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Manasa Radhakrishnan

2026-05-07T07:59:23Z

Gstnit: started initial details initial version.

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Indian patronymic|Manasa|Radhakrishnan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Manasa Radhakrishnan
| image = Manasa270225.jpg
| caption =
| birth_place = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]], [[Kerala]], India
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[The Indian High School, Dubai]]|[[The Choice School]]}}
| years_active = {{ubl|2008–2014|2017–present}}
| parents = 
}}

'''Manasa Radhakrishnan''' is an Indian actress who appears predominantly in [[Blue Film (album)|Malayalam]] films.

==Personal life==

Manasa was born in [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]], [[Kerala]] to Radhakrishnan V. K. and Sreekala and was raised in [[Dubai]]. She studied until class 10 at [[The Indian High School, Dubai]], her higher secondary education was at [[The Choice School]] in [[Thrippunithura]]. She learnt [[Indian classical dance]], cinematic dance, and [[guitar]]. Manasa is pursuing [[Computer Science and Engineering]] at Muthoot Institute of Technology and Science (MITS).<ref>[https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interview/2017/11/06/kaattu-girl-manasa-radhakrishnan-on-her-roles-movies.html Kattu girl Manasa Radhakrishnan on her roles and movies]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/homestyle/spot-light/2018/12/15/manasa-radhakrishnan-home-memories.html |title=ഇപ്പോഴും മധുരമുണ്ട് ആ ഓർമകൾക്ക്: മാനസ}}</ref>

== Career ==
Manasa is an Indian actress known for her work in Malayalam, Telugu, and Tamil cinema. She began her acting career as a child artist, making her debut in ''Kannuneerinum Madhuram'' (2008). She continued to appear in child roles in films such as ''Kadaksham'' (2010), ''Villali Veeran'' (2014), and ''Paulettante Veedu'' (2016).

Manasa made her debut as a lead heroine in the Malayalam film ''Kaattu'' (2017). She gained recognition with performances in ''Tiyaan'' (2017), ''[[Kaattu]]'' (2017), and ''Crossroads'' (2017). In subsequent years, she appeared in ''[[Vikadakumaran]]'' (2018), ''Sakalakalashala'' (2019), and ''[[Children's Park (film)|Children's Park]]'' (2019), establishing herself in the industry.

Manasa made her Telugu film debut with ''[[Highway (2022 film)|Highway]]'' (2022) and entered Tamil cinema with ''Paramaguru'' (2022). She portrayed YS Bharathi in the [[Ram Gopal Varma]]-directed Telugu films ''[[Vyuham (2024 film)|Vyuham]]'' (2024) and ''Shapatham'' (2024).

Through her career, Manasahas demonstrated versatility, transitioning from child roles to lead characters across multiple South Indian film industries.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2008
|''Kannuneerinum Madhuram''
|Parvathy
| rowspan="3" |Child actor
|-
|2010
|''[[Kadaksham]]''
|Malu
|-
|2014
|''[[Villali Veeran]]''
|Sandra
|-
|2016
|''Paulettante Veedu''
|Sara Paul
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2017
|''[[Tiyaan]]''
|Jaseela
|
|-
|''[[Kaattu]]''
|Ummukkulsu
|
|-
|''[[Crossroad (2017 film)|Crossroads]]''
|Sara
|Segment: ''Mounam''
|-
| rowspan="" |2018
| ''[[Vikadakumaran]]''
|Sindhu
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019|| ''[[Sakalakalashala]]'' ||Mumtaz||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.manoramanews.com/news/entertainment/2019/01/24/sakalakalashala-new-film.html |title='സകലകലാശാല' നാളെ തുറക്കും; വിശേഷങ്ങളുമായി വിനോദ് ഗുരുവായൂരും മാനസയും |website=Manoramanews|date=24 January 2019 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Children's Park (film)|Children's Park]]''|| Prarthana||
|-
| rowspan="1" |2020||''[[Uriyadi (Malayalam)|Uriyadi]]''||Renuka||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/actress-manasa-radhakrishnan-teams-up-with-uriyadi-malayalam-movie/articleshow/68718399.cms |title=മാനസയുടെ പുതിയ ചിത്രം 'ഉറിയടി'}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/mobile/movies-music/interview/uriyadi-actress-manasa-radhakrishnan-interview-1.4468392 |title='ഉറിയടി എന്ന ടൈറ്റില്‍ മന:പൂര്‍വം കൊടുത്തതാണ്', നായിക പറയുന്നു|date=23 January 2020 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022||''[[Twenty One Gms]]''||Anjali||
|-
| ''[[Paappan]]''|| Young Bennitta Issac||
|-
| ''[[Highway (2022 film)|Highway]]''||Tulasi||[[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] Debut film
|-
| rowspan="3" |2024
|''Ormachithram'' ||Parvathy||<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/ormachithram/amp_movieshow/112462536.cms</ref>
|-
|''[[Vyuham (2024 film)|Vyuham]]''
| rowspan="2" |YS Bharathi
| rowspan="2" |Telugu film
|-
|''Shapatham''
|-
| rowspan="3" |TBA
|Ram Bhajrang
|
|Telugu film
|-
|Untitled Movie
|
|Telugu film
|-
|''Paramaguru''|| || [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] Debut film
|-
|}

=== Other works ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2014
|''The Other Side''
|Anu
| rowspan="2" |Short Film
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
|''Keerthi''
|Keerthi
|-
|''Pallathi''
|
|Music Album
|-
|2019
|''Grey''
|
| rowspan="3" |Short film
|-
|2020
|''Iravipuram Diaries''
|Anagha
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''Naimithikam''
|Nimmi
|-
|''Theeram''
|
|Music Album
|-
|2023
|''[[Sengalam]]''
|Mathiyarasi
| rowspan="2" |Webseries
<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/vanibhojan-and-kalaiyarasan-starrer-sengalam-set-for-its-ott-premiere-on-march-24/amp_articleshow/98908043.cms</ref>
|-
|2026
|''Secret Stories: Roslin''
|Angel
|}

== References ==
*{{cite web |last1=James |first1=Anu |title=Kaattu: Meet Left Right Left director's new unibrow heroine Manasa Radhakrishnan aka Ummukkulsu [PHOTOS] |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/kaattu-meet-left-right-left-directors-new-unibrow-heroine-manasa-radhakrishnan-aka-ummukkulsu-733642 |website=www.ibtimes.co.in |language=en |date=6 July 2017}}
*{{cite web |title='Kaattu' girl Manasa Radhakrishnan on her traits, roles and movies |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interview/2017/11/06/kaattu-girl-manasa-radhakrishnan-on-her-roles-movies.html |website=OnManorama}}
*{{cite web |title=ഇപ്പോഴും മധുരമുണ്ട് ആ ഓർമകൾക്ക്: മാനസ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/homestyle/spot-light/2018/12/15/manasa-radhakrishnan-home-memories.html |website=ManoramaOnline}}
*{{cite web |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=Manasa Radhakrishnan to make Kannada debut |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/Mar/28/manasa-radhakrishnan-to-make-sandalwood-debut-5245.html |website=Cinema Express |language=en |date=28 March 2018}}
*{{cite web |last1=Suresh |first1=Meera |title=I watched Chemmeen to play Ummukhulsu: Manasa Radhakrishnan |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/Aug/28/i-watched-chemmeen-to-play-ummukhulsu-manasa-radhakrishnan-1649040.html |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |date=28 August 2017}}
*{{cite web |title=ചിന്തിച്ച് കൂട്ടി ജീവിതം കോംപ്ലക്‌സ് ആക്കുന്നതെന്തിന് ? ബാലതാരമായി വന്ന് നായികയായി മനം കവർന്ന മാനസ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/interview/manasa-radhakrishnan-interview-star-and-style-tiyaan-kattu-movie-actress-1.5530407 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en |date=20 March 2021}}
*{{cite web |title=Manasa Radhakrishnan is the leading lady in 'Vikatakumaran' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/manasa-radhakrishnan-is-the-leading-lady-in-vikatakumaran/articleshow/61604779.cms |website=The Times of India |date=11 November 2017}}
*{{cite web |title=Manasa to play Sasikumar's heroine in Tamil film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/manasa-to-play-sasikumars-heroine-in-tamil-film/articleshow/75974508.cms |website=The Times of India |date=26 May 2020}}
*{{cite web |last1=ലേഖകൻ |first1=സ്വന്തം |title='സകലകലാശാല' നാളെ തുറക്കും; വിശേഷങ്ങളുമായി വിനോദ് ഗുരുവായൂരും മാനസയും |url=https://www.manoramanews.com/entertainment/latest/2019/01/24/sakalakalashala-new-film.html |website=Manoramanews |date=24 January 2019}}
*{{cite web |title=മാനസയുടെ പുതിയ ചിത്രം 'ഉറിയടി' |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/actress-manasa-radhakrishnan-teams-up-with-uriyadi-malayalam-movie/articleshow/68718399.cms |website=Samayam Malayalam |language=ml}}
*{{cite web |title='ഉറിയടി എന്ന ടൈറ്റിൽ മന:പൂർവം കൊടുത്തതാണ്', നായിക പറയുന്നു |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/interview/uriyadi-actress-manasa-radhakrishnan-interview-1.4468392 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en |date=23 January 2020}}
*<ref>{{cite web |last1=வெளியா |first1=அரசியல் திரில்லராக உருவாகியுள்ள ‘செங்களம்’ இணையத் தொடர்!-மார்ச் 24 ஆம் தேதி ஜீ5 தளத்தில் |title=அரசியல் திரில்லராக உருவாகியுள்ள 'செங்களம்' இணையத் தொடர்! - மார்ச் 24 ஆம் தேதி ஜீ5 தளத்தில் வெளியா |url=https://www.cinemainbox.com/new-cinemadetail/political-thriller-web-series-sengalam-release-in-zee-5-8880.html#google_vignette |website=www.cinemainbox.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|8696375}}
* {{Facebook|id=375749372767335|name=Manasa Radhakrishnan}}{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Radhakrishnan, Manasa}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian child actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kochi]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Child actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the United Arab Emirates]]

Sonarpur Dakshin Assembly constituency

2026-05-04T18:10:51Z

Gstnit: creating new stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly, in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sonarpur Dakshin
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Sonarpur Dakshin.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Sonarpur Dakshin Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Roopa Ganguly]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[South 24 Parganas]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]]
| constituency_no = 147
| established = 1962
| electors =
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Roopa Ganguly at a Swearing-in Ceremony, at Parliament House, in New Delhi.jpg
| abolished =
}}

'''Sonarpur Dakshin Assembly constituency''' is a [[Vidhan Sabha|Legislative Assembly]] constituency of [[South 24 Parganas]] district in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|State]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per order of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]] in respect of the [[Delimitation of constituencies]] in the [[West Bengal]], Sonarpur Dakshin Assembly constituency is composed of the following:<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf| title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 25 October 2010|work = West Bengal| publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref>
* Ward Nos. 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 and 26 of [[Rajpur Sonarpur]] municipality
* Kalikapur-I, Kalikapur-II, Langalberia, Poleghat, Pratapnagar and Sonarpur-II gram panchayats of [[Sonarpur (community development block)|Sonarpur]] community development block

Sonarpur Dakshin Assembly constituency is a part of No. 22 [[Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
!colspan="4"|''Sonarpur''
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Khagendra Kumar Roy Choudhury
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|rowspan="3"|Gangadhar Naskar
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=3|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|[[Kansari Halder]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan="2"|Gangadhar Naskar
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=5|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|rowspan="3"|Bhadreswar Mondal
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|Nimai Chandra Mondal
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|Shyamal Naskar
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
!colspan="4"|''Sonarpur Dakshin''
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Jiban Mukhopadhyay]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[Arundhuti Maitra]]
|-
|[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026 ]]
|[[Roopa Ganguly]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|dab=yes}}
|-
|}

==Election results==

===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Sonarpur Dakshin}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Roopa Ganguly]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:128970}}
|percentage = 52.34
|change = {{increase}}16.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Arundhuti Maitra]]
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:93188}}
|percentage = 37.82
|change = {{decrease}}9.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Paramita Dasgupta
|party = Communist Party of India
|votes = {{formatnum:16784}}
|percentage = 6.81
|change = {{decrease}}6.84
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Smt. Subrata Datta
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:1368}}
|percentage = 0.56
|change = ''new''
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:1950}}
|percentage = 0.79
|change = {{decrease}}0.31
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:35782}}
|percentage = 14.52
|change = {{increase}}3.27
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:246393}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Trinamool Congress
|swing = {{increase}}16.67
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Sonarpur Dakshin<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2022|title=West Bengal General Legislative Election 2021|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14106-west-bengal-general-legislative-election-2021-including-ac-56-58/|website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Arundhuti Maitra]]|votes=109,222|percentage=46.92|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Anjana Basu]]|votes=83,041|percentage=35.67|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India|candidate=Shubham Banerjee|votes=31,778|percentage=13.65|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the above|party=NOTA|votes=2,550|percentage=1.1|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Bimal Krishna Mondal|votes=1,110|percentage=0.48|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=Dibakar Halder|votes=441|percentage=0.19|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Right to Recall Party|candidate=Trayee Pradhan |votes=372|percentage=0.16|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=|candidate=Rest of the candidates|votes=~5,000|percentage=2.50|change=}}

{{Election box majority||votes=26,181|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=232,807|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link |
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Legislative Assembly Election 2016===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|Legislative Assembly Election, 2016]]: Sonarpur Dakshin}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Jiban Mukhopadhyay]]
|votes = 97,455
|percentage = 47.80
|change = -11.57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = [[Tarit Chakraborty]]
|votes = 82,426
|percentage = 40.43
|change = +3.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Manoranjan Joddar
|votes = 15,735
|percentage = 7.72
|change = +5.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ashitavra Mondal
|votes = 1,649
|percentage = 0.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box
| |votes = 203,884
|percentage = 82.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Legislative Assembly Election 2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|Legislative Assembly Election, 2011]]: Sonarpur Dakshin<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=140| archive-url = https://archive.today/20120802095118/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=140| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 2 August 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Sonarpur Dakshin| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 30 April 2011}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Jiban Mukhopadhyay]]
|votes = 100,243
|percentage = 59.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = [[Tarit Chakraborty]]
|votes = 62,469
|percentage = 37.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Hasi Singha Roy]]
|votes = 2,926
|percentage = 1.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Manoj Kumar Barman]]
|votes = 1,687
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Subrata Halder]]
|votes = 1,081
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Prasanta Majumdar]]
|votes = 713
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janasachetan Party
|candidate = [[Jyoshikanta Joddar]]
|votes = 372
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Peoples Party of India (Secular)
|candidate = [[Paul Sanpui]]
|votes = 325
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 168,842
|percentage = 83.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Legislative Assembly Elections 1977-2006===
In 2006<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> Shyamal Naskar of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Sonarpur Assembly constituency defeating his nearest rival Nirmal Chandra Mondal of [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]. In 2001,<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> Nirmal Chandra Mondal of [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]] defeated Abha Mondal of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]. Bhadreswar Mondal of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] defeated Nirmal Chandra Mondal of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] in 1996<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> and 1991,<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> and Sovaranjan Sardar of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] in 1987.<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> Gangadhar Naskar of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] defeated Ramkanta Mondal of [[Indian National Congress (Socialist)|ICS]] in 1982<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> and Gourhari Sardar of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp109.htm |title =109 - Sonarpur (SC) Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 October 2010}}</ref>

===Legislative Assembly Elections 1962-1972===
Kansari Halder of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] won in 1972.<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title =General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> Gangadhar Naskar of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won in 1971,<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> 1969,<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> and 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> Khagendra Kumar Roy Choudhury of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] won in 1962.<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref>

==References==
===Notes===
{{notelist}}
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

{{South 24 Parganas}}
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of South 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in West Bengal]]

Shri Narsinghji Temple

2026-05-01T22:27:53Z

Gstnit: creating a bio

{{Unreferenced|date=May 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple|name=Sri Narasimha Temple, Amber|location=[[Amber, India|Amber]]|district=[[Jaipur]]|state=[[Rajasthan]]|country={{flag|India}}|image=Old-Amber-Palace-.jpg}}

'''Sri Narasimha Temple, Amber''' is located in [[Amber, India|Amber]], [[Jaipur]], [[India]]. It is situated near to the down side of the [[Amber Fort]]. Sri Narasimha Temple is in the first and old Amber palace and built by the [[Kachhwaha]] dynasty and kings of [[Kingdom of Amber|Amber]]. Originally, it was used by the [[Meena]] tribe.Sri Narasimha Temple, Amber is known for its historical story and its architecture.

{{coord missing|Rajasthan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sri Narasimha temple, Amber, Rajasthan}}
[[Category:Temples in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Jaipur district]]

{{Jaipurdivision-geo-stub}}
{{India-religious-struct-stub}}

Amrit Bharat (trainset)

2026-04-26T12:39:39Z

Gstnit:

{{Short description|Indian push-pull trainsets}}
{{About|the trainset|Amrit Bharat Express services offered by Indian Railways|Amrit Bharat Express}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox train
| name = Amrit Bharat
| background = #FF7220
| image = Amrit Bharat trainset.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = An Amrit Bharat trainset
| service = 30 December 2023
| manufacturer = * Coaches: [[Integral Coach Factory|ICF Chennai]], [[Rail Coach Factory|RCF Kapurthala]] 
* Locomotives: [[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works|CLW Chittaranjan]], [[Banaras Locomotive Works|BLW Varanasi]]
| designer = [[Research Design and Standards Organisation|RDSO]], [[Integral Coach Factory|ICF]]
| assembly = [[Chennai]], [[Kapurthala]]
| yearconstruction = 2023–present
| yearservice = 30 December 2023
| numberconstruction =
| numberbuilt = 9 (by ICF)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://icf.gov.in/outturn/Despatch.php?Submit=Submit&to_rly=all&coach_type=all&from_month_year=all&to_month_year=all |title=DETAILS OF COACHES DESPATCHED |website=icf.gov.in |access-date=17 June 2025 |publisher=Integral Coach Factory}}</ref> Unknown (by RCF)
| numberservice =
| predecessor =
| formation = 2 locomotives and 22 coaches (Push-pull configuration)
| capacity = 1,834
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Indian Railways]]
| lines = [[Amrit Bharat Express#Services|27]]
| carbody = Spotwelded [[stainless steel]]
| carlength = {{ubl|{{cvt|23.54|m|ftin|frac=8}} (body)|{{convert|24|m|ftin|frac=8|abbr=on}} (coupler-coupler)}}
| floorheight = {{cvt|1320|mm|ftin|frac=8}}
| platformheight = {{cvt|840|mm|ftin|frac=8}}
| entrylevelorstep = Step
| doors = Manual pivot hinge doors
| wheeldiameter = {{cvt|855|-|915|mm|in|2}}
| wheelbase = {{cvt|14.9|m|ftin|frac=8}} bogie centres
| maxspeed = {{cvt|160|km/h}}
| weight = {{cvt|39.5|t}} (average)
| electricsystem = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} via [[overhead line]]
| collectionmethod = [[Pantograph (transport)|Pantograph]]
| coupling =
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}}
| seating =
| stocktype = [[Push-pull train]]
}}

'''Amrit Bharat''' is an Indian [[Push–pull train|push-pull train]], designed and developed by [[Indian Railways]] at its [[Integral Coach Factory]] in [[Chennai]]. It has non-air-conditioned three-tier [[Sleeping car|sleeper]] and unreserved coaches.

==Overview==
Amrit Bharat trains have upgraded non-air-conditioned three-tier [[Sleeping car|sleeper]] and unreserved coaches.<ref>{{cite news|date=3 July 2023|title=Indian Railways To Soon Launch Budget-Friendly Non-AC Vande Sadharn train|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/delhi/indian-railways-to-soon-launch-budget-friendly-non-ac-vande-sadharan-train-article-101458003|access-date=1 December 2023|work=Times Now}}</ref> The [[LHB coach|coaches]] are manufactured by [[Integral Coach Factory|Integral Coach Factory, Chennai]] at the cost of {{INRConvert|650|m|lk=r}} per trainset.<ref>{{cite news|date=18 July 2023|title=Indian Railways: What is Vande Sadharan Train? What are its similarities with Vande Bharat train?|url=https://www.zeebiz.com/indian-railways/news-indian-railways-what-is-vande-sadharan-train-what-are-its-similarities-with-vande-bharat-train-vande-sadharan-train-amenities-stst-244725|access-date=30 October 2023|work=Zee Business}}</ref> In contrast to other Indian trains, the trainsets will have a locomotive at both ends in a [[Push–pull train|push-pull configuration]], enabling better acceleration and shorter turnaround times in direction reversals.<ref>{{cite news|last=Nigam|first=Saumya|date=27 December 2023|title=Amrit Bharat Express to launch with Push-Pull technology and other exciting features|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/explainers/amrit-bharat-express-to-launch-with-push-pull-technology-and-other-exciting-features-details-2023-12-27-909203|access-date=28 December 2023|work=India TV|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=30 October 2023|title=Vande Sadharan train: All you need to know; How it is different from Vande Bharat train?|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/in-focus/story/vande-sadharan-train-all-you-need-to-know-how-it-is-different-from-vande-bharat-train-403792-2023-10-30|access-date=30 December 2023|work=Business Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Athrady|first=Ajith|title=Indian Railways to produce non-AC Vande Sadharan trains |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/indian-railways-to-produce-non-ac-vande-sadharan-trains-1235538.html|date=10 July 2023|access-date=30 October 2023|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|language=en}}</ref> It has also be termed as [[Commoner|common man]] train.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |date=26 December 2023 |title=Amrit Bharat Express: What's special about Indian Railways new push-pull train for common man? Top images & facts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/amrit-bharat-express-indian-railways-new-train-images-facts-features-interior-push-pull-train-for-common-man/photostory/106293545.cms |access-date=28 December 2023 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Engineering ==
The trainsets will be powered by two [[Indian locomotive class WAP-5|WAP-5]] [[locomotive]]s connected at each ends with vibration resistance engines manufactured by [[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works]]. The Locomotive also features aerodynamic design. Each trainset consists of 22 coaches: 12 3-tier sleeper class, 8 unreserved and 2 luggage coaches.<ref>{{cite news |date=30 October 2023 |title=New Vande Sadharan arrives in city |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/new-vande-sadharan-arrives-in-city/articleshow/104810315.cms |access-date=31 December 2023 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> As part of the "[[Make in India]]" Initiative, the [[Integral Coach Factory]] (ICF), a subsidiary of [[Indian Railways]] (IR), created and produced the [[Amrit Bharat Express]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eastern Railway |url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=8496&did=170408979066667857DF62701E34F85A9EC472E78F64F |access-date=2024-06-01 |website=er.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-30 |title=Amrit Bharat Express: What's special about Indian Railways new push-pull train for common man? Top images & facts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/amrit-bharat-express-indian-railways-new-train-images-facts-features-interior-push-pull-train-for-common-man/photostory/106293545.cms |access-date=2024-06-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== First Generation ===
The first generation of Amrit Bharat were built in 2023. The coaches are equipped with [[AC power plugs and sockets: British and related types#Indian IS 1293|electric outlet]]s, reading lights, [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV cameras]], [[Future of rail transport in India#Bio-toilets in all trains|bio-vacuum toilet]]s, [[Tap water|sensor-based water taps]] and [[passenger information system]].<ref>{{cite news |date=19 July 2023 |title=Vande Sadharan: Indian Railways' 'affordable' alternative to Vande Bharat trains |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/travel/vande-sadharan-indian-railways-launch-vande-bharat-trains-chennai-coach-cost-price-ticket-17263191.htm |access-date=30 October 2023 |work=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The trainsets will also have semi-permanent couplers to avoid shocks during starting and stopping of the train and fully-covered vestibules to facilitate stability and safety.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 December 2023 |title=PM Modi to inaugurate 'Amrit Bharat Express' on Dec 30. All you need to know about this 'sleeper Vande Bharat' train |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-to-inaugurate-amrit-bharat-express-on-dec-30-all-you-need-to-know-about-this-sleeper-vande-bharat-train-101703695894391.html |access-date=28 December 2023 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=26 December 2023 |title=Amrit Bharat Express with innovative 'push-pull technology' to start soon from Ayodhya – Know features, design, routes and more |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/railways-amrit-bharat-express-with-innovative-push-pull-technology-to-start-soon-from-ayodhya-know-features-design-routes-and-more-3347351/ |access-date=28 December 2023 |work=Financial Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Second Generation ===
The first prototype of the second generation of Amrit Bharat was built in 2025.

The semi-permanent couplers of the first generation have been replaced by semi-automatic couplers for easy attachment and detachment. Other improvements include an [[Electro-pneumatic brake system on British railway trains|electro-pneumatic]] assisted brake system for quick brake application, a fully sealed gangway for quick coupling and decoupling, and a vacuum evacuation system.

The train has an onboard condition monitoring system for real-time tracking of wheels and bearings, and internet-based water level indicators. External emergency lights have been added to provide basic lighting during emergencies.

Improvements to toilets include adding a disabled-friendly toilet and toilet indicator lights. The toilets have an automatic hygiene odour control system. Toilets are built with [[sheet molding compound]] material for ease of maintenance and aesthetics.

Each passenger has a dedicated charging socket with USB A and C-type ports. Other additions include a foldable snack table, mobile holder, and foldable bottle holder. A public address and passenger information system has been added, along with an emergency system to connect with the loco pilot. The seat and berth design has been improved for a comfortable ride.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Nivedita |date=10 January 2025 |title=Amrit Bharat 2.0: An Affordable Cousin Of Vande Bharat For Economical Rail Travel |url=https://www.news18.com/india/amrit-bharat-2-0-an-affordable-cousin-of-vande-bharat-for-economical-rail-travel-9184947.html |access-date=11 January 2025 |work=[[News18]]}}</ref>

===Third Generation===

The First Prototype of the Third Generation of Amrit Bharat was built in 2026.

The trainsets will be powered by two [[WAP-7]] locomotives Connected at each ends with vibration resistance engines Manufactured by Banaras Locomotive Works. The Locomotive also features AeroDynamic Design. Each trainset consists of 22 coaches:1 1st AC Class 2 2nd AC Class 6 3rd AC Class and 6 Sleeper Class, 4 unreserved and 2 luggage coaches.[1] As part of the "Make in India" Initiative, the Integral Coach Factory (ICF), a subsidiary of Indian Railways (IR), created and produced the Amrit Bharat Express

===Fourth Generation===

== Rake Formation ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2025}}
The rake formations of all the operational versions of the train are given below:

'''Abbreviations'''{{columns-list|* SLR – [[Indian Railways coaching stock#Others|Sitting cum Luggage Rake]]
* UR / GS – [[Indian Railways coaching stock#Second Sitting (2S)|UnReserved Coach]]
* SL – [[Indian Railways coaching stock#Sleeper (SL)|Sleeper Coach]]
* PC – [[Indian Railways coaching stock#Others|Pantry Car Coach]]|colwidth=15em}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size: small;"
|+Rake formation of Amrit Bharat Express
!Coach Sr. No.
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8
!9
!10
!11
!12
!13
!14
!15
!16
!17
!18
!19
!20
!21
!22
|-
!Travel Class
|SLR
| colspan="4" |UR / GS
| colspan="12" |SL
| colspan="4" |UR / GS
|SLR
|-
!Seating Capacity (Per Coach)
|50
| colspan="4" |100
| colspan="12" |80
| colspan="4" |100
|50
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size: small;"
|+Rake formation of Amrit Bharat Express 2.0
!Coach Sr. No.
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8
!9
!10
!11
!12
!13
!14
!15
!16
!17
!18
!19
!20
!21
!22
|-
!Travel Class
|SLR
| colspan="5" |UR / GS
| colspan="4" |SL
|PC
| colspan="4" |SL
| colspan="6" |UR / GS
|SLR
|-
!Seating Capacity (Per Coach)
|50
| colspan="5" |100
| colspan="4" |80
|Nil
| colspan="4" |80
| colspan="6" |100
|50
|}
'''Rake formation of Amrit Bharat Express 3.0'''

==See also==
* {{anl|B28 trainset}}
* [[Vande Bharat (trainset)]]
* [[Vande Bharat (sleeper trainset)]]
* Amrit Bharat (AC trainset)

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Indian Railways}}

[[Category:Higher-speed rail]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Electric multiple units of India]]
[[Category:Train-related introductions in 2023]]
[[Category:Modi administration initiatives]]

Leishangthem Susindro Meitei

2026-04-25T03:47:41Z

Gstnit: started some details added tags

{{Short description|Politician from Manipur, India}}
{{About|a [[Meitei people|Meitei]] politician|the clan of the [[Meitei people]]|Salai Leishangthem}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Leishangthem Susindro
Meitei
| image = L_Susindro_meitei.jpg
| caption = L. Susindro Meitei
| office = Member of the [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
| office1 = Minister of Public Health Engineering Department,Consumer Affairs,Food & Public Distribution Department
| constituency = [[Khurai (Manipur Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khurai]]
| term_start = 2017
| term_start1 = 2022
| term_end1 = 2025
| predecessor = [[Ngairangbam Bijoy Singh]]
| term_end =
| successor =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Leishangthem Susindro Meitei''' is an Indian politician and member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He is a member of the [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]], representing the [[Khurai (Manipur Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khurai]] constituency.<ref name=results2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3713-manipur-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Manipur General Legislative Election 2017 - Manipur - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate= 2 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Leishangthem Susindro Meitei(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- KHURAI(IMPHAL EAST) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/manipur2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=7|access-date=2022-01-25|website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Khurai Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Leishangthem Susindro Meitei of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/khurai-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-4854497.html |access-date=2022-03-26 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Khurai, Manipur Assembly Election Results 2022 LIVE Updates |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/khurai-manipur-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-1923435-2022-03-10 |access-date=2022-03-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> On 16 April of 2022, he was sworn in as the Minister of Public Health Engineering Department, Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution Department in the [[Second N. Biren Singh ministry]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Laithangbam |first=Iboyaima |date=2022-04-16 |title=Manipur Cabinet sees expansion with six new Ministers |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/manipur-cabinet-sees-expansion-with-six-new-ministers/article65326200.ece |access-date=2022-04-17 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In October 2022, Susindro gave monetary assistance of 20,000 INR to the religious committee that manages the shrine of the [[Meitei goddess]] Ima Ujao Lairembi in Adampur Konagao, to help with organizing the [[Lai Haraoba in Bangladesh]]. It was during his visit to meet the [[Meitei people in Bangladesh]] during their festival [[Ningol Chakkouba]], as he was sent by [[Nongthombam Biren Singh]], the then [[Chief Minister of Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipur comes alive to spirit of Chakkouba |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2022/10/29/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Oct-28-Ningol-Chakkouba-one-of-the-biggest-festivals-of-Manipur-sy.html |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Manipur-BJP-politician-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Susindro Meitei, Leishangthem}}
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Manipur]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Imphal East district]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from Manipur]]

Sacking of Burhanpur

2026-04-23T23:20:09Z

Gstnit: creating a article

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Short description|1681 Maratha raid}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Burhanpur (1681)
| partof = the [[Mughal-Maratha Wars]]
| place = [[Burhanpur]], [[Burhanpur District]] [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| date = {{start and end dates|1681|1|31|1681|2|2|df=yes}} {{nwr|({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=01|day1=31|year1=1681|month2=02|day2=02|year2=1681}})}}
| coordinates = {{coor|21.3|76.23}}
| result = Maratha victory
| combatant1 = [[Maratha Empire]]
| combatant2 = [[Mughal Empire]]
| commander1 = {{ubl|[[Sambhaji]]|[[Hambirrao Mohite]]|[[Kavi Kalash]]|Suryaji Jake}}
| commander2 = {{ubl|[[Bahadur Khan Kokaltash]]|Kakar Khan{{POW}}}}
}}
{{Campaignbox Later Mughal-Maratha Wars}}

The '''sacking of Burhanpur''' (31 January – 2 February 1681) refers to the looting of the wealthy city of [[Burhanpur]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]] by the Maratha ruler [[Sambhaji]]. The Maratha army commanded by [[Chhatrapati Sambhaji|Sambhaji]] and Sersenapati Sarlashkar [[Hambirrao Mohite]] attacked and plundered the city for three days. Maratha raiders carried out rape, looting and torture of the civilians.<ref name="q769">{{cite book | last=Richards | first=John F. | title=The Mughal Empire | publisher=Cambridge University Press | date=1993 | isbn=978-0-521-56603-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA218 | page=218}}</ref> The Marathas got a huge loot and returned to Raigad by evading Mughal forces. Marathas also sacked Aurangabad after this sack. This event caused the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb to turn his expedition towards the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]], which caused the [[execution of Sambhaji]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Richards |first=John F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC |title=The Mughal Empire |date=1993 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-56603-2 |page=217-223 |language=en}}</ref>

== Sacking of Burhanpur ==
[[Hambirrao Mohite]] reached the forests near Burhanpur with a 15,000-strong cavalry force. Kakar Khan gathered civilian forces and decided to attack Hambirrao at midnight. As he came out of the city gates, [[Sambhaji]] Maharaj himself attacked from the old trenches with a cavalry force of 4,000. Sambhaji Maharaj's force routed the ill-prepared [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] garrison. Sambhaji Maharaj then left 200-300 soldiers at the main city gate and left for Bahadurpura, the richest suburb of the city. Sambhaji Maharaj started to loot the houses of the richest merchants which were shown to him by his spies. Hambirrao's force soon joined Sambhaji Maharaj and the combined Maratha force started looting the city. Hambirrao, then sealed the city's entrances to ensure that the word of the attack did not spread. Marathas looted the city consecutively for three days. Marathas earned a loot estimated to be around 2 crore rupees.<ref name="Bahekar">{{Cite book|last=Bahekar|first=S.A.|title=Martiyar Sambhaji|publisher=Kasab Publications|year=1999|isbn=|location=Jalgaon|pages=353}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhaskaran |first=Medha Deshmukh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wo40EAAAQBAJ&dq=burhanpur+sambhaji&pg=PT185 |title=The Life and Death of Sambhaji |date=2021-07-05 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5492-029-5 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Joshi |first=Pandit Shankar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ngBAAAAMAAJ&q=burhanpur+sambhaji |title=Chhatrapati Sambhaji, 1657-1689 A.D. |date=1980 |publisher=S. Chand |pages=128 |language=en}}</ref>

== Popular culture ==
The Battle of Burhanpur is portrayed in the Marathi television series '''''Swarajya Rakshak Sambhaji''','' featuring [[Amol Kolhe]] as Sambhaji, where it is depicted in detail.

The event is depicted in the opening scenes of the Bollywood film '<nowiki/>''[[Chhaava]]''' (2025).

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Burhanpur}}
[[Category:Wars involving the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:1681 in India]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1681]]
[[Category:Battles fought by Marathas under Sambhaji]]

Bahmani–Vijayanagar War (1375–1378)

2026-04-22T06:07:00Z

Gstnit: Added new details

{{Short description|War between the Bahmani Sultanate and Vijayanagara Empire}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Bahmani–Vijayanagara War (1375–1378)
| partof = [[Bahmani–Vijayanagar War (disambiguation)|Bahmani–Vijayanagar Wars]]
| place = [[Karnataka]]
| combatant1 = [[Bahmani Sultanate]]
| combatant2 = [[Vijayanagara Empire]]
| commander2 = [[Bukka Raya I|Bukka Raya]] Chenappa Odeyar
| commander1 = [[Mujahid Shah]]{{WIA}} [[Daud Shah Bahmani]] Muqarrab Khan{{KIA}} Saifudin Ghori{{POW}} Prince Fath Khan{{POW}} Safdar Khan Sistani Amir-ul-Umra Bahadur Khan Azam-i-Humayun
| territory =
| result = See [[#Aftermath|§ Aftermath]]
| date = June 1375 – March 1378<ref name="o497">{{cite web | first=M. H. | last=Rama Sharma| title=Full text of "THE HISTORY OF VIJAYANAGAR EMPIRE VOL.1" | website=Internet Archive | date=23 October 2016 | url=https://archive.org/stream/dli.bengal.10689.12385/10689.12385_djvu.txt | access-date=4 February 2025}}</ref>
| casualties2 = 60,000–70,000 Prisoners captured from Vijayanagara
| casualties1 = Unknown
}}
The '''Bahmani–Vijayanagar War of 1375–1378''' between the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] and the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] began under the reign of Vijayanagara ruler [[Bukka Raya I]], who faced renewed conflict with the [[Bahmani Sultanate]], stemming from past territorial disputes. After a period of relative calm following previous military campaigns, tensions resurfaced when Mujahid, the Sultan of Gulbarga, demanded the surrender of forts and territories in the Doab region. [[Bukka Raya I|Bukka]], unwilling to concede, asserted his claim over the disputed territories.

This led to a series of clashes, with both sides mobilizing their forces. Bukka adopted defensive tactics, avoiding direct confrontation and retreating to the hills, while [[Mujahid Shah|Mujahid's]] forces ravaged the countryside. Eventually, the conflict escalated into a siege of [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagar]], marked by fierce battles and strategic maneuvers. Amidst the chaos, internal strife within the Bahmani Sultanate resulted in Mujahid's assassination and Daud's brief but tumultuous rule. Meanwhile, Bukka capitalized on the instability, expanding Vijayanagara's territory and advancing towards the [[Krishna River]]. However, shortly thereafter, Bukka died, leaving his son Harihara to inherit the throne amidst a landscape of shifting alliances and ongoing conflict.

== Background ==
After a period of relative calm following his military campaign's in [[South India]], [[Bukka Raya I|Bukka]] found himself embroiled in another conflict in 1375 A.D. This resurgence of hostilities was rooted in longstanding grievances stemming from [[Mohammed Shah I|Mohammad Shah's]] earlier incursion into the Doab region. Despite a peace treaty brokered in January 1368 A.D., dissatisfaction lingered among both parties. Tensions reignited when [[Mujahid Shah|Mujahid]], the newly appointed Sultan of [[Gulbarga Fort|Gulbarga]], demanded that [[Bukka Raya I|Bukka]] cede control of specific forts and territories situated on the eastern side of the Doab, between the Krishna and Tungabhadra rivers.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Sherwani |first=Haroon Khan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3kIeAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Bahmanis+Of+The+Deccan+by+Sherwani,haroon+Khan |title=The Bahmanis of the Deccan |date=1985 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |pages=119–123 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Haig |first=Wolseley |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.46989 |title=Cambridge History Of India Vol. 2 |date=1925 |pages=383–384}}</ref> These areas were jointly controlled by the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagar]] and [[Bahmani Sultanate|Bahmani Kingdom]], leading to frequent clashes over jurisdiction.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last1=Allan |first1=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pMSFAAAAIAAJ |title=The Cambridge Shorter History of India |last2=Haig |first2=Sir Wolseley |last3=Dodwell |first3=Henry |date=1964 |publisher=S. Chand |pages=174 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Mujahid Shah|Mujahid]] urged the Vijayanagar ruler to limit his domain to the western bank of the Tungabhadra river in the future. In response, [[Bukka Raya I|Bukka]] asserted that the true boundary lay along the Krishna river and demanded the Sultan's withdrawal from the entire Doab region.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Sarma |first=P. Sree Rama |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TmhuAAAAMAAJ |title=A History of Vijayanagar Empire |date=1992 |publisher=Prabhakar Publications |pages=33–34 |language=en}}</ref> Furthermore, [[Bukka Raya I|Bukka]] laid claim to [[Raichur]] and [[Mudgal]] as ancestral territories of the [[Anegundi|Anegondi]] family and requested the return of elephants seized by Mujahid's father during the [[Bahmani–Vijayanagar War (1362–1367)|previous war]]. With neither side willing to concede, the Bahmani Sultan declared war and mobilized forces towards [[Adoni]], crossing both the [[Krishna River|Krishna]] and [[Tungabhadra River|Tungabhadra]] rivers in the process.<ref name=":1" />

== Clashes ==
[[File:Raichur Doab.jpg|thumb|Map showing Raichur Doab.]]
In response to the impending [[Bahmani Sultanate|Bahmani]] army's advance, [[Bukka Raya I|Bukka]] adopted a familiar strategy, positioning his forces along the banks of the Tungabhadra river. Upon learning of these defensive measures, the Bahmani Sultan divided his troops into three groups, assigning one to lay siege to [[Adoni]], another to [[Vijayanagara|Vijayanagar]], and leading the third himself to confront Bukka's forces. However, [[Bukka Raya I|Bukka]] once again opted to avoid direct confrontation, retreating to the rugged terrain of the Setu-Bundh-Rameshwar hills.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

The Sultan directed Safdar Khan Sistani to initiate a siege on the [[Adoni]]. Meanwhile, Amir-ul-Umra, Bahadur Khan and Azam-i-Humayun were tasked with advancing towards Vijayanagar. The Sultan himself embarked on a journey towards Gangawati on the Tungabhadra, proceeding slowly as he had received information about Bukka's encampment in that area. This action made it challenging for the Sultan's forces to pursue him effectively.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" />

Over the course of six months, [[Bukka Raya I|Bukka]] continued to evade the enemy, while [[Mujahid Shah|Mujahid's]] army ravaged the surrounding countryside, desecrating Hindu temples in their path. Eventually, [[Bukka Raya I|Bukka's]] health, as well as that of his family, began to deteriorate due to the hardships of forest life. Consequently, he decided to return to Vijayanagar through an alternate route, where he prepared to defend the city. The Bahmani Sultan swiftly followed suit, joining his besieging forces and engaging in a blockade around the walls of Vijayanagar.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" />

=== Siege of Vijayanagar ===
The siege of [[Vijayanagara district|Vijayanagar]] commenced with full force, marked by various degrees of success. According to Ferista, Mujahid managed to penetrate the suburbs and outer fortifications on one occasion, where he ordered the destruction of a renowned temple.<ref name=":2" /> In the battle, Azam-i [[Humayun]] led the left flank, while Bahadur Khan commanded the right. Muqarrab Khan, son of Safdar Khan Sistani, oversaw the artillery. Muqarrab Khan directed the bombardment of the enemy with gun carriages, nearly routing them. However, the tide turned when the Raya arrived with a massive army of eight thousand cavalry and six lacs of infantry. The ensuing conflict resulted in a general massacre, during which Muqarrab Khan was killed.<ref name=":3" />

Dawud Khan, the Sultan’s cousin, joined the fray with seven thousand infantry, fighting valiantly despite losing three horses and being forced to the ground.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Despite their brave efforts, the besiegers were kept at bay. Shortly thereafter, Chenappa Odeyar arrived with reinforcements, including 20,000 horsemen and a large contingent of foot soldiers from the provinces, bolstered the defense under the leadership of the Raya. Additionally, the strategic blunder committed by Daud, the Sultan’s uncle, who abandoned a crucial post at Dhonnasandra, further compounded the Muslims' predicament by cutting off their retreat. Faced with a perilous situation, The enemy forces capitalized on Daud Khan's actions, seizing the abandoned position and posing a serious threat to the Sultan's retreat.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> For five or six months, Mujahid pursued him through the jungles of the Carnatic, but was unable to engage him in battle. Eventually, Bukka managed to evade him and seek refuge in Vijayanagar. Mujahid continued his pursuit, breached the outer defenses of the city, and defeated successive Hindu forces sent against him.<ref name=":1" /> Consequently, the Sultan decided to withdraw from the battlefield, employing strategic actions to ensure the safe extraction of his entire army from the hills, during the retreat from Vijayanagar, the Sultan eventually laid siege to Adoni.<ref name=":1" />

Daud Khan's failure to hold a defile, which he was entrusted to defend, jeopardized their retreat. Despite this, they managed to force their way through the defile and withdrew towards Adoni with sixty or seventy thousand captives, whose lives were spared according to the pact made by his father.<ref name=":1" /> The Vijayanagar forces captured two Muslim officers, Saifudin Ghori and Prince [[Fath Khan]], and imprisoned them.<ref name=":3" /> Bukka was afraid to pursue them, and Mujahid besieged Adoni for nine months. Just as the city was about to surrender, the onset of the rainy season replenished the garrison's water supply, causing distress in the besiegers' camp. Saif-ud-din Ghuri persuaded Mujahid to lift the siege, and peace was established with Bukka. Subsequently, Mujahid set out for his capital.<ref name=":1" />

== Aftermath ==

=== Accounts of the outcome ===
The [[The Cambridge History of India|Cambridge History of India]], published during the [[British Raj|Raj era]], documents a peace treaty between Bukka Raya and Mujahid,<ref name=":4"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sastri |first=K. A. Nilakanta |url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.16035 |title=History of South India |date=1958 |language=English |quote="A futile siege of Adoni for nine months was followed by peace. "}}</ref>{{Refn|"Bukka feared to follow, and Mujahid besieged Adoni for nine months, and was on the point of receiving its surrender when the rainy season began, replenished the water supply of the garrison, and caused much distress in the besiegers’ camp. Saif-ud-din Ghuri persuaded him to raise the siege, peace was made with Bukka, and Mujahid set out for his capital."{{sfn|Haig|1925|pp=383-384}}|name=Peace|group=Note}} though ''[[the New Cambridge History of India]]'' suggests that Mujahid Shah's campaign was successful against the Vijayanagara empire.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stein |first=Burton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0WLsHAAACAAJ |title=The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara |date=2005-02-17 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-61925-7 |pages=115 |language=en |quote="However, the early Bahmani sultans Muhammed I and Mujahid (c. 1358-78) waged such successful wars for this territory that during the fifteenth century the Tungabhadra became a boundary between the two kingdoms, with the interfluvial tract of Raichur constituting a buffer that changed hands frequently."}}</ref> While other sources conflict in defining this event as a Bahmani failure.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kohn |first=George C. |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofwars0000kohn_u2r1/page/499/mode/1up?q=%22Vijayanagar%22 |title=Dictionary of wars |date=1986 |publisher=New York, N.Y. : Facts on File |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-8160-1005-9 |pages=499 |quote=Even though Muhammad Shah made use of then-novel artillery in two wars, he accomplished little. Bahmani won in 1365 and again in 1367, perpetrating a general massacre, but failed during 1377.}}</ref>

=== Crisis ===
Daud harbored deep resentment over his mistreatment and, along with other discontented nobles, conspired in secret to assassinate the Sultan. They waited until [[Mujahid Shah|Mujahid]] was traveling from Adoni towards Kulbarga, and on the night of Friday, 16 April, A.D. 1378, while the Sultan slept in his tent, Daud and three accomplices stormed in and fatally stabbed him after a struggle ensued. With [[Mujahid Shah|Mujahid]] having no children, Daud promptly declared himself Sultan as the nearest kin and was subsequently acknowledged as such upon reaching Gulbarga, where he was officially proclaimed.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" />

However, Daud's ascent to power was short-lived, as the country quickly split into two opposing factions. On 21 May, A.D. 1378, after just one month of reign, Daud himself was assassinated while praying in the grand mosque of the capital. Meanwhile, [[Bukka Raya I|Bukka Raya]] seized the opportunity to expand his territory, conquering the Doab region and advancing as far as the Krishna River, where he laid siege to the fortress of [[Raichur]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /> Shortly after these events, [[Bukka Raya I|Bukka]] died, and his son Harihara succeeded him as the ruler of Vijayanagar.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" />

== References ==
<references />
{{Reflist|group=Note}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bahmani-Vijayanagara War (1375-1378)}}
[[Category:Battles involving the Vijayanagara Empire]]
[[Category:Medieval Karnataka]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Bahmani Sultanate]]

Harihar Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:23:19Z

Gstnit: Created Basic Stub Initial Version

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Harihar
| type= SLA
| map_image = 105-Harihar constituency.svg
| mla = B. P. Harish
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[S. Ramappa]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Davanagere district|Davanagere]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Davangere (Lok Sabha constituency)|Davangere]]
| established = 1951
| constituency_no = 105
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:207589}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
}}

'''Harihar Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Karnataka]] in [[India]].<ref name=electors2019>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PCELE2019/GE2019_VOTERS_COUNT.pdf |title=Karnataka Loksabha Elections - 2019 - Voters Count |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |accessdate=10 February 2021 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414121135/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PCELE2019/GE2019_VOTERS_COUNT.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

It is part of [[Davanagere district]]. [[B. P. Harish]] is the current MLA from Harihar.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || [[H. Siddhaveerappa]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || M. Ramappa || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Ganji Veerappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || rowspan="2" | [[H. Siddhaveerappa]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || P. Basavana Gowda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1980 elections in India#Karnataka|1980 By-election]] || C. Odeyar || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || [[Kannavara Mallappa]]
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || B. G. Kotrappa
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || [[Y. Nagappa|Dr. Y. Nagappa]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || H. Shivappa || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || rowspan="2" | [[Y. Nagappa|Dr. Y. Nagappa]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || [[B. P. Harish]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || H. S. Shivashankar || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || [[S. Ramappa]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[B. P. Harish]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Harihar <ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Harihar">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Harihar |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10105.htm?ac=105 |accessdate=2 May 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250502091517/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10105.htm?ac=105 |archivedate=2 May 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[B. P. Harish]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 63,924 |percentage = 37.94% |change = {{increase}}3.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Srinivasa N. H. (Nandigavi) |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 59,620 |percentage = 35.39% |change = {{decrease}}3.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. S. Shivashankar |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 40,580 |percentage = 24.09% |change = {{increase}}0.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ganeshappa K. Durgada |party = Aam Aadmi Party |votes = 1,488 |percentage = 0.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 557 |percentage = 0.33% |change = {{decrease}}0.28 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,304 |percentage = 2.55% |change = {{decrease}}1.85 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 168,551 |percentage = 81.19% |change = {{increase}}3.46 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 168,473}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 207,589 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}2.16 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}1.35 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Harihar <ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 4 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[S. Ramappa]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 64,801 |percentage = 39.29% |change = {{increase}}9.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[B. P. Harish]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 57,541 |percentage = 34.89% |change = {{increase}}30.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. S. Shivashankar |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 38,204 |percentage = 23.16% |change = {{decrease}}21.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. Beerappa |party = Indian New Congress Party |votes = 1,714 |percentage = 1.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,006 |percentage = 0.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,260 |percentage = 4.40% |change = {{decrease}}9.77 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 164,935 |percentage = 77.73% |change = {{increase}}0.03 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 164,927}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 212,182 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.30 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{decrease}}5.09 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Harihar <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = H. S. Shivashankar |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 59,666 |percentage = 44.38% |change = {{increase}}15.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[S. Ramappa]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 40,613 |percentage = 30.21% |change = {{increase}}1.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[B. P. Harish]] |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 37,786 |percentage = 28.10% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. M. Veeresha Hanagavadi |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 5,959 |percentage = 4.43% |change = {{decrease}}33.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Nagaraj Palegar |party = Bharatiya Praja Paksha |votes = 1,479 |percentage = 1.10% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[B. P. Harish]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 933 |percentage = 0.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,053 |percentage = 14.17% |change = {{increase}}5.36 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 150,826 |percentage = 77.70% |change = {{increase}}2.70 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 134,450}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 194,121 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.27 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}6.62 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Harihar <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[B. P. Harish]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 47,238 |percentage = 37.76% |change = {{increase}}6.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Shivappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 36,220 |percentage = 28.95% |change = {{decrease}}3.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Y. Nagappa|Dr. Y. Nagappa]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 35,652 |percentage = 28.50% |change = {{decrease}}4.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Bashasab |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,682 |percentage = 1.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tejasvi V. Patel |party = Swarna Yuga Party |votes = 1,326 |percentage = 1.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = L. N. Niranjanamurthy |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 887 |percentage = 0.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,018 |percentage = 8.81% |change = {{increase}}8.34 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 125,213 |percentage = 75.00% |change = {{increase}}5.46 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 125,093}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 166,957 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}4.45 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}4.53 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Harihar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Y. Nagappa|Dr. Y. Nagappa]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 40,366 |percentage = 33.23% |change = {{decrease}}17.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Shivappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 39,797 |percentage = 32.76% |change = {{increase}}31.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Harish P. Basavanagouda |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 37,424 |percentage = 30.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Marulasiddappa. A |party = Janata Party |votes = 1,274 |percentage = 1.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narendra Prakash. H. G |party = Independent politician |votes = 926 |percentage = 0.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Guru. H. N |party = Urs Samyuktha Paksha |votes = 829 |percentage = 0.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 569 |percentage = 0.47% |change = {{decrease}}1.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 121,516 |percentage = 69.54% |change = {{decrease}}2.46 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 121,465}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 174,733 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.16 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}17.02 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Harihar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Y. Nagappa|Dr. Y. Nagappa]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 57,406 |percentage = 50.25% |change = {{increase}}14.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Shivappa |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 54,967 |percentage = 48.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mukhdam Sab |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,872 |percentage = 1.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,439 |percentage = 2.13% |change = {{increase}}0.08 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 119,636 |percentage = 72.00% |change = {{decrease}}0.26 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 114,245}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 5,224 |percentage = 4.37% |change = {{increase}}2.41 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 166,153 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.34 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}12.68 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Harihar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = H. Shivappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 39,356 |percentage = 37.57% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Y. Nagappa|Dr. Y. Nagappa]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 37,210 |percentage = 35.52% |change = {{decrease}}8.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Harish P. Basavanagouda |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 17,844 |percentage = 17.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jigali. N. Rudragouda |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 8,654 |percentage = 8.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. G. Kotrappa |party = Janata Dal |votes = 1,189 |percentage = 1.13% |change = {{decrease}}24.99 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,146 |percentage = 2.05% |change = {{decrease}}16.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 106,874 |percentage = 72.26% |change = {{increase}}4.48 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 104,766}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,096 |percentage = 1.96% |change = {{decrease}}4.52 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 147,901 |ref = |change = {{increase}}0.19 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}6.80 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Harihar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Y. Nagappa|Dr. Y. Nagappa]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 41,513 |percentage = 44.37% |change = {{decrease}}0.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Harish P. Basavanagouda |party = Janata Dal |votes = 24,439 |percentage = 26.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Rudragowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 24,373 |percentage = 26.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Mugdum |party = Janata Party |votes = 653 |percentage = 0.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. K. Onkarappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 626 |percentage = 0.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,074 |percentage = 18.25% |change = {{increase}}12.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 100,049 |percentage = 67.78% |change = {{decrease}}1.16 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 93,567}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 6,482 |percentage = 6.48% |change = {{increase}}4.51 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 147,617 |ref = |change = {{increase}}27.11 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}6.71 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Harihar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. G. Kotrappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 40,089 |percentage = 51.08% |change = {{decrease}}7.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Y. Nagappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 35,539 |percentage = 45.28% |change = {{increase}}5.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Veeranna |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 773 |percentage = 0.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohamed Hayath Sab |party = Independent politician |votes = 631 |percentage = 0.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,550 |percentage = 5.80% |change = {{decrease}}12.91 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 80,060 |percentage = 68.94% |change = {{decrease}}4.68 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 78,481}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,579 |percentage = 1.97% |change = {{decrease}}0.52 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 116,135 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.35 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}7.13 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Harihar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Kannavara Mallappa]] |party = Janata Party |votes = 43,196 |percentage = 58.21% |change = {{decrease}}33.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Shivappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 29,309 |percentage = 39.50% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohan Kumar |party = Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 1,241 |percentage = 1.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,887 |percentage = 18.71% |change = {{decrease}}70.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 76,105 |percentage = 73.62% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 74,207}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,898 |percentage = 2.49% |change = }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 103,370 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}33.67 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1980 elections in India#Karnataka|1980 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Harihar <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2511-details-of-bye-elections-from-1952-to-1995/ |title=Details of Bye Elections from 1952 to 1995 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = C. Odeyar |party = Janata Party |votes = 12,902 |percentage = 91.88% |change = {{increase}}52.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Jayappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 329 |percentage = 2.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. M. V. (Veeresha) |party = Independent politician |votes = 269 |percentage = 1.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Nagappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 185 |percentage = 1.32% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. N. Hegde |party = Independent politician |votes = 131 |percentage = 0.93% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. G. Rudrappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 125 |percentage = 0.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Basappsa |party = Independent politician |votes = 101 |percentage = 0.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,573 |percentage = 89.54% |change = {{increase}}74.00 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 14,042}}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{increase}}36.50 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Harihar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = P. Basavana Gowda |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 36,644 |percentage = 55.38% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Shivappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 26,359 |percentage = 39.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. H. Tekoji Rao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 2,588 |percentage = 3.91% |change = {{decrease}}51.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Gurulingappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 581 |percentage = 0.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,285 |percentage = 15.54% |change = {{increase}}1.63 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 67,930 |percentage = 75.33% |change = {{increase}}3.25 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 66,172}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,758 |percentage = 2.59% |change = {{increase}}2.59 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,171 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}1.54 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}0.17 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Harihar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. Siddhaveerappa]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 35,620 |percentage = 55.55% |change = {{increase}}6.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ganji Veerappa |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 26,704 |percentage = 41.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Gurulingappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,793 |percentage = 2.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,916 |percentage = 13.91% |change = {{increase}}12.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 66,011 |percentage = 72.08% |change = {{decrease}}6.57 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 64,117}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,580 |ref = |change = {{increase}}53.67 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}4.99 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Harihar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. Siddhaveerappa]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 22,601 |percentage = 50.56% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Veerappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,097 |percentage = 49.44% |change = {{decrease}}1.82 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 504 |percentage = 1.13% |change = {{decrease}}4.33 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 46,870 |percentage = 78.65% |change = {{increase}}5.47 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 44,698}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 59,595 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}6.00 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}0.70 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Harihar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Ganji Veerappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,528 |percentage = 51.26% |change = {{increase}}4.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Y. Neelappa |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 20,127 |percentage = 45.80% |change = {{decrease}}7.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. R. Nandavarik |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,291 |percentage = 2.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,401 |percentage = 5.46% |change = {{decrease}}0.67 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 46,400 |percentage = 73.18% |change = {{decrease}}5.94 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 43,946}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 63,401 |ref = |change = {{increase}}19.84 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Praja Socialist Party |swing = {{decrease}}1.80 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Harihar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. Ramappa |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 22,212 |percentage = 53.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Siddaveerappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,647 |percentage = 46.94% |change = {{decrease}}4.51 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,565 |percentage = 6.13% |change = {{decrease}}8.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 41,859 |percentage = 79.12% |change = {{increase}}15.36 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 41,859}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 52,905 |ref = |change = {{increase}}36.03 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Praja Socialist Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}1.61 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Harihar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. Siddhaveerappa]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,760 |percentage = 51.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Ramappa |party = Socialist Party (India) |votes = 9,162 |percentage = 36.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nagosa |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,106 |percentage = 8.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Mahalingappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 771 |percentage = 3.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,598 |percentage = 14.51% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 24,799 |percentage = 63.76% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 24,799}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 38,893 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Davanagere district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}

[[Category:Davanagere district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]
{{coord|14.52|75.81|display=title}}

Laxmanram Meghwal

2026-04-10T08:59:27Z

Gstnit: started initial pg basic info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Laxmanram Meghwal
| office = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| image =
| caption = Meghwal in 2024
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| constituency = [[Merta Assembly constituency|Merta]]
| country =
| assembly = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor = [[Indira Devi (politician)|Indira Devi]]
| successor =
| term_start = 3 December 2023
| term_end =
| source =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2019–present)
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1973|01|01|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Merta City|Kalru, Merta City]], [[Nagaur district|Nagaur]], [[Rajasthan]]
| birth_name =
| occupation = Politician
| profession =
| children = 2
| spouse = Santosh Devi Meghwal
| parents =
| website =
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}

'''Laxmanram Meghwal''' (1 January 1973) is an Indian [[politician]] currently serving as [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Member of the 16th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from [[Merta Assembly constituency|Merta]] in [[Nagaur district]]. He is a Member of the [[Bhartiya Janta Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/merta-rajasthan-assembly-election-results-2023-live-1830494-2023-12-03|title=Merta, Rajasthan Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP wins Merta seat|date=3 December 2023 |publisher=[[Aaj Tak]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/partywisewinresult-369S20.htm|title=General Elections to Assembly Constituencies:Trends & Results Dec-2023|publisher=results.eci.gov.in|access-date = 2023-12-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/merta-rajasthan-constituency-election-2023-candidates-list-election-voting-election-result-date-winner-runner-up-details/3281610/|title =Merta Rajasthan Assembly Constituency Election 2023: Date of Result, Voting, Counting; Candidates|date =3 December 2023|publisher=financialexpress.com|access-date=2023-12-04}}</ref>

==Career==
Following the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/assembly-elections-result-2023-constituency-wise-list-of-candidates-from-inc-bjp-and-other-political-parties-665503|title=Assembly Elections Result 2023: Constituency-wise list of candidates from INC, BJP and other political parties|date=2 December 2023 |publisher=news18.com}}</ref> he was elected as MLA from the Merta assembly constituency, defeating Shivratan (chiman Valmiki) the candidate from the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC).<ref>{{cite web|title= Merta Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP's Laxman Ram with 77493 defeats INC's Shivratan (chiman Valmiki)
|date=3 December 2023 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/merta-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470726-2023-12-03|publisher=indiatoday. in|access-date=2023-12-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= RAJASTHAN ELECTION 2023: MERTA ASSEMBLY SEAT
|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/rajasthan-assembly-election/Merta-111|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=2023-12-04}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Meghwal, Laxmanram}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]

{{Rajasthan-BJP-politician-stub}}

Tasmaiya Baba

2026-04-07T16:12:18Z

Gstnit: creating new data

{{Short description|Revered Hindu saints in Mithila}}{{See also-text|[[Sannyasi Shurkishordas]]}}{{Infobox person
| name = Tasmaiya Baba
| native_name = तसमैया बाबा
| native_name_lang = Mai
| image = Tasmaiya Baba Park, Matihani Matha.jpg
| caption = View of the Tasmaiya Baba Park developed around the Samadhi Sthal of Tasmaiya Baba at Matihani Matha in Nepal.
| other_names = Ramdas Tasmaiya Baba
| birth_name = Ramdas
| birth_place = [[Charaut]]
| death_place = [[Lakshminarayan Matha]], Matihani
| monuments = *Tasmaiya Baba Samadhi Sthal Park, Matihani
*Tasmaiya Baba's Khanti (Digging metal rod)
| occupation = Mahatma
| era = 17th - 18th century CE
| known_for = Foundation of [[Charaut Math|Charaut Matha]] and [[Lakshminarayan Matha]]
| notable_works = Propagation of Sanskrit and Vedic learning
| footnotes = A revered Mahatma in Mithila
}}
'''Tasmaiya Baba''' ([[Maithili language|Maithili]]: तसमैया बाबा) was a prominent Mahatma in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. He was known for his spiritual devotion towards God. His history is linked to the foundation of [[Charaut Math|Charaut Matha]] and [[Lakshminarayan Matha]] in the region. He lived during the period of 17th century CE in Mithila. He was patronised by the Maharaja of [[Raj Darbhanga]] as well as by the king of [[Makwanpur Gadhi|Makwanpur]] in the region.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=समृद्ध इतिहास पर वर्तमान में बदहाल है चोरौत - Choraut is currently on the rich history |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/sitamarhi-choraut-is-currently-on-the-rich-history-19100805.html |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=nepal |first=hindimagazine |date=2025-12-12 |title=सर्वोच्च न्यायालय के प्रधान न्यायाधीश ने किया मटिहानी मठ का दौरा |url=https://www.himalini.com/212056/19/12/12/ |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=Himalini |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=झा |first=अजय कुमार |date=2019-08-14 |title=पर्यटकीय संभावनाओं का केंद्र स्थल जनकपुर यानि मिथिला : अजयकुमार झा |url=https://www.himalini.com/90428/07/14/08/ |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=Himalini |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Opinion {{!}} Alienation of Muslims in Madhesh |url=https://kathmandupost.com/columns/2022/02/15/alienation-of-muslims-in-madhesh |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Samiti |first=Rastriya Samachar |date=2021-11-23 |title=President calls for conservation of national heritage, culture |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/president-calls-for-conservation-of-national-heritage-culture |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=The Himalayan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The real name of Tasmaiya Baba was Ramdas. It is said that, he often used to eat [[Kheer|Tasmai]] as his diet. The term ''tasmai'' is used for delicious [[kheer]]. It is a delicious food prepared using rice, creamy milk, and sugar, etc.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Choudhary |first=Indra Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Some_Aspects_of_Social_Life_of_Medieval.html?id=jCQaAAAAIAAJ#tasmai%20kheer |title=Some Aspects of Social Life of Medieval Mithila, 1350-1750 A.D.: With a Special Reference to Contemporary Literatures |date=1988 |publisher=Kashi Prasad Jayaswal Research Institute |pages=13 |language=en}}</ref> The term ''[[Baba (honorific)|Baba]]'' is a honorific word generally used for an ascetics holy religious person or ''[[Sannyasa|sanyasi]]'' in [[Indian subcontinent]]. Since he often used to eat Tasmai as his favourite food, so he was called as Tasmaiya Baba.

== Description ==
His full name was Ramdas Tasmaiya Baba.<ref>{{Cite news |title=नेपाल का सबसे लंबा झंडा मटिहानी में स्थापित होना क्षेत्रवासियों के लिए बड़ी उपलब्धि, इससे और मजबूत होगा बेटी-रोटी का संबंध |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/siwan/madhawapur/news/establishment-of-nepals-longest-flag-in-matihani-is-a-big-achievement-for-the-people-of-the-region-this-will-further-strengthen-the-relationship-between-daughter-and-bread-131625503.html |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref> He was living at [[Choraut|Charaut]] village in the Mithila region. The village is presently in the [[Sitamarhi district]] of [[Bihar]] in [[India]]. In the village, there was his ''Sadhana Sthali'' (meditation place), where he used to perform meditation towards God regularly. It is said that the Maharaja of [[Raj Darbhanga]] was very influenced by his devotion towards God. He patronised him and gifted thousands acres of land in the village to him in donation. The land was donated to him for establishing Sanskrit and Vedic learning centre in the village. After that Tasmaiya Baba established his matha in the village for the propagation of Sanskrit and Vedic learning in the region. A temple dedicated to Lord Lakshminarayan was also built there.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Lakshmi Narayan Mandir, Charaut Math.jpg|alt=|thumb|The Sadhana Sthali of Tasmaiya Baba at Charaut in India, The view of Lakshmi Narayan Mandir at [[Charaut Math|Charaut Matha]].]]

Later he lived at [[Matihani, Mahottari|Matihani]] village in the region. The village is presently in the [[Mahottari District|Mahottari district]] of [[Madhesh Province|Madhesh Pradesh]] in [[Nepal]]. There he established his meditation place on the bank of the sacred pond ''Lakshmi Sagar'' in the village.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> In the village, there is legend that once a king of Sena Dynasty from Makwanpur came to the saint Tasmaiya Baba. The king was childless, so he wished to have a child in blessing from the saint. The saint advised the king to build a temple of Lakshminarayan there. The king agreed with the saint and built a temple dedicated to Lord Lakshminarayan on the bank of the sacred pond. It is said that the king became father of a child later. After that the king again came to the saint. In this visit of the king, the saint advised to build a pathshala for providing education to children in the village. The king established a school there for propagation of Sanskrit and Vedic education in the region.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Hindu saints]]
[[Category:Vedic scholars]]
[[Category:Sanskrit and Vedic learning in Mithila]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]

Arunachala

2026-04-07T11:16:47Z

Gstnit: Added a pg

{{Short description|Hill and holy site in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Other uses|Arunachalam (disambiguation){{!}}Arunachalam}}
{{pp-move-dispute|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2013}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Arunachala
| other_name = Annamalai
| photo = Arunachala_morning.jpg
| photo_size =
| photo_alt = Picture of Arunachala hill taken from outside town
| photo_caption =
| elevation_m = 814
| elevation_ref =
| prominence_m =
| prominence_ref =
| listing =
| range = [[Eastern Ghats]]
| parent_peak =
| location = [[Tiruvannamalai district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| map = Tamil Nadu
| map_alt =
| map_caption = location of Arunachal in Tamil Nadu
| map_size =
| label =
| label_position =
| coordinates = {{coord|12|14|28|N|79|03|26|E|type:mountain_region:IN-TN_scale:100000|display=inline,title}}
| range_coordinates =
| topo =
| type =
| volcanic_arc/belt=
| age =
| last_eruption =
| first_ascent =
| easiest_route =
}}

'''Arunachala''' ([[IAST]]: {{IAST|Aruṇācalam}} {{IPA|hi|əɾʊˈɳaːtʃələ|}}, 'Red Mountain') is a hill in [[Tiruvannamalai district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], and one of the five main [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] holy places in South India.<ref>Lonely Planet ''South India'' 2009 Page 418 ed Sarina Singh, Amy Karafin, Anirban Mahapatra "Welcome to Tiruvannamalai. About 85 km south of Vellore and flanked by boulder-strewn Mt Arunachala, this is one of the five 'elemental' cities of Shiva; here the god is worshipped in his fire incarnation as Arunachaleswar (see boxed text, ..."</ref> The [[Arunachalesvara Temple]] to [[Shiva]] is located at the base of the hill.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tamilnadu.com/temples/thiruvannamalai-annamalaiyar-kovil.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615193916/http://tamilnadu.com/temples/thiruvannamalai-annamalaiyar-kovil.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 June 2013 |title=Thiruvannamalai Annamalaiyar Kovil |publisher=Tamilnadu.com |date=5 April 2013}}</ref> The hill is also known by the names '''Annamalai''', '''Annamalaiyar Hill''', '''Arunagiri''', '''Arunachalam''', '''Arunai''', '''Sonagiri''', and '''Sonachalam'''.

Every year in the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of [[Kartik (month)|Kārttikai]] (November–December), the ''[[Karthika Deepam|Kārttikai tīpam]]'' light is lit atop the hill.

It is also an important place for devotees of [[Ramana Maharshi]], with [[Sri Ramana Ashram]] situated at its foothills.

== References in religious texts ==
According to the legend, associated with the Temple, a dispute occurred between [[Brahma]] the creator, and [[Vishnu]] the preserver, over which of them was superior. In order to settle the argument, Lord [[Shiva]] is said to have manifested as a column of light, and then the form of Arunachala.<ref name="A. R. Natarajan">[[A.R. Natarajan|A. R. Natarajan]], Arunachala From Rigveda to Ramana Maharshi</ref> But Brahma and Vishnu forgot their highest sacred duties and competed with each other. To solve this, Lord Shiva got up to test the heavens and the earth, saying that the one who sees his head and feet is the greatest among you. Brahma and Vishnu, no matter how hard they tried, failed miserably. Following this, the Devas, who could not bear the heat, prayed to Lord Shiva for peace. Lord Shiva, in response to their request, bowed down to a mountain and a small torch appeared on top of it, and everyone worshiped. The place is also known as Thiruvannamalai, also known as Arunachalam, the site of the fire. The Karthika lamp is mounted on this hill every year during the month of Karthika. Tens of thousands of people flock to Thiruvannamalai on that day.

Creation is an action of [[Brahma]]; 
Maintenance is done by [[Vishnu]]; 
Destruction (Renewal) is attributed to [[Shiva]]

The Maheswara Khanda of Skanda Purana, sage Veda Vyasa describes in great detail the wonder of Arunachala.<ref>Veda Vyasa – Skanda Purana. Maheswara Khanda, Arunachala Mahatmya – Book One, Translation and Annotation by Dr. G. V. Tagare</ref>

Over the centuries, many saints and sages have been drawn to Arunachala. The [[Shaivite]] saints of 5th to 10th CE [[Appar]], [[Sambandar]], [[Sundarar]] and [[Manikkavacakar]] are four examples. In the fifteenth century, Guhai Namasivaya, Guru Namasivaya and Virupaksha Deva came from [[Karnataka]] and settled on Arunachala.<ref name="A. R. Natarajan"/> Saint Namasivaya lived in one of Arunachala's caves which is still known by his name. Virupaksha Deva lived in an [[Om|OM]]-shaped cave higher up on the Hill, and this cave too still bears his name.<ref>[http://bhagavan-ramana.org/ramana_maharshi/books/sp/sp001.html The Silent Power]</ref> Located on the south-east slope of Arunachala, this was the cave that Sri [[Ramana Maharshi]] lived in from 1899 to 1916.<ref>A. R. Natarajan, Timeless in Time, Sri Ramana Maharshi</ref>

''Arunachala Mahatmyam'' says,
:"''By seeing [[Chidambaram]], by being born in [[Tiruvarur]], by dying in [[Varanasi|Kasi]], or by merely thinking of Arunachala, one will surely attain Liberation.''"

Another verse in the ''Arunachala Mahatmyam'', translated from Sanskrit into Tamil by Sri [[Ramana Maharshi]] says:

:"''Arunachala is truly the holy place. Of all holy places it is the most sacred! Know that it is the heart of the world. It is truly Siva himself! It is his heart-abode, a secret [[Tirtha and Kshetra#Kshetra|kshetra]]. In that place the Lord ever abides the hill of light named Arunachala.''"<ref>James Michael, English translation(1982) "Arunachala Mahatmyam", ''[[The Mountain Path]]'', [http://davidgodman.org/asaints/powerofa1.shtml pp. 75-84]</ref>

Asked about the special sanctity of Arunachala, [[Ramana Maharshi]] said that other holy places such as [[Mount Kailash|Kailash]], [[Varanasi]] and [[Rishikesh]] are sacred because they are the abodes of [[Lord Siva|Lord Shiva]] whereas Arunachala is Lord Shiva himself.<ref>Venkataramiah Munagala (1936) Talks with Sri Ramana Maharshi, (Talk 143), ({{ISBN|81-88018-07-4}}) Sri Ramanasramam, Tiruvannamalai [http://bhagavan-ramana.org/ramana_maharshi/books/tw/tw143.html html]</ref><ref>Venkataramiah Munagala, (1936) Talks with Sri Ramana Maharshi [http://www.sriramanamaharshi.org/downloads/talks_full.zip PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928070832/http://www.sriramanamaharshi.org/downloads/talks_full.zip |date=28 September 2007 }}</ref> However, as the above verse of ''Arunachala Mahatmyam'' says, Arunachala is a secret ''[[Tirtha and Kshetra#Kshetra|kshetra]]''. It is this place that bestows ''[[jnana]]'' (Self-knowledge) and because most people have so many other desires and do not truly want ''[[jnana]]'', Arunachala has always remained comparatively little known. But to those few who seek ''jnana'', Arunachala always makes itself known through some means or other.

:"''All stones in that place Arunachala are ''[[lingam]]s''. It is indeed the abode of Lord Siva. All trees are the wish-granting trees of [[Indra]]'s heaven. Its rippling waters are the [[Ganges]], flowing through our Lord's matted locks. The food eaten there is the [[ambrosia]] of the Gods. To go round it in ''pradakshina'' is to perform ''pradakshina'' of the world. Words spoken there are holy scripture, and to fall asleep there is to be absorbed in ''samadhi'', beyond the mind's delusion. Could there be any other place which is its equal?''"
::-source: Tamil ''Arunachala Puranam'',<ref>Butler R, translator (2012) ''Arunachala Puranam'', Saiva Ellappa Navalar, available as book and .pdf @ www.lulu.com</ref><ref>Jayaraman J., ''Extract from Sri Arunachala Puranam: '', [http://www.arunachalasamudra.org/arunachalapuranam.html Vignettes]</ref>

==Girivalam==
{{main article|Girivalam (religious practice)}}
The circumambulation of Arunachala is known as ''Malai Suttru'' in Tamil. Performing pradakshina of Arunachala is considered to be beneficial in all ways.<ref>[[A.R. Natarajan|A. R. Natarajan]], Arunachala from Rigveda to Ramana Maharshi</ref> Typically, pradakshina is done in bare feet, with the Hill on the right. Sri Ramana Maharshi once explained the meaning of the word pradakshina and how it should be done by a devotee: "The letter "Pra" stands for removal of all kinds of sins; "da" stands for fulfilling the desires; "kshi" stands for freedom from future births; "na" stands for giving deliverance through jnana. If by way of Pradakshina you walk one step it gives happiness in this world, two steps, it gives happiness in heaven, three steps, it gives bliss of [[Satyaloka]] which can be attained. One should go round either in mouna (silence) or [[Dhyana in Hinduism|dhyana]] (meditation) or [[japa]] (repetition of Lord's name) or sankeertana (bhajan) and thereby think of God all the time. One should walk slowly like a woman who is in the ninth month of pregnancy."<ref>Suri Nagamma, Letters from Sri Ramanasramam</ref>

Throughout the year, pilgrims engage in a practise called ''giri valam'' (circumambulation of Annamalaiyar temple and Arunachala 14 km in circumference), considered to be a simple and effective form of ''[[yoga]]''. The circumambulation is started from the temple with bare feet and is considered a sacred act.<ref name="Melton">Melton 2008</ref> The central government of India asked the Tamil Nadu government through the supreme court to direct the path of ''girivalam'' under the provision of the proposed Tamil Nadu Heritage Conservation Act.<ref>Gaur 2006, p. 21</ref> There are eight small shrines of ''lingams'' located in the 14 km circumference of the hill, each associated with the 12 moon signs. These are collectively termed as ''Ashta Lingam'' (meaning 8 lingams) and is considered one of the rituals of worship during the ''girivalam'' (circumbulation of the hill).<ref name="goodman">Goodman 2002, pp. 38-39</ref>

== Karthigai Deepam ==
{{main|Karthika Deepam}}
[[File:Karthigai deepam Arunachala.jpg|thumb|Karthikai Deepam 2020]]
Every year, on the tenth day of the celebration of [[Tamil calendar#Celebrations|Karthikai]], devotees take embers in pots from the sacred fire lit in the [[Annamalaiyar Temple|Arunachaleswara temple]] and carry them to the top of Arunachala, along with cloth wicks. An enormous cauldron is placed on the highest of Arunachala's five peaks and filled with hundreds of gallons of ghee mixed with camphor. At precisely six o'clock, as the sun sets and the full moon rises, lights are lit on the top of the Hill, on a flagstaff in the temple, and at [[Sri Ramana Ashram|Sri Ramanasramam]], accompanied by chants of Arunachala Siva by the vast crowds.<ref name="A. R. Natarajan"/> The fire on top of Arunachala can be seen for miles around. [[Sri Ramana Maharshi]] described the meaning of this event in this way:

:"Getting rid of the 'I am the body' idea and merging the mind into the Heart to realize the Self as non-dual being and the light of all is the real significance of [[Darśana|darshan]] of the beacon of light on Annamalai, the centre of the universe."<ref>[http://bhagavan-ramana.org/ramana_maharshi/books/coll/cw011.html Collected Works of Sri Ramana Maharshi]</ref>

==Temple==
The temple is famous for its massive [[gopuram]]s, some of which reach as high as 66 m. It is made up of three nested rectangular walls each of which was built during different periods; the innermost could have been built as early as the 7th century by Pallavas. It was later refurbished by the kings [[Chola]]s, [[Pandya]]s, [[Hoysalas]]s, and [[Vijayanagara Empire]] from 10th through the 17th century. The temple is renowned for some of the remarkable carvings on the walls. In one particular carving Lord [[Shiva]] is shown as dancing in an elephant's skin.<ref name="South India Handbook">South India Handbook By Roma Bradnock</ref>

==Reforestation==
[[File:Arunachala Vengikkal.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Arunachala during winter – view from Vengikkal]]
Arunachala is in the [[South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests]] ecoregion. The forests that once covered the mountain have been reduced by fires, [[illegal logging]], and the footfalls of thousands of pilgrims. Reforestation of Arunachala began in the 1990s by a civil society initiative called Annamalai Reforestation Society. In 2004 the Tiruvannamalai Greening Society was founded by district forest officer Pasupathy Raj and other local officials. The society registered as a non-profit trust in 2008 called The Forest Way.

The Forest Way employs full-time and part-time staff and engages volunteers to grow seedlings of native trees and plant them on the mountain. The charity operates a plant nursery, and plants 15,000-18,000 seedlings each year. The charity helped build a children's park and forest park on the site of a former dump, removes litter from the mountain, and watches for fires and creates fire breaks during the dry season.<ref>Sridhar, Lalitha (2017)."Holy hill gets its groves back". ''The Hindu'', 1 April 2017. Accessed 4 May 2020. [https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/holy-hill-gets-its-groves-back-afforestation-initiative-that-resulted-in-arunachala-hill-in-tiruvannamalai/article17752738.ece]</ref><ref>"Overview". The Forest Way. Accessed 4 May 2020.</ref>

== Arunachala in popular culture ==
"Arunachala" is the first track of the ''Pervogenesis'' album by [[The Kristet Utseende]].

== See also ==
* [[Sacred mountains#India|Sacred mountains of India]]
* [[Velliangiri Mountains]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.arunachaleswarartemple.tnhrce.in/ Arunachalam Temple]
*[http://www.arunachala-live.com Arunachala Web Cam]
*[http://www.theforestway.org The Forest Way charitable trust]
{{Hindu holy cities}}

[[Category:Hindu holy cities]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Tiruvannamalai district]]
[[Category:Sacred groves of India]]
[[Category:South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests]]
[[Category:Mountains in Hinduism]]
[[Category:Sacred mountains of India]]
[[Category:Ramana Maharshi]]

2023 in Meitei culture

2026-03-27T04:16:14Z

Gstnit: Added a entry!

{{Short description|none}}
{{About|the overview of events directly related to [[Meitei culture]], occurred in both outside and inside of [[Manipur]]|the overall aspects of events in Manipur|2023 in Manipur}}
{{Orphan|date=August 2024}}

{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}

[[File:ꯍꯩꯉꯥꯡ ꯃꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ ꯁꯥꯒꯣꯜ ꯃꯤꯇꯝ.jpg|thumb|250px|The [[:en:Marjing Polo Statue|Marjing Polo Statue]], the world's tallest statue of a polo player, dedicated to [[Marjing]], the [[Meitei deities|Meitei deity]] of [[Polo]], built inside the [[:en:Marjing Polo Complex|Marjing Polo Complex]], in the hilltop of the [[:en:Heingang Ching|Heingang Ching]], was opened to public in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-28 |title="Manipur: Amit Shah will unveil the tallest statue of the polo player, will hoist the tricolor at the historic site - News8Plus-Realtime Updates On Breaking News & Headlines" |url=https://news8plus.com/manipur-amit-shah-will-unveil-the-tallest-statue-of-the-polo-player-will-hoist-the-tricolor-at-the-historic-site/ |access-date=2023-08-08 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-28 |title=World's tallest polo statue to be constructed in Mnp {{!}} Nagaland Post |url=https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/worlds-tallest-polo-statue-to-be-constructed-in-mnp/ |access-date=2023-08-08 |language=en-US}}</ref>]]

[[2023]] in [[Meitei culture]], including but not limited to [[Meitei architecture]], [[:en:Meitei cinema|Meitei cinema]], [[Meitei cuisine]], [[:en:Meitei dances|Meitei dances]], [[Meitei festivals]], [[Meitei language]], [[Meitei literature]], [[:en:Music of Manipur|Meitei music]], [[Meitei religion]], [[Meitei script]], etc.

== Events ==
* '''[[6 January]]''': The [[:en:Marjing Polo Statue|Marjing Polo Statue]] ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ ꯁꯒꯣꯜ ꯀꯥꯡꯖꯩ ꯃꯤꯇꯝ}}|}}), dedicated to [[Marjing]] ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯥꯔꯖꯤꯡ}}|}}), the [[Meitei deities|Meitei deity]] of [[Polo]], built inside the [[:en:Marjing Polo Complex|Marjing Polo Complex]], in the hilltop of the [[:en:Heingang Ching|Heingang Ching]], was opened to public by [[Amit Shah]], the then [[:en:Home Minister of India|Home Minister of India]]. Notably, it was the world's tallest statue of a polo player.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-28 |title="Manipur: Amit Shah will unveil the tallest statue of the polo player, will hoist the tricolor at the historic site - News8Plus-Realtime Updates On Breaking News & Headlines" |url=https://news8plus.com/manipur-amit-shah-will-unveil-the-tallest-statue-of-the-polo-player-will-hoist-the-tricolor-at-the-historic-site/ |access-date=2023-08-08 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-28 |title=World's tallest polo statue to be constructed in Mnp {{!}} Nagaland Post |url=https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/worlds-tallest-polo-statue-to-be-constructed-in-mnp/ |access-date=2023-08-08 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>
* '''[[31 January]]''': In [[Tripura]], the temple of Lainingthou Puthiba Temple of [[Meitei religion|traditional Meitei religion]] was visited by the [[Chief Minister of Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=CM Biren offers prayers at Lainingthou Puthiba Temple, says will set up Manipur Bhawan in Tripura|url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/cm-biren-offers-prayers-at-lainingthou-puthiba-temple-says-will-set-up-manipur-bhawan-in-tripura|access-date=2024-08-03|website=Imphal Free Press|language=en|archive-date=3 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803053103/https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/cm-biren-offers-prayers-at-lainingthou-puthiba-temple-says-will-set-up-manipur-bhawan-in-tripura|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* '''[[13 March]]''': Manipur State Kala Akademi (MSKA) honoured 28 recipients of its awards in six categories in [[Imphal]], for the uplifting, preserving and popularizing Meitei cultural traditions of music, [[Meitei dances|dance]], theatre, [[Meitei literature|literature]] and fine arts within and outside [[Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Irom |first=Bit |date=2023-03-14 |title=Manipur Governor presents 28 individuals for promoting Manipuri culture |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/manipur/manipur-governor-presents-28-individuals-for-promoting-manipuri-culture.html |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=NORTHEAST NOW |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Vangamla Salle K. |date=2023-03-13 |title=Manipur: Governor Anusuiya Uikey confers state Kala Akademi awards |url=http://www.eastmojo.com/manipur/2023/03/13/manipur-governor-anusuiya-uikey-confers-state-kala-akademi-awards/ |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=EastMojo |language=en-US}}</ref>
* '''[[24 March]]''': [[World Poetry Day]] 2023 celebration in Manipur promoted the usage of [[Meitei language]] in poetic literary works.<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Poetry Day 2023 celebration in Manipur promotes Manipuri language|url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/world-poetry-day-2023-celebration-in-manipur-promotes-manipuri-language|access-date=2024-08-03|website=Imphal Free Press|language=en|archive-date=3 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803053100/https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/world-poetry-day-2023-celebration-in-manipur-promotes-manipuri-language|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* '''[[25 March]]''': The Association of Manipuri Diaspora (AMAND) organised the [[Yaoshang]] ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯌꯥꯎꯁꯪ}}|}}) festival at the Don Bosco Youth Centre in Koregaon Park, [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dolare |first=Rahul |date=2023-03-30 |title=Pune Hosts Authentic Manipuri Food and Culture at Yaoshang Festival 2023 |url=https://www.punekarnews.in/pune-hosts-authentic-manipuri-food-and-culture-at-yaoshang-festival-2023/ |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=Punekar News |language=en-US}}</ref>
* '''[[1 April]]''': In Kunagaon of [[Bangladesh]], the [[:en:Lainingthou Sanamahi Temple Board|Lainingthou Sanamahi Temple Board]] (LSTB) laid the foundation stone for the construction of a shrine of Sanamahi Sanglen and Sannapung of [[Sanamahism]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Foundation stone laid for Sanamahi Sanglen in Bangladesh|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2023/4/2/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Apr-1-Lainingthou-Sanamahi-Temple-Board-LSTB-Manipur-Member-Secret.html|access-date=2024-08-03|website=www.thesangaiexpress.com|language=en}}</ref>
* '''[[5 April]]''': A group of 17 mountaineers of the Lainingthou Sanamahi Thougal Lup, Napat, were flagged off by the [[:en:Lainingthou Sanamahi Temple Board|Lainingthou Sanamahi Temple Board]] to climb the [[Mount Koubru]] for a pilgrimage to worship God [[Koubru]] and goddess [[Emoinu]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Koubru expedition flagged off|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2023/4/6/IMPHAL-Apr-5A-team-consisting-of-17-mountaineers-of-Lainingthou-Sanamahi-Thougal-Lup-Napat-Bishn.html|access-date=2024-08-03|website=www.thesangaiexpress.com|language=en}}</ref>
* '''[[15 April]]''': [[Meitei language]] was approved among 13 regional languages for [[Central Armed Police Forces]] (CAPFs) examination by the [[Ministry of Home Affairs]] (MHA).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Manipuri among 13 regional languages approved for CAPF exam|url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/manipuri-among-13-regional-languages-approved-for-capf-exam|access-date=2024-08-03|website=Imphal Free Press|language=en|archive-date=25 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925174356/https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/manipuri-among-13-regional-languages-approved-for-capf-exam|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* '''[[19 May]]''' : {{langnf|mni|[[Ishanou]]|The Chosen One}} ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯏꯁꯥꯅꯧ}}|}}) was recognised as a "World Classic" by the [[Cannes Film Festival 2023]] and it was selected as the only film from India for the event for that year.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-06 |title=Manipuri feature film 'ISHANOU' recognised as World Classic |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/manipuri-feature-film-ishanou-recognised-as-world-classic/articleshow/100038686.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-31 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aribam Syam Sharma's ISHANOU recognised as World Classic |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/movies/aribam-syam-sharmas-ishanou-recognised-as-world-classic |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en |archive-date=31 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731125822/https://www.ifp.co.in/movies/aribam-syam-sharmas-ishanou-recognised-as-world-classic |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipuri Film 'Ishanou' Becomes India's Only Restored Film To Be Screened At Cannes 2023 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/manipuri-film-ishanou-becomes-india-s-only-restored-film-to-be-screened-at-cannes-2023-news-284573 |website=Outlook India|date=8 May 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-15 |title=Cannes Film Festival 2023: Why this Manipuri classic by Aribam Syam Sharma is part of festival's classic section |url=https://epaper.timesgroup.com/timesspecial/leisure/cannes-film-festival-2023-why-this-manipuri-classic-by-aribam-syam-sharma-is-part-of-festival-classic-section/1684141714255 |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=Times Of India |language=English}}</ref>
* '''[[13 June]]''': [[Haobam Pabankumar]]'s [[Meitei film]] "{{langnf|mni|Joseph ki Macha|Joseph's Son}}" ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯖꯣꯁꯦꯐ ꯀꯤ ꯃꯆꯥ}}|}}) had a world premiere at the 25th [[Shanghai International Film Festival]] 2023 in [[China]]. It was the only film from India that participated in the event.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Vangamla Salle K. |date=2023-06-09 |title=Manipur: Haobam Paban Kumar's film 'Joseph ki Macha' to premiere at Shanghai Int'l Film Fest |url=http://www.eastmojo.com/manipur/2023/06/09/manipur-haobam-paban-kumars-film-joseph-ki-macha-to-premiere-at-shanghai-intl-film-fest/ |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=EastMojo |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-05 |title=Filmmaker Haobam Paban Kumar's 'Joseph's Son' to premiere at Shanghai film fest |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/imphal/filmmaker-haobam-paban-kumars-josephs-son-to-premiere-at-shanghai-film-fest/articleshow/100753017.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-08-08 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-05 |title=India's Lone Entry Haobam Paban Kumar's 'Joseph's Son' To World Premiere At Shanghai Film Festival {{!}} Ukhrul Times |url=https://ukhrultimes.com/indias-lone-entry-haobam-paban-kumars-josephs-son-to-world-premiere-at-shanghai-film-festival/ |access-date=2023-08-08 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Haobam Paban's 'Joseph's Son' is India's lone entry at Shanghai International Film Festival 2023 |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/haobam-pabans-josephs-son-is-indias-lone-entry-at-shanghai-international-film-festival-2023 |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en |archive-date=10 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810225253/https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/haobam-pabans-josephs-son-is-indias-lone-entry-at-shanghai-international-film-festival-2023 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Singh|first=Bikash|date=2023-06-10|title=Manipuri film 'Joseph ki Macha' to premiere at Shanghai International Film Festival|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/manipuri-film-joseph-ki-macha-to-premiere-at-shanghai-international-film-festival/articleshow/100884844.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2024-08-03|issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
* '''[[5 July]]''': In [[Kuwait]], a footballer from Manipur draped himself with a Meitei cultural flag during the medal presentation ceremony of the [[South Asian Football Federation Championship]] (SAFF) 2023, showing at the international level his ethnic and cultural identity, besides being an Indian.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-07-06|title=Manipuri footballer ignites controversy with 'Meitei Flag' draping at SAFF medal event|url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/manipur/story/manipuri-footballer-ignites-controversy-with-meitei-flag-draping-at-saff-medal-event-609754-2023-07-06|access-date=2024-08-03|website=India Today NE|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-07-05|title=Manipuri footballer draped in 'Meitei flag' at SAFF medal event sparks row|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/manipuri-footballer-jeakson-singh-meitei-flag-saff-championship-final-row-2402001-2023-07-05|access-date=2024-08-03|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>
* '''May–August''': 393 [[Laishang|Meitei temples]] and shrines, including 16 [[Hindu temple]]s, were destroyed during the then [[2023–2024 Manipur violence|Manipur ethnic conflict]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-08-22|title=393 Meitei temples and shrines, including 16 Hindu mandirs, desecrated or destroyed during Manipur conflict|url=https://hindupost.in/dharma-religion/393-meitei-temples-and-shrines-including-16-hindu-mandirs-desecrated-or-destroyed-during-manipur-conflict/|access-date=2024-08-03|website=|language=en-US}}</ref>
* '''[[5 August|5]]-[[9 August]]''': [[Haobam Pabankumar]]'s documentary film ''"Iron Women of Manipur"'' and Meena Longjam's documentary film ''"Andro Dreams"'', which were about the lives of [[Meitei women]] like [[Nameirakpam Kunjarani Devi]], [[Angom Anita Chanu]], [[Saikhom Mirabai Chanu]], Laibi, were officially selected and had their world premier in the 15th [[International Documentary and Short Film Festival of Kerala]] (IDSFFK) 2023 organised by the [[Kerala State Chalachitra Academy]] on behalf of [[Government of Kerala]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='Iron Women of Manipur' and 'Andro Dreams' to compete in 15th IDSFFK 2023 : 18th jul23 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=23..180723.jul23 |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-19 |title=Paban's 'Iron Women Of Manipur' & Meena's 'Andro Dreams' To Compete In 15th IDSFFK 2023 {{!}} Ukhrul Times |url=https://ukhrultimes.com/pabans-iron-women-of-manipur-meenas-andro-dreams-to-compete-in-15th-idsffk-2023/ |access-date=2023-08-08 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Aswin J. |title=Manipuri Dreams |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/manipuri-dreams/ |access-date=2023-08-08 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* '''[[13 August]]''': 132nd Patriots' Day was observed giving tributes to the heroes of the historic [[Anglo-Manipur War|Anglo Manipuri War]] of 1891.<ref>{{Cite web|title=132nd Patriots' Day observationBefitting tributes paid to Bravehearts of Anglo Manipuri War of 1891|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2023/8/14/DIO-Our-CorrespondentBPR-KAK-KJM-SPI-TBL-TML-Aug-13-Befitting-tributes-were-paid-to-the-brave-martyrs-of-A.html|access-date=2024-08-03|website=www.thesangaiexpress.com|language=en}}</ref>
* '''[[20 August]]''': [[:en:Manipuri Language Day|Manipuri language day]] (also called [[:en:Meitei Language Day|Meitei language day]]) was observed, as well as movement to achieve [[Meitei classical language movement|official classical language status]] was further continued.<ref>{{Cite web|title='High time to include Manipuri language in classical category'|url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/high-time-to-include-manipuri-language-in-classical-category|access-date=2024-08-03|website=Imphal Free Press|language=en|archive-date=3 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803053058/https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/high-time-to-include-manipuri-language-in-classical-category|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>https://newsonair.gov.in/News?title=32nd-Manipuri-Language-Day-observed-today&id=466448</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Classical status for Manipuri|url=https://www.ifp.co.in/editorial/classical-status-for-manipuri|access-date=2024-08-03|website=Imphal Free Press|language=en|archive-date=22 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922052134/https://www.ifp.co.in/editorial/classical-status-for-manipuri|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* '''[[20 August]]''': "An Anthology of Manipuri Culture", a book was released by professor M Akshayakumar Singh at the Jawaharlal Nehru Manipur Dance Academy (JNMDA), [[Imphal]].<ref>{{Cite web|title="An Anthology of Manipuri Culture" released at JNMDA|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2023/8/21/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Aug-20-An-Anthology-of-Manipuri-Culture-a-book-edited-by-Prof-M-Akshayakum.html|access-date=2024-08-03|website=www.thesangaiexpress.com|language=en}}</ref>
* '''[[22 August]]''': [[Ishanou]], [[Oneness (film)|Oneness]], and [[Eikhoigi Yum]] became [[IMDb]]’s top 3 [[Meitei language]] movies.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-08-22|title=Ishanou, Oneness, and Eikhoigi Yum become IMDb's top 3 Manipuri movies|url=http://www.eastmojo.com/manipur/2023/08/22/ishanou-oneness-and-eikhoigi-yum-become-imdbs-top-3-manipuri-movies/|access-date=2024-08-03|website=EastMojo|language=en-US}}</ref>
* '''[[24 August]]''': Two [[Meitei language]] films, ''"[[Eikhoigi Yum]]"'' (Our Home) and ''"Beyond Blast"'', were honoured with the best film awards in the 69th [[National Film Awards (India)|National Film Awards of India]]. ''"Eikhoigi Yum"'' won the award for the [[Meitei cinema|Best Feature Film in Meiteilon]] (Manipuri). ''"Beyond Blast"'' won the award for the Best Biographical Film.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-08-26|title=2 Manipuri movies win big at 69th Nat'l Film Awards|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/imphal/2-manipuri-movies-win-big-at-69th-natl-film-awards/articleshow/103083694.cms|access-date=2024-08-03|issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=NEWS|first=NE NOW|date=2023-08-24|title=Two Manipuri films win big at 69th National Film Awards|url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/manipur/two-manipuri-films-win-big-at-69th-national-film-awards.html|access-date=2024-08-03|website=NORTHEAST NOW|language=en-US}}</ref>
* '''[[25 August]]''': The MEELAL and [[Directorate of Language Planning & Implementation]] of the [[Government of Manipur]] jointly organised a coaching camp to teach [[Meitei script|Meitei Mayek script]] to the victims of the ethnic violence, who were then staying at the relief camps in [[Moirang]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meetei Mayek coaching camp begins|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2023/8/26/IMPHAL-Aug-25Meetei-Erol-Eyek-Loinasillol-Apunba-Lup-MEELAL-and-Directorate-of-Language-Planning-Implem.html|access-date=2024-08-03|website=www.thesangaiexpress.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Meetei Mayek coaching camp begins : 26th aug23 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=10..260823.aug23|access-date=2024-08-03|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
* '''[[10 September]]''': In the 19th Kazan International Muslim film festival in [[Russia]]’s [[Kazan]] city, Manipuri filmmaker Mayanglambam [[Romi Meitei]] achieved the best director award for his debut non-commercial [[Meitei language]] film ‘[[Eikhoigi Yum]]’ ("Our Home").<ref>{{Cite web|title=Manipuri filmmaker Romi Meitei shines yet again, wins best director at Kazan film fest|url=https://www.ifp.co.in/movies/manipuri-filmmaker-romi-meitei-shines-yet-again-wins-best-director-at-kazan-film-fest|access-date=2024-08-03|website=Imphal Free Press|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=S|first=Vangamla Salle K.|date=2023-09-11|title=Manipuri filmmaker Romi Meitei wins best director award at film festival in Russia|url=https://www.eastmojo.com/manipur/2023/09/11/manipuri-filmmaker-romi-meitei-wins-best-director-award-at-film-festival-in-russia/|access-date=2024-08-03|website=EastMojo|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bora|first=Pallav|title=Manipuri Filmmaker Romi Meitei Bags Best Director's Award At Kazan Film Festival|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/celebrities/manipuri-filmmaker-romi-meitei-bags-best-director-s-award-at-kazan-international-muslim-film-festival-1628939|access-date=2024-08-03|website=ABP Live|date=11 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* '''[[18 September]]''': [[Kokyet]], a traditional Meitei headdress, was officially announced to be used as a uniform for the officials in the [[Indian Parliament]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Manipuri Kokyet finds space in Indian Parliament|url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/manipuri-kokyet-finds-space-in-indian-parliament|access-date=2024-08-03|website=Imphal Free Press|language=en|archive-date=22 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522060400/https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/manipuri-kokyet-finds-space-in-indian-parliament|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-09-12|title=Nehru jacket, Manipuri turban: New uniforms on the cards for Parliament staff|url=https://www.zeebiz.com/india/news-new-uniforms-parliament-staff-with-images-new-parliament-building-first-day-september-19-253515|access-date=2024-08-03|website=Zee Business}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-09-15|title=Parliament marshals to don Manipuri turban, Kokyet|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/imphal/parliament-marshals-to-don-manipuri-turban-kokyet/articleshow/103676067.cms|access-date=2024-08-03|issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Manipuri turban to adorn Parliament Marshals|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2023/9/14/NEW-DELHI-Sep-13Parliament-House-employees-will-don-new-uniforms-during-the-special-session-starting-from-S.html|access-date=2024-08-03|website=www.thesangaiexpress.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nehru jacket, lotus motif, Manipuri turbans: See images of new Parliament uniforms|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2023/09/13/deep-pink-nehru-jacket-lotus-motif-manipuri-turbans-see-images-of-the-new-parliament-uniform.html|access-date=2024-08-03|website=The Week|language=en}}</ref>
* '''[[24 September]]''': The annual [[Meitei script|Meitei Mayek script]] competition was held, commemorating the day the MEELAL signed an agreement with [[Manipur Government|Manipur state government]] to implement [[Meitei Mayek script]] in the school curriculum on 18 May 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meetei Mayek competition on September 24|url=https://www.ifp.co.in/education/meetei-mayek-competition-on-september-24|access-date=2024-08-03|website=Imphal Free Press|language=en|archive-date=4 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004033257/https://www.ifp.co.in/education/meetei-mayek-competition-on-september-24|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* '''[[7 October]]''': In the 29th National Junior Thang-Ta Championship 2023 organized by the Jammu and Kashmir Thang-Ta Association under the aegis of Thang-Ta Federation of India in [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)]], the representative from [[Haryana]] was crowned winner and [[Manipur]] as the runners up. [[Thang Ta]] is a traditional Meitei martial art form.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Junior Thang-Ta NationalsManipur finish runners up as Haryana emerge team champions|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2023/10/7/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Oct-6-Manipur-had-to-settle-for-the-first-runners-up-title-as-Haryana-were-cr.html|access-date=2024-08-03|website=www.thesangaiexpress.com|language=en}}</ref>
* '''[[15 October]]''': The traditional Meitei religious festival of [[Mera Chaorel Houba]] was celebrated by the [[:en:Lainingthou Sanamahi Temple Board|Lainingthou Sanamahi Temple Board]] in Haying Khongban Uphong Yumpham, starting from the holy [[Kangla]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mera Chaoren Houba celebrated|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2023/10/15/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Oct-15-Lainingthou-Sanamahi-Temple-Board-today-celebrated-the-Mera-Chaoren-H.html|access-date=2024-08-03|website=www.thesangaiexpress.com|language=en}}</ref>
* '''[[15 October]]''': In [[Mumbai]], a [[Meitei language|Meitei]]-English bilingual film ''"Who Said Boys Can't Wear Makeup"'' which was the first film from Northeast India to address the subject of men's makeup and [[gender-neutral]] clothing, was shown.<ref>{{Cite web|last=EastMojo|first=Team|date=2023-10-03|title=Manipuri-English film promoting gender-neutral fashion to be screened in Mumbai|url=http://www.eastmojo.com/entertainment/2023/10/03/manipuri-english-film-promoting-gender-neutral-fashion-to-be-screened-in-mumbai/|access-date=2024-08-03|website=EastMojo|language=en-US}}</ref>
* '''October''': The [[Bal Sahitya Puraskar|Bal Sahitya Puraskar Award]] in Manipuri language was achieved by Dilip Nongmaithem for his book ''"Ibemma Amasung Ngabemma"''.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=2023-10-05|title=Bal Sahitya Puraskar in Manipuri language for Dilip Nongmaithem|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/bal-sahitya-puraskar-in-manipuri-language-for-dilip-nongmaithem/article67384920.ece|access-date=2024-08-03|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* '''November''': A new office called 'Kabui Loishang' was opened at the traditional Meitei temple of the [[:en:Lainingthou Sanamahi Temple Board|Lainingthou Sanamahi Temple Board]] in Haying Khongban Uphong Yumpham, Imphal.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Kabui Loishang' opened at Lainingthou Sanamahi Temple Board|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2023/11/9/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Nov-8-A-new-office-called-Kabui-Loishang-was-opened-today-at-Lainingthou-Sa.html|access-date=2024-08-03|website=www.thesangaiexpress.com|language=en}}</ref>
* '''November''': On the Constitution Day, Manipur Chief Minister releases a digital form of the [[Constitution of India]]n Republic in [[Meitei language]] and English in [[Meitei script|Meetei Mayek]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-11-26|title=Manipur Chief Minister releases diglot edition of Constitution in Meetei Mayek|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/manipur-chief-minister-biren-singh-releases-diglot-edition-of-constitution-in-meetei-mayek-script-2467751-2023-11-26|access-date=2024-08-03|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Constitution Day 2023: Manipur CM Biren Singh Launches Diglot Edition of Indian Constitution In Regional Language|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/constitution-day-2023-manipur-cm-biren-singh-launches-diglot-edition-of-indian-constitution-in-regional-language-6536020/|access-date=2024-08-03|website=www.india.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Constitution of India in Meitei Mayek released|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2023/11/29/IMPHAL-Nov-28-DIPR-Chief-Minister-N-Biren-Singh-on-Sunday-released-the-diglot-edition-of-the-Constitution.html|access-date=2024-08-03|website=www.thesangaiexpress.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=S|first=Vangamla Salle K.|date=2023-11-26|title=Manipur CM releases diglot edition of Indian Constitution in Meitei Mayek script|url=http://www.eastmojo.com/manipur/2023/11/26/manipur-cm-releases-diglot-edition-of-indian-constitution-in-meitei-mayek-script/|access-date=2024-08-03|website=EastMojo|language=en-US}}</ref>
* '''November''': [[Governor of Manipur]] [[Anusuiya Uikey]] opened the demonstration and performance classes of a 15-day workshop on '[[Rites de passage|rites-de-passage]]' of [[Sanamahism]] religion at a temple of [[Lainingthou Sanamahi]] in [[Imphal]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-11-20|title=Manipur Governor Uikey inaugurates Sanamahism workshop, advocates for cultural legacy|url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/manipur/video/manipur-governor-uikey-inaugurates-sanamahism-workshop-advocates-for-cultural-legacy-714031-2023-11-20|access-date=2024-08-03|website=India Today NE|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Gita|first=Konthoujam|date=2023-11-20|title=Manipur Governor inaugurates 15-Day workshop on rites-de-passage of Sanamahism|url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/manipur-governor-inaugurates-15-day-workshop-on-rites-de-passage-of-sanamahism/|access-date=2024-08-03|website=News from Manipur - Imphal Times|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Pothashang|date=2023-11-20|title=15-day workshop on 'Rites-de-passage" of Sanamahism underway {{!}} Pothashang News|url=https://pothashang.in/2023/11/15-day-workshop-on-rites-de-passage-of-sanamahism-underway/|access-date=2024-08-03|website=Pothashang|language=en-US|archive-date=3 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803075244/https://pothashang.in/2023/11/15-day-workshop-on-rites-de-passage-of-sanamahism-underway/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* '''December''': Sorokhaibam Gambhini, a Meitei writer from [[Tripura]] achieved the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] 2023 for her poetic writings in [[Meitei literature]] for her book titled ''"Yachangba Nang Hallo"''. She is the first person from [[Tripura]] to get this award in [[Meitei language]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Irom|first=Bit|date=2023-12-21|title=Tripura's Sorokhaibam Gambhini bags Sahitya Akademi award for Manipuri literature|url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/a-noted-female-poet-from-tripura-conferred-sahitya-akademi-award-2023-in-manipuri-literature.html|access-date=2024-08-03|website=NORTHEAST NOW|language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{portal|2020s|Current events|India|Bangladesh|Myanmar|Asia}}
* [[:en:2023 in art|2023 in art]]
* [[:en:2023 in film|2023 in film]]
* [[:en:2023 in literature|2023 in literature]]
* [[:en:2023 in music|2023 in music]]
* [[:en:2023 in philosophy|2023 in philosophy]]
* [[:en:2023 in religion|2023 in religion]]
* [[:en:2023 in science|2023 in science]]
* [[:en:2023 in American television|2023 in American television]]
* [[:en:2023 in hip hop music|2023 in hip hop music]]
* [[:en:2023 in sports|2023 in sports]]
* [[:en:2023 in video games|2023 in video games]]
* [[:en:2023 in Philippine television|2023 in Philippine television]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2023 in Asia]]
[[Category:Meitei culture]]

Anusandhan National Research Foundation Act, 2023

2026-03-26T22:48:33Z

Gstnit: Added a data!

{{Short description|Act of the Parliament of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox legislation
| imagesize = 150
| long_title = An Act to provide for the registration and regulation of a financially research ecosystem, and open scientific research activities for the private sector in the India in accordance with the National Education Policy guideline.{{citation needed|reason=this title appears nowhere in the Gazette publication|date=February 2025}}
| enacted_by = [[Parliament of India]]
| date_assented = 15 August 2023
| date_commenced = 1 December 2023
| bill_citation = [https://dst.gov.in/sites/default/files/NRF.pdf No. 25 2023]
| status = in force
}}
The '''Anusandhan National Research Foundation Act, 2023''' '''(ANRF)''' is an Act of the [[Parliament of India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=August 14, 2023 |title=The Anusandhan National Research Foundation Act, 2023 |url=https://dst.gov.in/sites/default/files/NRF.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531204348/http://dst.gov.in/sites/default/files/NRF.pdf |archive-date=2024-05-31 |archive-format=PDF |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=dst.gov.in |publisher=Gazette of India }}</ref> It seeks to regulate all [[research and development]] in the fields of [[natural sciences]], [[technology]], [[agriculture]], and [[health sciences|health tech]] in India. On 14 August 2023, the National Research Foundation (Registration and Regulation) Bill, 2023 was introduced in the [[Lok Sabha]] for the first time.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-08-05 |title=Anusandhan National Research Foundation Bill, 2023 tabled in Lok Sabha |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/anusandhan-national-research-foundation-bill-2023-tabled-in-lok-sabha/article67158624.ece |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> The Act requires a financially research ecosystem,{{Vague|reason=What is a "financially research ecosystem". Perhaps a word is missing between "financially" and "research"|date=October 2025}} and open scientific research activities for the private sector in the India in accordance with the [[National Education Policy]] guideline.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Koshy |first=Jacob |date=2023-06-28 |title=Cabinet approves Bill for National Research Foundation to make research more equitable |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cabinet-nod-to-set-up-national-research-foundation-to-boost-r-and-d/article67019297.ece |access-date=2023-10-03 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The ANRF replaces the [[Science and Engineering Research Board]], established in 2008. Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] chaired the first meeting of the Governing Board of Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF), in New Delhi on 10 September, 2024.<ref>{{cite web | title=Anusandhan National Research Foundation launches major research overhaul | date=7 September 2024 | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/nation/2024/Sep/10/anusandhan-national-research-foundation-launches-major-research-overhaul }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=PM Modi chairs first governing board meeting of newly formed ANRF | url=http://www.business-standard.com/amp/india-news/pm-modi-chairs-first-governing-board-meeting-of-newly-formed-anrf-124091000520_1.html }}</ref>

== Definition ==
The legislate Act of Parliament defines The Anusandhan National Research Foundation Act, 2023 as follows:<blockquote>An Act to establish the Anusandhan National Research Foundation to provide high level strategic direction for research, innovation and entrepreneurship in the fields of natural sciences including [[mathematical sciences]], engineering and technology, environmental and [[earth sciences]], health and agriculture, and scientific and technological interfaces of [[humanities]] and [[social sciences]], to promote, monitor and provide support as required for such research and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{India-law-stub}}

[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 2023]]

Kollam City Police

2026-03-26T17:42:44Z

Gstnit: quick update

{{Short description|Law enforcement agency in the Indian city of Kollam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| agencyname = Kollam City Police
| nativename = കൊല്ലം സിറ്റി പോലീസ്
| facebook =
| nativenamea =
| nativenamer =
| commonname =
| abbreviation =
| fictional =
| patch =
| patchcaption =
| logo = Kollam City Police Official Logo.jpg
| logocaption = Official logo of Kollam City Police
| badgecaption = The official badge of Kerala Police
| flag = Flag of Kerala Police.svg
| flagcaption = The official flag of Kerala Police
| imagesize =
| motto = "മൃദു ഭാവെ, ദൃഢ കൃത്യേ" ''Mridu Bhave Dhrida Kruthye''
| mottotranslated = Soft Temperament, Firm Action
| mission =
| formedyear = 2011
| formedmonthday = 1 March
| preceding1 = Kollam District Police
| employees = 439<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.keralapolice.org/newsite/RIFiles/klm/functions.pdf|title=Particulars of functions and details of each unit /Office|publisher=Kollam City Police|access-date=13 November 2014|location=Kollam, Kerala|date=1 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720183053/http://keralapolice.org/newsite/RIFiles/klm/functions.pdf|archive-date=20 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| volunteers =
| budget =
| country = India
| countryabbr =
| divtype = City
| divname = [[Kollam]]
| subdivtype =
| subdivname = [[Kollam Metropolitan Area]] ([[Kollam]] city, [[Karunagappally]] and [[Chathannoor]] divisions)
| subdivdab =
| map =
| mapcaption =
| sizearea =
| sizepopulation = 1,110,668
| legaljuris = [[Kollam Metropolitan Area]] ''([[Kollam|Kollam City]], [[Karunagappally]] & [[Chathannoor]])''
| police = yes
| local = yes
| oversightbody = [[Government of Kerala]]
| headquarters = The Office of the Commissioner of Police, Udayamarthandapuram, [[Kollam]]
| hqlocmap =
| hqlocmapwidth =
| hqlocmapheight =
| hqlocmapborder =
| hqlocleft =
| hqloctop =
| hqlocmappoptitle =
| sworntype =
| sworn =
| unsworntype =
| unsworn =
| minister1name = [[Pinarayi Vijayan]]
| minister1pfo = Chief Minister holding additional charge of the [[Department of Home (Kerala)|Home Department]]
| chief1name = Hemalatha M IPS <ref>{{cite web | title=Who is who Kollam City | url=https://kollamcity.keralapolice.gov.in/who-is-who-kollam-city }}</ref>
| chief1position = [[Commissioner of Police]] 
{{Small|(District Police Chief, Kollam City)|}}
| parentagency = [[Kerala Police]]
| child1agency =
| unittype =
| unitname = {{collapsible list| Anti-Goonda Squad | City Special Branch | Coastal Police Station | Control Room | Crime Detachment | Custodial facilitation Centre | District Armed Reserve | District Crime Records Bureau | Dog Squad | Foreigners Registration Office | Forensic Science Lab | Marine Enforcement Unit | Special Branch (SB) | Traffic Enforcement Unit | Women Police (Vanitha Cell)}}
| officetype = Sub Divisions
| officename = {{collapsible list | title= 3| Kollam City | Karunagappally | Chathannoor }}
| stationtype = Police Station
| stations = 18
| lockuptype = District Jail
| lockups = 1
| vehicle1type =
| vehicles1 =
| boat1type =
| boats1 =
| aircraft1type =
| aircraft1 =
| animal1type = Sniffer Dogs (Bomb and Narcotics)
| animals1 = 3
| person1name =
| person1reason =
| person1type =
| programme1 =
| activity1name =
| activitytype =
| anniversary1 =
| award1 = [[ISO 9001]] certification for excellence in office functioning and maintaining high levels of quality control in day-to-day activities (Jan 2018)<ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/iso-for-kollam-police-commissioner-office/article22354099.ece |title=ISO for Kollam Police Commissioner office |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=3 January 2018}}</ref>
| website = [https://kollamcity.keralapolice.gov.in/ Kollam City Police – Official website]
| footnotes =
| reference =
}}

The '''Kollam City Police''' is the law enforcement agency concerned with the maintenance of law and order in the Indian city of [[Kollam]] and the municipalities of [[Karunagappalli]] (Karunagappally division) and [[Paravur, Kollam|Paravur]]([[Chathannoor]] division) along with several towns in Kollam district.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.kollamcitypolice.gov.in/mobile.html |title=Mobile Numbers – Kollam City Police |publisher=Official Website |access-date=13 November 2014 |archive-date=13 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113145849/http://www.kollamcitypolice.gov.in/mobile.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.keralapolice.gov.in/newsite/hello_nominal_kollam.html |title=Hello Kerala Police – Kollam City |publisher=Kerala Police |access-date=13 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113151014/http://www.keralapolice.gov.in/newsite/hello_nominal_kollam.html |archive-date=13 November 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kollam City Police is the first [[ISO 9001]] certified law enforcement agency in [[Kerala]] state and second one in [[India]]. The Kollam City Police has about 2,200 officers and handles an average of 35000 cases per year.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://kollamcity.keralapolice.gov.in/kollam-city-police/about-us/governance |title=Governance of District Police, Kollam City |publisher=Kollam City Police |access-date=8 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/iso-for-kollam-police-commissioner-office/article22354099.ece |title=ISO for Kollam Police Commissioner office |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=3 January 2018}}</ref>
[[File:Kollam City Police Jurisdiction Map, Nov 2024.jpg|right|thumb|Jurisdiction area map of Kollam City Police]]

==History==
In the pre-independence era, [[Kerala]] was divided into princely states of [[Travancore]] and [[Cochin]] and the [[Malabar region|Malabar]] region for the smooth administration. There was no Commissionerate in [[Kollam]] until 2011. The whole district police was administered by [[Deputy superintendent|DySP]] of [[Kollam]], [[Karunagappally]], [[Kottarakkara]] and [[Punalur]]. As per the Government Order no 32/2011/Home dated 5 February 2011, Kollam district police was divided into Kollam Urban Police District (Kollam City Police) and Kollam Rural Police District. The City Police is headed by a City Police Commissioner(CP), with its headquarters at [[Kollam]]. The Police Commissioner holds the rank of [[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendent of Police]] (SP) and is from the IPS cadre. The rural police is headed by the District Police Chief (DPC), with its headquarters at [[Kottarakkara]]. Both heads report to the Deputy Inspector General of Police (DIGP), Thiruvananthapuram Range (Kerala).<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us – Kollam Rural Police |url=http://www.kollamruralpolice.gov.in/html/aboutus.html |publisher=Kollam Rural Police |access-date=13 November 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141113125220/http://www.kollamruralpolice.gov.in/html/aboutus.html |archive-date=13 November 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Kollam City Police came into existence on 1{{nbsp}}March 2011 following the division of the [[Kollam District]] Police force into the Kollam City Police and the [[Kollam Rural Police]].

== Location ==
The office of the Kollam's City Police Commissioner is situated near the Armed Reserve Police Force camp in [[Kollam Cantonment]].
[[File:Armed Reserve Police Camp, Kollam.jpg|thumb|right|Armed Reserve Police Camp]]

==Administrative divisions==
There are a total of 20 police stations under the control of Kollam City Police, 11 of which are under the control of the Kollam Division with 5 further stations under [[Chathannoor]] division and 4 under [[Karunagappally]] division.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.kollamcitypolice.gov.in/policeoffices.html |title=Police Offices – Kollam City Police |publisher=Official Website |access-date=13 November 2014 |archive-date=13 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113190524/http://www.kollamcitypolice.gov.in/policeoffices.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/docs/govt_departments/dept_police/klmdir.pdf |title=Govt. Departments – Kollam Police |publisher=Govt. of Kerala |access-date=13 November 2014 |archive-date=20 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520224844/http://kerala.gov.in/docs/govt_departments/dept_police/klmdir.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Directory – Kollam Police |url=http://www.keralapolice.org/newsite/RIFiles/klm/directory.pdf |publisher=Govt. of Kerala |access-date=13 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719203223/http://keralapolice.org/newsite/RIFiles/klm/directory.pdf |archive-date=19 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Kollam Division===
* Kollam East Police Station
* Kollam West Police Station
* [[Pallithottam]] Police Station
* [[Anchalumoodu|Anchalummoodu]] Police Station
* [[Sakthikulangara]] Police Station
* [[Eravipuram]] Police Station
* [[Kilikollur]] Police Station
* [[Kollam]] Traffic Police Station
* [[Kollam]] East Women Police Station
* Cyber Police Station
* Neendakara Coastal Police Station<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/allwomen-police-stations-in-6-districts-in-kerala/article5589359.ece |title=All-women police stations in 6 districts in Kerala | newspaper=The Hindu |date=18 January 2014 |access-date=25 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/womens-police-station-opened-in-kollam/article7700586.ece |title=Minor shuffle in police department |work=The Hindu |date=28 September 2015 |publisher=Times of India |access-date=7 June 2017}}</ref>

===Chathannoor Division===
* [[Paravur, Kollam|Paravur]] Police Station
* [[Chathannoor]] Police Station
* [[Kottiyam]] Police Station
* [[Kannanalloor]] Police Station
* [[Parippally]] Police Station

===Karunagappally Division===
* [[Karunagappally]] Police Station
* [[Oachira]] Police Station
* [[Chavara]] Police Station
* [[Chavara Thekkumbhagom]] Police Station
[[File:Central Police Canteen, Kollam.jpg|thumb|right|[[Central Police Canteen]] in [[Kollam]] City]]
[[File:Pink Patrol team in Kollam city, Jan 2020.jpg|right|thumb|Pink Patrol team]]

== Special Units ==

* '''District Headquarters Camp''' ('''DHQ''')<ref>[https://kozhikodecity.keralapolice.gov.in/storage-kozhikodecity_keralapolice_gov_in/pages/custom/table/table-zCmldMBJrqoHg7NaFPANRnaRc.pdf Spl.units]</ref> - [[Riot control|Armed Reserve Police]] of the Kollam City Police, headed by a [[Deputy Commandant]]. It mainly deals with crowd control, escort duty, personal security, etc.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Duties and Functions |url=https://kollamcity.keralapolice.gov.in/storage-kollamcity_keralapolice_gov_in/pages/custom/table/table-QEmFnS06MEM6KKp82oo1K9LWq.pdf}}</ref>
* '''District Special Branch''' ('''DSB''') - Intelligence wing of the Kollam City Police, headed by an [[Assistant commissioner of police|Assistant Commissioner]].
* '''C-Branch''' (formerly known as '''Dist. Crime Branch''') - Special crime investigation wing of the Kollam City Police, headed by an Assistant Commissioner.<ref name=":0" />
* '''District Crime Records Bureau''' ('''DCRB''') - Maintains and analyses district crime and criminal data, headed by an Assistant Commissioner.
* '''Police Control Room -''' Coordinates police response and emergency communications, headed by an Assistant Commissioner (Special Branch). There are Control Room Vehicles (CRVs) for responding emergencies and police assistance.<ref name=":0" />
* '''Narcotics Cell''' - Investigates and prevents drug-related offences, headed by an Assistant Commissioner.
** '''DANSAF''' - Operational wing of the Narcotics Cell.
* '''City Traffic Police'''<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Portal - Kozhikode City Traffic Police Station |url=https://ps.keralapolice.gov.in/traffickkdc-ps}}</ref> - Regulates traffic and enforces road safety laws in city limits.
** '''Traffic Enforcement Units''' ('''TEU''')<ref name=":1" /> - field level unit of the traffic police, headed by an [[Inspector|Inspector of Police]].
* '''Pink Police Patrol'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mili |first=Anupama |date=2017-05-05 |title=Pink patrol not always Pink' in Kozhikode {{!}} Pink patrol not always Pink' in Kozhikode |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/050517/pink-patrol-not-always-pink-in-kozhikode.html |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref> - Special patrol unit consisting of women officers, ensuring safety of women and children.
* '''Highway Police''' - Road safety enforcement unit in national and state highways.
* '''Coastal Police Stations'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neendakara Coastal PS |url=https://ps.keralapolice.gov.in/neendakaracostal-ps |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241112135546/https://ps.keralapolice.gov.in/neendakaracostal-ps |archive-date=2024-11-12 |access-date=2026-02-19 |website=ps.keralapolice.gov.in |language=en}}</ref> - Responsible for coastal security, headed by an Inspector/SHO.
* '''Cyber Crime Police Station'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kollam City Cyber PS |url=https://ps.keralapolice.gov.in/kollamcitycyber-ps |access-date=2026-02-19 |website=ps.keralapolice.gov.in}}</ref> - Responsible for cyber crime investigation, headed by an Inspector/SHO.

==City Police Commissioners==

The Office is presently headed by Smt. Kiran Narayanan IPS,{{efn|The administrators are subject to change from time to time.
The Commissioner of Police, Kollam City, holds the rank of Superintendent of Police (SP), as per the government.
The official designation of the Commissioner is District Police Chief, Kollam City.}} Commissioner of Police, who is an [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) officer, as administrative control vests with the [[Department of Home (Kerala)|Home Ministry]] of [[Kerala]].

Departments such as administration, the District Crime Records Bureau (DCRB), District Crime Branch, District Special Branch and Narcotic Cell are each headed by an [[Assistant commissioner (police)|Assistant commissioner]].

* ''N. Gopalakrishnan'' IPS (1 March 2011 – 20 June 2011)
* ''T.J Jose'' IPS [DIG] (20 June 2011 – 9 January 2012)
* ''Gopesh Agrawal'' IPS [DIG] (9 January 2012 – 4 February 2012)
* ''Sam Christy Daniel'' [Addl. Charge] KPS (4 February 2012 – 21 February 2012)
* ''Debesh Kumar Behera'' IPS (21 February 2012 – 27 August 2014)
* ''V. Suresh Kumar'' IPS (27 August 2014 – 29 April 2015)
* ''P. Prakash'' IPS (29 April 2015 – 13 June 2016)
* ''S. Satheesh Bino'' IPS (13 June 2016 – 6 June 2017)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.kollamcitypolice.gov.in/About%20Us.html |title=History – Kollam City Police |publisher=Kollam City Police |access-date=24 October 2016 |archive-date=12 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012222645/http://kollamcitypolice.gov.in/About%20Us.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* ''Ajeetha Begum'' IPS (7 June 2017 – 17 January 2018)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nyoooz.com/news/thiruvananthapuram/831647/minor-shuffle-in-police-department/ |title=History – Kollam City Police |publisher=Nyoooz.com |access-date=24 October 2016}}</ref>
* ''A. Sreenivas'' IPS (17 January 2018 – 8 May 2018)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/commissioner-takes-charge/article22458368.ece |title=Commissioner takes charge |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=18 January 2018}}</ref>
* ''Arul B. Krishna'' IPS (8 May 2018 – 8 October 2018)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/major-reshuffle-in-police-top-brass-1.2795721 |title=Major reshuffle in police top brass |publisher=Mathrubhumi |date=9 May 2018 |access-date=9 May 2018}}</ref>
* ''P. K. Madhu'' IPS (8 October 2018 – 8 June 2019)
* ''[[Merin Joseph IPS|Merin Joseph]]'' IPS (8 June 2019 – 18 September 2019)
* ''P. K. Madhu'' IPS (20 October 2019 – 17 January 2020)
* ''T. Narayanan'' IPS (18 January 2020 – 10 July 2022)
* ''[[Merin Joseph IPS|Merin Joseph]]'' IPS (11 July 2022 – 10 November 2023)
* ''Vivek Kumar'' IPS (11 November 2023 – 14 August 2024)
* ''Chaitra Teresa John'' IPS (15 August 2024 – 31 December 2024)
* ''Kiran Narayanan'' IPS (1 January 2025 – present)

== Developments ==
* A dedicated complex at [[Asramam]] for the district police dog squad was inaugurated by Harshita Attaluri, the then Superintendent of Police on 2 March 2010. The facility cost {{INRConvert|7|l}} and can accommodate four dogs. The dog squad currently consists of three dogs.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/new-dog-squad-complex-in-kollam/article721623.ece |title=New dog squad complex in Kollam |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=5 February 2015}}</ref> On 3 November 2016, a 10-member team of anti-goonda squad has been formed in Kollam city police. The team will supposedly be headed by a sub inspector.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2016/nov/04/kerala-police-adopts-decentralised-system-for-anti-goonda-squad-1534766.html |title=Kerala police adopts decentralised system for anti-goonda squad |publisher=The New Indian Express |access-date=4 November 2016}}</ref>
* On 2 February 2021, Kerala's first district forensic science laboratory started functioning at [[Chathannoor]] in [[Kollam district]]. Physics, Biology and Chemistry, divisions started initially and a cyber forensic division will also be started in the lab shortly.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/first-district-forensic-science-lab-in-kollam/article33741237.ece |title=First district forensic science lab in Kollam |work=The Hindu |date=3 February 2021 |access-date=3 February 2021}}</ref>

The first ISO 9001 accredited School in Kollam District, Kerala is Kalima International school .This Educational Institution located at Oyoor Roaduvila, Near Travancore Engineering College.

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Law enforcement in India |state=expanded}}
{{Kollam |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Government of Kerala]]
[[Category:Metropolitan law enforcement agencies of India]]
[[Category:Kerala Police]]
[[Category:Government of Kollam]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 2011]]

[[ml:കേരള പോലീസ്]]

The Fast and the Furious (2001 film)

2026-03-25T22:33:58Z

Gstnit: expanded structure for consistency

{{Short description|Action film by Rob Cohen}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Fast and the furious poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Rob Cohen]]
| screenplay = {{Plainlist|
* [[Gary Scott Thompson]]
* Erik Bergquist
* [[David Ayer]]
}}
| story = Gary Scott Thompson
| based_on = {{Based on|"Racer X"|Ken Li}}
| producer = [[Neal H. Moritz]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Paul Walker]]
* [[Vin Diesel]]
* [[Michelle Rodriguez]]
* [[Jordana Brewster]]
* [[Rick Yune]]
* [[Chad Lindberg]]
* [[Johnny Strong]]
* [[Ted Levine]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Ericson Core]]
| editing = [[Peter Honess]]
| music = [[BT (musician)|BT]]
| studio = {{Plainlist|
* [[Universal Pictures]]<ref name="SD">{{Cite web |last1=Levy |first1=Emanuel |date=June 21, 2001 |title=The Fast And The Furious (2001) |url=https://www.screendaily.com/the-fast-and-the-furious/406027.article |website=[[Screen Daily]] |publisher=[[Screen International]] |access-date=January 10, 2026}}</ref><ref name="AFI">{{cite web|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/62011-THE-FASTANDTHEFURIOUS|title=The Fast and the Furious|work=[[AFI Catalog of Feature Films]]|access-date=2017-08-04|archive-date=May 26, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526122142/https://catalog.afi.com/Film/62011-THE-FASTANDTHEFURIOUS|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Neal H. Moritz Productions<ref name="Filmaffinity">{{Cite web |title=The Fast and the Furious (2001) |url=https://www.filmaffinity.com/en/film484467.html |website=[[Filmaffinity]] |access-date=January 10, 2026}}</ref>
* Mediastream Film<ref name="Filmaffinity"/><ref name="SD"/>
}}
| distributor = {{Plainlist|
* Universal Pictures (North America)<ref name="SD"/><ref name="AFI"/>
* [[United International Pictures]] (International)<ref name="SD"/>
}}
| released = {{Film date|2001|06|18|[[Fox Theater, Westwood Village|Mann Village Theatre]]|2001|06|22|United States}}
| runtime = 107 minutes<ref name="BBFC">{{Cite web |date=June 21, 2001 |title=''The Fast and the Furious'' (15) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/the-fast-the-furious-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc00otg0ntq |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |access-date=January 10, 2026}}</ref>
| country = United States<ref name="AFI"/><ref name="BFI">{{Cite web |title=The Fast and the Furious (2001) |url=https://collections-search.bfi.org.uk/web/Details/ChoiceFilmWorks/150575626 |website=[[British Film Institute]] |access-date=January 10, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223050023/https://collections-search.bfi.org.uk/web/Details/ChoiceFilmWorks/150575626 |archive-date=December 23, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| language = English
| budget = $38 million<ref name="BOM">{{Cite Box Office Mojo |id=0232500 |access-date=January 10, 2026}}</ref><ref name="NUM">{{Cite The Numbers |id=Fast-and-the-Furious-The |access-date=January 10, 2026}}</ref>
| gross = $207.5 million<ref name="BOM"/>
}}
'''''The Fast and the Furious''''' is a 2001 American [[action film]] directed by [[Rob Cohen]], and written by [[Gary Scott Thompson]], Erik Bergquist, and [[David Ayer]], based on the 1998 ''[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]]'' magazine article "Racer X" by Ken Li. The first installment in the ''[[Fast & Furious]]'' franchise, it stars [[Vin Diesel]], [[Paul Walker]], [[Michelle Rodriguez]], [[Jordana Brewster]], [[Rick Yune]], [[Chad Lindberg]], [[Johnny Strong]], and [[Ted Levine]]. In the film, undercover cop [[Brian O'Conner]] (Walker) infiltrates a street racing crew to investigate a series of hijackings and finds himself developing a complex friendship with the group's leader, [[Dominic Toretto]] (Diesel).

''The Fast and the Furious'' entered development in late 1998, its concept inspired by Li's 1998 ''Vibe'' article about the illegal street racing scene of New York City at the time. Thompson and Bergquist wrote the original screenplay that year, with Ayer hired soon after.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/v8oxRdBRd3I Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20150331004323/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v8oxRdBRd3I Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite magazine|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v8oxRdBRd3I|title=Vin Diesel: 7 Things You Don't Know About Me|magazine=Variety|access-date=February 24, 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Various actors were considered for the roles of O'Conner and Toretto, with Walker cast in 1998 and then Diesel in early 1999, with the pair attending actual street races in preparation for the film. [[Principal photography]] began in July 2000 and finished that October, with filming locations primarily including [[Los Angeles]] and the surrounding area in [[Southern California]]. Record producer [[BT (musician)|BT]] was hired to compose the score.

''The Fast and the Furious'' premiered at the [[Fox Theater, Westwood Village|Mann Village Theatre]] in Los Angeles on June 18, 2001, and was released in the United States on June 22, by [[Universal Pictures]]. Critics praised the action sequences and the performances but criticized its story; the film is considered Diesel's, Walker's, and Rodriguez's [[breakthrough role]]s. ''The Fast and the Furious'' grossed $207 million worldwide on a $38 million budget. The film's success spawned a franchise consisting of 9 sequels, a spin-off film, a TV series, and several video games. It was followed by ''[[2 Fast 2 Furious]]'' in 2003.

== Plot ==

Outside [[Los Angeles]], a heist crew driving three heavily modified [[Honda Civic (fifth generation)|Honda Civics]] hijack a [[Semi-trailer truck|semi-truck trailer]] carrying electronic goods and escape into the night along the [[Terminal Island Freeway]]. Meanwhile, [[LAPD]] officer [[Brian O'Conner]] is sent [[undercover]] as part of a joint LAPD-[[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] [[task force]] to locate the crew responsible.
Brian investigates Toretto's Market & Cafe managed by [[Mia Toretto|Mia]], sister of notorious street racer [[Dominic Toretto|Dominic “Dom” Toretto]]. When Dom's crew arrives{{emdash}}Vince, Leon, Jesse, and Dom's girlfriend Letty{{emdash}}Vince becomes suspicious of Brian and picks a fight with him. As a result of the fight, Dom threatens to fire Brian from his undercover job at Harry's garage and ban him from the market, but Harry manages to reason with him and keep Brian employed.

Brian brings a modified [[Mitsubishi Eclipse|1995 Mitsubishi Eclipse RS]] to a [[Street racing|car meet]], hoping to find a lead on the heist crew. Dom arrives in his [[Mazda RX-7]] and initiates a race. Without credibility, Brian wagers his car; he, Dom, and two other drivers race. Brian's car malfunctions and Dom wins the race, but LAPD officers arrive, forcing Dom to flee. Brian rescues him, helping him escape, inadvertently venturing into territory held by a rival racing gang led by Johnny Tran and his cousin Lance. Tran and Lance destroy the Eclipse, and the two are forced to return to Dom's home on foot. Dom reiterates that Brian still owes him a ten-second car.

Brian delivers a [[Decrepit car|decrepit]] [[Toyota Supra|MK4 Toyota Supra]] to Dom's garage, and the crew begins the process of restoring it. At the same time, he begins dating Mia and looks into Tran's finances.

Hector comes to Harry’s garage and speaks to Brian with the intent to buy performance parts for Honda Civics. While Brian is investigating one of Hector's garages, looking for the Civics that have been involved in the heists, Brian is discovered by Dom and Vince; he convinces the latter he is researching Tran's gang's vehicles in preparation for Race Wars.

In the process, the three discover a large number of electronic goods, which Brian reports to his superiors, [[Sergeant|LAPD Sergeant]] Tanner and [[FBI Special Agent]] Bilkins. Tran is arrested, but is found to have acquired the goods legally. An enraged Bilkins berates Tanner and Brian. Bilkins then informs Brian that the truck drivers have begun arming themselves to kill the hijackers and notifies him that he has 36 hours to find them, whom the former believes was Dom all along. Brian and Dom attend Race Wars, where Jesse wagers and loses his father's [[Volkswagen Vento (A3)|MK3 Volkswagen Jetta]] in a drag race against Tran driving his [[Honda S2000]]. Jesse flees upon losing, resulting in a confrontation between Dom and Tran. Tran accuses Dom of being a [[Informant|narc]], and the two fight before being broken up.

That evening, Brian witnesses Dom leaving with his crew to carry out the heist. Brian reveals his identity to a distraught Mia, convincing her to help him knowing their danger. Dom, Letty, Vince, and Leon attempt to hijack the truck; the driver fires on Vince, critically injuring him and running Letty off the road in the process. Brian and Mia catch up to help, but Brian is forced to reveal his identity when he calls for [[Medical evacuation|MEDEVAC]] to save Vince. Dom, Mia, Letty, and Leon flee the scene before the police arrive.

Later, Brian arrives to arrest Dom, but the latter demands he leave in order to save Jesse from the danger he's in from Tran's gang. Jesse arrives, pleading for help, but he is gunned down by Tran and Lance on motorcycles. Brian foregoes his arrest of Dom and gives chase to Tran and Lance, with Dom getting into his father's 1970 [[Dodge Charger|Dodge Charger R/T]] to pursue Tran and avenge Jesse. During the chase, Dom runs Lance off the road before Brian accidentally kills Tran.

Brian then pursues Dom, and the two agree to a [[Dragstrip|quarter-mile race]] over a [[Level crossing|railroad crossing]]. The race narrowly ends in a draw, but Dom is [[Side collision|t-boned]] by a passing truck. Instead of arresting him, Brian hands over the keys to his Supra, reminding Dom he was owed a ten-second car. He walks away as Dom drives off.

In the post-credits scene, Dom is seen driving through [[Baja California]], Mexico, in a 1970 [[Chevrolet Chevelle]] SS.

== Cast ==
{{multiple image
| direction = horizontal
| align = right
| footer = [[Vin Diesel]] (left) in 2013, [[Paul Walker]] in 2009, and [[Michelle Rodriguez]] in 2006
| image1 = Vin Diesel by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg
| width1 = 175
| image2 = PaulWalkerEdit-1.jpg
| width2 = 147
| image3 = Michelle Rodriguez at the New York Fashion Week crop.jpg
| width3 = 151
| alt =
}}
{{main|List of Fast & Furious cast members{{!}}List of ''Fast & Furious'' cast members|List of Fast & Furious characters{{!}}List of ''Fast & Furious'' characters}}
* [[Vin Diesel]] as [[Dominic Toretto]]: Leader of the heist crew and a professional [[Street racing#United States|street racer]]. He was banned from professional racing after a violent retaliatory attack on the man he believed had accidentally killed his father.
* [[Paul Walker]] as [[Brian O'Conner]]: An [[Los Angeles Police Department|LAPD]] [[police officer]] sent to infiltrate a crew of hijackers and also Mia's primary love interest.
* [[Michelle Rodriguez]] as [[Letty Ortiz]]: A member of Dom's crew and his girlfriend.
* [[Jordana Brewster]] as [[Mia Toretto]]: Dom's sister and owner of the Toretto general store. Brian's love interest.
* [[Rick Yune]] as [[List of Fast & Furious characters#Johnny Tran|Johnny Tran]]: A Vietnamese gang leader and rival of Dom.
* [[Chad Lindberg]] as [[List of Fast & Furious characters#Jesse|Jesse]]: A member of Dom's crew. Highly intelligent with math, algebra, and in computing, but he dropped out of school due to his [[attention deficit disorder]].
* [[Johnny Strong]] as [[List of Fast & Furious characters#Leon|Leon]]: A member of Dom's crew.

The central cast is rounded out by [[Ted Levine]] and [[Thom Barry]] as [[List of Fast & Furious characters#Sergeant Tanner|Tanner]] and [[List of Fast & Furious characters#Agent Bilkins|Bilkins]], respectively, members of the team that organized the investigation to place Brian undercover, and [[Matt Schulze]] as [[List of Fast & Furious characters#Vince|Vince]], a member of Dom's crew and his childhood friend. [[Noel Gugliemi]] appears as [[List of Fast & Furious characters#Hector|Hector]], the organizer of the drag race. Musician and rapper [[Ja Rule]] and car tuner R.J. de Vera also act as Edwin and Danny, fellow drivers at the drag race who race against Dom and Brian. [[Vyto Ruginis]] plays Harry, an informant and owner of ''The Racer's Edge''. [[Reggie Lee (actor)|Reggie Lee]] portrays Lance Nguyen, Tran's cousin, and right-hand man. [[Neal H. Moritz]] and [[Rob Cohen]] both appear in cameos; Moritz plays an unnamed driver of a black [[Ferrari F355]] convertible who is given a challenge by Brian, while Cohen plays a [[Pizza Hut]] delivery man.

== Production ==
=== Development ===
In 2000, actor [[Paul Walker]] had worked with director [[Rob Cohen]] on ''[[The Skulls (film)|The Skulls]]''. Cohen secured a deal with producer [[Neal H. Moritz]] for an untitled action film for [[Universal Pictures]], and approached Walker and asked him to suggest his "dream" action film; Walker suggested a mash-up of the films ''[[Days of Thunder]]'' (1990) and ''[[Donnie Brasco (film)|Donnie Brasco]]'' (1997).<ref name="Amy Kaufman">{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/moviesnow/la-et-mn-paul-walker-furious-death-20150406-story.html|title=How Paul Walker nearly quit the 'Furious' franchise|first=Amy|last=Kaufman|date=6 April 2015|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=3 Aug 2018|archive-date=June 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603025012/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/moviesnow/la-et-mn-paul-walker-furious-death-20150406-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Soon thereafter, Cohen and Moritz brought him the ''[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]]'' magazine article "Racer X" by Ken Li, published in May 1998, which detailed underground street racing operating in New York City,<ref name="Yahoo! Movies">{{cite news|last1=Zakarin|first1=Jordan|title=Meet the Writer Who Made 'The Fast and the Furious' Possible|url=https://www.yahoo.com/movies/fast-and-furious-original-article-writer-114662681722.html|access-date=May 4, 2017|publisher=Yahoo! Movies|date=March 26, 2015|archive-date=September 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912102905/https://www.yahoo.com/movies/fast-and-furious-original-article-writer-114662681722.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and suggested a story set to follow Walker as an undercover cop tasked with infiltrating the world of underground street racing.<ref name="Amy Kaufman" /> The screenplay was originally developed by [[Gary Scott Thompson]] and Erik Bergquist. [[David Ayer]] was brought into the project to help rework the script. Ayer changed it from the "mostly white and suburban story" set in New York to a diverse one set in [[Los Angeles]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nofilmschool.com/fast-and-furious-turns-20|title='Fast and Furious' Survived Because It's About Empowerment|website=nofilmschool.com|date=May 4, 2021|access-date=June 19, 2021|archive-date=February 5, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205235036/https://nofilmschool.com/fast-and-furious-turns-20|url-status=live}}</ref>

Upon being offered the role, Walker signed on immediately.<ref name="Amy Kaufman" /> [[Eminem]] was offered the role, but turned it down to work on the film ''[[8 Mile (film)|8 Mile]]'' (2002), and [[Mark Wahlberg]] and [[Christian Bale]] were also considered.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbssports.com/general/news/the-remarkable-evolution-of-the-fast-and-furious-movie-franchise/|title=The remarkable evolution of the Fast and Furious movie franchise|website=CBSSports.com|date=April 3, 2015|access-date=July 19, 2021|archive-date=May 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520095357/https://www.cbssports.com/general/news/the-remarkable-evolution-of-the-fast-and-furious-movie-franchise/|url-status=live}}</ref> Originally, the studio told the producers they would [[green-light]] the film if they could get [[Timothy Olyphant]] to play the role of Dominic Toretto. Olyphant, however, who had starred in the previous year's car-themed film ''[[Gone in 60 Seconds (2000 film)|Gone in 60 Seconds]]'', declined the role. Olyphant said that he turned down the role as he thought the film would be "stupid".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/timothy-olyphant-explains-why-turned-054040971.html | title=Timothy Olyphant explains why he turned down Vin Diesel's role in 'Fast and Furious' | date=March 29, 2018 | access-date=September 2, 2023 | archive-date=September 2, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902020711/https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/timothy-olyphant-explains-why-turned-054040971.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Moritz instead suggested [[Vin Diesel]], who had to be convinced to take the role even though he had only played supporting roles up to that point.<ref name="Entertainment Weekly">{{Cite magazine |last1=Ross |first1=Robyn |date=April 12, 2017 |title=Vin Diesel Almost Wasn't Dom in 'The Fast & the Furious' |url=https://ew.com/movies/2017/04/12/the-fast-the-furious-vin-diesel-dom-timothy-olyphant/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501020703/http://ew.com/movies/2017/04/12/the-fast-the-furious-vin-diesel-dom-timothy-olyphant/ |archive-date=2022-05-01 |access-date=August 29, 2023 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref> The role of Mia Toretto was originally written for [[Eliza Dushku]], who declined it, and [[Sarah Michelle Gellar]], [[Jessica Biel]], [[Kirsten Dunst]], and [[Natalie Portman]] auditioned before [[Jordana Brewster]] was cast.<ref name="auto"/>

Moritz had difficulty choosing between the titles ''Racer X'' (after the article), ''Redline'', ''Race Wars'' and ''Street Wars'', but was ultimately inspired by a documentary on [[American International Pictures]], which included the 1954 film ''[[The Fast and the Furious (1954 film)|The Fast and the Furious]]''. Moritz was traded use of some stock footage to its director, [[Roger Corman]], in exchange for a license to use the title.<ref>Franich, Darren. [http://ew.com/article/2016/05/25/fast-furious-anniversary-neal-moritz/ "Fast & Furious' producer on the first film: 'We were the little movie nobody really cared about."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815183946/http://ew.com/article/2016/05/25/fast-furious-anniversary-neal-moritz/ |date=August 15, 2023 }} ''EW.com'', May 25, 2016. Retrieved: September 25, 2017.</ref><ref name="oral-history">{{Cite web |last1=Lawrence |first1=Derek |date=May 3, 2021 |title='F---, let's go do it': An oral history of 'The Fast and the Furious' |url=https://ew.com/movies/the-fast-and-the-furious-oral-history/ |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=[[EW.com]] |archive-date=June 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613034922/https://ew.com/movies/the-fast-and-the-furious-oral-history/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/roger-cormans-fight-reclaim-a-868001|title=Roger Corman: How I Made 400 Films, Mentored Coppola and Ended Up Fighting in Court for My Fortune|magazine=The Hollywood Reporter|date=February 25, 2016|access-date=4 May 2017|archive-date=March 31, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331025752/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/roger-cormans-fight-reclaim-a-868001|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
The film was shot in various locations within Los Angeles and parts of [[southern California]], from July to October 2000. Key locations included [[Dodger Stadium]] (the opening scene where Brian tests his Eclipse in the parking lot), [[Angelino Heights, Los Angeles, California|Angelino Heights]], [[Silver Lake, Los Angeles, California|Silver Lake]] and [[Echo Park, Los Angeles, California|Echo Park]] (the neighborhoods around the Toretto house), as well as [[Little Saigon, Orange County|Little Saigon]] (where Tran destroys the Eclipse) and the [[San Bernardino International Airport]] (the venue for ''Race Wars'', which attracted over 1,500 import car owners and enthusiasts). The entire last rig heist scene was filmed along Domenigoni Parkway on the southern side of [[San Jacinto, California|San Jacinto]]/[[Hemet, California|Hemet]] in the [[San Jacinto Valley]] near [[Diamond Valley Lake]].<ref name="Cinema.com">{{cite web |title=Fast and the Furious, The : Production Notes |url=http://www.cinema.com/articles/594/fast-and-the-furious-the-production-notes.phtml |access-date=August 29, 2023 |website=Cinema.com |archive-date=November 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127120640/https://cinema.com/articles/594/fast-and-the-furious-the-production-notes.phtml |url-status=live }}</ref>

Before filming, both [[Jordana Brewster]] and [[Michelle Rodriguez]] did not have driver's licenses, so they took driving lessons during production.<ref name="Cinema.com" /><ref name="oral-history" /> For the climactic race scene between Brian and Dom, separate shots of both cars crossing the railroad and the train crossing the street were filmed, then composited together to give the illusion of the train narrowly missing the cars. A long steel rod was used as a ramp for Dom's car to crash through the semi-truck and fly in mid-air.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}} During filming, 78 cars were wrecked both on and off-screen, of which 3 cars were shown being destroyed in the film's trailer alone.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gibbs |first1=Jamie |date=April 12, 2017 |title=How many cars has the Fast and Furious franchise destroyed? |url=https://www.confused.com/car-insurance/how-many-cars-has-fast-furious-wrecked |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619160238/https://www.confused.com/car-insurance/how-many-cars-has-fast-furious-wrecked |archive-date=2017-06-19 |access-date=12 July 2019 |website=Confused.com}}</ref>
During production, stunt coordinator and [[second unit director]] [[Mic Rodgers]] developed a vehicle named the “Mic Rig” in collaboration with special effects coordinator [[Matt Sweeney (special effects artist)|Matt Sweeney]] and the rest of the film's special effects department.<ref name="Cinema.com" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-06-22 |title=Bad Dialogue, Silliness come Fast & Furious in Race car thriller |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/13558245 |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=Daily Herald |language=en}}</ref>

=== Music ===
{{Main|The Fast and the Furious (soundtrack){{!}}''The Fast and the Furious'' (soundtrack)|More Fast and Furious{{!}}''More Fast and Furious''}}

The film's score was composed by music producer [[BT (musician)|BT]], mixing [[electronica]] with [[Hip hop music|hip-hop]] and [[Industrial music|industrial]] influences. Two soundtracks were released for the film. The first one features mostly hip-hop and rap music. The second one, titled ''[[More Fast and Furious]]'', features [[alternative metal]], [[post-grunge]] and [[nu metal]] songs, as well as select tracks from BT's score.

== Release ==
''The Fast and the Furious'' premiered at the [[Fox Theater, Westwood Village|Mann Village Theatre]] in Los Angeles on June 18, 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cast members Jordana Brewster, Paul Walker, Michelle Rodriguez and... |date=July 29, 2003 |url=https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/cast-members-jordana-brewster-paul-walker-michelle-news-photo/2251065 |access-date=2023-08-27 |publisher=Getty Images |archive-date=August 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827051011/https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/cast-members-jordana-brewster-paul-walker-michelle-news-photo/2251065 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was then released to theaters in the United States on June 22, 2001.

=== Home media ===
''The Fast and the Furious'' was released on [[DVD]] and [[VHS]] on January 2, 2002.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hive4media.com/news/html/breaking_article.cfm?article_id=2362|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020122014239/http://www.hive4media.com/news/html/breaking_article.cfm?article_id=2362|title=DVD Sales are Fast and Furious|website=[[hive4media.com]]|archive-date=January 22, 2002|date=January 8, 2002|access-date=September 22, 2019}}</ref> The DVD release sold 2.1 million copies during its first day of release, making it the second-highest single-day DVD sales of any film, behind ''[[Pearl Harbor (film)|Pearl Harbor]]''.<ref name="DVDRecords">{{cite news |last=Gray |first=Brandon |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/106806544/the-fast-and-the-furious-accelerates/ |title='The Fast and the Furious' accelerates DVD sales |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802163824/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/106806544/the-fast-and-the-furious-accelerates/ |date=January 18, 2002 |access-date=August 2, 2022 |archive-date=August 2, 2022 |page=37 |publisher=[[Argus Leader]] |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |url-status=live}} {{Open access}}</ref> The film also made $18.65 million in video store rental revenue in its first week, a record at the time, beating ''[[Cast Away]]''.<ref name="DVDRecords" /> It was later surpassed by ''[[Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film)|Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone]]'' in May.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/106806374/potter-casts-its-rental-spell/ |title='Potter' casts its rental spell |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802163534/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/106806374/potter-casts-its-rental-spell/ |date=June 6, 2002 |access-date=August 2, 2022 |archive-date=August 2, 2022 |page=67 |publisher=[[Ventura County Star]] |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |url-status=live}} {{Open access}}</ref> More than 5.5 million home video units were sold by April 2002.<ref>{{cite web|first=Holly|last=Wagner|url=http://www.hive4media.com/news/html/theatrical_article.cfm?article_id=3004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020426132156/http://www.hive4media.com/news/html/theatrical_article.cfm?article_id=3004|title=Universal Burns Rubber With 'The Fast and the Furious'|website=[[hive4media.com]]|archive-date=April 26, 2002|date=April 24, 2002|access-date=September 20, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> A second DVD release, dubbed the "Tricked Out Edition", was released on June 3, 2003, and features ''[[The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious]]'', a short film that set the tone of [[2 Fast 2 Furious|the film's sequel]]. An abridged version of the short film is also on the sequel's DVD release.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/UNIVERSAL+UNVEILS+%22THE+FAST+AND+THE+FURIOUS+TRICKED+OUT%22.-a0101853767|title=UNIVERSAL UNVEILS "THE FAST AND THE FURIOUS TRICKED OUT". - Free Online Library|website=www.thefreelibrary.com|access-date=December 16, 2022|archive-date=December 16, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216193328/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/UNIVERSAL+UNVEILS+%22THE+FAST+AND+THE+FURIOUS+TRICKED+OUT%22.-a0101853767|url-status=live}}</ref>

An alternate ending titled "More Than Furious" was filmed, in which Tanner drops Brian off at the Toretto house, where he encounters Mia packing, intending to move away. Brian reveals that he resigned from the LAPD, who let him go quietly, and that he wants another chance with her. When Mia tells him that it is not going to be that simple, Brian tells her that he has time. This ending was released in the collection bundle DVD version.

=== Merchandising ===
[[Racing Champions]] released [[Die-cast toy|diecast metal]] replicas of the film's cars in different scales from 1/18 to 1/64.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ertltoys.com/brand/company_info/press_releases/2003/051303_2fast2furious.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041011093702/http://www.ertltoys.com/brand/company_info/press_releases/2003/051303_2fast2furious.shtml |url-status=dead |title=Racing Champions Ertl Company Press Release|archive-date=October 11, 2004}}</ref> [[RadioShack]] sold [[ZipZaps]] micro [[Radio-controlled car|RC]] versions of the cars in 2002.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.microrccars.com/mods/radioshack_zipzaps/|title=Micro RC Cars: Mods – RadioShack ZipZaps – These Zaps Zip From Radio Shack|website=www.microrccars.com|access-date=4 May 2017|archive-date=March 16, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316201625/http://www.microrccars.com/mods/radioshack_zipzaps/|url-status=live}}</ref> 1/24 scale plastic model kits of the hero cars were manufactured by [[Ertl Company|AMT Ertl]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ertltoys.com/brand/amt/2003/pm_fast_furious.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041102204125/http://www.ertltoys.com/brand/amt/2003/pm_fast_furious.shtml |url-status=dead |title=AMT Ertl – The Fast and the Furious|archive-date=November 2, 2004}}</ref>

A video game was planned for a release in 2003 for the [[PlayStation 2]] and [[Xbox (console)|Xbox]] by [[Vivendi Universal]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gerstmann |first1=Jeff |title=The Fast and the Furious planned for release on the PS2, Xbox |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/the-fast-and-the-furious-planned-for-release-on-the-ps2-xbox/1100-6025621/ |website=[[GameSpot]] |publisher=[[Fandom]] |access-date=4 October 2023 |date=24 April 2003 |archive-date=August 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814141611/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/the-fast-and-the-furious-planned-for-release-on-the-ps2-xbox/1100-6025621/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Two other video games were released in 2004: a mobile game and an arcade game both titled ''The Fast and the Furious''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Buchanan |first1=Levi |title=The Fast and the Furious |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2004/06/22/the-fast-and-the-furious |website=[[IGN]] |publisher=[[Ziff Davis]] |access-date=4 October 2023 |date=22 June 2004 |archive-date=November 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111120208/https://www.ign.com/articles/2004/06/22/the-fast-and-the-furious |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Fast and the Furious™ |url=https://rawthrills.com/games/games-archive/fnf/ |website=[[Raw Thrills]] |access-date=4 October 2023 |archive-date=October 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004123047/https://rawthrills.com/games/games-archive/fnf/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The arcade game was ported to the [[Wii]] as ''[[Cruis'n (video game)|Cruis'n]]'' in 2007.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.gamespot.com/reviews/cruisn-review/1900-6183953/ | title=Cruis'n Review | date=December 12, 2007 | publisher=[[GameSpot]] | author=Alex Navarro | accessdate=November 16, 2014 | archive-date=December 31, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231213217/https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/cruisn-review/1900-6183953/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Box office ===
''The Fast and the Furious'' earned $40,089,015 during its opening weekend and ranked #1 at the box office ahead of ''[[Dr. Dolittle 2]]'', ''[[Lara Croft: Tomb Raider]]'' and ''[[Atlantis: The Lost Empire]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Reese|first=Lori|title=''The Fast and the Furious'' beats ''Dolittle 2''|url=https://ew.com/article/2001/06/25/fast-and-furious-beats-dolittle-2/|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |access-date=November 25, 2022|date=June 25, 2001|archive-date=November 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125222401/https://ew.com/article/2001/06/25/fast-and-furious-beats-dolittle-2/|url-status=live}}</ref> The film became one of the four consecutive Universal films of 2001 to gross $40 million in their opening weekends, with the others being ''[[Jurassic Park III]]'', ''[[American Pie 2]]'' and ''[[The Mummy Returns]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/story?id=103058&page=1|title=Box Office: Audiences Eat Up American Pie 2|website=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]|access-date=November 25, 2022|archive-date=November 7, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107162451/https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/story?id=103058&page=1|url-status=live}}</ref> Its widest release was 2,889 theaters. During its run, the film made $144,745,925 in North America, along with $62,771,584 internationally, for a worldwide total gross of $207,517,995 on a budget of $38 million.<ref name="BOM"/><ref name="NUM"/>

In the United Kingdom, the film ranked in second place at the box office behind ''[[Moulin Rouge!]]'', collecting $2.6 million during its opening weekend.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 September 2001 |author=Robert Mitchell |url=https://www.screendaily.com/the-fast-and-the-furious-races-into-the-uk/406913.article |title=The Fast And The Furious races into the UK |work=[[Screen Daily]] }}</ref>

=== Critical response ===
On [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the film has an approval rating of 55% based on 155 reviews, and an average rating of 5.40/10. The website's critical consensus reads: "Sleek and shiny on the surface, ''The Fast and the Furious'' recalls those cheesy teenage exploitation flicks of the 1950s."<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1108372-fast_and_the_furious/ | work = [[Rotten Tomatoes]] | publisher = [[Fandango Media]] | title = The Fast and the Furious | access-date = May 30, 2025| archive-date = June 8, 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110608015821/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1108372-fast_and_the_furious/ | url-status = live }}</ref> On [[Metacritic]], the film has a weighted average score of 58 out of 100 based on 29 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-fast-and-the-furious |title=The Fast and the Furious |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=April 20, 2020 |archive-date=September 1, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901172702/http://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-fast-and-the-furious|url-status=live}}</ref> Audiences surveyed by [[CinemaScore]] gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.<ref>[https://www.cinemascore.com/ FAST AND THE FURIOUS, THE (2001)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413083139/https://www.cinemascore.com/ |date=April 13, 2022 }} [[CinemaScore]]</ref>

Todd McCarthy of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' called the film "a gritty and gratifying cheap thrill, Rob Cohen's high-octane hot-car meller is a true rarity these days, a really good exploitationer, the sort of thing that would rule at drive-ins if they still existed."<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117798343.html | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120914094415/http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117798343.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = September 14, 2012 | work = Variety | title = The Fast and the Furious | first=Todd | last=McCarthy | date=June 21, 2001}}</ref> Kevin Thomas of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' called it "an action picture that's surprising in the complexity of its key characters and portents of tragedy."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/|title=Entertainment News – Los Angeles Times|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=4 May 2017|archive-date=July 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716100715/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/|url-status=live}}</ref> Vin Diesel's portrayal of Dominic Torretto won praise, with Reece Pendleton of the ''[[Chicago Reader]]'' writing that "Diesel carries the movie with his unsettling mix of Zen-like tranquillity and barely controlled rage."<ref name="Pendleton">{{cite web|url=http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/the-fast-and-the-furious/Film?oid=1062788|title=The Fast and the Furious|first=Reece|last=Pendleton|website=Chicago Reader|date=October 26, 1985|access-date=4 May 2017|archive-date=April 17, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417090045/http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/the-fast-and-the-furious/Film?oid=1062788|url-status=live}}</ref> Future franchise director [[Louis Leterrier]] and star [[Jason Statham]] went to watch the film in [[Paris]] in 2001 while on a break from filming ''[[The Transporter]]'' (2002), and praised it.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/fast-x-louis-leterrier-exclusive/|title=With Fast X, The Fast Family Approaches The Finish Line|date=March 6, 2023|accessdate=March 10, 2023|publisher=Empire|first=Chris|last=Hewitt|archive-date=March 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308030204/https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/fast-x-louis-leterrier-exclusive/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Other reviews were more mixed. Susan Wloszczyna of ''[[USA Today]]'' gave the film 2{{frac|1|2}} out of 4 stars, saying that Cohen "at least knows how to keep matters moving and the action sequences exciting."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/2001-06-22-the-fast-and-the-furious-review.htm|title=USATODAY.com – Car hoods rev up in 'Fast and Furious'|website=www.usatoday.com|access-date=4 May 2017|archive-date=September 10, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090910034640/http://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/2001-06-22-the-fast-and-the-furious-review.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Owen Gleiberman of ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' gave the film a C, saying it "works hard to be exciting, but the movie scarcely lives up to its title."<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,131918,00.html|title=The Fast and the Furious|date=22 June 2001|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|access-date=4 May 2017|archive-date=January 10, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110001018/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,131918,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Elvis Mitchell]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'' stated "such a drag that it ends up doing something hard to imagine: it makes you long for the soulless professionalism of a [[Jerry Bruckheimer]] movie."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/22/movies/film-review-getaway-drivers-take-note-this-one-s-made-for-you.html|title=FILM REVIEW; Getaway Drivers, Take Note: This One's Made for You}}</ref> Rita Kempley of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' gave the film a scathing review, calling it "''[[Rebel Without a Cause]]'' without a cause. ''[[The Young and the Restless]]'' with gas fumes. ''[[The Quick and the Dead (1995 film)|The Quick and the Dead]]'' with skid marks."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/entertainment/movies/reviews/fastandthefuriouskempley.htm |title=The Washington Post – ''Fast'' Leaving Logic in the Dust |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=September 15, 2017 |archive-date=January 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129194227/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/entertainment/movies/reviews/fastandthefuriouskempley.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Paul Clinton of [[Cable News Network|CNN]] wrote that Cohen "created a high-octane, rubber-burning extravaganza" but he criticized the film for "plot holes you could drive the proverbial truck through" and an "idiotic" ending.<ref name="edition.cnn.com">{{Cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2001/SHOWBIZ/Movies/06/22/review.fast.furious/index.html|title=CNN.com – Review: 'Fast and Furious' runs on empty – June 22, 2001|website=CNN|access-date=April 30, 2010|archive-date=December 28, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228131343/http://edition.cnn.com/2001/SHOWBIZ/Movies/06/22/review.fast.furious/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Accolades ===
{{unreferenced section|date=July 2021}}
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Award
! Category
! Nominee
! Result
|-
| [[American Film Institute#AFI Awards|AFI Award]] || Cinematographer of the Year || [[Ericson Core]] || {{Nominated}}
|-
| [[ALMA Award]] || Outstanding Song in a Motion Picture Soundtrack || ''The Fast and the Furious'' for the song "Put It On Me" || {{Nominated}}
|-
| [[ASCAP Award]] || Most Performed Songs from Motion Pictures || Ja Rule for the song "Put It On Me" || {{Won}}
|-
| [[Black Reel Awards|Black Reel]] || Theatrical – Best Actor || [[Vin Diesel]] || {{Nominated}}
|-
| [[BMI Film Music Award]] || || [[BT (musician)|BT]] || {{Won}}
|-
| [[Golden Trailer Awards|Golden Trailer]] || Best Action || ''The Fast and the Furious'' || {{Nominated}}
|-
| Hollywood Breakthrough Award || Breakthrough Male Performance || [[Paul Walker]] || {{Won}}
|-
| [[Golden Reel Award (Motion Picture Sound Editors)]] || Best Sound Editing – Effects & Foley, Domestic Feature Film || Bruce Stambler (supervising sound editor) Jay Nierenberg (supervising sound editor) Michael Dressel (supervising Foley editor) Steve Mann (sound editor) Kim Secrist (sound editor) Steve Nelson (sound editor) Howard Neiman (sound editor) Glenn Hoskinson (sound editor) Tim Walston (sound effects designer) Charles Deenen (sound effects designer) Scott Curtis (Foley editor) Dan Yale (Foley editor) || {{Nominated}}
|-
| [[Golden Reel Award (Motion Picture Sound Editors)]] || Best Sound Editing – Dialogue & ADR, Domestic Feature Film || Bruce Stambler (supervising sound editor) Jay Nierenberg (supervising sound editor) Becky Sullivan (supervising dialogue editor/supervising adr editor) Mildred Iatrou (dialogue editor) Donald L. Warner Jr. (dialogue editor) Robert Troy (dialogue editor) Paul Curtis (dialogue editor) William Dotson (dialogue editor) Cathie Speakman (dialogue editor) Nicholas Vincent Korda (adr editor) Lee Lemont (adr editor) || {{Nominated}}
|-
|rowspan=5| [[MTV Movie & TV Awards|MTV Movie Award]] || Best On-Screen Team || [[Vin Diesel]] [[Paul Walker]] || {{Won}}
|-
| Best Movie || ''The Fast and the Furious'' || {{Nominated}}
|-
| Best Male Performance || [[Vin Diesel]] || {{Nominated}}
|-
| Breakthrough Male Performance || [[Paul Walker]] || {{Nominated}}
|-
| Best Action Sequence || ''The Fast and the Furious'' || {{Nominated}}
|-
| [[2001 Stinkers Bad Movie Awards|Stinkers Award]] || Most Intrusive Musical Score || || {{Won}}
|-
|rowspan=7| [[Taurus Award]] || Best Driving || Matt Johnston Mike Justus Debbie Evans Tim Trella Christopher J. Tuck Kevin Scott (semi driver) || {{Won}}
|-
| Best Work With a Vehicle || Christopher J. Tuck Mike Justus || {{Won}}
|-
| Best Stunt by a Stunt Woman || Debbie Evans || {{Won}}
|-
| Best Stunt by a Stunt Man || Christopher J. Tuck Tim Trella || {{Won}}
|-
| Best Stunt Coordinator and/or 2nd Unit Director: Feature Film || Mic Rodgers || {{Won}}
|-
| Best Work With a Vehicle || Jimmy N. Roberts || {{Nominated}}
|-
| Hardest Hit || Mike Justus || {{Nominated}}
|-
|rowspan=4| [[Teen Choice Awards]] || Choice Movie: Sleazebag || [[Rick Yune]] || {{Nominated}}
|-
| Choice Movie: Hissy Fit || [[Vin Diesel]] || {{Nominated}}
|-
| Choice Movie: Fight Scene || [[Paul Walker]] vs. [[Rick Yune]] || {{Nominated}}
|-
| Choice Summer Movie || ''The Fast and the Furious'' || {{Nominated}}
|}

== Sequel ==
{{Main|2 Fast 2 Furious{{!}}''2 Fast 2 Furious''}}

The film shattered box office expectations and a sequel, ''2 Fast 2 Furious'', was green-lit immediately. Diesel and Cohen declined to return for the sequel, opting to develop the film ''[[XXX (2002 film)|XXX]]'' (2002), which starred Diesel in the lead role. To account for these changes, Universal commissioned the writers to create a [[standalone sequel]] with Walker in the lead and brought in [[John Singleton]] as the new director.<ref name="Yahoo! Movies" /><ref name="Amy Kaufman" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote|The Fast and the Furious (2001 film)|The Fast and the Furious}}
{{Commons category|The Fast and the Furious}}
* {{IMDb title|0232500}}
* {{AFI film|62011}}

{{The Fast and the Furious}}
{{Rob Cohen}}
{{David Ayer}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|2000s|Film|United States|Germany|Cars}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fast and the Furious (2001 film), The}}
[[Category:2001 films]]
[[Category:2001 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2000s chase films]]
[[Category:2001 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2000s heist films]]
[[Category:American action thriller films]]
[[Category:American chase films]]
[[Category:American crime thriller films]]
[[Category:American heist films]]
[[Category:2001 English-language films]]
[[Category:Films about the Los Angeles Police Department]]
[[Category:Films based on newspaper and magazine articles]]
[[Category:Films adapted into television shows]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rob Cohen]]
[[Category:Films produced by Neal H. Moritz]]
[[Category:Films scored by BT (musician)]]
[[Category:Films set in Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Films set in Mexico]]
[[Category:Films shot in Los Angeles]]
[[Category:German action thriller films]]
[[Category:German crime thriller films]]
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[[Category:Films with screenplays by David Ayer]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Gary Scott Thompson]]
[[Category:Fast & Furious films]]
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[[Category:2001 American films]]
[[Category:2001 German films]]
[[Category:English-language crime thriller films]]
[[Category:English-language action thriller films]]

Chittoor Municipal Corporation

2026-03-24T20:21:22Z

Gstnit:

{{Short description|Local civic body in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}

{{Infobox legislature
| name = Chittoor Municipal Corporation<hr />{{small|Cittūru nagara pālaka saṅghamu చిత్తూరు నగర పాలక సంఘము}}
| coa_pic = Cto railway station.jpg
| coa_res = 250px
| coa_alt =
| house_type = Municipal Corporation
| body = Chittoor
| foundation = 2012
| houses =
| leader1_type = [[Mayor]]
| leader1 = ''Vacant'' (since 18 March 2026)
| leader2_type = [[Deputy Mayor]]
| leader2 = ''Vacant'' (since 18 March 2026)
| leader3_type = Corporation Commissioner
| leader3 = P Narasimha Prasadh
| members = '''50'''
| house1 =
| house2 =

| structure1_res = 250px
| structure2 =
| structure2_res =
| political_groups2 =
| committees1 =
| committees2 =
| voting_system1 =
| voting_system2 =
| last_election1 = 10th March 2021
| next_election1 = ''TBH''

| session_room =
| session_res =
| meeting_place = ''NTR Council meeting hall'' at '''Chittoor municipal corporation office'''.
| website = {{URL|https://chittoor.cdma.ap.gov.in/|Chittoor Municipal corporation}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Chittoor Municipal Corporation''' is a civic body of [[Chittoor]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="cmc">{{cite web|title=Chittoor Municipal Corporation|url=http://chittoormunicipalcorporation.com/|website=Official website of Chittoor Municipal Corporation|accessdate=12 February 2016}}</ref> In 2012 Chittoor Municipality is upgraded to Chittoor Municipal Corporation. Municipal Corporation mechanism in India was introduced during British Rule with formation of municipal corporation in Madras ([[Chennai]]) in 1688, later followed by municipal corporations in Bombay ([[Mumbai]]) and Calcutta ([[Kolkata]]) by 1762.<ref name="May ref5">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Anupam |title=City Mayors: Indian Mayors |url=http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/indian-mayors.html |access-date=29 October 2021 |publisher=citymayors.com}}</ref> Chittoor Municipal Corporation is headed by [[Mayor]] of city and governed by [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Commissioner]].

==History==
The municipality of Chittoor was constituted as a ''III–Grade'' in the year 1917. It was then upgraded to ''II–Grade'' in 1950, ''I–Grade'' in 1965, ''Special Grade'' in 1980 and then to ''Selection Grade'' in 2000. It was upgraded to corporation on 7 September 2012.<ref name="stats">{{cite web|title=Chittoor Municipal Corporation at a Glance|url=http://chittoormunicipalcorporation.com/general.html|website=Official website of Chittoor Municipal Corporation|accessdate=12 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622020120/http://chittoormunicipalcorporation.com/general.html|archive-date=22 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Jurisdiction ==

The corporation is spread over an area of {{Convert|95.97|km2|abbr=on}} with 51 election wards. It also includes fourteen villages namely, Obanapalli, Mangasamudram, Santhapet, Anupalli, Bandapalle, Doddipalle, Kukkalapalli, Mapakshi, Murakambattu, Muthirevula, Narigapalle, Ramapuram, Thenebanda, Thimmsanipalle and Varigapalle which were merged into the corporation.<ref name="stats" />

== List of Mayors ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! colspan="8" |Chittoor Municipal Corporation (CMC)
|-
!Sno.
!Mayor
!DY Mayor
!Term start
!Term end
!colspan=2 |Party
!Notes
|-
|1.
|K. Anuradha
|R. Subramanyam
|2014
|2015
|rowspan="1" |[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|rowspan="1" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}"|
|First Women Mayor of CMC
|-
|2.
|K. Hemalatha
|R. Subramanyam
|2015
|2019
|rowspan="1" |[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|rowspan="1" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}"|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |3.
| rowspan="2" |S. Amudha
|R. Chandrasekhar N. Rajesh Kumar Reddy
|2021
|2024
|[[YSR Congress Party]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}"|
|
|-
|R. Chandrasekhar
|2024
|2026
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}"|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-05 |title=Setback for YSRCP as Chittoor mayor, deputy mayor, 23 corporators join TDP |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/setback-for-ysrcp-as-chittoor-mayor-deputy-mayor-23-corporators-join-tdp/article68370801.ece |access-date=2026-01-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|}
=== 2021 ordinary elections ===

{|CLASS="sortable wikitable"
|-
!S.No.
!colspan=2|Party name
!Symbol
!Won
!Change
|-
!1
|bgcolor="{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}"|
|[[YSR Congress Party]]
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Ceiling Fan.svg|105px]]
|46
|{{no change}}
|-
!2
|bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}"|
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Cycle.png|55px]]
|3
|{{no change}}
|-
!3
|bgcolor=#C1C1C1|
|[[Independent politician|Independents]]
|
|1
|{{no change}}
|-
|}

== Administration ==

The corporation is administered by an elected body, headed by a [[Mayor (India)|mayor]]. The corporation population as per the [[2011 Census of India]] was 153,756. The present commissioner of the corporation is P Narasimha prasadh and the [[mayor]] is S Amudha.<ref name="cmc" />

== Functions ==
Chittoor Municipal Corporation is created for the following functions:<ref name="Ch9">{{cite news |title=Municipal Corporation - Functions, Roles, Members Qualification and Term |url=https://www.elections.in/government/municipal-corporation-in-india.html |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref name="Ch10">{{cite news |title=Good municipal governance key to improve quality of life {{!}} Pune News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/good-municipal-governance-key-to-improve-quality-of-life/articleshow/57320746.cms |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=The Times of India |date=24 February 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

* Planning for the town including its surroundings which are covered under its Department's Urban Planning Authority .
* Approving construction of new buildings and authorising use of land for various purposes.
* Improvement of the town's economic and Social status.
* Arrangements of water supply towards commercial, residential and industrial purposes.
* Planning for fire contingencies through Fire Service Departments.
* Creation of solid waste management, public health system and sanitary services.
* Working for the development of ecological aspect like development of Urban Forestry and making guidelines for environmental protection.
* Working for the development of weaker sections of the society like mentally and physically handicapped, old age and gender biased people.
* Making efforts for improvement of slums and poverty removal in the town.

== Revenue sources ==

The following are the Income sources for the Corporation from the Central and State Government.<ref name="Ch11">{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Why civic bodies in India need municipal bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-civic-bodies-in-india-need-municipal-bonds/article33237962.ece |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ch12">{{cite news |title=Municipal corporations under severe strain as revenues sink: RBI Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/municipal-corporations-under-severe-strain-as-revenues-sink-rbi-report-314215-2021-12-02 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=2 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ch13">{{cite news |title=If cities are to deliver better quality life, need to have business models which are sustainable |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/if-cities-are-to-deliver-better-quality-life-need-to-have-business-models-which-are-sustainable/642276/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Financialexpress |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Revenue from taxes ===
Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Property tax.
* Profession tax.
* Entertainment tax.
* Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax.
* Advertisement tax.

=== Revenue from non-tax sources ===

Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Water usage charges.
* Fees from Documentation services.
* Rent received from municipal property.
* Funds from municipal bonds.

=== Revenue from taxes ===
Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Property tax.
* Profession tax.
* Entertainment tax.
* Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax.
* Advertisement tax.

=== Revenue from non-tax sources ===

Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Water usage charges.
* Fees from Documentation services.
* Rent received from municipal property.
* Funds from municipal bonds.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Urban local bodies in Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Chittoor district}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Municipal corporations in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Chittoor]]
[[Category:1917 establishments in India]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

Chitra (2001 film)

2026-03-24T14:19:25Z

Gstnit: creating basic data more to come.

{{short description|2001 film by Dinesh Baboo}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Chitra
| image = Chithra (2001).jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Dinesh Baboo]]
| screenplay = Dinesh Baboo
| story = [[Teja (director)|Teja]]
| writer = J. K. Bharavi
| based_on = ''[[Chitram]]'' (2000)
| starring = [[Nagendra Prasad|Prasad]] [[Rekha Vedavyas]]
| producer = [[Ramoji Rao]]
| music = [[Gurukiran]]
| cinematography = Dinesh Baboo, P. K. H. Das
| editing = P. R. Sounder Rajan
| studio = [[Ushakiran Movies]]
| released = {{Film date|2001|08|17|df=yes}}
| runtime = 2 hours 38 minutes
| language = Kannada
| country = India
| budget =
}}

'''''Chitra''''' ({{translation|Picture}}) is a 2001 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by [[Dinesh Babu]] and produced by [[Ramoji Rao]]. A remake of the Telugu film ''[[Chitram]]'' (2000), directed by [[Teja (film director)|Teja]], the film stars [[Nagendra Prasad|Prasad]] and newcomer [[Rekha Vedavyas]] with [[Ananth Nag]] in a supporting role. The film had musical score by [[Gurukiran]], which was well received. The film, upon release, was well received and declared a [[Silver_jubilee#South_Asian_film_terminology|silver jubilee]] at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chitraloka.com/flash-back/2898-2001-year-round-up.html|title=2001 Year Round Up|date=28 December 2001|work=Chitraloka|access-date=19 December 2022|archive-date=19 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319190708/https://www.chitraloka.com/flash-back/2898-2001-year-round-up.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/dec/22ss.htm|title=Band of brothers|last=Rajita|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=22 December 2001}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/kannada-film-industry-bahala-chennagide/articleshow/1101073884.cms|title=Kannada film industry 'Bahala Chennagide'|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 July 2001|last=Mehu|first=Sowmya Aji}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Nagendra Prasad|Prasad]] as Ramu
* [[Rekha Vedavyas]] as Chitra (credited as Chitra)
* [[Anant Nag]] as Ramu's father
* [[Aniruddha Jatkar]] as Ramu's friend
* [[Sunil Raoh]] as Ramu's friend
* [[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]]
* [[Gurukiran]]
* [[Master Anand]] as Prashanth
* [[Vinayak Joshi]]
* Ganesh Varsha
* [[Sanketh Kashi]] as Govinda, Kannada lecturer
* Naga Prasad
* [[Ramesh Bhat]]
* Ashalatha
* [[Vanitha Vasu]]
* [[Bank Janardhan]]
* [[Mandeep Roy]]
* Sri Gowri
* Master Arun
* Baby Raksha
* John D'Souza
* M. N. Suresh
}}

== Production ==
This is [[Prabhu Deva]]'s brother [[Nagendra Prasad|Prasad]]'s first Kannada film. Model [[Rekha Vedavyas]] plays an [[non-resident Indian|NRI]] student in the film. She received the role after one of the producers, Jayashri Devi, saw her photographs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/with-stars-in-her-eyes/articleshow/267452121.cms|title=With stars in her eyes|date=3 December 2000|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Chitra
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Gurukiran]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Film date|2001}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Anand Audio]]
| producer =
| prev_title = Premi No.1
| prev_year = 2001
| next_title = Majnu
| next_year = 2001
}}

The music of the film was composed by [[Gurukiran]]. The soundtrack was well received upon release and Gurukiran won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Kannada|Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]] for the year 2001.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Nuvvu-Nenu-wins-4-Filmfare-awards/articleshow/6011249.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921025343/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-04-06/hyderabad/27122602_1_filmfare-film-award-actor-award | url-status=live | archive-date=21 September 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Nuvvu Nenu wins 4 Filmfare awards | date=6 April 2002}}</ref> The lyric "Jinke Mari" ({{Translation|Little deer}}) from "Pori Tapori" earned [[Rekha Vedavyas]] the name Jinke Mari Rekha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-rekha/20120328.htm|title=Meet Rekha, the Jinke Mari girl|first=Srikanth|last=Srinivasa|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=28 March 2012|access-date=2 April 2024}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Pori Tapori Bandlo
| extra1 = Shankar Shanbog, [[Sonu Nigam]], Murali Mohan, [[Gurukiran]], [[Arun Sagar]]
| lyrics1 = [[K. Kalyan]]
| length1 = 04:33
| title2 = Jhum Jhum Romanchana
| extra2 = [[Sonu Nigam]]
| lyrics2 = K. Kalyan
| length2 = 04:14
| title3 = LOVE Geethanjali
| extra3 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| lyrics3 = K. Kalyan
| length3 = 05:37
| title4 = Punjabnalli Tension
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Murali Mohan
| lyrics4 = K. Kalyan
| length4 = 05:16
| title5 = Usire Jojo
| extra5 = Sonu Nigam
| lyrics5 = K. Kalyan
| length5 = 04:36
| title6 = Zimbole Zimbole
| extra6 = Sonu Nigam, [[Suresh Peters]]
| lyrics6 = K. Kalyan
| length6 = 05:06
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Chitraloka.com]]'' wrote that "No fights, not much of melodrama (exception to first half) a bunch of friends looking after the comedy department and Gurukiran to make you crazy and of course handling the minute elements effectively is what draws you to this film".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chitraloka.com/movie-reviews/2694-chitra-review.html|title=Chitra Movie Review|date=18 May 2002|work=[[Chitraloka.com]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219192417/https://www.chitraloka.com/movie-reviews/2694-chitra-review.html|archive-date=19 December 2022|access-date=19 December 2022|url-status=dead}}</ref> A critic from ''indiainfo'' rated the film three out of five and wrote that "Though ''Chitra'' has a serious social message, it is packed with good humour & acting by co-stars. Dinesh Babu's story telling with humour is there in this movie too. Hence it is a well-balanced movie".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/kannada/reviews/chitra.html|title=Teenager's Chitra|website=indiainfo.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020611200042/http://movies.indiainfo.com/kannada/reviews/chitra.html|archive-date=11 June 2002}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{Dinesh Baboo}}

[[Category:2001 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2001 Indian films]]
[[Category:2001 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2001 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Gurukiran]]
[[Category:Teenage pregnancy in film]]
[[Category:Films directed by Dinesh Baboo]]

{{2000s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Pattamundai

2026-03-24T13:20:28Z

Gstnit: started the post basic info

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pattamundai
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Odisha#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Odisha, India
| coordinates = {{coord|20.57|N|86.57|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Odisha]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kendrapara district|Kendrapara]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Local ([[Municipal governance in India|Municipality]])
| governing_body = [[Pattamundai Municipality]]
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name =Hemant Kumar Sahoo<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/bhubaneswar/nigamananda-devotees-hold-chariot-procession.html|title=Nigamananda devotees hold chariot procession|date=8 February 2017|publisher= The Pioneer|access-date=11 August 2018}}</ref>
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 2.54
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 6
| population_total = 36,528
| population_as_of = 2011 [Actual Numbers Might Be Much Higher]
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Oriya language|Odia]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 754215
| area_code = 06729
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = OD-29
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Pattamundai''' is a town and a municipality in [[Kendrapara district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Odisha]], located on the centre of SH-9A from [[Cuttack]] to [[Chandbali]] along the south end of [[Brahmani River]]. It is also the headquarter of Pattamundai Block.

==Etymology==
Pattamundai derives its name from being the last town(head=munda) on the gate(patak) on the Pattamundai Canal and Gobari Canal junction at Alva.{{Citation needed|date=February 2018}} and the Gobari canal ends at Gandakia, the present end point of the Gobari river. The Gobari river is still active in some portion. nd there are many theories prevailing on the sources of derivations and we may place those derivations as follows:

'''01.''' The earlier name was ''"PATUMUNDA" (ପଟୁମୁଣ୍ଡା)'' (Patu+Munda) and it has been converted to current name through colloquial processes. And the word PATU is an Odia word which means the "Alluvial soil or silt" which is normally flows with the floods in the rivers (as per Page 4526, Purna chandra Bhasakosha by Late Gopal Praharaj). And the word "Munda" is head or side in Odia. The Brahmani river was earlier flowing through this village long back. You can find now the marks of the river beds between present village "Bangali Diha and Mandapada" (ବଂଗାଲିଦିଆ ଓ ମଣ୍ଡପଡ଼ା) and " Kasananta and [[Balipada]]". (The Brahmani had a branch linking "the Gobari" river which is now called "the Pota Nai" and the branching happened at the place where the building of Sub-Registrar Office, Pattamundai is now standing and it was called "Chatara"(ଚତର), which I have heard during my school days. The word "Chatara" also means "A wide expansion of plot of the surface of a tank not overgrown or covered with aquatic grass or reeds" (Page-2518 - Purnachandra Bhashakosha By Late Praharaj). The branch was called the Gobari and as the river was dead after the track of the Brahmani changed to a straight link after the village "Balipatana" towards village "Patrapur". When the river Gobari was live, during floods heavy deposits of the alluvial soil was deposited at "chatar" location. Hence the village was called "Patu Munda"

'''02.''' The second derivation is from the name ''"PATAMUNDA" (ପାଟମୁଣ୍ଡା)'' (Pata+Munda). The theory goes like this. The Rivers do have some unique features like "PATA"(ପାଟ) and "PALA"(ପାଳ) on them. The word "PATA" (ପାଟ) which denotes "Fen; Low and unproductive land; Bog; Marsh; Swamp" (page-4722 of Purna Chandra Bhashakosha) and the word "PALA"(ପାଳ) means "the silted land on the bed or bank of a river". Among many Patas of the area, the biggest was the "BOITALA PATA", which was few kilometres towards eastern direction of the Brahmani and the Gobari river system. And many villages now exists like Taradipala, PenthaPala, Belapala in these river systems. As the village was situated on a side of a larger Pata, the naming also might be justified with the name "PATA MUNDA". And with passage of time it is now Pattamundai.

'''03.'''.The weaker derivation might be, the name of the town is derived from the word "Pata" which means [[Lock (water navigation)|Canal Gate]] a reference to the ancient lock on Pattamundai Canal at Alva and "Munda" means head. It is the biggest market-hub in the whole of [[Kendrapara]] District due to its position and connectivity to Rajnagar, [[Aali, Odisha|Aali]], Rajkanika & [[Cuttack]].Pattamundai is famous for Durga Puja.

==History==
Pattamundai is an ancient trading river port. The town came into historical limelight during the [[Mughal Empire]]. However, no archaeological remains have been found. Scanning the area is almost impossible as for the high density of population that resides over it. [[Akbar]] established the land revenue system here in 1515 AD. Mentions can be found when Emperor Aurangzeb imparted financial and manpower patronage to the [[Madrasa]] at Pattamundai port to impart education to their children, which even flourishes today. Muslim ruled from 1576 to 1751 AD. Pattamundai was under the Utikan Pargana and they placed an Amil here for land revenue collection.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J1SC33vLHZIC&pg=PA14|title=Development of Modern Education in India: An Empirical Study of Orissa|author=Bina Kumari Sarma|year=1996|publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd.|page=14|isbn=81-85880-94-8}}</ref> British forces under Colonel Harcourt marched from Cuttack to Kujang sometime during late October- early November 1803 and Pattamundai fell from the hands of the Marathas unopposed. The [[Paik Rebellion|Paika Bidroha]] broke out in the neighboring kingdom of Khurda in 1817 and had spread to Pattamundai in July, where 200 paikas attacked the [[Police station|Thana]] and killed many.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M9YBAAAAMAAJ&q=patamundai+thana|author=Prafulla Kumar Pattanaik|title=A Forgotten Chapter of Orissan History: With Special Reference to the Rajas of Khurda and Puri, 1568-1828|year=1979|publisher=Punthi Pustak|pages=319}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-Oodisha-to-demand-paika-rebellion-be-called-the-first-war-of-2506320|access-date=9 October 2017|title=Odisha to demand Paika rebellion be called the first war of Independence in Indian History|publisher=Diligent Media Corporation Ltd.}}</ref> The Pattamundai Thana included 3 influential [[Zamindar]] lords - Bhatikona, Ali & Kanika.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WAicQsB1jkgC|title=Early Women's Writings in Orissa, 1898-1950: A Lost Tradition|author=Sachidananda Mohanty|year=2005|publisher=SAGE Publications|pages=241}}</ref> Mention can be found during Damage Assessment after the floods in October 1848 when it used to be a Taluka under the Utikan Estate (pargana), Madanpur.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GgFIAAAAMAAJ&q=pattamundai|title=The Journal of Orissan History|volume=11|publisher=Orissa History Congress|year=1991}}</ref> The Cuttack-Chandbali road had to be lowered a number of timer to allow the flood water to pass by so as to prevent abnormal flooding. In the [[Kendrapara]] sub-division the great cyclone of September 1885 destroyed 46 villages in thana Patamundai, most of the inhabitants of which were either drowned or succumbed to the fever and [[cholera]] which usually form the sequel of such calamities, while those that survived
emigrated to tracts less exposed to the destructive action of storm- waves. In the census of 1901, it was noted that the population of pattamundai was steadily growing after the construction of protective embankments and the offer of easy terms of settlement by the [[British Raj|British]] led to considerable reclamation of land which had been thrown out of cultivation by the salt-water floods of 1885. The Sub-Registrar's office was opened in Pattamundai in 1908.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.93207/2015.93207.Bihar-And-Orissa-District-Gazetteerscuttacked2_djvu.txt|access-date=2017-10-09|title=BIHAR AND ORISSA DISTRICT GAZETTEERS CUTTACK|publisher=L. S. S. O’MALLEY, i.c.s.}}</ref> Pattamundai was a part of the Cuttack District until 1994. During the British period it was an important point between the capital city of Cuttack and the estates of [[Aali, Odisha|Aali]] & Kanika and the ports of Chandabali and Dhamara. Being a major center of business, markets flourished here along with other places like [[Jajpur]], [[Jagatsinghpur]], [[Kendrapara]]. Agricultural and hand crafted products were exported to other parts of India like [[Madras]], [[Bombay]], [[Ceylon]], the Maldive islands and [[Europe]]an countries.<ref>{{cite book|page=297|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1AA9W9_4Z9gC&pg=PA297|title=Economic History Of Orissa|editor=Nihar Ranjan Patnaik|publisher=Indus Publishing Company|year=1997|isbn=81-7387-075-6}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Pattamundai Brahmani river.jpg|thumb|View of River Brahmani from Nilakanthapur Village Near Pattamundai]]
Pattamundai is located at 20.57°N 86.57°E.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/21/Patamundai.html|title=Patamundai, India Page|access-date=2017-10-09|publisher=Falling Rain Software, Ltd. 1996-2017}}</ref> Pattamundai is located 22 km from the [[Bay of Bengal]] in the [[Utkal Plains]], at an elevation of 6 m from sea level. Pattamundai is a flat, low-lying delta region in the Lower [[Mahanadi River]] basin. The Brahmani river divides it from the [[Aul, Odisha|Aali Block]]. The [[Pattamundai Canal]] running from [[Cuttack]] to Alva Lock (80.5 km) constructed by the [[East India Company]] during the mid 19th century,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dowrorissa.gov.in/ActivitiesReport/CEcumPDPMUOIIAWMIP/Pattamundai%20Canal%20Divn.,Kendrapada.pdf|title=Annual Report 2015-16 of Pattamundai Canal Division, Kendrapara|access-date=9 October 2017|publisher=Government Of Odisha}}</ref> is a major irrigation canal passing through the city.
The [[Brahmani River|river Brahmani]] is passing by the side of this municipality and flood water of this river has been inundating over 50% geographical area of this municipality every year. This municipality also comes under the purview of cyclonic zone. So the residence of this municipality suffers a lot due to natural calamity every year.

==Climate==
Pattamundai experiences a [[tropical wet and dry climate]]. The summers are much rainier than the winters in Pattamundai. This location is classified as Aw by Köppen and Geiger. The average annual temperature in Pattamundai is 27.0 °C. Precipitation here averages 1502 mm.. The summer season is from March to June when the climate is hot and humid. The temperature around this season is 35 °C to 40 °C Thunderstorms are common at the height of the summer. Rains brought by the [[Bay of Bengal]] branch of the [[Southwest monsoon|south west summer monsoon]] lash Pattamundai between June and September, supplying it with most of its annual rainfall of {{convert|1502|mm|in|abbr=on|0}}. The highest monthly rainfall total, {{convert|343|mm|in|abbr=on|0}}, occurs in August. from the South West Monsoon. Temperatures are considerably lower during the rainy season, averaging around 30 °C. The winter season from November to February is characterised by mild temperatures and occasional showers. The winter months feature chilly northerly winds which bring down the temperature to around 15 °C, though the bright sunshine helps maintain the pleasant weather. Temperatures may exceed 45 °C at the height of summer and may fall below 10 °C in winter.

{{Weather box
|location= Pattamundai
|metric first= yes
|single line= yes
|Jan record high C = 27.3
|Feb record high C = 29.9
|Mar record high C = 33.8
|Apr record high C = 36
|May record high C = 36.1
|Jun record high C = 34.2
|Jul record high C = 31.3
|Aug record high C = 31.3
|Sep record high C = 31.6
|Oct record high C = 30.6
|Nov record high C = 29.1
|Dec record high C = 27.2

|Jan mean C= 21.3
|Feb mean C= 23.9
|Mar mean C= 27.9
|Apr mean C= 30.6
|May mean C= 31.4
|Jun mean C= 30.3
|Jul mean C= 28.5
|Aug mean C= 28.6
|Sep mean C= 28.7
|Oct mean C= 27.2
|Nov mean C= 23.9
|Dec mean C= 21.2

|Jan record low C = 15.4
|Feb record low C = 18
|Mar record low C = 22.1
|Apr record low C = 25.2
|May record low C = 26.7
|Jun record low C = 26.4
|Jul record low C = 25.8
|Aug record low C = 25.9
|Sep record low C = 25.8
|Oct record low C = 23.8
|Nov record low C = 18.8
|Dec record low C = 15.2

|Jan precipitation mm= 12
|Feb precipitation mm= 30
|Mar precipitation mm= 31
|Apr precipitation mm= 31
|May precipitation mm= 75
|Jun precipitation mm= 202
|Jul precipitation mm= 290
|Aug precipitation mm= 343
|Sep precipitation mm= 260
|Oct precipitation mm= 174
|Nov precipitation mm= 47
|Dec precipitation mm= 7

|source 1= climate-data.org<ref name=NOAA>{{cite web|url=https://en.climate-data.org/location/969162/|title=Climate: Pattamundai|publisher=[[climate-data.org]]|access-date=9 October 2017}}</ref>|date=May 2012}}

===Floods===
Due to the proximity to coast and being located near the delta of some great river systems, cyclones and floods are a permanent feature of this region<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2017/aug/04/after-flood-epidemic-rears-its-ugly-head-in-odisha-1638154.html|date=14 August 2017|access-date=9 October 2017|title=After flood, epidemic rears its ugly head in Odisha|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> from the [[Bay of Bengal]]. The rivers that flood Pattamundai are Brahmani, Kani and Gobari. Some great floods recorded after the advent of the British Raj are in 1855,1866,1892,1896, August 1907, August 1920, August–September 1926, August–September–October 1955, Aug-Oct 1971, 1977,1979,1982, 1991,1992,1994,1995,1997,1999,2001,2003,2006, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2013. Besides. Tsunami, drought, crop loss, cyclone, sun-stroke, lightning
etc. are the natural calamities faced by the district which has impact on the economy of the district.

===Cyclones===
Some great recorded cyclones occurred in 1445 (during reign of Kapilendra Dev), 1823 (Balesore Cyclone), 1831, 1832, 1835, 14 to 16 October 1842, 1865 (25% people perished in famine, followed by diarrhoea in 1886), 22 Sept 1885, June 1890 (9/10th people neither had grain nor any means of purchasing it), 22 Sept 1892 (cyclone washed away 300 villages and changed the geological map of Kendrapara District), storm of 1893 & 1908, 1936, 9 September 1967 (all water bodies contaminated & food grains washed away in tsunami and rain), 29 October 1971 (10,000 deaths in the state),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.osdma.org/ViewDetails.aspx?vchglinkid=GL002&vchplinkid=PL005|title=History of Cyclone|access-date=9 October 2017|publisher=Odisha State Disaster Management Authorities|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714162617/http://www.osdma.org/ViewDetails.aspx?vchglinkid=GL002&vchplinkid=PL005|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> 3 June 1982 (Summer Cyclone), Super Cyclone of 1999 (1,45,000 houses completely washed away, 375 human casualties and the value of loss of property was estimated to be Rs.6,18,43,23,000), October 2013 (Phailin, Rs. 1,37,17,11,900 agricultural loss & loss of property Rs. 1,03,71,71,190), 2014 (Hud-Hud). The [[United Nations Development Programme]] reports that there is "very high damage risk" from winds and [[cyclone]]s.<ref name=hazardprofile/> The [[1999 Odisha cyclone]] caused severe damage to the town claiming many lives.<ref>{{cite news|last=Goldenberg|first=Suzanne|title=Cyclone kills hundreds in India|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/nov/01/naturaldisasters.weather1|access-date=9 October 2017|newspaper=The Guardian|date=1 November 1999}}</ref>
Crocodiles escape from the Bhitarkanika National park during flood times and roam free around the region.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2017/aug/02/odisha-crocodile-alert-for-flood-affected-villages-of-bhitarkanika-1637104.html|date=2 August 2017|access-date=9 October 2017|title=Odisha: Crocodile alert for flood-affected villages of Bhitarkanika|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

===Heat Wave===
In May 1998, the heat waves caused sun-stroke which blew over coastal Odisha including Pattamundai. During this period, the temperature of Pattamundai was between 45 and 48 degree Celsius. 15 people died of sunstroke in Kendrapara district in 1998.

Flood and Cyclone are a perennial phenomenon of Pattamundai. The main cause of concern is the geographical location of the town and the rivers system netting in the region. The [[Bureau of Indian Standards]] places the city inside [[Earthquake hazard zoning of India|seismic zone III]] on a scale ranging from {{nowrap|I to V}} in order of increasing susceptibility to earthquakes.<ref name=hazardprofile>{{cite web|url=http://www.undp.org.in/dmweb/hazardprofile.pdf|title=Hazard profiles of Indian districts|access-date=23 August 2006|work=National Capacity Building Project in Disaster Management|publisher=[[UNDP]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060519100611/http://www.undp.org.in/dmweb/hazardprofile.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2006}}</ref>

==Culture==
Pattamundai has a religious brotherhood and people from all religions celebrate festivals together.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/5-year-old-muslim-girl-tops-bhagwat-gita-recitation-contest-4572241/|date=16 March 2016|access-date=9 October 2017|title=5-year-old Muslim girl tops Bhagwat Gita recitation contest|agency=PTI|work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

The place has some minor population of Muslims. There was some misunderstanding with Hindu community with a stray incident of a Kartikesar Puja. But later it was resolved amicably. The Christianity is almost nil.(0.04% in 2011 census).

===Festivals===
[[File:Durga Puja In Pattamundai.jpg|thumb|Durga Puja In Mahabir Bazar, Pattamundai]] [[File:Durga Puja Commitee, Pattamundai.jpg|thumb|Bangali Durga Medha In Pattamundai]]
*[[Durga Puja in Odisha|Durga Puja]]: Pattamundai is famous throughout the area for its Durga puja celebrations. Nearly 20 earthen idols of Goddess Durga and other idols are prepared by the different Puja Committees of the city to celebrate Durga Puja. Pattamundai celebrates Durga Puja with full energy on Maha Saptami, Maha Ashtami, Maha Navami and on [[Vijayadashami|Vijaya Dashami or Dussehra]] by burning an effigy of the demon [[Ravana]]. People from [[Kendrapara]] district visit Pattamundai during this period to observe the famous festival.
*[[Boita Bandana]]: This festival is celebrated on the last day of the holy Hindu month of [[Kartik (month)|Kartik]]. On this auspicious day people flow miniature boitas or model boats in the Baitarani river to pay homage to the ancient merchants of [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga Kingdom]]. This day also marks the beginning of [[Bali Jatra]]. The celebration is to commemorate the old memory of the business with South eastern countries of Asia by [[Sadhaba]] community with ritualistic floating of model boats around the same time of year.
*[[Kartikeya|Kartikeshwar Puja]]: The puja in Pattamundai is organised since last few years by the puja committees of Pattamundai. This festival is observed to worship [[Kartikeya]], the eldest son of [[Lord Shiva]].

All the other regular Indian festivals like [[Ratha-Yatra|Ratha Yatra]], [[Raja Parba|Raja]], [[Ganesh Chaturthi]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2017/aug/25/intel-alert-in-sensitive-pockets-on-ganesh-puja-eve-odisha-1647983.html|title=Intel alert in sensitive pockets on Ganesh Puja Eve: Odisha|date=25 August 2017|access-date=9 October 2017|work=The Indian Express}}</ref> [[Vasant Panchami]], [[Holi]], [[Diwali]], [[Eid al-Fitr|Id]], are celebrated here.

==Cuisine==
The place has complete Odia culture, hence the cuisine is no different. Pattamundai is an agricultural center and is famous for Dalma-Bhaata, Bara-[[Dum Aloo|Aludam]] and Dahibara, of which all the ingredients are home grown. Apart from this, Chaat, Gupchup(Hindi: Panipuri) and Singoda(Samosa), [[Batata vada|Aloochop]] rule the streets. The people eat rice as their main staple food. Chakuli Pitha is eaten during the breakfast. It is made from rice batter using a tawa. Traditional Odiaa food such as ''[[Pakhala|Dahi-Pakhala]]'' (Rice soaked in water with yogurt & seasonings) is widely consumed, accompanied by ''Badi Chura'' or ''Saaga''. considered as a body coolant, it is consumed during months of April–June.

==Demography==
===Population===
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Pattamundai
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|#FF6600|94.48}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|#009000|5.40}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|#9955BB|0.04}}
{{bar percent|Others|#808080|0.01}}
{{bar percent|Not Stated|#808080|0.05}}
Others include [[Jainism]], [[Sikhism]] and [[Buddhism]]
}}
{{As of|2011}} census of India<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/801837-pattamundai-orissa.html|title=Pattamundai Population Census 2011|access-date=9 October 2017|publisher=Census Commission of India}}</ref> Pattamundai NAC has a population of 36,528 of which 18,549 are males while 17,979 are females. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Population of Children with age of 0-6 is 4024 which is 11.02% of total population of Pattamundai. In Pattamundai Female Sex Ratio is of 969 against state average of 979. Moreover, Child Sex Ratio in Pattamundai is around 910 compared to Odisha state average of 941. In population of Pattamundai in 1991 & 2001 were 28,220 & 32730 respectively.

Literacy rate of Pattamundai city is 86.93% higher than state average of 72.87%. In Pattamundai, Male literacy is around 92.64% while female literacy rate is 81.09%. Pattamundai Municipality has total administration over 7,174 houses to which it supplies basic amenities like water and sewerage. It is also authorize to build roads within Municipal limits and impose taxes on properties coming under its jurisdiction.

Pattamundai is a [[Tehsils of India|Revenue Tehsil]] & a [[Block (district subdivision)|Block]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iomenvis.nic.in/index3.aspx?sslid=776&subsublinkid=48&langid=1&mid=1|title=Odisha Information|access-date=9 October 2017|publisher=Centre for Coastal Zone Management and Coastal Shelter Belt, Govt Of India}}</ref> and consists of 30 [[Gram panchayat]]'s and 153 village's with a combined population of over 1.82 lakhs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/2926-pattamundai-kendrapara-orissa.html|title=List of all towns and Villages in Pattamundai Block of Kendrapara district, Orissa. Complete details of Population, Religion, Literacy and Sex Ratio in tabular format|access-date=9 October 2017|publisher=Census Commission of India}}</ref>

Around 94% of the city's population are [[Hindus]] while [[Muslims]] account for 5.40% and the rest constitute less than 1% of the total population.

=== Languages ===
[[Odia language|Odia]] is the primary language used in the city, besides which [[Hindi]] is also spoken and understood. There are people who also speak [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Urdu]]. Most of the banners are written in [[Odia language|Odia]] and English.

There also exists a significant populace of [[Bengalis]] here, who work in the construction field as labourers. Sometimes, few groups of the tribal people of [[Keonjhar District]] are also seen who work as migrant laborers, during the non-agricultural season. As the refugees of erstwhile East Pakistan were settled near Gunthi village (unfortunately the settlement was washed away in 1971 high tide completely) and later many refugees from Bangladesh have managed to be residents at coastal area of the District. Those population are gradually come to the town to settle.

==Civic Administration==

This Urban Local Body was constituted on 8 December 1988. The ULB was declared as a municipality by the Government Of Odisha in February 2014. The geographical area of this Municipality is 24 km2 having 37527 population as per census 2011.
This ULB is subdivide in to 20 Political wards having 17 revenue villages for providing better administration to the public. This ULB is governed by Municipality under the chairmanship of Smt. Baijayantimala Lenka since 30th Sept 2014.

The river Brahmani is passing by the side of this ULB and flood water of this river has been inundating over 50% geographical area of this ULB were inundating before formation of NAC. This ULB also comes under the purview of cyclonic zone. So the residence of this ULB suffer a lot due to natural calamity every year.
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ordistricts.nic.in/administration/admn_setup.php|title=Administrative setup of Kendrapara District|access-date=9 October 2017|publisher=Government of Odisha|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003025131/http://www.ordistricts.nic.in/administration/admn_setup.php|archive-date=3 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The basic information relating to this Municipality is as follows:
1 Total No. of Holdings 7276
2 No. of Government Hospital 1
3 Total No. of Wards 20
(a) S.C. representative 6 (Men-2+ Women-4)
(b) S.T. (Women) representative 1 (Vacant )
(c) OBC/SEBC/B.B.C. representative 6 (Male -3 + Female-3)
(d) Unreserved representative 7 (Men-2+ Women-5)
4 Length of Road under NAC 289.5 km.
5 No. of Slums 21
6 BPL Population/Holding (as per 2003 survey) 18052/4513
7 No. of Slum Householders 1,696
8 No. of Educational Institutions 35
(a) Nodal Primary School 24
(b) Public School 5
(c) High School 4
(d) College 2
9 No. of Homeopathic Dispensary Nil
10 No. of Sulabha Souchalaya 1
11 No. of Major Industries Nil
12 No. of Medium / Small Scale Industries 1
13 No. of Bank 12
14 No. of Police Station 1

The entire ULB area is situated over 17 Revenue Villages consisting 20 nos. of Council Wards as noted below:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Ward No !! Ward Name !! Population !! Literacy !! Sex Ratio
|-
| 1 || Sandhapalli || 1,256 || 76% || 1,039
|-
| 2 || Sandhapalli || 1,516 || 63% || 982
|-
| 3 || Tanupur || 1,187 || 86.2% || 975
|-
| 4 || Tanupur || 2,354 || 74.9% || 1,038
|-
| 5 || Kasananta || 1,622 || 83.5% || 995
|-
| 6 || Kasananta || 1,303 || 77.5% || 1,042
|-
| 7 || Balipara (Part) Baladevnagar || 1,722 || 82.5% || 1,108
|-
| 8 || Balipara (Part) || 1,939 || 86.3% || 903
|-
| 9 || Nuagaon, Kakudipalli || 1,611 || 67.3% || 922
|-
| 10 || Pattamundai || 1,875 || 77.4% || 990
|-
| 11 || Pattamundai ||2,021 || 70.6% || 916
|-
| 12 || Baktarpur || 1,860 || 78.4% || 931
|-
| 13 || Praharajpur, Pokhariapara (Part) || 2,175 || 80.5% || 947
|-
| 14 || Pokhariapara (Part) || 1,700 || 84.2% || 908
|-
| 15 || Alva || 1,688 || 75.9% || 1,110
|-
| 16 || Matia (Part) || 2,269 || 77.7% || 941
|-
| 17 || Matia (Part) ||1,573 || 65.3% || 944
|-
| 18 || Tatana, Dakhinidia || 1,630 || 77.9% || 976
|-
| 19 || Baltal (Part) || 2,200 || 82% || 918
|-
| 20 ||Beltal (part), Bandhapara || 3.027 || 77.7% || 929
|}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.censusindia.co.in/towns/pattamundai-population-kendrapara-odisha-801837 |title=Pattamundai Population, Religion, Caste, Working Data Kendrapara, Odisha - Census 2011 |publisher=Govt Of India |access-date= 2017-10-01}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Municipality Office, Pattamundai.jpg|Office of The Municipal Chairperson
File:Block Office, Pattamundai.jpg|Office of The Block Development Officer
File:Sub Treasury, Pattamundai.jpg|Sub-Treasury
File:Civil Court, Pattamundai.jpg|Office Of The Civil Judge (Jr. Dn.) CUM J.F.M.C.
File:Office of The Executive Engineer, Pattamundai.jpg|Office of The Executive Engineer, Rural Development Works
File:Office of The Tahasildar, Pattamundai.jpg|Office of The Tahasildar
File:Office of The Block Education Officer, Pattamundai.jpg|Office of The Block Education Officer
</gallery>

===Politics===
INC, BJD are the major political parties in this area.
Pattamundai Tehsil comes under multiple assembly constituencies. There are total 2 assembly constituencies in Pattamundai Tehsil.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Constituency name !! MLA name !! Party
|-
| [[Kendrapara (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kendrapara]] || Ganeswar Behera || BJD
|-
| [[Rajanagar (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajanagar]] || Dhruba Sahoo || BJD
|}

Pattamundai Tehsil comes under [[Kendrapara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kendrapara parliament constituency]] and the current sitting MP is [[Anubhav Mohanty|Baijayanta Panda]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2000/background/S18/Orissa_AC_Dist_PC.pdf|title=Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies of Odisha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=17 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206012916/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2000/background/S18/Orissa_AC_Dist_PC.pdf|archive-date=6 February 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Economy==
The economy is mainly agrarian. Most of the people are still dependent on agriculture as their primary source of income. There is a complete absence of Secondary and Tertiary Sectors, except a few rice mills, banks and schools. One has to become a migrant in some distant part to get a job. A large number of people from Pattamundai, [[Aali, Odisha|Aali]] and Rajnagar blocks of the district attribute their prosperity to their expertise in plumbing. Around one lakh people of these areas work as plumbers in different States of the country and other parts of the world, especially the Middle East countries.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2017/aug/19/odisha-man-worried-for-familys-safety-in-barcelona-post-terror-attacks-1645215.html|title=Odisha man worried for family's safety in Barcelona, post terror attacks|work=The New Indian Express|date=19 August 2017|access-date=9 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.orissapost.com/all-335-plumbers-from-kendrapara-are-safe/|access-date=9 October 2017|title=All 335 plumbers from Kendrapara are safe|publisher=Orissapost}}</ref> They pump in money through remittance's which has increased the purchasing power of the people. Pattamundai Bazar (ପଟ୍ଟାମୁଣ୍ଡାଇ ବଜାର), which used to be a weekly market for selling agricultural products, is now a very big market where one can find everything for day-to-day usage. Pattamundai is mainly a market around which people live. More than 0.5 million people of Pattamundai, Rajnagar, [[Aali, Odisha|Aali]], Rajkanika blocks directly or indirectly depend on the Pattamundai Market for their daily needs, making it a first choice of investment. There are a lot of wholesalers in the market who also sell in small or single quantity.

===Market===
Pattamundai has a very big market and the city is settled around the market. The market is divided into many parts/bazaars(ବଜାର).
*Mahavir Bazar
*Laxminarayan Bazar
*Dasavatar Bazar
*Sarala Bazar(Medical)
*Bangalai Drgara Bazar (Hata|Daily Market)
*Haragauri Bazar
*Neelamadhab Bazar
*Gajanan Market
*Gayatri Bazar
*Laxmibarah Bazar
*Durga Bazar

==Education==
[[File:State Institute Of Plumbing And Technology, Pattamundai.jpg|thumb|State Institute Of Plumbing And Technology (SIPT), Pattamundai.]]

===Technical Colleges/Institutions===
*Ramadevi School Of Nursing<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ramadevigroup.org/Nursing|title=Ramadevi School Of Nursing, By Pass Chaka, Pattamundai|access-date=9 October 2017}}</ref>
*Pattamundai Industrial Training Center, Matia
*Radharaman Industrial Training Institute, Pattamundai
*State Institute Of Plumbing Technology (SIPT), Pattamundai
The town is home to the State Institute of Plumbing Technology, or SIPT, the only institute in the country dedicated to plumbing. Pattamundai's plumbers have migrated not only to most parts of India, but also to many different corners of the world, especially the Gulf countries and West Asia.

===Graduation Colleges===
[[File:Pattamundai College.jpg|thumb|Pattamundai Junior and Degree College]]
* Pattamundai Junior and Degree College, Pattamundai
* Women's Junior and Degree College, Pattamundai

===Schools===
====High schools====
*M.N. High School, Ward No 13
*Govt Girls High School, Ward No 10
*Panchayat High School, Kasananta, Ward No 7
*Baktarpur High School, Ward No 12
*Hariharanadna Balashram, Arua<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hariharanandabalashram.org|title=Hariharananda Balashram|access-date=9 October 2017}}</ref>

====Primary & M.E. Schools====
* Balipada Nodal U.P. School
* Pokhariapada Primary School
* Sararwati Sisu Mandira, Ward No- 13 '''Estd- 1996'''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://allindiafacts.com/school/odisha/kendrapara/pattamundai-nac/21101101071.html |title=SARASWATI SISHU MANDIR |publisher=allindiafacts.com |access-date=2018-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206073521/https://allindiafacts.com/school/odisha/kendrapara/pattamundai-nac/21101101071.html |archive-date=6 February 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Venketeswar Public School, Ward No 18 '''Estd- 2007'''
* PATTAMUNDAI URDU P. S. School, Ward No 11 '''Estd- 1883'''
* DAKSHINADIA P.S. '''Estd- 1973'''
* MATIA U.G.U.P.S. '''Estd- 1986'''
* NEW SCHOOL, Ward No-15 '''Estd- 2008'''
* RADHARAMAN SANSKRIT VIDYALAYA, Ward No-19 '''Estd- 1927'''

====Computer Institutions====
In the 21st century, having computer knowledge is a foremost priority. Due to utter negligence of the Government, there has not been any development in the field of education from the Govt. So the private player took the opportunity and computer coaching centers spun up on the College Road.

*OIIT
*Jagannath Institute of Information & Technology (JIIT) ISO 9001:2015 Certified
*Apex Computers
*Smart Computer

==Transportation==
[[File:Patrapur Bridge on Brahmani River in Pattamundai along SH-9A.jpg|thumb|Patrapur Bridge on [[Brahmani River]] in Pattamundai along SH-9A]]

===Road===
The roads here are not enough & broad according to the demand. The dense population of the area and rampant temporary and some permanent encroachments of Government land had made the expansion of roads difficult. Pattamundai Canal Bridge (ପଟ୍ଟାମୁଣ୍ଡାଇ ବଜାର ପୋଲୋ) [20°34'58.7"N 86°33'42.6"E] is the oldest bridge connecting Pattamundai with [[Aali, Odisha|Aali]] & Rajnagar. The concrete bridge was constructed after the wooden bridge was washed away during the heavy floods of 1961. There is a bridge on the Brahmani River at Patrapur (ପତ୍ରପୁର ପୋଲୋ) [20°35'53.3"N 86°35'23.6"E] which connects Pattamundai with [[Aali, Odisha|Aali]] & Rajkanika. The bridge was completed during the 1970s. S.H- 9A which runs from [[Jagatpur, India|Jagatpur]](Cuttack) to [[Chandabali]](Bhadrak) is the lifeline of Pattamundai. One can find buses to traverse either sides along SH-9A every 30 minutes and 15 minutes during peak hours from Pattamundai. Direct buses run to [[Rourkela]], [[Sambalpur]], [[Raipur]] and [[Kolkata]] from here. Pattamundai is connected to [[Jajpur]] via [[Aali, Odisha|Aali]], Singhpur & Binjharpur along the [[Brahmani River]]. Pattamundai and Rajnagar are 20 km apart and are connected by the MDR- 16. Pattamundai- Rajnagar Road is the main road route to and in the [[Bhitarkanika National Park]] Gupti Gate. Pattamundai is the only center where [[tourists]] stop by to collect food & drinks and have [[meals]] during their onward visit to [[Bhitarkanika National Park]].

===Rail===
Thousands of people travel everyday to the state capital or [[Cuttack]] to board a train. The [[Indian Railways]] is now planning to build a railway station near [[Kendrapara]]. The nearest railway stations at present are :-
*[[Kendrapara]] - 21 km
*Dhanmandal (Chandikhol) - 60 km
*[[Jajpur Keonjhar Road railway station|Jajpur Road]] - 76 km
*[[Cuttack Junction railway station|Cuttack]] - 77 km
*[[Bhadrak railway station|Bhadrak]] - 81 km
*[[Bhubaneswar railway station|Bhubaneswar]] - 106 km
*

===Air===
The nearest airport is [[Biju Patnaik International Airport|Bhubaneswar]] - 104 km.

==Distance from surrounding Towns==
There are a lot of buses connecting Pattamundai with nearby towns. The buses are generally offer non-AC and Delux/semi-Delux services. The cuttack-Chandbali route has buses in every 15 minutes.

*[[Kendrapara]] - 20 km
*Indupur - 18 km
* Rajnagar - 20 km
*[[Aali, Odisha|Aali]] - 10 km
*[[Rajkanika]] - 24 km
*[[Chandbali]] - 30 km
*[[Dhamra]] - 57 km
*[[Paradip]] - 57 km
*[[Jajpur]] - 57 km

==Health==
[[File:Veterinary Dispensary.jpg|thumb|Government Veterinary Dispensary, Pattamundai]]
The Dispensary in Pattamundai was established in the late 19th century.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7TJoB-TQy4EC|title=Local Self-government in British Orissa, 1869-1935|author=Kartik Chandra Rout|publisher=Daya Publishing House|year=1988|pages=372}}</ref> Currently there is a Community Health Center for all the medical problems of the people of Pattamundai. There is a District Medical at Kendrapara for advanced treatment. Casualties are generally referred to [[Shri Ramachandra Bhanj Medical College|Cuttack Medical]].

There is also a Veterinary Dispensary.

===Nursing Homes===
Due to Govt apathy there is complete lack of healthcare facilities in the town. 2,00,000 people cannot meet their needs from a single Community Health Center with 2 doctors and 9 beds. So here too a lot of private participants have come to limelight and they bring in visiting doctors from big hospitals in the state capital and [[Cuttack]].
* Aahan Hospital
*
*

==Temples & Mathas==
Being a predominantly Hindu populated town, the town has temples of different Hindu Gods and Goddesses at every nook & corner. Here is a list of some of them :-
[[File:Harparbati Temple, Pattamundai.jpg|thumb|Harparbati Mandira]]
[[File:Mahabir Temple, Pattamundai.jpg|thumb|Mahabir Mandira]]
[[File:Shreeram Mandira.jpg|thumb|Shreeram Mandira]]
*Haraparbati Temple, Pokhariapada (ହରପାର୍ବତୀ ମନ୍ଦିର)
*Mahabir Tample, Balipada (ମହାବୀର ମନ୍ଦିର)
*Shreeram Temple (ଶ୍ରୀରାମ ମନ୍ଦିର)
*Sai Temple, Beltal (ସାଇ ମନ୍ଦିର)
*Chandramouli Temple,Chandan Nagar (ଚନ୍ଦ୍ରମୌଳି ମନ୍ଦିର)
*Lachhmanjew Temple, Balipatna
*Sahara Sundari Temple
*Hanuman Temple, Tanupur
*Kasananta Thakurani Mandir
*Siva Mandira, Kasananta
*Sai Temple, Mandapada
*Jagannath Temple, Mandapada (ଜଗନ୍ନାଥ ମନ୍ଦିର)
*Bhajaneswar Temple, Mandapada
*Maa Sarala Temple, Bachhara
*Patitapaban Temple, Pokariapada, (ପତିତପାବନ ମନ୍ଦିର)
*Maa Dhanagayi Thakurani Temple, Baktarpur Chak
*Bholi Baba Matha (ଭୋଳିବାବା ମଠ)
*Radharaman Matha
*Maa Budhi Baigani Pitha (ମା ବୁଢ଼ୀ ବାଇଗଣୀ ପୀଠ), Gobindpur

==Places Of Interest==
*Chandramouli Temple,Chandan Nagar (ଚନ୍ଦ୍ରମୌଳି ମନ୍ଦିର)
*Bhitarkanika National Park 45 km
*Panchamukhi Hanuman Temple (ପଞ୍ଚମୁଖୀ ହନୁମାନ ମନ୍ଦିର) in Sansarfal
*[[Kanika Palace]] is a massive palace constructed by King of Kanika. It was constructed on an area of 4 acres of land and height of the structure is of 75 feet. It is situated in Rajkanika Block. 23 km
*[[Lakhmi Varaha Temple|Laxmi Baraha Jew Temple]], [[Aali, Odisha|Aali]] 14 km
*[[Aul, Odisha|Aali]] Palace is situated near Aul township. It is an ancient palace spread over 40 acres of land. 15 km

==Recreation and Entertainment==
There is an old cinema hall in Pattamundai. Besides, patrapur Bridge over the Brahmani River is also a favorite place for recreation during dusk.

==Telecommunication & Broadband==
[[File:BSNL Exchnage.jpg|thumb|BSNL Telephone Exchange]]
[[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited|BSNL]] is the only Landline telecom operator in Pattamundai. Pattamundai comes under Cuttack Telephone Exchange. It is the only broadband Internet Service Provider (ISP). All major mobile telecom operators are present in Pattamundai. Television Services are completely digitized in Pattamundai by Ortel.

==Notable personalities==
The following are a selected notable people who were born or have spend a major part of their life in Pattamundai.


* [[Sarat Nayak]] - Music composer & [[Ollywood]] Singer
* [[Radhakanta Sethy]] - Politician & Trade Unionist

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Kendrapara]]
* [[Bhitarkanika National Park]]
* [[Lakhmi Varaha Temple|Laxmi Baraha Jew Temple]]
* [[Aali Palace]]
* [[Brahmani River]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kendrapara district}}
{{Municipalities of Odisha}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kendrapara district]]

Liaquat–Nehru Pact

2026-03-23T00:02:08Z

Gstnit: reworked lead for consistency

{{Short description|1950 India–Pakistan treaty on minorities}}
{{moresources|date=November 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox treaty
| name =Liyaquat–Nehru Pact
| long_name ={{small|Agreement Between The Government of India and Pakistan Regarding Security and Rights of Minorities}}
| rep = 
| image =
| image_width =300px
| image_alt =
| caption =Map showing India and Pakistan
|
| type =Mutual understanding of protecting rights
| context =[[Partition of India]]<ref>{{Cite book |title=India Since Independence |vauthors=Bipan C, Mridula M, Aditya M |date=11 February 2008 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-8184750539}}</ref>
|
| date_drafted =2 April 1950

| date_signed ={{Start date and age|df=yes|1950|04|08}}
| location_signed =[[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| date_sealed =
| date_effective =
| condition_effective =Ratifications of Both Parties
| date_expiration = {{End date|df=yes|1956|04|08}}
| date_expiry = 
| mediators =Human rights ministries of [[Cabinet of India|India]] and [[Ministry of Human Rights (Pakistan)|Pakistan]]
| negotiators = Foreign ministries of [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|India]] and [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)|Pakistan]]
| signatories =
* {{flagd|IND}} [[Jawahar Lal Nehru]] ([[Prime Minister of India]])
* {{flagd|PAK}} [[Liaquat Ali Khan]] ([[Prime Minister of Pakistan]])
| parties =
* {{IND}}
* {{PAK}}
| ratifiers =
* {{flagd|IND}} [[Parliament of India]]
* {{flagd|PAK}} [[Parliament of Pakistan]]
| depositor = 
| depositories =Governments of [[Government of India|India]] and [[Government of Pakistan|Pakistan]]
|
| language = 
| languages =
* [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
* [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
* [[English language|English]]
|
| wikisource = 
| wikisource1 = 
}}
{{Liaquat Ali Khan sidebar|expanded=Prime Minister of Pakistan}}
The '''Liaquat–Nehru Pact''' (or the '''Delhi Pact on minorities''') was a [[Bilateral contract|bilateral]] treaty between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] in which [[Refugee|refugees]] were allowed to return to dispose of their property,<ref>{{Citation|last1=Joffe|first1=Alex|last2=Romirowsky|first2=Asaf|title = "Lessons Learned." Reframing the Middle Eastern and Palestinian Refugee Crises|publisher=[[Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies]]|date=March 1, 2018|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep16827.7|access-date=July 7, 2024}}</ref> abducted women and looted property were to be returned, [[Forced conversion|forced conversions]] were unrecognized, and [[minority rights]] were confirmed.<ref>[https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/1302440-the-forgotten-pact The forgotten pact]</ref>

The treaty was signed in [[New Delhi]] by the [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]] [[Liaquat Ali Khan]] on April 8, 1950.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nehru - Liaquat Pact, Ministry of External Affairs, India|url=https://mea.gov.in/TreatyDetail.htm?1228|website=Ministry of External Affairs – India}}</ref> The treaty was the outcome of six days of talks sought to guarantee the rights of minorities in both countries after the [[Partition of India]] and to avert another [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948|war between them]].

This pact also introduced visa system for refugees and free passage of refugees across border was restricted.

Minority commissions were set up in both countries. More than one million refugees migrated from [[East Pakistan]] (now [[Bangladesh]]) to [[West Bengal]] in India.

== See also ==
* [[List of treaties]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{citation |first=Pallavi |last=Raghavan |title=Animosity at Bay: An Alternative History of the India-Pakistan Relationship, 1947–1952 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2020 |isbn=9780190087579 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ld3QDwAAQBAJ}}
* {{citation |last=Raghavan |first=Srinath |title=War and Peace in Modern India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EbtBJb1bsHUC |date=2010 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-137-00737-7}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
* [https://mea.gov.in/Portal/LegalTreatiesDoc/PA50B1228.pdf Nehru-Liaquat Delhi Pact 1950]

{{India-Pakistan relations}}
{{Jawaharlal Nehru}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Liaquat-Nehru Pact}}
[[Category:Treaties of the Dominion of Pakistan]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan relations]]
[[Category:1950 in India]]
[[Category:Treaties concluded in 1950]]
[[Category:1950 in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Partition of India]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan treaties]]
[[Category:Nehru administration]]
[[Category:Government of Liaquat Ali Khan]]
[[Category:Eponymous treaties]]
[[Category:Muslim League (1947–1958)]]

Department of Rural Works (Jharkhand)

2026-03-22T22:14:21Z

Gstnit: creating basic article from scratch

{{short description|State government department in Jharkhand, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Department of Rural Works
| native_name = ग्रामीण कार्य विभाग
| type = Department
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| seal = Jharkhand Rajakiya Chihna.svg
| seal_width = 170
| seal_caption =
| picture =
| picture_width =
| picture_caption =
| formed =
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 =
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| jurisdiction = [[Government of Jharkhand]]
| headquarters = FFP Building, Dhurwa, [[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]] - 834004
| coordinates =
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name = [[Dipika Pandey Singh]]
| minister1_pfo = Minister in Charge
| minister2_name =
| minister2_pfo =
| deputyminister1_name =
| deputyminister1_pfo =
| deputyminister2_name =
| deputyminister2_pfo =
| chief1_name = K. Srinivasan, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| chief1_position = [[Secretary]]
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| agency_type =
| parent_department =
| parent_agency =
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency =
| keydocument1 =
| website = {{URL|https://www.jharkhand.gov.in/rwd|Official Website}}
| footnotes =
| map =
| map_width =
| map_caption =
}}

The '''Department of Rural Works''' is a department under the [[Government of Jharkhand]] that manages the construction and maintenance of rural roads across the state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Rural Works, Government of Jharkhand |url=https://www.jharkhand.gov.in/rwd |access-date=7 October 2025 |website=www.jharkhand.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-06 |title=धनबाद के ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों की बदलेगी सूरत : 25 करोड़ रुपये से बनेगी 10 सड़कों की नई योजना, जानें पूरी डिटेल |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/jharkhand/dhanbad-25-crore-rupees-will-be-spent-on-the-construction-of-10-roads-in-rural-areas-local18-8941547.html |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rural Works Department, Works Division, Koderma {{!}} Koderma {{!}} India |url=https://koderma.nic.in/rural-works-department-works-division-koderma/ |access-date=2025-10-07 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2024-12-13 |title=पंचायती राज, ग्रामीण विकास और ग्रामीण कार्य विभाग की समीक्षा, मंत्री दीपिका पांडे सिंह ने अधिकारियों को दिए निर्देश |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!state/minister-deepika-pandey-singh-meeting-with-officials-in-deoghar-jharkhand-news-jhs24121307669 |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=झारखंड में 1200 KM सड़क को किया जाएगा अपग्रेड, फोरलेन का होगा निर्माण; एयरपोर्ट की भी मिली सौगात - Jharkhand Budget 2025 Focus on Infrastructure Development with 1200 km of Roads and 10 Major Bridges |url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/ranchi-jharkhand-budget-2025-focus-on-infrastructure-development-with-1200-km-of-roads-and-10-major-bridges-23894028.html |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=केस -3 ग्रामीण कार्य विभाग ने बनाई सड़क, शिलापट्ट में राशि अंकित नहीं |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/jharkhand/koderma/jainagar/news/case-3-rural-works-department-built-the-road-amount-not-mentioned-in-the-plaque-135650479.html |access-date=7 October 2025 |work=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref> The department is headed by the Cabinet Minister of Rural Works, assisted by a Secretary. Since December 2024, [[Dipika Pandey Singh]] has been serving as the Minister for Rural Works.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-12-06 |title=Jharkhand CM Soren distributes portfolios: Radha Krishna gets finance, Irfan is health minister |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/Dec/06/jharkhand-cm-soren-distributes-portfolios-radha-krishna-gets-finance-irfan-is-health-minister |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Satyajeet |date=2024-12-07 |title=Hemant Soren allocates portfolios to ministers, keeps Home Ministry |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jharkhand-hemant-soren-allocates-portfolios-to-ministers-keeps-home-ministry-2646285-2024-12-07 |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Rural Works {{!}} Who's Who |url=https://www.jharkhand.gov.in/PDepartment/WebDirectory?department=7bdf081dc5e322c3da257e565ba540e5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114123020/https://www.jharkhand.gov.in/PDepartment/WebDirectory?department=7bdf081dc5e322c3da257e565ba540e5 |archive-date=2025-01-14 |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=www.jharkhand.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Government of Jharkhand]]
*[[Ministry of Rural Development (India)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Government departments of Jharkhand]]

List of governors of Assam

2026-03-21T20:43:07Z

Gstnit: added information further and fixed typos for consistency

{{Short description|Assam's governors}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}

{{Infobox official post
| post = Governor of Assam
| insignia = File:Seal of Assam.svg
| insigniasize =
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of Assam]]
| image = [[File:Lakshman Prasad Acharya (cropped).jpg|200px]]
| incumbent = [[Lakshman Acharya|Lakshman Prasad Acharya]]
| incumbentsince = 30 July 2024
| style = [[Excellency|His Excellency]]
| residence = [[Lok Bhavan, Guwahati]]
| termlength = [[At His Majesty's pleasure#Derivatives|At the pleasure of the president]]
| appointer = [[President of India]]
| formation = {{start date and years ago|df=yes|1947|08|15}}
| inaugural = [[Muhammad Saleh Akbar Hydari]]
| website = https://rajbhavan.assam.gov.in
}}
This is a list of '''governors of [[Assam]]'''. The governor of Assam is the nominal head of the Indian state of [[Assam]]. The governor is appointed by the [[president of India]]. The current governor is [[Lakshman Acharya]].

==Powers and functions==
{{see also|Governors of India#Powers and functions}}

The governor has:

* Executive powers related to administration, appointments and removals
* Legislative powers related to lawmaking and the state legislature, that is Vidhan Sabha or Vidhan Parishad
* Discretionary powers to be carried out according to the discretion of the governor
== List of governors ==
;Legend
*{{note label|†|†|†}} Died in office
*{{note label|§|§|§}} Transferred
*{{note label|‡|‡|‡}} Resigned/removed

;Color key
*{{legend2|wheat}} indicates acting/additional charge

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; border:1px #aaf solid;"
! rowspan="2"| #
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable"| Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:14em" | Name (born{{spaced ndash}}died)
! rowspan="2" style="width:7em" | Home state
! colspan="3"| Tenure in office
! rowspan="2" style="width:7em" | Appointer (President)
|-
! style="width:7em"| From
! style="width:7em"| To
! style="width:5em"| Time in office
|-
! 1
| [[File:Blank.svg|70px]]
| '''[[Muhammad Saleh Akbar Hydari]]''' {{small|(1894{{ndash}}1948)}}
| [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]]
| {{small|4 May}} 1947
| {{small|28 December}} 1948{{ref label|†|†|†}}
| '''{{ayd|4 May 1947|28 Dec 1948}}'''
| [[Lord Mountbatten]] {{small|(Governor-General)}}
|-
! 2
| bgcolor="wheat"| [[File:Blank.svg|70px]]
| bgcolor="wheat"| {{small|Justice}} '''[[Ronald Lodge|Sir Ronald Francis Lodge]]''' {{small|(1889{{ndash}}1960) (Acting)}}
| bgcolor="wheat"| {{ndash}}
| bgcolor="wheat"| {{small|30 December}} 1948
| bgcolor="wheat"| {{small|15 February}} 1949
| bgcolor="wheat"| '''{{ayd|30 Dec 1948|15 Feb 1949}}'''
| rowspan="2"| [[C. Rajagopalachari]] {{small|(Governor-General)}}
|-
! 3
| [[File:Sri Prakasa Portrait.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Sri Prakasa]]''' {{small|(1890{{ndash}}1971)}}
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| {{small|16 February}} 1949
| {{small|26 May}} 1950
| '''{{ayd|16 Feb 1949|26 May 1950}}'''
|-
! 4
| [[File:Jairamdas Daulatram 1985 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Jairamdas Daulatram]]''' {{small|(1891{{ndash}}1979}}
| [[Maharashtra]]
| {{small|27 May}} 1950
| {{small|14 May}} 1956
| '''{{ayd|27 May 1950|14 May 1956}}'''
| rowspan="6"| [[Rajendra Prasad]]
|-
! 5
| [[File:Saiyid Fazl Ali.jpg|70px]]
| {{small|Justice (Retd)}} '''[[Fazl Ali|Saiyid Fazl Ali]]''' {{small|(1886{{ndash}}1959)}}
| [[Bihar]]
| {{small|15 May}} 1956
| {{small|22 August}} 1959{{ref label|†|†|†}}
| '''{{ayd|15 May 1956|22 Aug 1959}}'''
|- bgcolor="wheat"
! 6
| [[File:Blank.svg|70px]]
| {{small|Justice}} '''[[Chandreswar Prasad Sinha]]''' (Acting)
| [[Bihar]]
| {{small|23 August}} 1959
| {{small|13 October}} 1959
| '''{{ayd|23 Aug 1959|13 Oct 1959}}'''
|-
! 7
| [[File:General Satyawant Mallana Srinagesh.jpg|70px]]
| {{small|[[General (India)|General]]}} '''[[S. M. Shrinagesh]]''' {{small|(Retd) (1903{{ndash}}1977)}}
| [[Maharashtra]]
| {{small|14 October}} 1959
| {{small|12 November}} 1960
| '''{{ayd|14 Oct 1959|12 Nov 1960}}'''
|- bgcolor="wheat"
! 8
| [[File:Blank.svg|70px]]
| '''[[Vishnu Sahay]]''' {{small|[[Indian Civil Service|ICS]] (1901{{ndash}}1989)}} (Acting)
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| {{small|12 November}} 1960
| {{small|12 February}} 1961
| '''{{ayd|12 Nov 1960|12 Feb 1961}}'''
|-
! 9
| [[File:General Satyawant Mallana Srinagesh.jpg|70px]]
| {{small|[[General (India)|General]]}} '''[[S. M. Shrinagesh]]''' {{small|(Retd) (1903{{ndash}}1977)}}
| [[Maharashtra]]
| {{small|13 February}} 1961
| {{small|7 September}} 1962
| '''{{ayd|13 Feb 1961|7 Sep 1962}}'''
|-
! 10
| [[File:Blank.svg|70px]]
| '''[[Vishnu Sahay]]''' {{small|[[Indian Civil Service|ICS]] (Retd) (1901{{ndash}}1989)}}
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| {{small|8 September}} 1962{{efn-lg|Concurrently also served as the [[Governor of Nagaland]] (1963{{ndash}}1968)}}
| {{small|16 April}} 1968
| '''{{ayd|8 Sep 1962|16 Apr 1968}}'''
| [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]]
|-
! 11
| [[File:Braj Kumar Nehru with Kennedy (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Braj Kumar Nehru]]''' {{small|[[Indian Civil Service|ICS]] (Retd) (1909{{ndash}}2001)}}
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| {{small|17 April}} 1968{{efn-lg|Concurrently also served as the [[Governor of Nagaland]] (1968{{ndash}}1973)}}
| {{small|7 December}} 1970
| '''{{ayd|17 Apr 1968|7 Dec 1970}}'''
| [[Zakir Husain]]
|-
! 12
| bgcolor="wheat"| [[File:Blank.svg|70px]]
| bgcolor="wheat"| {{small|Justice}} '''[[Parbati Kumar Goswami]]''' {{small|(1913{{ndash}}1992)}} (Acting)
| bgcolor="wheat"| [[Assam]]
| bgcolor="wheat"| {{small|8 December}} 1970
| bgcolor="wheat"| {{small|4 January}} 1971
| bgcolor="wheat"| '''{{ayd|8 Dec 1970|4 Jan 1971}}'''
| rowspan="3"| [[V. V. Giri]]
|-
! 13
| [[File:Braj Kumar Nehru with Kennedy (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Braj Kumar Nehru]]''' {{small|[[Indian Civil Service|ICS]] (Retd) (1909{{ndash}}2001)}}
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| {{small|5 January}} 1971{{efn-lg|Concurrently also served as the [[Governor of Meghalaya]], [[Governor of Manipur|Manipur]], and [[Governor of Tripura|Tripura]] (1972{{ndash}}1973)}}
| {{small|18 September}} 1973
| '''{{ayd|5 Jan 1971|18 Sep 1973}}'''
|-
! 14
| [[File:Blank.svg|70px]]
| '''[[Lallan Prasad Singh]]''' {{small|[[Indian Civil Service|ICS]] (Retd) (1912{{ndash}}1998)}}
| [[Bihar]]
| {{small|19 September}} 1973{{efn-lg|Concurrently also served as the [[Governor of Manipur]], [[Governor of Meghalaya|Meghalaya]], [[Governor of Nagaland|Nagaland]], and [[Governor of Tripura|Tripura]]}}
| {{small|11 August}} 1981
| '''{{ayd|19 Sep 1973|11 Aug 1981}}'''
|-
! 15
| [[File:Prakash Mehrotra.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Prakash Mehrotra]]''' {{small|(1925{{ndash}}1988)}}
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| {{small|12 August}} 1981{{efn-lg|name=AS|Concurrently also served as the [[Governor of Meghalaya]]}}
| {{small|28 March}} 1984{{ref label|‡|‡|‡}}
| '''{{ayd|12 Aug 1981|28 Mar 1984}}'''
| [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]]
|-
! 16
| bgcolor="wheat"| [[File:Blank.svg|70px]]
| bgcolor="wheat"| {{small|Justice}} '''[[Tribeni Sahai Misra]]''' {{small|(1922{{ndash}}2005)}} (Acting)
| bgcolor="wheat"| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| bgcolor="wheat"| {{small|28 March}} 1984{{efn-lg|name=AS}}
| bgcolor="wheat"| {{small|15 April}} 1984
| bgcolor="wheat"| '''{{ayd|28 Mar 1984|15 Apr 1984}}'''
| rowspan="2"| [[Zail Singh]]
|-
! 17
| [[File:Bhishma Narain Singh (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Bhishma Narain Singh]]''' {{small|(1933{{ndash}}2018)}}
| [[Bihar]]
| {{small|15 April}} 1984{{efn-lg|name=AS}}
| {{small|11 May}} 1989
| '''{{ayd|15 Apr 1984|11 May 1989}}'''
|-
! 18
| [[File:Haridev Joshi.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Hari Dev Joshi]]''' {{small|(1920{{ndash}}1995)}}
| [[Rajasthan]]
| {{small|10 May}} 1989{{efn-lg|name=AS}}
| {{small|21 July}} 1989{{ref label|‡|‡|‡}}
| '''{{ayd|10 May 1989|21 Jul 1989}}'''
| rowspan="4"| [[Ramaswamy Venkataraman]]
|- bgcolor="wheat"
! 19
| [[File:Blank.svg|70px]]
| {{small|Justice}} '''[[Anisetti Raghuvir]]''' {{small|(1929{{ndash}}2007) (Acting)}}
| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| {{small|27 July}} 1989
| {{small|1 May}} 1990
| '''{{ayd|27 Jul 1989|1 May 1990}}'''
|-
! 20
| [[File:Blank.svg|70px]]
| '''[[Devi Das Thakur]]''' {{small|(1929{{ndash}}2007)}}
| [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| {{small|2 May}} 1990
| {{small|17 March}} 1991{{ref label|‡|‡|‡}}
| '''{{ayd|2 May 1990|17 Mar 1991}}'''
|-
! 21
| [[File:Lokanath Misra.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Lokanath Misra]]''' {{small|(1921{{ndash}}2009)}}
| [[Orissa]]
| {{small|17 March}} 1991
| {{small|1 September}} 1997
| '''{{ayd|17 Mar 1991|1 Sep 1997}}'''
|-
! 22
| [[File:Former Governor S. K. Sinha (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| {{small|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]]}} '''[[Srinivas Kumar Sinha]]''' {{small|(Retd)}} {{post-nominals|country=IND|PVSM|ADC}} {{small|(1926{{ndash}}2016)}}
| [[Bihar]]
| {{small|1 September}} 1997
| {{small|21 April}} 2003{{ref label|§|§|§}}{{efn-lg|Transferred as the [[Governor of Jammu and Kashmir]]}}
| '''{{ayd|1 Sep 1997|21 Apr 2003}}'''
| [[K. R. Narayanan]]
|-
! 23
| bgcolor="wheat"| [[File:Arvind Dave.jpg|70px]]
| bgcolor="wheat"| '''[[Arvind Dave]]''' {{small|[[Indian Police Service|IPS]] (Retd) (born 1940)}} (Additional Charge)
| bgcolor="wheat"| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| bgcolor="wheat"| {{small|21 April}} 2003
| bgcolor="wheat"| {{small|5 June}} 2003
| bgcolor="wheat"| '''{{ayd|21 Apr 2003|5 Jun 2003}}'''
| rowspan="2"| [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
|-
! 24
| [[File:Governor of Assam Lieutenant General (Retd.) Ajai Singh (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| {{small|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]]}} '''[[Ajai Singh]]''' {{post-nominals|country=IND|PVSM|AVSM}} {{small|(1934{{ndash}}2023)}}
| [[Rajasthan]]
| {{small|5 June}} 2003
| {{small|4 July}} 2008
| '''{{ayd|5 Jun 2003|4 Jul 2008}}'''
|-
! 25
| [[File:Assam Governor Shiv Charan Mathur in 2008 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Shiv Charan Mathur]]''' {{small|(1927{{ndash}}2009)}}
| [[Rajasthan]]
| {{small|4 July}} 2008
| {{small|25 June}} 2009{{ref label|†|†|†}}
| '''{{ayd|4 Jul 2008|25 Jun 2009}}'''
| rowspan="4"| [[Pratibha Patil]]
|- bgcolor="wheat"
! 26
| [[File:Governor of Maharashtra, Shri K. Sankaranarayanan with Vice President Hamid Ansari at TISS in 2013.png|70px]]
| '''[[K. Sankaranarayanan|Kateekal Sankaranarayan]]'''
(1932- 2022) (Additional Charge)
| [[Kerala]]
| {{small|26 June}} 2009
| {{small|26 July}} 2009{{ref label|§|§|§}}{{efn-lg|Transferred as the [[Governor of Jharkhand]]}}
| '''{{ayd|26 Jun 2009|26 Jul 2009}}'''
|-
! 27
| [[File:Syed Sibtey Razi in 2015 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Syed Sibtey Razi]]''' {{small|(1939{{ndash}}2022)}}
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| {{small|27 July}} 2009
| {{small|10 December}} 2009
| '''{{ayd|27 Jul 2009|10 Dec 2009}}'''
|-
! 28
| [[File:Assam Governor Janaki Ballabh Patnaik at Platinum Jubilee of Assam Legislative Assembly (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik]]''' {{small|(1927{{ndash}}2015)}}
| [[Odisha]]
| {{small|11 December}} 2009
| {{small|10 December}} 2014
| '''{{ayd|11 Dec 2009|10 Dec 2014}}'''
|-
! 29
| bgcolor="wheat"| [[File:Smriti Irani meeting the Governor of Tripura Padmanabha Balakrishna Acharya (cropped).jpg|93x93px]]
| bgcolor="wheat"| '''[[Padmanabha Acharya|Padmanabha B. Acharya]]''' (1931- 2023) (Additional Charge)
| bgcolor="wheat"| [[Karnataka]]
| bgcolor="wheat"| {{small|11 December}} 2014
| bgcolor="wheat"| {{small|21 August}} 2016
| bgcolor="wheat"| '''{{ayd|11 Dec 2014|21 Aug 2016}}'''
| rowspan="2"| [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
|-
! 30
| [[File:Banwarilal Purohit.jpg|91x91px]]
| '''[[Banwarilal Purohit]]''' {{small|(born 1940)}}
| [[Maharashtra]]
| {{small|22 August}} 2016
| {{small|9 October}} 2017{{ref label|§|§|§}}{{efn-lg|Transferred as the [[Governor of Tamil Nadu]]}}
| '''{{ayd|22 Aug 2016|9 Oct 2017}}'''
|-
! 31
| [[File:The Governor of Assam, Shri Jagdish Mukhi meeting the Union Home Minister, Shri Rajnath Singh, in New Delhi on October 28, 2018 (cropped).JPG|90x90px]]
| '''[[Jagdish Mukhi]]''' {{small|(born 1942)}}
| [[National Capital Territory of Delhi|Delhi]] (NCT)
| {{small|10 October}} 2017
| {{small|21 February}} 2023
| '''{{ayd|10 Oct 2017|21 Feb 2023}}'''
| [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
|-
! 32
| [[File:Gulab Chand Kataria (cropped).jpg|86x86px]]
| '''[[Gulab Chand Kataria]]''' {{small|(born 1944)}}
| [[Rajasthan]]
| {{small|22 February}} 2023
| {{small|29 July}} 2024{{ref label|§|§|§}}{{efn-lg|Transferred as the [[Governor of Punjab (India)|Governor of Punjab]] and [[Administrator of Chandigarh]]}}
| '''{{ayd|22 Feb 2023|29 Jul 2024}}'''
| rowspan="2"| [[Droupadi Murmu]]
|-
! 33
| [[File:Lakshman Prasad Acharya (cropped).jpg|88x88px]]
| '''[[Lakshman Acharya|Lakshman Prasad Acharya]]''' {{small|(born 1954)}}
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| {{small|30 July}} 2024
| ''Incumbent''
| '''{{ayd|30 Jul 2024}}'''
|-
|}

{{reflist|group=lower-greek}}

==Timeline==
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| Timeline of Assam governors
|-
|
{{#tag:timeline|
ImageSize = width:1000 height:auto barincrement:13
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id:ind value:rgb(0.8,0.8,0.8) legend:Independent

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bar:Hydari
bar:Lodge
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bar:Ali
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bar:Sahay
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bar:Goswami
bar:LPSingh
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bar:Earle
from: 01/01/1912 till: 03/01/1918 color:ind text:"[[Archdale Earle]]"
bar:BBell
from: 03/01/1918 till: 03/04/1921 color:ind text:"[[Nicholas Beatson-Bell]]"
bar:Marris
from: 03/04/1921 till: 10/10/1922 color:ind text:"[[William Sinclair Marris]]"
bar:Kerr
from: 10/10/1922 till: 28/06/1927 color:ind text:"[[John Henry Kerr]]"
bar:Hammond
from: 28/06/1927 till: 11/05/1932 color:ind text:"[[Laurie Hammond]]"
bar:Keane
from: 11/05/1932 till: 04/03/1937 color:ind text:"[[Michael Keane (governor)|Michael Keane]]"
bar:Reid
from: 04/03/1937 till: 24/02/1938 color:ind
from: 04/10/1939 till: 04/05/1942 color:ind text:"[[Robert Reid (civil servant)|Robert Reid]]"
bar:Twynam
from: 24/02/1938 till: 04/10/1939 color:ind text:"[[Henry Joseph Twynam]]"
bar:Clow
from: 04/05/1942 till: 04/04/1946 color:ind
from: 23/12/1946 till: 04/05/1947 color:ind text:"[[Andrew Clow]]"
bar:Bourne
from: 04/04/1946 till: 04/09/1946 color:ind text:"[[Frederick Chalmers Bourne]]"
bar:Knight
from: 04/09/1946 till: 23/12/1946 color:ind text:"[[Henry Foley Knight]]"
bar:Hydari
from: 04/05/1947 till: 28/12/1948 color:ind text:"[[Muhammad Saleh Akbar Hydari]]"
bar:Lodge
from: 30/12/1948 till: 15/02/1949 color:ind text:"[[Ronald Lodge]]"
bar:Prakasa
from: 16/02/1949 till: 26/05/1950 color:ind text:"[[Sri Prakasa]]"
bar:Daulatram
from: 27/05/1950 till: 14/05/1956 color:ind text:"[[Jairamdas Daulatram]]"
bar:Ali
from: 15/05/1956 till: 22/08/1959 color:ind text:"[[Fazl Ali]]"
bar:CPSinha
from: 23/08/1959 till: 13/10/1959 color:ind text:"[[Chandreswar Prasad Sinha]]"
bar:Shrinagesh
from: 14/10/1959 till: 12/11/1960 color:ind
from: 13/02/1961 till: 07/09/1962 color:ind text:"[[S. M. Shrinagesh]]"
bar:Sahay
from: 12/11/1960 till: 12/02/1961 color:ind
from: 08/09/1962 till: 16/04/1968 color:ind text:"[[Vishnu Sahay]]"
bar:Nehru
from: 17/04/1968 till: 07/12/1970 color:ind
from: 05/01/1971 till: 18/09/1973 color:ind text:"[[Braj Kumar Nehru]]"
bar:Goswami
from: 08/12/1970 till: 04/01/1971 color:ind text:"[[Parbati Kumar Goswami]]"
bar:LPSingh
from: 19/09/1973 till: 11/08/1981 color:ind text:"[[Lallan Prasad Singh]]"
bar:Mehrotra
from: 12/08/1981 till: 28/03/1984 color:ind text:"[[Prakash Mehrotra]]"
bar:TSMisra
from: 28/03/1984 till: 15/04/1984 color:ind text:"[[Tribeni Sahai Misra]]"
bar:BNSingh
from: 15/04/1984 till: 11/05/1989 color:ind text:"[[Bhishma Narain Singh]]"
bar:Joshi
from: 10/05/1989 till: 21/07/1989 color:ind text:"[[Hari Dev Joshi]]"
bar:Raghuvir
from: 27/07/1989 till: 01/05/1990 color:ind text:"[[Anisetti Raghuvir]]"
bar:Thakur
from: 02/05/1990 till: 17/03/1991 color:ind text:"[[Devi Das Thakur]]"
bar:LMisra
from: 17/03/1991 till: 01/09/1997 color:ind text:"[[Lokanath Misra]]"
bar:SKSinha
from: 01/09/1997 till: 21/04/2003 color:ind text:"[[Srinivas Kumar Sinha]]"
bar:Dave
from: 21/04/2003 till: 05/06/2003 color:ind text:"[[Arvind Dave]]"
bar:ASingh
from: 05/06/2003 till: 04/07/2008 color:ind text:"[[Ajai Singh]]"
bar:Mathur
from: 04/07/2008 till: 25/06/2009 color:ind text:"[[Shiv Charan Mathur]]"
bar:Sankaranarayanan
from: 26/06/2009 till: 26/07/2009 color:ind text:"[[K. Sankaranarayanan]]"
bar:Razi
from: 27/07/2009 till: 10/12/2009 color:ind text:"[[Syed Sibtey Razi]]"
bar:Patnaik
from: 11/12/2009 till: 10/12/2014 color:ind text:"[[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik]]"
bar:PAcharya
from: 11/12/2014 till: 21/08/2016 color:ind text:"[[Padmanabha Acharya]]"
bar:Purohit
from: 22/08/2016 till: 09/10/2017 color:ind text:"[[Banwarilal Purohit]]"
bar:Mukhi
from: 10/10/2017 till: 21/02/2023 color:ind text:"[[Jagdish Mukhi]]"
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from: 30/07/2024 till: $today color:ind text:"[[Lakshman Acharya]]"
}}
|}

== Oath ==
“I, A. B., do swear in the name of God/solemly affirm that I will faithfully
execute the office of Governor (or discharge the functions
of the Governor) of .............(name of the State) and will to
the best of my ability preserve, protect and defend the
Constitution and the law and that I will devote myself to
the service and well-being of the people of ..………(name
of the State).”
==See also==
* [[History of Assam]]
* [[Chief Minister of Assam]]
* [[Governors of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* [http://assamassembly.nic.in/governor-list.html List of Governors] from [http://assamassembly.nic.in assamassembly.nic.in]
* http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_states.html#Assam
* http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_BrProvinces.htm#Assam
* {{Cite ODNB |title=Colonial administrators and post-independence leaders in India (1616–2000) |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/theme/93241}}

{{Governors_and_Lt_Governors_of_Indian_States}}
{{Administrators of provinces in British India}}

[[Category:Governors of Assam| ]]
[[Category:Lists of governors of Indian states|Assam]]
[[Category:Assam politics-related lists|Governors]]

Rajan Somasundaram

2026-03-20T11:47:02Z

Gstnit: started the page basic info

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Rajan Somasundaram
| birth_place = [[Thiruvarur]], [[India]]
| occupation = Composer Violinist & Drummer Music producer Arranger [[Songwriter]]
| label = [[ Saregama]]
| genre = {{hlist|[[Filmi]]|[[Indian classical music|Indian classical]]|[[world music]]|[[Electronic music|electronic]]}}

}}

Rajan Somasundaram, best known as '''Raleigh Rajan''', is a composer, drummer, violinist and [[music producer]] and [[Songwriter]] based in [[Raleigh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.malayalamnewsdaily.com/node/717361/entertainment/campus-film-4-seasons-launched-thiruvananthapuram |title=4 Seasons Movie Launch |publisher=MalayalamNewsDaily.com |date=2022-12-13 |accessdate=2023-11-07}}</ref> He is known for bringing together Music and Literature and his works in [[Indian cinema]]; predominantly in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam ]] films. He has made the first ever music album on Tamil [[Sangam period]] poetry in association with [[North Carolina Symphony|Durham Symphony]] and prominent international musicians. The album became Amazon's Top#10 bestseller under 'International Music albums' category in July 2020. The album was called "A Major event in the world of Music" by ''The Hindu Music review''.<ref name=HMR1>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/541792-sandham.html |title=A Major event in the world of Music | work=The Hindu Music Review |date=28 February 2020 |publisher=The Hindu Tamil |accessdate=2020-03-02}}</ref>
He composed the theme song of the 10th [[World Tamil Conference]] with many international musicians as a tribute to [[Sangam period]] poet [[Kaniyan Pungundranar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.valaitamil.com/IATR-FETNA-Chicago-convention-theme-song-released_18852.html |title="யாதும் ஊரே யாவரும் கேளிர்" - உலகத் தமிழாராய்ச்சி மற்றும் பேரவை - சிகாகோ மாநாட்டு பாடல் அமெரிக்காவில் சிறப்பாக வெளியிடப்பட்டது |publisher=Valaitamil.com |date=2019-06-02 |accessdate=2019-10-06}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Rajan was born in [[Thiruvarur]] in [[Tamil Nadu]] state and started learning Carnatic music since he was 9 years old at the birthplace of [[Shyama Shastri]]. He graduated with a master's degree in Engineering.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/tamilnadu/234738-.html | title=இணையத்தைக் கலக்கும் 'யாதும் ஊரே' கீதம்|newspaper=The Hindu |date= July 2019|accessdate=2019-10-06}}</ref>

== Career ==
In 2017, Rajan created a new Carnatic Raga, [[Svadhya]], and released a single titled ‘Maya- The reflection of Self’ composed in the raga. In 2018, he released the first ever musical form for the prominent Sanskrit Advaita classical literature, [[Ashtavakra Gita]] Saksi I, in the raga Svadhya. Rajan has worked on jingles, corporate commercials and documentaries including [[Lexus]] cars and [[Xansa]].

Rajan composed the theme song of the 10th [[World Tamil Conference]] scheduled at Chicago. He has composed the first ever musical form for the 2000 year old poetry, Yathum Oore, written by [[Sangam Period]] poet [[Kaniyan Pungundranar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/mag/kamadenu-07-07-19/special/506600-poongkundranar-songs.html |title=பூங்குன்றனார் பாடலை பூரிக்கவைத்த தமிழர்! |publisher=Kamadenu, Tamil Hindu |date= 29 June 2019|accessdate=2019-10-07}}</ref> Rajan mentioned that as a tribute to one of the most progressive ancient poetry that calls for unity and equality, he composed the theme song to cover multiple genres of music and brought in many international musicians of varying genres, ethnicity and languages. Singers [[Karthik (singer)]] and academy nominated [[Bombay Jayashri]] sang the song along with various international artists.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dinamalar.com/news/tamil-nadu-news/news/2290362 |title=உலக கலைஞர்களின், கணீர் குரலில் உலகத் தமிழ் ஆராய்ச்சி மாநாட்டு பாடல் |publisher=Dinamalar |date= 4 June 2019|access-date=2019-10-06}}</ref> Tamil writer [[S. Ramakrishnan]] appreciated the selection of Yathum Oore poem as the theme song to portray the Tamil cultural identity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sramakrishnan.com/?p=8775 |title=யாதும் ஊரே |publisher=Sramakrishnan.com |date= |accessdate=2019-10-06}}</ref>

In January 2020, Rajan released the first ever music album on ancient Tamil Sangam poetry collaborating with Durham Symphony and leading international artists, titled [[Sandham- Symphony Meets Classical Tamil]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wrde.com/story/41604487/nc-based-composer-rajan-revives-ancient-tamil-poetry-with-leading-singers-and-musicians-from-india-and-usa|title=NC based Composer Rajan revives ancient Tamil poetry with leading singers and musicians from India and USA|website=www.wrde.com|language=en|access-date=2020-02-15|archive-date=15 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215174958/https://www.wrde.com/story/41604487/nc-based-composer-rajan-revives-ancient-tamil-poetry-with-leading-singers-and-musicians-from-india-and-usa|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'' music review called the album "A Major event in the world of Music".<ref name=HMR1 />

His Pop-Rock single 'Girl Power' sung by KiRA Mazur became Top#10 most requested song on Chicago FM in June 2021. His background score for the documentary movie 'Anthara nadai' on Poet Abi was widely appreciated.

Rajan's music for the movie '[[A Tribute to Venmurasu]]' featuring legendary Actor [[Kamal Haasan]] among others was released by Movie Director [[Mani Ratnam]] in a public event. The movie taken to celebrate the successful completion of World's longest Tamil Novel [[Venmurasu]] was developed into a music album titled [[A Musical Tribute to Venmurasu (album)|A Musical Tribute to Venmurasu]] includes a 12 minute musical tribute sung by [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Sriram Parthasarathy]], [[Saindhavi]] and Rajan Somasundaram. Rajan selected some highly poetic lines from Neelam, one of the Venmurasu Novels and created this Musical tribute. Writers A.Muttulingam, Director [[Vasanthabalan]] and Nanjil Nadan appreciated the unique combination of melody, rhythm and grandeur in creating a fitting musical tribute to Venmurasu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thefederal.com/entertainment/mani-ratnams-musical-tribute-to-jayamohans-epic-work-venmurasu/|title=Director Mani Ratnam Releases Music album to celebrate Jeyamohan's Epic Venmurasu|website=www.thefederal.com|language=en|access-date=2020-10-11}}</ref> The album was released worldwide through Apple iTunes<ref>{{cite web |title=A Musical Tribute to Venmurasu by Kamal Haasan, Saindhavi, Rajan Somasundaram & Sriram Parthasarathy |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/a-musical-tribute-to-venmurasu/1589737305 |website=iTunes |publisher=Apple |access-date=15 October 2021 |date=8 October 2021}}</ref> and Spotify.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Musical Tribute to Venmurasu |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/34hEQXX8NtLkRTd6ji1fkP |website=Spotify |access-date=15 October 2021 |language=en |date=8 October 2021}}</ref>

===Discography===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! class="sortable" | Year
! class="sortable" | Album
! class="sortable" | Song
! class="sortable" | Description
! class="sortable" | Notes
|-
| 2018||[[Ashtavakra Gita]] Saksi 1||kathaṁ jñānam||The first musical form for Ashtavakra Gita, the Advaitha scripture in [[Sanskrit]]||
|-
|2020||[[Sandham- Symphony Meets Classical Tamil]]||Collection of 7 Sangam period poems||The First album on Sangam poetry, collaboration with [[North Carolina Symphony|Durham Symphony]], Sung by [[Bombay Jayashri]], [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Saindhavi]],[[Pragathi Guruprasad]]||Album that featured in Amazon Top#10 International Music Category
|-
|2020||[[Subramania Bharati|Bharathi]]’s Oozhikkoothu||Vedipadum||Sung by Sathyaprakash, Collaboration with German Brass band highlighting the explosive nature of the poem||
|-
|2021||Palum Thelithenum|| Palum Thelithenum ||First musical form, sung by Priya Krish||
|-
|2021||A Tribute to [[Venmurasu]]||Kannanai Kaanbathumanai||Part of the documentary on [[Venmurasu]] by [[B. Jeyamohan|Jeyamohan]] sung by [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Sriram Parthasarathy]], [[Saindhavi]] and Raleigh Rajan|| Released by Director [[Mani Ratnam]], Director [[Vasanthabalan]], Writers [[Appadurai Muttulingam]] in October 2021
|-
|2023||Tribute to [[Appadurai Muttulingam|A Muttulingam]]||Kadavul Thodangiya Idam||Sung by [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], Vithusayni, Sinmaye||
|-
|2023||[[Jayakanthan]] Poems||Ver Vittu||Poems written by [[Jayakanthan]]|| Released by [[Bava Chelladurai]], Bharathi Baskar
|-
|2024||[[Devi Mahatmya]] ||Ya Devi||Part of [[Markandeya Purana]] scripture sung by Rajalakshmee Sanjay||
|-
|2025||[[Kambaramayanam]] ||Kadalo Mazhayo||Poem from [[Kambaramayanam]] sung by Priya Krish|| Launched by [[Sikkil Gurucharan]], [[Nanjil Nadan]] and [[Jeyamohan]]||
|-
|2025||[[Mark Twain]] Jazz||Love is not a product||Quotes on Love, attributed to Mark Twain, sung by UK based Singer, Actor Chris Weeks. Composed, arranged and produced by Rajan|| Part of the Original Motion Picture Soundtrack of '4 Seasons' movie||
|-
|2025||[[Gopalla Grammam]] ||Gopalla Gramam Kummi||The folk song mentioned in the novel Gopalla Gramam by [[Ki. Rajanarayanan]] set to music for the first time. The song is referenced as about 500 years old and sung by the original settlers of [[Kovilpatti]] area. Sung by [[Ananya Bhat]], [[Senthil Ganesh|Rajalakshmi Senthil]], Raleigh Rajan and Priya Krish.||
|-
|2025||[[Emily Dickinson]]'s Hope [[A cappella]]||Hope is the thing with Feathers||Hope poem written by Emily Dickinson. Composed, arranged and produced by Rajan ||
|-
|2026||[[Feel The Spark]] single||Feel The Spark||A Dance Pop music video, shot in [[Barcelona]], Spain, declared anthem of Living Tamil LitFest. Penned and composed by Raleigh Rajan. Sung by Ciera Dumas||The music video went viral in March 2026, gaining more than 3 Million views within a couple of days, leading to global news coverage <ref>{{cite web |title=Viral song ignites curiosity on Modern Tamil Lit|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/viral-song-ignites-global-interest-in-modern-tamil-literature/article70748862.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=20 March 2026 |language=en |date=8 October 2021}}</ref>
|}

===Movies Discography===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! class="sortable" | Year
! class="sortable" | Title
! class="sortable" | Description
! class="sortable" | Notes

|-
|2025||4 Seasons|| Directed by Vinod Parameswaran, Theater released Jan 2025 || Malayalam Debut ||
|-
|}
===Documentaries===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! class="sortable" | Year
! class="sortable" | Title
! class="sortable" | Description
! class="sortable" | Notes
|-
| 2019||Andharanadai ||Documentary Film on Poet Abi||Documentary film on Poet Abi (Habibullah), a pioneer that introduced abstract, metaphysical style of poetry in Tamil ||
|-
| 2020||Tharcheyalgalin varaipadam||Documentary Film on writer Sureshkumara Indrajith
||
|-
| 2021||A Tribute to VenMurasu ||Documentary Film on the world’s longest Novel VenMurasu||Released in theaters in 14 major cities across the USA and Canada, the film features interviews with [[Ilaiyaraaja]], [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Ashokamitran]] among others. The music tracks composed for the movie were released by Director [[Mani Ratnam]] ||
|-
|2021||Veedum veedhigalum|| Documentary Film on poet [[Vikramadityan]] ||Film launched by [[Jairam Ramesh]] ||
|-
|}
===Redefining the Concert experience===
Rajan has been a major proponent of redefining the Carnatic concert experience. In several interviews, he has spoken at length about the influence of the [[Bhakti movement]] and its positive and negative impacts on contemporary Carnatic concerts. While the Bhakti movement has greatly enriched the Carnatic repertoire, it has also limited new additions and innovations because of its ritualistic nature. For example, [[Chord (music)|chords]] have permeated almost all forms of music since the 20th century, including Indian film music; however, Carnatic music does not use functional chord harmony and instead continues to rely primarily on melodic lines. According to Rajan, this restricts the extent to which a wider range of musical instruments can be used to express the emotions embedded in Carnatic compositions. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/for-this-us-based-music-composer-sangam-poetry-brings-a-full-circle-moment/article69234187.ece|title = Ancient Literature Gets Musical forms !| date=19 February 2025 }}</ref>

In August 2025, he spearheaded a sold-out, two-hour Carnatic concert based entirely on the Tamil epic [[Ramavataram|Kamba Ramayanam]] at the Nack Theater, [[Dallas| Dallas, TX]]. In addition to the traditional [[mridangam]], [[violin]], [[kanjira]] and [[tanpura]], he incorporated [[piano]]—playing both chords and melodic leads—within traditional Carnatic ragas. The concert also featured poetry appreciation segments before each piece and digital paintings as a visual backdrop, enhancing the overall experience.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/kambars-ramavataram-came-alive-at-nack-theater-dallas/article69983316.ece|title = Redefining the Carnatic concert experience| date=2 September 2025 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmGO2vRjr53Y2ih2v-oLhOw Official YouTube Channel]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Somasundaram, Rajan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Carnatic composers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan

2026-03-19T12:26:39Z

Gstnit: typo fix

{{Short description|President of India from 1962 to 1967}}
{{Redirect|Radhakrishnan|other people with this name|Radhakrishnan (name)}}
{{Family name hatnote|Sarvepalli|lang=Telugu}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
| office =  [[President of India]]
| image = Photograph of Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan presented to First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy in 1962.jpg
| caption = Official portrait, 1962
| predecessor = [[Rajendra Prasad]]
| primeminister = {{ubl|[[Jawaharlal Nehru]]|{{efn|[[Gulzarilal Nanda]] {{small|''(interim)''}}}}|[[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]|[[Indira Gandhi]]}}
| successor = Zakir Husain
| vicepresident = [[Zakir Husain]]
| term_start = 13 May 1962
| term_end = 13 May 1967
| signature =
| office2 =  [[Vice President of India]]
| president2 = Rajendra Prasad
| primeminister2 = Jawaharlal Nehru
| party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
| predecessor2 = ''Office established''
| successor2 = Zakir Husain
| term_start2 = 13 May 1952
| term_end2 = 12 May 1962
| office3 = [[List of ambassadors of India to Russia|Ambassador of India to Soviet Union]]
| term_start3 = 12 July 1949
| term_end3 = 12 May 1952
| predecessor3 = [[Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit]]
| successor3 = [[K. P. S. Menon]]
| office4 = [[Vice-Chancellor of Banaras Hindu University]]
| term_start4 = 1939
| term_end4 = 1948
| predecessor4 = [[Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya]]
| successor4 = [[Amarnath Jha]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1888|9|5}}
| birth_place = [[Thiruttani]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Tamil Nadu]], India)<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 April 1975 |title=Radhakrishnan of India, Philosopher, Dead at 86 |work=[[New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/04/17/archives/radhakrishnan-of-india-philosopher-dead-at-86.html |access-date=2 September 2018 |archive-date=12 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212090229/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/04/17/archives/radhakrishnan-of-india-philosopher-dead-at-86.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1975|4|17|1888|9|5}}
| death_place = [[Madras]], Tamil Nadu, India (present-day Chennai)
| spouse = {{marriage|Sarvepalli Sivakamu|1903|1956|end=died}}
| children = 6, including [[Sarvepalli Gopal|Gopal]]
| nationality = Indian
| occupation = {{hlist|Politician|professor|vice-chancellor}}
| profession = {{hlist|Philosopher|[[Academic staff|academic]]}}
| awards = [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan#Awards and honours|See below]]
| module2 = {{Infobox scholar|child=yes
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Voorhees College, Vellore]]|[[Madras Christian College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Master of Arts|MA]])}}
| workplaces = {{ubl|[[Madras Presidency College]]|[[Maharaja's College, Mysore]]|[[University of Calcutta]]|[[Harris Manchester College, Oxford|Manchester College, Oxford]]|[[Andhra University]]|[[Banaras Hindu University]]}}
| discipline = {{hlist|Philosophy|[[Indology]]}}
| main_interests = {{hlist|[[Indian philosophy]]|[[Indian religions]]}}
| known_for = the ''Indian Philosophy'': 2 volume set}}
| order = 
| order2 = 
| order1 = 
| honorific_prefix =
}}

{{Advaita}}
{{Hindu philosophy}}
'''Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan'''{{given name footnote|Radhakrishnan|Sarvepalli|his|Telugu}} ({{pronunciation|Svpr.ogg}}; 5 September 1888{{Snd}}17 April 1975) was an Indian academic, philosopher and statesman who served as the [[Vice President of India]] from 1952 to 1962 and [[President of India]] from 1962 to 1967. He was the [[ambassador of India to the Soviet Union]] from 1949 to 1952. He was also the [[vice-chancellor of Banaras Hindu University]] from 1939 to 1948 and the vice-chancellor of [[Andhra University]] from 1931 to 1936. Radhakrishnan is considered one of the most influential and distinguished 20th century scholars of [[comparative religion]] and philosophy,<ref name="Pollock">{{cite journal|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/mesaas/faculty/directory/pollock_pub/classics.pdf|author=Pollock, Sheldon|year=2011|title=Crisis in the Classics|journal=Social Research|volume=78|issue=1|pages=21–48|doi=10.1353/sor.2011.0015|s2cid=141188541|access-date=6 December 2018|archive-date=17 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417024905/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/mesaas/faculty/directory/pollock_pub/classics.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref group=web name="IEP" /> he held the King George V Chair of Mental and Moral Science at the [[University of Calcutta]] from 1921 to 1932 and [[Spalding Professor of Eastern Religion and Ethics|Spalding Chair of Eastern Religion and Ethics]] at [[University of Oxford]] from 1936 to 1952.<ref>''The Madras Mail'', Saturday, 8 February 1936, page 9</ref>

Radhakrishnan's philosophy was grounded in [[Advaita Vedanta]], reinterpreting this tradition for a contemporary understanding.<ref group=web name="IEP" /> He defended [[Hinduism]] against what he called "uninformed [[Literary criticism|Western criticism]]",<ref name=brown153/> contributing to the formation of [[Hindu nationalism|contemporary Hindu identity]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Flood, Gavin D. |title=An Introduction to Hinduism|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo|url-access=registration |date=13 July 1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-43878-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo/page/249 249]}}</ref> He has been influential in shaping the understanding of Hinduism, in both India and the west, and earned a reputation as a bridge-builder between India and the West.<ref name="Hawley">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Hawley|first=Michael|url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/radhakri/|title=Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1888—1975)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712171420/https://www.iep.utm.edu/radhakri/ |archive-date=12 July 2019|encyclopedia=[[Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]}}</ref>

Radhakrishnan was awarded several high awards during his life, including a [[knighthood]] in 1931, the [[Bharat Ratna]], the highest civilian award in India, in 1954, and honorary membership of the British Royal [[Order of Merit]] in 1963. He was also one of the founders of [[HelpAge India]], a non-profit organisation for elderly [[Poverty in India|underprivileged in India]]. Radhakrishnan believed that "teachers should be the best minds in the country."<ref group="web" name="BharatRatna">{{cite web|title=Padma Awards Directory (1954–2007)|url=http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/PadmaAwards1954-2007.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs|access-date=26 November 2010|archive-date=4 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304070427/http://mha.nic.in/pdfs/PadmaAwards1954-2007.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Early life and education ==
Radhakrishnan was born as Sarvepalli Radhakrishnayya<ref>{{Cite web |title=March 21, 2010 |url=https://www.koumudi.net/gollapudi/sakshi/march_21_10.html |access-date=5 September 2021 |website=www.koumudi.net |archive-date=16 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116201302/http://www.koumudi.net/gollapudi/sakshi/march_21_10.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>"Radhakrishnayya, as Shri Radhakrishnan sometimes referred to himself, was born in the Sarvepalli family which traced its roots in the village of Sarvepalli in the Nellore District of Andhra Pradesh." {{Cite web |date=5 September 2021 |title=Teachers' Day 2021 – Lessons from Radhakrishnayya for 2047 |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/education-2/teachers-day-2021-lessons-from-radhakrishnayya-for-2047/2324242/ |access-date=15 September 2022 |website=Financialexpress |language=en |archive-date=15 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915085245/https://www.financialexpress.com/education-2/teachers-day-2021-lessons-from-radhakrishnayya-for-2047/2324242/ |url-status=live }}</ref> in a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] [[Niyogi]] [[Brahmin]] family<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drishtiias.com/blog/dr-sv-radhakrishnan-the-teacher-who-became-indian-president|title = Dr SV RadhaKrishnan: The teacher who became Indian President|date = 6 September 2022}}</ref>of Sarvepalli Veeraswami and Sithamma. He was the fourth born of six siblings (five brothers and one sister),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zNCDF7wm8R4C&q=Sarvepalli+radhakrishnan+Niyogi&pg=PA136|title=How to be a Good Teacher|first=Rupal|last=Jain|date=10 April 2013|publisher=Pustak Mahal|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2025 |title=Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1888—1975) |url=https://www.lkouniv.ac.in/site/writereaddata/siteContent/202004201521035216nupur_sen_Dr_S_Radhakrishnan.pdf}}</ref> in [[Tiruttani]] of [[North Arcot|North Arcot district]] in the erstwhile [[Madras Presidency]] (now in [[Tiruvallur district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]).<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/children/remembering-an-educator/article19609361.ece | title=On Teachers' Day, remembering an educator of the students | work=The Hindu | date=2 September 2017 | last1=Subramanian | first1=Archana | access-date=28 July 2018 | archive-date=3 September 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903155133/http://www.thehindu.com/children/remembering-an-educator/article19609361.ece | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=India. Parliament. Rajya Sabha|title=Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan: a commemorative volume, 1888–1988|year=1988|publisher=Prentice-Hall of India|isbn=978-0-87692-557-7|url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/publication_electronic/Sarvapall.pdf|access-date=31 August 2018|archive-date=20 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020023115/http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/publication_electronic/Sarvapall.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/happy-teachers-day-10-things-to-know-about-india-s-philosopher-president-sarvepalli-radhakrishnan/story-dDTInmWZtlf08olIIhX99N.html | title=Teachers' Day: 10 things to know about India's 'philosopher President' Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan | newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] | date=5 September 2017 | access-date=28 July 2018 | archive-date=16 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016213721/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/happy-teachers-day-10-things-to-know-about-india-s-philosopher-president-sarvepalli-radhakrishnan/story-dDTInmWZtlf08olIIhX99N.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/publication_electronic/Sarvapall.pdf|title=Dr Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan A Commemorative Volume|editor=Sudarshan Agarwal|website=Rajyasabha.nic.in|access-date=7 July 2018|archive-date=20 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020023115/http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/publication_electronic/Sarvapall.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/children/remembering-an-educator/article19609361.ece | title=On Teachers' Day, remembering an educator | work=The Hindu | date=2 September 2017 | access-date=29 July 2018 | last1=Subramanian | first1=Archana | archive-date=3 September 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903155133/http://www.thehindu.com/children/remembering-an-educator/article19609361.ece | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/orissareview/2010/september/engpdf/1-4.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128200049/http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/orissareview/2010/september/engpdf/1-4.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 November 2016|title=The Great Indian Philosopher |publisher= Internet Archive|access-date=7 July 2018}}</ref> His family hails from [[Sarvepalli]] village in [[Nellore district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. His early years were spent in [[Thiruttani]] and [[Tirupati]]. His father was a subordinate revenue official in the service of a local ''[[Zamindar]]'' (local landlord). His primary education was at K. V. High School at Thiruttani. In 1896 he moved to the Hermansburg Evangelical Lutheran Mission School in [[Tirupati]] and Government High Secondary School, [[Walajapet]].{{sfn|Gopal|1989|p=11}}

===Education===
[[File:President John F. Kennedy with Indian President Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, in the Oval Office (1).jpg|thumb|right|Indian President Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan with US President [[John F. Kennedy]] in the Oval Office, 1963]] Radhakrishnan was awarded scholarships throughout his academic life. He joined [[Voorhees College (India)|Voorhees College]] in [[Vellore]] for his high school education. After his F.A. (First of Arts) class, he joined the [[Madras Christian College]] (affiliated to the [[University of Madras]]) at the age of 16. He graduated from there in 1907, and also finished his master's degree from the same college.

Radhakrishnan studied philosophy by chance rather than choice. He had wished to study mathematics. Being a financially constrained student, when a cousin who graduated from the same college passed on his philosophy textbooks to Radhakrishnan, it automatically decided his academics course.<ref>{{Cite book | last =Schillp | first =Paul Arthur | year =1992 | title =The Philosophy of Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan | publisher =Motilall Banarsidass | isbn=9788120807921|page=6}}</ref>{{sfn|Gopal|1989|p=14}}

Sarvepalli wrote his bachelor's degree thesis on "The Ethics of the Vedanta and its Metaphysical Presuppositions".{{sfn|Gopal|1989|p=16}} It "was intended to be a reply to the charge that the [[Vedanta]] system had no room for ethics."{{sfn|Murty|Vohra|1990|p=112}} Two of his professors, William Meston and Alfred George Hogg, commended Radhakrishnan's dissertation.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} Radhakrishnan's thesis was published when he was only twenty. According to Radhakrishnan himself, the criticism of Hogg and other Christian teachers of Indian culture "disturbed my faith and shook the traditional props on which I leaned."{{sfn|Murty|Vohra|1990|p=112}} Radhakrishnan himself describes how, as a student,{{blockquote|The challenge of Christian critics impelled me to make a study of Hinduism and find out what is living and what is dead in it. My pride as a Hindu, roused by the enterprise and eloquence of [[Swami Vivekananda]], was deeply hurt by the treatment accorded to Hinduism in [[Timeline of Christian missions|missionary institutions]].<ref name=brown153/>}}

This led him to his critical study of [[Indian philosophy]] and [[Indian religions|religion]]{{sfn|Murty|Vohra|1990|p=112}} and a lifelong defence of Hinduism against "uninformed Western criticism".<ref name=brown153/> At the same time, Radhakrishnan commended Professor Hogg as 'My distinguished teacher,'<ref>{{cite book |last1=Radhakrishna |first1=Sarvepalli |title=My Search for Truth|page=19}}</ref> and as "one of the greatest Christian thinkers we had in India.'<ref>{{cite book |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=Sarvepalli |editor-last=Schilpp |editor-first=P.A. |title=Reply to Critics, in, The Philosophy of Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan|page=806}}</ref> Besides, Professor William Skinner, who was acting Principal of the College, gave a testimonial saying "he is one of the best men we have had in the recent years", which enabled him to get the first job in Presidency College. In reciprocation, Radhakrishnan dedicated one of his early books to William Skinner.{{sfn|Gopal|1989|p=15}}

'''<big>The Spirit of ''Abheda''</big>'''

Radhakrishnan expresses his anguish, against the British critics, in The Ethics of the Vedanta.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Radhakrishnan|first=S.|date=1914|title=The Ethics of the Vedanta|journal=International Journal of Ethics|volume=24|issue=2|pages=168–183|doi=10.1086/intejethi.24.2.2376505|jstor=2376505|s2cid=143066187 |issn=1526-422X|doi-access=}}</ref> Here he wrote, "it has become philosophic fashion of the present day to consider the Vedanta system a non-ethical one." He quotes a [[German Confederation|German]]-born [[philologist]] and [[Oriental studies|Orientalist]], who lived and studied in Britain for most of his life, [[Max Müller|Max Muller]] as stating, "The Vedanta philosophy has not neglected the important sphere of ethics; but on the contrary, we find ethics in the beginning, ethics in the middle, and ethics in the end, to say nothing of the fact that minds, so engrossed with divine things as Vedanta philosophers, are not likely to fall victims to the ordinary temptations of the world, the flesh, and other powers."

Radhakrishnan then explains how this philosophy requires us (people) to look upon all creations as one. As non-different. This is where he introduces "The Spirit of Abheda".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Radhakrishnan|first=S.|date=1914|title=The Ethics of the Vedanta|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_ethics_1914-01_24_2/page/168|journal=Ethics|volume=24|issue=2|pages=168|doi=10.1086/206804|issn=0014-1704}}</ref> He quotes, "In morals, the individual is enjoined to cultivate a Spirit of ''Abheda'', or non-difference." Thus he mentions how this "naturally leads to the ethics of love and brotherhood".

"Every other individual is to be regarded as your co-equal, and treated as an end, not a means."

"The Vedanta requires us to respect human dignity and demands the recognition of man as man."

== Personal life ==
Radhakrishnan was married to Sivakamu {{efn|Radhakrishnan's wife's name is spelled differently in different sources, perhaps because a common Telugu spelling is Sivamma. It is spelled ''Sivakamu'' by Sarvepalli Gopal (1989); ''Sivakamuamma'' by Mamta Anand (2006); and still differently by others.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}}}} (1893–1956) in May 1903, a distant cousin, at the age of 14, when she was aged 10.{{sfn|Gopal|1989|p=12}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=K. R. Gupta & Amita |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9dNOT9iYxcMC&dq=Sivakamu+Radhakrishnan&pg=PA1056 |title=Concise Encyclopaedia of India |date=2006 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-269-0639-0 |language=en |access-date=27 June 2023 |archive-date=3 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903155801/https://books.google.com/books?id=9dNOT9iYxcMC&dq=Sivakamu+Radhakrishnan&pg=PA1056 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bharathi |first=K. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LeHxfYFD69AC&dq=Sivakamu+Radhakrishnan&pg=PA11 |title=Encyclopaedia of Eminent Thinkers |date=1998 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-688-8 |language=en |access-date=27 June 2023 |archive-date=3 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903155803/https://books.google.com/books?id=LeHxfYFD69AC&dq=Sivakamu+Radhakrishnan&pg=PA11 |url-status=live }}</ref> As per tradition the marriage was [[arranged marriage|arranged]] by the family. The couple had five daughters named Padmavati, Rukmini, Sushila, Sundari and Shakuntala. Their youngest child was a son named [[Sarvepalli Gopal]] who went on to a notable career as a historian. Many of Radhakrishnan's family members including his grandchildren and great-grandchildren have pursued a wide range of careers in academia, public policy, medicine, law, banking, business, publishing and other fields across the world. Sivakamu died on 26 November 1956. They were married for about 52 years.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Saran |first=Renu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bMNPCgAAQBAJ&dq=Sivakamu+Radhakrishnan&pg=PT6 |title=Dr. Radha Krishnan: The Great Indian Philosopher |date=6 August 2015 |publisher=Junior Diamond |isbn=978-93-83990-10-8 |language=en |access-date=27 June 2023 |archive-date=3 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903155805/https://books.google.com/books?id=bMNPCgAAQBAJ&dq=Sivakamu+Radhakrishnan&pg=PT6 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jai |first=Janak Raj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r2C2InxI0xAC&dq=Sivakamu+Radhakrishnan&pg=PA25 |title=Presidents of India, 1950–2003 |date=2003 |publisher=Regency Publications |isbn=978-81-87498-65-0 |language=en |access-date=27 June 2023 |archive-date=3 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903155802/https://books.google.com/books?id=r2C2InxI0xAC&dq=Sivakamu+Radhakrishnan&pg=PA25 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Academic career==
[[File:Radhakrishnan telugu signature.jpg|thumb|upright|Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan drawn by Bujjai and signed by Sarvepalli in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as "Radhakrishnayya".|alt=hand made portrait of Mr. President.]]
In April 1909, Radhakrishnan was appointed to the Department of Philosophy at the [[Madras Presidency College]]. Thereafter, in 1918, he was selected as Professor of Philosophy by the [[University of Mysore]], where he taught at its [[Maharaja's College, Mysore]].<ref group=web name="times10">{{cite news | title = Maharaja's royal gift to Mysore | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysore/Maharajas-royal-gift-to-Mysore-/articleshow/6216007.cms | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131203062519/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-25/mysore/28281284_1_mysore-crawford-hall-maharaja-s-college | url-status = live | archive-date = 3 December 2013 | date =25 July 2010| newspaper = [[The Times of India]] | access-date = 11 July 2013 }}</ref><ref name="MurtyVohra1990">{{cite book|author1=Murty, Kotta Satchidananda|author2=Vohra, Ashok|title=Radhakrishnan: His Life and Ideas|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x6FsaptULgAC&pg=PA26|chapter=3. Professor at Mysore|year=1990|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-1-4384-1401-0|pages=17–26|access-date=6 October 2016|archive-date=26 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126143304/https://books.google.com/books?id=x6FsaptULgAC&pg=PA26#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Here, Radhakrishnan along with M. Hiriyanna and A. R. Wadia groomed [[M. Yamunacharya]], who would later hold post of Professor in Philosophy in the Department of Philosophy at Maharaja College, Mysore. By that time he had written many articles for journals of repute like ''The Quest'', ''Journal of Philosophy'' and the ''International Journal of Ethics''. He also completed his first book The book was published in 1918. ''The Philosophy of Rabindranath Tagore''. He believed [[Rabindranath Tagore|Tagore]]'s philosophy to be the "genuine manifestation of the Indian spirit". His second book, ''The Reign of Religion in Contemporary Philosophy'' was published in 1920.

In 1921 he was appointed as a professor in philosophy to occupy the King George V Chair of Mental and Moral Science at the [[University of Calcutta]]. He represented the University of Calcutta at the Congress of the Universities of the British Empire in June 1926 and the [[International Congress of Philosophy]] at [[Harvard University]] in September 1926. Another important academic event during this period was the invitation to deliver the [[Hibbert Lecture]] on the ideals of life which he delivered at [[Harris Manchester College, Oxford|Manchester College, Oxford]] in 1929 and which was subsequently published in book form as ''An Idealist View of Life''.

In 1929 Radhakrishnan was invited to take the post vacated by Principal J. Estlin Carpenter at Manchester College. This gave him the opportunity to lecture to the students of the University of Oxford on Comparative Religion. For his services to education he was [[Knight Bachelor|knighted]] by [[George V of the United Kingdom|George V]] in the June [[1931 Birthday Honours]],<ref group=web name="london-gazette1">{{London Gazette |issue=33722 |date=2 June 1931 |page=3624 |supp=y}}</ref> and formally invested with his honour by the [[Governor-General of India]], the [[Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon|Earl of Willingdon]], in March 1932.<ref group=web>{{London Gazette |issue=33816 |date=12 April 1932 |page=2398 |nolink=yes}}</ref> However, he ceased to use the title after Indian independence,<ref name=banerji>{{cite book |title=Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, a centenary tribute
|last=Banerji |first=Anjan Kumar |year=1991
|publisher=Banaras Hindu University |location=Varanasi, India
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bvfWAAAAMAAJ |oclc=28967355}}. Page 9 states: "In 1931.... He was knighted that year, but ceased to use the title after Independence."</ref>{{rp|9}} preferring instead his academic title of 'Doctor'.

He was the vice-chancellor of [[Andhra University]] from 1931 to 1936. During his first convocation address, he spoke about his native [[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra]] as,
{{blockquote|We, the Andhras, are fortunately situated in some respects. I firmly believe that if any part of India is capable of developing an effective sense of unity it is in Andhra. The hold of conservatism is not strong. Our generosity of spirit and openness of mind are well -known. Our social instinct and suggestibility are still active. Our moral sense and sympathetic imagination are not much warped by dogmas. Our women are relatively more free. Love of the mother-tongue binds us all.}}
[[File:Portrait DR. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan by [[Serge Ivanoff]] 1953.]]
In 1936 Radhakrishnan was named [[Spalding Professor of Eastern Religion and Ethics]] at the [[University of Oxford]], and was elected a Fellow of [[All Souls College, Oxford|All Souls College]]. That same year, and again in 1937, he was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature, although this nomination process, as for all laureates, was not public at the time. Further nominations for the awards continued steadily throughout the 1960s. In 1939 [[Madan Mohan Malaviya|Pt. Madan Mohan Malaviya]] invited him to succeed him as the Vice-Chancellor of [[Banaras Hindu University]] (BHU).{{sfn|Murty|Vohra|1990|p=90}} He served as its Vice-Chancellor till January 1948.

==Political career==
{{See also|British Raj|Indian Independence Act 1947}}
[[File:President John F. Kennedy and President Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan of India Exit White House.jpg|thumb|President of United States John F. Kennedy and President of India, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (left), depart the White House following a meeting. Minister of External Affairs of India, Lakshmi N. Menon, walks behind President Kennedy at West Wing Entrance, White House, Washington, D.C., on 4 June 1963]]

Radhakrishnan started his political career "rather late in life", after his successful academic career.<ref name=brown153/> His international authority preceded his political career. He was one of those stalwarts who attended [[Andhra Mahasabha]] in 1928 where he seconded the idea of renaming Ceded Districts division of [[Madras Presidency]] as [[Rayalaseema]]. In 1931 he was nominated to the League of Nations [[International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation|Committee for Intellectual Cooperation]], where after "in Western eyes he was the recognized Hindu authority on Indian ideas and a persuasive interpreter of the role of Eastern institutions in contemporary society."<ref name=brown153/>

When India became independent in 1947, Radhakrishnan represented India at [[UNESCO]] (1946–52) and was later [[Ambassador of India to the Soviet Union]], from 1949 to 1952. He was also elected to the [[Constituent Assembly of India]].
=== As Vice President and President===
Radhakrishnan was elected as the first Vice President of India in 1952, and elected as the second President of India (1962–1967). Radhakrishnan did not have a background in the Congress Party, nor was he active in the [[Indian independence movement]]. He was the ''politician in shadow''.{{Explain|date=August 2020}} His motivation lay in his pride of [[Hindu culture]], and the defence of Hinduism against "uninformed Western criticism".<ref name=brown153/> According to the historian Donald Mackenzie Brown,

{{blockquote|He had always defended Hindu culture against uninformed Western criticism and had symbolized the pride of Indians in their own intellectual traditions.<ref name=brown153/>}}

=== ''Teacher's Day'' ===

When Radhakrishnan became the President of India, some of his students and friends requested him to allow them to celebrate his birthday, on 5 September. He replied,<blockquote>Instead of celebrating my birthday, it would be my proud privilege if September 5th is observed as Teachers' Day.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/philosopher-teacher-president-remembering-dr-s-radhakrishnan/life-as-a-teacher/slideshow/60374990.cms |title=Philosopher, teacher, president: Remembering Dr S Radhakrishnan |date=2017-09-05 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=2018-04-16 |df=dmy-all |archive-date=18 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018231134/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/philosopher-teacher-president-remembering-dr-s-radhakrishnan/life-as-a-teacher/slideshow/60374990.cms |url-status=live }}</ref></blockquote>

His birthday has since been celebrated as [[Teachers' Day (India)|Teachers' Day]] in India.<ref group=web>{{cite web |url=http://www.festivalsofindia.in/td/index.aspx |title=Teachers' Day |publisher=Festivalsofindia.in |access-date=2 October 2012 |archive-date=30 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930072021/http://www.festivalsofindia.in/td/index.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Death===
Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan died of natural causes on 17 April 1975, at the age of 86, in Madras (now Chennai), India.

===Charity===
Along with [[G. D. Birla]] and some other social workers in the pre-independence era, Radhakrishnan formed the Krishnarpan Charity Trust.
[[File:State Visits by Dr S Radhakrishnan.png|thumb|As President of India, Radhakrishnan made 11 state visits including visits to both the US and the [[USSR]].<ref group=web>{{cite web|title=DETAILS OF MEDIA PERSONS ACCOMPANYING THE PRESIDENT IN HIS/HER VISITS ABROAD SINCE 1947 TO 2012|url=http://rashtrapatisachivalaya.gov.in/media_abroad.pdf|publisher=The President's Secretariat|access-date=5 June 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817094728/http://rashtrapatisachivalaya.gov.in/media_abroad.pdf|archive-date=17 August 2013}}</ref>]]

== Role in Constituent Assembly ==
He was against State institutions imparting denominational religious instruction as it was against the secular vision of the Indian State.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cadindia.clpr.org.in/constituent_assembly_members/sarvepalli_radhakrishnan|title=CADIndia|website=cadindia.clpr.org.in|access-date=20 March 2018|archive-date=6 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206102603/http://cadindia.clpr.org.in/constituent_assembly_members/sarvepalli_radhakrishnan|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Global policy ===
Along with [[Albert Einstein]], Radhakrishnan, the second president of India and the first vice president of India, was one of the sponsors of the [[Peoples' World Convention]] (PWC), also known as Peoples' World Constituent Assembly (PWCA), which took place in 1950–51 at Palais Electoral, [[Geneva]], Switzerland.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Einstein |first1=Albert |url=http://archive.org/details/einsteinonpeace00eins |title=Einstein on peace |last2=Nathan |first2=Otto |last3=Norden |first3=Heinz |date=1968 |publisher=New York, Schocken Books |others=Internet Archive |pages=539, 670, 676}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=[Carta] 1950 oct. 12, Genève, [Suiza] [a] Gabriela Mistral, Santiago, Chile [manuscrito] Gerry Kraus. |url=http://www.bibliotecanacionaldigital.gob.cl/bnd/623/w3-article-137193.html |access-date=19 October 2023 |website=BND: Archivo del Escritor |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028194759/http://www.bibliotecanacionaldigital.gob.cl/bnd/623/w3-article-137193.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Philosophy==
Radhakrishnan tried to bridge eastern and western thought,<ref name=Schillp>{{Cite book | last =Schillp | first =Paul Arthur | year =1992 | title =The Philosophy of Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan | publisher =Motilall Banarsidass | isbn=9788120807921|page=ix}}</ref> defending Hinduism against "uninformed Western criticism",<ref name=brown153/> but also incorporating Western philosophical and religious thought.<ref name=sharf1998/>

===Advaita Vedanta===
Radhakrishnan was one of the most prominent spokesmen of [[Neo-Vedanta]].{{sfn|King|2001}}<ref>{{Cite book | last =Hacker | first =Paul | year =1995 | title =Philology and Confrontation: Paul Hacker on Traditional and Modern Vedanta | publisher =SUNY Press | isbn=9780791425817|page=8}}</ref><ref name=fort179/> His metaphysics was grounded in [[Advaita Vedanta]], but he reinterpreted Advaita Vedanta for a contemporary understanding.<ref group=web name="IEP">{{Cite web|url=https://www.iep.utm.edu/radhakri/|title=Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy|website=www.iep.utm.edu|access-date=5 September 2018|archive-date=5 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905175842/https://www.iep.utm.edu/radhakri/|url-status=live}}</ref> He acknowledged the reality and diversity of the world of experience, which he saw as grounded in and supported by the absolute or Brahman.<ref group=web name="IEP" />{{efn|Neo-Vedanta seems to be closer to [[Bhedabheda|Bhedabheda-Vedanta]] than to Shankara's Advaita Vedanta, with the acknowledgement of the reality of the world. Nicholas F. Gier: "Ramakrsna, Svami Vivekananda, and Aurobindo (I also include M.K. Gandhi) have been labeled "neo-Vedantists," a philosophy that rejects the Advaitins' claim that the world is illusory. Aurobindo, in his ''The Life Divine'', declares that he has moved from Sankara's "universal illusionism" to his own "universal realism" (2005: 432), defined as metaphysical realism in the European philosophical sense of the term."<ref>{{Cite journal |first =Nicholas F. |last =Gier |year=2012 |title=Overreaching to be different: A critique of Rajiv Malhotra's Being Different |journal=[[International Journal of Hindu Studies]] |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=259–285 | doi =10.1007/s11407-012-9127-x|s2cid =144711827 }}</ref>}} Radhakrishnan also reinterpreted [[Adi Shankara|Shankara]]'s notion of ''[[Maya (illusion)|maya]]''. According to Radhakrishnan, maya is not a strict absolute idealism, but "a subjective misperception of the world as ultimately real."<ref group=web name="IEP" />

===Intuition and religious experience===
{{See also|Mysticism#Mystical experience|l1=Mystical experience|Religious experience}}

"Intuition",<ref group=web name="IEP" /> synonymously called "religious experience",<ref group=web name="IEP" /> has a central place in Radhakrishnan's philosophy as a source of knowledge which is not mediated by conscious thought.<ref name=sharf1998/> His specific interest in experience can be traced back to the works of [[William James]] (1842–1910), [[F. H. Bradley]] (1846–1924), [[Henri Bergson]] (1859–1941), and [[Friedrich von Hügel]] (1852–1925),<ref name=sharf1998/> and to [[Vivekananda]] (1863–1902),<ref name=Rambachan1994/> who had a strong influence on Sarvepalli's thought.{{sfn|Murty|Vohra|1990|p=179}} According to Radhakrishnan, intuition is of a self-certifying character (''svatassiddha''), self-evidencing (''svāsaṃvedya'') and [[self-luminous]] (''svayam-prakāsa'').<ref group=web name="IEP" /> In his book ''An Idealist View of Life'', he made a case for the importance of intuitive thinking as opposed to purely intellectual forms of thought.<ref group=web >{{cite web|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2010/September/engpdf/1-4.pdf|title=The Great Indian Philosopher : Dr.Radhakrishnan|publisher=State Govt. Of Orissa|access-date=28 November 2013|archive-date=3 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203090008/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2010/September/engpdf/1-4.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> According to Radhakrishnan, ''intuition'' plays a specific role in all kinds of experience.<ref group=web name="IEP" />

Radhakrishnan discernes eight sorts of experience:<ref group="web" name="IEP" />
# Cognitive Experience:
# Sense Experience
# Discursive Reasoning
# Intuitive Apprehension
# Psychic Experience
# Aesthetic Experience
# Ethical Experience
# Religious Experience

===Classification of religions===
For Radhakrishnan, theology and creeds are intellectual formulations, and symbols of religious experience or "religious intuitions".<ref group=web name="IEP" /> Radhakrishnan qualified the variety of religions hierarchically according to their apprehension of "religious experience", giving Advaita Vedanta the highest place:<ref group=web name="IEP" />{{efn|This qualification is not unique to Radhakrishnan. It was developed by nineteenth-century Indologists,{{sfn|King|1999|p=169}}<ref name=sweetman/> and was highly influential in the understanding of Hinduism, both in the west and in India.Hinduism Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History | publisher =Columbia University Press| title-link =Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History }}
# The worshippers of the Absolute
# The worshippers of the personal God
# The worshippers of the incarnations like Rama, Kṛiṣhṇa, Buddha
# Those who worship ancestors, deities and sages
# The worshippers of the petty forces and spirits

Radhakrishnan saw Hinduism as a scientific religion based on facts, apprehended via intuition or religious experience.<ref group=web name="IEP" /> According to Radhakrishnan, "if philosophy of religion is to become scientific, it must become empirical and found itself on religious experience".<ref group=web name="IEP" /> He saw this empiricism exemplified in the Vedas:

{{blockquote|The truths of the ṛṣis are not evolved as the result of logical reasoning or systematic philosophy but are the products of spiritual intuition, dṛṣti or vision. The ṛṣis are not so much the authors of the truths recorded in the Vedas as the seers who were able to discern the eternal truths by raising their life-spirit to the plane of universal spirit. They are the pioneer researchers in the realm of the spirit who saw more in the world than their followers. Their utterances are not based on transitory vision but on a continuous experience of resident life and power. When the Vedas are regarded as the highest authority, all that is meant is that the most exacting of all authorities is the authority of facts.<ref group=web name="IEP" />}}

From his writings collected as The Hindu View of Life, Upton Lectures, Delivered at Manchester College, Oxford, 1926: "Hinduism insists on our working steadily upwards in improving our knowledge of God. The worshippers of the absolute are of the highest rank; second to them are the worshippers of the personal God; then come the worshippers of the incarnations of Rama, Krishna, Buddha; below them are those who worship deities, ancestors, and sages, and lowest of all are the worshippers of petty forces and spirits. The deities of some men are in water (i.e., bathing places), those of the most advanced are in the heavens, those of the children (in religion) are in the images of wood and stone, but the sage finds his God in his deeper self. The man of action finds his God in fire, the man of feeling in the heart, and the feeble minded in the idol, but the strong in spirit find God everywhere". The seers see the supreme in the self, and not the images."

To Radhakrishnan, Advaita Vedanta was the best representative of Hinduism, as being grounded in intuition, in contrast to the "intellectually mediated interpretations"<ref group="web" name="IEP" /> of other religions.<ref group="web" name="IEP" />{{efn|''Anubhava'' is a central term in Shankara's writings. According to several modern interpretators, especially Radakrishnan, Shankara emphasises the role of personal experience (''anubhava'') in ascertaining the validity of knowledge.<ref name=Rambachan1991/> Yet, according to Rambacham himself, ''sruti'', or textual authority, is the main source of knowledge for Shankara.<ref name=Rambachan1994/>}} He objected against charges of "quietism"{{efn|Sweetman: "[T]he supposed quietist and conservative nature of Vedantic thought"<ref name=sweetman/>}} and "world denial", instead stressing the need and ethic of social service, giving a modern interpretation of classical terms as ''tat-tvam-asi''.<ref name=fort179/> According to Radhakrishnan, Vedanta offers the most direct intuitive experience and inner realisation, which makes it the highest form of religion:
{{blockquote|The Vedanta is not a religion, but religion itself in its most universal and deepest significance.<ref group=web name="IEP" />}}

Radhakrishnan saw other religions, "including what Dr. S. Radhakrishnan understands as lower forms of Hinduism,"<ref group=web name="IEP" /> as interpretations of Advaita Vedanta, thereby Hinduising all religions.<ref group=web name="IEP" />

Although Radhakrishnan was well-acquainted with western culture and philosophy, he was also critical of them. He stated that Western philosophers, despite all claims to [[objectivity (philosophy)|objectivity]], were influenced by [[theology|theological]] influences of their own culture.<ref>{{cite book|editor1=Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan|editor-last2=Moore|editor-first2=Charles|year=1989|title=A Source Book in Indian Philosophy|location=[[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]]|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|pages=610–639|isbn=0691019584}}</ref>

==Influence==
[[File:Sarve palli raadhakrishnan, tankbund.JPG|thumb|Statue of Sarvepalli at Hyderabad (Tankbund)]]
Radhakrishnan was one of world's best and most influential twentieth-century scholars of comparative religion and philosophy.<ref name="Pollock" /><ref group=web name="IEP" />

Radhakrishnan's defence of the Hindu traditions has been highly influential,<ref name=sharf1998/> both in India and the western world. In India, Radhakrishnan's ideas contributed to the formation of India as a nation-state.{{sfn|Long|2007|p=173}} Radhakrishnan's writings contributed to the hegemonic status of Vedanta as "the essential world view of Hinduism".{{sfn|Rinehart|2004|p=199}} In the western world, Radhakrishnan's interpretations of the Hindu tradition, and his emphasis on "spiritual experience", made Hinduism more readily accessible for a western audience, and contributed to the influence Hinduism has on modern [[spirituality]]:
{{blockquote|In figures such as Vivekananda and Radhakrishnan we witness Vedanta traveling to the West, where it nourished the spiritual hunger of Europeans and Americans in the early decades of the twentieth century.{{sfn|Rinehart|2004|p=199}}}}

===Appraisal===
Radhakrishnan has been highly appraised. According to Paul Artur Schillp:

{{blockquote|Nor would it be possible to find a more excellent example of a living "bridge" between the East and the West than Professor Radhakrishnan. Steeped, as Radhakrishnan has been since his childhood, in the life, traditions, and philosophical heritage of his native India, he has also struck deep roots in Western philosophy, which he has been studying tirelessly ever since his undergraduate college-days in Madras Christian College, and in which he is as thoroughly at home as any Western philosopher.<ref name=Schillp/>}}

And according to Hawley:
{{blockquote|Radhakrishnan's concern for experience and his extensive knowledge of the Western philosophical and literary traditions has earned him the reputation of being a bridge-builder between India and the West. He often appears to feel at home in the Indian as well as the Western philosophical contexts, and draws from both Western and Indian sources throughout his writing. Because of this, Radhakrishnan has been held up in academic circles as a representative of Hinduism to the West. His lengthy writing career and his many published works have been influential in shaping the West's understanding of Hinduism, India, and the East.<ref group=web name="IEP" />}}

===Criticism and context===
Radhakrishnan's ideas have also received criticism and challenges, for their perennialist{{sfn|King|2001}}{{sfn|Rinehart|2004|p=180}} and universalist claims,{{sfn|Mazumdar|Kaiwar|2009|p=36}}{{sfn|Rinehart|2004|p=196-197}} and the use of an east–west dichotomy.<ref group=web name="IEP" />

====Perennialism====
{{Main|Perennial philosophy}}

According to Radhakrishnan, there is not only an underlying "divine unity"{{sfn|Rinehart|2004|p=180}} from the seers of the Upanishads up to modern Hindus like Tagore and Gandhi,{{sfn|Rinehart|2004|p=180}} but also "an essential commonality between philosophical and religious traditions from widely disparate cultures."{{sfn|King|2001}} This is also a major theme in the works of [[Rene Guenon]], the [[Theosophical Society]], and the contemporary popularity of eastern religions in modern [[spirituality]].{{sfn|King|2001}}<ref name=sharf1998/> Since the 1970s, the Perennialist position has been criticised for its essentialism. Social-constructionists give an alternative approach to religious experience, in which such "experiences" are seen as being determined and mediated by cultural determinants:<ref name=sharf1998/><ref name=sharf2000/>{{efn|See, especially, [[Steven T. Katz]]:
* ''Mysticism and Philosophical Analysis'' (Oxford University Press, 1978)
* ''Mysticism and Religious Traditions'' (Oxford University Press, 1983)
* ''Mysticism and Language'' (Oxford University Press, 1992)
* ''Mysticism and Sacred Scripture'' (Oxford University Press, 2000)}}

As Michaels notes:
{{blockquote|Religions, too, rely not so much on individual experiences or on innate feelings – like a ''sensus numinosus'' (Rudolf Otto) – but rather on behavioral patterns acquired and learned in childhood.<ref>{{cite book|author=Michaels, Axel|title=Hinduism: Past and Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iOU9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA100|year=2004|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-08953-9|page=100|access-date=6 December 2018|archive-date=18 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418170724/https://books.google.com/books?id=iOU9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA100|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

Rinehart also points out that "perennialist claims notwithstanding, modern Hindu thought is a product of history",{{sfn|Rinehart|2004|p=180}} which "has been worked out and expressed in a variety of historical contexts over the preceding two hundreds years."{{sfn|Rinehart|2004|p=180}} This is also true for Radhakrishan, who was educated by missionaries{{sfn|Rinehart|2004|p=195}} and, like other neo-Vedantins, used the prevalent western understanding of India and its culture to present an alternative to the western critique.{{sfn|King|2001}}{{sfn|Rinehart|2004}}

====Universalism, communalism and Hindu nationalism====
According to Richard King, the elevation of Vedanta as the essence of Hinduism, and Advaita Vedanta as the "paradigmatic example of the mystical nature of the Hindu religion"{{sfn|King|2001|p=128}} by colonial Indologists but also neo-Vedantins served well for the [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalists]], who further popularised this notion of Advaita Vedanta as the pinnacle of Indian religions.{{sfn|King|2001|pp=129–130}} It

{{blockquote|...provided an opportunity for the construction of a nationalist ideology that could unite Hindus in their struggle against colonial oppression.{{sfn|King|2001|p=133}}}}

This "opportunity" has been criticised. According to Sucheta Mazumdar and Vasant Kaiwar,

{{blockquote|... Indian nationalist leaders continued to operate within the categorical field generated by politicized religion [...] Extravagant claims were made on behalf of Oriental civilization. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan's statement – "[t]he Vedanta is not a religion but religion itself in its "''most universal and deepest significance''" – is fairly typical.{{sfn|Mazumdar|Kaiwar|2009|p=36}}}}

Rinehart also criticises the inclusivity of Radhakrishnan's approach, since it provides "a theological scheme for subsuming religious difference under the aegis of Vedantic truth."{{sfn|Rinehart|2004|p=196-197}}{{efn|Rinehart: "Though neo-Hindu authors prefer the idiom of tolerance to that of inclusivism, it is clear that what is advocated is less a secular view of toleration than a theological scheme for subsuming religious difference under the aegis of Vedantic truth. Thus Radhakrishnan's view of experience as the core of religious truth effectively leads to harmony only when and if other religions are willing to assume a position under the umbrella of Vedanta. We might even say that the theme of neo-Hindu tolerance provided the Hindu not simply with a means to claiming the right to stand alongside the other world religions, but with a strategy for promoting Hinduism as the ultimate form of religion itself."{{sfn|Rinehart|2004|p=196-197}}}} According to Rinehart, the consequence of this line of reasoning is [[Communalism (South Asia)|communalism]],{{sfn|Rinehart|2004|p=196-197}} the idea that "all people belonging to one religion have common economic, social and political interests and these interests are contrary to the interests of those belonging to another religion."<ref group=web>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pluralindia.com/book/Illustrated_prmier/Chapter_5.pdf|title=Ram Puniyani, ''COMMUNALISM : Illustrated Primer, Chapter 5''|access-date=1 December 2013|archive-date=3 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203043727/http://www.pluralindia.com/book/Illustrated_prmier/Chapter_5.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Rinehart notes that Hindu religiosity plays an important role in the nationalist movement,{{sfn|Rinehart|2004|p=196-197}} and that "the neo-Hindu discourse is the unintended consequence of the initial moves made by thinkers like Rammohan Roy and Vivekananda."{{sfn|Rinehart|2004|p=196-197}} Yet Rinehart also points out that it is

{{blockquote|...clear that there isn't a neat line of causation that leads from the philosophies of Rammohan Roy, Vivekananda and Radhakrishnan to the agenda of [...] militant Hindus.{{sfn|Rinehart|2004|p=198}}{{efn|Neither is Radhakrishnan's "use" of religion in the defence of Asian culture and society against colonialism unique for his person, or India in general. The complexities of Asian nationalism are to be seen and understood in the context of colonialism, modernisation and [[nation-building]]. See, for example, [[Anagarika Dharmapala]], for the role of Theravada Buddhism in Sri Lankese struggle for independence,<ref>{{Cite book | last =McMahan | first =David L. | year =2008 | title =The Making of Buddhist Modernism | publisher =Oxford University Press | isbn =9780195183276}}</ref> and [[D.T. Suzuki]], who conjuncted [[Zen]] to [[Nihonjinron|Japanese nationalism]] and [[Bushido|militarism]], in defence against both western hegemony ''and'' the pressure on Japanese Zen during the [[Meiji Restoration]] to conform to [[Shinbutsu Bunri]].<ref>{{Cite journal | last =Sharf | first =Robert H. | title =The Zen of Japanese Nationalism | journal =History of Religions | volume =33 | issue =1 | pages =1–43 | date =August 1993 | url =http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/HistoricalZen/Zen_of_Japanese_Nationalism.html | doi =10.1086/463354 | s2cid =161535877 | access-date =1 December 2013 | archive-date =29 December 2020 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20201229174255/http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/HistoricalZen/Zen_of_Japanese_Nationalism.html | url-status =live | url-access =subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | last =Sharf | first =Robert H. | year =1995 | title =Whose Zen? Zen Nationalism Revisited | url =http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/CriticalZen/whose%20zen_sharf.pdf | access-date =1 December 2013 | archive-date =2 February 2019 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20190202090252/http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/CriticalZen/whose%20zen_sharf.pdf | url-status =live }}</ref>}}}}

====Post-colonialism====
{{Main|Orientalism|Post-colonialism}}

Colonialism left deep traces in the hearts and minds of the Indian people, influencing the way they understood and represented themselves.{{sfn|King|2001}} The influences of "colonialist forms of knowledge"<ref group=web name="IEP" /> can also be found in the works of Radhakrishnan. According to Hawley, Radhakrishnan's division between East and West, the East being spiritual and mystical, and the West being rationalist and logical in its forms of knowledge, was constructed during the 18th and 19th centuries. Arguably, these characterisations are "imagined" in the sense that they reflect the philosophical and religious realities of neither "East' nor West."<ref group=web name="IEP" />

Since the 1990s, the colonial influences on the 'construction' and 'representation' of Hinduism have been the topic of debate among scholars of Hinduism. Western Indologists are trying to come to more neutral and better-informed representations of India and its culture, while Indian scholars are trying to establish forms of knowledge and understanding which are grounded in and informed by Indian traditions, instead of being dominated by western forms of knowledge and understanding.<ref name=sweetman/>{{efn|Sweetman mentions:
* Wilhelm Halbfass (1988), ''India and Europe''
* IXth European Conference on Modern Asian Studies in Heidelberg (1989), ''Hinduism Reconsidered''
* [[Ronald Inden]], ''Imagining India''
* [[Carol Breckenridge]] and [[Peter van der Veer]], ''Orientalism and the Postcolonial Predicament''
* [[Vasudha Dalmia]] and [[Heinrich von Stietencron]], ''Representing Hinduism''
* [[S.N. Balagangadhara]], ''The Heathen in his Blindness...''
* [[Thomas Trautmann]], ''Aryans and British India''
* Richard King (1989), ''Orientalism and religion''
 
See also [[Postcolonialism]] and [http://kashuradab.wordpress.com/2012/03/07/the-pizza-effect-in-indian-philosophy/ Mrinal Kaud, ''The "Pizza Effect" in Indian Philosophy'']}}

==== Feud with ''The Modern Review'' ====
Radhakrishnan's appointment, as a southerner, to "the most important chair of philosophy in India" in the north, was resented by a number of people from the Bengali intellectual elite, and ''The Modern Review'', which was critical of the appointment of non-Bengalis, became the main vehicle of criticism.{{sfn|Minor|1987|p=37}}{{sfn|Murty|Vohra|1990|p=30-31}}{{sfn|Gopal|1989|p=116}} Soon after his arrival in Calcutta in 1921, Radhakrishnan's writings were regularly criticised in ''The Modern Review''.{{sfn|Gopal|1989|p=116}} When Radhakrishnan published his ''Indian Philosophy'' in two volumes (1923 and 1927), ''The Modern Review'' questioned his use of sources, criticising the lack of references to Bengali scholars. Yet, in an editor's note, ''The Modern Review'' acknowledged that "As professor's Radhakrishnan's book has not been received for review in this Journal, ''The Modern Review'' is not in a position to form any opinion on it."{{sfn|Minor|1987|p=34}}

In the January 1929 issue of ''The Modern Review'', the [[Bengalis|Bengali]] philosopher [[Jadunath Sinha]] made the claim that parts of his 1922 doctoral thesis, ''Indian Psychology of Perception'', published in 1925, were copied by his teacher Radhakrishnan into the chapter on "The Yoga system of Patanjali" in his book ''Indian Philosophy II'', published in 1927.{{sfn|Minor|1987|p=34}}{{sfn|Murty|Vohra|1990|p=31}} Sinha and Radhakrishnan exchanged several letters in the ''Modern Review'', in which Sinha compared parts of his thesis with Radhakrishnan's publication, presenting altogether 110 instances of "borrowings."{{sfn|Minor|1987|p=35}}{{sfn|Murty|Vohra|1990|p=31}} Radhakrishnan felt compelled to respond, stating that Sinha and he had both used the same classical texts,{{sfn|Minor|1987|p=36}} that his translations were standard translations, and that similarities in translations were therefore unavoidable. He further argued that he was lecturing on the subject before publishing his book, and that his book was ready for publication in 1924, before Sinha's thesis was published.{{sfn|Minor|1987|p=35}}

Scholars such as Kuppuswami Sastri, [[Ganganath Jha]], and Nalini Ganguli confirmed that Radhakrishnan was distributing the notes in question since 1922.{{sfn|Murty|Vohra|1990|p=32-33}}{{sfn|Gopal|1989|p=117-118}} Ramananda Chatterjee, the editor of ''The Modern Review'', refused to publish a letter by Nalini Ganguli confirming this fact, while continuing publishing Sinha's letters.{{sfn|Gopal|1989|p=117-118}} The General Editor of Radhakrishnan's publisher, professor Muirhead, further confirmed that the publication was delayed for three years, due to his stay in the United States.{{sfn|Murty|Vohra|1990|p=32-33}}{{sfn|Minor|1987|p=35-36}}

In Summer 1929, the dispute escalated into a juristic fight. Responding to the alleged "systematic effort [...] to destroy Radhakrishnan's reputation as a scholar and a public figure,"{{sfn|Gopal|1989|p=118}} Radhakrishnan filed a suit for defamation of character against Sinha and Chatterjee, demanding Rs. 100,000 for the damage done,{{sfn|Gopal|1989|p=118}} and Sinha filed a case against Radhakrishnan for copyright infringement, demanding Rs. 20,000.{{sfn|Gopal|1989|p=118}}{{efn|The timeline is not clear from these sources. According to Gopal, Radhakrishnan filed his lawsuit in the summer of 1929, to which Sinha filed a clounter-claim.{{sfn|Gopal|1989|p=118}} According to Minor and Murty & Vohra, Sinha filed a lawsuit first, to which Radhakrishnan responded.{{sfn|Minor|1987|p=37}}{{sfn|Murty|Vohra|1990|p=33}}}} The suits were settled in May 1933, the terms of the settlement were not disclosed, and "all the allegations made in the pleadings and in the columns of the ''Modern Review'' were withdrawn."{{sfn|Minor|1987|p=37}}{{sfn|Murty|Vohra|1990|p=32-33}}

==Awards and honours==
[[File:S. Radhakrishnan receiving the Bharat Ratna award from President Dr. Prasad.jpg|thumb|S. Radhakrishnan receiving the [[Bharat Ratna]] award from President [[Rajendra Prasad]]]]

===National honours===
*{{flag|India}}:
**[[File:Bharat Ratna Ribbon.svg|50px]] [[Bharat Ratna]] (1954)
*{{flag|British India}}:
**[[File:Knight Bachelor Ribbon.svg|50px]] [[Knight Bachelor]] (1931)<ref group=web name="london-gazette1"/><ref name="books.google.co.in">{{cite book |last=Kuttan |first=Mahadevan |date=2009 |title=The Great Philosophers of India |publisher=Authorhouse 1663 Liberty Drive Suite 200 Bloomington, IN 47403 |isbn=9781434377807 |page=169}}</ref>{{efn|Ceased to use the pre-nominal of ''Sir'' in 1947, following the [[Independence Day (India)|independence of India]]}}

===Foreign honours===
*{{flag|Mexico}}:
**[[File:MEX Order of the Aztec Eagle 1Class BAR.png|50px]] [[Order of the Aztec Eagle]], ''Collar'' (1954)<ref>{{cite book |date=1954 |title=Memoria de la Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores |publisher=Government of Mexico|page=509}}</ref>
*{{flag|West Germany}}:
**[[File:D-PRU Pour le Merite 1 BAR.svg|50px]] [[Pour le Mérite]], ''For Sciences and Arts'' (1954)<ref group=web name="pourlemerite">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pourlemerite.org/peace/peace.php|title=Order pour le Merite for Arts and Science, ''List of Members from 1842 to 1998''|access-date=18 December 2013|archive-date=16 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716232443/http://www.pourlemerite.org/peace/peace.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*{{flag|United Kingdom}}:
**[[File:Galó de l'Orde del Mèrit (UK).svg|50px]] [[Order of Merit]], ''Honorary Member'' (1963)

===Other awards===
* A portrait of Radhakrishnan adorns the Chamber of the [[Rajya Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/PhotoGal/PhotoGalleryPicture.aspx?GalID=4&CatDesc=Rajya%20Sabha%20Chamber%20and%20its%20Inner%20Lobby|title=Photo Gallery : Lok Sabha|access-date=15 August 2020|archive-date=18 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418212132/http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/PhotoGal/PhotoGalleryPicture.aspx?GalID=4&CatDesc=Rajya%20Sabha%20Chamber%20and%20its%20Inner%20Lobby|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/picture_gallery/dr_radhakrhishnan_1.asp|title=Rajya Sabha|access-date=15 August 2020|archive-date=18 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418165721/https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/picture_gallery/dr_radhakrhishnan_1.asp|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 1938: elected Fellow of the [[British Academy]].
* 1947: election as Permanent Member of the [[Institut International de Philosophie]].
* 1959: [[Goethe Plaque of the City of Frankfurt]].
* 1961: the [[Friedenspreis des Deutschen Buchhandels|Peace Prize of the German Book Trade]].
* 1962: Institution of [[Teachers' Day (India)|Teacher's Day]] in India, yearly celebrated at 5 September, Radhakrishnan's birthday, in honour of Radhakrishnan's belief that "teachers should be the best minds in the country".<ref group=web name=BharatRatna/>
* 1968: [[Sahitya Akademi Fellowship]], The highest honour conferred by the [[Sahitya Akademi]] on a writer (he is the first person to get this award)
* 1975: the [[Templeton Prize]] in 1975, a few months before his death, for advocating non-aggression and conveying "a universal reality of God that embraced love and wisdom for all people."<ref group=web name="Templeton">{{Cite web|url=https://www.templetonprize.org/laureates/|title=Templeton Prize I Laureates|website=Templeton Prize}}</ref>{{efn|name="Templeton-quote"|"Sir Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan was President of India from 1962 to 1967. An Oxford Professor of Eastern Religions and Ethics, he consistently advocated non-aggression in India's conflicts with neighbouring Pakistan. His accessible writings underscored his country's religious heritage and sought to convey a universal reality of God that embraced love and wisdom for all people."<ref group=web name="Templeton" />}} He donated the entire amount of the Templeton Prize to Oxford University.
* 1989: institution of the Radhakrishnan Scholarships by Oxford University in the memory of Radhakrishnan. The scholarships were later renamed the "Radhakrishnan Chevening Scholarships".<ref>{{cite book |last=Kuttan |first=Mahadevan |date=2009 |title=The Great Philosophers of India |publisher=Authorhouse 1663 Liberty Drive Suite 200 Bloomington, IN 47403 |isbn=9781434377807 |page=174}}</ref>
* He was nominated sixteen times for the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]], and eleven times for the [[Nobel Peace Prize]].<ref>[https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/redirector/?redir=archive/show.php&id=17169 Nomination Database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903122137/https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/redirector/?redir=archive/show.php&id=17169 |date=3 September 2018 }}. nobelprize.org</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=7525|title=Nomination Database|website=www.nobelprize.org|access-date=23 January 2017|archive-date=8 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808040326/https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=7525|url-status=live}}</ref>

'''Commemorative stamps''' released by [[India Post]] (by year):
<gallery>
File:Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan 1967 stamp of India.jpg|1967
File:Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan 1989 stamp of India.jpg|1989
</gallery>

==In popular culture==
''Sarvepalli Radhakrishna'' (1988) is a documentary film about Radhakrishnan, directed by N. S. Thapa, produced by the [[Government of India]]'s [[Films Division]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Jag Mohan|title=Documentary films and Indian Awakening|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DfgADgAAQBAJ&pg=PT128|year=1990|publisher=[[Publications Division (India)|Publications Division]]|isbn=978-81-230-2363-2|page=128}}</ref>

==Quotes==
{{copy to Wikiquote}}

* "It is not God that is worshipped but the authority that claims to speak in His name. Sin becomes disobedience to authority not violation of integrity."<ref>Quoted in [[James A. C. Brown|Brown, J. A. C.]] (1963) ''Techniques of Persuasion'', Ch. 11. Penguin Books. {{ISBN|978-0140206043}}</ref>
* "Reading a book gives us the habit of solitary reflection and true enjoyment."<ref>{{cite book |last=Sarvepalli |first=Radhakrishnan |year= 1963|title=Occasional speeches and writings, Volume 3 |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Govt. India |page=77}}</ref>
* "When we think we know, we cease to learn."<ref>{{cite book |author= |title=Philosophy East & West, Volume 5 |publisher=University Press of Hawaii, 1955 – Philosophy |page=83 }}</ref>
* "A literary genius, it is said, resembles all, though no one resembles him."<ref>{{cite book |last=Sarvepalli |first=Radhakrishnan |year=1963 |title=Occasional speeches and writings, Volume 3 |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Govt. India |page=63}}</ref>
* "There is nothing wonderful in my saying that Jainism was in existence long before the Vedas were composed."<ref>{{cite book |last=Jain |first=Lala |year=2002 |title=Essays in Jaina Philosophy and Religion |publisher= Piotr Balcerowicz & Marek Mejor |isbn=978-8120819771 |page=114}}</ref>
* "A life of joy and happiness is possible only on the basis of knowledge.
* "If he does not fight, it is not because he rejects all fighting as futile, but because he has finished his fights. He has overcome all dissensions between himself and the world and is now at rest... We shall have wars and soldiers so long as the brute in us is untamed."<ref>Quoted on [[Wordsmith.org]] on 5 September 2019</ref>

==Works==

=== Works by Radhakrishnan ===
* ''The Philosophy of Rabindranath Tagore'' (1918), Macmillan, London, 276 pages
* {{cite journal |date=October 1922 |title=The Hindu Dharma |journal=[[International Journal of Ethics]] |location=Chicago |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=1–22 |doi=10.1086/intejethi.33.1.2377174 |doi-access=free |issn=1539-297X |jstor=2377174 |s2cid=144844920 |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=S. }}
* ''Indian Philosophy'' (1923) Vol. 1, 738 pages. (1927) Vol. 2, 807 pages. [[Oxford]]: [[Oxford University Press]] (1st edition).
* [[iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.170903|''The Hindu View of Life'']] (1927), London: Allen & Unwin. 92 pages
* ''Indian Religious Thought'' (2016), [[Orient Paperbacks]], {{ISBN|978-81-222042-4-7}}
* ''Religion, Science and Culture'' (2010), [[Orient Paperbacks]], {{ISBN|978-81-222001-2-6}}
* ''An Idealist View of Life'' (1929), 351 pages
* ''Kalki, or the Future of Civilization'' (1929), 96 pages
* ''Gautama the Buddha'' (London: Milford, 1938); 1st India ed., 1945.
* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.263406/page/n1/mode/2up''Eastern Religions and Western Thought''] (1939), Oxford University Press, 396 pages
* ''Religion and Society'' (1947), George Allen and Unwin Ltd., London, 242 pages
* ''The Bhagavadgītā: with an introductory essay, Sanskrit text, English translation and notes'' (1948), 388 pages
* ''[[Dhammapada (Radhakrishnan translation)|The Dhammapada]]'' (1950), 194 pages, Oxford University Press
* ''[[The Principal Upanishads]]'' (1953), 958 pages, HarperCollins Publishers Limited
* ''Recovery of Faith'' (1956), 205 pages
* ''A Source Book in Indian Philosophy'' (1957), 683 pages, Princeton University Press, with [[Charles A. Moore]] as co-editor.
* ''The Brahma Sutra: The Philosophy of Spiritual Life. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1959, 606 pages.'' <ref>Tucci, Giuseppe. East and West, vol. 11, no. 4, 1960, pp. 296–296. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/29754329. Accessed 22 March 2020.</ref>
* ''Religion, Science & Culture'' (1968), 121 pages

=== Biographies and monographs on Radhakrishnan ===
Several books have been published on Radhakrishnan:
* {{cite book |last=Murty |first=K. Satchidananda |author2=Ashok Vohra |title=Radhakrishnan: His Life and Ideas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x6FsaptULgAC&q=radhakrishnan&pg=PP1 |year=1990 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=9780791403440}}
* {{cite book |last=Minor |first=Robert Neil |title=Radhakrishnan: A Religious Biography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2LzRkWABC6sC&q=radhakrishnan |year=1987 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-88706-554-5 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Gopal |first=Sarvepalli |title=Radhakrishnan: A Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/radhakrishnanbio0000gopa |year=1989 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Delhi |isbn=0-19-562999-X |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Pappu |first =S.S. Rama Rao |title =New Essays in the Philosophy of Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan | publisher =South Asia Books |location =Delhi | isbn= 978-81-7030-461-6 |year= 1995}}
* {{cite book |title=Radhakrishnan: Centenary Volume |year=1989 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New Delhi |editor1=Parthasarathi, G. |editor2=Chattopadhyaya, Debi Prasad}}

==See also==
* {{anl|Indian philosophy}}
* [[List of heads of state and government Nobel nominees]]
* [[List of Indian writers]]
* [[List of members of the Order of Merit]]
* [[List of recipients of the Pour le Mérite for Sciences and Arts]]
* {{anl|Postcolonialism}}
* {{anl|Vedanta Society}}

==Notes==
{{notelist|2}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=brown153>{{Cite book | last =Brown | first =Donald Mackenzie | year =1970 | title =The Nationalist Movement: Indian Political Thought from Ranade to Bhave | publisher =University of California Press | isbn=9780520001831|pages=152–153}}</ref>
<ref name=fort179>{{Cite book | last =Fort | first =Andrew O. | year =1998 | title =Jivanmukti in Transformation: Embodied Liberation in Advaita and Neo-Vedanta | publisher =SUNY Press | isbn=9780791439043 |pages=179–181}}</ref>
<ref name=Rambachan1991>{{Cite book|last =Rambachan | first =Anantanand | year =1991 | title =Accomplishing the accomplished: the Vedas as a source of valid knowledge in Śankara | publisher =University of Hawaii Press | isbn =978-0-8248-1358-1|pages=1–14}}</ref>
<ref name=Rambachan1994>{{Cite book | last =Rambachan | first =Anatanand | year =1994 | title =The Limits of Scripture: Vivekananda's Reinterpretation of the Vedas | publisher =University of Hawaii Press}}</ref>
<ref name=sharf1998>{{Cite book| last =Sharf | first=Robert H. | year =1998 | chapter=Experience|editor=Mark C. Taylor |title=Critical Terms for Religious Studies | publisher =University of Chicago Press |isbn=9780226791562|page=100}}</ref>
<ref name=sharf2000>{{Cite journal | last =Sharf | first =Robert H | year =2000 | title =The Rhetoric of Experience and the Study of Religion | journal =Journal of Consciousness Studies | volume =7 | issue =11–12 | pages =267–87 | url =http://buddhiststudies.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/sharf/documents/Sharf1998,%20Religious%20Experience.pdf | access-date =30 November 2013 | archive-date =13 May 2013 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130513104227/http://buddhiststudies.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/sharf/documents/Sharf1998,%20Religious%20Experience.pdf | url-status =live }}</ref>
<ref name=sweetman>{{Cite journal | last =Sweetman | first =Will | year =2004 | title =The prehistory of Orientalism: Colonialism and the Textual Basis for Bartholomaus Ziegenbalg's Account of Hinduism | journal =New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies | volume =6 | issue =2 | pages =12–38 | url =https://www.otago.ac.nz/religion/staff/articles/prehistory.pdf | access-date =6 December 2018 | archive-date =12 February 2018 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20180212062446/http://www.otago.ac.nz/religion/staff/articles/prehistory.pdf | url-status =live }}</ref>
}}

===Sources===

====Printed sources====
{{refbegin|40em}}

* {{Citation | last =Barbour | first =Ian | year =1966 | title =Issues in Science and Religion | publisher =Prentice-Hall}}

* {{Citation | last =Gopal | first =Sarvepalli | year =1989 | title =Radhakrishnan. A Biography | publisher =Oxford University Press}}

* {{Citation | last =Hori | first =Victor Sogen | year =1999 | title =Translating the Zen Phrase Book. In: Nanzan Bulletin 23 (1999) | url =http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/HistoricalZen/translating_zen_phrasebook.pdf | access-date =30 November 2013 | archive-date =16 January 2020 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200116220519/http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/HistoricalZen/translating_zen_phrasebook.pdf | url-status =live }}

* {{citation | last =Kalapati | first =Joshua | year =2002 | title =Dr. S. Radhakrishnan: An Introduction to Hindu-Christian Apologetics | publisher = ISPCK, New Delhi | isbn= 81-7214-690-6}}
* {{Citation | last =King | first =Richard | year =1999 | title =Orientalism and Religion: Post-Colonial Theory, India and "The Mystic East" | publisher =Routledge}}
* {{Citation | last =King | first =Richard | year =2001 | title =Orientalism and Religion: Post-Colonial Theory, India and "The Mystic East" | publisher =Taylor & Francis e-Library}}

* {{Citation | last =Long | first =Jeffery D. | year =2007 | title =A Vision for Hinduism: Beyond Hindu Nationalism | publisher =A Vision for Hinduism: Beyond Hindu Nationalism | isbn=9781845112738}}

* {{Citation | last1 =Mazumdar | first1 =Srucheta | last2 =Kaiwar | first2 =Vasant | year =2009 | title =From Orientalism to Postcolonialism | publisher =Routledge}}
* {{Citation | last =Minor |first =Robert Neil | year =1987| title =Radhakrishnan: A Religious Biography | publisher =SUNY Press | isbn =978-0-88706-554-5}}
* {{Citation | last1 =Murty | first1 =K. Satchidananda | last2 =Vohra | first2 =Ashok | year =1990 | title =Radhakrishnan: His Life and Ideas | publisher =SUNY Press | isbn =9780791403440 | url-access =registration | url =https://archive.org/details/radhakrishnanhis0000murt }}

* {{Citation | last =Rinehart | first =Robin | year =2004 | title =Contemporary Hinduism: Ritual, Culture, and Practice | publisher =ABC-CLIO}}

* {{Citation | last =Versluis | first =Arthur | year =1993 | title =American Transcendentalism and Asian Religions | publisher =Oxford University Press}}
* {{Citation | last =Versluis | first =Arthur | year =2001 | title =The Esoteric Origins of the American Renaissance | publisher =Oxford University Press}}

* {{citation | last =Wilber | first =Ken | year =1996 | title =The Atman Project: A Transpersonal View of Human Development | publisher =Quest Books | isbn=9780835607308}}
{{refend}}

====Online sources====
{{reflist|group=web}}

==External links==
{{wikisource|works=or}}
{{commons category}}
{{wikiquote}}
* [https://www.iep.utm.edu/radhakri/ Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan] at the [[Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]
* {{Internet Archive author}}
* [http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr98/fe0898/f2808981.html "Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan- The philosopher president"], Press Information Bureau, Government of India
* [http://www.iep.utm.edu/radhakri/ "Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1888—1975)"] by Michael Hawley, ''Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy''
* [http://www.saadigitalarchive.org/entity/s-radhakrishnan S. Radhakrishnan materials in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)]
*[https://sagadoor.in/sarvepalli-radhakrishnan-biography-in-english/ Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Biography :The Youth Icon of India by Sagadoor.in]

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Tikka Khan

2026-03-19T07:02:08Z

Gstnit: refined intro for consistency for accuracy

{{Short description|Pakistani general (1915–2002)}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Tikka Khan
| honorific-suffix =
| native_name = {{Lang|ur|{{nq|ٹِکّا خاں}}}}
| image = Portrait of Tekka Khan.png
| image_size =
| smallimage =
| alt =
| caption = Tikka Khan as [[Chief of the Army Staff (Pakistan)|COAS]], {{circa|1973}}
| office5 = 23rd [[Governor of Punjab, Pakistan|Governor of Punjab]]
| term_start5 = 9 December 1988
| term_end5 = 6 August 1990
| president5 = [[Ghulam Ishaq Khan]]
| primeminister5 = [[Benazir Bhutto]]
| predecessor5 = [[Sajjad Hussain Qureshi|S.J. Qureshi]]
| successor5 = [[Mian Muhammad Azhar|Muhammad Azhar]]
| office2 = [[National Security Advisor (Pakistan)|National Security Advisor]]
| term_start2 = 1 March 1976
| term_end2 = 4 July 1977
| president2 = [[Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry]]
| primeminister2 = [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]]
| predecessor2 = Ghulam Omar
| successor2 = [[Rao Farman Ali]]
| order = 1st [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]]
| office =
| term_start = 3 March 1972
| term_end = 1 March 1976
| predecessor = [[Gul Hassan Khan|Gul Hassan]] (as [[Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army|C-in-C of the Army]])
| successor = [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia-ul-Haq]]
| president = [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] [[Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry]]
| primeminister = [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]]
| office3 = 13th [[East Pakistan#Governors|Governor of East Pakistan]]
| term_start3 = 25 March 1971
| term_end3 = 31 August 1971
| president3 = [[Yahya Khan]]
| predecessor3 = Lt-Gen. [[Sahabzada Yaqub Khan|Yaqub Ali Khan]]
| successor3 = [[Abdul Motaleb Malik]]
| office4 = 3rd [[Commander Eastern Command|Commander of Eastern Command]]
| term_start4 = 25 March 1971
| term_end4 = 10 April 1971
| president4 = Yahya Khan
| predecessor4 = [[Sahabzada Yaqub Khan|Yaqub Ali Khan]]
| successor4 = [[A.A.K. Niazi]]
| pronunciation =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date |df=yes|1915|02|10}}<ref name="headstone">{{cite sign |title=General Tikka Khan's Headstone |year=2011 |type=Headstone in graveyard |location=Army Graveyard, [[Rawalpindi, Pakistan]]}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Kahuta Tehsil|Kahuta]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2002|03|28|1915|02|10}}
| death_place = [[Rawalpindi]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], Pakistan
| resting_place = [[Westridge, Rawalpindi|Westridge cemetery]]
| resting_place_coordinates =
| citizenship = [[Anglo-Indian people|British India]] (1915–1947) [[Pakistani people|Pakistan]] (1947–2002)
| nationality =
| party = [[Pakistan Peoples Party]]
| otherparty = 
| height = 
| spouse =
| partner = 
| relations =
| children = 5
| parents = 
| mother = 
| father = 
| relatives =
| residence =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Indian Military Academy]]
| occupation =
| profession =
| known_for =
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| awards = [[#Awards and decorations|List]]
| blank1 =
| data1 =
| blank2 =
| data2 =
| blank3 =
| data3 =
| blank4 =
| data4 =
| blank5 =
| data5 =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website = 
| nickname = Butcher of Bengal<ref name=Obituary/>
| allegiance = {{flagicon|British India}} [[British India]] {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Pakistan]]
| branch = {{flagicon|British India|army}} [[British Indian Army]] {{flagicon|Pakistan|army}} [[Pakistan Army]]
| serviceyears = 1935 – 1976
| rank = [[General (Pakistan)|General]]
| unit = [[Regiment of Artillery (Pakistan)|Regiment of Artillery]]
| commands = [[Eastern Command (Pakistan)|Eastern Command]] [[IV Corps (Pakistan)|IV Corps]] [[II Corps (Pakistan)|II Corps]] GOC, 8th Infantry Division GOC, [[Structure of the Pakistan Army|15th Infantry Division]]
| battles = {{tree list}}
* [[Second World War]]
** [[North African campaign]]
** [[Burma campaign]]
* [[Second Kashmir War]]
** [[Operation Desert Hawk]]
** [[Battle of Chawinda]]
* [[Bangladesh Liberation War|War in East Pakistan]]
** [[Operation Searchlight]]
* [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971]]
* [[1970s operation in Balochistan|Fourth Balochistan Conflict]]
{{tree list/end}}
| mawards = [[#Awards and decorations|List]]
| military_blank1 = [[Service number]]
| military_data1 = [[Pakistan Army|PA]] – 124
| military_blank2 =
| military_data2 =
| military_blank3 =
| military_data3 =
| military_blank4 =
| military_data4 =
| military_blank5 =
| military_data5 = 
| module =
| module2 =
| module3 =
| footnotes =
| honorific_suffix = [[Hilal-i-Jur'at|HJ]] [[Hilal-e-Quaid-e-Azam|HQA]] [[Sitara-e-Pakistan|SPk]]
| honorific_prefix = [[General (Pakistan)|General]]
}}
'''Tikka Khan'''{{efn|{{Langx|pa|{{nq|ٹِکّا خاں}}|Ṭikkā {{underline|Kh}}ā̃}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Singh |first=Maya |date=1895 |title=ṭikká |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/singh_query.py?qs=tikka&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact#:~:text=the%20eldest%20son%20of%20a%20R%C3%A1j%C3%A1%2C%20the%20heir%2Dapparent |website=dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/singh/ |location=Lahore |publisher=Munshi Gulab Singh & Sons |access-date=6 August 2025}}</ref>}} (10 February 1915 – 28 March 2002) was a Pakistani military officer who served as the first [[Chief of the Army Staff (Pakistan)|chief of the army staff]] from 1972 to 1976.<ref name="Pakistan Army">{{cite web |title=General Tikka Khan |url=https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent.aspx?pId=149 |website=pakistanarmy.gov.pk |publisher=Pakistan Army |access-date=19 August 2016}}</ref><ref name="Obituary">{{Cite news |date=30 March 2002 |title=Gen. Tikka Khan, 87; Led Pakistani Army |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-mar-30-me-passings30.1-story.html |access-date=16 November 2024 |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |issn=0458-3035 |quote=Khan's tactics won him the nickname "Butcher of Bengal" among Bengalis before he was removed from his command a few months later.}}</ref> He, along with [[Yahya Khan]] and [[Abdul Hamid Khan (general)|Abdul Hamid Khan]], is considered a chief architect of the [[Bangladesh genocide|1971 Bengali genocide]], occurring under his [[East Pakistan#Governors|governorship over East Pakistan]], for which he is referred to as the '''Butcher of Bengal''' in [[Bangladesh]].{{efn|<ref name="TKTITLE">Tikka Khan title:
*{{Cite book |last=Rahman |first=Mahmudur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0dN1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA158 |title=The Political History of Muslim Bengal: An Unfinished Battle of Faith |date=2018-10-29 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-5275-2061-5 |pages=158 |language=en |quote=As the war situation deteriorated, a frustrated Yahya suddenly decided to recall Tikka Khan to Rawalpindi in early September. The general returned to West Pakistan with the unsavoury title of 'Butcher of Bengal'.}}
*{{Cite book |last=Schendel |first=Willem van |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Io7mDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Butcher+of+Bengal%22&pg=PA338 |title=A History of Bangladesh |date=2020-07-02 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-47369-9 |pages=338 |language=en |quote=Tikka Khan was the architect of Operation Searchlight, the massive military campaign to crush the movement for Bangladesh on 25 March 1971, causing many civilian deaths. Having earned the epithet 'Butcher of Bengal', he was replaced that April and called back to West Pakistan in September.}}
*{{Cite book |last=Talbot |first=Ian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kwIPEAAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PT55 |title=The History of British Diplomacy in Pakistan |date=2020-12-28 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-32670-3 |language=en |page=55 |quote=On 6 June, General Tikka Khan, the notorious 'butcher of Bengal', hosted a World Bank Mission at his Governor's residence in Dacca.}}
*{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hWxDAAAAYAAJ |title=Link, Volume 14, Issue 2 |date=1971 |publisher=University of Virginia |pages=18 |language=en |quote=Tikka Khan who later came to be known as "The Butcher of Bengal" was appointed Governor of the East [...].}}
*{{Cite book |last=Kukreja |first=Veena |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tP4LAAAAIAAJ |title=Military Intervention in Politics: A Case Study of Pakistan |date=1985 |publisher=University of Michigan |isbn=978-81-85135-05-2 |pages=99 |language=en |quote=Lt. General Tikka Khan, who was to receive notoriety a year later as the "Butcher of Bengal"}}
*{{Cite book |last=Rosser |first=Yvette Claire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ijFuAAAAMAAJ |title=Indoctrinating Minds: A Case Study of Bangladesh |date=2004 |publisher=University of Michigan |isbn=978-81-291-0431-1 |pages=179 |language=en |quote=After nine months of Pakistani oppression under Tikka Khan, the butcher of Bengal, they suddenly had a country.}}
*{{cite book |last=Shoemaker |first=M. Wesley "Wes" |title=Marielo: A Foreign Service Life in Diary and Letters |publisher=Dorrance Publishing Company |date=August 16, 2023 |isbn=9798886839883 |format=ebook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z5uXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT416 |page=PT416 |quote=[...]General Tikka Khan as governor. He's fondly known as the butcher of Bengal and the Butcher of Baluchistan.}}
*{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=Louis D. |title=Politics in Pakistan: The Struggle for Legitimacy |publisher=Taylor & Francis |date=July 5, 2019 |isbn=9781000307474 |language=English |format=ebook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ns6gDwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA1911 |pages=180–195|quote=In the East wing, Vice Admiral Ahsan was replaced with General Tikka Khan, a hard liner who would soon earn the epithet "butcher of Bengal"}}</ref><ref>
*{{Cite web |last=Archives |first=L. A. Times |date=2002-03-30 |title=Gen. Tikka Khan, 87; 'Butcher of Bengal' Led Pakistani Army |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-mar-30-me-passings30.1-story.html |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}
*{{Cite news |date=2002-03-29 |title=Pakistan's 'Butcher of Bengal' dies |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/1900055.stm |access-date=2025-04-20 |language=en-GB}}
*{{Cite web |date=2024-12-01 |title=Military Digest {{!}} An eyewitness account of Pakistan Army's Operation Searchlight in 1971 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/military-digest-pakistan-army-operation-searchlight-1971-tikka-khan-9700218/ |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Totten |first1=Samuel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Ef8Hrx8Cd0C |title=Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts |last2=Parsons |first2=William S. |last3=Charny |first3=Israel W. |date=2004 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-94430-4 |pages=295–303 |language=en |quote=The Pakistani government (the Yahya regime) was primarily responsible for the genocide. Not only did it prevent the Awami League and Rahman from forming the federal government, but it opted for a military solution to a constitutional crisis. In doing so, it decided to unleash a brutal military operation in order to terrorize the Bengalis. Yahya's decision to put General Tikka Khan (who had earned the name of "Butcher of Baluchistan" for his earlier brutal suppression of Baluchi nationals in the 1960s) in charge of the military operation in Bangladesh was an overt signal of the regime's intention to launch a genocide.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16207201 |title=Bangladesh war: The article that changed history |date=2011-12-16 |access-date=2021-12-19 |website=[[BBC News]] |last=Dummett |first=Mark |quote=Nobody knows exactly how many people were killed, but certainly a huge number of people lost their lives. Independent researchers think that between 300,000 and 500,000 died. The Bangladesh government puts the figure at three million.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Massacre: The tragedy at Bangla Desh and the phenomenon of mass slaughter throughout history |last=Payne |first=Robert |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers]] |year=1973 |isbn=9780025952409 |pages=13 |author-link=Robert Payne (author)}}</ref>}}

Gaining a [[Commission (document)|commission]] in 1940 as an artillery officer in the [[British Indian Army]] to participate in [[World War II]], he rose to command the 8th and 15th [[infantry]] [[Division (military)|divisions]]. In 1969, he was appointed as the commander of [[IV Corps (Pakistan)|IV Corps]] while acting as [[martial law administrator]] in [[West Pakistan]] under President Yahya Khan. In 1971, he took over the command of army's [[Pakistan Eastern Command|Eastern Command]] in [[East Pakistan]] and was appointed as [[East Pakistan#Governors|Governor of East Pakistan]], where he oversaw the planning and the military deployments to execute the [[Operation Searchlight|military operations]] to quell the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|liberation war efforts]] by the [[Awami League]].<ref name="Hamid Mir">{{cite news |author=Hamid Mir |date=26 March 2010 |title=Apology Day for Pakistanis |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=131584 |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=25 May 2013 |archive-date=4 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104074646/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=131584 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

After commanding the [[II Corps (Pakistan)|II Corps]] in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|war with India in 1971]], Tikka Khan was promoted to four-star rank and appointed as the first chief of army staff of the Pakistan Army in 1972. As an army chief, Tikka Khan provided support to the [[Pakistan and its Nuclear Deterrent Program|Pakistan nuclear programme]] alongside [[bureaucrat]] [[Ghulam Ishaq Khan]].<ref name="A.Q. Khan memoirs">{{cite web |title=RANDOM THOUGHTS : Unsung Heroes (Part XXII)- By: Dr. A.Q. Khan – South Asian Pulse |url=http://www.sapulse.com/new_comments.php?id=A9732_0_1_0_M |website=sapulse.com |publisher=A.Q. Khan memoirs |access-date=19 August 2016}}</ref> Upon retirement from the [[Pakistan Military|military]] in 1976, he was subsequently appointed as [[National Security Advisor (Pakistan)|National Security Advisor]] by Prime Minister [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]], only to be removed in 1977 as a result of enforced [[1977 Pakistani coup d'état|martial law]]. In the 1980s, he remained active as a political worker of the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] (PPP) and emerged as its leader when appointed as [[Governor of Punjab, Pakistan|Governor]] of [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] after the [[1988 Pakistani general elections|general elections]] held in 1988. His tenure ended when President Ghulam Ishaq Khan [[Eighth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan|dismissed]] Prime Minister [[Benazir Bhutto]]'s government in 1990, and he was succeeded by [[Mian Muhammad Azhar]]. He retired from [[Politics of Pakistan|politics]] in 1990. He died on 28 March 2002 and was buried with full [[State funeral|military honours]] in [[Westridge, Rawalpindi|Westridge cemetery]] in [[Rawalpindi]], Punjab, Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former administrator of East Pakistan Lt-General Tikka Khan dies |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/obituary/story/20020415-former-administrator-of-east-pakistan-lt-general-tikka-khan-dies-795526-2002-04-14 |access-date=2023-10-17 |website=[[India Today]] |date=15 April 2002 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Tikka Khan was born on 10 February 1915<ref name="headstone" /> into a [[Punjabi Muslims|Punjabi]] family of the [[Janjua]] [[Muslim Rajputs|Rajput]] clan<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nawaz|first=Shuja|title=Crossed Swords: Pakistan, its Army, and the Wars Within|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2008|pages=266|quote=Word spread within the army that Yaqub had lost his nerve. This was further strengthened by the choice of Lt. Gen. Tikka Khan as Yaqub's replacement. Tikka, a Janjua Rajput from a village near Kahuta in Rawalpindi district, was seen as a commander who followed orders to the letter.}}</ref> in the Jochha Mamdot village of [[Kahuta Tehsil]], [[Rawalpindi District]], [[British Punjab|Punjab]], [[British Indian Empire|British India]] (now [[Punjab, Pakistan]]).<ref name="Yale University Press, Tripathi">{{cite book |last1=Tripathi |first1=Salil |year=2016 |title=The Colonel Who Would Not Repent: The Bangladesh War and Its Unquiet Legacy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bcffCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA127 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |page=127 |isbn=978-0-300-22102-2}}</ref>

After his education in Rawalpindi, he joined the [[Army Cadet College]] in [[Nowgong, Chhatarpur|Nowgong]], Madhya Pradesh in 1933 and joined the [[British Indian Army]] as a [[sepoy]] in 1935; he gained his commission in the army from the [[Indian Military Academy]] on 22 December 1940.<ref name="Northern Book Centre, Sagar">{{cite book|last1=Sagar|first1=Krishna Chandra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XM5oZYYvEmYC&pg=PA57|title=The War of the Twins|publisher=Northern Book Centre|year=1997|isbn=978-81-7211-082-6|page=57|access-date=19 August 2016}}</ref>

During these early years, he was known to be a particularly good boxer.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Abdul Wahab |first=A.T.M. |title=Mukti Bahini Wins Victory: Pak Military Oligarchy Divides Pakistan in 1971 |publisher=[[Columbia Prokashani]] |year=2004 |pages=86 |isbn=978-984-713-044-6}}</ref>

== Military career ==

=== World War II ===
He participated in [[World War II]] and fought with the [[2 Medium Regiment (Self Propelled) (Letse & Point 171)|2nd Field Regiment]], [[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery]] in Libya against the [[Afrika Korps]] led by German Field Marshal [[Erwin Rommel]] in 1940.<ref name="Northern Book Centre, Sagar" /> He was captured by German troops and held as a [[Prisoner of War|POW]] in Libya for more than a year.<ref name="Northern Book Centre, Sagar" /> After successfully escaping, he saw military action in the [[Burma Campaign 1944–45|Burma campaign]] against [[Imperial Japan|Japan]] in 1945 where he was wounded and hospitalised for some time.<ref name="Northern Book Centre, Sagar" /> In 1946, he was posted in different parts of India such as [[Deolali]], [[Mathura]], and [[Kalyan]].<ref name="Northern Book Centre, Sagar" />

During the same time, he served as an instructor at the [[Indian Military Academy]] at Dehradun.<ref name="Northern Book Centre, Sagar" />

=== New beginnings in Pakistan ===
After the [[Pakistan Movement|efforts of Muslim League]] culminated in the [[Partition of India|partition of British India]] and the creation of Pakistan, Tikka Khan joined the [[Pakistan Army]] as a major in the Pakistan Army's [[Regiment of Artillery (Pakistan)|Regiment of Artillery]] in 1947.<ref name="Northern Book Centre, Sagar" /> His military career progressed well and he got accelerated promotions in the army.<ref name="Northern Book Centre, Sagar" /> In 1949, he was promoted to [[Lieutenant-Colonel|lieutenant colonel]]. He worked hard to raise the Medium Regiment in the new army.<ref name="Northern Book Centre, Sagar" /> In 1950–54, he was promoted to [[Colonel (Pakistan)|colonel]] and became the deputy director at the directorate of artillery in the [[GHQ (Pakistan Army)|GHQ]].<ref name="Northern Book Centre, Sagar" />

In 1955, he was promoted to [[brigadier]].<ref name="Northern Book Centre, Sagar" /> In 1962, he was promoted to [[Major-General|major general]] and posted at the GHQ in Rawalpindi.<ref name="Northern Book Centre, Sagar" />

=== Between the wars: 1965–1971 ===
{{Main|Battle of Rann of Kutch|Indo-Pakistani war of 1965|Indo-Pakistani war of 1971}}

In 1965, Major-General Tikka Khan was the [[General officer commanding|GOC]] of the 8th Infantry Division that was positioned in Punjab, Pakistan.<ref name="Skyhorse Publishing, Inc." /> At that time, the 8th Infantry Division consisted of the 51st [[Paratrooper]] [[Brigade]] and the 52nd Infantry Brigade.<ref name="Skyhorse Publishing, Inc.">{{cite book |last1=Cloughley |first1=Brian |title=A History of the Pakistan Army: Wars and Insurrections |year=2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JE1kCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT84 |publisher=[[Skyhorse Publishing]] |page=84 |isbn=978-1-63144-039-7 |access-date=19 August 2016}}</ref> In April 1965, the 8th Infantry Division intruded into the [[Rann of Kutch]].<ref name="Vij Books India Pvt Ltd">{{cite book |last1=Khanna |first1=K. K. |title=Art of Generalship |year=2015 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uAmqCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA176 |publisher=[[Vij Books India Pvt Ltd]] |page=176 |isbn=978-93-82652-93-9}}</ref> Hostilities broke out between India and Pakistan and Tikka Khan's 8th Division fought the [[Indian Army]] in the [[Battle of Rann of Kutch]].<ref name="Hurst Publishers">{{cite book |last1=Bajwa |first1=Farooq |title=From Kutch to Tashkent: The Indo-Pakistan War of 1965 |year=2013 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5a0NAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA71 |publisher=[[Hurst Publishers]] |page=71 |isbn=978-1-84904-230-7 |access-date=19 August 2016}}</ref><ref name="Motorbooks International">{{cite book |last1=Haskew |first1=Michael E. |title=Tank: 100 Years of the World's Most Important Armored Military Vehicle |year=2015 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O8JQCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA201 |publisher=[[Motorbooks International]] |page=201 |isbn=978-0-7603-4963-2 |access-date=19 August 2016}}</ref> During the war, Tikka Khan earned a reputation as a victor of Rann of Kutch and was credited widely by the [[Pakistani press]] for the victories, he gained over the Indian Army.<ref name="Northern Book Centre, Sagar" /> He made a bold stand against the Indian Army's encirclement in the Sialkot sector in 1965.<ref name="Northern Book Centre, Sagar" /> He later led the 15th Infantry Division in the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965]].<ref name="Northern Book Centre, Sagar" />

After President [[Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)|Ayub Khan]] handed over the [[Pakistani presidency|presidency]] to his army chief General [[Yahya Khan]] in 1969, Tikka Khan was promoted to [[Lieutenant general (Pakistan)|lieutenant general]] to command the [[IV Corps (Pakistan)|IV Corps]], stationed in [[Lahore]].<ref name="Northern Book Centre, Sagar" /> He was the [[martial law administrator]] of Punjab under President Yahya Khan who appointed him after replacing with [[Attiqur Rahman]].<ref name="Northern Book Centre, Sagar" /> His personality was well known in Pakistan as being tough and ruthless.<ref name="Northern Book Centre, Sagar" /> In March 1971, Tikka Khan was sent to [[Dacca]] and left the post to Lieutenant General Bahadur Sher in March 1971.<ref name="Northern Book Centre, Sagar" />

=== Bangladesh Liberation and 1971 war ===
{{Main|1971 Bangladesh genocide|Operation Searchlight|1971 Dhaka University massacre|Indo-Pakistani war of 1971}}

The situation was very complex in both [[West Pakistan|West]] and [[East Pakistan]] after the [[1970 Pakistani general election|general elections]] held in 1970 where the [[Bengali nationalism|Bengali nationalist]] [[Awami League]] won 167 of the 169 seats in East Pakistan, whereas the [[Socialism in Pakistan|leftist-socialist]] [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] (PPP) won 81 seats out of 138 in West Pakistan.<ref name="Story Of Pakistan Fall of Dhaka 1971" /> By constitutional law, [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] of the Awami League was supposed to be the candidate for the post of [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]] but [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] of the Pakistan Peoples Party was not ready to accept his role as [[Leader of the Opposition (Pakistan)|Leader of the Opposition]] and refused to sit in the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]] in this role.<ref name="Story Of Pakistan Fall of Dhaka 1971" />

Under pressure by Bhutto and the Pakistan Peoples Party, President Yahya Khan postponed the National Assembly session despite meeting with and inviting the Awami League to form the government on 7 March.<ref name="Story Of Pakistan Fall of Dhaka 1971" /> Sheikh Mujibur Rahman reacted by calling upon the [[Bengali people]] to launch an [[Bangladesh Liberation War|armed liberation movement]] against Pakistan at a mass rally.<ref name="Story Of Pakistan Fall of Dhaka 1971" /> Responding to this, President Yahya Khan accepted the resignation of Lieutenant General [[Sahabzada Yaqub Khan|Yaqub Khan]] as governor of East Pakistan and commander of the army's [[Evolution of Pakistan Eastern Command plan|Eastern Command]] in March 1971 and appointed Lieutenant General Tikka Khan as his successor. Tikka Khan arrived in Dacca the same month and took over the governorship. He assumed command of the Eastern Command on 7 March 1971. He has faced accusations of killing thousands of civilians.<ref name="Story Of Pakistan Fall of Dhaka 1971">{{cite web |url=http://storyofpakistan.com/fall-of-dhaka-1971 |title=Fall of Dhaka 1971 |date=4 June 2002 |website=[[Story of Pakistan]] |access-date=19 August 2016}}</ref>{{user-generated source|date=November 2016}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thestatesman.com/news/opinion/unfinished-agenda-of-1971/132671.html |title=Unfinished agenda of 1971 |work=The Statesman |type=Opinion |access-date=27 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chowdhury |first=Prabir Barua |date=26 March 2016 |title=A friend in need |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/friend-need-1199776 |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=27 March 2016}}</ref>

{{Gallery|File:Hilal-e-Jurat Medal.png|[[Hilal-e-Jurat]]|width=100|height=210|align=left|mode=nolines|noborder=no}}Acting on the instructions of President Yahya Khan's administration, Lieutenant General Tikka Khan began preparations of "direct-wise military operation" against the Awami League on the evening of 25 March 1971.<ref name="Routledge, Dixit">{{cite book |last1=Dixit |first1=J. N. |author-link=Jyotindra Nath Dixit |title=India-Pakistan in War and Peace |year=2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mdWCAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA169 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |page=169 |isbn=978-1-134-40758-3 |access-date=19 August 2016}}</ref> Tikka Khan's order to his soldiers was ''I want the land and not the people''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/newsdetail/index/6/20147/how-genocide-triggered-bangladesh-bid-for-independence|title=How Genocide Triggered Bangladesh Bid for Independence|publisher=The Citizen India|date=25 March 2021|accessdate=23 January 2022}}</ref> Tikka Khan took assistance from loyal Bengalis and [[Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh|Biharis]] for the operation and organized a paramilitary force called [[Razakar (Pakistan)|Razakars]].{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} He ordered the arrest of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, outlawed the Awami League, and ordered a midnight [[1971 Dhaka University massacre|attack on the University of Dhaka]].<ref name="Nation Books, Bhutto">{{cite book |last1=Bhutto |first1=Fatima |author-link=Fatima Bhutto |title=Songs of Blood and Sword: A Daughter's Memoir |year=2011 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mjo3xkGSV6cC&pg=PA100 |publisher=Nation Books |page=100 |isbn=978-1-56858-632-8 |access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> Tikka Khan was the architect and top planner of [[Operation Searchlight]].<ref name="Hamid Mir" /> Thousands were killed in this operation, including academics and other members of civil society, and the country was plunged into a bloody civil war.<ref name="Nation Books, Bhutto" /> [[Fatima Bhutto]] called him "a soldier known for his eager use of force".<ref name="Nation Books, Bhutto" /> He became notorious as the "Butcher of Bengal."<ref name="APH Publishing, Ahmad">{{cite book |last1=Ahmed |first1=Salahuddin |title=Bangladesh: Past and Present |year=2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Szfqq7ruqWgC&pg=PA174 |publisher=APH Publishing |page=174 |isbn=978-81-7648-469-5 |access-date=19 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Muktijuddho (Bangladesh Liberation War 1971) - Butcher of Bengal General Tikka Khan takes charge in East Pakistan - History of Bangladesh|url=http://www.londoni.co/index.php/23-history-of-bangladesh/1971-muktijuddho/108-muktijuddho-bangladesh-liberation-war-1971-butcher-of-bengal-general-tikka-khan-takes-charge-in-east-pakistan-history-of-bangladesh|access-date=2020-09-08|website=Londoni|language=en-gb|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190031/http://www.londoni.co/index.php/23-history-of-bangladesh/1971-muktijuddho/108-muktijuddho-bangladesh-liberation-war-1971-butcher-of-bengal-general-tikka-khan-takes-charge-in-east-pakistan-history-of-bangladesh|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In September 1971, Governor Tikka Khan was replaced with a civilian government led by a governor and a cabinet drawn from different political parties.<ref name="Columbia University Press, Elora">{{cite book |last1=Shehabuddin |first1=Elora |title=Reshaping the Holy: Democracy, Development, and Muslim Women in Bangladesh |year=2008 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ovbVLZ2G6pMC&pg=PA66 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |page=66 |isbn=978-0-231-51255-8 |access-date=19 August 2016}}</ref> Tikka Khan was recalled to Pakistan, relinquishing the Eastern Command to Lieutenant General [[Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi|Amir Khan Niazi]],<ref name="Lancer Publishers, Pran Nath">{{cite book |last1=Kathpalia |first1=Pran Nath |title=Mission with a Difference: The Exploits of 71 Mountain Brigade |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PZ62tP_5a2AC&pg=PA53 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |page=53 |access-date=19 August 2016}}</ref> and given command of the [[II Corps (Pakistan)|II Corps]] based in [[Multan]], Punjab.<ref name="Lancer Publishers, Palit">{{cite book |last1=Palit |first1=Maj Gen DK |title=The Lightning Campaign: The Indo-Pakistan War, 1971 |year=1998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PKvmgfHewHcC&pg=PA83 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |page=83 |isbn=978-1-897829-37-0 |access-date=19 August 2016}}</ref> He commanded the II Corps during the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971|1971 war with India]].<ref name="Lancer Publishers, Palit" /> Indian Major General D. K. Palit has questioned the wisdom of Tikka Khan's tactics used in the [[Battle of Chhamb]] in December, citing high II Corps casualties incurred during Pakistani frontal attacks.<ref name="Lancer Publishers, Palit" />

=== Chief of Army staff ===
{{Main|Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|1970s Baloch Insurgency and Rahimuddin's Provincial Stabilization}}

In 1972, President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto removed Lieutenant General [[Gul Hassan Khan]] from his position as commander-in-chief of the army<ref name="Oxford University Press, Jeffrelot">{{cite book |last1=Jaffrelot |first1=Christophe |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |title=The Pakistan Paradox: Instability and Resilience |year=2015 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i5GMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PG22 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=226 |isbn=978-0-19023-518-5}}</ref> and replaced him with Tikka Khan.<ref name="Routledge, Ravi">{{cite book |last=Iqbal |first=Zafar |editor-last1=Kalia |editor-first1=Ravi |chapter=Elitist Political Culture and the Perils of Democracy in Pakistan |title=Pakistan: From the Rhetoric of Democracy to the Rise of Militancy |year=2011 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8pUHFgtuwtoC&pg=PA142 |publisher=Routledge |page=142 |isbn=978-0-415-67040-1 |access-date=20 August 2016}}</ref> Tikka Khan was a highly unpopular choice in [[Military of Pakistan|military circles]] for the chief of army staff because it was felt strongly that he was professionally unprepared for the assignment.<ref name="Routledge, Abbas">{{cite book |last1=Abbas |first1=Hassan |author-link=Hassan Abbas (academic) |title=Pakistan's Drift into Extremism: Allah, the Army, and America's War on Terror |year=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GiKm-ahTpS8C&pg=PA72 |publisher=M. E. Sharpe |page=72 |isbn=0-7656-1496-0 |quote=General Tikka Khan was an unpopular choice as army chief, not so much because of his role in East Pakistan--the army of the day being too thick-skinned for any such delicate consideration, but because it was felt that he did not have a clue about his new job.}}</ref> On the other hand, Tikka Khan was steadfastly loyal to Bhutto.<ref name="Oxford University Press, Jeffrelot" /> In 1972, he supported the [[militarisation]] of the [[Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission]] by supporting [[Munir Ahmad Khan]] to take over the commission's chairmanship and the directorship of the clandestine [[Pakistan and its Nuclear Deterrent Program|atomic bomb programme]].<ref name="Transaction Publishers">{{cite book |last1=Israeli |first1=Raphael |author-link=Raphael Israeli |title=Years of Upheaval: Axial Changes in Islam Since 1989 |year=2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_jX_CQAAQBAJ&pg=PT84 |publisher=Transaction Publishers |page=84 |isbn=978-1-4128-6190-8}}</ref> He was implicated in the [[Hamoodur Rahman Commission|Hamoodur Rahman Commission's]]{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} report on the 1971 war with India over East Pakistan, but much of the report remains [[Classified information|classified]].

In 1974, Tikka Khan led the [[1970s Baloch Insurgency and Rahimuddin's Provincial Stabilization|counterinsurgency military operation]] in [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]] and successfully crushed [[Baloch nationalism|Baloch independence movement]].<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/424827-killings-of-zehris-and-history-of-balochistan’s-plight|title= Killings of Zehris and history of Balochistan's plight|access-date=17 April 2013|work=The News International}}</ref> In 1976, he provided his support to [[Ghulam Ishaq Khan]] and Bhutto to expand the clandestine nuclear weapons programme.<ref name="A.Q. Khan memoirs" /> The same year, Tikka Khan was preparing to retire from the military, and evaluated the eight serving lieutenant generals who were his potential successors as chief of army staff. When asked by Bhutto for his opinion on Lieutenant General [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]], Tikka Khan did not recommend him. Tikka Khan later remarked, "I thought he was dull. In any case, he was the most junior of all the eight lieutenant generals."<ref name="Penguin Books India">{{cite book |last1=Elliott |first1=John |last2=Imhasly |first2=Bernard |last3=Denyer |first3=Simon |title=Foreign Correspondent: Fifty Years of Reporting South Asia |year=2008 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GlM7e_1dCjoC&pg=PA129 |publisher=Penguin Books India |page=129 |isbn=978-0-670-08204-9|access-date=20 August 2016}}</ref> However Bhutto by-passed his recommendations, approved Lieutenant General Zia-ul-Haq to four-star rank, and appointed him as army chief.<ref name="Penguin Books India" /> Upon retirement from the army, Khan joined the Pakistan Peoples Party.

== Political career ==

=== National Security Advisor to Zulfikar Ali Bhutto ===
[[File:Mujahid Tareen with Tikka Khan.jpg|thumb|Khan with [[Mujahid Tareen]](middle) in 1974|218x218px]]
Tikka Khan was appointed [[National Security Advisor (Pakistan)|National Security Advisor]] in 1976 by Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.<ref>{{cite news |date=30 March 2002 |title=Tikka Khan dead |work=[[The Hindu]] |quote=In 1976, he joined the Pakistan People's Party and became Special Assistant on National Security to the then Prime Minister, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto}}</ref> However, his tenure was short and ended when [[1977 Pakistani coup d'état|martial law]] was imposed by army chief General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq in 1977. General Zia ordered the [[Pakistan Army Corps of Military Police|military police]] to arrest both Bhutto and General Tikka Khan and placed them under house arrest.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://nation.com.pk/columns/25-Mar-2016/an-unwell-commando|title=An unwell commando|work=The Nation|access-date=27 March 2016}}</ref> Bhutto was executed in 1979, after which General Tikka Khan emerged as one of the leaders of the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), becoming its [[secretary general]].<ref name="Rowman & Littlefield">{{cite book |last1=Burki |first1=Shahid Javed |author-link=Shahid Javed Burki |title=Historical Dictionary of Pakistan |year=2015 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rk-sBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA544 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |page=544 |isbn=978-1-4422-4148-0 |access-date=20 August 2016}}</ref>

=== Jail under Zia-ul-Haq ===
In 1980–88, Tikka Khan faced imprisonment numerous times for his political activities until President Zia-ul-Haq [[Death and state funeral of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|died]] in August 1988 in an aircraft explosion over [[Bahawalpur]].{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} In spite of Tikka's leadership position within the political opposition, many of his army protégés such as [[Sawar Khan]], [[Iqbal Khan (general)|Iqbal Khan]] and [[Rahimuddin Khan]] were promoted to four-star rank and remained on deferential terms with him.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} In the [[1988 Pakistani general election|1988 general election]], Tikka Khan ran unsuccessfully for a seat representing [[Constituencies of Pakistan|Rawalpindi]].<ref name="Rowman & Littlefield" />

=== Governor of Punjab under Benazir Bhutto ===
He was appointed as the [[Governor of Punjab, Pakistan|Governor]] of Punjab by Prime Minister [[Benazir Bhutto]] in December 1988.<ref name="Rowman & Littlefield" /> His governorship ended when President Ghulam Ishaq Khan [[Eighth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan|dismissed the government]] of Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto in August 1990, after which Tikka Khan retired from active politics.<ref name="Rowman & Littlefield" />

== Later life and death ==
[[File:Gen Tikka Khan (Deathstone).jpg|thumb|200px|Tikka Khan's grave at Army graveyard, [[Rawalpindi]]]]

Throughout the 1990s, he battled with illness and was hospitalised in [[Combined Military Hospital Rawalpindi|CMH Rawalpindi]] for several years. He refused many television interviews on the subject of the [[1971 war of independence|controversial events of 1971]] and died on 28 March 2002.<ref name="Tribune India, 2002">{{cite news|last1=Singh|first1=Khushwant|title=This Above All|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020413/windows/above.htm|access-date=15 October 2016|work=The Tribune|date=13 April 2002}}</ref> He was survived by three sons and two daughters.<ref name="Dawn 2002">{{cite news|title=Tikka Khan passes away|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/27758/tikka-khan-passes-away|access-date=20 August 2016|work=Dawn|date=29 March 2002}}</ref>

He was laid to rest with [[State funeral|military honours]] in the [[Westridge, Rawalpindi|Westridge cemetery]] in Rawalpindi.<ref name="Dawn 2002" /> [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee]] [[Aziz Khan (general)|Aziz Khan]] attended his funeral, accompanied by the [[Army Chief of Staff (Pakistan)|Army Chief of Staff]], [[Chief of Air Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Air Staff]], [[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Naval Staff]] and other senior military and civil officials.<ref name="Dawn 2002" /> Former prime minister and PPP chairperson Benazir Bhutto paid Tikka Khan tribute in a message to his son Colonel Khalid Masud; she described the Colonel's father as one who "rose to the highest offices of this country due to his hard work and respect for the rule of law".<ref name="Dawn 2002" />

== Awards and decorations ==
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|
|{{ribbon devices|ribbon=Hilal-e-Jurat.png|width=130}}
|{{ribbon devices|ribbon=Hilal-e-Quaid-e-Azam (1957-76).png|width=130}}
|
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sitara-e-Pakistan (SPk) (1957-86).png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Diffa.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sitara-e-Harb 1965 War Ribbon.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sitara-e-Harb 1971 War.png|width=130}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Jang 1971 War.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Pakistan Independence Medal 1947.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Republic Medal 1956 (Pakistan).png|width=130}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Order of Crown (Imperial Iran).png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=1939–1945 Star.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Africa Star 1945.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Burma Star BAR.svg|width=130}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Italy Star 1945.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon - War Medal.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon India Service Medal.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=QE II Coronation Medal 1953.png|width=130}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
| colspan="2" |'''[[Hilal-i-Jurat|Hilal-e-Jurat]]'''
''(Crescent of Courage)''

'''[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971 War]]'''
| colspan="2" |'''[[Civil decorations of Pakistan|Hilal-e-Quaid-e-Azam]]'''
''(HQA)''
|-
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Sitara-e-Pakistan]]'''
''(Star of Pakistan)''

''(SPk)''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Tamgha-e-Diffa]]'''
''(General Service Medal)''

'''1. [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Rann of Kutch]] Clasp'''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Sitara-e-Harb 1965 War]]'''
''(War Star 1965)''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Sitara-e-Harb 1971 War]]'''
''(War Star 1971)''
|-
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War]]'''
''(War Medal 1965)''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Tamgha-e-Jang 1971 War]]'''
''(War Medal 1971)''
|'''[[Pakistan Medal|Pakistan Tamgha]]'''
''([[Pakistan Medal]])''

'''1947'''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces|Tamgha-e-Jamhuria]]'''
''(Republic Commemoration Medal)''

'''1956'''
|-
|[[Order of the Crown (Iran)|'''Order of the Crown''']]
([[Pahlavi Iran]])
|'''[[1939-1945 Star]]'''
|'''[[Africa Star]]'''
|'''[[Burma Star]]'''
|-
|'''[[Italy Star]]'''
|'''[[War Medal 1939-1945|War Medal]]'''
'''[[War Medal 1939-1945|1939-1945]]'''
|'''[[India Service Medal]]'''
[[India Service Medal|'''1939–1945''']]
|'''[[Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal|Queen Elizabeth II]]'''
'''[[Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal|Coronation Medal]]'''

'''(1953)'''
|}

=== Foreign decorations ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" style="background:#006400; color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" |'''Foreign Awards'''
|-
!'''{{flag|Imperial Iran}}'''
|[[Order of the Crown (Iran)|'''Order of the Crown''']]
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Order of Crown (Imperial Iran).png|width=130}}
|-
!'''{{flag|UK}}'''
|'''[[1939-1945 Star]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=1939–1945 Star.png|width=130}}
|-
!'''{{flag|UK}}'''
|'''[[Africa Star]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Africa Star 1945.png|width=130}}
|-
!'''{{flag|UK}}'''
|'''[[Burma Star]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Burma Star BAR.svg|width=130}}
|-
!'''{{flag|UK}}'''
|[[Italy Star|'''Italy Star 1945''']]
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Italy Star 1945.png|width=130}}
|-
!'''{{flag|UK}}'''
|'''[[War Medal 1939-1945]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon - War Medal.png|width=130}}
|-
!'''{{flag|UK}}'''
|[[India Service Medal|'''India Service Medal 1939–1945''']]
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon India Service Medal.png|width=130}}
|-
!'''{{flag|UK}}'''
|'''[[Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=QE II Coronation Medal 1953.png|width=130}}
|}

== See also ==
* [[The Blood telegram]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
* Zaheer, Hasan: ''The separation of East Pakistan : The rise and realisation of Bengali Muslim nationalism,'' Oxford University Press, 1994.
* Sisson, Richard & Rose, Leo: ''War and secession : Pakistan, India, and the creation of Bangladesh'', University of California Press (Berkeley), 1990.
* Matinuddin, General Kamal: ''Tragedy of Errors : East Pakistan Crisis, 1968–1971'', Wajidalis, Lahore, Pakistan, 1994.
* Salik, Siddiq: ''Witness to surrender'', Oxford University Press, Karachi, Pakistan, 1977.

== External links ==
* [http://pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent.aspx?pId=149 Official profile at Pakistan Army website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507102751/https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent.aspx?pId=149 |date=7 May 2017 }}
* [http://www.dawn.com/2002/03/29/top12.htm Tikka Khan Passes Away—DAWN]
* [http://www.dawn.com/2003/09/14/op.htm Article mentioning General Tikka Khan's tenure as Chief of Army Staff (1972–1976), A.R. Siddiqui, Dawn, 14 September 2003.]
* [http://www.dawn.com/report/hrc/hrsp3c6.htm Hamood-ur-Rehman Commission Report, The Report of the Commission of Inquiry – 1971 War as Declassified by The Government of Pakistan, Volume-I: Supplementary Report – Top secret, PART III – MILITARY ASPECT, CHAPTER VI.]
* [http://www.dawn.com/report/hrc/hrsp5c2.htm Hamood-ur-Rehman Commission Report, The Report of the Commission of Inquiry – 1971 War as Declassified by The Government of Pakistan, Volume-I: Supplementary Report – Top secret, PART IV – SURRENDER IN EAST PAKISTAN, CHAPTER II – Alleged atrocities by the Pakistan Army.]
* [http://www.dawn.com/report/hrc/hrmp4c3.htm Hamood-ur-Rehman Commission Report, The Report of the Commission of Inquiry – 1971 War as Declassified by The Government of Pakistan, PART IV – MILITARY ASPECT, Chapter III, The formulation of defence plans.]
* [http://www.dawn.com/report/hrc/hrsp5c1.htm Hamood-ur-Rehman Commission Report, The Report of the Commission of Inquiry – 1971 War as Declassified by The Government of Pakistan, Volume-I: Supplementary Report – Top secret, PART IV – SURRENDER IN EAST PAKISTAN, CHAPTER I – The moral aspect.]
* [http://www.dawn.com/report/hrc/hrmp5c6.htm Hamood-ur-Rehman Commission Report, The Report of the Commission of Inquiry – 1971 War as Declassified by The Government of Pakistan, PART V: MISCELLANEOUS, CHAPTER VI: Summary and recommendations.]
* [http://www.dawn.com/2002/04/05/nat1.htm Amin Fahim pays rich tributes to General Tikka Khan, Dawn, 5 April 2002.]
* [http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_3-7-2005_pg1_2 General Yahya Khan agreed to withdraw forces, India did not, by Khalid Hasan, Daily Times, 3 July 2005.]

{{S-start}}
{{S-off}}
{{s-bef|rows=2|before=[[Attiqur Rahman]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Martial Law Administrator of Zone A, ([[West Pakistan]]) |years=1969–1971}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Bahadur Sher]]}}
|-

{{s-ttl|title=Governor of [[West Pakistan]]|years=1969}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Nur Khan]]}}

|-

{{s-bef|rows=2|before=[[Sahabzada Yaqub Khan]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Martial Law Administrator of Zone B, ([[East Pakistan]]) |years=1971}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi]]}}

|-

{{s-ttl|title=Governor of [[East Pakistan]] |years=1971}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Abdul Motaleb Malik]]}}

{{Succession box| title=[[Governor of Punjab (Pakistan)|Governor of Punjab]]| before=[[Makhdoom Sajjad Hussain Qureshi]]| after=[[Mian Muhammad Azhar]]|years=1988–1990}}
|-
{{S-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Lieutenant General]] [[Sahabzada Yaqub Khan]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Commander of [[Evolution of Pakistan Eastern Command plan|Eastern Command]] |years=7 March 1971 – 7 April 1971}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Lieutenant General]] [[Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Lieutenant-General|Lt. Gen.]] [[Gul Hassan Khan]]|as=[[Commander-in-Chief, Pakistan Army]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]] |years=1972–1976}}
{{s-aft|after=[[General|Gen]]. [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{Pakistan Army Staff Chief}}
{{Governors of Punjab, Pakistan}}
{{Indo-Pakistani War of 1971}}
{{Pakistan NSA}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Tikka}}
[[Category:1915 births]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Causes and prelude of the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
[[Category:Chiefs of Army Staff, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Escapees from Italian detention]]
[[Category:Generals of the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
[[Category:Generals of the India–Pakistan war of 1971]]
[[Category:Governors of East Pakistan]]
[[Category:Governors of West Pakistan]]
[[Category:Governors of Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Indian escapees]]
[[Category:Indian prisoners of war]]
[[Category:Military personnel of the India–Pakistan war of 1965]]
[[Category:Pakistan Army Artillery officers]]
[[Category:Pakistani generals]]
[[Category:Pakistan People's Party politicians]]
[[Category:People from Kallar Syedan Tehsil]]
[[Category:People of the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
[[Category:People of the insurgency in Balochistan]]
[[Category:World War II prisoners of war held by Germany]]
[[Category:World War II prisoners of war held by Italy]]
[[Category:Perpetrators of the Bangladesh genocide]]
[[Category:Pakistani war criminals]]
[[Category:Pakistan Command and Staff College alumni]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]

List of Hindi films of 1955

2026-03-18T22:06:20Z

Gstnit: minor edit

{{Short description|None}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=October 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Incomplete list|date=August 2008}}
{{inc-film|date=August 2024}}
{{Bollywood films}}
This is a list of films produced by the [[Bollywood]] film industry based in [[Mumbai]] in 1955:

==Highest-grossing films==
The eleven highest-grossing films at the Indian Box Office in 1955 were:<ref>{{cite web|author=Box Office India|title=Top Earners 1955|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=161&catName=MTk1NQ==|publisher=boxofficeindia.com|access-date=10 July 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130042736/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=161&catName=MTk1NQ==|archive-date=30 January 2012}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:silver; text-align:center;"
|| '''Rank'''
|| '''Title'''
|| '''Notes'''
|-
| 1.
| ''[[Shree 420]]''
| [[Raj Kapoor]], [[Nargis]]
|-
| 2.
| ''[[Azaad (1955 film)|Azaad]]''
| [[Dilip Kumar]], [[Meena Kumari]]
|-
| 3.
| ''[[Jhanak Jhanak Payal Baje]]''
|[[Gopi Krishna (dancer)|Gopi Krishna]], [[Sandhya Shantaram|Sandhya]]
|-
| 4.
| ''[[Uran Khatola (film)|Uran Khatola]]''
| [[Dilip Kumar]], [[Nimmi]]
|-
| 5.
| ''[[Mr. & Mrs. '55]]''
|[[Madhubala]], [[Guru Dutt]]
|-
| 6.
| ''[[Insaniyat (1955 film)|Insaniyat]]''
| [[Dilip Kumar]], [[Dev Anand]], [[Bina Rai]]
|-
| 7.
| ''[[Munimji]]''
| [[Dev Anand]], [[Nalini Jaywant]]
|-
| 8.
| ''[[Seema (1955 film)|Seema]]''
| [[Balraj Sahani]], [[Nutan]]
|-
| 9.
| ''Baradari''
| [[Ajit Khan|Ajit]], [[Geeta Bali]]
|-
| 10.
| ''[[Devdas (1955 film)|Devdas]]''
|[[Dilip Kumar]], [[Suchitra Sen]], [[Vyjayanthimala]]
|}

==A-C==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes
|-
|''[[Aaj Ki Baat]]''||[[Leela Chitnis]] ||[[Ajit Khan|Ajit]], [[Chitra (Hindi actress)|Chitra]], [[Bipin Gupta]], [[Manmohan Krishan]], [[Sunder (actor)|Sunder]], [[Leela Chitnis]] ||Social ||Music: [[Snehal Bhatkar]] Lyrics: [[Hasrat Jaipuri]], Raj Baldev Raj, Kaif Irfani
|-
|''[[Abe-Hayat (film)|Abe-Hayat]]''||Ramanlal Desai ||[[Premnath]], [[Shashikala]], [[Ameeta]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], Mubarak, [[Kanu Roy]], [[Chaman Puri]], S L Puri, P Kailash, [[Helen (actress)|Helen]], [[Smriti Biswas (actress)|Smriti Biswas]] ||Costume Drama ||Music: [[Sardar Malik]] Lyrics: [[Hasrat Jaipuri]]
|-
|''[[Adl-e-Jehangir]]''||[[G. P. Sippy]] ||[[Pradeep Kumar (actor)|Pradeep Kumar]], [[Meena Kumari]], [[Daljeet (Hindi actor)|Daljeet]], [[Chitra (Hindi actress)|Chitra]], [[Sapru (actor)|Sapru]], [[Durga Khote]], Kammo, Amir Bano, Darpan, Maruti ||Costume Fantasy ||Music: [[Husnlal Bhagatram]] Lyrics: [[Qamar Jalalabadi]]
|-
|''[[Adivasiyon Ka Jeevan Srot]]''|| [[Ritwik Ghatak]] || || Documentary ||
|-
|''[[Albeli (1955 film)|Albeli]]''||[[Devendra Goel]] ||[[Geeta Bali]], [[Pradeep Kumar (actor)|Pradeep Kumar]], [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]], [[Om Prakash]], Randhir, [[Tun Tun]], ||Social Drama ||Music: [[Ravi (music director)|Ravi]] Lyrics: Ravi
|-
|''[[Alladin Ka Beta]]'' ||Rafiq Rizvi ||[[Mahipal (actor)|Mahipal]], [[Chitra (Hindi actress)|Chitra]], [[Yashodara Katju]], [[Tiwari (actor)|Tiwari]], Yogesh Bhalla, [[Naaz (actress)|Naaz]], [[Maruti (actor)|Maruti]] ||Fantasy ||Music: [[S. Mohinder]] Lyrics: [[Tanveer Naqvi (lyricist)|Tanveer Naqvi]]
|-
|''[[Amanat (1955 film)|Amanat]]''||Aravind Sen ||[[Bharat Bhushan]], [[Chand Usmani]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], [[Nazir Hussain]] ||Social Drama ||Produced by [[Bimal Roy]]. Music: [[Salil Chowdhary]] Lyrics: [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]]
|-
|''[[Amar Saigal]]''||[[Nitin Bose]] ||[[Pahari Sanyal]], Tandon, G Mungeri, Akhtar Jahan, Padma Devi||Saigal Documentary ||Music: [[Rai Chand Boral]], [[Pankaj Mullick]], [[Timir Baran]], Apresh Lahiri. Singer: Main [[K. L. Saigal]], songs used with scenes from his films.
|-
|''[[Andher Nagari Chaupat Raja]]''||Shamim Bhagat ||[[Chitra (Hindi actress)|Chitra]], Amarnath, [[B. M. Vyas]], [[Tun Tun]], [[Gope (actor)|Gope]], [[David (actor)|David]] ||Costume ||Music: [[Avinash Vyas]] Lyrics: [[Bharat Vyas]]
|-
|''[[Azaad (1955 film)|Azaad]]''||[[S. M. Sriramulu Naidu|S. M. S. Naidu]] ||[[Dilip Kumar]], [[Meena Kumari]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], [[Achala Sachdev]], [[Om Prakash]], [[Badri Prasad]], Randhir, [[Murad (actor)|Murad]], [[Shammi (actress)|Shammi]] ||Action Drama ||Music: [[C. Ramachandra]] Lyrics: [[Rajendra Krishan]]
|-
|''[[Baap Re Baap (1955 film)|Baap Re Baap]]''||[[A. R. Kardar]] ||[[Kishore Kumar]], [[Chand Usmani]], [[Smriti Biswas]], Nazneen, [[Leela Mishra]], [[Jayant (actor)|Jayant]], [[Ulhas (actor)|Ulhas]] ||Comedy Drama ||Music: [[O. P. Nayyar]] Lyrics: [[Jan Nisar Akhtar]]
|-
|''[[Baghdad Ka Chor (1955 film)|Baghdad Ka Chor]]''||Shriram Bohra ||[[Daljeet (Hindi actor)|Daljeet]], [[Chitra (Hindi actress)|Chitra]], [[Krishna Kumari (hindi actress)|Krishna Kumari]], [[Yashodara Katju]], Ram Kumar, Maruti ||Fantasy ||Music: [[B. N. Bali]] Lyrics: Omar Khayyam Saharanpuri, Sartaj Rahmani, Khalish Lakhnavi, Harish Rana
|-
|''[[Bahu (1955 film)|Bahu]]''||[[Shakti Samanta]] ||[[Karan Dewan]], [[Usha Kiran]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]], [[Shashikala]], [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]], [[Tun Tun]], [[Bipin Gupta]] ||Social Family Drama ||Music: [[Hemant Kumar]] Lyrics: [[S. H. Bihari]]
|-
|''[[Bandish (1955 film)|Bandish]]''||[[Satyen Bose]] ||[[Ashok Kumar]], [[Meena Kumari]], [[Daisy Irani (actress)|Daisy Irani]], [[Nazir Hussain]], [[Bhagwan (actor)|Bhagwan]], [[Shammi (actress)|Shammi]], Pratima Devi, Bipin Gupta, [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]], Indira Bansal ||Family Comedy Drama ||Music: [[Hemant Kumar]] Lyrics: [[Jan Nissar Akhtar]], [[Prem Dhawan]], [[Ravi (music director)|Ravi]], [[S. H. Bihari]]
|-
|''[[Bara-Dari]]''||[[K. Amarnath]] ||[[Geeta Bali]], [[Ajit Khan|Ajit]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], [[Chandrashekhar]], [[Tiwari (actor)|Tiwari]], [[Gope (actor)|Gope]], [[Murad (actor)|Murad]], [[Cuckoo Moray|Cuckoo]], [[Minu Mumtaz]], [[Sapru (actor)|Sapru]] ||Social ||Music: Shaukat Dehlvi [[Nashad]] Lyrics: [[Khumar Barabankvi]]
|-
|''[[Bhagwat Mahima]]''||V. Panchotia ||[[Nirupa Roy]], [[Prem Adib]], [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Ashok Kumar]], [[Nimmi]], [[Shyama (Hindi actress)|Shyama]], [[Krishna Kumari (Hindi actress)|Krishna Kumari]], [[Sunder (actor)|Sunder]], [[Madan Puri]], [[Om Prakash]], [[David (actor)|David]], [[S. N. Tripathi]] ||Devotional ||Music: [[Hemant Kumar]] Lyrics: [[S. H. Bihari]], [[Saraswati Kumar Deepak]], [[Pandit Madhur]]
|-
|''[[Bihar Ke Darshaniya Sthan]]''||[[Ritwik Ghatak]] || ||Documentary ||
|-
|''Bindiya''||Shamim Bhagat ||[[Shekhar (Hindi actor)|Shekhar]], [[Kumkum (actress)|Kumkum]], [[Sulochana Latkar|Sulochana]], [[Leela Mishra]], [[Mukri (actor)|Mukri]], [[Tun Tun]], Shakuntala ||Social Family Drama ||Music: [[Snehal Bhatkar]] Lyrics: [[Bharat Vyas]]
|-
|''[[Carnival Queen (1955 film)|Carnival Queen]]''||Noshir Engineer ||[[Fearless Nadia]], [[John Cawas]], Sardar Mansur, Habib, Shanti Modak, ||Action ||Music: Shafi M. Nagri Lyrics: Preetam Dehlvi
|-
|''[[Char Paise]]''||N. K. Ziri ||[[Kishore Kumar]], [[Shyama (Hindi actress)|Shyama]], [[Nimmi]], [[Jayant (actor)|Jayant]], [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]], [[Nishi (actress)|Nishi]], [[Agha (actor)|Agha]], [[Anwar Hussain (actor)|Anwar Hussain]], [[Mukri]], Roop Mala ||Social Comedy ||Music: B. D. Burman Lyrics: Sartaj Rahmani
|-
|''[[Chhora Chhori (1955 film)|Chhora Chhori]]'' ||[[Kidar Sharma]] || [[Geet Bali]], [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]], [[Agha (actor)|Agha]], Tony Walker, Nazira, Pesi Patel, Pratima Devi, Nand Kishore, [[Rashid Khan (actor)|Rashid Khan]] ||Social ||Music: [[Roshan (music director)|Roshan]] Lyrics: Kedar Sharma
|-
|''[[Chingari (1955 film)|Chingari]]''||S. Srivastava ||[[Shekhar (Hindi actor)|Shekhar]], [[Nalini Jaywant]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], [[Leela Mishra]], Sunalini Devi ||Social ||Music: Manohar Lyrics: [[Sahir Ludhianvi]], [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]], Anjum
|-
|''[[Chirag-e-Cheen]]''||C. M. Trivedi, G. P. Pawar ||[[Mahipal (actor)|Mahipal]], Sumitra Devi, Vijaylaxmi, [[Sapru (actor)|Sapru]], [[Krishna Kumari (Hindi actress)|Krishna Kumari]], [[Bipin Gupta]] ||Fantasy ||Music: [[S. N. Tripathi]] Lyrics: [[Raja Mehdi Ali Khan]]
|}

==D-J==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes
|-
|''[[Daku (1955 film)|Daku]]''||[[Aspi Irani]] ||[[Shammi Kapoor]], [[Shashikala]], [[Kuldip Kaur]], [[Prem Adib]], [[Anwar Hussain (actor)|Anwar Hussain]], [[W. M. Khan]], Babu Raje, Azurie, Sheikh ||Costume Action Drama ||Music: [[Snehal Bhatkar]] Lyrics: Kaif Irfani, Manohar Khanna
|-
|''[[Darbar (1955)|Darbar]]'' ||[[Nanubhai Vakil]] ||Mahipal, Chitra, Tiwari, Sunder, Niranjan Sharma, Sunder ||Costume ||Music: [[Hansraj Behl]] Lyrics: [[Asad Bhopali]]
|-
|''[[Deewar (1955 film)|Deewar]]'' ||S. Khalil, Ameen ||[[Karan Dewan]], [[Munnawar Sultana]] [[Sheikh Mukhtar]], [[Murad (actor)|Murad]], [[Bhagwan (actor)|Bhagwan]], [[Shammi (actress)|Shammi]], Sudhir, Sultan ||Social ||Music: [[Mohammed Shaikh]]
|-
|''[[Devdas (1955 film)|Devdas]]''||[[Bimal Roy]] ||[[Dilip Kumar]], [[Suchitra Sen]], [[Vyjayanthimala]], [[Motilal Rajvansh|Motilal]], [[Murad (actor)|Murad]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]]|| Tragedy Drama Romance ||Music: [[Sachin Dev Burman]] Lyrics: [[Sahir Ludhianvi]]
|-
|''[[Do Dulhe]]''||K J Mahadevan ||[[Shyama (Hindi actress)|Shyama]], [[Sajjan (actor)|Sajjan]], [[Agha (actor)|Agha]], [[David (actor)|David]], [[Lalita Pawar]], [[Kanhaiyalal (actor)|Kanhaiyalal]], [[Achala Sachdev]], Vanaja, [[Ishwarlal]] ||Social ||Music: B. S. Kalla Lyrics: Pandit Indra
|-
|''[[Duniya Gol Hai]]''||[[Om Prakash]] ||[[Karan Dewan]], [[Anita Guha]], [[P. Jairaj]], [[Kuldip Kaur]], [[Shashikala]], [[Madan Puri]], Om Prakash, Indu Paul, Sunder ||Social ||Music: [[C. Ramchandra]] Lyrics: [[Rajendra Krishan]]
|-
|''[[Ekadashi (film)|Ekadashi]]''||Gunjal ||[[Trilok Kapoor]], [[Mala Sinha]], [[Sulochana Latkar|Sulochana]], [[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]], Gopi, Ratan Kumar, [[Badri Prasad]], [[Amar (actor)|Amar]] ||Devotional ||Music: [[Avinash Vyas]] Lyrics: B. C. Madhur
|-
|''[[Faraar (1955 film)|Faraar]]'' a.k.a. ''Dev Anand in Goa''||[[Phani Mazumdar]] ||[[Dev Anand]], [[Geeta Bali]], [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]], [[Manmohan Krishan]], Randhir, Krishna Kant ||Crime Social Drama ||Music: [[Anil Biswas (composer)|Anil Biswas]] Lyrics: [[Prem Dhawan]]
|-
|''[[Ganga Maiyya]]''||Chandrakant ||[[Prem Adib]], Sumitra, [[Trilok Kapoor]], Asha Mathur, Jeevan, Sapru, [[S. N, Tripathi]], Bipin Gupta, [[Moni Chatterjee]], Shakuntala Paranjpye ||Devotional ||Music: Shankar Rao Vyas Lyrics: Ramesh Chandra Pandey
|-
|''[[Garam Coat]]''|| ||[[Balraj Sahni]], [[Nirupa Roy]], Jayant, Brahm Bhardwaj, Rashid Khan, Vijayalaxmi ||Social Drama ||Music: [[Amar Nath]] Lyrics: [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]]
|-``
|''[[Ghamand (1955 film)|Ghamand]]''||Dharam Kumar ||[[Shyama (Hindi actress)|Shyama]], [[Sheila Ramani]], Kamal Mehra, [[Murad (actor)|Murad]], Raj Kumar, Seeta Bose ||Social Drama ||Music: Gulshan Sufi Lyrics: [[Naqsh Lyallpuri]]
|-
|''[[Ghar Ghar Mein Diwali]]''||[[Gajanan Jagirdar]] ||[[Shyama (Hindi actress)|Shyama]], [[Sajjan (actor)|Sajjan]], [[Gajanan Jagirdar]], Manorama, Eruch Tarapore ||Social ||Produced by [[Sohrab Modi]]. Music: [[Roshan (music director)|Roshan]] Lyrics: [[Indeevar]], [[Prem Dhawan]]
|-
|''Ha Ha Hee Hee Ho Ho''||[[P. L. Santoshi]] ||[[Shyama (Hindi actress)|Shyama]], [[Sajjan (actor)|Sajjan]], [[Radhakrishnan (actor)|Radhakrishnan]], Raja Gosavi, Ranjana, [[Ruby Myers]] ||Comedy ||Music: [[Vinod ER|Vinod]] Lyrics: Pyarelal Santoshi
|-
|''[[Haseena (1955 film)|Haseena]]''||J. P. Advani ||[[Shyama (Hindi actress)|Shyama]], Amarnath, [[P. Jairaj]], [[Durga Khote]], [[Krishna Kumari (Hindi actress)|Krishna Kumari]], [[Manmohan Krishan]], [[Kumkum (actress)|Kumkum]] ||Costume Drama ||Music: [[Bulo C. Rani]] Lyrics: [[Jan Nisar Akhtar]]
|-
|''[[Hatimtai Ki Beti (1955 film)|Hatimtai Ki Beti]]'' ||[[Nanubhai Vakil]] ||[[Mahipal (actor)|Mahipal]], [[Chitra (Hindi actress)|Chitra]], [[Krishna Kumari (Hindi actress)|Krishna Kumari]], [[Kumkum (actress)|Kumkum]], [[Helen (actress)|Helen]], Maruti, [[Naaz (actress)|Naaz]], Hiralal ||Fantasy ||Music: [[A. R. Qureshi]] Lyrics: [[Shewan Rizvi]], [[Kaifi Azmi]]
|-
|''[[Hoor-E-Arab (1955 film)|Hoor-E-Arab]]''||[[P. N. Arora]] ||Pradeep Kumar, Chitra, [[Sajjan (actor)|Sajjan]], [[Shashikala]], [[Om Prakash]], [[Helen (actress)|Helen]], [[Gope (actor)|Gope]], [[Shammi (actress)|Shammi]] ||Fantasy ||Music: [[Ghulam Mohammad (composer)|Ghulam Mohammad]] Lyrics: [[Shakeel Badayuni]]
|-
|''[[House No. 44]]''||M. K. Burman ||[[Dev Anand]], [[Kalpana Kartik]], [[K. N. Singh]], [[Prabhu Dayal]], [[Kumkum (actress)|Kumkum]], [[Bhagwan (actor)|Bhagwan]], Kammo, Rashid Khan, Sheela Vaz ||Thriller Romance ||Music: [[S. D. Burman]] Lyrics: [[Sahir Ludhianvi]]|
|-
|''[[Inam (1955)|Inam]]'' ||M. I. Dharamsey ||[[Suraiya]], [[Nasir Khan (actor)|Nasir Khan]], [[Yakub (actor)|Yakub]], Pratima Devi, [[Mukri]], Bimla Kumari ||Social ||Music: [[S. N. Tripathi]], [[Saraswati Devi (music director)|Saraswati Devi]]
|-
|''[[Insaniyat (1955 film)|Insaniyat]]''||[[S.S Vasan]] ||[[Dilip Kumar]], [[Dev Anand]], [[Bina Rai]], [[Jayant (actor)|Jayant]], [[P. Jairaj]], [[Shobhna Samarth]], [[Agha (actor)|Agha]], Badri Prasad ||Costume Social Drama ||Music: [[C. Ramachandra]] Lyrics: [[Rajendra Krishan]]
|-
|''[[Jagadguru Shankaracharya]]''||Sheikh Fattelal ||[[Abhi Bhattacharya]], [[Krishna Kumari (Hindi actress)|Krishna Kumari]], [[Durga Khote]], Sulochana Chatterjee, [[Helen (actress)|Helen]], [[Sapru (actor)|Sapru]], Kanchanmala, [[Nanda (actress)|Nanda]] ||Biography Portrait ||Music: [[Avinash Vyas]] Lyrics: [[Bharat Vyas]]
|-
|''[[Jalti Nishani (1955 film)|Jalti Nishani]]''||Tara Harish ||[[Geeta Bali]], [[Kamal Kapoor (actor)|Kamal Kapoor]], [[Kuldip Kaur]], [[Ulhas (actor)|Ulhas]], [[Sunder (actor)|Sunder]], [[Chaman Puri]], [[Nazir Kashmiri]] ||Social ||Music: [[Anil Biswas (composer)|Anil Biswas]] Lyrics: [[Qamar Jalalabadi]]
|-
|''[[Jalwa (1955 film)|Jalwa]]'' ||[[Roop K. Shorey]] || [[Meena Shorey]], [[Karan Dewan]], [[Begum Para]], Amarnath and Ratan ||Social ||Music: [[Vinod ER|Vinod]] Lyrics: [[Raja Mehdi Ali Khan]], [[Kaif Irfani]], [[Verma Malik]], Aziz Kashmiri, [[Saraswati Kumar Deepak]]
|-
|''[[Jashan (1955 film)|Jashan]]''||S. Shamsuddin ||[[Vyjayanthimala]], [[Karan Dewan]], [[Kuldip Kaur]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], [[Agha (actor)|Agha]], [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]], [[Murad (actor)|Murad]], Randhir ||Social Drama ||Music: [[Roshan (music director)|Roshan]] Lyrics: [[Rajendra Krishan]]
|-
|''[[Jasoos (1955 film)|Jasoos]]''||R. D. Rajput ||[[Kumkum (actress)|Kumkum]], Kamran, Neeru, [[Nazir Kashmiri]], Habib ||Action ||Music: Iqbal Lyrics: [[Faruk Kaiser]], Khawar Zaman, Aziz Jamali, Bahaar Ajmeri
|-
|''[[Jawab (1955 film)|Jawab]]'' ||Ismail Memon || [[Geeta Bali]], [[Balraj Sahni]], [[Nasir Khan (actor)|Nasir Khan]], [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]], [[Mukri]], [[Achala Sachdev]], [[Tun Tun]], Ashraf Khan ||Social Drama ||Music: [[Nashad]] Lyrics: [[Khumar Barabankvi]]
|-
|''[[Jhanak Jhanak Payal Baaje]]''||[[V. Shantaram]] ||[[Sandhya (actress)|Sandhya]], [[Gopi Krishna (dancer)|Gopi Krishna]], [[Bhagwan (actor)|Bhagwan]], [[Keshavrao Date]], [[Madan Puri]], [[Manorama (Hindi actress)|Manorama]], [[Nana Palsikar]] ||Musical Drama ||[[Filmfare Awards]] for Best Movie, Direction (V. Shantaram), Best Art Direction (Kanu Desai), and Sound Design (A. K. Parmar). [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film]]. Music: [[Vasant Desai]] Lyrics: [[Hasrat Jaipuri]], [[Saraswati Kumar Deepak]], Deewan Sharar, [[Meera Bai]]
|-
|''[[Joru Ka Bhai]]''||[[Chetan Anand (director)|Chetan Anand]] ||[[Balraj Sahni]], [[Sheila Ramani]], [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]], [[Kumkum (actress)|Kumkum]], Parveen Paul, [[Vijay Anand (Hindi film maker)|Vijay Anand]], Rashid Khan ||Social Drama ||Music: [[Jaidev]] Lyrics: [[Vishwamitra Adil]], [[Sahir Ludhianvi]]
|-
|''[[Jungle Ka Jadoo]]''||Nari Ghadiali ||[[John Cawas]], Leela Gupta, Ashima Bannerjee, Manorama, Habib, Shanta Patel ||Fantasy Action ||Music: A. K. Prem Lyrics: Preetam Dehlvi, Ratanlal Khanjar, Sheikh Adam
|}

==K-Q==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes
|-
|''[[Kanchan (1955 film)|Kanchan]]'' ||Brij Sharma ||[[P. Jairaj]], [[Suraiya]], [[Ranjana (Hindi actress)|Ranjana]], [[Ajit Khan|Ajit]] Raj Mehra, [[Sapru (actor)|Sapru]] ||Social Drama ||Music: [[Husnlal Bhagatram]] Lyrics: [[Rajendra Krishan]]
|-
|''[[Khandaan (1955 film)|Khandaan]]''||M. L. Anand ||[[Shyama (Hindi actress)|Shyama]], [[Anwar Hussain (actor)|Anwar Hussain]], [[Lalita Pawar]], Maruti, [[Badri Prasad]], [[Murad (actor)|Murad]], [[Manmohan Krishna]], [[Sunder (actor)|Sunder]] ||Family Drama ||Music: [[A. R. Qureshi]] Lyrics: [[Ravi (music director)|Ravi]]
|-
|''[[Kundan (film)|Kundan]]''||[[Sohrab Modi]] ||Sohrab Modi, [[Sunil Dutt]], [[Nimmi]], [[Kumkum (actress)|Kumkum]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], [[Murad (actor)|Murad]], [[Om Prakash]], [[Manorama (Hindi actress)|Manorama]], Roopmala ||Social Drama ||Music: [[Ghulam Mohammad (composer)|Ghulam Mohammad]] Lyrics: [[Shakeel Badayuni]]
|-
|''[[Lagan (1955 film)|Lagan]]''||[[O. P. Dutta]] ||[[Nalini Jaywant]], [[Sajjan (actor)|Sajjan]], [[Om Prakash]], Raj Mehra, [[Shammi (actress)|Shammi]], Randhir, Baby [[Naaz (actress)|Naaz]], [[David (actor)|David]], [[Ram Avtar]], Parshuram ||Social ||Music: [[Hemant Kumar]] Lyrics: [[Rajendra Krishan]]
|-
|''[[Lakhon Mein Ek (1955 film)|Lakhon Mein Ek]]'' ||Hira Singh ||[[P. Jairaj]], Asha Mathur, [[Smriti Biswas (actress)|Smriti Biswas]], [[Madan Puri]], [[David (actor)|David]], Raj Kumar ||Comedy ||Music: Bhola Shreshtha Lyrics: Hira Singh
|-
|''[[Lutera (1955 film)|Lutera]]''||[[Ravindra Dave]] ||[[Nasir Khan (actor)|Nasir Khan]], [[Jabeen (actress)|Jabeen]], [[Begum Para]], [[Om Prakash]], [[Nazir Hussain]], Noor ||Costume Action ||Music: [[C. Ramchandra]] Lyrics: [[Rajendra Krishan]], [[Jan Nisar Akhtar]]
|-
|''[[Madhbhare Nain]]''||Hem Chander ||[[Bina Rai]], [[Kishore Kumar]], [[David (actor)|David]], [[Nazir Hussain]], [[Achala Sachdev]], [[Yashodra Katju]], [[Durga Khote]], [[Badri Prasad]], Misra ||Social||Music:[[S. D. Burman]] Lyrics: [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]]
|-
|''[[Mahasati Savitri (1955 film)|Mahasati Savitri]]''||Ramnik Vaidya ||[[Nirupa Roy]], [[Mahipal (actor)|Mahipal]], Anjali Devi, [[B. M. Vyas]], [[Amirbai Karnataki]], [[S. N. Tripathi]] ||Mythology ||Music: [[Chitragupta (composer)|Chitragupta]] Lyrics: [[Gopal Singh Nepali]]
|-
|''[[Marine Drive (film)|Marine Drive]]''||[[G. P. Sippy]] ||[[Ajit Khan|Ajit]], [[Bina Rai]], [[Yakub (actor)|Yakub]], [[K. N. Singh]], Vijayalaxmi, [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]], [[Hari Shivdasani]], [[Tun Tun]], [[Om Prakash]], [[Anwar Hussain (actor)|Anwar Hussain]], [[Jankidas]] || ||Music: [[N. Dutta]] Lyrics: [[Sahir Ludhianvi]]
|-
|''[[Mast Qalandar (1955 film)|Mast Qalandar]]''||[[Kidar Kapoor]] ||[[Mahipal (actor)|Mahipal]], [[Shakila (actress)|Shakila]], [[Kuldip Kaur]], [[Tiwari (actor)|Tiwari]], [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]], Maruti ||Costume ||Music: [[Hansraj Behl]] Lyrics: [[Asad Bhopali]], [[Naqsh Lyallpuri]]
|-
|''[[Mastani (1955 film)|Mastani]]''||Dhirubhai Desai ||[[Nigar Sultana (actress)|Nigar Sultana]], [[Manhar Desai (actor)|Manhar Desai]], [[Shahu Modak]], [[Jankidas]], [[Agha (actor)|Agha]], Ratnamala ||Costume ||Music: [[B. N. Bali]] Lyrics: [[Raja Mehdi Ali Khan]], Omar Khayyam Saharanpuri, [[B. D. Mishra]]
|-
|''[[Milap (1955 film)|Milap]]''||[[Raj Khosla]] ||[[Dev Anand]], [[Geeta Bali]], [[K. N. Singh]], [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]], [[Kumkum (actress)|Kumkum]] ||Social ||Music: [[N. Dutta]] Lyrics: [[Sahir Ludhianvi]]
|-
|''[[Miss Coca Cola]]''||[[Kedar Kapoor]] ||Geeta Bali, Shammi Kapoor, [[Kuldip Kaur]], [[Om Prakash]], [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]], [[Kamal Kapoor (actor)|Kamal Kapoor]], [[Helen (actress)|Helen]], [[Lalita Pawar]], [[Bhudo Advani]], [[Master Romi]] ||Social || Music: [[O. P. Nayyar]] Lyrics: [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]]
|-
|''[[Mr. & Mrs. '55]]''||[[Guru Dutt]] ||Guru Dutt, [[Madhubala]], [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]], [[Lalita Pawar]], Yasmin (Vinita Bhatt), [[Kumkum (actress)|Kumkum]], [[Cuckoo Moray|Cuckoo]], [[Agha (actor)|Agha]], [[Jagdeep]] ||Romantic Comedy ||[[O. P. Nayyar]] Lyrics: [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]]
|-
|''[[Munimji]]''||[[Subodh Mukherjee]] ||[[Dev Anand]], [[Nalini Jaywant]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], [[Prabhu Dayal]], [[Ameeta]], [[Nirupa Roy]], [[Nazir Hussain]] ||Thriller Romance ||Music: [[S. D. Burman]] Lyrics: [[Sahir Ludhianvi]], [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]]
|-
|''[[Musafirkhana (film)]]''||[[M. Sadiq]] ||[[Karan Dewan]], [[Shyama (Hindi actress)|Shyama]], [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]], [[Jayant (actor)|Jayant]], [[Kumkum (actress)|Kumkum]], [[Gope (actor)|Gope]], [[Om Prakash]], [[Shammi (actress)|Shammi]] ||Social ||Music: [[O. P. Nayyar]] Lyrics: [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]]
|-
|''[[Naata (film)|Naata]]''||[[D. N. Madhok]] ||[[Madhubala]], Chanchal, [[Abhi Bhattacharya]], [[Gope (actor)|Gope]], [[Kanhaiyalal (actor)|Kanhaiyalal]], Vijaylaxmi, Hiralal ||Social ||Produced by Madhubala. Music: [[S. Mohinder]] Lyrics: [[Tanveer Naqvi (lyricist)|Tanveer Naqvi]], Kaif Irfani
|-
|''[[Naqab (1955 film)|Naqab]]''||Lekhraj Bhakri ||[[Madhubala]], [[Shammi Kapoor]], [[Ajit Khan|Ajit]], Hiralal, [[Yashodara Katju]], Maruti, Asha Mathur ||Costume ||Music: Gobindram Lyrics: [[Prem Dhawan]]
|-
|''[[Navratri (1955 film)|Navratri]]''||Raman B. Desai ||[[Nirupa Roy]], [[Manhar Desai]], [[Kumkum (actress)|Kumkum]], [[Lalita Pawar]], Sapru, [[S. N. Tripathi]], Niranjan Sharma ||Mythology ||Music: [[Chitragupta (composer)|Chitragupta]] Lyrics: [[Gopal Singh Nepali]], [[Bharat Vyas]]
|-
|''[[Oonchi Haveli]]''||[[Dhirubhai Desai]] ||[[Nirupa Roy]], [[Karan Dewan]], [[Lalita Pawar]], [[Bhagwan (actor)|Bhagwan]], [[Yashodara Katju]], [[B. M. Vyas]], [[Jankidas]], Niranjan Sharma, Kanchanmala ||Social Drama ||Music: Shivram Lyrics: [[Bharat Vyas]]
|-
|''[[Oot Patang (1955 film)|Oot Patang]]'' ||[[Chandulal J. Shah]] ||[[Usha Kiran]], [[Agha (actor)|Agha]], [[Anwar Hussain (actor)|Anwar Hussain]], [[Jankidas]], Maruti, Vijaylaxmi, [[Rashid Khan (actor)|Rashid Khan]], [[Mumtaz Begum (actress)|Mumtaz Begum]] ||Social ||Music: [[Vinod ER|Vinod]] Lyrics: [[D. N. Madhok]]
|-
|''[[Patit Pawan (1955 film)|Patit Pawan]]''||Vasant Painter ||[[Sapru (actor)|Sapru]], Sulochana Chatterjee, [[Ulhas (actor)|Ulhas]], [[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]], [[Lalita Pawar]], [[Bipin Gupta]], [[Tun Tun]], Baby [[Naaz (actress)|Naaz]] ||Devotional ||Music: [[Jamal Sen]] Lyrics: [[Bharat Vyas]]
|-
|''[[Pehli Jhalak]]''||[[M. V. Raman]] ||[[Kishore Kumar]], [[Vyjayanthimala]], [[Begum Para]], [[Jawahar Kaul]], [[Shammi (actress)|Shammi]], [[Tun Tun]], [[Asha Parekh]], [[Om Prakash]], [[Dara Singh]], Randhawa, Randhir ||Social ||Music: [[C. Ramachandra]] Lyrics: [[Rajendra Krishan]]
|-
|''[[Postmaster (1955 film)|Postmaster]]''|| || || ||Unreleased. Music: [[Ram Ganguly]] Lyrics: [[Verma Malik]]
|-
|''[[Pyaara Dushman (1955 film)|Pyaara Dushman]]''||[[Bhagwan (actor)|Bhagwan]] || [[P. Jairaj]], [[Nadira (Indian actress)|Nadira]], [[Sulochana Latkar|Sulochana]], Bhagwan, [[Kumkum (actress)|Kumkum]], Leela Gupte, Baburao Pendharkar, Vasantrao Pahelwan || ||Music: Nisar Bazmi Lyrics: [[Saba Afghani]]
|}

==R-Z==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes
|-
|''[[Raftar (1955 film)|Raftar]]''||[[Nakshab]] ||[[Talat Mahmood]], [[Nadira (Indian actress)|Nadira]], Baby [[Naaz (actress)|Naaz]], Meenaxi, [[Chand Burque]], Lotan, ||Social ||Music: [[Pandit Shivram]] Lyrics: Nakshab
|-
|''[[Railway Platform (film)|Railway Platform]]''||Ramesh Saigal ||[[Sunil Dutt]], [[Nalini Jaywant]], [[Sheila Ramani]], [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]], Raj Mehra, [[Jagdeep]], [[Nana Palsikar]], [[Manmohan (actor)|Manmohan]] ||Social Drama ||Music: [[Madan Mohan]] Lyrics: [[Sahir Ludhianvi]]
|-
|''[[Raj Durbar]]''||Balwant Bhatt ||[[Nirupa Roy]], [[Ranjan (actor)|Ranjan]], [[Asha Mathur (actress)|Asha Mathur]], [[B. M. Vyas]], [[Ishwarlal]] ||Costume ||Music: [[Chitragupta (composer)|Chitragupta]] Lyrics: [[Gopal Singh Nepali]], Shyam
|-
|''[[Rajkanya (1955 film)|Rajkanya]]''|| ||[[Nalini Jaywant]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Rajkumari (1955 film)|Rajkumari]]''||T. R. Raghunath ||[[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]], [[T. R. Rajakumari]] ||Costume ||Music: Ajit Merchant Lyrics: [[Saraswati Kumar Deepak]],
|-
|''[[Ratna Manjari]]''||G. P. Pawar ||Mahipal, Shakila, Rehana, Sapru, Maruti, [[Moni Chatterjee]], Roopmala ||Costume ||Music: [[S. N. Tripathi]] Lyrics: [[B. D. Mishra]]
|-
|''[[Ratnaghar]]''||[[Yashwant Pethkar]] ||[[Raja Paranjpe]], [[Shakuntala Paranjpe]], [[Lalita Pawar]], Suryakant ||Social ||Music: Sudhir Phadke Lyrics: Narendra Sharma
|-
|''[[Riyasat (1955 film)|Riyasat]]''||[[Jaswant Jhaveri]] ||[[Mahipal (actor)|Mahipal]], [[Mala Sinha]], Hiralal, [[Sunder (actor)|Sunder]], Raj Kumar, Narmada Shanker ||Costume ||Music: [[Avinash Vyas]] Lyrics: [[Prem Dhawan]]
|-
|''[[Rukhsana (film)|Rukhsana]]''||[[R. C. Talwar]] ||[[Meena Kumari]], [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Madan Puri]], [[Shammi (actress)|Shammi]], [[Kumkum (actress)|Kumkum]], [[Amar (actor)|Amar]], [[Sunder (actor)|Sunder]] ||Costume Drama ||Music: [[Shankar Jaikishan]] Lyrics: [[Hasrat Jaipuri]]
|-
|''[[Sabse Bada Rupaiya (1955 film)|Sabse Bada Rupaiya]]''||[[P. L. Santoshi]] ||Sunder, Shashikala, Agha, Alhad, and Achla Sachdev, [[Nana Palsikar]], Krishnakant ||Social ||Music: [[O. P. Nayyar]], [[Naushad]] Lyrics: [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]]
|-
|''[[Sakhi Lutera (1955 film)|Sakhi Lutera]]''||Mohammed Hussain ||Kamran, [[Shashikala]], Kamal Mehra, Habib, [[Nazir Kashmiri]], Kammo ||Costume Action ||Music: [[Iqbal (composer)|Iqbal]] Lyrics: [[Faruk Kaiser]]
|-
|''[[Sardar (1955 film)|Sardar]]''||[[Gyan Mukherjee]] ||[[Ashok Kumar]], [[Bina Rai]], [[Nigar Sultana (actress)|Nigar Sultana]], [[Tiwari (actor)|Tiwari]], [[Iftekhar]], [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]], Samson, Jagdish Sethi, Sheela Vaz ||Social Crime ||Music: [[Jagmohan Sursagar]] Lyrics: Uddhav Kumar, Kaif Irfani
|-
|''[[Sati Madalasa (1955 film)|Sati Madalasa]]''||[[Jayant Desai]] ||[[Nirupa Roy]], [[Manhar Desai]], [[Kumkum (actress)|Kumkum]], [[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]], Niranjan Sharma ||Devotional ||Music: [[Chitragupta (composer)|Chitragupta]] Lyrics: [[Gopal Singh Nepali]]
|-
|''[[Sau Ka Note]]''||Yashwant Pethkar ||[[Karan Dewan]], [[Geeta Bali]], [[Begum Para]], [[Krishna Kumari (Hindi actress)|Krishna Kumari]], [[Smriti Biswas (actress)|Smriti Biswas]], [[Chand Usmani]], [[Leela Mishra]], [[Badri Prasad]] ||Social ||Music: [[S. Mohinder]] Lyrics: [[Anjaan (lyricist)|Anjaan]], [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]], Surjit Sethi, Jeet
|-
|''[[Seema (1955 film)|Seema]]''||[[Amiya Chakravarty (director)|Amiya Chakravarty]]||[[Balraj Sahani]], [[Nutan]], [[Shobha Khote]], [[Jagdish Raj]], [[Sunder (actor)|Sunder]], Pratima Devi ||Social Drama || [[Filmfare Best Actress Award]]: Nutan. [[Filmfare Best Story Award]]: Amiya Chakrabarty. Music: [[Shankar Jaikishan]] Lyrics: [[Hasrat Jaipuri]], [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]]
|-
|''[[Shah Behram (1955 film)|Shah Behram]]'' ||[[Nanubhai Vakil]] ||[[Mahipal (actor)|Mahipal]], Asha Mathur, [[Tiwari (actor)|Tiwari]], [[Sunder (actor)|Sunder]], Shanti Madhok, [[Helen (actress)|Helen]], Hiralal, Kammo ||Costume Action ||Music: [[Hansraj Behl]] Lyrics: [[Bedam Warsi]], [[Asad Bhopali]]
|-
|''[[Shahi Mehmaan]]''||Balwant Bhatt ||[[Ranjan (actor)|Ranjan]], [[Shyama (Hindi actress)|Shyama]], [[Ulhas (actor)|Ulhas]], [[Shammi (actress)|Shammi]], [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]] ||Costume ||Music: [[Bipin Babul]] Lyrics: [[Anjum Jaipuri]], [[Raja Mehdi Ali Khan]], [[Hasrat Jaipuri]]
|-
|''[[Shahzada (1955 film)|Shahzada]]''||[[Mohan Sinha (director)|Mohan Sinha]] ||[[Ajit Khan|Ajit]], [[Sheila Ramani]], [[Krishna Kumari (Hindi actress)|Krishna Kumari]], [[Begum Para]], [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]], [[Achala Sachdev]], Habib ||Costume Action ||Music: [[Naushad]], [[S. Mohinder]] Lyrics: Tanveer Naqvi, [[Khumar Barabankvi]]
|-
|''[[Shikar (1955 film)|Shikar]]''||[[Ravindra Dave]] ||[[Shekhar (Hindi actor)|Shekhar]], [[Nimmi]], [[Smriti Biswas (actress)|Smriti Biswas]], Moti Sagar, [[Bipin Gupta]], [[Bhudo Advani]], [[Bir Sakuja]] ||Double role Drama Social ||Music: [[Bulo C. Rani]] Lyrics: [[Indeevar]], Noor Devasi, Arshi Ajmeri
|-
|''[[Shiv-Bhakta (1955 film)|Shiv Bhakta]]''||[[H. L. N. Simha]] ||[[Shahu Modak]], [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]], Mishra, [[Pandari Bai]], Anant Kumar, [[Kumari (actress)|Kumari Devi]], Sope, [[Rushyendramani|Rushendramani]], Ramachandra Sastry, [[Ragini (actress)|Ragini]], Deshraj, Raju ||Mythological Drama ||Music: Chitrgupta Lyrics: Gopal Singh Nepali
|-
|''[[Shree 420]]''||[[Raj Kapoor]] ||Raj Kapoor, [[Nargis]], [[Nadira (Indian actress)|Nadira]], [[Lalita Pawar]], [[Nemo (actor)|Nemo]], [[Rashid Khan (actor)|Rashid Khan]], [[Iftekhar]], Hari Shivdasani, [[Nana Palsikar]], Ali Mirajkar, [[Tun Tun]], Anwaribai, Sheela Vaz ||Social Romance ||Music: [[Shankar Jaikishan]] Lyrics: [[Hasrat Jaipuri]], [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]]
|-
|''[[Shri Krishna Bhakti (1955 film)|Shri Krishna Bhakti]]''||[[Babubhai Mistri]] [[Mahipal (actor)|Mahipal]]
|[[Krishna Kumari (Hindi actress)|Krishna Kumari]], [[Lalita Pawar]], [[Anwar Hussain (actor)|Anwar Hussain]], Bimon Banerjee, Bipin Gupta, Hiralal ||Devotional
|Music: [[Chitragupta (composer)|Chitragupta]] Lyrics: [[Gopal Singh Nepali]]
|-
|''[[Shri Ganesh Vivah]]''||Jaswant Jhaveri ||[[Nirupa Roy]], [[Prem Adib]], [[Durga Khote]], [[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]], [[B. M. Vyas]], [[Sapru (actor)|Sapru]] ||Religious ||Music: [[Chitragupta (composer)|Chitragupta]] Lyrics: [[Bharat Vyas]], [[Gopal Singh Nepali]]
|-
|''[[Shri Nagad Narayan]]''||[[I. S. Johar]] ||[[Motilal (actor)|Motilal]], [[Meena Shorey]], [[Om Prakash]], Manju, [[Badri Prasad]], [[Murad (actor)|Murad]], [[Leela Mishra]] ||Comedy ||Music: [[Vinod ER|Vinod]] Lyrics: [[Qamar Jalalabadi]], [[Pyarelal Santoshi]], [[Verma Malik]], Madhup Sharma
|-
|''[[Sitara (1955 film)|Sitara]]''||[[S. K. Ojha]] ||[[Pradeep Kumar (actor)|Pradeep Kumar]], [[Vyjayanthimala]], [[Shashikala]], [[Om Prakash]], [[Begum Para]], [[Jayant (actor)|Jayant]], [[Gope (actor)|Gope]], [[Helen (actress)|Helen]], [[Ram Avtar]], [[Badri Prasad]] ||Social ||Music: [[Ghulam Mohammad (composer)|Ghulam Mohammed]] Lyrics: [[Shakeel Badayuni]]
|-
|''[[Society (1955 film)|Society]]''||[[Shahid Lateef]] ||[[Nasir Khan (actor)|Nasir Khan]], [[Nimmi]], [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]], [[Amar (actor)|Amar]], [[Iftekhar]], [[Kumkum (actress)|Kumkum]], Radhika, [[Minu Mumtaz]], Pratima Devi||Social ||Music: [[S. D. Burman]] Lyrics: [[Sahir Ludhiyanvi]]
|-
|''[[Son of Alibaba (1955 film)|Son Of Alibaba]]'' ||[[Majnu (actor)|Majnu]] ||[[Mahipal (actor)|Mahipal]], [[Chitra (Hindi actress)|Chitra]], Majnu, [[Chandrashekhar (actor)|Chandrashekhar]], Maruti, [[Nishi (actress)|Nishi]] ||Fantasy Action ||Music: [[Sardul Kwatra]] Lyrics: [[Prem Dhawan]]
|-
|''[[Swami Vivekananda (1955 film)|Swami Vivekananda]]''||Amar Mullick ||Ajit Prakash, Bharati Devi, Anubha Gupta, Manoranjan Bhattacharya ||Biography ||Music: [[R. C. Boral]], [[Salil Chowdhary]] Lyrics: Shankar Sen, Surdas, Tandon Jodhpuri
|-
|''[[Tonga-wali]]''||[[Lekhraj Bhakri]] ||[[Nirupa Roy]], [[Balraj Sahni]], [[Shammi Kapoor]], [[Anita Guha]], [[Jayant (actor)|Jayant]], [[Gope (actor)|Gope]] ||Social Family Drama ||Music: [[Salil Chowdhury]] Lyrics: [[Prem Dhawan]]
|-
|''[[Teen Bhai]]''||Hemchander Chunder ||[[Nirupa Roy]], [[Bharat Bhushan]], [[Shyama (Hindi actress)|Shyama]], [[Nazir Hussain]], [[Pahari Sanyal]], Hiralal, [[Madan Puri]], [[Leela Mishra]] ||Family Drama ||Music: Arun Kumar Lyrics: [[Bharat Vyas]]
|-
|''[[Teerandaz (1955 film)|Teerandaz]]''||[[H. S. Rawail]] ||[[Madhubala]], [[P. Jairaj]], [[Chandrashekhar (actor)|Chandrashekhar]], [[Ajit Khan|Ajit]], [[Kuldip Kaur]], [[Yashodara Katju]], Chanchal, [[Helen (actress)|Helen]], [[Gope (actor)|Gope]], [[Sunder (actor)|Sunder]], Kammo ||Costume ||Music: [[C. Ramachandra]] Lyrics: [[Rajendra Krishan]]
|-
|''[[Tismarkhan (1955 film)|Tismarkhan]]'' a. k. a. ''Tees Mar Khan''||H. S. Kwatra ||[[Shyama (Hindi actress)|Shyama]], [[Agha (actor)|Agha]], [[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]], [[Sunder (actor)|Sunder]], [[Madan Puri]], Roopmala, Sheela Vaz ||Action Comedy ||Music: [[Sardul Kwatra]] Lyrics: [[Prem Dhawan]], [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]]
|-
|''[[Uran Khatola (1955 film)|Uran Khatola]]''||[[S. U. Sunny]] ||[[Dilip Kumar]], [[Nimmi]], Surya Kumari, [[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]], Nawab, [[Agha (actor)|Agha]], Roop Mala, [[Amar (actor)|Amar]], [[Tun Tun]], Roopmala ||Costume Drama ||Music: [[Naushad]] Lyrics: [[Shakeel Badayuni]]
|-
|''[[Vachan]]'' ||Raj Rishi ||[[Geeta Bali]], [[Balraj Sahni]], [[Rajendra Kumar]], Neelima, [[Radhakrishan (actor)|Radhakrishan]], S. K. Prem, Alhad ||Family Drama ||Music: [[Ravi (music director)|Ravi]] Lyrics: [[Prem Dhawan]]
|-
|''[[Veer Rajputani (film)|Veer Rajputani]]'' ||[[JBH Wadia]] ||[[Manhar Desai]], Shakila, [[Anwar Hussain (actor)|Anwar Hussain]], [[B. M. Vyas]], [[S. N. Tripathi]], [[Bipin Gupta]], [[Helen (actress)|Helen]] ||Legend Drama ||Music: [[Bulo C. Rani]] Lyrics: [[Gopal Singh Nepali]]
|-
|''[[Waman Avatar]]''||[[Raman B. Desai]] ||[[Nirupa Roy]], [[Trilok Kapoor]], Jagdish Kanwal, [[Bipin Gupta]], [[Sapru (actor)|Sapru]], [[Yashodara Katju]], [[Jankidas]], Roopmala, Maya Das ||Religious ||Music: [[Avinash Vyas]] Lyrics: [[Gopal Singh Nepali]], [[Kavi Pradeep]]
|-
|''[[Yasmin (1955 film)|Yasmin]]''||[[A. R. Kardar]] || [[Vyjayantimala]], [[Suresh (Hindi actor)|Suresh]], [[Jayant (actor)|Jayant]], [[Rashid Khan (actor)|Rashid Khan]], Shyam Kumar, Rajan Haksar, Habib, Yasmeen Khan, Nawab ||Costume Drama ||Music: [[C. Ramachandra]] Lyrics: [[Jan Nissar Akhtar]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/List?year=1955&&language=Hindi&&tv=on&&heading=9;1955;Hindi&&related=9;1955;1955;Hindi;Hindi&&nav=/Sections/Years/1955/include-bylanguage Bollywood films of 1955] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]
* [http://chandrakantha.com/articles/indian_music/filmi_sangeet/film_song_1955.html Indian Film Songs from the Year 1955] - A look back at 1955 with a special focus on Hindi film songs
*[http://aflatune.com/#/albums?g=year&v=1955&page=1 Listen to songs from Bollywood films of 1955]

{{Bollywood|horiz}}
{{Indian film list}}
{{1955 films}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hindi films of 1955}}
[[Category:Lists of Hindi films by year|1955]]
[[Category:Lists of 1955 films by language|Hindi]]
[[Category:1955 in Indian cinema|Films, Bollywood]]

Aarti Bajaj

2026-03-17T18:31:13Z

Gstnit: fixed references as per guidelines and fixed typos for consistency

{{Short description|Indian film editor (born 1973)}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Aarti Bajaj
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1973|02|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Delhi, India
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Anurag Kashyap]]|1997|2009|end=divorced}}
| occupation = [[Film editor]]
| yearsactive = 1995–present
}}

'''Aarti Bajaj''' (born 10 February 1973) is an Indian [[film editor]] who predominantly works in [[Hindi cinema]]. She has won several awards for her work. She has edited critically acclaimed movies such as ''[[Jab We Met]]'', ''[[Black Friday (2004 film)|Black Friday]]'' and others. Aarti Bajaj is known for her ability to bring out the emotional depth of the characters and the story through her editing.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-12-30 |title=The Saturday Interview — The finishing touch |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-saturday-interview-the-finishing-touch/article2760780.ece |access-date=2025-02-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Career==
Aarti Bajaj began editing with [[Anurag Kashyap]]'s unreleased film ''[[Paanch]]''. She followed it with his controversial and acclaimed film ''[[Black Friday (2004 film)|Black Friday]]'' for which she was nominated for a [[Star Screen Award]] in 2008.<ref>{{cite web | title= 14th Annual Star Screen Awards nominations | url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/screenawards08/best-editing.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216053203/http://www.screenindia.com/old/screenawards08/best-editing.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=16 February 2008 | access-date=8 March 2009 | publisher=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] }}</ref> She has also edited [[Reema Kagti]]'s ''[[Honeymoon Travels Pvt. Ltd.]]'', Imtiaz Ali's ''[[Jab We Met]], [[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]], [[Tamasha]], [[Highway]]'' and Rajkumar Gupta's ''[[Aamir (film)|Aamir]]'', for which she was nominated for her second [[Star Screen Award]].<ref>{{cite web | title= 15th Annual Star Screen Awards nominations | url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2009/01/07/4702/index.html | access-date=8 March 2009 | website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090227014718/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2009/01/07/4702/index.html| archive-date= 27 February 2009 | url-status= dead}}</ref> Later, she edited Kashyap's ''[[Dev.D]]'', ''[[Gulaal (film)|Gulaal]]'', ''[[Ugly (film)|Ugly]]'', ''[[Raman Raghav 2.0]]'', [[Mukkabaaz]], [[Sacred Games (TV series)|Sacred Games]] and [[Manmarziyaan]]. An article on The Hindu describes her as "one of those rare new-age film editors who lets the narrative breathe, supremely confident of her pacing."

In the same article, Bajaj describes her process of deciding which film she wants to contribute to. It is true that many of her works are films which are different from what one expects from the average Bollywood movie. She answers in The Hindu interview, "I enjoy mainstream Bollywood, but I don't know if I can edit them. What's the point of doing the same formula again? What do you look forward to? I know I will go brain-dead." She also adds, "I like quirky, I like different." She goes on to emphasise the importance of mental stimulation and how every project she does must present to her some sort of challenge. Her professionalism is such that she only does one project at a time to ensure compete focus.

Bajaj has worked on films across different genres, from ''Rockstar'' to ''Sacred Games'', which demand different editing styles, and has proved herself to be a versatile editor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thecompass.in/aarti-bajaj-an-editor-who-chases-the-art-of-deconstruction-and-reconstruction-1260|title=Aarti Bajaj; an editor who chases the art of deconstruction and reconstruction|date=31 October 2018|website=The Compass|language=en-US|access-date=23 November 2019|archive-date=23 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191123101630/http://thecompass.in/aarti-bajaj-an-editor-who-chases-the-art-of-deconstruction-and-reconstruction-1260|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! Year
! Film
! class="unsortable" | Notes and {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 1999
| ''[[Last Train to Mahakali]]'' || Short film
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Paanch]]'' || Unreleased
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2007
| ''[[Salaam-e-Ishq]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Black Friday (2007 film)|Black Friday]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Honeymoon Travels Pvt. Ltd.]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[No Smoking (2007 film)|No Smoking]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Jab We Met]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2008
| ''[[Aamir (film)|Aamir]]''||
|-
| ''[[Maharathi (2008 film)|Maharathi]]''||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2009
| ''[[Dev.D]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Gulaal (film)|Gulaal]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Love Aaj Kal (2009 film)|Love Aaj Kal]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2010
| ''[[Karthik Calling Karthik]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Mumbai Cutting]]'' || Segment: "Pramod Bhai 23"
|-
| ''[[Do Dooni Chaar]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011
| ''[[No One Killed Jessica]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2012
| ''[[Paan Singh Tomar (film)|Paan Singh Tomar]]'' ||Nominated—[[Screen Award for Best Editing]]
|-
| ''[[Ishaqzaade]]''||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013
| ''[[Ugly (film)|Ugly]]''|| Nominated—[[Filmfare Award for Best Editing]]
|-
| ''[[Ghanchakkar (film)|Ghanchakkar]]''||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014
| ''[[Highway (2014 Hindi film)|Highway]]'' ||Nominated—[[Filmfare Award for Best Editing]]
|-
| ''[[Revolver Rani]]'' ||
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Tamasha (2015 film)|Tamasha]]'' ||Won—FOI Online Award for Best
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016
| ''[[Love Shagun]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Raman Raghav 2.0]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2017
| ''[[Jab Harry Met Sejal]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Mukkabaaz]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2018
| ''[[Cake (2018 film)|Cake]]'' || Pakistani film
|-
| ''[[Manmarziyaan]]'' ||
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Albert Pinto Ko Gussa Kyoon Aata Hai? (2019 film)|Albert Pinto Ko Gussa Kyun Aata Hai?]]'' ||
|-
| 2020
|''[[Love Aaj Kal (2020 film)|Love Aaj Kal]]'' ||Released on [[Netflix]]
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Shaadisthan]]''
| Released on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[Thar (film)|Thar]]''
|Released on [[Netflix]]
|-
| ''[[Dobaaraa]]''
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Amar Singh Chamkila (film)|Amar Singh Chamkila]]''
|Released on [[Netflix]]
|-
|2025
|''[[Nishaanchi]]''
|
|-
|2026
|{{Pending film|[[Main Vaapas Aaunga]]}}
|
|}
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! Year
! Title
! class="unsortable" | Notes and {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2018–2019
| ''[[Sacred Games (TV series)|Sacred Games]]'' || Won—[[Asian Academy Creative Awards|Asian Academy Creative Award for Best Editing]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|''[[Jubilee (TV series)|Jubilee]]''
|Released on [[Amazon Prime Video]]
|-
|''[[Choona (TV series)|Choona]]''
|Released on [[Netflix]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1589714|Aarti Bajaj}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bajaj, Aarti}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hindi film editors]]
[[Category:Indian women film editors]]
[[Category:Film editors from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Women artists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Anurag Kashyap]]

2023–24 Sreenidi Deccan FC season

2026-03-17T08:34:56Z

Gstnit: Added stub

{{Short description|2023–24 season of Sreenidi Deccan FC}}
{{Multiple issues|{{more citations needed|date=June 2023}}
{{Update|date=June 2023}}
{{unreliable sources|date=June 2023}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=August 2023}}|collapsed=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox football club season
| club = [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
| image =
| season = 2023–24
| owner = Sreenidhi Group
| manager = [[Carlos Vaz Pinto]]
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| stadium = Deccan Arena
| league = [[2023–24 I-League|I-League]]
| league result = ''2nd''
| cup1 = [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]
| cup1 result = Group stage
| cup2 =
| cup2 result =
| cup3 =
| cup3 result =
| league topscorer = League: [[William Alves (footballer, born 1991)|William Alves]] [[David Castañeda (footballer)|David Castañeda]] (8 goals each) All: William Alves (10)
| season topscorer =
| average attendance =
| highest attendance = 900 (v. [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]], 7 November 2023)
| lowest attendance = 80 (v. [[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]], 25 February 2024)
| pattern_la1 =
| pattern_b1 =
| pattern_ra1 =
| pattern_sh1 =
| pattern_so1 =
| leftarm1 = FF5800
| body1 = FF5800
| rightarm1 = FF5800
| shorts1 = 008000
| socks1 = FF5800
| pattern_la2 =
| pattern_b2 = _blackcollar
| pattern_ra2 =
| pattern_sh2 =
| pattern_so2 =
| leftarm2 = FFFF00
| body2 = FFFF00
| rightarm2 = FFFF00
| shorts2 = 000000
| socks2 = FFFF00
| pattern_la3 =
| pattern_b3 = _black chest
| pattern_ra3 =
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| rightarm3 = 000000
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| prevseason = [[2022–23 Sreenidi Deccan FC season|2022–23]]
| nextseason = [[2024–25 Sreenidi Deccan FC season|2024–25]]
}}

The '''2023–24 season''' is [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|'''Sreenidi Deccan Football Club''']]{{'}}s third season. They participated in the [[I-League]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/aiff-looks-to-increase-teams-in-i-league-number-of-foreigners-in-squad-to-be-reduced-8585723/|title=AIFF looks to increase teams in I-League, number of foreigners in squad to be reduced|date=1 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://i-league.org/aiff-invites-bids-for-new-clubs-to-join-hero-i-league-2023-24-season-onwards/|title=AIFF invites bids for new clubs to join Hero I-League 2023-24 season onwards | Hero I-League}}</ref>

==Technical staff==
{{updated|3 August 2022}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!scope="col"|Role
!scope="col"|Name
|-
|Head coach
|{{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Carlos Vaz Pinto]]<ref>{{cite web|title=I-League – Sreenidi Deccan FC set to appoint Carlos Vaz Pinto as new manager|url=https://iftwc.com/sreenidi-deccan-fc-sign-carlos-vaz-pinto-as-head-coach/|website=iftwc.com|date=2 August 2022|access-date=3 August 2022}}</ref>
|-
|Assistant coach
|{{flagicon|IND}} Birendra Thapa
|-
|Conditioning coach
|{{flagicon|MEX}} Jorge Ovando Toledo
|-
|Goalkeeping coach
|TBA
|-
|Performance Analyst
|{{flagicon|IND}} Saiguhan E.
|-
|}

==First-team squad==
{{updated|31 January 2024}}
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=1|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Ubaid CK]]}}
{{Fs player|no=2|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Shahabaaz Khan}}
{{fs player|no=3|nat=CIV|pos=MF|name=[[Ibrahim Sissoko (footballer, born 1991)|Ibrahim Sissoko]]}}
{{fs player|no=5|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Pawan Kumar (footballer, born 1995)|Pawan Kumar]]}}
{{fs player|no=6|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Lalnuntluanga Bawitlung]]}}
{{Fs player|no=7|nat=BRA|pos=FW|name=[[William Alves (footballer, born 1991)|William Alves]]}}
{{fs player|no=8|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Kean Lewis]]}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=AFG|2013|pos=MF|name=[[Faysal Shayesteh]]}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=COL|pos=FW|name=[[David Castañeda (footballer)|David Castañeda]]||other=[[Captain (association football)|captain]]}}
{{fs player|no=12|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Mohammad Sajid Dhot]]}}
{{Fs player|no=13|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Mayakkannan]]}}
{{Fs player|no=14|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Arun Kumar}}
{{Fs player|no=15|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Asraf Ali Mondal}}
{{Fs player|no=17|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Rosenberg Gabriel}}
{{Fs player|no=19|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Songpu Singsit]]}}
{{Fs player|no=21|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Lalromawia]]}}
{{Fs mid}}
{{fs player|no=22|nat=BRA|pos=DF|name=[[Eli Sabiá]]}}
{{Fs player|no=23|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Jaspreet Singh}}
{{fs player|no=24|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Arijit Bagui]]}}
{{fs player|no=25|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Subhankar Adhikari}}
{{Fs player|no=26|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Sunil Bathala}}
{{fs player|no=27|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Abhishek Ambekar]]}}
{{fs player|no=29|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Brandon Vanlalremdika]]}}
{{fs player|no=32|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Albino Gomes]]}}
{{fs player|no=33|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Jagdeep Singh (footballer)|Jagdeep Singh]]}}
{{Fs player|no=41|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Aryan Niraj Lamba]]}}
{{Fs player|no=42|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[R Lawmnasangzuala]]}}
{{fs player|no=48|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Lalbiakliana]]}}
{{Fs player|no=50|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Emboklang Nongkhlaw]]}}
{{fs player|no=55|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Gurmukh Singh (footballer)|Gurmukh Singh]]}}
{{Fs player|no=77|nat=NGA|pos=MF|name=[[Rilwan Olanrewaju Hassan|Rilwan Hassan]]}}
{{Fs end}}

==Transfers and loans==
===New contracts===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050;" |'''Date'''
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050;"|'''Position'''
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050;" |'''NO'''
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050;" |'''Player'''
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050;"|'''Ref.'''
|-
|17 May 2023
| FW
| 11
| {{flagicon|COL}} [[David Castañeda (footballer)|David Castañeda]]
|<ref>{{cite tweet|user=sreenidideccan|number=1658839851922345985|title=Dave Stays 🤩🔥}}</ref>
|-
|30 May 2023
| FW
| 17
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rosenberg Gabriel]]
|<ref>{{cite tweet|user=sreenidideccan|number=1663549730054635520|title=Ro - Senberg Ro - Senberg Running Down The Wing}}</ref>
|-
|05 June 2023
| MF
| 10
| {{flagicon|AFG|2013}} [[Faysal Shayesteh]]
|<ref>{{cite tweet|user=sreenidideccan|number=1665731181004959745|title=Our very own 🦁 of Khorasan 🇦🇫 is here to stay}}</ref>
|-
|12 June 2023
| GK
| 01
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ubaid CK]]
|<ref> {{cite tweet|user=sreenidideccan|number=1668098700055576579|title=One more year of the Great Wall 🧱 of Kannu}}</ref>
|-
|28 June 2023
| FW
| 21
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalromawia]]
|<ref> {{cite tweet|user=sreenidideccan|number=1673891309046882305|title=Lalromawia can do it all 💯 and he's here to stay with the #DeccanWarriors ⚔️ till 2️⃣0️⃣2️⃣5️⃣}}</ref>
|-
|08 July 2023
| DF
| 02
| {{flagicon|IND}} Shahabaaz Khan
|<ref> {{cite tweet|user=sreenidideccan|number=1677323081260453889|title=Bombing up and down ⚡ the left flank till 2️⃣0️⃣2️⃣5️⃣Shahabaaz extends his stay with the #DeccanWarriors ⚔️}}</ref>
|-
|28 July 2023
| GK
| 41
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Aryan Niraj Lamba]]
|<ref> {{cite tweet|user=sreenidideccan|number=1684932146417573888|title=Promising young goalkeeper 🧤 Aryan Lamba pens a new deal with the #DeccanWarriors ⚔️ till 2️⃣0️⃣2️⃣5️⃣}}</ref>
|-
|05 August 2023
| GK
| 23
| {{flagicon|IND}} Jaspreet Singh
|<ref> {{cite tweet|user=sreenidideccan|number=1687799396577230849|title=🥅 Goalkeeper Jaspreet Singh extends his stay with the #DeccanWarriors ⚔️ till 2️⃣0️⃣2️⃣5️⃣}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Transfers in===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050;" |'''Entry date'''
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050;" |'''Position'''
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050;" |'''Player'''
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050;" |'''Previous club'''
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050;" |'''Fee'''
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050;" |'''Ref.'''
|-
|19 June 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Subhankar Adhikari]]
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
| None
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://halfwayfootball.com/ileague-subhankar-adhikari-set-to-sign-for-sreenidi-deccan-fc/|title=Defender Subhankar Adhikari set to sign for Sreenidi Deccan FC - Halfway Football|date=3 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
|26 June 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Abhishek Ambekar]]
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| None
|<ref>{{cite tweet|user=sreenidideccan|number=1673164460079603712|title=A Wealth of Experience 🧠Leadership 🗣️Consummate Professional 👊I-League Champion 🥇}}</ref>
|-
|01 July 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Kean Lewis]]
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| None
|<ref>{{cite tweet|user=sreenidideccan|number=1675056511272488960|title=he is finally coming to hyderabad, welcom Kean Lewis}}</ref>
|-
|30 July 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Lalnuntluanga Bawitlung]]
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
| None
|<ref>{{cite tweet|user=sreenidideccan|number=1685505035877359616|title=Join us in welcoming all-action ⚡ midfielder Lalnuntluanga Bawitlung to #SreenidiDeccanFC 🟠🟢}}</ref>
|-
|01 August 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Emboklang Nongkhlaw]]
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} Reserves
| None
|
|-
|01 August 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Aditya Tomar]]
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} Reserves
| None
|
|-
|01 August 2023
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Tikam Reddy]]
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} Reserves
| None
|
|-
|01 August 2023
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Khamchin Khup]]
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} Reserves
| None
|
|-
|03 August 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Pawan Kumar (footballer, born 1995)|Pawan Kumar]]
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
| None
|<ref>{{cite tweet|user=sreenidideccan|number=1686950151838171136|title=Join us in welcoming I-League Champion 🥇 Pawan Kumar to #SreenidiDeccanFC 🟠🟢guampores}}</ref>
|-
|04 August 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Lalbiakliana]]
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]]
| None
|<ref>{{cite tweet|user=sreenidideccan|number=1687505909323550720|title=Presenting the latest, and youngest addition to the ranks of the #DeccanWarriors ⚔️ Lalbiakliana a.k.a Biaktea }}</ref>
|-
|08 August 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[William Alves (footballer, born 1991)|William Alves]]
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Ferroviário Atlético Clube (CE)|Ferroviário]]
| None
|<ref>{{cite tweet|user=sreenidideccan|number=1688748434000674816|title=The first overseas recruit, adding firepower 🔥 and some Joga Bonito flair 🇧🇷 to the #DeccanWarriors ⚔️ frontline 🥅 William Alves de Oliveira 🤩 }}</ref>
|-
|13 August 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| GK
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Albino Gomes]]
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
| None
|<ref>{{cite tweet|user=sreenidideccan|number=1690225311856627712|title=There's a new shot-stopper 🧤 in town 👀 }}</ref>
|-
|14 August 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Gurmukh Singh (footballer)|Gurmukh Singh]]
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| None
|
|-
|14 August 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Jagdeep Singh (footballer)|Jagdeep Singh]]
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
| None
|
|-
|16 August 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Eli Sabiá]]
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| None
|<ref>{{cite tweet|user=sreenidideccan|number=1691803839777628244|title=He has arrived 🧱🇧🇷 "Eli Sabiá }}</ref>
|-
|18 August 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Mohammad Sajid Dhot]]
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| None
|
|-
|23 August 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|CIV}} [[Ibrahim Sissoko (footballer, born 1991)|Ibrahim Sissoko]]
| style="text-align:left;"|Free Agent
| None
|<ref>{{cite tweet|user=sreenidideccan|number=1694361272991793560|title=Join us in welcoming Ibrahim Sissoko of the Ivory Coast 🇨🇮 to #SreenidiDeccanFC 🟠🟢}}</ref>
|-
|26 September 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:left;"| [[R Lawmnasangzuala]]
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]]
| None
|
|-
|31 January 2024
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Arijit Bagui]]
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bhawanipore FC|Bhawanipore]]
| None
|
|-
|31 January 2024
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Brandon Vanlalremdika]]
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
| None
|
|-
|}

===Transfers out===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050;" |'''Exit date'''
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050;"|'''Position'''
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050;" |'''Player'''
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050;" |'''To club'''
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050;" |'''Fee'''
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050;" |'''Ref.'''
|-
| 08 June 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Arijit Bagui]]
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Bhawanipore FC|Bhawanipore]]
| Free Transfer
|
|-
| 02 July 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Bijay Chhetri]]
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| Free Transfer
|
|-
| 03 July 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Konsam Phalguni Singh|Phalguni Singh]]
| style="text-align:left;"| [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| Free Transfer
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://khelnow.com/football/2023-07-isl-northeast-united-sign-konsam-phalguni-singh | title=NorthEast United sign Phalguni Singh }}</ref>
|-
| 22 July 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Soraisham Dinesh Singh|Dinesh Singh]]
| style="text-align:left;"| [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| Free Transfer
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://khelnow.com/football/2023-07-indian-football-isl-northeast-united-sign-dinesh-singh-official | title=Dinesh Singh signs for NorthEast United }}</ref>
|-
| 02 August 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Asheer Akhtar]]
| style="text-align:left;"| [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| Undisclosed Fee
|<ref>https://glamsham.com/world/sports/northeast-united-fc-sign-defender-asheer-akhtar?amp=1</ref>
|-
| 18 August 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Suraj Rawat]]
| style="text-align:left;"| [[FC Bengaluru United |Bengaluru United]]
| Free Transfer
|
|-
| 05 September 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|GHA}} [[Mohamed Awal]]
| style="text-align:left;"| TBA
| Free Agent
|
|-
| 05 September 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|CGO}} [[Stanislas Dua Ankira|Dua Stanislas Ankira]]
| style="text-align:left;"| TBA
| Free Agent
|
|-
| 05 September 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|NGA}} [[Ogana Louis]]
| style="text-align:left;"| TBA
| Free Agent
|
|-
| 05 September 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| GK
| style="text-align:left;"| Harsh Patil
| style="text-align:left;"| TBA
| Free Agent
|
|-
| 05 September 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:left;"| Vanlalbiaa Chhangte
| style="text-align:left;"| TBA
| Free Agent
|
|-
| 05 September 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Sriram Boopathi]]
| style="text-align:left;"| TBA
| Free Agent
|
|-
| 05 September 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:left;"| Umashankar Marimuthu
| style="text-align:left;"| TBA
| Free Agent
|
|-
| 05 September 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Vineeth Kumar Velmurugan|Vineeth Velmurugan]]
| style="text-align:left;"| TBA
| Free Agent
|
|-
| 05 September 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:left;"| Mayosing Khongreiwoshi
| style="text-align:left;"| TBA
| Free Agent
|
|-
| 25 January 2024
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:left;"| Mohammad Abdul salam
| style="text-align:left;"| TBA
| Free Agent
|
|-
|}

===Loans out===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050;" |'''Exit date'''
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050;" |'''Position'''
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050;" |'''Player'''
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050;" |'''To club'''
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050;" |'''Fee'''
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050;" |'''Ref.'''
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|}

==Pre-season==
{{football box collapsible
|round = Friendly
|date = {{start date|2023|08|29|df=y}}
|time = 15:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Sreenidi Deccan
|score = 2–1
|report = https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/news/jamshedpur-fc-go-down-2-1-to-sreenidi-deccan-fc-in-second-pre-season-match-in-hyderabad
|team2 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| goals1 =
* [[Kean Lewis|Lewis]] {{goal|40}}
* [[Ibrahim Sissoko (footballer, born 1991)|Sissoko]] {{goal|65}}
| goals2 =
* [[Imran Khan (footballer)|Khan]] {{goal|13}}
|stadium = Deccan Arena
|location = [[Hyderabad]]
|attendance =
|motm =
|referee =
|result = W
}}

{{football box collapsible
|round = Friendly
|date = {{start date|2023|09|16|df=y}}
|time = 15:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Sreenidi Deccan
|score = 0–0
|report =
|team2 = [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
|stadium = Deccan Arena
|location = [[Hyderabad]]
|attendance =
|motm =
| referee =
|result = D
}}

{{football box collapsible
|round = Friendly
|date = {{start date|2023|09|22|df=y}}
|time = 15:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Sreenidi Deccan
|score = 0–0
|report =
|team2 = [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
|stadium = Deccan Arena
|location = [[Hyderabad]]
|attendance =
|motm =
| referee =
|result = D
}}

== Competitions ==
===I-League===
{{main|2023–24 I-League}}

==== League table ====
{{:2023–24 I-League|showteam=SRD}}

==== Matches ====
'''Note''': I-League announced the fixtures for the 2023–24 season on 6 October 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=AIFF announces fixtures for I-League, IWL {{!}} I-League |url=https://i-league.org/aiff-announces-fixtures-for-i-league-iwl |publisher=i-league.org}}</ref>

{{football box collapsible
| round = 1
| date = {{Start date|2023|10|29|df=y}}
| time = 16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Sreenidi Deccan
| score = 4–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=21853 Report]
| team2 = [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
| goals1 = * [[David Castañeda (footballer)|Castañeda]] {{goal|22||84|pen.}}
* [[Lalromawia]] {{goal|57}}
* [[R. Lalbiakliana|Lalbiakliana]] {{goal|90+5}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Hyderabad]]
| stadium = [[Deccan Arena]]
| attendance = 750
| result = W
| motm = [[David Castañeda (footballer)|David Castañeda]] (Sreenidi Deccan)
| referee = Akashkumar Mehta
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 2
| date = {{Start date|2023|11|03|df=y}}
| time = 16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Sreenidi Deccan
| score = 4–1
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=21858 Report]
| team2 = [[Inter Kashi]]
| goals1 =
* [[Rosenberg Gabriel|Gabriel]] {{goal|38}}
* [[Pawan Kumar (footballer, born 1995)|Kumar]] {{goal|56}}
* [[Lalnuntluanga Bawitlung|Bawitlung]] {{goal|77}}
* [[R. Lalbiakliana|Lalbiakliana]] {{goal|85}}
| goals2 =
* [[Mario Barco|Barco]] {{goal|90+3}}
| location = [[Hyderabad]]
| stadium = [[Deccan Arena]]
| attendance = 696
| result = W
| motm = [[Rosenberg Gabriel]] (Sreenidi Deccan)
| referee = K. Ramdasan
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 3
| date = {{Start date|2023|11|7|df=y}}
| time = 16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Sreenidi Deccan
| score = 1–2
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=21864 Report]
| team2 = [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
| goals1 = * [[Pawan Kumar (footballer, born 1995)|Kumar]] {{goal|90+8}}
| goals2 = * [[R. Ramdinthara|Ramdinthara]] {{goal|26}}
* [[Bawlte Rohmingthanga|Rohmingthanga]] {{goal|90+1}}
| location = [[Hyderabad]]
| stadium = [[Deccan Arena]]
| attendance = 900
| result = L
| motm = [[R. Ramdinthara]] (Aizawl)
| referee = Mrutyunjay L. Amatya
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 4
| date = {{Start date|2023|11|14|df=y}}
| time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
| score = 2–2
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=21873 Report]
| team2 = Sreenidi Deccan
| goals1 = * Ronnie Kharbudon {{goal|28}}
* Takuto Miki {{goal|34}}
| goals2 = [[Rosenberg Gabriel|Gabriel]] {{goal|7||63}}
| location = [[Shillong]]
| stadium = SSA Stadium
| attendance = 5,248
| result = D
| motm = [[Rosenberg Gabriel]] (Sreenidi Deccan)
| referee = Jehrul Islam
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 5
| date = {{Start date|2023|11|19|df=y}}
| time = 16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
| score = 0–5
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=21879 Report]
| team2 = Sreenidi Deccan
| goals1 =
| goals2 = * [[Gurmukh Singh (footballer)|G. Singh]] {{goal|42}}
* [[Jagdeep Singh (footballer)|Jag. Singh]] {{goal|48||58}}
* [[Lalromawia]] {{goal|66}}
* [[David Castañeda (footballer)|Castañeda]] {{goal|90+3}}
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| stadium = [[Kalyani Stadium]]
| attendance = 315
| result = W
| motm = [[Jagdeep Singh (footballer)|Jagdeep Singh]] (Sreenidi Deccan)
| referee = K. Lyngdoh Nongum
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 6
| date = {{Start date|2023|11|23|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
| score = 1–2
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=21886 Report]
| team2 = Sreenidi Deccan
| goals1 = * [[Richardson Denzell|Denzell]] {{goal|4}}
| goals2 = * [[William Alves (footballer, born 1991)|Alves]] {{goal|45+2}}
* [[Jefferson Oliveira|Oliveira]] {{goal|45+5|o.g.}}
| location = [[Hyderabad]]
| stadium = [[Deccan Arena]]
| attendance = 88
| result = W
| motm = [[Eli Sabiá]] (Sreenidi Deccan)
| referee = Jatinder Singh
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 7
| date = {{Start date|2023|11|26|df=y}}
| time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
| score = 0–2
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=21888 Report]
| team2 = Sreenidi Deccan
| goals1 =
| goals2 = * [[David Castañeda (footballer)|Castañeda]] {{goal|21}}
* [[Jagdeep Singh (footballer)|Jag. Singh]] {{goal|24}}
| location = [[Bhaini Ala|Bhaini Sahib]]
| stadium = Namdhari Stadium
| attendance = 898
| result = W
| motm = [[Jagdeep Singh (footballer)|Jagdeep Singh]] (Sreenidi Deccan)
| referee = Lakshay
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 8
| date = {{Start date|2023|12|3|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| score = 2–1
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/21898
| team2 = Sreenidi Deccan
| goals1 =
*[[Mirjalol Kasimov (footballer, born 1995)|Kasimov]] {{goal|37}}
*[[Eddie Hernández|Hernández]] {{goal|60}}
| goals2 = *[[William Alves (footballer, born 1991)|Alves]] {{goal|84|pen.}}
| location = [[Naihati]]
| stadium = [[Bankimanjali Stadium|Naihati Stadium]]
| attendance = 5,825
| result = L
| motm = [[Eddie Hernández]] (Mohammedan)
| referee = Joyshing Monsang Thumli
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 9
| date = {{Start date|2023|12|7|df=y}}
| time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
| score = 0–0
| report = https://i-league.org/sreenidi-deccan-drop-more-points-in-goalless-draw-with-real-kashmir
| team2 = Sreenidi Deccan
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| location = [[Srinagar]]
| stadium = [[TRC Turf Ground]]
| attendance = 2,500
| result = D
| motm = [[R. Lalbiakliana]] (Sreenidi Deccan)
| referee = Mithun Kumar Kundu
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 10
| date = {{Start date|2023|12|11|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Sreenidi Deccan
| score = 1–0
| report = https://i-league.org/sreenidi-return-to-winning-ways-courtesy-an-own-goal
| team2 = [[Delhi FC|Delhi]]
| goals1 = [[Bali Gagandeep|Gagandeep]] {{goal|64|o.g.}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Hyderabad]]
| stadium = [[Deccan Arena]]
| attendance = 650
| result = W
| motm = [[Eli Sabiá]] (Sreenidi Deccan)
| referee = K. Lyngdoh Nongum
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 11
| date = {{Start date|2023|12|19|df=y}}
| time = 15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Sreenidi Deccan
| score = 1–4
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=21917 Report]
| team2 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
| goals1 = [[William Alves (footballer, born 1991)|Alves]] {{goal|75|pen.}}
| goals2 = *[[Nili (footballer)|Perdomo]] {{goal|9}}
*[[Álex Sánchez (footballer, born 1989)|Sánchez]] {{goal|39||52}}
*[[Sreekuttan V. S.|Sreekuttan]] {{goal|45+1}}
| location = [[Hyderabad]]
| stadium = [[Deccan Arena]]
| attendance = 750
| result = L
| motm = [[Álex Sánchez (footballer, born 1989)|Álex Sánchez]] (Gokulam Kerala)
| referee = Mrutyunjay L. Amatya
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 12
| date = {{Start date|2024|02|04|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
| score = 1–2
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=26835 Report]
| team2 = Sreenidi Deccan
| goals1 = Abdou Karim Samb {{goal|88}}
| goals2 = * [[David Castañeda (footballer)|Castañeda]] {{goal|11}}
* [[Eli Sabiá|Sabiá]] {{goal|90+4}}
| location = [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco]]
| stadium = [[Tilak Maidan]]
| attendance = 500
| result = W
| motm = [[Eli Sabiá]] (Sreenidi Deccan)
| referee = Williams Joy Koshy
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 14
| date = {{Start date|2024|02|14|df=y}}
| time = 16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Sreenidi Deccan
| score = 3–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=26847 Report]
| team2 = [[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
| goals1 = * [[Rilwan Olanrewaju Hassan|Hassan]] {{goal|35}}
* [[David Castañeda (footballer)|Castañeda]] {{goal|44}}
* [[Brandon Vanlalremdika|Vanlalremdika]] {{goal|90+3}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Hyderabad]]
| stadium = [[Deccan Arena]]
| attendance = 123
| result = W
| motm = [[David Castañeda (footballer)|David Castañeda]] (Sreenidi Deccan)
| referee = Suresh Devraj
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 15
| date = {{Start date|2024|02|19|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
| score = 1–5
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=26855 Report]
| team2 = Sreenidi Deccan
| goals1 = [[Joe Zoherliana|Zoherliana]] {{goal|49}}
| goals2 = * [[David Castañeda (footballer)|Castañeda]] {{goal|28}}
* [[Eli Sabiá|Sabiá]] {{goal|66}}
* [[Ibrahim Sissoko (footballer, born 1991)|Sissoko]] {{goal|83||90+6}}
* [[Brandon Vanlalremdika|Vanlalremdika]] {{goal|90}}
| location = [[Aizawl]]
| stadium = [[Rajiv Gandhi Stadium (Aizawl)|Rajiv Gandhi Stadium]]
| attendance = 1,000
| result = W
| motm = [[David Castañeda (footballer)|David Castañeda]] (Sreenidi Deccan)
| referee = Joyshing Monsang Thumily
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 16
| date = {{Start date|2024|02|25|df=y}}
| time = 16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Sreenidi Deccan
| score = 2–0
| report = https://i-league.org/sreenidi-deccan-remain-in-hot-pursuit-after-win-against-namdhari-fc
| team2 = [[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
| goals1 = [[Rilwan Olanrewaju Hassan|Hassan]] {{goal|18||57}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Hyderabad]]
| stadium = [[Deccan Arena]]
| attendance = 80
| result = W
| motm = [[Rilwan Olanrewaju Hassan|Rilwan Hassan]] (Sreenidi Deccan)
| referee = Mrutyunjay L. Amatya
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 17
| date = {{Start date|2024|02|29|df=y}}
| time = 16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Sreenidi Deccan
| score = 1–1
| report = https://i-league.org/jasim-equaliser-keeps-mohammedan-sporting-atop-i-league-table
| team2 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| goals1 = [[David Castañeda (footballer)|Castañeda]] {{goal|4}}
| goals2 = [[Mohammed Jassim|Jassim]] {{goal|84}}
| location = [[Hyderabad]]
| stadium = [[Deccan Arena]]
| attendance = 200
| result = D
| motm = [[David Castañeda (footballer)|David Castañeda]] (Sreenidi Deccan)
| referee = K. Ramdasan
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 18
| date = {{Start date|2024|03|04|df=y}}
| time = 16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Sreenidi Deccan
| score = 2–3
| report = https://i-league.org/18145-2
| team2 = [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
| goals1 = * [[Rilwan Olanrewaju Hassan|Hassan]] {{goal|58}}
* [[Eli Sabiá|Sabiá]] {{goal|61}}
| goals2 = * [[Gnohere Krizo|Krizo]] {{goal|45+4||90+2|pen.}}
* [[Ifham Mir|Mir]] {{goal|87}}
| location = [[Hyderabad]]
| stadium = [[Deccan Arena]]
| attendance = 168
| result = L
| motm = [[Gnohere Krizo]] (Real Kashmir)
| referee = Rahul Kumar Gupta
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 19
| date = {{Start date|2024|03|10|df=y}}
| time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Delhi FC|Delhi]]
| score = 0–1
| report = https://i-league.org/sreenidi-deccan-fc-move-to-second-place-in-i-league-table
| team2 = Sreenidi Deccan
| goals1 =
| goals2 = [[Lalromawia]] {{goal|23}}
| location = [[Bhaini Ala]]
| stadium = Namdhari Stadium
| attendance = 250
| result = W
| motm = [[Lalromawia]] (Sreenidi Deccan)
| referee = K. Lyngdoh Nongum
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 20
| date = {{Start date|2024|03|17|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Gokulam Kerala]]
| score = 1–2
| report = https://i-league.org/sreenidi-deccan-defeat-gokulam-kerala-keep-i-league-title-race-alive
| team2 = Sreenidi Deccan
| goals1 = [[Nikola Stojanović (footballer, born 1995)|Stojanović]] {{goal|44}}
| goals2 = [[William Alves (footballer, born 1991)|Alves]] {{goal|48||72|pen.}}
| location = [[Kozhikode]]
| stadium = [[Kozhikode Corporation EMS Stadium|EMS Stadium]]
| attendance = 1,024
| result = W
| motm = [[William Alves (footballer, born 1991)|William Alves]] (Sreenidi Deccan)
| referee = Tejas Nagvenkar
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 21
| date = {{Start date|2024|03|24|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Sreenidi Deccan
| score = 2–2
| report = https://i-league.org/sreenidi-deccans-title-hopes-dimmish-further-with-a-draw
| team2 = [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
| goals1 =
* [[William Alves (footballer, born 1991)|Alves]] {{goal|4}}
* [[Lalromawia]] {{goal|39}}
| goals2 =
* [[Stendly Fernandes|Fernandes]] {{goal|83}}
* [[Lamgoulen Semkholun|Semkholun]] {{goal|89}}
| location = [[Hyderabad]]
| stadium = [[Deccan Arena]]
| attendance = 250
| result = D
| motm = [[Stendly Fernandes]] (Churchill Brothers)
| referee = Aditya Purkayastha
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 22
| date = {{Start date|2024|03|31|df=y}}
| time = 16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Sreenidi Deccan
| score = 6–1
| report = https://i-league.org/sreenidi-deccan-fc-stay-in-the-hunt-with-a-big-win
| team2 = [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
| goals2 = Naoba Meitei {{goal|74}}
| goals1 = * [[William Alves (footballer, born 1991)|Alves]] {{goal|8||42}}
* [[Lalromawia]] {{goal|15||90+2}}
* [[Rilwan Olanrewaju Hassan|Hassan]] {{goal|61}}
* [[Lalnuntluanga Bawitlung|Bawitlung]] {{goal|86}}
| location = [[Hyderabad]]
| stadium = [[Deccan Arena]]
| attendance = 149
| result = W
| motm = [[Lalromawia]] (Sreenidi Deccan)
| referee = I. Jamal Mohamed
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 13
| date = {{Start date|2024|04|04|df=y}}
| time = 16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
| score = 1–1
| report = https://i-league.org/neroca-fc-hold-sreenidi-deccan-leave-mohammedan-a-point-away-from-title
| team2 = Sreenidi Deccan
| goals1 = [[Waikhom Rohit Meitei|Meitei]] {{goal|70|pen.}}
| goals2 = [[David Castañeda (footballer)|Castañeda]] {{goal|82|pen.}}
| location = [[Shillong]]
| stadium = SSA Stadium
| attendance = 200
| result = D
| motm = Khoirom Jackson Singh (NEROCA)
| referee = Surojit Das
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 23
| date = {{Start date|2024|04|08|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]]
| score = 1–1
| report = https://i-league.org/ten-man-inter-kashi-hold-sreenidi-deccan-to-wrap-up-the-season
| team2 = Sreenidi Deccan
| goals1 = [[Julen Pérez|Pérez]] {{goal|87|pen.}}
| goals2 = [[David Castañeda (footballer)|Castañeda]] {{goal|41}}
| location = [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]
| stadium = [[Kalyani Stadium]]
| attendance = 455
| result = D
| motm = [[Julen Pérez]] (Inter Kashi)
| referee = Dipu Roy
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 24
| date = {{Start date|2024|04|13|df=y}}
| time = 16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Sreenidi Deccan
| score = 3–2
| report = https://i-league.org/runners-up-sreenidi-deccan-fc-earn-full-points-against-shillong-lajong-fc
| team2 = [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
| goals1 =
* [[William Alves (footballer, born 1991)|Alves]] {{goal|4}}
* [[Rosenberg Gabriel|Gabriel]] {{goal|16}}
* [[David Castañeda (footballer)|Castañeda]] {{goal|84|pen.}}
| goals2 = [[Phrangki Buam|Buam]] {{goal|46||87}}
| location = [[Hyderabad]]
| stadium = [[Deccan Arena]]
| attendance = 190
| result = W
| motm = [[Mayakkannan]] (Sreenidi Deccan)
| referee = Williams Joy Koshy
}}

===Super Cup===
{{Main|2024 Indian Super Cup}}
====Group A====
{{:2024 Indian Super Cup group stage|transcludesection=Group A}}

==== Matches ====

{{football box collapsible
| round = 1
| date = {{Start date|2024|01|09|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
| score = 2–1
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/26069
| team2 = [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
| goals1 =
*[[Jason Cummings|Cummings]] {{goal|40}}
*[[Armando Sadiku|Sadiku]] {{goal|72}}
| goals2 =
*[[William Alves (footballer, born 1991)|Alves]] {{goal|30|pen.}}
|location=[[Bhubaneswar]]
| stadium=[[Kalinga Stadium]]
| attendance = 200
| motm =
| referee =
| result = L
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 2
| date = {{Start date|2024|01|14|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| score = 2–1
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/26076
| team2 = [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
| goals1 =
* [[Hijazi Maher|Maher]] {{goal|12}}
* [[Javier Siverio|Siverio]] {{goal|32}}
| goals2 = [[William Alves (footballer, born 1991)|Alves]] {{goal|90+1|pen.}}
| location=[[Bhubaneshwar]]
| stadium=[[Kalinga Stadium]] (Pitch 1)
| attendance =
| motm = [[Hijazi Maher]] (East Bengal)
| referee =
| result = L
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 3
| date = {{Start date|2024|01|19|df=y}}
| time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
| score = 1–4
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/26082
| team2 = [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
| goals1 = [[Makan Winkle Chothe|Chothe]] {{goal|83}}
| goals2 = *[[Ibrahim Sissoko (footballer, born 1991)|Sissoko]] {{goal|5}}
*[[Eli Sabiá|Sabiá]] {{goal|7}}
*[[Lalromawia]] {{goal|10}}
*[[Kean Lewis|Lewis]] {{goal|36}}
|location=[[Bhubaneshwar]]
|stadium=[[Kalinga Stadium|Kalinga Stadium Pitch 1]]
| attendance =
| motm =
| referee =
| result = W
}}

==Statistics==

===Goal Scorers===
{{updated|04 April 2024}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050;" text-align:center;"|Rank
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050;" text-align:center;"|No.
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050;" text-align:center;"|Pos.
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050;" text-align:center;"|Nat.
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050;" text-align:center;"|Name
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050;" text-align:center;"|I League
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050;" text-align:center;"|IFA Shield
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050;" text-align:center;"|Super Cup
! style="background:#F7F408; color:#00A050;" text-align:center;"|Total
|-
| rowspan="1"| 1
| 7
| FW
| {{flagicon|BRA}}
| [[William Alves (footballer, born 1991)|William Alves]]
| |8||0||2||'''10'''
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2
| 11
| FW
| {{flagicon|COL}}
| [[David Castañeda (footballer)|David Castañeda]]
| |8||0||0||'''8'''
|-
| 21
| FW
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Lalromawia]]
| |6||0||1||'''7'''
|-
| rowspan="1"| 4
| 77
| MF
| {{flagicon|NGA}}
| [[Rilwan Olanrewaju Hassan|Rilwan Hassan]]
| |5||0||0||'''5'''
|-
| rowspan="1"| 5
| 22
| DF
| {{flagicon|BRA}}
| [[Eli Sabiá]]
| |3||0||1||'''4'''
|-
| rowspan="3"| 6
| 3
| MF
| {{flagicon|CIV}}
| [[Ibrahim Sissoko (footballer, born 1991)|Ibrahim Sissoko]]
| |2||0||1||'''3'''
|-
| 17
| FW
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Rosenberg Gabriel]]
| |3||0||0||'''3'''
|-
| 33
| DF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Jagdeep Singh (footballer)|Jagdeep Singh]]
| |3||0||0||'''3'''
|-
| rowspan="5"| 9
| 5
| DF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Pawan Kumar (footballer, born 1995)|Pawan Kumar]]
| |2||0||0||'''2'''
|-
| 6
| MF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Lalnuntluanga Bawitlung]]
| |2||0||0||'''2'''
|-
| 29
| DF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Brandon Vanlalremdika]]
| |2||0||0||'''2'''
|-
| 33
| DF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Jagdeep Singh (footballer)|Jagdeep Singh]]
| |2||0||0||'''2'''
|-
| 48
| MF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Lalbiakliana]]
| |2||0||0||'''2'''
|-
| rowspan="2"| 14
| 8
| MF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Kean Lewis]]
| |0||0||1||'''1'''
|-
| 55
| MF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Gurmukh Singh (footballer)|Gurmukh Singh]]
| |1||0||0||'''1'''
|-
|- class="sortbottom"
|colspan="5"| Own Goals ||2||0||0||'''2'''
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sreenidi Deccan FC}}
{{2023–24 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2023-24 Sreenidi Deccan FC Season}}
[[Category:Sreenidi Deccan FC seasons]]
[[Category:2023–24 I-League by team]]
[[Category:2023–24 in Indian football]]

Kene (Naga wrestling)

2026-03-16T07:36:57Z

Gstnit: Created The Post Needs Work

{{Short description|Traditional wrestling of the Nagas}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Infobox martial art

| imagecaption =
| imagesize =
| name = ''Kene''
| aka = ''Künü''; ''Afaii mai''
| focus = [[Grappling]]
| hardness = [[Full-contact]]
| country =
| creator = Unknown
| parenthood = Historical
| famous_pract =
| website =
}}

'''''Kene''''' ({{IPAc-en|k|ɛ|n|ɛ}} {{respell|kɛ|nɛ|}}) or '''Naga wrestling''' is a [[folk wrestling]] style and traditional [[sport]] of the [[Naga people|Nagas]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2017/09/16/nagaland-governor-calls-to-preserve-naga-indigenous-games/|title=Nagaland Governor calls to preserve Naga indigenous games|date=16 September 2017|website=[[The Shillong Times]]|access-date=1 August 2021}}</ref> The objective of the sport is to bring any part of the opponent's body above the [[knee]] to the ground.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nagalandpost.com/humble-beginnings-of-the-naga-traditional-wrestling/212750.html|title=Humble beginnings of the Naga Traditional Wrestling|date=9 March 2020|website=[[Nagaland Post]]|access-date=1 August 2021|archive-date=1 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801093753/https://www.nagalandpost.com/humble-beginnings-of-the-naga-traditional-wrestling/212750.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/supplements/north/wrestling-for-peace-1502925231.html|title=Wrestling for peace|date=22 September 2020|website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|access-date=1 August 2021}}</ref>

''Kene'' is played by the Tenyi–mi ethnic group of the Nagas—[[Angami Naga|Angami]], [[Chakhesang Naga|Chakhesang]] and [[Zeliangrong]] of [[Nagaland]] & [[Mao Naga people|Mao]], [[Maram Naga people|Maram]] and [[Poumai Naga people|Poumai]] of [[Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/thread/arts-culture-society/naga-wrestling-the-embrace-of-brothers/article17441800.ece|title=Naga wrestling: the embrace of brothers|date=10 March 2017|website=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 August 2021|last1=Yhokha|first1=Vibi}}</ref>

Each wrestler wears a coloured cloth tied around the waist. Holding the opponent's waist-binder with both hands, the wrestler must attempt to topple the other onto the ground.

==History==
''Kene'' is one of the oldest traditional games of the Nagas. Though this style of wrestling has been practiced in the region for several centuries, the modern version of the sport was developed only in the mid 20th century.

The construction of the highway between [[Kohima]] and [[Imphal]] in the 1930s and 1940s brought together many Tenyimi villagers to participate in the road construction to earn some cash as it was a burden to pay house tax to the [[British Raj|British regime]] as cash was scarce at that time. During lunch breaks, wrestling matches would be held among the workers. Each respective village leaders chooses its best wrestlers to participate in the matches.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}

In 1965, the first organised wrestling meet was initiated by the [[Federal Government of Nagaland]]. It was later reinforced with the formation of the Naga Wrestling Board in 1969 and under its aegis the first [[Naga Wrestling Championship]] was held on 20 May 1971.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://morungexpress.com/naga-wrestling-highest-grossing-sport-nagaland|title=Naga Wrestling: The highest grossing sport in Nagaland|date=13 February 2020|website=[[The Morung Express]]|access-date=1 August 2021}}</ref>

==Match==
Traditionally, the match takes place within a circular ring, filled with mounded dirt. Modern matches are held in a [[wrestling ring]]. Contestants wears a towel or a belt around their waist which is used for takedowns.

At the start of the match both the contestants holds each other in a grappling position, in which each wrestler is grabbing the other's by their belt. The fight begins with the referee's whistle who works within the ring to judge and control the conduct of the wrestlers, rule on their ability to wrestler safely, count knocked-down wrestlers, and rule on fouls.

A single match is contested in a best of three fights format, in which the wrestler to win two fights first wins the match. There are no weight classifications.

==Competition==
===Naga Wrestling Championship===
{{main|Naga Wrestling Championship}}
The Naga Wrestling Championship organized by the [[Nagaland Wrestling Association]] is held biennially but only the Angamis, Chakhesangs and Zeliangs are affiliated to the NWA because the Nagas of Manipur were restricted to participate in the tournament by the [[Government of Manipur]]. Kezhaseluo-o Pienyü emerged as the champion of the 30th Naga Wrestling Championship 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://morungexpress.com/kezhaseluo-o-pieny-wins-30th-nwa-naga-traditional-wrestling-championship-2026|title=Kezhaseluo-o Pienyü wins 30th NWA Naga Traditional Wrestling Championship 2026|date=7 March 2026|newspaper=[[The Morung Express]]|access-date=16 March 2026}}</ref>

===Naga Open Wrestling Championship===
The Naga Open Wrestling Championship is held biennially since 1997. Under this anyone from the non-affiliated members of the Nagaland Wrestling Association can participate. Venüzo Dawhuo holds the title of the 13th Naga Open Wrestling Championship 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://morungexpress.com/venuzo-dawhuo-wins-naga-wrestling-championship-2021|title=Venuzo Dawhuo wins Naga Wrestling Championship 2021|date=10 April 2021|website=[[The Morung Express]]|access-date=1 August 2021}}</ref>

===Hornbill International Wrestling Championship===
[[Hornbill International Wrestling Championship]] is held annually since 2007 organized by the '''Nagaland Wrestling Association''' as part of the [[Hornbill Festival]] celebrations. Vekütho Soho holds the title of the 13th Hornbill International Wrestling Championship 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/vekutho-soho-wins-international-hornbill-naga-wrestling-championship/|title=Vekutho Soho wins International Hornbill Naga Wrestling Championship|date=4 December 2020|website=Eastern Mirror|access-date=1 August 2021}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Alysh]]
* [[List of traditional Naga games and sports]]
* [[Mongolian wrestling]]
* [[Ssireum]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons|Category: Kene (Naga wrestling)|Kene (Naga wrestling)}}

{{Nagaland}}
{{folk wrestling}}
{{martial arts}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kene}}
[[Category:Naga games]]
[[Category:Folk wrestling styles]]
[[Category:Sport in India]]

Expressways of India

2026-03-07T11:40:33Z

Gstnit: fixes

{{Short description|none}}
{{For|Highways of India|National highways of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox highway system
| title = Expressways of India
| agencyname =
| country = IND
| markers = [[File:NE1-IN.svg|70px]]
[[File:NE2-IN.svg|70px]]
| caption = Expressway signs for [[Ahmedabad–Vadodara Expressway|NE1]] and [[Eastern Peripheral Expressway|NE2]]
{{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=280|frame-height=350|
|type=line|stroke-width=1|id=Q2043153
|type2=line|stroke-width2=1|id2=Q55609320
|type3=line|stroke-width3=1|id3=Q3633431
|type4=line|stroke-width4=1|id4=Q55624116
|type5=line|stroke-width5=1|id5=Q286044
|type6=line|stroke-width6=1|id6=Q5155394
|type7=line|stroke-width7=1|id7=Q5155635
|type8=line|stroke-width8=1|id8=Q5330149
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|type10=line|stroke-width10=1|id10=Q7112001
|type11=line|stroke-width11=1|id11=Q5091427
|type12=line|stroke-width12=1|id12=Q7112004
|type13=line|stroke-width13=1|id13=Q85741341
|type14=line|stroke-width14=1|id14=Q60762572
|type15=line|stroke-width15=1|id15=Q47089857
|type16=line|stroke-width16=1|id16=Q16058235
|type17=line|stroke-width17=1|id17=Q48730051
|type18=line|stroke-width18=1|id18=Q19891290
|type19=line|stroke-width19=1|id19=Q6972545
|type20=line|stroke-width20=1|id20=Q6444347
|type21=line|stroke-width21=1|id21=Q6444347
|type22=line|stroke-width22=1|id22=Q8048110
|type23=line|stroke-width23=1|id23=Q86751029
|type24=line|stroke-width24=1|id24=Q60791816
|type25=line|stroke-width25=1|id25=Q7047609
|type26=line|stroke-width26=1|id26=Q24906324
|type27=line|stroke-width27=1|id27=Q25352227
|type28=line|stroke-width28=1|id28=Q7058857
|type29=line|stroke-width29=1|id29=Q85740166
|type30=line|stroke-width30=1|id30=Q25212372
}}
| map_custom = yes
| map_notes = Current operational expressways in India
| maint = [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]
| length_km = 6059
| formed = 2002
| label1 = [[controlled-access highway|Expressways]]
| field1 = National expressways (NE) (Primary corridors) Economic corridors (EC) (Industrial corridors) State expressways (SE) (Regional corridors)
}}

The '''expressways of India''' are [[controlled-access highway|access-controlled]] [[toll road|toll highway]]s featuring [[Dual carriageway|divided carriageways]], engineered to support high-speed vehicular movement and to accommodate heavy loads. They constitute the highest class of road infrastructure in the Indian road network.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=https://tis.nhai.gov.in/UploadGazatte/gazatte_notification.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250308011759/https://tis.nhai.gov.in/UploadGazatte/gazatte_notification.pdf |archive-date=2025-03-08 |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=tis.nhai.gov.in}}</ref> As of December 2024, the total length of expressways in India was {{convert|6,059|km|mi|abbr=on}}, with {{convert|11,127.69|km|mi|abbr=on}} under construction.

A central reservation or median separates the traffic moving in opposite directions on expressways. Entry and exits are permitted only through [[Grade separation|grade separated]] [[Interchange (road)|interchanges]]. In contrast, [[National highways of India|National highways]] may or may not have a [[Dual carriageway|median]] and may lack full access-control.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1651/1/AAA1956____48.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106083431/https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1651/1/AAA1956____48.pdf |archive-date=2023-11-06 |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=www.indiacode.nic.in}}</ref> Additionally, some highways constructed by State Governments, which may be fully or [[Limited-access road|partially]] [[controlled-access highway|access-controlled]], are designated or named as expressways by the respective State authorities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=https://nhai.gov.in/assets/pdf/highway%20rating%20notice-with%20Attachements.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250524191105/https://nhai.gov.in/assets/pdf/highway%20rating%20notice-with%20Attachements.pdf |archive-date=2025-05-24 |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=nhai.gov.in}}</ref>

Fully opened in April 2002, [[Mumbai–Pune Expressway]] was India's first six-lane, access-controlled, inter-city tolled expressway. Spanning {{cvt|94.5|km}} between [[Mumbai]] and [[Pune]], within the state of [[Maharashtra]], it set the benchmark for future expressway development in the country. Since then, expressway construction has significantly accelerated, particularly under the ''[[Bharatmala]]'' project and other infrastructure programmes both national and regional.<ref name="mumbai_pune_expwy">{{Cite web |last=Shekhawat |first=Aditya |date=2025-01-22 |title=Mumbai-Pune Expressway: History, Structure, Missing Link And More – My India |url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/my-india/automobiles/mumbai-pune-expressway-history-structure-missing-link-and-more |access-date=2025-06-26 |language=en-US}}</ref>

As of 2024, the longest expressway in India is the partially-opened [[Delhi–Mumbai Expressway]] (Phase-3), spanning {{convert|1015|km|mi|abbr=on}}, which was inaugurated on 18 December 2024.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/80km-route-of-del-mum-eway-opens-to-boost-connectivity/articleshow/116412281.cms | title=80km route of Del-Mum eway opens, to boost connectivity | work=The Times of India | date=18 December 2024 }}</ref> The widest expressway is the [[Delhi]]–[[Gurgaon]] section of the [[Dwarka Expressway]], featuring 16 lanes, which was also opened in 2024.

== History ==
=== Pre-independence ===
[[File:Original GT Road between Margalla and kala Chitta.JPG|thumb|left|Preserved segment of the [[Grand Trunk Road]] between [[Margalla Hills|Margalla]] and [[Kala Chitta Range|Kala Chitta]] in modern-day [[Pakistan]].]]
While major roads in the [[Indian subcontinent]] existed as early as 29th Century BCE in the [[Indus Valley civilization|Indus Valley]], the {{cvt|3,655|km}} long [[Grand Trunk Road]] built by the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryans]] during 4th century BCE and later maintained by others, is one of the earliest examples of highest class road infrastructure in India.<ref name="theatlantic.com">{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1999/11/indias-grand-trunk-road/377875/ |title=The Atlantic: "India's Grand Trunk Road" |work=The Atlantic |date=November 1999 |access-date=7 March 2017 |archive-date=7 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907054858/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1999/11/indias-grand-trunk-road/377875/ |url-status=live |last1=Tayler |first1=Jeffrey }}</ref> In 1934, [[Indian Roads Congress]] (IRC) was formed to overlook development and research of roads in India and envisioned to achieve a road density of 16 km per 100 km2 of land pre-independence.<ref name="Hir">{{cite web|last1=Jagarlamudi|first1=Vishnu|title=History of Road Development in India|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/285233145/History-of-Road-Development-in-India|via=Scribd|access-date=5 May 2018|archive-date=9 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309035410/https://www.scribd.com/document/285233145/History-of-Road-Development-in-India|url-status=live}}</ref> It was not until in 1995 when [[National Highways Authority of India]] (NHAI) was established as an autonomous body to develop, maintain and manage India's road network through National Highways. NHAI would later build and operate various expressways in the country.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Roadways in India - Road Industry, Network, Projects & FDI|url=https://www.investindia.gov.in/sector/roads-highways|access-date=2021-09-07|website=www.investindia.gov.in|language=en|archive-date=21 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921021152/https://www.investindia.gov.in/sector/roads-highways|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Early expressways ===
[[File:Express highway.jpg|thumb|[[Mumbai–Pune Expressway]], India's first 6-lane expressway]]

In 1990, [[Government of Maharashtra]] appointed [[Rail India Technical and Economic Service|RITES]] to conduct a feasibility study for toll-based expressway between [[Mumbai]] and [[Pune]], marking it as the first such initiative to construct an expressway in India. Four years later, RITES submitted its report and the project was estimated to cost {{INRConvert|1146|c|year=1994}}. In March 1997, [[Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation]] (MSRDC) undertook the construction of the expressway on a [[Build–operate–transfer]] (BOT) model that allowed the state government to collect tolls for 30 years. At the end of the same year, after all environmental and forest clearances, the construction on the {{cvt|94.5|km}} corridor commenced with first sections opening in 2000. In April 2002, India's first expressway was flagged to be fully operational, with an estimated construction cost of {{INRConvert|1630|c|year=2002}}, which paved the way for more such expressways across the country.<ref name="mumbai_pune_expwy"/>

[[File:Delhi Noida Direct flyway (Uttar Pradesh - 2011-06-18).jpg|thumb|Delhi–Noida Direct ([[DND Flyway]]), India's first 8-lane expressway]]

On 24 January 2001, the eight-lane {{cvt|7.5|km}} long [[DND Flyway]] between [[Delhi]] and [[Noida]] was operationalised, becoming the first urban expressway in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/noida-jinx-to-keep-akhilesh-yadav-away-from-pm-event/articleshow/50372875.cms| title='Noida jinx' to keep Akhilesh Yadav away from PM event |work=The Economic Times |date=29 December 2015 }}</ref> Following Mumbai-Pune, [[Ahmedabad–Vadodara Expressway]] was then opened between the cities of [[Ahmedabad]] and [[Vadodara]] in [[Gujarat]] on 16 August 2004. While this expressway was operationalised two years later, it was designated as National Expressway 1 (NE-1) back in 1986 by the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1986/E-0770-1986-0080-33904.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202154856/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1986/E-0770-1986-0080-33904.pdf |archive-date=2023-02-02 |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=egazette.nic.in}}</ref>

In 2009, with the advent of new expressway infrastructures coming up across India, the [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]] (MoRTH) was preparing to set-up National Expressways Authority of India (NEAI) to be in-charge of the construction and maintenance of expressways, however, the Ministry did not proceed with the creation of NEAI for unspecified reasons and NHAI continued to remain in-charge.<ref name="toi_nov2009">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/5259102.cms|title=By 2022, govt to lay 18,637km of expressways|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|first=Dipak Kumar|last=Dash|date=23 November 2009|access-date=10 January 2020|archive-date=26 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091126042422/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/5259102.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Bharatmala pariyojana ===
{{Further|Bharatmala}}
[[File:An Indian Air Force (IAF) Mirage -2000 lands at Yamuna Expressway, in Uttar Pradesh on May 20, 2015.jpg|thumb|[[Indian Air Force]] (IAF) [[Dassault Mirage 2000]] lands at [[Yamuna Expressway]], in Uttar Pradesh on May 20, 2015]]

Prior to being subsumed under ''Bharatmala Pariyojana'' ({{literal translation}} 'India garland project'), the government of India had launched [[National Highways Development Project]] (NHDP) in 1998 as a seven-step flagship project to construct highest class roads in India and to upgrade the existing ones. The phase-4 of which included the development of {{cvt|1000|km}} of expressways at an indicative cost of {{INRConvert|15000|c|year=1998}}.<ref name="nhai_progress">{{cite web|url=http://www.nhai.org/gqmain_english.htm|title=National Highways Development Project Map|publisher=National Highways Institute of India}}</ref> In 2017, under ''Bharatmala'' about {{cvt|1900|km}} km of corridors had been identified for development of new expressways, of which {{cvt|800|km}} were taken up under phase-1 of the project.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/documents/rlink/2017/oct/p2017102504.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121163647/https://archive.pib.gov.in/documents/rlink/2017/oct/p2017102504.pdf |archive-date=2023-01-21 |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=archive.pib.gov.in}}</ref>

In the 2010s, the states of [[Maharashtra]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]] took keen interest in investing in expressways through dedicated expressway corporations of [[Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation|MSRDC]] and [[Uttar Pradesh Expressways Industrial Development Authority|UPEIDA]] respectively.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-05-07 |title=Maharashtra, UP to drive state-led capex in road sector in next 3 yrs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/maharashtra-up-to-drive-state-led-capex-in-road-sector-in-next-3-yrs/articleshow/69219363.cms |access-date=2025-06-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> While Maharashtra led by MSRDC completed its second expressway with {{cvt|701|km}} long [[Mumbai–Nagpur Expressway]] in June 2025, Uttar Pradesh had built four new expressways namely; [[Bundelkhand Expressway|Bundelkhand]], [[Purvanchal Expressway|Purvanchal]], [[Agra–Lucknow Expressway|Agra–Lucknow]] and [[Yamuna Expressway|Yamuna]] expressways by the turn of early 2020s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-23 |title=Explained: Politics of Uttar Pradesh expressways |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/politics-up-expressways-7634560/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> On 21 May 2015, in a first for military aviation and expressway infrastructure in India, the [[Indian Air Force]]'s [[Dassault Mirage 2000]] successfully landed on the Yamuna Expressway near [[Mathura]] in a mock-drill to evaluate the utility of using highways and expressways for emergency landings by military aircraft.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/IAF-successfully-test-lands-Mirage-on-Yamuna-e-way/articleshow/47378100.cms | work=The Times of India | title=IAF successfully test-lands Mirage on Yamuna e-way | date=22 May 2015}}</ref>

In 2024, the government of India presented an ambitious 'Vision 2047' plan envisioning the construction of up to {{cvt|50000|km}} of access-controlled highways and expressways, with Indians gaining access to the expressways at a distance of {{cvt|100-125|km}} from any point in the country. The ministry of road transport and highways (MoRTH) had also been finalising new guidelines to improve and standardise infrastructure along the already-developed highways with wayside amenities. Satellite-based tolling was also proposed to be started on 10-15 stretches in the same year.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narayan |first=Subhash |date=2024-01-05 |title=Govt’s Vision ‘47 set to target 50,000km of expressways |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/govts-vision-47-set-to-target-50-000km-of-expressways-11704477426174.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530051021/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/govts-vision-47-set-to-target-50-000km-of-expressways-11704477426174.html |archive-date=2024-05-30 |access-date=2025-06-27 |work=mint |language=en}}</ref>

=== Timeline ===
{{Bar chart
| title = Total length of Expressways in India every fiscal year (in km)
| bar_width = 40
| float = middle
| width_units = em
| label_type = Year
| label1 = 2024–2025 (Preliminary)
| label2 = 2023–2024
| label3 = 2022–2023
| label4 = 2021–2022
| label5 = 2020–2021
| label6 = 2019–2020
| label7 = 2018–2019
| label8 = 2017–2018
| label9 = 2016–2017
| label10 = 2015–2016
| label11 = 2014–2015
| label12 = 2013–2014
| label13 = 2012–2013
| label14 = 2011–2012
| label15 = 2010–2011
| label16 = 2009–2010
| label17 = 2008–2009
| label18 = 2007–2008
| label19 = 2006–2007
| label20 = 2005–2006
| label21 = 2004–2005
| label22 = 2003–2004
| label23 = 2002–2003
| label24 = 2001–2002
| data_type = Total length
| data_max = 7000
| data1 = 6,059
| data2 = 5,145
| data3 = 3,629
| data4 = 2,501
| data5 = 2,002
| data6 = 1,989
| data7 = 1,762
| data8 = 1,323
| data9 = 1,021
| data10 = 1,021
| data11 = 1,021
| data12 = 1,004
| data13 = 988
| data14 = 580
| data15 = 580
| data16 = 534
| data17 = 438
| data18 = 384
| data19 = 384
| data20 = 343
| data21 = 253
| data22 = 160
| data23 = 160
| data24 = 33
}}

== Designation ==
=== Expressway categories ===
Expressways in India are designated into three main categories:
* '''National Expressways (NE)''': Managed by NHAI under the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH), these are the medium to long-distance expressways which connect the major cities of India. [[Delhi–Mumbai Expressway]], designated as National Expressway-4 (NE-4) is one such example of a National Expressway.
* '''Economic Corridors (EC)''': Also managed by NHAI under MoRTH, these expressways are being built across various [[Industrial corridor]]s of India. [[Amritsar–Jamnagar Expressway]], designated as Economic Corridor-3 (EC-3) is an example of Industrial expressway.
* '''State Expressways (SE)''': These are the regional expressways undertaken by respective state governments to connect the cities within a state. [[Mumbai–Nagpur Expressway]] undertaken by [[Government of Maharashtra|Maharashtra state-government's]] [[Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation|MSRDC]] is an example for regional expressway undertaken by the Maharashtra state government.
* '''Urban expressways''': Additionally some urban governments and municipalities have also constructed expressways within or near urban areas to facilitate decongestion and faster movement within cities. [[DND Flyway]] between Delhi and Noida is an example for toll-free urban expressway.
* '''Bypass expressways''': [[Bypass (road)|Bypass]] expressways are constructed to divert the through-traffic, away from urban areas and city centres. They reduce urban pollution and improve travel speed. [[Chennai Bypass Road]] is an example that is built to bypass [[Chennai]].
* '''Spur expressways''': [[Spur route|Spur]] expressways in India are short corridors that branch off from a main expressway to connect important cities, towns, industrial zones or border areas, thus enhancing the regional connectivity. The {{cvt|41|km}} long [[Nakodar]]–[[Amritsar]] spur section which branches off from the [[Delhi–Amritsar–Katra Expressway|Delhi–Katra Expressway]] is an example.

=== Greenfield and Brownfield expressways===
Greenfield Expressways in India are new expressways that are built on new alignments to facilitate economy of the areas they pass through. These newly built expressways allow for speeds up to {{cvt|120|km/h}} and typically have space reserved between the carriages to allow for a future expansion. Delhi–Mumbai Expressway is an example which is being built with eight-lanes and a reserved space in the median to allow for future expansion of up to twelve lanes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nod to elevated corridor on Greenfield Expressway, budget likely to rise by 48% |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/nod-to-elevated-corridor-on-greenfield-expressway-budget-likely-to-rise-by-48/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> While Brownfield Expressways in India backed by 'Brownfield National Highway Project' (BNHP) are a series of projects undertaken to widen/re-develop existing national highways that have high traffic demand. The upgradation usually involves expansion of lanes from four to six, such as [[National Highway 709A (India)|NH-709A]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brownfield National Highway Project {{!}} CEPT - Portfolio |url=https://portfolio.cept.ac.in/ft/construction-project-formulation-appraisal-cm4002-monsoon-2020-4670/brownfield-national-highway-project-monsoon-2020-pcm20400 |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=portfolio.cept.ac.in}}</ref>

== Design standards ==
=== Access ===
[[File:Yamuna Express way milestone near Bhidauni Village.jpg|thumb|Fencing behind the milestone on Yamuna Expressway in Uttar Pradesh]]

[[Controlled-access highway|Access-control]] on Indian expressways offers uninterrupted high-speed travel and safety. It is mainly achieved through fencing, [[Grade separation]] with over-passes and under-passes, barriers or medians and with additional dedicated [[Frontage road|service roads]] for local traffic. Fully access-controlled expressways do not allow access from side roads, villages or properties but only via [[Interchange (road)|inter-changes]]. [[Limited-access road|Partially access-controlled]] expressways allow access at some at-grade junctions and minor road crossings may exist. Non access-controlled roads are conventional highways that have a mix of local and through traffic without any entry restrictions.

=== Carriageways ===
All Indian expressways have [[dual carriageway]]s, one for each direction, separated by a [[median strip|
median]]. Each carriageway typically has at least two lanes, with three to four lanes also being common. Most Greenfield expressways have a reserved space between the carriages for future expansion in number of lanes. Some expressways utilise concrete or metal beam [[Traffic barrier|crash barriers]] for safety. [[Shoulder (road)|Paved shoulders]] or emergency lanes also exist beside each carriageway to support during the event of accident. Service lanes on each direction are often provided outside the fenced area for local traffic.

The [[Indian Roads Congress]] (IRC) has specified guidelines for designing access-controlled highways with its IRC:SP:99-2013 standard. It specifies a standard lane width of {{cvt|3.5|m}} with paved shoulders having a width of {{cvt|2-2.5|m}} and unpaved shoulders having {{cvt|1|m}} width.<ref name="IRC-SP-99">{{Cite book |last=Indian Roads Congress |url=http://archive.org/details/govlawircy2013sp99 |title=IRC SP 099: Manual of Specification and Standards for Expressways |date=2013 |others=Public.Resource.Org |language=English}}</ref>

=== Interchanges ===
[[File:Aerial view of interchange of Raipur Vizag expressway at Jami village.jpg|thumb|left|Aerial view of [[Diamond interchange#Single-point urban|Single Point Diamond Interchange]] (SPDI) interchange on [[Raipur–Visakhapatnam Expressway]]]]
Inter-changes are junctions that connect expressway with other roads, highways or other expressways without interrupting the flow of traffic. They improve safety by eliminating [[Side collision|right-angle collisions]]. Indian expressways have various interchanges designed for suitability. [[Interchange (road)#System interchanges|System interchanges]]—such as [[Cloverleaf interchange|cloverleaf]], [[Interchange (road)#Three-legged interchanges|three-way]], [[Interchange (road)#Trumpet interchange|trumpet]] connect with other national or state highways. [[Interchange (road)#Service interchanges|Service interchanges]]—such as [[Diamond interchange#Single-point urban|Single Point Diamond Interchange]] (SPDI) are used for connecting smaller roads.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=https://law.resource.org/pub/in/bis/irc/irc.gov.in.sp.099.2013.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114184934/https://law.resource.org/pub/in/bis/irc/irc.gov.in.sp.099.2013.pdf |archive-date=2025-01-14 |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=law.resource.org}}</ref>

The design of inter-changes for Indian expressways and highways are governed by IRC:SP:99-2013 and Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH) guidelines. While Cloverleaf interchanges require at least 20-30 acres of land, directional flyovers require less. The inter-change designs include acceleration/deceleration lanes for safe merging.<ref name="IRC-SP-99"/>

=== Speed ===
[[File:Mumbai-Pune Expressway 3.JPG|thumb|Speed limit of {{cvt|80|km/h}} shown on the signage at [[Mumbai–Pune Expressway]]]]

High-speed travel is a key feature on Indian expressways unlike conventional highways where speeds are low due to local traffic and cattle interruptions. The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH) has set speed limits based on road geometry and vehicle type. Some Greenfield expressways are designed for speeds up to {{cvt|150|km/h}} but are legally capped at {{cvt|120|km/h}} for safety, with some expressways capped as low as {{cvt|100|km/h}}. For heavy vehicles such as buses and trucks, it is usually capped at {{cvt|80-100|km}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tyre Speed Rating vs Legal Speed Limit in India |url=https://www.vredestein.co.in/content-hub/blogs/tyre-speed-rating-vs-legal-speed-limit-india/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=Vredestein Tyres |language=en}}</ref> The minimum designed speed on ramps on inter-changes per IRC is {{cvt|40-60|km}}.<ref name="IRC-SP-99"/>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Speed limits on Indian Expressways<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tyre Speed Rating vs Legal Speed Limit in India |url=https://www.vredestein.co.in/content-hub/blogs/tyre-speed-rating-vs-legal-speed-limit-india/ |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=Vredestein Tyres |language=en}}</ref>
! Expressway type
! Max enforced limit
! Design speed
|-
| Greenfield Expressways
| {{cvt|120|km/h}}
| {{cvt|150|km/h}}
|-
| Brownfield Expressways
| {{cvt|100-120|km/h}}
| {{cvt|100-120|km/h}}
|-
| Urban Expressways
| {{cvt|70-90|km/h}}
| {{cvt|80-100|km/h}}
|}

== Infrastructure ==
=== Tolls ===
[[File:MPEW-MSRDC-Talegaon-Toll-ETC.jpg|thumb|[[Talegaon]] Toll booth on Mumbai–Pune Expressway]]

Expressways in India excluding some urban ones are [[Road pricing|tolled]]. They are implemented to recover cost of construction, maintenance and operations, and are primarily managed by NHAI under MoRTH. The tolls are levied based on vehicle category, type of expressway and distance travelled. They form a great source of revenue for funding the expanding expressway network in India. Only designated interchanges allow entry and exit into the tolls. Rates of tolls are revised every year on April 1, based on the [[Wholesale price index]] (WPI) to adjust for [[Inflation in India|inflation]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-01 |title=Toll taxes across Indian highways set to increase from April 1. Details inside |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/toll-taxes-across-indian-highways-set-to-increase-from-april-1-details-inside-2702236-2025-04-01 |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhatnagar |first=Viraaj |title=Toll tax on national highways, expressways hiked by up to 5 percent |url=https://www.autocarindia.com/industry/toll-tax-on-national-highways-expressways-hiked-by-up%c2%a0to%c2%a05%c2%a0percent-434993 |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=Autocar India |language=en}}</ref>

=== FASTag ===
{{Main|FASTag}}
[[File:The Chairman, NHAI, Shri Deepak Kumar launching the Mobile App My FASTag and FASTag Partner, in New Delhi on August 17, 2017.jpg|thumb|left|Chairperson of NHAI Shri Deepak Kumar launching the Mobile Apps named 'My FASTag' and 'FASTag Partner' in [[New Delhi]] on 17 August 2017.]]

FASTag is an [[Electronic toll collection]] (ETC) system operated in India by NHAI under MoRTH. It uses [[Radio-frequency identification]] (RFID) technology to enable automatic deduction of toll charges at toll plazas on Indian expressways, allowing for vehicles to pass without stopping for toll transactions.<ref name="faq">{{cite web| url=https://www.npci.org.in/what-we-do/netc-fastag/faqs| title=FAQs on NETC FASTag| access-date=27 December 2021| archive-date=27 December 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227020104/https://www.npci.org.in/what-we-do/netc-fastag/faqs| url-status=live}}</ref>

The FASTag system is based on the National Electronic Toll Collection (NTEC) programme developed by the [[National Payments Corporation of India]] (NPCI) as a part of India's efforts to digitise highway infrastructure and reduce congestion on toll plazas. It was launched in 2014 as a pilot project on the Ahmedabad–Mumbai section of [[Golden Quadrilateral]] highway. From 15 February 2021, fastag became mandatory for all four-wheeled vehicles on national highways.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-01 |title=FASTags mandatory for all 4 wheelers from today; hybrid lanes to accept cash till February 15 - BusinessToday |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy-politics/story/fastags-mandatory-for-all-4-wheelers-from-today-hybrid-lanes-to-accept-cash-till-february-15-283260-2021-01-01 |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>

=== Wayside amenities ===
Offered by NHAI under MoRTH, Wayside Amenities (WSAs) are dedicated rest and service facilities located along Indian expressways and other national highways to improve road travel comfort, safety, and logistics. They offer rest, food, fuel, charging stations and similar services to both passengers and freight vehicles. The help in reducing driver fatigue, supporting logistics movement and in promoting highway tourism. They are typically located at intervals of {{cvt|40-50|km}} along expressways. In June 2025, NHAI announced an ambitious plan of establishing over 1000 WSAs over a period of five years under [[Public–private partnership]]. The WSAs in the plan include setting up of fuel stations and [[Charging station|EV charging points]], food courts, [[dhaba]]s and restaurants, convenience stores, medical and childcare rooms, promotional spaces for local artisans, drone landing facilities and helipads at larger sites.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NHAI’s Innovative Strategy to Attract Global Expertise for World-Class Highway Amenities |url=https://parkplus.io/car-news/nhais-innovative-strategy-to-attract-global-expertise-for-world-class-highway-amenities |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=Park+ |language=en}}</ref>

== Financing ==
The financing of Indian expressways is achieved through a combination of [[Government spending|public funding]], private investment, multilateral lending and via tolls. [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]] (MoRTH) sets policy and budget allocations while [[National Highways Authority of India]] (NHAI) is responsible for implementation and collection of tolls. The private sector entities participate through various [[Public–private partnership]] models. A significant amount of funding for expressways comes from central government allocations, especially under [[Bharatmala|''Bharatmala Pariyojana'']]. In the 2023-24 [[Union budget of India]], MoRTH was allocated {{INRConvert|270000|c}}, of which a large share was dedicated for expressways and economic corridor developments.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandra |first=Jagriti |date=2024-02-01 |title=Budget 2024 {{!}} Road sector budget sees a nominal hike of 2.7% |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/budget/fm-marginally-increases-allocation-to-nhai-to-rs-168-lakh-crore-for-fy25/article67800142.ece |access-date=2025-06-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 2024–25, NHAI earned over {{INRConvert|41000|c}} in toll revenue, with projections of {{INRConvert|130000|c}} by 2030 through FASTag and monetisation of roads.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Yogima Seth |date=2025-04-04 |title=Toll mopup rises 12.5% in FY25 to an all-time high |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/infrastructure/toll-mopup-rises-12-5-in-fy25-to-an-all-time-high/articleshow/119954601.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-06-28 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== National expressways ==
=== Operational national expressways ===
The following list contains operational national expressways built and operated by [[National Highways Authority of India]] (NHAI).
{{sticky header}}{{sort under}}
{{static row numbers}}
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash sticky-header sort-under" style="font-size:small;"
|+ Overview of fully and partially operational national expressways of India
|-
! Expressway
! class="unsortable" | Sign
! Terminus
! Locale
! data-sort-type="number" | Length
! Lanes
! Type
! Status
! data-sort-type="date" | Opening
|-
| [[Ahmedabad–Vadodara Expressway|Ahmedabad–Vadodara]]
| [[File:NE1-IN.svg|24px|center]]
| Jashodha Nagar, [[Ahmedabad]] – Dumad, [[Vadodara]]
| Gujarat
| {{cvt|93.1|km}}
| 4
| Intrastate
| {{Operational}}
| 16 August 2004<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ahmedabad Vadodara Expressway to be ready by March-Source-Business Standard |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/ahmedabad-vadodara-expressway-to-be-ready-by-march/137164/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004181909/http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/ahmedabad-vadodara-expressway-to-be-ready-by-march/137164/ |archive-date=4 October 2012 |access-date=30 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[Amritsar–Jamnagar Expressway|Amritsar–Jamnagar]]
| style="text-align: center;" | EC-3
| [[Tibba]], [[Kapurthala district|Kapurthala]] – [[Jamnagar]]
| Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and Gujarat
| {{cvt|1256.95|km}}
| 6
| Inter-state economic corridor
| {{Maybe|Partially opened}}
| 1 December 2025<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amritsar – Jamnagar Economic Corridor – Information & Status |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/nhai-amritsar-jamnagar-economic-corridor-information-route-map-status/ |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bengaluru–Chennai Expressway|Bengaluru–Chennai]]
| [[File:NE7-IN.svg|24px|center]]
| [[Hoskote|Hosakote]] – [[Sriperumbudur]]
| Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu
| {{cvt|258|km}}
| 4
| Inter-state
| {{Maybe|Partially opened}}
| 1 June 2026<ref>{{Cite news |last=B.P |first=Darshan Devaiah |date=2025-03-17 |title=Bengaluru-Chennai Expressway to be fully operational by June 2026 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/bengaluru-chennai-expressway-to-be-fully-operational-by-june-2026/article69340081.ece |access-date=2025-06-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| [[National Highway 275 (India)|Bengaluru–Mysuru]]
| [[File:NH275-IN.svg|24px|center]]
| [[Kumbalgodu]], Bengaluru Urban district – [[Hale Kesare]], [[Mysuru]]
| Karnataka
| {{cvt|119|km}}
| 6
| Intrastate brownfield
| {{Operational}}
| 12 March 2023<ref>{{cite news|title=Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurates 118-km Bangalore-Mysore Expressway|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/prime-minister-narendra-modi-inaugurates-118-km-bangalore-mysore-expressway/cid/1921956|work=The Telegraph|date=12 March 2023|access-date=13 March 2023|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Delhi–Dehradun Expressway|Delhi–Dehradun]]
| [[File:NH709B-IN.svg|24px|center]]
| Delhi – [[Dehradun]]
| Delhi, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand
| {{cvt|210|km}}
| 6
| Inter-state
| {{Maybe|Partially opened}}
| 1 December 2025<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-03 |title=Delhi-Dehradun expressway status: Travel from Delhi to Dehradun in 2.5 hours soon - details here |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/delhi-dehradun-expressway-status-travel-from-delhi-to-dehradun-in-2-5-hours-soon-details-here/articleshow/113013752.cms |access-date=2025-06-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| [[Delhi–Faridabad Skyway|Delhi–Faridabad]]
| [[File:NH44-IN.svg|24px|center]]
| [[Badarpur, Delhi|Badarpur]], [[Delhi]] – Sector 37, [[Faridabad]]
| Delhi NCR
| {{cvt|4.4|km}}
| 6
| Urban brownfield
| {{Operational}}
| 29 November 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hccinfrastructure.com/projects/delhifaridabad_expressway.aspx|title=Delhi Faridabad Expressway|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101032537/http://www.hccinfrastructure.com/projects/delhifaridabad_expressway.aspx|archive-date=1 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
| [[Delhi–Gurgaon Expressway|Delhi–Gurgaon]]
| [[File:NH48-IN.svg|24px|center]]
| [[Manesar]], [[Gurgaon]] – Arjun Vihar, [[Delhi]]
| Delhi NCR
| {{cvt|27.7|km}}
| 6–8
| Urban brownfield
| {{Operational}}
| 23 January 2008<ref name="expressindia1">{{cite web|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/excess-cars-made-tolling-a-taxing-truth-at-first-expressway-builder/281668/ |title=Excess cars made tolling a taxing truth at first: Expressway builder |publisher=Express India |access-date=2010-09-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120072631/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Excess-cars-made-tolling-a-taxing-truth-at-first-Expressway-builder/281668/ |archive-date=20 November 2008 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Delhi–Meerut Expressway|Delhi–Meerut]]
| [[File:NE3-IN.svg|24px|center]]
| Nizamuddin Bridge, [[New Delhi]] – [[Partapur, Uttar Pradesh|Partapur]], [[Meerut]]
| Delhi and Uttar Pradesh
| {{cvt|96|km}}
| 14
| Inter-state
| {{Operational}}
| 1 April 2021<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |title=Delhi-Meerut Expressway open for public, cuts travel time to 45 minutes |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/delhi-meerut-expressway-open-for-public-cuts-travel-time-to-45-min/articleshow/81853266.cms}}</ref>
|-
| [[Delhi–Mumbai Expressway|Delhi–Mumbai]]
| [[File:NE4-IN.svg|24px|center]]
| [[Sohna Elevated Corridor|Sohna EC]], [[Delhi]] – [[Jawaharlal Nehru Port|JNPT]], [[Mumbai]]
| Delhi, Haryana, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Maharashtra
| {{cvt|1350|km}}
| 8
| Inter-state
| {{Maybe|Partially opened}}
| 1 October 2025<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-02 |title=Delhi-Mumbai Expressway Set To Open For All by 2025 |url=https://www.india.com/webstories/business/delhi-mumbai-expressway-set-to-open-for-all-by-2025-check-travel-time-distance-deadline-nitin-gadkari-nhai-7134083/ |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=India.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[National Highway 44 (India)|Delhi–Panipat]]
| [[File:NH44-IN.svg|24px|center]]
| [[Delhi]] – [[Panipat]]
| Delhi NCR
| {{cvt|70.5|km}}
| 8
| Inter-state brownfield
| {{Operational}}
| 20 June 2023<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dutta |first=Alisha |date=2023-07-08 |title=Completion of Delhi-Panipat corridor allows commuters to breathe easy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/completion-of-delhi-panipat-corridor-allows-commuters-to-breathe-easy/article67057930.ece |access-date=2025-06-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| [[DND–KMP Expressway|DND–KMP]]
| style="text-align: center;" | NH-148NA
| [[DND Flyway]], Delhi – [[Western Peripheral Expressway|KMP]], [[Nuh district]]
| Delhi, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh
| {{cvt|59|km}}
| 6
| Inter-state
| {{Maybe|Partially opened}}
| 2026
|-
| [[National Highway 19 (India)|Durgapur Expressway]]
| [[File:NH19-IN.svg|24px|center]]
| [[Dankuni]] – [[Durgapur]]
| West Bengal
| 154 km(95.7 mi)
| 6
| Intrastate brownfield
| {{Maybe|Partially opened}}
| 2025
|-
| [[Kona Expressway|Kona]]
| [[File:NH12-IN.svg|24px|center]]
| [[Hastings, Kolkata|Hastings]], [[Kolkata]] – [[National Highway 16 (India)|NH 16]], [[Nibra]], [[Howrah district|Howrah]]
| West Bengal
| 11 km(6.8 mi)
| 6
| Urban brownfield
| {{Maybe|Partially opened}}
| 3 December 2026<ref><nowiki>{{cite web| url=</nowiki>https://www.magicbricks.com/blog/kona-expressway/133175.html | title=Kona Expressway - Route, Speed, & Real-Estate Impact | publisher=magicbricks | date=19 October 2023</ref>
|-
| [[Raipur–Bilaspur Expressway|Raipur–Bilaspur]]
| [[File:NH130-IN.svg|24px|center]]
| Tatibandh, [[Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur district]] – Tatibandh, [[Raipur]]
| Chhattisgarh
| {{cvt|127|km}}
| 4–6
| Intrastate brownfield
| {{Operational}}
| 1 May 2019
|-
| [[Trans-Haryana Expressway|Trans-Haryana (Ambala–Narnaul)]]
| [[File:NH152D-IN.svg|24px|center]]
| Ghangheri, [[Kurukshetra district]] – Surana, [[Mahendragarh district]]
| Haryana
| {{cvt|227|km}}
| 6
| Intrastate
| {{Operational}}
| 1 August 2022<ref>{{cite news|author1=PTI|title=Haryana: Six Lane Ambala - Narnaul Expressway Opened For Public, To Ease Traffic In Delhi NCR|url=https://swarajya.com/infrastructure/haryana-six-lane-ambala-narnaul-expressway-opened-for-public-to-ease-traffic-in-delhi-ncr|work=Swarajya|date=1 August 2022|access-date=1 August 2022|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mumbai–Nashik Expressway|Mumbai-Nashik]]
| [[File:NH3-IN.svg|24px|center]]
| [[Nashik]] – [[Thane]]
| Maharashtra
| {{cvt|150|km}}
| 4-6
| Intrastate
| {{Operational}}
| 2009
|}

=== Under-construction national expressways ===
{{sticky header}}{{sort under}}
{{static row numbers}}
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash sticky-header sort-under" style="font-size:small;"
|+ Overview of under-construction national expressways of India
|-
! Expressway
! class="unsortable" | Sign
! Terminus
! Locale
! data-sort-type="number" | Length
! Lanes
! Type
! Construction began
! Opening
|-
| [[Ahmedabad–Dholera Expressway|Ahmedabad–Dholera]]
| [[File:NE8-IN.svg|24px|center]]
| Sarkhej, [[Ahmedabad]] – Adhelai, [[Bhavnagar district]]
| Gujarat
| {{cvt|109|km}}
| 4–6
| Intrastate
| 2021<ref name="ahmedabad_dholera">{{Cite web |date=2025-06-24 |title=Ahmedabad Dholera Expressway: Opening Date & Latest Updates (2025) |url=https://www.blackridgeresearch.com/project-profiles/ahmedabad-dholera-expressway-contractors-cost-opening-date-status-latest-updates |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=Latest Global Construction Industry Projects (2024) - Blackridge Research & Consulting |language=en}}</ref>
| 2026<ref name="ahmedabad_dholera"/>
|-
| [[Amas–Darbhanga Expressway|Amas–Darbhanga]]
| [[File:NH119D-IN.svg|24px|center]]
| Amas, [[Gaya, India|Gaya ]] , [[Patna]], [[Darbhanga]]
| Bihar
| {{cvt|189|km}}
| 4–6
| Intrastate
| 2022<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amas - Darbhanga Expressway - Information & Status |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/nhai-amas-darbhanga-expressway-route-map-status-update/ |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref>
| 2026<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-08 |title=Amas Darbhanga Expressway Bihar - Greenfield Expressway NH 119D |url=https://www.magicbricks.com/blog/amas-darbhanga-expressway/134042.html/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240929112410/https://www.magicbricks.com/blog/amas-darbhanga-expressway/134042.html/ |archive-date=2024-09-29 |access-date=2025-07-01 |work=Magicbricks Blog |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ambala-Shamli Expressway|Ambala-Shamli]]
|
| Sadopur, [[Ambala district]] – Gogwan Jalalpur, [[Shamli district]]
| Haryana and Uttar Pradesh
| {{cvt|121|km}}
| 6
| Inter-state
| 2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shamli to Ambala: Connecting Small Cities with Big Dreams! |author=@rahstaexpo_ |url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/C932erptAO0/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>
| 2026<ref>{{Cite web |title=GRAP norms bring NHAI projects to halt |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/grap-norms-bring-nhai-projects-to-halt/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Awadh Expressway|Awadh (Kanpur–Lucknow)]]
| [[File:NE6-IN.svg|24px|center]]
| Azad Chauraha, [[Kanpur]] – Shaheed Path, [[Lucknow]]
| Uttar Pradesh
| {{cvt|62.76|km}}
| 6
| Intrastate
| 2022<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-23 |title=PNC Wins Kanpur Lucknow Expressway's Contract |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2022/02/23/pnc-wins-kanpur-lucknow-expressways-contract/ |access-date=2022-04-25 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref>
| 2026<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shewaramani |first=Jatin |date=2025-01-02 |title=Lucknow News Roundup {{!}} Awadh Expressway to be ready by June, temp to drop in next 48 hrs & more |url=https://www.knocksense.com/lucknow/lucknow-news-roundup-awadh-expressway-to-be-ready-by-june-temp-to-drop-in-next-48-hrs-more |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=Knocksense |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bengaluru–Vijayawada Expressway|Bengaluru–Vijayawada]]
| [[File:NH544G-IN.svg|24px|center]]
| [[Bengaluru]] – [[Vijaywada]]
| Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh
| {{cvt|518|km}}
| 6
| Inter-state
| 2023<ref>{{cite web|title=Bangalore–Vijayawada Expressway – Information & Status|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/nhai-bengaluru-vijayawada-expressway-route-map-status-update/|website=The Metro Rail Guy|access-date=14 March 2024}}</ref>
| 2027<ref>{{cite news|title=PM Modi Inaugurates, Lays Foundation Stone For 112 National Highway Projects|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-modi-inaugurates-lays-foundation-stone-for-112-national-highway-projects-5217246work=NDTV|date=11 March 2024|access-date=14 March 2024|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[National Highway 352W (India)|Delhi–Jaipur]]
| [[File:NH352W-IN.svg|24px|center]]
| Kherki Dhaula Toll, Gurgaon – Chandwaji, [[Jaipur]]
| Delhi, Haryana and Rajasthan
| {{cvt|195|km}}
| 4
| Inter-state
| 2025<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full Guide to the Delhi–Jaipur Expressway: Timeline, Route, Real Estate Growth - Times Property |url=https://timesproperty.com/article/post/all-about-delhi-jaipur-expressway-blid9995 |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=timesproperty}}</ref>
| 2027<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi - Jaipur Super Expressway – Information & Status |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/nhai-delhi-jaipur-expressway-information-route-map-status/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| [[Delhi–Amritsar–Katra Expressway|Delhi–Katra]]
| [[File:NE5-IN.svg|24px|center]]
| [[Bahadurgarh|Bahadurgarh border]], Delhi – [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir|Katra]]
| Delhi, Haryana, Punjab, Jammu and Kashmir
| {{cvt|670|km}}
| 4
| Inter-state
| 2021<ref>{{Cite web|last=Livemint|date=2021-09-16|title=Delhi-Katra in 6 hours by road. Expressway to be launched in 2 years|url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/infrastructure/delhikatra-in-6-hours-by-road-expressway-to-be-launched-in-2-years-11631766099337.html|access-date=2021-09-16|website=livemint.com|language=en}}</ref>
| 31 December 2025<ref name=bar1>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/barring-punjab-669-km-delhi-katra-e-way-almost-complete-in-most-states/ Barring Punjab, 669 km Delhi-Katra e-way almost complete in most states], The Tribune, 23 Aug 2024.</ref>
|-
| [[Durg–Raipur–Arang Expressway|Durg–Arang]]
|
| Tendesara, [[Rajnandgaon district]] – Mahanadi Bridge, [[Arang]]
| Chhattisgarh
| {{cvt|92|km}}
| 6
| Intrastate
| 2022<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chhattisgarh Infrastructure: Durg set for major infra boost with expressways, metro, and industrial projects |url=https://propnewstime.com/getdetailsStories/MTc0NDU=/chhattisgarh-infrastructure-durg-set-for-major-infra-boost-with-expressways-metro-and-industrial-projects |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=propnewstime.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
| 30 June 2026<ref>{{cite web| url=https://datalakeg.nhai.gov.in/nhai/MISC/ProjectDetailsAdvance?key=U2FsdGVkX19J2F+ZuOrtXcZbaofL0CAML11h2sXoZGF7qFuNmKjkQNaVwCcr383D | title=Project Details | publisher=NHAI | date=27 December 2022 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Faridabad–Noida–Ghaziabad Expressway|Faridabad–Ghaziabad]]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| Greater Faridabad, [[Faridabad]] – Rahul Vihar, [[Ghaziabad]]
| Uttar Pradesh and Haryana
| {{cvt|56|km}}
| 6
| Inter-state
| 2025<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tamta |first=Prashant |title=Delhi-NCR news: BIG update on long-pending Faridabad-Noida-Ghaziabad expressway, authorities agree to... |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-delhi-ncr-news-big-update-on-long-pending-faridabad-noida-ghaziabad-expressway-authorities-agree-to-3145475 |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>
| 2027<ref>{{Cite web |title=FNG Expressway: Route, Status And Construction Timeline |url=https://www.91infra.com/news/fng-expressway-route-status-and-construction-timeline |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=www.91infra.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ghaziabad-Kanpur Expressway]]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| [[Ghaziabad]] – [[Kanpur]]
| Uttar Pradesh
| {{cvt|380|km}}
| 6
| Intrastate
| 2025<ref name="ghaziabad_kanpur">{{Cite web |title=Ghaziabad-Kanpur Expressway to link 9 UP districts, may be extended to Jewar Airport |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/city/ghaziabad-kanpur-expressway-to-link-9-up-districts-may-be-extended-to-jewar-airport-article-12982157.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250511160028/https://www.moneycontrol.com/city/ghaziabad-kanpur-expressway-to-link-9-up-districts-may-be-extended-to-jewar-airport-article-12982157.html |archive-date=2025-05-11 |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en-US}}</ref>
| 2026<ref name="ghaziabad_kanpur"/>
|-
| [[Hyderabad–Indore Expressway|Hyderabad–Indore]]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| [[Hyderabad]] – [[Indore]]
| Telangana, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh
| {{cvt|713|km}}
| 4
| Inter-state brownfield
| 2024<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2025-01-10 |title=Gadkari Carries Out Aerial Inspection Of 33-Km Stretch Of High-Speed Indore-Hyderabad Corridor |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!state/union-minister-nitin-gadkari-aerial-inspection-33-km-stretch-of-high-speed-indore-hyderabad-corridor-enn25010907180 |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref>
| 2025<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indore-Hyderabad Economic Corridor – Information & Status Update |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/nhai-indore-hyderabad-economic-corridor-information-route-map-status/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| [[Jaipur–Bandikui Expressway|Jaipur–Bandikui]]
| style="text-align: center;" | NE-4C
| [[Jaipur]] – [[Bandikui]]
| Rajasthan
| {{cvt|67|km}}
| 4
| Intrastate spur
| 2022<ref>{{Cite web |title=Salient Features – GR Bandikui Jaipur Expressway Private Limited |url=https://www.grbjepl.com/salient-features/ |access-date=2025-06-29 |language=en-US}}</ref>
| 1 July 2025<ref>{{Cite news |title=From July, travel time between Delhi and Jaipur to reduce by an hour |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/from-july-travel-time-between-delhi-and-jaipur-to-reduce-by-an-hour-101750875429291.html |access-date=26 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ludhiana–Bathinda–Ajmer Expressway|Ludhiana–Ajmer]]
| style="text-align: center;" | EC-8
| [[Ludhiana]] – [[Ajmer]]
| Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan
| {{cvt|600|km}}
| 6
| Inter-state economic corridor
| 2025<ref>{{Cite web |title=Work begins to build Ludhiana-Bathinda national highway at Rs 1,555 crore |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/ludhiana/work-begins-to-build-ludhiana-bathinda-national-highway-at-1555-crore/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>
| TBD
|-
| [[Nagpur–Vijayawada Expressway|Nagpur–Vijayawada]]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| [[Nagpur]] – [[Vijaywada]]
| Maharashtra, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh
| {{cvt|405|km}}
| 4
| Inter-state economic corridor
| 2023<ref name="nagpur_vijaywada">{{Cite web |title=Nagpur-Vijayawada Economic Corridor – Information & Status Update |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/nhai-nagpur-vijayawada-economic-corridor-information-route-map-status/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref>
| 2027<ref name="nagpur_vijaywada"/>
|-
| [[Paniyala–Barodamev Expressway|Paniyala–Barodamev]]
|
| Paniyala Mod, [[Kotputli]] – Barodamev, [[Alwar]]
| Haryana and Rajasthan
| {{cvt|86.5|km}}
| 6
| Inter-state economic corridor
| 2024<ref name="paniyala">{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/six-lane-highway-project-in-alwar-integrates-23-animal-underpasses/articleshow/118512485.cms | title=Six-lane highway project in Alwar integrates 23 animal underpasses | publisher=The Times of India | date=24 February 2025 }}</ref>
| 2026<ref name="paniyala" />
|-
| [[Raipur-Ranchi-Dhanbad Expressway|Raipur–Dhanbad]]
| style="text-align: center;" | EC-7
| Dharsiwa, [[Raipur district]] – [[Dhanbad]]
| Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand
| {{cvt|707|km}}
| 4
| Inter-state economic corridor
| 2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Inaugurates, Lays Foundation Stones in Raipur |url=https://www.drishtiias.com/state-pcs-current-affairs/pm-inaugurates-lays-foundation-stones-in-raipur |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Drishti IAS |language=en}}</ref>
| 2026<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raipur-Dhanbad expressway and rail upgrades to reshape Coal Capital's future |url=https://propnewstime.com/getdetailsStories/MTc4Mzc=/raipur-dhanbad-expressway-and-rail-upgrades-to-reshape-coal-capital-s-future |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=propnewstime.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| [[Raipur–Hyderabad Expressway|Raipur–Hyderabad]]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| Patan, [[Raipur]] – [[Hyderabad]]
| Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and Telangana
| {{cvt|530|km}}
| 6
| Inter-state
| 2023<ref name="raipur_hyderabad">{{Cite news |date=2025-01-17 |title=Raipur-Hyderabad Expressway to cut down travel time between the cities by 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/travel/raipur-hyderabad-expressway-to-cut-down-travel-time-between-the-cities-by-2025/articleshow/117330246.cms |access-date=2025-07-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
| 2026<ref name="raipur_hyderabad"/>
|-
| [[Raipur-Visakhapatnam Expressway|Raipur–Visakhapatnam]]
| [[File:NH130CD-IN.svg|24px|center]]
| [[Abhanpur]], [[Raipur district]] – [[Visakhapatnam Port]], [[Visakhapatnam]]
| Chhattisgarh, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh
| {{cvt|464|km}}
| 6
| Inter-state economic corridor
| 2022<ref name="raipur_vishakhapatnam">{{cite news|author1=Mishra, Pawni|title=Raipur Visakhapatnam Expressway: Route, Map, Cost, and Latest Updates|url=https://www.magicbricks.com/blog/raipur-visakhapatnam-expressway-route/128499.html|work=MagicBricks|date=13 April 2022|access-date=14 March 2023|language=en}}</ref>
| 2026<ref name="raipur_vishakhapatnam"/>
|-
| [[Surat–Chennai Expressway|Surat–Chennai]]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| [[Surat district]] – [[Chennai district]]
| Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu
| {{cvt|1271|km}}
| 6
| Inter-state
| 2023<ref name="surat_chennai">{{cite news|title=PM Modi lays foundation stone for Karnataka section of 6-lane Surat-Chennai Expressway|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/chennai/pm-modi-lays-foundation-stone-for-karnataka-section-6-lane-surat-chennai-expressway-article-97143601|work=Times Now|date=19 January 2023|access-date=12 March 2023|language=en}}</ref>
| 2026<ref name="surat_chennai"/>
|-
| [[Urban Extension Road-II]]
| style="text-align: center;" | NH-344M
| [[Alipur, Delhi|Alipur]] – [[Mahipalpur]]
| Delhi NCR
| {{cvt|75.7|km}}
| 6
| Urban
| 2021<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Urban Extension Road 2 – Information & Status |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/nhai-delhi-uer-2-expressway-information-route-map-status/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref>
| 2025<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/delhis-3rd-ring-road-to-open-by-august-101749232096294.html| title=Delhi’s 3rd Ring Road to open by August |date=7 June 2025 | publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
|-
| [[Varanasi–Kolkata Expressway|Varanasi–Kolkata]]
| style="text-align: center;" | NH-319B
| Varanasi Ring Road, [[Chandauli district]] – Sarisha, [[Diamond Harbour]]
| Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal
| {{cvt|710|km}}
| 6
| Inter-state
| 2024<ref>{{cite news|last=Yadav|first=Anshika|title=Varanasi Ranchi Kolkata Expressway 6 Lane E-Way To Reduce Time By 6 Hours|url=https://www.magicbricks.com/news/varanasi-ranchi-kolkata-expressway/134414.html|work=Magicbricks|date=23 February 2024|access-date=23 February 2024|language=en}}</ref>
| 2027<ref name="varanasi_kolkata">{{cite news|author1=Mishra, Amit|title=NHAI's Ambitious 610-Km Varanasi-Kolkata Expressway To Be Operational By 2027|url=https://swarajya.com/amp/story/news-headlines%2Fnhais-ambitious-610-km-varanasi-kolkata-expressway-to-be-operational-by-2027|work=Swarajya|date=9 December 2022|access-date=10 December 2022|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Gorakhpur–Siliguri Expressway|Gorakhpur–Siliguri]]
| style="text-align: center;" |
|[[Gorakhpur]] - [[Siliguri]]
|Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal
|519 km (322 mi)
|4
|Inter-state
|2025
|2028
|-
|[[Kharagpur–Morgram Expressway|Kharagpur–Morgram]]
| style="text-align: center;" |NH - 116A
|[[Kharagpur]] – [[Morgram]]
|West Bengal
|{{cvt|230|km}}
|4
|Intrastate
|2025
|2028
|}

=== Proposed national expressways ===
{{sticky header}}{{sort under}}
{{static row numbers}}
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash sticky-header sort-under" style="font-size:small;"
|+ Overview of proposed national expressways of India
|-
! Expressway

! Terminus
! Locale
! data-sort-type="number" | Length
! Lanes
! Type
! Proposed in
|-
| Bhopal–Indore
| Kalan, [[Bhopal]] – Karnawad, [[Indore district]]
| Madhya Pradesh
| {{cvt|157|km}}
| 6
| Intrastate
| 2025<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-25 |title=Bhopal to boast India's best transport system: Multi-state travel within 12 hours |url=https://www.patrika.com/en/special-news/bhopal-to-boast-indias-best-transport-system-multi-state-travel-within-12-hours-19422367 |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=Patrika News |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Atal Progress-Way|Chambal (Kota–Etawah)]]
| Seemalya, [[Kota district]] – Nanawa, [[Etawah district]]
| Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh
| {{cvt|404|km}}
| 6
| Inter-state
| 2017<ref>{{cite web|title=Chambal Expressway aka Atal Progressway Complete Project Details|url=https://indianconstructioninfo.com/chambal-expressway/|work=indianconstructioninfo.com|access-date=16 March 2023|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Haldia–Raxaul Expressway|Haldia–Raxaul]]
| [[Haldia]] – Mehsi, [[Raxaul]]
| West Bengal, Jharkhand and Bihar
| {{cvt|650|km}}
| 6
| Inter-state
| 2022<ref>{{Cite web |title=Six-Lane Expressway Connecting Raxaul To Haldia Coming Up By 2028, To Cost Rs 54,000 Crore |url=https://www.news18.com/auto/six-lane-expressway-connecting-raxaul-to-haldia-coming-up-by-2028-to-cost-rs-54000-crore-ws-dkl-9367337.html |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Kharagpur–Visakhapatnam
| [[Kharagpur]] – [[Visakhapatnam]]
| West Bengal, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh
| {{cvt|783|km}}
| 6
| Inter-state
| 2025<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kharagpur-Visakhapatnam Expressway to change Eastern India's road connectivity |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/travel-news/kharagpur-visakhapatnam-expressway-to-change-eastern-indias-road-connectivity/articleshow/115742552.cms |access-date=2025-06-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ludhiana–Bathinda–Ajmer Expressway|Ludhiana–Ajmer]]
| [[Ludhiana]] – [[Ajmer]]
| Punjab Haryana and Rajasthan
| {{cvt|600|km}}
| 6
| Inter-state
| 2019<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shelved Ludhiana-Bathinda highway project back on track |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/ludhiana/shelved-ludhiana-bathinda-highway-project-back-on-track/ |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Nagpur–Hyderabad–Bengaluru Expressway|Nagpur–Bengaluru]]
| [[Nagpur]] – [[Bengaluru Rural district]]
| Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka
| {{cvt|1300|km}}
| 8
| Inter-state
| 2025<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-20 |title=NHAI awards 251-km Hyderabad-Nagpur corridor for Rs 6,661 cr under TOT model |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/infrastructure/nhai-awards-251-km-hyderabad-nagpur-corridor-for-rs-6661-cr-under-tot-model/articleshow/113531437.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-07-01 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
|-
| [[Narmada Expressway|Narmada]]
| [[Amarkantak]] – [[Alirajpur]]
| Madhya Pradesh
| {{cvt|1100|km}}
| 8
| Intrastate
| 2020<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/bhopal-cabinet-gives-nod-to-906-km-narmada-expressway-construction|title=Bhopal: Cabinet gives nod to 906-km Narmada Expressway construction|website=Free Press Journal}}</ref>
|-
| [[Palakkad–Kozhikode Greenfield Highway|Palakkad–Kozhikode]]
| [[Marutharode]], [[Palakkad district]] – [[Pantheeramkavu]], [[Kozhikode district]]
| Kerala
| {{cvt|121|km}}
| 4
| Intrastate
| 2025<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-05 |title=Rs 6,700 crore boost for road development in Kerala |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/Jun/05/rs-6700-crore-boost-for-road-development-in-kerala |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Panipat–Dabwali
| [[Panipat district]] – Dabwali, [[Sirsa district]]
| Haryana
| {{cvt|300|km}}
| 4
| Intrastate
| 2025<ref>{{Cite web |author= | date=2025-02-04 |title=Haryana's Ambitious 300km Highway Project: Dabwali to Panipat Expressway |url=https://en.theharyanastory.com/article/1546/haryanas-ambitious-300km-highway-project-dabwali-to-panipat-expressway |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=en.theharyanastory.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Pune–Bengaluru Expressway|Pune–Bengaluru]]
| [[Pune]] – Bengaluru rural district
| Maharashtra and Karnataka
| {{cvt|700|km}}
| 8
| Inter-state
| 2022<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-23 |title=Pune Bengaluru Expressway - Route, Map, Cost, Progress, and More - Infra Info Hub |url=https://infrainfohub.com/pune-bengaluru-expressway-route-map-cost-progress/ |access-date=2025-05-23 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| Ranchi–Jamshedpur
| [[Ranchi district]] – [[Jamshedpur]]
| Jharkhand
| {{cvt|220|km}}
| 4
| Intrastate brownfield
| 2025<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.magicbricks.com/blog/ranchi-jamshedpur-highway/132080.html | title=Ranchi Jamshedpur highway | publisher=magicbricks | date=22 April 2025 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Thiruvananthapuram–Angamaly Greenfield Highway|Thiruvananthapuram–Angamaly]]
| [[Pulimath]], [[Thiruvananthapuram district]] – [[Angamaly]], [[Ernakulam district]]
| Kerala
| {{cvt|257|km}}
| 6
| Intrastate
| 2023 (Stalled)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-12 |title=No plans to go ahead with greenfield NH projects, says Centre |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/no-plans-to-go-ahead-with-greenfield-nh-projects-says-centre/article68978045.ece |access-date=2025-07-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|}

== Bypass expressways ==
=== Operational bypass expressways ===
{{sticky header}}{{sort under}}
{{static row numbers}}
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash sticky-header sort-under" style="font-size:small;"
|+ Overview of fully and partially operational bypass expressways of India
|-
! Bypassing city
! Expressway
! class="unsortable" | Sign
! Terminals
! Locale
! data-sort-type="number" | Length
! Lanes
! Owner
! Status
! Opening
|-
| [[Bengaluru]]
| [[Satellite Town Ring Road|Satellite Town Ring]]
| [[File:NH948A-IN.svg|24px|center]]
| [[Dobbaspet]], [[Bengaluru Rural district]] – [[Hosur]]
| Karnataka and Tamil Nadu
| {{cvt|280.8|km}}
| 4–6
| NHAI
| {{Maybe|Partially opened}}
| December 2025<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangalore Satellite Town Ring Road – Information & Status |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/nhai-bangalore-satellite-town-ring-road-route-map-status-update-tenders/ |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| [[Chennai]]
| [[Chennai Bypass Road|Chennai Bypass]]
| [[File:AH20-IN.svg|24px|center]]
| [[Pulhal|Puzhal]], Chennai – [[Perungalathur]], Chennai
| Tamil Nadu
| {{cvt|32|km}}
| 6
| NHAI
| {{Operational}}
| 2010<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-02 |title=NHAI mulls linking service roads along bypass from Madhavaram to Irumbuliyur |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2024/Oct/02/nhai-mulls-linking-service-roads-along-bypass-from-madhavaram-to-irumbuliyur |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

|-
| [[Delhi]]
| [[Eastern Peripheral Expressway|Eastern Peripheral]]
| [[File:NE2-IN.svg|24px|center]]
| [[Kundli]], [[Sonipat]] – Dholgarh, [[Palwal]]
| Haryana and Uttar Pradesh
| {{cvt|135|km}}
| 6
| NHAI
| {{Operational}}
| 27 May 2018<ref name="stat1">{{Cite news |title=Gurgaon: Kundli-Manesar expressway inauguration today |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/gurgaon-sultanpur-kundli-manesar-expressway-inauguration-5452647/ |access-date=5 Nov 2018}}</ref>
|-
| Delhi
| [[Western Peripheral Expressway|Western Peripheral]]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| Kundli, Sonipat – Dholgarh, Palwal
| Haryana
| {{cvt|135.6|km}}
| 6
| [[Haryana State Industrial and Infrastructure Development Corporation|HSIIDC]]
| {{Operational}}
| 19 November 2019<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-to-inaugurate-western-peripheral-expressway-all-you-need-to-know/articleshow/66676579.cms |title=PM Modi to inaugurate Western Peripheral Expressway: All you need to know}}</ref>
|-
| [[Gurgaon]]
| [[Dwarka Expressway]]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| Mahipalpur, Delhi – Kherli Daula, Gurgaon
| Delhi and Haryana
| {{cvt|27.6|km}}
| 8
| NHAI
| {{Operational}}
| 11 March 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dwarka Expressway – Information & Status Update |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/nhai-dwarka-expressway-information-route-status/ |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| [[Hyderabad]]
| [[Outer Ring Road, Hyderabad|Outer Ring]]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| [[Gachibowli]] – [[Narsingi, Ranga Reddy district]]
| Telangana
| {{cvt|158|km}}
| 8
| [[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation|GHMC]]
| {{Operational}}
| 15 July 2016<ref>{{cite web|title=ORR: Ghatkesar – Shameerpet stretch opens|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/two-packages-of-hyderabad-orr-inaugurated-116071500760_1.html|website=TOI|access-date=5 July 2016|language=en-IN|date=15 July 2016}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kolkata]]
| [[Belghoria Expressway]]
| style="text-align: center;" |[[File:NH12-IN.svg|alt=NH12|center|31x31px]]
| [[Dakshineswar]], Kolkata – [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|NSCBIA]], Kolkata
| West Bengal
| {{cvt|16|km}}
| 4
| NHAI
| {{Operational}}
| 2008<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/rising-crime-on-belghoria-expressway/articleshow/4908597.cms |title=Rising crime on Belghoria expressway |work=The Times of India |date=19 August 2009 |via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| [[Lucknow]]
| [[Lucknow Outer Ring Road (NH 230)|Lucknow Outer Ring]]
| [[File:NH230-IN.svg|24px|center]]
| [[Bakshi Ka Talab]]
| Uttar Pradesh
| {{cvt|104|km}}
| 8
| NHAI
| {{Operational}}
| March 2024<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.knocksense.com/lucknow/lucknows-pivotal-project-outer-ring-road-all-set-to-be-inaugurated-in-march | title=Lucknow's pivotal project, Outer Ring Road all set to be inaugurated in March | date=28 February 2024 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Ludhiana]]
| [[Ludhiana Elevated Corridor]]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| Octroi post – Samrala Roundabout
| Punjab
| {{cvt|13|km}}
| 4
| NHAI
| {{Operational}}
| January 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=Elevated Road: An unwanted ‘white elephant’ in the making |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/ludhiana/elevated-road-an-unwanted-white-elephant-in-the-making-686510/ |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mumbai]] and [[Thane]]
| [[Mumbai Trans Harbour Link|Mumbai Trans-harbour]]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| [[Sewri]], South Mumbai – [[Chirle]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| Mumbai MR
| {{cvt|21.8|km}}
| 6
| [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority|MMRDA]]
| {{Operational}}
| 12 January 2024<ref>{{cite news |title=Mumbai Trans Harbour Link Inauguration Live Updates: PM Modi inaugurates Atal Setu bridge |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-trans-harbour-link-inauguration-live-updates-pm-modi-maharashtra-visit-india-longest-bridge-mumbai-news-mthl-atal-setu/liveblog/106744363.cms |work=The Times of India |date=12 January 2024 |access-date=12 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Nashik]]
| [[Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Uddanpul|Nashik Freeway]]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| Pathardi – Adgaon
| Maharashtra
| {{cvt|14|km}}
| 6
| NHAI
| {{Operational}}
| 14 June 2013<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ultratechcement.com/project_pimpalgaon.php |title=UltraTech Cement Limited || Projects || PimpalGaon-Nashik-Gonde Road Project |publisher=Ultratechcement.com |access-date=2013-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527011545/http://www.ultratechcement.com/project_pimpalgaon.php |archive-date=27 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| [[Panipat]]
| [[Panipat Elevated Expressway|Panipat Elevated Corridor]]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| Sewah – Sector-18
| Haryana
| {{cvt|10|km}}
| 6
| Panipat Elevated Corridor Limited (PECL)
| {{Operational}}
| 16 July 2008<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.projectstoday.com/News/Indias-longest-flyover-inaugurated | title=India's longest flyover inaugurated | publisher=Projects Today | date=17 July 2008}}</ref>
|-
| [[Prayagraj]]
| [[Prayagraj Bypass Expressway|Prayagraj Bypass]]
| [[File:NH19-IN.svg|24px|center]]
| Kokhraj, Prayagraj – Handia, Prayagraj
| Uttar Pradesh
| {{cvt|84.7|km}}
| 4
| NHAI
| {{Operational}}
| 2009<ref>{{Cite web |title=Allahabad Bypass Expressway, Map of Allahabad Bypass |url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/roads/expressway/allahabad-bypass.html |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=www.mapsofindia.com}}</ref>
|-
| Prayagraj
| Prayagraj Ring Road
| style="text-align: center;" |
| Dandupur – Sahasau
| Uttar Pradesh
| {{cvt|84.7|km}}
| 4
| NHAI
| {{Maybe|Partially opened}}
| 18 June 2026<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-16 |title=1st phase of ring road to be over before Mahakumbh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/1st-phase-of-ring-road-to-be-over-before-mahakumbh/articleshow/98680898.cms |access-date=2025-07-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| [[Varanasi]]
| Varanasi Ring Road
| style="text-align: center;" |
| Rakhuana – Barhuli
| Uttar Pradesh
| {{cvt|63|km}}
| 4
| NHAI
| {{Maybe|Partially opened}}
| 2025<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-07 |title=One lane of Ganga bridge in Kashi set to open by May end |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/one-lane-of-ganga-bridge-in-kashi-set-to-open-by-may-end/articleshow/108281314.cms |access-date=2025-07-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

=== Under-construction bypass expressways ===
{{sticky header}}{{sort under}}
{{static row numbers}}
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash sticky-header sort-under" style="font-size:small;"
|+ Overview of under-construction bypass expressways of India
|-
! Bypassing city
! Expressway
! class="unsortable" | Sign
! Terminals
! Locale
! data-sort-type="number" | Length
! Lanes
! Owner
! Construction began
! Opening
|-
| [[Kanpur]]
| [[Outer Ring Road, Kanpur|Kanpur Outer Ring]]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| [[Mandhana, Kanpur|Mandhana]]
| Uttar Pradesh
| {{cvt|93|km}}
| 6
| NHAI
| 2024<ref name="kanpur ring">{{Cite web |date=2024-10-25 |title=22 Firms Qualify for Kanpur Ring Road Packages 2A & 2B's Contracts |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2024/10/25/22-firms-qualify-for-kanpur-ring-road-packages-2a-2bs-contracts/ |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref>
| 2027<ref name="kanpur ring"/>
|-
| [[Pune]]
| [[Inner Ring Road, Pune|Inner Ring Road]]
| style="text-align: center;" |
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| {{cvt|105|km}}
| 6
| [[Pune Metropolitan Region Development Authority|PMRDA]]
| 2025
| 2028
|-
| [[Pune]]
| [[Outer Ring Road, Pune|Outer Ring Road]]
| style="text-align: center;" |
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| {{cvt|161.73|km}}
| 8
| [[Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation|MSRDC]]
| 2025
| 2028
|-
| [[Ambala]] and [[Kurali]]
| [[Ambala-Kurali Expressway]]
| style="text-align: center;" |
|
| [[Punjab]]
| {{cvt|61.23|km}}
| 8
| [[National Highways Authority of India]]
| 2024
| 2026
|}

=== Proposed bypass expressways ===
{{sticky header}}{{sort under}}
{{static row numbers}}
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash sticky-header sort-under" style="font-size:small;"
|+ Overview of proposed bypass expressways of India
|-
! Bypassing city
! Expressway
! class="unsortable" | Sign
! Terminals
! Locale
! data-sort-type="number" | Length
! Lanes
! Owner
! Proposed in
|-
| [[Amaravati]]
| [[Outer Ring Road, Amaravati|Amaravati Outer Ring]]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| [[Guntur district]] – [[Krishna district]]
| Andhra Pradesh
| {{cvt|210|km}}
| 6
| [[NHAI]]
| 2015<ref>{{cite news|last1=Subba Rao|first1=GVR|title=Road projects: land acquisition to be a daunting task for AP|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/road-projects-land-acquisition-to-be-a-daunting-task-for-ap/article7956270.ece|access-date=3 March 2016|work=The Hindu|date=7 December 2015|location=Vijayawada}}</ref>
|-
| [[Patna]]
| [[Outer Ring Road, Patna|Patna Outer Ring]]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| [[Vaishali district]] – [[Saran district]]
| Bihar
| {{cvt|140|km}}
| 6
| NHAI
| 2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/centre-approves-ring-road-elevated-highway-projects/articleshow/66394930.cms|title=Centre approves ring road, elevated highway projects | Patna News |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| [[Outer Ring Road, Thiruvananthapuram|Thiruvananthapuram OAGC]]
| NH-886
| [[Vizhinjam]] – [[Navaikulam]]
| Kerala
| {{cvt|80|km}}
| 6
| NHAI
| 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi to lay stone for Outer Ring Road in Thiruvananthapuram on April 25 - The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2023/Apr/17/pm-modi-to-lay-stone-for-outer-ring-road-in-thiruvananthapuram-on-april-25-2566582.html |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=www.newindianexpress.com}}</ref>
|}

== Other expressways ==
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash sticky-header sort-under" style="font-size:small;"
|+ Overview of privately managed expressways in India
|-
! Expressway
! Terminus
! Locale
! data-sort-type="number" | Length
! Lanes
! Type
! Status
! data-sort-type="date" | Opening
|-
|[[Delhi–Noida Direct Flyway]]
| [[Delhi]] – [[Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|Delhi, Uttar Pradesh
| {{convert|7.5|km|mi|1|abbr=on}}
|8
| Inter-state
| {{Operational}}
|24 January 2001<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-02-05 |title=DND Flyway steers clear of usual hurdles, connects Delhi to Noida |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/economy/story/20010205-dnd-flyway-steers-clear-of-usual-hurdles-connects-delhi-to-noida-775820-2001-02-04 |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Expressways operated by state==
The following list consists expressways of India, built and operated by their respective state governments, rather than [[National Highways Authority of India|NHAI]].
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash" style="font-size:small;"
! States
! Expressways
! data-sort-type="number" |Length operational
|-
| [[Transport in Bihar#Expressways|Bihar]]
| 1
| {{cvt| {{sum|39.5}} |km}}
|-
| [[List of state highways in Chhattisgarh#Expressways|Chhattisgarh]]
| 1
| {{cvt| {{sum|12.7}} |km}}
|-
| [[List of highways in Haryana#Expressways|Haryana]]
| 1
| {{cvt| {{sum|35}} |km}}
|-
| [[List of expressways in Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
| 7
| {{cvt| {{sum|701|94.5|21.8|16.8|28|10|16}} |km}}
|-
| [[List of state highways in Punjab#Expressways|Punjab]]
| 1
| {{cvt| {{sum|98}} |km}}
|-
| [[Uttar Pradesh Expressways Industrial Development Authority#Expressways in Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]]
| 5
| {{cvt| {{sum|296|296|303.2|165.5|24.5}} |km}}
|-
| [[List of expressways in West Bengal|West Bengal]]
| 1
|{{cvt| {{sum|44.17}} |km}}
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Transport|Roads|Railways}}

* [[Transport in India]]
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[:Category:Ring roads in India|Ring roads in India]]
* [[India–China Border Roads]]
* [[Setu Bharatam]]
* [[High-speed rail in India]]
* [[Urban rail transit in India]]
* [[Sagar Mala project]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{commons category-inline}}

{{Highways in India}}
{{Motorways in Asia}}

[[Category:Expressways in India| ]]
[[Category:Roads in India]]

Agnelo de Souza

2026-03-05T11:24:26Z

Gstnit: quick enhance layout additionally for accuracy

{{short description|Portuguese Catholic priest (1869–1927)}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type= priest
| image=Venerable_Agnel.jpg
| caption = Portrait of de Souza, early 20th century
| honorific_prefix = [[The Venerable|Venerable]]
| name = Agnelo Gustavo Adolfo de Souza, [[Society of the Missionaries of St. Francis Xavier, Pilar|SFX]]
| birth_date = 21 January 1869
| birth_place = [[Anjuna]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| birth_name = Agnelo Gustavo Adolfo de Souza
| church = [[Roman Catholic Church]]
| nationality = Portuguese
| ordination = 24 September 1899
| ordained_by = [[Archbishop]] [[António Sebastião Valente]]
| death_date = 20 November 1927 (aged 58)
| death_place = [[Rachol]], Goa Portuguese India,
| buried = Our Lady of Pilar Monastery, [[Pilar, Goa]]
| alma_mater = [[Rachol Seminary]]
}}

'''Agnelo Gustavo Adolfo de Souza''' [[Society of the Missionaries of St. Francis Xavier, Pilar|SFX]] (21 January 1869 – 20 November 1927), was a Portuguese [[Roman Catholic]] priest of the [[Society of the Missionaries of St. Francis Xavier, Pilar|Society of Pilar]] who performed missionary work in [[Goa]], then part of [[Portuguese India]]. The cause for his [[beatification]] has been accepted for investigation by the [[Holy See]], and has progressed to the point that he has been declared [[The venerable|venerable]].

== Life ==

=== Early life ===
De Souza was born in the village of [[Anjuna]], [[Portuguese Goa]], to Miguel Arcanjo de Souza and Maria Sinforosa Perpetua Magalhães. His parents had nine children, eight sons and a daughter, among whom Agnelo was the sixth child. Even as a small child, all were impressed by his behaviour. From a young age he would remember sermons heard at [[mass (liturgy)|Mass]] and would teach ''doton'n'' ([[catechism]]), to other children, some even older than him. When De Souza was eleven, his parents died suddenly. As his mother was dying, she entrusted her children to the care of [[Mary, the mother of Jesus]].<ref>[http://fragnelpilar.in/life/life.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425232631/http://fragnelpilar.in/life/life.htm |date=25 April 2012 }}, retrieved 19-11-2011.</ref>

=== Seminary ===
With the encouragement of an older brother who was already a priest, de Souza pursued a call to the [[priesthood (Catholic Church)|priesthood]]. He studied philosophy and theology at the [[Rachol Seminary|Patriarchal Seminary at Rachol]]. Always in very poor health, he was allowed to live in a private dwelling off the seminary grounds, where he was able to do his studies diligently. He secured the much coveted and singular honor of ''acessit'' in his final year of study.

Souza wanted to enter a [[religious institute]], but they had been banned in the lands under the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] Crown since 1835. After much prayer and reflection, de Souza joined the Diocesan [[Society of the Missionaries of St. Francis Xavier, Pilar|Missionary Society of St. Francis Xavier of Pilar]] on 17 July 1897. He was [[Holy Orders|ordained]] on 24 September 1898, by the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Goa|Archbishop of Goa]] and [[Patriarch of the East Indies]], [[António Sebastião Valente]].

=== Missionary ===
On 8 September 1908, de Souza became a full-fledged member of the Society. His life as a priest took him to Siroda and [[Sanvordem]] in Goa, besides [[Kumta]], near [[Karwar]]. He was their priest, preacher, confessor and administrator.

===Spiritual Director===
The then Archbishop of Goa e Damão and Patriarch of the East Indies, [[Mateus de Oliveira Xavier]], appointed de Souza as the Spiritual Director of the Patriarchal Seminary of Rachol on 20 May 1918.

==Death and beatification process ==
De Souza died on the feast of the [[Sacred Heart of Jesus]], which was on 20 November in 1927. He collapsed on the pulpit towards the end of the sermon. He insisted on waiting till the [[Benediction]] of the Sacred Heart of Jesus. He was buried in Rachol. The parish priest who buried him roughly said these words "''Hanvem atanch eka Santak matiek laila"'', which means "I have just laid a saint to rest." His remains were brought to [[Pilar, Goa|Pilar]] on 10 January 1939.<ref name="test">{{cite web|url=http://www.churchnewssite.com/portal/?p%3D38770 |title=Venerable Father Agnelo de Souza : Church News Site |access-date=2013-02-15 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003757/http://www.churchnewssite.com/portal/?p=38770 |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}, para 20_line 1 and para 29.</ref>
[[File:Tomb of Father Agnelo,Pilar,goa.jpg|thumb|Tomb of Father Agnel]]

===Beatification process===
The beatification process was begun by the Society with the permission of the Patriarch of Goa in 1947. The second process was presented to the Sacred Congregation of Rites on 5 October 1959. The [[Sacred Congregation of Rites]] approved the third process of ''De non-cultu'' on 27 May 1969.<ref name="test" /> De Souza was declared venerable by the Vatican on 10 November 1986.<ref>[http://indiancurrents.org.in/images/Archives/ic41.pdf "They too are on the Way ..."]{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Indian Currents'', 06 – 12 October 2008, p. 41, retrieved 18-09-2009.</ref> The vice-postulator for his cause is Hilario Fernandes.

==Legacy==
The hymn ''Padr Agnel, amchea ixtta'' (Father Agnel, our friend) was written in his honor,<ref>[[Gaionancho Jhelo]], ank U-16, pan 239.(Konkani Book of Hymns named "Gaionancho Jhelo" Hymn no. U-16, page 239).</ref> besides ''Padr Agnelak, Altaracho Man'' and several others.

A road in [[Panaji]], [[Goa]] is named as Father Agnel Road.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiacom.com/goa/costa-dr-adelia_goa_goa_53624.html|title = Costa Dr Adelia in Panjim, Goa - 403001 on Indiacom}}</ref> A road in Gogol, [[Margao]] is also named in his honour.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003757/http://www.churchnewssite.com/portal/?p=38770 A website with some more information. ]}}
*[http://fragnelpilar.in/], a website with a lot more information, and many important links.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090821101252/http://www.societyofpilar.org/The_Venerable_Fr_Agnelo.htm The Venerable Pilar Father - Fr. Agnelo de Souza] at the website [[Society of the Missionaries of St. Francis Xavier, Pilar]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070127225019/http://www.fragnelpilar.com/novena.htm Venerable Agnelo D'Souza], a dedicated website
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120425232722/http://fragnelpilar.in/programNovena_k.html Venerable Agnelo D'Souza (Fr. Agnelo) - Main Page], a dedicated webpage in Konkani

{{Subject bar |portal1= Biography |portal2= Catholicism |portal3= India}}
{{Canonization}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Souza, Agnelo de}}
[[Category:1869 births]]
[[Category:1927 deaths]]
[[Category:People from North Goa district]]
[[Category:Konkani people]]
[[Category:Christianity in Goa]]
[[Category:Scholars from Goa]]

Vaarikkuzhiyile Kolapathakam

2026-03-03T20:30:50Z

Gstnit: typo fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vaarikkuzhiyile Kolapathakam
| image = VaarikkuzhiyileKolapathakam.jpeg
| caption = Poster
| director = Rejishh Midhila
| writer = Rejishh Midhila
| producer = Shibu Devadath Sujeesh Kolothody Rejishh Midhila
| starring = [[Amith Chakalakkal]] [[Dileesh Pothan]]
| music = [[Mejo Joseph]]
| cinematography = Eldo Isaac
| editing = R.Sreejith
| studio = Take One Entertainments
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2019|02|22|df=yes}}
| runtime = 125 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| budget = ₹ 2.5 cr
| gross = ₹ 5 - 6 cr
}}

'''''Vaarikkuzhiyile Kolapathakam''''' ({{Translation|Murder in the ditch}}) is a 2019 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[mystery film|mystery]] [[thriller film]] written, co-produced and directed by Rejishh Midhila. It stars [[Amith Chakalakkal]] and [[Dileesh Pothan]], with [[Mejo Joseph]], Amira Varma, [[Nedumudi Venu]], [[Shammi Thilakan]], [[Lena (actress)|Lena]] and [[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]] in supporting roles. [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] made a cameo appearance. It was released on 22 February 2019.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Antony |first1=Deepa |title=Review-Vaarikkuzhiyile Kolapathakam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/vaarikkuzhiyile-kolapathakam/movie-review/68112242.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=22 March 2019 |date=22 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vaarikkuzhiyile Kolapathakam Reviedw |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/movies/vaarikkuzhiyile-kolapathakam.html |publisher=[[Filmibeat]] |access-date=22 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Sajin |first1=Shrijith |title='Varikkuzhiyile Kolapathakam' movie review: Amit Chakkalakkal shines in this riveting mystery |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/feb/25/varikkuzhiyile-kolapathakam-movie-review-amit-chakkalakkal-shines-in-this-riveting-mystery-1943251.html |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=22 March 2019 |date=25 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=മോഹൻ |first1=ദീപു |title=വാരിക്കുഴിയിൽ കൊല്ലപ്പെട്ടതാര്? |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news/cinema/review/varikkuzhiyile-kolapathakam-movie-review-52665 |publisher=[[Kerala Kaumudi]] |access-date=22 March 2019 |date=22 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ഈ അച്ചൻ മാസ്; വാരിക്കുഴിയിലെ കൊലപാതകം ട്രെയിലർ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2019/02/08/varikuzhiyile-kolapathakam-trailer.html |publisher=[[Malayala Manorama]] |access-date=22 March 2019 |date=8 February 2019}}</ref> The film is getting ready for a release in [[China]].<ref>{{cite web |title='വാരിക്കുഴിയിലെ കൊലപാതകം' ഇനി ചൈനയിലും |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/vaarikkuzhiyile-kolapathakam-new-malayalam-movie-screening-in-china-1.3614214 |publisher=[[Mathrubhumi]] |access-date=22 March 2019 |date=2 March 2019}}</ref> The film received positive reviews and was praised for Amith's performance. The film was a commercial success.

==Plot==
Fr. Vincent Kombana is a roguish and a kindhearted priest of Kombana family, famous in his village. He was trained by his father Isaac Kombana to become a police officer first. Vincent grew up to be a police officer, fulfilling his dream, but when things got really complicated, Vincent became a priest. All the people in the village are fond of Vincent and fear him very much. He gets information from his peon Kunjoyi regarding all sorts of legal and illegal businesses and once anyone gets caught, he receives a huge punishment. His other subordinates were Kurukkan Ponnappan and Member Rocky.

One midnight as Vincent was walking through field, he hears a cry of a person to find out that it was a murder done by Kattuthara Joy. He saw the whole incident where Joy asks his companion to put the body of the dead person into a ditch after digging it. Vincent as a witness to this murder decided to expose this in front of the society. However, he couldn't do it as Joy confessed about the murder to Vincent. But Joy did not tell him whom he killed. As a priest couldn't tell any confessions out, Joy utilized his opportunity to frame the murder onto someone else. Even though Vincent had hidden in behind the bushes, Joy saw him. Vincent understood that Joy hadn't actually confessed sincerely. It was his only way to trap Vincent in order to escape from the case. Vincent, day by day continued his strong prayers for a solution. Kunjoyi then comes and informs Vincent about the death of Lissy, Joy's beloved wife. The next day her funeral goes with further songs and sorrow. However, before taking any decision, Vincent was eager to know who was murdered in the ditch. So as to get an idea, he went to the same place when the body was hidden. He began digging to find whose the body was. Vincent came across many burdens including the enquiry of Salamma for her brother who had been missing for many days after he went to [[Pollachi]].

Vincent decides to give the land to Kunjoyi in order to get rid of digging the plot where the body had been dug. After all the agreements, people finds out the body and Kunjoyi informs about this to Vincent. He immediately reaches the spot. It is found whose the body was. It was Eldhose who was killed by Joy. The police informs Vincent that it was a murder as they found many spots of stabs. Vincent tells Joy that he will prove this case with the help of someone else. Joy shows Vincent a video. The video shows Vincent digging the ditch which was taken by Joy without the knowledge of Vincent. If Joy shows this publicly, then it is sure that Vincent will be blamed. Vincent requested Joy to delete the video. Joy said that if Vincent does the flag hoisting, then Joy will confront the clapping hands. Vincent then thinks of another way to imprison Joy and finally starts his prayer keeping all his secrets in mind. Meanwhile, Santo, Joy's friend overheard his prayers and his plans to rescue Santo as he too would be killed by Joy. Vincent then asked the reason behind murder of Eldhose as Santo was present beside Joy and helped him bury Eldhose's body in the ditch.

Then a flashback shows, as Eldhose was returning from Pollachi he met Joy only to find him furious. Joy came to know from his wife Lissy that her daughter's actual father was Eldhose. As Eldhose stood disappointed Joy said, "My confidence is getting hindered by your existence." and stabs him multiple times to kill him. Back to the present, Vincent and his policemen managed to lock Santo as a witness to the murder committed by Joy. Later Vincent moves to Joy to enquire about Lissy's death and already knew that it was Joy who killed her by poisoning her.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Amith Chakalakkal]] as Ex-[[Civil Police Officer|CPO]] Fr. Vincent Kombana
*[[Dileesh Pothan]] as Kaattuthara Joy
*Amira Varma as Anjali
*[[Nedumudi Venu]] as Kurukkan Ponnappan
*[[Lal (actor)|Lal]] as Isaac Kombana ([[cameo appearance]])
*[[Mejo Joseph]] as Eldose
*Dheeraj Denny as Lijo
*[[Sudhi Koppa]] as Josephkutty
*Anjana Appukuttan as Shakunthala
*[[Lena (actress)|Lena]] as Lissy
*[[Anjali Nair (actress, born 1988)|Anjali Nair]] as Salamma
*[[Parvathi T.]] as Fr. Vincent's mother
*[[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]] as Member Reji
*[[Shammi Thilakan]] as Kunjachan
*[[Gokulan (actor)|Gokulan]] as Bijukuttan
*[[Kainakary Thankaraj]] as Kattuthara Vakkachan
*[[K. T. C. Abdullah]] as Kunjalikka
*[[Naseer Sankranthi]] as Antappan
*Abraham Koshy as Man at the toddy shop<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm8391988/|title=Abraham Koshy|website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref>
*Shibu Devadatt as CI Vighnesh
*[[Kichu Tellus]] as Arangath Benny
*Rajesh Raghavan as Stephen
*Rohit Madhav as Kochachan
*Leena Antony
*Baby Malu
*Mary
*Baby as Sarala
*Dheeraj Denny as Lijo
{{colend}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=7767336|title=Vaarikkuzhiyile Kolapathakam}}

[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Pollachi]]
[[Category:2019 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2019 thriller films]]

Om Vellimalai

2026-03-03T02:31:25Z

Gstnit: started the data initial version!

{{No plot|date=March 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Om Vellimalai
| image = Om Vellimalai.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Om Vijay
| writer =
| producer = Rajagopal Elangovan
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Supergood Subramani]]
*Veera Subash
*Anju Krishna
}}
| cinematography = Maniperumal
| editing = Sathish Surya
| music = [[N. R. Raghunanthan]]
| studio = Superb Creation
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|02|24}}
| runtime = 117 mins
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Om Vellimalai''''' is a 2023 Indian Tamil-language comedy [[drama film]] directed by Om Vijay and starring [[Supergood Subramani]], Veera Subash and Anju Krishna in the lead roles. It was released on 24 February 2023.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Supergood Subramani]]
*Veera Subash
*Anju Krishna as Manonmani
*Giriraj
*Vijaykumar
*Charrles Pandian
*Kaviraj
*Palanichami
}}

==Production==
[[Supergood Subramani]], who had played pivotal roles in films including ''[[Kadhalum Kadandhu Pogum]]'' (2016), ''[[Rajinimurugan]]'' (2016) and ''[[Jai Bhim]]'' (2021), was cast in his first lead role. The film was described prior to release as a "social dramedy about [[siddhar]]gal".<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 May 2022 |title=Vellimalai is a social dramedy revolving around siddhargal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vellimalai-is-a-social-dramedy-revolving-around-siddhargal/articleshow/91323628.cms |access-date=13 February 2024 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2022 |title=Vellimalai Movie Press Release |url=https://chennaivision.com/vellimalai-movie-press-release/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2022 |title=Vellimalai - a social satire that revolves around siddhars |url=https://www.dtnext.in/cinema/2022/05/10/vellimalai-a-social-satire-that-revolves-around-siddhars |website=DT next}}</ref>

== Reception ==
The film was released on 24 February 2023 across Tamil Nadu. A critic from ''[[Dinamalar]]'' gave the film a mixed review, while praising some scenes from the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ஒம் வெள்ளிமலை - விமர்சனம் {2.5/5} : ஓம் வெள்ளிமலை - வெள்ளி - Om Vellimalai |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/3268/Om-Vellimalai/ |website=[[Dinamalar]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' gave the film a negative review, citing the director could have conceived scenes differently.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2023 |title=வெள்ளிமலை: திரை விமர்சனம் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/951086-vellimalai-movie-review.html |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai}}</ref> A reviewer from ''[[Dina Thanthi]]'' gave the film a largely positive review.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2023 |title=சினிமா விமர்சனம் : ஓம் வெள்ளிமலை |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/Review/movie-review-om-vellimalai-906196 |website=www.dailythanthi.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|25813988}}

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2023 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by N. R. Raghunanthan]]

Prem Watsa

2026-02-25T04:30:09Z

Gstnit: brief update structure to improve readability further and cleaned formatting as per guidelines

{{Short description|Indian-Canadian businessman (born 1950)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Prem Watsa
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|size=100%|CM}}
| image = Prem Watsa.jpg
| office = 9th [[List of University of Waterloo people#Chancellors|Chancellor]] of the [[University of Waterloo]]
| predecessor = [[Mike Lazaridis]]
| successor = Tom Jenkins
| termstart = 2009
| termend = 2014
| 1blankname1 = President/Vice Chancellor
| 1namedata1 = [[David Lloyd Johnston|David Johnston]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1950|08|05}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Hyderabad State (1948–1956)|Hyderabad State]] (present-day [[Telangana]]), India
| nationality = [[Canadian people|Canadian]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nndb.com/people/168/000278331/|title=Prem Watsa|website=www.nndb.com}}</ref>
| alma_mater = {{Unbulleted_list|[[IIT Madras]]|[[University of Western Ontario]]}}
| occupation = Businessman
| office2 = Chairman of [[Fairfax Financial|Fairfax Financial Holdings]]
}}

'''V. Prem Watsa''' {{post-nominals|CM}} (born 5 August 1950) is an [[Indo-Canadians|Indian-Canadian]] billionaire businessman who is the founder, chairman, and [[CEO|chief executive]] of [[Fairfax Financial Holdings]], based in [[Toronto]].<ref>(BusinessWeek.com - Executive Profile - Prem Watsa/FFH) [http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=1136292&symbol=FFH.TO]{{dead link|date=April 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>(Forbes.com - Executive Profile - Prem Watsa/FFH) [https://www.forbes.com/finance/mktguideapps/personinfo/FromPersonIdPersonTearsheet.jhtml?passedPersonId=890456]{{dead link|date=January 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20050116165532/http://biz.yahoo.com/ic/56/56469.html Yahoo! Finance - Company Profile of Fairfax Financial]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gad |first=Sham |date=2007-12-05 |title=How to Dodge the Debt |url=https://www.fool.com/investing/general/2007/12/05/how-to-dodge-the-debt.aspx |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=The Motley Fool |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
V. Prem Watsa<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/915191/000110465923020379/tm235999d1_sc13ga.htm |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=www.sec.gov}}</ref> was born in [[Hyderabad]], [[India]]. He attended [[Hyderabad Public School]] and the [[Indian Institute of Technology Madras]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://alumni.iitm.ac.in/citations-1999-distinguished-alumnus-awards-recipients/|title=Citations: 1999 Distinguished Alumnus Awards Recipients - Office Of Alumni Relations|website=alumni.iitm.ac.in}}</ref><ref name=CB>{{cite news|last1=Castaldo|first1=Joe|title=The man with nothing to lose|url=http://www.canadianbusiness.com/companies-and-industries/the-man-with-nothing-to-lose/|access-date=8 June 2015|work=Canadian Business|date=10 October 2013}}</ref> where he graduated with a degree in chemical engineering. He later moved to [[London, Ontario]], and went to the [[Richard Ivey School of Business]] at the [[University of Western Ontario]], where he earned an [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]]. Watsa left India with {{USD|8}}, sold furnaces and air conditioners to financially support his university education.{{Dubious|date=September 2024}}<ref name=gadgets>{{cite web |last=Doval |first=Pankaj |url=http://www.gadgetsnow.com/tech-news/Prem-Watsa-the-richest-savviest-guy-youve-never-heard-of/articleshow/23016589.cms |title=Prem Watsa, the 'richest, savviest guy you've never heard of' |work=Gadgets Now |date=25 September 2013 |access-date=28 March 2017}}</ref> He is a distinguished alumnus of [[Indian Institute of Technology Madras|IIT Madras]].<ref name=CB />

==Career==
After graduating, Watsa worked for the insurance company [[Confederation Life]]. In 1984, he started an investment firm with his former boss Tony Hamblin, called Hamblin Watsa Investment Counsel.<ref name=CB /> In 1985, Watsa took over Markel Financial, a small Canadian trucking insurance company that was verging on bankruptcy,<ref name=gadgets/> and renamed it [[Fairfax Financial|Fairfax Financial Holdings]].<ref name=CB /> He helped grow the company, where it reached annual revenues of $8 billion a year in 2012.<ref name=CB /> Despite his success, he largely stayed out of the public eye, only beginning to hold investor conference calls in 2001.<ref name=CB /><ref name=gadgets/> He has been called the "Canadian [[Warren Buffett]]."<ref>{{Cite web |title=reportonbusiness.com: Short shrift |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20060126.rmprem0127/BNStory/specialROBmagazine/?pageRequested=all |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060420012844/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20060126.rmprem0127/BNStory/specialROBmagazine/?pageRequested=all |archive-date=20 April 2006 |access-date=8 September 2017 |website=[[The Globe and Mail]]}}</ref><ref name="Bloomberg">{{cite news |last1=Feeley |first1=Jef |date=22 April 2010 |title=Zenith National Investors Lose Bid to Halt Buyout |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2010-04-22/zenith-national-investors-lose-bid-to-halt-fairfax-financial-acquisition |access-date=8 June 2015 |work=Bloomberg}}</ref>

On 22 January 2012, it was reported he was to be appointed to the board of directors of [[Research In Motion]] (RIM) in the company's largest ever corporate shakeup. Watsa resigned in August 2013, but kept his investment in the company. On 23 September 2013, [[BlackBerry Ltd|BlackBerry]] announced that it had signed a letter of intent to be acquired by [[Fairfax Financial Holdings]] in a $4.7 billion deal.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Billionaire Prem Watsa buying Blackberry for $4.7 Billion|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/09/indian-billionaire-prem-watsa-buying-blackberry-for-4-7-billion/|access-date=24 September 2013}}</ref> Fairfax Financial Holdings is "the largest insurer of the for-profit bail industry in the U.S."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aclu.org/news/|title=ACLU News & Commentary|website=American Civil Liberties Union}}</ref>

In April 2017, Watsa brought attention to concerns of a real estate bubble in [[Toronto]]. He asserts that most Canadian banks cannot survive a 50% drop in the value of real estate. "It's going to come down, and a lot of people are going to get hurt" said Watsa during Fairfax's annual general meeting.<ref>{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=20 April 2017 |title='People are going to get hurt': Fairfax's Prem Watsa says Toronto real estate bubble will burst |newspaper=Financial Post |url=http://business.financialpost.com/personal-finance/mortgages-real-estate/people-are-going-to-get-hurt-fairfaxs-prem-watsa-says-toronto-real-estate-bubble-will-burst}}</ref>

===Volunteering===
He is a member of the Board of Trustees of [[The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto|The Hospital for Sick Children]], a member of the Advisory Board for the Richard Ivey School of Business, a member of the Board of Directors of the [[Royal Ontario Museum]] Foundation, and Chairman of the Investment Committee of St. Paul's Anglican Church.

In June 2009, he was appointed as the ninth chancellor of the [[University of Waterloo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsrelease.uwaterloo.ca/news.php?id=5081|title=Home - Waterloo News|date=26 June 2012}}</ref>

In September 2017, he was elected as the first chancellor of [[Huron University College]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prem Watsa appointed Chancellor of Huron |url=http://huronuc.ca/AboutHuron/News/NewsDetail?q=f54ce115-dd8d-4cba-b102-cf8399c09475 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910121956/http://www.huronuc.ca/AboutHuron/News/NewsDetail?q=f54ce115-dd8d-4cba-b102-cf8399c09475 |archive-date=2018-09-10 |access-date=2023-05-24}}</ref>

=== Awards ===
He was named a [[Member of the Order of Canada]] in 2015.<ref>[http://thechronicleherald.ca/canada/1296405-four-nova-scotians-among-order-of-canada-honourees "Four Nova Scotians among Order of Canada honourees"]. ''[[The Chronicle-Herald]]'', 1 July 2015.</ref> Watsa was inducted into the Canadian Business Hall of Fame in 2024.<ref>{{cite news |date=23 May 2024 |title=Meet this year's Inductees to the Canadian Business Hall of Fame |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/adv/article-meet-this-years-inductees-to-the-canadian-business-hall-of-fame/ |website=Globe and Mail}}</ref>

He was awarded the fourth highest civilian award of India, [[Padma Shri]], in January 2020.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 January 2020 |title=Anand Mahindra, Venu Srinivasan to be honoured with Padma Bhushan; Naukri.com founder to get Padma Shri |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/anand-mahindra-venu-srinivasan-to-be-honoured-with-padma-bhushan-naukri-com-founder-to-get-padma-shri/articleshow/73628195.cms |access-date=26 January 2020 |publisher=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ministry of Home Affairs |url=https://padmaawards.gov.in/PDFS/2020AwardeesList.pdf |access-date=25 January 2020 |website=padmaawards.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=26 January 2020 |title=IIT Madras congratulates its professors, alumnus on being conferred with Padma awards |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/iit-madras-congratulates-its-professors-alumnus-on-being-conferred-with-padma-awards/story-lZHypBXbqONVYnAMxCEWgK.html |access-date=26 January 2020 |publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of University of Waterloo people]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.fairfax.ca/corporate.htm Fairfax Financial - Corporate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217020004/http://www.fairfax.ca/corporate.htm |date=17 December 2007 }}
* [http://www.bengrahaminvesting.ca/About_Us/advisory_board.htm BengrahamInvesting Advisory Board]
* [http://www.marketvisual.com/d/V_/V_Prem_Watsa_e309_1.htm MarketVisual.com - V Prem Watsa - Direct Relationships] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201060038/http://www.marketvisual.com/d/V_/V_Prem_Watsa_e309_1.htm |date=1 December 2008 }}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Trade & Industry}}
{{University of Waterloo}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Watsa, Prem}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Canadian businesspeople]]
[[Category:21st-century Canadian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Canadian billionaires]]
[[Category:Chancellors of the University of Waterloo]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian Institutes of Technology alumni]]
[[Category:University of Western Ontario alumni]]
[[Category:Directors of BlackBerry Limited]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Canada]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of Canada]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in trade and industry]]
[[Category:Fairfax Financial]]

John Barnabas

2026-02-22T10:17:22Z

Gstnit: Improved structure and clarity

{{Short description|Indian evolutionary biologist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = John Barnabas
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1929|10|12}}
| birth_place = [[Mangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1994|7|30|1929|10|12}}
| death_place = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| residence =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Molecular systematics]] | [[Evolution]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | Ahmednagar College | [[National Chemical Laboratory]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[University of Madras]] |[[University of Bombay]] | [[Yale University]] | [[University of Groningen]] }}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Evolutionary [[genetics]] of [[hemoglobins]]
| awards = 1974&nbsp;[[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] 1976&nbsp;Sreenivasayya Memorial Award 1989&nbsp;[[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] Golden Jubilee Commemoration Medal
}}
'''John Barnabas''' (1929–1994) was an Indian evolutionary biologist, known for his contributions in the fields of [[Molecular Systematics]] and [[Evolution]].<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=318 | title=Brief Profile of the Awardee | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=19 September 2016}}</ref> He was a member of the Science Advisory Committee to the cabinet as well as the [[Department of Biotechnology]] of the Government of India.<ref name="Deceased fellow - John Barnabas">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail/N79-0055 |title=Deceased fellow - John Barnabas |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=19 September 2016 |archive-date=23 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023011941/http://insaindia.res.in/detail/N79-0055 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A [[Jawaharlal Nehru Fellow]], Barnabas was also an elected fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]], [[Indian National Science Academy]] and the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]]. The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1974, for his contributions to biological sciences.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=19 September 2016}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Born on 12 October 1929 in [[Mangalore]], a port city in the south Indian state of [[Karnataka]], John Barnabas did his early schooling at local schools before graduating in science from the [[University of Madras]]. Moving to Mumbai, he obtained his master's degree from [[University of Bombay]] and joined the then newly started Ahmednagar College as a member of faculty in 1954.<ref name="John Barnabas (1929–1994) - Obituary">{{cite journal | url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_068_03_0346_0347_0.pdf | title=John Barnabas (1929–1994) - Obituary | author=Prabhakar Ranjekar, Shama Barnabas | journal=Current Science | date=10 February 1995 | volume=68 | issue=3 | pages=346–7}}</ref> He also continued his researches and secured a PhD from [[University of Pune]] in 1956.<ref name="Deceased fellow - John Barnabas" /> He served Ahmednagar College till 1981 during which time he held many positions such as that of a lecturer, a professor and a head of the department. In between, he had two stints abroad as a post-doctoral fellow, first at [[Yale University]] (1958–59) and then at [[Groningen University]] (1960–61).<ref name="John Barnabas (1929–1994) - Obituary" />{{Refn|group=note|[[Morris Goodman (scientist)|Morris Goodman]] of [[Wayne State University]] and [[Margaret Oakley Dayhoff]] of [[Georgetown University Medical Center]] were two of his associates in the US}}

In 1983, Barnabas joined the [[National Chemical Laboratory]] as a [[Jawaharlal Nehru Fellow]] and after the tenure of the fellowship in 1985, he continued at the laboratory as the head of the Division of Biochemical Sciences. He worked there holding the Distinguished Fellowship of the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] from 1991 till his death on 30 July 1994, at the age of 64.<ref name="Deceased fellow - John Barnabas" />

== Legacy ==
Barnabas was known to have done pioneering research on haemoglobins of mammals, with respect to the sequence of amino acids in them, and his studies helped in a wider understanding of the subject.<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=1999 | access-date=19 September 2016 | pages=28 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043957/http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He proposed novel methods by which the molecular structure is utilized in the measurement of evolutionary distance and the rate of change. His methods, based on [[parsimony analysis]], assisted in developing [[phylogenetic]] trees and helped to understand the evolutionary history of different [[eukaryotic]] lineages.<ref name="Deceased fellow - John Barnabas" /> His research findings have been documented by way of a book, ''Phylogenetic Perspectives of Protists'',<ref name="BarnabasBarnabas1984">{{cite book|author1=Shama Barnabas|author2=John Barnabas|title=Phylogenetic Perspectives of Protists: Shama Barnabas and John Barnabas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9eHaAAAAMAAJ|year=1984|publisher=Indian National Science Academy}}</ref> and several articles.<ref name="Descent of Mammalian Alpha Globin Chain Sequences Investigated by the Maximum Parsimony Method">{{cite journal | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8nQJdDCuPa4C&dq=John+Barnabas+scientist&pg=PA172 | title=Descent of Mammalian Alpha Globin Chain Sequences Investigated by the Maximum Parsimony Method |author1=John Barnabas |author2=Morris Goodman |author3=G. William Moore | journal=Journal of Molecular Biology | year=1972 | volume=69 | issue=2 | pages=249–278| isbn=9783110800043 | pmid=4627161 | doi=10.1016/0022-2836(72)90229-x| url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Barnabas contributed in the establishment of the department of biochemistry at Ahmednagar College in 1963, when he returned to the college after his post-doctoral stint abroad.<ref name="John Barnabas (1929–1994) - Obituary" /> He served as the councilor of the [[Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres|International Society for the Study of Origin of Life]] from 1980 to 1983 and sat in the scientific advisory committees to the cabinet (1983–85) as well as the [[Department of Biotechnology]] (1990–93).<ref name="Deceased fellow - John Barnabas" /> He was also associated with the research councils of several scientific agencies including the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] and the advisory committee for space sciences of the [[Indian Space Research Organization]]. He was a member of journals such as ''Biotechnology Letters'', ''Science Technology'', ''Indian Journal of Biochemistry & Biophysics'', ''Journal of Biosciences'' and the journals of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] (INSA) and the [[Indian National Science Academy]]. He also served as a member of the INSA council from 1984 to 1986.<ref name="Deceased fellow - John Barnabas" />

== Awards and honors ==
Barnabas was awarded the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards, by the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] in 1974.<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee" /> He received the Sreenivasayya Memorial Award in 1976 and the same year, he was elected by the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] as their fellow.<ref name="IAS Fellows - J. Barnabas">{{cite web | url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Barnabas,_Dr_John | title=IAS Fellows - J. Barnabas | publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences | date=2016 | access-date=19 September 2016}}</ref> Two years later, the [[University Grants Commission of India]] selected him as a National lecturer<ref name="Deceased fellow - John Barnabas" /> and the Indian National Science Academy elected him as their fellow in 1979. In 1983, his project, ''Phylogenetic Systematics Based on Molecular Data sets'', was selected for the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Fellowship]] which he completed in 1985 at the [[National Chemical Laboratory]].<ref name="List of Jawaharlal Nehru Fellows">{{cite web | url=http://www.jnmf.in/flist.html | title=List of Jawaharlal Nehru Fellows | publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund | date=2016 | access-date=19 September 2016}}</ref>

Barnabas, who was a life member of the ''Society of Biological Chemists, India'', presided the organization during 1985–86.<ref name="Past Presidents">{{cite web | url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/sbci/images/SBCpastpresident.pdf | title=Past Presidents | publisher=Society of Biological Chemists, India | date=2016 | access-date=21 September 2016}}</ref> INSA awarded him the Golden Jubilee Commemoration Medal in 1989. He was also a life member of the ''Society for Scientific Values'', a member of the ''Guha Research Conference'', a founder fellow of the ''Maharashtra Association for the Cultivation of Science'' and an elected fellow of the [[Institute of Chemical Technology]] (then known as University Department of Chemical Technology) and the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]].<ref name="NASI Fellows">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasi.org.in/deceased.htm |title=NASI fellows |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |date=2016 |access-date=19 September 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528102550/http://www.nasi.org.in/deceased.htm |archive-date=28 May 2015 }}</ref> The many award orations he delivered included ''Vyas Memorial Award Lectureship'' of the Association of Microbiologists of India (1986) and Salim Ali Memorial Lectureship Award of [[Indian Institute of Science]].<ref name="Deceased fellow - John Barnabas" />

== See also ==
* [[Molecular systematics]]
* [[Evolution]]
{{portal|India|Biology}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web | url=http://www.ncl-india.org/files/AboutNCL/RememberingLeaders.aspx?menuid=ql12 | title=Remembering the Leaders | publisher=National Chemical Laboratory | date=2016 | access-date=21 September 2016}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Biological Science}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barnabas, John}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Biological Science]]
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:1994 deaths]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Evolutionary biologists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Mangalore]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]
[[Category:Savitribai Phule Pune University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru Fellows]]
[[Category:Yale University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Groningen alumni]]
[[Category:ISRO people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]

Sopore Fruit Market

2026-02-22T01:57:00Z

Gstnit: creating new details

{{Orphan|date=January 2025}}
The '''Sopore Fruit Mandi''' is the largest wholesale fruit market in [[Kashmir]] and the second-largest in [[Asia]] after [[Azadpur Mandi]] in [[Delhi]].<ref name="Fayyaz 2018">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/rotten-agents-spoil-the-kashmir-apple-barrel/article4581726.ece|title=Rotten agents spoil the Kashmir apple barrel|last=Fayyaz|first=Ahmed Ali|date=2013-04-05|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-08-10|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Located in [[Sopore]], it serves as a major economic hub for the region, with an estimated annual turnover of around ₹3000 crore.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2016/business/sopore-fruit-mandi-craving-official-attention-2913|title=Sopore Fruit Mandi Craving for Official Attention|date=2016-02-04|work=Kashmir Observer|access-date=2018-08-10|language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
The Sopore Fruit Mandi was established in 1988 by Ghulam Mustafa along with his childhood friend Assadullah sheikh, both local entrepreneurs, to streamline the fruit trade in the [[Kashmir Valley]]. Over the years, it has grown into the primary marketplace for Kashmiri apples, cherries, pears, and walnuts, supplying both domestic and international markets.

== Economic Significance ==
The mandi plays a crucial role in the economy of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], providing livelihoods for thousands of farmers, traders, and laborers. Despite its importance, the market has faced challenges such as inadequate infrastructure and lack of modernization.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://greaterkashmir.com/news/business/sopore-fruit-mandi-in-shambles/|title=Sopore Fruit Mandi in Shambles|date=2020-10-15|work=Greater Kashmir|access-date=2021-05-20}}</ref>

== Operations ==
The market operates year-round but sees peak activity during the apple harvest season (September–November). Traders from across India purchase fruit in bulk, with a significant portion exported to countries like [[Bangladesh]], the [[United Arab Emirates]], and [[Sri Lanka]].

== See also ==
* [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [[Economy of Kashmir]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Retail markets in India]]
[[Category:Economy of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Agriculture in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Sopore]]

2nd Libyan Division (Italy)

2026-02-15T15:05:20Z

Gstnit: further expand formatting per sources additionally and updated info

{{Short description|Infantry division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II}}
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name='''2nd Libyan Division'''
|image=
|caption=
|dates= 1939–1941
| country = {{flag|Kingdom of Italy}}
| branch = {{army|Kingdom of Italy}}
|type=[[Infantry]]
|role=
|size= [[Division (military)|Division]]
|command_structure=
|equipment=

|Past Commanders=
|ceremonial_chief=
|colonel_of_the_regiment=
|notable_commanders=

|identification_symbol=
|identification_symbol_2=

|nickname= ''Pescatori''
|patron=
|motto=
|colors=
|march=
|mascot=
|battles= [[World War II]]
*[[Italian invasion of Egypt]]
*[[Battle of Sidi Barrani]]
|anniversaries=
|decorations=
|battle_honours=
}}

The '''2nd Libyan Division''' ({{langx|it|2ª Divisione libica}}) was an [[infantry]] [[Division (military)|division]] of the [[Royal Italian Army]] during [[World War II]]. In December 1940, the division formed, together with the [[1st CC.NN. Division "23 Marzo"]] and [[2nd CC.NN. Division "28 Ottobre"]], the [[XXIII Army Corps (Italy)|XXIII Army Corps]]. The corps participated in the [[Italian invasion of Egypt]] and was destroyed during the [[Battle of Sidi Barrani]].<ref name="Ufficio Storico">{{cite book |title=Bollettino dell'Archivio dell'Ufficio Storico N.II-3 e 4 2002 |date=2002 |publisher=Ministero della Difesa - Stato Maggiore dell’Esercito - Ufficio Storico |location=Rome |page=356 |url=https://issuu.com/rivista.militare1/docs/bollettino-ii-n.3-4-2002-testo |access-date=2 November 2021}}</ref><ref>Jowett, p.10</ref>

== History ==
On 1 March 1940, the 2nd Libyan Division and [[1st Libyan Division (Italy)|1st Libyan Division]] were formed from existing units in [[Italian Libya]]. Both divisions consisted of Italian officers and local non-commissioned officers and troops. In September 1940 the 2nd Libyan Division participated in the [[Italian invasion of Egypt]]. The original invasion plan of a flanking move through the desert had been modified due to the shortage of transport capacity and so the 1st Libyan Division and 2nd Libyan Division were brought close to the coastal road to be the spearhead for the CC.NN. divisions of XXIII Army Corps. The [[Maletti Group]] would operate as a flank guard.<ref>Macksey, p.38</ref> After entering [[Egypt]] the Italian units stopped and built a series of fortified camps around [[Sidi Barrani]].

The British noted that the Italian camps were dispersed and separated by large distances, which meant they could not support each other if attacked.<ref name="Wav3264"/> Accordingly the plan for [[Operation Compass]] envisioned to defeat the Italians [[Defeat in detail|in detail]] in a five-day raid.<ref>Playfair, p. 264</ref> On 9 December, the 2nd Libyan Division was located at [[Tummar]] and <ref>Macksey, p. 68</ref> the British attack commenced on Tummar began at 13.50, after [[7th Royal Tank Regiment]] had refuelled and re-armed and artillery had softened up the defences for an hour. A north-west approach was made and the tanks broke through the perimeter without much difficulty and were followed by the infantry. However, the defenders put up stronger opposition than at Nibeiwa<ref name=pl>Playfair, p.268</ref> but by 16.00 Tummar West had been overrun, except for the extreme north-east corner.<ref name=pl/> The British tanks then shifted their point of attack to Tummar East, the greater part of which was captured by nightfall.<ref name="Playfair269">Playfair p. 269</ref>

On 10 December, the [[16th Indian Infantry Brigade]] was brought forward from the [[4th Infantry Division (India)|4th Indian Infantry Division]] reserve and with elements of the [[11th Indian Infantry Brigade]] were sent forward to attack [[Sidi Barrani]]. Moving forward it was in position barring the south and south-western exits to Sidi Barrani by 13.30. At 16.00, supported by the whole of the division's artillery, the attack, again with the support of 7th RTR, went in. The town was captured by nightfall<ref name="Wav3264">Wavell in {{London Gazette| issue=37628| date=25 June 1946|page=3264|supp=y}}</ref> and the remains of the two Libyan divisions and the [[4th CC.NN. Division "3 Gennaio"]] were trapped between 16th Infantry Brigade and [[Selby Force]].<ref name="Playfair270">Playfair p. 270</ref> By 15 December, Sollum and Halfya had been captured as well as Fort Capuzzo and all Italian forces had been cleared from Egypt.<ref name="Wav3264"/>
The 2nd Libyan Division lost 26 officers and 1,327 men killed and 32 officers and 804 men wounded, with the survivors being taken prisoner.<ref>USSME, ''La prima offensiva Britannica in Africa Settentrionale'', tomo I, allegato 32 (page 375).</ref> The division was declared lost on 11 December 1940.<ref name="Ufficio Storico"/>

== Organization ==
* '''2nd Libyan Division'''<ref name="Ufficio Storico"/>
** 3rd Libyan Infantry Grouping
*** II Libyan Infantry Battalion "Offella"
*** VI Libyan Infantry Battalion "[[Jafara|Gefara]]"
*** VII Libyan Infantry Battalion "[[Buerat]]"
** 4th Libyan Infantry Grouping
*** XIV Libyan Infantry Battalion "[[Sorman]]"
*** XV Libyan Infantry Battalion "[[Yafran|Tefren]]"
*** XVI Libyan Infantry Battalion "[[ʽAziziya|Aziza]]"
** 2nd Libyan Artillery Grouping
*** I Libyan Artillery Group ([[8 cm FK M. 5|77/28]] field guns)
*** II Libyan Artillery Group (77/28 field guns)
*** 1st Libyan Anti-aircraft Battery ([[Breda Model 35|20/65 mod. 35]] [[anti-aircraft gun]]s)
*** 2nd Libyan Anti-aircraft Battery (20/65 mod. 35 anti-aircraft guns)
** II Libyan Mixed Engineer Battalion
*** 1x Libyan engineer company
*** 1x Libyan telegraph and radio operators company
** 2nd Libyan Anti-tank Company ([[Cannone da 47/32|47/32]] [[anti-tank gun]]s)
** 2nd Libyan Transport Group
** 1x Medical section
** 1x Supply section
** 27th Field Post Office

Attached to the division in Egypt:<ref name="Ufficio Storico"/>
* IX Tank Battalion "L" ([[L3/33]] and [[L3/35]] [[tankette]]s)

== Commanding officers ==
The division's commanding officers were:<ref name="Ufficio Storico"/>

* [[Military ranks of the Kingdom of Italy#Ranks during the Second World War|Generale di Divisione]] [[Armando Pescatori]] (1 March 1940 - 11 December 1940, [[Prisoner of War|POW]])

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|group=nb}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book|author=Jowett, Philip S.|title=The Italian Army 1940-45 (1): Europe 1940-1943|publisher=Osprey, Oxford - New York|year=2000|isbn=978-1-85532-864-8}}
* {{cite book |first=Major Kenneth |last=Macksey |authorlink=Kenneth Macksey |series=Ballantine's Illustrated History of the Violent Century, Battle Book Number 22 |title=Beda Fomm: The Classic Victory |publisher=Ballantine Books |location=New York |year=1971 |isbn=978-0-345-02434-3}}
* {{cite book|title=A Military History of Italy|last=Paoletti |first=Ciro|publisher=Greenwood |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-275-98505-9}}
* {{cite book |first1= I. S. O. |last1=Playfair |author1-link=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair |first2=G. M. S. |last2=Stitt |first3=C. J. C. |last3=Molony |first4=S. E. |last4=Toomer |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=J. R. M. |editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler |series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series |title=The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941) |volume=I |publisher=HMSO |year=1959 |orig-year=1954 |edition=3rd impression |oclc=888934805 |display-authors=1}}



{{Italian Divisions World War II}}

{{Italian colonial empire}}

[[Category:Infantry divisions of Italy in World War II]]
[[Category:Libya in World War II]]
[[Category:Italy–Libya relations]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1939]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1940]]

Baiju Ezhupunna

2026-02-13T18:12:46Z

Gstnit: Added new data!

{{Short description|Indian Malayalam actor and director}}
{{family name hatnote|Ezhupunna|Baiju|Indian name|lang=Toponymic}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Baiju Ezhupunna
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| othername = Ezhupunna Baiju, Baiju Johnson
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1971|03|01|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Alappuzha]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Actor
| parents =
| yearsactive = [[List of Malayalam films of 1991|1991]]-present
| spouse =
| children =
}}

'''Baiju Ezhupunna''' is an Indian actor and film producer who works in [[Malayalam]]-language films. Baiju has worked in films such as ''[[Udayapuram Sulthan]]'' and [[Aaraattu (2022 film)|''Aaraattu'']].<ref>[https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/baiju-ezhupunna/filmography.html/ "''Baiju Ezhupunna ''"]</ref>

==Filmography==
===As actor===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Irikku M.D. Akathundu]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1992 || ''First Bell'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Welcome to Kodaikanal]]'' || ||
|-
| 1995 || ''Boxer'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1997 || ''Ancharakkalyaanam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Hitler Brothers]]'' || Chinna Thambi ||
|-
| ''Vamsam'' || Sunnychan ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1998 || ''[[Manthri Kochamma]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Meenakshi Kalyanam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Kalaapam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Achaammakkuttiyude Achaayan]]'' || Kozhipalli Peter ||
|-
| rowspan=8 | 1999 || ''[[Pathram]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Tokyo Nagarathile Viseshangal]]'' || Irumbukai Mathachan ||
|-
| ''[[My Dear Karady]]'' || Rozario ||
|-
| ''Auto Brothers'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Friends (1999 film)|Friends]]'' || Goonda ||
|-
| ''[[Ezhupunna Tharakan]]'' || Sathyanathan||
|-
| ''[[Udayapuram Sulthan]]'' || Marthandan ||
|-
| ''[[James Bond (1999 film)|James Bond]]'' || Kidnaper ||
|-
| 2001 || ''Magic Lamp'' || Chenkeeri Dhada ||
|-
| 2002 || ''Jameendaar'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2004 || ''[[Vellinakshatram (2004 film)|Vellinakshatram]]'' || SI Sugunan ||
|-
| ''[[Sathyam (2004 film)|Sathyam]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2005 || ''[[Ben Johnson (film)|Ben Johnson]]'' || Thrivikraman ||
|-
| ''[[Udayon]]'' || Lorry Driver Mathai ||
|-
| ''[[Thommanum Makkalum]]'' || S.I. Thankaraj ||
|-
| ''[[Nerariyan CBI]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2006 || ''[[Kilukkam Kilukilukkam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Rashtram]]'' || Stephen ||
|-
| ''[[Pachakuthira]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Thuruppugulan (2006 film)|Thuruppu Gulan]]'' || Rajan ||
|-
| ''[[Keerthi Chakra (film)|Keerthi Chakra]]'' || NSG Commando Siddharthan ||<ref name="manorama"/>
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Evidam Swargamanu]]'' || Joseph ||<ref name="director"/>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2010 || ''[[Pokkiri Raja (2010 film)|Pokkiri Raja]]'' || Chandru ||<ref name="director"/>
|-
| ''[[Oridathoru Postman]]'' || Bhairavan ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2011 || ''[[Traffic (2011 film)|Traffic]]'' || Thanzeer ||<ref name="director"/>
|-
| ''[[Velayudham]]'' || Briefcase Bomber || Tamil film
|-
| 2012 || ''Friday 11.11.11 Alappuzha'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2013 || ''Chewing Gum'' || Sivan ||
|-
| ''Blackberry'' || ||
|-
| ''KQ'' || || Also director<ref name="director"/>
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Salt Mango Tree]]'' || Charlie ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2016 || ''[[School Bus (film)|School Bus]]'' || Jabbar ||
|-
| ''Kolamass'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Shajahanum Pareekuttiyum]]'' || Tony ||
|-
| ''[[Inspector Dawood Ibrahim]]'' || Bank Manager Thomas ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Basheerinte Premalekhanam]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2018 || ''[[Oru Pazhaya Bomb Kadha]]'' || Chekkutty ||
|-
| ''Diary Milk'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kaly (film)|Kaly]]'' || Himself ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 2019 || ''[[Kumbalangi Nights]]'' || Baby's Uncle Tony ||<ref name="director"/>
|-
| ''[[Madhura Raja]]'' || Chandru ||<ref name="manorama"/>
|-
| ''[[Manoharam (2019 film)|Manoharam]]'' || Sudhi ||
|-
| ''[[Ganagandharvan]]'' || Moorthi ||
|-
| ''Oru Kadath Naadan Katha'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mamangam (film)|Mamangam]]'' || Konthi Nair ||
|-
| 2020 || ''Varkey'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2021 || ''Anjam Vedam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Yuvam]]'' || Sabu Vattappara ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2022 || ''[[Aaraattu (2022 film)|Aaraattu]]''|| Chandradas / NIA Officer ||<ref name="manorama">{{Cite web |title=Second time lucky: Interview with Baiju Ezhupunna |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interviews/2022/02/26/interview-with-actor-baiju-ezhupunna.html |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Upacharapoorvam Gunda Jayan]]'' || Solomon ||
|-
| ''[[Visudha Mejo]]'' || Chacko ||
|-
| ''[[Pathonpatham Noottandu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''My Name is Azhagan'' || ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Enthada Saji]]'' || Puthenpurayil Kunjukunju ||
|-
| 2024 || ''Vishesham'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-07-04 |title=Vishesham Trailer: Anand Madhusoodanan and Chinnu Chandni in a comedy entertainer |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jul/04/vishesham-trailer-anand-madhusoodanan-and-chinnu-chandni-in-a-comedy-entertainer |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2026 || ''Koodothram'' || || Also director<ref name="director">{{Cite web |date=2026-01-31 |title=Baiju Ezhupunna's Koodothram gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/Jan/31/baiju-ezhupunnas-koodothram-gets-release-date |access-date=2026-02-01 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=nm1618362|name=Baiju Ezhupunna}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ezhupunna, Baiju}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Malayalam film producers]]
[[Category:1971 births]]

Yadunandan Sharma

2026-02-12T06:20:22Z

Gstnit: updated details

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Yadunandan Sharma
| image = 
| image_size = 
| caption = 
| birth_date = 1896
| birth_place = [[Manjhiyawan]] village, [[Gaya district]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]
| death_date = 1975
| death_place = 
| occupation = Peasant leader, National liberation figure
| known_for = [[Reora Satyagraha]]
| education = B.A. from [[Banaras Hindu University|Benaras Hindu University]]
| alma_mater = [[Banaras Hindu University]]
| movement = [[Civil Disobedience Movement]], [[Kisan movement]]
| spouse = 
| children = 
}}
'''Yadunandan Sharma''' (also spelled '''Jadunandan''') (1896–1975) was an Indian peasant leader and [[liberation movement|national liberation]] figure from the Indian state of [[Bihar]]. He had started a movement for the rights of tillers against the [[zamindars]] and [[United Kingdom|Britishers]] at ''Reora'' celebrated as the ''Reora Satyagraha''.

==Biography==
Yadunandan Sharma was born in a [[Bhumihar]] family in Manjhiyawan village, [[Gaya district]], in 1896.<ref name="Das 1982">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mHt0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT77|pages=77–78
| first = Arvind Narayan
| last = Das
| title = Agrarian Movements in India:Studies on 20th Century Bihar
| publisher = [[Routledge]]
| year = 1982
|isbn=9781317845386
}}</ref> The village was part of the [[Tekari]] [[zamindar]]i. His father died when Sharma was aged three and he had to begin work as a cowherd while very young. This cause him to miss school and it was only in 1914 that, impelled by the desire to become literate, he ran away to [[Benaras]] where he learned the alphabet.

He matriculated in 1919 from Tekari high school and became a teacher for one year in a village school. He worked also as a manager in a zamindari, getting a first hand knowledge of the system. Not happy with it, he again went off to Benaras and joined [[Benaras Hindu University]] and studied until 1929 when he graduated. After his [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] degree, he left education and joined [[Civil Disobedience]] Movement.<ref name="Das 1982"/> He was arrested and sentenced for 16 months in 1930. After being released from jail, he joined the Kisan movement in 1933 and started the famous Sandako and ''Reora Satyagraha'' in the 1930s.<ref name="Das 1982"/> He became the undisputed leader of peasants in the [[Gaya district]] and second in command to the legendary freedom fighter and peasant leader [[Sahajanand Saraswati]]. Most of his life was spent in the [[Neyamatpur]] village in an ashram from where he kept revolting against the British Rule and Zamindari. Pandit Nehru paid a visit to the Ashram in 1936 on a chilling winter night in December to meet him and address a mass gathering of the locals.<ref name="Das 1982"/> He died in 1975.After freedom once he fought election from makhdumpur constituency of gaya district for MLA but he lost.

==Books authored==
* Sharma, Yadunandan, 1947, Bakasht Mahamari Aur Uska Achook Ilaaz (Bakasht Epidemic and its Infalliable Remedy) in [[Hindi]], [[Allahabad]].

==See also==
*[[Mata Badal Koeri]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

Swami and Friends- By Arvind N Das http://www.virginia.edu/soasia/symsem/kisan/papers/swami.html
* http://marxists.anu.edu.au/history/etol/newspape/ni/vol05/no04/sharma.htm
* Peasant Satyagraha of Reora (January 1939) told by its leader Jaduanandan Sharma [Reported by] Sho Kuwajima [researcher and translator]
Peasant Symposium Presentation, May 1997
http://www.virginia.edu/soasia/symsem/kisan/papers/reora.html

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Pandit Yadunandan}}
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Bihar]]
[[Category:Banaras Hindu University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian revolutionaries]]
[[Category:1896 births]]
[[Category:1975 deaths]]

Saiyed Zegham Murtaza

2026-02-10T03:16:03Z

Gstnit: creating a stub

{{Short description|Indian columnist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Saiyed Zegham Murtaza
| image = Saiyed Zegham Murtaza in Doha Education Conference.jpg
| alt = Saiyed Zegham Murtaza in Doha Education Conference
| caption = At Doha Conference on Minority Education, 2018
| birth_name = Saiyed Zegham Murtaza
| birth_place = [[Amroha]], [[India]]
| parents =
| alma mater = [[Aligarh Muslim University]], [http://Faculty%20of%20Social%20Sciences,%20Aligarh%20Muslim%20University Faculty of Social Science]
| occupation = Journalist, blogger, author
| education = M.A (Mass Communication), M.A (Public Administration), LLB.
| years_active = Since 2005
| other_names = Zaigham
}}

'''Saiyed Zegham Murtaza''' an Indian columnist<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/author/1635946/saiyed-zegham-murtaza |title=Saiyed Zegham Murtaza Latest Stories, Exclusive News Articles and Opinions |website=www.nationalheraldindia.com |access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201194829/https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/author/1635946/saiyed-zegham-murtaza |archive-date=1 February 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.navjivanindia.com/author/1636979/saiyd-j-aig-aam-murtj-aa |title=सैयद ज़ैग़म मुर्तज़ा Latest Stories, Exclusive News Articles and Opinions |website=www.navjivanindia.com |access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201192233/https://www.navjivanindia.com/author/1636979/saiyd-j-aig-aam-murtj-aa |archive-date=1 February 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://hindi.asiaville.in/author/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A6-%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%AE%20%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE-486 |title=सैयद ज़ैग़म मुर्तज़ा |website=hindi.asiaville.in |access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201192710/https://hindi.asiaville.in/author/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A6-%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%AE%20%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE-486 |archive-date=1 February 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forwardpress.in/en/author/syed-z-m/ |title=Saiyed Zegham Murtaza सैयद ज़ैग़म मुर्तज़ा – Forward Press |website=www.forwardpress.in |access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202001232/https://www.forwardpress.in/en/author/syed-z-m/ |archive-date=2 December 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and blogger.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thecrediblehistory.com/author/zaigham-murtaza/ |title=Zaigham Murtaza, Author at the Credible History |website=thecrediblehistory.com |access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201193210/https://thecrediblehistory.com/author/zaigham-murtaza/ |archive-date=1 February 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thecompanion.in/author/zaigham|title=Zaigham Murtaza, Author at The Companion|date=29 April 2014 }}</ref> He is the author of [https://web.archive.org/web/20230301210401/https://www.amazon.in/Policenama-Hindi-Zaigham-Murtaza-ebook/dp/B0BWXP5S9Z/ref=sr_1_1?keywords=policenama&qid=1677704519&sr=8-1 Policenama]- Jahan Murde bhi Gawahi dete hain, a book published by the Rajpal and Sons. Also, he has translated the Hindi version of [[Gautam Bhatia (lawyer)|Gautam Bhatia]]'s book "Offend, Shock, or Disturb: Free Speech under the Indian Constitution"<ref>{{cite web |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/offend-shock-or-disturb-9780199460878?cc=ie&lang=en |title=Offend, Shock, or Disturb - Gautam Bhatia - Oxford University Press |website=global.oup.com |access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201193450/https://global.oup.com/academic/product/offend-shock-or-disturb-9780199460878?cc=ie&lang=en |archive-date=1 February 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref> for [[Oxford University Press]]. He has scripted and produced many documentaries. Also, he is the founder of a media production company APZ Media Ventures Private Limited.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.quickcompany.in/director/09419271-zegham-murtaza-saiyed |title=Zegham Murtaza Saiyed (Director) Apz Media Venture | QuickCompany |website=www.quickcompany.in |access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201193608/https://www.quickcompany.in/director/09419271-zegham-murtaza-saiyed |archive-date=1 February 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Early life==

He was born in the city of [[Amroha]] in the district of [[Moradabad]] (now [[Amroha]]) in [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/murtazazaigham1/ |title=Archived copy |website=twitter.com |access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201195734/https://twitter.com/murtazazaigham1/ |archive-date=1 February 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He passed his higher secondary from Meerut Public School Meerut, did his graduation from J.S. Hindu College, [[Amroha]], Master's Degree in Journalism from [[Department of Journalism, AMU, Aligarh]], and LLB. from KGK College, Moradabad. He belongs to the reputed family of [[Sayyid]]s of [[Syed Nagli]]. His father Saiyed Ali Zafar was a trade unionist and a social activist. His Grandfather Maulvi Murtaza Hussain was an ex-Armymen and a Freedom Fighter. One of his uncles [[Naseem uz Zafar Baquiri|Dr. Naseem uz Zafar Baquiri]] is a renowned poet.

==Work==
His journalistic stints include working with [[Rajya Sabha TV|Rajya Sabha Television]], Eenadu Television, [[Hindustan Times]], and Asiaville News. His columns regularly appear in [[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2021/sunday-edition/safe-passages-for-animals.html |title=Safe passages for animals |website=www.dailypioneer.com |access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112204535/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2021/sunday-edition/safe-passages-for-animals.html |archive-date=12 November 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Navjivan (newspaper)|Navjivan]], [[National Herald]], Asiaville News, [[Navbharat Times]], Hindustan times and The Forward Press. Also, he wrote the script of several documentary films, including that of Brigadier Rajinder Singh: The Savior of Kashmir, The Guests of Destiny, Sangharsh etc. He is also an independent voice, supporting the cause of education among Muslims of India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.qatar-tribune.com/news-details/id/123504|title = Minority education in India needs more attention| date=4 May 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://thereports.in/the-reasons-for-the-backwardness-of-the-muslims-are-not-education-but-the-failure-to-deal-with-the-situation-and-the-government-is-ignored/ | title=मुसलमानों के पिछड़ेपन की वजह शिक्षा नहीं हालात से निपटने की नाकामी और सरकारी अनदेखी हैं। | date=January 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiacrime.com/muslim-hindu-india-zaigham-murtaza/ | title=मानसिक ग़ुलामी के चक्रव्यूह से निकलें, वरना गमों की ये रात न लंबी होगी | date=24 April 2020 }}</ref> Recently, he formed a media company, APZ Media Venture Private Limited<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.quickcompany.in/director/09419271-zegham-murtaza-saiyed | title=Zegham Murtaza Saiyed (Director) Apz Media Venture Private Limited }}</ref> along with Aman and Parijat.

== See also ==
* [[List of Indian journalists]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Murtaza, Saiyed Zegham}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian journalists]]
[[Category:People from Amroha]]
[[Category:People from Amroha district]]
[[Category:Writers from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian columnists]]
[[Category:Indian male bloggers]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian Muslim activists]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:1980 births]]

Aroup Chatterjee

2026-02-06T05:48:53Z

Gstnit: Added stub!

{{short description|Indian academic (born 1958)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Aroup Chatterjee
|image = Aroup Chatterjee.jpg
|caption = Chatterjee in 2013
|birth_name =
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1958|06|23}}
|birth_place = [[Ballygunge, Calcutta]], India
|occupation = [[Author]], [[physician]]
|spouse = Zelpha Kittler
|children = 3
}}
'''Aroup Chatterjee''' (born 23 June 1958) is a [[British Indian]] author and [[physician]].<ref name=Crawley>{{cite news |author=Crawley, William |authorlink=William Crawley|title=Mother Teresa: The Final Verdict? |work=BBC |date=26 Aug 2010 |access-date=18 Dec 2015 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/ni/2010/08/mother_teresa_the_final_verdic.html}}</ref> He was born in [[Calcutta]], and moved to the [[United Kingdom]] in 1985. He is the author of the book ''Mother Teresa: The Untold Story'' (originally published as ''Mother Teresa: The Final Verdict''), a work which challenges the widespread regard of [[Mother Teresa]] as a symbol of [[philanthropy]] and selflessness.<ref name=Dutta>{{cite news |url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=176802&sectioncode=40 |title=Saint of the gutters with friends in high places |author-last=Dutta |author-first=Krishna |date=16 May 2003 |work=[[Times Higher Education]] |access-date=4 March 2011}}</ref>

Chatterjee's criticism inspired the documentary ''[[Hell's Angel (documentary)|Hell's Angel]]'' that was shown on [[Channel 4]], a British television channel. The documentary was written by a well-known critic of Mother Teresa, [[Christopher Hitchens]], who co-produced it with journalist and filmmaker [[Tariq Ali]]. Chatterjee and Hitchens were the two [[Devil's advocate]]s, or hostile witnesses to [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic Church]] procedures for the [[beatification]] of Mother Teresa in 2003.<ref name=Crawley/>

==Life and career==

Chatterjee was born in 1958<ref name=nyt2016>{{cite news|last1=Schultz|first1=Kai|title=A Critic's Lonely Quest|work=The New York Times |date=26 August 2016 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/27/world/asia/mother-teresa-critic.html?_r=0|access-date=5 November 2016|ref=nyt2016}}</ref> and raised in the city of [[Calcutta, West Bengal]], India, before moving to the United Kingdom in 1985. In the 1970s and 1980s while studying at [[Calcutta Medical College]] he worked part-time for a left-wing political party campaigning against poverty and later worked at a hospital where he regularly treated patients from the oldest and poorest districts of the city as well as refugees from the civil war with what is now [[Bangladesh]].<ref name=nyt2016/> Later, while living in the [[UK]], he became concerned by the increasingly common portrayal of the widespread destitution and disease in his native Calcutta which stemmed from press reporting of the work of [[Mother Teresa]]. At that point he describes his attitude to Mother Teresa as "If anything, I was positively inclined towards her" although he says he never saw any of her nuns in the slums.<ref name=toi2016>{{cite web|last1=IANS|title=Mother Teresa's sainthood deeply flawed|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Mother-Teresas-sainthood-and-Nobel-Prize-deeply-flawed-says-author-Aroup-Chatterjee-IANS-Interview/articleshow/52761090.cms|website=The Times of India|access-date=5 November 2016}}</ref> However it was this image at odds with his own experience as a doctor in Calcutta that caused him to look more closely at her work and reputation.{{Cquote|text=I was mystified and perturbed. So I wanted to look into it ... still I thought she was a superb lady who was not faultless, but somehow, this image of Calcutta had permeated the world imagery. I thought it was probably a kind of offshoot or a corollary of her image and it was not her doing.<ref name=toi2016/>}}
From the 1990s onwards he began to uncover what he calls a "cult of suffering"<ref name=nyt2016/> which Mother Teresa and her followers in the [[Missionaries of Charity]] were running back in Calcutta supported by her friend [[Pope John Paul II]].<ref name=the2016>{{cite web|last1=Dutta|first1=Krishna|title=Saint of the gutters with friends in high places|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/books/saint-of-the-gutters-with-friends-in-high-places/176802.article|website=Times Higher Education|date=16 May 2003 |access-date=5 November 2016|ref=the2016}}</ref>
In February 1993, Chatterjee sent a proposal for a short documentary to Vanya Del Borgo, associate producer of Bandung Productions which was owned by [[Tariq Ali]].<ref name=moc2016>{{cite web|last1=Gonzales|first1=Hemley|title=Chatterjee and Hemley discuss Mother Teresa|url=https://missionariesofcharity.wordpress.com/2014/01/01/dr-aroup-chatterjee-hemley-gonzalez-discuss-mother-teresa-christopher-hitchens-and-the-negligence-and-fraud-of-the-catholic-nun/|website=missionariesofcharity.wordpress.com|date=January 2014 |access-date=5 November 2016|ref=moc2016}}</ref> The proposal was passed to a [[Channel 4]] commissioner who approved it, and Del Borgo with Chatterjee's proposal began work, approaching journalist and author [[Christopher Hitchens]] to write and present it.<ref name=moc2016/> The documentary became the 1994 film [[Hell's Angel (documentary)|''Hell's Angel'']].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Mehta|first1=Hemant|authorlink=Hemant Mehta|title=Listen to Christopher Hitchens Eviscerate Mother Teresa's Legacy in This 1994 Documentary|url=http://www.patheos.com/blogs/friendlyatheist/2016/09/04/listen-to-christopher-hitchens-eviscerate-mother-teresas-legacy-in-this-1994-documentary/|website=Friendly Atheist|publisher=Patheos|access-date=5 November 2016}}</ref> Chatterjee found the documentary "too sensationalist" and Hitchens went on to write his book [[The Missionary Position: Mother Teresa in Theory and Practice|''The Missionary Position'']].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kinchin|first1=David|title=Book Review: An Unquenchable Thirst|url=http://www.huntingtonnews.net/14635|website=Huntington News|access-date=5 November 2016}}</ref>
Chatterjee spent the next year travelling and interviewing people who had worked closely with Mother Teresa and the Missionaries of Charity and began to campaign against the conditions in Nirmal Hriday, also known as the [[Kalighat Home for the Dying]] in Calcutta.<ref name=nyt2016/> In particular he heard stories of lack of basic hygiene,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Holznagel|first1=Fritz|title=Mother Teresa, the Saint of Calcutta?|url=http://www.who2.com/mother-teresa-is-not-the-saint-of-calcutta-to-dr-aroup-chatterjee/|website=Who2 Biographies|date=30 August 2016 |access-date=5 November 2016|ref=who2016}}</ref> the absence of any pain medication<ref>{{cite web|last1=Gillett|first1=George|title=The West's big lie about Mother Teresa|url=http://www.salon.com/2016/01/03/the_wests_big_lie_about_mother_teresa_her_glorification_of_suffering_instead_of_relieving_it_has_had_little_impact_on_her_glowing_reputation/|website=The Salon|date=3 January 2016 |access-date=5 November 2016|ref=sal2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Bhaumik|first1=Subir|last2=Ganguly|first2=Meenakshi|title=Seeker of Souls|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,138292,00.html?iid=chix-sphere|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |access-date=5 November 2016}}</ref> and the frequent reuse of hypodermic needles.<ref name=nyt2016/>
Chatterjee then began work on a book, eventually released by Meteor Books in 2002 under the original title ''Mother Teresa: The Final Verdict''.<ref>{{cite web|last1=B|first1=Sandeep|title=Is canonising Mother Teresa Vatican's strategy to gain ground in India?|url=http://www.firstpost.com/world/the-problem-with-sainthood-is-canonising-mother-teresa-vaticans-strategy-to-gain-ground-in-india-2687636.html|website=Firstpost.com|date=21 March 2016 |access-date=5 November 2016|ref=fp2016}}</ref> Chatterjee says in addition to the hours of interviews, "I started in pre Internet days and I spent months in libraries in London. I also travelled the world researching it. I followed slum dwellers, beggars, destitute children with a video camera. I interviewed hundreds of people. I stood with video camera outside Teresa's home for hours."<ref name=naw2016>{{cite web|author=NAW Staff|title=NAW Interview with Aroup Chatterjee|url=http://www.new-asian-writing.com/naw-interview-with-aroup-chatterjee/|website=New Asian Writing|access-date=5 November 2016|ref=naw2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110043828/http://www.new-asian-writing.com/naw-interview-with-aroup-chatterjee/|archive-date=10 November 2016}}</ref>

Following the publication of his book, Chatterjee continued to speak out against what he calls the "bogus and fantastic figure" of Mother Teresa,<ref name=gua2016/> acting as [[Devil's advocate]] in the ongoing discourse about her sainthood.

In 2019, Chatterjee moved to Sydney, Australia {{citation needed|date=September 2020}} where he lives with his Irish wife (who was raised as a [[Catholic]]) and their three children, and continues to work as a [[physician]].

==''Mother Teresa: The Untold Story''==

In December 2002 independent publisher Meteor Books, owned by Bhagbat Chakraborty, published Chatterjee's book under the title ''Mother Teresa: The Final Verdict''.<ref name=naw2016/> In 2016 the same book was reissued under a new title, ''Mother Teresa: The Untold Story'' by Fingerprint! publishers after being taken up by literary agent Kanishka Gupta.<ref name=naw2016/> The book covers her life and her rise to fame following the documentary ''[[Something Beautiful for God]]'' by [[Malcolm Muggeridge]], the Calcutta [[Kalighat Home for the Dying|home for the dying]] and the practices of running it,<ref name=gua2016>{{cite news|last1=Sherwood|first1=Harriet|title=Mother Teresa to become saint amid criticism over miracles and missionaries|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/sep/02/mother-teresa-saint-criticism-miracles-missionaries-abortion-suffering-canonisation|website=The Guardian |date=2 September 2016 |access-date=5 November 2016|ref=gua2016}}</ref> the non-consensual death bed [[baptism]]s of [[Hindu]]s and [[Muslims]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Mother Teresa's legacy under cloud as sainthood nears|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1281799|website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|access-date=28 November 2025|agency=[[Agence France-Presse]]|date=3 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Stone|first1=Michael|title=Mother Teresa Brags About Coerced Deathbed Conversions|url=http://www.patheos.com/blogs/progressivesecularhumanist/2016/09/watch-mother-teresa-brags-about-coerced-deathbed-conversions/|website=Progressive Secular Humanist|publisher=Patheos|access-date=5 November 2016}}</ref> the pathetic hygienic practices in the homes run by her,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/books/2016/09/01/mother-teresa-how-saintly-was-the-saint-of-the-gutters-canonisation-aroup-chatterjee-book-the-untold-story|title=Mother Teresa: How Saintly Was the 'Saint of the Gutters'?|website=The Quint |date=September 2016 |access-date=2019-03-10}}</ref> her very limited connections with Kolkata and the masses<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/books/saint-of-the-gutters-with-friends-in-high-places/176802.article|title=Saint of the gutters with friends in high places|date=2003-05-16|website=Times Higher Education |access-date=2019-03-10}}</ref> and the vast amount of financial donations given to the charity but not spent at Nirmal Hriday.<ref name=fi2016>{{cite journal|last1=Cooke|first1=Bill|title=Mother Teresa: The Final Verdict|journal=Free Inquiry|date=2004|volume=24|issue=6|pages=54–55|url=http://reason.org.nz/journal/2004v77n2win.pdf|access-date=5 November 2016}}</ref> He covers her [[Nobel Peace Prize]] and the speech in which she claimed to have saved tens of thousands of destitute people; Chatterjee estimates in his book the real number was 700.<ref name=the2016/> He also writes about the celebrities and the powerful people who had audiences with her, and the controversies surrounding the money she accepted from dictators such as Haitian president [[Jean-Claude Duvalier]], convicted fraudster [[Charles Keating]] and disgraced publisher [[Robert Maxwell]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Campbell|first1=Mícheál|title=It's a sin|url=http://socialistreview.org.uk/281/its-sin|website=Socialist Review|access-date=5 November 2016|ref=sr2016}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The book looks at the worldwide reach of the Missionaries of Charity and examines the available evidence for her financial accounts<ref name=the2016/><ref>{{cite web|last1=Mathews Thomas|first1=Prince|title=Pointing Fingers At Mother Teresa's Heirs|url=https://www.forbes.com/2010/08/10/forbes-india-mother-teresa-charity-critical-public-review.html|website=Forbes|access-date=5 November 2016}}</ref> along with her personal crusade against abortion and contraception.<ref name=gua2016/> He blames the West, especially the United States, for creating her benevolent image as a saviour in the backdrops of a ravaged subcontinent.<ref name=":0" /> The final chapters address her death, funeral and beatification and Chatterjee's own involvement as an official [[Devil's advocate]] or hostile witness and the transcripts of the proceedings.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} Chatterjee sums up his view of Mother Teresa's life's work as: {{Cquote|text=Principally, she was a ... medieval ideologue – who taught that abortion had to be banned at any cost. And any means could serve to achieve that end. That was her.<ref name=moc2016/>}}

=== Critical reception ===
The self-published book has been praised for the content. ''[[Times Higher Education]]'' praised the book as necessary and well-documented, which could have been improved with editing.<ref name=":1" /> ''[[The Irish Times]]'' praised the content and advocated for its wide dissemination in light of its seriousness but noted Chatterjee's personal agenda to have undermined its credibility. It criticized the book for suffering from glaring errors of syntax, missing words, repetitions et al. and for his often contradictory assertions.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/under-the-microscope-1.349069|title=Under the microscope|newspaper=The Irish Times |access-date=2019-03-10}}</ref> A review by [[Tim Challies]] praised the extensive documentation in the book, consisting of multitude of examples, though noting the shoddy organizing, as a result of being self-published.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.challies.com/book-reviews/book-review-mother-teresa-the-final-verdict/|title=Book Review - Mother Teresa: The Final Verdict|last=Challies|first=Tim|date=2005-08-16|website=Tim Challies |access-date=2019-03-10}}</ref> The [[far-left]] ''[[Socialist Review]]'' favourably received it as "a valuable contribution to unmasking the real Teresa".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://socialistreview.org.uk/281/its-sin|title=It's a Sin|website=Socialist Review |access-date=2019-03-10}}</ref>

''[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]'' praised the 2016 reprint as a brutally honest and relentlessly scathing read which gives readers an impartial point of view.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/the-secret-lives-of-saints/cid/1451242|title=The secret lives of saints|website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]|access-date=2019-03-10}}</ref> A review in ''[[The Quint]]'' described it as a disconcerting book that had exhaustive details and consisted of laborious arguments though parts of it did appear to be inarticulate rants and failed to be objective.<ref name=":0" />

==Devil's advocate==

On the path to Mother Teresa's sainthood, a process Chatterjee has described as "a superstitious, black magic ceremony",<ref name=gua2016/> Chatterjee acted as one of two official [[Devil's advocate]]s during the process of her beatification in 2003, the other being [[Christopher Hitchens]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Crawley|first1=William|title=Will and Testament|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/ni/2010/08/mother_teresa_the_final_verdic.html|website=BBC|access-date=7 November 2016|ref=bbc2016}}</ref> In order to begin the requirements of beatification, the first step on the way to [[Canonisation|sainthood]], the Catholic Church was required to announce a first miracle ascribed to Mother Teresa, which it did on 1 December 2002, the alleged miraculous cure of [[Monica Besra]] of a cyst caused by [[tuberculosis]].<ref name=nyt22016/> Chatterjee pointed out the cure was a result of medical treatment Besra received from superintendent of the [[Balurghat]] Hospital and not the placing of metal jewellery on her body.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} His position was also confirmed by her doctor Ranjan Mustafi, speaking of the nine months of drugs and treatment he provided: "I've said several times that she was cured by the treatment."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gowen|first1=Annie|title=The Vatican believes Mother Teresa cured this woman|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/the-vatican-believes-mother-teresa-cured-this-woman-but-was-it-a-miracle/2016/09/01/83664464-6e12-11e6-993f-73c693a89820_story.html|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=7 November 2016|ref=wp2016}}</ref> Initially both Besra<ref name=toi2016/> and her husband called the miracle "a hoax",<ref>{{cite web|last1=Orr|first1=David|authorlink=David Orr (journalist)|title=Medicine cured 'miracle' woman – not Mother Teresa, say doctors|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/1443320/Medicine-cured-miracle-woman-not-Mother-Teresa-say-doctors.html|website=The Telegraph|date=5 October 2003 |access-date=7 November 2016}}</ref> as did [[Prabir Ghosh]] from the Kolkata Humanist Association, who runs a programme raising awareness of holy men who dupe ordinary Indians into paying for supposed miracle cures.<ref name=nyt22016>{{cite news|last1=Rohde|first1=David|authorlink=David S. Rohde|title=Her Legacy: Acceptance And Doubts Of a Miracle|work=The New York Times |date=20 October 2003 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/20/world/her-legacy-acceptance-and-doubts-of-a-miracle.html|access-date=7 November 2016}}</ref> During the process, the Catholic Church allows consultation with doubters where the miracle is contested. In his book, Chatterjee details his deposition to the committee, his correspondence with the official [[postulator]] [[Brian Kolodiejchuk]], and the transcripts of his questions and answers.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chatterjee|first1=Aroup|title=Mother Teresa: The Untold Story|date=2016|publisher=Fingerprint!|isbn=978-8175993310}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Criticism of Mother Teresa]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.socialistreview.org.uk/article.php?articlenumber=8744 Review of Chatterjee book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100108090712/http://www.socialistreview.org.uk/article.php?articlenumber=8744 |date=8 January 2010 }} in the ''[[Socialist Review]]''
* [http://newhumanist.org.uk/622 Maternal Neglect] – Review of ''Mother Teresa: The Final Verdict'' by Latha Menon
* [https://twitter.com/aroupchatterjee Aroup Chatterjee Twitter page]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chatterjee, Aroup}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Critics of the Catholic Church]]
[[Category:English atheists]]
[[Category:English people of Bengali descent]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to England]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:British people of Bengali descent]]

Seven (2023 TV series)

2026-02-05T22:28:01Z

Gstnit: creating details

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Seven 2023 TV series.jpg
| image_size =
| genre = [[Crime thriller]]
| writer = [[Anjan Dutt]]
| director = [[Anjan Dutt]]
| starring = [[Anjan Dutt]] [[Gaurav Chakrabarty]] [[Ridhima Ghosh]] [[Rahul Banerjee (actor)|Rahul]] [[Ankita Chakraborty]] Suprobhat Das
| music = [[Neel Dutt]]
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 7
| executive_producer = Neel Dutt
| producer = Anjan Dutt
| cinematography = Pravatendu Mondal
| editor = Arghyakamal Mitra
| runtime =
| company = Anjan Dutt Production
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|03|17}}
}}
'''''Seven''''' is a 2023 Bengali [[Crime fiction|crime thriller]] web series starring [[Rahul Banerjee (actor)|Rahul Arunoday Banerjee]], [[Gaurav Chakrabarty]], [[Ridhima Ghosh]], Suprobhat Das, Ankita Chakraborty and [[Anjan Dutt]] in key roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rahul Arunodoy Banerjee on Seven: Anjanda has a deep influence on our generation |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/rahul-arunodoy-banerjee-on-seven-anjan-dutt-has-a-deep-influence-on-our-generation/e00f930b48250 |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=18 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318072512/https://www.ottplay.com/news/rahul-arunodoy-banerjee-on-seven-anjan-dutt-has-a-deep-influence-on-our-generation/e00f930b48250 |url-status=live }}</ref> Anjan also wrote and directed the series,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anjan Dutt Exclusive আসন্ন ওয়েব সিরিজ সেভেন নিয়ে আড্ডায় অঞ্জন |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bengali/west-bengal/videos/entertainment/exclusive-interview-of-anjan-dutt-over-his-series-seven/wb20230313192102541541546 |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=bn}}</ref> and it features music scored by [[Neel Dutt]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title=Anjan Dutt’s web series ‘Seven’ to feature Rahul Arunoday Banerjee, Gaurav Chakraborty and Ridhima Ghosh |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/anjan-dutts-web-series-seven-to-feature-rahul-arunoday-banerjee-gaurav-chakraborty-and-ridhima-ghosh/articleshow/96204121.cms |access-date=2023-03-17 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=18 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318072511/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/anjan-dutts-web-series-seven-to-feature-rahul-arunoday-banerjee-gaurav-chakraborty-and-ridhima-ghosh/articleshow/96204121.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=গান বানাতে নচিকেতার দুয়ারে অঞ্জন, যুগলবন্দি নিয়ে মুখ খুললেন নীল দত্ত |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/tv-news/nachiketa-chakraborty-created-song-for-anjan-dutt-thriller-series-seven-neel-dutt-shares-experience/articleshow/98582616.cms |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=[[Ei Samay Sangbadpatra]] |language=bn |archive-date=18 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318072514/https://eisamay.com/entertainment/tv-news/nachiketa-chakraborty-created-song-for-anjan-dutt-thriller-series-seven-neel-dutt-shares-experience/articleshow/98582616.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> cinematography by Pravatendu Mondal, and editing by [[Arghyakamal Mitra]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Seven Web Series (2023) |url=https://www.gadgets360.com/entertainment/seven-web-series-116292 |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=Gadgets 360 |language=en}}</ref> Set in a misty hill station, Seven follows five friends on a trip. Uncovering a bag containing dollars and a gun, the friends soon find themselves entangled in a thrilling mystery.<ref>{{Cite web |title=মেঘে ঢাকা পাহাড়ে ঘুরতে ঘুরতে ডলার ভর্তি ব্যাগ পেল পাঁচ বন্ধু, তারপর ... |url=https://eisamay.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/anjan-dutta-thriller-series-seven-starring-gourav-riddhima-will-be-released-on-17-march-in-zee5/photoshow/98584378.cms |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=Eisamay |language=bn |archive-date=18 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318072511/https://eisamay.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/anjan-dutta-thriller-series-seven-starring-gourav-riddhima-will-be-released-on-17-march-in-zee5/photoshow/98584378.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ananda |first=A. B. P. |date=2023-03-13 |title=পাহাড়ে ঘুরতে গিয়ে ব্যাগ ভর্তি টাকা পেলেন গৌরব, ঋদ্ধিমা, অঞ্জনেরা! তারপর? |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/web-series-seven-anjan-dutts-web-series-seven-will-released-at-17-march-know-more-about-this-series-962842 |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=bengali.abplive.com |language=bn |archive-date=18 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318072519/https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/web-series-seven-anjan-dutts-web-series-seven-will-released-at-17-march-know-more-about-this-series-962842 |url-status=live }}</ref> The series premiered on [[ZEE5]] on 17 March 2023.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Anjan Dutt returns with ‘Seven’, promises a ‘broader picture of friendship, betrayal, lies and human vices’ |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/bengali/anjan-dutt-returns-with-seven-promises-a-broader-picture-of-friendship-betrayal-lies-and-human-vices/articleshow/98623843.cms |access-date=2023-03-17 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Five friends - Subir, Bibek, Ananto, Namita and Ria - embark on a leisure trip to LAVA homestay. On their journey, they stumble upon a bike accident with a bag full of money and a gun. Subir takes the bag, hoping it will solve all their troubles. But the bag and gun soon cause a heated disagreement between them.<ref name=":0" />

== Cast ==
* [[Anjan Dutt]] as Raj Basu
* [[Gaurav Chakrabarty]] as Bibek
* [[Ridhima Ghosh]] as Namita
* [[Rahul Banerjee (actor)|Rahul Arunoday Banerjee]] as Subir
* Suprobhat Das as Ananta
* [[Ankita Chakraborty]] as Riya

== Development ==

=== Production ===
The series is produced under the Anjan Dutt Production banner.<ref name=":1" />

=== Release ===
In early 2022, [[ZEE5]] announced a slate of Bengali series and films, with Seven being one of them.<ref>{{cite news |title=Aha Naa Pellanta Web Series: రాజ్‌త‌రుణ్‌, శివాని రాజ‌శేఖ‌ర్ అహ నా పెళ్ళంట వెబ్‌సిరీస్ స్ట్రీమింగ్ డేట్ ఇదే |publisher=[[Hindustan Times Telugu]] |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/aha-naa-pellanta-web-series-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-this-raj-tarun-romantic-drama-series-121668338506877.html |access-date=16 January 2023 |archive-date=16 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116114032/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/aha-naa-pellanta-web-series-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-this-raj-tarun-romantic-drama-series-121668338506877.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-05-09 |title=Streaming platform ZEE5 announces slate of over 80 titles for 2022 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/streaming-platform-zee5-announces-slate-of-over-80-titles-for-2022/article65397369.ece |access-date=16 January 2023 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=11 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111153534/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/streaming-platform-zee5-announces-slate-of-over-80-titles-for-2022/article65397369.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-11 |title=OTT platform Zee5 announces 2022 lineup including Taj, Kashmir Files, Jhund, Pitchers 2, Tripling, Nilamellam Ratham |url=https://tech.hindustantimes.com/tech/news/ott-platform-zee5-announces-2022-lineup-including-taj-kashmir-files-jhund-pitchers-2-tripling-nilamellam-ratham-71652259246196.html |access-date=16 January 2023 |website=HT Tech |language=en |archive-date=13 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113064611/https://tech.hindustantimes.com/tech/news/ott-platform-zee5-announces-2022-lineup-including-taj-kashmir-files-jhund-pitchers-2-tripling-nilamellam-ratham-71652259246196.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 11 March 2023, ZEE5 unveiled the first look trailer of Seven depicting five friends on a hilly journey that quickly turns awry after an accident. The unexpected event leaves them with a dead body, a gun, and a bag of money.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anjan Dutt’s ‘Seven’ is about a road trip gone wrong |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/try-this/watch/trailer-for-zee5-web-series-seven-directed-by-anjan-dutt-shows-a-road-trip-gone-wrong/cid/1921607 |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |archive-date=18 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318073523/https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/try-this/watch/trailer-for-zee5-web-series-seven-directed-by-anjan-dutt-shows-a-road-trip-gone-wrong/cid/1921607 |url-status=live }}</ref>

This seven-episode series started streaming on ZEE5 from 17 March 2023.<ref name=":0" />
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=27055606}}
* ''[https://www.zee5.com/web-series/details/seven/0-6-4z5322929 Seven]'' on [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:Bengali-language web series]]
[[Category:2023 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Crime thriller web series]]
[[Category:2023 Bengali-language web series]]

Devikulam taluk

2026-02-03T20:12:26Z

Gstnit: creating the bio w/ infobox

{{short description|Tehsil in Kerala, India}}
{{about|the Taluk Devikulam |the Village|Devikulam}}
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{use Indian English|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Devikulam taluk
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Taluk
| image_skyline = Munnar - views from Munnar (32).jpg
| image_alt = right
| image_caption = Echo point, Munnar
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10.0667|N|77.1073|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Idukki district|Idukki]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1306.09
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 177,621
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English<ref>{{cite web |title=The Kerala Official Language (Legislation) Act, 1969 |url=http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/kerala/1969/1969KERALA7.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911111246/http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/kerala/1969/1969KERALA7.pdf|url-status=usurped|archive-date=11 September 2014}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Kerala |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10209/download/13321/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-3200.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 685613
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 04865
| registration_plate = KL 68
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Idukki (Lok Sabha constituency)|Idukki]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Devikulam (State Assembly constituency)|Devikulam]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Devikulam''' taluk is one of the 5 taluks in [[Idukki district]] of the Indian state of [[Kerala]]. Devikulam taluk comprises 13 [[village]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://idukki.nic.in/revenue/|title=Revenue | District Idukki, Government of Kerala | India}}</ref>

==Constituent Villages==
Devikulam taluk has 13 villages:
[[Anaviratty]], [[Kannan Devan Hills]], [[Kanthalloor]], [[Keezhanthoor]], [[Kottakamboor]], [[Kunchithanny]], [[Mankulam (Kerala)|Mankulam]], [[Mannamkandam]], [[Marayoor]], [[Munnar]], [[Pallivasal]], [[Vattavada]] and [[Vellathuval]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://idukki.nic.in/revenue/|title=Revenue | District Idukki, Government of Kerala | India}}</ref>

==Demographics==
As of [[2011 Census of India|2011 Census]], Devikulam taluk had a population of 177,621 which constitutes 89,040 males and 88,581 females. Devikulam taluk spreads over an area of {{cvt|1052.09|km2}} with 45,480 families residing in it. Population in the age group 0-6 was 17,091 (9.6%). Devikulam taluk had overall literacy of 86.29%. The male literacy rate stands at 90.85% and the female literacy rate was 81.72%.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kerala |first1=Directorate of Census Operations |title=District Census Handbook, Idukki |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala |location=Thiruvananthapuram |page=52,53 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3209_PART_B_IDUKKI.pdf |access-date=14 July 2020}}</ref>

===Languages===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="line-height:20px;text-align:center;"
|+Distribution of Language by Division of Travancore (1881)<ref name="r1881"/>
|-
| style="background:Orange;"|[[List of districts of Kerala|'''Name of Division''']]
| style="background:Red;"|[[Malayalam|'''Malayalam (%)''']]
| style="background:Green;"|[[Tamil language|'''Tamil (%)''']]
|-
! [[Padmanabhapuram]] Division
| '''11.24'''
| '''88.03'''
|-
! [[Thiruvananthapuram]] Division
| '''87.05'''
| '''12.09'''
|-
! [[Kollam|Quilon]] Division
| '''92.42'''
| '''6.55'''
|-
! [[Kottayam|Cottayam]] Division
| '''95.19'''
| '''3.65'''
|-
! [[Devikulam|Devicolam]] Division
| '''36.18'''
| '''59.14'''
|}

Until the late 1940s, [[Devikulam]] and [[Peermade]] had a slight [[Tamils|Tamil]] majority. Following the States Reorganisation Act of 1956, a colonization project initiated by [[Pattom Thanu Pillai]] was implemented to change the demographics by relocating Malayalam-speaking families, ensuring the region remained with the new state of Kerala.

As per 2011 census [[Malayalam]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] are the most widely spoken languages in Devikulam taluk.And most of the Malayalis and Tamils are proficient in both languages.

{{bar box
| title = Languages in Devikulam taluk<ref name="Language">{{cite web |title=Census of India - Language |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html |website= censusindia.gov.in |access-date= 17 April 2020}}</ref>
| titlebar = #FCD116
| left1 = Language
| right1 = Speakers
| float = right
| bars =
{{bar percent|[[Malayalam]]|red|55.1}}
{{bar percent|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]|blue|
44.1}}
{{bar percent|Others|green|0.78}}
| caption = Distribution of languages 
{{small|Source: 2011 Census}}
}}

===Religions===
Devikulam taluk constitutes major chunk of Hindus and Christians followed by Muslims and other minorities.
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right | caption = '''Religions in Devikulam subdistrict'''<ref name=census2011>{{cite web |title=Religion – Kerala, Districts and Sub-districts |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW32C-01%20MDDS.XLS |work=Census of India 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General}}</ref>
| value1 = 63.21
| label1 = Hinduism
| color1 = Orange
| value2 = 30.5
| label2 = Christianity
| color2 = dodgerblue
| value3 = 6.08
| label3 = Islam
| color3 = green
| value4 = 0.01
| label4 = Sikh
| color4 = brown
| value5 = 0.17
| label5 = Not stated
| color5 = black
| value6 = 0.01
| label6 = Buddhism
| color6 = yellow
| value7 = 0.01
| label7 = Jainism
| color7 = red
| value8 = 0.02
| label8 = Other
| color8 = grey
}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Taluks of Kerala]]

Mulanthuruthy

2026-01-22T17:09:09Z

Gstnit: added info

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mulanthuruthy
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Suburb
| image_skyline = Mulanthuruthymarthomanchurch.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|9|54|3|N|76|23|24|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 25852
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 682314
| registration_plate = KL39
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Mulanthuruthy''', also spelt '''Mulamthuruthy''', is a south-eastern suburb of the city of [[Kochi]] in [[Kerala]], [[India]]. The historic [[St. Thomas Orthodox Cathedral, Mulanthuruthy|Marthoman church]] is located here. [[Chottanikkara Temple]] is situated nearby Mulanthuruthy.
[[File:Mulanthuruthy Jacobite Church.jpg|thumb|St. Thomas Jacobite Syrian Church, Mulanthuruthy, The Largest Parish of Mulanthuruthy.]]

==Location==
It is about 15 km southeast of Kochi city centre and around 8 km east of [[Tripunithura]]. Mulanthuruthy is accessible by road from [[Kanjiramattom]] (5 km), [[Piravom]] (13 km), Tripunithura, and Ernakulam. It is situated on the banks of the [[Kerala Backwaters|Cochin Backwaters]], part of the [[Vembanad Lake]]. A minor distributary of the [[Muvattupuzha|Muvattupuzha River]] passes through Mulanthuruthy.

Mulanthuruthy Railway Station is the local railhead. [[Cochin International Airport]] is the nearest airport.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]], Mulamthuruthy had a population of 25852 with 12709 males and 13,143 females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mulamthuruthy Census Town City Population Census 2011-2025 {{!}} Kerala |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/628018-mulamthuruthy-kerala.html |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/P|title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above|publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=2008-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208044522/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx|archive-date=2008-12-08|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.maplandia.com/india/cochin/buildings/river-land-in-mulanthuruthy/ Satellite map of Mulanthuruthy]

{{Ernakulam district}}
[[Category:Villages in Ernakulam district]]

Cinema Express Award for Best Film – Tamil

2026-01-01T11:49:10Z

Gstnit: fixed issues

{{Short description|Indian film award}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
The '''Cinema Express Best Film Award''' is given as a part of its annual [[Cinema Express Awards]] for [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ([[Kollywood]]) films.<ref name="Anandan">{{cite book|last=‘Film News'|first=Anandan|title=Sadhanaigal Padaitha Thamizh Thiraipada Varalaru (Tamil Film History and Its Achievements)|year=2004|publisher=Sivagami Publications|pages=738}}</ref>

==Winners==
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:blue;"
! Year
! Film
! Producer
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Kannathil Muthamittal]]'' || [[Mani Ratnam]]
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Aanandham]]'' || [[R. B. Choudary]]
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 2000 || ''[[Kandukondain Kandukondain]]'' || [[Kalaipuli S. Thanu]] and [[A. M. Rathnam]]
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Sethu (film)|Sethu]]'' || A. Kandasamy
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 1998 || ''[[Unnidathil Ennai Koduthen]]''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.indianexpress.com/Storyold/112784/ | title=Cinema Express awards presented | date=August 1999 }}</ref> || [[K. Muralidharan]] V.Swaminathan
G.Venugopal
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Surya Vamsam (1997 film)|Surya Vamsam]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19980824/23650774.html |title=''Cinema Express'' awards presented |website=www.indianexpress.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012164116/http://indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19980824/23650774.html |archive-date=2007-10-12}} </ref> ''[[Porkkaalam]]'' || [[R. B. Choudary]] V. Gnanavelu
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 1996 || ''[[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]]'' ''[[Kadhal Kottai]]'' || [[A. M. Rathnam]] Sivasakthi Pandian
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Bombay (1995 film)|Bombay]]'' ''[[Kuruthipunal (film)|Kuruthipunal]]'' || [[Mani Ratnam]] [[Kamal Haasan]]
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 1994 || ''[[Nattamai]]'' || [[R. B. Choudary]]
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Kizhakku Cheemayile]]'' || [[Kalaipuli S. Thanu]]
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 1992 || ''[[Thevar Magan]]''|| [[Kamal Haasan]]
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Chinna Thambi]]'' || K. Balu
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 1990 || ''[[Anjali (1990 film)|Anjali]]'' || [[Mani Ratnam]], [[G. Venkateswaran]]
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Apoorva Sagodharargal (1989 film)|Apoorva Sagodharargal]]'' || [[Kamal Haasan]]
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 1988 || ''[[Agni Natchathiram]]'' || [[Mani Ratnam]], [[G. Venkateswaran]]<ref>{{Citation|author=Express News Service|title=Cinema Express readers choose Agni Nakshathiram|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=1989-03-11|accessdate=2016-10-03|page=4|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19910222&printsec=frontpage}}</ref>
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Nayakan]]'' || [[G. Venkateswaran]]
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 1986 || ''[[Samsaram Adhu Minsaram]]'' || [[AVM Productions]]
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Muthal Mariyathai]]'' || [[Bharathiraja]]
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 1984 || ''[[Sirai (1984 film)|Sirai]]'' || V. Mohan Chandran
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Mundhanai Mudichu]]'' || [[AVM Productions]]
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 1982 || ''[[Moondram Pirai]]'' || G. Thyagarajan
|-
| 1981 || ''[[Thanneer Thanneer]]'' || P. R. Govindarajan Duraisamy
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 1980 || ''[[Oru Thalai Ragam]]'' || E. M. Ibrahim
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cinema Express Award for Best Film - Tamil}}
[[Category:Awards for best film]]
[[Category:Cinema Express Awards]]
[[Category:Indian Express Limited]]

Daan Utsav

2025-12-26T23:58:16Z

Gstnit: creating first details from scratch.

[[File:DaanUtsav Logo.png|thumb|Logo of '''DaanUtsav'''- the Joy of Giving Week]]
'''Daan Utsav''' was formerly known as '''The Joy of Giving Week'''.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sen|first1=Somit|title=For these drivers, joy of giving matters more than making money|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/For-these-drivers-joy-of-giving-matters-more-than-making-money/articleshow/42132361.cms|accessdate=11 September 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|agency=TNN|date=September 10, 2014}}</ref> The Joy of Giving Week (JGW) is celebrated every year<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/53EXLuxELgyGRgbXdiT8qJ/Celebrating-the-joy-of-giving.html|title=Celebrating the joy of giving|last=Livemint|date=2014-10-03|work=livemint.com/|access-date=2017-09-19}}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}} covering [[Gandhi Jayanti]] by engaging people through ''"acts of giving"'' - money, time, resources and skills - spanning the corporate, NGO and government sectors, schools, colleges and the general public.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/giveindia-announces/joygiving-week//359974/ |title=GiveIndia Announces the 'Joy of Giving Week' |newspaper=Business Standard India | date=2009-06-03 |publisher=[[Business Standard]]|last1=Kumar |first1=Abhineet }}</ref> Originally called "India Giving Week", the name "Joy of Giving Week" was made up by the ad agency, Euro RSCG India.<ref name="autogenerated8">{{cite web|url=http://www.afaqs.com/perl/news/company_briefs/index.html?id=41507 |title=Euro RSCG supports GiveIndia's 'Joy of Giving Week' |date=2009-07-06 |publisher=Afaqs |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320014852/http://www.afaqs.com/perl/news/company_briefs/index.html?id=41507 |archivedate=2012-03-20 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190117043609/https://daanutsav.co/ Joy of Giving Week]

{{morecat|date=August 2024}}
[[Category:Annual events in India]]

2020–21 Calcutta Women's Football League

2025-12-16T05:53:45Z

Gstnit: Added new pg!

{{Multiple issues|
{{more footnotes needed|date=August 2022}}
{{Lead too short|date=September 2022}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox football league season
| competition = [[Kanyashree Cup|Calcutta Women's Football League]]
| season = 2020–21
| dates = Final Round -30 November 2020
| premiers = SSB Women's (3rd title)
| promoted =
| matches footnote =
| average goals =
| highest scoring = Maitri Sangha 24–0 Biddut FC
|prevseason = [[2019 Calcutta Women's Football League|2019]]
|nextseason = [[2021–22 Calcutta Women's Football League|2021–22]]
}}
'''2020–21 [[Kanyashree Cup|Calcutta Women's Football League]]''' was the 25th season of the Calcutta Women's Football League, also known as the Kanyashree Cup.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Women's Division|url=https://ifawb.org/kanyashree-cup-19-20/|website=ifawb.org|access-date=21 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Calcutta Women's Football League|url=https://theawayend.co/calcutta-womens-football-league/|access-date=8 November 2022|website=The Away End}}</ref> SSB Women's won their third title in the edition.<ref name="cwfl">{{Cite web|title=IFA (WB) WOMEN LEAGUE 2019-20|url=https://kolkatafootball.com/ifa_women_league_2019-20/ifa_women_result.html|access-date=8 November 2022|website=kolkatafootball.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305101232/https://kolkatafootball.com/ifa_women_league_2019-20/ifa_women_result.html|archive-date=5 March 2021}}</ref>

== Teams ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Sl.
!Teams
!Sl.
!Teams
|-
|1.
|SSB Women's Club
|13
|Maitri Sangha
|-
|2.
|WB Police
|14
|Police AC
|-
|3
|Youth Footballers WA
|15
|Rampur Milan Sangha
|-
|4
|GC Roy Memorial FC
|16
|Bally Gramanchal FC
|-
|5
|Sorojini Naidu Club
|17
|J.B. Pur WFA
|-
|6
|Manik Football CC
|18
|Chandney SC
|-
|7
|Biddut FC
|19
|Behala Aikya Sammilani
|-
|8
|Dumdumi Adivashi TBS
|20
|[[Sreebhumi FC]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.arunfoot.com/odisha-police-share-spoils-with-sreebhumi-fc-to-end-iwl-campaign/|title=Odisha Police share spoils with Sreebhumi FC to end IWL campaign!|date=2020-02-07|website=Arunava about Football|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-02-15}}</ref>
|-
|9
|[[East Bengal F.C. (women)|East Bengal FC]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thebengalstory.com/english/east-bengal-forms-womens-football-team-but-mohun-bagan-not-enthusiastic-enough/|title=East Bengal forms women's football team, but Mohun Bagan not enthusiastic enough|date=2019-10-23|website=The Bengal Story - English|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-07}}</ref>
|21
|Jubak Sangha
|-
|10
|Dipti Sangha
|22
|Akhil Bharatiya AVP
|-
|11
|Vangar SWF
|
|
|-
|12
|Innovation FCC
|
|
|}

==Group A==
=== Table ===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group A
|update= complete
|source= IFA


|team1 =SSB
|team2 =MAN
|team3 =WBP
|team4 =SORO
|team5 =DUM
|team6 =YOU
|team7 =RMS
|team8 =GCR

|result1=Q |result2=Q


|win_SSB=6 |draw_SSB=0 |loss_SSB=0 |gf_SSB=50 |ga_SSB=2 
|win_DUM=1 |draw_DUM=0 |loss_DUM=2 | gf_DUM=3 | ga_DUM=25 
|win_WBP=3 |draw_WBP= |loss_WBP=1 | gf_WBP=17 | ga_WBP=3 
|win_RMS=0 |draw_RMS=0 |loss_RMS=4 |gf_RMS=5 |ga_RMS=25 
|win_YOU=0 |draw_YOU=0 | loss_YOU=1 | gf_YOU=0 |ga_YOU=11 
|win_GCR=0 |draw_GCR=0 |loss_GCR =3 |gf_GCR=0 | ga_GCR=25 
|win_MAN=3 |draw_MAN=0 |loss_MAN =1 |gf_MAN=27 | ga_MAN=11 
|win_SORO=1 |draw_SORO=0 |loss_SORO=2 |gf_SORO=7 |ga_SORO=7 


|name_SSB=SSB Women's
|name_DUM=Dumdumi ATBS
|name_WBP=WB Police
|name_RMS=Rampur MS
|name_YOU=Youth WA
|name_GCR=GC Roy Memorial
|name_MAN=Manik Football CC
|name_SORO=Sorojini Naidu

|show_limit=8
|class_rules = 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots


|res_col_header=Q
|col_Q=green1 |text_Q=[[2020 Calcutta Women's League season#Knock–out stage|Knock-out stage]]
}}
</onlyinclude>

=== Matches ===

{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2020|2|3|df=y}}
|time= 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= WB Police
|score= 0–2
|report=
|team2= SSB Women's FC
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium= East Bengal Ground
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2020|2|6|df=y}}
|time= 14:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= Rampur Milan Sangha
|score= 1–2
|report=
|team2= Dumdumi Adivashi TBS
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium= SSB 63 Battalion Ground
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2020|2|11|df=y}}
|time= 14:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=W.B. Police SC
|score= 8–0
|report=
|team2= Rampur MS
|goals1=* S.Maity(×5)
* N.Murmu
* M.Sana
* B.Dolui
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2020|2|11|df=y}}
|time= 14:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=SSB Women's FC
|score= 16–0
|report= http://kolkatafootball.com/ifa_women_league_2019-20/ifa_women_result.html#women_13feb
|team2= Dudumi Adibasi TBS
|goals1=* Anju
* Kummri
* A.Bala Debi(×2)
* Khossehb
* S.Marandi
* Monika(×2)
* S.Chanu
* [[Sangita Basfore]](×4)
* R.Debi(×2)
* S. Mandi
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2020|2|12|df=y}}
|time= 14:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=Manik F.C.C
|score= 11–0
|report=
|team2= Youth Footballers WA
|goals1=* S.Khatun(×2)
* S.Mahato(×2)
* A.Khatun(×4)
* S.Mondal(×2)
* A.Sammader
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2020|2|13|df=y}}
|time= 14:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=Sorojini Naidu OSC
|score= 6–0
|report=
|team2= G.C. Roy M.F.
|goals1=* Singo Murmu(×3)
* Sangeeta Mahato(×3)
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2020|2|29|df=y}}
|time= 14:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= W.B Police SC
|score= 8–1
|report=
|team2= Dumdumi Adibasi TBS
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2020|2|29|df=y}}
|time= 14:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=SSB Women's FC
|score= 9–1
|report=
|team2= Rampur MS
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}

{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2020|3|1|df=y}}
|time= 14:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=MANIK FOOTBALL FC
|score= 10–0
|report=
|team2= G.C.Roy Memorial FC
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2020|3|4|df=y}}
|time= 14:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= SSB Women's FC
|score= 6–1
|report=
|team2= Sorojini Naidu OSC
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2020|3|4|df=y}}
|time= 14:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= WB. Police SC
|score= 9–1
|report=
|team2= Manik FCC
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2020|3|6|df=y}}
|time= 14:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= SSB Women FC
|score= 8–0
|report=
|team2= Manik FCC
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2020|3|7|df=y}}
|time= 14:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= WB Police SC
|score= 1–0
|report=
|team2= Sorojini Naidu OSC
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2020|3|13|df=y}}
|time= 14:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= SSB Women's FC
|score= 9–0
|report=
|team2= G. C. Roy MFC
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2020|3|13|df=y}}
|time= 14:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= Rampur MS
|score= 3–6
|report=
|team2= Manick FCC
|goals1=* Saraswati Soren
* Baishakhi Das
* Sushama Mandi
|goals2=* Suparna Mondal(×2)
* Jhuma Samaddar(×2)
* Shenawaz
* Barna Khatun
|stadium=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}

==Group B==
=== Table ===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group B
|update= complete
|source= IFA


|team1=EB
|team2=PAC
|team3=DIP
|team4=MS
|team5=INV
|team6=BHA
|team7=BID


|win_DIP=3|draw_DIP=0|loss_DIP=2|gf_DIP=41|ga_DIP=12

|win_BHA=0|draw_BHA=0|loss_BHA=3|gf_BHA=0|ga_BHA=42
|win_INV=1|draw_INV=0|loss_INV=1|gf_INV=8|ga_INV=3
|win_MS=1|draw_MS=0|loss_MS=2|gf_MS=24|ga_MS=11
 |win_EB=3|draw_EB=1|loss_EB=0|gf_EB=44|ga_EB=1

|win_BID=0|draw_BID=0|loss_BID=3|gf_BID=0|ga_BID=60

|win_PAC=3|draw_PAC=1|loss_PAC=|gf_PAC=15|ga_PAC=3


|name_EB=[[East Bengal F.C. (women)|East Bengal]]|name_BID=Biddut FC|name_PAC=Police AC|name_DIP=Dipti Sangha|name_BHA=Bhangor FC|name_INV=Invention FC|name_MS=Maitri Sangha

|show_limit=6|class_rules=1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots

|res_col_header=Q|col_Q=green1
|result1=Q|result2=Q|text_Q=[[2020 Calcutta Women's League season#Knock–out stage|Knock-out stage]]}}

===Matches===
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2020|2|5|df=y}}
|time= 14:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= Maitri Sangha
|score= 0–6
|report=
|team2= Police AC
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium= SSB 63 Battalion Ground
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2020|2|5|df=y}}
|time= 14:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= Vangor SWF
|score= 0–8
|report=
|team2= Innovation FC
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium= Uluberia Stadium
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2020|2|6|df=y}}
|time= 14:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= Dipti Sangha
|score= 1–6
|report= [http://www.badgeb.com/kanyashree-cup-the-east-bengal-womens-team-start-their-campaign-with-a-6-1-win/ Report]
|team2= [[East Bengal F.C. (women)|East Bengal FC]]
|goals1=
|goals2= * Sangita Das
* Sonali Soren
* Tulsi Hembram(×2)
* Mamta Hansda(×2)
|stadium=East Bengal Ground
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2020|2|8|df=y}}
|time= 14:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= Dipti Sangha
|score= 16–0
|report=
|team2= Biddut FC
|goals1=* Riya Das(×4)
* Sathi Debnath(×4)
* Kabita Das(×3)
* Aasha Das(×3)
* Sushmita Barman(×2)
* Puja Roy(×2)
|goals2=
|stadium= SSB 63 Battalion Ground
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2020|2|8|df=y}}
|time= 14:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C. (women)|East Bengal FC]]
|score= 0–0
|report=
|team2= Police AC
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium= Uluberia Stadium
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2020|2|12|df=y}}
|time= 14:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=Dipti Sangha
|score=14–0
|report=
|team2= Bhangore SWF
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2020|2|13|df=y}}
|time= 14:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= [[East Bengal F.C. (women)|East Bengal FC]]
|score= 18–0
|report=
|team2= Bidyut Sporting Club
|goals1=* Sangita Das(×5)
* Sunita Sarkar(×3)
* Mamata Hansda(×3)
* Riya Sukhdev(×3)
* Tulsi Hembram(×2)
* Riya Murmu
* Sabita Baskey
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2020|2|13|df=y}}
|time= 14:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=Police AC
|score= 3–0
|report=
|team2= Invention FCC
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2020|3|6|df=y}}
|time= 14:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C. (women)|East Bengal FC]]
|score= 20–0
|report=
|team2= Bhangore SWF
|goals1= * Tulsi Hembram(×8)
* Mamta Hansda(×4)
* Sunita Sarkar(×3)
* Sonali Soren(×2)
* Mamta Singh(×1)
* Rina Mahato(×1)
* Mina Khatun(×1)
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2020|3|6|df=y}}
|time= 14:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= Police AC
|score= 6–3
|report=
|team2= Dipti Sangha
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2020|3|6|df=y}}
|time= 14:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= Moitree Samsad
|score= 24–0
|report=
|team2= Bidyut Sangha
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2020|3|12|df=y}}
|time= 14:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= Dipti Sangha FC
|score= 5–0
|report=
|team2= Maitri Sangha
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}

==Group C==
=== Table ===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group C
|update= complete
|source= IFA


|team1 =SFC
|team2 =CSC
|team3 =JBP
|team4 =AKH
|team5 =JUB
|team6 =BEH
|team7 =BAL

|result1=Q |result2=Q


|win_JBP=2 |draw_JBP=0 |loss_JBP=2 |gf_JBP=12 |ga_JBP=4 
| win_BEH=0 | draw_BEH=0 | loss_BEH=2 | gf_BEH=0 | ga_BEH=6 
|win_BAL=0 |draw_BAL= |loss_BAL=2 | gf_BAL=0 | ga_BAL=9 
|win_CSC=4 |draw_CSC=1 |loss_CSC=0 |gf_CSC=11 |ga_CSC=3 
|win_SFC=4 |draw_SFC=1 | loss_SFC=0 | gf_SFC=24 |ga_SFC=1 
|win_AKH=0 |draw_AKH=1 |loss_AKH =2 |gf_AKH=1 | ga_AKH=11 
|win_JUB= |draw_JUB=1 |loss_JUB=2 |gf_JUB=1 |ga_JUB=15 


|name_JBP=J.B. Pur WFA
|name_BEH=Behala Aikya Sammilani
|name_BAL=Bally Gramanchal FC
|name_CSC=Chandney SC
|name_SFC=[[Sreebhumi FC]]
|name_AKH=Akhil AVP
|name_JUB=Jubak Sangha

|show_limit=6
|class_rules = 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots


|res_col_header=Q
|col_Q=green1 |text_Q=[[2020 Calcutta Women's League season#Knock–out stage|Knock-out stage]]
}}
</onlyinclude>

=== Matches ===
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2020|2|10|df=y}}
|time= 14:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= Bally Gramanchal FC
|score= 0–5
|report=
|team2= J.B. Pur WFA
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2020|2|10|df=y}}
|time= 14:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=Behala Aikya Sammilani
|score= 0–1
|report=
|team2= Chandney SC
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2020|2|13|df=y}}
|time= 14:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Sreebhumi FC]]
|score= 11–0
|report=
|team2= Jubak Sangha
|goals1=* Aruna Bag(×7)
* Monalisa Marandi
* Sangeeta Biswas
* Rubina Khatun(×2)
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2020|3|2|df=y}}
|time= 14:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=Aikya Sammilani
|score= 0–5
|report=
|team2= J.B.Pur WFA
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2020|3|2|df=y}}
|time= 14:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Sreebhumi FC]]
|score= 7–0
|report=
|team2= Akhil Bharatiya AVP
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2020|3|2|df=y}}
|time= 14:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=Jubak Sangha
|score= 0–3
|report=
|team2=Chandney SC
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2020|3|4|df=y}}
|time= 14:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= Chandney SC
|score= 3–2
|report=
|team2= J.B.Pur MFC
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2020|3|4|df=y}}
|time= 14:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= Jubak Sangha
|score= 1–1
|report=
|team2= Akhil Bharatiya AVP
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2020|3|5|df=y}}
|time= 14:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= [[Sreebhumi FC]]
|score= 4–0
|report=
|team2= Bally Gramanchal
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2020|3|11|df=y}}
|time= 14:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= [[Sreebhumi FC]]
|score= 1–0
|report=
|team2= JB Pur Women FA
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2020|3|11|df=y}}
|time= 14:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= Chandney SC
|score= 3–0
|report=
|team2= Akhil Bharatiya AVP
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2020|11|30|df=y}}
|time= 14:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= Sreebhumi FC
|score= 1–1
|report=
|team2= Chandney SC
|goals1=Aarti 23'
|goals2=Rakhi 65'
|stadium=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2020|12|2|df=y}}
|time= 14:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= Chandney SC
|score=
|report=
|team2= Bally Gramanchal
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}

== Super 6 ==

=== Table ===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Super 6
|update= complete
|source= IFA


|team1 =SSB
|team2 =SFC
|team3 =EB
|team4 =PAC
|team5 =CSC
|team6 =SORO


|result1=Q |result2=Q
|result3=Q |result4=Q


|win_SSB=3 |draw_SSB=1|loss_SSB=0 |gf_SSB= 15|ga_SSB= 2 
|win_SORO=0 |draw_SORO=0 |loss_SORO=2|gf_SORO=1 |ga_SORO= 11 
|win_CSC=1 |draw_CSC=0 |loss_CSC=3 |gf_CSC= 3 |ga_CSC=17 
|win_SFC= 1|draw_SFC= 1| loss_SFC=1 | gf_SFC= 9 |ga_SFC=2 
|win_PAC=1|draw_PAC=1|loss_PAC=1|gf_PAC=2|ga_PAC=1

|win_EB=1|draw_EB=1|loss_EB=0|gf_EB=4|ga_EB= 1



|name_SSB=SSB Women's
|name_SORO=Sorojini Naidu
|name_EB=[[East Bengal F.C. (women)|East Bengal]]
|name_PAC=Police AC
|name_CSC=Chandney SC
|name_SFC=[[Sreebhumi FC]]

|show_limit=
|class_rules = 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots


|res_col_header=Q
|col_Q=green1 |text_Q=[[2020 Calcutta Women's League season#Knock–out stage|Knock-out stage]]
}}
</onlyinclude>

=== Matches ===
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2020|12|11|df=y}}
|time= 14:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= Chandney SC
|score= 0–11
|report=
|team2= SSB Women's
|goals1=
|goals2= *Ranjita Devi(×4)
*Duler Marandi(×2)
*Naorem(×2)
*Mangumi Bala Devi(×2)
*Jyotimala Devi
|stadium=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2020|12|13|df=y}}
|time= 14:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= [[Sreebhumi FC]]
|score= 8–0
|report=
|team2= Sorojini
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2020|12|13|df=y}}
|time= 14:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= Chandney SC
|score= 0–3
|report=
|team2= [[SC East Bengal (women)|East Bengal]]
|goals1=
|goals2=* Tulsi Hembram(x2)
* Aishwaria Arun Jagtap
|stadium=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2020|12|13|df=y}}
|time= 14:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= SSB Women's
|score= 1–0
|report=
|team2= Police AC
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2020|12|16|df=y}}
|time= 14:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= [[Sreebhumi FC]]
|score= 0–0
|report=
|team2= Police AC
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium= Howrah Stadium
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2020|12|16|df=y}}
|time= 14:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= Sorojini
|score= 1–3
|report=
|team2= Chandney SC
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium= Rabindra Sorobar Stadium
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2020|12|16|df=y}}
|time= 14:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= [[SC East Bengal (women)|East Bengal]]
|score= 1–1
|report=
|team2= SSB Women's
|goals1=Sangita Das 85'
|goals2= Ranjita Devi
|stadium= East Bengal FC & Aaryan Stadium
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2020|12|18|df=y}}
|time= 14:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= SSB Women's
|score= 2–1
|report=
|team2= [[Sreebhumi FC]]
|goals1= *Sharmila Chanu 30'
*Ranjita Devi 55'
|goals2= *Mina Khatun 74'
|stadium= Hawrah Stadium
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2020|12|18|df=y}}
|time= 14:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= Police AC
|score= 2–0
|report=
|team2= Chandney SC
|goals1= *Debonita Roy51'
*Yasoda Mandi 85'
|goals2=
|stadium= Rabindra Sorobar Stadium
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2020|12|21|df=y}}
|time= 14:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= [[SC East Bengal (women)|East Bengal]]
|score= 3–2
|report=
|team2= Police AC
|goals1=* Tulsi Hembram (x2)
* Sunita Sarkar
|goals2=
|stadium= East Bengal FC & Aaryan Stadium
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}

== Knock-out stages ==
===Semifinals===
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2020|12|11|df=y}}
|time= 14:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= SSB Women's
|score= 1–0
|report=
|team2= [[Sreebhumi FC]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2020|12|11|df=y}}
|time= 14:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= Police AC
|score= 0–0
|report=
|team2= [[SC East Bengal (women)|East Bengal]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
|penaltyscore= 4–5
}}

===Finals===
{{Football box collapsible
|date={{Start date|2020|12|30|df=y}}
|time= 14:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1= SSB Women's
|score= 2–0
|report=
|team2= [[SC East Bengal (women)|East Bengal]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|mvp=
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Calcutta Women's Football League}}
{{2019–20 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2020-21 Calcutta Women's Football League}}
[[Category:Calcutta Women's Football League]]
[[Category:2019–20 in Indian football leagues]]
[[Category:2019–20 domestic women's association football leagues]]

Paraiya (community development block)

2025-11-24T19:33:52Z

Gstnit: started a details v1!

{{Short description|Community development block in Gaya district, Bihar, India}}
[[File:Morhar River.JPG|thumb|Morhar River at Paraiya, Bihar]]
'''Paraiya''' is a [[Block (country subdivision)|block]] in [[Gaya district]] of [[Bihar state]], [[India]].<ref>[http://indiawater.gov.in/IMISWeb/Reports/rws/rpt_TargetHabitationsBlockWiselink.aspx?BlockId=0000001485&DistrictName=GAYA&BlockName=PARAIYA&StateName=BIHAR&Flag=3&FY=0zPe5AvQTU38ml3lHhoixw%3D%3D Integrated Management Information System (IMIS)]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The Paraiya Block headquarters is Paraiya Khurd town, part of the [[Magadh division]]. It is located 17 km west of the district headquarters in [[Gaya, India|Gaya]], and 109 km north of the [[states of India|state]] capital [[Patna]].
Paraiya block is bounded by Guraru block to the west, [[Konch]] block to the east, and [[Tekari]] Block to the north. [[Bodh Gaya]], [[Rafiganj]], and [[Sherghati]] are nearby [[city|cities]]. Paraiya consists of 151 [[village]]s and 9 [[Panchayati raj|panchayat]]s. Malahi Chak is the smallest village; Solara, the largest.

[[Baigoman]] is one of the zamindari village in Paraiya granted by Tekari Raj to Babu Kashinath Singh of [[Saran district|Saran]], who helped [[Tekari Raj]] to solve the issue of southern dam and provided water to the estate. Also, Babu Ram Swarath Singh fought against zamindar of Sherghati along with the king of Tekari Raj [[Bodh Gaya]], [[Chatra, Jharkhand|Chatra]], [[Kakolat]], [[Bihar Sharif]], and [[Koderma]] are nearby [[tourism|tourist]] destinations.

== Notable people ==
* '''Babu Rajpati Singh''', former Zamindar of Baigoman and freedom fighter
* '''[[Baigoman | Babu Raghunath Singh Baigoman]]''', social worker, Sarpanch, and former Zamindar of Baigoman
* '''[https://www.facebook.com/drx.chhatis.kumar Chhatis Kumar]''', Social worker & RTI Activist belonging from Village-Bhairopur (a village of Bagahi panchayat, Paraiya Block, Gaya ji District, Bihar).

==Geography==

Paraiya is situated between the two rainy rivers Morhar and Sorhar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/Bihar/Gaya.pdf|title=Gaya District|last=Central Groundwater Board|date=17 August 2018|website=cgwb.gov.in}}</ref> Paraiya situated at the highest and oldest alluvial plain, made up of the sediments brought from the erosion of the hills and always lies above the flood level of the present day river.

and always lies above the flood level of the present day river because it is the

== Demographics of Paraiya Block ==
[[Magahi language|Magahi]] is the [[local language]], with [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]], and [[English language|English]] also spoken. The total population of Paraiya Block is 83,800 living in 12,749 houses. [[Male]]s number 43,217 and females 40,583.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Gaya district]]

National Highway 200 (India, old numbering)

2025-10-29T16:40:50Z

Gstnit: Redirect page

#REDIRECT [[National Highway 130 (India)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R with history}}
}}

Kishore Shinde

2025-10-25T07:35:36Z

Gstnit: Created Basic Pg Initial Version

{{short description|Indian professional kabaddi player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{MedalTableTop}}
{{MedalCountry | {{IND}} }}
{{MedalSport | Women's [[Kabaddi]]}}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold | [[Kabaddi at the 2014 Asian Games|2014 Incheon]]| Team }}
{{MedalBottom}}

'''Kishore Dilip Shinde''' is an Indian professional [[kabaddi]] player. She was member of the [[India national kabaddi team]] that won [[Asian Games|Asian]] gold medals in [[Kabaddi at the 2014 Asian Games|2014]] in [[Incheon]].

She has been awarded with Maharashtra state award Shiv Chatrapati Award for the year 2014-2015. It is the highest sporting honour for any sports player in Maharashtra

She has also represented in first ever women's kabaddi league [[Women's Kabaddi Challenge]] by [[Pro Kabaddi]] in the year 2016. In this tournament she was part of team Fire Birds which was led by Kabaddi star [[Mamatha Poojary]]. The Fire Birds lost in finals against the Storm Queens led by Tejaswini Bai.

Kishori Shinde was No 1 defender of the tournament by 15 Successful Tackle points.

<ref name="The Hindu - 29Nov2010 - Kerala still in celebratory mood after Asiad impression ">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/11/29/stories/2010112955731600.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110402085824/http://www.hindu.com/2010/11/29/stories/2010112955731600.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 2, 2011|title= Kerala still in celebratory mood after Asiad impression |last=Vinod|first=A.|date=Nov 29, 2010|work=[[The Hindu]]|publisher=[[The Hindu Group]]|accessdate=15 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="The Hindu - 08Jan2011 - January 8, 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article1064839.ece|title=Colourful start to district youth fete|date=January 8, 2011|work=[[The Hindu]]|publisher=[[The Hindu Group]]|accessdate=15 December 2012}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shinde, Kishore Dilip}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female kabaddi players]]
[[Category:Kabaddi players from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in kabaddi]]
[[Category:Kabaddi players at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games kabaddi players for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2014 Asian Games]]

{{India-kabaddi-bio-stub}}

Romapada

2025-10-06T13:51:10Z

Gstnit: started basic info more to come

{{Short description|King of Anga in Ramayana}}
{{Infobox character
| image = Romapada welcomes Rishyasringa.jpg
| alt = Romapada
| info-hdr = Information
| caption = Romapada welcomes Sage [[Rishyasringa]] to his kingdom
| family = King Vidarbha (father) King Dharmaratha (adoptive-father)
| spouse = [[Vershini]]
| children = [[Shanta]] (adopted daughter) Chaturanga (son)
| name = Romapada
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
'''Romapada''' ({{Langx|sa|रोमपद}}), also known '''Chitraratha''' and '''Lomapada''', was a king of [[Anga]], and the adoptive father of [[Shanta]] in the [[Hindu epic]] ''[[Ramayana]]''.<ref name="Valmiki Ramayan">{{cite web|last=Rao|first=Desiraju Hanumanta|title=Bala Kanda in Prose, Sarga 11|url=http://www.valmikiramayan.net/bala/sarga11/bala_11_prose.htm|work=Valmiki Ramayana|publisher=Valmiki Ramayan.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2012-06-29 |title=Romapada, Romapāda: 6 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/romapada |access-date=2022-09-11 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

==Legend==

=== Early life ===
Romapada was the youngest son of the [[Yadava]] king Vidarbha. Vidarbha had many sons, but his friend King Dharmaratha of [[Anga]] was heirless. Thus, Dharmaratha adopted Romapada. When Dharmaratha grew old, he made Romapada the ruler of [[Anga]].

=== Meeting with Rishyasringa ===
After Dharmaratha retired to the forest, Romapada became the King of [[Anga]]. He married [[Vershini]], who was the elder sister of [[Kausalya]] (mother of [[Rama]]). Kausalya's husband - King [[Dasharatha]] of [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]] was Romapada's childhood friend. Romapada and Varshini did not have any issue; Dasharatha promised them his first child. A daughter [[Shanta]] was born to Dasharatha and Kausalya. Shanta was then adopted by the childless Romapada.<ref name=".B. Kanuga"/>

Once, a [[Brahmin]] named Shuvateertha came to Romapada to ask for help, but the king called him back in the evening. When he visited in the evening, the king was busy talking with Shanta, and ignored Shuvateertha. The Brahmin returned, disappointed. The god of the rain and the king of heaven, [[Indra]] was enraged with the behaviour of the king. Thus, Anga received little rain during monsoons.<ref name=".B. Kanuga"/>

Severe drought occurred in the kingdom of Anga and on discussing with the known saints, the king realised the prevalent situation could be salvaged only if sage [[Rishyashringa]], the son of Vibhandaka would visit his country and bless it with the power of his meditation and austerity.<ref name=Aggarwal>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-QdDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT25|title=Tales From The Ramayan|first=Meena|last= Agarwal|publisher= Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd|year=2016|isbn= 978-9352613045|accessdate=2020-08-09}}</ref>

The king thought of various means to bring the sage to his country, and he suddenly got the idea that the seer, who had grown aloof from the world and the material pleasure, could only be lured by the charm and beauty of women. Thus, he sent beautiful courtesans dressed in attractive clothing and decorated with a pleasant smell in order to lure the seer. A courtesan named Vaishali was successful in bringing him to Anga, where he was given grand welcome.<ref name=Aggarwal/>[[File: The courtesans tempt Rishyasringa - Ramayana, Bala Kanda (1712), f.19 - BL Add MS 15295.jpg|thumb|The courtesans tempt Rishyasringa - Ramayana, Bala Kanda .]]

The king had earlier adopted the daughter of his friend [[Dasharatha]] called [[Shanta]], who was an elder sister of [[Rama]] to [[Kausalya]]. After the seer performed the sacrifice, he was given an opportunity to choose a bride for him from among the daughters of all the known officers, ministers, and subordinate rulers present there. The young seer chose [[Shanta]], the adopted daughter of Romapada.<ref name=".B. Kanuga">{{cite book|author=Kanuga, G.B.|title=The Immortal Love of Rama|year=1993|publisher=Yuganter Press|location=New Delhi|pages=48–52|isbn=9781897829509|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zHgW9SezCqoC&pg=PA48}}</ref> Hence, she was married to him, and the sage was given position of a prince in the Anga Kingdom.<ref name=Aggarwal/>

In the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', [[Adhiratha]], the chief charioteer of King [[Dhritrashtra|Dhritarashtra]] and adoptive-father of [[Karna]], is said to be Romapada's descendant.<ref name="Sukhdev Singh Chib">{{cite book|last=Chib|first=Sukhdev Singh|title=Bihar|year=1980|page=4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V8S1AAAAIAAJ&q=Rompad,Angadesh}}</ref>

==See also==

*[[Sagara (Hinduism)|Sagara]]
*[[Pratardana]]
*[[Guha (Ramayana)|Guha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.valmikiramayan.net/utf8/baala/sarga10/bala_10_frame.htm Romapada's Plan to destroy Droughtness in his Kingdom - 1]
*[http://www.valmikiramayan.net/utf8/baala/sarga11/bala_11_frame.htm Romapada's plan to destroy Droughtness in his Kingdom - 2]

{{Ramayana}}
{{HinduMythology}}

[[Category:Characters in the Ramayana]]
[[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]