after 60% of the film was shot: ‘Ab inko yaad aayi’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/amrish-puri-refused-mr-india-mogambo-cast-after-half-film-shot-7982199/ |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Javed Akhtar reportedly shaped Mogambo with the intention of creating a mythic and larger-than-life antagonist rather than a conventional realistic villain. Unlike earlier Salim–Javed villains such as [[Gabbar Singh (character)|Gabbar Singh]], Mogambo was designed to be menacing through presence and dialogue, with limited direct on-screen violence. The character’s line "Mogambo khush hua" was conceived as a signature catchphrase symbolizing the villain’s authority and egotism. Kapur initially considered reducing its repetition, but Akhtar insisted it would gain cultural significance.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaudhuri |first=Diptakirti |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Written_by_Salim_Javed.html?id=Cri9CgAAQBAJ#v=onepage&q=mogambo&f=false |title=Written by Salim-Javed: The Story of Hindi Cinema’s Greatest Screenwriters |date=2015-10-01 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-5214-008-4 |language=en}}</ref>

When it came to casting, the makers wanted a new villain who could become as iconic as [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]]’s [[Gabbar Singh (character)|Gabbar Singh]] in ''[[Sholay]]'' or [[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]]’s Shakaal in ''Shaan''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Boney Kapoor Remembers Mogambo on Amrish Puri’s Birth Anniversary {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/boney-kapoor-remembers-mogambo-on-amrish-puris-birth-anniversary-41700.html |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=Filmfare |language=en}}</ref> Auditions were held for nearly two months, and several well-known actors known for playing villains also approached the team. Initially, [[Anupam Kher]] was considered but he turned down the role.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-11-06 |title=Did you know Amrish Puri wasn’t the first choice for Mogambo’s role in ‘Mr. India’? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/did-you-know-amrish-puri-wasnt-the-first-choice-for-mogambos-role-in-mr-india/articleshow/79081440.cms |access-date=2025-09-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> With more than 60% of the film already shot, producer [[Boney Kapoor]], writer Javed Akhtar, and director Shekhar Kapur eventually agreed that no one could play Mogambo better than [[Amrish Puri]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-01-12 |title=When Amrish Puri Spoke About Playing Mogambo In Mr India, Calling It 'Larger Than Life' Character |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/when-amrish-puri-spoke-about-playing-mogambo-in-mr-india-calling-it-larger-than-life-character-article-117179427 |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

Puri was deeply involved in shaping the character. He got a detailed sketch made of Mogambo's appearance, complete with wig, costume, and accessories. Producer Boney Kapoor promised tailor Madhav double the fee if he could bring that sketch to life. Madhav, who originally charged ₹10,000, ended up being paid ₹20,000 for delivering the exact look. "He was so excited that he worked on his look with Madhav tailor and his make-up man Govind. While the dialogues and punchlines were written by Javed sahab, his look added the chaar chaand to Mogambo's personality. I give all the credit to him for that look and the way he played Mogambo. The rest, as they say, is history," Kapoor later recalled.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2020-06-22 |title=Boney Kapoor remembers 'Mogambo' Amrish Puri on his 88th birth anniversary 88 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/boney-kapoor-remembers-mogambo-amrish-puri-88th-birth-anniversary/ |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref>

In an old interview, Amrish Puri himself said of the role: "Mogambo went beyond expectations. Shekhar Kapur wanted a comic-book villain, not a scary one. Playing a bad man children loved was great fun—Mogambo was grand, but never frightening."<ref name=":1" />

==Legacy==
The success of ''[[Mr. India (1987 film)|Mr. India]]'' made Mogambo a cult figure, cementing Puri's place in Indian cinema. Following this, he went on to act in several major [[Cinema of South India|South Indian films]]. He soon became one of the highest-paid villains in Indian cinema, remembered for his baritone voice, commanding presence, and unforgettable performances.<ref name=":2" />

His catchphrase, "''Mogambo khush hua''," entered Bollywood’s lexicon, becoming a pop-culture reference. The character is often ranked alongside ''[[Sholay]]''<nowiki/>'s [[Gabbar Singh (character)|Gabbar Singh]] as one of Indian cinema’s greatest villains, with Puri reportedly earning ₹1 crore for the role, making him the highest-paid villain actor of his time.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-19 |title=Antagonists who overshadowed the protagonists in Bollywood |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/antagonists-who-overshadowed-the-protagonists-in-bollywood/photostory/63799583.cms |access-date=2025-05-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

''[[The Times of India]]'' described him "a theatrical villain both terrifying and oddly beloved."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-16 |title=Iconic Bollywood villains we can’t forget |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/iconic-bollywood-villains-we-cant-forget/photostory/120316754.cms |access-date=2025-10-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}
[[Category:Indian film characters]]
[[Category:Male characters in film]]
[[Category:Film characters introduced in 1987]]
[[Category:Fictional characters from the 20th century]]
[[Category:Male film villains]]
[[Category:Fictional criminals]]
[[Category:Superhero film characters]]
[[Category:Science fiction film characters]]
[[Category:Action film villains]]
[[Category:Male supervillains]]
[[Category:Film supervillains]]
[[Category:Indian supervillains]]

Idiots (2012 film)

2026-04-09T23:52:48Z

GuillermoFenster: added new stub

{{Distinguish|Idiot (disambiguation){{!}}Idiot (film)|The Idiots (disambiguation){{!}}The Idiots (film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Idiots
| image =
| alt = 
| caption =
| director = K.S.Bava
| story = [[Sangeeth Sivan]]
| producer = T. P. Agarwal Sangeeth Sivan
| starring = [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]] [[Sanusha]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| music = Nandu Kartha
| studio = Capital Films [[Sangeeth Sivan|Sangeeth Sivan Productions]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|11|30}}
| runtime = 120 min
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Idiots''''' is a 2012 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film, the debut of director K S Bava. The film stars [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]] and [[Sanusha]], and was co-produced by prominent filmmaker [[Sangeeth Sivan]].

==Plot==
A rich heiress hires a killer Beeran to kill her to put the blame on her boyfriend for cheating her. Beeran hires Freddy a juice stall vendor to do the same. At the same time a thief and a small time footballer enters the house to steal but leaves empty handed after the heiress finds him. Freddy reaches the heiress's house and plans to kill her by poisoning her.

But the thief reaches the flat at the same time to erase his fingerprints from the tables and chairs so that even if the heiress dies, he won't be blamed. But all the three feel that if the heiress wants to die without pain she has to go out. So they all go near a bridge. But during a fight between the thief and Freddy, the heiress accidentally falls from the bridge. When she regains her consciousness she finds the thief along with her and realizes that she hasn't died. She starts calling the thief as 'Messi.' They go in search of Freddy. Along their journey, they grow closer and slowly fall in love. But the heiress after a small fight with Messi stands in a bus stop which unknown to both of them was the stop for prostitutes. The heiress is arrested under prostitution charges but Messi bails her out. They go to a roadside stall and eat their food when the heiress asks Messi about travelling in the ambulance parked in front of them, which Messi refuses. The heiress reveals the name of her perfume to Messi which he had been asking a lot about after she sees his care and love towards her if she goes missing. Thus she falls in love with Messi and they confess it.

They go meet the heiress's cheater boyfriend and with the encouragement from Messi, the heiress slaps him. Then the movie moves to Beeran's part, where they kidnap the heiress and Messi and Freddy together rescue the heiress. The movie ends with the heiress calling Messi, to which he replies his name is not Messi. However the name of the thief is not audible and thus the movie ends..

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]] as the Thief and a footballer whom the heiress calls as 'Messi'
* [[Sanusha]] as the Rich heiress
* [[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]] as Freddy
* [[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]] as Beeran
* [[Sunil Sukhada]] as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Murugan
* [[Praveen Prem]] as Mani
* [[Kalabhavan Haneef]]
* Vinod Kedamangalam
* Binoy
* [[Dileesh Nair]]
* [[Vishnu Nandan]]
* [[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]]
* [[Alex Mathew]]
}}

==Reception==
The film received positive reviews upon release. Sreenath Nair of ''[[The Hindu]]'' was critical about the film, especially the script, camera and direction. In his review, he comments, "Good art seldom allows the viewer digressions. But, if one starts relishing the taste of popcorn and coffee more than anything during a movie, the work is not riveting. ''Idiots'', K.S. Bava's directorial debut, gives one ample opportunities for such culinary digressions."<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/loose-script-leaves-viewers-weary/article4132975.ece "Loose script leaves viewers weary"]</ref> Paresh C Palicha of [[Rediff.com]] rated the film 1.5|5 and concluded his review saying, "''Idiots'' is a film that you would like to forget as soon as you get out of the theatre. ''Idiots'' lives up to its name."<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-idiots/20121126.htm "Review: Idiots is idiotic"]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|2622956|Idiots}}

[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2012 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2012 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2012 directorial debut films]]

Rangasamudra

2026-04-05T06:24:56Z

GuillermoFenster: adding

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rangasamudra
| image = Rangasamudra.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = Rajkumar Aski
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Hoysala Konanur
| starring = [[Rangayana Raghu]] [[Raghavendra Rajkumar]] [[Sampath Raj]] Skanda Tejas Karthik Rao Divya Gowda
| narrator =
| cinematography = R. Giri
| editing = [[Srikanth Gowda|Srikanth]]
| music = Desi Mohan
| studio = Hoysala Creations
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|1|19}}
| runtime = 132 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Rangasamudra''''' ({{translation|Ocean of Stage}})
is a 2024 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[family film|family]] [[action drama]] film directed by Rajkumar Aski and starring [[Rangayana Raghu]], [[Raghavendra Rajkumar]], [[Sampath Raj]], Skanda Tejas, Karthik Rao and Divya Gowda. The film was released on 19 January 2024 to mixed reviews.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Rangayana Raghu]] as Channappa
*[[Raghavendra Rajkumar]] as Philanthropist
*[[Sampath Raj]] as Money lender
*Skanda Tejas as Goobe a.k.a. Mahalinga
*Karthik Rao as Kannada teacher
*Divya Gowda as English teacher
*Mohan Juneja
*Mugur Suresh
*Ugram Manju
*Kokila
*Daniel J. Kiran
*Mimicry Gopi
*Mahendra
*Pratham
*Preetham
* Mallu
*Sadananda
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by Desi Mohan and lyrics were written by Vaghesh Channagiri.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rangasamudra (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) Songs: Rangasamudra (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) MP3 Kannada Songs by Desi Mohan Online Free on Gaana.com |url=https://gaana.com/album/rangasamudra-original-motion-picture-soundtrack |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |access-date=9 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sudeep-launches-rangasamudra-first-look-poster/articleshow/73491061.cms|title=Sudeep launches 'Rangasamudra' first look poster|date=21 January 2020|work=The Times of India|access-date=9 February 2024|archive-date=11 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111134529/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sudeep-launches-rangasamudra-first-look-poster/articleshow/73491061.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The soundtrack features a song "Hathurina Deepa" sung by [[M. M. Keeravani]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/oscar-winning-composer-mm-keeravani-sings-an-emotional-number-for-kannada-film-rangasamudra/|title=Oscar-winning composer MM Keeravani sings an emotional number for Kannada film 'Rangasamudra'|first=South First|last=Desk|date=23 December 2023|website=The South First|access-date=9 February 2024|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223094905/https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/oscar-winning-composer-mm-keeravani-sings-an-emotional-number-for-kannada-film-rangasamudra/|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kailasa
| length1 = 4:16
| all_lyrics = Vagish Channagiri.
| extra1 = [[Kailash Kher]], Vagish Channagiri
| title2 = Hogatlaga
| length2 = 4:08
| extra2 = Desi Mohan
| title3 = Untu Eno Untu
| length3 = 4:14
| extra3 = [[Vijay Prakash]]
| title4 = Hathurina Deepa
| length4 = 4:35
| extra4 = [[M. M. Keeravani|M. M. Keeravaani]]
| title5 = Aa Aa Ee Ee
| length5 = 3:52
| extra5 = [[Sanjith Hegde]]
| total_length = 21:05
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film three out of five and wrote that "''Rangasamudra'' is recommended for a meaningful one-time watch".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/rangasamudra/movie-review/106996105.cms|title=Rangasamudra Movie Review : Rangasamudra movie review: A tale of resilience and a grandfather's dream|work=The Times of India|access-date=2024-02-09|archive-date=2024-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209101335/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/moviereviewajax.cms?msid=106040527|url-status=live}}</ref>

A critic from ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' rated the film {{Fraction|2|1|2}} out of 5 stars and wrote that "All in all, family audiences may find it worth their while".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/rangasamudra-movie-review-on-the-significance-of-being-educated/articleshow/107018812.cms|title=Rangasamudra Movie Review: On the significance of being educated|website=Bangalore Mirror|access-date=2024-02-09|archive-date=2024-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209101335/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/hanuman-movie-review-visual-treat/articleshowajax/106786874.cms?version=18&enforceseoatarticle=0&lastarticle=106582840&photocount=6&photoexclude=3|url-status=live}}</ref>

A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' gave the film the same rating and wrote that "A blend of family drama, revenge, and a dash of action, the film, despite its occasional shortcomings, manages to captivate, making it an engaging watch".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Jan/20/rangasamudra-movie-review-a-heartfelt-journey-between-a-grandfather-and-a-grandson|title='Rangasamudra' movie review: A heartfelt journey between a grandfather and a grandson|first=A.|last=Sharadhaa|date=20 January 2024|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=9 February 2024|archive-date=21 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121020620/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Jan/20/rangasamudra-movie-review-a-heartfelt-journey-between-a-grandfather-and-a-grandson|url-status=live}}</ref>

A critic from ''[[Times Now]]'' gave the film the same rating and wrote that "While the film tries to blend a heart-felt family drama and a revenge story with a splash of action, it fails to do so seamlessly. However, it's still a engaging watch".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/kannada/rangasamudra-review-rajkumar-askis-film-celebrates-sweet-bond-between-grandfather-grandson-review-106969596|title=Rangasamudra Review: Rajkumar Aski's Film Celebrates Sweet Bond Between Grandfather-Grandson|date=19 January 2024|website=TimesNow|access-date=9 February 2024|archive-date=19 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119051627/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/kannada/rangasamudra-review-rajkumar-askis-film-celebrates-sweet-bond-between-grandfather-grandson-review-106969596|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|30769191}}
[[Category:Indian family films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Kannada-language films]]

SMVD Katra–Srinagar Vande Bharat Express

2026-03-25T15:38:12Z

GuillermoFenster: new.

{{short description|Mini Vande Bharat Express train route in India}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Distinguish||text=[[Srinagar–SMVD Katra Vande Bharat Express]], India's 69th semi high-speed Mini Vande Bharat Express train}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = FF7220
| name = Jammu Tawi – SMVD Katra – Srinagar ''Vande Bharat Express''
| logo =
| logo_width =
| image = Srinagar vande Bharat.jpg
| image_width = 330px
| image_alt =
| alt =
| caption = Vande Bharat Express At [[Banihal railway station]]
| type = [[Vande Bharat Express]]
| locale = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| first = {{start date and age|June 06 2025|df=yes}} (Inaugural) {{start date and age|June 07 2025|df=yes}} (Commercial) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-06 |title=Katra - Srinagar Vande Bharat Express begins operations from June 7: Key details|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/katra-srinagar-vande-bharat-express-begins-operations-from-june-7-key-details-2736768-2025-06-06|access-date=2025-06-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
| last =
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railways (NR)]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra}} '''(SMVD)''' ''(Extension to Jammu Tawi)'' '''''(TBC)'''''
| stops = 2 3 (after extn to Jammu Tawi)
| end = {{stnlnk|Srinagar}} '''(SINA)'''
| distance = {{convert|189|km|0|abbr=on}} ''After Extn, {{convert|272|km|0|abbr=on}}''
| journeytime = 03 hrs
| frequency = Six days a week {{efn|Except Tuesdays}}
| trainnumber = 26401 / 26402
| line_used = [[Jammu–Baramulla line]]
| class = AC Chair Car, AC Executive Chair Car
| seating = {{Hlist|Airline style|Rotatable seats}}
| sleeping = No
| autorack =
| catering = On board Catering
| observation = Large windows in all coaches
| entertainment = {{Hlist|[[Wi-Fi|On-board WiFi]]|Infotainment System|[[AC power plugs and sockets: British and related types#Indian IS 1293|Electric outlets]]|Reading light|Seat Pockets|Bottle Holder|Tray Table}}
| baggage = Overhead racks
| otherfacilities = [[Kavach (train protection system)|Kavach]], [[Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning#Heating|Advanced heating systems]]
| stock = Specially-Designed [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|Mini Vande Bharat 2.0]]
| gauge = [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|Indian gauge]] {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| el =
| speed = {{cvt|63|km/h|0|abbr=on}} (Avg.)
| trainlength = {{convert|192|m|ft}} (08 coaches)
| owners = [[Indian Railways]]
| maintenance = '''''(TBC)'''''
| map = {{SMVD Katra – Srinagar VB Express Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| electrification = [[25 kV 50 Hz AC]] Overhead line
}}

The 26401/26402 '''Jammu Tawi – SMVD Katra – Srinagar Vande Bharat Express''' is India's 68th [[Vande Bharat Express|Vande Bharat Express train]], which connects the divine [[Vaishno Devi Temple]] in the Temple City of [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir|Katra]] with the summer capital city of [[Srinagar]] in the Union Territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir, India]].

This express train was inaugurated on June 6, 2025, by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] from [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir|Katra]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-06 |title=PM Modi flags off Vande Bharat train between Katra and Srinagar |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/video/pm-modi-flags-off-vande-bharat-train-between-katra-and-srinagar-2736687-2025-06-06 |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi Flags Off Two Vande Bharat Express Trains From Katra To Srinagar {{!}} Check Routes, Timings |url=https://www.news18.com/india/pm-modi-flags-off-vande-bharat-express-trains-from-katra-to-srinagar-routes-timings-fares-9371403.html |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tyagi |first=Vanshika |title=Katra to Srinagar in 3 hours: PM Modi flags off new Kashmir Vande Bharat express, know ticket prices, stoppages, timings and more |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-katra-to-srinagar-in-3-hours-pm-modi-flags-off-new-kashmir-vande-bharat-express-know-ticket-prices-stoppages-timings-and-more-3157253 |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thakur |first=Rajesh Kumar |date=2025-06-06 |title=PM Modi inaugurates Chenab arch railway bridge, flags off Katra-Srinagar Vande Bharat Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Jun/06/pm-modi-inaugurates-chenab-arch-railway-bridge-flags-off-katra-srinagar-vande-bharat-express |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-03 |title=PM Modi will inaugurate Vande Bharat train service from Katra to Srinagar on June 6 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jammu-and-kashmir/pm-modi-will-inaugurate-vande-bharat-train-service-from-katra-to-srinagar-on-june-6/article69653430.ece |access-date=2025-06-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | date=3 June 2025 |title=PM Modi to flag off Katra-Srinagar Vande Bharat service on June 6 |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/city/pm-modi-to-flag-off-katra-srinagar-vande-bharat-service-on-june-6-article-13090106.html |access-date=4 June 2025 |website=Moneycontrol}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-03 |title=PM Modi likely to launch Vande Bharat express to Srinagar on June 6 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/pm-modi-likely-to-launch-vande-bharat-express-to-srinagar-on-june-6-2734886-2025-06-03 |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thakur |first=Rajesh Kumar |date=2025-06-03 |title=PM Modi likely to flag off Vande Bharat train in Katra; his first J&K visit post Pahalgam terror attack |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Jun/03/pm-modi-likely-to-flag-off-vande-bharat-train-in-katra-his-first-jk-visit-post-pahalgam-terror-attack |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Overview ==
This specially designed train is currently operated by [[Indian Railways]], connecting [[Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra railway station|SMVD Katra]], [[Reasi railway station|Reasi]], [[Banihal railway station|Banihal]] and [[Srinagar railway station|Srinagar]]. It currently operates on the newly completed [[Jammu–Baramulla line|Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla rail link]], a 272-kilometer project designed to integrate the Kashmir Valley with India's railway network.

By September 2025,<ref>{{Cite web | date=2025-06-05 |title=Direct train between Jammu and Srinagar will run in September: Union Minister |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/latest-news/direct-train-between-jammu-and-srinagar-will-run-in-september-union-minister/ |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Greater Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref> the service is planned to be extended to originate from [[Jammu Tawi railway station|Jammu Tawi]], enhancing connectivity for passengers traveling to and from Jammu. This extension is expected to commence once the modernization work at Jammu [[Tawi River|Tawi]] station is completed later this year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-01 |title=Train to Kashmir: Jammu to Srinagar Vande Bharat train launch this month; to cut Katra-Srinagar travel time to just 3 hours |url=https://www.etnownews.com/infrastructure/train-to-kashmir-jammu-to-srinagar-vande-bharat-train-launch-this-month-to-cut-katra-srinagar-travel-time-to-just-3-hours-article-151323731?frmapp=yes |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=ET Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-31 |title=PM Modi to inaugurate Kashmir's first Vande Bharat train in April on THIS date – Govt shares latest update |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/railways-pm-modi-to-inaugurate-kashmirs-first-vande-bharat-train-in-april-on-this-date-govt-shares-latest-update-3793882/ |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

== Interesting facts ==

* This special express train traverses significant infrastructural landmarks, including the [[Chenab Rail Bridge]]—the world's highest railway bridge and the [[Banihal-Qazigund Railway Tunnel|Banihal Tunnel]], enhancing connectivity in the region.
* The introduction of this express train on this route will boost tourism, facilitate easier pilgrimages to the [[Vaishno Devi Temple|Mata Vaishno Devi shrine]] in Katra, and promote economic development in the [[Kashmir Valley]] by improving access and reducing travel time.

==Rakes==
It is the sixty-third and the first specially designed [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|2nd Generation Vande Bharat 2.0 Express train]] which was designed and manufactured by the [[Integral Coach Factory]] at [[Perambur]], [[Chennai]] under the [[Make in India]] Initiative.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Train 18, India's Fastest, Named "Vande Bharat Express": Piyush Goyal |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/train-18-indias-fastest-named-vande-bharat-express-piyush-goyal-1983965 |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
* This is equipped with climate-specific adaptations to provide advanced heating systems in sub-zero temperatures.
* The driver's front look-out glass is embedded with heating elements for defrosting and to ensure clear visibility during harsh winters.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2025-01-08 |title=Railways unveils Vande Bharat, specially designed for winters in J&K, for Katra-Srinagar route |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jammu-and-kashmir/railways-unveils-vande-bharat-specially-designed-for-winters-in-jk-for-katra-srinagar-route/article69075026.ece |access-date=2025-04-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Service ==
The 26401/26402 SMVD Katra – Srinagar Vande Bharat Express currently operates '''6 days''' a week, covering a distance of {{Convert|189|km|mi|abbr=on}} in a travel time of a mere 03 hrs with average speed of 63 km/h. The Maximum Permissible Speed (MPS) will be confirmed after commercial run.
{{notelist}}

== See also ==
* [[Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[Tejas Express]]
* [[Gatiman Express]]
* [[Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra railway station]]
* [[Srinagar railway station]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Vande Bharat Express}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:SMVD Katra-Srinagar Vande Bharat Express}}
[[Category:Vande Bharat Express trains]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Higher-speed rail]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Electric multiple units of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Transport in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Transport in Katra, Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Transport in Srinagar]]

Khulna University of Engineering & Technology

2026-03-17T14:33:04Z

GuillermoFenster:

{{Short description|Engineering university in Bangladesh}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Khulna University of Engineering & Technology
| native_name = খুলনা প্রকৌশল ও প্রযুক্তি বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়
| native_name_lang = bn
| image = Logo_KUET.svg
| image_size = 120px
| caption =
| motto = প্রভু! আমায় জ্ঞান দাও
| motto_lang = bn
| mottoeng = ''Oh Lord! Bestow me with Knowledge''
| established = {{Start date and age|1967}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kuet.ac.bd/index.php/welcome/about_kuet |title=History |website=Khulna University of Engineering & Technology |access-date=2016-09-03 |archive-date=2015-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502221838/http://www.kuet.ac.bd/index.php/welcome/about_kuet |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| closed = 
| type = [[Public University|Public]], Engineering, [[Research university|Research]]
| accreditation = {{ubl|[[Institution of Engineers, Bangladesh]]| [[Institute of Architects Bangladesh]]| [[Institution of Textile Engineers and Technologists]]| [[Bangladesh Institute of Planners]]}}
| affiliation = [[University Grants Commission of Bangladesh|University Grants Commission]] (UGC)
| chancellor = {{Current president of Bangladesh}}
| vice_chancellor = [[Mohammad Mashud]]
| academic_staff = 463
| administrative_staff = 699
| students = 7941
| undergrad = 5916
| postgrad = 1809
| doctoral = 153
| other = 63
| address = KUET Road, Teligati, Fulbarigate, Digholia Upazilla
| city = [[Khulna]]
| postalcode = 9203
| country = [[Bangladesh]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.900|89.502|type:edu_region:BD|display=inline,title}}
| campus = [[Suburb]]an
| campus_size = 117.48 acres (0.4754 km²)
<ref>{{Cite journal |date=October 2023 |editor-last=Hossain |editor-first=Md. Sazzad |title=49th Annual Report 2022 |url=https://ugc.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/ugc.portal.gov.bd/annual_reports/15a025a6_7de7_4e1e_a45c_c61b75f4e67f/2024-02-20-11-22-92b00202417e72ada15fc78e4171002c.pdf |journal=UGC Publication |language=Bengali |publisher=[[University Grants Commission (Bangladesh)]] |publication-place=Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka |page=94 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405165620/https://ugc.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/ugc.portal.gov.bd/annual_reports/15a025a6_7de7_4e1e_a45c_c61b75f4e67f/2024-02-20-11-22-92b00202417e72ada15fc78e4171002c.pdf |archive-date=5 April 2024}}</ref>
| former_names = Khulna Engineering College (1967-1986)<ref name="about_KUET">{{cite web |title=About KUET |url=http://www.kuet.ac.bd/about.html |website=Khulna University of Engineering & Technology |access-date=1 January 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806164552/http://www.kuet.ac.bd/about.html |archive-date=6 August 2011}}</ref> Bangladesh Institute of Technology (BIT), Khulna (1986-2003)<ref name="about_KUET"/>
| logo =
| website = {{URL|kuet.ac.bd}}
}}
'''Khulna University of Engineering & Technology''' ({{langx|bn|খুলনা প্রকৌশল ও প্রযুক্তি বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়}}), commonly known as '''KUET''', formerly '''BIT Khulna''', is a [[Public university|public]] [[Institute of technology|technological university]] located in [[Khulna]], Bangladesh. It emphasizes education and research in engineering and technology. It was founded in 1967 as an engineering college before gradually converting it into a university.

==Academics==

===Academic structure===
The academic division of KUET is organized in 20 [[Academic department|departments]] under 4 [[Faculty (university)|faculties]].<ref name=acad-struct-KUET>{{cite web |url=http://www.kuet.ac.bd/departments.html |title=Departments of KUET |website=Khulna University of Engineering & Technology |access-date=3 September 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808015053/http://www.kuet.ac.bd/departments.html |archive-date=8 August 2011}}</ref> Sixteen departments offer undergraduate courses. Among the Department of Industrial Engineering and Management (IEM) provides an Industrial and Production Engineering (IPE) degree to the undergraduate students.
* Faculty of Civil Engineering
** Department of Civil Engineering (CE)
** Department of Urban and Regional Planning (URP)
** Department of Building Engineering & Construction Management (BECM)
** Department of Architecture (ARCH)
* Faculty of Science & Humanities
** Department of Mathematics (MATH)
** Department of Chemistry (CHEM)
** Department of Physics (PHY)
** Department of Humanities and Business (HUM)
* Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
** Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering (EEE)
** Department of Computer Science & Engineering (CSE)
** Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE)
** Department of Biomedical Engineering (BME)
** Department of Materials Science and Engineering (MSE)
* Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
** Department of Mechanical Engineering (ME)
** Department of Industrial Engineering and Management (IEM)
** Department of Leather Engineering (LE)
** Department of Textile Engineering (TE)
** Department of Energy Science and Engineering (ESE)
** Department of Chemical Engineering (ChE)
** Department of [[Mechatronics]] Engineering (MTE)

===Number of students===
{{Infobox university rankings|THE_W=1001-1200|THE_W_year=2026|THE_W_ref=<ref>{{cite web | title=Khulna University of Engineering and Technology (KUET) | date=26 March 2025 | url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/khulna-university-engineering-and-technology-kuet }}</ref>|USNWR_W=|USNWR_W_year=|USNWR_W_ref=|THE_W_Eng=801-1000|THE_W_Eng_ref=<ref>{{cite web | title=Khulna University of Engineering and Technology (KUET) | date=26 March 2025 | url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/khulna-university-engineering-and-technology-kuet }}</ref>|ARWU_W_ENG_year=|THE_W_Eng_year=2026|QS_Asia=414|QS_Asia_ref=<ref>https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/khulna-university-engineering-technology</ref>|QS_Asia_year=2026|THE_Asia=401-500|THE_Asia_year=2023|THE_Asia_ref=<ref name="timeshighereducation.com"/>|QS_W=1401+|QS_W_ref=<ref>https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/khulna-university-engineering-technology</ref>|QS_W_year=2026}}[[File:Mechanical Engineering Building, KUET.jpg|thumb|Mechanical Engineering Building, KUET]]
[[File:Electrical and Electronic Engineering Building, KUET.jpg|thumb|Electrical and Electronic Engineering Building, KUET]]

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Department !! No. of Student Freshman Year
|-
| Civil Engineering|| 120
|-
| Electrical & Electronic Engineering|| 120
|-
| Mechanical Engineering|| 120
|-
| Computer Science & Engineering|| 120
|-
| Electronics and Communication Engineering || 60
|-
| Industrial Engineering and Management|| 60
|-
| Building Engineering and Construction Management|| 60
|-
| Biomedical Engineering|| 30
|-
| Materials Science and Engineering|| 60
|-
| Architecture || 40
|-
| Urban and Regional Planning|| 60
|-
| Leather Engineering|| 60
|-
| Textile Engineering|| 60
|-
| Energy Science and Engineering|| 30
|-
| Chemical Engineering|| 30
|-
| Mechatronics Engineering|| 30
|-
| Total|| 1060
|}

===Institutes===
There are three institutes at KUET for advanced research:
* Institute of Information and Communication Technology (IICT, KUET)
* Institute of Disaster Management (IDM, KUET)
* Institute of Environment and Power Technology (IEPT, KUET)

=== KUET journals and research bulletins ===
* ''Journal of Engineering Science''

=== KUET in World University Rankings ===
KUET has ranked in a number of reputed University rankings. The 2025 ''[[QS World University Rankings]]'' ranked the university in rank 107<ref name="topuniversities.com">{{Cite web |title=Khulna University of Engineering and Technology |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/khulna-university-engineering-technology |access-date=6 November 2024 |website=Top Universities |language=en}}</ref> in Southern Asia, 401-410<ref name="topuniversities.com" /> in Asia and 1201-1400 <ref name="topuniversities.com" /> in the world. The 2023 ''[[Times Higher Education World University Rankings]]'' ranked the university 401-500<ref name="timeshighereducation.com">{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title=Khulna University of Engineering and Technology (KUET) |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/khulna-university-engineering-and-technology-kuet |access-date=23 January 2025|website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en}}</ref> in Asia, and in 2025, it is ranked 1001-1200<ref name="timeshighereducation.com" /> in the world and 801-1,000<ref name="timeshighereducation.com" /> in Engineering subject ranking.

=== Achievements ===
* A team of students from CSE and IEM, KUET has achieved an Honorable mention at the 2024 ICPC World Final in Kazakhstan.<ref>[https://scoreboard.icpc.global/2024/scoreboard/] [https://icpc.global/worldfinals/] [https://web.archive.org/web/20240922021747/https://scoreboard.icpc.global/2024/scoreboard/ archive]</ref>
&emsp;  Following is the position of KUET in the ICPC world final, 2024:
{|class=wikitable style="margin-left: 22px;"
!Year
!Rank
!Question solved
|-
|2024
|style="text-align:center"| Honourable Mention<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 ACM ICPC Final Results |url=https://icpc.global/worldfinals/results |access-date=25 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 ACM ICPC Final Scoreboard |url=https://scoreboard.icpc.global/2024/scoreboard/ |website=scoreboard.icpc.global |access-date=25 October 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922021747/https://scoreboard.icpc.global/2024/scoreboard/ |archive-date=2024-09-22}}</ref>
|style="text-align:center| 3
|}
* 3 teachers from different faculties of KUET have been ranked among the World's Top 2% of Scientists published by Stanford University in 2024.<ref>{{cite book | chapter-url=https://elsevier.digitalcommonsdata.com/datasets/btchxktzyw/7 | doi=10.17632/btchxktzyw.7 | date=2024 | last1=Ioannidis | first1=John P.A. | title=August 2024 data-update for "Updated science-wide author databases of standardized citation indicators" | chapter=Bibliometrics | volume=7 | publisher=Elsevier Data Repository }}</ref>
* A combined team from KUET and BAUET, known as "Team Mohakash", won the global title in the "Best Mission Concept" category in NASA Space Apps Challenge 2021.<ref>{{cite web | title=Mohakash | url=https://2021.spaceappschallenge.org/challenges/statements/virtual-planetary-exploration-v20/teams/mohakash-1/project }}</ref>

== List of Vice-Chancellor ==

'''Khulna Engineering College'''

'''Position: Principal'''

# Professor Dr. N. M. Azam (1969–1972)
# Professor Dr. Md. Shamsuddin Ahmed (1972–1973)
# Professor Md. Haidar Azam (1973–1974)
# Professor Md. Abul Kalam Azad (1974–1979)
# Professor M. A. Hannan (1979–1980)
# Professor Md. Abul Kalam Azad (1980–1982)
# Professor M. A. Hannan (1982–1986)

'''Bangladesh Institute of Technology, Khulna'''

'''Position: Director'''

# Professor M. A. Hannan (1986–1997)
# Professor G. M. Habibullah (1997–1998)
# Professor Dr. M. A. Samad (1998–2002)
# Professor Dr. Md. Nausher Ali Moral (2002–2003)

'''Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET)'''

'''Position: Vice-Chancellor'''

# Professor Dr. Md. Nausher Ali Moral (Acting) (2003–2004)
# Professor Dr. Ehsanul Haque (2004–2006)
# Professor Dr. Md. Nausher Ali Moral (Acting) (2006–2007)
# Professor Dr. Md. Nausher Ali Moral (2007–2010)
# [[Muhammed Alamgir]] (2010–2018)
# [[Quazi Sazzad Hossain]] (2018–2022)
# [[Mihir Ranjan Halder]] (September 1, 2022 – August 12, 2024)<ref>{{cite news |date=12 August 2024 |title=VC, Pro-VC of KUET resign |url=https://www.bssnews.net/news/203597 |access-date=12 August 2024 |work=[[Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha]]}}</ref>
# [[Mohammad Mashud]] (September 5, 2024 - April 24, 2025)<ref>{{Cite web |title=KUET |url=https://www.kuet.ac.bd/ |access-date=6 September 2024 |website=KUET}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=bn:প্রজ্ঞাপনঃ মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চ শিক্ষা বিভাগ |url=https://shed.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/shed.portal.gov.bd/notices/1fef1633_b0e4_4d6a_9715_49b9c7bf4732/176.pdf}}</ref>
# Md. Hazrat Ali ''(interim)'' (May 1, 2025 – May 22, 2025)
# Md. Maksud Helali<ref>{{Cite web |last=প্রতিনিধি |date=2025-07-24 |title=কুয়েটের উপাচার্য হিসেবে নিয়োগ পেলেন বুয়েটের অধ্যাপক মাকসুদ হেলালী |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/district/oqqwno9tr1 |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=Prothomalo |language=bn}}</ref> (July 24, 2025- 16 March 2026)
# [[Mohammad Mashud]]<ref>{{cite news |title=আবারও কুয়েটের উপাচার্য অধ্যাপক ড. মুহাম্মদ মাছুদ |url=https://protidinerbangladesh.com/education/163849/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%A1-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6 |access-date=16 March 2026 |work=Protidiner Bangladesh |date=16 March 2026 |language=bn}}</ref> (16 March 2026 - present)

==Admissions==
The admission process in KUET are highly competitive. Each year it opens about 1065 seats for undergraduate programs. About 10,000 applicants are invited to appear on an admission test. This preliminary filtration is done based on [[Higher Secondary School Certificate|H.S.C.]] grade points in physics, chemistry, mathematics and English. The admission test is standardized to evaluate student ability to understand concepts of physics, chemistry, mathematics, and English language. Admission is offered to successful applicants on a merit basis, based on their scores in the admission test.

Students are admitted to a specific undergraduate academic program specializing in any of the 16 engineering tracks (e.g., CSE, EEE, ME, ECE, CE, IEM, BECM, TE, LE, URP, BME, Arch, ESE, MSE, ChE, MTE). Students may not change their track (major) once a few weeks of classes are passed.

Admission is open to mainly to Bangladeshi nationals. There are 5 reserved seats for "small ethnic group" students who have to undergo the same admission process. A few seats are also open to international students. The international admission process is separate from local admissions

==Campus==
{{Unreferenced section|date=April 2025}}
[[Image:KUET Durbar Bangla at daytime.jpg|thumbnail|right|Durbar Bangla]]
[[Image:KUET Hill.jpg|thumbnail|right|KUET hill]]
[[File:KUET Administrative building.jpg|thumb|Administration Building]]
[[File:Auditorium KUET.jpg|thumb|KUET Auditorium]]

Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET) is at Fulbarigate, the northwest part of Khulna City (the third-largest south-western divisional city in Bangladesh). The campus is about 15 kilometers from the zero point of Khulna City.

The KUET campus covers 117 acres. It is divided into four functional zones: residential zone for students; residential zone for faculty and staff; academic zone for academic buildings and workshops; and cultural-cum-social and recreational zone for students. Being square in shape, the third zone is midway between the two residential zones to reduce walking distances.

The main academic building accommodates the teaching and research facilities. Each department is a separate entity with a courtyard around, and all the departments constitute an integrated complex. Heavy engineering laboratories are on the ground floor or other separate workshops. Light laboratories, classrooms and project rooms are on the upper floors. Separate offices for every member of the teaching staff are next to his/her laboratory.

===Library===
[[File:Shormi Ghosh-2k21 KUET Library.jpg|thumb|Interior of the KUET Central Library.]]
KUET central library runs in two sections: the General Library and the Reference Library. The General Library provides in-house reading and short-time borrowing of books and other reference material. The Reference Library provides an in-place reading.

The General Library system has 50,635 books, journals and periodicals. A library automation project to modernize and to improve administrative control over the collection of books, journals, proceedings, theses, etc. has recently been completed under Higher Education Quality Enhancement Project.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.heqep-ugc.gov.bd/ |title=(HEQEP) |access-date=2014-06-05 |archive-date=2014-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605230508/http://www.heqep-ugc.gov.bd/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Moreover, the library is enriched every year by collecting recent books and journals.

Besides the general library system, each academic department maintains a rent-based library from which students can borrow textbooks at a nominal rate for the semester. Recently, KUET library has entered into a full automation system.

===Medical center===
[[File:KUET Medical Centre.jpg|thumb|KUET Medical Center]]
The on-campus, two-storied KUET Medical Center provides primary and basic health care facilities to its students free of charge. 8 full-time MBBS doctors, 2 nurses, 1 Medical Technologist, and 2 staff provide the care. For specialized consultation on complicated cases, medical center refers the patients to specialists through ambulance.

===Transportation===
[[File:KUET vehicles station.jpg|thumb|KUET vehicles station]]
For the convenience of the students, faculties, officers, and staff KUET operates its own Shuttle Bus Service between Khulna City and the campus. On weekends special services are also provided for meeting the weekend recreational and other needs.

===Central computer center===
The central computer center (CCC) of KUET was established in 1988 under the supervision of the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering with six IBM desktop computers donated by BEXIMCO. To provide a fully integrated set of information support to the teaching, research and administrative functions, in 2006, it became an independent center of KUET in a newly decorated building under the supervision of a nominated chairman from the university.

The CCC has served over the years as the hub for computer-related services in the campus with the commissioning of the university-wide network.

It has strong IT infrastructure with around 256 Mbit/s broadband line from BTCL and BdREN with 1 Mbit/s from other ISP as backup for Internet facility, routers for routing, a firewall for internet security, five high configuration server as mails server, proxy server, database server, seven midlevel configuration of workstations for other servers and backup server, a core switch, several manageable and unmanageable switches for intranet connectivity. It is planned to increase the bandwidth and to expand and renovate the optical backbone network including student halls of residence and teacher residential area secure access of the academic and research materials very soon.

Recently, KUET has started a [[WiFi]] network in its Director of Student Welfare (DSW) and CCC arena for students and at the departments of Electrical & Electronic Engineering (EEE) and Electronics, Computer Science and Engineering (CSE), Communication Engineering (ECE) for teachers.

==Student life==

===Halls of residence===
[[File:Lalan Shah Hall, KUET.jpg|thumb|Lalan Shah Hall]]
[[File:KUET Khaja hall.jpg|thumb|Khaja hall]]
[[File:KUET Fazlul Haq hall.jpg|thumb|Fazlul Haq hall]]
There are seven residential halls (one female, six male). The administrative heads of a hall are its [[provost (education)|provost]] and assistant provosts. Usually, the halls have a single provost and one or more assistant provosts.

The residential halls provide facilities for the students, for example, hall library, prayer room, TV and recreational room including daily newspapers and magazines, etc. Generally, four students live in a room except for the two-seat rooms in Amar Ekushey Hall arranged for graduate students. These halls have dining rooms (Amar Ekushey Hall has two dining rooms) where monthly prepaid lunch and dinner are offered to the students.
* Shaheed Smrity Hall (Previous name: Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Hall, named after former President of [[Bangladesh]], [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]], renamed on 21 November 2024)<ref>{{Cite web |title=KUET {{!}} Khulna University of Engineering & Technology |url=https://kuet.ac.bd/office/hall/ssh |access-date=14 December 2024 |website=KUET}}</ref>
* Amar Ekushey Hall (''named in memory of martyrs of the [[Bengali language movement|Language Movement]]'' )
* Fazlul Haque Hall (''named after the 1st [[Prime Minister of Bengal]]- Sher-e-Bangla [[A. K. Fazlul Huq]])''
* Lalan Shah Hall (named after the Lalon Fokir, [[Lalon]])
* Khan Jahan Ali Hall (named after Muslim [[Sufi]] Saint, [[Khan Jahan Ali]])
* Dr. M.A. Rahsid Hall (''named after [[M. A. Rashid]], the first vice-chancellor of [[Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology|BUET]]'')
* Rokeya Hall (named after [[Begum Rokeya]] Social activist, writer, [[Islamic feminism|Muslim feminist]])

=== Sports facilities ===
[[File:KUET Central field.jpg|thumb|Central field]]
KUET has a large playground at the eastern periphery of the main academic campus. It is used as venue of annual [[Athletics (physical culture)|athletics]] competition of the university as well as [[cricket]], [[Association football|football]] competitions. Students can access the facility all year round. KUET has tennis court in the main academic area. It also has a gymnasium near halls of residence where students can do gymnastics.

===Scholarships===
*KUET Excellence Scholarship
*Erasmus Mundus Scholarship
*Arif Ahmed Scholarship
*KUETian@Qatar Scholarship
*Dr. Naseem Uddin Scholarship
*Dr. Ramiz Uddin Mollah Scholarship
*KCC FSM Scholarship Programme
*Scholarship for PhD students from "Prime Minister's Research and Higher Education Fund"
*Scholarships from Indian Government 2019
*New Zealand Commonwealth Scholarship, 2019
*Teaching Assistantship or Fellowship

== Notable alumni ==
* [[Quazi Sazzad Hossain]], former Vice-Chancellor of the University

==See also==
*[[List of universities in Bangladesh]]
*[[Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology]]
*[[Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology]]
*[[Chittagong University of Engineering & Technology]]
*[[Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology]]
*''[[Durbar Bangla]]'', monument

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{commons category-inline}}
* {{official website}}

{{Public Universities of Bangladesh}}
{{Public Engineering Universities of Bangladesh}}
{{ICCIT_Bangladesh_Organizer}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khulna University Of Engineering And Technology}}
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1969]]
[[Category:Technological institutes of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Public engineering universities of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:1969 establishments in East Pakistan]]
[[Category:Education in Khulna]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Khulna]]
[[Category:Engineering universities and colleges in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Khulna District]]
[[Category:Khulna University of Engineering & Technology]]

Legal system of ancient Tamilakam

2026-03-13T19:53:54Z

GuillermoFenster: added first info nd citations

{{Short description|Ancient legal system}}
{{TNhistory}}
{{Sri Lankan Tamil history}}
{{Keralahistory}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
The legal systems of ancient [[Tamilakam]] were instituted by the state. It was governed by the Tamil principles of: Aram, Maram, Pazhi, and Nan. If a monarch failed in the act of aram, it would then bring eternal blame (pali) from their own subjects. If, on the other hand, they failed in the act of maram, it would be shame (nan) to them.

There were Aramkuru Avaiams in the capital cities of the Chera, the Chola and the Pandyas.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bharathi Tamil Sangham|title=The Sangham age: being essays on early Tamil literature together with English renderings of selected poems of the Sangham age|year=1968|publisher=Bharathi Tamil Sangham|pages=68|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LHIZAAAAIAAJ&q=aramkuru}}</ref>

==The monarch==
The king was the final court of appeal.<ref>{{cite book|first=Ve |last=Pālāmpāḷ|title=Studies in the history of the Sangam age|year=1998|publisher=Kalinga Publications|isbn=978-81-8516-387-1}}</ref> A Pandya king mentions that he should be put into the boiling water for having appointed an unscrupulous person as judge in his court of justice. From this statement of the king it is possible to infer that the kings used to appoint Judges.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ca. Vē Cuppiramaṇiyan̲|first=Ka. Ta Tirunāvukkaracu|title=Historical heritage of the Tamils|year=1963|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies}}</ref> It is said that a certain King transacted justice even while in a bath.<ref>{{cite book|last=N. Subramanian|title=History of Tamilnad: to A.D. 1565|year=1976|publisher=Koodal Publishers|pages=314|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K3BDAAAAYAAJ&q=sangam+offenders}}</ref>

===Virtue and Valour===
Although Aram is normally translated as virtue and equated to the Sanskrit ''Dharma'', and because of the interaction between them it has been impossible to draw a distinction between them.<ref>{{cite book|title=Proceedings - Indian History Congress|year=1984|publisher=Indian History Congress|pages=91|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MOdtAAAAMAAJ&q=aram+maram}}</ref> Aram co-existed with another concept of Maram; ara is used with reference to virtue, justice, actions taken with due consideration of context and custom; maram, on the other hand, is used to denote valour, courage, wrath, hatred, killing and strength.<ref>{{cite book|last=Chattopadhyaya|first=Brajadulal|title=A social history of early India|year=2009|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-1958-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0tX4wzIUY3QC&pg=PA37}}</ref> Hence, it was quite different from the concept ''Dharma''.<ref>{{cite book|first=C. |last=Rajasingham|title=Thirukkural, the daylight of the psyche|year=1987|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=tirukkural+dharma+aram#sclient=psy-ab&hl=en&tbo=1&tbm=bks&q=+There+is+a+distinct+connotation+Aram+carries+which+Dharma+does+not.&oq=+There+is+a+distinct+connotation+Aram+carries+which+Dharma+does+not.&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&gs_l=serp.3...9833.9833.4.10074.1.1.0.0.0.0.186.186.0j1.1.0...0.0.PKTt-hl6Q54&pbx=1&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.,cf.osb&fp=452900f23586977d&biw=1067&bih=565}}</ref> Maram got degenerated in its usage in course of time from valour into a vice.<ref>{{cite book|title=Proceedings - Indian History Congress|year=1984|publisher=Indian History Congress|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=aram+dharma+difference#sclient=psy-ab&hl=en&tbo=1&tbm=bks&q=It+got+degenerated+in+its+usage+in+course+of+time+but+in+early+Tamil&oq=It+got+degenerated+in+its+usage+in+course+of+time+but+in+early+Tamil&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&gs_l=serp.3...24890.27720.3.28072.6.6.0.0.0.0.214.738.3j2j1.6.0...0.0.KzUh4ldG1r4&psj=1&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.,cf.osb&fp=452900f23586977d&biw=1040&bih=565}}</ref>

As such the distinction in Aram and Maram was a part of a dynamic system. It may be compared to the distinction between [[Virtue#Chinese martial morality|martial virtues]] and [[Virtue#In Chinese philosophy|philosophical virtues]] in China.

===Aram as Justice===
The cardinal principle of law in that divine work is righteousness or aram. Persons who administered justice during the Sangam period were governed by the principles of equity embodied in the word, aram.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ca. Vē Cuppiramaṇiyan̲|first=Ka. Ta Tirunāvukkaracu|title=Historical heritage of the Tamils|year=1983|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=aram+dharma+difference#sclient=psy-ab&hl=en&tbo=1&tbm=bks&q=The+cardinal+principle+of+law+in+that+divine+work+is+righteousness+or+aram.+Persons+who+administered+justice+during+the+Sangam+period+were+&oq=The+cardinal+principle+of+law+in+that+divine+work+is+righteousness+or+aram.+Persons+who+administered+justice+during+the+Sangam+period+were+&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&gs_l=serp.3...99740.99740.3.99975.1.1.0.0.0.0.0.0..0.0...0.0.ofZt9852AIs&psj=1&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.,cf.osb&fp=452900f23586977d&biw=1040&bih=565}}</ref> Aram has a great latitude of meaning. Eight meanings are given to it as shown above.<ref>{{cite book|first=K. C. |last=Kamaliah|title=Preface in the Kuṛaḷ: a comparative study of the first forty couplets of the Kuṛaḷ|year=1973|publisher=M. Seshachalam|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=aram+dharma+difference#sclient=psy-ab&hl=en&tbo=1&tbm=bks&q=aram+has+a+great+latitude+of+meaning.+Eight+meanings+are+given+to+it.&oq=aram+has+a+great+latitude+of+meaning.+Eight+meanings+are+given+to+it.&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&gs_l=serp.3...34732.34732.13.35080.1.1.0.0.0.0.195.195.0j1.1.0...0.0.-7LA2dO5gA4&psj=1&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.,cf.osb&fp=452900f23586977d&biw=1040&bih=565}}</ref>

In the chapter called ''Chengonmai'' of [[Tirukkural]], [[Tiruvalluvar]] conceptualises that:

''Government has to examine the crimes, which may be committed to show no favor to anyone, and to inflict such punishment as may be wisely resolved on. Kural 541''<ref>{{cite book|last=Ronel|first=Natti|title=Trends and Issues in Victimology|year=2008|isbn=978-1-4438-0069-3|pages=114|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cf3Odmcw2psC&dq=Government+has+to+examine+the+crimes%2C+which+may+be+committed+to+show+no+favor+to+anyone%2C+and+to+inflict+such+punishment+as+may+be+wisely+resolved+on.&pg=PA114}}</ref>

==Courts of Law==
The courts had various names including: Aram Vazhangum Manram (The Council which safeguards Justice), Ulaka aravai (Seat of World Justice)<ref>{{cite book|last=Devi|first=Leela|title=History of Kerala|year=1986|publisher=Vidyarthi Mithram Press & Book Depot|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pXpuAAAAMAAJ&q=ulaka+aravai}}</ref> and Aramkurum avaiyam (Assembly that speaks Justice). The name was Sanskritised into ''Dharmasanam'' (Place of Dharma) after the Sangam period.{{fact|date=July 2020}}

==Trials by Jury==
Although the monarch was the supreme arbiter in all civil and criminal cases, the administration of Justice was devolved to Judges. The presiding Judge in each Court wore a peculiar headgear by which they were distinguished from other officers of the Court. Justice was administered free of charge to the suitors ; but the punishments were very severe and hence crimes were rare.<ref>{{cite book|first=V. |last=Kanakasabhai|title=The Tamils Eighteen Hundred Years Ago|year=1989|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0150-5|pages=111|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VuvshP5_hg8C&dq=Justice+was+administered+free+of+charge+to+the+suitors+%3B+but+the+punishments+were+very+severe+and+hence+crimes&pg=PA111}}</ref>

The members of the jury never erred from the path of etiquette. They went into the details of the cases that came before them, studied them well arrived at the truth and gave their verdict. Those who served as juries were disinterested persons without likes or dislikes and without fear or favour. They maintained equanimity. They were known for honesty and integrity.<ref>{{cite book|first=A. |last=Kiruṭṭin̲an̲|title=Tamil culture: religion, culture, and literature|year=2000|publisher=Bharatiya Kala Prakashan|isbn=978-81-86050-52-1}}</ref>

==Trials by ordeal==
Sometimes peculiar methods were used to resolve cases. A particular method of trial by ordeal was to call upon the plaintiff to thrust his hand into a pot containing a cobra. If the cobra bit him, he was guilty and he was sentenced: if the cobra did not bite him, he was found innocent.<ref>{{cite book|first=N. |last=Subramanium|title=Śaṅgam polity: the administration and social life of the Śaṅgam Tamils|year=1980|publisher=Ennes Publications|pages=198|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GO21AAAAIAAJ&q=A+particular+method+of+tiial+by+ordeal08+was+to+call+upon+the+plaintiff69+to}}</ref>

==Witnesses==
When a certain case was presented to the court, one method of enquiry was by the examination of witnesses, there were then, as now, both false and true witnesses. The Sirupancamulam condemns the witness who deposes to an untruth. The false witness is mentioned as one among the six offenders of a State. The other five are pseudo-Sannyasins, housewives loose in morals, disloyal ministers, adulterers and tale-bearers. In different places of the Silappathikaram, deposing as false witness is treated as a great crime. Thus, we see how carefully justice was administered and the dignity of law and order was maintained.<ref>{{cite book|title=Triveni, Volume 61|year=1992|publisher=Triveni Publishers}}</ref>

==Legal code==
There are references to ''the Book'' implying there was a Tamil legal code, but such a document has not yet been discovered. Although, some historians suggest it was the [[Tirukkural]]; this, however, is controversial.<ref>{{cite book|last=K. Kailasapathy|first=Kan̲akacāpapati Kailācapati|title=Tamil heroic poetry|year=1968|publisher=Clarendon P.}}</ref>

==Specific cases==
An interesting instance is that of a young lover who has gained the love of a woman but not the approval of her parents. The lover contemplates to lake the case to the Aramkuru Avaiam. In case a lover deserted a girl after having enjoyed her, and refused to marry her, the girl could bring the matter to the notice of the avai and it was the duty of avai to ascertain the truth and punish the offender.<ref>{{cite book|first=Ve |last=Pālāmpāḷ|title=Studies in the history of the Sangam age|year=1998|publisher=Kalinga Publications|isbn=978-81-8516-387-1|url=https://www.google.co.uk/search?tbm=bks&q=In+case+a+lover+deserted+a+girl+after+having+enjoyed+her%2C+and+refused+to+marry+her%2C}}</ref> In the epic [[Cilapatikaram]], Kovalan is infamously killed without trial by the Pandyan Kingdom.{{fact|date=July 2020}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Legal history of India]]
[[Category:Ancient Tamil Nadu]]

Kuzana Ogg

2026-03-13T03:14:20Z

GuillermoFenster: added post

{{short description|Indian-American painter (born 1971)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{notability|Biographies|date=July 2016}}
{{third-party|date=July 2016}}
{{BLP sources|date=July 2016}}
}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Kuzana Ogg
| image = Kuzana Facing Away.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Kuzana Ogg in a studio, [[Bakersfield]], [[California]], 2015
| birth_name = Kuzana Pandole
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1971|8|31}}
| birth_place = Bombay, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education = [[SUNY Purchase]]
| field = [[Painting]]
| training =
| movement = [[Abstract art|Abstract]]
| works =
| patrons =
| influenced by =
| influenced =
| awards =
| website = {{URL|kuzanaogg.com}}
}}
'''Kuzana Ogg''' (born August 31, 1971) is an [[Indian Americans|Indian-American]] painter who lives in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kuzana Ogg |url=http://freshpaintmagazine.com/kuzana-ogg/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807041359/http://freshpaintmagazine.com/kuzana-ogg/ |archive-date=7 August 2016 |access-date=23 October 2014 |website=Fresh Paint Magazine}}</ref> Kuzana's first solo museum exhibition was Oil at the San Luis Obispo Museum of Art in 2014. A second solo followed shortly thereafter, Rev Zero at the [[Bakersfield Museum of Art]] in 2015.

==Early life and education==
Kuzana was born in [[Bombay]] in 1971.<ref name="K Contemporary">{{cite web |title=Kuzana Ogg |url=https://kcontemporaryart.com/artist/kuzana-ogg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309101703/https://kcontemporaryart.com/artist/kuzana-ogg |archive-date=9 March 2023 |access-date=3 November 2021 |website=K Contemporary}}</ref> A short while later, Kuzana and her younger sister joined their newly immigrated parents in England. Kuzana's education was in a series of boarding schools; Cornwall and Surrey in England, after that- Kodaikanal in the south of India. At the age of 10, Kuzana and her family moved to New York.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Her secondary education was completed at Catholic and public schools. In 1995, she graduated from SUNY Purchase. She spent six years living in Kyung Ju, South Korea; teaching English and learning Korean.<ref name=":0" /> She has participated in several residencies, the most recent in Sri Lanka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kuzana Ogg |url=https://art.state.gov/personnel/kuzana_ogg/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603144626/https://art.state.gov/personnel/kuzana_ogg/ |archive-date=3 June 2023 |access-date=27 July 2016 |website=[[Art in Embassies Program|Art in US Embassies]] |publisher=[[US Department of State]]}}</ref>

==Work==
Using a tempered and deliberate palette, the "Yasna" paintings point to notions of boundary and organization. In works like “Abanegan” and “Maidyoshahem”, the patterned orbs are easily anthropomorphic, becoming stand-ins for humans. They are each sectioned off, corralled, constricted within a designated area. In many cases, the swelling organic forms spill out beyond their bounds, as if they are outgrowing the space, becoming too large to be confined in such rigid domain. The bulk of Ogg's abstract aesthetic consists of botanical forms, biological entities, urban geometry and bold pattern. Inspired and informed by her early years in India, the controlled tones and forms within her work serve the same purpose as the gardens and trees surrounding her grandparents’ home: to mediate the noise and bustle just beyond them.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Estes |first=Sara |date=20 March 2016 |title=Early years in India inspire colorful paintings |url=https://www.tennessean.com/story/life/arts/2016/03/20/early-years-india-inspire-colorful-paintings/81763064/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231018232544/https://www.tennessean.com/story/life/arts/2016/03/20/early-years-india-inspire-colorful-paintings/81763064/ |archive-date=18 October 2023 |access-date=18 October 2023 |website=[[The Tennessean]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

Kuzana lives in New Mexico<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Abatemarco |first=Michael |date=30 September 2022 |title=Exhibitionism |pages=39 |work=[[The Santa Fe New Mexican]] |quote=Ogg relocated from India to New York with her family at age 10 and now lives in Santa Fe.}}</ref> with her husband. Kuzana's work revolves around images both botanical and biological in origin. These forms and colors take on new meaning when juxtaposed as a metaphor for the human experience.<ref>{{Cite web |last=cents |first=My two |date=24 April 2009 |title=Kuzana Ogg |url=http://hyphenatedspirit.blogspot.com/search?q=kuzana+ogg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309101703/https://hyphenatedspirit.blogspot.com/search?q=kuzana+ogg&submit.x=17&submit.y=10 |archive-date=9 March 2023 |access-date=18 October 2023 |website=Hyphenated Spirit}}</ref>

In 2012 her work was featured at LaGrange Art Museum, Georgia, Museum of Fine Arts, Tallahassee, Florida, GVG Contemporary,<ref>{{Cite news |date=June–July 2012 |title=GVG Contemporary |pages=98 |work=Santa Fean Magazine |publisher=Bella Media Group |url=https://issuu.com/santafean/docs/santa_fean_june-july_2012_digital_edition_part_2/34 |access-date=18 October 2023 |via=[[Issuu]]}}</ref> and New Mexico and Williamsburg Art.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gandhi |first=Parinaz M. |date=21 May 2012 |title=Kuzana’s kaleidoscope |url=https://www.parsiana.com/current-issue/articles.aspx?id=mw5ukt0ofUk=&issue=200 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818212154/https://www.parsiana.com/current-issue/articles.aspx?id=mw5ukt0ofUk=&issue=200 |archive-date=18 August 2016 |access-date=18 October 2023 |website=Parsiana}}</ref> Kuzana exhibited her work at the [[San Luis Obispo Museum of Art|San Luis Obispo Museum of Art (SLOMA)]] in 2014 and the Bakersfield Museum of Art (BMOA) in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gandhi |first=Parinaz |date=7 July 2015 |title="Beauty in the oil rig" |url=https://www.parsiana.com/current-issue/articles.aspx?id=IKA5WJgNezw=&issue=276 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406033045/https://www.parsiana.com/current-issue/articles.aspx?id=IKA5WJgNezw=&issue=276 |archive-date=6 April 2017 |access-date=18 October 2023 |website=Parsiana}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kelly |first=Ardis |date=8 April 2015 |title=Cocktails + Art = Lots of money for BMoA |work=TCA Regional News |publisher=[[Tribune Content Agency]] |location=Chicago}}</ref> In 2019 and 2020 she has had solo exhibitions at the K Contemporary gallery in Denver, Colorado.<ref name="MutualArt">{{cite web |title=Kuzana Ogg |url=https://www.mutualart.com/Artist/Kuzana-Ogg/49A1F33359778FEF/Biography |url-access=registration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103004230/https://www.mutualart.com/Artist/Kuzana-Ogg/49A1F33359778FEF/Biography |archive-date=3 November 2021 |access-date=3 November 2021 |website=[[MutualArt.com]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Film credits==
2016 TV series ''Bloodline'', produced by Netflix<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=1 June 2016 |title=Carolyn Barritt's work on Netflix' Bloodline |url=https://www.annarborartcenter.org/carolyn-barritt-on-bloodline/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530003711/https://www.annarborartcenter.org/carolyn-barritt-on-bloodline/ |archive-date=30 May 2023 |access-date=18 October 2023 |website=Ann Arbor Art Center |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.artnet.com/artists/kuzana-ogg/ images of Kuzana's work] on ArtNet

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ogg, Kuzana}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women painters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women artists]]

Gouri Bhanja

2026-03-12T03:06:17Z

GuillermoFenster: Info

{{Short description|Indian artist and art educator (1907–1998)}}
{{Infobox artist
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Gouri Bhanja
| honorific_suffix =
| image = 
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name = Gouri Bose
| birth_date = 1907
| birth_place = [[Munger]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1998|1907}}
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| education = [[Kala Bhavana]]
| alma_mater =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| style = [[Batik]]
| movement =
| relatives = [[Nandalal Bose]] (father)
[[Jamuna Sen]] (sister)
[[Surendranath Kar]] (uncle)
| awards = 
| elected =
| patrons =
| memorials =
| website = 
| module =
}}

'''Gouri Bhanja''' (1907–1998) was an [[India|Indian]] artist best known for contributing to the original [[Illuminated manuscript|illuminated]] [[Constitution of India]] and for dedicating several decades of her life to teaching at [[Kala Bhavana]]. She was the eldest daughter of [[Nandalal Bose]], master of [[Indian art]].

==Personal life==
Gouri Bhanja was born in 1907 in [[Munger]], [[Bihar]] in [[India]] to parents Sudhira Devi and [[Nandalal Bose]]. Her father, a highly respected artist himself, raised all of his children with deep involvement in the arts. Her younger brother [[Biswarup Bose]] and sister [[Jamuna Sen]] would also go on to make names for themselves in the [[Indian art]] world.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mandal |first=Panchanan |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.303663 |title=Bharatshilpi Nandalal |publisher=Digital Library Of India |year=1968 |volume=1 |location=Kolkatta, West Bengal, India |language=Bengali |access-date=2023-11-12}}</ref>

Following the completion of her education in 1926, Gouri married Santosh Bhanja, the son of one of her father's friends.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |title=The presence of women in the institutionalized space and their interventions: Kala bhavana (1920-1930) |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/133152/8/09_chapteriv.the%20presence%20of%20women%20in%20the%20institutionalised%20space%20and%20their%20interventions%20-%20kala%20bhavana(1920-1930).pdf |journal=[[Shodhganga]] |pages=196–202}}</ref> The pair had a daughter in 1928, [[Bani Patel]], who eventually followed family tradition and became an artist.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Varade |first=Arunesh |date=2021-11-26 |title=5 Women Artists who illustrated the Constitution of India |url=https://www.theheritagelab.in/women-artists-constitution-india/ |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=The Heritage Lab |language=en-GB}}</ref> They had at least one more child, a son named Pradyot.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Snodgrass |first=Mary Ellen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SmiYEAAAQBAJ |title=Asian Women Artists: A Biographical Dictionary, 2700 BCE to Today |date=2022-11-01 |publisher=[[McFarland & Company|McFarland]] |isbn=978-1-4766-8925-8 |pages=77–78 |language=en-US |access-date=2023-11-12}}</ref>

==Education==
[[File:Constitution of India (calligraphic) 233.jpg|thumb|Illustration of [[Nataraja]] by Gouri Bhanja, [[Constitution of India]] p. 233]]
Gouri Bhanja became a highly educated woman following the encouragement of her father, [[Nandalal Bose]], who continues to be regarded as a master in Indian painting and [[printmaking]]. In 1976, his name was included on a list of the nine most important, master Indian artists published by the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2006-08-30 |title=The Nine Masters |url=http://chdmuseum.nic.in/art_gallery/nine_masters.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907065925/http://chdmuseum.nic.in/art_gallery/nine_masters.html |archive-date=2015-09-07 |website=Government Museum and Art Gallery, Chandigarh, India}}</ref> In 1922, Nandalal became the first principal of the [[Kala Bhavana]] [[Fine art|fine arts]] school at [[Visva-Bharati University]] in [[Shantiniketan|Santiniketan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-27 |title=Nandalal Bose |url=https://asiasociety.org/triennial/artist/nandalal-bose |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=Asia Society Triennial |language=en}}</ref> Under his direction the school began admitting female students soon after, and Gouri and her sister [[Jamuna Sen]] were included among the first cohorts admitted following extensive personal recommendations by [[Rabindranath Tagore]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Ayana |last2=Sen |first2=Soma |date=2023-09-01 |title=Discovering the lives of Bengal's women artists with Soma Sen |url=https://dagworld.com/discovering-the-lives-of-bengal-s-women-artists-with-soma-sen.html |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=DAG Galleries |language=en}}</ref>

Gouri received her [[diploma]] in painting at only 19, after studying under professors like her father and maternal uncle [[Surendranath Kar]].<ref name=":0" />

==Career==
Gouri Bhanja is known for reviving [[batik]] arts in [[Shantiniketan]] and [[North India|northern India]] in the 20th century.<ref name=":2" /> She is also credited with establishing [[alpana]] art in the region, participating in the creation of alpana in [[Jabalpur]] and for [[Indian National Congress|Congress']] [[Haripura|Haipura]] meeting in 1938. At the invitation of her father Nandalal Bose, Gouri, her brother, and her daughter Bani Patel were both invited to contribute artwork to the original [[Constitution of India]] alongside artisans like [[Beohar Rammanohar Sinha]] and [[Dinanath Bhargava]].<ref name=":1" />

In addition to her work as an artist and educator, Gouri was an accomplished dancer. In 1926, [[Rabindranath Tagore]] invited her to be the lead actress in the first production of his original stage dance-drama ''[[Natir Puja]] (The Dancing Girl's Worship).'' Following the performance, Rabindranath told Gouri's father that "this girl has touched fire, keep her carefully".<ref name=":0" /> Bhanja also worked on other aspects of performance, designing and crafting costumes for early stage productions of ''[[Chitrangada (play)|Chitrangada]]'' and ''[[Tasher Desh]].<ref name=":1" />'' An elaborate, [[batik]] [[sari]] designed by Nandalal Bose and crafted by Gouri Bhanja for use in a 1940 Tagore production is concerned a prized item among the vast collections of [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya|CSMVS]] Museum in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukherjee |first=Sabyasachi |date=2018-03-24 |title=CSMVS Mumbai Guide: Director's Top 10 Picks |url=https://www.theheritagelab.in/csmvs-guide-museum-directors-picks/ |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=The Heritage Lab |language=en-GB}}</ref>

===Academic activities===
From 1928 until her retirement in 1972, Gouri Bhanja taught at [[Kala Bhavana]] in some capacity. She began her career in academics by teaching [[Fine art|fine arts]] and [[Crafts of India|crafts]] as an "honorary instructor" for several years, before earning her official instructor title from the institution in 1933. Bhanja taught as an [[assistant lecturer]] from 1957 until 1967, and spent the last 5 years of her career working as a [[lecturer]] until 1972.<ref name=":0" /> Gouri began working as head instructor in the craftwork department in 1938 following the sudden death of her mentor and fellow instructor Shukumari Devi. She continued Devi's work teaching [[alpana]] techniques to students, working with the school's administration and her students to decorate the school.<ref name=":2" />

Over four and a half decades, she taught courses in [[Javanese culture|Javanese]] [[batik]], [[Embroidery of India|Indian embroidery]], [[Leather crafting|leatherwork]], [[Macramé|macrame]], [[bandhani]], and [[Manipuri Raas Leela|manipuri textiles]].<ref name=":3" /> In 1952, she led her students in the design and construction of [[Shantiniketan]]'s [[Delhi Republic Day parade|Republic Day Parade]] float.''<ref name=":1" />''

===Awards===
* West Bengal Academy Prize, 1978.
* [[Honorary degree|Honorary Doctorate]] of Letters, [[Rabindra Bharati University]], 1991.
* Deshikottam (highest accolade awarded by institution), [[Visva-Bharati University]], 1998.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1907 births]]
[[Category:1998 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Munger district]]
[[Category:Indian art educators]]
[[Category:Indian women art educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian illustrators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Women artists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:Indian women illustrators]]

Rajasekhar (director)

2026-03-07T22:02:25Z

GuillermoFenster: stub

{{Short description|Indian film director and screenwriter}}
{{Distinguish|S. Rajasekar}}
{{more citations|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rajasekhar
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Subramanian
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Nattarasankottai]], Karaikudi, Tamilnadu
| death_date =
| resting_place =
| occupation = Director, screenwriter
| years_active = 1977–1991
| spouse =
| partner =
| children = 2
| parents =
| website =
}}

'''Subramanian''' (??? – 24 April 1991), known professionally as '''Rajasekhar''' ({{IPAc-en|r|ɑː|dʒ|ə|s|eɪ|k|ər}}) was an Indian film director and screenwriter who was active mainly in [[Tamil cinema]] during the 1980s. He also directed films in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada]] and [[Hindi]].

== Early life and career ==
Rajasekhar was born as Subramanian in [[Nattarasankottai]] in the then [[Ramanathapuram district]] and was a Bachelor of Science graduate. Prior to his entry in films, he was working in government department and few people encouraged him to write scripts as they felt he had a creator in him he then left the job and he wrote story for the 1977 release ''[[Naam Pirandha Mann]]''. It was [[Rajinikanth]] who gave Subramanian the name Rajasekhar.<ref name="rajasekhar">{{Cite web |date=19 December 2021 |title=பிசினஸ் வுமனாக ஜொலிக்கும் ரஜினி, கமல் இயக்குநரின் மகள்! |url=http://kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=18865&id1=3&issue=20211219 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613141502/http://kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=18865&id1=3&issue=20211219 |archive-date=13 June 2024 |access-date=13 June 2024 |website=[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP372-6-23-10-99|date=3 February 1985|page=4|work=Anna|language=ta|access-date=7 July 2025|title=இந்த வார இயக்குனர் |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> He worked as assistant director to M. A. Kaja and [[Rama Narayanan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=தம்பிக்கு எந்த ஊரு – 39 ஆண்டுகள்! |url=https://minnambalam.com/cinema/thambikku-entha-ooru-movie-39th-year-unforgettable-song-kadhalin-deepam-ondru-composed-by-ilayaraja/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613143930/https://minnambalam.com/cinema/thambikku-entha-ooru-movie-39th-year-unforgettable-song-kadhalin-deepam-ondru-composed-by-ilayaraja/ |archive-date=13 June 2024 |access-date=13 June 2024 |website=Minnambalam |language=ta}}</ref> He made his directorial debut with ''[[Hunnimeya Rathriyalli]]'' in Kannada based on their story while ''[[Kanneer Pookkal]]'' was his debut in Tamil.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2023 |title=இப்படி செய்யாதீங்க… எல்லோர் முன்னாடியும் அசிங்கமா போயிடும்!. விஜயகாந்த் படத்தில் தயாரிப்பாளர் செய்த வேலை… |url=https://cinereporters.com/a-discussion-between-producer-kalaipuli-s-thanu-and-the-director/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240530013213/https://cinereporters.com/a-discussion-between-producer-kalaipuli-s-thanu-and-the-director/ |archive-date=30 May 2024 |access-date=30 May 2024 |website=CineReporters |language=ta}}</ref>

Rajasekhar frequently collaborated with Rajinikanth and [[Kamal Haasan]]. With the former he directed ''[[Gangvaa]]'', ''[[Thambikku Entha Ooru]]'', ''[[Padikkadavan (1985 film)|Padikkadavan]]'', ''[[Maaveeran (1986 film)|Maaveeran]]'' ''[[Mappillai (1989 film)|Maapillai]]'' and ''[[Dharma Durai (1991 film)|Dharma Durai]]''; with the latter he directed ''[[Kaakki Sattai]]'' and ''[[Vikram (1986 Tamil film)|Vikram]]''. Rajasekhar's other major credits include ''[[Malaiyoor Mambattiyan]]'', ''[[Eetti (1985 film)|Eetti]]'', ''[[Cooliekkaran]]'', ''[[Paatti Sollai Thattathe]]'' and its Telugu remake ''[[Baamma Maata Bangaru Baata]]''.

== Filmography ==
;Films directed
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Language
|-
| 1980 || ''[[Hunnimeya Rathriyalli]]''|| [[Kannada]]
|-
| 1981 || ''[[Punnami Naagu (1980 film)|Punnami Naagu]]''|| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| 1981 || ''[[Kanneer Pookkal]]''|| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| 1981 || ''[[Jeene Ki Arzoo]]''|| [[Hindi]]
|-
| 1982 || ''[[Amma (1982 film)|Amma]]''|| Tamil
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Malaiyoor Mambattiyan]]''|| Tamil
|-
| 1984 || ''[[Thambikku Entha Ooru]]''|| Tamil
|-
| 1984 || ''[[Gangvaa]]''|| Hindi
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Eetti (1985 film)|Eetti]]''|| Tamil
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Padikkadavan (1985 film)|Padikkadavan]]''|| Tamil
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Kaakki Sattai]]''|| Tamil
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Vikram (1986 Tamil film)|Vikram]]''|| Tamil
|-
| 1986 || ''Kanmaniye Pesu''|| Tamil
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Murattu Karangal]]''|| Tamil
|-
| 1986 || ''Kalamellam Unn Madiyil''|| Tamil
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Lakshmi Vandhachu]]''|| Tamil
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Maaveeran (1986 film)|Maaveeran]]''|| Tamil
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Cooliekkaran]]''|| Tamil
|-
| 1988 || ''[[Kazhugumalai Kallan]]''|| Tamil
|-
| 1988 || ''[[Paatti Sollai Thattathe]]''|| Tamil
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Baamma Maata Bangaru Baata]]''|| Telugu
|-
| 1989 || ''Karunguyil Kundram''|| Tamil
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Mappillai (1989 film)|Mappillai]]''|| Tamil
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Pudhu Varisu]]''|| Tamil
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Dharma Durai (1991 film)|Dharma Durai]]''|| Tamil
|}

;Written only
*''[[Naam Pirandha Mann]]'' (1977) (story)
*''Meenakshi Kungumam'' (1978) (dialogues)
*''[[Velum Mayilum Thunai]]'' (1979) (dialogues)
*''[[Oru Vidukadhai Oru Thodarkadhai]]'' (1979) (dialogues)

== Personal life==
Rajasekhar was married, and has a daughter and a son. Rajasekhar died in 1991, shortly after the release of his last film ''Dharma Durai'' at the age of 43.<ref name="rajasekhar" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Remembering Rajasekhar… |url=http://theauteur.in/remembering-rajasekhar/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820130805/http://theauteur.in/remembering-rajasekhar/ |archive-date=20 August 2016 |access-date=2021-07-30 |website=The Auteur |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2019 |title=அவர் ஒரு பொன்மாலைப் பொழுது |trans-title=He is a golden twilight time |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/515404-anjali-robert-rajasekaran.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204135542/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/515404-anjali-robert-rajasekaran.html |archive-date=4 December 2019 |access-date=25 October 2022 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|2158003}}
{{Rajasekhar}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajasekhar}}
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil-language film directors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]

Ministry of Industries (Maharashtra)

2026-03-07T00:13:41Z

GuillermoFenster:

{{Short description|Ministry in Government of Maharashtra}}
{{Infobox government agency
| native_name_a =
| type = ministry
| name = Ministry of Industries Department
 [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| native_name = '''मंत्रालय उद्योग विभाग, महाराष्ट्र शासन'''
| seal = Seal of Maharashtra.svg
| seal_width = 200
| seal_caption = [[Emblem of Maharashtra|Seal of the state of Maharashtra]]
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| picture = Mantralay of Mumbai, Administrative Headquarters 03.jpg
| picture_caption = Building of Administrative Headquarters of Mumbai
| jurisdiction = [[Maharashtra]]
| headquarters = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai|Mantralay]], [[Mumbai]]
| minister1_name = '''[[Uday Samant]]'''
| minister1_pfo = [[Cabinet Minister]]
| deputyminister1_name = '''[[Indranil Naik]]'''
| deputyminister1_pfo = [[Minister of State]]
| child1_agency = Directorate of Industries<ref>{{Cite web|title=Directorate of Industries, Government of Maharashtra|url=http://di.maharashtra.gov.in/_layouts/15/doistaticsite/English/index.html|access-date=2021-06-20|website=di.maharashtra.gov.in}}</ref>
| child2_agency =
| website = {{URL|https://industry.maharashtra.gov.in/en}}
| logo =
| formed =
| employees =
| budget =
| chief1_name =
| chief1_position =
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| chief3_name =
| chief3_position =
| chief4_name =
| chief4_position =
| chief5_name =
| chief5_position =
| chief6_name =
| chief6_position =
| chief7_name =
| chief7_position =
| chief8_name =
| chief8_position =
| chief9_name =
| chief9_position =
| parent_department = [[Government of Maharashtra]]
}}

The '''Ministry of industries''' is a ministry in [[Government of Maharashtra]]. Ministry is responsible for promotion of industries in [[Maharashtra]].

The Ministry is headed by a cabinet level minister. '''[[Uday Samant]]''' is current Minister of Industries since 21 December 2024.

==Head office==
{{Infobox political post
| insignia = Seal of Maharashtra (1).svg
| insigniasize = 150px
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of India]]
| department = '''Ministry of Industries (Maharashtra)'''
| style = [[The Honourable]]
| post = {{big|Minister of Industries}} '''मंत्री उद्योग विभाग'''
|image=Uday Samant.jpg
| incumbent = [[Uday Samant]]
| member_of = State Cabinet
| reports_to = '''[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]''', 
'''[[Maharashtra Legislature]]'''
| seat = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai]]
| appointer = '''[[Governor of Maharashtra|Governor]]''' on the advice of the '''[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]'''
| termlength = 5 years
| inaugural =
*'''[[S. K. Wankhede]]'''
(1960–1962)
| precursor =
* '''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]'''
(2024–2024)
| deputy = '''[[Indranil Naik]]'''
| formation = 1 May 1960
| body =
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize = 110px
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| flagborder = yes
| website =
| abbreviation = Cabinet Minister
| incumbentsince = 21 December 2024
}}

==Cabinet Ministers==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="10"| Minister of Industries
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Yashwantrao Chavan 2010 stamp of India.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Yashwantrao Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Karad North Assembly constituency|Karad North Constituency No. 259]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|01 May}} 1960
|{{small|07 March}} 1962
!{{ayd|1960|05|01|1962|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Yashwantrao Chavan ministry (Maharashtra)|'''Yashwantrao I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Yashwantrao Chavan 2010 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
|-
|02
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[S. K. Wankhede|Sheshrao Krishnarao Wankhede]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Sawargoan Constituency No. 49]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|08 March}} 1962
|{{small|19 November}} 1962
!{{ayd|1962|03|08|1962|11|19}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Yashwantrao Chavan ministry|'''Yashwantrao II''']]
|-
|03
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[S. K. Wankhede|Sheshrao Krishnarao Wankhede]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Sawargoan Constituency No. 49]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|20 November}} 1962
|{{small|24 November}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|20|1963|11|24}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Kannamwar ministry|'''Kannamwar l''']]
|[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]
|-
|04
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[P. K. Sawant|Parashuram Krishnaji Sawant]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Chiplun Assembly constituency|Chiplun Constituency No. 265]]- [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Interim Chief Minister)
|{{small|25 November}} 1962
|{{small|04 December}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|25|1962|12|04}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[P. K. Sawant ministry|'''Sawant''']]
|[[P. K. Sawant|Parashuram Krishnaji Sawant]]
|-
|05
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Sadashiv Govind Barve]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shivajinagar, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Shivajinagar Constituency No. 209]]- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|05 December}} 1963
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
!{{ayd|1963|12|05|1967|03|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao I''']]
|rowspan="6" |[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]] [[Vasantrao Naik]]
|-
|06
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Shankarrao Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhokar Assembly constituency|Bhokar Constituency No. 85]]- [[Nanded District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
|{{small|27 October}} 1969
!{{ayd|1967|03|01|1969|10|27}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao II''']]
|-
|07
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[S. K. Wankhede|Sheshrao Krishnarao Wankhede]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Sawargoan Constituency No. 49]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|27 October}} 1969
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
!{{ayd|1969|10|27|1972|03|13}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|08
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|80px]]
|'''[[A. R. Antulay|Abdul Rahman Antulay]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shrivardhan Assembly constituency|Shrivardhan Constituency No. 193]]- [[Raigad District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
|{{small|04 April}} 1973
!{{ayd|1972|03|13|1973|04|14}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao III''']]
|-
|09
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Yashwantrao Mohite]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Karad South Assembly constituency|Karad South Constituency No. 260]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|04 April}} 1973
|{{small|17 Match}} 1974
!{{ayd|1973|04|04|1974|03|17}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|10
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vasantrao Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 20 - [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|17 Match}} 1974
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
!{{ayd|1974|03|17|1975|02|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|11
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Narendra Mahipati Tidke''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Savner Assembly constituency|Savner Constituency No. 49]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
|{{small|16 April}} 1977
!{{ayd|1975|02|21|1977|04|16}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao I''']]
|rowspan="1"| [[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|12
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[S. K. Wankhede|Sheshrao Krishnarao Wankhede]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Sawargoan Constituency No. 49]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|17 April }} 1977
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
!{{ayd|1977|04|17|1979|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#88CEEB"|[[First Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|13
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Sharad Pawar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati Constituency No. 201]]- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
!{{ayd|1978|03|07|1978|07|18}}
|[[Indian National Congress (Indira)]]
| rowspan="1" bgcolor="#A3A3FF"|[[Second Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada II''']]
|-
|14
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}"|
|[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Shankarrao Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhokar Assembly constituency|Bhokar Constituency No. 85]]- [[Nanded District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
|{{small|19 November}} 1979
!{{ayd|1978|07|18|1979|11|19}}
|[[Indian Congress (Socialist)]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#66FF66"| [[First Pawar ministry|'''Pawar I''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:The Union Minister for Agriculture and Food Processing Industries, Shri Sharad Pawar addressing at the launch of the Sahana Group’s New Marathi Channel “Jai Maharashtra”, in Mumbai on April 27, 2013 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|15
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Jawaharlal Darda 2022 stamp of India cr.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Jawaharlal Darda]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 19 - [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|09 June}} 1980
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
!{{ayd|1980|06|09|1982|01|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Antulay ministry|'''Antulay''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[A. R. Antulay|Abdul Rahman Antulay]]
|-
|16
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[N. M. Kamble|Narendra Marutrao Kamble]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by Governor Nominated No. 10 - [[Mumbai City District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
|{{small|02 February}} 1983
!{{ayd|1982|01|21|1983|02|02}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Bhosale ministry|'''Bhosale''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Babasaheb Bhosale.png|75px]] [[Babasaheb Bhosale]]
|-
|17
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Ramrao Adik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 05 - [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}} (Deputy Chief Minister)
|{{small|07 February}} 1983
|{{small|05 March}} 1985
!{{ayd|1983|02|07|1985|03|05}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada III''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|18
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Sudhakarrao Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|12 March}} 1985
|{{small|03 June}} 1985
!{{ayd|1985|03|12|1985|06|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada IV''']]
|-
|19
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Sudhakarrao Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|03 June}} 1985
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
!{{ayd|1985|06|03|1986|03|12}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Nilangekar ministry|'''Nilangekar''']]
|rowspan="1"|[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]
|-
|20
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Sushilkumar Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Solapur City Central Assembly constituency|Solapur City Central Constituency No. 249]]- [[Solapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
|{{small|23 May}} 1987
!{{ayd|1987|05|23|1988|06|26}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2"bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao II''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|21
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Balachandra Bhai Sawant''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 09 - [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|23 May}} 1987
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
!{{ayd|1987|05|23|1988|06|26}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|22
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Ramrao Adik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 05 - [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
|{{small|03 March}} 1990
!{{ayd|1988|06|26|1990|03|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Pawar ministry|'''Pawar II''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|23
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Bharat Bondre''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Chikhali Assembly constituency|Chikhali Constituency No. 23]]- [[Buldhana District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|03 March}} 1990
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
!{{ayd|1990|03|03|1991|06|25}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Pawar ministry|'''Pawar III''']]
|-
|24
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur City Constituency No. 235]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
|{{small|22 February}} 1993
!{{ayd|1991|06|25|1993|02|22}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sudhakarrao Naik ministry|'''Sudhakarrao''']]
|rowspan="1" | [[Sudhakarrao Naik]]
|-
|25
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Jawaharlal Darda 2022 stamp of India cr.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Jawaharlal Darda]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 19 - [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|06 March}} 1993
|{{small|18 November}} 1994
!{{ayd|1993|03|06|1994|11|18}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Pawar ministry|'''Pawar IV''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|26
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|
|'''[[Liladhar Dake]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhandup Assembly constituency|Bhandup Constituency No. 168]]- [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|14 March}} 1995
|{{small|01 February}} 1999
!{{ayd|1995|03|14|1999|02|01}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Manohar Joshi ministry|'''Joshi''']]
|rowspan="1" | [[File:Manohar Joshi cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Manohar Joshi]]
|-
|27
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|[[File:Narayan Rane (cropped).jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Narayan Rane]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kudal Assembly constituency|Malvan Constituency No. 269]]- [[Sindhudurg District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|01 February}} 1999
|{{small|11 May}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|02|01|1999|05|11}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Narayan Rane ministry|'''Rane''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Narayan Rane (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Narayan Rane]]
|-
|28
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Nitin J Gadkari.JPG|75px]]
|'''[[Nitin Gadkari]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Nagpur Graduates Constituency No. 03 - [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|11 May}} 1999
|{{small|17 October}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|05|11|1999|10|17}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|29
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''[[Patangrao Kadam]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Palus-Kadegaon Assembly constituency|Palus-Kadegaon Constituency No. 285]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|19 October}} 1999
|{{small|16 January}} 2003
!{{ayd|1999|10|19|2003|01|16}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh I''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|30
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Ashok Chavan With Coat.jpeg|80px]]
| '''[[Ashok Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Mudkhed Assembly constituency|Mudkhed Constituency No. 85]]- [[Nanded District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|18 January}} 2003
|{{small|01 November}} 2004
!{{ayd|2003|01|11|2004|11|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sushilkumar Shinde ministry|'''Sushilkumar''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
|-
|31
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur City Constituency No. 235]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|01 November}} 2004
|{{small|09 November}} 2004
!{{ayd|2004|11|01|2004|11|09}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh II''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|32
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Ashok Chavan With Coat.jpeg|80px]]
| '''[[Ashok Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Mudkhed Assembly constituency|Mudkhed Constituency No. 85]]- [[Nanded District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|09 November}} 2004
|{{small|01 December}} 2008
!{{ayd|2004|11|09|2008|12|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|33
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Ashok Chavan With Coat.jpeg|80px]]
| '''[[Ashok Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhokar Assembly constituency|Bhokar Constituency No. 85]]- [[Nanded District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|08 December}} 2008
|{{small|06 November}} 2009
!{{ayd|2008|12|08|2009|11|06}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok I''']]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Ashok Chavan With Coat.jpeg|80px]] [[Ashok Chavan]]
|-
|34
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:rajendra_darda_wiki_profile.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Rajendra Darda]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Aurangabad East Assembly constituency|Aurangabad East Constituency No. 109]]- [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar District]] Also Previously Known [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 November}} 2009
|{{small|10 November}} 2010
!{{ayd|2009|11|07|2010|11|10}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1"bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok II''']]
|-
|35
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Narayan Rane (cropped).jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Narayan Rane]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 03 - [[Sindhudurg District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|11 November}} 2010
|{{small|26 September}} 2014
!{{ayd|2010|11|11|2014|09|26}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Prithviraj Chavan ministry|'''Prithviraj''']]
|rowspan="1"| [[File:Prithviraj Chavan - India Economic Summit 2011.jpg|80px]] [[Prithviraj Chavan]]
|-
|36
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Prakash Mehta in Mumbai.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Prakash Mehta]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Ghatkopar East Assembly constituency|Ghatkopar East Constituency No. 170]]- [[Mumbai Suburban District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|31 October}} 2014
|{{small|05 December}} 2014
!{{ayd|2014|10|31|2014|12|05}}
|rowspan="1"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[First Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis I''']]
|rowspan="3" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|37
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|[[File:Subhash Desai.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Subhash Desai]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 09 - [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|05 December}} 2014
|{{small|12 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2014|12|05|2019|11|12}}
|rowspan="1"|[[Shiv Sena]]
|-
|38
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|-
|39
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|[[File:Subhash Desai.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Subhash Desai]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 09 - [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|28|2019|12|30}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
|40
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|[[File:Subhash Desai.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Subhash Desai]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 09 - [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|29}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|-
|41
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
| [[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi Constituency No. 147]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|14 August}} 2022
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2022|08|14}}
|[[Shiv Sena]] (Shinde Group)
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
|42
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|
|[[File:Uday Samant.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Uday Samant]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Ratnagiri Assembly constituency|Ratnagiri Constituency No. 266]]- [[Ratnagiri District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|14 August}} 2022
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2022|07|14|2024|11|26}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]]
|-
|43
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|05 December}} 2024
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
!{{ayd|2024|12|05|2024|12|21}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Third Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis III''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|44
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|
|[[File:Uday Samant.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Uday Samant]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Ratnagiri Assembly constituency|Ratnagiri Constituency No. 266]]- [[Ratnagiri District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
|''Incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|21}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]]
|-
|}

==Ministers of State ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Deputy Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Minister
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="11"| Deputy Minister of Industries
|-
!colspan="04"| '''''Vacant'''''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Aditi Tatkare]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shrivardhan Assembly constituency|Shrivardhan Constituency No. 193]]- [[Raigad District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|29}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
| [[Subhash Desai]]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
!colspan="04"| '''''Vacant '''''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2024|11|26}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|
*[[Eknath Shinde]] (2022 - 2022)
*[[Uday Samant]] (2022–2024)
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
|02
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Indranil Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
| {{small|21 December}} 2024
|''Incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|21}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]] (Ajit Pawar Group)
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color| Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| '''[[Third Fadnavis ministry|Fadnavis III]]'''
| [[Uday Samant]] (2024 – Present)
| rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|}

==List of principal secretary==

{{Empty section|date=July 2022}}

==Overview==
Ministry of Industries is one of the main ministries in the [[Government of Maharashtra|Maharashtra Government]]. Mumbai is the state capital of Maharashtra. Mumbai is also the [[financial centre|financial]], commercial,<ref name="millionaireRoleModel">{{cite news |title=New millionaires hope to serve as role models for India's lower castes |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/new-millionaires-emerge-as-role-models-for-indias-lower-castes/2011/04/03/AFesUMfD_story.html |first=Rama |last=Lakshmi |date=14 April 2011 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=23 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623215214/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/new-millionaires-emerge-as-role-models-for-indias-lower-castes/2011/04/03/AFesUMfD_story.html |archive-date=23 June 2015 }}</ref> and the entertainment capital of India. It is also one of the world's top ten centres of commerce in terms of global financial flow,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbai-a-land-of-opportunities/articleshow/9292526.cms?referral=PM|title=Mumbai, a land of opportunities|newspaper=The Times of India|date=20 July 2011|access-date=22 July 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804070300/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbai-a-land-of-opportunities/articleshow/9292526.cms?referral=PM|archive-date=4 August 2014}}</ref> generating 6.16% of India's GDP,<ref name="mmrda muip gdp">{{cite web|url=http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/projects_muip.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226031015/http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/projects_muip.htm |archive-date=26 February 2009 |title=Mumbai Urban Infrastructure Project |publisher=[[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] (MMRDA) |access-date=18 July 2008 |url-status=unfit }}</ref> and accounting for 25% of industrial output, 70% of maritime trade in India ([[Mumbai Port Trust]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru Port|JNPT]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://business.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/aug/11/slide-show-1-worst-oil-spills-in-the-world.htm |title=10 worst oil spills that cost trillions in losses : Rediff.com Business |work=Rediff.com |access-date=16 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100814232747/http://business.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/aug/11/slide-show-1-worst-oil-spills-in-the-world.htm |archive-date=14 August 2010 }}</ref> and 70% of capital transactions to [[Economy of India|India's economy]].<ref name="NMIAtender">{{cite web|title=Development of Mumbai International Airport (NMIA) |url=http://www.cidco.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/PIM_NMIA.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808061543/http://www.cidco.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/PIM_NMIA.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 August 2014 |publisher=[[CIDCO]] |year=2013 |access-date=8 July 2015|page=7}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Mahajan|first1=Poonam|title=Poonam Mahajan explains why Mumbai is at the very heart of India story|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/column-poonam-mahajan-explains-why-mumbai-is-at-the-very-heart-of-india-story-2005310|access-date=21 June 2015|work=DNA India|date=26 July 2014|location=Mumbai|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621131904/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/column-poonam-mahajan-explains-why-mumbai-is-at-the-very-heart-of-india-story-2005310|archive-date=21 June 2015}}</ref> The Maharashtra state houses important financial institutions and the corporate [[List of Indian companies headquartered in Mumbai|headquarters]] of numerous [[List of Indian companies|Indian companies]] and [[multinational corporations]].

==Departments==
Directorate of Industries is an executive arm of the Ministry and is responsible for implementation of government policies for development of industries in Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Directorate of Industries, Government of Maharashtra|url=http://di.maharashtra.gov.in/_layouts/15/doistaticsite/English/aboutus.html|access-date=2021-06-20|website=di.maharashtra.gov.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|https://industry.maharashtra.gov.in/en}}

{{State agencies of Maharashtra}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ministry of Industries (Maharashtra)}}
[[Category:Government of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Government ministries of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Subnational economy ministries|Maharashtra]]
[[Category:State industries departments of India|Maharashtra]]

Padmapriya Ramesh

2026-03-04T19:29:37Z

GuillermoFenster: stub

{{Short description|Indian junior tennis player}}
{{Orphan|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}

'''Padmapriya Ramesh''' (born 30 May 2012) is an Indian professional junior tennis player who plays for the [[India Billie Jean King Cup team|national team]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khelo |first=Tennis |title=PADMA PRIYA RAMESHKUMAR Tennis player profile, Karnataka. |url=https://tenniskhelo.com/player/padma-priya-rameshkumar/438830 |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=tenniskhelo.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Padmapriya is from Mysore. Her father Ramesh Kumar and mother Malathi Priya are conservators of forest in Mysore. She is studying Class 8 at Excel Public School, Koorgalli, Mysore.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sobers |first=SN Venkatnag |date=20 May 2025 |title=Rising star Padmapriya eyes global tennis glory |url=https://starofmysore.com/rising-star-padmapriya-eyes-global-tennis-glory/ |access-date=4 March 2026 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref> In Class 1 she started with badminton in Ballari but soon shifted to tennis. She coaches under Raghuveer Ponnuswamy in Mysuru.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Tenacious teen Padmapriya lives in the moment with an eye on a bright future |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/tennis/tenacious-teen-padmapriya-lives-in-the-moment-with-an-eye-on-a-bright-future-3611596 |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en|date=2 July 2025|last=Bharadwaj|first=Vignesh}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
In 2025, Padmapriya won the Singles title at the U-14 National Series Tournament. She won the singles at the Asian U-14 tournament at Malancha Niwas, Agartala.<ref>{{Cite web |last=GIRISH |first=M. B. |date=2025-04-18 |title=Mysuru Girl Wins Singles and Doubles Asian 14 Junior Tennis Tournament-2025 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/karnataka/mysuru-girl-wins-singles-and-doubles-asian-14-junior-tennis-tournament-2025-1873709 |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref> She also won the doubles Junior ranking tennis tournament 2025 at Bahrain.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> In June 2024, she won both the singles and doubles in the Under 12 National series tennis tournament at the Sania Mirza Tennis Academy in Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-19 |title=Mysuru girl wins tennis tourney |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/mysuru-girl-wins-tennis-tourney/articleshow/111097466.cms |access-date=2026-03-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In December 2025, she won the U-16 Girls Singles title at AITA National Series tournament at Ash Tennis Academy, Shamirpet, Telangana.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=8 December 2025 |title=National U-16 AITA National Series Tournament: City's tennis player Padmapriya wins Girls Singles title |url=https://starofmysore.com/national-u-16-aita-national-series-tournament-citys-tennis-player-padmapriya-wins-girls-singles-title/ |access-date=4 March 2026 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref> In October 2025, she partnered with Shazfa SK and defeated Aniha Gavinolla and Zoha Qureshi 6–3, 6–2 to win the title in the girls U14 doubles category and came second in the singles in the 30th Fenesta Open National Tennis Championship 2025 at the DLTA Complex in New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-15 |title=Parthsarthi, Tavish clinch U16 titles at Fenesta Open National Tennis Championship - |url=https://kheltoday.com/tennis/parthsarthi-tavish-clinch-u16-titles-at-fenesta-open-national-tennis-championship/ |access-date=2026-03-04 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-11 |title=Parthsarthi, Tavish clinch U-16 titles at National Tennis Championship |url=https://thebridge.in/tennis/parthsarthi-tavish-u-16-titles-fenesta-open-54887 |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref> She In January 2026, she paired with Shazfa and entered the semifinals of the ATF 14 Under Category A tournament in Bahrain where players from 17 countries competed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-24 |title=Turkmen tennis players perform successfully at the International ATF Tournament in Bahrain |url=https://www.turkmenistan.gov.tm/en/post/102634/turkmen-tennis-players-perform-successfully-international-atf-tournament-bahrain |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=www.turkmenistan.gov.tm |language=en}}</ref>

In November 2023, she came runners up along with Parinitha in the doubles AITA-OTA National Series U14 tennis tournament at Kalinga Stadium in Bhubaneswar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2023 |title=Tennis: Aahan wins AITA National Series doubles crown |url=https://www.orisports.com/NewsDetails.aspx?nId=ODAwMQ== |access-date=4 March 2026 |website=www.orisports.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramesh, Padmapriya}}
[[Category:2012 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian tennis players]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Mysore]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:Indian female tennis players]]

Siva Manasula Sakthi

2026-03-03T04:21:48Z

GuillermoFenster: Updated formatting and sections

{{short description|2009 film by M. Rajesh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Siva Manasula Sakthi.JPG
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[M. Rajesh]]
| writer = M. Rajesh
| producer = S. S. Balan B. Srinivasan
| starring = [[Jiiva]] [[Anuya Y Bhagwat|Anuya]]
| cinematography = [[Sakthi Saravanan]]
| editing = S.P. Ahmed
| music = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| studio = [[Vikatan Televistas]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2009|02|13}}
| runtime = 149 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Siva Manasula Sakthi''''' ({{translation|Sakthi in Siva's heart}}) also known by the initialism '''''SMS''''', is a 2009 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by debutant [[M. Rajesh]]. It stars [[Jiiva]] and newcomer [[Anuya Y Bhagwat|Anuya]] in the lead roles, with [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]], Sneha Murali, [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] and [[Sathyan (Tamil actor)|Sathyan]] appearing in supporting roles.

''Siva Manasula Sakthi'' was released on 13 February 2009.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijayakumar |first=Sindhu |date=13 February 2009 |title=SMS magic |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sms-magic/articleshow/4118046.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260217063825/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sms-magic/articleshow/4118046.cms |archive-date=17 February 2026 |access-date=17 February 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Despite initially gaining mixed reviews, it became highly successful at the box office and has since achieved cult status. The film's soundtrack by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] was extremely popular. The film was later remade in Telugu as ''[[Siva Manasulo Sruthi]]'' (2012).

== Plot ==
Siva and Sakthi meet on a train from [[Coimbatore]] and strike up a friendship. Siva introduces himself as an army officer and Sakthi as an air hostess. The two part ways on arrival in [[Chennai]], but Siva promises to meet her soon. He pays a visit to the airline company where Sakthi claimed to work, with his mother Kalyani and best friend Vivek tagging along. When asking for Sakthi, they are instead greeted by another woman with the same name. Siva realises that he has been tricked.

In reality, Siva is a courier deliveryman and Sakthi a radio jockey. When they learn of each other's deception, they swear to get revenge on each other. A series of humorous incidents happen as Siva teases Sakthi live on her radio show and gets her in trouble with her father; and she retaliates by tattling on him to his family and using him as a driver. When Siva defeats a handful of goons in a tough fight to save Sakthi's brother Shanmugam and helps organise his marriage, Sakthi develops genuine feelings for him.

Sakthi reveals her feelings by planning a surprise birthday party for Siva but learns that he had lied about his birth date. Humiliated in front of his family, she leaves bitterly. Siva learns of her true feelings for him and attempts to reconcile with her, but she ignores him. Siva grows upset as well, fights with his mother and sister, and continuously destroys Vivek's new mobile phones, but everyone eventually forgives him. At one point when he visits her office, he is drunk and misbehaves with the people around. He tells Sakthi's assistant to call Sakthi, but Sakthi, enraged upon Siva's behaviour, sends a man to beat him up and throw him out. Siva renounces Sakthi.

Sometime later, Sakthi's father arranges for her to meet Arun, a prospective groom. Siva coincidentally runs into Arun and is introduced as Sakthi's "close friend". He proceeds to tell Arun about all her good qualities, never mentioning anything negative. Sakthi, realising his true love, leaves Arun and asks Siva to marry her. He is still angry because she sent a man to beat him up and because he believed she accepted Arun. She apologises and Siva forgives, but he asks her to go to a nearby temple where they can get married the next day. She visits the temple early the next day, but Siva does not visit, calling her up and saying that he refuses to marry her. Disappointed, Sakthi returns home but sees that Siva organised a surprise birthday party for her. The two of them have sex that night. The following morning, he plays another prank on her; she realises that he will never take any relationship seriously and leaves him.

Some months later, Siva arrives at Sakthi's house with his family to formally ask for her hand in marriage. During this time, Sakthi faints and is revealed to be pregnant (by Siva). When both their families learn this, they humorously surround Siva and beat him up. During the credits, set two years later, Siva and Sakthi are shown to be married and have a son, to whom Siva brags about how he successfully got Sakthi.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Jiiva]] as Siva
* [[Anuya Y Bhagwat|Anuya]] as Sakthi
* [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] as Kalyani
* [[Shakeela]] as the air hostess Sakthi
* Sneha Murali as Viji
* [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] as Vivek
* [[Sathyan (Tamil actor)|Sathyan]] as Shanmugam
* [[G. Gnanasambandan]] as Sakthi's father
* [[Mahanadi Shankar]] as the police inspector
* [[Anandsami]] as Sakthi's friend
* [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] as Arun (guest appearance)
* [[Sivakarthikeyan]] (voice imitation of [[Rajinikanth]] in a small segment of the song "Oru Adangapidari"; uncredited)
}}

== Production ==
''Siva Manasula Sakthi'' is the directorial debut of Rajesh, a former assistant of director [[S. A. Chandrasekhar]] and [[Ameer Sultan|Ameer]]. He opted against imitating Ameer or Chandrasekhar's directing styles, but wanted his own style that would appeal to youngsters, and wrote the script of this film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kamath |first=Sudhish |author-link=Sudhish Kamath |date=26 September 2013 |title=Master of Bromance |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/master-of-bromance/article5171133.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411024203/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/master-of-bromance/article5171133.ece |archive-date=11 April 2021 |access-date=1 April 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Inian |title=BEB Rajesh Interview |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/new-videos/videos-q1-09/director-interview/director-rajesh.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804044849/http://www.behindwoods.com/new-videos/videos-q1-09/director-interview/director-rajesh.html |archive-date=4 August 2021 |access-date=1 April 2024 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> Anuya made her Tamil debut with this film. As she could not speak Tamil, Rajesh struggled to improvise her dialogues.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=12 August 2010 |title=Yes, Boss! |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Yes-Boss/article16129168.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521235755/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Yes-Boss/article16129168.ece |archive-date=21 May 2023 |access-date=9 February 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> A length scene involving Jiiva, Anuya, Santhanam and Sathyan was shot at [[Sathyam Cinemas]], Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2011 |title=Rajesh shoots OKOK at his favourite locations |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/rajesh-shoots-okok-at-his-favourite-locations-news-tamil-lfejNCfadei.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110507103823/http://www.sify.com/movies/rajesh-shoots-okok-at-his-favourite-locations-news-tamil-lfejNCfadei.html |archive-date=7 May 2011 |access-date=17 February 2026 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack, composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], released on 25 January 2009, featuring 7 tracks with lyrics written by [[Na. Muthukumar]] was highly appreciated by fans and critics. The album grew in popularity, with particularly the song "Oru Kal" getting widely noticed,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=12 August 2010 |title=Yes, Boss! |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article566612.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020092639/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article566612.ece |archive-date=20 October 2012 |access-date=21 August 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=3 February 2009 |title=Yuvan not at his best |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/feb/03music-review-siva-manasula-sakthi.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126023448/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/feb/03music-review-siva-manasula-sakthi.htm |archive-date=26 January 2021 |access-date=13 February 2012 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2010 |title=Kollywood- Top 10 Songs of 2009 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kollywood-top-10-songs-of-2009-news-tamil-kkfrdNecfdb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111215111307/http://www.sify.com/movies/kollywood-top-10-songs-of-2009-news-tamil-kkfrdNecfdb.html |archive-date=15 December 2011 |access-date=13 February 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The song "Oru Adangapidari" features a short clip in which Jiiva's character imitates [[Rajinikanth]]’s ''[[Padayappa]]'' character, with the [[Impressionist (entertainment)|vocal mimicry]] performed by [[Sivakarthikeyan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeeva |date=10 June 2021 |title=நடிகர் ஜீவா நடித்த இந்த சூப்பர் ஹிட் படத்தில் பின்னணி பேசிய சிவகார்த்திகேயன்! சுவாரஸ்யமான தகவல் |url=https://cineulagam.com/article/sms-jeeva-siva-kar-1623331538 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616065140/https://cineulagam.com/article/sms-jeeva-siva-kar-1623331538 |archive-date=16 June 2021 |access-date=9 February 2026 |website=Cineulagam |language=ta}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer(s)!! Duration !! Notes
|-
| "MGR Illenga" || [[Haricharan]] || 05:10 ||
|-
| "Oru Adangapidari" || [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Shweta Mohan]] || 04:54 ||
|-
| "Eppadio Maatikiten" || [[Clinton Cerejo]], Komal Ramesh || 04:48 ||
|-
| "Oru Kal Oru Kannadi" || [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] || 05:06 ||
|-
| "Thithikum Theeyai" || [[KK (singer)|KK]], Shweta Mohan || 05:20 ||
|-
| "Oru Kal" || [[Adnan Sami]] || 04:38 || Not featured in the film
|-
| "Oru Paarvaiyil" || [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]] || 01:36 ||
|}

== Reception ==
''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote, "On the whole, time pass when you have nothing else to do".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Siva Manasula Sakthi Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/siva-manasula-sakthi/movie-review/4126675.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714203712/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/siva-manasula-sakthi/movie-review/4126675.cms |archive-date=14 July 2018 |access-date=18 June 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "If originality and a solid screenplay isn't your top priority and you want a bit of candy floss some sentiments laced with lots of comedy, then you might dig this one".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review-Siva Manasula Sakthi |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14856081&ctid=5&cid=2429 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303125034/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14856081&ctid=5&cid=2429 |archive-date=3 March 2009 |access-date=19 March 2024 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Pavithra Srinivasan of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote, "''SMS'' has all the makings of a runaway hit with its cocktail of humour, love and the eternal man-woman conflict. But if you're a champion of women's rights, this one's not for you".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=13 February 2009 |title=SMS is the perfect cocktail |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/feb/13review-sms.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707215845/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/feb/13review-sms.htm |archive-date=7 July 2022 |access-date=19 March 2024 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Ceremony
! Category
! Name
! Outcome
!{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|rowspan="5"|[[4th Vijay Awards]]
|[[Vijay Award for Favourite Song|Favourite Song]]
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] (Oru Kal)
|{{ nom}}
| rowspan="5" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vijay TV's most prestigious award's ceremony Fourth Annual UniverCell Vijay Awards powered by Rin Chennai's most extravagant event ever! |url=http://www.vijayawards2010.com/modules/common/news.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100804003915/http://www.vijayawards2010.com/modules/common/news.jsp |archive-date=4 August 2010 |access-date=5 August 2012 |website=vijayawards2010.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Comedian|Best Comedian]]
|[[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
|Yuvan Shankar Raja
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
|[[Na. Muthukumar]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Debut Actress|Best Debut Actress]]
|[[Anuya Y Bhagwat|Anuya]]
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010 Mirchi Music Awards
|Film Music Composer
|Yuvan Shankar Raja
|{{won}}
| rowspan="2" | <ref>{{Cite news |date=21 July 2010 |title=Singers rocked the Mirchi Music Awards |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/filmi-parties/regional/Singers-rocked-the-Mirchi-Music-Awards/articleshow/6191972.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616074739/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-21/regional/28306679_1_music-industry-uninor-mirchi-music-awards-upcoming-lyricist |archive-date=16 June 2012 |access-date=28 May 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|Film Lyricist
|Na. Muthukumar
|{{won}}
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{M. Rajesh}}
{{Works by Vikatan Televistas}}

[[Category:2009 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2009 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2009 Indian films]]
[[Category:2009 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by M. Rajesh]]
[[Category:Films scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films set in cinemas and movie theaters]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic comedy films]]

Bhairamgarh Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-02-22T17:05:59Z

GuillermoFenster: new new post - done

{{Infobox protected area
| name = Bhairamgarh Wildlife Sanctuary
| alt_name =
| iucn_category = IV
| iucn_ref =
| image =
| image_caption =
| map = India Chhattisgarh #India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| coordinates = {{coord|19|5|56.8|N|80|56|21.8|E|display=inline,title}}
| coords_ref =
| established = 1983
| area_km2 = 138.95
| elevation =
| nearest_city = [[Jagdalpur]]
| governing_body =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Bhairamgarh Wildlife Sanctuary''' is a [[Protected areas of India|protected area]] and [[List of wildlife sanctuaries of India|wildlife sanctuary]] located in [[Bijapur district, Chhattisgarh|Bijapur district]] of the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wii.gov.in/eia/wildlife_database/Chattisgarh|title=Wildlife sanctuaries in Chhattisgarh|work=[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]], [[Government of India]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>

== Description ==
The sanctuary covers an area of {{cvt|138.95|km2}} and was declared as a protected area in 1983.<ref name="Compendium">{{cite report|url=https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-04/9%20Compendium%20Book_2021_Low%20%281%29%20%282%29.pdf|title=National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries in India|work=[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]], [[Government of India]]|date=November 2021|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://bijapur.gov.in/en/sanctuary-national-park/|title=Bhairamgarh Sanctuary|work=[[Government of Chhattisgarh]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>

== Flora and fauna ==
The protected area consists of [[tropical deciduous forest|tropical dry deciduous mixed forests]]. Major fauna include [[sambar deer]], [[gaur]], [[barking deer]], [[sloth bear]], [[striped hyena]], [[wild boar]], [[jungle cat]], [[grey wolf]], [[wild dog]], [[indian fox]], [[asiatic jackal]], [[spotted deer]], [[indian gazelle]], [[chausingha]], and [[nilgai]]. avifauna include [[barred owlet]], [[brown fish owl]], [[eurasian eagle owl]], [[red jungle fowl]], [[peafowl]], [[indian pitta]], [[paradise flycatcher]], and [[chestnut-shouldered petronia]].<ref name="Compendium"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Protected Areas of India}}

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Dantewada district]]
[[Category:1983 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1983]]

Sahoday Senior Secondary School

2026-02-21T08:58:27Z

GuillermoFenster: done!

{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=October 2022}}
{{Promotional|date=July 2017}}
{{Tone|date=July 2017}}
{{Notability|date=September 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Sahoday Senior Secondary School
| native_name = Sahoday School
| motto = "Rising Together"
| location = C-1 S.D.A, Hauz Khas, New Delhi - 110 016
| city = [[New Delhi]]
| state = [[Delhi]]
| county =
| postal_code = 110016
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|28.5525398|77.1995843|type:school|display=Inline}}
| type = [[Private school|Private]]
| founder = Arch Bishop Rt. Rev. Angelo Fernandes
| status = functioning
| president = Most Rev. Archbishop Anil J.T. Couto
| chairperson = Rev. Fr. Susai Sebastian
| director = Rev. Fr. Vincent d'souza
| principal = Sr. Joyce
| principal_label = Principal
| grades = Nursery - 12
| gender = Co-educational
| language = English
| hours_in_day = 6
| campuses = 1
| campus = Urban
| houses = 4
| song = Sahoday Ka Arth Hai Uday Hona Hai Saath Saath
| affiliations = CBSE
| athletics = "Sahodians"
| website = [http://sahodayschool.in/]
}}
'''Sahoday Sr. Sec. School''' is a private school in [[Safdarjung]] Development Area, [[Hauz Khas]], [[New Delhi]], India. It was founded by Archbishop Rt. Rev. Angelo Fernandes.

The school enrolls children from kindergarten to high school and is affiliated with the Central Board of Secondary Education in India. The medium of instruction is English, and the Hindi and Sanskrit languages are mandatory.

The School motto is "Rising Together", which is to speak about raising children from each section of the society and giving education to all.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahoday Sr. Secondary School {{!}} Home :: |url=http://www.sahodayschool.in/ |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=www.sahodayschool.in}}</ref>

==History==

Sahoday School opened in 1976, and it is a minority school which belongs to the Catholic Archdiocese of Delhi. It is a religious, social and educational institution, which undertakes different programs for the development of the whole person. The school has been recognized by the Directorate of Education and is affiliated with the Central Board of Secondary Education.

==Society==

At present the President of the Society is Most Rev. Dr. Anil J.T. Couto, the Chairman –cum-Vicar General is Very Rev. Fr. Susai Sebastian, the Director for Education is Rev. Fr. Vincent D'souza, the Manager of the school is Rev. Fr.Peter Emmanuel, and the Principal is Sr. Joyce. In total, there are 1901 students and 76 staff (both teaching and non-teaching) on roll.

==Infrastructure==
The Infrastructure in Sahday school consists of a spacious assembly ground, and an extensive football and cricket ground. It has spacious well-furnished classrooms with cross ventilation. The knowledge resource Centre (Library) is well furnished and spacious with latest editions and all variety of books. It offers a balanced curriculum that constitutes total teaching learning programs composed of overall aim, syllabus materials, methods and assessments. It stimulates the child's creativity, talents, and potent in non-academic fields. It provides punishment and stress-free environment to the beloved children.

The school consists of the following:

* Furnished classrooms with extra marks Smart learning board
* Computer labs
* Science laboratories
* Dance room
* Math's park
* Sports room
* English language labs
* Auditorium

==Houses==
Houses are named after well-known Indian Freedom fighters and scientist who established their name with the golden letters in history of the world.
* {{color box|Green}} '''GANDHI HOUSE'''
* {{color box|Yellow}} '''NEHRU HOUSE'''
*{{color box|Blue}} '''BHAGAT HOUSE'''
*{{color box|Red}} '''RAMAN HOUSE'''

==Student Council==
A student government system operates at sections of Class 6th and 12th. It is called the Student Council and has 20-30 members. Its function is to collaborate with the administration to organize everyday activities of the school and ensure discipline. The members of the school cabinet are interviewed and selected by the senior teachers along with the activity in-charge and the Principal. They participate in the formal ceremony of Investiture. The School council is Headed by The Head Boy and The Head Girl who in collaboration with others look into the everyday functioning of the school.

Apart from them, the school council also has Vice captains of every house and club. Class representatives also help the functioning of the school Cabinet.

==Subjects==
The following subjects are offered in the school:
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* English
* Biology
* Physics
* Chemistry
* Mathematics
* Computer science
* Economics
* Physical education
* Business studies
* Accountancy
* Political science
* History
* Geography
* Hindi
* Sanskrit
* Environmental studies
* Mental Maths
{{div col end}}

==Co-curricular activities==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* Dance
* Yoga
* Vocal music (Indian and Western)
* Arts and crafts
* Table tennis
* Computer club
* Volleyball
* Instrumental music
* Dance drama
* English Literary club
* Science club
* Football
* Throw ball
* Maths club
* Cultural club
* Basketball
* Eco-friendly Club
{{div col end}}

==See also==
*[[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
*[[Education in Delhi]]
*[[Education in India]]
*[[List of schools in Delhi]]

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Sahoday+Senior+Secondary+School/@28.5525398,77.1995843,269m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x390ce20b9aaaaaab:0xa8948352660c9e9b!8m2!3d28.5527058!4d77.200095|title= Sahoday Sr. Sec. School}}

{{Portal bar|schools|Education}}

[[Category:1976 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Schools in Delhi]]

M. C. Mehta

2026-02-08T11:55:37Z

GuillermoFenster: added a post initial version

{{Short description|Indian public interest attorney}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mahesh Chandra Mehta
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| monuments =
| other_names =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Public interest attorney
| years_active =
| employer =
| organization =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| style =
| television =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| father =
| relatives =
| awards = {{Plainlist |
*[[Goldman Environmental Prize]] (1996)
*[[Ramon Magsaysay Award]] (1997)
*[[Padma Shri]] (2016) }}
}}

'''Mahesh Chandra Mehta''' is a public interest attorney from India. He single-handedly won numerous landmark judgments from India's Supreme Court since 1984, including introducing lead-free gasoline to India and reducing the industrial pollution fouling the Ganga and [[Taj Trapezium Case|eroding the Taj Mahal]]. He was awarded the [[Goldman Environmental Prize]] in 1996 for his continuous fights in Indian courts against pollution-causing industries.<ref name="goldman">Goldman Environmental Prize: [http://www.goldmanprize.org/node/133 M.C. Mehta] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071204052247/http://www.goldmanprize.org/node/133|date=4 December 2007}} (Retrieved on 28 November 2007)</ref>

He received the [[Ramon Magsaysay Award]] for Asia for Public Service in 1997. The Government of India awarded him the civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]] in 2016.<ref name="Padma Awards 2016">{{cite web | url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=135783 | title=Padma Awards 2016 | publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India | date=2016 | accessdate=2 February 2016}}</ref> He is a trustee of [[People for Animals]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=PEOPLE FOR ANIMALS |url=https://www.peopleforanimalsindia.org/trustees.php |access-date=2018-04-28 |website=peopleforanimalsindia.org |language=en
|archive-date=9 September 2018
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909091847/http://www.peopleforanimalsindia.org:80/trustees.php }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{RMA winners of India}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Public Affairs}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mehta, M. C.}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Indian environmental lawyers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Ramon Magsaysay Award winners]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in public affairs]]
[[Category:Goldman Environmental Prize awardees]]

Herbert Reiner Jr.

2026-02-07T22:51:27Z

GuillermoFenster: adjust formatting additionally and improved wording for clarity

{{Short description|American diplomat (1916–1999)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Herbert Thomas Reiner Jr.
| image =
| alt = Herbert Reiner Jr., Tom Reiner, Herbert "Tom" Reiner
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1916|09|21}}
| birth_place = [[Brattleboro, Vermont]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1999|12|28|1916|09|21}}
| death_place = [[Cotuit, Massachusetts]]
| other_names =
| occupation = Career diplomat
| years_active =
| known_for = Capturing the assassin of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]
| notable_works =
}}

'''Herbert Thomas''' "'''Tom'''" '''Reiner Jr.''' (September 21, 1916 – December 28, 1999) was an American career diplomat who, while on a posting in India from 1947 to 1949, played a key role in capturing [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s assassin, [[Nathuram Godse]]. Reiner was among those present when [[Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi|Godse fatally shot Gandhi]] at an evening prayer meeting in New Delhi on January 30, 1948. Moments after the shooting, while the attending crowd was still in shock, Reiner rushed forward, grasping Godse by the shoulders and firmly holding him until military and police personnel took him away. In the days following, Reiner's action was reported in newspapers around the world.

==Early life and career==
Reiner was born in [[Brattleboro, Vermont]], and raised in [[Lancaster, Massachusetts]], attending [[Leominster High School]] in [[Leominster, Massachusetts]], and graduating in 1933.{{sfn|Staff Writer|1948}}{{sfn|Obituary, May 21|2000}} He received his bachelor's degree from [[Bates College]], and a master's from [[Clark University]].{{sfn|Staff Writer|1948}}{{sfn|Obituary, May 21|2000}} He served in the US Navy in World War II as a [[Sino-American Cooperative Organization]] (SACO) economic intelligence assistant,{{sfn|Allston|1995|p=341}}{{efn|"LCDR Herbert (Tom) Reiner, a former SACO economic intelligence assistant, reported for duty at the U.S. embassy, New Delhi".{{sfn|Allston|1995|p=341}}}} and was discharged in 1946 as a Lieutenant Commander.{{Sfn|The Associated Press|1948}}

==Diplomatic career==
===Posting in India===
[[File:Mohandas K. Gandhi, Memorial assassination spot, 2013.jpg|thumb|right|Memorial at the former Birla House, New Delhi, India where Mahatma Gandhi was assassinated at 5:17 p.m. on 30 January 1948 on his way to a prayer meeting. Stylized footsteps are shown leading to the memorial.]]
He arrived in newly independent India in 1947 as a disbursing and financial officer for the US State Department,{{Sfn|The Associated Press|1948}}{{efn|"Mr Reiner, who is 32, went to India in 1947 as a disbursing and financial officer for the American State Department. He served in the navy during the war, and was discharged as a Lieutenant Commander".{{Sfn|The Associated Press|1948}}}} in the US Embassy in New Delhi, with the rank of vice-consul.{{sfn|Obituary, May 26|2000}} In early September 1947, Gandhi had moved to Delhi in order to help stem the violent rioting there, and in the neighboring province of [[East Punjab]].{{sfn|Lelyveld|2011|p=332}} The rioting had come in the wake of the [[partition of India|partition of the British Indian empire]], which had accompanied the creation of the newly independent dominions of India and Pakistan, and involved large, chaotic, transfers of the population between them.{{sfn|Talbot|Singh|2009|p=2}}{{efn|"Communal massacres sparked a chaotic two-way flight of Hindus and Sikhs from Pakistan and Muslims from India. In all an estimated 15 million people were displaced in what became the largest forced migration in the twentieth century".{{sfn|Talbot|Singh|2009|p=2}}}} Soon after arrival, Reiner had written to his parents, expressing a wish to see Gandhi at one of his evening multi-faith prayer meetings.{{sfn|The Associated Press|1948}}{{efn|"STAMFORD, Conn, Jan. 31- Herbert Reiner Jr., the American who seized the assassin of Mohandas K. Gandhi, had recently expressed the hope in a letter that he might some day see the Indian leader and attend one of his prayer meetings. His mother, Mrs. Herbert Reiner Sr., said at her home here today that it was apparently to fulfill that hope that her son was present when Mr. Gandhi was slain".{{sfn|The Associated Press|1948}}}}{{sfn|Obituary, May 26|2000}}{{efn|"After arriving in India, Reiner wrote to his mother of his hope to meet Gandhi and attend one of his prayer meetings. On Jan. 30, 1948, he went to a prayer meeting to catch a glimpse of Gandhi. It was to be Gandhi's last meeting".{{sfn|Obituary, May 26|2000}}}} Gandhi had initially been staying at the [[scheduled caste]] Balmiki Temple, near [[Gole Market]] in the northern regions of New Delhi, and holding his prayer meetings there, but as the temple was requisitioned for sheltering refugees of the partition, he moved to [[Birla House]], a large mansion on what was then [[Albuquerque Road]] in south-central New Delhi, not far from Diplomatic Enclave.{{sfn|Stratton|1950|pp=40–42}} Gandhi was living in two unpretentious rooms in the left wing of Birla House, and conducting the prayer meetings on a raised lawn behind the mansion.{{sfn|Stratton|1950|pp=40–42}}

On January 30, 1948, Reiner reached Birla House after work, arriving fifteen minutes before the scheduled start of the prayer meeting at 5 p.m., and finding himself in a relatively small crowd.{{sfn|Stratton|1950|pp=40–42}} Although there were some armed guards present, Reiner felt that the security measures were inadequate, especially in view of an attempted bomb explosion at the same location ten days before.{{sfn|Stratton|1950|pp=40–42}} By the time Gandhi and his small party reached the garden area a few minutes after five, the crowd had swelled to several hundred, which Reiner described as comprising "schoolboys, girls, sweepers, members of the armed services, businessmen, sadhus, holymen, and even vendors displaying pictures of 'Bapu'". At first, Reiner had been at some distance from the path leading to the dais, but he moved forward, explaining later, "An impulse to see more, and at a closer range, of this Indian leader impelled me to move away from the group in which I had been standing to the edge of the terrace steps".{{sfn|Stratton|1950|pp=40–42}}

As Gandhi was walking briskly up the steps leading to the lawn, an unidentified man in the crowd spoke up, somewhat insolently in Reiner's recollection, "Gandhiji, you are late".{{sfn|Stratton|1950|pp=40–42}} Gandhi slowed down his pace, turned toward the man, and gave him an annoyed look, passing directly in front of Reiner at that moment.{{sfn|Stratton|1950|pp=40–42}} But no sooner had Gandhi reached the top of the steps than another man, a stocky Indian man, in his 30s, and dressed in khaki clothes, stepped out from the crowd and into Gandhi's path. He soon fired several shots up close, at once felling Gandhi.{{sfn|Stimson|1948}} The BBC correspondent Robert Stimson described what happened next in a radio report filed that night:{{sfn|Stimson|1948}} "For a few seconds no one could believe what had happened; every one seemed dazed and numb. And then a young American who had come for prayers rushed forward and seized the shoulders of the man in the khaki coat. That broke the spell. ... Half a dozen people stooped to lift Gandhi. Others hurled themselves upon the attacker. ... He was overpowered and taken away".{{sfn|Pronko|Bowles|2013|pp=342–343}} Others, as well, described how the crowd seemed paralyzed until Reiner's action.{{sfn|Singer|1953|p=194}}{{efn|"The crowd was paralyzed as the two grandchildren lifted the frail Gandhi and carried him into his room in Birla House. Tom Reiner, the United States vice-consul, a newcomer to India, who had attended the prayer meeting, seized the assassin ..."{{sfn|Singer|1953|p=194}}}}

Robert Trumbull of ''The New York Times'', who was an eyewitness, described Reiner's action in a front-page story on January 31, 1948, "The assassin was seized by Tom Reiner of Lancaster, Mass., a vice consul attached to the American Embassy and a recent arrival in India. ... Mr. Reiner grasped the assailant by the shoulders and shoved him toward several police guards. Only then did the crowd begin to grasp what had happened and a forest of fists belabored the assassin ..."{{sfn|Trumbull|1948}} Reiner too had noticed a man in khaki step into the path leading to the dais, but his further view was occluded by a party of associates following Gandhi. He soon heard sounds, though, which in his words were "not loud, not ringing, and not unlike the reports of damp firecrackers ..." and which for a moment made him wonder if some sort of celebration was not underway.{{sfn|Stratton|1950|pp=40–42}}

After Gandhi had fallen, Reiner thought Godse himself looked a little stunned at how easily he had carried out his plan. Reiner reported, "(Godse) stood nearly motionless with a small [[Beretta M1934|beretta]] dangling in his right hand and to my knowledge made no attempt to escape or to take his own fire. ... Moving toward Godse I extended my right arm in an attempt to seize his gun but in doing so grasped his right shoulder in a manner that spun him into the hands of [[Indian Air Force#First years of independence (1947–1950)|Royal Indian Air Force]] men, also spectators, who disarmed him. I then fastened a firm grasp on his neck and shoulders until other military and police took him into custody".{{sfn|Stratton|1950|pp=40–42}} Reiner then stepped away, in some relief, for, on account of his proximity to Godse, he had been fearing receiving a blow or even a bullet from the frenzied crowd.{{sfn|Stratton|1950|pp=40–42}}

Elsewhere, Reiner recalled, "People were standing as though paralyzed. I moved around them, grasped his shoulder and spun him around, then took a firmer grip on his shoulders".{{sfn|Obituary, May 26|2000}} In one account of Gandhi's assassination, Reiner is said to have "seized and pummeled" Godse.{{sfn|Tunzelmann|2012|p=320}}{{efn|"As Gandhi was cradled by his devotees and carried back to the house, the assassin was seized and pummeled by the thirty-two-year-old diplomatic officer Herbert Reiner of Springdale, Connecticut.(Citing letter by the then Deputy High Commissioner of the UK in New Delhi, A. C. B. Symon to [[Philip Noel-Baker]], the [[Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations]], 4 February 1948, in the British National Archives collection of correspondence of the Office of the Prime Minister, Clement Attlee, 1946–1951, [https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research/research-guides/prime-ministers-office-records/ TNA:PREM8/741].)"{{sfn|Tunzelmann|2012|p=320}}}} In another account, he is said to have wished to remain anonymous.{{sfn|Gauba|1969|p=150}}{{efn|"The unsung hero of the day, however, who wishes to remain anonymous, is an official of the American Embassy at Delhi, who is the first to realise what has happened, and leaps forward and grips the assassin by the arm. If this young American had not done what he did, Nathuram Godse would probably have shot his way out for he still had four unspent bullets in his pistol".{{sfn|Gauba|1969|p=150}}}} Authors N. H. Pronko and J. W. Bowles, in ''Empirical Foundations of Psychology'', consider Reiner's actions as having constituted a critical "new stimulus" that paved the way from a "no response period" of the crowd—which had begun in the wake of the "disturbing stimulus" of the shooting—to "coordinated and adjustmental" behaviors.{{sfn|Pronko|Bowles|2013|pp=342–343}} Godse was put on trial in the summer of 1948; he was sentenced to death and hanged in November 1949.{{sfn|Doeden|2013|p=72}}

===Later career and life===
After his time in India, Reiner briefly worked as assistant attache at the American Legation in [[Budapest]], Hungary.{{sfn|Who's who of Southern Africa|1969|p=783}} He moved to Korea in June 1949, and during the [[Korean War]], served as a consul general during the [[Battle of the Pusan Perimeter]]; in later years, he served as consul general in Freetown, Sierra Leone, and Johannesburg, South Africa.{{sfn|Obituary, May 26|2000}}{{sfn|Office of The Historian, US State Department|1999}} He ended his diplomatic career in Canberra, Australia, and moved to [[Cape Cod]] in 1976.{{sfn|Obituary, May 26|2000}} Reiner died on December 28, 1999, at his home in Cotuit, Massachusetts.{{sfn|Obituary, May 26|2000}}

==References==
===Notes===
{{Notelist|40em}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Works cited===
*{{citation|last=Allston|first=Frank J.|title=Ready for Sea: The Bicentennial History of the U.S. Navy Supply Corps|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TabfAAAAMAAJ|year=1995|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=978-1-55750-033-5}}
*{{citation|last=Doeden|first=Matt|title=Darkness Everywhere: The Assassination of Mohandas Gandhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KhGXAgAAQBAJ|year=2013|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|isbn=978-1-4677-1659-8}}
*{{citation|last=Gauba|first=Khalid Latif|author-link=K. L. Gauba|title=The Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g5Q9AAAAMAAJ|year=1969|publisher=Jaico Publishing House|page=150|isbn=9780882531403}}
*{{citation|last=Lelyveld|first=Joseph|author-link=Joseph Lelyveld|title=Great Soul: Mahatma Gandhi and his struggle with India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rx1LI-P8nIkC|year=2011|publisher=Knopf|isbn=978-0-307-59536-2}}
*{{citation|date=May 21, 2000|author=Obituary, May 21|title=Herbert Reiner Jr., Diplomat, 83; Captured Gandhi's killer in 1948|newspaper=The Boston Globe}}
*{{citation|date=May 26, 2000|author=Obituary, May 26|title=Herbert Reiner Jr.; Captured Gandhi's killer|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-may-26-me-34297-story.html|access-date=January 27, 2017}}
*{{cite book|author=Office of the Historian, US State Department|year=1999|title=Herbert Reiner Jr (1916–1999)|url=https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/reiner-herbert|ref={{harvid|Office of The Historian, US State Department|1999}}}}
*{{citation|last1=Pronko|first1=N. H.|last2=Bowles|first2=J. W.|title=Empirical Foundations Of Psychology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dfaAAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA343|year=2013|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-136-32708-7|page=343}}
*{{citation|last=Singer|first=Kurt D.|title=The Men in the Trojan Horse|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LV0eAAAAMAAJ|year=1953|publisher=Beacon Press}}
*{{citation|author=Staff Writer|newspaper=Leominister Daily Tribune|location=Leominster, Mass|date=February 2, 1948|title=Report H. S. Graduate as first to reach and hold Gandhi assailant|url=http://www.rarenewspapers.com/view/590880|access-date=January 27, 2017}}
*{{citation|last=Stimson|first=Robert, BBC|newspaper=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation News Roundup| date=January 30, 1948|title=India: The Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi (audio starts at 3:06, ends at 5:36) |url=https://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/india-the-assassination-of-mahatma-gandhi|access-date=January 27, 2017}}
*{{citation|last=Stratton|first=Roy Olin|title=SACO, the Rice Paddy Navy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oTFNAQAAMAAJ|year=1950|publisher=C. S. Palmer Publishing Company}}
*{{citation|last1=Talbot|first1=Ian|last2=Singh|first2=Gurharpal|title=The Partition of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-13aHAAACAAJ|year=2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-85661-4}}
*{{citation|date=February 1, 1948|author=The Associated Press|title=American who held killer 'Wanted to see Gandhi'|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1948/02/01/96415235.html?pageNumber=42}}
*{{citation|last=Trumbull|first=Robert|newspaper=The New York Times|date=January 31, 1948|title=Gandhi is killed by a Hindu; India shaken; World mourns; 15 die in rioting in Bombay|url=https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0130.html#article}}
*{{citation|last=Tunzelmann|first=Alex von|title=Indian Summer: The Secret History of the End of an Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tHmPrSPzu3MC&pg=PA320|year=2012|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-4711-1476-2|page=320}}
*{{citation|author=Who's who of Southern Africa|title=Who's who of Southern Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_m9mAAAAMAAJ|volume=53|year=1969|publisher=Argus Printing & Publishing Company}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reiner, Herbert Thomas Jr.}}
[[Category:1916 births]]
[[Category:1999 deaths]]
[[Category:Consuls for the United States]]
[[Category:Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi]]
[[Category:Bates College alumni]]
[[Category:Clark University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Lancaster, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:People from Brattleboro, Vermont]]
[[Category:United States Navy officers]]
[[Category:20th-century American diplomats]]

Mumbai–Pune Expressway

2026-02-05T04:22:01Z

GuillermoFenster: Improved structure and clarity

{{Short description|Expressway in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{infobox road
| country = IND
| type = Express Highway
| name = Yashwantrao Chavan Expressway
| alternate_name = Mumbai–Pune Expressway
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=290|frame-height=300|zoom=9|frame-align=center|type=line|stroke-width=3|id= Q286044|title=Mumbai–Pune Expressway }}
| map_custom = yes
| map_notes = Mumbai-Pune Expressway in red
| image = Express highway.jpg
| length_km = 94.5
| direction_a = West
| terminus_a = [[Kalamboli]], [[Navi Mumbai]], [[Raigad District]]
| junction = : [[Sion Panvel Expressway]] near [[Panvel]]
: {{jct|NH|548|country=IND}} in [[Kalamboli]]
: {{jct|NH|48|country=IND}} in [[Kalamboli]]
: {{jct|NH|48|country=IND}} in [[Ravet, Pune|Ravet]]
| established = {{start date and age|April 2002}}
| direction_b = East
| terminus_b = [[Ravet, Pune|Ravet]], [[Pune]]
| formed =
| history =
| states = [[Maharashtra]]
| cities = [[Kalamboli]], [[Panvel]], [[Khalapur]] [[Khandala]], [[Lonavala]], [[Talegaon Dabhade]]
| maint = [[Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation]] (MSRDC)
}}

The '''Mumbai–Pune Expressway''' (officially '''Yashwantrao Chavan Expressway''') is India's first 6-[[lane]] wide concrete, access-controlled [[tollway|tolled]] expressway.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.roadtraffic-technology.com/projects/mumbai/ |title=Mumbai-Pune Expressway, India |publisher=Road Traffic Technology |access-date=2010-08-21}}</ref> It spans a distance of 94.5km connecting [[Raigad district|Raigad]]-[[Navi Mumbai]]-[[Mumbai]], the capital of [[Maharashtra]] state and the financial capital of [[India]], with [[Pune]], the cultural and educational capital of Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rs 7,000-cr project to add more lanes to expressway, NH-4 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/rs-7000-cr-project-to-add-more-lanes-to-expressway-nh-4/|access-date=21 November 2015|work=The Indian express|agency=Express News Agency|date=6 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-12 |title=Mumbai Pune Expressway Route Map, Toll Charges, News and Latest Updates - Infra Info Hub |url=https://infrainfohub.com/mumbai-pune-expressway/ |access-date=2024-08-12 |language=en-US}}</ref> The expressway, which was fully operationalized in 2002, introduced new levels of speed and safety in automobile transportation to Indian roads.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.punediary.com/html/eway.html |title=Expressway pune mumbai pune, mumbai pune mumbai, express high way nh-4 national highway no4 |publisher=Punediary.com |access-date=2010-08-21}}</ref> It is one of India's busiest roads.<ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com">{{cite news| url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/infrastructure/mumbai-pune-expressway-may-soon-have-eight-lanes/articleshow/18642402.cms | work=The Times of India| title=Mumbai-Pune expressway may soon have eight lanes | date=23 February 2013}}</ref>

The expressway starts at [[Kalamboli]] in [[Raigad district|Raigad District]]'s [[Navi Mumbai]] and ends at Kiwale in Pune. It cleaves through the scenic [[Sahyadri]] mountain ranges through [[Mountain pass|passes]] and [[tunnel]]s.<ref name="JRMTT" /> It has five [[Interchange (road)|interchanges]]: Kon (Shedung), Chowk, Khalapur, Kusgaon and Talegaon.<ref name=":1">{{cite news |title=8 lanes, longest road tunnels soon on Mumbai-Pune Expressway |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/8-lanes-longest-road-tunnels-soon-on-Mumbai-Pune-Expressway/articleshow/9117771.cms |access-date=26 July 2019 |work=The Times of India|date=6 July 2011}}</ref> The expressway has two [[carriageway]]s, each with three concrete lanes, separated by a central divider and a [[Asphalt concrete|tarmac]] or [[concrete]] shoulder on either side. [[Pedestrians]], pedal bicycles, [[Motorcycle|two-wheelers]], [[Auto rickshaw|three-wheelers]], [[bullock carts]] and [[tractor]]s are not permitted, although [[Semi-trailer truck|tractor-trailers (semi-trailer rigs)]] are permitted. Vehicles are also prohibited from halting on the expressway.<ref>{{cite news |date= 31 August 2022 |title=Pune-Mumbai Expressway halting: Highway Safety Patrol fines 3,863 motorists |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/pune-mumbai-expressway-halting-highway-safety-patrol-fines-3863-motorists/articleshow/93891475.cms |work= Times of India |access-date= 1 October 2022}}</ref> The expressway handles about 43,000 [[Passenger car equivalent|PCUs]] daily,<ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com"/> and is designed to handle up to 1,00,000 PCUs.<ref name="JRMTT">{{cite journal|date=July 2007|title=Study of Rockfall at Amritanjan Bridge Site on Mumbai – Pune Expressway – A Case Study|url=https://www.isrmtt.com/wp-content/pdf/vol-13-2007/july-2007-vol-13-no-2/kishor.pdf|journal=Journal of Rock Mechanics and Tunnelling Technology|volume=13|issue=2|access-date=25 July 2019}}</ref>

The expressway has reduced the travel time from [[Kalamboli]] in [[Raigad district|Raigad]], near [[Mumbai]] to Kiwale in Pune to about two hours. It has largely supplemented the Mumbai-Pune section of [[National Highway 48 (India)|NH 48]], which had become extremely congested and accident-prone. {{Citation needed|date=July 2019}}

The expressway is not part of [[National Highways Authority of India|NHAI]] highway network NH 48 and has been built, operated and maintained wholly by the [[Government of Maharashtra]] via [[Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation]]. [[National Highway 48 (India)|NH 48]] is another separate older [[National highways in India|national highway]]. The [[National Highway 48 (India)|NH 48]] merges with this expressway for a short distance near [[Khandala]]. Due to the winding route taken as the road climbs up the hills, traffic congestion occurs on that part of the expressway where [[National Highway 48 (India)|NH 48]] merges. To alleviate this, a 'missing link' (bypass) project is under construction. This will allow traffic to bypass the hill (ghat) section, reducing the distance by about 6&nbsp;km and travel time by an estimated 25 minutes.<ref name="MSRDC">{{Cite web|url=https://msrdc.in/Site/Common/ProjectListDetails.aspx?ID=75&MainId=18|title=Mumbai Pune Corridor (Missing Link of MPEW)|website=MSRDC|access-date=2022-04-16}}</ref>

==History==

The government of Maharashtra appointed [[RITES]] in 1990 to carry out feasibility studies for the new expressway to be operated on toll basis. RITES submitted its report in 1994 with the estimated cost of the project at {{INRConvert|11.46|b}}.

The government of Maharashtra entrusted the work of the construction of the expressway to [[MSRDC]] in March 1997 on [[Build-Operate-Transfer]] basis with permission to collect toll for 30 years.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}} The [[Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)|Ministry of Environment and Forests]], [[Government of India]] gave environmental clearance on 13 October 1997 and forest clearance on 11 November 1997.

The tender notice was published in leading newspapers all over India and also on the Internet. Due to the wide publicity, 133 tenders were sold and 55 tenders were received on 18 December 1997. After technical and financial evaluation, work orders were given on 1 January 1998 to four contractors. Thereafter tenders for widening of [[Khandala]] and [[Lonavala]]-[[Khandala]] [[bypass (road)|bypass]] works were invited. The tenders were received on 24 August 1998 and orders were issued on 4 September 1998.<ref name=":0" />

This six-lane project was completed under the stewardship of the [[Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation]] (MSRDC). The expressway cost {{INRConvert|16.3|b}} to construct.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Dandekar|first1=Hemalata C.|last2=Mahajan|first2=Sulakshana|date=2001|title=MSRDC and Mumbai-Pune Expressway: A Sustainable Model for Privatising Construction of Physical Infrastructure?|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=36|issue=7|pages=549–559|issn=0012-9976|jstor=4410291}}</ref> The first sections opened in 2000, and the entire route was completed, opened to traffic and made fully operational from April 2002.<ref name="JRMTT" /><ref name=":1" />

The expressway was closed for over 24 hours on 26 July 2005, due to [[Maharashtra floods of 2005|heavy monsoon]], which caused several landslides. It was not until 2009, however, that speed limits were posted, at {{convert|80|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}, after several accidents due to over-speeding were reported.

In June and July 2015, the expressway faced temporary closure for certain times of the day due to landslides caused by heavy rains, which also caused fatalities.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/navi-mumbai/Another-landslide-near-Khandala-disrupts-Mumbai-Pune-Expressway-traffic/articleshow/48313499.cms|title=Another landslide near Khandala disrupts Mumbai-Pune Expressway traffic - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-06-21}}</ref> As a precautionary measure, the PWD began to remove loose rocks and installed safety nets, while diverting traffic the old National Highway 48.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/navi-mumbai/Landslide-on-Pune-Mumbai-Expressway-kills-3-halts-traffic/articleshow/48132370.cms|title=Landslide on Pune-Mumbai Expressway kills 3, halts traffic - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-06-21}}</ref>

As the expressway began to suffer from congestions with time, most notably in the incline section near Khandala and Lonavala due to the movement of heavy vehicles, a proposal to construct an alternative road was approved. The construction began in March 2019, which included 2 new tunnels (23 meter wide, and longest tunnel of 8.87 km), and 2 viaducts, one of them cable stayed, and will pass below the lake in Lonavala. During the period, the other sections of the expressway were progressively expanded to 4 lanes from 3 on each side. Originally stated to complete in March 2024, the deadline has been extended to August 2025, and subsequently extended to 2026.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://news24online.com/india/mumbai-pune-expressways-missing-link-nears-completion-set-to-open-this-month/497163/|title= Mumbai-Pune Expressway’s ‘Missing Link’ Nears Completion: Set To Open THIS Month}}</ref>

The expressway faced a limited use of vehicles plying in the [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|lockdown during COVID-19]], with only emergency and special passes being allowed. During that period, the [[Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation|MSRDC]] with the help of [[Maharashtra Police]] Highway Traffic department, demolished a section of the 190 year old Amrutanjan Bridge, a popular out of use railway bridge on the [[Bhor Ghat]] while preserving the plaque, as it caused a bottleneck for wide trucks and a potential safety hazard.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/pune-mumbai-expressway-now-safer-after-bridge-demolition/story-4TJN5pU5RHI8Inc0xp8PQI.html|title = Pune-Mumbai expressway now 'safer' after bridge demolition|date = 28 June 2020}}</ref> Following the demolition, safety at that section has been greatly improved.

==Naming==
The expressway was conceived in the year 1992 by the Maharashtra state Government, although construction began in 1997.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/why-maharashtra-must-thank-a-watchful-bal-thackeray/story-ElRHcwL9omr6QvykPVAhpK.html|title=Why Maharashtra must thank a watchful Bal Thackeray|date=2012-11-17|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-07-18}}</ref> Eventually, in 2009, the then ruling coalition ([[Indian National Congress|INC]], [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]) named the expressway after the first Chief Minister of Maharashtra, [[Yashavantrao Chavan]], who was a member of the Congress.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/controversy-over-mumbai-pune-expressway/20090709.htm|title=Now, a controversy over Mumbai-Pune expressway|website=Rediff|access-date=2019-07-18}}</ref>

==Opening==

The expressway was opened to the public in April 2001. The expressway initially opened without a posted speed limit. However, in 2009, a speed limit of {{convert|80|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} was enacted as private vehicles got more powerful and could hit higher speeds more easily, although enforcement was lax. In July 2019, a panel of experts agreed to further increase the speed limit to {{convert|120|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/cover-story/now-you-can-drive-down-the-mumbai-eway-at-120-kmph/articleshow/70219352.cms|title=Now, you can drive down the Mumbai-Pune Expressway at 120&nbsp;km/h, Gadkari okays panel recommendations|last1=Dedgaonkar|first1=Supriya|date=July 15, 2019|website=Pune Mirror|language=en|access-date=2019-07-18}}</ref> This increase was short lived, and four months later in November 2019, the Highway Police slashed down the speed limit to {{convert|100|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} for cars and {{convert|80|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} for trucks on flat terrain, and {{convert|60|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} as a speed limit for hilly terrain.

==Tunnels==
{{unreferenced section|date=May 2012}}

At the opening, the expressway featured six illuminated, ventilated tunnels totaling 5,724 metres. These tunnels were built by the Konkan Railway Corporation Ltd. However, with the construction of Missing Link, more tunnels are being added.
[[Image:Entrance of Madap tunnel on Mumbai Pune Expressway from Pune side.JPG|thumb|Entrance of the Madap tunnel, in the Pune-Mumbai direction]]
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Tunnels
!
! Tunnel
! Description
|-
! 1
| Bhatan
| This tunnel opened in April 2000. The Mumbai-Pune (North) tube is 1,046 m and the Pune-Mumbai (South) tube is 1,086 m long.
|-
! 2
| Madap
| This tunnel also opened in April 2000. The Mumbai-Pune (North) tube is 295 m and the Pune-Mumbai (South) tube is 351 m long.
|-
! 3
| Adoshi
| This tunnel contains only a half part of the expressway which goes from Pune to Mumbai. The Mumbai-Pune carriageway skirts the eastern edge of the tunnel while the Pune-Mumbai carriageway traverses the {{convert|230|m|ft|adj=mid|-long}} tunnel.
|-
! 4
| Khandala
| This is a curved pair of tubes. The Mumbai-Pune (North) tube is 320 m and the Pune-Mumbai (South) tube is 360 m long.
|-
! 5
| [[Kamshet]]-1
| The Mumbai-Pune (North) tube is 935 m and the Pune-Mumbai (South) tube is 972 m long.
|-
! 6
| Kamshet-2
| The Mumbai-Pune (North) tube is 191 m and the Pune-Mumbai (South) tube is 168 m long.
|}

==Distances==
{{unreferenced section|date=July 2019}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Distances
!
! Description
! Distance
|-
! 1
| Start of Expressway (Mumbai end) ({{coord|19|01|11.47|N|73|06|13.21|E}}) to Kon-Shedung interchange
| {{convert|8.5|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
! 2
| Kon-Shedung interchange to Bhatan tunnel
| {{convert|6.3|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
! 3
| Bhatan tunnel to Madap tunnel
| {{convert|10.6|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
! 4
| Madap tunnel to Khalapur toll station
| {{convert|7.3|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
! 5
| Khalapur toll station to Khalapur-Sajgaon gas station & rest area
| {{convert|1.6|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
! 6
| Khalapur-Sajgaon rest area to Adoshi tunnel. The Mumbai-Pune carriageway skirts the eastern edge of the tunnel while the Pune-Mumbai carriageway traverses the {{convert|230|m|ft|adj=mid|-long}} tunnel.
| {{convert|6.9|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
! 7
| Adoshi tunnel to the Deccan-Konkan stone trestle. 
| {{convert|4.5|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
! 8
| Stone trestle to Khandala tunnel
| {{convert|0.8|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
! 9
| Khandala tunnel to Khandala
| {{convert|2.7|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
! 10
| Khandala to Tungarli
| {{convert|3.5|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
! 11
| Tungarli to Kamshet-1 tunnel
| {{convert|17.1|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
! 12
| Kamshet-1 tunnel to Kamshet-2 tunnel
| {{convert|1.2|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
! 13
| Kamshet-2 tunnel to Talegaon toll station
| {{convert|11.1|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
! 14
| Talegaon toll station to Somatane interchange
| {{convert|3.4|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
! 15
| Somatane interchange to End of Expressway (Pune end) ({{coord|18|39|45.85|N|73|43|35.61|E}})
| {{convert|7.6|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
!
| '''Total length of Expressway: Start to End'''
| '''{{convert|93.1|km|mi|abbr=on}}'''
|}

==Toll plazas==
[[File:Talegaon Toll Booth.jpg|thumb|right|Talegaon Toll Plaza]]

Toll is collected at [[Khalapur]] (Pali Phata) (for the Mumbai-Pune direction) and at [[Talegaon]] ([https://janral.com/talegaon-mumbai-pune-exp-toll-plaza-rates-2023/ Toll Rates 2023]) (for the Pune-Mumbai direction). The toll ranges from {{INRConvert|540}} for private cars, to {{INRConvert |2200}} for multi-axle trailer trucks.<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/pune/report-travelling-to-from-pune-to-mumbai-shell-out-rs270-on-e-way-1974094 Travelling to from Pune to Mumbai? Shell out Rs270 on E-way]</ref> The toll collection data is kept as secret as per the [[Right to Information Act, 2005|RTI]] inquiry raised by activist Vivek Velankar. The expressway contract with the Ideal Road Builders (IRB) has been uploaded, but the toll collection details are not there.<ref>[http://www.moneylife.in/article/why-is-mumbai-pune-expressway-toll-collection-data-a-secret/43547.html Why is Mumbai-Pune Expressway toll collection data a ‘secret’?]</ref><ref>[https://www.msrdc.org/site/Departments/tollMonitoring.aspx MSRDC - Toll Monitoring Department]</ref> While a toll waiver was planned for the year 2030 after recouping the investment and necessary funds for maintenance, the construction of missing link and the expansion from 6 to 8 lanes necessitated extension of the waiver.<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-toll-on-mumbai-s-five-entry-points-to-go-no-waiver-for-mumbai-pune-expressway-2096216 Toll on Mumbai's five entry points to go; no waiver for Mumbai-Pune expressway]</ref>

==Accidents and incidents==
The expressway has witnessed a large number of road accidents, attributed to human errors and the large volume of traffic. In the first 10 years since its opening, there were 1,758 accidents with more than 400 fatalities.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Asiad-bus-looted-on-expressway/articleshow/512862.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811085641/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-02-23/pune/28341558_1_pune-mumbai-expressway-lonavla-bus-driver|url-status=live|archive-date=11 August 2011|title=Asiad bus looted on expressway|date=23 February 2004|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=21 July 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/MSRDC-should-handle-security-on-e-way-Bokey/articleshow/4522403.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811085648/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-05-13/pune/28164503_1_ips-officer-vikram-bokey-security-personnel-mumbai-pune|url-status=live|archive-date=11 August 2011|title=MSRDC should handle security on e-way: Bokey|date=13 May 2009|access-date=21 July 2010|first1=Manish|work=[[The Times of India]]|last1=Umbrajkar}}</ref>
* On 28 May 2012, 27 people were reported to have died and another 26 injured in a road accident when a speeding tempo hit a stationary bus carrying passengers near [[Khalapur]].<ref name="26ktoi">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/26-killed-in-road-accident-on-Mumbai-Pune-expressway/articleshow/13587276.cms |title=26 killed in road accident on Mumbai-Pune expressway|access-date=2012-05-28 | work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="27killedht">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Maharashtra/27-killed-in-accident-on-Mumbai-Pune-expressway/Article1-862317.aspx|title=27 killed in accident on Mumbai-Pune expressway|date=28 May 2012|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=28 May 2012|location=Mumbai|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531003308/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Maharashtra/27-killed-in-accident-on-Mumbai-Pune-expressway/Article1-862317.aspx|archive-date=31 May 2012}}</ref>
* On 10 June 2010, at least 10 people were injured and 30 vehicles were damaged in a pileup near [[Kamshet]], which occurred when a [[Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation|MSRTC]] bus skidded inside a tunnel.<ref name="pileupdna">{{cite news|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/MAH-PUN-10-injured-30-vehicles-damaged-in-major-pile-up-on-expressway-3393699.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616062440/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/MAH-PUN-10-injured-30-vehicles-damaged-in-major-pile-up-on-expressway-3393699.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 June 2012|title=10 injured, 30 vehicles damaged in major pile-up on expressway |date=10 June 2012|publisher=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]|access-date=15 June 2012|location=Pune}}</ref>

The expressway faced its first closure on 26 July 2005, due to [[Maharashtra floods of 2005|heavy monsoon]], which caused several landslides. During that time, several vehicles were stranded, while law enforcement worked extensively to clear the carriageways of landslide debris.

The heavy rains in June and July 2015 caused heavy landslides at Khandala and Adoshi tunnels, which prompted the PWD to remove loose rocks to prevent further landslides.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/navi-mumbai/Another-landslide-near-Khandala-disrupts-Mumbai-Pune-Expressway-traffic/articleshow/48313499.cms|title=Another landslide near Khandala disrupts Mumbai-Pune Expressway traffic - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-06-21}}</ref> To carry out such works, the expressway near to the Lonavala exit till Khopoli exit was closed from 10 am to 5 pm for 10 days after the landslide near Adoshi tunnel on 18 July 2015 which took three lives and halted the traffic for two months. The boulders fell on both carriageways which caused huge diversion of traffic towards the old highway.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/navi-mumbai/Landslide-on-Pune-Mumbai-Expressway-kills-3-halts-traffic/articleshow/48132370.cms|title=Landslide on Pune-Mumbai Expressway kills 3, halts traffic - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-06-21}}</ref>

Sporadic instances of robbery have been reported on the highway.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Expressway-turns-into-a-fast-lane-for-robbers/articleshow/23204791.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120719104453/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-09-25/pune/27324337_1_pune-mumbai-expressway-robbers-big-stones|url-status=live|archive-date=19 July 2012|title=Expressway turns into a fast lane for robbers|date=25 February 2002|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=21 July 2010}}</ref>

In 2016, the [[SaveLIFE Foundation]], a nonprofit NGO, with support from Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd. and the [[Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation|MSRDC]], initiated the 'Zero Fatality Corridor' project to make the expressway fatality-free by 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/maharashtra-launches-zero-fatality-initiative-on-expressway/article8274339.ece|title=Maharashtra launches zero fatality initiative on Expressway|last=Nandgaonkar|first=Satish|date=2016-02-24|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-01-22|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Since August 2016, over a thousand engineering errors on the expressway have been fixed. As a part of this project, the 'Safety Under 80' campaign was also jointly launched by SLF, MSRDC and Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd. The initiative aimed at creating mass awareness on the dangers of speeding and the consequences of speeding were exhibited through outdoor hoardings and installation of crashes cars on both the corridors of the expressway.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.motoroids.com/mahindra/safety-80-campaign-launched-savelife-foundation-partnership-msrdc-supported-mahindra-mahindra-ltd/|title=Safety Under 80 Campaign launched by SaveLIFE Foundation in partnership with MSRDC supported by Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd {{!}} Motoroids|date=2016-12-22|work=Motoroids|access-date=2018-01-22|language=en-US}}</ref>

On 6 April 2020, during the [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|lockdown during COVID-19]], a section of the 190 year old Amrutanjan Bridge, a popular out of use railway bridge on the [[Bhor Ghat]], was demolished by the [[Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation|MSRDC]] with the help of [[Maharashtra Police]] Highway Traffic department. The bridge was a major bottleneck on the ghat section, which caused traffic snarls and posed a safety issue for wide vehicles and trucks carrying wide goods.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/maharashtra-190-year-old-amrutanjan-bridge-demolished-6348778/|title='Headache' for Pune-Mumbai commuters, 190-year-old Amrutanjan bridge demolished|date=6 April 2020}}</ref> Post demolition, the safety and flow of traffic through the ghat section has improved.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/pune-mumbai-expressway-now-safer-after-bridge-demolition/story-4TJN5pU5RHI8Inc0xp8PQI.html|title = Pune-Mumbai expressway now 'safer' after bridge demolition|date = 28 June 2020}}</ref>

On 13 June 2023, an oil tanker overturned on the Mumbai-Pune expressway and rammed against a divider on a bridge near Lonavala which went up in flames on impact, killing the driver and other three people and three were injured.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pune News: Four Die On Mumbai-Pune Expressway Near Lonavala As Oil Tanker Crashes, Goes Up In Flames; Visuals Surface |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/pune/pune-news-major-fire-breaks-out-after-oil-tanker-meets-with-accident-on-mumbai-pune-expressway-near-lonavala |access-date=2023-06-13 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

In October 2023, Enhancing safety on the Mumbai-Pune Expressway, the Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation (MSRDC) has announced the installation of Highway Traffic Management System (HTMS) Gantries on the Yashwantrao Chavan Expressway.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raj |first=Neha |date=2023-10-16 |title=Roadway Safety Upgrade: Mumbai-Pune Expressway Closure for Gantries Installation |url=https://pune.news/city/pune/roadway-safety-upgrade-mumbai-pune-expressway-closure-for-gantries-installation-69335/ |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=PUNE NEWS |language=en-US}}</ref>

In December 2024, the traffic law enforcement installed use of AI-based cameras to track offenses like speeding, lane indiscipline, dangerous driving, seatbelt violations, amongst other offenses, besides alerting traffic officers for unauthorized entry of prohibited vehicles.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/ai-cameras-installed-at-52-locations-on-pune-mumbai-expressway-101733680805275.html|title= AI cameras installed at 52 locations on Pune-Mumbai Expressway}}</ref>

On February 4, 2026, an oil tanker overturned, causing the expressway to be shut down for 30 hours until the oil tanker was towed away.

;Notable deaths:
*12 February 2001 - [[Bhakti Barve]], Marathi actress<ref>[http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k1/feb/feb28.htm TV, stage actress Bhakti Barve dies in car accident] Indiantelevision, 12 February 2001.</ref><ref name=ref>[https://archive.today/20130122183122/http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/20010213/ina13041.html The petite dame takes her final bow] [[Indian Express]], 13 February 2001.</ref>
*23 December 2012 - [[Anand Abhyankar]], Marathi actor<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/lok-adalat-awards-rs-72-lakh-compensation-to-late-marathi-actor-anand-abhyankar-s-family/story-O0mTUkxzfjN5gxCK2f6siK.html | title=Lok Adalat awards Rs 72 lakh compensation to late Marathi actor Anand Abhyankar's family | publisher=Hindustan Times | date=11 February 2018 | accessdate=20 June 2024}}</ref>
*23 December 2012 - Akshay Pendse, Marathi actor (along with Anand Abhyankar)<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2012/dec/251212-Pune-Actors-Abhyankar-Pendse-killed-in-accident-on-e-way.htm | title=Actors Abhyankar, Pendse killed in accident on Expressway | newspaper=[[Mid-Day]] | date=25 December 2012 | access-date=26 December 2012 |location=Pune}}</ref>

;Notable injuries:
*2 April 2022 - [[Malaika Arora]], Hindi actress<ref>{{Cite news |title=Malaika Arora discharged from hospital after car accident; friend shares she got few stitches but is doing okay |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/malaika-arora-discharged-hospital-car-accident-friend-shares-got-stitches-okay/ |access-date=4 April 2022 |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=3 April 2022 |language=en |archive-date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404061815/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/malaika-arora-discharged-hospital-car-accident-friend-shares-got-stitches-okay/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Future expansion==

MSRDC is planning to widen the expressway from current 6 lane to 8 lane.<ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com"/> The proposal has been presented in Maharashtra Cabinet for approval. After this road will connect to central Pune. This will help to all kind of transport like Mumbai to Pune cabs, Buses, and other travellers.

==See also==
*[[Expressways of India|Expressways in India]]
*[[Amritsar–Jamnagar Expressway]]
*[[Delhi–Mumbai Expressway]]
*[[Pune–Bengaluru Expressway]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Mumbai–Pune Expressway}}
*[http://www.msrdc.org/site/completedProjects/mumPuneExpressway.aspx MSRDC – Mumbai Pune Expressway Project]

{{Mumbai topics}}
{{Pune topics}}
{{Indian Highways Network}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mumbai-Pune Expressway}}
[[Category:Transport in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Transport in Pune]]
[[Category:Expressways in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Toll roads in India]]
[[Category:Road tunnels in Maharashtra]]

Dara Nusserwanji Khurody

2026-01-26T13:20:17Z

GuillermoFenster: Page

{{Short description|Indian entrepreneur (1906–1983)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dara Nusserwanji Khurody
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1906|01|02|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mhow]], British India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1983|03|30|1906|01|02|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| occupation = Civil servant
| known for = [[Aarey Milk Colony]] [[Toned milk]]
| awards = [[Ramon Magsaysay Award]] [[Padma Bhushan]]
}}

'''Dara Nusserwanji Khurody''' (2 January 1906 – 1 January 1983) was an Indian entrepreneur known for his contributions to the dairy industry of India. He worked in various private and government organization at the start of his career and also held government official positions later on. He was the Milk Commissioner of Bombay (now Mumbai) from 1946 to 1952.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UGhmAAAAMAAJ | title=India Who's who | publisher=India News and Feature Alliance (INFA) Publications | year=1972 | page=14}}</ref> His name was considered "synonymous with dairying" in India in the 1950s.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Bd3sAAAAMAAJ |title= Making a difference |author= K. J. Alphons|publisher= Penguin Books |year= 1996 |page=209 |isbn= 9780670870875 }}</ref> He received the [[Ramon Magsaysay Award]] jointly with [[Verghese Kurien]] and [[Tribhuvandas Kishibhai Patel]] in 1963 and the [[Padma Bhushan]] from the [[Government of India]] in 1964.

== Biography and works ==

Dara Khurody was born on 2 January 1906 in [[Mhow]] town of now [[Madhya Pradesh]] state of India. His father and grandfather were both employees in government and his family wished he be one too. His interest in dairy developed in childhood while he assisted his uncle who supplied dairy products to the military establishments in Mhow. Thereupon he took admission in the Imperial Institute of Animal Husbandry at Bangalore (now [[National Dairy Research Institute]]) in 1923. He received training at the Government Creamery at [[Anand, Gujarat]] and in 1925 received gold medal from the government for proclaiming the first position in the All India Dairy Diploma Examination. For the next ten years he worked as the dairy farm superintendent at [[Tata Steel|Tata Iron & Steel Co.]] at [[Jamshedpur]]. During this tenure he visited [[Denmark]] and the [[Netherlands]] for various trainings.<ref name="Amul">{{cite book| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TYEkjpYkHrMC&pg=PA69 |title= The Amul India Story |publisher= Tata McGraw-Hill Education |author= Ruth Heredia |year= 1997 |pages= 69–70 |isbn= 9780074631607 }}</ref>

On his family's persistence, Khurody joined the Agricultural Marketing Department of the government in 1935. In this newly formed department he worked as the marketing officer for the dairy and animal husbandry products. During this tenure, he was an active member in formalizing the [[Agmark]] grading system. He wrote various reports on milk marketing in India and [[Burma]] and his 1941 report is considered an important work in the field. This report conceived the preliminary idea of the [[Aarey Milk Colony]] of Mumbai.<ref name="Amul" /> In this report he also proposed the concept of [[toned milk]].<ref name="Dairying in India" />

Produced by mixing natural buffalo milk with water and [[Skimmed milk|skimmed milk powder]], toned milk maintained the nutritious quality while reducing the cost considerably. He proposed that to meet the demand of the Indian market toned milk of 2 percent fat and double toned milk of 1 percent fat and 10 percent solids not-fat should be brought in market and promoted.<ref name="Dairying in India">{{cite book | title=Dairying in India: A Review | publisher=Asia Publishing House | author=D. N. Khurody | year=1975 | pages=19, 49 | isbn=9780210405642}}</ref> On 13 February 1946, this theory of toned milk was brought into practice for the first time and introduced in Bombay region. Toned milk brought the buffalo-milk down to 3 percent fat. This fat was comparable with the cow-milk but at the same time was at half price of buffalo-milk making it affordable to general masses. The Bombay Government purchased this toned milk to cater to 40,000 school children.<ref name="UNICEF and the dairies">{{cite web | url=http://www.unicef.org/about/history/files/UNICEF-at-40.pdf | title=UNICEF and the dairies | publisher=UNICEF | date=1986 | access-date=29 March 2016 | archive-date=10 May 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510154252/http://www.unicef.org/about/history/files/UNICEF-at-40.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> The product saw initial resistance in market but by 1975 market demand had increased above the production plant capacities.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IsQWAAAAIAAJ| title=Economics of Dairy Development in India | publisher=Prabhat Prakashan | author=Patrick John | year=1975 | page=169}}</ref>

Due to the [[World War II]], demand for [[ghee]] in military establishments had increased. Khurody had joined the Government of [[Bombay State]] as the Deputy Milk Commissioner to serve the state which was still struggling to cope up with the pressures of subsidized milk supplies during the war period. He implemented a ''Safe Milk Policy'' and new laws which stipulated that commercial establishments like hotels should use only skimmed milk, which was imported and supplied by the government at an enhanced price. The ''Safe Milk Policy'' would, years later, be promoted by [[UNICEF]] in Europe. The profits generated by the sale of imported skimmed milk helped to accumulate a corpus that was put in use to establish a buffalo colony at Aarey, a suburb on the eastern side of Bombay, which came to be known as Aarey Milk Colony. Before that, he had undertaken a study of the [[Kaira District Co-operative Milk Producers' Union|Kaira Model]] where almost 80 percent of the total daily production of 400 MT of milk was being converted into ghee or skimmed milk. He arranged for the procurement of milk from [[Polson (brand)|Polson's Dairy]] in [[Anand, Gujarat|Anand]] in large quantities for supply in Bombay, under a scheme named as ''Bombay Milk Scheme''.<ref name="Bombay Milk Scheme">{{cite journal | title=Bombay Milk Scheme | author=C. H. Brissenden | journal=International Journal of Dairy Technology | date=January 1952 | volume=5 | issue=2 | pages=108–114 | doi=10.1111/j.1471-0307.1952.tb01558.x}}</ref> The [[Aarey Milk Colony]] was established in 1949 and officially inaugurated by the then Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] in 1951.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-corporate/move-to-expand-aarey-dairy-production-capacity/article999646.ece |title=Move to expand Aarey dairy production capacity |place=Mumbai |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=28 July 2010 |access-date=29 March 2016}}</ref> The Colony engaged modern technologies of milk processing, toning, sterilizing, large-scale cheese production and logistics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pib.nic.in/archive/docs/DVD_44/ACC%20NO%20835-BR/HOM-1964-04-28-6157.pdf |title= Investiture Ceremony at Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi |date=28 April 1964 |access-date=29 March 2016 |publisher=Press Information Bureau }}</ref> In 1953, UNICEF coordinated with Khurody, inspired by his Aarey Colony, on various other projects. The Colony at that time had about 15000 buffalos and was also a tourist spot for foreigners.<ref name="Civilization Follows the Cow">{{cite web | url=http://www.unicef.org/about/history/files/Child-Nation-M-Black-Ch06-p141-167-civilzation-follows-cow.pdf | title=Civilization Follows the Cow | publisher=UNICEF | access-date=29 March 2016 | archive-date=1 June 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110601061557/http://www.unicef.org/about/history/files/Child-Nation-M-Black-Ch06-p141-167-civilzation-follows-cow.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> {{As of|2015}}, the colony spread over {{convert|1287|ha}}<ref name="Home">{{cite web | url=http://saveaarey.org/ | title=Save Aarey | publisher=Save Aarey Community | date=2015 | access-date=29 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622030407/http://saveaarey.org/ | archive-date=22 June 2017 | url-status=dead }}</ref> with numerous cattle sheds where owners could entrust their buffaloes to be accommodated and tended to, at a nominal fee. UNICEF provided for technology and finances to develop the dairy industry in India. It financed {{USD}} 1.5 million towards construction of dairy at [[Worli]] in Mumbai. In May 1963, Worli dairy was inaugurated after efforts of Khurody and UNICEF. The dairy was then the world's largest milk processing unit with a daily capacity of {{convert|300000|L}}.<ref name="Civilization Follows the Cow" /><ref name="UNICEF and the dairies" />

== Family and personal life ==

Khurody married Persis and had two children. His son [[Nawshir Khurody]] graduated from [[Trinity College, Cambridge]], and was managing director of [[Voltas]] and chairman of [[Tata Infomedia]]. Nawshir's daughter [[Khursheed Khurody]]
studied Indology and South Asian Studies and Civilization at [[Harvard University]] and also acted in the 2005 Bollywood film ''[[Mr Prime Minister]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-mumbai-is-pretentious-1006685 | title=Mumbai is pretentious | work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] | date=10 January 2006 | access-date=10 March 2016 | author=Shaikh Ayaz}}</ref>

== Awards ==

In 1963, Khurody, along with [[Verghese Kurien]] and [[Tribhuvandas Kishibhai Patel]] was presented with the [[Ramon Magsaysay Award]] for "[[List of Ramon Magsaysay Award winners#Community Leadership|Community Leadership]]".<ref name="Nusserwanji Reference1">{{cite news |title=Amul remembers Tribhuvandas on his birth anniversary |url=https://www.indiancooperative.com/co-op-news-snippets/amul-remembers-tribhuvandas-on-his-birth-anniversary/ |access-date=10 March 2021 |publisher=Indian Cooperative |date=23 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j1iegDJAYakC&pg=PA31 | title=Greatness of Spirit: Profiles of Indian Magsaysay Award Winners | publisher=Rajpal & Sons | year=2010 | pages=29–33 | isbn=9788170288589}}</ref> In 1964, the Government of India honoured Khurody and Patel with the [[Padma Bhushan]], the third highest civilian honour of the country.<ref>{{cite web |title=Padma Awards Directory (1954–2014) |url=http://www.mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/YearWiseListOfRecipientsBharatRatnaPadmaAwards-1954-2014.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India) |date=21 May 2014 |access-date=10 March 2016 |pages=19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115022326/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/YearWiseListOfRecipientsBharatRatnaPadmaAwards-1954-2014.pdf |archive-date=15 November 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1960–69}}
{{RMA winners of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khurody, Dara Nusserwanji}}
[[Category:1906 births]]
[[Category:1983 deaths]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Ramon Magsaysay Award winners]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in trade and industry]]
[[Category:People from Indore district]]
[[Category:Parsi people]]
[[Category:People from Mhow]]

A Stanza of Sunlight on the Banks of Brahmaputra

2026-01-11T22:15:55Z

GuillermoFenster: Enhanced content and organization

{{Short description|Book by Arnab Jan Deka}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox book | 
| name = A Stanza of Sunlight on the Banks of Brahmaputra
| title_orig = Brahmaputrar Parot Ephanki Rhode (Assamese)
| image =
| caption =
| authors = Arnab Jan Deka and Tess Joyce
| country = [[United Kingdom]], [[India]]
| language = [[English language|English]] & [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| genre = [[British Literature]], [[Assamese Literature]]
| publisher = Philling Books (UK), Spectrum Publications (India)
| release_date = 31 July 2009
| media_type = Print ([[Paperback]]),
| pages = 97
| isbn = 978-81-83440-20-2
}}
'''''A Stanza of Sunlight on the Banks of Brahmaputra''''' is the first collaborative Indo-British bilingual book of poetry in English and Assamese, under the joint authorship of novelist, short-story writer, columnist and poet Arnab Jan Deka and poet, blogger and novelist Tess Joyce.<ref name="Utpal Barpujari">{{cite news|last1=Herald|first1=Deccan|title=Young Briton Takes up the Cause of Ol' Man River|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/29856/young-briton-takes-up-cause.html|accessdate=6 October 2015|date=11 Oct 2009}}</ref> The book received international recognition from publications in both England and India.<ref name="NELive">{{cite web |last1=Ghosh |first1=Arnab |title=Top 5 Contemporary Writers from Assam |url=http://www.nelive.in/assam/entertainment/top-5-contemporary-writers-assam |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131145548/http://www.nelive.in/assam/entertainment/top-5-contemporary-writers-assam |archive-date=31 January 2016 |accessdate=3 February 2016 |website=nelive.in |publisher=NE Live }}</ref><ref name="The Book Review">{{cite journal|last1=Kalyani|first1=N.|title=Poetry for Rhyme and Reason|journal=The Book Review|date=April 2014|volume=XXXVIII|issue=4|url=http://www.thebookreviewindia.org/author/arnab-jan-deka/2957.html|accessdate=6 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626110401/http://www.thebookreviewindia.org/author/arnab-jan-deka/2957.html|archive-date=2015-06-26|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Rashmi Sarmah">{{cite news |last1=India |first1=The Times of |date=10 Aug 2009 |title=Joyce kin on a mission to save Brahmaputra |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/joyce-relative-on-save-brahmaputra-mission/articleshow/4874511.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626125529/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib%3ALowLevelEntityToPrint_TOINEW&Type=text%2Fhtml&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOIM%2F2009%2F08%2F10&ID=Ar01204 |archive-date=26 June 2015 |accessdate=6 October 2015}}</ref> This book was first published in 2009, in both the UK and India, by Philling Books (UK) and Spectrum Publications (India).<ref name="Biblio Books">{{cite web|title=A Stanza of Sunlight on the Banks of Brahmaputra|url=http://www.biblio.com/9788183440240|publisher=Spectrum Publication and Biblio Books|first1=Arnab Jan|last1=Deka|first2=Tess |last2=Joyce|accessdate=6 October 2015}}</ref>

==Background==
''A Stanza of Sunlight'' is a collaboration between [[James Joyce]] descendant Tess Joyce<ref name="Rashmi Sarmah" /> and well-known Indian poet Arnab Jan Deka. The book contains some poems composed in 2009 by British poet, environmentalist and novelist Tess Joyce together with some of the early poems of Arnab Jan Deka composed during his days as a student. Later the author's literary biography was incorporated in the End Century Edition of the Academy's publication ''Who's Who of Indian Writers 1999''.<ref name="Sahitya Academy">{{cite book|last1=Academy|first1=Sahitya|title=Who's Who of Indian Writers 1999 End Century Edition|date=1999|publisher=Sahitya Academy, Government of India|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-260-0873-3|page=304|edition=End Century Edition 1999|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QA1V7sICaIwC&q=bhabananda+deka&pg=PA304|accessdate=6 October 2015|ref=Sahitya Academy}}</ref>

The book's campaign focused on raising awareness of the ecological issues faced by the river, including pollution, floods and erosion, endangered species such as river dolphins, waste and pollution, and the planned construction of national and international dams on and around the river.<ref name="The Assam Tribune">{{cite news |last1=Tribune |first1=The Assam |date=27 Dec 2014 |title=Poetry by the Banks |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/showpage.asp?id=dec2714%2C11%2C1083%2C162%2C330%2C1995 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402183644/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/showpage.asp?id=dec2714%2C11%2C1083%2C162%2C330%2C1995 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |accessdate=6 October 2015 |publisher=Assam Tribune Private Limited |volume=76 |issue=352 |ref=Arindam Barooah}}</ref>

== Poetry ==
The book contains 24 poems by Deka and 21 poems by Joyce.<ref name="The Book Review" /> Joyce's poems are translated into Assamese by Deka, while Deka's poems have been translated into English by Joyce.<ref name="Rashmi Sarmah" />

Both poets' themes in the book revolve around the banks of the river Brahmaputra. The poems contain both scenic, evocative, and spiritual contents, and also highlights the environmental fragility of the river and its surrounding flora and fauna. Many of the poems are set in Assam, but several are set in other locations in India such as Delhi, Meghalaya, and Noida.<ref name="The Book Review" /><ref name="The Assam Tribune" />

==Critical reception==
Arindam Barooh wrote a review in ''[[The Assam Tribune]]'' that read "the mystical yet riveting Brahmaputra has always been the most liked metaphor in major literary works of several writers and poets, but, Arnab Deka’s and Tess Joyce’s poems have something unique to say to arouse readers’ inquisitive senses." Also noting that "the Poems are simple to read and easy to comprehend. Each of the poems is different from one another. Be its content, style of narration and imaginative aspect but, it connects and goes with the same motif."<ref name="The Assam Tribune" />

==Preservation at London Poetry Library==
The London Poetry Library, which collects and preserves books of poetry of high literary value, has preserved ''A Stanza of Sunlight on the Banks of Brahmaputra'' in its library in London.<ref name="Poetry Library, London">{{cite web|last1=London|first1=Poetry Library|title=Poetry Library News : Items added to the Poetry Library collection in November 2009|date=1 December 2009|url=http://www.poetrylibrary.org.uk/news/library/?id=573|website=poetrylibrary.org.uk|publisher=Poetry Library, London|accessdate=6 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924074946/http://www.poetrylibrary.org.uk/news/library/?id=573|archive-date=2015-09-24|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
*http://www.deccanherald.com/content/29856/young-briton-takes-up-cause.html
*https://web.archive.org/web/20150626110401/http://www.thebookreviewindia.org/author/arnab-jan-deka/2957.html
*https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094310/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib%3ALowLevelEntityToPrint_TOINEW&Type=text%2Fhtml&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOIM%2F2009%2F08%2F10&ID=Ar01204
*http://www.biblio.com/9788183440240
*books.google.co.uk/books?id=QA1V7sICaIwC&pg=PA304&lpg=PA305&dq=bhabananda+deka&source=bl&ots=i-ma90ROIf&sig=fKygeEp5AZz_tpKaQbPyKDk0hBs&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Gfh7VKnJNsHo8AX2oIII&ved=0CE8Q6AEwCTha#v=onepage&q=bhabananda%20deka&f=false
*http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/showpage.asp?id=dec2714%2C11%2C1083%2C162%2C330%2C1995 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402183644/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/showpage.asp?id=dec2714%2C11%2C1083%2C162%2C330%2C1995 |date=2 April 2015 }}
*http://www.poetrylibrary.org.uk/news/library/?id=573

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stanza of Sunlight}}
[[Category:Assamese literature]]
[[Category:Indian poetry collections]]
[[Category:Poetry anthologies]]
[[Category:2009 poetry books]]

Diwakar

2026-01-08T00:16:03Z

GuillermoFenster: minor edit

{{Short description|Indian singer (born 1990)}}
{{about|the singer|other uses|Diwakar (disambiguation) }}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Diwakar
| image = Diwakar (singer) - Dhivagar Santhosh.JPG
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1990|01|26}}
| spouse =
| children =
| occupation = Playback Singer, Live Performer
| years_active = 2014 to present
| website =
}}

'''Dhivagaran Santhosh''' (also known as '''Diwakar''') is an Indian [[playback singer]] and live performer. He is best known for winning ''[[Airtel Super Singer 4]]'',<ref name="HinduFeb14">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/radio-and-tv/the-victory-song/article5648955.ece|author=Udhav Naig|title=The victory song - The Hindu|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=3 February 2014 |accessdate=2 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="TOI">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/tv/Dhivagar-is-Super-Singer-4/articleshow/29770628.cms|title=Dhivagar is Super Singer 4|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|date=2 February 2014 |accessdate=26 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="TH">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/winning-notes/article5609392.ece|title=Winning notes|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 January 2014 |accessdate=26 December 2014}}</ref> a [[Tamil language]] musical [[reality TV]] show which was telecast from February 4th 2013 to February 1st 2014 on [[Vijay TV]].

==Career==

===Television works===
Diwakar participated in various reality TV musical competitions telecast on various [[Tamil language]] TV channels, including [[Zee Tamil]]'s ''[[Zee Tamil Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2009 Challenge|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2009 Challenge]]'', [[Jaya TV]]'s ''Hariyudan Naan'', and season 2 of [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]'s ''[[Sangeetha Mahayuddham]]''. In 2012, Diwakar was crowned runner up in [[Raj TV]]'s ''Voice of Tamil Nadu''.<ref name="HinduJul12">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/results-of-raj-tv-finals/article3633095.ece|title=Results of the Raj TV Finals|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=13 July 2012 |accessdate=2 April 2015}}</ref>

On 1 February 2014, he was crowned the winner of season 4 of the ''[[Airtel Super Singer]]'' music competition telecast on [[Vijay TV]], having received the greatest number of viewer votes.<ref name="HinduFeb14"/><ref name="TOI"/> During the show's grand finale, Diwakar's performance of the song "Neeye Unakku Endrum" from the film ''[[Bale Pandiya (1962 film)|Bale Pandiya]]'' prompted a standing ovation from the audience and a kiss on his forehead from playback singer, [[S. Janaki]].<ref name="HinduFeb14"/>

===Playback singing and recordings===
Diwakar recorded his first song as a playback singer for music director [[D. Imman]] for the movie 'Panchu Mittai'. However, his voice as a playback singer was first released in the [[Tamil language]] movie, ''[[Vadacurry]]'', for a song co-sung by playback singers [[Vijay Prakash]] and [[Ajeesh]].

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|2013-2014
|[[Airtel Super Singer 4]]
|Contestant
|Winner
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dhivagar is Super Singer 4 - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/dhivagar-is-super-singer-4/articleshow/29770628.cms |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=The Times of India |date=2 February 2014 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
|Super Singer Champion of Champions
|Contestant
|Finalist
|
|-
|[[Mr and Mrs Chinnathirai]]
|Contestant alongside Wife
|Eliminated
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-24 |title=Mr and Mrs Chinnathirai Season 3 Contestants List - 2021 |url=https://www.flixnary.com/mr-and-mrs-chinnathirai-season-3-contestants-list-2021/ |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=Flixnary |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|[[Super Singer Junior]] (Season 8)
|Guest
|"Starwars Round "- Sang with Srimathi
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Super Singer Junior 8 19th March 2022, 20th March 2022, New Guests This Week |url=https://www.tellybest.com/news/super-singer-junior-8-19th-march-2022-20th-march-2022-new-guests-this-week |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=www.tellybest.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|[[Super Singer 10]]
|Guest performer
|"Isai Puyal Hits Round" - Sang with Lincy
|
|}

==Film songs==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:70%;border=1"
|+
! Year !! Film name !! Language !! Song title !! Music director
|- Marukelara (Bandhukkal shathrukkal)
|rowspan="2"| 2014 || ''[[Vadacurry]]'' || Tamil || "Nenjukkula Nee" || Vivek-Mervin
|-
| ''[[Kalkandu]]'' || Tamil || "Kannoramai" || Kannan
|-
|rowspan="6"| 2015 || ''[[Panjumittai]]'' || Tamil || "My Wifeu Romba Beautifulu" || [[D. Imman]]
|-
| ''[[Purampokku]]'' || Tamil || "Marina Beachula" || Varshan
|-
| ''[[Purampokku]]'' || Tamil || "Kalasi Kalasi" || Varshan
|-
| ''[[Rajini Murugan]]'' || Tamil || "Jigiru Jigiru" || [[D. Imman]]
|-
| ''[[Pugazh (film)|Pugazh]]'' || Tamil || "Naanga Podiyan" || Vivek-Mervin
|-
| ''[[Paayum Puli (2015 film)|Paayum Puli]]'' || Tamil || "Marudakaari vaadi" || [[D. Imman]]
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2016 || ''[[Adra Machan Visilu]]'' || Tamil || "Thalaivan Purantha Naalu" || [[N. R. Raghunanthan]]
|-
| ''[[Rum (film)|Rum]]'' || Tamil || "Pori Paththi Vizhum" || [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|-
|rowspan="7"| 2017|| ''[[Kaatru Veliyidai]]'' || Tamil || "Tango Kelaayo" || [[A. R. Rahman]]
|-
| ''[[Yagan]]'' || Tamil || "Aarathi Kaattu" || Niro Pirabakaran
|-
| ''[[Karuppan]]'' || Tamil || "Muruku Meesai Mama" || [[D. Imman]]
|-
| ''[[Thondan (2017 film)|Thondan]]'' || Tamil || "Thondan Thondan" || [[Justin Prabhakaran]]
|-
| ''[[Visiri]]'' || Tamil || "Ore vaanam oru thalathaan" || [[Sekar Sai Bharath]]
|-
| ''[[Visiri]]'' || Tamil || "Thalayum Thalapathiyum" || [[Dhanraj Manickam]]
|-
| ''[[Mental Madhilo]]'' || Telugu || "Bagundaya Chandram" || Prashanth R Vihari
|-
|rowspan="5"| 2018|| ''[[Yaar Ivargal]]'' || Tamil ||"Pora Pora"|| Javed Riaz
|-
| ''[[Chi La Sow]]'' || Telugu ||"Solo Solo"|| Prashanth R. Vihari
|-
| ''[[Chi La Sow]]'' ||Telugu||"Chi La Sow"|| [[Prashanth R Vihari]]
|-
| ''[[Seemaraja]]'' || Tamil ||"Vaaren Vaaren Seemaraja"|| [[D. Imman]]
|-
| ''[[Dha Dha 87]]'' || Tamil || "Wine Kannala" || [[Leander Lee Marty]]
|-
|rowspan="5"| 2019|| ''[[LKG (film)|LKG]]'' || Tamil ||"Ini Oru Vidhi Seivom"|| [[Leon James (composer)|Leon James]]
|-
| ''[[K.D. (film)|Karuppu Durai]]'' || Tamil ||"Adi Adi Adi Aathi"|| Karthikeya Murthy
|-
| ''[[Kanchana 3]]'' || Tamil ||"Ketta Paya Saar"|| Bharath Madhusudhanan
|-
| ''[[Viswasam]]'' || Telugu ||"Danchi Kottu"|| D Imman
|-
| ''[[Sangathamizhan]]'' || Tamil ||"Innum Vera Enna Venume"|| Vivek - Mervin
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2020|| ''[[Naan Sirithal]]'' || Tamil ||"Happy Birthday"|| [[Hiphop Tamizha]]
|-
| ''[[Athigaari]]'' || Tamil ||"Agalathey Vilagathey"|| Shameshan Mani Maran
|-
| ''[[Oththaikku Oththa]]'' || Tamil ||"8 Mani Bus’su Kulla"|| Justin Prabhakaran
|-
|rowspan="1"| 2023|| ''Rudhran'' || Tamil ||"Pagai Mudi"|| [[GV Prakash Kumar]]
|-
|}

==Albums==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:70%;border=1"
! Year !! Song!! Composer !! Album name !! Notes
|- Marukelara (Bandhukkal shathrukkal)
| 2017 || ''Thanimaiyile'' || Surya Prasadh R || En Kaalgal ||
|-
| 2016 || ''Pogadhae'' || Simeon Telfer || Pogadhae ||
|-
| 2015 || ''Chennaiyile - The Rhythm of Chennai'' || Ganesh Chandrasekaran|| U - The Epitome of Love || To be Re-Released
|-
| 2015 || ''En Vizhigalil'' || Pranav Muniraj || En Vizhigalil ||
|-
| 2015 || ''Kadhal Version 1.0'' || Rajaganapathy || Kadhal Version ||
|-
| 2014 || ''Kangal Rendum'' || Kousikan Sivanlingam|| Kousi's Beginning ||
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Diwakar (disambiguation)]]
==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|6549404|Diwakar}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Chennai]]

Ayesha Jhulka

2026-01-06T04:02:16Z

GuillermoFenster: minor updated lead for consistency and added references

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 1972)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ayesha Jhulka
| image = Ayesha-Jhulka (cropped).jpg
| caption = Jhulka in 2025
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1972|07|28}}
| birth_place = [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|entrepreneur}}
| years_active = 1990–2010 2018–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Sameer Vashi|2003}}
}}

'''Ayesha Jhulka''' (born 28 July 1972) is an Indian actress who primarily appears in [[Bollywood|Hindi]] films, in addition to [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]], [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] and [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] films. In a career spanning over three decades, she has worked in over 60 films.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dubey |first1=Bharati |title=Catfight! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bombay-times/catfight/articleshow/1420026.cms |access-date=3 February 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=18 February 2006 |language=en}}</ref>

Jhulka is best known for her portrayals in successful films such as, ''[[Kurbaan (1991 film)|Kurbaan]]'' (1991), ''[[Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar]]'' (1992), ''[[Khiladi (1992 film)|Khiladi]]'' (1992), ''[[Meherbaan]]'' (1993), ''[[Dalaal]]'' (1993), ''[[Balmaa]]'' (1993), ''[[Waqt Hamara Hai]]'' (1993), ''[[Rang (1993 film)|Rang]]'' (1993), ''[[Sangram (1993 film)|Sangram]]'' (1993), ''[[Jai Kishen]]'' (1994), ''[[Masoom (1996 film)|Masoom]]'' (1996) and ''[[Hote Hote Pyar Ho Gaya]]'' (1999). For ''Khiladi'' and ''Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar'', Jhulka received a [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut]] nomination.<ref name=ht/>

After a hiatus, she went onto work in films like - ''[[Socha Na Tha]]'' (2005), ''[[Umrao Jaan (2006 film)|Umrao Jaan]]'' (2006), ''[[Ada... A Way of Life]]'' (2010) and ''[[Genius (2018 Hindi film)|Genius]]'' (2018). Jhulka made her web debut with ''[[Hush Hush (TV series)|Hush Hush]]'' (2022) and has since appeared in ''[[Happy Family: Conditions Apply]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/juhi-chawla-ayesha-jhulka-s-amazon-prime-show-hush-hush-s-first-look-revealed-101662536524781.html |title=Juhi Chawla, Ayesha Jhulka's Amazon Prime show Hush Hush's first look, release date revealed |access-date=27 September 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=7 September 2022}}</ref>

==Early life==
Jhulka was born on 28 July 1972 in [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite web |work=Daily Bhaskar |url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-BOW-ayesha-jhulka-controversies-on-her-birthday-5066643-PHO.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150731013411/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-BOW-ayesha-jhulka-controversies-on-her-birthday-5066643-PHO.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 July 2015 |title=Remember Ayesha Jhulka? Here's what made her famous and infamous! |access-date=14 May 2017 |date=28 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |work=Iluvcinema |url=http://www.iluvcinema.in/hindi/happy-birthday-ayesha-jhulka/ |title=Happy Birthday Ayesha Jhulka!! |access-date=14 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150306225710/http://www.iluvcinema.in/hindi/happy-birthday-ayesha-jhulka/ |archive-date=6 March 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Her father [[Wing Commander (rank)|Wing Commander]] Inder Kumar Jhulka, is a retired [[Indian Air Force|Air Force]] officer. Her mother Sneh Jhulka, is a costume designer who has worked in films such as ''Dalaal'' and ''Vishwavidhata''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ayesha Jhulka reveals the exact reason why she doesn't want kids even after 17 years of marriage |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/photos/entertainment/ayesha-jhulka-reveals-the-exact-reason-why-she-doesnt-want-kids-even-after-17-years-of-marriage |access-date=23 June 2022 |work=Lokmat Times |date=26 March 2021}}</ref> Jhulka worked as a child artist in the 1983 film ''Kaise Kaise Log''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Happy Birthday Ayesha Jhulka: Why the Khiladi actress took a break from films |work=News18 India |date=28 July 2022 |accessdate=30 May 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/happy-birthday-ayesha-jhulka-why-the-khiladi-actress-took-a-break-from-films-5640721.html}}</ref>

== Career ==
=== Breakthrough and success (1990-1993) ===
After making her acting debut with the telugu film ''[[Neti Siddhartha]]'' in 1990, Jhulka made her Hindi film debut opposite [[Salman Khan]] with the 1991 film ''[[Kurbaan (1991 film)|Kurbaan]]'', a box office success.<ref name="Hindustan Times">{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/ayesha-jhulka-recalls-how-salman-khan-wouldn-t-dance-in-movie-i-will-enter-the-frame-walking-i-wont-dance-101644219840910.html |title=Ayesha Jhulka recalls how Salman Khan wouldn't dance: 'I will enter the frame walking. I won't dance' |access-date=7 February 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=7 February 2022}}</ref> The same year, she appeared in ''Meet Mere Man Ke'', ''[[Hai Meri Jaan]]'' and the Bengali film ''[[Katha Dilam]]''.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}

Jhulka had four films released in 1992. She first appeared in ''[[Mashooq (film)|Mashooq]]'' opposite [[Ayub Khan (actor)|Ayub Khan]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ayub-khan-acting-debut-as-lead-mashooq-first-of-many-7231085/ | title=First of Many: Actor Ayub Khan revisits Mashooq | date=19 December 2021 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref> Jhulka's portrayal of a college prankster in ''[[Khiladi (1992 film)|Khiladi]]'' opposite [[Akshay Kumar]], marked a turning point in her career.<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{Cite web |date=5 June 2018 |title=What makes Akshay Kumar's Khiladi one of the best murder mysteries in Bollywood |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/khiladi-1992-film-akshay-kumar-5204520/ |access-date=4 August 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Further success came with ''[[Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar]]'' opposite [[Aamir Khan]], where she portrayed a college student.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://m.filmfare.com/features/we-list-down-7-bollywood-films-inspired-from-hollywood-27295.amp |title=Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar |access-date=6 November 2022 |archive-date=6 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106072808/https://m.filmfare.com/features/we-list-down-7-bollywood-films-inspired-from-hollywood-27295.amp |url-status=live }}</ref> For both of these films, she received a nomination for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut]]. ''[[Anaam]]'' was her last release of the year.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920529&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |title=Entertaining all the way |date=29 May 1992 |work=The Indian Express |page=7 |access-date=18 May 2018 |archive-date=8 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208162442/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920529&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

Jhulka established herself and went onto work in ten films in 1993. She appeared in films like ''[[Kohra (1993 film)|Kohra]]'', ''[[Kaise Kaise Rishte]]'', ''[[Balmaa]]'', ''[[Meherbaan]]'' and ''[[Aulad Ke Dushman]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/535122 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121043002/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/535122 | url-status=dead | archive-date=21 January 2012 | title=Aulad Ke Dushman | website=Bollywood Hungama | accessdate=15 November 2012}}</ref> She received praise for portraying a village belle in ''[[Sangram (1993 film)|Sangram]]'' opposite [[Ajay Devgn]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sangram Total Box Office Collection - 1993 |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3902|access-date=19 December 2021|website=Box Office India}}</ref> and for her portrayals in ''[[Waqt Hamara Hai]]'' and ''[[Dil Ki Baazi]]'' opposite Akshay Kumar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508659/Waqt%20Hamara%20Hai|title=Waqt Hamara Hai (1993)|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=13 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714204907/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508659/Waqt%20Hamara%20Hai|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=16 June 2014}}</ref> Jhulka appeared in ''[[Dalaal]]'', one of the year's highest grossers opposite [[Mithun Chakraborty]].<ref name="A voice that cannot be silenced">{{cite news |last1=V |first1=R |title=A voice that cannot be silenced |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/4115/a-voice-cannot-silenced.html |access-date=26 November 2020 |work=Deccan Herald |date=23 May 2009}}</ref> She also won praise for ''[[Rang (1993 film)|Rang]]'' alongside [[Divya Bharti]] and [[Kamal Sadanah]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chintamani |first=Gautam |date=30 October 2016 |title=Triangle love, sheer balance |url=https://mobile.twitter.com/GChintamani/status/792604416062783488 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512183726/https://mobile.twitter.com/GChintamani/status/792604416062783488 |archive-date=12 May 2022 |access-date=13 May 2022 |website=Classic Corner, The Hans India |page=23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rang (1993) |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3895 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509134935/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3895 |archive-date=9 May 2022 |access-date=14 October 2022 |website=Box Office India}}</ref>

=== Further work and setback (1994-2000) ===

In 1994, Jhulka appeared in ''[[Brahma (1994 film)|Brahma]]'' and ''[[Ekka Raja Rani]]'' opposite [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]], in ''[[Jai Kishen]]'' opposite Kumar and in ''[[Maha Shaktishaali]]''. She then played the lead in the 1995 film ''Aashique Mastaane''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jai Kishen (1994)
|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534810/Jai%20Kishan |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=13 August 2011 |access-date=17 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714141220/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534810/Jai%20Kishan |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> In 1996, she appeared in ''[[Masoom (1996 film)|Masoom]]'' and ''[[Muqadar|Muqaddar]]'' opposite Mithun Chakraborty.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muqadar (1996) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/muqadar-8051/cast-crew |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616112337/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/muqadar-8051/cast-crew |url-status=live |archive-date=16 June 2023 |access-date=16 November 2020 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref>

Jhulka had four releases in 1997, including ''Suraj'' and ''Ghoonghat''. The same year, she received praise for her portrayal in ''[[Chachi 420]]'' opposite [[Kamal Haasan]].<ref name="Chachi_420">{{cite news |last1=Bopatkar |first1=Tejashree |date=12 January 2021 |title=#BigInterview! Ayesha Jhulka: I had rejected 'Prem Qaidi' as I was supposed to be introduced in a bikini |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/biginterview-ayesha-jhulka-i-had-rejected-prem-qaidi-as-i-was-supposed-to-be-introduced-in-a-bikini/articleshow/80188285.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=30 December 2024}}</ref> Her final film of the year was ''[[Vishwavidhaata]]'' opposite [[Jackie Shroff]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/sep/04forth.htm |title=Vishwavidhaata: Up and coming! |last=Verma |first=Suparn |date=4 September 1997 |website=Rediff.com |access-date=8 March 2018}}</ref> Her films in 1998 include - ''[[Dand Nayak]]'', Kannada film ''[[Kanasalu Neene Manasalu Neene]]'' and ''[[Himmatwala (1998 film)|Himmatwala]]'' opposite Chakraborty.<ref name="KNMN Review: Different climax">{{Cite web |date=3 January 1999 |title=KNMN Review: Different climax |url=https://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/1159B87A23BB865165256941001E4B73?OpenDocument |access-date=22 September 2022 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Jhulka met construction tycoon Sameer Vashi through her mother.<ref name=ht>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Neha |title=Retiring at the peak of my career was a right choice: Ayesha Jhulka |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/retiring-at-the-peak-of-my-career-was-a-right-choice-ayesha-jhulka/story-eav08Ix164zfClY8S7tvoL.html%20Jhulka%2C%20best,career%20was%20at%20its%20peak. |access-date=29 March 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 December 2012}}</ref> Jhulka married Vashi in 2003. The couple decided not to have any children.<ref>{{cite news |title=Birthday Special: जानिए क्यों शादी के बाद कभी मां नहीं बनी आयशा जुल्का, एक्ट्रेस ने खुद बताई थी सच्चाई |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/know-why-ayesha-jhulka-never-became-a-mother-after-marriage-with-sameer-vashi-the-actress-herself-told-the-truth-754831.html |access-date=3 June 2022 |work=TV9 Bharatvarsh |date=28 July 2021 |language=hi}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"|Notes
! class="unsortable"|Ref.
|-
| 1983
| ''Kaise Kaise Log''
| Pooja
| Child artist
|
|-
| 1990
| ''[[Neti Siddhartha]]''
| Basanthi
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film
|
|-
| rowspan="4"| 1991
| ''[[Kurbaan (1991 film)|Kurbaan]]''
| Chanda Singh
|
|<ref name="Hindustan Times"/>
|-
| ''Meet Mere Man Ke''
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Hai Meri Jaan]]''
| Neelam
|
|
|-
| ''[[Katha Dilam]]''
| Anita Chatterjee
| [[Bengali (language)|Bengali]] film
|
|-
| rowspan="4"| 1992
| ''[[Mashooq (film)|Mashooq]]''
| Nisha Rai
|
|
|-
| ''[[Khiladi (1992 film)|Khiladi]]''
| Neelam Choudhury
| Nominated - [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut]]
|<ref name="indianexpress.com"/>
|-
| ''[[Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar]]''
| Anjali
| Nominated - Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920529&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |title=Entertaining all the way |date=29 May 1992 |work=Indian Express |page=7 |access-date=18 May 2018 |archive-date=8 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208162442/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920529&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Anaam]]''
| Meghna
|
|
|-
| rowspan="10"| 1993
| ''[[Kohra (1993 film)|Kohra]]''
| Nisha
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kaise Kaise Rishte]]''
| Pooja
|
|
|-
| ''[[Balmaa]]''
| Madhu
|
|
|-
| ''[[Meherbaan]]''
| Chanda
|
|
|-
| ''[[Sangram (1993 film)|Sangram]]''
| Pallavi K. Singh
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sangram Total Box Office Collection - 1993 |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3902|access-date=19 December 2021|website=Box Office India}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dalaal]]''
| Roopali
|
|<ref name="A voice that cannot be silenced"/>
|-
| ''[[Rang (1993 film)|Rang]]''
| Pooja Malhotra
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rang (1993) |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3895 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509134935/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3895 |archive-date=9 May 2022 |access-date=14 October 2022 |website=Box Office India}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Waqt Hamara Hai]]''
| Ayesha
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508659/Waqt%20Hamara%20Hai|title=Waqt Hamara Hai (1993)|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=13 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714204907/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508659/Waqt%20Hamara%20Hai|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=16 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dil Ki Baazi]]''
| Aarti
|
|
|-
| ''[[Aulad Ke Dushman]]''
| Shalu Kumar
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4"| 1994
| ''[[Brahma (1994 film)|Brahma]]''
| Asha
|
|
|-
| ''[[Ekka Raja Rani]]''
| Barkha
|
|
|-
| ''[[Jai Kishen]]''
| Asha
|
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Jai Kishen (1994)
|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534810/Jai%20Kishan |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=13 August 2011 |access-date=17 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714141220/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534810/Jai%20Kishan |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Maha Shaktishaali]]''
| Poonam
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|1995
| ''[[Akele Hum Akele Tum]]''
| Award presenter
| Cameo appearance
|
|-
| ''Aashique Mastaane''
| Malti
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|1996
| ''[[Masoom (1996 film)|Masoom]]''
| Chanda
|
|
|-
| ''[[Muqadar|Muqaddar]]''
| Meena
|
|
|-
| ''[[Apne Dam Par]]''
| Herself
| Special appearance in song
|
|-
| rowspan="5"|1997
| ''[[Chachi 420]]''
| Ratna
|
| <ref name="Chachi_420"/>
|-
| ''[[Vishwavidhaata]]''
| Radha Khanna
|
|
|-
| ''[[Judge Mujrim]]''
| Dancer
| Special appearance in song "Laila O Laila"
|
|-
| ''Suraj''
| Ramkali
| Hindi-[[Urdu]] film
|
|-
| ''Ghoonghat''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1998
| ''[[Dand Nayak]]''
| Naina
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kanasalu Neene Manasalu Neene]]''
| Chandana
| [[Kannada]] film
|<ref name="KNMN Review: Different climax"/>
|-
|''[[Deewana Hoon Pagal Nahi]]''
| Devyani
|
|
|-
| ''[[Barood (1998 film)|Barood]]''
| Dancer
| Special appearance
|
|-
| ''[[Himmatwala (1998 film)|Himmatwala]]''
| Radha
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6"| 1999
| ''Purush''
| Herself
| Special appearance in song "Kahani Kismat Ki"
|
|-
| ''[[Phool Aur Aag]]''
| Herself
| Special appearance in song "Main Gaaon Dil Gaaye"
|
|-
| ''[[Hote Hote Pyar Ho Gaya]]''
| Shobha
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kohram]]''
| Sweety
|
| {{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}
|-
| ''Kahani Kismat Ki''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Asha Amar Asha''
| Swapna
| Bengali film
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2000
| ''Khalsa Mero Roop Hai Khaas''
| Channi
|
|
|-
| ''Shikaar''
| Anju Gupta
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2001
| ''[[Hadh: Life on the Edge of Death]]''
|
|
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/hadh-life-on-the-edge-of-death/critic-review/hadh-life-on-the-edge-of-death-movie-review/ |title=Movie Review - Hadh: Life on the Edge of Death | website=Bollywood Hungama |date=2 March 2001 |accessdate=20 February 2013}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Censor (2001 film)|Censor]]''
| Shakeela
|
|
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Amma (2003 film)|Amma]]''
| Roopa
|
|
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Aanch]]''
| Devangi M. Thakur
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/6944/index.html|title=Aanch - Cast and Crew|date=28 November 2003|website=Bollywood Hungama|accessdate=27 July 2009|archive-date=19 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090519105011/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/6944/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2004
| ''[[Run (2004 film)|Run]]''
| Esha Varma
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2004/may/06sld6.htm|title=Run Movie - Abhishek, Bhoomika: On the run!|website=Rediff.com|accessdate=28 December 2012}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Jai (2004 Telugu film)|Jai]]''
| Jai's Mother
| Telugu film
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2005
| ''[[Socha Na Tha]]''
| Namita Oberoi
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=First of Many: Abhay Deol revisits Socha Na Tha |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/abhay-deol-acting-debut-film-socha-na-tha-first-of-many-6148769/ |date= 5 May 2020 |work=Indian Express|accessdate=30 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Double Cross (2005 film)|Double Cross]]''
| Sonia
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2006
| ''[[Jackpot (2006 film)|Jackpot]]''
|
| Kannada film
|
|-
| ''[[Umrao Jaan (2006 film)|Umrao Jaan]]''
| Khurshid Jaan
|
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/more-prints-bigger-bucks/182213/ |title=More prints, bigger bucks |work=The Financial Express |date=29 October 2006 |access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Janani (2006 film)|Janani]]''
| Urmila
|
|
|-
| ''Rakate Lekhichi Naa''
| Ritu Mahapatra
| [[Odia language|Odia]] film
|
|-
| 2009
| ''Keshyog''
|
|
|
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Ada... A Way of Life]]''
| Amina A. Anand
|
|<ref>{{cite web|last=Adarsh|first=Taran|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/trade/releasedates/index_in.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090512232353/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/trade/releasedates/index_in.html|title=Ada... A Way of Life |accessdate=22 July 2020|work=Bollywood Hungama|archive-date=12 May 2009}}</ref>
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Genius (2018 Hindi film)|Genius]]''
| Nandini's mother
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/genius-teaser-utkarsh-sharma-introduced-as-archetypal-hindi-cinema-hero-in-father-anils-film-4550581.html|title=Genius teaser: Utkarsh Sharma introduced as archetypal Hindi cinema hero in father Anil's film|work=Firstpost|access-date=27 July 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"|Notes
! class="unsortable"|Ref.
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Kabhie Kabhie (2003 TV series)|Kabhie Kabhie]]''
| Devpriya / Devjani
| Episode: "Vansh"
| {{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}
|-
| 2025
| ''[[Celebrity MasterChef (Hindi TV series)|Celebrity MasterChef]]''
|Contestant
|10th place
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Garima |date=21 January 2025 |title=Celebrity MasterChef: Rajiv Adatia vibes on Pehla Nasha with actress Ayesha Jhulka; has she joined show as a wildcard? |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/celebrity-masterchef-rajiv-adatia-vibes-on-pehla-nasha-with-actress-ayesha-jhulka-has-she-joined-show-as-a-wildcard-1368575 |website=PINKVILLA |access-date=3 February 2025}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"|Notes
! class="unsortable"|Ref.
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Hush Hush (TV series)|Hush Hush]]''
| Meera Yadav
| Debut series
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/hush-hush-juhi-chawla-ayesha-jhulka-to-make-digital-debut-with-amazon-prime-series-7219305/|title=Hush Hush: Juhi Chawla and Ayesha Jhulka to make digital debut with the Amazon Prime series|accessdate=28 March 2021|work=Indian Express|date=8 March 2021 }}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Happy Family: Conditions Apply]]''
| Pallavi "Pallu" Dholakia
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/amazon-prime-video-to-stream-new-original-happy-family-conditions-apply-11678339767453.html|title=Amazon Prime Video to stream new original 'Happy Family Conditions Apply'|work=Live Mint|date=9 March 2023 |accessdate=19 March 2023}}</ref>
|}

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| 1993
| [[38th Filmfare Awards]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]
| ''[[Khiladi (1992 film)|Khiladi]]'' & ''[[Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=38th Filmfare Awards Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1993/101|url-status=live |work=The Times of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205215817/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1993/101|archive-date=5 February 2021|access-date=9 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2023
| rowspan="2"|[[Indian Television Academy Awards|23rd Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| rowspan="2"|Popular Actress - OTT
| ''[[Hush Hush (TV series)|Hush Hush]]''
| rowspan="2" {{TBA}}
| rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite web|title=23rd Indian Television Academy Awards Nomination and Voting List |work=Indian Television Academy Awards |accessdate=28 July 2023 |url=https://ita2023.indiantelevisionacademy.com/}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Happy Family: Conditions Apply]]''
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Bollywood}}
*[[List of Indian film actresses]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Ayesha Jhulka}}
*{{IMDb name|nm0422586}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jhulka, Ayesha}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Srinagar]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Odia cinema]]

Suryavamsam

2025-12-31T00:54:28Z

GuillermoFenster: data!

{{Wikt|sa:सूर्यवंश}}

'''Suryavamsam''' may refer to:

* [[Solar dynasty]], a dynasty in Indian mythology

==Films==
* [[Sooryavamsham (film)|''Sooryavamsham'' (film)]], 1975 Indian Malayalam-language film
* [[Suryavamsam (1997 film)|''Surya Vamsam'' (1997 film)]], 1997 Indian Tamil-language film
* [[Suryavamsam (1998 film)|''Suryavamsam'' (1998 film)]], 1998 Indian Telugu-language film by Bhimaneni Srinivasa Rao
* ''[[Sooryavansham]]'', 1999 Indian Hindi-language film by E. V. V. Satyanarayana
* [[Suryavamsha (film)|''Suryavamsha'' (film)]], 1999 Kannada-language film by S. Narayan

==Television series==
* ''[[Suryavamsam (TV series)|Suryavamsam]]'' (TV series), 2020 Indian Tamil-language TV series

== See also ==

* [[Suryavanshi (disambiguation)]]
* [[Suryavamsi Gajapati dynasty]], dynasty in medieval eastern India
{{DAB}}

Vinayak Joshi

2025-12-18T06:51:01Z

GuillermoFenster: minor updated layout as per guidelines and corrected details after review

{{Short description|Indian Kannada actor, radio jockey}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{BLP sources|date=November 2012}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vinayak Joshi
| image = Vinayak Joshi Joshelay 1.jpg
| caption = Joshi during filming of Joshelay web series
| birth_date = {{birth date and age |df=yes|1987|8|25}}
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], Karnataka, India
| occupation = Actor, Director
| spouse = Varsha Belawadi
}}
''' Vinayak Joshi''' is an Indian film, television, web-series and theatre actor. He has been a host in more than 1000 live events across 20 countries.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/dancers-steal-the-show-at-this-college/articleshow/66258284.cms |title=Dancers steal the show at this college |work=The Times of India |access-date=4 January 2019 |archive-date=9 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109170915/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/dancers-steal-the-show-at-this-college/articleshow/66258284.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Currently he is the Head of production at Cult.fit and an independent film maker. He recently acted, directed, produced and wrote a web-series called ''[[Joshelay]]''. It has collectively made a million views on YouTube.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_vinayak-joshi-crossing-borders-with-kannada_1642725|title=Vinayak Joshi crossing borders with Kannada – Entertainment – DNA|last=L|first=Shruti|date=27 January 2012|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|access-date=27 November 2012|archive-date=3 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403032255/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_vinayak-joshi-crossing-borders-with-kannada_1642725|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/12/27/stories/2008122750610800.htm|title=Metro Plus Bangalore : Kannada's own voice|last=R|first=SHILPA SEBASTIAN|date=27 December 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=27 November 2012|archive-date=7 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107214306/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/12/27/stories/2008122750610800.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Career==
He was a child actor in the 1996 movie ''[[Nammoora Mandara Hoove]]'',<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2013/may/06/after-65-films-vinayak-plays-the-lead-474752.html|title=After 65 films, Vinayak plays the lead }}</ref> by [[Sunil Kumar Desai]], starring [[Shivrajkumar]], [[Ramesh Aravind|Ramesh]] and [[Prema (actress, born 1977)|Prema]].{{citation needed|date= January 2023}}

His other movies include ''[[Amrutha Varshini]]'', ''[[Laali]]'', ''Simhada Mari'', ''[[Kurigalu Saar Kurigalu]]'', ''[[Appu (2002 film)|Appu]]'', ''Kanti'', ''Nanna Kanasina Hoove'', ''[[Minchina Ota (2008 film)|Minchina Ota]]'', ''Chitra'', ''[[Govindaya Namaha]]'', and ''[[Jaguar (2016 film)|Jaguar]]''.{{citation needed|date= January 2023}}

==Filmography==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date= January 2023}}
;Actor
{{Colbegin}}
*''[[Nammoora Mandara Hoove]]'' (1997)
*''[[Amrutha Varshini]]'' (1997)
*''[[Simhada Mari]]'' (1997)
*''[[Laali]]'' (1998)
*''[[Aryabhata (film)|Aryabhata]]'' (1999)
*''[[Kurigalu Saar Kurigalu]]'' (2001)
*''[[Chitra (2001 film)|Chitra]]'' (2001)
*''[[Chitte]]'' (2001)
*''[[Appu (2002 film)|Appu]]'' (2002)
*''[[Kanti (film)|Kanti]]'' (2003)
*''Panchali'' (2003)
*''[[Kiccha]]'' (2003)
*''[[Baa Baaro Rasika]]'' (2004)
*''[[Sakha Sakhi]]'' (2005)
*''Nanna Kanasina Hoove'' (2006)
*''[[Minchina Ota (2008 film)|Minchina Ota]]'' (2008)
*''[[Meravanige]]'' (2008)
*''[[Govindaya Namaha]]'' (2012)
*''[[Nam Duniya Nam Style]]'' (2013)
*''Ambara'' (2013)
*''Namo Bhoothathma'' (2014)
*''[[Ninnindale]]'' (2014)
*''[[Jaguar (2016 film)|Jaguar]]'' (2016)
*''[[Raju Kannada Medium]]'' (2018)
*[[Fortuner (film)|''Fortuner'']](2018)
*[[Loose Connection (web series)|''Loose Connection'']] (2018)
*''[[Padde Huli]]'' (2019)
*''[[Adyaksha in America]]'' (2019)
*''[[9 Sullu]]'' (2021)
*''[[Viraataparva]]'' (2019)
{{Colend}}

;Director
* ''[[Joshelay]]'' (2018) – Web Series
;Dubbing artist
*Tejas (''[[Priyanka (2016 film)|Priyanka]]'')
*[[Thakur Anoop Singh]] (''[[Rogue (2017 film)|Rogue]]'')
*Vishwa Karna (''[[100 (2021 film)|100]]'')

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|5705270|Vinayak Joshi}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joshi, Vinayak}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male child actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Karnataka State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian radio presenters]]
[[Category:Participants in Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:Male actors from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian men long-distance runners]]
[[Category:Athletes from Bengaluru]]

Karmo Kaur

2025-12-09T15:11:06Z

GuillermoFenster: enhance article based on references and updated info

{{Short description|Sardarni of Nakai Misl (Died: 1806)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Sardarni Karam Kaur
| title = Sardarni of Nakai Misl Regent of Nakai Misl
| image =
| pre-type2 = Monarch
| predecessor2 = Bhagwan Singh Gyan Singh
| reign2 = {{circa}} 1784 – 1797
| succession = [[Regent]] of the [[Nakai Misl]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 1806
| death_place = [[Baherwal Kalan]], [[Nakai Misl]], [[Sikh Empire]] (present-day Punjab, Pakistan)
| consort = yes
| spouse = [[Ran Singh Nakai]]
| issue = Bhagwan Singh Gyan Singh Khazan Singh [[Datar Kaur]]
| house = Nakai (by marriage)
| father =
| religion = [[Sikhism]]
}}

'''Sardarni Karam Kaur''', popularly known as '''Karmo Kaur''', was the wife of [[Ran Singh Nakai]], the third ruler of the [[Nakai Misl]], one of the groupings with its distinct guerilla militia that later became part of the [[Sikh Empire]]. Karmo Kaur served as the regent of the Nakai Misl during the reign of her sons, Bhagwan Singh and Gyan Singh. She was the mother of [[Maharani Datar Kaur]], queen consort of [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh]], the founder of the [[Sikh Empire]]. She was the grandmother of [[Maharaja Kharak Singh]], the second king of the Sikh Empire and [[Kahan Singh Nakai|Sardar Kahan Singh Nakai]], the last chief of the Nakai Misl.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sandhu|first=Jaspreet Kaur|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LSVuAAAAMAAJ&q=sardarni+karmo+kaur|title=Sikh Ethos: Eighteenth Century Perspective|date=2000|publisher=Vision & Venture|isbn=978-81-86769-12-6|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CA9DAAAAYAAJ&q=sardarni+karmo+kaur|title=The Panjab Past and Present|date=1989|publisher=Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Siṅgha|first=Bhagata|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BihuAAAAMAAJ&q=sardarni+karmo+kaur|title=A History of the Sikh Misals|date=1993|publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University|language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Karmo Kaur was married to Ran Singh Sandhu, son of Natha Singh Sandhu, around 1767 when he 17 years old. [[Heera Singh Sandhu|Sardar Heera Singh Sandhu]] was chief of the Nakai Misl at the time. Soon after his death in 1767 and her father-in-law's death in 1768, Nahar Singh Sandhu, elder brother of Ran Singh, succeeded Sardar Heera Singh as the Nakai chief. Heera Singh's son Dal Singh was still a suckling infant hence it was decided to pass the [[sardar]]i to Natha Singh's son.<ref>Singha, Bhagata (1993). A History of the Sikh Misals. Patiala, India: Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 162.</ref> Nahar Singh's reign did not last very long, he died just nine months after his succession, in a fight at [[Kot kamalia]] in 1769. After his death Ran Singh, became the next Sardar of the Misl.<ref>Singha, Bhagata (1993). A History of the Sikh Misals. Patiala, India: Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 162.</ref> Upon her husband's accession, she became the sardarni of the Nakai Misl.

Ran Singh was a very ambitious man - his ambitious were matched by his courageous spirit. Under his leadership the Nakais rose to a very strong and important position in Punjab and acquired much territory under his rule. Ran Singh harbored ambitious to conquer Multan, but he was preoccupied by Wazir Singh's and [[kharal]] tribe's armed operations against him.<ref>singha, bhagata (1993). a history of the sikh misals. patiala, india: publication bureau, punjabi university. p. 163.</ref> Ran Singh died in battle against the Kharals in 1784.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh Khazan|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.46356|title=History And Philosophy Of The Sikh Religion|date=1914}}</ref> At the time of his death the Misl controlled [[Baharwal]], [[Bucheki]], [[Changa Manga]], Chhichha, [[Chunian]], [[Chunian]], Dhaulri, [[Dipalpur]], Faridabad, Fatahpur, Gugaira, Harappa, Jambar, [[Jethpur]], Kanganpur, Khudian, [[Pakpattan]], [[Raiwind]], [[Chichawatni]], [[Fatehabad, Punjab|Fatehabad, Killianwala]], Kot Kamalia, [[Sahiwal]], [[Syedwala]], [[Sharakpur]], [[Shergarh, Punjab|Shergarh]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dusenbery|first=Verne A.|date=2020-10-01|title=From 'overseas Sikhs' to 'the Sikh diaspora' to 'global Sikhs': Retrospect and prospects in the study of Sikhs beyond the subcontinent|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17448727.2020.1846373|journal=Sikh Formations|volume=16|issue=4|pages=441–447|doi=10.1080/17448727.2020.1846373|s2cid=228096974|issn=1744-8727|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

During the course of their marriage Sardar Ran Singh and Sardarni Karmo Kaur became parents to four children, 3 sons and a daughter.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gill|first=Avtar Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fn1uAAAAMAAJ&q=Wahi+,+the+special+maid+-+servant+of+the+deceased+Mai+Nakayan+(+Rani+Raj+Kaur+,+mother+of+the+Maharaja+)+started+weeping+very+bitterly+and+crying+a+great+deal+plaintively+and+carried+on+the+mourning+by+striking+her+head+against+the+wall|title=Blood Bath After Ranjit Singh|date=2006|publisher=Jaswant Printers|language=en}}</ref>

* Sardar Bhagwan Singh Nakai (1770-1789), fourth chief of the Nakai Misl, succeeded his father
* Sardar Gyan Singh Nakai (1772-1807), succeeded his brother as the fifth chief of the Nakai Misl
* Sahib Khazan Singh Nakai (1778-1835), was granted a jagir at Nankot by his brother-in-law, [[Maharaja Ranjeet Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]]
* [[Datar Kaur|Bibi Raj Kaur Nakai]] (1784-1838), was the [[queen consort]] of the [[Sikh Empire]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Patwant|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fg4CBAAAQBAJ|title=Empire of the Sikhs: The Life and Times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh|last2=Rai|first2=Jyoti M.|date=2008-11-01|publisher=Peter Owen Publishers|isbn=978-0-7206-1371-1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Sood|first=D. R|title=Ranjit Singh.|date=1981|publisher=National Book Trust|location=New Delhi|language=English|oclc=499465766}}</ref>

== Regent ==
After the death of her husband, the Misl became week due to Wazir Singh's raging constant wars against Bhagwan Singh Nakai who had succeeded his father. Realizing he will soon lose all his territory he sought his mothers help. Sardarni Karmo Kaur took hold of the situation and arranged for a meeting with Wazir Singh. Accompanied by her three sons — Bhagwan Singh, Gian Singh and Khazan Singh, went Syedwala and got her villages released, in order to do that she had to accept allegiance to Wazir Singh.<ref>[[Bute Shah|Shah, Bute]]. ''Tawarikh-i-Punjab'', IV, M.S., [[Ganda Singh (historian)|Ganda Singh]] collection. Patiala. p. 63.</ref> Discerned that Wazir Singh was still a danger, she sent [[Maha Singh|Sardar Maha Singh]], chief of the powerful [[Sukerchakia Misl]] a proposal to get her infant daughter, Raj Kaur betrothed to his four-year-old son, Ranjit Singh. This was the first alliance between Nakais and Sukherchakias, and it provided Sardarni Karmo and Sardar Bhagwan Singh with an ally that would help them counter Wazir Singh.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sheikh|first=Majid|date=2021-04-25|title=Three Maharanis of the great Sikh Maharajahs|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1620259|access-date=2021-10-21|website=DAWN.COM|language=en}}</ref> Wazir Singh tried to break off this match, but was unable to do so. In an attempt to mislead her, Wazir Singh claimed that the Nakai Sandhu Jatts are superior to the Sukerchakias, but Sardarni Karmo Kaur refused to break off the match and stated as Sikhs we are all equal.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Griffin|first=Lepel Henry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q0ABAAAAQAAJ&q=nakka+misl&pg=PA118|title=The Panjab Chiefs: Historical and Biographical Notices of the Principal Families in the Territories Under the Panjab Government|date=1865|publisher=T.C. McCarthy|language=en}}</ref><ref>Singha, Bhagata (1993). A History of the Sikh Misals. Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 164.</ref> Eventually Wazir Singh also befriended Maha Singh, the latter tried to reconcile the differences between Bhagwan Singh and Wazir Singh, but in vain. Later in 1785, Maha Singh was facing attacks from Sardar [[Jai Singh Kanhaiya]] of the [[Kanhaiya Misl]] and called on Bhagwan Singh and Wazir Singh to aid him. After their victory against the [[Kanhaiya Misl|Kanhaiyas]], Maha Singh began to favor Wazir Singh, which made Bhagwan Singh fell left out.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Griffin|first=Lepel Henry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q0ABAAAAQAAJ&q=nakka+misl&pg=PA118|title=The Panjab Chiefs: Historical and Biographical Notices of the Principal Families in the Territories Under the Panjab Government|date=1865|publisher=T.C. McCarthy|language=en}}</ref> Despite Maha Singh's efforts to bring peace, Bhagwan Singh and Wazir Singh continued to engage in constant warfare and in 1789 Bhagwan Singh was killed by Wazir Singh.<ref>Singha, Bhagata (1993). A History of the Sikh Misals. Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 164.</ref> Dal Singh, son of Heera Singh Sandhu avenged the death of Bhagwan Singh by killing Wazir Singh but was killed by a servant of Wazir Singh.<ref>Singha, Bhagata (1993). A History of the Sikh Misals. Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 164.</ref>

Her second son, Gyan Singh succeeded the elder son, Bhagwan Singh.<ref>Singha, Bhagata (1993). A History of the Sikh Misals. Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 164.</ref> She continued to guide Gyan Singh in the affairs of the state, and with the family's old enemy Wazir Singh being killed by Dal Singh, son of [[Heera Singh Sandhu]], Gyan Singh had a relatively peaceful reign.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Griffin|first=Lepel Henry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q0ABAAAAQAAJ&q=nakka+misl&pg=PA118|title=The Panjab Chiefs: Historical and Biographical Notices of the Principal Families in the Territories Under the Panjab Government|date=1865|publisher=T.C. McCarthy|language=en}}</ref>

In 1797, Nakais assisted the then Sardar Ranjit Singh of the Sukerchakia Misl to expel the attempts of Shah Zaman to annex Punjab region into his control through his general Shahanchi Khan and 12,000 soldiers.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Khushwant|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D068dKeyGW4C&q=maha+singh&pg=PA3|title=Ranjit Singh|date=2009-03-24|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-306543-2|language=en}}</ref> In 1797, Ranjit Singh sought for Raj Kaur Nakain's hand in marriage as they have been betrothed for sometime now. Gyan Singh was reported not pleased as in 1796, [[Raj Kaur]] (Mai Malwain), the mother of Ranjit Singh had gotten him married to [[Mehtab Kaur]], daughter of [[Sada Kaur]] and [[Gurbaksh Singh Kanhaiya|Gurbaksh Singh]] of the [[Kanhaiya Misl]]. Upon his mother's advice Gyan Singh agreed and Raj Kaur was married to Ranjit Singh who then renamed her 'Datar Kaur' as many ladies in the Sukerchakia Misl bore the name "Raj Kaur", like Ranjit Singh mother and his aunt (daughter of [[Charat Singh|Sardar Charat Singh]])<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lafont|first=Jean Marie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YrG_aJTgnw0C&q=desan+kaur&pg=PA14|title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh|date=2002|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri|language=en}}</ref> Datar Kaur was affectionately called Mai Nakain by Ranjit Singh, though Ranjit Singh married several times for political reasons, Datar Kaur remained his favorite and most respected wife.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Khushwant|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D068dKeyGW4C&q=maha+singh&pg=PA3|title=Ranjit Singh|date=2009-03-24|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-306543-2|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Vaḥīduddīn, Faqīr Sayyid|title=The real Ranjit Singh|date=2001|publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University|isbn=81-7380-778-7|oclc=52691326}}</ref> Later that same year when Shah Zaman invaded Punjab again, the sardars united under Ranjit Singh and let his army enter [[Lahore]] only blocked off all food and supplies which lead to his army retreating. While they were busy fighting in Lahore, Muzaffar Khan, Shah's relative and governor of [[Multan]] province, took advantage of the situation and took [[Syedwala]]. In 1799, Nakais helped Ranjit Singh and Sada Kaur liberate Lahore from the [[Bhangi Misl|Bhangi Sardars]]. On April 2, 1801, Ranjit Singh founded the [[Sikh Empire|Sarkar e Khalsa]] and proclaimed himself the "Maharaja of Punjab". Earlier that year in February, Datar Kaur had given birth to Ranjit Singh's first son and [[heir apparent]], Kharak Singh and four years later she gave birth to another son, [[Rattan Singh]]. Datar Kaur took an active interest in the affairs of the State, and being the mother of Ranjit Singh's eldest sons- who became first and second in the line of succession to [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh's throne|The throne of Punjab]], she became his [[Queen consort|chief consort]]. In 1818, she given command during the [[Siege of Multan (1818)|Battle of Multan]] along with her son, Kharak Singh the then [[Crown prince|Sri Tikka Kanwar (Crown Prince)]] and together they conquered Multan.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Atwal|first=Priya|date=2020-11-01|title=Royals and Rebels|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197548318.001.0001|doi=10.1093/oso/9780197548318.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-754831-8|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:1806 deaths]]

Perunavalur

2025-12-04T11:47:53Z

GuillermoFenster: minor cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Short description|Village in India}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Perunavalur
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pudukkottai district|Pudukkottai]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title = Panchayat President
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Perunavalur''' is a village in the [[Avadaiyarkoil block|Avadaiyarkoil]] [[revenue block]] of [[Pudukkottai district]],<ref>http://tnmaps.tn.nic.in/pr_villages.php {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807133947/http://tnmaps.tn.nic.in/pr_villages.php |date=7 August 2011 }}?
dc=22&tlkname=Avadaiyarkovil&region=9&lvl=block&size=1200</ref> [[Tamil Nadu]], India.

It is located between [[Veeramangalam]] and Avudaiyarkovil. This place was popularly known as big novel place. In this place a government arts and science college was situated. Here a famous Sri Kannudaiyanayaki temple commonly known as Kannama Kovil and sivan, Vinayagar temple, Kuppiyamma temple, Muniswarar temple, Saambaan temple and mosque were situated.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Pudukkottai district]]

{{Pudukkottai-geo-stub}}

Balgandharva Rangmandir

2025-11-22T13:20:12Z

GuillermoFenster: new a entry

{{Short description|Theater and cultural venue}}
{{orphan|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox venue
| name = Balgandharva Rangmandir
| logo_image = Balgandharva Rangmandir logo.png
| caption =
| address = Bandra West, Mumbai, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19|03|50.7|N|72|50|01.8|E|display=inline,title}}
| owner =
| operator =
| type = Performing-arts center
| seating_type = Auditorium
| seating_capacity = 687
| opened = August 2016
| website = {{URL|http://www.rangmandir.in}}
}}

'''Balgandharva Rangmandir''' is a theater and cultural venue in Mumbai, India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |date=14 April 2025 |title=Balgandharva Rangmandir: A cultural hub aligning with India's national vision - ET Government |url=https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/education/balgandharva-rangmandir-a-cultural-hub-aligning-with-indias-national-vision/120196306?utm_source=whatsapp_web&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=socialsharebuttons |access-date= |website=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref> Named after the Marathi theater actor and singer [[Bal Gandharva]] (1886–1967), the venue was redeveloped from a municipal open-air theater into an enclosed auditorium. The redevelopment was initiated in 1992 through a lease agreement between the [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (BMC) and the K Raheja Foundation. After a prolonged development period, the renovated complex opened to the public in August 2016.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Fernando |first=Benita |date=2016-07-21 |title=Mumbai: 24 years on, stage set for Rang Mandir to re-open |url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/mumbai--24-years-on--stage-set-for-rang-mandir-to-re-open--17453155 |access-date= |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>

== History and development ==
The site originally functioned as an open-air theater managed by the [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (BMC).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Balgandharva Rangmandir: A Venue For Cultural Performances And Arts Education |url=https://www.businessworld.in/article/balgandharva-rangmandir-a-venue-for-cultural-performances-and-arts-education-555383 |access-date= |website=Business World Magazine |language=en}}</ref> By the 1990s, the structure had deteriorated due to maintenance challenges.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bandra’s Balgandharva Rangmandir Hosts Plays, Musicals And Film Previews |url=https://www.businessworld.in/article/bandras-balgandharva-rangmandir-hosts-plays-musicals-and-film-previews-572016 |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=BW Businessworld |language=en}}</ref> In 1992, the BMC leased the property to the K Raheja Foundation, a nonprofit organization, to redevelop it into a modern performance space. The project faced many delays, such as structural design and construction limitations, before its completion in 2016. The original structure was demolished and replaced with a fully enclosed auditorium, which opened to the public in 2016.<ref name=":1" />

== Cultural programs ==
Balgandharva Rangmandir hosts [[Marathi theatre|Marathi theater]], [[Indian classical music]] and dance, film festivals, and workshops.<ref name=":0" /> It has been used for theatrical adaptations of films such as ''[[Monsoon Wedding]]'' and ''[[Umrao Jaan (2006 film)|Umrao Jaan]]'', as well as historical plays like ''Humare Ram'' and ''[[Mahabharata|Mahabharat]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-19 |title=Encouraging creative growth at Balgandharva Rangmandir workshops |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/encouraging-creative-growth-at-balgandharva-rangmandir-workshops/articleshow/120433131.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-01 |title=Metro… In Dino teaser launched at Bal Gandharva Rangmandir |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/metro-in-dino-teaser-launched-at-bal-gandharva-rangmandir-13908135.html |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>

== Theatrical productions ==
Notable productions staged at the venue include:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Entertainment |first=ABP Live |title=Balgandharva Rangmandir Set To Light Up With Aadyam’s Latest Play |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/balgandharva-rangmandir-set-to-light-up-with-aadyam-s-latest-play-1795020 |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=ABP Live |language=en}}</ref>

* ''Balle Balle'' (2017), a musical ballet by Wizcraft Entertainment<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shekhawat |first=Meemansa |date=1 March 2025 |title=What makes Mumbaikars love musicals so much? |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-what-makes-mumbaikars-love-musicals-so-much-3136043 |access-date= |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>
* ''[[The Mousetrap]]'' (2019), a production of [[Agatha Christie]] by an international British theater group<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-05 |title=Agatha Christie's longest running play The Mousetrap comes to India |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/agatha-christies-longest-running-play-the-mousetrap-is-coming-to-india-6104305/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Tumhari Saaiyara'' (2019), a Hindi play by [[Nadira Babbar]]<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2025-03-19 |title=Mumbai loves old stories retold in theatre style |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mumbai-loves-old-stories-retold-in-theatre-style-13872866.html |access-date= |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>
* ''Mughal-e-Azam: The Musical'' (2022), directed by [[Feroz Abbas Khan]], with costumes by [[Manish Malhotra]]<ref>{{Cite web | date=2022-09-15 |title=Mughal-e-Azam-The Musical returns to Mumbai after two years with 14 shows |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/events/mumbai/2022/Sep/15/mughal-e-azam-the-musical-returns-to-mumbai-after-two-years-with-14-shows-44020.html |access-date= |website=Indulgexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2025-02-15 |title=Balgandharva Rangmandir: A thriving cultural community |url=https://www.firstpost.com/art-and-culture/balgandharva-rangmandir-a-thriving-cultural-community-13863633.html |access-date= |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>
* ''Broken Images'' (2022), a solo play by [[Girish Karnad]], performed by [[Shabana Azmi]]<ref name=":3" />
* ''JAYA'' (2024), an English-language rock musical based on the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', produced and directed by [[Lillete Dubey]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sibal |first=Prachi |date=15 February 2024 |title=A retelling of the Mahabharata in rock ballad style |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/art-and-culture/new-books-reading-list-erin-entrada-kelly-vicki-tan-anant-deshmukh-stuti-changle-11747380738872.html |work=Mint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mitter |first=Suprita |date=2024-02-04 |title=Witness the modern retelling of Mahabharata at this play in Bandra West |url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai-guide/things-to-do/article/rocking-the-epic-23333453 |access-date= |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Basuri Jab Gane Lagi'' (2025), based on the life of flautist [[Hariprasad Chaurasia]]<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kusnur |first=Narendra |date=11 January 2025 |title=Bansuri Jab Gaane Lage: A Unique Musical Tribute To Pt Hariprasad Chaurasia |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/lifestyle/bansuri-jab-gaane-lage-a-unique-musical-tribute-to-pt-hariprasad-chaurasia |access-date= |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

The auditorium has also hosted previews for films such as ''[[Gold (2018 film)|Gold]]'' (2018), ''[[Dunki (film)|Dunki]]'' (2023) and Metro… In Dino (2025).<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=25 January 2025 |title=Mumbai's Best Destination For Movie Previews: Bal Gandharva Rang Mandir |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/mumbai-s-best-destination-for-movie-previews-bal-gandharva-rang-mandir-1752604 |work=ABP News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Staff |date=27 March 2025 |title=Maharashtra's Own Glamor Contest Finds Hidden Talent |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/maharashtras-own-glamor-contest-finds-hidden-talent |access-date= |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Theatres in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Arts organizations established in 2016]]
[[Category:Performing arts centres in India]]

Deodhani dance

2025-11-21T18:24:03Z

GuillermoFenster:

{{Short description|Folk dance of Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}

'''Deodhani dance''' is a [[Shaman]] [[folk dance]] from the [[India]]n state of [[Assam]]. It can be performed either [[Solo dance|solo]] or in a group. Deodhani is of [[Boro people|Bodo]] origin.<ref>Arabinda Nath Sharma writes, “Deodhani and Deodhai” dance are connected with the culture of Bodo-kachari(the original inhabitants) of the state. Deodhai, the male oracle, and Deodhani, the female oracle, as priestly dances are essential at the time of various ethnic folk religious beliefs like Marai Puja, Kherai etc. {{URL|https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/145313/11/11_chapter%203.pdf}}</ref> A group performance of Deodhani generally consists of three or four women. The dance form is associated with the worship of the snake goddess Marei/Maroi.<ref>{{cite web |title=A ritual dance, Deodhani dance, Assam, Travel, India Video |url=https://www.indiavideo.org/assam/art/ritual-deodhani-dance-2049.php |website=IndiaVideo |access-date=12 March 2022 }}</ref> A Deodhani dance is generally performed to the accompaniment of songs sung by an ''[[Bodo people#Social groups|Ojha]]'', a traditional chorus leader in the [[Darrang district]] of Assam.<ref name="webindia">[http://www.webindia123.com/Assam/ARTS/ojapali.htm Oja-pali] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011131648/http://www.webindia123.com/Assam/ARTS/ojapali.htm |date=11 October 2013 }}, WebIndia</ref>

==History==

[[File:Deodhoni Dance Ritual-1.jpg|thumb|Deodhoni Dance Ritual]]
Deodhani is derived from two words – ''Deo'', which means God, and ''Dhani'', which means woman, literally meaning a woman possessed (Shaman) by god. A male Shaman form is also present, called 'Deodha-Joki' in ''Kamrup'' by the Bodo people and 'Deodhai' elsewhere in Assam. Deodhani depicts the dance of a Shaman woman or man when he or she is possessed by a spiritual being. In Deodhani, the songs sung by [[Ojapali]] are known as Xuknoni in undivided Darrang district and is quite distinct from the aboriginal 'Deodha-Joki' origin & ritualistic oracle cum Shamanistic dance form of the Kaibarta-Jalkeot community in Undivided Kamrup district it is accompanied by Bor-Dhol's.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nezcc.in/layouts/2012-09-08-10-40-06/assam-performing-arts |title=Assam - Performing Arts |publisher=Nezcc.in |date=2012-09-08 |accessdate=2013-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010130418/http://www.nezcc.in/layouts/2012-09-08-10-40-06/assam-performing-arts |archive-date=10 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="hpage1">{{cite web |url=http://info-assam.hpage.co.in/folk-dances-of-assam_45774691.html |title=Beauty Of Assam |publisher=Info-assam.hpage.co.in |date=2009-11-28 |accessdate=2013-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214003651/http://info-assam.hpage.co.in/folk-dances-of-assam_45774691.html |archive-date=14 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Specification==
Dancers take a sword and shield and present a virile [[war dance]] during the performance.<ref name="hpage1"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Sainik Samachar: The Pictorial Weekly of the Armed Forces|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fnffAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=9 June 2013|year=1990|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107142144/http://books.google.com/books?id=fnffAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=7 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Dance in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deodhani Dance}}
[[Category:Dances of Assam]]
[[Category:Hindu dance traditions]]
[[Category:Indian folk dances]]

{{India-dance-stub}}

Maharaja Balwant Singh of Benares

2025-11-04T02:14:33Z

GuillermoFenster: added some bio w/ sources

{{Short description|Maharaja Bahadur of Benares from 1738 to 1770}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox royalty
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| name = Balwant Singh
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| succession = [[Benares State|Maharaja Bahadur of Benares]]
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| reign = 1738–1770
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'''Balwant Singh Sahib Bahadur''' (1711–1770), also known as [[Maharaja]] '''Balwant Singh''', was the ruler of [[Benares State]] in northern India.

Balwant Singh came from the [[Narayan dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bayly |first=C. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xfo3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA17 |title=Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770–1870 |date=1988-05-19 |publisher=CUP Archive |isbn=978-0-521-31054-3 |pages=17 |language=en}}</ref> He succeeded his father Raja Mansaram Singh as [[Raja]] of Kaswar and [[Maharaja]] of Benares in 1738. Mansaram Singh was the son of Raja Manoranjan Singh, a ruler of Banaras region and resident of Gangapur village. Leading a much more martial life, he built a fort and established a capital at [[Gangapur, Uttar Pradesh|Gangapur]], but later moved to [[Ramnagar, Varanasi|Ramnagar]]. He expelled Nawab Fazl Ali Khan from present-day [[Ghazipur district|Ghazipur]] and [[Ballia district|Ballia]] districts, and added the area to his domains.{{cn|date=May 2025}} In 1751, he expelled the representative of the [[Nawab of Awadh]] in an attempt to carve out a principality at [[Benares]]. He had defeated the forces of Nawab during a fierce direct fight with the help of large numbers of artillery guns, cavalry and traditional army of Bhumihar community when the Nawab invaded his domain in March 1752. He continued his guerrilla fight and ultimately the Nawab accepted his terms and he acquired more area than he was earlier holding. Resultantly, a settlement was reached between the two and he had protected his independence from Nawab.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sandria |first=Freitag |title=Culture and Power in Banaras |publisher=University of California Press |year=1989 |location=Berkeley}}</ref> Emperor [[Alamgir II]] granted him a jagir in Bihar two years later. The first to start a tradition of fighting with the [[East India Company]] which continued till the formation of India, he joined [[Shah Alam]] and [[Shuja ud-Daula]] in their 1763 invasion of Bengal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Rana P. B. |title=Banaras: Making of India's Heritage City |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publisher |year=2009 |isbn=9781443815796}}</ref>

Following the [[Battle of Buxar]] in 1764, Emperor Shah Alam back stabbed him and transferred Balwant Singh's controlled area to the company, but the Company refused it along with the Treaty of Benares signed by the Emperor the same year. Britishers tried to the power of Beneras region once again to the Nawab of Awadh in 1765, but the maharaja Balwant Singh had protected his power and control over Benares State remained with the Maharaja. This took place five years before Maharaja Balwant Singh's death in 1770. He is also called as the ''Shivaji of North India''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sanyal |first=Suprakash |title=Benares and the English East India Company, 1764-1895 |publisher=World Press |year=1979}}</ref>

Balwant Singh was succeeded by his son [[Chet Singh|Rafa'at wa Awal-i-Martabat Chait Singh Sahib Bahadur]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}

{{succession box | before= Mansa Ram | title=Rulers of [[Benares State]] | years=1738 – 1770 | after=Raja [[Chait Singh]]}}

{{s-end}}

[[Category:Maharajas of Benares]]
[[Category: 1711 births]]
[[Category: 1770 deaths]]
[[Category: Narayan dynasty]]
[[Category:People from Varanasi]]

P. L. Punia

2025-10-04T01:17:44Z

GuillermoFenster: rework structure for clarity and fixed typos

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = P. L. Punia
| image = [[File:Dr PL Punia.jpg|250x250px]]
| caption = P. L. Punia holding a Press Conference, in New Delhi on September 06, 2012

| office1 = [[Member of parliament|MP]] of [[Rajya Sabha]] for [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| constituency1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start1 = 26 November 2014
| term_end1 = 25 November 2020
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 = [[Geeta Shakya]]

| office2 = Chairman of the [[National Commission for Scheduled Castes]]
| term_start2 = 30 October 2010
| term_end2 = 30 May 2017
| predecessor2 = [[Buta Singh]]
| successor2 = [[Ram Shankar Katheria]]

| office3 = [[Member of parliament|MP]] of [[15th Lok Sabha]]
| constituency3 = [[Barabanki Lok Sabha constituency|Barabanki]] ([[Uttar Pradesh]])
| term_start3 = 25 May 2009
| term_end3 = 26 May 2014
| predecessor3 = Kamla Prasad Rawat
| successor3 = [[Priyanka Singh Rawat]]

| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1945|01|23}}
| birth_place = [[Jhajjar district|Salhawas]], [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]] (now in [[Haryana]], [[India]])
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse = Indira Punia
| children = 3 including [[Tanuj Punia]]
| residence = [[New Delhi]]
| alma_mater = [[Panjab University, Chandigarh|Panjab University]] ([[Master of Arts|M.A.]]) [[Lucknow University]] ([[Ph.D.]])
| occupation =
| religion =
| website = https://plpunia.blogspot.com/
}}

'''Panna Lal Punia''', usually known as '''P. L. Punia''', (born 23 January 1945) is an Indian politician and former [[List of current members of the Rajya Sabha|Member of the Rajya Sabha]] from Uttar Pradesh from 2014 till 2020.<ref name="Parrikar, 9 others elected unopposed to RS">{{cite news |last1= |date=13 November 2014 |title=Parrikar, 9 others elected unopposed to RS |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/parrikar-9-others-elected-unopposed-to-rs-114111301205_1.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250601123339/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/parrikar-9-others-elected-unopposed-to-rs-114111301205_1.html |archivedate=1 June 2025 |accessdate=1 June 2025 |work= |publisher=Business Standard}}</ref><ref name="11 new members take oath in Rajya Sabha">{{cite news|title=11 new members take oath in Rajya Sabha|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/11-new-members-take-oath-in-Rajya-Sabha/articleshow/45281506.cms|accessdate=1 June 2025|publisher=The Times of India|date=26 November 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250601121238/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/11-new-members-take-oath-in-Rajya-Sabha/articleshow/45281506.cms|archivedate=1 June 2025}}</ref> He is a [[Dalit]] leader of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>[http://www.outlookindia.com/printarticle.aspx?281936 Statue Or Pedestal?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814121428/http://outlookindia.com/printarticle.aspx?281936 |date=14 August 2012 }}. outlookindia.com (2012-08-20). Retrieved on 2013-01-08.</ref>

In July 2012, Punia appeared on the popular TV show ''[[Satyamev Jayate (season 1)|Satyamev Jayate]]'', hosted by Bollywood star [[Aamir Khan]], to raise awareness of discrimination against [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|scheduled castes]].

==Early life, career and family==
He was born on 23 January 1945 to Bharat Singh and Dakhan Devi in the [[Jhajjar]] district of the [[Punjab region]] (now [[Haryana]]), [[British India]]. He took an M.A. from [[Panjab University, Chandigarh]] and a PhD from [[Lucknow University]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="india1"/><ref>[http://www.deccanherald.com/content/3367/content/216700/ipl-2012.html Stung by defeat, Mayawati to revert to Dalit agenda]. Deccanherald.com. Retrieved on 2013-01-08.</ref> In 1970 he joined the [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS), becoming [[District magistrate]] in [[Aligarh]] during 1982–85.<ref>[http://www.rina.in/news/yellow-journalism-is-a-shameful-point-for-the-community/ Rina » Yellow Journalism Is A Shameful Point For The Community]. Rina.in (2011-06-13). Retrieved on 2013-01-08.</ref>

P. L. Punia is married to Indira Punia and they have 3 children. Their son [[Tanuj Punia]] is a graduate ([[B.Tech]]) from [[IIT Roorkee]] and has been involved in social work since 2007.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.myneta.info/LokSabha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=7187 | title=Tanuj Punia(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- BARABANKI (SC)(UTTAR PRADESH) - Affidavit Information of Candidate }}</ref> He contested the [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh election]] as a Congress candidate in [[Zaidpur Assembly constituency|Zaidpur]] and came runner-up. He has become a spokesperson of the Indian National Congress since then. In 2024 he became a Member of Parliament from [[Barabanki Lok Sabha constituency|Barabanki Lok Sabha Constituency]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-04 |title=Barabanki election results 2024 live updates: Congress's Tanuj Punia wins with over 2 lakh vote margin |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/barabanki-sc-election-results-2024-uttar-pradesh-barabanki-sc-lok-sabha-elections-poll-result-updates-tanuj-punia-cong-rajrani-rawat-bjp-shiv-kumar-doharey-bsp/articleshow/110673820.cms |access-date=2024-06-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He defeated Rajrani Rawat of the Bharatiya Janata Party by a margin of over 2 lakh votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 Highlights: Tanuj Punia Claims Victory by 215704 Votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/barabanki-uttar-pradesh-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-live-updates-clse-2548031-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Barabanki Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024">{{cite news |date=4 June 2024 |title=Barabanki Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/barabanki |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531172425/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/barabanki |archive-date=31 May 2025 |access-date=31 May 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==Political life==
Punia began his career as a [[civil servant]] in the Indian Administrative Service (IAS), serving in the Uttar Pradesh cadre. During his tenure, he worked closely with several Chief Ministers, including Mayawati, and gained experience in governance and public administration. After taking voluntary retirement, Punia entered active politics and joined the Congress Party.

He was a member of the [[Lok Sabha]] from 2009 to 2014 and represented [[Barabanki Lok Sabha constituency|Barabanki (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name="india1">[http://www.india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=4292 Detailed Profile – Shri P. L. Punia]. India.gov.in (1974-01-16). Retrieved on 2013-01-08.</ref> in [[Uttar Pradesh]] and later served as a Member of the Rajya Sabha. He was also chairperson of the [[National Commission for Scheduled Castes]] between 2013 and 2016<ref>{{cite web |title=Who's Who |publisher=National Commission for Scheduled Castes |url=http://ncsc.nic.in/pages/display/12-whos-who |accessdate=2017-07-24}}</ref> and as such sat ''ex officio'' on the [[National Human Rights Commission of India|National Human Rights Commission]] (NHRC).<ref>[http://www.igovernment.in/site/pl-punia-appointed-ncsc-chairman-38592 PL Punia appointed NCSC Chairman] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120802084231/http://www.igovernment.in/site/pl-punia-appointed-ncsc-chairman-38592 |date= 2 August 2012 }}. iGovernment.in. Retrieved on 2013-01-08.</ref><ref>[http://socialjustice.nic.in/commission.php National Commissions – Associated Organisations: Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503182839/http://socialjustice.nic.in/commission.php |date=3 May 2016 }}. Socialjustice.nic.in. Retrieved on 2013-01-08.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Punia, P. L.}}
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Jhajjar district]]
[[Category:Chairmans of the National Commission for Scheduled Castes]]
[[Category:United Progressive Alliance candidates in the 2014 Indian general election]]
[[Category:People from Barabanki district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-INC-politician-stub}}

Little Mirchi Thoda Pepper

2025-09-22T03:48:16Z

GuillermoFenster: further reworked formatting as per guidelines and improved wording for accuracy

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| runtime = 25 minutes
| genre = Comedy
| director = [[Saurabh Shukla]]
| producer = Barnali Shukla & Monica Chandna
| starring = [[Little Mirchi Thoda Pepper#Cast|see below]]
| opentheme =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| network = [[Zee TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2000}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2000}}
| num_episodes = 12
}}

'''''Little Mirchi Thoda Pepper''''' is an Indian television Hindi language comedy series aired on [[Zee TV]] channel in 2000. The story portrays the challenges that a man faces in his daily life, and how these challenges can be a big hurdle.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000723/spectrum/tv.htm|title=Little Mirchi Thoda Pepper: 'Man Trouble'|publisher=[[Tribune India]]|date=2000-07-23}}</ref> The story of the series is written by an Indian director/actor, [[Saurabh Shukla]] and his wife Barnali Shukla.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/20000728/telly.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308090545/http://www.screenindia.com/old/20000728/telly.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 March 2008|title=Director Saurabh Shukla|publisher=Screen India|date=2000-07-28}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Gauri Karnik]]
*[[Vikram Gokhale]]
*[[Suchitra Pillai]]
*[[Rajat Kapoor]]
*[[Haiku Chandna]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]
[[Category:2000 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2000 Indian television series endings]]

{{India-tv-prog-stub}}

3rd Skinner's Horse

2025-08-27T20:02:32Z

GuillermoFenster: cleanup

{{distinguish|3rd Bengal Light Cavalry}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name=3rd Skinner's Horse
|image=File:Officer in the 4th Irregular Cavalry.png
|caption=Officer in the 4th Irregular Cavalry
|dates= 1814–1921
|country= {{flag|British India}}
|allegiance=
|branch= {{army|British India}}
|type= Cavalry
|role=
|size=
|command_structure=
|garrison=
|garrison_label=Regimental Centre
|equipment=
|equipment_label=
|nickname=
|patron=
|motto=
|colors=
|colors_label=
|march=
|mascot=
|battles=
|anniversaries=
|decorations=
|battle_honours=Afghanistan Ghuznee 1839 Khelat Maharajpore [[Battle of Mudki|Moodkee]] [[Battle of Ferozeshah|Ferozeshah]] 1845 Aliwal Kandahar 1880 Afghanistan 1879-80 Punjab Frontier The Great War France and Flanders, 1914-15-16 Baluchistan, 1918 The Third Aghan War

|current_commander=
|current_commander_label=
|ceremonial_chief=
|ceremonial_chief_label=
|colonel_of_the_regiment=
|colonel_of_the_regiment_label=
|notable_commanders=

|identification_symbol=
|identification_symbol_label=
}}
The '''3rd Skinner's Horse''' was a [[cavalry]] [[regiment]] of the [[British Indian Army]]. It was originally raised at Hansi by Lt.-Col. [[James Skinner (East India Company officer)|James Skinner]] as the 2nd Regiment of Skinner's Horse in 1814, the various changes and amalgamations are listed below.

*1814 2nd [[Regiment]] of Skinner's Horse
*1821 Baddeley's Frontier Horse
*1823 4th (Baddeley's) Local Horse
*1840 4th Irregular Cavalry
*1861 3rd Regiment of [[Bengal]] Cavalry
*1901 3rd Bengal Cavalry (Skinner's Horse)
*1903 3rd Skinner's Horse.
*1921 1st/3rd Skinner's Horse.
*1922 [[1st Duke of York's Own Skinner's Horse]]

==1914-21==
3rd Skinner's Horse was sent to the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]], France, with the [[7th (Meerut) Cavalry Brigade]] in late 1914, remaining there until their transfer back to India in 1916, then they were posted to the [[Loralai]] for service on the [[Military history of the North-West Frontier|North West Frontier]]. They saw action during the [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]] of 1919.

[[Claude Stokes (intelligence officer)|Claude Stokes]], intelligence officer for the [[Dunsterforce]], was an officer with the 3rd Skinner's Horse.

It amalgamated with the 1st Duke of York's Own Lancers [[Skinner's Horse]] at [[Sialkot]] in June 1921 and so ceased to have a separate identity, its traditions and honours being carried forward by the new regiment.

==References==
* Kempton, C (1996). ''A Register of Titles of the Units of the H.E.I.C. & Indian Armies 1666-1947.'' Bristol: British Empire & Commonwealth Museum. {{ISBN|978-0-9530174-0-9}}
* Daniels, Major A. M. (1925) The History of Skinner's Horse.

{{British Indian Army Cavalry Regiments 1903 - 1946}}

[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1814]]
[[Category:British Indian Army cavalry regiments]]
[[Category:Honourable East India Company regiments]]
[[Category:Indian World War I regiments]]
[[Category:1814 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1921]]

{{BritishIndia-mil-stub}}
{{india-mil-stub}}

Kho Kho World Cup

2025-07-28T02:29:09Z

GuillermoFenster: added new post

{{Short description|International Kho kho tournament}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox sports league
| title =
| last_season = 2025 Kho Kho World Cup
| upcoming_season =
| logo = Kho Kho World Cup.png
| pixels =
| caption =
| sport = [[Kho kho]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2025}}
| folded =
| motto = The World Goes Kho
| teams = '''M:''' 20 '''W:''' 19
| venue = [[Indira Gandhi Arena]], New Delhi, India
| region = International
| champion = '''M:''' {{kkm|IND}} (1st title) '''W:''' {{kkw|IND}} (1st title)
| most_champs = '''M:''' {{kkm|IND}} (1 title) '''W:''' {{kkw|IND}} (1 title)
| website = {{url|https://kkwc2025.com/|Website}}
}}
{{Season sidebar
|title = Editions
|list =
* [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
}}

The '''Kho Kho World Cup''' is an international [[kho kho]] tournament.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-02 |title=First-ever Kho Kho World Cup to Take Place in India Next Year |url=https://www.news18.com/sports/first-ever-kho-kho-world-cup-to-take-place-in-india-next-year-9071114.html |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> It is sanctioned by the [[International Kho Kho Federation]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=India to host first-ever Kho Kho World Cup in 2025 - The Economic Times |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/sports/india-to-host-first-ever-kho-kho-world-cup-in-2025/articleshow/113870958.cms |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=m.economictimes.com}}</ref>

The [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|first Kho Kho World Cup]] took place in [[New Delhi]], India from 13 to 19 January 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-16 |title='Come 2032, Kho Kho Shall Be in the Olympics': KKFI President Sudhanshu Mittal Eyes International Recognition For Sport |url=https://www.news18.com/sports/come-2032-kho-kho-shall-be-in-the-olympics-kkfi-president-sudhanshu-mittal-eyes-international-recognition-for-sport-9088096.html |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> It witnessed the participation of 23 countries from six continents, featuring 20 men’s and 19 women’s teams.<ref name=":1">[https://olympics.com/en/news/kho-kho-world-cup-2025-india-schedule-fixtures-match-list Kho Kho World Cup 2025: India to host historic first edition in New Delhi - full schedule] olympics.com</ref> It was played under the seven-a-side [[Kho kho#Seven-a-side|fast format]], which is used for [[Ultimate Kho Kho]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=General 4 |url=https://www.khokho.net/the-game |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=International Kho Kho Federation |language=en-GB |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007111758/https://www.khokho.net/the-game |url-status=dead }}</ref> India won both the men's and women's titles in the inaugural edition, staying unbeaten throughout the tournament.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-19 |title=Inaugural Kho Kho World Cup ends on historic note with India securing men's, women's titles |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/kho-kho-world-cup-indian-womens-team-crowned-champion/articleshow/117375836.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-03-07 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

==History==
The Kho Kho World Cup is the pinnacle of international competition for the sport of kho kho, governed by the [[International Kho Kho Federation]] to promote and globalize it.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-19 |title=Double delight: India men and women's teams clinch Kho Kho World Cup crowns |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/story/kho-world-cup-title-winners-india-men-women-teams-nepal-finals-2667063-2025-01-19 |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

The [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup]] was hosted by [[India]], the birthplace of kho kho. The event took place in 2025, from January 13 to 19, at the [[Indira Gandhi Arena]], New Delhi. A total of 23 nations from six continents participated, featuring 20 men’s teams and 19 women’s teams. The [[Kho Kho Federation of India]] and the [[International Kho Kho Federation]] organized the event. The next World Cup will be in 2026-27 in [[Birmingham]], [[England]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2025-01-20 |title=Kho Kho has now caught momentum at full speed and it will not stop: KKFI president |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/sports/kho-kho-has-now-caught-momentum-at-full-speed-and-it-will-not-stop-kkfi-president-938429 |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Format==
The matches adopt a fast-paced seven-a-side format, similar to the one used in [[Ultimate Kho Kho]]. There are two stages: the group stage, followed by the knockout stage.

=== Group Stage ===
In the group stage, teams are divided into four groups for the initial round-robin phase, each team competes against others in their group to determine standings.

=== Knockout Stage ===
In the knockout stage, the top two teams from each group advance to the knockout stage, including quarter-finals, semi-finals, and the final match.

==Results==
===Men===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! Year
! Host
| bgcolor=gold|'''Winner'''
! Score
| bgcolor=silver|'''Runner-up'''
! Teams
! Ref
|-
![[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Delhi]]
|{{kk|IND}}
|54–36 [https://gms.kkwc2025.com/live/results/scores/100 Result]
|{{kk|Nepal}}
|20
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-20 |title=Kho Kho World Cup: Indian men's team crowned champion |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/kho-kho-world-cup-indian-mens-team-crowned-champion/articleshow/117382218.cms |access-date=2025-03-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
!2027
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Birmingham]]
|
|
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-20 |title=Kho Kho World Cup 2027 To Be Held In Birmingham, KKFI President Confirms |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/others/kho-kho-world-cup-2027-to-be-held-in-birmingham-india-federation-president-sudhanshu-mittal-announces |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref>
|}

===Women===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! Year
! Host
| bgcolor=gold|'''Winner'''
! Score
| bgcolor=silver|'''Runner-up'''
! Teams
! Ref
|-
![[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Delhi]]
|{{kkw|IND}}
|78–40 [https://gms.kkwc2025.com/live/results/scores/99 Result]
|{{kkw|Nepal}}
|19
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2025-01-19 |title=Kho Kho World Cup: Indian women's team crowned champion |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/kho-kho-world-cup-indian-womens-team-crowned-champion/article69117032.ece |access-date=2025-03-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
!2027
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Birmingham]]
|
|
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kho Kho World Cup 2027 to happen in Birmingham, reveals KKFI president Sudhanshu Mittal |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/others/kho-kho-world-cup-2027-to-happen-in-birmingham-reveals-kkfi-president-sudhanshu-mittal20250120230330/ |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Performance record==
; Legend
{{col-begin}}{{col-2}}
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|style="text-align:center;width:10px;background:gold"|'''C'''
|Champions
|-
|style="text-align:center;width:10px;background:silver"|'''RU'''
|Runners-up
|-
|style="text-align:center;width:10px;background:#cc9966"|SF
|Semi-finalist
|-
|style="text-align:center;width:10px;background:#BBF3BB"|QF
|Quarter-finilist
|}
{{col-2}}
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|style="text-align:center;width:10px"|GS
|Group Stage
|-
|style="text-align:center;width:10px"|Q
|Qualified
|-
|style="text-align:center;width:10px"|×
|Did not qualify
|-
|style="text-align:center;width:10px;border:3px solid red"|
|Hosts
|}
{{col-end}}

===Men's===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
! Team
! {{flagicon|IND}} [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
! [[2027 Kho Kho World Cup|2027]]
! Appearances
|-
|id="" align=left|{{kk|Argentina}}
| GS || || '''1'''
|-
|id="" align=left|{{kk|Australia}}
| GS || || '''1'''
|-
|id="" align=left|{{kk|Bangladesh}}
| style="text-align:center;width:10px;background:#BBF3BB"|QF || || '''1'''
|-
|id="" align=left|{{kk|Bhutan}}
| GS || || '''1'''
|-
|id="" align=left|{{kk|Brazil}}
| GS || || '''1'''
|-
|id="" align=left|{{kk|England}}
| style="text-align:center;width:10px;background:#BBF3BB"|QF || || '''1'''
|-
|id="" align=left|{{kk|Germany}}
| GS || || '''1'''
|-
|id="" align=left|{{kk|Ghana}}
| GS || || '''1'''
|-
|id="" align=left|{{kk|India}}
| style="text-align:center;width:10px;border:3px solid red;background:gold"|'''C''' || || '''1'''
|-
|id="" align=left|{{kk|Iran}}
| style="text-align:center;width:10px;background:#cc9966"|SF || || '''1'''
|-
|id="" align=left|{{kk|Kenya}}
| style="text-align:center;width:10px;background:#BBF3BB"|QF || || '''1'''
|-
|id="" align=left|{{kk|Malaysia}}
| GS || || '''1'''
|-
|id="" align=left|{{kk|Nepal}}
|style="text-align:center;width:10px;background:silver"|'''RU'''|| ||'''1'''
|-
|id="" align=left|{{kk|Netherlands}}
| GS || || '''1'''
|-
|id="" align=left|{{kk|Peru}}
| GS || || '''1'''
|-
|id="" align=left|{{kk|Poland}}
| GS || || '''1'''
|-
|id="" align=left|{{kk|South Africa}}
| style="text-align:center;width:10px;background:#cc9966"|SF || || '''1'''
|-
|id="" align=left|{{kk|South Korea}}
| GS || || '''1'''
|-
|id="" align=left|{{kk|Sri Lanka}}
| style="text-align:center;width:10px;background:#BBF3BB"|QF || || '''1'''
|-
|id="" align=left|{{kk|United States}}
| GS || || '''1'''
|}

===Women's===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
!Team
!{{flagicon|IND}} [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
! [[2027 Kho Kho World Cup|2027]]
!Appearances
|-
|id="" align=left|{{kkw|Australia}}
| GS || || '''1'''
|-
|id="" align=left|{{kkw|Bangladesh}}
| style="text-align:center;width:10px;background:#BBF3BB"|QF || || '''1'''
|-
|id="" align=left|{{kkw|Bhutan}}
| GS || || '''1'''
|-
|id="" align=left|{{kkw|England}}
| GS || || '''1'''
|-
|id="" align=left|{{kkw|Germany}}
| GS || || '''1'''
|-
|id="" align=left|{{kkw|India}}
| style="text-align:center;width:10px;background:gold;border:3px solid red"|'''C'''|| || '''1'''
|-
|id="" align=left|{{kkw|Indonesia}}
| GS || || '''1'''
|-
|id="" align=left|{{kkw|Iran}}
| style="text-align:center;width:10px;background:#BBF3BB"|QF || || '''1'''
|-
|id="" align=left|{{kkw|Kenya}}
| style="text-align:center;width:10px;background:#BBF3BB"|QF || || '''1'''
|-
|id="" align=left|{{kkw|Malaysia}}
| GS || || '''1'''
|-
|id="" align=left|{{kkw|Nepal}}
| style="text-align:center;width:10px;background:Silver"|'''RU''' || || '''1'''
|-
|id="" align=left|{{kkw|Netherlands}}
| GS || || '''1'''
|-
|id="" align=left|{{kkw|New Zealand}}
| style="text-align:center;width:10px;background:#BBF3BB"|QF || || '''1'''
|-
|id="" align=left|{{kkw|Peru}}
| GS || || '''1'''
|-
|id="" align=left|{{kkw|Poland}}
| GS || || '''1'''
|-
|id="" align=left|{{kkw|South Africa}}
| style="text-align:center;width:10px;background:#cc9966"|SF || || '''1'''
|-
|id="" align=left|{{kkw|South Korea}}
| GS || || '''1'''
|-
|id="" align=left|{{kkw|Sri Lanka}}
| GS || || '''1'''
|-
|id="" align=left|{{kkw|Uganda}}
| style="text-align:center;width:10px;background:#cc9966"|SF || || '''1'''
|}

==Statistics==
===Men's===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Team
!colspan=3 |Appearances
!colspan="6"|Statistics
|-
! Total
! First
! Latest
! Played
! Won
! Lost
! Draw
! NR
! Win%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{kk|India}}
| 1
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| 6
| 6
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 100 %
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{kk|Nepal}}
| 1
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| 7
| 5
| 2
| 0
| 0
| 71.42 %
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{kk|Iran}}
| 1
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| 6
| 5
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 83.33 %
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{kk|South Africa}}
| 1
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| 6
| 4
| 2
| 0
| 0
| 66.66 %
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{kk|Bangladesh}}
| 1
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| 5
| 4
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 80 %
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{kk|England}}
| 1
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| 5
| 4
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 80 %
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{kk|Sri Lanka}}
| 1
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| 5
| 3
| 2
| 0
| 0
| 60 %
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{kk|Kenya}}
| 1
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| 5
| 3
| 2
| 0
| 0
| 60 %
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{kk|Australia}}
| 1
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| 4
| 2
| 2
| 0
| 0
| 50 %
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{kk|Bhutan}}
| 1
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| 4
| 2
| 2
| 0
| 0
| 50 %
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{kk|Ghana}}
| 1
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| 4
| 2
| 2
| 0
| 0
| 50 %
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{kk|South Korea}}
| 1
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| 4
| 1
| 2
| 1
| 0
| 25 %
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{kk|United States}}
| 1
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| 4
| 1
| 2
| 1
| 0
| 25 %
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{kk|Argentina}}
| 1
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| 4
| 1
| 3
| 0
| 0
| 25 %
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{kk|Malaysia}}
| 1
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| 4
| 1
| 3
| 0
| 0
| 25 %
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{kk|Peru}}
| 1
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| 4
| 1
| 3
| 0
| 0
| 25 %
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{kk|Brazil}}
| 1
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| 4
| 0
| 4
| 0
| 0
| 0 %
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{kk|Germany}}
| 1
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| 4
| 0
| 4
| 0
| 0
| 0 %
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{kk|Netherlands}}
| 1
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| 4
| 0
| 4
| 0
| 0
| 0 %
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{kk|Poland}}
| 1
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| 4
| 0
| 4
| 0
| 0
| 0 %
|}

===Women's===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Team
!colspan=3 |Appearances
!colspan="6"|Statistics
|-
! Total
! First
! Latest
! Played
! Won
! Lost
! Draw
! NR
! Win%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{kkw|India}}
| 1
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| 6
| 6
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 100 %
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{kkw|Nepal}}
| 1
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| 7
| 6
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 85.71 %
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{kkw|South Africa}}
| 1
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| 6
| 5
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 83.33 %
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{kkw|Uganda}}
| 1
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| 6
| 4
| 2
| 0
| 0
| 66.66 %
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{kkw|Bangladesh}}
| 1
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| 5
| 3
| 2
| 0
| 0
| 60 %
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{kkw|Kenya}}
| 1
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| 5
| 3
| 2
| 0
| 0
| 60 %
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{kkw|New Zealand}}
| 1
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| 5
| 3
| 2
| 0
| 0
| 60 %
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{kkw|Iran}}
| 1
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| 4
| 2
| 2
| 0
| 0
| 50 %
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{kkw|England}}
| 1
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| 4
| 3
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 75 %
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{kkw|Peru}}
| 1
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| 4
| 2
| 2
| 0
| 0
| 50 %
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{kkw|Sri Lanka}}
| 1
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| 4
| 2
| 2
| 0
| 0
| 50 %
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{kkw|South Korea}}
| 1
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| 3
| 1
| 2
| 0
| 0
| 33.33 %
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{kkw|Australia}}
| 1
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| 4
| 1
| 3
| 0
| 0
| 25 %
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{kkw|Bhutan}}
| 1
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| 4
| 1
| 3
| 0
| 0
| 25 %
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{kkw|Poland}}
| 1
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| 4
| 1
| 3
| 0
| 0
| 25 %
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{kkw|Malaysia}}
| 1
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| 3
| 0
| 3
| 0
| 0
| 0 %
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{kkw|Germany}}
| 1
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| 4
| 0
| 4
| 0
| 0
| 0 %
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{kkw|Indonesia}}
| 1
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| 4
| 0
| 4
| 0
| 0
| 0 %
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{kkw|Netherlands}}
| 1
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
| 4
| 0
| 4
| 0
| 0
| 0 %
|}

==Team debuts==
===Men's===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%"
|-
! Year
! Teams
! Number
! Total
! Ref
|-
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
|align=left|{{ubl
|{{kk|ARG}}
|{{kk|AUS}}
|{{kk|BAN}}
|{{kk|BHU}}
|{{kk|BRA}}
|{{kk|ENG}}
|{{kk|GER}}
|{{kk|GHA}}
|{{kk|IND}}
|{{kk|IRN}}
|{{kk|KEN}}
|{{kk|MAS}}
|{{kk|NEP}}
|{{kk|NED}}
|{{kk|PER}}
|{{kk|POL}}
|{{kk|RSA}}
|{{kk|KOR}}
|{{kk|SRI}}
|{{kk|USA}}
}}
| 20
| 20
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kho Kho World Cup: Teams, Groups, Format And All You Need To Know {{!}} Other Sports News |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/othersports/kho-kho-world-cup-teams-groups-format-and-all-you-need-to-know-7463593 |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=NDTVSports.com |language=en}}</ref>
|}

===Women's===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%"
|-
! Year
! Teams
! Number
! Total
! Ref
|-
| [[2025 Kho Kho World Cup|2025]]
|align=left|{{ubl
|{{kkw|AUS}}
|{{kkw|BAN}}
|{{kkw|BHU}}
|{{kkw|ENG}}
|{{kkw|GER}}
|{{kkw|IND}}
|{{kkw|IDN}}
|{{kkw|IRN}}
|{{kkw|KEN}}
|{{kkw|MAS}}
|{{kkw|NEP}}
|{{kkw|NED}}
|{{kkw|NZL}}
|{{kkw|PER}}
|{{kkw|POL}}
|{{kkw|RSA}}
|{{kkw|KOR}}
|{{kkw|SRI}}
|{{kkw|UGA}}
}}
| 19
| 19
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2024-12-23 |title=Which countries are taking part in the 2025 Kho Kho World Cup? |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/other-sports/kho-kho-world-cup-2025-host-india-teams-taking-part-participating-countries/article69018735.ece |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Kho Kho World Cup|*]]
[[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 2024]]
[[Category:2024 establishments in India]]
[[Category:World cups]]

Jagdish Thakor

2025-06-11T15:56:51Z

GuillermoFenster:

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1957)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox Indian politician
| name = Jagdish Thakor
| image =
| caption =
| office = President of [[Gujarat Pradesh Congress Committee]]
| term_start = {{Start date|df=y|2021|12|06}}<ref>{{Cite news|title=Jagdish Thakor takes over as Gujarat Congress president |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jagdish-thakor-takes-over-as-gujarat-congress-president/article37875724.ece|date=7 December 2021|work=The Hindu|access-date=7 December 2021}}</ref>
| term_end = {{Start date|df=y|2023|06|09}}
| predecessor = [[Amit Chavda]]
| successor = [[Shaktisinh Gohil]]

|constituency_MP1 = [[Patan (Lok Sabha constituency)|Patan]]
|parliament1 = Indian
|term_start1 = 2009
|term_end1 = 2014
| predecessor1 = [[Mahesh Kanodia]]
| successor1 = [[Liladharbhai Vaghela]]

|constituency_AM2= [[Dahegam (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dahegam ]]
|term_start2 = 2002
|predecessor2 = [[Gabhaji Thakor]]
|term_end2 = 2009
|successor2 = [[Kalyan Chauhan]]


| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1957|07|01|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Bombay State]], [[India]]
| residence =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| religion =
| spouse = Shradaben
| children = 2 sons and 3 daughters<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jagdish Thakor|url=http://nocorruption.in/mps/jagdish-thakor/|work=nocorruption.in|access-date=7 December 2021}}</ref>
| website = http://jagdishthakor.com/
| footnotes =
| date = November
| year = 2021
| source = http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/memberbioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4441&lastls=15
}}

'''Jagdish Thakor''' (born 1 July 1957) is an [[Indian National Congress]] politician from [[Gujarat]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lobo|first=Lancy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1DBuAAAAMAAJ|title=The Thakors of North Gujarat: A Caste in the Village and the Region|date=1995|publisher=Hindustan Publishing Corporation|isbn=978-81-7075-035-2|language=en}}</ref> He was the [[List of members of the 15th Lok Sabha (by state)|member]] of [[15th Lok Sabha]] of India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Patan Parliamentary Constituency Election and Results Update|work=elections.in|url=https://www.elections.in/gujarat/parliamentary-constituencies/patan.html|access-date=7 November 2021}}</ref> He represented the [[Patan (Lok Sabha constituency)|Patan]] constituency of [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{url|http://jagdishthakor.com/Profile%20Page.aspx}}</ref> [[Thakor]] belongs to the [[Koli people|Koli]] community of Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=IANS |date=2021-10-27 |title=Gujarat Congress leaders want veteran as state unit president |url=https://english.lokmat.com/politics/gujarat-congress-leaders-want-veteran-as-state-unit-president/ |access-date=2021-12-09 |website=Lokmat English |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-25 |title=Challenges before Congress in Gujarat to defeat BJP and counter AAP |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/national/challenges-before-congress-in-gujarat-to-defeat-bjp-and-counter-aap-721584 |access-date=2021-12-26 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Political career==
Thakor began his political career as a student leader in 1973 and won his first Assembly election in 2002.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Who is Jagdish Thakor, the ex-MP appointed as Gujarat Congress chief|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/who-is/jagdish-thakor-ex-mp-gujarat-congress-chief-7654855/|date=4 December 2021|work=Indian Express|access-date=7 December 2021}}</ref>
===Member of Legislative Assembly (2002-2012)===
He was elected as MLA from [[Dahegam (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dahegam ]] in 2002 and 2007. Between 2007 and 2008 he was the Chief Whip, Congress, Gujarat Legislative Assembly.
===Member of Parliament (2009-2014)===
He was MP in the 15th Lok Sabha from [[Patan (Lok Sabha constituency)|Patan Lok Sabha constituency]] between 2009 and 2014,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Fifteenth Lok Sabha: Jagdish Thakor|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/memberbioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4441&lastls=15| work=loksabhaph.nic.in|access-date=7 December 2021}}</ref> and lost his seat in the 2014 Lok Sabha elections.<ref>{{Cite news|title=With Polls Ahead, New Gujarat Congress Chief Has His Task Cut Out|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jagdish-thakor-appointed-gujarat-cong-president-2635438|date=3 December 2021|work=NDTV|access-date=7 December 2021}}</ref>

On 3 December 2021, Thakor was appointed [[Gujarat Pradesh Congress Committee]] president.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ahead Of 2022 Polls, Jagdish Thakor Appointed Gujarat Congress President|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jagdish-thakor-appointed-gujarat-cong-president-2635438|date=3 December 2021|work=NDTV|access-date=3 December 2021}}</ref>

== 2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election ==
In December 2021, the Indian National Congress held a mock assembly in Rajkot, to highlight the plight of the youth for jobs. Thakor slammed the government saying "In Gujarat, 11 question papers were leaked. 25 lakh youth applied for government jobs. Despite having lost confidence in the government, 10 to 12 lakh of them are still applying for jobs and those eligible are not getting them." He also added that jobs were not going to the average youth, and that the government was giving jobs to BJP functionaries.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-28 |title=Youth in state angry as jobs go to BJP functionaries: Jagdish Thakor |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/rajkot/youth-in-state-angry-as-jobs-go-to-bjp-functionaries-jagdish-thakor-7695027/ |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In April 2022, [[Jignesh Mevani]], Gujarat Congress MLA from [[Vadgam]] was arrested by [[Assam Police]] in [[Palanpur]], Jagdish Thakor hit out at the BJP, saying that he was arrested for tweeting against the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]], a Hindu-nationalist parent organization of the BJP.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat Congress Jagdish Thakor on MLA Jignesh Mevani arrested |url=https://pipanews.com/gujarat-congress-jagdish-thakor-on-mla-jignesh-mevani-arrested/ |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=Pipanews |language=en-US}}</ref>

In July 2022, Thakor along with several [[Gujarat Pradesh Congress Committee|Gujarat Congress]] leaders workers staged a sit-in in Lal Darwaja, [[Ahmedabad]] for 2 hours to protest against the summoning of [[Sonia Gandhi]] by the [[Enforcement Directorate]], which they alleged was working with the BJP-led central government to intimidate opposition leaders. Thakor said that this was vindictive politics, "Though Soniaji is unwell, she is cooperating in the probe. The BJP is harassing opposition leaders to distract people from real issues, such as price rise." The Congress also staged a protest at Koba, Gandhinagar demanding Gujarat Subordinate Service Selection Board (GSSSB) chairman and BJP leader Asit Vora to resign.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-21 |title=Gujarat: Congress Protests In Ahmedabad Against Sonia Gandhi's Questioning By ED |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/gujarat-congress-protests-in-ahmedabad-against-sonia-gandhi-s-questioning-by-ed-news-211019 |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref>

In July 2022, after the [[2022 Gujarat toxic liquor deaths|Gujarat toxic liquor deaths]], Thakor slammed the BJP, saying that it is maligning the image of Gujarat, and also failing to implement the [[Bombay Prohibition (Gujarat Amendment) Act, 2009|prohibition in Gujarat]]. "The sarpanch of [[Rojid]] (Dharmendra Patel, a [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] leader) had repeatedly alerted the police in the past regarding illicit sale of spurious liquor in his village yet no action was taken. The BJP and police are running a partnership with the bootleggers in Gujarat." Jagdish Thakor said. He also criticized the BJP for wasting taxpayers money, and for not meeting the victims of the tragedy. He said that unemployment was being neglected, and said that the government was giving booze and drugs to the youth instead of jobs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-28 |title=Govt giving drugs and liquor to youth instead of jobs: Gujarat Congress chief Jagdish Thakor |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gujarat-congress-chief-jagdish-thakor-hooch-tragedy-8057664/ |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In September 2022, Thakor and the Congress party gave a bandh call in Gujarat, as a symbolic protest against inflation and unemployment. He alleged that 4.5 lakh youth were unemployed out of which 4.3 lakh were qualified, even though 4.5 lakh government posts were vacant in the state. He also said that 27000 posts for teachers are open, that there were hundreds of libraries without a librarian. Talking about inflation, Thakor said that prices of basic commodities are very high and that it had a cascading effect on the average citizen's life. He instructed Congress workers to ensure that emergency services were not stopped because of the bandh call.<ref>{{Cite news |last=IANS |date=2022-09-09 |title=Cong gives bandh call in Gujarat to protest against inflation, unemployment |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/cong-gives-bandh-call-in-gujarat-to-protest-against-inflation-unemployment-122090900318_1.html |access-date=2022-09-16}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Koli people]]
* [[List of Koli states and clans]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
# {{url|http://india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/thakor-jagdish|Jagdish Thakor on National Portal of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thakor, Jagdish}}
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Patan district]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2002–2007]]
[[Category:Presidents of Gujarat Pradesh Congress Committee]]

Hosabettu, Kasaragod

2025-05-31T11:34:58Z

GuillermoFenster:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hosabettu
| native_name =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Census Town]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|12.7140|N|74.8887|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluks of Kerala|Taluk]]
| parts = [[Manjeshwaram Taluk|Manjeshwaram]]
| government_type =
| governing_body = Manjeshwar Grama Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 2.55
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5,179
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam]], English<ref>{{cite web |title=The Kerala Official Language (Legislation) Act, 1969 |url=http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/kerala/1969/1969KERALA7.pdf |access-date=28 September 2021 |archive-date=20 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420030352/http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/kerala/1969/1969KERALA7.pdf |url-status=usurped }}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 671323
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL-14]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Hosabettu''' is a [[census town]] in [[Manjeshwar|Manjeshwar Grama Panchayat]] of [[Kasaragod district]] in [[Kerala state]], India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2011: Data from the 2011 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref>

==Demographics==
As per [[2011 Census of India|2011 Census]], Hosabettu census town, with an area of {{cvt|2.55|km2}} had total population of 5,179, where 2,591 are males and 2,588 are females. The sex ratio is 999 women per 1000 men. The population of children in the age group 0-6 is 562, which is 10.9% of the total population. The total number of households is 666 in the town limits.
Hosabettu town has an overall literacy rate of 88.9%, where male literacy stands at 92.7%, and female literacy at 85.2%.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kerala |first1=Directorate of Census Operations |title=District Census Handbook, Kasaragod |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala |location=Thiruvananthapuram |page=100,101 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3201_PART_B_KASARAGOD.pdf |access-date=14 July 2020}}</ref>

==Religions==
Hosabettu town has 62.6% Muslims, 32.6% Hindus, 4.7% Christians and 0.1% Others.<ref name=census2011>{{cite web |title=Religion – Kerala, Districts and Sub-districts |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW32C-01%20MDDS.XLS |work=Census of India 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General}}</ref>

==Administration==
This village is part of [[Manjeshwar (State Assembly constituency)]] which belongs to [[Kasaragod (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|title = Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies
|accessdate = 2008-10-18
|work = Kerala
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011026/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|archivedate = 2009-03-04
}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Manjeshwar area]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Kasaragod district]]

{{Kasaragod-geo-stub}}

Purna Chandra Bauri

2025-05-22T21:23:16Z

GuillermoFenster: stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}

'''Purna Chandra Bauri''' (born 4 June 1976)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Purna Chandra Bauri, AITC MLA from Raghunathpur - Our Neta |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/purna-chandra-bauri/ |access-date=2025-05-08 |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. He is a former member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Raghunathpur, West Bengal Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for Scheduled Caste community, in [[Purulia district]]. He was elected in the [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[All India Trinamool Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2021 |title=West Bengal Election: Raghunathpur Assembly Constituency 2022 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly-election/raghunathpur-1095177234 |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Bauri is from [[Raghunathpur, Purulia|Raghunathpur]], Purulia district, West Bengal. He is the son of late Gopinath Bauri. He studied Class 12 at Bhamuria SM High School and passed the [[Madhyamik Pariksha|Madhyamik]] examinations conducted by [[West Bengal Board of Secondary Education]]. His wife is a para teacher.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Purnachandra Bauri(All India Trinamool Congress (AITC)):Constituency- Raghunathpur (SC) (Purulia) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/westbengal2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=51 |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Bauri was elected as an MLA from Raghunathpur Assembly constituency representing the All India Trinamool Congress in the 2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Raghunathpur Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/raghunathpur-west-bengal-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> He polled 83,688 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Satyanarayan Bauri of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], by a margin of 16,142 votes. He first became an MLA winning the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] where he polled 78,096 votes, and defeated his closest opponent, Dipali Bauri of the Communist Party, by a margin of 12,743 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-02 |title=Raghunathpur Election Result 2021 LIVE: How to check Raghunathpur assembly (Vidhan Sabha) election winners, losers, vote margin, news updates - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/raghunathpur-election-result-2021-live-how-to-check-raghunathpur-assembly-vidhan-sabha-election-winners-losers-vote-margin-news-updates-9142901.htm |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref> Earlier in the [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006 Assembly election]], he contested on the Trinamool Congress ticket and lost to Communist Party candidate Uma Rani Bauri.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |title=Raghunathpur Election Results 2021 LIVE, Vote Counting, Leading, Trailing , Winners West bengal Raghunathpur Constituency Election News LIVE |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/west-bengal-election-results-2021/wb-raghunathpur-constituency-246.html |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-25 |title=West Bengal Assembly election 2021, Raghunathpur (SC) profile: TMC looks to retain hold on seat it won in 2016, 2011 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/west-bengal-assembly-election-2021-raghunathpur-sc-profile-tmc-looks-to-retain-hold-on-seat-it-won-in-2016-2011-9409331.html |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bauri, Purna Chandra}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Purulia district]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]

Punjab Assembly Committee on Panchayati Raj Institutions

2025-05-10T12:27:14Z

GuillermoFenster:

{{short description|Indian Legislative committee}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox
| title = Committee on Panchayati Raj Institutions
| abovestyle = border-top: 2px solid #015843; border-bottom: 2px solid #015843; font-size: small;
| above = [[Punjab Legislative Assembly#Committees|Department Related Committee]]
| headerstyle = border-top: 2px solid #015843; border-bottom: 2px solid #015843;
| header = [[16th Punjab Assembly]]
| labelstyle =
| datastyle =
| data2 =
| subheader = '''<big>[[16th Punjab Assembly]]</big>'''
| label3 = [[Date of establishment|Founded]]
| data3 = 
| label4 = State
| data4 = Punjab
| header5 = Leadership
| label6 = Chaiperson
| data6 = [[Gurmeet Singh Khudian]]
| label7 = Chairperson party
| data7 = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| label8 = Appointer
| data8 = [[List of speakers of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|Punjab Assembly speaker]]
| header9 = Structure
| data10= {{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
|image = [[File:India Punjab Committee on Local Bodies 2022.svg|200px|alt=India Punjab Committee on Local Bodies 2022.svg]]
|caption =
| title =
| label10 = Seats
| data10 = 13
| label11 = Political Parties
| data11 ={{legend2|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]] (11)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} 
{{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (2)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
}}
| label12 = Election criteria
| data12 = The members are elected every year from amongst its members of house according to the principle of proportional representation.
| label13 = Tenure
| data13 = 1 Year
| header14 = Jurisdiction
| label15 = Purpose
| data15 = Legislative oversight of the Panchayati Raj Institutions (Rural local Bodies)
| header16 =
| data17 =
| header18 = Rules & Procedure
| data19=
| label20 = Applicable rules
| data20 = Article 208 of the [[Constitution of India]] Section 32 of the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]] Rules 232(1) and 2(b) of Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Punjab Legislative Assembly
}}
'''Committee on Panchayati Raj Institutions''' of [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] is constituted annually for a one year period from among the members of the Assembly. This Committee consists of thirteen members.<ref name="Committee on Panchayati Raj Institutions" /><ref name=Grover>{{cite book |last1=Grover |first1=Verinder |title=Legislative Council in State Legislatures |date=1989 |publisher=Deep & Deep Publications |isbn=978-81-7100-193-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fRqrO0Hx0Y0C&dq=%22Punjab%22+%2B+%22Committee+on+Privileges%22&pg=PA165 |access-date=12 June 2022 |language=en |archive-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612133550/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Legislative_Council_in_State_Legislature/fRqrO0Hx0Y0C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22Punjab%22+%2B+%22Committee+on+Privileges%22&pg=PA165&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Soni September 2021">{{cite news |last1=Sehgal |first1=Manjeet |title=Sukhjinder Singh Randhawa, OP Soni sworn in as Deputy CMs of Punjab |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/sukhjinder-singh-randhawa-brahm-mohindra-likely-to-be-punjab-deputy-cms-1854696-2021-09-20 |access-date=14 June 2022 |date=20 September 2021 |work=India Today |language=en |archive-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407175328/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/sukhjinder-singh-randhawa-brahm-mohindra-likely-to-be-punjab-deputy-cms-1854696-2021-09-20 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Overview==
According to the Punjab Government Gazette, 2021 the functions of the committee are defined below.<ref name="Punjab Government Gazette 2021" />
{{Blockquote|(1) There shall be a Committee on Panchayati Raj Institutions consisting of not more than thirteen Members for the examination of the working of the Panchayati Raj Institutions which Shall mean and include Panchayat Samities and Zila Parishads.
(2) The committee shall be nominated by the Speaker and the term of office of the Members of the Committee shall be one year.

;Functions of the Committee
The functions of the Committee shall be

:(a) to examine the audit reports and accounts of the Panchayati Raj Institutions as may be selected by the Committee;
:(b) to examine the reports, if any, of the Examiner, Local Fund Accounts [[Laying before the house|laid on the Table of the House]];
:(c) to examine in the context of autonomy, whether affairs of the Panchayati Raj Institutions are being managed in accordance with the provisions of law;
:(d) to examine any other aspect of the working of any Panchayati Raj Institutions, as may be referred to it by the Speaker.
:(e) to examine the annual technical inspection reports of the Comptroller and Auditor General on Panchayati Raj Institutions, if any, laid on the Table of the House.

Provided that the Committee shall not examine and investigate any of the following, namely :-
:(i) matters of major Government policy as distinct from the working of the Panchayati Raj Institutions;
:(ii) matters relating to day-to-day administration of Panchayati Raj Institutions; and
:(iii) matters for the consideration of which machinery is established by any special statute under which the Panchayati Raj Institutions are established.}}

==Appointment ==
The speaker appoints the committee and its members every year for a one year term according to the powers conferred by Article 208 of the [[Constitution of India]] read with section 32 of the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]] (37 of 1956), and in pursuance of Rules 232(1) and 2(b) of the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in the Punjab Legislative Assembly.<ref name="Punjab Government Gazette 2021">{{cite web |title=Punjab Government Gazette Extraordinary, 4 March 2021 |url=https://www.punjabassembly.nic.in/images/docs/punjab%20govt%20gaz.pdf |publisher=Government of Punjab |access-date=22 June 2022}}</ref>

==Current members==
For the one year period starting May 2022, the Committee on Panchayati Raj Institutions of [[16th Punjab Assembly#Committees|16th Punjab Assembly]] had following members:<ref name="Committee on Panchayati Raj Institutions">{{cite web |title=vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=44&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in |access-date=2022-06-13 |archive-date=18 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318174813/http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=44&Itemid=119 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="HT Appointment 22">{{cite news |title=Punjab speaker appoints heads of House committees |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/punjab-speaker-appoints-heads-of-house-committees-101653170285870.html |access-date=11 June 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=22 May 2022 |language=en |archive-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522184912/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/punjab-speaker-appoints-heads-of-house-committees-101653170285870.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Committee on Panchayati Raj Institutions (2022–23)
!Sr. No.
!Name
!Post
! colspan="2" |Party
|- align="center"
|1 || [[Gurmeet Singh Khudian]] || Chairperson
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|2 || [[Amandeep Kaur Arora]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|3 || [[Barindermeet Singh Pahra]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|4 || [[Dinesh Chadha|Dinesh Kumar Chadha]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|5 || [[Inderjit Kaur Mann]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|6 || [[Jagsir Singh]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|7 || [[Jaswinder Singh Ramdas]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|8 || [[Kuljit Singh Randhawa]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|9 || [[Manwinder Singh Giaspura]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|10 || [[Rajinder Pal Kaur]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|11 || [[Santosh Kumari Kataria]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|12 || [[Sukhpal Singh Khaira]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|13 || [[Tarunpreet Singh Sond]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|}

== Chairpersons ==
Since 2021, Punjab Assembly 'Committee Local Bodies and Panchayati Raj Institutions' has been split into committees, namely '[[Punjab Assembly Committee on Local Bodies|Committee on Local Bodies]]' and 'Committee on Panchayati Raj Institutions'.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Chairpersons for Local Bodies and Panchayati Raj Institutions Committee
!Term of office
!Terms
!Name
! colspan="2" |Political party
|- align="center"

| 2010–11
|1
|[[Surjit Kumar Jyani|Surjit Kumar Jiyani]]<ref name="Tribune 2010">{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Prabhjot |title=Legislators' panels reconstituted |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100523/punjab.htm#4 |access-date=15 June 2022 |work=Tribuneindia.com |publisher=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Punjab |date=22 May 2010 |archive-date=11 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211024756/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100523/punjab.htm#4 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|- align="center"

| 2017–18
|1
|[[Balbir Singh Sidhu (politician)|Balbir Singh Sidhu]]<ref name="Wayback Machine captures 29 Sep 2017">{{cite web |title=Local Bodies and Panchayati Raj Institutions Committee |url=http://www.punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=31&Itemid=119 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929213808/http://www.punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=31&Itemid=119 |access-date=15 June 2022| archive-date=29 September 2017 }}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"

| 2018–21
|3
|[[Harpartap Singh|Harpartap Singh Ajnala]]<ref name="Capture 18 Nov 2018">{{cite web |title=vidhanSabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in:80/index.php/component/content/article?id=31&Itemid=119 |access-date=15 June 2022 |date=18 November 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118155850/http://punjabassembly.nic.in:80/index.php/component/content/article?id=31&Itemid=119 | archive-date=18 November 2018 }}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Chairpersons for Committee on Panchayati Raj Institutions

!Term of office
!Terms
!Name
! colspan="2" |Political party
|- align="center"

| [[15th Punjab Assembly#2021-2022|2021–22]]
|1
| [[Harpartap Singh]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab Vidhan Sabha speaker nominates various committees of House for year 2021-22 |url=https://www.punjabnewsexpress.com/punjab/news/punjab-vidhan-sabha-speaker-nominates-various-committees-of-house-for-year-2021-22-136750 |access-date=15 June 2022 |work=punjabnewsexpress.com |archive-date=15 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615134142/https://www.punjabnewsexpress.com/punjab/news/punjab-vidhan-sabha-speaker-nominates-various-committees-of-house-for-year-2021-22-136750 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"

| 2022–23
|1
|[[Gurmeet Singh Khudian]]<ref name="HT Appointment 22" />
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|}

==Previous members==
===15th Punjab Assembly===
Following were the members in the [[15th Punjab Assembly]] (2017-2022)
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Committee on Local Bodies and Panchayati Raj Institutions (2020–21)<ref>{{cite web |title=Vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=31&Itemid=119 |access-date=17 June 2022 |date=14 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514033512/http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=31&Itemid=119 |archive-date=14 May 2021 }}</ref>
!Sr. No.
!Name
!Post
! colspan="2" |Party
|- align="center"
|1 || [[Harpartap Singh Ajnala]] || Chairperson
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|2 || [[Darshan Singh Brar]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|3 || [[Davinder Singh Ghubaya]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|4 || [[Thekedar Madan Lal Jalalpur|Madan Lal Jalalpur]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|5 || [[Manpreet Singh Ayali]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|- align="center"
|6 || [[Nazar Singh Manshahia]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|7 || [[Parminder Singh Dhindsa]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal (Sanyukt)}}
|- align="center"
|8 || [[Pritam Singh Kotbhai]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|9 || [[Kulbir Singh Zira]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|10 || Amarjit Singh Sandoha || Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|11 || [[Sangat Singh Gilzian]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|12 || [[Barindermeet Singh Pahra]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|13 || [[Surjit Singh Dhiman]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Punjab Legislative Assembly}}

{{Punjab Legislative Assembly|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Committees of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]

2010 Kings XI Punjab season

2025-04-18T10:01:55Z

GuillermoFenster: new new article

{{Short description|Indian Premier League cricket team season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club =[[Kings XI Punjab]]
| season =2010
| coach = [[Tom Moody]]
| captain = [[Mahela Jayawardene]]
| ground = [[PCA Stadium]], [[Mohali]]
| comp1 = [[2010 Indian Premier League|IPL]]
| comp1 result = 8th
| most runs = [[Mahela Jayawardene]] (472)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/records/batting/highest_career_strike_rate.html?id=5319;type=tournament|title=Indian Premier League, 2010/ Records / Most runs |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref>
| most wickets =[[Irfan Pathan]] (15)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=5319;type=tournament|title=Indian Premier League, 2010/ Records / Most runs |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref>
| prevseason = [[Kings XI Punjab in 2009|2009]]
| nextseason = [[Kings XI Punjab in 2011|2011]]
}}

[[Kings XI Punjab]] (KXIP) is a franchise cricket team based in [[Mohali]], India, which plays in the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL). They were one of the eight teams that competed in the [[2010 Indian Premier League]]. They were captained by [[Mahela Jayawardene]]. Kings XI Punjab finished last in the IPL and did not qualify for the Champions League T20.

==Indian Premier League==

===Season standings===
Kings XI Punjab finished last in the league stage of IPL 2010.
{{2010 Indian Premier League Points table|team=KXIP}}

===Match log===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!No.
!Date
!Opponent
!Venue
!Result
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 1 || 13 March|| [[Delhi Daredevils]] || [[Mohali]] || Lost by 5 wickets
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 2 || 16 March|| [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] || [[Bengaluru]] ||Lost by 8 wickets
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 3 ||19 March|| [[Deccan Chargers]] || [[Cuttack]] || Lost by 6 runs
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 4 ||21 March|| [[Chennai Super Kings]] || [[Chennai]] || Match tied, Won (In The Superover), MoM - [[Juan Theron]] 2/17(4 overs),2 wkts in the Super-Over
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 5 ||24 March|| [[Rajasthan Royals]] || [[Mohali]] || Lost by 31 runs
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 6 ||27 March|| [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || [[Mohali]] || Lost by 39 runs
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 7 ||30 March|| [[Mumbai Indians]] || [[Mumbai]] || Lost by 4 wickets
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 8 ||2 April|| [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] || [[Mohali]] || Lost by 6 wickets
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 9 ||4 April|| [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || [[Kolkata]] || Won by 8 wickets, MoM - [[Mahela Jayawardene]] 110* (59)
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 10 ||7 April|| [[Rajasthan Royals]] || [[Jaipur]] || Lost by 9 wickets
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 11 ||9 April|| [[Mumbai Indians]] || [[Mohali]] || Won by 6 wickets, MoM - [[Kumar Sangakkara]] 56 (42)
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 12 ||11 April|| [[Delhi Daredevils]] || [[Delhi]] || Won by 7 wickets, MoM - [[Piyush Chawla]] 2/16(4)
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 13 ||16 April|| [[Deccan Chargers]] || [[Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamsala]] || Lost by 5 wickets
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 14 ||18 April|| [[Chennai Super Kings]] || [[Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamsala]] || Lost by 6 wickets
|-
| colspan="6"| Overall record: 4–10. Failed to advance.
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kings XI Punjab}}

[[Category:2010 Indian Premier League]]
[[Category:Punjab Kings seasons]]

Ganapathi Sundara Natchiyar Puram

2024-03-15T13:57:19Z

GuillermoFenster: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[Ganapathi_Sundara_Natciyar_Puram]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R from duplicated article}}

}}

Hara horai

2024-03-01T03:27:24Z

GuillermoFenster: added new pg

{{Short description|Species of fish}}
{{Speciesbox
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite journal | author = Allen, D.J. | author2 = Vishwanath, W. | author3 = Dahanukar, N. | author4 = Molur, S. |name-list-style=amp | title = ''Hara horai'' | journal = [[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] | volume= 2010 | page = e.T166515A6226256 | year = 2010 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T166515A6226256.en | doi-access = free }}</ref>
| taxon = Hara horai
| authority = [[Kamla Sankar Misra|Misra]], 1976
}}

'''''Hara horai''''' is a species of [[South Asian river catfish]] [[endemism|endemic]] to [[West Bengal]], [[India]] where it is found in the [[Terai]] and [[Duars]] in the middle and upper [[Brahmaputra River]] drainage.<ref name=IUCN/><ref name=FishBase/> This species grows to a length of {{convert|8|cm|in}} [[fish measurement|TL]].<ref name=FishBase/>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=FishBase>{{FishBase |genus=Hara|species= horai|month=June |year=2017}}</ref>
}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q5396736}}

[[Category:Erethistidae]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Freshwater fish of India]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Kamla Sankar Misra]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1976]]

{{siluriformes-stub}}