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{{Short description|Number}}
{{Redirect|Zero|other uses|0 (disambiguation)|and|Zero (disambiguation)}}
{{Hatnote|For [[Bharatpedia:Naming conventions (technical restrictions)|technical reasons]], "0#" and ":0" redirect here. For the concept in set theory, see [[Zero sharp]]. For the keyboard symbols, see [[List of emoticons]].}}
{{Distinguish|text=the letter [[O]]}}
{{pp-move}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox number
|number=0
|cardinal=0, zero, nought, naught, nil, {{nowrap|"oh" ({{IPAc-en|oʊ}})}}
|ordinal=Zeroth, noughth, 0th
|latin prefix=nulli-
|lang1=[[Eastern Arabic numerals|Arabic]], [[Central Kurdish|Kurdish]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Urdu numerals|Urdu]]
|lang1 symbol={{resize|150%|٠}}
|lang2=[[Indian numerals|Hindu numerals]]
|lang2 symbol={{resize|150%|०}}
|lang3=[[Santali language|Santali]]
|lang3 symbol={{resize|150%|᱐}}
|lang4=[[Chinese numerals|Chinese]]
|lang4 symbol=零, 〇
|lang5=[[Burmese numerals|Burmese]]
|lang5 symbol=၀
|lang6=[[Khmer numerals|Khmer]]
|lang6 symbol=០
|lang7=[[Thai numerals|Thai]]
|lang7 symbol=๐
|lang8=[[Bengali-Assamese numerals|Assamese, Bengali]]
|lang8 symbol=০
|lang9=[[Maya numerals]]
|lang9 symbol=𝋠
|lang10=[[Morse code]]
|lang10 symbol=_ _ _ _ _
}}
{{contains special characters}}

'''0''' ('''zero''', {{IPAc-en|ˈ|z|iː|.|ɹ|oʊ}}) is a [[number]] representing an empty [[quantity]]. Adding (or subtracting) 0 to any number leaves that number unchanged; in mathematical terminology, 0 is the [[additive identity]] of the [[integer]]s, [[rational numbers]], [[real number]]s, and [[complex numbers]], as well as other [[algebraic structures]]. Multiplying any number by 0 results in 0, and consequently [[Division by zero|dividing by 0]] is generally considered [[Undefined (mathematics)|to be undefined]] in [[arithmetic]].

As a [[numerical digit]], 0 plays a crucial role in [[decimal]] notation: it indicates that the [[power of ten]] corresponding to the place containing a 0 does not contribute to the total. For example, "205" in decimal means two hundreds, no tens, and five ones. The same principle applies in [[place-value notation]]s that uses a base other than ten, such as [[binary number|binary]] and [[hexadecimal]]. The modern use of 0 in this manner derives from [[Indian mathematics]] that was transmitted to Europe via [[Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world|medieval Islamic mathematicians]] and popularized by [[Fibonacci]]. It was independently used by the [[Maya civilization|Maya]].

Common [[names for the number 0 in English]] include ''zero'', ''nought'', ''naught'' ({{IPAc-en|n|ɔː|t}}), and ''nil''. In contexts where at least one adjacent digit distinguishes it from the [[O|letter O]], the number is sometimes pronounced as ''oh'' or ''o'' ({{IPAc-en|oʊ}}). Informal or [[slang]] terms for 0 include ''zilch'' and ''zip''. Historically, ''ought'', ''aught'' ({{IPAc-en|ɔː|t}}), and ''cipher'' have also been used.

==Etymology==
{{Main|Names for the number 0|Names for the number 0 in English}}

The word ''zero'' came into the English language via [[French language|French]] {{lang|fr|zéro}} from the [[Italian language|Italian]] {{lang|it|zero}}, a contraction of the Venetian {{lang|vec|zevero}} form of Italian {{lang|it|zefiro}} via ''ṣafira'' or ''ṣifr''.<ref>{{multiref2|{{cite dictionary| first= Douglas| last= Harper |date=2011| entry-url=https://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=zero&searchmode=none | entry= Zero |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703014638/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=zero&searchmode=none |archive-date=3 July 2017 | title= Etymonline | quote=""figure which stands for naught in the Arabic notation," also "the absence of all quantity considered as quantity", c. 1600, from French ''zéro'' or directly from Italian ''zero'', from Medieval Latin ''zephirum'', from Arabic ''sifr'' "cipher", translation of Sanskrit ''sunya-m'' "empty place, desert, naught"}}.|{{Cite book |last=Menninger |first=Karl |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BFJHzSIj2u0C |title=Number Words and Number Symbols: A cultural history of numbers |publisher=Courier Dover Publications |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-486-27096-8 |pages=399–404 |access-date=5 January 2016 }}|{{Cite web |date=December 2011 |title=zero, n. |url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/232803?rskey=zGcSoq&result=1&isAdvanced=false |url-status=live |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/65yd7ur9u?url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/232803?rskey=zGcSoq&result=1&isAdvanced=false |archive-date=7 March 2012 |access-date=4 March 2012 |website=[[Oxford English Dictionary|OED]] Online |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |quote="French zéro (1515 in Hatzfeld & Darmesteter) or its source Italian zero, for *zefiro, < Arabic çifr" }}.
}}</ref> In pre-Islamic time the word {{transliteration|ar|ṣifr}} (Arabic {{lang|ar|صفر}}) had the meaning "empty".<ref name=smithsonian/> {{transliteration|ar|Sifr}} evolved to mean zero when it was used to translate {{transliteration|sa|śūnya}} ({{langx|sa|शून्य}}) from India.<ref name="smithsonian">{{multiref2
| Smithsonian Institution. {{Google books|0_UyAQAAMAAJ|Oriental Elements of Culture in the Occident|page=518}}. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution; Harvard University Archives. "Sifr occurs in the meaning of "empty" even in the pre-Islamic time. ... Arabic sifr in the meaning of zero is a translation of the corresponding India sunya."
| {{cite book | first=Jan |last=Gullberg |date=1997|title=Mathematics: From the Birth of Numbers|publisher= [[W.W. Norton & Co.]]|isbn= 978-0-393-04002-9 | quote-page= 26|quote = ''Zero derives from Hindu sunya – meaning void, emptiness – via Arabic sifr, Latin cephirum, Italian zevero.''}}
|{{ cite book | first=Robert|last= Logan |date=2010|title=The Poetry of Physics and the Physics of Poetry|publisher=World Scientific | isbn =978-981-4295-92-5|quote-page= 38|quote = The idea of sunya and place numbers was transmitted to the Arabs who translated sunya or "leave a space" into their language as sifr.}} }}</ref> The earliest known use of ''zero'' as a [[Loanword]] in [[Names for the number 0 in English|English literature]] was 1598.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Origin Of The Word 'Zero'|url=https://www.sciencefriday.com/articles/the-origin-of-the-word-zero/|website=Science Friday|date=17 July 2018 |access-date=2025-11-27|language=en-US}}</ref>

The Italian mathematician [[Fibonacci]] ({{Circa|1170|1250}}), who grew up in North Africa and is credited with introducing the decimal system to Europe, used the term ''zephyrum''. This became {{lang|it|zefiro}} in Italian, and was then contracted to {{lang|vec|zero}} in [[Venetian language|Venetian]]. The Italian word {{lang|it|[[Wikt:zefiro|zefiro]]}} was already in existence (meaning "west wind" from Latin and Greek {{lang|la|[[Zephyrus]]}}) and may have influenced the spelling when transcribing Arabic {{transliteration|ar|ṣifr}}.<ref name="ifrah">{{harvnb|Ifrah|2000|p=589}}.</ref>

===Modern usage===
Depending on the context, there may be different words used for the number zero, or the concept of zero. For the simple notion of lacking, the words "[[nothing]]" ([[Empty set|although this is not accurate]]) and "none" are often used. The English words [[Names for the number 0 in English#"Nought" and "naught" versus "ought" and "aught"|"nought" or "naught"]], "[[wikt:nil|nil]]", and [[wikt:null|null]] are also synonymous.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Collins – Free online dictionary |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/nought}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Collins – Free online dictionary, thesaurus and reference materials – nill |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/nil}}</ref>

It is often called "oh" in the context of reading out a string of digits, such as [[telephone number]]s, [[street address]]es, [[credit card number]]s, [[military time]], or years. For example, the [[area code]] 201 may be pronounced "two oh one", and the year 1907 is often pronounced "nineteen oh seven". The presence of other digits, indicating that the string contains only numbers, avoids confusion with the letter O. For this reason, systems that include strings with both letters and numbers (such as [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom|postcodes in the UK]]) may exclude the use of the letter O.<ref>{{cite web |title=Appendix C - Valid Postcode Format |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/611951/Appendix_C_ILR_2017_to_2018_v1_Published_28April17.pdf |website=gov.uk |access-date=24 July 2025 |date=28 April 2017}}</ref>

Slang words for zero include "zip", "zilch", "nada", and "scratch".<ref name="thesaurus">{{ cite web | url = http://thesaurus.com/browse/aught#visualthesaurus | title= 'Aught' synonyms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140823071642/http://thesaurus.com/browse/aught#visualthesaurus |archive-date=23 August 2014 | work= Thesaurus.com | access-date=23 April 2013}}</ref> In the context of sports, "nil" is sometimes used, especially in [[British English]]. Several sports have specific words for a score of zero, such as "[[love (tennis)|love]]" in [[tennis]] – possibly from French {{lang|fr|l'œuf}}, "the egg" – and "[[duck (cricket)|duck]]" in [[cricket (sport)|cricket]], a shortening of "duck's egg". "Goose egg" is another general slang term used for zero.<ref name=thesaurus />

==History==

===Ancient Near East===
{| style="float:right; clear:right; text-align:center; border: 1px solid" align=right cellspacing=0 cellpadding=8
|-
!nfr  
|heart with [[trachea]] beautiful, pleasant, good
|<hiero>F35</hiero>
|}
Ancient [[Egyptian numerals]] were of [[decimal|base 10]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=O'Connor |first1=J. J. |last2=Robertson |first2=E. F. |date=2000 |title=Egyptian numerals |url=http://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/Egyptian_numerals.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115221313/http://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/Egyptian_numerals.html |archive-date=15 November 2019 |access-date=21 December 2019 |website=[[mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk]] |publisher=University of St Andrews}}</ref> They used [[hieroglyphs]] for the digits and were not [[positional notation|positional]]. In [[Papyrus Boulaq 18|one papyrus]] written around {{nowrap|1770 BC}}, a scribe recorded daily incomes and expenditures for the [[pharaoh]]'s court, using the ''[[Nefer|nfr]]'' hieroglyph to indicate cases where the amount of a foodstuff received was exactly equal to the amount disbursed. Egyptologist [[Alan Gardiner]] suggested that the ''nfr'' hieroglyph was being used as a symbol for zero.<ref>eg. Alan Gardiner. “§357. Other Modes of Negation” ''Egyptian Grammar'' (1927). p. 266 etc. et. al. Cites: Cairo 20003. Turin 1447. British Museum MS 152.</ref> The same symbol was also used to indicate the base level in drawings of tombs and pyramids, and distances were measured relative to the base line as being above or below this line.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Beatrice |last=Lumpkin |doi=10.1007/BF03024613 |title=Mathematics Used in Egyptian Construction and Bookkeeping |journal=The Mathematical Intelligencer |year=2002 |volume=24 |number=2 |pages=20–25|s2cid=120648746 }}</ref>

By the middle of the 2nd millennium BC, [[Babylonian mathematics]] had a sophisticated [[sexagesimal|base 60]] positional numeral system, but a positional value of zero was indicated by a ''space'' between [[Babylonian numerals|numerals]]. In a tablet unearthed at [[Kish (Sumer)|Kish]] (dating to as early as {{nowrap|700 BC}}), the scribe Bêl-bân-aplu used three hooks as a placeholder.{{sfn|Kaplan|2000}} By {{nowrap|300 BC}}, a punctuation symbol (two slanted wedges) was repurposed as a placeholder.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=O'Connor |first1=J. J. |last2=Robertson |first2=E. F. |date=2000 |title=Zero |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/Zero/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921191118/https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/Zero/ |archive-date=21 September 2021 |access-date=2021-09-07 |website=Maths History |publisher=University of St Andrews |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Babylonian mathematics | date= 2016 |url=https://www.open.edu/openlearn/ocw/mod/oucontent/view.php?printable=1&id=1976 |access-date=2021-09-07 |website= The Open University |archive-date=7 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907135356/https://www.open.edu/openlearn/ocw/mod/oucontent/view.php?printable=1&id=1976 |url-status=live }}</ref> Significantly, however, these placeholder signs were not considered a numerical value, they were never used alone “Therefore, they cannot be interpreted as representations of the concept or the number zero.”<ref>Nieder, Andreas (19 November 2019). ''A Brain for Numbers: The Biology of the Number Instinct''. MIT Press. p. 286.</ref> They were also not written at the end of a number (so 1 and 60 and 60×60 were all written as [[File:Babylonian 1.svg|20px]]).{{sfn|Reimer|2014|p=172}}

===Pre-Columbian Americas===
[[File:Cero maya.svg|thumb|alt=𝋠|Maya numeral zero]]
The [[Mesoamerican Long Count calendar]] developed in south-central Mexico and Central America required the use of zero as a placeholder within its [[vigesimal]] (base-20) positional numeral system. Many different glyphs, including the partial [[quatrefoil]] were used as a zero symbol for these Long Count dates, the earliest of which (on Stela 2 at Chiapa de Corzo, [[Chiapas]]) has a date of 36 BC.{{efn|No long count date actually using the number 0 has been found before the 3rd century AD, but since the long count system would make no sense without some placeholder, and since Mesoamerican glyphs do not typically leave empty spaces, these earlier dates are taken as indirect evidence that the concept of 0 already existed at the time.}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cyclical views of time |url=https://www.mexicolore.co.uk/aztecs/calendar/cyclical-views-of-time |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=www.mexicolore.co.uk}}</ref>

Since the eight earliest Long Count dates appear outside the Maya homeland,{{sfnp|Diehl|2004| p= 186}} it is generally believed that the use of zero in the Americas predated the Maya and was possibly the invention of the [[Olmec]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mortaigne |first=Véronique |date=28 November 2014 |title=The golden age of Mayan civilisation – exhibition review |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2014/nov/28/mayan-civilisation-paris-exhibition |url-status=live |access-date=10 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141128222215/http://www.theguardian.com/culture/2014/nov/28/mayan-civilisation-paris-exhibition |archive-date=28 November 2014}}</ref> Many of the earliest Long Count dates were found within the Olmec heartland, although the Olmec civilization ended by the {{nowrap|4th century BC}},<ref>{{cite book |last=Cyphers |first=Ann |chapter=The Olmec, 1800–400 BCE |date=2014 |title=The Cambridge World Prehistory |pages=1005–1025 |editor-last=Renfrew |editor-first=Colin |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-world-prehistory/olmec-1800400-bce/2C66AF7B3D041260EE2BFC94DF085029 |access-date=2024-08-13 |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-11993-1 |editor2-last=Bahn |editor2-first=Paul}}</ref> several centuries before the earliest known Long Count dates.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Expedition Magazine {{!}} Time, Kingship, and the Maya Universe Maya Calendars |url=https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/time-kingship-and-the-maya-universe-maya-calendars/ |access-date=2024-08-13 |magazine=Expedition Magazine |language=en}}</ref>

Although zero became an integral part of [[Maya numerals]], with a different, empty [[tortoise]]-like "[[Plastron|shell shape]]" used for many depictions of the "zero" numeral, it is assumed not to have influenced [[Old World]] numeral systems.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Birchak |first=Gabrielle |date=2025-06-03 |title=Mayan Mathematics |url=https://mathsciencehistory.com/mayan-mathematics/ |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=Math! Science! History!™ |language=en-US |quote=Historian Georges Ifrah calls the Mayan use of zero “one of the most striking inventions ever to emerge in a mathematical culture isolated from the Old World.”}}</ref>

[[Quipu]], a knotted cord device, used in the [[Inca Empire]] and its predecessor societies in the [[Andes|Andean]] region to record accounting and other digital data, is encoded in a [[decimal|base ten]] positional system. Zero is represented by the absence of a knot in the appropriate position.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leon |first=Manuel de |date=2022-12-20 |title=Knots representing numbers: The mathematics of the Incas |url=https://english.elpais.com/science-tech/2022-12-20/knots-representing-numbers-the-mathematics-of-the-incas.html |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=EL PAÍS English |language=en-us}}</ref>

===Classical antiquity===
The earliest confidently cited exemplar of the Greek use of the [[Greek numerals#Zero|Hellenistic zero]] appears in Hipparchus in 140 CE.

The [[archaic Greece]] had no symbol for zero (μηδέν, pronounced ''mēdén''), and did not use a digit placeholder for it.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wallin |first=Nils-Bertil |date=19 November 2002 |title=The History of Zero |url=http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/about/zero.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825124525/http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/about/zero.jsp |archive-date=25 August 2016 |access-date=1 September 2016 |website=YaleGlobal online |publisher=The Whitney and Betty Macmillan Center for International and Area Studies at Yale.}}</ref> According to mathematician [[Charles Seife]], after the Babylonian placeholder zero shows up sometime shortly after 500 BC, Greek astronomers began to use the lowercase Greek letter ''ό'' (''όμικρον'': [[omicron]]) as a placeholder or representation of ground-level/null degree value.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kaplan |first=Robert |url=http://archive.org/details/nothingthatisnat0000kapl |title=The nothing that is : a natural history of zero |date=1999 |publisher=Allen Lane |location=London |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-7139-9284-7 |pages=18}}</ref> However, after using the Babylonian placeholder zero for astronomical calculations they would typically convert the numbers back into [[Greek numerals]]. As with the rejection of infinitesimals by Pythagoras, Greeks appear to maintain to a philosophical opposition to using zero as a number.<ref name="Seife2000">{{cite book | first = Charles | last = Seife | date = 1 September 2000 | title = Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea | publisher = Penguin | page = 39 | isbn = 978-0-14-029647-1 | oclc = 1005913932 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=obJ70nxVYFUC | access-date = 30 April 2022 | author-link= Charles Seife }}</ref> "The whole of the Greek universe rested on this pillar: There is no void."<ref>[[Charles Seife|Seife, Charles]] (1 September 2000). ''Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea''. Penguin. p. 25. </ref> Nieder dates the appearance of zero in Greek astronomical texts after 400 BC and mathematician Robert Kaplan further specifies that it must have been after the [[Wars of Alexander the Great|conquests of Alexander]].<ref name="Nieder2019">{{cite book | first = Andreas | last = Nieder | date = 19 November 2019 | title = A Brain for Numbers: The Biology of the Number Instinct | publisher = MIT Press | page = 286 | isbn = 978-0-262-35432-5 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=x4y5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA286 | access-date = 30 April 2022 }}</ref>{{sfn|Kaplan|2000|p=17}}

Greeks seemed unsure about the status of zero as a number. Some of them asked themselves, "How can not being be?", leading to philosophical and, by the [[medieval]] period, religious arguments about the nature and existence of zero and the [[vacuum]]. The [[Zeno's paradoxes|paradoxes]] of [[Zeno of Elea]] depend in large part on the uncertain interpretation of zero.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Huggett |first=Nick |title=Zeno's Paradoxes |date=2019 |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2019/entries/paradox-zeno/ |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |edition=Winter 2019 |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=2020-08-09 |archive-date=10 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110135804/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2019/entries/paradox-zeno/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:P. Lund, Inv. 35a.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|alt=Fragment of papyrus with clear Greek script, lower-right corner suggests a tiny zero with a double-headed arrow shape above it|Example of the early Greek symbol for zero (lower right corner) from a 2nd-century papyrus]]
By AD{{nbsp}}150, [[Ptolemy]], influenced by [[Hipparchus]] and the [[Babylonia]]ns, was using a symbol for zero ({{overset|—|°}})<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neugebauer |first=Otto |url=https://archive.org/details/exactsciencesant00neug |title=The Exact Sciences in Antiquity |publisher=[[Dover Publications]] |year=1969 |isbn=978-0-486-22332-2 |edition=2 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/exactsciencesant00neug/page/n30 13]–14, plate 2 |author-link=Otto E. Neugebauer |orig-date=1957 |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="Mercier">{{cite web |last=Mercier |first=Raymond |title=Consideration of the Greek symbol 'zero' |url=http://www.raymondm.co.uk/prog/GreekZeroSign.pdf |work=Home of Kairos |access-date=28 March 2020 |archive-date=5 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105113109/http://www.raymondm.co.uk/prog/GreekZeroSign.pdf |url-status=live }}{{self-published inline|date=November 2023}}</ref> in his work on [[mathematical astronomy]] called the ''Syntaxis Mathematica'', also known as the ''[[Almagest]]''.<ref name="Ptolemy">{{cite book |last=Ptolemy |title=Ptolemy's Almagest |pages=306–307 |year=1998 |orig-date=1984, {{circa}}150 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=0-691-00260-6 |author-link=Ptolemy |translator-last=Toomer | title-link= Almagest |translator-first=G. J. |translator-link=Gerald J. Toomer}}</ref> This [[Greek numerals#Hellenistic zero|Hellenistic zero]] was perhaps the earliest documented use of a numeral representing zero in the [[Old World]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=O'Connor |first1=J. J. |last2=Robertson |first2=E. F. |title=A history of Zero |url=http://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/Zero.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407074239/http://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/Zero.html |archive-date=7 April 2020 |access-date=28 March 2020 |publisher=MacTutor History of Mathematics}}</ref> Ptolemy used it many times in his ''Almagest'' (VI.8) for the magnitude of [[solar eclipse|solar]] and [[lunar eclipse]]s. It represented the value of both [[digit (unit)|digit]]s and [[Minute and second of arc|minutes]] of immersion at first and last contact. Digits varied continuously from 0 to 12 to 0 as the Moon passed over the Sun (a triangular pulse), where twelve digits was the [[angular diameter]] of the Sun. Minutes of immersion was tabulated from 0{{prime}}0{{pprime}} to 31{{prime}}20{{pprime}} to 0{{prime}}0{{pprime}}, where 0{{prime}}0{{pprime}} used the symbol as a placeholder in two positions of his [[sexagesimal]] positional numeral system,{{efn|Each place in Ptolemy's sexagesimal system was written in [[Greek numerals]] from {{nowrap|0 to 59}}, where 31 was written λα meaning 30+1, and 20 was written κ meaning 20.}} while the combination meant a zero angle. Minutes of immersion was also a continuous function {{nowrap|{{sfrac|1|12}} 31{{prime}}20{{pprime}} {{radic|d(24−d)}}}} (a triangular pulse with [[convex lens|convex]] sides), where d was the digit function and 31{{prime}}20{{pprime}} was the sum of the radii of the Sun's and Moon's discs.<ref name="Pedersen">{{cite book |last=Pedersen |first=Olaf |title=A Survey of the Almagest | series= Sources and Studies in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences | doi= 10.1007/978-0-387-84826-6_7 |pages=232–235 |year=2010 |orig-date=1974 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-387-84825-9 |author-link=Olaf Pedersen | editor= Alexander Jones}}</ref> Ptolemy's symbol was a placeholder as well as a number used by two continuous mathematical functions, one within another, so it meant zero, not none. Over time, Ptolemy's zero tended to increase in size and lose the [[overline]], sometimes depicted as a large elongated 0-like omicron "Ο" or as omicron with overline "ō" instead of a dot with overline.<ref>{{cite web |title=Proposal to encode the Greek Zero in the UCS |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04054-greek-zero.pdf |date=2024-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007235444/https://unicode.org/L2/L2004/04054-greek-zero.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-07 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The earliest use of zero in the calculation of the [[Computus|Julian Easter]] occurred before AD{{spaces}}311, at the first entry in a table of [[epact]]s as preserved in an [[Ethiopia|Ethiopic]] document for the years 311 to 369, using a [[Geʽez]] word for "none" (English translation is "0" elsewhere) alongside Geʽez numerals (based on Greek numerals), which was translated from an equivalent table published by the [[Church of Alexandria]] in [[Medieval Greek]].<ref name="Neugebauer">{{cite book |last=Neugebauer |first=Otto |title=Ethiopic Astronomy and Computus |pages=25, 53, 93, 183, Plate I |year=2016 |publisher=Red Sea Press |orig-date=1979 |edition=Red Sea Press |isbn=978-1-56902-440-9 |author-link=Otto Neugebauer}}. The pages in this edition have numbers six less than the same pages in the original edition.</ref> This use was repeated in 525 in an equivalent table, that was translated via the Latin {{lang|la|nulla}} ("none") by [[Dionysius Exiguus]], alongside [[Roman numerals#Zero|Roman numerals]].<ref name="Dionysius">{{cite web |last=Deckers |first=Michael |title=Cyclus Decemnovennalis Dionysii |trans-title= Nineteen Year Cycle of Dionysius |url=http://hbar.phys.msu.ru/gorm/chrono/paschata.htm |year=2003 |orig-date=525 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115083618/http://hbar.phys.msu.ru/gorm/chrono/paschata.htm |archive-date=15 January 2019}}</ref> When division produced zero as a remainder, ''nihil'', meaning "nothing", was used. These medieval zeros were used by all future medieval [[computus|calculators of Easter]]. The initial "N" was used as a zero symbol in a table of Roman numerals by [[Bede]]—or his colleagues—around AD{{nbsp}}725.<ref name="zero">C. W. Jones, ed., ''Opera Didascalica'', vol. 123C in ''Corpus Christianorum, Series Latina''.</ref>

===China===
[[File:Zero in Rod Calculus.png|thumb|right|alt=Five illustrated boxes from left to right contain a T-shape, an empty box, three vertical bars, three lower horizontal bars with an inverted wide T-shape above, and another empty box. Numerals underneath left to right are six, zero, three, nine, and zero|This is a depiction of zero expressed in Chinese [[counting rods]], based on the example provided by ''A History of Mathematics''. An empty space is used to represent zero.<ref name="Hodgkin" />]]
The ''[[Sunzi Suanjing|Sūnzĭ Suànjīng]]'', of unknown date but estimated to be dated from the 1st to {{nowrap|5th centuries AD}}, describe how the{{nowrap| 4th century BC}} Chinese [[counting rods]] system enabled one to perform [[positional notation|positional]] decimal calculations.<ref>{{harvnb|Shen|Crossley|Lun|1999|p= 12}}: "the ancient Chinese system is a place notation system"</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Eberhard-Bréard |first=Andrea |title=Mathematics in China |date=2008 |pages=1371–1378 |editor-last=Selin |editor-link=Helaine Selin |editor-first=Helaine |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-4425-0_9453 |isbn=978-1-4020-4425-0 |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures}}.</ref> As noted in the ''[[Xiahou Yang Suanjing]]'' (425–468 AD), to multiply or divide a number by 10, 100, 1000, or 10000, all one needs to do, with rods on the counting board, is to move them forwards, or back, by 1, 2, 3, or 4 places.<ref>{{MacTutor|class=HistTopics|id=Chinese_numerals |title=Chinese numerals |date=January 2004}}</ref> The rods gave the decimal representation of a number, with an empty space denoting zero.<ref name="Hodgkin">{{Cite book |last=Hodgkin |first=Luke |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema0000hodg |title=A History of Mathematics: From Mesopotamia to Modernity |date=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-152383-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema0000hodg/page/85 85] |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chinese numerals |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/Chinese_numerals/ |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Maths History |language=en}}</ref> A circa 190 AD, manual, the "Supplementary Notes on the Art of Figures", by [[Xu Yue (mathematician)|Xu Yue]], also outlines the techniques to add, subtract, multiply, and divide numbers, containing zero values in a decimal power, on ''counting devices'', that include counting rods, and abacus.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=K. Volkov |first=Alexeï |date=1994 |title=Large Numbers and Counting Rods |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/oroc_0754-5010_1994_num_16_16_991 |journal=Extrême-Orient, Extrême-Occident |volume=16 |issue=16 |pages=71–92 |doi=10.3406/oroc.1994.991}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=City News Service {{!}} Shanghai and China City News Service and Life Guide |url=https://www.citynewsservice.cn/shine/2cecaa99-45e6-4f3f-9703-189199c07f3e |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=www.citynewsservice.cn |language=en}}</ref> Chinese authors had been familiar with the idea of negative numbers, and decimal fractions, by the [[Han dynasty]] {{nowrap|(2nd century AD)}}, as seen in ''[[The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art]]''.<ref name="struik33">[[Dirk Struik|Struik, Dirk J.]] (1987). ''A Concise History of Mathematics''. New York: Dover Publications. pp. 32–33. "''In these matrices we find negative numbers, which appear here for the first time in history.''"</ref> [[Qin Jiushao|Qín Jiǔsháo]]'s 1247 ''[[Mathematical Treatise in Nine Sections]]'' is the oldest surviving Chinese mathematical text using a round symbol '〇' for zero.<ref name="Qin">{{Cite web |title=Mathematics in the Near and Far East |url=http://grmath4.phpnet.us/istoria/the_history_of%20math_greece/the_history_of%20math_greece_3-5.pdf |website=grmath4.phpnet.us |page=262 |access-date=7 June 2012 |archive-date=4 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104120005/http://grmath4.phpnet.us/istoria/the_history_of%20math_greece/the_history_of%20math_greece_3-5.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The origin of this symbol is unknown; it may have been produced by modifying a square symbol.<ref>{{cite book |first=Jean-Claude |last=Martzloff |translator-first1=Stephen S. |translator-last1=Wilson |title=A History of Chinese Mathematics |publisher=Springer |year=2007 |isbn=978-3-540-33783-6 |page=208}}</ref>
Zero was not treated as a number at that time, but as a "vacant position".<ref name="Crossley">{{Cite book |last1=Shen | first1=Kangshen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eiTJHRGTG6YC |title=The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art: Companion and Commentary |first2=John N.|last2= Crossley |first3=Anthony W.-C. | last3=Lun | author1-mask= Shen Kanshen |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-19-853936-0 |page=35 |quote=zero was regarded as a number in India ... whereas the Chinese employed a vacant position}}</ref>

====Chinese Epigraphy====
A variety of [[Chinese numerals|Chinese characters]] have been used, through history, to represent zero: 空, 零, 洞, 〇.

===India===

[[Pingala]] ({{Circa|3rd}} or 2nd century BC),<ref name="plofker">{{Cite book |last=Plofker |first=Kim |author-link=Kim Plofker |title=Mathematics in India |title-link=Mathematics in India (book) |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-691-12067-6 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=DHvThPNp9yMC&pg=PA54 54–56] |quote=In the Chandah-sutra of Pingala, dating perhaps the third or second century BC, [ ...] Pingala's use of a zero symbol [śūnya] as a marker seems to be the first known explicit reference to zero. ... In the Chandah-sutra of Pingala, dating perhaps the third or second century BC, there are five questions concerning the possible meters for any value "n". [ ...] The answer is (2)7 = 128, as expected, but instead of seven doublings, the process (explained by the sutra) required only three doublings and two squarings – a handy time saver where "n" is large. Pingala's use of a zero symbol as a marker seems to be the first known explicit reference to zero.}}</ref> a [[Sanskrit prosody]] scholar,<ref>{{Cite book |author=Vaman Shivaram Apte |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ArxvCxV1l4C&pg=PA648 | title= The Student's Sanskrit-English Dictionary |chapter=Sanskrit Prosody and Important Literary and Geographical Names in the Ancient History of India |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1970 |isbn=978-81-208-0045-8 |pages=648–649 |access-date=21 April 2017 }}</ref> used [[binary numeral system|binary sequences]], in the form of short and long syllables (the latter equal in length to two short syllables), to identify the possible valid Sanskrit [[Metre (poetry)#Disyllables|meter]]s, a notation similar to [[Morse code]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Math for Poets and Drummers: The Mathematics of Rhythm | first=Rachel| last= Hall | publisher=Saint Joseph's University | date=February 15, 2005 | type=slideshow|url=http://people.sju.edu/~rhall/Rhythms/Poets/arcadia.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122014628/http://people.sju.edu/~rhall/Rhythms/Poets/arcadia.pdf |archive-date=22 January 2019 |access-date=20 December 2015 |url-status= dead }}</ref> Pingala used the [[Sanskrit]] word ''[[Śūnyatā|śūnya]]'' explicitly to refer to zero.<ref name=plofker/>

[[File:Bakhshali manuscript zero detail.jpg|thumb|Bakhshali manuscript, with the numeral "zero" represented by a black dot; its date is uncertain.<ref name="Ox2024">{{Cite web |last=Chivall |first=David |date=2024 |title=Radiocarbon dating of the Bakhshālī manuscript |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:5a6d1dd7-f20c-4209-adb6-33849f5b08f4/files/snp193c210}}</ref>]]

A decimal place value [[grapheme]] for zero was developed in [[Indian subcontinent|India]].<ref name="bourbaki46">{{harvnb|Bourbaki|1998|p=46}}.</ref>

The ''[[Lokavibhaga|Lokavibhāga]]'', a [[Jain]] text on [[cosmology]] surviving in a medieval Sanskrit translation of the [[Prakrit]] original, which is internally dated to AD 458 ([[Saka era]] 380), uses a decimal [[positional notation|place-value system]], including a zero. In this text, ''[[Śūnyatā|śūnya]]'' ("void, empty") is also used to refer to zero.{{sfnp|Ifrah|2000| p= 416}}

The ''[[Aryabhatiya]]'' ({{circa}} 499), states ''sthānāt sthānaṁ daśaguṇaṁ syāt'' "from place to place each is ten times the preceding".<ref name="Aryab">''Aryabhatiya of Aryabhata'', translated by [[Walter Eugene Clark]].</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=O'Connor |first1=J. J. |last2=Robertson |first2=E. F. |date=2000 |title=Aryabhata the Elder |url=http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Aryabhata_I.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711055702/http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Aryabhata_I.html |archive-date=11 July 2015 |access-date=26 May 2013 |website=School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St. Andrews |publication-place=Scotland}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cuN7rH6RzikC&pg=PA97 |title=The Britannica Guide to Numbers and Measurement (Math Explained) |date=15 August 2010 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-61530-108-9 |editor=Hosch |editor-first=William L. |pages=97–98 |access-date=26 September 2016}}</ref>

Rules governing the use of zero appeared in [[Brahmagupta]]'s ''[[Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta|Brahmasputha Siddhanta]]'' (7th century), which states the sum of zero with itself as zero, and incorrectly describes [[division by zero]] in the following way:<ref name="brahmagupta">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/algebrawitharith00brahuoft |title=Algebra, with Arithmetic and Mensuration from the Sanscrit of Brahmegupta and Bháscara |date=1817 |publisher=John Murray |place=London, England |translator=Henry Thomas Colebrooke |oclc=1039515732}}</ref>{{sfn|Kaplan|2000|p=[https://archive.org/details/nothingthatisnat00kapl/page/68 68–75]}}

<blockquote>A positive or negative number when divided by zero is a fraction with the zero as denominator. Zero divided by a negative or positive number is either zero or is expressed as a fraction with zero as numerator and the finite quantity as denominator. Zero divided by zero is zero.</blockquote>

[[Bhāskara II]]'s 12th century treatise ''[[Līlāvatī]]'' instead proposed that division by zero results in an infinite quantity,<ref>{{citation |last=Roy |first=Rahul |journal=Resonance |volume=8 |number=1 |date=January 2003 |title=Babylonian Pythagoras' Theorem, the Early History of Zero and a Polemic on the Study of the History of Science |pages=30–40 |url=https://www.ias.ac.in/describe/article/reso/008/01/0030-0040 |doi=10.1007/BF02834448 }}</ref>

<blockquote>A quantity divided by zero becomes a fraction the denominator of which is zero. This fraction is termed an infinite quantity. In this quantity consisting of that which has zero for its divisor, there is no alteration, though many may be inserted or extracted; as no change takes place in the infinite and immutable God when worlds are created or destroyed, though numerous orders of beings are absorbed or put forth.</blockquote>

====Early Asian Epigraphy====
{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 330
| align = right
| header = Sambor Inscription
| image1 = First zero 1.jpg
| caption1 =
| image2 = Khmer Numerals - 605 from the Sambor inscriptions.jpg
| caption2 =
| image3 = 03-National Museum of Cambodia-nX-1.jpg
| caption3 =
| footer = The oldest, firmly dated use of zero as a decimal figure, found on the Sambor Inscription. The number "605" is written in [[Khmer numerals]] (top), referring to the year it was made: [[Shaka era|605 Saka era]] (683 CE). The fragment, inscribed in [[Old Khmer]], was once part of a temple doorway, and was found in [[Kratié province]], [[Cambodia]].
}}

There are numerous copper plate inscriptions with the same small {{sc|o}} in them, some of them possibly dated to the 6th century, but their date or authenticity may be open to doubt.{{sfn|Kaplan|2000}}

A stone tablet found in the ruins of a temple near Sambor on the [[Mekong]], [[Kratié Province]], [[Cambodia]], includes the inscription of "605" in [[Khmer numerals]] (a set of numeral glyphs for the [[Hindu–Arabic numeral system]]). The number is the year of the inscription in the [[Saka era]], corresponding to a date of AD 683.<ref name="Cambodia">{{multiref2|{{cite journal| author-link=George Cœdès|last=Cœdès |first=George |title=A propos de l'origine des chiffres arabes |journal= Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London |volume= 6 | number= 2|date= 1931|pages= 323–328 |jstor=607661 | publisher= Cambridge University Press | language=fr | doi= 10.1017/S0041977X00092806|s2cid=130482979 }}|{{cite journal|last= Diller|first= Anthony | title=New Zeros and Old Khmer|journal=[[Mon-Khmer Studies]]|volume= 25|date=1996|pages= 125–132 | url= http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/diller1996new.pdf }} }}</ref>

The first known use of special [[glyph]]s for the decimal digits that includes the indubitable appearance of a symbol for the digit zero, a small circle, appears on a stone inscription found at the [[Chaturbhuj Temple, Gwalior]], in India, dated AD 876.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Casselman |first=Bill |author-link=Bill Casselman (mathematician) |title=All for Nought |url=http://www.ams.org/samplings/feature-column/fcarc-india-zero |website=ams.org |publisher=University of British Columbia), American Mathematical Society |access-date=20 December 2015 |archive-date=6 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151206184352/http://www.ams.org/samplings/feature-column/fcarc-india-zero |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfnp|Ifrah|2000|p=400}}

A symbol for zero, a black dot, is used throughout the [[Bakhshali manuscript]], a practical manual on arithmetic for merchants. The [[Bodleian Library]] reported [[radiocarbon dating]] results for six folio from the manuscript, indicating that they came from different centuries, but date the manuscript to AD 799 – 1102.<ref name="Ox2024" />

===Middle Ages===
====Transmission to Islamic culture====
{{See also|History of the Hindu–Arabic numeral system}}
The [[Arabic]]-language inheritance of science was largely [[Greece|Greek]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pannekoek |first=Anton |title=A History of Astronomy |publisher=George Allen & Unwin |year=1961 |page=165 | oclc=840043 | author-link=Anton Pannekoek | url= https://archive.org/details/historyofastrono0000pann}}</ref> followed by Hindu influences.<ref name="Durant">{{cite book | first= Will | last= Durant |date=1950|title=The Story of Civilization, Volume IV, The Age of Faith: Constantine to Dante – A.D. 325–1300|publisher= Simon & Schuster |quote-page= 241 | quote=The Arabic inheritance of science was overwhelmingly Greek, but Hindu influences ranked next. In 773, at Mansur's behest, translations were made of the ''Siddhantas'' – Indian astronomical treatises dating as far back as 425 BC; these versions may have the vehicle through which the "Arabic" numerals and the zero were brought from India into Islam. In 813, al-Khwarizmi used the Hindu numerals in his astronomical tables. | author-link=Will Durant |url=https://archive.org/details/ageoffaithahisto012288mbp}}</ref> In 773, at [[Al-Mansur]]'s behest, translations were made of many ancient treatises including Greek, Roman, Indian, and others.

In AD 813, astronomical tables were prepared by a [[Persian people|Persian]] mathematician, [[Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī]], using Hindu numerals;<ref name="Durant" /> and about 825, he published a book synthesizing Greek and Hindu knowledge and also contained his own contribution to mathematics including an explanation of the use of zero.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brezina |first=Corona |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=955jPgAACAAJ |title=Al-Khwarizmi: The Inventor of Algebra |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-4042-0513-0 |access-date=26 September 2016 }}</ref> This book was later translated into [[Latin]] in the 12th century under the title ''Algoritmi de numero Indorum''. This title means "al-Khwarizmi on the Numerals of the Indians". The word "Algoritmi" was the translator's Latinization of Al-Khwarizmi's name, and the word "[[Algorithm]]" or "[[Algorism]]" started to acquire a meaning of any arithmetic based on decimals.<ref name="Durant" />

[[Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Khwarizmi]], in 976, stated that if no number appears in the place of tens in a calculation, a little circle should be used "to keep the rows". This circle was called ''ṣifr''.<ref>{{harvnb|Durant|1950|p=241}}: "In 976, Muhammad ibn Ahmad, in his ''Keys of the Sciences'', remarked that if, in a calculation, no number appears in the place of tens, a little circle should be used "to keep the rows". This circle the Mosloems called ''ṣifr'', "empty" whence our cipher".</ref>

====Transmission to Europe====
The [[Hindu–Arabic numeral system]] (base 10) reached Western Europe in the 11th century, via [[Al-Andalus]], through Spanish [[Muslim]]s, the [[Moors]], together with knowledge of [[classical astronomy]] and instruments like the [[astrolabe]]. [[Pope Sylvester II|Gerbert of Aurillac]] is credited with reintroducing the lost teachings into Catholic Europe. For this reason, the numerals came to be known in Europe as "Arabic numerals". The Italian mathematician [[Fibonacci]] or Leonardo of Pisa was instrumental in bringing the system into European mathematics in 1202, stating:

<blockquote>After my father's appointment by [[Republic of Pisa|his homeland]] as state official in the customs house of [[Béjaïa|Bugia]] for the Pisan merchants who thronged to it, he took charge; and in view of its future usefulness and convenience, had me in my boyhood come to him and there wanted me to devote myself to and be instructed in the study of calculation for some days. There, following my introduction, as a consequence of marvelous instruction in the art, to the nine digits of the Hindus, the knowledge of the art very much appealed to me before all others, and for it I realized that all its aspects were studied in Egypt, Syria, Greece, Sicily, and Provence, with their varying methods; and at these places thereafter, while on business. I pursued my study in depth and learned the give-and-take of disputation. But all this even, and the [[algorism]], as well as the art of [[Pythagoras]], I considered as almost a mistake in respect to the method of the [[Hinduism|Hindus]] [{{lang|la-x-medieval|Modus Indorum}}]. Therefore, embracing more stringently that method of the Hindus, and taking stricter pains in its study, while adding certain things from my own understanding and inserting also certain things from the niceties of [[Euclid]]'s geometric art. I have striven to compose this book in its entirety as understandably as I could, dividing it into fifteen chapters. Almost everything which I have introduced I have displayed with exact proof, in order that those further seeking this knowledge, with its pre-eminent method, might be instructed, and further, in order that the [[Latin people]] might not be discovered to be without it, as they have been up to now. If I have perchance omitted anything more or less proper or necessary, I beg indulgence, since there is no one who is blameless and utterly provident in all things. The nine Indian figures are: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1. With these nine figures, and with the sign 0{{nbsp}}... any number may be written.<ref>{{multiref2|{{cite book | translator-last=Sigler|translator-first= Laurence E.| title= Fibonacci's Liber Abaci: A Translation into Modern English of Leonardo Pisano's Book of Calculation |publisher= Springer|date= 2003| isbn =978-1-4613-0079-3 | doi=10.1007/978-1-4613-0079-3 |series= Sources and Studies in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences|last1= Sigler|first1= Laurence}}|{{cite periodical| last=Grimm | first= Richard E. | title=The Autobiography of Leonardo Pisano| magazine =[[Fibonacci Quarterly]]| volume= 11 | number=1 |date=February 1973|pages= 99–104 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126180044/https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=318a17253f745e2af400eb2ebb4dc4e762560a5b | archive-date= 26 November 2023 |url-status=live | url = https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=318a17253f745e2af400eb2ebb4dc4e762560a5b}}|{{Cite book |last=Hansen |first=Alice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=COJsbuUI1h8C&pg=PT31 |title=Primary Mathematics: Extending Knowledge in Practice |date=2008 |publisher=SAGE | doi = 10.4135/9781446276532|isbn=978-0-85725-233-3 |language=en |access-date=7 November 2020 |archive-date=7 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307234959/https://books.google.com/books?id=COJsbuUI1h8C&q=%22Therefore%2C+embracing+more+stringently+that+method+of+the+Hindus%2C+and+taking+stricter+pains+in+its+study%2C+while+adding+certain+things+from+my+own+understanding+and+inserting+also+certain+things+from+the+niceties+of+Euclid%27s+geometric+art.%22&pg=PT31 |url-status=live }} }}</ref></blockquote>

From the 13th century, manuals on calculation (adding, multiplying, extracting roots, etc.) became common in Europe where they were called {{lang|la-x-medieval|algorismus}} after the Persian mathematician [[al-Khwārizmī]]. One popular manual was written by [[Johannes de Sacrobosco]] in the early 1200s and was one of the earliest scientific books to be [[History of printing|printed]], in 1488.<ref name=Karpinski1911>{{cite book |first1=D. E. |last1=Smith |first2=L. C. |last2=Karpinski |year=1911 |chapter=The spread of the <nowiki>[Hindu–Arabic]</nowiki> numerals in Europe |title=The Hindu–Arabic Numerals |pages=134–136 |publisher=Ginn and Company |via=Internet Archive |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/hinduarabicnume02karpgoog#page/n145/mode/1up
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pedersen |first1=Olaf |date=1985 |title=In Quest of Sacrobosco |journal=Journal for the History of Astronomy |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=175–221 |doi=10.1177/002182868501600302 |bibcode=1985JHA....16..175P |s2cid=118227787 }}</ref> The practice of calculating on paper using Hindu–Arabic numerals only gradually displaced calculation by [[abacus]] and recording with [[Roman numerals]].{{sfn|Ifrah|2000|pp=588–590}} In the 16th century, Hindu–Arabic numerals became the predominant numerals used in Europe.<ref name=Karpinski1911/>

==Symbols and representations==
{{Main|Symbols for zero}}

[[File:Text figures 036.svg|71px|alt=horizontal guidelines with a zero touching top and bottom, a three dipping below, and a six cresting above the guidelines, from left to right|left|class=skin-invert-image]]
[[File:Oslo airport train station, Platform 0.jpg|thumb|Oslo airport train station, Platform 0]]
Today, the numerical digit 0 is usually written as a circle or ellipse. Traditionally, many print [[typeface]]s made the capital letter [[O]] more rounded than the narrower, elliptical digit 0.<ref name="bemer" /> [[Typewriter]]s originally made no distinction in shape between O and 0; some models did not even have a separate key for the digit 0. The distinction came into prominence on modern character [[Visual display unit|displays]].<ref name="bemer">{{Cite journal |last=Bemer |first=R. W. |year=1967 |title=Towards standards for handwritten zero and oh: much ado about nothing (and a letter), or a partial dossier on distinguishing between handwritten zero and oh |journal=Communications of the ACM |volume=10 |issue=8 |pages=513–518 |doi=10.1145/363534.363563 |s2cid=294510}}</ref>

A [[slashed zero]] (<math>0\!\!\!{/}</math>) is often used to distinguish the number from the letter (mostly in computing, navigation and in the military, for example). The digit 0 with a dot in the center seems to have originated as an option on [[IBM 3270]] displays and has continued with some modern computer typefaces such as [[Andalé Mono]], and in some airline reservation systems. One variation uses a short vertical bar instead of the dot. Some fonts designed for use with computers made the "0" character more squared at the edges, like a rectangle, and the "O" character more rounded. A further distinction is made in [[FE-Schrift|falsification-hindering typeface]] as used on [[Vehicle registration plates of Germany|German car number plates]] by slitting open the digit 0 on the upper right side. In some systems either the letter O or the numeral 0, or both, are excluded from use, to avoid confusion.{{citation needed|date=March 2026}}

==Mathematics==
{{see also|Null (mathematics)}}

The concept of zero plays multiple roles in mathematics: as a digit, it is an important part of positional notation for representing numbers, while it also plays an important role as a number in its own right in many algebraic settings.

=== As a digit ===
{{main|Positional notation}}

In positional number systems (such as the usual [[decimal notation]] for representing numbers), the digit 0 plays the role of a placeholder, indicating that certain powers of the base do not contribute. For example, the decimal number 205 is the sum of two hundreds and five ones, with the 0 digit indicating that no tens are added. The digit plays the same role in [[decimal fractions]] and in the [[decimal representation]] of other real numbers (indicating whether any tenths, hundredths, thousandths, etc., are present) and in bases other than 10 (for example, in binary, where it indicates which powers of 2 are omitted).{{sfn|Reimer|2014|pp=156,199–204}}

===Elementary algebra===
[[File:Number line with numbers -3 to 3.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|A [[number line]] from −3 to 3, with 0 in the middle]]
The number 0 is the smallest [[nonnegative integer]], and the largest nonpositive integer. The [[natural number]] following 0 is 1 and no natural number precedes 0. The number 0 [[Natural number|may or may not be considered a natural number]],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bunt |first1=Lucas Nicolaas Hendrik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xArILpcndYC |title=The historical roots of elementary mathematics |last2=Jones |first2=Phillip S. |last3=Bedient |first3=Jack D. |publisher=Courier Dover Publications |year=1976 |isbn=978-0-486-13968-5 |pages=254–255 |access-date=5 January 2016 |archive-date=23 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623174716/https://books.google.com/books?id=7xArILpcndYC |url-status=live }}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=7xArILpcndYC&pg=PA255 Extract of pp. 254–255] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510195505/https://books.google.com/books?id=7xArILpcndYC&pg=PA255 |date=10 May 2016 }}</ref>{{sfn|Cheng|2017|p=32}} but it is an [[integer]], and hence a [[rational number]] and a [[real number]].{{sfn|Cheng|2017|pp=41, 48–53}} All rational numbers are [[algebraic number]]s, including 0. When the real numbers are extended to form the [[complex number]]s, 0 becomes the [[origin (mathematics)|origin]] of the complex plane.

The number 0 can be regarded as neither positive nor negative<ref>{{Cite web |author=Weisstein, Eric W. |title=Zero |url=http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Zero.html |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Wolfram |language=en |archive-date=1 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601190920/http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Zero.html |url-status=live }}</ref> or, alternatively, both positive and negative<ref>{{Cite book |last=Weil |first=André |author-link=André Weil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NEHaBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 |title=Number Theory for Beginners |date=2012-12-06 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-1-4612-9957-8 |language=en |access-date=6 April 2021 |archive-date=14 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614182810/https://books.google.com/books?id=NEHaBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 |url-status=live }}</ref> and is usually displayed as the central number in a [[number line]]. Zero is [[Parity of zero|even]]<ref>[[Lemma (mathematics)|Lemma]] B.2.2, ''The integer 0 is even and is not odd'', in {{Cite book |last=Penner |first=Robert C. |url=https://archive.org/details/discretemathemat0000penn |title=Discrete Mathematics: Proof Techniques and Mathematical Structures |publisher=World Scientific |year=1999 |isbn=978-981-02-4088-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/discretemathemat0000penn/page/34 34]}}</ref> (that is, a multiple of 2), and is also an [[integer multiple]] of any other integer, rational, or real number. It is neither a [[prime number]] nor a [[composite number]]: it is not prime because prime numbers are greater than 1 by definition, and it is not composite because it cannot be expressed as the product of two smaller natural numbers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Reid |first=Constance |title-link=From Zero to Infinity |title=From zero to infinity: what makes numbers interesting |publisher=[[Mathematical Association of America]] |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-88385-505-8 |edition=4th |page= 23 |quote=zero neither prime nor composite}}</ref> (However, the [[singleton set]] {0} is a [[prime ideal]] in the [[ring (mathematics)|ring]] of the integers.)
[[File:AdditionZero.svg|alt=A collection of five dots and one of zero dots merge into one of five dots.|thumb|193x193px|5+0=5 illustrated with collections of dots.]]
The following are some basic rules for dealing with the number 0. These rules apply for any real or complex number ''x'', unless otherwise stated.
* [[Addition]]: ''x'' + 0 = 0 + ''x'' = ''x''. That is, 0 is an [[identity element]] (or neutral element) with respect to addition.
* [[Subtraction]]: ''x'' − 0 = ''x'' and 0 − ''x'' = −''x''.
* [[Multiplication]]: ''x'' · 0 = 0 · ''x'' = 0.
* [[Division (mathematics)|Division]]: {{sfrac|0|''x''}} = 0, for nonzero ''x''. But [[Division by zero|{{sfrac|''x''|0}}]] is [[Defined and undefined|undefined]], because 0 has no [[multiplicative inverse]] (no real number multiplied by 0 produces 1), a consequence of the previous rule.{{sfn|Cheng|2017|p=47}}
* [[Exponentiation]]: ''x''0 = {{sfrac|''x''|''x''}} = 1, except that [[Zero to the power of zero|the case ''x'' = 0]] is considered undefined in some contexts. For all positive real ''x'', {{nowrap|0''x'' {{=}} 0}}.

The expression {{sfrac|0|0}}, which may be obtained in an attempt to determine the limit of an expression of the form {{sfrac|''f''(''x'')|''g''(''x'')}} as a result of applying the [[limit of a function|lim]] operator independently to both operands of the fraction, is a so-called "[[indeterminate form]]". That does not mean that the limit sought is necessarily undefined; rather, it means that the limit of {{sfrac|''f''(''x'')|''g''(''x'')}}, if it exists, must be found by another method, such as [[l'Hôpital's rule]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Herman |first1=Edwin |url=https://openstax.org/details/books/calculus-volume-1 |title=Calculus |volume=1 |last2=Strang |first2=Gilbert |date=2017 |publisher=OpenStax |isbn=978-1-938168-02-4 |location=Houston, Texas |oclc=1022848630 |display-authors=etal |author-link2=Gilbert Strang |access-date=26 July 2022 |archive-date=23 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923230919/https://openstax.org/details/books/calculus-volume-1 |url-status=live |pages=454–459}}</ref>

The sum of 0 numbers (the ''[[empty sum]]'') is 0, and the product of 0 numbers (the ''[[empty product]]'') is 1. The [[factorial]] 0! evaluates to 1, as a special case of the empty product.<ref name=gkp>{{cite book|first1=Ronald L.|last1=Graham|author1-link=Ronald Graham |first2=Donald E.|last2=Knuth|author2-link=Donald Knuth|first3=Oren|last3=Patashnik|author3-link=Oren Patashnik|date=1988|title=Concrete Mathematics|publisher=Addison-Wesley|location=Reading, MA|isbn=0-201-14236-8|title-link=Concrete Mathematics|page=111}}</ref>

===Other uses in mathematics===
[[File:Nullset.svg|thumb|upright=0.4|alt={}|The empty set has zero elements]]The role of 0 as the smallest counting number can be generalized or extended in various ways. In [[set theory]], 0 is the [[cardinality]] of the [[empty set]] (notated as "{ }", "<math display="inline">\emptyset</math>", or "∅"): if one does not have any apples, then one has 0 apples. In fact, in certain axiomatic developments of mathematics from set theory, 0 is ''[[definition|defined]]'' to be the empty set.{{sfn|Cheng|2017|p=60}} When this is done, the empty set is the [[von Neumann cardinal assignment]] for a set with no elements, which is the empty set. The cardinality function, applied to the empty set, returns the empty set as a value, thereby assigning it 0 elements.

Also in set theory, 0 is the lowest [[ordinal number]], corresponding to the empty set viewed as a [[well-order|well-ordered set]]. In [[order theory]] (and especially its subfield [[lattice theory]]), 0 may denote the [[least element]] of a [[Lattice (order)|lattice]] or other [[partially ordered set]].

The role of 0 as additive identity generalizes beyond elementary algebra. In [[abstract algebra]], 0 is commonly used to denote a [[zero element]], which is the [[identity element]] for addition (if defined on the structure under consideration) and an [[absorbing element]] for multiplication (if defined). Examples include identity elements of [[additive group]]s and [[vector space]]s. Another example is the '''zero function''' (or '''zero map''') on a domain {{mvar|D}}. This is the [[constant function]] with 0 as its only possible output value, that is, it is the function {{mvar|f}} defined by {{math|''f''(''x'') {{=}} 0}} for all {{mvar|x}} in {{mvar|D}}. As a function from the real numbers to the real numbers, the zero function is the only function that is both [[Even function|even]] and [[Odd function|odd]].

The number 0 is also used in several other ways within various branches of mathematics:
* A ''[[zero of a function]]'' ''f'' is a point ''x'' in the domain of the function such that {{math|''f''(''x'') {{=}} 0}}.
* In [[propositional logic]], 0 may be used to denote the [[truth value]] false.
* In [[probability theory]], 0 is the smallest allowed value for the probability of any event.{{sfn|Kardar|2007|p=35}}
* [[Category theory]] introduces the idea of a [[zero object]], often denoted 0, and the related concept of [[zero morphism]]s, which generalize the zero function.<ref>{{cite book|last=Riehl |first=Emily |title=Category Theory in Context |author-link=Emily Riehl |page=103 |url=https://math.jhu.edu/~eriehl/context/ |publisher=Dover |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-486-80903-8}}</ref>

==Physics==
The value zero plays a special role for many physical quantities. For some quantities, the zero level is naturally distinguished from all other levels, whereas for others it is more or less arbitrarily chosen. For example, for an [[Thermodynamic temperature|absolute temperature]] (typically measured in [[kelvin]]s), [[absolute zero|zero]] is the lowest possible value. ([[Negative temperature]]s can be defined for some physical systems, but negative-temperature systems are not actually colder.) This is in contrast to temperatures on the [[Celsius scale]], for example, where zero is arbitrarily defined to be at the [[Melting point|freezing point]] of water.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Andrew |last1=Rex |first2=C. B. P. |last2=Finn |title=Finn's Thermal Physics |edition=3rd |publisher=CRC Press |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-4987-1887-5 |pages=8–16}}</ref>{{sfn|Kardar|2007|pp=4–5,103–104}} Measuring sound intensity in [[decibel]]s or [[phon]]s, the zero level is arbitrarily set at a reference value—for example, at a value for the threshold of hearing. In [[physics]], the [[zero-point energy]] is the lowest possible energy that a [[quantum mechanics|quantum mechanical]] [[physical system]] may possess and is the energy of the [[Stationary state|ground state]] of the system.

==Computer science==
Modern computers store information in [[Binary code|binary]], that is, using an "alphabet" that contains only two symbols, usually chosen to be "0" and "1". Binary coding is convenient for [[digital electronics]], where "0" and "1" can stand for the absence or presence of electrical current in a wire.{{sfn|Woodford|2006|p=9}} [[Computer programming|Computer programmers]] typically use [[high-level programming language]]s that are more intelligible to humans than the [[machine code|binary instructions]] that are directly executed by the [[central processing unit]]. 0 plays various important roles in high-level languages. For example, a [[Boolean data type|Boolean variable]] stores a value that is either ''true'' or ''false'', and 0 is often the numerical representation of ''false.''{{sfn|Hill|2020|p=20}}

0 also plays a role in [[Array (data type)|array indexing]]. The most common practice throughout human history has been to start counting at one, and this is the practice in early classic programming languages such as [[Fortran]] and [[COBOL]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Overland |first=Brian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bW6MiHxPULUC&dq=cobol+array+index&pg=PT132 |title=C++ Without Fear: A Beginner's Guide That Makes You Feel Smart |date=2004-09-14 |publisher=Pearson Education |isbn=978-0-7686-8488-9 |pages=132 |language=en}}</ref> However, in the late 1950s [[LISP]] introduced [[zero-based numbering]] for arrays while [[Algol 58]] introduced completely flexible basing for array subscripts (allowing any positive, negative, or zero integer as base for array subscripts), and most subsequent programming languages adopted one or other of these positions.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}} For example, the elements of an array are numbered starting from 0 in [[C (computer language)|C]], so that for an array of ''n'' items the sequence of array indices runs from 0 to {{nowrap|''n''−1}}.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Oliveira |first1=Suely |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E6a8oZOS8noC&dq=C+array+index+zero&pg=PA64 |title=Writing Scientific Software: A Guide to Good Style |last2=Stewart |first2=David E. |date=2006-09-07 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-45862-7 |pages=64 |language=en}}</ref>

There can be confusion between 0- and 1-based indexing; for example, Java's [[JDBC]] indexes parameters from 1 although [[Java (programming language)|Java]] itself uses 0-based indexing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ResultSet (Java Platform SE 8 ) |url=https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/sql/ResultSet.html |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=docs.oracle.com |archive-date=9 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509185749/https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/sql/ResultSet.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In C, a [[byte]] containing the value 0 serves to indicate where a [[String (computer science)|string]] of characters ends. Also, 0 is a standard way to refer to a [[null pointer]] in code.<ref>{{cite book|last=Reese |first=Richard M. |title=Understanding and Using C Pointers: Core Techniques for Memory Management |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-449-34455-9 |publisher=O'Reilly Media |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-U155tRMLJgC&dq=C%20%22null%20pointer%22%200&pg=PT26}}</ref>

In databases, it is possible for a field not to have a value. It is then said to have a [[null (SQL)|null value]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Wu |first1=X. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SdLsCgAAQBAJ&q=%C2%A0In+databases%2C+it+is+possible+for+a+field+not+to+have+a+value+%28null%29&pg=PT197 |title=Knowledge-Base Assisted Database Retrieval Systems |last2=Ichikawa |first2=T. |last3=Cercone |first3=N. |date=25 October 1996 |publisher=World Scientific |isbn=978-981-4501-75-0 |language=en |access-date=7 November 2020 |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331032618/https://books.google.com/books?id=SdLsCgAAQBAJ&q=%C2%A0In+databases%2C+it+is+possible+for+a+field+not+to+have+a+value+%28null%29&pg=PT197 |url-status=live }}</ref> For numeric fields it is not the value zero. For text fields this is not blank nor the empty string. The presence of null values leads to [[three-valued logic]]. No longer is a condition either ''true'' or ''false'', but it can be ''undetermined''. Any computation including a null value delivers a null result.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/rbd/9.5.1?topic=parts-null-values-nullable-type |title= Null values and the nullable type |author=  |date= 12 December 2018 |website= IBM |access-date= 23 November 2021 |quote= In regard to services, sending a null value as an argument in a remote service call means that no data is sent. Because the receiving parameter is nullable, the receiving function creates a new, uninitialized value for the missing data then passes it to the requested service function. |archive-date= 23 November 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211123185142/https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/rbd/9.5.1?topic=parts-null-values-nullable-type |url-status= live }}</ref>

In mathematics, there is no "positive zero" or "negative zero" distinct from zero; both −0 and +0 represent exactly the same number. However, in some computer hardware [[signed number representations]], zero has two distinct representations, a positive one grouped with the positive numbers and a negative one grouped with the negatives. This kind of dual representation is known as [[signed zero]], with the latter form sometimes called negative zero. These representations include the [[signed magnitude]] and [[ones' complement]] binary integer representations (but not the [[two's complement]] binary form used in most modern computers), and most [[floating-point arithmetic|floating-point]] number representations (such as [[IEEE floating point|IEEE 754]] and [[IBM hexadecimal floating-point|IBM S/360]] floating-point formats).

An [[epoch (computing)|epoch]], in computing terminology, is the date and time associated with a zero timestamp. The [[Unix epoch]] begins the midnight before the first of January 1970.<ref>Paul DuBois. [https://books.google.com/books?id=lFsaBAAAQBAJ "MySQL Cookbook: Solutions for Database Developers and Administrators"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224134429/https://books.google.com/books?id=lFsaBAAAQBAJ|date=24 February 2017}}, 2014. p. 204.</ref><ref>Arnold Robbins; Nelson Beebe. [https://books.google.com/books?id=J9WbAgAAQBAJ "Classic Shell Scripting"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224134147/https://books.google.com/books?id=J9WbAgAAQBAJ|date=24 February 2017}}. 2005. p. 274.</ref><ref>Iztok Fajfar. [https://books.google.com/books?id=eHq9CgAAQBAJ "Start Programming Using HTML, CSS, and JavaScript"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224134155/https://books.google.com/books?id=eHq9CgAAQBAJ|date=24 February 2017}}. 2015. p. 160.</ref> The [[Classic Mac OS]] epoch and [[Palm OS]] epoch begin the midnight before the first of January 1904.<ref>Darren R. Hayes. [https://books.google.com/books?id=0qPfBQAAQBAJ "A Practical Guide to Computer Forensics Investigations"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224134341/https://books.google.com/books?id=0qPfBQAAQBAJ|date=24 February 2017}}. 2014. p. 399.</ref>

Many [[Application programming interface|APIs]] and [[operating system]]s that require applications to return an integer value as an [[exit status]] typically use zero to indicate success and non-zero values to indicate specific [[error code|error]] or warning conditions.<ref>{{cite book |author=Rochkind |first=Marc J. |url= |title=Advanced UNIX Programming |publisher=Prentice Hall |year=1985 |isbn=0-13-011818-4 |series=Prentice-Hall Software Series |location=Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey}} Section 5.5, "Exit system call", p.114.</ref>

Programmers often use a [[Slashed zero#Usage|slashed zero]] to avoid confusion with the letter "[[O]]".<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2010 |title=Font Survey: 42 of the Best Monospaced Programming Fonts |url=https://www.codeproject.com/Articles/30040/Font-Survey-42-of-the-Best-Monospaced-Programming |url-status=live |access-date=22 July 2021 |website=codeproject.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124051919/http://www.codeproject.com:80/Articles/30040/Font-Survey-42-of-the-Best-Monospaced-Programming |archive-date=24 January 2012 }}</ref>

==Other fields==
===Biology===
In [[zoology|comparative zoology]] and [[cognitive science]], recognition that some animals display awareness of the concept of zero leads to the conclusion that the capability for numerical abstraction arose early in the [[evolution]] of species.<ref>{{ cite periodical| last=Cepelewicz|first= Jordana |url=https://www.quantamagazine.org/animals-can-count-and-use-zero-how-far-does-their-number-sense-go-20210809/ | title=Animals Count and Use Zero. How Far Does Their Number Sense Go? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818042926/https://www.quantamagazine.org/animals-can-count-and-use-zero-how-far-does-their-number-sense-go-20210809/ |archive-date=18 August 2021 | magazine= [[Quanta Magazine]]|date= August 9, 2021}}</ref>

===Dating systems===
{{Main|Year zero}}

In the [[Before Christ|BC]] [[calendar era]], the year 1{{nbsp}}BC is the first year before AD{{nbsp}}1; there is not a [[year zero]]. By contrast, in [[astronomical year numbering]], the year 1{{nbsp}}BC is numbered 0, the year 2{{nbsp}}BC is numbered −1, and so forth.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Steel |first=Duncan |url=https://archive.org/details/markingtimeepicq00stee_0/page/113 |title=Marking Time: The epic quest to invent the perfect calendar |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-471-29827-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/markingtimeepicq00stee_0/page/113 113] |quote=In the B.C./A.D. scheme there is no year zero. After 31 December 1{{nbsp}}BC came 1 January AD 1. ... If you object to that no-year-zero scheme, then don't use it: use the astronomer's counting scheme, with negative year numbers. | url-access=registration|oclc =1135427740 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Grammatical number]]
* [[Mathematical constant]]
* [[Number theory]]
* [[Peano axioms]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Aczel |first=Amir D. |title=Finding Zero |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-137-27984-2 |location=New York |author-link=Amir D. Aczel |url=https://archive.org/details/findingzeromathe0000acze}}
* {{Cite book |last=Asimov |first=Isaac |title=Asimov on Numbers |publisher=Pocket Books |year=1978 |isbn=978-0-671-82134-0 |location=New York |chapter=Nothing Counts |oclc=1105483009 |author-link=Isaac Asimov|url=https://archive.org/details/asimovonnumbers00isaa}}
* {{Cite book |last=Barrow |first=John D. |title=The Book of Nothing |publisher=Vintage |year=2001 |isbn=0-09-928845-1 |author-link=John D. Barrow |url=https://archive.org/details/bookofnothing0000barr}}
* {{Cite book |first=Eugenia |last=Cheng |author-link=Eugenia Cheng |title=Beyond Infinity: An Expedition to the Outer Limits of Mathematics |publisher=Basic Books |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-5416-4413-7}}
* {{cite book|first=Mehran |last=Kardar |author-link=Mehran Kardar |title=Statistical Physics of Particles |title-link=Statistical Physics of Particles |year=2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-87342-0}}
* {{cite book|first=David |last=Reimer |title=Count Like an Egyptian |year=2014 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-16012-2 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Woodford |first=Chris|author-link=Chris Woodford (author)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=My7Zr0aP2L8C&pg=PA9 |title=Digital Technology |date=2006 |publisher=Evans Brothers |isbn=978-0-237-52725-9 |access-date=24 March 2016 |archive-date=17 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817150242/https://books.google.com/books?id=My7Zr0aP2L8C&pg=PA9 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Hill |first=Christian |title=Learning Scientific Programming with Python |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2020 |isbn= 978-1-10707541-2 |edition=2nd}}
{{Refend}}

=== Historical studies ===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bourbaki |first=Nicolas |title=Elements of the History of Mathematics |publisher=Springer-Verlag |year=1998 |isbn=3-540-64767-8 |location=Berlin, Heidelberg, and New York |author-link=Nicolas Bourbaki}}
* {{Cite book |last=Diehl |first=Richard A. |title=The Olmecs: America's First Civilization |publisher=Thames & Hudson |year=2004 |location=London, England |isbn=978-0-500-28503-9}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ifrah |first=Georges |title=The Universal History of Numbers: From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer |publisher=Wiley |year=2000 |isbn=0-471-39340-1}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kaplan |first=Robert |title=The Nothing That Is: A Natural History of Zero |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-198-02945-8}}
* {{Cite book |last=Seife |first=Charles |title=Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea |publisher=Penguin USA |year=2000 |isbn=0-14-029647-6 |author-link=Charles Seife}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|zero}}
{{Sister project links|commonscat=y|wikt=zero|q=Zero|n=no|s=no|b=no|v=no}}
* [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/amir-aczel/worlds-first-zero_b_3276709.html Searching for the World's First Zero]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081204042054/http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/Zero.html A History of Zero]
* [http://home.ubalt.edu/ntsbarsh/zero/ZERO.HTM Zero Saga]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141009100628/http://www.ucs.louisiana.edu/~sxw8045/history.htm The History of Algebra]
* [[Edsger W. Dijkstra]]: [http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/EWD/ewd08xx/EWD831.PDF Why numbering should start at zero], EWD831 ([[Portable Document Format|PDF]] of a handwritten manuscript)
* {{In Our Time|Zero|p004y254|Zero}}
* {{MathWorld | urlname=0 | title=0}}
* {{Wikisource-inline|list=
** {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Zero |short=x |noicon=x}}
** {{Cite Americana|wstitle=Zero |short=x |noicon=x}}
}}

{{Integers|zero}}
{{Number theory|expand}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:0 (Number)}}
[[Category:0 (number)| ]]
[[Category:Elementary arithmetic]]
[[Category:Integers|00]]
[[Category:Indian inventions]]

0

2026-05-26T21:24:00Z

GregorioBigge0: started post

Chapra, West Bengal Assembly constituency

2026-05-08T04:18:18Z

GregorioBigge0:

{{Short description|Assembly constituency in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chapra
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Chapra.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Chapra Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = Jeber Sekh
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Nadia district|Nadia]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Krishnanagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Krishnanagar]]
| constituency_no = 82
| established = 1962
| electors = 248,014
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Chapra Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Nadia district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 82 Chapra Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Chapra, Nadia (Community development block)|Chapra]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]].<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |title=Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 |access-date=2010-08-21 |publisher=Government of West Bengal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918130255/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |archive-date=2010-09-18 }}</ref>

Chapra Assembly constituency is part of No. 12 [[Krishnanagar (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Mohananda Haldar
|{{Full party name with color|Sanjukta Biplabi Parishad}}
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|[[Jagannath Majumdar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bangla Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Salil Behari Hundle
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|Sahabuddin Mondal
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Ghiasuddin Ahmad
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan="2"|Sahabuddin Mondal
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes|rowspan=7}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Mir Quasem Mondal]]
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|rowspan="2"|Shamsul Islam Mollah
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Rukbanur Rahman]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
|[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|Jeber Sekh
|}

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Chapra<ref>https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/ConstituencywiseS2582.htm</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Jeber Sekh
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = 97,085 {{formatnum:}}
|percentage = 46.06
|change = {{increase}}11.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Saikat Sarkar
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 66,305{{formatnum:}}
|percentage = 31.46
|change = {{increase}}4.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Jakir Mondal
|party = Indian Secular Front
|votes = 38,437{{formatnum:}}
|percentage = 18.24
|change = {{increase}}16.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Asif Khan
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 2,015{{formatnum:}}
|percentage = 0.96
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shubhankar Rudra
|votes = 1,836
|percentage = 0.87
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = 1,550{{formatnum:}}
|percentage = 0.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Mozammel Hossain Mondal
|votes = 1,016
|percentage = 0.48
|change = {{increase}}0.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sudhangshu Sarkar
|votes = 1,039
|percentage = 0.49
|change = {{decrease}}0.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sukla Saha(Mukta)
|party = Janata Unnayan Party
|votes = 840{{formatnum:}}
|percentage = 0.4
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Utpal Ghosh
|votes = 639
|percentage = 0.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 30,780{{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 210,762{{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2021]]: Chapra}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Rukbanur Rahman
|votes = 73,866
|percentage = 34.65
|change = -13.14
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Jeber Sekh
|votes = 61,748
|percentage = 28.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Kalyan Kumar Nandi
|votes = 58,168
|percentage = 27.29
|change = +19.35
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Jahangir Biswas (Raju)
|votes = 11,722
|percentage = 5.50
|change = -35.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian Secular Front
|candidate = Kanchan Moitra
|votes = 3,865
|percentage = 1.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 2,023
|percentage = 0.95
|change = -0.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rokibul Hossain Molla
|votes = 1,070
|percentage = 0.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Mozammel Hossain Mondal
|votes = 713
|percentage = 0.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 213,175
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
.# Jeber Sekh, contesting as an Independent candidate, was a rebel Trinamool Congress member.

===2016===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2016]]: Chapra<ref name=election2016>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3469-west-bangal-general-legislative-election-2016/ |title=West Bengal Legislative Assembly Election, 2016 |date=16 August 2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=15 April 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Rukbanur Rahman
|votes = 89,556
|percentage = 47.79
|change = +0.65
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Shamsul Islam Mollah
|votes = 76,093
|percentage = 40.61
|change = -4.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sutirtha Chakraborty (Chuni)
|votes = 14,887
|percentage = 7.94
|change = +3.63
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = Samaresh Biswas
|votes = 4,081
|percentage = 2.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 1,894
|percentage = 1.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Dhananjay Ganguly
|votes = 884
|percentage = 0.47
|change =
}}

{{Election box turnout
|votes = 187,895
|percentage = 85.23
|change = -2.62
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
In the 2011 election, Rukbanur Rahaman of Trinamool Congress defeated his nearest rival Shamsul Islam Mollah of CPI(M).
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Chapra constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=82| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120327190841/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=82| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 27 March 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work =Chapra| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 20 April 2011}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Rukbanur Rahaman
|votes = 77,435
|percentage = 47.14
|change = -9.10#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Shamsul Islam Mollah
|votes = 74,802
|percentage = 45.54
|change = +2.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Baidyanath Biswas
|votes = 7,078
|percentage = 4.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Bijoy Kumar Saha
|votes = 2,765
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Soumen Mandal
|votes = 2,180
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 164,260
|percentage = 87.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = -11.32#
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.

===1977-2006===
In [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]] and 2001 state assembly elections, Shamsul Islam Mollah of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Chapra assembly seat defeating his nearest rivals, Abdur Rashid Mollick of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 2006<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> and Julfikar Khan of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] in 2001.<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Mir Quasem Mondal of CPI(M) defeated Julfikar Khan representing Congress in 1996,<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> and Arun Kumar Ghosh of Congress in 1991.<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> Mir Qusem of CPI(M) defeated Dilip Dutta of Congress in 1987.<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> Sahabauddin Mondal of CPI(M) defeated Arun Biswas, Independent, in 1982<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> and Kazi Safluddin of [[Janata Party]] in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp73.htm |title =73 - Chapra, West Bengal Assembly constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 5 October 2010}}</ref>

===1962–1972===
Ghiasuddin Ahmad of Congress won in 1972.<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> Sahabuddin Mondal of CPI(M) won in 1971.<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> Salil Behari Hundle of [[Bangla Congress]] won in 1969.<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> J.Mojumdar of Bangla Congress won in 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> Mohananda Haldar of Sanjukta Biplabi Parishad won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]],<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> The Chapra constituency did not exist prior to that.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Nadia topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Nadia district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in West Bengal]]

T. Arunkumar

2026-05-08T00:54:07Z

GregorioBigge0: adding initial biography basic info

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1987)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}

'''T. Arunkumar''' (born 1987) is an Indian politician from [[Tamil Nadu]]. He is a member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from Thiruvallur Assembly constituency in [[Thiruvallur district]] representing [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-04 |title=Tamil Nadu election results 2026: Full list of winners |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/tamil-nadu-assembly-election-2026-results-full-list-of-winners/article70908112.ece |access-date=2026-05-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Arunkumar became an MLA for the first time winning the [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Thiruvallur Assembly constituency]] representing [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]]. He polled 92,190 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[V. G. Raajendran|V. G. Rajendran]] of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]], by a margin of 24,760 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-04 |title=Thiruvallur election results 2026: TVK’s Dr T Arunkumar wins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/news/thiruvallur-election-results-2026/articleshow/130576036.cms |access-date=2026-05-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=T. Arunkumar (TVK) Candidate from THIRUVALLUR Constituency, T. Arunkumar Political Career, Age, Education, Election Result 2026 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/tamil-nadu/candidate-t-arunkumar-10110 |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=T. Arunkumar, THIRUVALLUR TVK Election Results 2026: T. Arunkumar Vidhan Sabha Chunav Seat, Political Career, Education, Age, Vote Margin, Assets Parinam News in Hindi {{!}} डॉ टी अरुणकुमार तिरुवल्लुर विधानसभा चुनाव 2026 |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/assembly-chunav/tamil-nadu/candidate-t-arunkumar-10110 |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=AajTak |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arunkumar, T.}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:People from Tiruvallur district]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2026–2031]]

Ashab Uddin (politician)

2026-05-05T05:22:17Z

GregorioBigge0: done

{{Short description|Indian Bengali politician}}
{{Distinguish|Ashab Uddin (general)|Ashab Uddin Ahmad}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = Muhammad
| name = Ashab Uddin
| native_name = আসহাব উদ্দীন
| office = Member of the [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2017
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Jiribam (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jiribam]]
| predecessor = [[Thoudam Debendra Singh]]
| successor =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1966|10|1}}
| birth_place =
| party = [[Janata Dal (United)|Janata Dal]]<ref name="Manipur elections: Fate of BJP, Congress hinges on smaller parties as hung House predicted">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Manipur elections: Fate of BJP, Congress hinges on smaller parties as hung House predicted |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/Feb/15/manipur-elections-fate-of-bjp-congress-hinges-on-smaller-parties-as-hung-house-predicted-2419762.html |access-date=23 January 2025 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=15 February 2022 |archive-date= |language=en}}</ref>
| relatives =
}}
'''Muhammad Achab Uddin''',({{langx|bn|মুহম্মদ আসহাব উদ্দীন}}),<ref>{{Cite web| title=Abstract Statement of election expenses | url=https://www.ceomanipur.nic.in/Expenditure/2022/40-Jiribam/40-Achab%20Uddin%20Abstract.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210085749/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Expenditure/2022/40-Jiribam/40-Achab%20Uddin%20Abstract.pdf | archive-date=2022-12-10}}</ref> also spelled as Ashab Uddin, is an Indian politician and social worker.<ref name=net/> He is a two-time member of the [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]], and formerly served as ''Pradhan'' for two terms. In October 2024, he faced disqualification from the house following his defection from [[Janata Dal (United)]] to BJP.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=North East |date=2024-10-25 |title=Manipur: Speaker’s Tribunal Of Manipur Legislative Assembly Resumes Hearings On Disqualification Cases Of Five JD(U) MLAs Defected To BJP |url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2024/10/25/manipur-speakers-tribunal-of-manipur-legislative-assembly-resumes-hearings-on-disqualification-cases-of-five-jdu-mlas-defected-to-bjp/ |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=Northeast Today |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Muhammad Ashab Uddin was born on 1 October 1966, to a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] family of [[Muslim]] [[Pradhan]]s that had been settled in [[Manipur]] for over a century. His father was Muhammad Turpan Ali of [[Sonapur, Jiribam|Sonapur]], an employee of the Department of Education in Manipur and the headmaster of Lalpani Aided J. B. School from 1966 to 2004. In 1963, Turpan Ali became the first Muslim to pass the [[University of Gauhati]]-conducted Class Tenth Exam.<ref name=net>{{cite web|url=https://myneta.info/manipur2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=159|website=My Neta|title=Ashab Uddin|access-date=12 December 2020}}</ref> His grandfather, Muhammad Ghulam Rashid, was former ''[[Pradhan]]'' of [[Sonapur, Jiribam|Sonapur]] from 1975 to 1980.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Is MLA Ashab Uddin a local Manipuri?|author=Khan, Muhammad Chingiz|date=15 July 2017|journal=Tehelka|volume=14|pages=36–38}}</ref>

Uddin has completed his education until class 12,<ref name=neat>{{cite web|url=https://ourneta.com/neta/ashab-uddin/|website=Our Neta|title=Ashab Uddin|access-date=12 December 2020}}</ref> and lives in Babupara, Imphal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/91072686/|website=Indian Kanoon|title=Surjakumar Okram vs The State Of Manipur|date=17 September 2020}}</ref>

==Career==
Ashab Uddin participated in the [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Jiribam (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jiribam]] constituency in [[Imphal East district]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/interactives/election-candidates-2017/manipur/jiribam/|title=Find out who is contesting from Jiribam, Manipur|website=www.hindustantimes.com|accessdate=12 October 2021}}</ref> Despite being an independent candidate, he defeated his rival [[Thoudam Debendra Singh]] of the [[Indian National Congress]], becoming the first member of the Jiribam minority community to win an election.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india.com/assembly-election-2017/manipur/jiribam/|title=2017 Jiribam - Manipur Assembly Election Winner, LIVE Results & Latest News: Election Dates, Polling Schedule, Election Results & Live Election Updates - India.com|website=India.com|accessdate=12 October 2021}}</ref> He resigned on 29 January 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-29 |title=Manipur MLA Md Ashab Uddin resigns from assembly ahead of polls |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/manipur-assembly-election/manipur-mla-md-ashab-uddin-resigns-from-assembly-ahead-of-polls-101643408165170.html |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
In the [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022 Manipur Assembly election]], Ashab Uddin was again elected, now as a Janata Dal (United) candidate.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/jiribam-manipur-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-1923472-2022-03-10|title=Jiribam, Manipur Assembly Election Results 2022 LIVE Updates|date=10 March 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jiribam Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Md. Achab Uddin of JDU Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/jiribam-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-4857986.html |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Jiribam, Manipur Assembly Election Results 2022 LIVE Updates: JD(U)'s Md. Achab Uddin defeats BJP's Nameirakpam Budhachandra Singh with 416 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/jiribam-manipur-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-1923472-2022-03-09 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name="JD(U)’s lone MLA withdraws support to govt. in Manipur">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=JD(U)’s lone MLA withdraws support to govt. in Manipur|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/manipur/nitish-kumar-jdu-suspends-manipur-unit-chief-for-withdrawing-support-to-bjp-led-biren-singh-government/article69127447.ece |access-date=23 January 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=22 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123132243/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/manipur/nitish-kumar-jdu-suspends-manipur-unit-chief-for-withdrawing-support-to-bjp-led-biren-singh-government/article69127447.ece |archive-date=23 January 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Uddin, Ashab}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:21st-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians from Manipur]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Manipur]]

{{Manipur-politician-stub}}

Geethanjali Malli Vachindi

2026-05-02T05:17:29Z

GregorioBigge0: Starting new bio

{{Short description|2024 Indian horror comedy film}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Geethanjali Malli Vachindi
| image = Geethanjali Malli Vachindi poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Siva Turlapati
| screenplay = {{plain list|
* Bhanu Bogavarapu
* Nandu Savarigana
* [[Kona Venkat]]
}}
| story = Kona Venkat<ref>{{cite web |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/geethanjali-malli-vachindhi-will-exceed-expectations-kona |title='Geethanjali Malli Vachindhi' will exceed expectations: Kona |website=telugucinema.com |date=6 January 2024 |access-date=16 January 2024 |archive-date=17 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117045024/https://telugucinema.com/news/geethanjali-malli-vachindhi-will-exceed-expectations-kona |url-status=live}}</ref>
| writer =
| producer = {{plain list|
*Kona Venkat
*[[M. V. V. Satyanarayana]]
}}
| starring = {{plain list|
*[[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/240923/anjalis-geethanjali-sequel-on-cards.html |title=Gorgeous Ghost Anjali is Back! |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=24 September 2023 |access-date=16 January 2024 |archive-date=30 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930005159/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/240923/anjalis-geethanjali-sequel-on-cards.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Srinivasa Reddy]]
*[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]]
*[[Satyam Rajesh]]
*[[Shakalaka Shankar]]
*[[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]]
*[[Rahul Madhav]]
}}
| cinematography = Sujatha Siddharth
| editing = Chota K. Prasad
| music = Pravin Lakkaraju
| studio = {{plain list|
*MVV Cinema
*Kona Film Corporation
}}
| released = {{Film date|2024|04|11|df=yes|ref1={{cn|date=October 2024}}}}
| runtime = 144 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
}}
'''''Geethanjali Malli Vachindi''''' ({{Translation|Geethanjali came again}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy horror]] film directed by debutant Siva Thurlapati.{{cn|date=October 2024}} Produced by [[Kona Venkat]] and [[M. V. V. Satyanarayana]] through Kona Film Corporation and MVV Cinema respectively, the film stars [[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]], [[Srinivasa Reddy]], [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]], [[Satyam Rajesh]], [[Shakalaka Shankar]], [[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]], and [[Rahul Madhav]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2024 |title=Geethanjali Malli Vachindi Trailer: Anjali-starrer Promises Spine-chilling Horror |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/geethanjali-malli-vachindi-trailer-anjali-starrer-promises-spine-chilling-horror-8840703.html |access-date=30 May 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> It is a [[sequel]] to the 2014 film [[Geethanjali (2014 film)|''Geethanjali'']].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/geethanjali-sequel-titled-geethanjali-malli-vachindhi-shoot-begins-today-452731.html |title=Geethanjali : గీతాంజ‌లి ఈజ్ బ్యాక్‌….అక్కా నువ్ మళ్లీ వస్తున్నావా? |trans-title=Geethanjali Malli Vachindi sequel shoot begins |publisher=[[NTV (India)|NTV]] |date=23 September 2023}}</ref> The film was released on 11 April 2024.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}

==Plot==
Sreenu, Athreya, and Arudra reside in a penthouse. Sreenu achieved success with his film "Geetanjali," followed by three box office failures. Ayan operates a fast-food cart in Vizag and is Sreenu's close friend. Ayan boasts his girlfriend's father about becoming a movie star with Sreenu directing a new film produced by Dil Raju. However, Sreenu discovers the deception upon arriving in Hyderabad and decides to abandon the film industry after a small farewell party.

The following day, they receive an offer from Govinda Govinda's boss Vishnu, who also wrote a script for a horror comedy and chose Srinu to direct. That's why he decided to produce a film, with Sreenu directing and Athreya and Arudra writing. Sreenu insists on casting Ayan as the lead, or he won't direct, he immediately accepts. Meanwhile, Ventriloquist Venkat Rao gets Geethanjali again now trapped in a doll by another Babaji in a corporate office for killing an HR who sexually harassed his women employee in the office. Now she demands Venkat Rao to find her sister, Ushanjali, who runs a struggling coffee shop in Ooty.

Upon reaching Ooty, they meet Vishnu, who narrates the movie's premise and offers his bungalow for shooting. Unbeknownst to them, the bungalow, Sangeeth Mahal, is haunted by three ghosts named Nataraja Sastry, his wife Lakshmi, and his younger daughter Mohini, who earlier belonged to a classical dancers' family they are committing honor killings in the Bangalow who came to stay because his elder daughter eloped with her boyfriend later Mohini also loved a guy and decided to elope but got caught by her parents who later bashes her lover to stay away from their daughter then he committed suicide. Unbearable to hear Mohini immolated herself in the Sangeeth Mahal which caused a fire accident that led to the whole family's death. This is the story based on which Vishnu narrates them to direct the film.

Meanwhile, Vishnu also suggests Ushanjali as the lead actress, after reconciliation with old friends Anjali decides to help them to accept his offer.
During the shooting, they encounter the ghosts but Srinu, Govinda, Arudra, and Athreya know facts to save this film they make them believe the whole crew that they are as method actors. However, on 8 August, the ghosts disrupt a crucial scene. Then it is revealed that Vishnu is the son of Ramesh Rao who seeks vengeance on the gang for killing his father by using Geethaanjali so he decided to kill them in the same manner. So he inquired about Sangeeth Mahal and personally encountered the ghosts and decided this was the perfect place to trap them to death, that's why he bought the bungalow and called them to make a film with them and acted not believing in ghosts and pressured them to complete the film in the Mahal. It is also revealed that he killed Anjali's boyfriend who wanted to recruit him under his company the facts were not known to anyone.

Meanwhile, Srinu confesses all the facts to Ushanjali then they decide to steal the agreement papers so they enter his house. After seeing Ramesh's photo hanging they understand his intentions behind making this film. Then suddenly Vishnu enters home meanwhile Ramesh Rao's ghost seeking vengeance possesses his son and kills Arudra and Athreya. When he is about to kill Ushanjali and Srinu, Meanwhile Venkat Rao reaches there with the possessed doll and hands it to the group who are hiding and gives the doll to them then Geetanjali is released from the doll in a stampede. Then she possesses Ushanjali and fights with Ramesh Rao thus challenging him to death implicating that whenever he comes she will also come for him and will defeat him, then she traps him into another doll with the help of a mirror and kills Vishnu, saving her sister and ending the film.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]] in a dual role as
**Geetanjali
**Ushanjali
* [[Srinivasa Reddy]] as Srinivas "Srinu"
* [[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]] as Ayaneshwer "Ayan" Rao
* [[Satyam Rajesh]] as Athreya
* [[Shakalaka Shankar]] as Arudra
* [[Rahul Madhav]] as Vishnu, son of Ramesh Rao, who seeks revenge for his father's death on Anjali, Srinu and his gang.
* [[Srikanth Iyengar]] as Govinda Govinda
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Ventriloquist Venkat Rao
* [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Killer Nani,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Read/994665402/Sunil-Takes-On-KILLER-NANI-Role-in-Horror-Sequel |title=Sunil Takes on KILLER NANI Role in Horror Sequel |website=India Herald |access-date=17 January 2024 |archive-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106073317/https://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Read/994665402/Sunil-Takes-On-KILLER-NANI-Role-in-Horror-Sequel |url-status=live}}</ref> a cinematographer
* [[Ravi Krishna (actor, born 1989)|Ravi Krishna]] as Ushanjali's boyfriend.
* [[P. Ravi Shankar]] as Nataraja Sastri
* [[Rao Ramesh]] as Ramesh Rao, father of Vishnu (cameo Appearance)
* [[Mamilla Shailaja Priya]] as Lakshmi
* [[M. V. V. Satyanarayana]] as himself (cameo appearance)
* [[Goparaju Ramana]] as a tea seller
* Mukku Avinash
* Srinivas D. D.
* Sai Srinivas
* Yadam Raju
* [[Vasu Inturi]]
* Kavitha Bharathy
* Srinivas Vajpayee
* [[Dil Raju]] as himself (cameo appearance)
* [[BVS Ravi|Macha Ravi]] as himself (cameo appearance)
* Suresh Kondeti as Suresh, a film journalist
* Geddam Naveen
* [[Siddharth Gollapudi]] as CEO
* Shiva Turlapati as himself (cameo appearance)}}

==Production==
===Development===
The [[sequel]] to the [[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]] starrer [[Geethanjali (2014 film)|''Geethanjali'']], titled ''Geethanjali Malli Vachindhi'', commenced its shoot in September 2023. The announcement was made through a [[Muhurat shot|Muhurtham pooja ceremony]]. Anjali is set to portray her role in this horror comedy, marking her 50th [[film]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/sep/23/geethanjali-malli-vachindhi-goes-on-floors-47932.html |title=Geethanjali Malli Vachindhi goes on floors |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=23 September 2023 |access-date=16 January 2024 |archive-date=17 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117045026/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/sep/23/geethanjali-malli-vachindhi-goes-on-floors-47932.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/geethanjali-malli-vachindi-team-shares-their-excitement-about-the-film-849761?infinitescroll=1 |title='Geethanjali Malli Vachindi' team shares their excitement about the film |website=[[The Hans India]] |date=7 January 2024 |access-date=16 January 2024}}</ref>

===Filming===
Filming for ''Geethanjali Malli Vachindhi'' took place in [[Hyderabad]] and [[Ooty]].{{cn|date=October 2024}} The filmmakers completed the shooting covering 80% of [[principal photography]] first,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/geethanjali-malli-vachindhi-shoot-progressing-at-quick-pace-840531?infinitescroll=1 |title='Geethanjali Malli Vachindhi' shoot progressing at quick pace |website=[[The Hans India]] |date=26 November 2023 |access-date=16 January 2024}}</ref> after which the team wrapped up the remaining shoot.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/jan/08/geethanjali-malli-vachindhi-wraps-shooting-51048.html |title=Gethanjali Malli Vachindi Wraps Shooting |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=8 January 2024}}</ref>

The first look of the film was released on 1 January 2024, marking the occasion of New Year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/entertainment/anjali-new-movie-geethanjali-malli-vachindi-first-look-released-on-the-occasion-of-new-year-2024-kr-119116 |title=Geethanjali Malli Vachindi: 'గీతాంజలి మళ్లీ వచ్చింది'.. అంజలి కొత్త సినిమా పోస్టర్ రిలీజ్ |language=Telugu |trans-title=Anjali new movie Geethanjali Malli Vachindi Poster release |website=[[Zee News]] |date=January 2024 |access-date=16 January 2024 |archive-date=17 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117045027/https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/entertainment/anjali-new-movie-geethanjali-malli-vachindi-first-look-released-on-the-occasion-of-new-year-2024-kr-119116 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/first-look-of-geethanjali-malli-vachindi-reminds-fans-of-rajinikanths-chandramukhi-8725198.html |title=First Look of Geethanjali Malli Vachindi Reminds Fans of Rajinikanth's Chandramukhi |website=news18.com |date=2 January 2024 |access-date=16 January 2024 |archive-date=2 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102095249/https://www.news18.com/movies/first-look-of-geethanjali-malli-vachindi-reminds-fans-of-rajinikanths-chandramukhi-8725198.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The teaser of the film was then released on 24 February 2024.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/geethanjali-malli-vachindhi-teaser-anjali-anchors-this-horror-comedy-sequel#:~:text=Apart%20from%20Anjali%2C%20the%20film,in%20theatres%20on%2022nd%20March. |title=Geethanjali Malli Vachindi Anjali Teaser anchors this horror comedy |website=[[Film Companion]] |date=26 February 2024}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Geethanjali
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Praveen Lakkaraju
| cover =
| alt =
| released =
| recorded = 2024
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 17:55
| label = Mango Music
| prev_title = [[Puli Meka]]
| prev_year = 2023
| year = 2024
}}

{{Soundtrack
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 17:55
| title1 = Rent Ki Dabbu Ledhu
| lyrics1 = [[Bhaskarabhatla]]
| extra1 = [[Ram Miriyala]]
| length1 = 3:29
| title2 = Nanna
| lyrics2 = Srinivasa Mouli
| extra2 = Sai Veda Vagdevi
| length2 = 2:57
| title3 = Vinaroo (Shambhoo Shambhoo)
| lyrics3 = Sreejo
| extra3 = Dinker Kalvala, Lipsika
| length3 = 2:34
| title4 = Nuvvee Raavaa Raavaa
| lyrics4 = Sreejo
| extra4 = [[Ramya Behara]], Aditya Iyengar
| length4 = 3:29
| title5 = Saatileru Le
| lyrics5 = Sreejo
| extra5 = Sahithi Chaganti
| length5 = 2:25
| title6 = Geethanjali Vai
| lyrics6 = Balaji
| extra6 = Keertana Sesh, Praveen Lakkaraju
| length6 = 3:01
}}

==Release==
The film was initially scheduled to release on 22 March 2024, but was later released on 11 April 2024.{{cn|date=October 2024}} The film was premiered on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]] and [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 8 May 2024 and 11 May 2024 respectively.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 May 2024 |title=Anjali's 'Geethanjali Malli Vachindi' sequel to haunt on THIS OTT platform |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/anjalis-geethanjali-malli-vachindi-sequel-to-haunt-on-this-ott-platform/articleshow/109881627.cms |access-date=30 May 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''[[Times Now]]'' have cited it as "partly engaging" due to average background score, bad cinematography and weak screenplay, while praising the performances of the ensemble cast.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2024 |title=Geethanjali Malli Vachindi Review: A Run-of-the-mill Horror Drama |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/telugu/geethanjali-malli-vachindi-review-a-run-of-the-mill-horror-drama-review-109245393 |access-date=30 May 2024 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/geethanjali-malli-vachindi-movie-review-and-rating-telugu-2020319</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|29277833}}

[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy horror films]]
[[Category:2024 horror films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:2024 comedy horror films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Kona Venkat]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:Films set in Tamil Nadu]]

South Goa Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-20T12:45:27Z

GregorioBigge0: adding the page needs work.

{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Goa}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = South Goa {{Small|GA-2}}
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Goa/South Goa.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining South Goa Lok Sabha constituency
| established = [[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
| electors = 5,98,767<ref>{{Cite web| title=EC releases absolute number of voters for all completed phases | date=2024-05-25 | url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525141320/https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | archive-date=2024-05-25}}</ref>
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| mp = [[Viriato Fernandes]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[Goa]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Viriato Fernandes 2024.jpg
| assembly_cons = 20: [[Ponda (Goa Assembly constituency)|Ponda]], [[Siroda (Goa Assembly constituency)|Siroda]], [[Marcaim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Marcaim]], [[Mormugao (Goa Assembly constituency)|Mormugao]], [[Vasco Da Gama (Goa Assembly constituency)|Vasco Da Gama]], [[Dabolim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Dabolim]], [[Cortalim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Cortalim]], [[Nuvem (Goa Assembly constituency)|Nuvem]], [[Curtorim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Curtorim]], [[Fatorda (Goa Assembly constituency)|Fatorda]], [[Margao (Goa Assembly constituency)|Margao]], [[Benaulim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Benaulim]], [[Navelim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Navelim]], [[Cuncolim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Cuncolim]], [[Velim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Velim]], [[Quepem (Goa Assembly constituency)|Quepem]], [[Curchorem (Goa Assembly constituency)|Curchorem]], [[Sanvordem (Goa Assembly constituency)|Sanvordem]], [[Sanguem (Goa Assembly constituency)|Sanguem]] and [[Canacona (Goa Assembly constituency)|Canacona]]
}}

'''South Goa Lok Sabha constituency''' (Mormugao prior to 2008) is one of two [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Goa]] in western [[India]] along with [[North Goa (Lok Sabha constituency)|North Goa]].

{{Pie chart|value1=58.82|value2=11.76|value3=11.76|value4=5.88|value5=5.88|value6=5.88|label1=[[Indian National Congress|'''INC'''(10 times)]]|label2=[[Bhartiya Janta Party|'''BJP'''(2 times)]]|label3=[[United Goans Party|'''UGP'''(2 time)]]|label4=[[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party|'''MGP'''(1 time)]]|label5=[[Indian National Congress (U)|'''INC(U)'''(1 time)]]|label6=[[United Goans Democratic Party|'''UGDP'''(1 time)]]|color1={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|color2={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|color3={{party color|United Goans Party}}|color4={{party color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}|color5={{party color|Indian National Congress (U)}}|color6={{party color|United Goans Democratic Party}}|caption=Most successful parties from South Goa lok sabha}}

==Assembly segments==
Presently, South Goa Lok Sabha constituency comprises 20 [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These are:

{| class="wikitable"
! No
! Name
! District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |Leading
{{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
| 21
| [[Ponda (Goa Assembly constituency)|Ponda]]
| rowspan="3" |[[North Goa district|North Goa]]
|[[Ravi Naik]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=6}}
|-
| 22
| [[Siroda (Goa Assembly constituency)|Siroda]]
|[[Subhash Shirodkar]]
|-
| 23
| [[Marcaim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Marcaim]]
|[[Sudin Dhavalikar]]
|{{party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}
|-
| 24
| [[Mormugao (Goa Assembly constituency)|Mormugao]]
| rowspan="17" |[[South Goa district|South Goa]]
| [[Sankalp Amonkar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 25
| [[Vasco Da Gama (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Vasco Da Gama]]
|[[Krishna Salkar]]
|-
| 26
| [[Dabolim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Dabolim]]
|[[Mauvin Godinho]]
|-
| 27
| [[Cortalim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Cortalim]]
| [[Antonio Vas]]
|{{party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=IND}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| 28
| [[Nuvem (Goa Assembly constituency)|Nuvem]]
| [[Aleixo Sequeira]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 29
| [[Curtorim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Curtorim]]
|[[Aleixo Lourenco]]
|{{party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=IND}}
|-
| 30
| [[Fatorda (Goa Assembly constituency)|Fatorda]]
|[[Vijai Sardesai]]
|{{party name with color|Goa Forward Party}}
|-
| 31
| [[Margao (Goa Assembly constituency)|Margao]]
|[[Digambar Kamat]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=1}}
|-
| 32
| [[Benaulim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Benaulim]]
| [[Venzy Viegas]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
| 33
| [[Navelim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Navelim]]
| [[Ulhas Tuenkar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 34
| [[Cuncolim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Cuncolim]]
| [[Yuri Alemao]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 35
| [[Velim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Velim]]
| [[Cruz Silva]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
| 36
| [[Quepem (Goa Assembly constituency)|Quepem]]
| [[Altone D'Costa]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 37
| [[Curchorem (Goa Assembly constituency)|Curchorem]]
|[[Nilesh Cabral]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| 38
| [[Sanvordem (Goa Assembly constituency)|Sanvordem]]
| [[Ganesh Gaonkar]]
|-
| 39
| [[Sanguem (Goa Assembly constituency)|Sanguem]]
| [[Subhash Phal Desai]]
|-
| 40
| [[Canacona (Goa Assembly constituency)|Canacona]]
| [[Ramesh Tawadkar]]
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="go">{{cite news |author=Gaonkar, Pradnya |date=17 April 2009 |title=How the Electorate Voted |publisher=Goan Observer |url=http://goanobserver.com/how-the-electorate-voted.html}}</ref>
! Colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|Antonio Colaço^^<ref>https://ceogoa.nic.in/appln/uil/StateProfile.aspx</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Goa Provincial Congress}}
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|Mukund Shinkre^^^
|{{Full party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|rowspan=2 |[[Erasmo de Sequeira]]
| {{Full party name with color|United Goans Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|rowspan=5|[[Eduardo Faleiro]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (U)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Churchill Alemao]]
|{{Full party name with color|United Goans Democratic Party}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[Francisco Sardinha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[Ramakant Angle]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Churchill Alemao]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|2007^
|rowspan=2| [[Francisco Sardinha]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Narendra Keshav Sawaikar|Narendra Sawaikar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Francisco Sardinha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Viriato Fernandes]]
|-
|}
^ by poll 
^^ Nominated in August 1962 and served till the first elections 
^^^Elected in December 1963

== Election results ==

===2024===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[South Goa]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - South Go">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - South Go |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S052.htm |access-date=24 July 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724191547/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S052.htm |archive-date=24 July 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Viriato Fernandes]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=217,836|percentage=48.35|change={{up}}0.88}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Pallavi Shrinivas Dempo|votes=2,04,301|percentage=45.35|change={{up}}0.17}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Rubert Pereira|party=Revolutionary Goans Party|votes=18,885|percentage=4.19|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above (India)|candidate=NOTA|votes=4,837|percentage=1.07|change={{down}}0.21}}
{{Election box majority||votes=13,535|percentage=3.00|change={{up}}0.70}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=4,50,956|percentage=75.29|change={{increase}}1.98}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing ={{up}}0.88
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{notelist}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: South Goa}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Francisco Sardinha]]|votes=2,01,561|percentage=47.47|change=+6.91}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Narendra Keshav Sawaikar]]|votes=1,91,806|percentage=45.18|change=-3.26}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Elvis Gomes|votes=20,891|percentage=4.92|change=+2.18}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=5,436|percentage=1.28|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Shiv Sena|candidate=Rakhi Prabhudesai Naik|votes=1,763|percentage=0.42|change=+0.42}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|candidate = Dmayur Kanchonkar
|votes = 1,705
|percentage = 0.40
|change = +0.40
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|candidate = Kalidas Prakash Vaingankar
|votes = 1,413
|percentage = 0.33
|change = +0.33
}}
{{Election box majority||votes=9,755|percentage=2.30|change=-5.58}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=4,24,718|percentage=73.31|change=-1.96}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[South Goa]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS052.htm?ac=2|title=Constituencywise-All Candidates|publisher=ECI|access-date=23 May 2014|archive-date=23 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523230842/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS052.htm?ac=2|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Narendra Keshav Sawaikar]]
|votes = 1,98,776
|percentage = 48.44
|change = +6.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Aleixo Lourenco]]
|votes = 1,66,446
|percentage = 40.56
|change = -6.32
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Churchill Alemao]]
|votes = 11,932
|percentage = 2.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Swati S Kerkar
|votes = 11,246
|percentage = 2.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate = [[Govind Gaude]]
|votes = 7,152
|percentage = 1.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 32,330
|percentage = 7.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 4,10,369
|percentage = 75.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = +6.24
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[South Goa]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Francisco Sardinha]]
|votes = 1,27,494
|percentage = 46.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Narendra Keshav Sawaikar]]
|votes = 1,14,978
|percentage = 42.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = United Goans Democratic Party
|candidate = Matanhy Saldanha
|votes = 16,727

|percentage = 6.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Adv Raju Mangeshkar
|votes = 4,563
|percentage = 1.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 12,516
|percentage = 4.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,71,960
|percentage = 50.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Indian National Congress

|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[South Goa district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Goa}}

{{coord|15.00|74.05|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:South Goa (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Goa]]
[[Category:Politics of Goa]]
[[Category:South Goa district]]
[[Category:Vasco da Gama, Goa]]

Khambhalia Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:21:48Z

GregorioBigge0: Adding first bio more to come

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Khambhaliya
| mla = Ayar Mulubhai Hardasbhai Bera
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Devbhoomi Dwarka district|Devbhoomi Dwarka]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jamnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Jamnagar]]
| established = 2007
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:302785}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 81
}}

'''Khambhaliya''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Devbhoomi Dwarka district|Devbhoomi Dwarka]] district.

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date= 5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref>

# Khambhalia Taluka
# Bhanvad Taluka (Part) All Villages except – Manpar, Jogra, Chokhanda, Bhangol, Bhoria, Kabarka, Shedhakhai, Bodki, Fotdi, Dharagar, Krushnagadh, Vanavad, Katkola

==Members of Vidhan Sabha==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election!!Name!!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| [[Megh Kanzariya|Meghji Kanzariya]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| [[Poonamben Maadam]]
|-
| 2014 (By-election)
| Ahir Meraman Markhi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Vikrambhai Arjanbhai Madam|Ahir Vikrambhai Arjanbhai Madam]]<ref name=election2017/>
|-
| [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Mulu Ayar Bera|Ahir Mulubhai Hardasbhai Bera]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election, 2022]]: Khambhaliya}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Mulu Ayar Bera|Ahir Mulubhai Hardasbhai Bera]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 77,834
|percentage = 40.96%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Isudan Gadhvi]]
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 59,089
|percentage = 31.1%
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Vikrambhai Arjanbhai Madam|Ahir Vikrambhai Madam]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 44,715
|percentage = 23.53%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 2,582
|percentage = 1.36%
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage = 9.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:298237}}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

===2017===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Khambhalia]]<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =[[Vikrambhai Arjanbhai Madam|Ahir Vikrambhai Madam]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 79,779
|percentage = 49.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kalubhai Chavda
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 68,733
|percentage = 43.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage = 6.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,59,606
|percentage = 60.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014 (By-poll)===
{{Election box begin | title=Bye-election, 2014: Khambhalia}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khambhalia Assembly constituency (GJ) |url=http://www.elections.in/gujarat/assembly-constituencies/khambhalia.html |website=www.elections.in}}About Khambhalia Assembly (Vidha Sabha) Constituency– Bye Elections 2014</ref>
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ahir Meraman Markhi
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 66,410
|percentage = 50.45
|change = +26.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Mulu Ayar Bera|Ahir Mulubhai Hardasbhai Bera]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 65,202
|percentage = 49.54
|change = -0.57
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,208
|percentage = 0.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|

|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = 26.13
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Khambhalia]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Poonamben Maadam]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 79,087
|percentage = 50.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ahir Ebhabhai Karmur
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 40,705
|percentage = 25.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 38,382
|percentage = 24.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,57,837
|percentage = 68.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|state=expanded}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|22.21|69.66|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Devbhoomi Dwarka district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2007]]

Ghatshila Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:17:23Z

GregorioBigge0: Starting stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jharkhand legislative assembly in India}}
{{about|the assembly constituency in Jharkhand|1 its namesake census town|Ghatshila|2 its namesake community development block|Ghatshila block|3 its namesake administrative subdivision|Ghatshila subdivision}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| reservation = ST
| incumbent_image = Somesh Chandra Soren 01.jpg
| name = Ghatsila
| map_image = Ghatsila constituency map.svg
| state = [[Jharkhand]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jamshedpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jamshedpur]]
| district = [[East Singhbhum district|East Singhbhum]]
| latest_election_year =
| established = 2000
| mla = [[Somesh Chandra Soren]]
| party = {{Party index link|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
| electors = {{formatnum:242798}}
| constituency_no = 45
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
''' Ghatsila Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].<ref name=jhceo>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |title=AC & PC List- Jharkhand |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218152343/http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |archive-date=18 December 2019}}</ref> Before 2000, this constituency was in [[Bihar]].
{{Pie chart|caption=Most successful parties after separate [[Jharkhand|Jharkhand state]].|label1=[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]]|value1=60|color1={{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}|label2=[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|value2=20|color2={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|label3=[[Bharatiya Janta Party|BJP]]|value3=20|color3={{party color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}}}

==Overview==
According to the Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India, Ghatshila Assembly constituency covers Ghatsila police station and Musabnai police station (excluding Palasbani, Asta Koyali, Nunia, Kumarasol, Barakanjiya, Bomaro Bangoriya and Damudih gram panchayats). It is a reserved constituency for [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]]. Ghatshila (Vidhan Sabha constituency) is a part of [[Jamshedpur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf | title = Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 | work = East Singhbhum District Page 169-170, Extent of Parliamentary constitutencies Page 174 | publisher =Election Commission of India | access-date = 11 December 2021}}</ref> It was unreserved seat in 1957 Bihar assembly elections.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! colspan=4|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''Before 1957: see Ghatsila cum Baharagora constituency''}}
|-
| |[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]] ||Shishir Kumar Mahato|| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Party}}
|-
| [[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]] ||Basta Soren || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]] ||D. Murmu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]] ||[[Yadunath Baskey]] || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| [[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]] ||rowspan="3"|[[Tika Ram Majhi]] || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|-
| [[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|-
| [[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]] ||Karan Chandra Mardi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]] ||[[Surya Singh Besra]] || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| [[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]] ||rowspan="2"|[[Pradeep Kumar Balmuchu]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|-
! colspan=4|[[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2005]] || [[Pradeep Kumar Balmuchu]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || [[Ramdas Soren]] || {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|-
| [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || [[Laxman Tudu]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || rowspan=2|[[Ramdas Soren]] || {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
| [[2025 elections in India#Jharkhand|2025^]]
|[[Somesh Chandra Soren]]
|-
|}

^by-election

== Election results ==
===2025 by-election===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2025 elections in India#Jharkhand|Jharkhand Legislative Assembly by-election, 2025]]: Ghatsila<ref name='"2025 Ghatsila Assembly constituency By Poll Result'>{{cite news |title="2025 Ghatsila Assembly constituency By Poll Result |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultByeNov2025/candidateswise-S2745.htm |access-date=15 November 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115071445/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultByeNov2025/candidateswise-S2745.htm |archive-date=15 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Somesh Chandra Soren]]|party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|votes=104396|percentage=54.78|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Babulal Soren|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=66,335|percentage=34.63|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ramdas Murmu|party=Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha|votes=11,563|percentage=6.04|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes=2,768|percentage=1.45|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=38,601|percentage=20.15|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:256352}}|percentage=74.63|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Ghatsila<ref>{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Jharkhand Assembly Election Results 2024 - Seats won by JMM |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |access-date=24 November 2024 |date=24 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124045445/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |archive-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ramdas Soren]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=98,356 |percentage=51.50 |change={{increase}}14.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Babulal Soren |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=75,910 |percentage=39.75 |change={{increase}}6.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramdas Murmu |party=Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha |votes=8,092 |percentage=4.24 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunil Kumar Murmu |party=Independent politician |votes=1,272 |percentage=0.67 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=2,868 |percentage=1.50 |change={{increase}}1.14 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=22,446 |percentage=11.75 |change= {{increase}}7.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,90,966 |percentage=76.30 |change= {{increase}}6.26 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,50,295 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.09 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |swing= {{increase}}14.14 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Ghatsila<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/11813-jharkhand-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Jharkhand Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 February 2022 |date=6 February 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ramdas Soren]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=63,531 |percentage=37.36 |change={{increase}}8.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lakhan Chandra Mardi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=56,807 |percentage=33.41 |change={{increase}}0.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pradeep Kumar Balmuchu]] |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=31,910 |percentage=18.77 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Biswanath Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=2,293 |percentage=1.35 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Surya Singh Besra]] |party=Jharkhand People's Party |votes=2,255 |percentage=1.33 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kanai Murmu |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,868 |percentage=1.10 |change={{decrease}}0.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Sunita Debdoot Soren |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=1,738 |percentage=1.02 |change={{decrease}}0.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=621 |percentage=0.37 |change={{decrease}}1.48 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,724 |percentage=3.95 |change= {{decrease}}0.01 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,70,041 |percentage=70.03 |change= {{increase}}0.78 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,42,798 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.02 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}4.88 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Ghatsila<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3787-jharkhand-2014/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Laxman Tudu]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=52,506 |percentage=32.48 |change={{increase}}9.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ramdas Soren]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=46,103 |percentage=28.52 |change={{decrease}}1.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Cinderella Balmuchu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=36,672 |percentage=22.69 |change={{decrease}}6.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kanhu Samant |party=Independent politician |votes=12,194 |percentage=7.54 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dulal Chandra Hansda |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,468 |percentage=1.53 |change={{decrease}}0.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bimal Munda |party=Independent politician |votes=2,003 |percentage=1.24 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gita Murmu |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=1,953 |percentage=1.21 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=2,985 |percentage=1.85 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,403 |percentage=3.96 |change= {{increase}}3.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,61,654 |percentage=69.26 |change= {{increase}}5.25 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,33,408 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.81 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |swing= {{increase}}2.29 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Ghatsila<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3786-jharkhand-2009/ |title=Jharkhand 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=20 August 2018 |access-date= 23 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ramdas Soren]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=38,283 |percentage=30.19 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pradeep Kumar Balmuchu]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=37,091 |percentage=29.25 |change={{decrease}}10.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Surya Singh Besra]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=28,561 |percentage=22.52 |change={{increase}}5.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kanhu Samant |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=10,978 |percentage=8.66 |change={{decrease}}3.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ganesh Chandra Murmu |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,925 |percentage=2.31 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sadhu Munda |party=Independent politician |votes=2,002 |percentage=1.58 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dukhi Ram Mardi |party=Independent politician |votes=1,172 |percentage=0.92 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,192 |percentage=0.94 |change= {{decrease}}11.96 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,26,804 |percentage=64.00 |change= {{increase}}0.43 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,98,121 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}1.22 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}9.76 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2005===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Ghatsila<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3785-jharkhand-2005/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2005 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pradeep Kumar Balmuchu]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=50,936 |percentage=39.95 |change={{decrease}}9.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ramdas Soren]] |party=Independent politician |votes=34,489 |percentage=27.05 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramdas Hansda |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=21,352 |percentage=16.75 |change={{decrease}}1.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kanhu Samant |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=15,187 |percentage=11.91 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bimal Kumar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,937 |percentage=1.52 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Govinda Mardi |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=1,314 |percentage=1.03 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Putu Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,184 |percentage=0.93 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,447 |percentage=12.90 |change= {{decrease}}18.14 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,27,506 |percentage=63.57 |change= {{increase}}4.92 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,00,566 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.55 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}9.37 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2000===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Ghatsila<ref>{{cite web|url = https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical20Report/2000.pdf |title = Statistical Report on General Election, 2000 to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar|access-date = 16 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005142035/https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical20Report/2000.pdf |archive-date= 5 October 2023 |website=ceobihar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Bihar}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pradeep Kumar Balmuchu]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=50,645 |percentage=49.31 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Baiju Murmu |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=18,769 |percentage=18.28 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bablu Murmu |party=Communist Party of India |votes=16,353 |percentage=15.92 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shankar Chand Hembram |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=9,891 |percentage=9.63 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kanhu Samant |party=Jharkhand People's Party |votes=2,777 |percentage=2.70 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jaipal Manjhi |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=2,563 |percentage=2.50 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sita Ram Tudu |party=Independent politician |votes=1,583 |percentage=1.54 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=31,876 |percentage=31.04 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,02,701 |percentage=59.47 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,75,088 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Vidhan Sabha]]
*[[List of states of India by type of legislature]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand}}

{{coord|22.585|86.479|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Politics of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:East Singhbhum district]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2000]]

Hoshangabad Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-19T08:57:05Z

GregorioBigge0: Adding a post more to come

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Narmadapuram
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=right|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Madhya Pradesh/Hoshangabad.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Hoshangabad Lok Sabha constituency
| established = 1952
| mp = [[Darshan Singh Choudhary]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| electors = 18,55,692<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf |title=Press Note |author= |date=25 May 2024 |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=11 December 2024|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526095942/https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf |archive-date=26 May 2024}}</ref>
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Darshan Singh Choudhary.jpg
| assembly_cons = [[Narsingpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Narsingpur]] [[Tendukheda (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tendukheda]] [[Gadarwara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gadarwara]] [[Seoni-Malwa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Seoni-Malwa]] [[Hoshangabad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Narmadapuram]] [[Sohagpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sohagpur]] [[Pipariya (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pipariya]] [[Udaipura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Udaipura]]
}}

'''Narmadapuram Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 29 [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies in [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]]. This constituency presently covers the entire [[Narmadapuram district]] and parts of [[Narsinghpur district|Narsinghpur]] and [[Raisen district|Raisen]] districts.

==Assembly segments==
Presently, since the delimitation of the parliamentary and legislative assembly constituencies in 2008, Narmadapuram Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following eight [[Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) segments:
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|119
|[[Narsingpur Assembly constituency|Narsingpur]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Narsinghpur district|Narsinghpur]]
|[[Prahlad Singh Patel]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=8}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=8}}
|-
|120
|[[Tendukheda Assembly constituency|Tendukheda]]
|[[Vishwanath Singh Patel]]
|-
|121
|[[Gadarwara Assembly constituency|Gadarwara]]
|[[Uday Pratap Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Uday Pratap Singh]]
|-
|136
|[[Seoni-Malwa Assembly constituency|Seoni-Malwa]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Narmadapuram district|Narmadapuram]]
|Prem Shankar Verma
|-
|137
|[[Hoshangabad Assembly constituency|Narmadapuram]]
|Dr.Sita Sharan Sharma
|-
|138
|[[Sohagpur Assembly constituency|Sohagpur]]
|Vijaypal Singh
|-
|139
|[[Pipariya Assembly constituency|Pipariya]] (SC)
|Thakurdas Nagwansi
|-
|140
|[[Udaipura Assembly constituency|Udaipura]]
|[[Raisen district|Raisen]]
|Narendra Shivaji Patel
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[Hari Vishnu Kamath]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Praja Socialist Party}}" |
|[[Praja Socialist Party]]
|-
|Syed Ahmed
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|Raghunath Singh Kiledar
|-
|Maganlal Bagdi
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[Hari Vishnu Kamath]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Praja Socialist Party}}" |
|[[Praja Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Nitiraj Singh]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[Hari Vishnu Kamath]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Rameshwar Neekhra]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Sartaj Singh (politician)|Sartaj Singh]]
| rowspan="6" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="6" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[Sundar Lal Patwa]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Sartaj Singh (politician)|Sartaj Singh]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Uday Pratap Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Uday Pratap Singh]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election in Madhya Pradesh|2024]]
|[[Darshan Singh Choudhary]]
|}

==Election results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Hoshangabad]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Hoshangabad Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/politics/hoshangabad-constituency-lok-sabha-election-results-2024 |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Hoshangabad">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Hoshangabad |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1217.htm |access-date=17 August 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817143609/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1217.htm |archive-date=17 August 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Darshan Singh Choudhary]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=8,12,147|percentage=64.99|change=-4.36}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sanjay Sharma|party=Indian National Congress|votes=3,80,451|percentage=30.44|change=+4.83}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ragovind Baruaa
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 15,387
|percentage = 1.23
|change =+0.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=14936|percentage=1.2|change=-0.25}}
{{Election box majority||votes=431,696|percentage=34.55|change=-9.19}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=12,47,298{{efn|does not include postal ballots}}|percentage=67.21|change={{decrease}}7.01}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{notelist}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Narmadapuram]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party= Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate= [[Uday Pratap Singh]]
|votes= 8,77,927
|percentage= 69.35
|change= +4.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party= Indian National Congress
|candidate= Shailendra Diwan
|votes= 3,24,245
|percentage= 25.61
|change= -1.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= M. P. Choudhary
|party= Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes= 15,364
|percentage= 1.21
|change= -0.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dinesh Katare
|party = Ambedkarite Party of India
|votes = 7,833
|percentage = 0.62
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|candidate = Madan Mohan
|votes = 5,437
|percentage = 0.43
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[None of the Above]]
|party= None of the above
|votes= 18,413
|percentage= 1.45
|change= -0.37
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes= 5,53,682
|percentage= 43.74
|change= +5.92
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes= 12,66,304
|percentage= 74.22
|change= +8.46
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +4.46
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Narmadapuram]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Uday Pratap Singh]]
|votes = 6,69,128
|percentage = 64.89
|change = +19.86
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Devendra Patel (Guddu)
|votes = 2,79,168
|percentage = 27.07
|change = -20.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Maya Vishwakarma
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 17,837
|percentage = 1.73
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Pradeep Ahirwar
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 14,154
|percentage = 1.37
|change = -0.50
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Devendra Patel (Gudda)
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes = 13,412
|percentage = 1.30
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 18,741
|percentage = 1.82
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,89,960
|percentage = 37.82
|change = +35.12
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,31,175
|percentage = 65.76
|change = +10.94
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = +17.16
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Narmadapuram]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Uday Pratap Singh]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 3,39,496
|percentage = 47.73
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Rampal Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Rampal Singh]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 3,20,251
|percentage = 45.03
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Sudama Prasad
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes = 13,325
|percentage = 1.87
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = B. M. Kaushik
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 13,299
|percentage = 1.87
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Dinesh Kumar Ahirwar
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes = 6,456
|percentage = 0.91
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 19,245
|percentage = 2.70
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 7,11,229
|percentage = 54.82
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Narmadapuram district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/madhya_pradesh/hoshangabad/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Narmadapuram lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}

{{coord|22|40|N|77|30|E|source:nlwiki_region:IN_type:adm2nd|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hoshangabad district]]

Shri Guru Ravidas Janam Asthan

2026-04-18T12:54:44Z

GregorioBigge0: adding basic post added tags

{{short description|Indian shrine for Ravidassis}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox religious building
| building_name = Shri Guru Ravidas Janam Asthan
| infobox_width =
| image = Seergovardhanpur.jpg
| image_size = 350px
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| location = [[Sir Gobardhan]], [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| geo =
| latitude =
| longitude =
| religious_affiliation = [[Ravidassia]]<ref name=":6" />
| rite =
| state =
| consecration_year =
| heritage_designation =
| website =
| architecture = yes
| architect =
| architecture_type =
| architecture_style = [[Mughal architecture]]
| groundbreaking = 14 June 1965
| year_completed = 1972 (initial structure), 1994 (current structure)
| construction_cost =
| specifications =
| capacity =
| length =
| width =
| materials =
| nrhp =
| added =
| refnum =
| designated =
}}
{{Ravidasi}}

'''Shri Guru Ravidas Janam Asthan''' is a temple located in [[Sir Gobardhan]], [[Varanasi district|Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.<ref name=":4" /> It was built to mark the birthplace of [[Ravidas]], and it is an important cultural and religious site for [[Dalit|Dalits]], [[Ravidassia|Ravidasis]], [[Ad-Dharmi|Ad-Dharmis]], and [[Ramdasia]] Sikhs. Millions of devotees gather there for [[Guru Ravidass Jayanti|Ravidas's birthday]] each year.

==History==
In the mid-1960s, the leaders of [[Dera Sach Khand|Dera Ballan]] began an effort to build a place of pilgrimage at the birthplace of Ravidas.<ref name=":6" /> They determined that Ravidas had been born in [[Sir Gobardhan]], and one of them, Hari Dass, laid the [[Cornerstone|foundation stone]] for this temple on 14 June 1965 while Sarwan Dass was the head of the Dera. Dera Ballan provided funding for the first phase of the temple's construction – a small shrine was built at the site in 1972. The more impressive current structure was completed in 1994 with the help of people from India and other countries, especially overseas devotees who donated through a trust formed by Dera Ballan in 1983.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Ram |first=Ronki |date=2008 |title=Ravidass Deras and Social Protest: Making Sense of Dalit Consciousness in Punjab (India) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20203488 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=67 |issue=4 |pages=1355–1356 |doi=10.1017/S0021911808001800 |jstor=20203488 |issn=0021-9118|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=Gurharpal |date=2012 |title=Religious Transnationalism and Development Initiatives: The Dera Sachkhand Ballan |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23065577 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=53–58 |jstor=23065577 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref> [[Kanshi Ram]], founder of the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP), ceremoniously installed the temple's golden dome.<ref name=":4" /><ref name="Times Of India 2">{{Cite news |date=2011-11-24 |title=Deciphering dera politics {{!}} Dera Sachkhand Ballan |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Deciphering-dera-politics/articleshow/10849962.cms |access-date=2023-12-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

During the temple's construction, Dera Ballan's ownership of the temple through a trust was disputed by the All India Adi-Dharm Mission based in [[New Delhi]]. Dera Ballan responded with legal action, and they documented the ceremonies they organized at the temple to prove their ownership of it.<ref name=":4" />

On 25 May 1997, Kanshi Ram laid the foundation stone of the huge monumental gate, Guru Ravidas Gate, which leads to the temple. [[K. R. Narayanan]], then [[President of India]], performed the opening ceremony of the gate on 16 July 1998.<ref name="The Times of India 2011">{{cite web |date=24 November 2011 |title=Dera Sachkhand Ballan |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Deciphering-dera-politics/articleshow/10849962.cms |accessdate=20 October 2015 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> The gate was the destination of a [[candle march]] carried out by students from [[Banaras Hindu University]] to support natives of [[Nepal]] after [[April 2015 Nepal earthquake|an earthquake in April 2015]].<ref>{{cite news |date=29 April 2015 |title=Varanasi pours out heart for Nepal earthquake victims |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/Varanasi-pours-out-heart-for-Nepal-quake-victims/articleshow/47094022.cms |access-date=7 December 2023 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Significance ==
Shri Guru Ravidas Janam Asthan is an important cultural and religious site for [[Dalit|Dalits]],<ref name=":4" /> [[Ad-Dharmi|Ad-Dharmis]]/[[Ravidassia|Ravidasis]],<ref name="The Times of India 2015" /><ref name=":6" /> and [[Ramdasia|Ramdasia Sikh]]s.<ref name="Sports 2016">{{cite web |author=Sports |date=13 February 2016 |title=According to party leaders, more than one lakh dalit Sikhs (also called Ramdasia Sikhs) from Punjab reach Ravidas Temple in Seer Govardhan area of Varanasi every year |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/narendra-modi-arvind-kejriwal-varanasi/ |accessdate=27 February 2016 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref name="Zee News 2016">{{cite web |date=13 February 2016 |title=Varanasi to witness PM Modi-Kejriwal faceoff again this month on Ravidas Jayanti |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/varanasi-to-witness-pm-modi-kejriwal-faceoff-again-this-month-on-ravidas-jayanti_1855308.html |accessdate=27 February 2016 |website=Zee News |language= |quote=In view of Punjab Assembly polls, Ravidas Jayanti is significant as lakhs of Sikh followers (Ramdasia Sikhs) from across the country are likely to come to the city on this occasion.}}</ref> The [[Guru Ravidass Jayanti|birth anniversary of Ravidas]] is celebrated at the temple every year, attracting millions of devotees from India and abroad.<ref name=":4" /><ref name="The Times of India 2015">{{cite web |date=2 February 2015 |title=Huge congregation expected for Ravidas Jayanti celebrations |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/Huge-congregation-expected-for-Ravidas-Jayanti-celebrations/articleshow/46094766.cms |accessdate=20 October 2015 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The festivities include musical prayer and ''[[kirtan]]''.<ref name="The Times of India 2015" /> It was at this temple that, on 29 January 2010, Niranjan Dass of [[Dera Ballan]] formally announced the formation of the Ravidassia religion.<ref name=":6" /> Several politicians, including Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]], have visited the temple to gain support from followers of [[Ravidas]], who comprise a significant minority of the vote in [[Elections in Uttar Pradesh|state elections]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Dikshit |first=Rajeev |date=25 January 2022 |title=Powerhouse of Dalit politics, Ravidas temple to impact polls in Uttar Pradesh, Punjab |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/dalit-politics-powerhouse-ravidas-temple-to-affect-up-punjab-polls/articleshow/89107271.cms |access-date=19 September 2025 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=16 February 2022 |title=Ravidas Jayanti: Yogi, Channi, Rahul and Priyanka pray at temple in Varanasi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/ravidas-jayanti-yogi-channi-rahul-and-priyanka-pray-at-temple-in-varanasi-101645034960746.html |access-date=19 September 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ghazali |first=Mohammad |date=16 February 2022 |title=Guru Ravidas And His Significance In Punjab Polls Explained |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/guru-ravidas-and-his-significance-in-punjab-polls-explained-2771532 |access-date=19 September 2025 |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> Dera Ballan and the All India Adi-Dharm Mission consider [[Sir Gobardhan]] to be the birthplace of Ravidas, though some scholars trace his birthplace to Mandoorgarh village, also near [[Varanasi]].<ref name=":4" />

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Sant Samaj at 635th Birth Anniversary of Guru Ravidass ji at Varanasi.JPG|635th Birth Anniversary Celebrations of Guru Ravidas
File:Devotees at 635th Anniversary of Sri Guru Ravidass ji.jpg|Devotees at Shri Guru Ravidas Janam Asthan
File:GuruRavida.jpg|Engraved footprints of Ravidas
File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi offering prayers at Shri Guru Ravidas Janmsthan Mandir, Seer Goverdhanpur, in Varanasi on February 22, 2016 (1).jpg|Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi praying inside the temple
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Shri Khuralgarh Sahib#Minar-e-Begampura|Minar-e-Begampura, Shri Khuralgarh Sahib]]
*[[Shri Guru Ravidas Gurughar]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{commonscat|Shri Guru Ravidass Janam Asthan}}

{{Varanasi|state=expanded}}

{{coord|25.2565696|82.9987619|display=title}}

[[Category:Ravidassia]]
[[Category:Pilgrimage in India]]
[[Category:Pilgrimage sites]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Varanasi]]
[[Category:Religion in Varanasi]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Varanasi district]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1994]]
[[Category:1965 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Uchana Kalan Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:54:46Z

GregorioBigge0: adding the stub first draft.

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Uchana Kalan
| type = SLA
| map_image = Uchana Kalan Assembly constituency map.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Devender Attri]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alliance = 
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| region =
| state = [[Haryana]]
| district = [[Jind district]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons =
| constituency_no = 37
| established = 
| electors = 2,18,373
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| abolished = 
}}
'''Uchana Kalan Assembly constituency''' in [[Jind district]] is one of the 90 [[Haryana Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies of [[Haryana]] state in northern India.<ref name=ceo1>{{Cite web |url=http://ceoharyana.nic.in/?module=pages&pageid=75 |title=Haryana Assembly constituencies |access-date=11 May 2016 |archive-date=24 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024160419/http://ceoharyana.nic.in/?module=pages&pageid=75 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

It is part of [[Hisar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hisar Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=HsrLS>[http://www.mapsofindia.com/parliamentaryconstituencies/haryana/hisar.html Hisar Lok Sabha]</ref>
Total vote in uchana 217800

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || rowspan=2 | [[Birender Singh (politician, born 1946)|Chaudhary Birender Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
| 1985^ || Sube Singh Punia
|-
| [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || Ch. Desh Raj Numberdar || {{Full party name with color|Lokdal}}
|-
| [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1991]] || Virendar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || [[Birender Singh (politician, born 1946)|Chaudhary Birender Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)}}
|-
| [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2000]] || Bhag Singh Bhaker || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|-
| [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]] || [[Birender Singh (politician, born 1946)|Chaudhary Birender Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || [[Om Prakash Chautala]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|-
| [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || [[Premlata Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || [[Dushyant Chautala]] || {{Full party name with color|Jannayak Janta Party}}
|-
| [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Devender Attri]]|| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

^By poll

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Uchana Kalan<ref name="BJP’s Devender Chatar makes photo finish in Haryana's Uchana Kalan, wins by 32 votes">{{cite news |last1=India Today |title=BJP’s Devender Chatar makes photo finish in Haryana's Uchana Kalan, wins by 32 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/uchana-kalan-assembly-election-result-2024-harayana-poll-bjp-devender-chatar-attri-win-congress-brijendra-singh-jjp-dushyant-chautala-2613474-2024-10-08 |accessdate=1 November 2024 |date=8 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Devender Attri]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=48,968 |percentage=29.50 |change={{increase}}1.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Brijendra Singh (politician, born 13 May 1972)|Brijendra Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=48,936 |percentage=29.48 |change={{increase}}26.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Virender Ghogharian |party=Independent politician |votes=31,456 |percentage=18.95 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vikas |party=Independent politician |votes=13,458 |percentage=8.11 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dushyant Chautala]] |party=Jannayak Janta Party |votes=7,950 |percentage=4.79 |change={{decrease}}53.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dilbag Sandil |party=Independent politician |votes=7,373 |percentage=4.44 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vinod Pal Singh Dulganch |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=2,653 |percentage=1.60 |change={{increase}}1.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=187 |percentage=0.11 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=32 |percentage=0.02 |change= {{decrease}}29.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,66,006 |percentage=75.97 |change= {{decrease}}0.74 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,18,373 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.81 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Jannayak Janta Party |swing= {{decrease}}28.90 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Uchana Kalan<ref name=results2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11697-haryana-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Haryana Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 - Haryana - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate= 2 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dushyant Chautala]] |party=Jannayak Janta Party |votes=92,504 |percentage=58.39 |change= '''New'''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Premlata Singh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=45,052 |percentage=28.44 |change={{decrease}}20.7 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Samarjit |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=6,264 |percentage=3.95 |change={{increase}}2.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raghvir |party=Independent politician |votes=5,705 |percentage=3.60 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bal Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,972 |percentage=3.14 |change={{increase}}2 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rohtash |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=1,101 |percentage=0.70 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=47,452 |percentage=29.95 |change= {{increase}}25.34 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,58,413 |percentage=76.71 |change= {{decrease}}8.41 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,06,514 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.43 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jannayak Janta Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}9.25 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Uchana Kalan<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResultS07.htm?st=S07|title=Haryana Results|access-date=19 October 2014|archive-date=16 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216120445/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS074.htm?ac=4|url-status=dead|website=Election Commission of India, Constituencywise-All Candidates }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Premlata Singh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=79,674 |percentage=49.14 |change={{increase}}48.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dushyant Chautala]] |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=72,194 |percentage=44.53 |change={{decrease}}2.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Randheer |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=3,112 |percentage=1.92 |change={{decrease}}0.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhag Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,838 |percentage=1.13 |change={{decrease}}45.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bijender Kumar |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=974 |percentage=0.60 |change={{decrease}}0.39 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,480 |percentage=4.61 |change= {{increase}}4.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,62,125 |percentage=85.12 |change= {{increase}}2.10 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,90,466 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.04 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Lok Dal |swing= {{increase}}2.36 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Uchana Kalan}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Om Prakash Chautala]] |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=62,669 |percentage=46.78 |change={{increase}}12.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Birender Singh (politician, born 1946)|Birender Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=62,048 |percentage=46.32 |change={{decrease}}0.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sushil Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,737 |percentage=2.04 |change={{increase}}0.7 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balkar Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,525 |percentage=1.14 |change={{decrease}}14.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bal Mukand Sharma |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=1,323 |percentage=0.99 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suresh Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,282 |percentage=0.96 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=621 |percentage=0.46 |change= {{decrease}}12.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,33,959 |percentage=83.02 |change= {{increase}}3.59 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,61,358 |ref = |change= {{increase}}25.65 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}0.13 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2005 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Uchana Kalan<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016121341/http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html#inc |archive-date=16 October 2009 |url-status=dead |title= Winning Candidate List for Haryana State Assembly Elections 2005 |publisher=Indian Elections }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Birender Singh (politician, born 1946)|Birender Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=47,590 |percentage=46.66 |change={{increase}}9.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Desh Raj |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=34,758 |percentage=34.08 |change={{decrease}}10.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Parkash |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=15,635 |percentage=15.33 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Meena |party=Independent politician |votes=1,398 |percentage=1.37 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balmat |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,372 |percentage=1.35 |change={{decrease}}2.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ishwar Singh |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes=987 |percentage=0.97 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,832 |percentage=12.58 |change= {{increase}}4.72 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,02,003 |percentage=79.43 |change= {{increase}}2.37 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,28,418 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.08 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Lok Dal |swing= {{increase}}1.67 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Uchana Kalan}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhag Singh |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=39,715 |percentage=44.98 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Birender Singh (politician, born 1946)|Birender Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,773 |percentage=37.12 |change={{increase}}14.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Parkash |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=12,545 |percentage=14.21 |change={{increase}}0.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balwan Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=3,172 |percentage=3.59 |change={{decrease}}3.85 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,942 |percentage=7.86 |change= {{increase}}2.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=88,293 |percentage=77.81 |change= {{increase}}8.81 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,14,573 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.30 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |swing= {{increase}}16.80 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Uchana Kalan}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Birender Singh (politician, born 1946)|Birender Singh]] |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=21,755 |percentage=28.18 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhag Singh |party=Samata Party |votes=17,843 |percentage=23.11 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Desh Raj |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,794 |percentage=23.05 |change={{decrease}}22.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagphool Singh |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=10,841 |percentage=14.04 |change={{increase}}0.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Roshani |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=5,743 |percentage=7.44 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,040 |percentage=1.35 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajinder Singh Chahal |party=Independent politician |votes=503 |percentage=0.65 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dariya |party=Independent politician |votes=411 |percentage=0.53 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,912 |percentage=5.07 |change= {{decrease}}7.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=77,196 |percentage=71.78 |change= {{decrease}}0.78 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,13,108 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.52 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}17.03 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1991 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Uchana Kalan}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Virendar Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=31,937 |percentage=45.21 |change={{increase}}31.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Desh Raj |party=Janata Party |votes=23,093 |percentage=32.69 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhalle Ram |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=9,728 |percentage=13.77 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhup Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=2,412 |percentage=3.41 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sat Narain |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,545 |percentage=2.19 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jile Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=454 |percentage=0.64 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Parkash S/O Gopala |party=Independent politician |votes=366 |percentage=0.52 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,844 |percentage=12.52 |change= {{decrease}}50.85 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=70,646 |percentage=71.48 |change= {{decrease}}6.20 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,02,339 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.84 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Lokdal |swing= {{decrease}}32.33 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Uchana Kalan}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Desh Raj |party=Lokdal |votes=55,361 |percentage=77.54 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sube Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,113 |percentage=14.16 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Chander |party=Independent politician |votes=4,653 |percentage=6.52 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Deva Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=490 |percentage=0.69 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dilbag Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=317 |percentage=0.44 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chander Pal |party=Independent politician |votes=286 |percentage=0.40 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=45,248 |percentage=63.37 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=71,400 |percentage=76.15 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,902 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Lokdal |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly By-election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Haryana Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Uchana Kalan}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=34,375 |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=I. Singh |party=Lokdal |votes=24,904 |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=H. Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=553 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=456 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pohloo |party=Independent politician |votes=283 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=219 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lakhmi |party=Independent politician |votes=129 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=H. S. Nain |party=Independent politician |votes=101 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. K. Balmiki |party=Independent politician |votes=71 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Pal |party=Independent politician |votes=71 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,471 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Uchana Kalan}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Birender Singh (politician, born 1946)|Birender Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,031 |percentage=50.26 |change={{increase}}23.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Desh Raj |party=Independent politician |votes=20,225 |percentage=33.85 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surenderpal Singh |party=Lokdal |votes=7,037 |percentage=11.78 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Parkash |party=Independent politician |votes=1,210 |percentage=2.02 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Phal |party=Independent politician |votes=616 |percentage=1.03 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sube Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=359 |percentage=0.60 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,806 |percentage=16.41 |change= {{increase}}12.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=59,755 |percentage=75.34 |change= {{increase}}3.49 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 80,559 |ref = |change= {{increase}}23.62 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}23.94 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Uchana Kalan}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Birender Singh (politician, born 1946)|Birender Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,120 |percentage=26.31 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ranbir Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=10,488 |percentage=22.77 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagroop Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=8,784 |percentage=19.07 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Desh Raj |party=Independent politician |votes=8,647 |percentage=18.77 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satya Pal |party=Independent politician |votes=3,316 |percentage=7.20 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Krishan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,094 |percentage=2.38 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Richhpal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,092 |percentage=2.37 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shamsher Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=430 |percentage=0.93 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,632 |percentage=3.54 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=46,061 |percentage=71.55 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 65,166 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
{{div col}}
* [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Elections in Haryana]]
* [[Elections in India]]
* [[Lok Sabha]]
* [[Rajya Sabha]]
* [[Election Commission of India]]
{{col div end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://ceoharyana.nic.in Chief Election Officer, Haryana] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813091833/http://ceoharyana.nic.in/ |date=13 August 2011 }}

{{Haryana constituencies}}
{{Jind district}}

{{coord|29.47|N|76.17|E|display=inline,title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:Jind district]]
[[Category:Politics of Haryana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Haryana]]

Ramabai Ambedkar

2026-04-15T10:17:34Z

GregorioBigge0: starting a data

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{short description|B. R. Ambedkar's first wife}}
{{Tone|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ramabai Ambedkar
| other_names = Ramai (Mother Rama), Ramu
| image = Ramabai Ambedkar - wife of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar.jpg
| caption = Ramabai Ambedkar
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1896 or 1897
| birth_place = [[Vanand, Maharashtra|Vanand]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now in [[Maharashtra]], India)
| death_date = {{death date|1935|5|27}}
| death_place = [[Rajgruha]], [[Mumbai|Bombay]], British India
| resting_place =
| alma_mater =
| networth =
| spouse = [[B. R. Ambedkar]]
| children = 5, including [[Yashwant Ambedkar|Yashwant]]
}}
'''Ramabai Bhimrao Ambedkar''' (1896/1897 – 27 May 1935) was the wife of [[B. R. Ambedkar]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/entertainment/the-life-and-times-of-ramabai-ambedkar/article8478085.ece|title=The life and times of Ramabai Ambedkar|last=Khajane|first=Muralidhara|date=2016-04-15|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-01-19|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=13 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213091745/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/entertainment/the-life-and-times-of-ramabai-ambedkar/article8478085.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> who said her support was instrumental in helping him pursue his [[B. R. Ambedkar#Education|higher education]] and his true potential.<ref name="toi_play">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/ramai-portrays-poignant-and-tragic-life-of-ramabai-ambedkar/articleshow/59746181.cms|title='Ramai' portrays poignant and tragic life of Ramabai Ambedkar - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-01-19|archive-date=29 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529050805/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/ramai-portrays-poignant-and-tragic-life-of-ramabai-ambedkar/articleshow/59746181.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> She has been the subject of many biographical movies and books. Several landmarks across India have been named after her. She is also known as ''Ramai'' (Mother Rama).

== Early life ==
Ramabai was born in a poor family to Bhiku Dhotre (Valangkar) and Rukmini. She lived with her three sisters and a brother, Shankar Bikaji Dhotre, in the Mahapura locality in the village of [[Vanand, Dapoli, Ratnagiri, Maharashtra|Vanand]], near Dapoli, Ratnagiri. Her father earned his livelihood by carrying baskets of fish from Harnai Bunder & Dabhol harbour to the market. Her mother died when she was young and, after her father also died, her uncles, Valangkar and Govindpurkar, took the children to [[Mumbai|Bombay]] to live with them in [[Byculla]] market.<ref name="book_ramabai">{{Cite book|title=Ramabai|last=Manohar|first=Yashwant|date=2024 |publisher=Pratima Publications|isbn=9788192647111|location=India|pages=51}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=April 2019}}

== Marriage ==
[[File:Rajagriha, Bombay, February 1934. (L to R) Yashwant, BR Ambedkar, Ramabai, Laxmibai, Mukundrao, and Tobby.jpg|thumb|left|Ambedkar with his [[Ambedkar family|family members]] at [[Rajgruha]], his residence in Mumbai in February 1934. From left – [[Yashwant Ambedkar|Yashwant]] (Son), [[B. R. Ambedkar|Dr. B. R. Ambedkar]], Smt. Ramabai, Smt. Laxmibai (wife of BR Ambedkar's elder brother, Anand) and nephew (Mukundrao Anandrao Ambedkar) and Dr. Ambedkar's favorite dog, Tobby.]]
Ramabai married [[B. R. Ambedkar|Bhimrao]] in 4 April 1906 in a very simple ceremony in the vegetable market of [[Byculla]], Mumbai. Like her spouse, the exact birth year of Ramabai is not documented. Older records tell varied birth date and year. Dhananjay Keer states that she was married to Bhimrao when she was nine years old.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}} At the time, Ambedkar was aged 15 and Ramabai was 9.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2019 |title=Relentless Struggle of Ramabai Ambedkar |url=https://www.nationalindianews.in/uncategorized/relentless-struggle-of-ramabai-ambedkar/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260125014136/https://www.nationalindianews.in/uncategorized/relentless-struggle-of-ramabai-ambedkar/ |archive-date=2026-01-25 |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=www.nationalindianews.in |language=en}}</ref><ref name="book_ramabai" /> His affectionate name for her was "Rāmu", while she called him "Saheb".<ref name="auto">{{cite news|title=महापुरुषाची सावली|url=https://www.loksatta.com/lekha-news/priya-ramu-book-by-yogiraj-bagul-1594849/|access-date=29 March 2018|work=Loksatta|date=3 December 2017|language=mr-IN|archive-date=30 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330022209/https://www.loksatta.com/lekha-news/priya-ramu-book-by-yogiraj-bagul-1594849/|url-status=live}}</ref> They had five children – [[Yashwant Ambedkar|Yashwant]], Gangadhar, Ramesh, Indu (daughter) and Rajratna. Apart from Yashwant (1912–1977), the other four died in their childhood.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Dalit Samajache Pitamah Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar|last=Jogi|first=Dr. Sunil|publisher=Diamond Books|year= 2007|page=50|language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Mahamanav Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar|last=Gaikwad|first=Dr. Dnyanraj Kashinath|publisher=Riya Publication|year=2015
|page=186|language=mr}}</ref>

== Death ==
Ramabai died on 27 May 1935 at Rajgruha in Hindu Colony, [[Dadar]], Bombay, after a prolonged chronic illness. She had been married to Ambedkar for 29 years.<ref name="book_ramabai"/>

== Credit by her husband ==
B. R. Ambedkar's book ''Thoughts on Pakistan'', published in 1941, was dedicated to Ramabai. In the [[preface]], Ambedkar credits her with his transformation from an ordinary ''Bhiva or Bhima'' to Dr Ambedkar.

== Influence and in popular legacy ==
[[File:The President, Shri Ram Nath Kovind unveiled the statue of Matoshree Ramabai Bhimrao Ambedkar, at Pune, in Maharashtra.JPG|thumb|The [[President of India]], [[Ram Nath Kovind]], unveiling the statue of Ramabai Ambedkar, at [[Pune]], in Maharashtra on 30 May 2018]]

Ramabai's life has been featured in the following:

=== Movies, televisions and drama ===
* ''Ramai'', a 1992 drama directed by Ashok Gawali<ref name="toi_play" />
* ''Bhim Garjana'', a 1990 Marathi film directed by Vijay Pawar, the role of Ramabai Ambedkar was played by Prathama Devi.
* ''Yugpurush Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar'', a 1993 Marathi film directed by Shashikant Nalavade, the role of Ramabai Ambedkar was played by Chitra Koppikar.
* ''[[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar (film)|Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar]]'', a 2000 English film directed by [[Jabbar Patel]], the role of Ramabai Ambedkar was played by [[Sonali Kulkarni]].
* ''[[Dr. B. R. Ambedkar (film)|Dr. B. R. Ambedkar]]'', a 2005 Kannada film directed by Sharan Kumar Kabbur, the role of Ramabai Ambedkar was played by [[Tara Anuradha]].
* ''[[Ramabai Bhimrao Ambedkar (film)|Ramabai Bhimrao Ambedkar]]'', a 2011 Marathi film directed by Prakash Jadhav, the role of Ramabai Ambedkar was played by Nisha Parulekar.
* ''[[Ramabai (film)|Ramabai]]'', a 2016 Kannada film directed by M. Ranganath, the role of Ramabai Ambedkar was played by [[Yagna Shetty]].<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/remembering-ramabai/article7101466.ece|title = Remembering Ramabai|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 14 April 2015|last1 = Khajane|first1 = Muralidhara|archive-date = 21 January 2018|access-date = 13 August 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180121000025/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/remembering-ramabai/article7101466.ece|url-status = live}}</ref>
* ''Dr. Ambedkar'', a Hindi television series aired on [[DD National]].{{fact|date=July 2024}}
* ''Garja Maharashtra'' (2018–19), a Marathi television series aired on [[Sony Marathi]].{{fact|date=July 2024}}
* ''[[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar - Mahamanvachi Gauravgatha]]'' (2019), a Marathi television series airing on [[Star Pravah]] starring Shivani Rangole as Ramabai Ambedkar while Mrunmayi Supal portrayed the young version of the character.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/shivani-rangole-to-play-ramabai/articleshow/69402905.cms|title=Shivani Rangole to play Ramabai - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 May 2019|access-date=21 April 2024|archive-date=7 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007003532/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/shivani-rangole-to-play-ramabai/articleshow/69402905.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/dr-babasaheb-ambedkar-serial-this-child-actress-will-portray-ramabai-ssv-92-1933691/|title = ही बालकलाकार साकारणार छोट्या रमाबाईंची भूमिका|date = 18 July 2019|access-date=25 January 2026|website=loksatta.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318234722/https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/dr-babasaheb-ambedkar-serial-this-child-actress-will-portray-ramabai-ssv-92-1933691/|archive-date=2022-03-18|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Books ===
* ''Ramai'', by Yashwant Manohar
* ''Tyagawanti Rama Mauli'', by Nana Dhakulkar, Vijay Publications (Nagpur)
* ''Priya Ramu'', by Yogiraj Bagul, Granthali Publication<ref name="auto"/>

== See also ==
* [[1997 Ramabai killings]]
* [[Ambedkar family]]
* [[Savita Ambedkar]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Commons category|Ramabai Ambedkar}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ambedkar, Ramabai Bhimrao}}
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:1935 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Spouses of Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Ambedkar family|Ramabai Bhimrao]]
[[Category:Women from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:People from Ratnagiri district]]

Ramoji Group

2026-04-12T01:53:46Z

GregorioBigge0: starting new data

{{Short description|India conglomerate}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Primary sources|date=November 2012|reason=pulls data mainly from Ramoji Group website}}
{{Update|inaccurate=y|date=November 2012|reason=needs review of major holdings. does ramoji group still own Eenadu, ETV? What about Network18 and Eenadu Group / Ushodaya Enterprises}}
}}

{{Infobox company
| name = Ramoji Group
| logo = Ramoji_Group_logo.png
| caption =
| type = 
| genre =
| fate =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| founded = {{Start date and age|1962}}
| founder = [[Cherukuri Ramoji Rao]]
| defunct =
| location_city = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]
| location_country = India
| location =
| locations =
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people =
| industry = [[conglomerate (company)|Conglomerate]] 
| products =
| services = [[Mass media]], [[Entertainment]], film production, financial services, retail, education, hospitality
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| aum =
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees =
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| footnotes =
| intl =
| website =
}}

'''Ramoji Group''' is an Indian [[conglomerate (company)|conglomerate]] founded by [[Ramoji Rao]] and headquartered in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], India. Its businesses cover television and newspaper media, film production, financial services, retail, education and hospitality.<ref name="aboutus">{{cite web
|url = http://www.ramojifilmcity.com/about/ramoji_group.php
|title = About RFC – Ramoji Group
|accessdate = 2012-11-26
|work = Ramoji Film City
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20121019214405/http://www.ramojifilmcity.com/about/ramoji_group.php
|archivedate = 2012-10-19
}}</ref> In 1996, one of its businesses, [[Ramoji Film City]], was recognized by [[Guinness World Records]] as the largest film studio complex in the world.
== History ==

=== Founding and early business (1960s) ===
The group was founded by [[Ramoji Rao|Cherukuri Ramoji Rao]] (born 16 Nov 1936 in [[Pedaparupudi]], [[Krishna district|Krishna District]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]) who came from a farming family and studied in Gudivada.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ramoji Film City founder passes away: Who was Ramoji Rao? Business, family, awards - Ramoji Rao passes away |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/ramoji-film-city-founder-passes-away-who-was-ramoji-rao-business-family-awards/family-and-personal-life/slideshow/110816834.cms |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref> One of his earliest ventures (circa 1962) was the launch of the chit fund business Margadarsi Chit Fund Pvt. Ltd..<ref name=":0" /> His entry into print media began with a magazine for farmers (‘Annadata’) in 1969.<ref name=":0" />

=== Expansion into print media and diversification (1970s–1980s) ===
In 1974, the group launched the Telugu daily newspaper [[Eenadu]] from [[Visakhapatnam]]. This marked a major shift for the group into mass media.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-08 |title=Ramoji Rao’s entrepreneurial journey began in Visakhapatnam |url=https://www.webjosh.com/article/ramoji-rao-s-entrepreneurial-journey-began-in-visakhapatnam-1717857425-6891?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=Webjosh |language=en}}</ref> The Hyderabad edition of Eenadu followed in 1975, and further expansion to Vijayawada in 1976. In the early 1980s, the group entered the foods business with the brand Priya Foods (pickles, masalas & oils).<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Priya Foods {{!}} Ramoji Group Hyderabad |url=https://priyafoods.com/pages/about-us |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=Priya Foods |language=en}}</ref> Also in this phase, the group entered film production via [[Usha Kiran Movies|Ushakiran Movies]] (founded 1983) which produced films in multiple Indian languages.

=== Retail, hospitality & further diversification (1990s) ===
In 1992 the group set up the handicrafts and textile retail brand Kalanjali to promote and sell Indian arts & crafts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Kalanjali |url=https://kalanjali.com/pages/about-kalanjali |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=Kalanjali |language=en}}</ref> During the 1990s, hospitality ventures (such as the Dolphin Hotels chain) and other consumer businesses grew.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=About Ramoji Group –A multidimensional company-Hyderabad-India |url=https://www.ramojiacademy.com/ramoji-group |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=RAMOJI ACADEMY |language=en}}</ref>

=== Landmark: Ramoji Film City & major media network (mid-1990s onwards) ===
One of the most iconic milestones was the establishment of [[Ramoji Film City|Ramoji Film City (RFC)]] near Hyderabad in 1996.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=About Us {{!}} Ramoji Film City |url=https://www.ramojifilmcity.com/about-us |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=www.ramojifilmcity.com |language=en}}</ref>

* The site covers over 1,600 acres (some sources say ~2,000 acres) and is recognised by [[Guinness World Records]] as the '''world’s largest film studio complex'''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Largest film studio |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-film-studio |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250320170520/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-film-studio |archive-date=2025-03-20 |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=Guinness World Records |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* It was conceived to offer “walk in with your script and walk out with your print” — integrating studios, sets, post-production, and tourism.<ref name=":2" />

In the early 1990s the group launched satellite television business via [[ETV Network]] (in Telugu, then expanded to other Indian languages).

=== Consolidation and current status (2000s–2020s) ===
The group now spans media (print, TV, digital), film production, retail, hospitality, food, financial services, and thematic tourism.<ref name=":1" />Nearly 3,300 films have been shot at [[Ramoji Film City]] in various Indian languages.<ref name=":2" />The group also runs educational institutions (e.g., film & TV academy) and wellness/hospitality facilities.<ref name=":1" />Founder [[Ramoji Rao]] passed away on 8 June 2024 at age 87.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-08 |title=Ramoji Rao, the versatile genius who revolutionised media industry, passes away at 87 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/hyderabad/ramoji-rao-dead-media-baron-9379183/ |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Timeline summary ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Event
|-
|1962
|Launch of Margadarsi Chit Fund.
|-
|1969
|Launch of “Annadata” magazine.
|-
|1974
|Launch of Eenadu newspaper in Visakhapatnam.
|-
|Early 1980s
|Entry into foods (Priya Foods) & film production (Ushakiran Movies).
|-
|1992
|Launch of Kalanjali retail division.
|-
|1996
|Inauguration of Ramoji Film City near Hyderabad.
|-
|1990s
|Launch/expansion of ETV Network (satellite TV).
|-
|2000s–
|Diversification into hospitality, tourism, digital media, education.
|-
|2024
|Passing of founder Ramoji Rao.
|}

==Holdings==

===Ramoji Film City===
[[Ramoji Film City]] is situated near [[Hayathnagar]] in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]. Ramoji Rao bought 2000 acres of private land in 1995 December, then construction started immediately and film city opened in 1996 and was certified by [[Guinness World Records]] as the largest integrated film city. Off late Ramoji film city is the only studio to completed construction in one year, it's great achievement. It contains over {{convert|1666|acre|km2}} of land, and is the site for Ushakiran Movies. It hosts a theme park and the Ramoji Academy of Film and Television (RAFT), which offers degrees in filmmaking.<ref name="aboutus"/><ref name="indiatimes">{{cite news| url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/keyword/ramoji-film-city | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815060755/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/keyword/ramoji-film-city | url-status=dead | archive-date=15 August 2014 | work=The Times Of India | title=Ramoji Film City | accessdate=2012-11-26}}</ref><ref name="aboutcity">{{cite web| url = http://www.ramojifilmcity.com/about/ | accessdate = 2012-11-26 | title = About – Ramoji Film City | work = [[Ramoji Film City]] }}</ref>

===Eenadu===
{{Main|Eenadu}}
''[[Eenadu]]'', which started in 1974 in [[Visakhapatnam]], is one of India's largest circulated regional language daily newspapers.{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}} Its [[Telugu language]] daily is printed from 23 centers.<ref name="aboutus"/><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.eenaduinfo.com/circulation.htm
| title = Eenadu Info
| work = EEnaduinfo.com
| publisher = Ushodaya Enterprises
| accessdate = 2012-11-26
}}</ref>

===ETV Network===
{{Main|ETV Network}}

[[ETV Network]] is a satellite television network of 12 channels aired in eight languages:<ref name="aboutus"/> Telugu, Bangla, Marathi, Kannada, Odia, Gujarati, Urdu and Hindi. It reaches out to viewers in Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Bihar and Madhya Pradesh and has a dedicated channel for each of the four Hindi-speaking states.{{Citation needed|date=November 2012|reason=need source}}

Ushakiran Television carries out television content development for ETV. It has divisions all over India and employs over 1000 people.{{Citation needed|date=November 2012|reason=need sources}}

===Ushakiran Movies===
{{Main|Ushakiran Movies}}Ushakiran Movies, founded in 1983, has produced over 80 films in various Indian languages such as [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Hindi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Malayalam]], [[Kannada]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]].<ref name="indiatimes" /><ref name="aboutcity" /> It distributes its films through Mayuri.

===ETV Bharat===

ETV Bharat is a digital news platform created to deliver news and information services using video-centric mobile app and web portals. It has network reach of 24 states with services in 13 languages. ETV Bharat will combine the new technologies of mobile and digital media to engage news and information seekers in a new connected world.<ref name="aboutus"/><ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.etvbharat.com/english/about-us
| title = ETV Bharat Info
| website = www.etvbharat.com
| publisher = Ushodaya Enterprises
| accessdate = 2021-02-22
}}</ref>

===Other holdings===
* Margadarsi Chit Fund: The group's flagship company, which was founded in 1962 in a small rented building on Himayat Nagar road, which is one of the largest [[chit fund]] (financial instrument) companies, and has a subscriber base of 360,000 members.{{Citation needed|date=November 2012|reason=source for this information}}

* Dolphin Hotels: The group set up its first three-star hotel in [[Visakhapatnam]] in the 1980s and now operates a range of hotels in Ramoji Film City from luxury Hotel Sitara to budget property Tara.<ref name="aboutus"/>{{better source needed|date=November 2012|reason=aboutus does not discuss range of hotels, suggest navigating their website}}
* Kalanjali: A large shopping mall that offers arts, crafts and textiles from all parts of India.<ref name="aboutus"/>{{better source needed|date=November 2012|reason=aboutus does not discuss stuff inside kalanjali, suggest navigating their website}}
* Priya Foods: Manufacturing and marketing condiments, confectionery and edible oils.<ref name="aboutus"/>{{better source needed|date=November 2012|reason=aboutus does not discuss range of foods, suggest navigating their website}}
* Brisah: Women's clothing brand, specializing in formal dress and party wear.<ref name="aboutus"/>
*Ramadevi Public School: ICSE school in Hyderabad established in 2002. Sponsored by Ramadevi Trust
*Eenadu Journalism School

==References==
* source:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icmrindia.org/free%20resources/casestudies/ramoji-Leadership%20Case%20Study.htm |title=Free Case Study | The Ramoji Group | Leadership Case Study | Case Studies | Case Study in Business, Management |publisher=Icmrindia.org |date= |access-date=2012-11-26}}</ref>
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://eenaduinfo.com/about_ram.htm Ramoji Group] at Eenadu Info
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121019214405/http://www.ramojifilmcity.com/about/ramoji_group.php About Ramoji Group]
* [https://www.ramojifilmcity.com/about About Ramoji Film City]

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Ramoji Group| ]]
[[Category:Film production companies based in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Television production companies of India]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1962]]

Priyanka Chaudhary

2026-04-11T19:57:51Z

GregorioBigge0: starting post

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Priyanka Chaudhary
| image = File:Dr Priyanka Choudhary BJP.jpg
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_date = 1973
| birth_place = [[Barmer, Rajasthan]]
| office = Member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Barmer Assembly constituency|Barmer]]
| predecessor = [[Mewaram Jain]]
| term_start = December 2023
| party = [[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Rajasthan]]
| parents =
| education = [[Master of Arts]] in (1996) and [[Dental degree]] in (2005)
| profession = [[Dentist|Doctor]], [[Politician]]
}}
'''Priyanka Chaudhary''' (born 1973) is an Indian politician and doctor from [[Barmer, Rajasthan]]. She was elected to the [[16th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from [[Barmer Assembly constituency|Barmer]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Barmer Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: Independent's Dr. Priyanka Chowdhary wins Barmer with 105420 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/barmer-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470750-2023-12-03 |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=With 8 winners, Rajasthan proves happy hunting ground for Independents again |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/winners-rajasthan-happy-hunting-ground-for-independents-9052962/ |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> She is the grand-daughter of [[Gangaram Choudhary]], cabinet minister in [[Government of Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2023-12-04 |title=Barmer, Rajasthan Assembly Election Result 2023: 30 साल बाद दादा गंगाराम चौधरी का इतिहास पोती प्रियंका ने दोहराया, निर्दलीय चुनाव जीता |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/rajasthan/state/barmer/barmer-rajasthan-vidhan-sabha-chunav-assembly-election-result-2023-priyanka-choudhary-wins-as-independent-candidate-from-barmer-repeats-history-of-grand-father-gangaram-choudhary/rj20231204173325949949832 |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref>

== Political career ==
In the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]s Chaudhary defeated [[Mewaram Jain]] of Indian National Congress by securing 105420 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Barmer Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: Independent's Dr. Priyanka Chowdhary wins Barmer with 105420 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/barmer-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470750-2023-12-03 |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Before 2023 Assembly elections Chaudhary was a member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bhartiya Janta Party]] but the party chose Deepak Karwasara as candidate while Chaudhary nominated as Independent candidate and won the elections.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-09 |title=बाड़मेर में बहू नहीं बेटी बनी है विधायक: बेटी ने बागी होकर झोली फैलाई...कहा-भरो मायरा, मतदाताओं ने भर दिया {{!}} Rajasthan Assembly Election 2023 Result: Barmer Daughter Priyanka Chaudhary Became MLA |url=https://www.patrika.com/barmer-news/rajasthan-assembly-election-2023-result-barmer-daughter-priyanka-chaudhary-became-mla-8627769 |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}</ref>

== Education ==
Chaudhary's educational qualifications are [[Master of Arts]] in Public Administration from University of Rajasthan in 1996 and then [[Dental degree|Dental Degree (B.D.S.)]] from University of Rajasthan in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Priyanka Chowdhary(Independent(IND)):Constituency- BARMER(BARMER) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Rajasthan2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=752 |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chowdhary, Priyanka}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Barmer district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Independent politicians in India]]
[[Category:Women members of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:1973 births]]

{{Rajasthan-politician-stub}}

Sambhab Mishra

2026-04-01T08:58:13Z

GregorioBigge0: adding initial page with sources.

{{Short description|Indian author and researcher}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Sambhab Mishra
| native_name_lang = ସମ୍ଭବ ମିଶ୍ର
| image =
| caption = Sambhab with Prime Minister Narendra Modi
| birth_date = 1 October 2006 (age 19)
| birth_place = Cuttack, Odisha
| awards = Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puraskar 2023
}}

'''Sambhab Mishra''' (ସମ୍ଭବ ମିଶ୍ର) (born 1 October 2006) is a young author and researcher from [[Cuttack]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite arXiv |last=Mishra |first=Sambhab |title=Refinements of Jensen's Inequality for Twice-Differentiable Convex Functions with Bounded Hessian |date=2026-01-08 |class=cs.IT |eprint=2601.05030 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sambhab Mishra |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=bXOgn0gAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=ao |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=scholar.google.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ranjan |first=Rashmi |title=Odisha's Sambhab Mishra conferred with Rashtriya Bal Puraskar |url=https://odishatv.in/news/odisha/odisha-s-sambhab-mishra-conferred-with-rashtriya-bal-puraskar-195415 |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=odishatv.in |language=en}}</ref> He is a recipient of the [[Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puraskar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2023-01-24 |title=Rashtriya Bal Puraskar for Cuttack's Sambhab Mishra |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bhubaneswar/2023/Jan/24/rashtriya-bal-puraskar-for-cuttacks-sambhab-mishra-2540886.html |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Odisha के संभव मिश्रा को मिला राष्ट्रीय बाल पुरस्कार, राष्ट्रपति द्रौपदी मुर्मु ने पदक के साथ किया सम्मानित - Odisha Sambhav Mishra received National Child Award President Draupadi Murmu honored with medal |url=https://www.jagran.com/odisha/bhubaneshwar-odisha-sambhav-mishra-received-national-child-award-president-draupadi-murmu-honored-with-medal-23307697.html |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-24 |title=President Droupadi Murmu confers Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puraskar to 11 children; See Photos |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/photos/business-gallery/2958912/president-droupadi-murmu-confers-pradhan-mantri-rashtriya-bal-puraskar-to-11-children-see-photos/ |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref> He is also a Fellow of the [[Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-24 |title=Cuttack boy gets Bal Puraskar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/cuttack-boy-gets-bal-puraskar/articleshow/97267168.cms |access-date=2026-01-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He briefly served as a research intern at the [[Cleveland Clinic]] & [[Case Western Reserve University]].<ref name=":0" />

== Honours and awards ==
* [[Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puruskar|Pradhan Mantri Bal Puraskar]] for his notable work in Art and Culture (2023).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-24 |title=11 children awarded with Pradhan Mantri Bal Rashtriya Puraskar this year. Know about them |url=https://stg-www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/11-children-awarded-with-pradhan-mantri-bal-rashtriya-puraskar-this-year-know-about-them-101674568549122.html |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hindi |first=India TV |date=2023-01-25 |title=Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puraskar: संभब मिश्रा ने Art & Culture Category में जीता पुरस्कार |url=https://www.indiatv.in/video/news-bulletin/pradhan-mantri-rashtriya-bal-puraskar-sambhab-mishra-won-the-award-in-the-art-culture-category-2023-01-25-925281 |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=India TV Hindi |language=hi}}</ref>
* Deen Dayal SPARSH Yojana Scholarship by the [[India Post|Department of Posts]], [[Ministry of Communications (India)|Ministry of Communications]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dash |first=Chinmayee |date=2023-01-24 |title=Sambhab Mishra from Odisha conferred Rashtriya Bal Puraskar 2023 |url=https://sambadenglish.com/sambhab-mishra-from-odisha-conferred-rashtriya-bal-puraskar-2023/ |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=Sambad English |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=O. B. |date=2023-01-23 |title=Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puraskar For Odisha's Sambhab Mishra |url=https://odishabytes.com/prez-to-confer-pradhan-mantri-rashtriya-bal-puraskar-to-odishas-sambhab-mishra/ |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=OdishaBytes |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Publications ==
* 2026 - {{cite arXiv |last1=Mishra |first1=Sambhab |title=Refinements of Jensen's Inequality for Twice-Differentiable Convex Functions with Bounded Hessian |date=2026 |class=cs.IT |eprint=2601.05030}}
* 2021 - {{Cite book |title=Vijayee Bhaba Bharat : Part 1 |publisher=Self Published |year=2021 |isbn=9781639579280}}
* 2022 - {{Cite book |title=History Bows Down Its Head : Unsung Freedom Fighters |publisher=Self Published |year=2022 |isbn=9798885910781}}
* 2022 - {{Cite book |title=The Mahabharata (Part-I) : The Pandava Katha Series |publisher=Self Published |year=2022 |isbn=9798886065671}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mishra, Sambhab}}
[[Category:2006 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Odisha]]
[[Category:People from Cuttack]]

{{India-writer-stub}}

Kohima Municipal Council

2026-03-31T08:19:58Z

GregorioBigge0:

{{Short description|Local council in Nagaland, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Kohima Municipal Council
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| transcription_name =
| legislature = 1st Kohima Municipal Council
| logo_pic = KMC logo.png
| logo_res = 150px
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| house_type =
| body =
| jurisdiction =
| foundation = {{Start date|1956|df=y}}
| disbanded = 
| preceded_by =
| succeeded_by =
| new_session =
| leader1_type = Chairperson
| leader1 = Neibodzelie Solo
| party1 = [[Naga People's Front]]
| election1 =
| leader2_type = Deputy Chairperson
| leader2 = Thenuso-ü Sekhose
| party2 = [[Naga People's Front]]
| election2 =
| leader3_type = Administrator
| leader3 = T. Lanusenla Longkümer
| party3 =
| election3 =
| seats = 19
| structure1 =
| structure1_res =
| structure2 =
| structure2_res =
| political_groups1 =
:{{Color box|{{party color|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party}}|border=darkgray}} [[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party]] (13)
:{{Color box|{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}|border=darkgray}} [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]] (3)
:{{Color box|{{party color|Independent politician}}|border=darkgray}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (3)
| committees1 =
| joint_committees =
| term_length = 5 years
| authority =
| salary =
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting|First-past-the-post]]
| voting_system2 =
| last_election1 = [[2024 Nagaland local elections|26 June 2024]]
| next_election1 = 2029
| redistricting =
| motto =
| session_room =
| session_res =
| meeting_place =
| website = {{URL|1=https://kmc.nagaland.gov.in/|2=Kohima Municipal Council}}
}}
The '''Kohima Municipal Council''' is the local council of [[Kohima]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.municipalaffairsnagaland.com/Home/RTI|title=Directorate of Municipal Affairs|website=Municipal Affairs Nagaland|access-date=8 June 2021}}</ref> The council has 19 members from 19 Municipal Wards.

It was initially known as '''Kohima Town Committee''' (KTC) and had eight wards and four Government nominees.<ref name="AutoZ9-2">{{Cite web |url=https://kmc.nagaland.gov.in/files/Newsletter%2520for%2520KMC%2520for%2520Website.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiWgc71mYfxAhUwxDgGHVsbDKgQFjACegQIExAC&usg=AOvVaw2CIfhhZjv4J4AWUShn8_sS|title=Newsletter for KMC website|access-date=8 June 2021}}</ref> Yusuf Ali was the first Ex-Officio Chairman and Dr. Neilhouzhü Kire was the first Vice-Chairman (1957–1967). In 1982, [[John Bosco Jasokie]] was elected as its first chairman.<ref name="AutoZ9-2"/> It became a Municipal Council in 2005 with 19 elected councillors. {{as of|2021}} it is still in a transitional stage without full powers transferred.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kmc.nagaland.gov.in/Aboutus.html|title=Brief History of Kohima Municipal Council|website=kmc.nagaland.gov.in|access-date=8 June 2021}}</ref>

== Current councillors ==
=== List of council members ===
The council members for the 2024–29 tenure are:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nagalandtribune.in/winners-of-kohima-municipal-election-2024/#:~:text=The%20results%20of%20the%202024,three%20Wards%20also%20secured%20victory.|title=Winners of Kohima Municipal Election 2024|date=29 June 2024|website=Nagaland Tribune|access-date=30 June 2024}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Zone
! Ward Number
!Ward Name
! Member
!Areas Covered
!Assembly Constituency
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
|
| Ward 1
|
| Kelhousenuo Khruomo
|
|
| style="background:{{party color|Naga People's Front}}" ; |
| [[Naga People's Front]]
|-
|
| Ward 2
|
| Avilie Rio
|
|
| style="background:{{party color|Naga People's Front}}" ; |
| [[Naga People's Front]]
|-
|
| Ward 3
|
| Ruokuovolie Rutsa
|
|
| style="background:{{party color|Naga People's Front}}" ; |
| [[Naga People's Front]]
|-
|
| Ward 4
|
| Zeneivonuo Nakhro
|
|
| style="background:{{party color|Naga People's Front}}" ; |
| [[Naga People's Front]]
|-
|
| Ward 5
|
| Vimhalie Pienyü
|
|
| style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}" ; |
| [[Independent Politician|Independent]]
|-
|
| Ward 6
|
| Thenuso-ü Sekhose
|
|
| style="background:{{party color|Naga People's Front}}" ; |
| [[Naga People's Front]]
|-
|
| Ward 7
|
| Kazheli Tungoe
|
|
| style="background:{{party color|Naga People's Front}}" ; |
| [[Naga People's Front]]
|-
|
| Ward 8
|
| Thejavizo Phillip Solo
|
|
| style="background:{{party color|Naga People's Front}}" ; |
| [[Naga People's Front]]
|-
|
| Ward 9
|
| Kekhrieselhou Angami
|
|
| style="background:{{party color|Naga People's Front}}" ; |
| [[Naga People's Front]]
|-
|
| Ward 10
|
| Kevinei-ü Sekhose
|
|
| style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}" ; |
| [[Independent Politician|Independent]]
|-
|
| Ward 11
|
| Neibodzelie Solo
|
|
| style="background:{{party color|Naga People's Front}}" ; |
| [[Naga People's Front]]
|-
|
| Ward 12
|
| Ahelie Theyo
|
|
| style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}" ; |
| [[Independent Politician|Independent]]
|-
|
| Ward 13
|
| K. Asangla Jamir
|
|
| style="background:{{party color|Naga People's Front}}" ; |
| [[Naga People's Front]]
|-
|
| Ward 14
|
| Vizokhoto George Kirha
|
|
| style="background:{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}" ; |
| [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]]
|-
|
| Ward 15
|
| Ketousie Khamo
|
|
| style="background:{{party color|Naga People's Front}}" ; |
| [[Naga People's Front]]
|-
|
| Ward 16
|
| Ane-ü Khaming
|
|
| style="background:{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}" ; |
| [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]]
|-
|
| Ward 17
|
| Khrielievi Chüsi
|
|
| style="background:{{party color|Naga People's Front}}" ; |
| [[Naga People's Front]]
|-
|
| Ward 18
|
| Neikhozo Suokhrie
|
|
| style="background:{{party color|Naga People's Front}}" ; |
| [[Naga People's Front]]
|-
|
| Ward 19
|
| Medoviu Martin Suohu
|
|
| style="background:{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}" ; |
| [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]]
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://kmc.nagaland.gov.in/ Kohima Municipal Council] Official Website

[[Category:Kohima]]
[[Category:Government of Nagaland]]

Durga Puja

2026-03-19T07:56:46Z

GregorioBigge0: Enhanced content and organization

{{Short description|Annual Hindu festival}}
{{for|the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage|Durga Puja in Kolkata}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox festival
| name = Durga Puja
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| nickname = Durgotsava, Sharadotsava
| image = File:বাগবাজার সার্বজনীন দুর্গোৎসব ২০১৮.jpg
| caption = Devi [[Durga]] killing [[Mahishasura]] with her [[trident]] riding her ''[[vahana]]'' (mount), the lion. [[Lakshmi]] and [[Ganesha]] flank the left while [[Saraswati]] and [[Kartikeya]] flank the right.
| status = Public holiday in Indian states of [[West Bengal]], [[Odisha]], [[Tripura]], [[Bihar]], [[Assam]] and in the countries [[Bangladesh]] and [[Nepal]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Nepal Public Holidays |url=https://www.edarabia.com/nepal/public-holidays/ |access-date=2 October 2023 |work=Edarabia.com}}</ref> Optional holiday in [[Pakistan]]
| genre = [[Religious festival|Religious]] and [[cultural festival]]
| begins = [[Mahalaya]]
| ends = [[Vijaya Dashami]]
| frequency = Annual
| founders = [[Rama]], according to the legends
| participants = Mainly [[Eastern India|Eastern]], [[Northeast India]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/travel/india/top-destinations-for-celebrating-durga-puja/articleshow/104346259.cms |title=Celebrating Durga puja across India: Top destinations for festive bliss |work=Business Insider India}}</ref> and [[Hindus]] in [[Bangladesh]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Durga festival returns to indigenous village after 150 years |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/bangladesh-others/111684/durga-festival-returns-to-indigenous-village-after |work=Dhaka Tribune |date=17 October 2015}}</ref> and [[Nepal]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://steemit.com/festival/@jeetendra/the-festive-season-in-nepal-has-begun-one-month-of-holidays-durga-puja-and-dipawali |title=The Festive Season in Nepal Has Begun. One Month of Holidays- Durga Puja and Dipawali |date=21 September 2017}}</ref><ref name="DP1">{{cite book |title=Humanities in the Primary School |author1=Campbell, R.J. |author2=Little, V. |isbn=978-1-8500-0544-5 |lccn=89036052 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8sfFjV2BTEYC |year=1989 |page=182 |publisher=Falmer Press}}</ref><ref name="DP2">{{cite book |title=General Knowledge of Northeast India: For All Psc and Competitive Exams |author=Ghosh, J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1o-HDwAAQBAJ |year=2019 |page=152 |publisher=Educreation Publishing}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Political History of Muslim Bengal: An Unfinished Battle of Faith |author=Rahman, M. |isbn=978-1-5275-2061-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0dN1DwAAQBAJ |year=2018 |page=240 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing}}</ref>
| date = 28 September to 2 October 2025 (Dates vary annually per the Hindu lunisolar calendar)
| events = Worshipping Hindu deities, family and other social gatherings, shopping and gift-giving, feasting, ''pandal'' visiting, and cultural events
| free_label = Main observation
| free_text = Ceremonial worship of Goddess [[Durga]]
}}
{{Hindu festival date info}}
{{Saktism}}

'''Durga Puja''' ([[ISO 15919|ISO]]: {{transliteration|sa|ISO|Durgā Pūjā}}, {{IPA|as|duɹɡäpuzä|audio=Durgapuja.wav}}, {{IPA|bn|d̪uɾɡapud͡ʒa|audio=LL-Q9610 (ben)-Titodutta-দুর্গাপূজা.wav}}), also known as '''Durgotsava''' or '''Sharadotsava''', is a major [[Hindus|Hindu]] festival honouring the goddess [[Durga]] and commemorating her victory over [[Mahishasura]].{{sfn| Lochtefeld|2002|p=208}}{{sfn|Bradley|2012|p=214}} In 2021, 'Durga Puja in [[Kolkata]]' was inscribed on [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists|UNESCO's Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Durga Puja inscribed on the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/durga-puja-inscribed-unesco-representative-list-intangible-cultural-heritage-humanity#:~:text=Today,%20the%20Intergovernmental%20Committee%20for,to%2018%20December%20this%20year. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019182512/https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/durga-puja-inscribed-unesco-representative-list-intangible-cultural-heritage-humanity#:~:text=Today,%20the%20Intergovernmental%20Committee%20for,to%2018%20December%20this%20year. |archive-date=19 October 2022 |access-date=15 December 2024 |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref>

The festival is observed in the Indian calendar in the month of [[Ashwin|Ashvin]] (September–October) on the Hindu luni-solar calendar.{{sfn|Kinsley|1988|pp=106–108}}{{sfn|Encyclopedia Britannica |2015}} It lasts ten days, with the final five being most prominent.<ref>{{cite news |author=Parmita Borah |date=2 October 2011 |title=Durga Puja – a Celebration of Female Supremacy |url=http://www.efi-news.com/2011/10/durga-puja-celebration-of-female.html |publisher=EF News International |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425051716/http://www.efi-news.com/2011/10/durga-puja-celebration-of-female.html |archive-date=25 April 2012 |url-status=usurped |access-date=26 October 2011}}</ref>{{sfn|Encyclopedia Britannica |2015}} Even though Durga Puja and [[Navaratri]] are both dedicated to the [[Mahadevi|Hindu goddess Durga]] and are observed simultaneously, they are not the same festival.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2024 |title=Navratri And Durga Puja: Understanding The Differences Between The Two Festivals |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/spiritual/navratri-and-durga-puja-understanding-the-differences-between-the-two-festivals-article-114014015 |access-date=15 December 2024 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] is performed in homes and public spaces with temporary structures (known as ''[[pandal]]s'')'','' religious recitations, cultural performances, visiting, feasting, and processions; it is central to the [[Shaktism]] tradition.{{sfn|Lochtefeld|2002|p=208}}{{sfn|Melton|2011|pp=239–241}}{{sfn|Amazzone|2011|pp=82–83}}

Scriptures portray Durga's defeat of Mahishasura, often interpreted as the triumph of good over evil; some traditions also link the festival with post-monsoon harvest themes.{{sfn|Daniélou|1991|p=288}}{{sfn|Kinsley|1988|pp=111–112}}{{sfn|Donner|2016|p=25}} Durga Puja coincides with [[Navaratri]] and [[Dussehra]] celebrations observed by other traditions of Hinduism.<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 October 2020|title=Durga Puja (Durga Ashtami) 2020: Is Maa Durga Worthy to Worship?|url=https://news.jagatgururampalji.org/durga-puja-durga-ashtami-2020/|access-date=25 October 2020|website=S A NEWS|language=en-US|archive-date=28 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028205014/https://news.jagatgururampalji.org/durga-puja-durga-ashtami-2020/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn| Lochtefeld|2002|pp=212–213}}{{sfn|Jones| Ryan|2006|pp=308–309}}

Alongside Durga, devotees commonly venerate [[Lakshmi]], [[Saraswati]], [[Ganesha]] and [[Kartikeya]]. Major public celebrations run from [[Mahalaya]] to [[Vijayadashami]] and conclude with immersion of the images; practices vary by region.

Durga Puja is an old tradition with medieval textual references on Shaktism and detailed manuals from at least the 14th century; elite and community forms expanded under early modern and colonial patronage.<ref>{{cite web |title=Durga Puja |url=http://online.assam.gov.in/web/durga-puja |website=Assam Online Portal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120817122357/http://online.assam.gov.in/web/durga-puja |archive-date=17 August 2012}}</ref>{{sfn|Bradley|2012|p=214}}

==Names==
In West Bengal, Odisha, Assam, Jharkhand and Tripura, Durga Puja is also called ''[[Akalbodhan]]'' (literally, "untimely awakening of Durga"), ''Sharadiya pujo or puja'' ("autumnal worship"), ''Sharodotsab'' ("festival of autumn"), ''Maha pujo'' ("grand puja"), ''Maayer pujo'' ("worship of the Mother"),{{citation needed|date=March 2021}} ''Durga pujo'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Durga Puja Festival |url=http://www.durga-puja.org/durga-puja.html |website=Durga-puja.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027051736/http://www.durga-puja.org/durga-puja.html |archive-date=27 October 2012 |access-date=25 June 2013}}</ref> or merely ''Puja(In Odisha, Bihar)'' or ''Pujo''. In Bangladesh, Durga Puja has historically been celebrated as ''Bhagabati puja''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 October 2022 |title=Durga Puja in Bangladesh |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/durga-puja-bangladesh-507562 |access-date=25 September 2023 |work=The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref> Maa Durga is known as the Goddess of Power (feminine) which represents triumph of Goodness over evil.

Durga Puja is also referred to by the names of related Shakta Hindu festivals such as [[Navaratri]], celebrated on the same days elsewhere in India;{{sfn| Bradley|2012|p=214}} such as in [[Odisha]], [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Gujarat]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Punjab]], [[Kerala]], and [[Maharashtra]];{{efn-ua|[http://www.durga-puja.org/navratri-puja.html Navratri Puja], Durga-puja.org}} [[Kullu Dussehra]], celebrated in [[Kullu Valley]], [[Himachal Pradesh]];{{efn-ua|[http://www.durga-puja.org/kullu-dussehra.html Kullu Dussehra], Durga-puja.org}} [[Mysore Dasara|Mysore Dasara]] celebrated in [[Mysore]], [[Karnataka]];{{efn-ua|[http://www.durga-puja.org/mysore-dussehra.html Mysore Dussehra], Durga-puja.org}} [[Golu (festival)|Bommai Golu]], celebrated in [[Tamil Nadu]]; [[Golu (festival)|Bommala Koluvu]], celebrated in [[Andhra Pradesh]];{{efn-ua|[http://www.durga-puja.org/bommai-kolu.html "Bommai-kolu"], Durga-puja.org}} and [[Bathukamma]], celebrated in [[Telangana]].

==History and origins==
{{Further|Durga|Akalabodhana}}

Durga is an ancient goddess of Hinduism according to available [[Archaeology|archeological]] and textual evidence. However, the origins of Durga Puja are unclear and undocumented.

[[File:Dadhimati Mata Temple, Rajasthan.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Dadhimati Mata Temple]] of [[Rajasthan]] preserves a Durga-related inscription from chapter 10 of ''Devi Mahatmya''. The temple inscription has been dated by modern methods to 608 CE.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=191-195}}<ref>{{cite book|author1=Lawrence A. Babb|author2=John E. Cort|author3=Michael W. Meister|title=Desert Temples: Sacred Centers of Rajasthan in Historical, Art-historical, and Social Context|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54fXAAAAMAAJ|year=2008|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-81-316-0106-8|pages=8, 65–68, 86–89|access-date=17 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218010429/https://books.google.com/books?id=54fXAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=18 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
[[File:Mahisasimardini Durga, Ambari, Guwahati.jpg|thumb|13th–14th century Durga statue from Ambari, [[Guwahati]], Assam.]]
The name Durga, and related terms, appear in [[Vedic literature]], such as in the ''[[Rigveda]]'' hymns 4.28, 5.34, 8.27, 8.47, 8.93 and 10.127, and in sections 10.1 and 12.4 of the ''[[Atharvaveda]]''<ref name="Williams1899">[[Monier Monier-Williams]] (1899), Sanskrit English Dictionary with Etymology, Oxford University Press, page 487</ref><ref>[[Maurice Bloomfield]] (1906), [https://archive.org/stream/vedicconcordance00bloouoft#page/486/mode/1up A Vedic concordance], Series editor: Charles Lanman, Harvard University Press, page 486;</ref>{{efn-ua|group=note| Example Sanskrit original: "अहन्निन्द्रो अदहदग्निरिन्दो पुरा दस्यून्मध्यंदिनादभीके ।
'''दुर्गे''' दुरोणे क्रत्वा न यातां पुरू सहस्रा शर्वा नि बर्हीत्॥३॥ – Rigveda 4.28.8, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/ऋग्वेद:_सूक्तं_४.२८ Wikisource] It appears in ''Khila'' (appendix, supplementary) text to Rigveda 10.127, 4th Adhyaya, per J. Scheftelowitz.<ref>{{cite book |last=Scheftelowitz |first=J. |year=1906 |title=Indische Forschungen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_jhIAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA112 |publisher=Verlag von M & H Marcus |pages=112 line 13a |access-date=17 February 2017 |archive-date=17 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217115252/https://books.google.com/books?id=_jhIAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA112 |url-status=live}}</ref>}} A deity named ''Durgi'' appears in section 10.1.7 of the ''Taittiriya [[Aranyaka]]''.<ref name="Williams1899" /> While the Vedic literature uses the word ''Durga'', the description therein lacks legendary details about her or about Durga Puja that is found in later Hindu literature.{{sfn|Kinsley|1988|pp=95-96}}

A key text associated with Durga Puja is ''[[Devi Mahatmya]]'', which is recited during the festival. Durga was likely a well-established deity by the time this Hindu text was composed, which scholars estimate to date between 400 and 600 CE.{{sfn| Brown|1998|p=77 note 28}}{{sfn|Coburn|1991|pp=13}}{{sfn|Coburn|2002|pp=1-7}} The ''Devi Mahatmya'' scripture describes the nature of evil forces symbolised by [[Mahishasura]] as shape-shifting, deceptive, and adapting in nature, in form and in strategy to create difficulties and thus achieve their evil ends. Durga calmly understands and counters the evil in order to achieve her solemn goals.{{sfn|Daniélou|1991|p=288}}{{sfn|McDaniel|2004|pp=215-219}}{{efn-ua|group=note|In the Shakta tradition of Hinduism, many of the stories about obstacles and battles have been considered as metaphors for the divine and demonic within each human being, with liberation being the state of self-understanding whereby a virtuous nature and society emerging victorious over the vicious.{{sfn|McDaniel|2004|pp=20-21, 217-219}}}}Durga, in her various forms, appears as an independent deity in the Indian texts.{{sfn| McDermott|2001|p=162}}

In the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', both [[Yudhisthira]] and [[Arjuna]] invoke hymns to ''Durga''.{{sfn|McDermott|2001|pp=162-163}} She appears in ''[[Harivamsa]]'' in the form of [[Vishnu]]'s eulogy and in [[Pradyumna]]'s prayer. The prominent mention of Durga in such epics may have led to her worship.{{sfn| McDermott|2001|pp=162-164}}{{sfn|Kinsley|1988|pp=106-108}}{{sfn|Kinsley|1997|pp=16-22, 30-35}}

[[File:Akalbodhan Venus Club 2010 Arnab Dutta.JPG|thumb|200px|right|A display of sculpture-idols depicting Rama and [[Narada]] praying with Durga]]
[[File:Goddess idol at Gosani Jatra, Puri (6).jpg|thumb|Maa Durga Rudra Roop at Gosani Jatra Puri]]
Some versions of the ''[[Purana]]s'' mention Durga Puja to be a spring festival, while the ''[[Devi-Bhagavata Purana]]'' and two other Shakta ''Puranas'' mentions it to be an [[autumn]] festival. The ''[[Ramayana]]'' manuscripts are also inconsistent. Versions of ''Ramayana'' found in the north, west, and south of the Indian subcontinent describe [[Rama]] to be remembering [[Surya]] (the Hindu sun god) before his battle against [[Ravana]], but the Bengali manuscripts of ''Ramayana'', such as the ''[[Krittivasi Ramayan]]a,'' a 15th-century manuscript by [[Krittivasa]], mention Rama to be worshipping Durga.{{sfn|Brown|1990|pp=280 note 50, 274 notes 103, 107, 109-110}} As per the legend, Rama worshipped Durga in the autumn to have her blessings before defeating Ravana. While he was preparing for the worship of the goddess, Durga hid one of the 108 flowers of lotus, very essential for her worship. Having found only 107 of 108 [[Nelumbo nucifera|lotuses]] at the time of the worship, Rama decided to offer one of his eyes in place of that lotus. When he was about to offer his eye, Durga appeared and told him that she had only hidden the flower in order to test his devotion and she was satisfied with it. She blessed Rama and he continued with her worship. Since the gods are believed to be sleeping during autumn, the awakening rite of the Durga puja is also known as ''akāla bodhana''.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Simmons |first1=Caleb |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SkNmDwAAQBAJ |title=Nine Nights of the Goddess: The Navarātri Festival in South Asia |last2=Sen |first2=Moumita |last3=Rodrigues |first3=Hillary |date=1 August 2018 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-1-4384-7069-6 |pages=200 |language=en}}</ref>

Surviving manuscripts from the 14th-century provide guidelines for Durga Puja, while historical records suggest the royalty and wealthy families to be sponsoring major Durga Puja public festivities, since at least the 16th-century.{{sfn| McDermott|2001|pp=172-174}} The 11th or 12th-century [[Jainism|Jain]] text ''Yasatilaka'' by [[Somadeva]] mentions an annual festival dedicated to a warrior goddess, celebrated by the king and his armed forces, and the description mirrors attributes of Durga Puja.{{sfn|Kinsley|1988|pp=106-108}}<ref name="britannica.com">{{Cite web |title=Durga Puja {{!}} Traditions & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Durga-Puja |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030161639/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Durga-Puja |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=25 October 2020 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en}}</ref>

According to some scholars, the worship of the fierce warrior goddess Durga, and her darker and more violent manifestation [[Kali]], became popular in the [[Bengal region]] during and after the medieval era, marked by [[Muslims|Muslim]] invasions and conquests.{{sfn|Bandyopadhyay|1993|p=118}}

The significance of Durga and other goddesses in Hindu culture is stated to have increased after [[Islam]]ic armies conquered regions of the [[Indian subcontinent]].{{sfn|Monaghan|2009|pages=151–153}} According to yet other scholars, the marginalisation of Bengali Hindus during the medieval era led to a reassertion of Hindu identity and an emphasis on Durga Puja as a social festival, publicly celebrating the warrior goddess.{{sfn| McDermott|2001|p=330 notes 98-103}}From the medieval era up to present-day, Durga Puja has been celebrated as a socio-cultural event, while maintaining the roots of religious worship.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bhattacharya |first=Tithi |author-link=Tithi Bhattacharya |date=November 2007 |title=Tracking the Goddess: Religion, Community, and Identity in the Durga Puja Ceremonies of Nineteenth-Century Calcutta |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=66 |number=4 |pages=919–962 |doi=10.1017/S0021911807001258 |jstor=20203237 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Rituals and practices==
{{multiple image|perrow=2/2|total_width=300|caption_align=center|align=right|image1=Initial framework of Durga Idol by Straw, Kumortuli.jpg|image2=20170930 065217000 iOS.jpg|image3=Sandhi puja at Ballygange Cultural Club Kolkata DSCN1373.jpg|image4=Sovabazar Royal Durga Idol Immersion Arrangement - River Hooghly - Baghbazar Ghat - Kolkata 2014-10-03 9214.jpg|footer=From top left to bottom right (a) Structure of a Durga sculpture-idol being made at [[Kumortuli]]; (b) Lady carrying offerings for the ''puja''; (c) ''Sandhi puja'' on the day of ''Ashtami''; (d) Immersion of the sculpture-idol on ''Vijaya Dashami''.}}

=== Texts ===
The puja rituals involve ''[[mantra]]s'' (words manifesting spiritual transformation), ''[[shloka]]s'' (holy verses), chants and ''[[Arti (Hinduism)|arati]]'', and offerings. The worship begins with a reading of the Sanskrit ''[[Devi Mahatmya|Devī Mahātmya]]'' from the sixth-century [[Markandeya Purana|Mārkaṇḍeya Purāṇa.]]{{sfn|Ghosa|1871|pp=40–55}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nicholas |first=Ralph W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wo3XAAAAMAAJ |title=Rites of Spring: Gā̄jan in Village Bengal |date=2008 |publisher=Chronicle Books |isbn=978-81-8028-035-1 |pages=8 |language=en}}</ref> The ''shlokas'' and ''mantras'' praise the divinity of the goddess; according to the ''shlokas'', Durga is [[Omnipresence|omnipresent]] as the embodiment of power, success, courage, victory, nourishment, memory, forbearance, faith, forgiveness, intellect, wealth, emotions, desires, beauty, satisfaction, righteousness, fulfilment and peace.{{sfn|Rodrigues|2003|pp=50, 150-151}}{{efn-ua|group=note|Various versions of Devi mantra exist.{{sfn|Brown|1990|pp=143-147}} Examples include: [a] "We know the Great Goddess. We make a meditation of the goddess Durga. May that Goddess guide us on the right path." (Durga Gayatri Mantra, recited at many stages of Durga Puja);{{sfn|Rodrigues|2003|pp=153-155, 63, 90, 177 etc}} [b] Hrim! O blessed goddess Durga, come here, stay here, stay here, take up residence here, accept my worship. (Durga Avahana Mantra);{{sfn|Rodrigues|2003|p=113}} etc.}}

== Scriptural References ==
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sengupta |first=Minakshi |date=September 24, 2025 |title=Maa Durga as Mahishasura Mardini – The Eternal Triumph of Good over Evil |url=https://www.storywire.co.in/2025/09/maa-durga-as-mahishasura-mardini-the-eternal-triumph-of-good-over-evil.html |website=Storywire |language=English}}</ref>
* '''[[Markandeya Purana]] (Devi Mahatmya / Chandi Path):''' The primary text narrating the battle of Durga with Mahishasura.
* '''[[Devi Bhagavata Purana]]:''' Expands on the cosmic significance of Maa Durga and her victory.
* '''[[Skanda Purana]]:''' Mentions Durga's various forms and their purpose in destroying evil.
* '''[[Varaha Purana]]:''' Contains references to the goddess as Mahishasura Mardini.
* '''[[Tantra|Tantra Texts]] (e.g., Devi Mahatmyam in Shakta Tantra):''' Emphasize her as Shakti, the supreme power.

=== Relation to harvest ===
{{Quote box|width=30%|quote='''Durga Puja as a harvest festival'''<poem>[[Om]] you are rice [wheat...], Om you are life, you are the life of the gods, you are our life, your are our internal life, you are long life, you give life, Om the Sun with his rays (....)</poem>|source= — Hymn to start the Durga Puja, Translator: David Kinsley{{sfn|Kinsley|1988|pp=111-112}}|bgcolor=#FFE0BB|align=left}}Durga Puja is, in part, a post-monsoon harvest festival observed on the same days in the [[Shaktism]] tradition of Hinduism as those in its other traditions.{{sfn|Amazzone|2012|pp=55-59}}{{sfn|Kinsley|1988|p=111, Quote: "Durga Puja is celebrated from the first through the ninth days of the bright half of the lunar month of Asvin, which coincides with the autumn harvest in North India, and in certain respects it is clear that Durga Puja is a harvest festival in which Durga is propitiated as the power of plant fertility".}} The practice of including a bundle of nine different plants, called ''navapatrika'',<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rodrigues |first=Hillary |year=2018 |title=Durga |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-encyclopedia-of-hinduism/*-COM_1030180 |journal=Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism Online}}</ref>{{Efn-ua|These nine plants specifically are: kadali (plantain), mana (broad-leaved plant), kacvi (black-stemmed plant), haridra (turmeric), jayanti (barley), sriphala (wood-apple branch with two fruit), dadimah (pomegranate), asoka (red-flowering shade tree), dhanya (rice paddy) |text=group}} as a symbolism of Durga, is a testament practice to its agricultural importance.{{sfn| Kinsley|1988|pp=111-112}} Many people think Nabapatrika is just a banana tree wrapped like a bride, often called '''“[[Kola Bou|Kolabou]]”'''. In reality, it is a sacred combination of '''nine plants''', each representing a form of divine energy and cosmic force.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sengupta |first=Minakshi |date=September 27, 2025 |title=Nabapatrika: The Sacred Symbol of Nature in Durga Puja |url=https://www.storywire.co.in/2025/09/Nabapatrika-The-Sacred-Symbol-of-Nature-in-Durga-Puja.html |website=Storywire}}</ref> The typically selected plants include not only representative important crops, but also non-crops. This probably signifies the Hindu belief that the goddess is "not merely the power inherent in the growth of crops but the power inherent in all vegetation".{{sfn|Kinsley|1988|pp=111-112}}

The festival is a social and public event in the eastern and northeastern states of India, where it dominates religious and socio-cultural life, with temporary ''pandal''s built at community squares, roadside shrines, and temples. The festival is also observed by some Shakta Hindus as a private home-based festival.{{sfn|McLean|1998|p=137}}

Before Durga puja there is ''Paata Puja,'' the ritual of making an idol on the day of the [[Ratha Yatra|Rath Yatra]], usually around July. 'Paata' is the wooden frame that forms the base for the idols.<ref>{{cite news |title=Paata Puja the process of Durga Idol making also Called Durga Maay Aagmon |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/lifestyle/durga-puja-special-rites-rituals-process-making-ma-durga-1502695948.html/amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019011456/https://www.thestatesman.com/lifestyle/durga-puja-special-rites-rituals-process-making-ma-durga-1502695948.html/amp |archive-date=19 October 2018 |access-date=12 September 2018 |work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Rodrigues|2003|pp=71-74}}

=== Day One ===
Durga Puja is a ten-day event. The festival begins with [[Mahalaya]], a day on which Hindus perform ''[[tarpaṇa]]'' by offering water and food to their dead ancestors. The day also marks the arrival of Durga from her marital home in [[Kailasha|Kailash]].{{sfn|Bradley|2012|p=214}}{{sfn|Encyclopedia Britannica |2015}}

The festival starts at twilight with prayers to [[Saraswati]].{{sfn|Amazzone|2012|pp=57-59, 63, 66}} She is believed to be another aspect of goddess Durga. This is also the day when the eyes are painted of the deities on the representative clay sculpture-idols, bringing them to a lifelike appearance.{{sfn|Amazzone|2012|pp=57-59, 63, 66}}{{sfn|Charles Russell Coulter|Patricia Turner|2013|pp=148, 158-159, 256-257, 301}} The day also marks prayers to [[Ganesha]] and visit to ''pandal''s and temples.{{sfn|Amazzone|2012|pp=58-60}}

=== Day Two to Five ===
Day two to five mark the remembrance of the goddess and her manifestations, such as ''[[Kumari (goddess)|Kumari]]'' (goddess of fertility), ''Mai'' (mother), ''Ajima'' (grandmother), ''[[Lakshmi]]'' (goddess of wealth) and in some regions as the ''[[Matrikas|Saptamatrikas]]'' (seven mothers) or ''[[Navadurga]]'' (nine aspects of Durga).{{sfn|Amazzone|2012|pp=69-70, 83-84, 95-97, 115-117, 184}}{{sfn|Amazzone|2011|pp=82-83}}{{sfn|McDaniel|2004|pp=209-210}} On the sixth day major festivities and social celebrations start.{{Sfn|Bradley|2012|p=214}}{{sfn|Encyclopedia Britannica |2015}} The first nine days overlap with Navaratri festivities in other traditions of Hinduism.{{sfn| Ellwood|Alles|2007|p=126}}{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|pp=308-309}}The specific practices vary by region.{{sfn|Rodrigues|2003|pp=17-24, 31-39}}

=== Day Six to Nine ===
The next significant day of the festival is the sixth day (''[[Shashthi (day)|Shashthi]]''), on which devotees welcomes the goddess and festive celebrations are inaugurated. Rituals typically performed on the sixth day include:

''Bodhana'': Involves rites to awaken and welcome the goddess to be a guest. The amorphous sight of the goddess is consecrated into a ''ghata'' or noggin while the visible sight is consecrated into the ''[[murti]]'' or idol. These rituals are known as ''ghatasthapana'' and ''[[Prana Pratishtha|pranapratistha]]'' respectively.{{sfn|Rodrigues|2003|pp=38-44, 84-87}}

''Adhivasa'': Anointing ritual wherein symbolic offerings are made to Durga, with each item representing a remembrance of subtle forms of her.{{sfn|Rodrigues|2003|pp=44-45, 120-127}}

On the seventh day (''[[Saptami]]''), eighth (''[[Ashtami]]'') and ninth (''[[Navami]]'') days, the goddess along with [[Lakshmi]], [[Saraswati]], [[Ganesha]], and [[Kartikeya]] are revered and these days mark the main days of worship with recitation of scriptures, puja, legends of Durga in ''Devi Mahatmya'', social visits to elaborately decorated and illuminated ''[[pandal]]s'' (temporary structures meant for hosting the puja), among others.{{sfn| Kinsley |1989|pp=19-25}}{{sfn|Kinsley|1988|pp=106-115}}{{sfn|Ghosa|1871|pp=40–55}}
* ''Navapatrika snan'': Bathing of the ''navapatrika'' with holy water done on the seventh day of the festival.{{sfn|Rodrigues|2003|pp=46-54, 132-136}}
* ''Sandhi puja'' and ''Ashtami pushpanjali'': The eighth day begins with elaborate ''[[pushpanjali]]'' rituals. The cusp of the ending of the eighth day and beginning of the ninth day is considered to be the moment when per scriptures Durga engaged in a fierce battle against [[Mahishasura]] and was attacked by the demons [[Chanda and Munda]]. Goddess [[Chamunda]] emerged from the third eye of Durga and killed Chanda and Munda at the cusp of ''Ashtami'' and ''Navami'', the eighth and ninth days respectively. This moment is marked by the ''sandhi puja'', involving the offering of 108 lotuses and lighting of 108 lamps. It is a forty-eight minutes long ritual commemorating the climax of battle. The rituals are performed in the last 24 minutes of ''Ashtami'' and the first 24 minutes of ''Navami''. In some regions, devotees sacrifice an animal such as a buffalo or goat, but in many regions, there is not an actual animal sacrifice and a symbolic sacrifice substitutes it. The surrogate effigy is smeared in red vermilion to symbolise the blood spilled.{{sfn|Rodrigues|2003|pp=277-278}} The goddess is then offered food (''bhog''). Some places also engage in devotional service.{{sfn|Rodrigues|2003|pp=210-213}}

{{multiple image
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| footer = Left: ''Dhak''s, played during the pujo; right: ''Dhunuchi naach'' on ''Navami''; bottom: Women taking part in ''sindoor khela'' on ''Vijaya Dashami''.
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{{Listen
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* {{transliteration|hi|Homa}} and {{transliteration|hi|bhog}}: The ninth day of festival is marked with the {{transliteration|hi|[[Homa (ritual)|homa]]}} (fire oblation) rituals and {{transliteration|hi|bhog}}. Some places also perform {{transliteration|hi|kumari puja}} on this day.{{sfn|Rodrigues|2003|pp=62-63, 224-229}}

=== Day Ten ===
* {{transliteration|hi|Sindoor khela}} and immersion: The tenth and last day, called Vijaya Dashami is marked by {{transliteration|hi|sindoor khela}}, where women smear {{transliteration|hi|[[sindoor]]}} or vermillion on the sculpture-idols and also smear each other with it. This ritual signifies the wishing of a blissful marital life for married women. Historically the ritual has been restricted to married women. The tenth day is the day when Durga emerged victorious against Mahishasura and it ends with a procession where the clay sculpture-idols are ceremoniously taken to a river or coast for immersion rites.{{sfn|Rodrigues|2003|pp=244-245}}{{sfn|McDaniel|2004|pp=168-169}} Following the immersion, Durga is believed to return to her mythological marital home of Kailasa to Shiva and the cosmos in general. People distribute sweets and gifts, visit their friends and family members on the tenth day.{{sfn|Rodrigues|2003|pp=66-67, 236-241, 246-247}} Some communities such as those near Varanasi mark the day after Vijaya Dashami, called [[Ekadashi]], by visiting a Durga temple.{{sfn|Rodrigues|2003|pp=67-68}}
[[File:Smearing vermillion on Durga Puja Festival.jpg|thumb|Women at Nowgong Bengali Association Durga Puja joyfully smear each other with vermillion as part of the exuberant Durga Puja festival celebrations in [[Nagaon]], [[Assam]], [[India]].]]
* ''[[Dhunuchi Nritya|Dhunuchi naach]]'' and {{transliteration|hi|dhuno pora}}: Dhunuchi naach involves a dance ritual performed with {{transliteration|hi|[[dhunachi|dhunuchi]]}} (incense burner). Drummers called {{transliteration|hi|[[dhaki]]s}}, carrying large leather-strung ''[[Dhak (instrument)|Dhaks]]'', ''[[Dhol]]s'' and other traditional drums depending on the region, to create music, to which people dance either during or not during ''[[Arti (Hinduism)|arati]]''. Some places, especially home pujas, also observe ''dhuno pora'', a ritual involving married women carrying ''[[Dhunachi|dhunuchis]]'' burning with incense and dried coconuts, on a cloth on their head and hands,

===Decorations, sculptures, and stages===
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| footer = From top left to bottom right (a) A craftsperson sculpting the face of the sculpture-idol; (b) Durga Puja ''pandal'' decorations in Kolkata; (c) Interior decorations of a ''pandal''; (d) Street lights installed during the festivities.
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The process of the creation of clay sculpture-idols (''pratima'' or ''[[murti]]'') for the puja, from the collection of clay to the ornamentation is a ceremonial process. Though the festival is observed post-monsoon harvest, the artisans begin making the sculpture-idols months before, during summer. The process begins with prayers to Ganesha and to the perceived divinity in materials such as bamboo frames in which the sculpture-idols are cast.{{sfn|Chitgopekar|2009|pp=95–98}}
[[File:Durga statue is being made, Rangpur,Bangladesh.jpg|alt=Durga statue being made|thumb|Clay statue being made]]
Clay, or alluvial soil, collected from different regions form the base. This choice is a tradition wherein Durga, perceived as the creative energy and material, is believed to be present everywhere and in everything in the universe.{{sfn|Chitgopekar|2009|pp=95–98}} In certain traditions in Kolkata, a custom is to include soil samples in the clay mixture for Durga from areas believed to be ''nishiddho pallis'' (forbidden territories; territories inhabited by the "social outcasts" such as brothels).{{sfn|Khanna|2015|p=96}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fahy |first=John |date=2 September 2018 |title=Samsara |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19428200.2018.1602407 |journal=Anthropology Now |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=93–105 |doi=10.1080/19428200.2018.1602407 |s2cid=218662621 |issn=1942-8200 |access-date=5 August 2021 |archive-date=25 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925182759/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19428200.2018.1602407 |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ahsanat |first=Moazzam Areeba |year=2014 |title=Identity catapult in a globalizing world: A critique |url=https://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:jpg&volume=3&issue=1&article=002 |journal=Journal of Politics and Governance |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=16–22 |access-date=5 August 2021 |archive-date=5 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805082013/https://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:jpg&volume=3&issue=1&article=002 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The clay base is combined with straw, kneaded, and then moulded into a cast made from hay and bamboo. This is layered to a fine final shape, cleaned, painted, and polished. A layer of a fibre called [[jute]], mixed in with clay, is also attached to the top to prevent the statue from cracking in the months ahead. The heads of the statues are more complex and are usually made separately.{{sfn|Chitgopekar|2009|pp=95–98}} The limbs of the statues are mostly shaped from bundles of straws.{{sfn|Chitgopekar|2009|pp=95–98}} Then, starting about August, the local artisans hand-paint the sculpture-idols which are later dressed in clothing, are decorated and bejewelled, and displayed at the puja altars.{{sfn|Chitgopekar|2009|pp=95–98}}{{sfn|Amazzone|2012|p=57}}

The procedure for and proportions of the sculpture-idols are described in arts-related [[Sanskrit literature|Sanskrit texts of Hinduism]], such as the ''Vishvakarma Sashtra''.{{sfn|Rao|1988|pp=47–49, 209}}

====Environmental impact====
[[File:A view of immersion of Goddess Durga on the last day of Durga Puja festival at Yamuna River in Delhi on October 17, 2010.jpg|thumb|221x221px|right|A Durga sculpture-idol in the river, post-immersion.]]
The sculpture-idols for the puja are traditionally made of biodegradable materials such as straw, clay, soil, and wood.{{sfn|Chapple|2000|pp=490, 484–489}} In today's times, brighter coloured statues have increased in popularity and have diversified the use of non-biodegradable, cheaper or more colourful substitute synthetic raw materials. Environmental activists have raised concerns about the paint used to produce the statue, stating that the heavy metals in these paints pollute rivers when the statues are immersed at the end of the Durga festival.{{sfn|Chapple|2000|pp=490, 484–489}}

Brighter colours that are also biodegradable and eco-friendly, as well as the traditional natural colours, are typically more expensive compared to the non biodegradable paints.{{sfn|Godfrey|Torres|2016|pp=98–99}} The Indian state of West Bengal has banned the use of hazardous paints, and various state government have started distributing lead-free paints to artisans at no cost to prevent pollution.<ref>Ipsita Pati (18 October 2012), [http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/Paint-with-toxic-chemicals-banned-during-Puja/article12562452.ece Paint with toxic chemicals banned during Puja] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704162909/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/Paint-with-toxic-chemicals-banned-during-Puja/article12562452.ece |date=4 July 2020 }}, ''The Hindu''</ref>

===Animal sacrifice, symbolic sacrifice===
{{Further|Shaktism|Animal sacrifice in Hinduism}}
[[File:Immolation Sacrifice, Mouh Boli, Durga Puja.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Sacrifice of a buffalo during Durga Puja, in [[Assam]].]]
Shakta Hindu communities mark the slaying of Mahishasura and the victory of Durga with a symbolic or actual sacrifice. Most communities prefer symbolic sacrifice, where a statue of the ''[[asura]]'' is made of flour or equivalent, is immolated and smeared with vermilion, symbolic of the blood that had spilled during the battle.{{sfn|Rodrigues|2003|pp=277-278}}{{sfn|McDaniel|2004|pp=204-205}} Other substitutes include a vegetable or a sweet dish considered equivalent to the animal.{{sfn| McDermott|2011|pp=204–205}} In certain instances, devotees consider animal sacrifice distasteful, and practice alternate means of expressing devotion while respecting the views of others in their tradition.{{sfn|Katznelson|Jones|2010|p=343}}

In communities performing actual sacrifice, an animal is sacrificed, mainly at temples.{{sfn|Ghosa|1871|pp=60–65}} In [[Nepal]], West Bengal, Odisha and Assam, animal sacrifices are performed at Shakta temples to commemorate the legend of Durga slaying Mahishasura.{{sfn| Phillips|Kerrigan|Gould|2011|pp=98-101}} This involves slaying of a fowl, pig, goat, or male water-buffalo. Large scale animal sacrifices are rare among Hindus outside the regions of Bengal, Odisha, Assam, and Nepal. In these regions, festivals are primarily when significant animal sacrifices are observed.{{sfn|Fuller|2004|pp=83–84}}

The [[Rajput]]s of [[Rajasthan]] worship their weapons and horses in the related festival of ''[[Navaratri]]'', and some historically observed the sacrifice of a goat, a practice that continues in some places.{{sfn|Harlan|2003|p=22}}{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|Erndl|2000|p=77}} The sacrifice ritual, supervised he the priest, requires slaying of the animal with a single stroke. In the past this ritual was considered a rite of passage into manhood and readiness as a warrior.{{sfn|Harlan|1992|pp=61, 88}} The ''[[Kuldevi]]'' (clan deity) among these Rajput communities is a warrior goddess, with local legends tracing reverence for her during [[Rajput-Mughal wars|Rajput-Muslim wars]].{{sfn|Harlan|1992|pp=107–108}}{{better source needed|reason=The source does not have anything on animal sacrifice, Navratri or Durga puja. Perhaps the content can go in the article on Shaktiism|date=September 2019}}

===Pandals and theme-based pujas===
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}}

Months before the start of Durga Puja, youth members of the community collect funds and donations, engage priests and artisans, buy votive materials and help build ''pandal''s centered around a theme, which has rose to prominence in recent years. Such themes have included sex work,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/durga-puja-2018-pandal-dedicated-to-sex-workers-theme-graffiti-5396302/ |title=A Kolkata Durga Puja pandal pays tribute to sex workers |last=Das |first=Shreya |date=16 October 2018 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=20 September 2019 |archive-date=20 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920115021/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/durga-puja-2018-pandal-dedicated-to-sex-workers-theme-graffiti-5396302/ |url-status=live}}</ref> celebration of humanity,<ref name = "politics"/> marginalisation of [[queer|queer persons]] and [[transgender|transgender persons]],<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/durga-puja-speaks-for-homosexuals-transgenders/article24957226.ece |title=Durga Puja speaks for homosexuals, transgenders |last=Das |first=Soumya |date=15 September 2018 |work=The Hindu |access-date=1 October 2019 |archive-date=12 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212093549/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/durga-puja-speaks-for-homosexuals-transgenders/article24957226.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> folk culture,<ref name="theme1">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/things-to-do/durga-puja-themes-venues-in-south-kolkata/as54675631.cms |title=Durga Puja theme & venues in South Kolkata |last=Dhar |first=Sujoy |date=12 October 2018 |work=Times Travel |access-date=20 September 2019 |archive-date=18 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018235828/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/things-to-do/durga-puja-themes-venues-in-south-kolkata/as54675631.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> celebration of cinema,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/durga-puja-in-delhi-to-bring-alive-100-yr-journey-of-bengali-cinema/articleshow/71175198.cms |title=Durga Puja in Delhi to bring alive 100-year journey of Bengali cinema |date=18 September 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=20 September 2019 |archive-date=18 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018235832/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/durga-puja-in-delhi-to-bring-alive-100-yr-journey-of-bengali-cinema/articleshow/71175198.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> womanhood,<ref name="theme1"/> pro-environment themes,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/green-themes-abound-in-durga-puja-marquees-118101400113_1.html |title=Green themes abound in Durga Puja marquees |date=14 October 2018 |work=Business Standard |access-date=20 September 2019 |archive-date=20 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920115020/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/green-themes-abound-in-durga-puja-marquees-118101400113_1.html |url-status=live}}</ref> while others have chosen metaphorical themes such as celebration of ''maati'' (literally, soil or ash) and "finding one's own light".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/msociety/2019/sep/20/durga-puja-special-watch-out-for-this-12-landmark-pujas-in-kolkata-18293.html |title=Durga Puja special: Watch out for this 12 landmark Pujas in Kolkata |last=Roy |first=Ujjainee |date=20 September 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=20 September 2019 |archive-date=20 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920115022/https://www.indulgexpress.com/msociety/2019/sep/20/durga-puja-special-watch-out-for-this-12-landmark-pujas-in-kolkata-18293.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Pandals have also been replicated on existing temples, structures, and monuments<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/photos-from-facebook-to-lego-15-interesting-durga-puja-pandal-themes-weve-seen-over-the-years-716320.html |title=Photos: From Facebook to Lego: 15 interesting Durga Puja pandal themes we've seen over the years |date=25 September 2014 |work=News18 |access-date=20 September 2019 |archive-date=20 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920120217/https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/photos-from-facebook-to-lego-15-interesting-durga-puja-pandal-themes-weve-seen-over-the-years-716320.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/your-guide-to-pandal-hopping-in-noida/articleshow/66255980.cms |title=Your guide to pandal hopping in Noida |last=Dhaor |first=Ashni |date=17 October 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=20 September 2019 |archive-date=22 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022154402/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/your-guide-to-pandal-hopping-in-noida/articleshow/66255980.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> and yet others have been made of elements such as metal scraps,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/durga-puja-pandal-made-from-scrap-spare-parts-glitters-in-kolkata-116101100057_1.html |title=Durga Puja: Pandal made from scrap, spare parts glitters in Kolkata |date=11 October 2018 |work=Business Standard |access-date=20 September 2018 |archive-date=20 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920120216/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/durga-puja-pandal-made-from-scrap-spare-parts-glitters-in-kolkata-116101100057_1.html |url-status=live}}</ref> nails,<ref>{{Cite news |title=In Kolkata, a Durga Puja Pandal Crafted Out of Nails and Threads to Make it 'Visible' to the Blind |last=Bose |first=Rakhi |date=16 October 2018 |work=News18 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/in-kolkata-a-durga-puja-pandal-crafted-out-of-nails-and-threads-to-make-it-visible-to-the-blind-1910425.html |access-date=20 September 2019 |archive-date=20 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920122512/https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/in-kolkata-a-durga-puja-pandal-crafted-out-of-nails-and-threads-to-make-it-visible-to-the-blind-1910425.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and turmeric<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/photo-gallery-in-west-bengal-a-durga-puja-pandal-made-out-of-turmeric-2674767 |title=In West Bengal, a Durga Puja pandal made out of turmeric |last=Mehta |first=Puja |date=12 October 2018 |work=DNA |access-date=20 September 2018 |archive-date=7 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107071958/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/photo-gallery-in-west-bengal-a-durga-puja-pandal-made-out-of-turmeric-2674767 |url-status=live}}</ref> among others. Durga Puja pandals have also been centered around themes to acknowledge political events such as the [[2019 Balakot airstrike]] and to protest against the [[National Register of Citizens of India]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/balakot-airstrikes-become-theme-for-durga-puja-pandal-1599368-2019-09-15 |title=Terrorists vs Abhinandan Varthaman: Balakot airstrikes becomes theme for Durga Puja pandal |date=15 September 2019 |work=India Today |access-date=20 September 2019 |archive-date=20 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920120935/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/balakot-airstrikes-become-theme-for-durga-puja-pandal-1599368-2019-09-15 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/novel-nrc-protest-at-puja-pandals/cid/1705686 |title=Novel NRC protest at puja pandals |last=Bhattacharjee |first=Satananda |date=18 September 2019 |work=The Telegraph |access-date=20 September 2019 |archive-date=20 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920120935/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/north-east/novel-nrc-protest-at-puja-pandals/cid/1705686 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The budget required for such theme-based pujas is significantly higher than traditional pujas. For such theme-based pujas, the preparations and the building of ''pandals'' are a significant arts-related economic activity, often attracting major sponsors.{{sfn|Rodrigues|2003|pp=1-2, 10-11, 24-26, 351-352}} Such commercialised pujas attract crowds of visitors. The growth of competitiveness in theme-based ''pandals'' has escalated costs and scale of Durga Puja in eastern states of India. Some segments of the society criticise the billboards, the economic competition, and seek return to basics.<ref>{{cite news |title=Puja on the billboards |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090913/jsp/calcutta/story_11453289.jsp |work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |location=Kolkata |date=13 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010115428/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090913/jsp/calcutta/story_11453289.jsp |archive-date=10 October 2010}}</ref> The competition takes many forms, such as the height of statue. In 2015, an 88-foot statue of Durga in Kolkata's [[Deshapriya Park]] attracted numerous devotees, with some estimates placing visitors at one million.<ref>{{cite news |title=Have you ever seen a Durga Idol this tall |url=http://www.rediff.com/getahead/report/have-you-ever-seen-a-durga-idol-this-tall/20151008.htm |work=Rediff |date=8 October 2015 |access-date=3 November 2015 |archive-date=2 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102004220/http://www.rediff.com/getahead/report/have-you-ever-seen-a-durga-idol-this-tall/20151008.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Near stampede shuts down Deshapriya Park Durga Puja |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Near-stampede-shuts-down-Deshapriya-Park-Durga-puja/articleshow/49446378.cms |work=The Times of India |date=19 October 2015 |access-date=3 November 2015 |archive-date=26 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026081353/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Near-stampede-shuts-down-Deshapriya-Park-Durga-puja/articleshow/49446378.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Regional celebrations and observances==
[[File:Durga puja in Dhakeshwari temple.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Durga Puja in [[Dhakeshwari Temple]], [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh.]]

There exists variation in Durga Puja worship practices and rituals, as is the case with other Hindu festivals, in the [[Indian subcontinent]].{{sfn|Rodrigues|2003|p=17}} Hinduism accepts flexibility and leaves the set of practices to the choice of the individuals concerned. Different localised rituals may be observed regionally, with these variations accepted across temples, ''pandals'', and within families.{{sfn|Rodrigues|2003|pp=17-18}}

The festival is most commonly associated with Bengali Hindus, and with the community having variability and differences in practices. There may exist differences of practice between the puja of theme-based ''Pandals'', family pujas (with puja of erstwhile aristocrat families known as ''bonedi'' puja), and community pujas (known as ''[[barowari]]'' pujas) of neighbourhoods or apartments.{{sfn|Rodrigues|2003|pp=17-18}}

The rituals of the puja also vary from being [[Vedic Hinduism|Vedic]], [[Puranic Hinduism|Puranic]], or [[Tantric hinduism|Tantric]], or a combination of these.{{sfn|Rodrigues|2003|pp=17-18}} The Bengali Durga Puja rituals typically combine all three. The non-Bengali Durga Puja rituals tend to be essentially Vedic (''[[srauta]]'') in nature but they too incorporate esoteric elements, making the puja an example of a culmination of Vedic-Tantric practices.{{sfn|Rodrigues|2003|p=18}}

Historical evidence suggests that the Durga Puja has evolved over time, becoming more elaborate, social, and creative. The festival had earlier been a domestic puja, a form of practice that still remains popular. But it had also come to be celebrated in the ''sarvajanin'' (public) form, where communities get together, pool their resources and efforts to set up ''pandals'' and illuminations, and celebrate the event as a "mega-show to share".{{sfn|Rodrigues|2003|pp=18-19}} The origins of this variation are unclear, with some sources suggesting a family in Kolkata reviving such celebration in 1411 CE. While other set of sources suggest that a Bengali landlord, named Kamsanarayan, held a mega-show puja in late 16th-century Bengal.{{sfn|Rodrigues|2003|pp=18-19}} Yet, this festival of Bengal is likely much older with the discovery of 11th and 12th-century Durga Puja manual manuscripts such as ''Durgotsavaviveka'', ''Durgotsava Prayoga'', ''Vasantaviveka'' and ''Kalaviveka''.{{sfn|McDermott|2011|pp=12-14}} The rituals associated with the Durga Puja migrated to other regions from Bengal, such as in [[Varanasi]], a city that has historically attracted sponsorship from Hindus from various parts of the Indian subcontinent including Bengal.{{sfn|Rodrigues|2003|pp=20-27}} In contemporary India, Durga Puja is celebrated in various styles and forms.{{sfn|Rodrigues|2003|pp=17-21}}

In Kolkata, Durga Puja is an annual festival celebrated magnificently.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kolkata's biggest religious festival Durga Puja reframed as international art experience |url=https://theworld.org/media/2022-09-29/kolkata-s-biggest-religious-festival-durga-puja-reframed-international-art |access-date=16 December 2022 |website=The World from PRX |date=29 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="hindustantimes">{{cite news |title=Durga Puja 2022: City of Joy Kolkata gears up for biggest festival |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/news/durga-puja-2022-city-of-joy-kolkata-gears-up-for-biggest-festival-101662375005823-1.html |access-date=9 October 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=5 September 2022 |location=Kolkata |language=en}}</ref> Kolkata alone hosted more than 3,000 [[Barowari]] [[Puja (Hinduism)|pujas]] in Kolkata in 2022, with more than 200 pujas were organised in the city with a budget of over one crore [[Indian rupee|rupees]].<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news |author1=Shiv Sahay Singh |title=I-T notices to Durga Pujas even as festival seeks UNESCO status |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/i-t-notices-to-durga-pujas-even-as-festival-seeks-unesco-status/article25980616.ece |access-date=9 October 2022 |work=The Hindu |location=Kolkata |language=en}}</ref> Kolkata has been inscribed on the list of [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists]] in December 2021.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |title=UNESCO – Durga Puja in Kolkata |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/durga-puja-in-kolkata-00703 |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=9 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

In [[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishnupur, West Bengal]], Durga Puja holds a unique and significant place. The district boasts the ''Rajbari Durga Puja'', also known as the ''[[Mrinmoyee Temple|Mrinmoyee Maa]] er pujo'', which dates back to 994 AD. This makes it the oldest Durga Puja in the entire Bengal region, encompassing present-day Bangladesh, Odisha, and Tripura.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chandra |first=Manoranjan |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.265671 |title=Mallabhum Bishnupur |date=2002}}</ref>

{| style="margin:auto; text-align:center; border:none;"
| [[File:Grand decoration in the pandel of Sobuj Sangha, Basirhat.jpg|350x250px|thumb|none|Durga Puja installation in [[Basirhat|Basirhat, West Bengal]]]]
| [[File:Durga Idol at Vivekananda Sangha, Basirhat, West Bengal.jpg|350x250px|thumb|none|Durga idol displayed to the public in Vivekananda Sangha, [[Basirhat|Basirhat, West Bengal]]]]
|}

In [[Basirhat|Basirhat, West Bengal]], the scale and intensity of Durga Puja celebrations are among the largest in [[North 24 Parganas]] district. In terms of the number of Durga Puja pandals, the city ranks fourth in West Bengal, following Kolkata, [[Asansol]], [[Durgapur]], and [[Siliguri]].<ref>{{cite web |title=বসিরহাট শহর ও মহকুমা এলাকায় থিম দুর্গাপুজোতে মাইলফলক |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/north-24-parganas/theme-durga-puja-in-basirhat-subdivision-area-creates-milestone-l18-1329297.html |website=News18 বাংলা |date=17 October 2023 |publisher=Network18 |language=bn |access-date=19 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Durga Puja 2024: পরিদর্শনকারীরা QR কোড স্ক্যান ও GPS-র মাধ্যমে দেখতে পারবেন দুর্গাপুজো |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/south-bengal/visitors-can-see-the-durga-puja-2024-by-scanning-qr-code-and-through-gps-l18-rdp-local18-1887044.html |work=News18 বাংলা |language=bn |date=10 June 2024 |access-date=13 June 2025}}</ref> For more than 150 years, the Durga idol has been immersed on boats in this city. On the day of [[Vijayadashami]], people usually come in Basirhat to see the immersion festival. The idols and installations have changed in the modern era, but the immersion continues to be done in the [[Ichamati River]] by boat according to the ancient tradition. A fair is held on both banks of the river centering on the immersion. The special attraction of this fair is wooden furniture and various wooden items.<ref>{{cite web |title=Immersion by Boat in Ichamati at Basirhat: Crowds of Hundreds of Thousands on Both Riverbanks |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/videos/durga-puja-2023-in-basirhat-ichamati-the-boat-is-abandoned-the-two-banks-of-the-river-are-crowded-with-millions-of-people_492704.html |website=Zee News Bengali |publisher=Zee Media Corporation |date=24 October 2023 |access-date=23 February 2025 |language=Bengali}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=bn:ইছামতী নদীতে দুর্গা প্রতিমা বিসর্জন |url=https://banglalive.com/photo-story-on-durga-idol-immesion-in-basirhat/ |website=BanglaLive |author=শুভদীপ ঘোষ |date=12 October 2024 |access-date=23 February 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>

Siliguri, West Bengal also hosts more than 100 durga pujas, 82 of which are registered by the [[Siliguri Metropolitan Police]]. Siliguri's Durga Puja is the third largest in West Bengal after Kolkata and [[Asansol]]-[[Durgapur]].<ref name="SiliguriPujaMap2024">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| title = Durga Puja Guide Map – Siliguri Metropolitan Police (2024)
| url = https://siliguripc.wbpolice.gov.in/images/SILIGURI_PUJA_MAP-2024.pdf
| website = Siliguri Metropolitan Police
| publisher = Government of West Bengal
| date = 8 October 2024
| access-date = 13 June 2025
}}</ref><ref name="TelegraphSiliguri2014">{{cite web
| last = Sinha
| first = Avijit
| title = Pandal hopping in north Bengal – Some of the Pujas Metro went to in the districts
| date = 1 October 2014
| website = The Telegraph (Kolkata)
| publisher = ABP Group
| url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/pandal-hopping-in-north-bengal-some-of-the-pujas-metro-went-to-in-the-districts/cid/1312803
| access-date = 13 June 2025
}}</ref><ref name="EiSamaySiliguri2022">{{cite web
| title = 'ডাক পিওন' টু 'আবদার', একনজরে শিলিগুড়ির সেরা ১০ পুজো
| date = October 2022
| website = Ei Samay (Bengali)
| language = bn
| url = https://eisamay.com/durgotsav/news/siliguri-top-10-puja-pandal-central-colony-sanghasree-club-theme-details-is-here/94575930.cms
| access-date = 13 June 2025
}}</ref>

{{multiple image
| perrow = 2/2
| total_width = 400
| caption_align = center
| align = left
| image1 = William Prinsep, Europeans being entertained by dancers and musicians in a splendid Indian house in Calcutta during Durga puja (1830s–1840s).jpg
| image2 = Durga_Puja,_1809_watercolour_painting_in_Patna_Style.jpg
| footer = Left: Durga Puja festivities by dancers and musicians in Calcutta, circa 1830s-40s; right: Patna style painting of Durga Puja, circa 1809
}}

Durga Puja is a widely celebrated festival in the Indian states of West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh (eastern parts), Assam, and Odisha.{{sfn|McDermott|2011|p=11}} It is celebrated over a five-day period. Streets are decked up with festive lights, loudspeakers play festive songs as well as recitation of hymns and chants by priests, and ''pandal''s are erected by communities. The roads become overcrowded with revellers, devotees, and ''pandal''-hoppers visiting the pandals on puja days. It often creates chaotic traffic conditions. Shops, eateries, and restaurants stay open all night; fairs are also set up and cultural programmes are held.{{sfn|Rodrigues|2003|pp=27-28}} People form organising committees, which plan and oversee the ''pandal'' during the festivities. Today, Durga Puja has turned into a consumerist social carnival, a major public spectacle and a major arts event riding on the wave of commercialisation, corporate sponsorship, and craze for award-winning. For private domestic pujas, families dedicate an area of their homes, known as ''thakur dalan'', for Durga Puja where the sculpture-idols for worship is placed and decorated with home-dyed fabric, ''[[Aeschynomene aspera|sola]]'' ornamentations, and gold and silver foil decorations. Elaborate rituals like ''arati'' are performed and ''[[Prasada|prasad]]'' is distributed after being offered to the deities. As a tradition, married daughters visit their parents and celebrate the Durga Puja with them, a symbolism alluding to Durga who is popularly believed to return to her natal home during the puja.{{sfn|Rodrigues|2003|pp=27-29}}
[[File:Durga Idol in Temple - Sovabazar Royal Palace - Kolkata 2012-10-20 0991.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Durga Puja at the [[Shobhabazar Rajbari]], in Kolkata, example of a ''bonedi'' puja.]]
[[File:Durga Puja in Bihar.jpg|thumb|200px|Durga Puja in [[Begusarai]], Bihar]]
Durga Puja is also a gift-giving and shopping season for communities celebrating it, with people buying gifts for not only family members but also for close relatives and friends. New clothes are the traditional gift, and people wear them to go out together during Durga Puja. During puja holidays, people may also go to places of tourist attractions while others return home to spend Durga Puja with their family.{{sfn|Rodrigues|2003|pp=27-29}} It's a common trend amongst youngsters and even those who are older to go ''pandal-hopping'' and enjoy the celebrations.{{sfn|McDermott|2011|pp=138-143}}

The organising committees of each puja ''pandal'' hires a ''[[purohita]]'' (priest) who performs the puja rituals on behalf of the community.{{sfn|Rodrigues|2003|pp=27-30}} For the priests, Durga Puja is a time of activity wherein he pursues the timely completion of Vedic-Puranic-Tantric ritual sequences to make various offerings and perform fire oblations, in full public view, while the socio-cultural festivities occur in parallel.{{sfn|Rodrigues|2003|pp=27-30, 39-48, 58-64, 106-114}} The complex puja rituals include periods of accurate and melodic scripture recitation. The puja involves crowds of people visiting the ''pandals'', with smaller groups visiting family pujas, to witness the celebrations.{{sfn|Rodrigues|2003|pp=27-32}} On the last day, the sculpture-idols are carried out in immersion processions across Bengal, following which they are ritually immersed into rivers or other waterbodies. The immersion ceremony continues till a couple of days after the last day of puja.{{sfn|Rodrigues|2003|pp=27-32, 64-75}}

[[File:Sovabazar Royal Durga Idol Immersion Procession - Raja Naba Krishna Street - Kolkata 2014-10-03 9180.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Immersion procession for Durga Puja, with the sculpture-idols being carried by people on bamboo poles.]]
According to some scholars, the ritual of immersing the Durga sculpture-idol into the river attracted the attention of colonial era travellers to the Bengal region from Europe, such as [[Garcin de Tassy]] and [[Emma Roberts (author)|Emma Roberts]]. In 1831, Tassy reported that similar rituals were annually observed by the [[Bengali Muslims|Muslim community in Bengal]]. [[Shia Islam|Shia]] [[Bengali Muslims]] observed [[Muharram]] over ten days, taking out processions in memory of the martyrdom of [[Imam]] [[Husayn ibn Ali]], and then cast a memorial Imam's cenotaph into a river on the tenth day. Tassy further stated that the [[Bengali culture|Bengali rituals]] of Muharram included the same offerings at the annual observation of Muharram that the Hindu rituals included during Durga Puja.{{sfn|Alexander|Chatterji|Jalais|2016|pp=190 note 76}} According to yet other scholars, the ritual of immersion in water by Hindus for Durga Puja in Bengal and [[Ganesh Chaturthi]] in the western states of India, may have grown because members of the Hindu community attempted to create a competing procession and immersion ritual to that of Muharram, allowed by the colonial [[British Indian Government|British Indian government]] in the 19th and early 20th-centuries.{{sfn|Jones|Marion|2014|pp=97–98}}

[[File:Durga Puja, Matri Mandir, Safdarjung Enclave, Delhi, 2014.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Durga Puja in New Delhi, 2014.]]
In Maharashtra, the city of [[Nashik]] and other places such as [[CIDCO]], Rajeevnagar, Panchavati, and Mahatmanagar host Durga Puja celebrations.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}} While in [[Delhi]], the first community Durga Puja was organised near [[Kashmiri Gate (Delhi)|Kashmiri Gate]] by a group of expatriate Bengalis, in 1910, a year before Delhi was declared the capital of [[British India]]. This group came to be the [[Delhi Durga Puja Samiti]], popularly known as the Kashmere Gate Durga Puja.<ref>{{cite news |title=Roots run deep |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/08/06/stories/2009080650790100.htm |location=Chennai, India |date=6 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105194225/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/08/06/stories/2009080650790100.htm |archive-date=5 November 2013 |url-status=dead |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=1 October 2011}}</ref> The Durga Puja at [[Timarpur]], Delhi was started in the year 1914.<ref>{{cite news |author=Sidhartha Roy |date=6 July 2011 |title=Making Delhi their own, religiously |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/specials/coverage/Delhi100/Making-Delhi-their-own-religiously/newdelhi/SP-Article10-717800.aspx |work=Hindustan Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513065908/http://www.hindustantimes.com/specials/coverage/Delhi100/Making-Delhi-their-own-religiously/newdelhi/SP-Article10-717800.aspx |archive-date=13 May 2013 |url-status=dead |access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref> In 2011, over 800 Durga Pujas were held in Delhi, with a few hundred more in [[Gurgaon]] and [[Noida]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Bamboo barricading in Yamuna to check water pollution |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/city/8770-bamboo-barricading-in-yamuna-to-check-water-pollution.html |work=The Daily Pioneer |date=4 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007171906/http://www.dailypioneer.com/city/8770-bamboo-barricading-in-yamuna-to-check-water-pollution.html |archive-date=7 October 2011}}</ref>

[[File:Chaudhury Bazar Chandi Medha.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Sculpture-idols in Cuttack, Odisha for Durga Puja, bedecked with jewellery.]]

In Odisha, Durga Puja is one of the most important festivals of the people of the state. During the 4 days of the festival, the streets of the city turns into a wonderland throughout the state, people welcome the arrival of their maa by rejoicing themselves, [[Cuisine of Odisha|eating tasty food]], wearing new clothes, seeing different pandals across the city, family gathering and gift givings. In 2019, ninety-seven pandals in [[Cuttack]] alone, Odisha were reported to bedeck respective sculpture-idols with silver jewellery for Durga Puja celebrations; such club of pandals termed regionally as ''Chandi Medha''. The state capital is famous for the modern themes and creativity In the pandals, while the Western part of the state has a more retro decoration theme to the pandal. In the northern parts of the state particularly [[Balasore]], Durga Puja is celebrated with much fervor and the Odia diaspora abroad especially in [[Australia]], which originates 95% from the [[Balasore district|district of Balasore]] celebrates the puja in the same manner which is done back home in Balasore.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2019/sep/13/three-more-chandi-medha-to-adorn-silver-citys-durga-puja-celebration-2032898.html |title=Three more 'Chandi Medha' to adorn Silver City's Durga Puja celebration |date=13 September 2019 |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=18 September 2019 |archive-date=20 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920160509/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2019/sep/13/three-more-chandi-medha-to-adorn-silver-citys-durga-puja-celebration-2032898.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2019, 160 ''pandals'' were reported to be hosting Durga Puja in Cuttack.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2019/sep/11/bad-roads-dampen-spirit-of-cuttacks-millennium-city-durga-puja-organisers-2032008.html |title=Bad roads dampen spirit of Cuttack's Millennium City Durga Puja organisers |date=11 September 2019 |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=18 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913212242/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2019/sep/11/bad-roads-dampen-spirit-of-cuttacks-millennium-city-durga-puja-organisers-2032008.html |archive-date=13 September 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://odishatv.in/odisha-news/odisha-decks-up-for-navratri-preparations-for-durga-puja-reach-final-stages-486110 |title=Odisha Decks Up For Navratri; Preparations For Durga Puja Reach Final Stages |date=20 October 2020 |publisher=OdishaTV |access-date=20 October 2020 |archive-date=1 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101104852/https://odishatv.in/odisha-news/odisha-decks-up-for-navratri-preparations-for-durga-puja-reach-final-stages-486110 |url-status=live}}</ref>

While in Tripura there were over 2,500 community Durga Puja celebrations in 2013. Durga Puja has been started at the Durgabari temple, in [[Agartala]] by King Radha Kishore Manikya Bahadur.<ref>{{cite news |title=Durga Puja begins in Tripura with traditional guard of honour to Goddess |url=http://post.jagran.com/durga-puja-begins-in-tripura-with-traditional-guard-of-honour-to-goddess-1381483075 |work=Jagran Post |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118213128/http://post.jagran.com/durga-puja-begins-in-tripura-with-traditional-guard-of-honour-to-goddess-1381483075 |archive-date=18 November 2018 |access-date=27 September 2017}}</ref>

==Significance==
Beyond being an art festival and a socio-religious event, Durga Puja has also been a political event with regional and national political parties having sponsored Durga Puja celebrations. In 2019, [[West Bengal Chief Minister]], [[Mamata Banerjee]] announced a grant of {{INR}}25,000 to all community-organised Durga Pujas in the state.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.orissapost.com/durga-puja-in-west-bengal-turns-political-battlefield-between-bjp-and-trinamool-congress/ |title=Durga Puja in West Bengal turns political battlefield between BJP and Trinamool Congress |date=16 September 2019 |work=Orissa Post |access-date=18 September 2019 |agency=PPN and Agencies |archive-date=23 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923055846/https://www.orissapost.com/durga-puja-in-west-bengal-turns-political-battlefield-between-bjp-and-trinamool-congress/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2019, Kolkata's Durga Puja was nominated by the Indian government for the 2020 [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists#Representative list of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity|UNESCO Representative list of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/kolkata-durga-puja-nominated-for-unesco-intangible-cultural-heritage-list-1502742415.html |title=Kolkata Durga Puja nominated for UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage list |date=2 April 2019 |work=The Statesman |access-date=18 September 2019 |archive-date=20 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920152731/https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/kolkata-durga-puja-nominated-for-unesco-intangible-cultural-heritage-list-1502742415.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kolkata-s-durga-puja-nominated-for-unesco-list/story-svzMFT6z0lt0m3w2bnnSPP.html |title=Kolkata's Durga Puja nominated for Unesco list |last=Srivastava |first=Vanita |date=1 April 2019 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=18 September 2019 |archive-date=19 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190919210936/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kolkata-s-durga-puja-nominated-for-unesco-list/story-svzMFT6z0lt0m3w2bnnSPP.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Durga Puja also stands to be politically and economically significant. The committees organising Durga Puja in Kolkata have close links to politicians.<ref name = "politics">{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pandal-politics-why-this-years-durga-puja-in-bengal-is-different/articleshow/70820694.cms |title=Pandal Politics: Why this year's Durga Puja in Bengal is different |last=Duttagupta |first=Ishani |date=25 August 2019 |work=The Economic Times |access-date=18 September 2019 |archive-date=24 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824212845/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pandal-politics-why-this-years-durga-puja-in-bengal-is-different/articleshow/70820694.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Politicians patronise the festival by making donations or helping raise money for funding of community pujas, or by marking their presence at puja events and inaugurations.<ref name = "politics"/> The grant of {{INR}}25,000 to puja organising committees in West Bengal by a debt-ridden state government was reported to cost a budget a {{INR}}70 crores.<ref name ="debt">{{cite news |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/debt-ridden-mamata-banerjee-govt-gifts-rs-70-crore-to-west-bengal-durga-puja-organisers-2231136.html |title=Debt-ridden Mamata Banerjee govt 'gifts' Rs 70 crore to West Bengal Durga Puja organisers |date=31 August 2019 |agency=Zee News India |access-date=18 September 2019 |author=Mehta, Pooja |archive-date=20 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920112655/https://zeenews.india.com/india/debt-ridden-mamata-banerjee-govt-gifts-rs-70-crore-to-west-bengal-durga-puja-organisers-2231136.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The state government also announced an additional grant of {{INR}}5,000 to puja organising committees fully managed by women alone, while also announcing a twenty-five per cent concession on total electricity bills for puja ''pandal''.<ref name = "debt"/> The government had made a grant of {{INR}}10,000 each to more than 20,000 puja organising committees in the state in 2018.<ref name = "debt"/>

A 2013 report by [[ASSOCHAM]] states West Bengal's Durga Puja to be a {{INR}}25,000 crores worth economy, expected to grow at the [[compound annual growth rate]] of about 35 per-cent.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/bengal-s-durga-puja-loses-sheen-due-to-economic-slowdown-1598557-2019-09-12 |title=Bengal's Durga puja loses sheen due to economic slowdown |last=Kundu |first=Indrajit |date=12 September 2019 |work=India Today |access-date=18 September 2019 |archive-date=14 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914132207/https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/bengal-s-durga-puja-loses-sheen-due-to-economic-slowdown-1598557-2019-09-12 |url-status=live}}</ref> Economic slowdowns in India, such as in 2019, have hence affected corporate sponsorships and puja budgets for public celebrations.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/economic-slowdown-cloud-on-west-bengal-s-durga-puja-sponsorship-takes-hit-119091400612_1.html |title=Economic slowdown cloud on Bengal's Durga Puja; sponsorship takes a hit |last=Rakshit |first=Avishek |date=14 September 2019 |work=Business Standard |access-date=18 September 2019 |archive-date=20 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920115912/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/economic-slowdown-cloud-on-west-bengal-s-durga-puja-sponsorship-takes-hit-119091400612_1.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2019, the [[Income Tax Department|Income Tax Department of India]] had allegedly sent notices to various Durga Puja organising committees in West Bengal, against which the ruling party of the state, [[All India Trinamool Congress]] (AITMC) protested.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/mamata-banerjee-tmc-protest-income-tax-notice-durga-puja-committee-bengal-trinamool-latest-news/1674055/ |title='No tax on Durga Puja committees': TMC on day-long protest as Mamata sets stage for fresh clash with Centre over I-T notices |date=13 August 2019 |work=The Financial Express |access-date=18 September 2019 |archive-date=20 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920112655/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/mamata-banerjee-tmc-protest-income-tax-notice-durga-puja-committee-bengal-trinamool-latest-news/1674055/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="tax1">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/it-depts-taxation-of-durga-puja-irks-mamata/article28984237.ece |title=IT dept's taxation of Durga Puja irks Mamata |date=11 August 2019 |work=The Hindu |access-date=18 September 2019 |archive-date=7 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107235845/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/it-depts-taxation-of-durga-puja-irks-mamata/article28984237.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> The Central Board of Direct Taxes denied sending any such notices,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/cbdt-denies-reports-of-issuing-tax-notices-to-durga-puja-committees-in-kolkata/story/372421.html |title=CBDT denies reports of issuing tax notices to Durga Puja committees in Kolkata |date=13 August 2019 |work=Business Today |access-date=18 September 2019 |agency=Press Trust of India |archive-date=20 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920112655/https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/cbdt-denies-reports-of-issuing-tax-notices-to-durga-puja-committees-in-kolkata/story/372421.html |url-status=live}}</ref> to which AITMC politician [[Madan Mitra]] is reported to have said that the intention may have been to enquire if [[tax deducted at source]] had been deducted on payments to vendors for organising community pujas.<ref name = "politics"/>

===Economic significance===
Durga Puja directly affects the economy. A 2019 study by the [[British Council]] estimated the economic value of creative industries associated with Durga Puja in [[Economy of West Bengal|West Bengal]] at [[Indian rupee|₹]]32,377 crores (2.6% of the state's GDP in that financial year).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Shrabana |date=30 September 2024 |title=Kolkata's Durga Puja economy takes a major hit amidst ongoing R.G. Kar protests |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/west-bengal/kolkatas-durga-puja-economy-takes-a-major-hit-amidst-ongoing-rg-kar-protests/article68701722.ece |access-date=15 December 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sarkar |first=Joydeep |date=6 October 2024 |title=Bengal's Economy Has Always Relied on the Durga Puja – Will This Prove Much Too Dear This Time? |url=https://m.thewire.in/article/business/bengal-economy-durga-puja-sales/amp |work=The Wire}}</ref> In 2022, the [[economy of West Bengal]] was estimated to get a boost of 50,000 crore rupees.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Javed |first1=Zeeshan |date=7 October 2022 |first2=Subhro |last2=Niyogi |title=Economy gets a Rs 50,000 crore Durga puja boost |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/economy-gets-a-rs-50k-crore-puja-boost/articleshow/94692213.cms |access-date=8 October 2022 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The annual GDP of West Bengal was expected to be expanded by 20-30 per cent that year.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=20-30% Bengal Durga Puja Economy Expansion Expected This Year |url=https://www.businessworld.in/article/20-30-Bengal-Durga-Puja-Economy-Expansion-Expected-This-Year/03-10-2022-449063/ |access-date=9 October 2022 |magazine=Businessworld |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengal Durga Puja economy in 2022 may expand by 20-30 pc - ET Retail |url=https://retail.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/bengal-durga-puja-economy-in-2022-may-expand-by-20-30-pc/94614196 |access-date=9 October 2022 |website=ETRetail.com |language=en}}</ref> The factors responsible for this economic boost are mainly the increase of earning in transport, tourism, industry, business, shopping and other fields. The [[Kolkata Metro Railway]] recorded an earning of ₹6 crore in just five days of Durga Puja in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Durga Puja 2022: Kolkata Metro earns over Rs 6 crore in just 5 days of festivities |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/kolkata/durga-puja-2022-kolkata-metro-earns-over-rs-6-crore-in-just-5-days-of-festivities-article-94710222 |access-date=8 October 2022 |website=TimesNow |date=7 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kolkata Metro earns over Rs 6 crore in just 5 days during Durga Puja |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/kolkata/story/kolkata-metro-earns-over-six-crore-during-durga-puja-2009050-2022-10-06 |access-date=8 October 2022 |website=India Today |date=6 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

The famous puja pandals get sponsorship from renowned companies and labels. Usually, the dress and jewelries of the idols, the material used to make the typically very elaborate pandals, decorations, lightings are sponsored.

===Social significance===
Durga Puja plays a great significance in the living of certain peoples. The ''kumor''s, those who make the idols with clay and also makes other clay products, earns lakhs of [[Indian rupee|rupees]] by selling a single set of Durga idol of average size. Hence, it makes their annual income because idols used in other festivals are much cheaper. Other professions that receive the majority of their annual income are ''dhaaki'' (plays ''dhaak''), priest and other small homecrafts. It is assumed that these profession based small classes would become smaller in population if Durga Puja was absent.

===Media attention===

[[File:Pratima Visarjan by Gaganendranath Tagore.png|thumb|200px|right|Durga Puja has been a theme in various artistic works such as movies, paintings, and literature. Shown here is ''Pratima Visarjan'' by [[Gaganendranath Tagore]], depicting a Durga Puja immersion procession. This painting inspired the colour scheme of the Indian film, ''[[Kahaani]]''.|alt=A painting by Gaganendranath Tagore depicting Durga Puja immersion.]]

The day of Mahalaya is marked by the Indian [[Hindus|Hindu]] community of [[West Bengal]] with ''[[Mahisasura Mardini|Mahishasuramardini]]'' — a two-hours long [[All India Radio]] program — that has been popular in the Bengali Hindu community since the 1950s. While in earlier days it used to be recorded live, a pre-recorded version has come to be broadcast in recent decades. Bengali Hindus traditionally wake up at four in the morning on Mahalaya to listen to the radio show, primarily involving recitations of chants and hymns from ''Devi Mahatmyam'' (or ''Chandi Path'') by [[Birendra Krishna Bhadra]] and [[Pankaj Kumar Mullick]]. The show also features various devotional melodies.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mahalaya ushers in the Puja spirit |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/city/delhi/Mahalaya-ushers-in-the-Puja-spirit/articleshow/5028658.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=19 September 2009 |access-date=19 September 2009 |archive-date=23 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923032645/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/city/delhi/Mahalaya-ushers-in-the-Puja-spirit/articleshow/5028658.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

Dramas enacting the legend of Durga slaying Mahishasura are telecasted on the television. Radio and television channels also air other festive shows,{{citation needed|date=March 2021}} while Bengali and Odia magazines publish special editions for the puja known as ''Pujabarshiki'' (''Annual Puja Edition'') or ''Sharadiya Sankhya'' (''Autumnal Volume''). These contain works of writers, both established and upcoming, and are more voluminous than the regular issues. Some notable examples of such magazines in Bengali are ''[[Anandamela]]'', ''[[Shuktara]]'', ''[[Desh (magazine)|Desh]]'', ''[[Sananda (magazine)|Sananda]]'', ''Nabakallol'', and ''[[Bartaman]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sharodiya Pujabarshiki |url=http://www.simindia.com/sarodiya.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903104531/http://www.simindia.com/sarodiya.htm |archive-date=3 September 2011}}</ref>

==Celebrations outside India==
{{More|Durga Puja in Bangladesh}}{{multiple image
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| footer = Left: Durga Puja in Germany, in 2009; Right: Durga Puja in the Netherlands, in 2017.
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Durga Puja is celebrated commonly by both Bangladesh's Bengali Hindus and non-Bengali [[Hinduism in Bangladesh|Hindu community]]. Some [[Bengali Muslims]] also take part in the festivities.{{sfn|Tripathi|2016|p=5|ps=: "The intertwining of cultural traditions reinforced a society which was tolerant and the faiths borrowed from each other. (...) Many Bangladeshi Muslim women wear saris and bindis, or teeps, the dot on their forehead, usually seen only among Hindu women; they celebrate pujo, a Hindu festival for the goddess Durga, and they have no hesitation ushering in Poyla Baisakh, to celebrate the Bengali new year."}} In [[Dhaka]], the [[Dhakeshwari Temple]] puja attracts visitors and devotees.{{sfn|London|2004|p=38}} In [[Nepal]], the festivities are celebrated as [[Dashain]].{{sfn| Lochtefeld|2002|p=208}}{{sfn|Melton|2011|pp=239–241}}

Beyond South Asia, Durga Puja is organised by Bengali Hindu communities across the world.

=== North America ===
In the United States Durga Puja is celebrated across the country in many cities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dates |first=Hindu Festival |date=19 September 2024 |title=List of Durga Puja 2024 Events in USA, Details of Date and Location |url=https://hindufestivaldates.com/list-of-durga-puja-2024-events-in-usa-details-of-date-and-location/ |access-date=1 November 2024 |website=Hindu Festival Dates |language=en-US}}</ref> The oldest community Durga Puja in the US was held in Columbia University organised by the East Coast Durga Puja Association (ECDPA) in 1970.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ECDPA |url=https://ecdpanewyork.com/about.php |access-date=7 November 2024 |website=ecdpanewyork.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bagchi |first=Amitabha |date=6 October 2020 |title=Durga Puja In The US Cities And Suburbs - A Brief History |url=https://thespace.ink/durga-puja-in-the-us-cities-and-suburbs/ |access-date=7 November 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> While many community pujas are typically held over a Friday-Sunday period, some pujas in the US e.g. organised by [[Bharat Sevashram Sangha|Bharat Sevashram Shangha, Paschimi]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pashchimi |url=https://www.pashchimi.org/ |access-date=7 November 2024 |website=pashchimi.org}}</ref> Women's Now<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.womennow.tv/ |access-date=7 November 2024 |website=WomenNow |language=en}}</ref> and others follow the full 5 day schedule. While most major metropolitan centers have multiple Durga Pujas organised by multiple Bengali Hindu organisations, Saikat <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sharod Utsob 2024 |url=https://www.saikat.org/durga-puja-2024 |access-date=7 November 2024 |website=Saikat |language=en}}</ref> in San Diego, [https://aikotaan.org/ Aikotaan] in Orange County, CA, SABCC<ref>{{Cite web |last=কমিউনিটি |first=SABCC-সান আন্তোনিও বাঙ্গালী কালচারাল |title=SABCC-সান আন্তোনিও বাঙ্গালী কালচারাল কমিউনিটি |url=https://sanantoniobcc.org/ |access-date=7 November 2024 |website=SABCC-সান আন্তোনিও বাঙ্গালী কালচারাল কমিউনিটি |language=en-US}}</ref>CA in San Antonio, TX, and the Bengali Association of Greater Chicago (BAGC), are four of the biggest American cities/ counties to have an unified Durga Pujas for the whole metropolitan area. In addition to the actual puja, most Durga Pujas in North America have a tradition of having elaborate cultural events involving both local artists and invited professional artists from India.

In Canada, Bengali Hindu communities both from Bangladesh and West Bengal, India organise several Durga Pujas.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Durga Puja celebrations in Canada |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/new-to-canada/culture-history-sport/durga-puja-celebrations-in-canada/new_canada_show/48451872.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715185100/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/new-to-canada/culture-history-sport/Durga-Puja-celebrations-in-Canada/new_canada_show/48451872.cms |archive-date=15 July 2022 |access-date=19 October 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Greater Toronto Area]] has the most Durga Puja celebration venues organised by different Bengali Hindu cultural groups such as Bangladesh Canada Hindu Cultural Society (BCHCS), Bongo Poribar Sociocultural Association zetc.<ref name=":0" /> City of Toronto has a dedicated Durga Temple named Toronto Durgabari where Durga Puja is organised along with other Hindu celebrations. Most of the puja venues of Toronto area try to arrange the puja in the best way possible to follow the [[Hindu calendar|lunar calendar]] and timings.

=== South America ===
In Brazil, The Swami Vivekananda Cultural Center, São Paulo, organises an annual Durga Puja.

=== Europe ===
Celebrations are also organised in Europe. The sculpture-idols are shipped from India and stored in warehouses to be re-used over the years.<ref name="thames">{{cite news |date=2 October 2006 |title=BBC Thames immersion for Hindu sculptures |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/london/5401122.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030054953/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/london/5401122.stm |archive-date=30 October 2012 |access-date=4 October 2011 |work=BBC News}}</ref> According to BBC News, for community celebrations in London in 2006, these "idols, belonging to a [[Tableau (sculpture)|tableau]] measuring 18ft by 20ft, were made from [[clay]], [[straw]] and vegetable dyes". At the end of the puja, the sculpture-idols were immersed in [[River Thames]] for the first time in 2006, after "the community was allowed to give a traditional send-off to the deities by London's port authorities".<ref name="thames" /> In Germany, the puja is celebrated in Cologne,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indische Kultur Verein e.V |url=http://www.durgapuja.de/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128055144/http://durgapuja.de/ |archive-date=28 January 2021 |access-date=6 March 2021 |website=durgapuja.de}}</ref> and other cities. In [[Switzerland]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Durga Puja in Switzerland |url=http://www.swisspuja.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030082106/http://www.swisspuja.org/ |archive-date=30 October 2016 |access-date=29 October 2016 |website=swisspuja.org}}</ref> puja in Baden, Aargau has been celebrated since 2003. In Sweden, the puja is celebrated in cities such as Stockholm and Helsingborg. The oldest and first puja in Sweden was founded in 1988 and is one of the oldest ones in Europe, and goes by the name Stockholm Bangiya Sanatan Samaj.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.bcsofss.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124154745/https://www.bcsofss.com/ |archive-date=24 January 2021 |access-date=6 March 2021 |website=Bengali Cultural Society - South Sweden}}</ref> In the [[Netherlands]], the puja is celebrated in places such as Amstelveen, Eindhoven, and Voorschoten.

=== Africa ===
In South Africa, Durga Puja has been revived with celebrations in Johannesburg.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 October 2023 |title=Bengali Association revives tradition of public celebration of Durga Puja in South Africa |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/world/bengali-association-revives-tradition-of-public-celebration-of-durga-puja-in-south-africa/cid/1975207 |access-date=31 October 2024 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref> In Ethiopia, in Addis Ababa Durga Puja is organised by the Addis Ababa Durga Pooja Committee

=== Australia ===
In Sydney, Durga Puja is celebrated in many community centers including at the Ponds Community Hub in Sydney where the Bengali Community Dorpon Cultural and Religious Association organised Durga Puja<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diaspora celebrate Navratri in Sydney by worshipping all forms of Goddess Durga |url=https://www.newindiaabroad.com/english/news/diaspora-celebrate-navratri-in-sydney-by-worshipping-all-forms-of-goddess-durga |access-date=4 November 2024 |website=New India Abroad |language=en}}</ref>

=== Asia outside the subcontinent ===
Durga Puja celebrations have also been started in Hong Kong by the Bengali Hindu diaspora.<ref>{{cite web |title=Durga Puja |url=http://www.hkyantoyan.com/news-and-views/durga-puja-the-hong-kong-version/attachment/durgapuja |website=HK Yanto Yan |access-date=13 October 2016 |archive-date=13 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013145548/http://www.hkyantoyan.com/news-and-views/durga-puja-the-hong-kong-version/attachment/durgapuja |url-status=usurped}}</ref> In China Durga Puja has been organised in Shanghai<ref>{{Cite web |title=shanghai adda |url=https://www.shanghaiadda.org/ |access-date=1 November 2024 |website=shanghaiadda |language=en}}</ref> and is organised by the Embassy of India in Beijing<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pal |first=Suvam |date=6 October 2022 |title=How a former flight attendant from Kolkata held Durga puja in Beijing in turbulent times |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/lifestyle/how-a-former-flight-attendant-from-kolkata-organised-durga-puja-in-beijing-in-turbulent-times-at-the-embassy-of-india-in-beijing-with-virtual-rituals/cid/1890471 |access-date=31 October 2024 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref> In Japan, Durga Puja is celebrated in Tokyo with much fanfare.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengali Community of The Netherlands |url=https://www.hoichoi.nl/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303052054/https://www.hoichoi.nl/ |archive-date=3 March 2021 |access-date=6 March 2021 |website=Hoichoi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://anandadhara.nl/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121050801/https://www.anandadhara.nl/ |archive-date=21 November 2018 |access-date=6 March 2021 |website=Anandadhara}}</ref>

==Footnotes==
{{notelist-ua|30em}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

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* {{cite book |last=London |first=Ellen |year=2004 |title=Bangladesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yyREz0r7-BUC&pg=PA38 |publisher=Gareth Stevens |isbn=978-0-8368-3107-8 |access-date=24 February 2017 |archive-date=24 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224134024/https://books.google.com/books?id=yyREz0r7-BUC&pg=PA38 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |first=Rachel Fell |last=McDermott |title=Mother of My Heart, Daughter of My Dreams: Kali and Uma in the Devotional Poetry of Bengal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2PrChFaXgf0C |year=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-803071-3 |access-date=17 February 2017 |archive-date=17 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217101734/https://books.google.com/books?id=2PrChFaXgf0C |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=McDermott |first=Rachel Fell |year=2011 |title=Revelry, Rivalry, and Longing for the Goddesses of Bengal: The Fortunes of Hindu Festivals |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-12919-0}}
* {{cite book |first=Malcolm |last=McLean |title=Devoted to the Goddess: The Life and Work of Ramprasad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kXY4uQ9TwI8C |year=1998 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-3689-9 |access-date=17 February 2017 |archive-date=17 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217101831/https://books.google.com/books?id=kXY4uQ9TwI8C |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Melton |first=J. Gordon |author-link=J. Gordon Melton |year=2011 |title=Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lD_2J7W_2hQC&pg=PA239 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-206-7 |access-date=17 February 2017 |archive-date=17 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217111816/https://books.google.com/books?id=lD_2J7W_2hQC&pg=PA239 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Monaghan |first=Patricia |year=2009 |title=Encyclopedia of Goddesses and Heroines |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8zHxlL8my-YC&pg=PA151 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-313-34990-4 |access-date=17 February 2017 |archive-date=17 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217212028/https://books.google.com/books?id=8zHxlL8my-YC&pg=PA151 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Monaghan |first=Patricia |year=2011 |title=Goddesses in World Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qotjet-Hb0MC |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-313-35465-6 |access-date=17 February 2017 |archive-date=17 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217102257/https://books.google.com/books?id=qotjet-Hb0MC |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |author=Sree Padma |title=Inventing and Reinventing the Goddess: Contemporary Iterations of Hindu Deities on the Move |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Jn_AwAAQBAJ |year=2014 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-7391-9002-9 |access-date=18 September 2019 |archive-date=16 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816064150/https://books.google.com/books?id=9Jn_AwAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last1=Phillips |first1=Charles |last2=Kerrigan |first2=Michael |last3=Gould |first3=David |year=2011 |title=Ancient India's Myths and Beliefs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p3-RkE-Xxa0C |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-4488-5990-0 |access-date=17 February 2017 |archive-date=17 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217102124/https://books.google.com/books?id=p3-RkE-Xxa0C |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Rao |first=Saligrama Krishna Ramachandra |author-link=S. K. Ramachandra Rao |year=1988 |title=Pratima Kosha: Descriptive Glossary of Indian Iconography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TIzrAAAAMAAJ |publisher=IBH Prakashana |access-date=18 February 2017 |archive-date=19 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219011717/https://books.google.com/books?id=TIzrAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |first=Ludo |last=Rocher |year=1986 |author-link=Ludo Rocher |title=The Puranas |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3447025225}}
* [[Ramprasad Sen|Sen Ramprasad]] (1720–1781). ''Grace and Mercy in Her Wild Hair: Selected Poems to the Mother Goddess''. Hohm Press. {{ISBN|0-934252-94-7}}.
* {{cite book |last=Rodrigues |first=Hillary |title=Ritual Worship of the Great Goddess: The Liturgy of the Durga Puja with Interpretations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=onyaEhwhJBUC |year=2003 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-8844-7 |access-date=17 February 2017 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108105311/https://books.google.com/books?id=onyaEhwhJBUC |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Tripathi |first=Salil |title=The Colonel Who Would Not Repent: The Bangladesh War and Its Unquiet Legacy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bcffCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 |year=2016 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-21818-3 |access-date=28 September 2017 |archive-date=15 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415112053/https://books.google.com/books?id=bcffCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite web |title=Durga - Hindu mythology |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |date=19 February 2015 |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Durga |ref={{sfnref |Encyclopedia Britannica |2015}} |access-date=15 February 2017 |archive-date=7 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507035548/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Durga |url-status=live}}
* {{Citation|title=Shankara and Indian Philosophy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hshaWu0m1D4C|first=N. V.|last=Isaeva|publisher=SUNY Press|year=1993|isbn=978-0791412817|access-date=18 October 2020|archive-date=14 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114040317/https://books.google.com/books?id=hshaWu0m1D4C|url-status=live}}
* {{Citation|title=Seeking Mahadevi: Constructing the Identities of the Hindu Great Goddess|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JfXdGInecRIC|first=Tracy|last=Pintchman|publisher=SUNY Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0791490495|access-date=18 October 2020|archive-date=19 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819130701/https://books.google.com/books?id=JfXdGInecRIC|url-status=live}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* Banerjee, Sudeshna (2004). ''Durga Puja: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow''. Rupa and Co, Calcutta. {{ISBN|81-291-0547-0}}.
* {{cite news |last=Bhattacharyya |first=BK |date=6 October 2008 |title=Earthen sculptures of Goddess Durga |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/details.asp?id=oct0608/edit3 |newspaper=The Assam Tribune |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401104756/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/details.asp?id=oct0608%2Fedit3 |archive-date=1 April 2012 |url-status=dead}}
* Dutta, Krishna. (2003) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=UKfoHi5412UC Calcutta: a cultural and literary history] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227045013/https://books.google.com/books?id=UKfoHi5412UC |date=27 December 2016 }}''. Signal Books, Oxford, United Kingdom. {{ISBN|1-902669-59-2}}.
* {{cite book |last1=Muthukumaraswamy |first1=M.D. |last2=Kaushal |first2=Molly |date=2004 |title=Folklore, public sphere, and civil society |publisher=National Folklore Support Centre(India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xsrgg1Mel8UC |isbn=978-81-901481-4-6 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-date=27 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427111119/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xsrgg1Mel8UC |url-status=live}} (Chapter 6: "Of Public Sphere and Sacred Space: Origins of Community Durga Puja in Bengal.")
* Saraswati, Swami Satyananda (2001). ''Durga Puja Beginner'', Devi Mandir. {{ISBN|1-887472-89-4}}.
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|wikt=no|q=no|b=no}}
* {{Britannica|174256}}
* {{Cite web |title=Durga Puja - The Hindu Festival, Durga-Puja.org |url=http://www.durga-puja.org/ |access-date=25 September 2022 |website=www.durga-puja.org}}

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[[Category:Durga Puja| ]]
[[Category:Bengali festivals]]
[[Category:Festivals in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Symbols of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Festivals in Odisha]]
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Dibrugarh Hanumanbax Surajmall Kanoi College

2026-03-18T11:58:36Z

GregorioBigge0: cleanup intro additionally and added references after review

{{Short description|College in Dibrugarh, Assam}}
{{one source|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Dibrugarh Hanumanbax Surajmall Kanoi College
| image = DHSK College, Dibrugarh.jpg
| type = [[Public university|Public]]
| campus = Urban
| city = [[Dibrugarh, Assam]]
| country = India
| established = {{start date and age|df=yes|15 June 1945}}
| principal = Sashi Kanta Saikia
| other_name = DHSK College
| academic_affiliations = [[Dibrugarh University]]
| website = {{url|www.dhsk.org}}
}}
'''Dibrugarh Hanumanbax Surajmall Kanoi College''' is a [[Government of Assam|government college]] located in [[Dibrugarh, Assam]], India. It was established on 15 June 1945. The college is affiliated with [[Dibrugarh University]]; its Higher Secondary Course is recognised by the [[Assam Higher Secondary Education Council]] (AHSEC). It was originally named the ''Dibrugarh College''. In 1957, it was renamed after its donors as Dibrugarh Hanumanbax Surajmall Kanoi College. [[Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan]] came from Delhi to inaugurate the college.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Us - Dibrugarh Hanumanbax Surajmall Kanoi College|url=http://dhsk.org/about-us/|website=dhsk.org|access-date=8 September 2016}}</ref>

Sashi Kanta Saikia is the current Principal of DHSK College from 19 June 2015. For the active involvement of S.K. Saikia, the DHSK College, Dibrugarh had received the Swachchhata Puraskar, 2018 by Dibrugarh District Administration and Dibrugarh Municipal Board. Deputy Director General (DDG) NCC has awarded the DHSK College for their meritorious service to the Nation in 2019.

The college offers a two-year Higher Secondary Course in Science and Arts<ref>{{cite web|title=Two Years Higher Secondary - Dibrugarh Hanumanbax Surajmall Kanoi College|url=http://dhsk.org/two-years-higher-secondary/|website=dhsk.org|access-date=8 September 2016}}</ref> and a three-year Degree Course in Science and Arts.<ref>{{cite web|title=Three Years Degree Course - Dibrugarh Hanumanbax Surajmall Kanoi College|url=http://dhsk.org/three-years-degree-course/|website=dhsk.org|access-date=8 September 2016}}</ref> It was accredited A grade by [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]] in 2023.

==Departments==
The college maintains the following departments:<ref>{{cite web|title=Dibrugarh Hanumanbax Surajmall Kanoi College - Dibrugarh-786001, Assam|url=http://dhsk.org/|website=dhsk.org|access-date=8 September 2016}}</ref>
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
*[[Anthropology]]
*[[Assamese language | Assamese]]
*[[Bengali language | Bengali]]
*[[Botany]]
*[[Chemistry]]
*[[Computer Science]]
*[[Economics]]
*[[English language | English]]
*[[Geography]]
*[[Hindi]]
*[[History]]
*[[Mathematics]]
*[[Philosophy]]
*[[Physics]]
*[[Political Science]]
*[[Sanskrit]]
*[[Statistics]]
*[[Zoology]]
*[[Sociology]]
{{Div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.dhsk.org DHSK College]

{{Dibrugarh University}}
{{coord|27.480153|N|94.924185|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Assam]]
[[Category:Dibrugarh]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Dibrugarh University]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1945]]
[[Category:1945 establishments in India]]

{{Assam-university-stub}}

Parties and alliances in 2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election

2026-03-16T07:52:58Z

GregorioBigge0: fix

The 2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election for [[List of constituencies of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|292 constituencies of the 294 constituencies]] in [[West Bengal]] was held between 27 March to 29 April 2021 in eight phases.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bjp-preparing-blueprint-for-2021-west-bengal-polls/articleshow/69710607.cms|title =BJP preparing blueprint for 2021 West Bengal polls|newspaper = Economic Times|date= 9 June 2019}}</ref>

The incumbent [[All India Trinamool Congress]] government led by [[Chief Minister of West Bengal|Chief Minister]] [[Mamata Banerjee]] won re-election by a large margin, despite opinion polls generally predicting a close race against the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], which became the [[Official Opposition]] but significantly underperformed expectations, winning 77 seats. The [[Sanjukta Morcha]] won just one seat, with the [[Indian National Congress]] and the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|leftist parties]] winning no seats.

These are the '''parties and alliances who contested [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021 West Bengal legislative assembly election]]:'''

== {{legend2|{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}|TMC and allies|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} ==
[[File:Trinamool+ 2021.png|thumb|350x350px|Map of the seat sharing arrangements of the All India Trinamool Congress for the 2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election.]]
Both factions of the [[Gorkha Janmukti Morcha]] (GJM) expressed support to Trinamool Congress for the assembly election.<ref name="hi">''The Telegraph''. ''[https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/hill-assembly-seats-set-for-bipolar-contest/cid/1801463 Hill Assembly seats set for bipolar contest]''</ref> Trinamool Congress allotted three seats in the Darjiling to GJM, However the two factions of GJM, namely ''Gorkha Janmukti Morcha (Bimal)'' and ''Gorkha Janmukti Morcha (Tamang)'' declared to field their candidates in each of the three seats.<ref>{{cite web |date=2021-03-06|title=Mamata Banerjee sets aside 3 Darjeeling seats but GJM factions remain divided|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly-election/mamata-banerjee-sets-aside-3-darjeeling-seats-but-gjm-factions-remain-divided-101614970698739.html|access-date=2021-03-26|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> [[Shiv Sena]] also endorsed Trinamool for the election.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shiv Sena won't contest West Bengal polls, stand in solidarity with 'Bengal Tigress' Mamata: Sanjay Raut|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/west-bengal/article/shiv-sena-will-not-contest-west-bengal-polls-stand-in-solidarity-with-bengal-tigress-mamata-banerjee-sanjay-raut/727984|access-date=2021-03-05|website=Times Now}}</ref> Trinamool Congress supported Independent candidate in Joypur after their candidate's nomination got cancelled.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |date=2021-03-12|title=WB Election 2021: ভোটে অংশ নিতে পারবেন না জয়পুরের তৃণমূল প্রার্থী, ডিভিশন বেঞ্চে খারিজ সিঙ্গল বেঞ্চের নির্দেশ|url=https://bengali.abplive.com/elections/west-bengal-election-2021-division-bench-rejected-election-commission-appeal-on-joypur-candidate-nomination-challenging-high-court-decision-805381|access-date=2021-03-12|website=ABP Ananda|language=bn}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite web |date=2021-03-16|title=WB Election 2021: পুরুলিয়ায় জয়পুরে নির্দল প্রার্থীকে সমর্থন তৃণমূলের|url=https://bengali.abplive.com/elections/west-bengal-election-2021-abhishek-banerjee-supporting-independent-candidate-in-joypur-constituency-ahead-of-elections-805956|access-date=2021-03-16|website=ABP Ananda|language=bn}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" |Party
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}"|
|[[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|AITC
|style="text-align:center"|[[File:All India Trinamool Congress symbol 2021.svg|30x30px]]
|[[Mamata Banerjee]]
|style="text-align:center"|290
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Gorkha Janmukti Morcha}}"|
|[[Gorkha Janmukti Morcha]]
|GJM
|''Unrecognised''
|[[Bimal Gurung]]
[[Binay Tamang|Binoy Tamang]]
|style="text-align:center"|3
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}"|
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
| colspan="3" |''N/A''
|style="text-align:center"|1
|}

== {{legend2|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|[[National Democratic Alliance]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} ==

Five hill-based parties pledged support to BJP ahead of the assembly election ([[Gorkha National Liberation Front]] (GNLF), [[Communist Party of Revolutionary Marxists]], [[Akhil Bharatiya Gorkha League]] (ABGL), Gorkhaland Rajya Nirman Morcha and SUMETI Mukti Morcha.<ref name=hi/> [[Hindu Samhati]], a right wing organisation in West Bengal, withdrew their support from the BJP initially<ref>{{cite web |last=Khanna|first=Rohit|date=29 October 2020|title=Hindu Samhati severs BJP ties, to contest Bengal polls|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/hindu-samhati-severs-bjp-ties-to-contest-bengal-polls/articleshow/78921790.cms|access-date=2021-03-31|website=The Times of India}}</ref> and later declared to contest elections on its own.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chatterjee|first=Tanmay|date=2021-02-15|title=Bengal polls: New contender in race, far-Right group Hindu Samhati forms party|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/kolkata-news/bengal-polls-new-contender-in-race-far-right-group-hindu-samhati-forms-party-101613329152802.html|access-date=2021-03-31|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> However, in the end they supported the BJP.<ref>{{cite web |last=Saha|first=Dibyendu|date=2021-03-13|title=রাজ্যে বিজেপির প্রতিদ্বন্দ্বীর সংখ্যা কমল, ২১-এর লড়াইয়ে অ্যাডভান্টেজ গেরুয়া শিবিরের|url=https://bengali.oneindia.com/news/west-bengal/west-bengal-election-2021-hindu-samhati-will-support-bjp-not-to-field-candidate-against-them-127351.html|access-date=2021-03-31|website=One India|language=bn}}</ref> BJP allotted a seat of [[Amta Assembly constituency|Amta constituency]] to the president of [[Hindu Samhati]] to contest on BJP's symbol.<ref>{{cite web |last=Pande|first=Manisha|date=20 March 2021|title=Strong base and Bengali Hindutva: In Howrah, far-right Hindu Samhati comes to BJP's rescue|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2021/03/20/strong-base-and-bengali-hindutva-in-howrah-far-right-hindu-samhati-comes-to-bjps-rescue|access-date=2021-03-31|website=Newslaundry}}</ref>
[[File:BJP West Bengal Seat Sharing 2021.svg|thumb|350x350px|Map of the seat sharing arrangements of the Bharatiya Janata Party for the 2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election.]]
BJP also allotted the [[Baghmundi Assembly constituency|Baghmundi constituency]], bordering [[Jharkhand]], to the [[All Jharkhand Students Union]] (AJSU).<ref>{{cite web |date=8 March 2021|title=BJP leaves one seat for ally Ajsu Party to contest in Bengal|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/bjp-leaves-one-seat-for-ally-ajsu-party-to-contest-in-bengal/cid/1808872|access-date=2021-04-03|website=Telegraph India}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Bengal Elections 2021: Full List Of BJP Candidates|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/west-bengal-elections-2021-full-list-of-bjp-candidates-2385170|access-date=2021-03-15|website=NDTV}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" |Party
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|BJP
|[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|34x34px]]
|[[Dilip Ghosh (politician)|Dilip Ghosh]]
|style="text-align:center"|293
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|All Jharkhand Students Union}}"|
|[[All Jharkhand Students Union]]
|AJSU
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Banana.svg|37x37px]]
|Ashutosh Mahto
|style="text-align:center"|1
|-
|}

== {{legend2|{{party color|Sanjukta Morcha}}|[[Sanjukta Morcha]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} ==
On 28 January 2021 Congress leader [[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury]] announced that seat-sharing talks between the Congress and Left Front had concluded for 193 seats and that the remaining 101 seats would be decided at a later point.<ref name="dh">''Outlook''. ''[https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/cong-lf-finalise-seat-sharing-in-193-seats-in-wb-decision-on-rest-101-later/2019269 Cong, LF finalise seat sharing in 193 seats in WB, decision on rest 101 later]''</ref><ref>News18. ''[https://www.news18.com/news/politics/west-bengal-elections-congress-left-seat-sharing-3354167.html West Bengal Elections: Congress to Contest on 92 Seats, Left Parties Get 101 After Round 2 of Talks]''</ref> Out of the 193 seats agreed upon by 28 January, 92 went to Congress and 101 to the Left Front.<ref name="dh" /> These 193 seats included agreements over all the 77 seats the Congress and Left Front had won in the 2016 election.<ref name="dh" /> Left Congress and ISF announced that they will fight together in an alliance named as 'Sanyukta Morcha' from Brigade Rally on 28 February 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newsclick.in/Bengal-Elections-Million-Plus-People-Brigade-Rally-Heralds-Left-Led-Sanjukta-Morcha|title=Million Plus People at Brigade Rally Heralds Left-Led Sanjukta Morcha|website=News Click|date=2021-03-01}}</ref> (It is worth mentioning here that [[Abbas Siddiqui]] had also sought an alliance with the TMC, before becoming part of the “Sanjukta Morcha”, with the Congress and Left parties.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thewire.in/politics/west-bengal-abbas-siddiqui-mamata-muslim-voters|title=As Abbas Siddiqui Fights for a 'Secular Front', Mamata Still Retains a Large Muslim Following|website=The Wire}}</ref>) ISF initially claimed that they have secured 30 seats from the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]'s quota.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/west-bengal-assembly-election-abbas-siddiquis-isf-seals-deal-with-left-in-30-seats-talks-on-with-congres-9353091.html|title=Abbas Siddiqui's ISF seals deal with Left in 30 seats|website=First Post|date=2021-02-26}}</ref> After the final seat sharing agreement was concluded, it was announced that the Left Front will contest on 165 seats, Congress will contest on 92 seats and ISF will contest on 37 seats.<ref>{{cite web |date=5 March 2021|title=Left to fight 165 West Bengal seats, Congress 92, ISF 37|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/left-to-fight-165-bengal-seats-congress-92-isf-37/articleshow/81340342.cms|access-date=2021-03-12|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{cite web |date=18 March 2021|title=ISF to fight polls on borrowed symbol|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/isf-to-fight-polls-on-borrowed-symbol-434695|access-date=2021-03-29|website=Millennium Post}}</ref>

[[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] chairman [[Biman Bose]] announced candidates for first and second-phase elections on 5 March alongside Congress and ISF leaders leaving seats for them in the list.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/wb-polls-left-front-reveal-candidates-for-1st-and-2nd-phase|title=Left Front Reveals Candidates for 1st and 2nd Phase|website=The Quint|date=2021-03-05}}</ref> [[Indian National Congress]] revealed its first list of 13 candidates for the first two phases on 6 March.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/west-bengal-assembly-elections-2021-congress-releases-first-list-of-13-candidates-2346186.html|title=Congress releases first list of 13 candidates for upcoming West Bengal assembly elections|website=Zee News|date=2021-03-06}}</ref> [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] announced its second list of candidates on 10 March, consisting of several new and young faces from [[All India Students Federation|AISF]], [[All India Youth Federation|AIYF]], [[Students' Federation of India|SFI]] and [[Democratic Youth Federation of India|DYFI]] along with some well-known veteran faces including ex-ministers of Left Front govt and ex-MPs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/left-packs-candidate-list-with-fresh-faces-veterans/articleshow/81440421.cms|title=Left packs candidate list with fresh faces, veterans|website=The Times of India|date=2021-03-11}}</ref> That day Biman Bose declared [[Democratic Youth Federation of India|DYFI]] West Bengal state president [[Minakshi Mukherjee]] as the CPI(M) candidate for 'High-Profile' [[Nandigram Assembly constituency]] seat which was kept vacant in the first list published on 5 March.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/west-bengal-assembly-polls-2021/story/bengal-polls-cpi-m-declares-meenakshi-mukherjee-as-its-candidate-from-nandigram-1777836-2021-03-10|title=CPI(M) declares Minakshi Mukherjee as its candidate from Nandigram|website=India Today|date=2021-03-10}}</ref> [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] revealed its second list of 34 candidates on 14 March.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/news-west-bengal-polls-2021-congress-candidates-list-star-campaigners-latest-update-690988|title=Congress releases list of 34 candidates|website=India TV|date=2021-03-14}}</ref> ISF released list of their first set of 20 candidates on the same day.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/west-bengal-assembly-polls-2021/story/abbas-siddiqui-s-isf-releases-names-of-20-candidates-for-west-bengal-elections-1779332-2021-03-15|title=ISF releases names of 20 candidates for West Bengal elections|website=India Today|date=2021-03-14}}</ref> Sanyukta Morcha announced 15 more candidates on 17 March consisting of 9 from the Left, 2 from Congress and 4 from ISF camp.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tv9bangla.com/elections/west-bengal-elections-2021/isf-cpim-and-congress-announces-candidates-for-14-more-seats-in-west-bengal-assembly-election-2021-340267.html|title=আরও ১৫ আসনে প্রার্থীদের নাম ঘোষণা সংযুক্ত মোর্চার|website=TV9 Bangla|date=2021-03-17}}</ref> [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] revealed its third list of 39 candidates on 20 March,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tv9bangla.com/elections/west-bengal-elections-2021/congress-publish-more-39-names-candidate-list-for-west-bengal-assembly-election-2021-341497.html|title=Candidate List West Bengal Election 2021|website=TV9 Bangla|date=2021-03-20}}</ref> and two more on 22 March.

[[File:Sanjukta 2021.png|thumb|350x350px|Map of the seat sharing arrangement between the parties of the Sanjukta Morcha for the 2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election.]]
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" |Party
!Symbol
!Leader(s)
!Bloc(s)
!Seats contested<ref name=seat_share>{{cite web |date=21 June 2021|title=West Bengal General Legislative Election 2021|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13605-west-bengal-general-legislative-election-2021/|website=eci.gov.in|access-date=5 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|style="text-align:center"|CPI(M)
|[[File:CPI(M) election symbol - Hammer Sickle and Star.svg|40x40px|centre]]
|[[Surjya Kanta Mishra]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Chattopadhyay|first=Suhrid Sankar|date=12 February 2021|title=Surjya Kanta Mishra: 'West Bengal Left bringing secular forces together to fight Trinamool and BJP'|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/interview-surjya-kanta-mishra-cpim-west-bengal-left-bringing-secular-forces-together-to-fight-trinamool-and-bjp-in-west-bengal-assembly-election-2021/article33659950.ece|access-date=2021-03-23|website=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|publisher=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>



| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center"|[[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]
|style="text-align:center"|138
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Forward Bloc}}"|
|[[All India Forward Bloc]]
|style="text-align:center"|AIFB
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Lion.svg|42x42px|centre]]
|[[Debabrata Biswas (politician)|Debabrata Biswas]]
|style="text-align:center"|21
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}"|
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|style="text-align:center"|RSP
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Spade and Stoker.png|44x44px|centre]]
|[[Biswanath Chowdhury]]
|style="text-align:center"|11
|-
| bgcolor="#F2003C"|
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|style="text-align:center"|CPI
|[[File:CPI symbol.svg|36x36px|centre]]
|Swapan Banerjee
|style="text-align:center"|10
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|
|[[Marxist Forward Bloc]]
|style="text-align:center"|MFB
|[[File:CPI(M) election symbol - Hammer Sickle and Star.svg|35x35px|centre]]
|[[Samar Hazra]]
|style="text-align:center"|1
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|style="text-align:center"|INC
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|45x45px|centre]]
|[[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury]]
|style="text-align:center"|-
|style="text-align:center"|92
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian Secular Front}}|
|[[Indian Secular Front]]{{efn|name=fn2|Indian Secular Front is an unregistered political party and currently contesting the election on "Envelope" symbol and name of Bihar based political party ''Rashtriya Secular Majlis Party''.<ref>{{cite web |last=ঘোষ|first=প্রদীপ্তকান্তি|date=16 March 2021|title=ভোটে লড়ছে না 'আইএসএফ', প্রার্থী দেবে 'অন্য দল'|url=https://tv9bangla.com/elections/indian-secular-front-of-abbas-siddiqui-dont-have-a-own-sign-fighting-with-another-partys-logo-339985.html|access-date=17 March 2021|website=TV9Bangla|language=bn}}</ref><ref name=":5"/>}}
|style="text-align:center"|ISF<ref name=":5"/>
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Envelope.jpg|36x36px|centre]]
|Abbas Siddiqui
|style="text-align:center"|-
|style="text-align:center"|32
|}

== Others ==

Shiv Sena initially said that they would contest in around 100 seats,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/west-bengal/article/west-bengal-elections-as-shiv-sena-plans-to-contest-100-seats-heres-how-party-fared-in-previous-polls/703144|title=West Bengal elections: As Shiv Sena plans to contest 100 seats, here's how party fared in previous polls|date=5 January 2021|website=Times Now|access-date=8 January 2021}}</ref> but later on 4 March 2021 announced that they would not contest and will instead support Mamata Banerjee and TMC from outside.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/shiv-sena-wont-contest-bengal-polls-to-support-real-tigress-mamata-banerjee-3497450.html|title=Shiv Sena Won't Contest Bengal Polls, to Support Mamata Banerjee|website=News18|date=2021-03-04}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" |Party
!Symbol
!Leader(s)
!Seats contested<ref name=seat_share/>
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)}}"|
|[[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)]]
|SUCI(C)
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Battery Torch.svg|47x47px]]
|[[Provash Ghosh]]
|style="text-align:center"|190
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}"|
|[[Janata Dal (United)]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Bihar ruling party JDU to contest in Assam and West Bengal polls, finalises on candidates|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/mar/01/bihar-ruling-party-jduto-contest-in-assam-and-west-bengal-polls-finalises-on-candidates-2270486.html|access-date=2021-03-01|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|JD(U)
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Arrow.svg|50x50px]]
|Sanjay Verma
|style="text-align:center"|16<ref>{{cite web |date=2021-03-23|title=Nitish Kumar likely to give Assam, West Bengal poll campaigns a miss|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/assam-assembly-election/nitish-kumar-likely-to-give-assam-west-bengal-poll-campaigns-a-miss-101616485854591.html|access-date=2021-03-24|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}"|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/liberation-announced-12-seats-in-west-bengal-assembly-election-2021-dgtl/cid/1263683|title=পশ্চিমবঙ্গে বিজেপি-র বিরুদ্ধে লড়াই করবে লিবারেশন, ঘোষণা হল ১২ আসনের তালিকা|website=Anandabazar|date=2021-01-28}}</ref>
|CPI(ML)L
|
|[[Dipankar Bhattacharya]]
|style="text-align:center"|12
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Red Star}}"|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Red Star]]<ref>{{cite web |date=2021-04-12|title=India: 2021 elections in five states – what do they reveal?|url=https://www.marxist.com/india-2021-elections-in-five-states.htm|website=marxist.com}}</ref>
|CPI(ML) Red Star
|
|K N Ramchandran
|style="text-align:center"|3
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}"|
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/aimim-decides-to-field-13-candidates-in-west-bengals-murshidabad-3552596.html|title=AIMIM Decides to Field 13 Candidates in West Bengal's Murshidabad|date=19 March 2021|website=News18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=AIMIM to be in poll fray for West Bengal, says Asaduddin Owaisi; to announce seats on March 27|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/west-bengal/article/aimim-to-be-in-poll-fray-for-west-bengal-says-asaduddin-owaisi-to-announce-seats-on-march/736122|access-date=2021-03-24|website=Times Now}}</ref>
|AIMIM
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Kite.svg|50x50px]]
|[[Asaduddin Owaisi]]
|style="text-align:center"|6<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abplive.com/news/india/west-bengal-election-candidate-list-of-asaduddin-owaisi-aimim-in-bengal-ann-1851137|title=WB Election 2021, AIMIM: असदुद्दीन ओवैसी की पार्टी ने बंगाल की इन सात सीटों पर उतारे अपने उम्मीदवार|first=मनोज्ञा|last=लोईवाल|date=7 April 2021|website=www.abplive.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/mim-to-enter-wb-poll-fray-from-7-seats/articleshow/81938874.cms|title=AIMIM to fight from only 7 seats in West Bengal|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://theprint.in/politics/owaisi-fields-7-candidates-in-bengal-counts-on-muslim-majority-seats-for-state-debut/635634|title=Owaisi fields 7 candidates in Bengal, counts on Muslim-majority seats for state debut}}</ref>
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}"|
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]<ref>{{cite web |title=BSP will contest Assembly polls in Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Puducherry alone, says Mayawati|url=https://scroll.in/latest/989592/bsp-will-contest-assembly-polls-in-bengal-tamil-nadu-kerala-and-puducherry-alone-says-mayawati|access-date=2021-04-24|website=Scroll.in}}</ref>
|BSP
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Elephant.png|47x47px]]
|[[Mayawati]]
|style="text-align:center"|162
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}"|
|[[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]]<ref>{{cite web |title= No. of Contesting Candidates|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/UploadFiles/AE2021/Nomination_status.pdf|access-date=2021-04-27|website=ceowestbengal.nic.in}}</ref>
|NPP
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Book.svg|47x47px]]
|
|style="text-align:center"|3
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]

Cat

2026-03-15T15:00:44Z

GregorioBigge0: cleanup

{{Short description|Small domesticated carnivorous mammal}}
{{About|the species commonly kept as a pet|the cat family|Felidae|other uses|Cat (disambiguation)|and|Cats (disambiguation)}}
{{Good article}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use American English|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Speciesbox
|name=Cat

|fossil_range= {{fossil range|0.0095|0}} [[Holocene]] to present (9,500 years ago)
|image={{Multiple image
|perrow=2/2/2
|total_width=275
|image1=Cat August 2010-4.jpg
|image2=Gustav chocolate.jpg
|image3=Orange tabby cat sitting on fallen leaves-Hisashi-01A.jpg
|image4=Siam lilacpoint.jpg
|image5=Felis catus-cat on snow.jpg
|image6=Sheba1.JPG
|border=infobox
|footer=Various types of cats
}}
|status=DOM
|genus=Felis
|species=catus<ref name="Linnaeus1758"/>
|authority=[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]<ref name="MSW3fc"/>
|synonyms=*''Catus domesticus'' {{small|[[Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben|Erxleben]], 1777}}<ref name=Erxleben>{{Cite book |last=Erxleben |first=J. C. P. |date=1777 |title=Systema regni animalis per classes, ordines, genera, species, varietates cvm synonymia et historia animalivm. Classis I. Mammalia |location=Lipsiae |publisher=Weygandt |pages=520–521 |chapter=Felis Catus domesticus |chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/iochristpolycerx00erxl/page/520}}</ref>
* ''F. angorensis'' {{small|[[Karl Christian Gmelin|Gmelin]], 1788}}
* ''F. vulgaris'' {{small|Fischer, 1829}}
}}

The '''cat''' ('''''Felis catus'''''), also called '''domestic cat''' and '''house cat''', is a small [[Carnivore|carnivorous]] mammal. It is an [[obligate carnivore]], requiring a predominantly meat-based diet. Its retractable [[claw]]s are adapted to killing small prey species such as [[mice]] and [[rat]]s. It has a strong, flexible body, quick [[reflex]]es, and sharp teeth, and its [[night vision]] and [[sense of smell]] are well developed. It is a [[social species]], but a solitary hunter and a [[crepuscular]] [[predator]].
[[Cat communication]] includes [[meow]]ing, [[purr]]ing, trilling, [[Wiktionary:hiss|hissing]], [[growling]], [[Wiktionary:grunt|grunting]], and [[cat body language|body language]]. It can hear sounds too faint or too high in [[frequency]] for human ears, such as those made by [[small mammal]]s. It secretes and perceives [[pheromone]]s. [[Cat intelligence]] is evident in its ability to adapt, learn through observation, and solve problems.
Female domestic cats can have [[kitten]]s from [[Spring (season)|spring]] to late [[autumn]] in [[temperate zones]] and throughout the year in [[equatorial region]]s, with [[Litter (zoology)|litter]] sizes often ranging from two to five kittens.

The domestic cat is the only [[Domestication|domesticated]] [[species]] of the family [[Felidae]]. Advances in [[archaeology]] and [[genetics]] have shown that the [[domestication of the cat]] started in the [[Near East]] around 7500 [[BCE]]. Today, the domestic cat occurs across the globe and is valued by humans for companionship and its ability to kill [[vermin]]. It is commonly kept as a [[pet]], [[working cat]], and [[pedigreed cat]] shown at [[cat fancy]] events. Out of the estimated 600 million domestic cats worldwide, 400 million reside in [[Asia]], including 58 million in [[China]]. About 73.8 million cats are estimated to live in the [[United States]], and about 10.9 million cats the [[United Kingdom]]. It also ranges freely as a [[feral cat]], avoiding human contact. Pet abandonment contributes to increasing of the global feral cat population, which has driven the decline of [[bird]], [[mammal]], and [[reptile]] species. [[Animal population control|Population control]] includes [[spaying]] and [[neutering]].

== Etymology and naming ==
The origin of the English word ''cat'', [[Old English]] {{lang|ang|catt}}, is thought to be the [[Late Latin]] word {{lang|la|cattus}}, which was first used at the beginning of the 6th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=McKnight |first=G. H. |title=English Words and Their Background |publisher=[[D. Appleton and Company]]|location=New York, London |date=1923 |chapter=Words and Archaeology |pages=293–311 |chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/englishwordsthei00mckn/page/300}}</ref> The Late Latin word may be derived from an unidentified [[Languages of Africa|African language]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Pictet |first=A. |date=1859 |title=Les origines indo-européennes ou les Aryas primitifs: essai de paléontologie linguistique |language=fr |volume=1 |location=Paris |publisher=Joël Cherbuliez |page=381}}</ref> The [[Nubian languages|Nubian]] word {{lang|nub|kaddîska}} 'wildcat' and [[Nobiin language|Nobiin]] {{lang|nub|kadīs}} are possible sources or cognates.<ref>{{cite book |last=Keller |first=O. |date=1909 |title=Die antike Tierwelt |language=de |volume=Säugetiere |location=Leipzig |page=75 |publisher=[[Walther von Wartburg]]}}</ref>

The forms might also have derived from an ancient Germanic word that was absorbed into Latin and then into Greek, Syriac, and Arabic.<ref>{{Cite book |first=J. |last=Huehnergard |chapter=Qitta: Arabic Cats |pages=407–418 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n1_qqgNTsX8C&pg=PA407 |title=Classical Arabic Humanities in Their Own Terms: Festschrift for Wolfhart Heinrichs on his 65th Birthday |date=2008 |publisher=[[Brill (publisher)|Brill]] |location=Leiden, Boston |editor1-last=Gruendler |editor1-first=B. |editor2-last=Cooperson |editor2-first=M. |isbn=978-90-04-16573-1 |access-date=25 October 2020 |archive-date=31 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331062414/https://books.google.com/books?id=n1_qqgNTsX8C&pg=PA407 |url-status=live}}</ref> The word may be derived from Germanic and Northern European languages, and ultimately be borrowed from [[Uralic languages|Uralic]], {{Cf.}}[[Northern Sámi]] {{lang|se|gáđfi}} 'female [[stoat]]', and [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] {{lang|hu|hölgy}} 'lady, female stoat'; from [[Proto-Uralic language|Proto-Uralic]] {{Lang|mis|*käďwä}} 'female (of a furred animal)'.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kroonen |first1=G. |title=Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic |date=2013 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |location=Leiden, Netherlands |isbn=978-90-04-18340-7 |page=281f}}</ref>

The English ''[[wikt:puss#English|puss]]'', extended as ''pussy'' and ''pussycat'', is attested from the 16th century and may have been introduced from [[Dutch language|Dutch]] {{lang|nl|poes}} or from [[Low German]] {{lang|nds|puuskatte}}, related to [[Swedish language|Swedish]] {{lang|sv|kattepus}}, or [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] {{lang|no|pus}}, {{lang|no|pusekatt}}. Similar forms exist in [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] {{lang|lt|puižė}} and [[Irish language|Irish]] {{lang|ga|puisín}} or {{lang|ga|puiscín}}. The etymology is unknown, but it may be an [[onomatopoeia]] from using a sound to attract a cat.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/155147#eid27609702 |title=Puss |work=The Oxford English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |access-date=1 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903215025/http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/155147#eid27609702 |archive-date=3 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Gramercy Unabridged">{{Cite book |title=Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language |chapter=puss |location=New York |publisher=[[Random House|Gramercy (Random House)]] |date=1996 |page=1571}}</ref>

A male cat is called a ''tom'', ''tommy'' or ''tomcat''<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/203100#eid18281825 |title=tom cat, tom-cat |work=The Oxford English Dictionary |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=1 October 2012 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> (or a ''gib'',<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/78103?rskey=Z7UU0G&result=1&isAdvanced=false#eid |title=gib, n.2 |work=The Oxford English Dictionary |access-date=1 October 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180918111545/http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/78103?rskey=Z7UU0G&result=1&isAdvanced=false#eid |archive-date=18 September 2018 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}</ref> if [[Neutering|neutered]]). A female is called a ''queen'' (or sometimes a ''molly'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2020 |title=7 fascinating facts about female cats |url=https://www.cats.org.uk/cats-blog/7-facts-about-female-cats |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216143959/https://www.cats.org.uk/cats-blog/7-facts-about-female-cats |archive-date=16 December 2023 |access-date=30 April 2024 |website=Cats Protection |language=en}}</ref> if [[Spaying|spayed]]).<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/156212?rskey=c2khr1&result=1&isAdvanced=false#eid27437294 |title=queen cat |work=The Oxford English Dictionary |access-date=1 October 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150903215025/http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/156212?rskey=c2khr1&result=1&isAdvanced=false#eid27437294 |archive-date=3 September 2015 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Some sources write that ''queen'' refers solely to unspayed cats that are in an [[estrous cycle]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Scamporrino |first=C. |date=2018 |title=Cat Parenting 101: Special Considerations for Your Female Cat |url=https://www.prettylitter.com/blog/cat-parenting-101-special-considerations-for-your-female-cat |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001160548/https://www.prettylitter.com/blog/cat-parenting-101-special-considerations-for-your-female-cat |archive-date=1 October 2023 |access-date=1 May 2024 |website=PrettyLitter}}</ref> A juvenile cat is referred to as a ''[[kitten]]'' (shortened to ''kitty'' in [[British English]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-13 |title=KITTIES definition and meaning {{!}} Collins English Dictionary |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/kitties |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=www.collinsdictionary.com |language=en}}</ref>), a term interchangeable with the now-obsolete word ''catling'' in [[Early Modern English]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/28995?redirectedFrom=catling#eid |title=catling |work=The Oxford English Dictionary |access-date=1 October 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150903215025/http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/28995?redirectedFrom=catling#eid |archive-date=3 September 2015 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A group of cats can be referred to as a ''clowder'', a ''glaring'',<ref>{{cite web |url= http://oxforddictionaries.com/words/what-do-you-call-a-group-of |title=What do you call a group of ...? |work=[[Oxford Dictionaries Online]] |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=1 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012112007/http://oxforddictionaries.com/words/what-do-you-call-a-group-of |archive-date=12 October 2012}}</ref> or a ''colony''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Terms we use for cats |url=https://www.humanesociety.org/resources/terms-we-use-cats |website=The Humane Society of the United States |access-date=2 August 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422032138/https://www.humanesociety.org/resources/terms-we-use-cats |archive-date=22 April 2024}}</ref>

== Taxonomy ==
The [[scientific name]] ''Felis catus'' was proposed by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1758 for a domestic cat.<ref name="Linnaeus1758">{{Cite book |last=Linnaeus |first=C. |title=Systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis |location=Holmiae |publisher=Laurentii Salvii |date=1758 |page=42 |chapter=Felis Catus |language=la |volume=1 |edition=10th reformed |chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/mobot31753000798865/page/42}}</ref><ref name="MSW3fc">{{MSW3 Wozencraft |id=14000031 |pages=534–535 |heading=Species ''Felis catus''}}</ref> ''Felis catus domesticus'' was proposed by [[Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben]] in 1777.<ref name="Erxleben" /> ''Felis daemon'' proposed by [[Konstantin Satunin]] in 1904 was a black cat from the [[Transcaucasus]], later identified as a domestic cat.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Satunin |first1=C. |title=The Black Wild Cat of Transcaucasia |journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London |year=1904 |volume=II |pages=[https://archive.org/details/proceedingsofzoo19042zool/page/162 162]–163 |url= https://archive.org/details/proceedingsofzoo19042zool}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Bukhnikashvili |editor1-first=A. |editor2-last=Yevlampiev |editor2-first=I. |title=Catalogue of the Specimens of Caucasian Large Mammalian Fauna in the Collection |publisher=[[National Museum of Georgia]] |location=Tbilisi |url= http://caucasian-large-mammalian.narod.ru/catalogue_english.pdf |access-date=19 January 2019 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073023/http://caucasian-large-mammalian.narod.ru/catalogue_english.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2003, the [[International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature]] conserved the name ''silvestris'' Erxleben 1777 for the [[wildcat]], but did not suppress ''catus'' Linnaeus 1758.<ref name="ICZN">{{Cite journal |publisher=[[International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature]] |title=Opinion 2027 |journal=Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature |volume=60 |year=2003 |page=81−82 |url= https://archive.org/details/bulletinofzoolog602003int/page/81}}</ref><ref name=Gentry>{{cite journal |last1=Gentry |first1=A. |last2=Clutton-Brock |first2=J. |last3=Groves |first3=C. P. |name-list-style=amp |year=2004 |title=The naming of wild animal species and their domestic derivatives |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |volume=31 |issue=5 |pages=645–651 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2003.10.006 |bibcode=2004JArSc..31..645G |url=http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/129/1297897712.pdf |access-date=19 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052316/http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/129/1297897712.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2007, the modern domesticated subspecies ''F. silvestris catus'' was sampled worldwide and considered to have probably descended from the [[African wildcat]] (''F. lybica''), following results of [[phylogenetic]] research.<ref name="Driscoll">{{Cite journal |title=In the Light of Evolution III: Two Centuries of Darwin Sackler Colloquium: From Wild Animals to Domestic Pets – An Evolutionary View of Domestication |last1=Driscoll |first1=C. A. |last2=Macdonald |first2=D. W. |last3=O'Brien |first3=S. J. |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |year=2009 |volume=106 |issue=S1 |pages=9971–9978 |pmid=19528637 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0901586106 |pmc=2702791 |bibcode=2009PNAS..106.9971D|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="MSW3fs">{{MSW3 Wozencraft |pages=536–537 |id=14000057 |heading=Species ''Felis silvestris''}}</ref>{{efn|{{harvnb|Driscoll|Macdonald|O'Brien|2009}} did not conclude a date for genetic divergence, noting from archaeological evidence that "the broadest range of dates for domestication to be from 11,000 to 4,000 B.P.".}} In 2017, the IUCN Cat Classification Taskforce, following the recommendation of Gentry et al. (2004)<ref name=Gentry/> that names based on domestic forms be used for domestic derivatives of wild species, regarded the domestic cat as a distinct species, ''Felis catus''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kitchener |first1=A. C. |last2=Breitenmoser-Würsten |first2=C. |last3=Eizirik |first3=E. |last4=Gentry |first4=A. |last5=Werdelin |first5=L. |last6=Wilting |first6=A. |last7=Yamaguchi |first7=N. |last8=Abramov |first8=A. V. |last9=Christiansen |first9=P. |last10=Driscoll |first10=C. |last11=Duckworth |first11=J. W. |last12=Johnson |first12=W. |last13=Luo |first13=S.-J. |last14=Meijaard |first14=E. |last15=O'Donoghue |first15=P. |last16=Sanderson |first16=J. |last17=Seymour |first17=K. |last18=Bruford |first18=M. |last19=Groves |first19=C. |last20=Hoffmann |first20=M. |last21=Nowell |first21=K. |last22=Timmons |first22=Z. |last23=Tobe |first23=S. |year=2017 |title=A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 11 |page=21 |url= https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/32616/A_revised_Felidae_Taxonomy_CatNews.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=21 December 2018 |archive-date=17 January 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200117172708/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/32616/A_revised_Felidae_Taxonomy_CatNews.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Evolution ==
{{Main|Felidae#Evolution|l1 = Cat evolution}}
[[File:Wild-domestic-hybrid cat skulls.png|thumb|Skulls of a wildcat (top left), a housecat (top right), and a hybrid between the two (bottom center)]]
The domestic cat is a member of the [[Felidae]], a [[Family (biology)|family]] that has a [[common ancestor]] from about {{mya|10|15}}.<ref name="Johnson 1997">{{Cite journal |title=Phylogenetic Reconstruction of the Felidae Using 16S rRNA and NADH-5 Mitochondrial Genes |last1=Johnson |first1=W. E. |last2=O'Brien |first2=S. J. |journal=Journal of Molecular Evolution |year=1997 |volume=44 |issue=S1 |pages=S98–S116 |doi=10.1007/PL00000060 |pmid=9071018 |bibcode=1997JMolE..44S..98J |s2cid=40185850 |url= https://zenodo.org/record/1232587 |access-date=1 October 2018 |archive-date=4 October 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201004075723/https://zenodo.org/record/1232587 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[evolutionary radiation]] of the Felidae began in Asia during the [[Miocene]] around {{mya|8.38|14.45}}.<ref name=Johnson2006>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.1122277 |volume=311 |issue=5757 |pages=73–77 |title=The late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |year=2006 |pmid=16400146 |last1=Johnson |first1=W. E. |last2=Eizirik |first2=E. |last3=Pecon-Slattery |first3=J. |last4=Murphy |first4=W. J. |last5=Antunes |first5=A. |last6=Teeling |first6=E. |last7=O'Brien |first7=S. J. |bibcode=2006Sci...311...73J |s2cid=41672825 |url= https://zenodo.org/record/1230866 |access-date=1 October 2018 |archive-date=4 October 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201004075725/https://zenodo.org/record/1230866 |url-status=live}}</ref> Analysis of [[mitochondrial DNA]] of all Felidae species indicates a radiation at {{mya|6.46|16.76}}.<ref name=Li_al2016>{{cite journal |author-last1=Li|author-first1= G. |author-last2=Davis|author-first2= B. W. |author-last3=Eizirik|author-first3= E. |name-list-style=amp |author-last4=Murphy|author-first4= W. J. |year=2016 |title=Phylogenomic evidence for ancient hybridization in the genomes of living cats (Felidae) |journal=Genome Research |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1101/gr.186668.114 |pmid=26518481 |pmc=4691742}}</ref> The [[Genus (biology)|genus]] ''Felis'' [[Genetic divergence|genetically diverged]] from other Felidae around {{mya|6|7}}.<ref name=Johnson2006/> Results of [[phylogenetic]] research shows that the wild members of this genus evolved through [[sympatric speciation|sympatric]] or [[parapatric speciation]], whereas the domestic cat evolved through [[artificial selection]].<ref name="Mattern">{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1096-0031.2000.tb00354.x |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=232–253 |last1=Mattern |first1=M.Y. |last2=McLennan |first2=D.A. |title=Phylogeny and speciation of Felids |journal=Cladistics |year=2000 |pmid=34902955 |bibcode=2000Cladi..16..232M |s2cid=85043293|doi-access=free }}</ref> The domestic cat and its closest wild ancestor are [[diploid]] and both possess 38 [[chromosome]]s<ref name="Nie 2002">{{cite journal |last1=Nie |first1=W. |last2=Wang |first2=J. |last3=O'Brien |first3=P. C. |title=The genome phylogeny of domestic cat, red panda and five Mustelid species revealed by comparative chromosome painting and G-banding |journal=Chromosome Research |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=209–222 |year=2002 |pmid=12067210 |doi=10.1023/A:1015292005631|s2cid=9660694}}</ref> and roughly 20,000 genes.<ref name=Pontius2007>{{cite journal |last1=Pontius |first1=J. U. |last2=Mullikin |first2=J. C. |last3=Smith |first3=D. R. |author4=Agencourt Sequencing Team |collaboration=NISC Comparative Sequencing Program |title=Initial sequence and comparative analysis of the cat genome |journal=Genome Research |volume=17 |issue=11 |pages=1675–1689 |year=2007 |pmid=17975172 |pmc=2045150 |doi=10.1101/gr.6380007}}</ref>

{{clade gallery |main-caption=Phylogenetic relationships of the domestic cat as derived through analysis of |header1=nuclear DNA:<ref name=Johnson2006/><ref name=Li_al2016/> |header2=mitochondrial DNA:<ref name="DriscollMenotti-Raymond2007"/>
|cladogram1={{clade
|label1=[[Felidae]]
|1={{clade
|1=[[Pantherinae]]
|label2=[[Felinae]]
|2={{clade
|1=other Felinae [[Lineage (genetic)|lineages]]
|label2=''[[Felis]]''
|2={{clade
|1=[[Jungle cat]] (''F. chaus'') [[File:Felis chaus - 1700-1880 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam -(White Background).jpg|79px]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Black-footed cat]] (''F. nigripes'')
|2={{clade
|1=[[Sand cat]] (''F. margarita'')
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=[[Chinese mountain cat]] (''F. bieti'')
|2=[[African wildcat]] (''F. lybica'')
}}
|2={{clade
|1=[[European wildcat]] (''F. silvestris'') [[File:Anatomie descriptive et comparative du chat (1845) Pl-I (white background & colourised).jpg|52px]]
|2='''Domestic cat''' [[File:202104 Cat.svg|60px]]
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|cladogram2={{clade
|label1=''[[Felis]]''
|1={{clade
|1=[[Sand cat]] (''F. margarita'')
|2={{clade
|1=[[Chinese mountain cat]] (''F. bieti'')
|2={{clade
|1=[[European wildcat]] (''F. silvestris'') [[File:Anatomie descriptive et comparative du chat (1845) Pl-I (white background & colourised).jpg|52px]]
|2={{clade 
|label1=[[African wildcat]]
|1={{clade
|1=[[Southern African wildcat]] ''(F. l. cafra)''
|2=[[Asiatic wildcat]] ''(F. l. ornata)''
|3={{clade
|1=Near Eastern wildcat
|2='''Domestic cat''' [[File:202104 Cat.svg|60px]]
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
{{clear}}

=== Domestication ===
{{See also|Domestication of the cat|Cats in ancient Egypt}}
[[File:Tomb of Nakht (7).jpg|thumb|A cat eats a fish under a chair, in a [[mural]] in an Egyptian tomb dating to the 15th century BCE.]]
It was long thought that the [[domestication of the cat]] began in [[ancient Egypt]], where cats were venerated from around 3100 [[Before Common Era|BCE]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Cat in ancient Egypt, illustrated from the collection of cat and other Egyptian figures formed |publisher=Cambridge University Press |last1=Langton |first1=N. |last2=Langton |first2=M. B. |date=1940}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Cat in Ancient Egypt |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]] |last=Malek |first=J. |date=1997 |edition=Revised |location=Philadelphia}}</ref> However, the earliest known indication for the [[taming]] of an African wildcat was [[Excavation (archaeology)|excavated]] close by a human [[Neolithic]] grave in [[Shillourokambos]], southern [[Cyprus]], dating to about 7500–7200 BCE. Since there is no evidence of native mammalian [[fauna]] on Cyprus, the inhabitants of this Neolithic village most likely brought the cat and other wild mammals to the island from the [[Middle East]]ern mainland.<ref name=Vigne_al2004>{{cite journal |last1=Vigne |first1=J. D. |last2=Guilaine |first2=J. |last3=Debue |first3=K. |last4=Haye |first4=L. |last5=Gérard |first5=P. |s2cid=28294367 |title=Early taming of the cat in Cyprus |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=304 |issue=5668 |page=259 |year=2004 |pmid=15073370 |doi=10.1126/science.1095335}}</ref> Scientists therefore assume that African wildcats were attracted to early human settlements in the [[Fertile Crescent]] by rodents, in particular the [[house mouse]] (''Mus musculus''), and were tamed by Neolithic farmers. This [[Mutualism (biology)|mutual]] relationship between early farmers and tamed cats lasted thousands of years. As [[agricultural practices]] spread, so did tame and domesticated cats.<ref name="DriscollMenotti-Raymond2007">{{Cite journal |title=The Near Eastern Origin of Cat Domestication |last1=Driscoll |first1=C. A. |last2=Menotti-Raymond |first2=M. |last3=Roca '|first3=A. L. |last4=Hupe |first4=K. |last5=Johnson |first5=W. E. |last6=Geffen |first6=E. |last7=Harley |first7=E. H. |last8=Delibes |first8=M. |last9=Pontier |first9=D. |last10=Kitchener |first10=A. C. |last11=Yamaguchi |first11=N. |last12=O'Brien |first12=S. J. |last13=Macdonald |first13=D. W. |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |year=2007 |volume=317 |issue=5837 |pages=519–523 |pmid=17600185 |pmc=5612713 |doi=10.1126/science.1139518 |oclc=808298830 |bibcode=2007Sci...317..519D}}</ref><ref name="Driscoll_al2009">{{cite journal |last1=Driscoll |first1=C. A. |last2=Clutton-Brock |first2=J. |last3=Kitchener |first3=A. C. |last4=O'Brien |first4=S. J. |year=2009 |title=The taming of the cat |journal=Scientific American |volume=300 |issue=6 |pages=68–75 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0609-68 |doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 |pmid=19485091 |pmc=5790555 |bibcode=2009SciAm.300f..68D |jstor=26001382}}</ref> Wildcats of Egypt contributed to the maternal [[gene pool]] of the domestic cat at a later time.<ref name="OttoniVan Neer2017">{{cite journal |last1=Ottoni |first1=C. |last2=van Neer |first2=W. |last3=de Cupere |first3=B. |last4=Daligault |first4=J. |last5=Guimaraes |first5=S. |last6=Peters |first6=J. |last7=Spassov |first7=N. |last8=Prendergast |first8=M. E. |last9=Boivin |first9=N. |last10=Morales-Muñiz |first10=A. |last11=Bălăşescu |first11=A. |last12=Becker |first12=C. |last13=Benecke |first13=N. |last14=Boroneant |first14=A. |last15=Buitenhuis |first15=H. |last16=Chahoud |first16=J. |last17=Crowther |first17=A. |last18=Llorente |first18=L. |last19=Manaseryan |first19=N. |last20=Monchot |first20=H. |last21=Onar |first21=V. |last22=Osypińska |first22=M. |last23=Putelat |first23=O. |last24=Quintana Morales |first24=E.M. |last25=Studer |first25=J. |last26=Wierer |first26=U. |last27=Decorte |first27=R. |last28=Grange |first28=T. |last29=Geigl |first29=E. |s2cid=44041769 |title=The palaeogenetics of cat dispersal in the ancient world |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |volume=1 |issue=7 |year=2017 |page=0139 |doi=10.1038/s41559-017-0139 |bibcode=2017NatEE...1..139O |url=https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/the-paleogenetics-of-cat-dispersal-in-the-ancient-world(04942e78-fa48-4700-ad97-29fcdf9077a1).html |access-date=18 October 2021 |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220307214831/https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/the-paleogenetics-of-cat-dispersal-in-the-ancient-world |url-status=live}}</ref>

The earliest known evidence for the occurrence of the domestic cat in [[Greece]] dates to around 1200 BCE. Greek, [[Phoenicia]]n, [[Carthaginia]]n and [[Etrusca]]n traders introduced it to southern Europe.<ref name=Faure2009>{{cite journal |last1=Faure |first1=E. |last2=Kitchener |first2=A. C. |year=2009 |title=An archaeological and historical review of the relationships between Felids and people |journal=Anthrozoös |volume=22 |issue=3 |page=221−238 |doi=10.2752/175303709X457577|s2cid=84308532}}</ref> By the 5th century BCE, it was a familiar animal around settlements in [[Magna Graecia]] and [[Etruria]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ragni |first1=B. |last2=Possenti |first2=M. |last3=Sforzi |first3=A. |last4=Zavalloni |first4=D. |last5=Ciani |first5=F. |year=1994 |title=The wildcat in central-northern Italian peninsula: a biogeographical dilemma |journal=Biogeographia |volume=17 |issue=1 |doi=10.21426/B617110417 |doi-access=free}}</ref> During the [[Roman Empire]], it was introduced to [[Corsica]] and [[Sardinia]].<ref name=Vigne1992>{{cite journal |last1=Vigne |first1=J.-D. |title=Zooarchaeology and the biogeographical history of the mammals of Corsica and Sardinia since the last ice age |year=1992 |journal=Mammal Review |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=87–96 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2907.1992.tb00124.x|bibcode=1992MamRv..22...87V }}</ref> By the end of the [[Western Roman Empire]] in the 5th century, the Egyptian domestic cat lineage had arrived in a [[Baltic Sea]] port in northern [[Germany]].<ref name="OttoniVan Neer2017" />

The [[leopard cat]] (''Prionailurus bengalensis'') was [[tamed]] independently in China around 5500 BCE. This line of a partially domesticated cat left no trace in the domestic cat populations of today.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Earliest 'domestic' cats in China identified as leopard cat (''Prionailurus bengalensis'') |journal=PLOS ONE |year=2016 |article-number=e0147295 |volume=11 |issue=1 |first1=J.-D. |last1=Vigne |first2=A. |last2=Evin |first3=T. |last3=Cucchi |first4=L. |last4=Dai |first5=C. |last5=Yu |first6=S. |last6=Hu |first7=N. |last7=Soulages |first8=W. |last8=Wang |first9=Z. |last9=Sun |pmid=26799955 |pmc=4723238 |bibcode=2016PLoSO..1147295V |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0147295 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

During domestication, cats have undergone only minor changes in anatomy and behavior, and they are still capable of surviving in the wild. Several natural behaviors and characteristics of wildcats may have [[Preadaptation|pre-adapted]] them for domestication as pets. These traits include their small size, social nature, obvious body language, love of play, and high intelligence. Their rigorous grooming habits and instinct to bury their bodily waste make them generally much less messy than other domesticated animals. Captive ''[[Leopardus]]'' cats may also display affectionate behavior toward humans but are not domesticated.<ref name=CameronBeaumont>{{cite journal |title=Evidence suggesting pre-adaptation to domestication throughout the small Felidae |last1=Cameron-Beaumont |first1=C. |last2=Lowe |first2=S. E. |last3=Bradshaw |first3=J. W. S. |journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society |year=2002 |volume=75 |issue=3 |pages=361–366 |doi=10.1046/j.1095-8312.2002.00028.x |doi-access=free}}</ref> House cats may mate with feral cats.<ref name=Bradshaw1999>{{cite journal |title=Feral cats: Their role in the population dynamics of ''Felis catus'' |last1=Bradshaw |first1=J. W. S. |last2=Horsfield |first2=G. F. |last3=Allen |first3=J. A. |last4=Robinson |first4=I. H. |journal=Applied Animal Behaviour Science |year=1999 |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=273–283 |doi=10.1016/S0168-1591(99)00086-6 |bibcode=1999AABS...65..273B |url=https://www.gwern.net/docs/catnip/1999-bradshaw.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190130202509/https://www.gwern.net/docs/catnip/1999-bradshaw.pdf |archive-date=30 January 2019}}</ref>

The development of [[cat breeds]] started in the mid 19th century.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wastlhuber |first=J. |date=1991 |chapter=History of domestic cats and cat breeds |pages=1–59 |title=Feline Husbandry: Diseases and management in the multiple-cat environment |editor1-last=Pedersen |editor1-first=N. C. |publisher=American Veterinary Publications |location=Goleta |isbn=978-0-939674-29-9}}</ref> An analysis of the domestic cat [[genome]] revealed that the ancestral wildcat genome was significantly altered in the process of domestication, as specific [[mutation]]s were selected to develop cat breeds.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Montague |first1=M. J. |last2=Li |first2=G. |last3=Gandolfi |first3=B. |last4=Khan |first4=R. |last5=Aken |first5=B. L. |last6=Searle |first6=S. M. |last7=Minx |first7=P. |last8=Hillier |first8=L. W. |last9=Koboldt |first9=D. C. |last10=Davis |first10=B. W. |last11=Driscoll |first11=C. A. |year=2014 |title=Comparative analysis of the domestic cat genome reveals genetic signatures underlying feline biology and domestication |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=111 |issue=48 |pages=17230–17235 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1410083111 |pmid=25385592 |pmc=4260561 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2014PNAS..11117230M}}</ref> Most breeds are founded on random-bred domestic cats. [[Genetic diversity]] of these breeds varies between regions, and is lowest in purebred populations, which show more than 20 deleterious [[genetic disorder]]s.<ref name=Lipinski>{{cite journal |title=The ascent of cat breeds: Genetic evaluations of breeds and worldwide random-bred populations |last1=Lipinski |first1=M.J. |last2=Froenicke |first2=L. |last3=Baysac |first3=K. C. |last4=Billings |first4=N. C. |last5=Leutenegger |first5=C. M. |last6=Levy |first6=A. M. |last7=Longeri |first7=M. |last8=Niini |first8=T. |last9=Ozpinar |first9=H. |last10=Slater |first10=M.R. |last11=Pedersen |first11=N. C. |last12=Lyons |first12=L. A. |journal=Genomics |year=2008 |volume=91 |issue=1 |pages=12–21 |doi=10.1016/j.ygeno.2007.10.009 |pmid=18060738 |pmc=2267438}}</ref>
[[Felid hybrid#Domestic cat and hybridization|Hybridization between domestic and other Felinae species]] is also possible, producing hybrids such as the [[Kellas cat]] in [[Scotland]].<ref name=Oliveira/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kitchener |first1=C. |last2=Easterbee |first2=N. |year=1992 |title=The taxonomic status of black wild felids in Scotland |journal=Journal of Zoology |volume=227 |issue=2 |pages=342–346 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1992.tb04832.x}}</ref>

== Characteristics ==
{{Main|Cat anatomy}}

=== Size ===
[[File:Scheme cat anatomy.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Diagram of the general [[anatomy]] of a male domestic cat]]
The domestic cat has a smaller [[skull]] and shorter bones than the [[European wildcat]].<ref name="OConnor">{{cite journal |title=Wild or domestic? Biometric variation in the cat ''Felis silvestris'' |last=O'Connor |first=T. P. |journal=International Journal of Osteoarchaeology |year=2007 |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=581–595 |doi=10.1002/oa.913 |url= http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/3700/1/OConnor_Cats-IJOA-submitted.pdf |access-date=20 January 2019 |archive-date=21 January 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190121010849/http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/3700/1/OConnor_Cats-IJOA-submitted.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> It averages about {{cvt|46|cm}} in head-to-body length and {{cvt|23|-|25|cm}} in height, with about {{cvt|30|cm}} long tails. Males are larger than females.<ref name="WCoW">{{cite book |last1=Sunquist |first1=M. |last2=Sunquist |first2=F. |date=2002 |title=Wild Cats of the World |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn=978-0-226-77999-7 |chapter=Domestic cat |pages=[https://archive.org/details/wildcatsofworld00sunq/page/99 99–112] |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=hFbJWMh9-OAC&pg=PA99 |url= https://archive.org/details/wildcatsofworld00sunq/page/99}}</ref> Adult domestic cats typically weigh {{cvt|4|-|5|kg}}.<ref name="Mattern" />

=== Skeleton ===
Cats have seven [[cervical vertebrae]] (as do most [[mammal]]s); 13 [[thoracic vertebrae]] (humans have 12); seven [[lumbar vertebrae]] (humans have five); three [[sacrum|sacral vertebrae]] (as do most mammals, but humans have five); and a variable number of [[caudal vertebrae]] in the tail (humans have only three to five vestigial caudal vertebrae, fused into an internal [[coccyx]]).<ref name="Walker">{{cite book |title=Study of the Cat with Reference to Human Beings |last=Walker |first=W.F. |edition=4th revised |date=1982 |publisher=[[Cengage|Thomson Learning/Cengage]] |isbn=978-0-03-057914-1}}</ref>{{rp|11}} The extra lumbar and thoracic vertebrae account for the cat's spinal mobility and flexibility. Attached to the spine are 13 ribs, the shoulder, and the [[pelvis]].<ref name="Walker" />{{rp|16}} Unlike human arms, cat forelimbs are attached to the shoulder by free-floating [[clavicle]] bones which allow them to pass their body through any space into which they can fit their head.<ref name="Gillis 2002">{{cite web |title=Cat Skeleton |editor-last=Gillis |editor-first=R. |work=Zoolab |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin]] Press |location=La Crosse |year=2002 |url= http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/zoolab/Table_of_Contents/Lab-9b/Cat_Skeleton_1/cat_skeleton_1.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061206105542/http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/zoolab/Table_of_Contents/Lab-9b/Cat_Skeleton_1/cat_skeleton_1.htm |archive-date=6 December 2006 |access-date=7 September 2012}}</ref>

=== Skull ===
[[File:Cat skull.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|Cat skull]]
The cat skull is unusual among mammals in having very large [[eye socket]]s and a powerful specialized jaw.<ref name="Case">{{cite book |title=The Cat: Its behavior, nutrition, and health |last=Case |first=Linda P. |date=2003 |publisher=[[Iowa State University]] Press |location=Ames |isbn=978-0-8138-0331-9}}</ref>{{rp|35}} Two long [[Canine tooth|canine teeth]] for killing and tearing prey can stab between two of the prey's [[vertebra]]e and sever its [[spinal cord]], causing [[paralysis]] and death.<ref name="Smith1992">{{cite book |title=Structure, Function, and Evolution of Teeth |last1=Smith |first1=Patricia |last2=Tchernov |first2=Eitan |date=1992 |page=217 |publisher=Freund Publishing House |isbn=978-965-222-270-1}}</ref> Compared to other felines, domestic cats have narrowly spaced canine teeth relative to the size of their jaw, which is an adaptation to their preferred prey of small rodents, which have small vertebrae.<ref name="Smith1992" />

The [[premolar]] and first [[Molar (tooth)|molar]] together compose the [[carnassial]] pair on each side of the mouth, which efficiently shears meat into small pieces, like a pair of scissors. These are vital in feeding, because cats' small [[molar (tooth)|molars]] cannot chew food effectively, and cats are largely incapable of mastication.<ref name="Case" />{{rp|37}} Cats tend to have better dental health than most humans, with decay generally less likely because of a thicker protective layer of [[Tooth enamel|enamel]], a less damaging saliva, less retention of food particles between teeth, and a diet mostly devoid of sugar. Nonetheless, they are subject to occasional tooth loss and infection.<ref name="Carr1978">{{cite book |first=William H. A. |last=Carr |title=The New Basic Book of the Cat |date=1 January 1978 |publisher=[[Scribner's]] |isbn=978-0-684-15549-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/newbasicbookofca00carr/page/174 174] |url= https://archive.org/details/newbasicbookofca00carr/page/174}}</ref>

=== Claws ===
[[File:Cat claw closeup.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Cat's claw]]
Cats have protractible and retractable claws.<ref name="Kitchener2010">{{cite book |last1=Kitchener |first1=A. C. |last2=Van Valkenburgh |first2=B. |last3=Yamaguchi |first3=N. |date=2010 |chapter-url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266753114 |chapter=Felid form and function |title=Biology and Conservation of wild felids |editor1-first=D. |editor1-last=Macdonald |editor2-last=Loveridge |editor2-first=A. |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=83–106 |access-date=10 October 2019 |archive-date=16 February 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210216135340/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266753114_Felid_form_and_function |url-status=live}}</ref> In their normal, relaxed position, the claws are sheathed with the skin and fur around the paw's toe pads. This keeps the claws sharp by preventing wear from contact with the ground and allows for the silent stalking of prey. The claws on the forefeet are typically sharper than those on the hindfeet.<ref name="Armes 1900">{{cite journal |title=Outline of cat lessons |last=Armes |first=A.F. |journal=The School Journal |year=1900 |volume=LXI |page=659 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-_gBAAAAYAAJ |access-date=5 June 2020 |archive-date=6 August 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210806133121/https://books.google.com/books?id=-_gBAAAAYAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> Cats can voluntarily extend their claws, such as in hunting, fighting, climbing, [[kneading (cats)|kneading]], or for extra traction on soft surfaces. Cats shed the outside layer of their claw sheaths when scratching rough surfaces.<ref name=pmid19422432>{{cite journal |last1=Homberger |first1=D. G. |last2=Ham |first2=K. |last3=Ogunbakin |first3=T. |last4=Bonin |first4=J. A. |last5=Hopkins |first5=B. A. |last6=Osborn |first6=M. L. |name-list-style=amp |title=The structure of the cornified claw sheath in the domesticated cat (''Felis catus''): Implications for the claw-shedding mechanism and the evolution of cornified digital end organs |journal=Journal of Anatomy |year=2009 |volume=214 |issue=4 |pages=620–643 |pmid=19422432 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01068.x |pmc=2736126}}</ref>

Most cats have five claws on their front paws and four on their rear paws. The [[dewclaw]] is [[proximal]] to the other claws. More proximally is a protrusion which appears to be a sixth "finger". This special feature of the front paws on the inside of the wrists has no function in normal walking but is thought to be an antiskidding device used while jumping. Some cat breeds are prone to having extra digits ("[[Polydactyl cat|polydactyly]]").<ref name="Danforth1947">{{cite journal |last=Danforth |first=C. H. |title=Heredity of polydactyly in the cat |journal=The Journal of Heredity |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=107–112 |year=1947 |pmid=20242531 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a105701}}</ref>

=== Ambulation ===
The cat is [[digitigrade]]. It walks on the toes, with the bones of the feet making up the lower part of the visible leg.<ref name="Pocock1917">{{cite journal |last=Pocock |first=R. I. |year=1917 |title=VII — On the external characters of the Felidæ |url= https://archive.org/details/ser8annalsmagazi19londuoft |journal=The Annals and Magazine of Natural History; Zoology, Botany, and Geology |series=8 |volume=19 |issue=109 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/ser8annalsmagazi19londuoft/page/113 113–136] |doi=10.1080/00222931709486916}}</ref> Unlike most mammals, it uses a "pacing" [[gait]] that alternates both legs together on each side. It registers directly by placing each hind paw close to the track of the corresponding fore paw, minimizing noise and visible tracks. This also provides sure footing for hind paws when navigating rough terrain. As it speeds up from walking to trotting, its gait changes to a "diagonal" gait: The diagonally opposite hind and fore legs move simultaneously.<ref name="Christensen 2004">{{Cite book |last=Christensen |first=W. |url= https://archive.org/details/outwittingcatsti0000chri/page/22 |title=Outwitting Cats |publisher=[[Globe Pequot]] |date=2004 |isbn=978-1-59228-240-1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/outwittingcatsti0000chri/page/22 22–45] |chapter=The physical cat |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=WmuQQXU6EtAC&pg=PA27}}</ref>

=== Balance ===
[[File:Cat in tree03.jpg|thumb|A cat is perched on a tree branch, having climbed up for exploration, escape, or hunting.]]
Cats are generally fond of perching in high places. This may be a concealed hunting site such as a tree branch, for domestic cats to pounce upon prey. They favor a superior observation point over territory. A cat falling from up to {{convert|3|m|ft|abbr=on}} can right itself and land on its paws.<ref name="Kent et al. 2010">{{Cite journal |last1=Kent |first1=Marc |last2=Platt |first2=Simon R. |date=September 2010 |title=The neurology of balance: Function and dysfunction of the vestibular system in dogs and cats |journal=The Veterinary Journal |volume=185 |issue=3 |pages=247–249 |doi=10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.10.029 |pmid=19944632}}</ref>

During a lofty fall, a cat reflexively twists and rights itself to land on its feet using its acute sense of balance and flexibility. This reflex is known as the [[cat righting reflex]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gerathewohl |first1=S. J. |last2=Stallings |first2=H. D. |year=1957 |title=The labyrinthine posture reflex (righting reflex) in the cat during weightlessness |url= https://spacemedicineassociation.org/download/history/history_files_1957/28040345-1.pdf |journal=The Journal of Aviation Medicine |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=345–355 |pmid=13462942 |access-date=27 April 2019 |archive-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201003155151/https://spacemedicineassociation.org/download/history/history_files_1957/28040345-1.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> A cat always rights itself in the same way, and it has enough time in falls of at least {{convert|90|cm|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Nguyen 1998">{{cite web |last=Nguyen |first=H. D. |year=1998 |title=How does a cat always land on its feet? |url= http://helix.gatech.edu/Classes/ME3760/1998Q3/Projects/Nguyen/ |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20010410235503/http://helix.gatech.edu/Classes/ME3760/1998Q3/Projects/Nguyen/ |archive-date=10 April 2001 |access-date=15 May 2007 |series=Dynamics II (ME 3760) course materials |publisher=[[Georgia Institute of Technology]] |department=School of Medical Engineering}} {{tertiary source|date=December 2011}}</ref> This has been investigated as the "[[falling cat problem]]".<ref>{{cite journal |title=Falling cats, parallel parking, and polarized light |last=Batterman |first=R. |year=2003 |journal=Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=527–557 |url=http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/794/1/falling-cats.pdf |bibcode=2003SHPMP..34..527B |doi=10.1016/s1355-2198(03)00062-5 |access-date=13 September 2022 |archive-date=20 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720140329/http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/794/1/falling-cats.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Coats ===
{{Main|Cat coat genetics}}
{{See also|Tabby cat}}
[[File:Nursing Cat 01.jpg|thumb|upright=.7|Mother cat with her different-colored offspring]]
The domestic cat genes ''[[MC1R]]'' and ''[[Agouti-signaling protein|ASIP]]'' allow color variety in the coat. The feline ''ASIP'' gene consists of three coding exons.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Eizirik |first1=E. |last2=Yuhki |first2=N. |last3=Johnson |first3=W. E. |last4=Menotti-Raymond |first4=M. |last5=Hannah |first5=S. S. |last6=O'Brien |first6=S. J. |date=2003 |title=Molecular genetics and evolution of melanism in the Cat Family |journal=Current Biology |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=448–453 |doi=10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00128-3 |pmid=12620197 |s2cid=19021807 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2003CBio...13..448E |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Three novel [[microsatellite]] markers linked to ''ASIP'' were isolated from a domestic cat BAC [[Clone (cell biology)|clone]] containing this gene to perform [[linkage analysis]] on 89 domestic cats segregated for [[melanism]]. The domestic cat family demonstrated a [[cosegregation]] between the ''ASIP'' allele and black coloration of the coat.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Eizirik |first1=E. |last2=Yuhki |first2=Naoya |last3=Johnson |first3=W. E. |last4=Menotti-Raymond |first4=M. |last5=Hannah |first5=S. S. |last6=O'Brien |first6=S. J. |name-list-style=amp |date=2003 |title=Molecular genetics and evolution of melanism in the Cat Family |url=https://www.cell.com/current-biology/pdf/S0960-9822(03)00128-3.pdf |journal=Cell Press |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=448–453 |doi=10.1016/s0960-9822(03)00128-3 |pmid=12620197 |bibcode=2003CBio...13..448E |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326122953/https://www.cell.com/current-biology/pdf/S0960-9822(03)00128-3.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
===Diet===
The cat is an obligate carnivore and have adapted to a low-fibre highly digestible meat diet. Cats have fewer [[enzyme]]s capable of metabolising [[carbohydrates]] compared to omnivores. The cat lacks the ability to convert [[carotenoids]] to vitamin A; has an inability to synthesise enough vitamin D; inability to synthesise [[niacin]] from [[tryptophan]]; inability to synthesise [[cysteine]], [[citrulline]], and [[methionine]]; lacks [[glucokinase]] activity; and an intolerance to [[glutamic acid]] (which is low in animal tissue and high in plant matter). [[Taurine]] and [[arginine]] are essential for cats. Due to the inability to synthesise adequate amounts of citrulline a single meal lacking in arginine can be fatal to a cat. Cats cannot produce enough taurine and require dietary taurine; a lack of taurine will cause a cat to develop [[dilated cardiomyopathy]]. Commercial cat diets historically were lacking in taurine and dilated cardiomyopathy was a common issue until it was linked to taurine deficiency in a 1987 study.<ref name="Fascetti_2023">{{cite book |last1=Fascetti |first1=Andrea J. |title=Applied Veterinary Clinical Nutrition |last2=Delaney |first2=Sean J. |last3=Larsen |first3=Jennifer A. |last4=Villaverde |first4=Cecilia |date=2023-09-06 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-119-37514-2 |publication-place=Hoboken, New Jersey |page=9–10, 106–108,245,465}}</ref>

== Senses ==
{{Main|Cat senses}}

=== Vision ===
[[File:Tabby cat with visible nictitating membrane.jpg|alt=A tabby cat with a third, translucent eyelid covering part of either eye|thumb|upright=0.7|A cat's [[nictitating membrane]] is exposed as it blinks.]]
Cats have excellent [[night vision]] and can see at one sixth the light level required for human vision.<ref name="Case" />{{rp|43}} This is partly the result of cat eyes having a ''[[tapetum lucidum]]'', which reflects any light that passes through the [[retina]] back into the eye, thereby increasing the eye's sensitivity to dim light.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Comparative morphology of the ''Tapetum Lucidum'' (among selected species) |last1=Ollivier |first1=F. J. |last2=Samuelson |first2=D. A. |last3=Brooks |first3=D. E. |last4=Lewis |first4=P. A. |last5=Kallberg |first5=M. E. |last6=Komaromy |first6=A. M. |s2cid=15419778 |journal=Veterinary Ophthalmology |year=2004 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=11–22 |doi=10.1111/j.1463-5224.2004.00318.x |pmid=14738502}}</ref> Large pupils are an adaptation to dim light. The domestic cat has [[Pupil#In other animals|slit pupils]], which allow it to focus bright light without [[chromatic aberration]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Malmström |first1=T. |last2=Kröger |first2=R. H. |title=Pupil shapes and lens optics in the eyes of terrestrial vertebrates |journal=Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=209 |issue=1 |pages=18–25 |year=2006 |pmid=16354774 |doi=10.1242/jeb.01959|doi-access=free|bibcode=2006JExpB.209...18M }}</ref> At low light, a cat's pupils expand to cover most of the exposed surface of its eyes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hammond |first1=P. |last2=Mouat |first2=G. S. V. |title=The relationship between feline pupil size and luminance |journal=Experimental Brain Research |year=1985 |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=485–490 |doi=10.1007/BF00261338|pmid=4029324|s2cid=11858455}}</ref> The domestic cat has rather poor [[color vision]] and only two types of [[cone cell]]s, optimized for sensitivity to blue and yellowish green; its ability to distinguish between red and green is limited.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Cat color vision: The effect of stimulus size |last1=Loop |first1=M. S. |last2=Bruce |first2=L. L. |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=199 |issue=4334 |pages=1221–1222 |year=1978 |pmid=628838 |doi=10.1126/science.628838 |bibcode=1978Sci...199.1221L}}</ref> A response to middle wavelengths from a system other than the [[rod cell]]s might be due to a third type of cone. This appears to be an adaptation to low light levels rather than representing true [[Trichromacy|trichromatic]] vision.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Guenther |first1=E. |last2=Zrenner |first2=E. |title=The spectral sensitivity of dark- and light-adapted cat retinal ganglion cells |journal=Journal of Neuroscience |volume=13 |pages=1543–1550 |year=1993 |issue=4 |pmid=8463834 |pmc=6576706 |doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.13-04-01543.1993 }}</ref> Cats have a [[nictitating membrane]], allowing them to blink without hindering their vision.

=== Hearing ===
The domestic cat's hearing is most acute in the range of 500 [[Hz]] to 32 kHz.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Hearing range of the domestic cat |last=Heffner |first=R. S. |journal=Hearing Research |year=1985 |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=85–88 |doi=10.1016/0378-5955(85)90100-5 |pmid=4066516 |s2cid=4763009 |url= https://www.utoledo.edu/al/psychology/pdfs/comphearaudio/HearingRangeOfTheDomesticCat_1985.pdf |access-date=5 March 2026 |archive-date=7 July 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210707001511/https://www.utoledo.edu/al/psychology/pdfs/comphearaudio/HearingRangeOfTheDomesticCat_1985.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> It can detect an extremely broad range of frequencies ranging from 55 Hz to 79 kHz, whereas humans can only detect frequencies between 20 Hz and 20 kHz. It can hear a range of 10.5 [[octave]]s, compared to about 9 octaves for humans and dogs.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Auditory awareness |last=Heffner |first=H. E. |journal=Applied Animal Behaviour Science |year=1998 |volume=57 |issue=3–4 |pages=259–268 |doi=10.1016/S0168-1591(98)00101-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Primate hearing from a mammalian perspective |last=Heffner |first=R. S. |s2cid=4991969 |journal=The Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology |year=2004 |volume=281 |issue=1 |pages=1111–1122 |pmid=15472899 |doi=10.1002/ar.a.20117|doi-access=free}}</ref> Its hearing sensitivity is enhanced by its large movable outer ears, the [[Pinna (anatomy)|pinnae]], which amplify sounds and help detect the location of a noise. It can detect [[ultrasound]], including ultrasonic calls from [[rodent]] prey.<ref name="Sunquist">{{cite book |last1=Sunquist |first1=M. |last2=Sunquist |first2=F. |date=2002 |title=Wild Cats of the World |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-77999-7 |chapter=What is a Cat? |pages=5–18 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hFbJWMh9-OAC&pg=PA3 |access-date=25 October 2020 |archive-date=19 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719111036/https://books.google.com/books?id=hFbJWMh9-OAC&pg=PA3 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Blumberg |first=M. S. |title=Rodent ultrasonic short calls: Locomotion, biomechanics, and communication |journal=Journal of Comparative Psychology |year=1992 |volume=106 |issue=4 |pages=360–365 |pmid=1451418 |doi=10.1037/0735-7036.106.4.360}}</ref> Research has shown that cats have socio-spatial cognitive abilities to create mental maps of familiar people's locations based on hearing their voices.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Takagi |first1=S. |last2=Chijiiwa |first2=H. |last3=Arahori |first3=M. |last4=Saito|first4=A. |last5=Fujita |first5=K. |last6=Kuroshima |first6=H. |year=2021|title=Socio-spatial cognition in cats: Mentally mapping owner's location from voice |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=16 |issue=11 |article-number=e0257611 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0257611 |pmc=8580247 |pmid=34758043 |bibcode=2021PLoSO..1657611T |doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== Smell ===
Cats have an acute sense of smell, due in part to their well-developed [[olfactory bulb]] and a large surface of [[olfactory mucosa]], about {{convert|5.8|cm2|in2|abbr=on}} in area, which is about twice that of humans.<ref name="Moulton 1967">{{cite journal |last=Moulton |first=David G. |date=1 August 1967 |title=Olfaction in mammals |url= https://academic.oup.com/icb/article/7/3/421/244992 |journal=American Zoologist |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=421–429 |doi=10.1093/icb/7.3.421 |pmid=6077376 |issn=0003-1569 |doi-access=free |access-date=22 November 2019 |archive-date=6 August 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210806144530/https://academic.oup.com/icb/article/7/3/421/244992 |url-status=live}}</ref> Cats and many other animals have a [[Jacobson's organ]] in their mouths that is used in the behavioral process of [[Flehmen response|flehmening]]. It allows them to sense certain aromas in a way that humans cannot. Cats are sensitive to [[Cat pheromone|pheromones]] such as [[3-mercapto-3-methylbutan-1-ol]],<ref name="felinine">{{cite journal |last1=Miyazaki |first1=Masao |last2=Yamashita |first2=Tetsuro |last3=Suzuki |first3=Yusuke |last4=Saito |first4=Yoshihiro |last5=Soeta |first5=Satoshi |last6=Taira |first6=Hideharu |last7=Suzuki |first7=Akemi |date=October 2006 |title=A major urinary protein of the domestic cat regulates the production of felinine, a putative pheromone precursor |journal=Chemistry & Biology |volume=13 |issue=10 |pages=1071–1079 |doi=10.1016/j.chembiol.2006.08.013 |pmid=17052611 |doi-access=free}}</ref> which they use to communicate through [[urine spraying]] and marking with [[scent gland]]s.<ref name="Sommerville" /> Many cats also respond strongly to plants that contain [[nepetalactone]], especially [[catnip]], which they can detect at less than one part per billion.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Grognet |first=Jeff |title=Catnip: Its uses and effects, past and present |journal=The Canadian Veterinary Journal |date=June 1990 |volume=31 |issue=6 |pages=455–456 |pmc=1480656 |pmid=17423611}}</ref> About 70–80% of cats are affected by nepetalactone.<ref>{{cite magazine |url= http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=experts-how-does-catnip-work-on-cats |title=How does catnip work its magic on cats? |date=29 May 2007 |last=Turner |first=Ramona |magazine=[[Scientific American]] |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131022023257/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=experts-how-does-catnip-work-on-cats |archive-date=22 October 2013}}</ref> This response is also produced by other plants, such as silver vine (''[[Actinidia polygama]]'') and the herb [[Valerian (herb)|valerian]]; it may be caused by the smell of these plants mimicking a pheromone and stimulating cats' social or sexual behaviors.<ref name="Tucker">{{cite journal |title=Catnip and the catnip response |last1=Tucker |first1=Arthur |last2=Tucker |first2=Sharon |journal=Economic Botany |year=1988 |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=214–231 |doi=10.1007/BF02858923|bibcode=1988EcBot..42..214T |s2cid=34777592}}</ref>

=== Taste ===
Cats have about 470 [[taste bud]]s, compared to more than 9,000 on the human tongue.<ref name="sch">{{cite web |title=Do cats have a sense of taste? |url= http://www.cathealth.com/nutrition/do-cats-have-a-sense-of-taste |website=CatHealth.com |last=Schelling |first=Christianne |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160128163535/http://www.cathealth.com/nutrition/do-cats-have-a-sense-of-taste|archive-date=28 January 2016}}</ref> Domestic and wild cats share a [[Taste receptor#Loss of function|taste receptor gene mutation]] that keeps their sweet taste buds from binding to sugary molecules, leaving them with no ability to taste [[sweetness]].<ref>{{Citation |last1=Jiang |first1=Peihua |last2=Josue |first2=Jesusa |last3=Li |first3=Xia |last4=Glaser |first4=Dieter |last5=Li |first5=Weihua |last6=Brand |first6=Joseph G. |last7=Margolskee |first7=Robert F. |last8=Reed |first8=Danielle R. |last9=Beauchamp |first9=Gary K. |title=Major taste loss in carnivorous mammals |journal=PNAS |volume=13 |issue=109 |pages=4956–4961 |date=12 March 2012 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1118360109 |pmid=22411809 |pmc=3324019 |doi-access=free}}</ref> But they do have taste bud receptors specialized for [[acid]]s, [[amino acid]]s such as the constituents of protein, and bitter tastes.<ref name="Bradshaw2006">{{cite journal |volume=136 |issue=7 |pages=1927S–1931 |last=Bradshaw |first=John W. S. |title=The evolutionary basis for the feeding behavior of domestic dogs (''Canis familiaris'') and cats (''Felis catus'') |journal=Journal of Nutrition |date=1 July 2006 |pmid=16772461 |doi=10.1093/jn/136.7.1927S |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Cats' taste buds possess the receptors needed to detect [[umami]]. However, these receptors contain molecular changes that make them taste umami differently from humans. In humans, they detect the amino acids [[glutamic acid]] and [[aspartic acid]]; but in cats, they instead detect [[inosine monophosphate]] and [[histidine]].<ref name="McGrane Gibbs Hernangomez de Alvaro Dunlop">{{cite journal |last1=McGrane |first1=Scott J. |last2=Gibbs |first2=Matthew |last3=Hernangomez de Alvaro |first3=Carlos |last4=Dunlop |first4=Nicola |last5=Winnig |first5=Marcel |last6=Klebansky |first6=Boris |last7=Waller |first7=Daniel |title=Umami taste perception and preferences of the domestic cat (''Felis catus''), an obligate carnivore |journal=Chemical Senses |volume=48 |date=1 January 2023 |article-number=bjad026 |issn=0379-864X |doi=10.1093/chemse/bjad026 |pmid=37551788 |pmc=10468298}}</ref> These molecules are particularly enriched in [[tuna]].<ref name="McGrane Gibbs Hernangomez de Alvaro Dunlop" /> Researchers argue why cats find tuna so [[Palatability|palatable]]: "the specific combination of the high IMP and free histidine contents of tuna, which produces a strong umami taste synergy that is highly preferred by cats."<ref name="McGrane Gibbs Hernangomez de Alvaro Dunlop" /> One researcher said, "I think umami is as important for cats as sweet is for humans."<ref name="Science Tuna Cat">{{cite journal |last=Grimm |first=David |title=Why do cats love tuna so much? |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=381 |date=1 October 2023 |issue=6661 |issn=0036-8075 |doi=10.1126/science.adk5725 |page=935|pmid=37651517 |bibcode=2023Sci...381..935G |s2cid=261395204}}</ref>

Cats distinctly prefer food temperature around {{convert|38|C|F|abbr=on}}, similar to a fresh kill. Some cats reject cold food, which would signal to the cat that the prey is long dead and therefore possibly toxic or decomposing.<ref name="sch" />

=== Whiskers ===
[[File:Kittyply edit1.jpg|thumb|The whiskers of a cat are highly sensitive to touch.]]
To aid with navigation and sensation, cats have dozens of movable [[vibrissa|whiskers (vibrissae)]] over their body, especially their faces. These provide information on the width of gaps and on the location of objects in the dark, both by touching objects directly and by sensing air currents. They trigger protective [[blink reflex]]es to protect the eyes from damage.<ref name="Case" />{{rp|47}}

== Behavior ==
{{See also|Cat behavior}}
Outdoor cats are active both day and night, although they tend to be slightly more active at night.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Spatio-temporal Sharing between the European Wildcat, the Domestic Cat and their Hybrids |last1=Germain |first1=E. |last2=Benhamou |first2=S. |last3=Poulle |first3=M.-L. |journal=Journal of Zoology |year=2008 |volume=276 |issue=2 |pages=195–203 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.2008.00479.x|bibcode=2008JZoo..276..195G |doi-access=free }}</ref> Domestic cats spend the majority of their time in the vicinity of their homes, but they can range a radius of many hundreds of meters. They establish [[Territory (animal)|territories]] that vary considerably in size, in one study ranging {{cvt|7|-|28|ha|acre}}.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barratt |first=D. G. |title=Home Range Size, Habitat Utilisation and Movement Patterns of Suburban and Farm Cats ''Felis catus'' |journal=Ecography |year=1997 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0587.1997.tb00371.x |jstor=3682838 |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=271–280|bibcode=1997Ecogr..20..271B }}</ref> The timing of cats' activity is quite flexible and varied; but being low-light predators, they are generally [[Crepuscular animal|crepuscular]], which means they tend to be more active near dawn and dusk. However, house cats' behavior is also influenced by human activity, and they may adapt to their owners' sleeping patterns to some extent.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Circadian rhythms in food intake and activity in domestic cats |last1=Randall |first1=W. |last2=Johnson |first2=R. F. |last3=Randall |first3=S. |last4=Cunningham |first4=J. T. |journal=Behavioral Neuroscience |year=1985 |volume=99 |issue=6 |pmid=3843546 |doi=10.1037/0735-7044.99.6.1162 |pages=1162–1175}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ling |first=Thomas |date=2 June 2021 |title=Why do cats sleep so much? |url=https://www.sciencefocus.com/nature/why-do-cats-sleep-so-much/ |access-date=3 April 2023 |website=BBC Science Focus Magazine |archive-date=3 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403180235/https://www.sciencefocus.com/nature/why-do-cats-sleep-so-much/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Cats conserve energy by sleeping more than most animals, especially as they grow older. The daily duration of sleep varies, usually between 12 and 16 hours, with 13 to 14 being the average. Some cats can sleep as much as 20 hours. The term "cat nap" for a short rest refers to the cat's tendency to fall asleep (lightly) for a brief period. Short periods of [[rapid eye movement sleep]] are often accompanied by muscle twitches, which suggests they are dreaming.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1016/0166-2236(79)90110-3 |volume=2 |pages=280–282 |last=Jouvet |first=M. |title=What Does a Cat Dream About? |journal=Trends in Neurosciences |year=1979|s2cid=53161799}}</ref>

Behavioral and personality traits depend on a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Scientific evidence is mixed about the popular belief that those traits are linked to coat colors.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Delgado |first1=Mikel M. |last2=Munera |first2=Jacqueline D. |last3=Reevy |first3=Gretchen M. |date=2012-12-01 |title=Human Perceptions of Coat Color as an Indicator of Domestic Cat Personality |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2752/175303712X13479798785779 |journal=Anthrozoös |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=427–440 |doi=10.2752/175303712X13479798785779 |issn=0892-7936|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Udell |first1=Monique |last2=Delgado |first2=Mikel |last3=Ekenstedt |first3=Kari |last4=Shoveller |first4=Anna Kate |last5=Croney |first5=Candace |year=2023 |title=CATastrophic myths part 2: Common misconceptions about the environmental, nutritional, and genetic management of domestic cats and their welfare implications |journal=The Veterinary Journal |volume=300-302 |article-number=106029 |doi=10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.106029 |pmid=37683762 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=González-Ramírez |first1=Mónica Teresa |last2=Landero-Hernández |first2=René |date=15 April 2022 |title=Cat Coat Color, Personality Traits and the Cat-Owner Relationship Scale: A Study with Cat Owners in Mexico |journal=Animals |language=en |volume=12 |issue=8 |page=1030 |doi=10.3390/ani12081030 |doi-access=free |pmid=35454276 |pmc=9024431 |issn=2076-2615}}</ref>

=== Sociability ===
The social behavior of the domestic cat ranges from widely dispersed individuals to [[Feral cat colony|feral cat colonies]] that gather around a food source, based on groups of co-operating females.<ref name="Crowell-davis2004">{{Cite journal |title=Social Organization in the Cat: A Modern Understanding |last1=Crowell-Davis |first1=S. L. |last2=Curtis |first2=T. M. |last3=Knowles |first3=R. J. |year=2004 |journal=Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=19–28 |doi=10.1016/j.jfms.2003.09.013 |pmid=15123163 |pmc=10822437 |s2cid=25719922 |url=http://zoopsy.free.fr/veille_biblio/social_organization_cat_2004.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110720231305/http://zoopsy.free.fr/veille_biblio/social_organization_cat_2004.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="Liberg_al2014">{{Cite book |last1=Liberg |first1=O. |last2=Sandell |first2=M. |last3=Pontier |first3=D. |last4=Natoli |first4=E. |chapter=Density, spatial organisation and reproductive tactics in the domestic cat and other felids |title=The domestic cat: the biology of its behaviour |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2000 |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-521-63648-3 |editor1-last=Turner |editor1-first=D. C. |editor2-last=Bateson |editor2-first=P. |pages=119–147 |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=GgUwg6gU7n4C&pg=PA119 |access-date=25 October 2020 |archive-date=31 March 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210331062218/https://books.google.com/books?id=GgUwg6gU7n4C&pg=PA119 |url-status=live}}</ref> Within such groups, one cat is usually dominant over the others.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Patterns of social interaction in cats (''Felis domestica'') |last1=Baron |first1=A. |last2=Stewart |first2=C. N. |last3=Warren |first3=J. M. |journal=Behaviour |date=1 January 1957 |doi=10.1163/156853956X00084 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=56–66 |jstor=4532869}}</ref> Each cat in a colony holds a distinct territory, with sexually active males having the largest territories, which are about 10 times larger than those of female cats and may overlap with several females' territories. These territories are marked by [[urine spraying]], rubbing objects at head height with secretions from facial glands, and by [[defecation]].<ref name="Sommerville">{{Cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0168-1591(98)00102-6 |volume=57 |issue=3–4 |pages=269–286 |last=Sommerville |first=B. A. |title=Olfactory Awareness |journal=Applied Animal Behaviour Science |year=1998}}</ref> Between these territories are neutral areas where cats watch and greet one another without territorial conflicts. Outside these neutral areas, territory holders usually chase away stranger cats, at first by staring, hissing, and [[growling]], and, if that does not work, by short and violent, noisy attacks. Because cats do not have a social survival strategy or [[herd behavior]], they always hunt alone.<ref name="Bradshaw">{{cite journal |last1=Bradshaw |first1=J. W. |last2=Goodwin |first2=D. |last3=Legrand-Defrétin |first3=V. |last4=Nott |first4=H. M. |year=1996 |title=Food selection by the domestic cat, an obligate carnivore |journal=Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology – Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology |volume=114 |issue=3 |pages=205–209 |doi=10.1016/0300-9629(95)02133-7 |pmid=8759144}}</ref>

[[File:Kittens resting close together for warmth and security.jpg|thumb|Two kittens lying side by side, an instinctive behavior that offers both comfort and protection|alt=Two kittens resting side by side, an instinctive behavior that offers both protection and comfort]]
Life in proximity to humans and other domestic animals has led to a symbiotic social adaptation in cats, and cats may express great affection toward humans or other animals. [[Ethology|Ethologically]], a cat's human keeper functions as a mother surrogate.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vrueZDfPUzoC&pg=PA518 |last1=Mills |first1=D. S. |last2=Marchant-Forde |first2=J. |date=2010 |title=Encyclopedia of Applied Animal Behaviour and Welfare |page=518 |isbn=978-0-85199-724-7 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407004417/https://books.google.com/books?id=vrueZDfPUzoC&pg=PA518 |archive-date=7 April 2017}}</ref> Adult cats live in a type of extended kittenhood, a form of behavioral [[neoteny]]. Their high-pitched sounds may mimic the cries of a hungry human infant, making them particularly difficult for humans to ignore.<ref name="McComb 2009">{{Cite journal |last1=McComb |first1=K. |last2=Taylor |first2=A. M. |last3=Wilson |first3=C. |last4=Charlton |first4=B. D. |title=The Cry Embedded within the Purr |journal=Current Biology |volume=19 |issue=13 |pages=R507–508 |year=2009 |pmid=19602409 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2009.05.033|s2cid=10972076 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2009CBio...19.R507M }}</ref> Some pet cats are poorly socialized. In particular, older cats may show aggressiveness toward newly arrived kittens, which includes biting and scratching; this type of behavior is known as feline asocial aggression.<ref name="Levine 2005">{{Cite journal |title=Intercat aggression in households following the introduction of a new cat |last1=Levine |first1=E. |last2=Perry |first2=P. |last3=Scarlett |first3=J. |last4=Houpt |first4=K. |journal=Applied Animal Behaviour Science |issue=3–4 |year=2005 |pages=325–336 |doi=10.1016/j.applanim.2004.07.006 |volume=90 |url=http://faculty.washington.edu/jcha/330_cats_introducing.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090326225932/http://faculty.washington.edu/jcha/330_cats_introducing.pdf |archive-date=26 March 2009}}</ref>

[[Redirected aggression]] is a common form of aggression that can occur in multiple cat households. In redirected aggression, a cat is usually agitated by a stimulus such as a sight, sound, or other trigger that causes heightened anxiety or arousal; if the cat cannot attack the original stimulus, it may redirect its aggression toward the nearest cat, pet, human, or other being.<ref name="Horwitz">{{cite news |last1=Horwitz |first1=Debra |title=Cat Behavior Problems - Aggression Redirected |url= https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/cat-behavior-problems-aggression-redirected |access-date=16 June 2022 |publisher=VCA Animal Hospitals |year=2022 |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319184510/https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/cat-behavior-problems-aggression-redirected |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Behaviorist">{{cite news |last1=Johnson |first1=Ingrid |title=Redirected Aggression in Cats: Recognition and Treatment Strategies |url= https://iaabc.org/cat/redirected-aggression-in-cats |access-date=16 June 2022 |publisher=International Association of Animal Behavior Consultants |date=17 May 2014 |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220307001045/https://iaabc.org/cat/redirected-aggression-in-cats |url-status=live}}</ref>

Domestic cats' [[scent rubbing]] behavior toward humans or other cats is thought to be a feline means of social bonding.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Soennichsen |first1=S. |last2=Chamove |first2=A. S. |year=2015 |title=Responses of cats to petting by humans |journal=Anthrozoös |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=258–265 |doi=10.2752/089279302786992577|s2cid=144843766}}</ref>

=== Communication ===
{{Main|Cat communication}}

{{Listen image
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| main_image_caption = Vocalizing domestic cat
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| filename = Meow domestic cat.ogg
| title = A meow
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Domestic cats use many [[Animal communication|vocalizations]] for communication, including [[purr]]ing, [[Trill consonant|trilling]], hissing, growling/snarling, grunting, and several different forms of meowing.<ref name=Moelk1944>{{Cite journal |title=Vocalizing in the House-cat; A Phonetic and Functional Study |last=Moelk |first=M. |journal=The American Journal of Psychology |year=1944 |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=184–205 |doi=10.2307/1416947 |jstor=1416947}}</ref> Their [[Cat body language|body language]], including position of ears and tail, relaxation of the whole body, and kneading of the paws, are all indicators of mood. The tail and ears are particularly important social signal mechanisms; a raised tail indicates a friendly greeting, and flattened ears indicate hostility. Tail-raising also indicates the cat's position in the group's [[social hierarchy]], with dominant individuals raising their tails less often than subordinate ones.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cafazzo |first1=S. |last2=Natoli |first2=E. |title=The Social Function of Tail Up in the Domestic Cat (''Felis silvestris catus'') |journal=Behavioural Processes |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=60–66 |year=2009 |pmid=18930121 |doi=10.1016/j.beproc.2008.09.008 |s2cid=19883549}}</ref> Feral cats are generally silent.<ref name="Jensen">{{Cite book |last=Jensen |first=P. |title=The Ethology of Domestic Animals |series="Modular Text" series |publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]] |location=Wallingford, England |date=2009 |isbn=978-1-84593-536-8}}</ref>{{rp|208}} Nose-to-nose touching is also a common greeting and may be followed by [[social grooming]], which is solicited by one of the cats raising and tilting its head.<ref name="Crowell-davis2004" />

[[Purring]] may have developed as an evolutionary advantage as a signaling mechanism of reassurance between mother cats and [[Breastfeeding|nursing]] kittens, who are thought to use it as a care-soliciting signal.<ref name="bradshaw2012"/> Post-nursing cats also often purr as a sign of contentment: when being petted, becoming relaxed,<ref name="BruelKjaer">{{cite web |first1=E. |last1=von Muggenthaler |first2=B. |last2=Wright |url=http://www.bksv.com/catspurr |title=Solving the Cat's Purr Mystery Using Accelerometers |work=BKSV |publisher=[[Brüel & Kjær]] |access-date=11 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722131617/http://www.bksv.com/catspurr |archive-date=22 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="IsnareCom">{{cite web |url= http://www.isnare.com/?aid=195293&ca=Pets |title=The Cat's Remarkable Purr |work=ISnare |access-date=6 August 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110713063142/http://www.isnare.com/?aid=195293&ca=Pets |archive-date=13 July 2011}}</ref> or eating. Although purring is popularly interpreted as indicative of pleasure, it has been recorded in a wide variety of circumstances, most of which involve physical contact between the cat and another, presumably trusted individual.<ref name="bradshaw2012"/> Some cats have been observed to purr continuously when chronically ill or in apparent pain.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Beaver |first1=Bonnie V. G. |title=Feline behavior: a guide for veterinarians |date=2003 |publisher=Saunders |location=St. Louis, Missouri |isbn=978-0-7216-9498-6 |edition=2nd}}</ref>

The exact mechanism by which cats purr has long been elusive, but it has been proposed that purring is generated via a series of sudden build-ups and releases of pressure as the [[glottis]] is opened and closed, which causes the [[vocal folds]] to separate forcefully. The [[Larynx|laryngeal muscles]] in control of the glottis are thought to be driven by a [[neural oscillation|neural oscillator]] which generates a cycle of contraction and release every 30–40 [[millisecond]]s (giving a frequency of 33 to 25 Hz).<ref name="bradshaw2012">{{cite book |last=Bradshaw |first=John W. S. |title=The Behaviour of the Domestic Cat |date=2012 |publisher=CABI |location=Wallingford |isbn=978-1-78064-120-1 |pages=71–72 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=CMQdnrR0xEsC |access-date=6 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Remmers |first1=J. E. |last2=Gautier |first2=H. |title=Neural and mechanical mechanisms of feline purring |journal=Respiration Physiology |year=1972 |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=351–361 |doi=10.1016/0034-5687(72)90064-3 |pmid=4644061}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Frazer Sissom |first1=D. E. |last2=Rice |first2=D. A. |last3=Peters |first3=G. |title=How cats purr |journal=Journal of Zoology |year=1991 |volume=223 |issue=1 |pages=67–78 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb04749.x |s2cid=32350871}}</ref>

Domestic cats observed in rescue facilities have 276 morphologically distinct [[facial expression]]s based on 26 facial movements; each facial expression corresponds to different social functions that are probably influenced by domestication.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Scott |first1=L. |last2=Florkiewicz |first2=B. N. |year=2023 |title=Feline Faces: Unraveling the Social Function of Domestic Cat Facial Signals |journal=Behavioural Processes |volume=213 |article-number=104959 |doi=10.1016/j.beproc.2023.104959|pmid=37858844 |s2cid=264176390}}</ref> Facial expressions have helped researchers detect pain in cats. The feline [[grimace scale]]'s five criteria—ear position, orbital tightening, muzzle tension, whisker change, and head position—indicated the presence of acute pain in cats.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Evangelista |first1=M. C. |last2=Watanabe |first2=R. |last3=Leung |first3=V. S. Y. |last4=Monteiro |first4=B. P. |last5=O'Toole |first5=E. |last6=Pang |first6=D. S. J. |last7=Steagall |first7=P. V. |year=2019 |title=Facial expressions of pain in cats: the development and validation of a Feline Grimace Scale |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=19128 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-55693-8 |pmc=6911058 |pmid=31836868|bibcode=2019NatSR...919128E}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Monteiro |first1=B. P |last2=Lee |first2=N. H.Y. |last3=Steagall |first3=P. V. |year=2023 |title=Can cat caregivers reliably assess acute pain in cats using the Feline Grimace Scale? A large bilingual global survey |journal=Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery |volume=25 |issue=1 |article-number=1098612X221145499 |doi=10.1177/1098612X221145499 |pmid=36649089|pmc=10812049 }}</ref>

=== Grooming ===
[[File:Cat tongue macro.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|Cat tongue]]
Cats are known for spending considerable amounts of time licking their coats to keep them clean.<ref name="hairballs" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Noel |first1=A. C. |last2=Hu |first2=D. L. |title=Cats use hollow papillae to wick saliva into fur |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |year=2018 |volume=115 |issue=49 |pages=12377–12382 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1809544115 |pmid=30455290 |pmc=6298077 |bibcode=2018PNAS..11512377N |doi-access=free}}</ref> The cat's tongue has backward-facing spines about 0.5 millimeter long, called [[lingual papilla]]e, which contain [[keratin]] making them rigid.<ref name="Boshel 1982">{{Cite journal |title=Filiform Papillae of Cat Tongue |last1=Boshel |first1=J. |last2=Wilborn |first2=W. H. |last3=Singh |first3=B. B. |last4=Peter |first4=S. |last5=Stur |first5=M. |s2cid=36216103 |journal=Acta Anatomica |year=1982 |volume=114 |issue=2 |pages=97–105 |doi=10.1159/000145583 |pmid=7180385}}</ref> The papillae act like a hairbrush, and some cats, particularly [[Domestic long-haired cat|long-haired cats]], occasionally regurgitate sausage-shaped {{cvt|2|–|3|cm|1}} long [[hairball]]s of fur that have collected in their stomachs from grooming. Hairballs can be prevented with remedies that ease elimination of the hair through the [[gut (anatomy)|gut]], and regular grooming of the coat with a comb or stiff brush.<ref name="hairballs">{{cite web |last=Hadzima |first=E. |title=Everything You Need to Know About Hairballs |work=Dewinton Pet Hospital |year=2016 |url= http://www.dewintonvet.com/everything-you-need-know-about-hairballs/ |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161006104436/http://www.dewintonvet.com/everything-you-need-know-about-hairballs/ |archive-date=6 October 2016 |access-date=23 August 2016}}</ref>

=== Cat intelligence ===
{{Main|Cat intelligence}}

[[File:Cat_opening_door.webm|thumb|A cat uses problem-solving skills to open a door.]]
Cat intelligence refers to a cat's ability to solve problems, adapt to its environment, learn new behaviors, and communicate its needs. Structurally, a cat's brain shares similarities with the human brain,<ref name="Gross 20102">{{cite book |last1=Gross |first1=R. |title=Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behaviour |publisher=Hodder Education |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-4441-0831-6}}{{page needed |date=June 2013}}</ref> containing around 250 million neurons in the cerebral cortex, which is responsible for complex processing.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ananthanarayanan |first1=R. |title=Proceedings of the Conference on High Performance Computing Networking, Storage and Analysis – SC '09 |last2=Esser |first2=S. K. |last3=Simon |first3=H. D. |last4=Modha |first4=D. S. |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-60558-744-8 |pages=1–12 |chapter=The cat is out of the bag: cortical simulations with 109 neurons, 1013 synapses |doi=10.1145/1654059.1654124 |s2cid=6110450}}</ref> Cats display [[neuroplasticity]] allowing their brains to reorganize based on experiences. They have well-developed memory retaining information for a decade or longer. These memories are often intertwined with emotions, allowing cats to recall both positive and negative experiences associated with specific places.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Smart Are Cats? |url=https://bondvet.com/b/how-smart-are-cats |access-date=2024-04-25 |work=Bond Vet}}</ref> While they excel in [[observational learning]] and problem-solving, studies conclude that they struggle with understanding cause-and-effect relationships in the same way that humans do.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pallaud |first1=B. |year=1984 |title=Hypotheses on mechanisms underlying observational learning in animals |journal=Behavioural Processes |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=381–394 |doi=10.1016/0376-6357(84)90024-X |pmid=24924084 |s2cid=31226100}}</ref>

Cat [[Animal cognition|intelligence]] study is mostly from consideration of the domesticated cat. Living in urban environments has exposed it to challenges that require adaptive behaviors, contributing to cognitive development.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Carlstead |first1=K. |last2=Brown |first2=J. L. |last3=Seidensticker |first3=J. |year=1993 |title=Behavioral and adrenocortical responses to environmental changes in leopard cats (''Felis bengalensis'') |journal=Zoo Biology |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=321–331 |doi=10.1002/zoo.1430120403 |s2cid=32582485}}</ref> Selective breeding and genetic changes have further influenced its intelligence.<ref name=pmid176001852>{{cite journal |last1=Driscoll |first1=C. A. |last2=Menotti-Raymond |first2=M. |last3=Roca |first3=A. L. |last4=Hupe |first4=K. |last5=Johnson |first5=W. E. |last6=Geffen |first6=E. |last7=Harley |first7=E. H. |last8=Delibes |first8=M. |last9=Pontier |first9=D. |last10=Kitchener |first10=A. C. |last11=Yamaguchi |first11=N. |last12=O'Brien |first12=S. J. |last13=MacDonald |first13=D. W. |year=2007 |title=The Near Eastern Origin of Cat Domestication |journal=Science |volume=317 |issue=5837 |pages=519–23 |bibcode=2007Sci...317..519D |doi=10.1126/science.1139518 |pmc=5612713 |pmid=17600185}}</ref> [[Kitten]]s learn essential survival skills by observing their mothers, while adult cats refine their abilities through [[trial and error]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Little |first=S. E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rnyakraHGdcC&pg=PA195 |title=The Cat: Clinical Medicine and Management |date=2011 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-1-4377-0661-1}}</ref>

=== Play ===
{{Main|Cat play and toys}}

[[File:Play fight between cats.webmhd.webm|thumbnail|thumbtime=4|alt=Play fight between kittens, age 14 weeks|Kittens aged 14 weeks use fighting as a form of play.]]
Domestic cats, especially young kittens, are known for their love of play. This behavior mimics hunting and is important in helping kittens learn to stalk, capture, and kill prey.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Poirier |first1=F. E. |last2=Hussey |first2=L. K. |year=1982 |title=Nonhuman Primate Learning: The Importance of Learning from an Evolutionary Perspective |journal=Anthropology and Education Quarterly |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=133–148 |doi=10.1525/aeq.1982.13.2.05x1830j |jstor=3216627 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Cats also engage in [[Rough-and-tumble play|play fighting]], both with each other and with humans. This behavior may be a way for cats to practice the skills needed for real combat, and it might also reduce the fear that they associate with launching attacks on other animals.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hall |first=S. L. |title=Animal Play: Evolutionary, Comparative, and Ecological Perspectives |date=1998 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-58656-6 |editor1=Byers, J. A. |pages=45–60 |chapter=Object play by adult animals |access-date=25 October 2020 |editor2=Bekoff, M. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jkiTQ8dIIHsC&pg=PA45 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126043154/https://books.google.com/books?id=jkiTQ8dIIHsC&pg=PA45 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Cats also tend to play with toys more when they are hungry.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=S. L. |year=1998 |title=The Influence of Hunger on Object Play by Adult Domestic Cats |journal=Applied Animal Behaviour Science |volume=58 |issue=1–2 |pages=143–150 |doi=10.1016/S0168-1591(97)00136-6}}</ref> Owing to the close similarity between play and hunting, cats prefer to play with objects that resemble prey, such as small furry toys that move rapidly, but rapidly lose interest. They become [[habituation|habituated]] to a toy they have played with before.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=S. L. |year=2002 |title=Object Play in Adult Domestic Cats: The Roles of Habituation and Disinhibition |journal=Applied Animal Behaviour Science |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=263–271 |doi=10.1016/S0168-1591(02)00153-3}}</ref> String is often used as a toy, but if it is eaten, it can become caught at the base of the cat's tongue and then move into the [[intestine]]s, a medical emergency which can cause serious illness, even death.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=MacPhail |first=C. |year=2002 |title=Gastrointestinal obstruction |journal=Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=178–183 |doi=10.1053/svms.2002.36606 |pmid=12587284 |s2cid=24977450}}</ref>

=== Hunting and feeding ===
{{See also|Cat food}}
[[File:Kot z myszą.jpg|thumb|right|A [[deermouse]] is the prey of this domestic cat.]]
The shape and structure of cats' cheeks is insufficient to allow them to take in liquids using suction. Lapping at a rate of four times a second, the cat touches the smooth tip of its tongue to the surface of the water, and quickly retracts it like a corkscrew, drawing water upward into their mouths.<ref name="Reis 2010">{{cite journal |last1=Reis |first1=P. M. |last2=Jung |first2=S. |last3=Aristoff |first3=J. M. |last4=Stocker |first4=R. |year=2010 |title=How cats lap: Water uptake by ''Felis catus'' |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=330 |issue=6008 |pages=1231–1234 |bibcode=2010Sci...330.1231R |doi=10.1126/science.1195421 |pmid=21071630 |s2cid=1917972 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Kim 2012">{{cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=W. |last2=Bush |first2=J.W.M. |year=2012 |title=Natural drinking strategies |url=https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/80405/2/Bush_Natural%20drinking%20strategies.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Fluid Mechanics |volume=705 |pages=7–25 |bibcode=2012JFM...705....7K |doi=10.1017/jfm.2012.122 |s2cid=14895835 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307214820/https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/80405/Bush_Natural |archive-date=7 March 2022 |access-date=23 September 2019 |hdl-access=free |hdl=1721.1/80405}}</ref>

Feral cats and free-fed house cats consume several small meals in a day. The frequency and size of meals varies between individuals. They select food based on its temperature, smell, and texture; they dislike chilled foods and respond most strongly to moist foods rich in amino acids, which are similar to meat. Cats reject novel flavors (a response termed [[neophobia]]) and learn quickly to [[conditioned taste aversion|avoid foods that have tasted unpleasant]] in the past.<ref name="Bradshaw" /><ref name="Zaghini">{{cite journal |last1=Zaghini |first1=G. |last2=Biagi |first2=G. |year=2005 |title=Nutritional peculiarities and diet palatability in the cat |journal=Veterinary Res. Commun. |volume=29 |issue=Supplement 2 |pages=39–44 |doi=10.1007/s11259-005-0009-1 |pmid=16244923 |s2cid=23633719}}</ref> It is also a common misconception that all cats like milk or cream, as they tend to avoid sweet food and milk. Most adult cats are [[lactose intolerant]]; the sugar in milk is not easily digested and may cause soft stools or [[diarrhea]].<ref name="Kienzle 1994">{{cite journal |last=Kienzle |first=E. |year=1994 |title=Blood sugar levels and renal sugar excretion after the intake of high carbohydrate diets in cats |url=http://jn.nutrition.org/content/124/12_Suppl/2563S.full.pdf |journal=Journal of Nutrition |volume=124 |issue=12 Supplement |pages=2563S–2567S |doi=10.1093/jn/124.suppl_12.2563S |pmid=7996238 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903163949/http://jn.nutrition.org/content/124/12_Suppl/2563S.full.pdf |archive-date=3 September 2013}}</ref> Some also develop odd eating habits and like to eat or chew on things such as wool, plastic, cables, paper, string, aluminum foil, or even coal. This condition, [[pica (disorder)|pica]], can threaten their health, depending on the amount and toxicity of the items eaten.<ref name="Bradshaw 1997">{{cite journal |last=Bradshaw |first=J. W. S. |year=1997 |title=Factors affecting pica in the domestic cat |journal=Applied Animal Behaviour Science |volume=52 |issue=3–4 |pages=373–379 |doi=10.1016/S0168-1591(96)01136-7}}</ref>

Cats hunt small prey, primarily birds and rodents,<ref name="Woods">{{cite journal |last1=Woods |first1=M. |last2=McDonald |first2=R. A. |last3=Harris |first3=S. |year=2003 |title=Predation of wildlife by domestic cats ''Felis catus'' in Great Britain |journal=Mammal Review |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=174–188 |bibcode=2003MamRv..33..174W |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2907.2003.00017.x |s2cid=42095020}}</ref> and are often used as a form of pest control.<ref>{{cite book |last=Slesnick |first=I. L. |url=https://archive.org/details/clonescatschemic00sles/page/n16 |title=Clones, Cats, and Chemicals: Thinking scientifically about controversial issues |date=2004 |publisher=NSTA Press |isbn=978-0-87355-237-0 |page=9 |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Hill |first=D. S. |url=https://archive.org/details/pestscropswarmer00hill/page/n125 |title=Pests of Crops in Warmer Climates and their Control |date=2008 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4020-6737-2 |edition=First |page=120 |url-access=limited}}</ref> Other common small creatures, such as lizards and snakes, may also become prey.<ref>{{cite web |last=Learn |first=Joshua Rapp |date=17 August 2018 |title=Cats Have A Killer Impact on Reptiles: Experiments in Australia reveal that kitties are catching more than birds |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/cats-kill-reptiles-populations-australia-animals |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124225514/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/cats-kill-reptiles-populations-australia-animals |archive-date=24 November 2023 |access-date=24 November 2023 |work=[[National Geographic Society|NationalGeographic]]}}</ref> Cats use two hunting strategies, either stalking prey actively, or [[Ambush predator|waiting in ambush]] until an animal comes close enough to be captured.<ref name="How Cats Evolved to Win the Internet">{{cite news |last=Tucker |first=A. |year=2016 |title=How cats evolved to win the Internet |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/16/opinion/sunday/how-cats-evolved-to-win-the-internet.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019204937/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/16/opinion/sunday/how-cats-evolved-to-win-the-internet.html |archive-date=19 October 2016 |access-date=13 November 2016 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> The strategy used depends on available prey, with cats waiting in ambush outside burrows, but tending to actively stalk birds.<ref name="Turner 2000">{{cite book |title=The Domestic Cat: The biology of its behaviour |date=2000 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-63648-3 |editor-last1=Turner |editor-first1=D. C. |edition=2nd |editor-last2=Bateson |editor-first2=P.}}</ref>{{rp|153}} Domestic cats are a major [[Cat predation on wildlife|predator of wildlife]] in the United States, killing an estimated 1.3 to 4.0 billion birds and 6.3 to 22.3 billion mammals annually.<ref name="NC012913">{{cite journal |last1=Loss |first1=S. R. |last2=Will |first2=T. |last3=Marra |first3=P. P. |year=2013 |title=The impact of free-ranging domestic cats on wildlife of the United States |journal=[[Nature Communications]] |volume=4 |article-number=1396 |bibcode=2013NatCo...4.1396L |doi=10.1038/ncomms2380 |pmid=23360987 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Certain species appear more susceptible than others; in one English village, for example, 30% of house sparrow mortality was linked to the domestic cat.<ref name="Chucher 1987">{{cite journal |last1=Chucher |first1=P. B. |last2=Lawton |first2=J. H. |year=1987 |title=Predation by domestic cats in an English village |journal=Journal of Zoology, London |volume=212 |issue=3 |pages=439–455 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1987.tb02915.x}}</ref> In the recovery of ringed robins (''[[Erithacus rubecula]]'') and dunnocks (''[[Prunella modularis]]'') in Britain, 31% of deaths were a result of cat predation.<ref name="Mead 1982 183–186">{{cite journal |last=Mead |first=C. J. |year=1982 |title=Ringed birds killed by cats |journal=Mammal Review |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=183–186 |bibcode=1982MamRv..12..183M |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2907.1982.tb00014.x}}</ref> In parts of North America, the presence of larger carnivores such as [[coyote]]s, which prey on cats and other small predators, reduces the effect of predation by cats and other small predators such as [[opossum]]s and [[raccoon]]s on bird numbers and variety.<ref name="Crooks 1999">{{cite journal |last1=Crooks |first1=K. R. |last2=Soul |first2=M. E. |year=1999 |title=Mesopredator release and avifaunal extinctions in a fragmented system |url=http://www38.homepage.villanova.edu/jameson.chace/Urban%20Ecology/Crooks%26Soule_Mesopredator_release.pdf |journal=Nature |volume=400 |issue=6744 |pages=563–566 |bibcode=1999Natur.400..563C |doi=10.1038/23028 |s2cid=4417607 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720110246/http://www38.homepage.villanova.edu/jameson.chace/Urban%20Ecology/Crooks%26Soule_Mesopredator_release.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2011}}</ref>

Another poorly understood element of cat hunting behavior is the presentation of prey to human guardians. One explanation is that cats adopt humans into their social group and share excess kill with others in the group according to the [[dominance hierarchy]], in which humans are reacted to as if they are at or near the top.<ref name="Leyhausen 1978">{{cite book |last=Leyhausen |first=P. |title=Cat Behavior: The predatory and social behavior of domestic and wild cats |date=1978 |publisher=[[Garland STPM Press]] |isbn=978-0-8240-7017-5 |location=New York}}</ref> Another explanation is that they attempt to teach their guardians to hunt or to help their human as if feeding "an elderly cat, or an inept kitten".<ref name="Morris Catwatching 1">{{cite book |last=Desmond |first=M. |title=Catwatching: Why cats purr and everything else you ever wanted to know |date=2002 |publisher=Ebury Press |isbn=978-1-4090-2221-3 |edition=2nd |location=London |pages=51–52 |chapter=Why does a cat play with its prey before killing it? |access-date=25 October 2020 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3ysT6xTJu4C&pg=PA51 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331062240/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3ysT6xTJu4C&pg=PA51 |archive-date=31 March 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> This hypothesis is inconsistent with the fact that male cats also bring home prey, though males have negligible involvement in raising kittens.<ref name="Turner 2000" />{{rp|153}}

=== Fighting ===
[[File:GAto.jpg|thumb|This domestic cat hisses and arches its back.]]
Domestic males are more likely to fight than females.<ref name="Lindell">{{Cite journal |last=Lindell |first=E. M. |title=Intercat Aggression: A Retrospective Study Examining Types of Aggression, Sexes of Fighting Pairs, and Effectiveness of Treatment |journal=Applied Animal Behaviour Science |year=1997 |volume=55 |issue=1–2 |pages=153–162 |doi=10.1016/S0168-1591(97)00032-4 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The most common reason for feral [[Catfight (animal behavior)|cat fighting]] is competition between two males to mate with a female, and most fights are won by the heavier male.<ref name="courtship">{{Cite journal |title=Mating Behaviors, Courtship Rank and Mating Success of Male Feral Cat (''Felis catus'') |first1=A. |last1=Yamane |first2=T. |last2=Doi |first3=Y. |last3=Ono |journal=Journal of Ethology |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=35–44 |year=1996 |doi=10.1007/BF02350090 |s2cid=27456926}}</ref> Another common reason for fighting in domestic cats is the difficulty of establishing territories within a small home.<ref name="Lindell" /> Female cats also fight over territory or to defend their kittens. [[Neutering]] decreases or eliminates this behavior in many cases, suggesting that the behavior is linked to [[sex hormone]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Determining the Optimal age for Gonadectomy of Dogs and Cats |doi=10.2460/javma.231.11.1665 |year=2007 |last1=Kustritz |first1=M. V. R. |s2cid=4651194 |journal=Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association |volume=231 |issue=11 |pages=1665–1675 |pmid=18052800 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

When cats become aggressive, they try to appear larger and more threatening by raising their fur, arching their backs, turning sideways, hissing, or spitting.<ref name="behaviourguide">{{cite web |year=2007 |title=Cat Behavior: Body Language |url=http://animal.discovery.com/guides/cats/behavior/bodylanguageintro.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224154137/http://animal.discovery.com/guides/cats/behavior/bodylanguageintro.html |archive-date=24 February 2009 |access-date=7 September 2012 |work=AnimalPlanet}}</ref> Often, the ears are pointed down and back to avoid damage to the inner ear and potentially listen for any changes behind them while focused forward. Cats may also vocalize loudly and bare their teeth in an effort to further intimidate their opponents. Fights usually consist of grappling, slapping the face and body with the forepaws, and bites. Cats throw themselves to the ground in a defensive posture to rake their opponent's belly with their hind legs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aggression Between Family Cats and Feline Social Behavior |url=https://www.paws.org/resources/aggression/ |website=PAWS |access-date=6 September 2022 |archive-date=28 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828003314/https://www.paws.org/resources/aggression/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Serious damage is rare, because the fights are usually short, with the loser fleeing with scratches to the face and ears. More severe fights for mating rights may give deep punctures and lacerations. Normally, serious injuries from fighting are limited to infections from scratches and bites. Bites are probably the main route of transmission of the [[feline immunodeficiency virus]].<ref name="Pederson 1989">{{Cite journal |title=Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Infection |last1=Pedersen |first1=N. C. |last2=Yamamoto |first2=J. K. |last3=Ishida |first3=T. |last4=Hansen |first4=H. |journal=Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology |year=1989 |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=111–129 |pmid=2549690 |doi=10.1016/0165-2427(89)90134-7}}</ref> Sexually active males are usually involved in many fights and have battered faces.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Whiteley |first=H. E. |date=1994 |chapter=Correcting misbehavior |title=Understanding and Training Your Cat or Kitten |publisher=Sunstone Press |location=Santa Fe |pages=146–147 |isbn=978-1-61139-080-3}}</ref> Cats are willing to threaten animals larger than them to defend their territory, such as dogs and [[Red fox|foxes]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Devlin |first1=Hannah |author-link=Hannah Devlin |title=Cat v fox: what made Downing Street's Larry so brave? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2022/oct/13/cat-v-fox-what-made-downing-streets-larry-so-brave |access-date=16 October 2022 |work=The Guardian |date=13 October 2022 |archive-date=16 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016011130/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2022/oct/13/cat-v-fox-what-made-downing-streets-larry-so-brave |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Reproduction ===
{{See also|Kitten}}
[[File:Mating Cats (Domestic cats) in Kannur.jpg|thumb|When cats mate, the tomcat (male) bites the scruff of the female's neck as she assumes a position conducive to [[mating]] known as [[lordosis behavior]].]]
The cat secretes and perceives [[pheromone]]s.<ref name="Bland1979">{{cite journal |last1=Bland |first1=K. P. |year=1979 |title=Tom-cat odour and other pheromones in feline reproduction |journal=Veterinary Science Communications |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=125–136 |url= https://www.gwern.net/docs/catnip/1979-bland.pdf |doi=10.1007/BF02268958 |s2cid=22484090 |access-date=15 May 2019 |archive-date=30 January 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190130202521/https://www.gwern.net/docs/catnip/1979-bland.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Female cats, called ''queens'', are [[polyestrous]] with several [[estrus]] cycles during a year, lasting usually 21 days. They are usually ready to mate between early February and August<ref name="Jemmett1977">{{cite journal |last1=Jemmett |first1=J. E. |last2=Evans |first2=J. M. |year=1977 |title=A survey of sexual behaviour and reproduction of female cats |journal=Journal of Small Animal Practice |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=31–37 |doi=10.1111/j.1748-5827.1977.tb05821.x |pmid=853730}}</ref> in northern temperate zones and throughout the year in equatorial regions.<ref name="estrous_cycle">{{Cite book |title=Feline Reproduction |chapter=Feline Estrous Cycle |series=CABI Books |date=2022 |pages=11–22 |doi=10.1079/9781789247107.0002 |isbn=978-1-78924-708-4 |editor-last1=Johnson |editor-first1=A.K |editor-last2=Kutzler |editor-first2=M.A |url=https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/10.1079/9781789247107.0002 |access-date=18 August 2023 |archive-date=20 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820105417/https://cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/10.1079/9781789247107.0002 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Several males, called tomcats, are attracted to a female in heat. They fight over her, and the victor wins the right to mate. At first, the female rejects the male, but eventually, the female allows the male to mate. The female utters a loud yowl as the male pulls out of her because a male cat's [[penis]] has a band of about 120–150 backward-pointing [[penile spines]], which are about {{convert|1|mm|in|abbr=on|2}} long; upon withdrawal of the penis, the spines may provide the female with increased sexual stimulation, which acts to [[Induced ovulation (animals)|induce ovulation]].<ref name="Aronson 1967">{{Cite journal |title=Penile Spines of the Domestic Cat: Their Endocrine-behavior Relations |last1=Aronson |first1=L. R. |last2=Cooper |first2=M. L. |journal=The Anatomical Record |year=1967 |volume=157 |issue=1 |pages=71–78 |pmid=6030760 |doi=10.1002/ar.1091570111 |s2cid=13070242 |url= http://www.catcollection.org/files/PenileSpines.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150319031546/http://www.catcollection.org/files/PenileSpines.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2015}}</ref>

[[File:Radiography of a pregnant cat.jpg|thumb|upright|In this radiography of a pregnant cat, the skeletons of two fetuses are on the left and right of the uterus.]]
After mating, the female cleans her [[vulva]] thoroughly. If a male attempts to mate with her at this point, the female attacks him. After about 20 to 30 minutes, once the female is finished grooming, the cycle will repeat.<ref name="compendium" /> Because ovulation is not always triggered by a single mating, females may not be impregnated by the first male with which they mate.<ref name="Wildt 1980">{{Cite journal |last1=Wildt |first1=D. E. |last2=Seager |first2=S. W. |last3=Chakraborty |first3=P. K. |title=Effect of Copulatory Stimuli on Incidence of Ovulation and on Serum Luteinizing Hormone in the Cat |journal=Endocrinology |year=1980 |volume=107 |issue=4 |pages=1212–1217 |pmid=7190893 |doi=10.1210/endo-107-4-1212}}</ref> Furthermore, cats are [[Superfecundation|superfecund]]; that is, a female may mate with more than one male when she is in heat, with the result that different kittens in a litter may have different fathers.<ref name="compendium">{{cite web |title=Prolific Cats: The Estrous Cycle |url= http://vlsstore.com/Media/PublicationsArticle/PV_23_12_1049.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161209220101/http://vlsstore.com/Media/PublicationsArticle/PV_23_12_1049.pdf |archive-date=9 December 2016 |publisher=Veterinary Learning Systems |access-date=19 June 2009}}</ref>

The [[morula]] forms 124 hours after conception. At 148 hours, early [[blastocyst]]s form. At 10–12 days, implantation occurs.<ref>{{Cite journal |journal=Biology of Reproduction |title=In Vivo Embryogenesis, Embryo Migration and Embryonic Mortality in the Domestic Cat |first1=W. F. |last1=Swanson |first2=T. L. |last2=Roth |first3=D. E. |last3=Wilt |doi=10.1095/biolreprod51.3.452 |pmid=7803616 |volume=51 |issue=3 |year=1994 |pages=452–464|doi-access=free}}</ref> The [[gestation]] of queens lasts between 64 and 67 days, with an average of 65 days.<ref name="Jemmett1977" /><ref name="Tsutsui 1993">{{Cite journal |last1=Tsutsui |first1=T. |last2=Stabenfeldt |first2=G. H. |title=Biology of Ovarian Cycles, Pregnancy and pseudopregnancy in the Domestic Cat |journal=Journal of Reproduction and Fertility |volume=Supplement 47 |pages=29–35 |year=1993 |pmid=8229938}}</ref>
[[File:പൂച്ചക്കുഞ്ഞുങ്ങൾ (17 ദിവസം പ്രായം).JPG|thumb|Two 17-day-old kittens]]
Based on a study of 2,300 free-ranging queens conducted from May 1998 and October{{Nbsp}}2000, they had one to six kittens per [[Litter (animal)|litter]], with an average of three kittens. They produced a mean of 1.4 litters per year, but a maximum of three litters in a year. Of 169 kittens, 127 died before they were six months old due to a trauma caused in most cases by dog attacks and road accidents.<ref name="Nutter2004">{{cite journal |last1=Nutter |first1=F. B. |last2=Levine |first2=J. F. |last3=Stoskopf |first3=M. K. |s2cid=1903272 |year=2004 |title=Reproductive capacity of free-roaming domestic cats and kitten survival rate |journal=Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association |volume=225 |issue=9 |pages=1399–1402 |doi=10.2460/javma.2004.225.1399 |pmid=15552315 |bibcode=2004JAVMA.225.1399N |citeseerx=10.1.1.204.1281}}</ref> The first litter is usually smaller than subsequent litters. Kittens are weaned between six and seven weeks of age. Queens normally reach sexual maturity at 5–10 months, and males at 5–7 months. This varies depending on breed.<ref name="compendium" /> Kittens reach [[puberty]] at the age of 9–10 months.<ref name="Jemmett1977" />

Cats are ready to go to new homes at about 12 weeks of age, when they are ready to leave their mother.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Complete Book of Cat Care: How to Raise a Happy and Healthy Cat |last1=Behrend |first1=K. |last2=Wegler |first2=M. |date=1991 |publisher=[[Barron's Educational Series]] |location=Hauppauge, New York |isbn=978-0-8120-4613-7 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/completebookofca00behr/page/28 28–29] |chapter=Living with a Cat |chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/completebookofca00behr/page/28}}</ref> They can be surgically [[neutering|sterilized]] (spayed or [[castration|castrated]]) as early as seven weeks to limit unwanted reproduction.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Early-age Neutering of Dogs and Cats in the United States (A Review) |last1=Olson |first1=P. N. |last2=Kustritz |first2=M. V. |last3=Johnston |first3=S. D. |journal=Journal of Reproduction and Fertility |year=2001 |volume=Supplement 57 |pages=223–232 |pmid=11787153}}</ref> This surgery also prevents undesirable sex-related behavior, such as aggression, [[spraying (animal behavior)|territory marking]] (spraying urine) in males, and yowling (calling) in females. Traditionally, this surgery was performed at around six to nine months of age, but it is increasingly being performed before [[puberty]], at about three to six months.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Determining the optimal age for gonadectomy of dogs and cats |last=Root Kustritz |first=M. V. |journal=Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association|year=2007 |volume=231 |issue=11 |pages=1665–1675 |doi=10.2460/javma.231.11.1665 |pmid=18052800 |s2cid=4651194 |url= http://www.imom.org/spay-neuter/pdf/kustritz.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100713133619/http://www.imom.org/spay-neuter/pdf/kustritz.pdf |archive-date=13 July 2010}}</ref> In the United States, about 80% of household cats are neutered.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Population characteristics and neuter status of cats living in households in the United States |last1=Chu |first1=K. |last2=Anderson |first2=W. M. |last3=Rieser |first3=M. Y. |s2cid=39208758 |journal=Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association|year=2009 |volume=234 |issue=8 |pages=1023–1030 |doi=10.2460/javma.234.8.1023 |pmid=19366332|doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Lifespan and health ==
{{Main|Cat health|Aging in cats}}

The average lifespan of pet cats has risen in recent decades. In the early 1980s, it was about 7 years,<ref name="Kraft1998">{{Cite journal |last=Kraft |first=W. |title=Geriatrics in canine and feline internal medicine |journal=European Journal of Medical Research |volume=3 |issue=1–2 |pages=31–41 |year=1998 |pmid=9512965}}</ref>{{rp|33}}<ref name="Nassar 1984">{{Cite journal |last1=Nassar |first1=R. |last2=Mosier |first2=J. E. |last3=Williams |first3=L. W. |title=Study of the feline and canine populations in the greater Las Vegas area |journal=American Journal of Veterinary Research |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=282–287 |year=1984 |doi=10.2460/ajvr.1984.45.02.282 |pmid=6711951}}</ref> rising to 9.4 years in 1995<ref name="Kraft1998" />{{rp|33}} and an average of about 13 years as of 2014 and 2023.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=O'Neill |first1=Dan G |last2=Church |first2=David B |last3=McGreevy |first3=Paul D |last4=Thomson |first4=Peter C |last5=Brodbelt |first5=David C |year=2014 |title=Longevity and mortality of cats attending primary care veterinary practices in England |journal=Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=125–133 |doi=10.1177/1098612X14536176 |pmid=24925771|doi-access=free |pmc=10816413 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Montoya |first1=M. |last2=Morrison |first2=J. A. |last3=Arrignon |first3=F. |last4=Spofford |first4=N. |last5=C. |first5=H. |last6=Hours |first6=M.-A. |last7=Biourge |first7=V. |year=2023 |title=Life expectancy tables for dogs and cats derived from clinical data |journal=Frontiers in Veterinary Science |volume=10 |article-number=1082102 |doi=10.3389/fvets.2023.1082102 |doi-access=free |pmc=9989186 |pmid=36896289}}</ref>

Neutering increases life expectancy; one 2024 study found neutered cats to live one year longer than entire cats.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Teng | first1=Kendy Tzu-yun | last2=Brodbelt | first2=Dave C | last3=Church | first3=David B | last4=O’Neill | first4=Dan G | title=Life tables of annual life expectancy and risk factors for mortality in cats in the UK | journal=Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery | volume=26 | issue=5 | date=2024 | issn=1098-612X | doi=10.1177/1098612X241234556 | article-number=1098612X241234556 | pmid=38714312 | pmc=11156239 }}</ref> Having a cat [[Neutering|neutered]] confers some health benefits, such as a decreased incidence of reproductive [[neoplasia]].<ref name="Obesity1">{{cite journal | last1=Vendramini | first1=Thiago H. A. | last2=Amaral | first2=Andressa R. | last3=Pedrinelli | first3=Vivian | last4=Zafalon | first4=Rafael V. A. | last5=Rodrigues | first5=Roberta B. A. | last6=Brunetto | first6=Marcio A. | title=Neutering in dogs and cats: current scientific evidence and importance of adequate nutritional management | journal=Nutrition Research Reviews | publisher=Cambridge University Press (CUP) | volume=33 | issue=1 | date=14 January 2020 | issn=0954-4224 | doi=10.1017/s0954422419000271 | pages=134–144| pmid=31931899 }}</ref> However, neutering decreases metabolism<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Hoenig | first1=Margarethe | last2=Ferguson | first2=Duncan C. | title=Effects of neutering on hormonal concentrations and energy requirements in male and female cats | journal=American Journal of Veterinary Research | publisher=American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) | volume=63 | issue=5 | date=1 May 2002 | issn=0002-9645 | doi=10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.634 | pages=634–639| pmid=12013460 }}</ref><ref name="Obesity2">{{cite journal | last1=Harper | first1=E. J. | last2=Stack | first2=D. M. | last3=Watson | first3=T. D. G. | last4=Moxham | first4=G. | title=Effects of feeding regimens on bodyweight, composition and condition score in cats following ovariohysterectomy | journal=Journal of Small Animal Practice | publisher=Wiley | volume=42 | issue=9 | year=2001 | issn=0022-4510 | doi=10.1111/j.1748-5827.2001.tb02496.x | pages=433–438| pmid=11570385 }}</ref><ref name="Obesity3">{{cite journal | last1=Fettman | first1=M.J | last2=Stanton | first2=C.A | last3=Banks | first3=L.L | last4=Hamar | first4=D.W | last5=Johnson | first5=D.E | last6=Hegstad | first6=R.L | last7=Johnston | first7=S | title=Effects of neutering on bodyweight, metabolic rate and glucose tolerance of domestic cats | journal=Research in Veterinary Science | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=62 | issue=2 | year=1997 | issn=0034-5288 | doi=10.1016/s0034-5288(97)90134-x | pages=131–136| pmid=9243711 }}</ref> and increases food intake,<ref name="Obesity3"/><ref name="Obesity4">{{cite journal | last1=Kanchuk | first1=Marc L. | last2=Backus | first2=Robert C. | last3=Morris | first3=James G. | last4=Rogers | first4=Quinton R. | last5=Calvert | first5=Christopher C. | title=Weight Gain in Gonadectomized Normal and Lipoprotein Lipase–Deficient Male Domestic Cats Results from Increased Food Intake and Not Decreased Energy Expenditure | journal=The Journal of Nutrition | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=133 | issue=6 | year=2003 | issn=0022-3166 | doi=10.1093/jn/133.6.1866 | pages=1866–1874| doi-access=free | pmid=12771331 }}</ref> both of which can cause obesity in neutered cats.<ref name="Obesity5">{{cite journal | last1=Öhlund | first1=Malin | last2=Palmgren | first2=Malin | last3=Holst | first3=Bodil Ström | title=Overweight in adult cats: a cross-sectional study | journal=Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica | volume=60 | issue=1 | date=19 January 2018 | issn=1751-0147 | doi=10.1186/s13028-018-0359-7 | doi-access=free | page=5| pmid=29351768 | pmc=5775588 }}</ref> Pre-pubertal neutering (neutering at 4 months or earlier) was only recommended by 28% of American veterinarians in one study. Some concerns of early neutering were metabolic, retarded [[Epiphyseal plate|physeal closure]], and urinary tract disease related.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Murray | first1=J. K. | last2=Skillings | first2=E. | last3=Gruffydd-Jones | first3=T. J. | title=Opinions of veterinarians about the age at which kittens should be neutered | journal=Veterinary Record | volume=163 | issue=13 |year=2008 | issn=0042-4900 | doi=10.1136/vr.163.13.381 | pages=381–385| pmid=18820325 }}</ref>

=== Disease ===
{{Main|List of feline diseases}}

About 250 heritable [[genetic disorder]]s have been identified in cats; many are similar to human [[inborn errors of metabolism]].<ref>{{Cite journal |title=State of Cat Genomics |last1=O'Brien |first1=S. J. |last2=Johnson |first2=W. |last3=Driscoll |first3=C. |last4=Pontius |first4=J. |last5=Pecon-Slattery |first5=J. |last6=Menotti-Raymond |first6=M. |journal=Trends in Genetics |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=268–279 |year=2008 |pmid=18471926 |doi=10.1016/j.tig.2008.03.004|pmc=7126825}}</ref> The high level of similarity among the [[metabolism]] of mammals allows many of these feline diseases to be diagnosed using [[Genetic testing|genetic tests]] that were originally developed for use in humans, as well as the use of cats as [[animal model]]s in the study of the human diseases.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Inherited Metabolic Disease in Companion Animals: Searching for Nature's Mistakes |last1=Sewell |first1=A. C. |last2=Haskins |first2=M. E. |last3=Giger |first3=U. |journal=Veterinary Journal |volume=174 |issue=2 |pages=252–259 |year=2007 |pmid=17085062 |doi=10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.08.017 |pmc=3132193}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=O'Brien |first1=S. J. |last2=Menotti-Raymond |first2=M. |last3=Murphy |first3=W. J. |last4=Yuhki |first4=N. |title=The Feline Genome Project |journal=Annual Review of Genetics |volume=36 |pages=657–686 |year=2002 |pmid=12359739 |doi=10.1146/annurev.genet.36.060602.145553 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1234973 |access-date=11 July 2019 |archive-date=5 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191005230324/https://zenodo.org/record/1234973 |url-status=live}}</ref> Diseases affecting domestic cats include acute infections, [[parasitic disease|parasitic infestation]]s, injuries, and chronic diseases such as [[Chronic kidney disease in cats|kidney disease]], [[Feline hyperthyroidism|hyperthyroidism]], and [[arthritis]]. [[Feline vaccination|Vaccinations]] are available for many infectious diseases, as are treatments to eliminate parasites such as worms, ticks, and fleas.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.petmd.com/blogs/thedailyvet/lhuston/2012/dec/veterinary-care-for-your-new-cat-29565 |title=Veterinary Care for Your New Cat |first=L. |last=Huston |work=PetMD |year=2012 |access-date=31 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508122739/http://www.petmd.com/blogs/thedailyvet/lhuston/2012/dec/veterinary-care-for-your-new-cat-29565 |archive-date=8 May 2017}}</ref>

== Cat care and welfare ==

It has been found that cat owners' [[knowledge]] affects how they care for their cats. For example, people with greater knowledge about cats are less likely to use [[positive punishment]] (i.e., causing an unpleasant [[Stimulus (psychology)|stimulus]] to the cat).<ref name=Grigg2019>{{cite journal | author = Grigg, E. K.; Kogan, L. R. | title = Owners' attitudes, knowledge, and care practices: Exploring the implications for domestic cat behavior and welfare in the home | journal = Animals | volume = 9 | issue = 11 | pages = 978 | date = 2019 | doi = 10.3390/ani9110978 | pmid = 31731680 | doi-access = free | pmc = 6912669 }}</ref>

Accidental [[poisoning]] in cats is common and can result from several sources: plants that are toxic to cats, [[medications]] not intended for cats, foods unsuitable for cats, and household substances such as pesticides and paint thinners.<ref name= CollegeHazards> [https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/common-cat-hazards "Common Cat Hazards"], College of Veterinary Medicine</ref> Plants toxic to cats include [[Lilium|lilies]], [[tulip]]s, and [[philodendron]]s. Medication poisoning occurs when cats ingest drugs intended for human use but toxic to cats, such as [[acetaminophen]] and [[aspirin]], as well as vitamin capsules formulated for humans or certain flea treatments designed for dogs (cats should be kept away from a dog treated with these products for 24 hours). Foods dangerous to cats include [[grapes]], [[onions]], [[garlic]], and [[chocolate]].<ref name=CollegeHazards/>

Many professional organizations have published guidelines for the proper and safe care of cats. [[The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals]] (ASPCA) has published a general guide emphasizing proper cat care.<ref name=ASPCAgeneral>[https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/cat-care/general-cat-care "General Cat Care"], ASPCA</ref> The guide covers appropriate [[nutrition]], fresh and clean [[water]] changed daily, routine grooming including brushing the [[Animal coat|coat]], regular and odor-free litter box maintenance, and regular veterinary care, recommending that cats undergo a routine veterinary check-up at least once a year. In addition to the general guide, there are specific guides for proper grooming,<ref name=RSPCAgrooming> [https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/cat-care/cat-grooming-tips "Cat Grooming Tips"] RSPCA</ref> common feline diseases,<ref name=RSPCAdiseases> [https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/cat-care/common-cat-diseases "Common Cat Diseases"] RSPCA</ref> and behavioral issues.<ref name=RSPCAbehavior> [https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/cat-care/common-cat-behavior-issues "Common Cat Behavior Issues"] RSPCA</ref>

The American Association of Feline Practitioners (AAFP) and the International Society of Feline Medicine (ISFM) released a guide on the environmental [[needs]] of cats.<ref name=Ellis2013>{{cite journal | author = Ellis, S. L.; Rodan, I.; Carney, H. C.; Heath, S.; Rochlitz, I.; Shearburn, L. D.; Sundahl, E.; Westropp, J. L. | title = AAFP and ISFM feline environmental needs guidelines | journal = Journal of Feline Medicine & Surgery | volume = 15 | issue = 3 | pages = 219‑230 | date = 2013 | pmid = 23422366 | doi = 10.1177/1098612X13477537 | pmc = 11383066 }}</ref> The guide focuses on five main aspects: providing a safe private space for the cat (e.g., a [[cardboard]] box on its side, placed in a high location, and in sufficient numbers if multiple cats are present); offering multiple environmental resources (several feeding stations, resting areas and litter boxes, and separating food from water); opportunities for play and activities that simulate [[#Hunting and feeding|hunting behavior]] (using appropriate toys and puzzle feeders); positive, consistent, and predictable social interaction (acclimating the cat to frequent contact from an early age, speaking softly, and avoiding forced contact); and an environment that allows the cat to use its sense of smell normally (providing scratching posts and other items where it can leave its [[scent]], and avoiding strong odors throughout the home).

Various professional organizations have emphasized the importance of [[environmental enrichment]] for cats,<ref name=Ellis2013 /> and some studies have raised concerns that many cat owners do not provide sufficient environmental enrichment. In an online survey of cat owners, only about half of the respondents reported playing with their cats daily.<ref name=Grigg2019/>

Between 50% and 90% of cats will experience [[Tooth pathology|dental]] or [[Gums|gum]] problems, but these can be prevented by maintaining the cat's [[oral hygiene]] using products specifically designed for cats (products not intended for cats can be toxic to them).<ref name=VCAdental>Courtney Barnes, BSc, DVM; Malcolm Weir, DVM, MSc, MPH; Lorraine Hiscox DVM FAVD Dip. AVDC; Jan Bellows, DVM, Dipl. AVDC, ABVP, [https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/dental-disease-in-cats "Dental Disease in Cats"], VCA</ref><ref name=CollegeDental>[https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/feline-dental-disease "Feline Dental Disease"], College of Veterinary Medicine</ref>

In addition to guides for cat owners, guidelines have also been published for [[veterinarians]] and caregivers to improve the [[Animal welfare|welfare]] of cats under their care. The AAFP and ISFM have issued recommendations for cat-friendly interactions in veterinary clinics.<ref name=Rodan2022>{{cite journal | author = Rodan, I.; Dowgray, N.; Carney, H. C.; Carozza, E.; Ellis, S. L.; Heath, S.; Niel, L.; Denis, k. S.; Taylor, S. | title = 2022 AAFP/ISFM cat friendly veterinary interaction guidelines: approach and handling techniques | journal = Journal of Feline Medicine & Surgery | volume = 24 | issue = 11 | pages = 1093–1132 | date = 2022 | pmid = 36259500 | doi = 10.1177/1098612X221128760 | pmc = 10845437 }}</ref>

== Ecology ==
=== Habitats ===
[[File:Siamese cat of Altai shepherds.jpg|thumb|A colourpoint domestic shorthair cat living among the [[yurts]] of shepherds in the [[Altai Mountains]], Russia]]
The domestic cat is a [[cosmopolitan species]] and occurs across much of the world.<ref name="Lipinski" /> It is adaptable and now present on all continents except [[Antarctica]], and on 118 of the 131 main groups of islands, even on the remote [[Kerguelen Islands]].<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Spatio-temporal variation in cat population density in a sub-Antarctic environment |last=Say |first=L. |journal=Polar Biology |year=2002 |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=90–95 |doi=10.1007/s003000100316|bibcode=2002PoBio..25...90S |s2cid=22448763}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Biological Invasions in the Antarctic: Extent, Impacts and Implications |last1=Frenot |first1=Y. |last2=Chown |first2=S. L. |last3=Whinam |first3=J. |last4=Selkirk |first4=P. M. |last5=Convey |first5=P. |last6=Skotnicki |first6=M. |last7=Bergstrom |first7=D. M. |s2cid=5574897 |journal=Biological Reviews |year=2005 |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=45–72 |doi=10.1017/S1464793104006542 |pmid=15727038 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Due to its ability to thrive in almost any terrestrial habitat, it is among the world's most [[invasive species]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Medina |first1=F. M. |last2=Bonnaud |first2=E. |last3=Vidal |first3=E. |last4=Tershy |first4=B. R. |author-link5=Erika Zavaleta |last5=Zavaleta |first5=E. |last6=Josh Donlan |first6=C. |last7=Keitt |first7=B. S. |last8=Le Corre |first8=M. |last9=Horwath |first9=S. V. |last10=Nogales |first10=M. |year=2011 |title=A global review of the impacts of invasive cats on island endangered vertebrates |journal=Global Change Biology |volume=17 |issue=11 |pages=3503–3510 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02464.x |citeseerx=10.1.1.701.4082 |bibcode=2011GCBio..17.3503M|s2cid=323316}}</ref> It lives on small islands with no human inhabitants.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=A Review of Feral Cat Eradication on Islands |last1=Nogales |first1=M. |last2=Martin |first2=A. |last3=Tershy |first3=B. R. |last4=Donlan |first4=C. J. |last5=Veitch |first5=D. |last6=Uerta |first6=N. |last7=Wood |first7=B. |last8=Alonso |first8=J. |journal=Conservation Biology |year=2004 |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=310–319 |doi=10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00442.x |bibcode=2004ConBi..18..310N |hdl=10261/22249 |s2cid=11594286 |url= https://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/22249/1/CBL-2004-18-310.pdf |hdl-access=free |access-date=24 September 2019 |archive-date=6 December 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191206034647/https://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/22249/1/CBL-2004-18-310.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Feral cats can live in forests, grasslands, tundra, coastal areas, agricultural land, scrublands, urban areas, and wetlands.<ref name="ISSG 2006">{{cite web |url= http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=24&fr=1&sts=sss |work=Global Invasive Species Database |title=Ecology of ''Felis catus'' |author=Invasive Species Specialist Group |publisher=[[IUCN Species Survival Commission|Species Survival Commission]], [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] |year=2006 |access-date=31 August 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091027123405/http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=24&fr=1&sts=sss |archive-date=27 October 2009}}</ref>

The unwantedness that leads to the domestic cat being [[Cat predation on wildlife#Impact by location|treated as an invasive species]] is twofold. As it is little altered from the wildcat, it can readily interbreed with the wildcat. This [[hybrid (biology)|hybridization]] poses a danger to the genetic distinctiveness of some wildcat populations, particularly in [[Scotland]] and [[Hungary]], possibly also the [[Iberian Peninsula]], and where protected natural areas are close to human-dominated landscapes, such as [[Kruger National Park]] in [[South Africa]].<ref name="Kruger">{{cite journal |url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270912183 |title=Genetic analysis shows low levels of hybridization between African wildcats (Felis silvestris lybica) and domestic cats (F. s. catus) in South Africa |last1=Le Roux |first1=Johannes J. |last2=Foxcraft |first2=Llewellyn C. |last3=Herbst |first3=Marna |last4=Macfadyen |first4=Sandra |date=19 August 2014 |journal=Ecology and Evolution |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=288–299 |doi=10.1002/ece3.1275 |pmid=25691958 |pmc=4314262 |bibcode=2015EcoEv...5..288L |access-date=14 November 2021 |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220307214831/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270912183_Genetic_analysis_shows_low_levels_of_hybridization_between_African_wildcats_Felis_silvestris_lybica_and_domestic_cats_F_s_catus_in_South_Africa |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Oliveira">{{Cite journal |last1=Oliveira |first1=R. |last2=Godinho |first2=R. |last3=Randi |first3=E. |last4=Alves |first4=P. C. |title=Hybridization Versus Conservation: Are Domestic Cats Threatening the Genetic Integrity of Wildcats (''Felis silvestris silvestris'') in Iberian Peninsula? |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences |volume=363 |issue=1505 |pages=2953–2961 |year=2008 |pmid=18522917 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2008.0052 |pmc=2606743}}</ref> However, its introduction to places where no native felines are present also contributes to the decline of native species.<ref name="contr-ext" />

=== Ferality ===
{{Main|Feral cat}}

[[File:Feral cat Virginia crop.jpg|right|thumb|upright|Feral [[farm cat]]]]
Feral cats are domestic cats that were born in or have reverted to a wild state. They are unfamiliar with and wary of humans and roam freely in urban and rural areas.<ref name="Rochlitz">{{Cite book |title=The Welfare of Cats |last=Rochlitz |first=I. |date=2007 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] |isbn=978-1-4020-6143-1 |series="Animal Welfare" series |location=Berlin |pages=141–175 |oclc=262679891}}</ref> The numbers of feral cats are not known, but estimates of the United States feral population range from 25 to 60 million.<ref name="Rochlitz" /> Feral cats may live alone, but most are in large [[feral cat colonies|colonies]], which occupy a specific territory and are usually associated with a source of food.<ref name="hsus-feral">{{cite web |url= http://www.hsus.org/pets/issues_affecting_our_pets/feral_cats/feral_cats_frequently_asked_questions.html#1_What_is_a_feral_cat |title=What is the difference between a stray cat and a feral cat? |date=2 January 2008 |work=HSUS.org |publisher=[[Humane Society of the United States]] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080501093143/http://www.hsus.org/pets/issues_affecting_our_pets/feral_cats/feral_cats_frequently_asked_questions.html#1_What_is_a_feral_cat |archive-date=1 May 2008}}</ref> Famous feral cat colonies are in Rome around the [[Colosseum]] and [[Forum Romanum]], some being fed and given medical attention by volunteers.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.romancats.com/index_eng.php |title=Torre Argentina cat shelter. |access-date=17 June 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090122203413/http://www.romancats.com/index_eng.php |archive-date=22 January 2009}}</ref>

Public attitudes toward feral cats vary widely, from seeing them as free-ranging pets to regarding them as [[vermin]].<ref>{{Cite book |publisher=Humane Society of the United States |isbn=978-0-9658942-7-2 |editor-last1=Rowan |editor-first1=Andrew N. |editor-last2=Salem |editor-first2=Deborah J. |first1=Margaret R. |last1=Slater |first2=Stephanie |last2=Shain |title=The State of the Animals II: 2003 |date=November 2003 |chapter=Feral Cats: An Overview (4) |chapter-url= http://www.hsus.org/web-files/PDF/hsp/SOA_3-2005_Chap4.pdf
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061110230426/http://www.hsus.org/web-files/PDF/hsp/SOA_3-2005_Chap4.pdf
|archive-date=10 November 2006}}</ref>

=== Impact on wildlife ===
{{main|Cat predation on wildlife}}

[[File:Feral_Cat_(5573630708).jpg|thumb|Cats kill billions of wild birds each year. This feral cat near [[Brisbane]] has caught a [[Pale-headed rosella]].]]
Domestic cats are a contributing factor to the decline of several species, a factor that has ultimately led, in some cases, to extinction. [[Turnagra capensis|The South Island piopio]], [[Rallus modestus|Chatham rail]],<ref name="Mead 1982 183–186" /> and the [[New Zealand merganser]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Stattersfield |first1=A. J. |last2=Crosby |first2=M. J. |last3=Long |first3=A. J. |last4=Wege |first4=D. C. |title=Endemic Bird Areas of the World: Priorities for Biodiversity Conservation |date=1998 |publisher=Burlington Press |isbn=978-0-946888-33-7 |series="BirdLife Conservation" series No. 7 |location=Cambridge, England}}</ref> are a few from a long list, with the most extreme case being the flightless [[Lyall's wren]], which was driven to extinction only a few years after its discovery.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Falla |first=R. A. |title=New Zealand Bird Life Past and Present |date=1955 |publisher=[[Cawthron Institute]]}}{{page needed|date=November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Galbreath |first1=R. |last2=Brown |first2=D. |year=2004 |title=The Tale of the Lighthouse-keeper's Cat: Discovery and Extinction of the Stephens Island Wren (''Traversia lyalli'') |url= http://www.notornis.org.nz/free_issues/Notornis_51-2004/Notornis_51_4_193.pdf |journal=Notornis |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=193–200 |doi=10.63172/755004iiybli |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081017221501/http://www.notornis.org.nz/free_issues/Notornis_51-2004/Notornis_51_4_193.pdf |archive-date=17 October 2008}}</ref> One feral cat in New Zealand killed 102 [[New Zealand lesser short-tailed bat]]s in seven days.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Scrimgeour |first1=J. |last2=Beath |first2=A. |last3=Swanney |first3=M. |year=2012 |title=Cat predation of short-tailed bats (''Mystacina tuberculata rhyocobia'') in Rangataua Forest, Mount Ruapehu, Central North Island, New Zealand |journal=New Zealand Journal of Zoology |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=257–260 |doi=10.1080/03014223.2011.649770 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In the United States, feral and free-ranging domestic cats kill an estimated 6.3–22.3 billion mammals annually.<ref name="NC012913" />

In Australia, one study found feral cats to kill 466 million reptiles per year. More than 258 reptile species were identified as being predated by cats.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Woinarski | first1=J. C. Z. | last2=Murphy | first2=B. P. | last3=Palmer | first3=R. | last4=Legge | first4=S. M. | last5=Dickman | first5=C. R. | last6=Doherty | first6=T. S. | last7=Edwards | first7=G. | last8=Nankivell | first8=A. | last9=Read | first9=J. L. | last10=Stokeld | first10=D. | title=How many reptiles are killed by cats in Australia? | journal=Wildlife Research | publisher=CSIRO Publishing | volume=45 | issue=3 | year=2018 | issn=1035-3712 | doi=10.1071/wr17160 | page=247| bibcode=2018WildR..45..247W }}</ref> Cats have contributed to the extinction of the [[Navassa curly-tailed lizard]] and ''[[Chioninia coctei]].''<ref name="contr-ext">{{Cite journal |last1=Doherty |first1=T. S. |last2=Glen |first2=A. S. |last3=Nimmo |first3=D. G. |last4=Ritchie |first4=E. G. |last5=Dickman |first5=C. R. |year=2016 |title=Invasive predators and global biodiversity loss |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=113 |issue=40 |pages=11261–11265 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1602480113 |pmc=5056110 |pmid=27638204 |bibcode=2016PNAS..11311261D |doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Interaction with humans ==
{{Main|Human interaction with cats}}

[[File:Mainecoon-lap.jpg|thumb|upright=.9|alt=A long-haired calico cat sat in the lap of a man who is sat cross-legged on the floor.|A cat lying on a man's lap]]
Cats are common [[pet]]s throughout the world, and their worldwide population as of 2007 exceeded 500 million.<ref name="NYT">{{Cite news |last=Wade |first=N. |year=2007 |title=Study Traces Cat's Ancestry to Middle East |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/29/science/29cat.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=2 April 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090418082840/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/29/science/29cat.html |archive-date=18 April 2009}}</ref> {{As of|2024|post=,}} the domestic cat was the second most popular pet in the [[United States]], with 73.8 million cats owned and around 42.2 million households owning at least one cat.<ref>{{cite web |title=U.S. pet ownership statistics |url= https://www.avma.org/resources-tools/reports-statistics/us-pet-ownership-statistics |publisher=[[American Veterinary Medical Association]] |access-date= 14 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=12 December 2020|title=61 Fun Cat Statistics That Are the Cat's Meow! (2022 UPDATE)|url= https://petpedia.co/cat-statistics/|access-date=18 February 2022 |archive-date=18 February 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220218184821/https://petpedia.co/cat-statistics/|url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[United Kingdom]], 26% of adults have a cat, with an estimated population of 10.9 million pet cats {{As of|2020|lc=y|post=.}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=How many pets are there in the UK? |url= https://www.pdsa.org.uk/get-involved/our-campaigns/pdsa-animal-wellbeing-report/uk-pet-populations-of-dogs-cats-and-rabbits |access-date=29 March 2021 |website=PDSA.org.uk |archive-date=3 March 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210303184319/https://www.pdsa.org.uk/get-involved/our-campaigns/pdsa-animal-wellbeing-report/uk-pet-populations-of-dogs-cats-and-rabbits }}</ref> {{As of|2021|post=,}} there were an estimated 220 million owned and 480 million stray cats in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://carocat.eu/statistics-on-cats-and-dogs/ |title=Statistics on cats |year=2021 |website=carocat.eu |access-date=15 February 2021 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210225150136/https://carocat.eu/statistics-on-cats-and-dogs/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Cats have been used for millennia to control rodents, notably [[Farm cat|around grain stores]] and [[Ship's cat|aboard ships]], and both uses extend to the present day.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Beadle|first=Muriel|title=Cat|publisher=Simon and Schuster|date=1979|isbn=978-0-671-25190-1|pages=93–96}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mayers |first=Barbara |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=q3LvHwAACAAJ |title=Toolbox: Ship's Cat on the Kalmar Nyckel|date=2007|publisher=Bay Oak Publishers |isbn=978-0-9741713-9-5 |access-date=17 July 2020 |archive-date=31 March 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210331062435/https://books.google.com/books?id=q3LvHwAACAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Cats are also used in the international [[fur trade]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.hsus.org/web-files/PDF/What-is-that-they-re-wearing_FurBooklet.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061201153853/http://www.hsus.org/web-files/PDF/What-is-that-they-re-wearing_FurBooklet.pdf |archive-date=1 December 2006 |title=What Is That They're Wearing? |publisher=[[Humane Society of the United States]] |access-date=22 October 2009}}</ref> and leather industries for making coats, hats, blankets, stuffed toys,<ref>{{Cite book |title=A Primer on Animal Rights: Leading Experts Write about Animal Cruelty and Exploitation |editor-first=K. W. |editor-last=Stallwood |publisher=[[Lantern Books]] |date=2002}}</ref> shoes, gloves, and musical instruments.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/japan-finale-for-the-worlds-most-elegant-use-of-a-dead-cat-1294096.html |title=Japan: Finale for the world's most elegant use of a dead cat |date=15 November 1997 |work=[[The Independent]] |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170621114633/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/japan-finale-for-the-worlds-most-elegant-use-of-a-dead-cat-1294096.html|archive-date=21 June 2017}}</ref> About 24 cats are needed to make a cat-fur coat.<ref>{{Cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6165786.stm |title=EU proposes cat and dog fur ban |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=22 October 2009 |year=2006 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090102231651/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6165786.stm |archive-date=2 January 2009}}</ref> This use has been outlawed in the United States since 2000 and in the European Union (as well as the United Kingdom) since 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.hsus.org/about_us/humane_society_international_hsi/hsi_europe/dog_cat_fur/ |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090217153420/http://www.hsus.org/about_us/humane_society_international_hsi/hsi_europe/dog_cat_fur/ |archive-date=17 February 2009 |title=EU Announces Strict Ban on Dog and Cat Fur Imports and Exports |year=2007 |first=C. |last=Ikuma |work=[[Humane Society International]] |access-date=14 December 2011}}</ref>

Cat pelts have been used for superstitious purposes as part of the practice of [[witchcraft]],<ref>{{Cite book |title=Witchcraft and Magic in Europe |volume=3: ''The Middle Ages'' |last1=Jolly |first1=K. L. |last2=Raudvere |first2=C. |last3=Peters |first3=E. |publisher=Athlone |date=2002 |isbn=978-0-567-57446-6 |location=London |oclc=747103210}}</ref> and they are still made into blankets in [[Switzerland]] as [[traditional medicine]]s thought to cure [[rheumatism]].<ref>{{Cite news |url= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/switzerland-finds-a-way-to-skin-a-cat-for-the-fur-trade-and-high-fashion-815426.html |title=Switzerland Finds a Way to Skin a Cat for the Fur Trade and High Fashion |last=Paterson |first=T. |year=2008 |work=The Independent |access-date=23 October 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090707080420/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/switzerland-finds-a-way-to-skin-a-cat-for-the-fur-trade-and-high-fashion-815426.html |archive-date=7 July 2009 |location=London}}</ref>

A few attempts to build a cat census have been made over the years, both through associations or national and international organizations (such as that of the [[Canadian Federation of Humane Societies]]<ref name="Canadian">{{Cite news |url= https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/humane-society-launches-national-cat-census-1.1185950 |title=Humane society launches national cat census |access-date=18 September 2012 |publisher=[[CBC News]] |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121024184326/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/story/2012/07/17/nb-cat-census-1000.html |archive-date=24 October 2012}}</ref>) and over the Internet.<ref name="catsbe">{{cite web |url= http://www.catsbe.com |title=Cats Be |access-date=18 September 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120922235823/http://www.catsbe.com/ |archive-date=22 September 2012}}</ref><ref name="SupremeCatCensus">{{cite web |url= http://www.supremecatcensus.co.za/ |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120316024409/http://www.supremecatcensus.co.za/ |archive-date=16 March 2012 |title=The Supreme Cat Census |access-date=18 September 2012}}</ref> General estimates for the global population of domestic cats range widely from anywhere between 200 million to 600 million.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Pets |work=IFAHEurope.org |publisher=Animal Health Europe |url= http://www.ifaheurope.org/companion-animals/about-pets.html |access-date=3 October 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141006074439/http://www.ifaheurope.org/companion-animals/about-pets.html|archive-date=6 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Legay |first=J. M. |title=Sur une tentative d'estimation du nombre total de chats domestiques dans le monde |trans-title=Tentative estimation of the total number of domestic cats in the world |language=fr |journal=Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série III |volume=303 |issue=17 |pages=709–712 |year=1986 |id={{INIST|7950138}} |pmid=3101986}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xYKqluO6c8UC&q=million%20cats%20worldwide&pg=PA157 |first1=S. D. |last1=Gehrt |first2=S. P. D. |last2=Riley |first3=B. L. |last3=Cypher |title=Urban Carnivores: Ecology, Conflict, and Conservation |date=2010 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University]] Press |access-date=3 October 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151231224128/https://books.google.com/books?id=xYKqluO6c8UC&lpg=PA157&pg=PA157&q=million%20cats%20worldwide |archive-date=31 December 2015 |isbn=978-0-8018-9389-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0HmB3ix5IQ8C&q=million%20cats%20worldwide&pg=PA47 |first=I. |last=Rochlitz |title=The Welfare of Cats |date=2007 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |access-date=3 October 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151231224128/https://books.google.com/books?id=0HmB3ix5IQ8C&lpg=PA47&pg=PA47&q=million%20cats%20worldwide |archive-date=31 December 2015 |isbn=978-1-4020-3227-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Cats: Most interesting facts about common domestic pets |url= http://english.pravda.ru/society/family/09-01-2006/9478-cats-0/ |work=[[Pravda]] |access-date=3 October 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141006105806/http://english.pravda.ru/society/family/09-01-2006/9478-cats-0/ |archive-date=6 October 2014 |date=9 January 2006}}</ref> [[Walter Chandoha]] made his career photographing cats after his 1949 images of ''Loco'', a stray cat, were published. He is reported to have photographed 90,000 cats during his career and maintained an archive of 225,000 images that he drew from for publications during his lifetime.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sandomir |first=R. |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/18/obituaries/walter-chandoha-dead.html?emc=edit_th_190119&nl=todaysheadlines&nlid=686341800119/ |title=Walter Chandoha, Photographer Whose Specialty Was Cats, Dies at 98 |work=The New York Times |date=18 January 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190119231032/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/18/obituaries/walter-chandoha-dead.html?emc=edit_th_190119&nl=todaysheadlines&nlid=686341800119%2FWalter |archive-date=19 January 2019 }}</ref>

[[Pet humanization]] is a form of [[anthropomorphism]] in which cats are kept for companionship and treated more like human family members than traditional pets.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/57f414e0b8a79bc04e0a2729/t/6081b71ec312977485a24fa4/1619113759478/CD-The+Rise+of+Pet+Humanization.pdf |title=The Rise of Pet Humanization |access-date=29 March 2024 |archive-date=2 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402002609/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/57f414e0b8a79bc04e0a2729/t/6081b71ec312977485a24fa4/1619113759478/CD-The+Rise+of+Pet+Humanization.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> This trend of [[pet culture]] involves providing cats with a higher level of care, attention and often even luxury, similar to the way humans are treated.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://advantagesolutions.net/news/the-humanization-of-pets/ |title=The Humanization of Pets |access-date=29 March 2024 |archive-date=6 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206214159/https://advantagesolutions.net/news/the-humanization-of-pets/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Shows ===
{{main|Cat show}}

A [[cat show]] is a judged event in which the owners of cats compete to win titles in various cat-registering organizations by entering their cats to be judged after a breed standard.<ref name="How Stuff Works-2008">{{Cite news |url= https://animals.howstuffworks.com/pets/cat-show1.htm |title=All About Cat Shows |year=2008 |work=How Stuff Works |access-date=8 June 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143813/https://animals.howstuffworks.com/pets/cat-show1.htm |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> It is often required that a cat must be healthy and vaccinated to participate in a cat show.<ref name="How Stuff Works-2008" /> Both [[Pedigree (cat)|pedigreed]] and non-[[purebred]] companion ("moggy") cats are admissible, although the rules differ depending on the organization. Competing cats are compared to the applicable breed standard, and assessed for temperament.<ref name="How Stuff Works-2008" />

=== Infection ===
{{Main|Feline zoonosis}}

Cats can be infected or infested with [[virus]]es, [[pathogenic bacteria]], [[fungus]], [[protozoans]], [[arthropod]]s or worms that can transmit diseases to humans; infections of most concern include [[salmonella]], [[cat-scratch disease]], and [[toxoplasmosis]].<ref name=Chomel2014>{{Cite journal |last=Chomel |first=B. |title=Emerging and re-emerging zoonoses of dogs and cats |journal=Animals |volume=4 |issue=3 |year=2014 |pages=434–445 |issn=2076-2615 |doi=10.3390/ani4030434 |pmid=26480316 |pmc=4494318|doi-access=free}}</ref> In some cases, the cat exhibits no [[symptoms]] of the disease.<ref name="Ohio2016">{{cite web |title=Cats |publisher=Ohio Department of Health |url=http://www.odh.ohio.gov/en/odhprograms/bid/zdp/animals/cats |access-date=26 November 2016 |date=2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127023823/https://www.odh.ohio.gov/en/odhprograms/bid/zdp/animals/cats|archive-date=27 November 2016 }}</ref> The same disease can then become evident in a human.<ref name=Goldstein2015>{{cite journal |last1=Goldstein |first1=E. J. C. |last2=Abrahamian |first2=F. M. |year=2015 |title=Diseases Transmitted by Cats |journal=Microbiology Spectrum |volume=3 |issue=5 |article-number=3.5.03 |doi=10.1128/microbiolspec.iol5-0013-2015 |pmid=26542039}}</ref> The likelihood that a person will become diseased depends on the age and [[Immunocompetence|immune status]] of the person. Others might also acquire infections from cat [[feces]] and [[parasite]]s exiting the cat's body.<ref name=Chomel2014/><ref name=StullBrophy2015>{{Cite journal |last1=Stull |first1=J. W. |last2=Brophy |first2=J. |last3=Weese |first3=J. S. |title=Reducing the risk of pet-associated zoonotic infections |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |volume=187 |issue=10 |year=2015 |pages=736–743 |doi=10.1503/cmaj.141020 |pmid=25897046 |pmc=4500695}}</ref>

== History and mythology ==
{{Main|Cultural depictions of cats|Cats in ancient Egypt}}

{{Multiple images
| direction = vertical
| image1 = Louvre egyptologie 21.jpg
| caption1 = The ancient Egyptians [[Mummy|mummified]] dead cats out of respect in the same way that they mummified people.<ref name="Clutton-Brock1999">{{Cite book |title=A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals |last=Clutton-Brock |first=J. |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge, England |date=1999 |isbn=978-0-521-63495-3 |edition=2nd |pages=133–140 |chapter=Cats |oclc=39786571 |orig-date=1987 |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=cgL-EbbB8a0C&pg=PA133 |access-date=25 October 2020 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210122145647/https://books.google.com/books?id=cgL-EbbB8a0C&pg=PA133 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| image2 = Cat birds MAN Napoli Inv9993.jpg
| caption2 = An ancient [[Roman mosaic]] depicts a cat killing a [[partridge]] from the [[House of the Faun]] in [[Pompeii]].
| image3 = PSM V37 D105 English tabby cat.jpg
| caption3 = A 19th-century drawing of a tabby cat
| image4 = Black cat on blue.jpg
| caption4 = Some cultures superstitiously attribute good or bad luck to black cats.
}}

In [[ancient Egypt]], cats were [[animal worship|revered]]. The goddess [[Bastet]] was often depicted in cat form, sometimes taking on the war-like aspect of a lioness. The Greek historian [[Herodotus]] reported that killing a cat was forbidden, and when a household cat died, the entire family mourned and shaved their eyebrows. Families took their dead cats to the sacred city of [[Bubastis]], where they were embalmed and buried in sacred repositories. Herodotus expressed astonishment at the domestic cats in Egypt, because he had only ever seen wildcats.<ref name="Malek1997">{{cite book |title=The Cat in Ancient Egypt |last=Malek |first=J. |date=1997 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-1632-5 |edition=Revised}}</ref>

Ancient Greeks and Romans kept [[weasel]]s as pets, which were seen as the ideal rodent-killers. The earliest unmistakable evidence of the Greeks having domestic cats comes from two coins from [[Magna Graecia]] dating to the mid-fifth century BC showing Iokastos and Phalanthos, the legendary founders of [[Reggio Calabria|Rhegion]] and [[Taranto|Taras]] respectively, playing with their pet cats. The usual ancient Greek word for 'cat' was {{lang|grc-Latn|ailouros}}, meaning 'thing with the waving tail'. Cats are rarely mentioned in [[ancient Greek literature]]. [[Aristotle]] remarked in his ''[[History of Animals]]'' that "female cats are naturally [[Promiscuity|lecherous]]". The Greeks later [[Interpretatio graeca|syncretized]] their own goddess [[Artemis]] with the Egyptian goddess Bastet, adopting Bastet's associations with cats and ascribing them to Artemis. In [[Ovid]]'s ''[[Metamorphoses]]'', when the deities flee to Egypt and take animal forms, the goddess [[Diana (mythology)|Diana]] turns into a cat.<ref name="Engels2001">{{Cite book |last=Engels |first=D. W. |title=Classical Cats: The Rise and Fall of the Sacred Cat |date=2001 |orig-date=1999 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-0-415-26162-3 |chapter=Greece |pages=[https://archive.org/details/classicalcats00dona/page/48 48–87] |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=XAkeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA68 |url= https://archive.org/details/classicalcats00dona/page/48}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rogers |first=K. M. |title=Cat |date=2006 |publisher=Reaktion Books |location=London |isbn=978-1-86189-292-8 |chapter=Wildcat to Domestic Mousecatcher |pages=7–48 |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=16ZsW4QLKlUC&pg=PA19 |access-date=5 June 2020 |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200727182342/https://books.google.com/books?id=16ZsW4QLKlUC&pg=PA19 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Cats eventually displaced [[weasel]]s as the pest control of choice because they were more pleasant to have around the house and were more enthusiastic hunters of mice. During the [[Middle Ages]], many of Artemis's associations with cats were grafted onto the [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Virgin Mary]]. Cats are often shown in icons of [[Annunciation]] and of the [[Holy Family]] and, according to [[Folklore of Italy|Italian folklore]], on the same night that Mary gave birth to [[Jesus]], a cat in [[Bethlehem]] gave birth to a kitten.<ref name="Beadle1977">{{Cite book |last=Beadle |first=M. |title=Cat |date=1977 |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-671-22451-6 |chapter=Ups and Downs |pages=[https://archive.org/details/cathistorybiolog00bead/page/75 75–88] |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=tnjgqpNKYksC&pg=PA75 |url= https://archive.org/details/cathistorybiolog00bead/page/75}}</ref> Domestic cats were spread throughout much of the rest of the world during the [[Age of Discovery]], as [[Ship's cat|ships' cats]] were carried on [[sailing ship]]s to control shipboard rodents and as good-luck charms.<ref name="Faure2009" />

Several ancient religions believed cats are exalted souls, companions or guides for humans, that are all-knowing but mute so they cannot influence decisions made by humans. In Japan, the {{lang|ja-Latn|[[maneki neko]]}} cat is a symbol of good fortune.<ref>{{cite journal |url= http://www.darumamagazine.com/new/articles-excerpts/maneki-neko-feline-fact-fiction/ |title=Maneki Neko: Feline Fact & Fiction |first=A. |last=Pate |journal=Daruma Magazine |year=2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130314191210/http://www.darumamagazine.com/new/articles-excerpts/maneki-neko-feline-fact-fiction/ |archive-date=14 March 2013 }}</ref> In [[Norse mythology]], [[Freyja]], the goddess of love, beauty, and fertility, is depicted as riding a chariot drawn by cats.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Faulkes |first=A. |date=1995 |title=Edda |page=24 |isbn=978-0-460-87616-2}}</ref> In [[Legends of the Jews|Jewish legend]], the first cat was living in the house of the first man [[Adam]] as a pet that got rid of [[mice]]. The cat was once partnering with the first dog before the latter broke an oath they had made which resulted in enmity between the descendants of these two animals. It is also written that neither cats nor [[fox]]es are represented in the water, while every other animal has an incarnation species in the water.<ref name="Ginzberg">{{Cite book |last=Ginzberg |first=L. |date=1909 |title=The Legends of the Jews, Vol. I: The Sixth Day |url= http://www.swartzentrover.com/cotor/e-books/misc/Legends/Legends%20of%20the%20Jews.pdf |translator-first=H. |translator-last=Szold |location=Philadelphia |publisher=[[Jewish Publication Society]] |access-date=19 February 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180516120617/http://www.swartzentrover.com/cotor/e-books/misc/Legends/Legends%20of%20the%20Jews.pdf |archive-date=16 May 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Although no species are sacred in Islam, [[Islam and cats|cats are revered by Muslims]]. Some Western writers have stated [[Muhammad]] had a favorite cat, ''[[Muezza]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Geyer |first=G. A. |title=When Cats Reigned Like Kings: On the Trail of the Sacred Cats |publisher=[[Andrews McMeel Publishing]] |location=Kansas City, Missouri |date=2004 |isbn=978-0-7407-4697-0 |url= https://archive.org/details/whencatsreignedl00geor}}</ref> He is reported to have loved cats so much, "he would do without his cloak rather than disturb one that was sleeping on it".<ref name="Reeves">{{Cite book |first=M. |last=Reeves |title=Muhammad in Europe |publisher=[[New York University Press]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/muhammadineurope0000reev/page/52 52] |isbn=978-0-8147-7533-2 |date=2000 |url= https://archive.org/details/muhammadineurope0000reev/page/52}}</ref> The story has no origin in early Muslim writers, and seems to confuse a story of a later [[Sufi]] saint, [[Ahmed ar-Rifa'i]], centuries after Muhammad.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://library.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=5401&idto=5401&bk_no=60&ID=5263 |title=Biography of al-Rifai |last=Al-Thahabi |first=S. |work=سير أعلام النبلاء |language=ar |access-date=11 November 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141025030332/http://library.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=5401&idto=5401&bk_no=60&ID=5263 |archive-date=25 October 2014}}</ref> One of the companions of Muhammad was known as [[Abu Hurayrah]] ("father of the kitten"), in reference to his documented affection to cats.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://pictures-of-cats.org/abu-hurairah-and-cats.html |title=Abu Hurairah and Cats |date=13 January 2015 |first1=Michael |last1=Broad |work=Pictures-of-Cats.org |access-date=5 March 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180305203105/http://pictures-of-cats.org/abu-hurairah-and-cats.html |archive-date=5 March 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Superstitions and rituals ===
[[File:The Love Potion.jpg|thumb|''[[The Love Potion]]'' is a 1903 painting by [[Evelyn De Morgan]] depicting a [[witch]] with a black cat.]]
Many cultures have negative [[superstition]]s about cats. For example, that encountering a [[black cat]] ("crossing one's path")<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Roud |first1=Stephen |title=The Penguin guide to the superstitions of Britain and Ireland |last2=Roud |first2=Stephen |date=2003 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-100673-4 |location=London |page=67}}</ref> leads to bad luck, or that cats are witches' [[familiar spirit]]s used to augment a witch's powers and skills. The killing of cats in medieval [[Ypres]], [[Belgium]], is commemorated in the innocuous present-day [[Kattenstoet]] (cat parade).<ref>{{cite web |title=Are Black Cats Really Bad Luck? [Hoax] |url=http://socialnewsdaily.com/58901/are-black-cats-really-bad-luck-hoax/ |work=Social News Daily |first1= K. |last1=Adzo |date=2015 |access-date=19 December 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222141607/http://socialnewsdaily.com/58901/are-black-cats-really-bad-luck-hoax/ |archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref>

According to a myth in many cultures, cats have multiple lives. In many countries, they are believed to have nine lives, but in Italy, Germany, Greece, Brazil, and some Spanish-speaking regions, they are said to have seven lives,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Las vidas del gato |year=2010 |url= http://elcomercio.pe/impresa/notas/vidas-gato/20100307/423959 |access-date=19 March 2010 |first=N. |last=Sugobono |language=es |work=[[El Comercio (Peru)]] |location=Lima, Peru |archive-date=27 January 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120127052854/http://elcomercio.pe/impresa/notas/vidas-gato/20100307/423959}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Qual é a origem da lenda de que os gatos teriam sete vidas? |language=pt-BR |work=[[Mundo Estranho]] |publisher=[[Abril Media]] |location=São Paulo, Brazil |access-date=15 November 2015 |url= http://mundoestranho.abril.com.br/materia/qual-e-a-origem-da-lenda-de-que-os-gatos-teriam-sete-vidas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117031757/http://mundoestranho.abril.com.br/materia/qual-e-a-origem-da-lenda-de-que-os-gatos-teriam-sete-vidas |archive-date=17 November 2015}}</ref> while in Arabic traditions, the number of lives is six.<ref>{{Cite news |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/gallery/2010/mar/18/guide-to-pets-pet-myths?picture=360591960 |access-date=15 November 2023 |first=T. |last=Dowling |title=Tall tails: Pet myths busted |date=2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909160834/http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/gallery/2010/mar/18/guide-to-pets-pet-myths?picture=360591960|archive-date=9 September 2013}}</ref> An early mention of the myth is in [[John Heywood]]'s ''The Proverbs of John Heywood'' (1546):<ref>{{cite book |first=J. |last=Heywood |author-link=John Heywood |editor-first=J. |editor-last=Sharman |url=https://archive.org/details/proverbsofjohnhe00heywrich/page/104/mode/2up |title=The Proverbs of John Heywood |date=1874 |page=104}}</ref>
{{Poem quote|text=Husband, ([[:wikt:quoth#Verb 2|quoth]] she), ye studie, be merrie now,
And even as ye thinke now, so come to yow.
Nay not so, (quoth he), for my thought to tell right,
I thinke how you lay [[:wikt:groning#English|groning]], wife, all last night.
Husband, ''a groning horse and a groning wife''
''Never faile their master'', (quoth she), for my life.
No wife, ''a woman [[:wikt:hath#English|hath]] nine lives like a cat''.}}

The myth is attributed to the natural suppleness and swiftness cats exhibit to escape life-threatening situations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Can Cats Cheat Death? |url=https://be.chewy.com/behavior-pet-facts-do-cats-really-have-nine-lives/ |website=BeChewy |date=6 October 2017 |access-date=25 September 2023 |archive-date=25 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925171409/https://be.chewy.com/behavior-pet-facts-do-cats-really-have-nine-lives/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Falling cats often land on their feet, using an instinctive [[cat righting reflex|righting reflex]] to twist their bodies around.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://cats.about.com/od/catsafety/a/highrisefalls.htm |title=The ASPCA Warns About High-rise Falls by Cats: High-rise Apartments, Windows, Terraces and Fire Escapes Pose Risk to Urban Cats |date=30 June 2005 |author= |publisher=[[American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals]] |via=About.com |access-date=2 March 2025 |location=New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522014805/http://cats.about.com/od/catsafety/a/highrisefalls.htm |archive-date=22 May 2012}}</ref>
{{clear}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Cats|Mammals|Animals}}
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Aging in cats]]
* [[Ailurophobia]]
* [[Animal testing on cats]]
* [[Cancer in cats]]
* [[Cat bite]]
* [[Cat café]]
* [[Cat collar]]
* [[Cat fancy]]
* [[Cat lady]]
* [[Cat food]]
* [[Cat meat]]
* [[Cat repeller]]
* [[Cats and the Internet]]
* [[Cats in Australia]]
* [[Cats in New Zealand]]
* [[Cats in the United States]]
* [[Cat–dog relationship]]
* [[Dog]]
* [[Dried cat]]
* [[Feral cats in Istanbul]]
* [[List of cat breeds]]
* [[List of cat documentaries, television series and cartoons]]
* [[List of individual cats]]
* [[List of fictional felines]]
* [[List of feline diseases]]
* [[Neko-dera]]
* [[Perlorian]]
* [[Pet door]]
* [[Pet first aid]]
* [[Popular cat names]]
{{div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Spoken Bharatpedia|date=13 May 2007|En-Cat_(part_1).ogg|En-Cat_(part_2).ogg|En-Cat_(part_3).ogg}}
* {{Wiktionary-inline|cat}}
* {{Wikispecies-inline|Felis catus|''Felis catus''}}
* {{Commons-inline}}
* {{Wikibooks inline|Animal Care}}
* {{Wikiquote-inline}}
* {{Cite Americana|wstitle=Cat, Domestic, The |short=x}}
* [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/name/Felis_catus Biodiversity Heritage Library bibliography] for ''Felis catus''
* View the [http://www.ensembl.org/Felis_catus/Info/Index/ cat genome] in [[Ensembl]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190520030950/http://brainmaps.org/index.php?p=speciesdata&species=felis-catus High-resolution images of the cat's brain]
* ''[[Scientific American]]''. "[https://books.google.com/books?id=YIE9AQAAIAAJ&q=carbonic+oxide The Origin of the Cat]". 1881. p. 120.

{{Cat nav|state=uncollapsed}}
{{Carnivora|Fe.}}
{{Animal domestication}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q20980826}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cats| ]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1758]]
[[Category:Animal models]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Felis]]
[[Category:Animal taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Cosmopolitan mammals]]

Phulwari Sharif railway station

2026-03-08T09:31:38Z

GregorioBigge0:

{{Short description|Railway station in Patna, Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}

{{Infobox station
| name = PHULWARI SHARIF
| type = [[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|150px]]
| image_caption = Indian Railways logo
| address = [[Phulwari Sharif]], Patna, Bihar-801505
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.5866|85.0803|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| elevation = {{convert|58|m|ft}}
| line = [[Howrah–Delhi main line]] [[Patna–Sonepur–Hajipur section]]
| other =
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| platform = 3
| tracks = 5 {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| entrances =
| parking = Available
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = PWS
| zone = [[East Central Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Danapur}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[East Central Railway]]
| services = {{Adjacent stations
|header1=[[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]]
|system2=Indian Railways
|line2=Sonepur–Patna|left2=Patliputra Junction|right2=Sachivalaya Halt|note-mid2=Towards [[Ganga Rail–Road Bridge]] (Sonepur) [[File:16 cardinal points NNW.png|15px|link=North Bihar]] [[File:UnderCon icon.svg|15px|Under-construction]]
|line3=Patna–Mughalsarai section|left3=Danapur|right3=Sachivalaya Halt|note-mid3=Towards [[Patna Junction railway station|Patna JN.]] [[File:16 cardinal points E.png|15px|link=West Bengal]]
}}
| former = East Indian Railways
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India#India Bihar#India Patna
| map_dot_label = '''Phulwari Sharif'''
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location with Patna
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map of Phulwari Sharif
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=180|zoom=14|type=point|marker=rail}}
}}

'''Phulwari Sharif Railway Station''' (Station Code: PWS), is a railway station serving the locality of [[Phulwari Sharif]] in the Patna district in the Indian state of Bihar.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/phulwari-sharif-pws/1419 |title=PWS/Phulwari Sharif Railway Station Satellite Map – India Rail Info – A Busy Junction for Travellers & Rail Enthusiasts |access-date=2014-03-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901210732/http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/phulwari-sharif-pws/1419 |archive-date=1 September 2013 }}</ref>
The Phulwari Sharif railway station, is well connected to most of the major cities in India by the railway network, which lies in between [[Howrah–Delhi main line]] which serves it with numerous trains. Phulwari Sharif is well connected to Patna, Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, [[Varanasi]], [[Kanpur]], [[Guwahati]] and other cities.

==Facilities==
The major facilities available are Waiting rooms, retiring room, computerized reservation facility, Reservation Counter, Vehicle parking etc.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Patliputra-station-to-be-functional-by-month-end/articleshow/20548073.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615054211/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-12/patna/39924147_1_passenger-trains-patliputra-railways | url-status=live | archive-date=15 June 2013 | title=Patliputra station to be functional by month-end | work=The Times of India | date=12 June 2013 | access-date=24 July 2013 | author=Kumod Verma}}</ref><ref name=computerized_list>{{cite web|title=List of Locations (Irrespective of States) Where Computerized Reservation Facilities Are Available|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in/location_Alphabetically.html|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=18 April 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703033000/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/location_Alphabetically.html|archive-date=3 July 2013}}</ref>
The vehicles are allowed to enter the station premises. There are refreshment rooms vegetarian and non vegetarian, tea stall, book stall, post and telegraphic office and Government Railway police(G.R.P) office. Automatic ticket vending machines have been installed to reduce the queue for train tickets on the station.<ref name="toi_model">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/8-more-stations-to-be-made-models/articleshow/9606303.cms | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103084612/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-05-12/patna/27114696_1_terminal-station-passengers-amenities-year-danapur | url-status=live | archive-date=3 January 2013 | work=The Times of India | title=8 more stations to be made models | access-date=13 June 2015}}</ref>

===Platforms===
There are three platforms at Phulwari Sharif railway station. The platforms are interconnected with three pedestrian footbridges.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Railway stations in Bihar}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Patna]]
[[Category:Danapur railway division]]

{{Bihar-railstation-stub}}

Mayabheda

2026-03-06T03:41:44Z

GregorioBigge0: created article

{{Short description|Sanskrit word meaning the breaching or removal of Avidya (ignorance)}}
{{Hindu philosophy}}
'''Mayabheda''', ([[Sanskrit]]:मायाभेद:), means the breaching or removal of [[Avidya (Hinduism)|Avidya]] ("ignorance"). It means the destruction of the illusion caused by [[Maya (illusion)|Maya]] which occurs coinciding with the gain/dawn of Right Knowledge, the knowledge of [[Brahman]]. The [[Rig Veda]] [[Sukta]] R.V.X.177 addressed to Mayabheda in its three [[Mantra]]s in its own cryptic way serves this purpose. The central theme of this hymn is the discernment of [[Maya (illusion)|Maya]] or illusion, the cause of material creation.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Golden Book of Rig Veda|author=Mahendra Kulsreshta|year=2006|publisher=Lotus Press|page=9|isbn=9788183820103|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OIoRWGSfMikC&q=mayabheda&pg=PA9}}</ref> Mayabheda is also one of the [[Rigvedic deities]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Echoes of Ancient Indian Wisdom|author=Shantha N.Nair|year=2008|publisher=Pustak Mahalpage=95|isbn=9788122310207|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ekehXVP3W8wC&q=mayabheda&pg=PA95}}</ref>

==About Sukta R.V.X.177==

The [[Rig Veda]] is an ancient anthology of [[Sanskrit]] poems mostly in the form of prayers to the [[Vedic]] gods. It consists of Ten Books or [[Mandala]]s. The [[Mandala 10|Tenth Mandala]] contains 191 Suktas addressed to [[Agni]], [[Indra]] and many other deities. The [[Purusha sukta]] (R.V.90), the [[Hiranyagarbha sukta]] (R.V.X.121) and the [[Nasadiya Sukta]] (R.V.X.129) are a part of this Mandala in which there are many more important hymns.

The Tenth Mandala of the Rig Veda also contains Sukta R.V.X.177 of [[Rishi]] Patanga Prajapati which is addressed to the [[Rigvedic deities|Vedic deity]], '''Mayabheda'''. It is a very short ''[[Sukta]]'' consisting of just three [[mantra]]s. The first mantra is in ''Jagati'' ''[[Vedic meter|chhanda]]'' to be sung or recited in ''Nishad'' ''[[Swara]]'', the second mantra is in ''Virat-trishtup'' '' [[Vedic meter|chhanda]]'' to be sung in ''Dhaivata'' ''[[Swara]]'' and the third, in ''Nichrit-trishtup'' ''[[Vedic meter|chhanda]]'' also to be sung in ''Dhaivata'' ''[[Swara]]''. The third mantra also appears in the First Mandala in the "Riddle Hymn" as Sukta R.V.I.164.31 in the hymn addressed to the ''Vishwadevas'', in which regard it is said that in this mantra is to be found the culminating point of the whole doctrine of the Transmigration of souls.<ref>{{cite book|title=A constructive survey of Upanishadic philosophy|author=Ramachandra Dattatreya Ranade|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|page=106|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LyRKQwAACAAJ&q=A+constructive+survey+of+upanishadic+philosophy}}</ref>

==Sukta - text==

(Translated into English a) by [[Ralph T. H. Griffith]]<ref>{{cite web|title=The Rig Veda Translator Ralph T.H.Griffith|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv10177.htm}}</ref> and b) by Laurie L. Patton<ref>{{cite book|title=Bringing the Gods to Mind:Mantra and Ritual in Early Indian Sacrifice|author=Laurie L. Patton|date=27 June 2005|publisher=University of California Press|page=132|isbn=9780520930889|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=gSZmbbsg9bEC&q=mayabheda&pg=PA132}}</ref> and c) freely as per Swami [[Dayananda Saraswati]]’s interpretation.) <ref>{{cite book|title=The Rig Veda Translator Swami Dayananda Saraswati |page=1218,1219|url=http://www.aryasamajjamnagar.org/rugveda_v5/rugveda.htm}}</ref>

::'''प॒तं॒गम॒क्तमसु॑रस्य मा॒यया॑ हृ॒दा प॑श्यन्ति॒ मन॑सा विप॒श्चित॑: ।'''
::'''स॒मु॒द्रे अ॒न्तः क॒वयो॒ वि च॑क्षते॒ मरी॑चीनां प॒दमि॑च्छन्ति वे॒धस॑:''' ॥१॥

:a) The sapient with their spirit and their mind behold the Bird adorned with all an Asura’s magic might. Sages observe him in the ocean’s inmost depth: the wise disposers seek the station of his rays.
: b) The wise behold with their mind in their heart the Sun, made manifest by the illusion of the Asura. The sages look into the solar orb, the ordainers desire the region of his rays.
:c) The one who has entered the [[Prana]], who is the Prana of the Pranas, owing to His grace the wise ones whole-heartedly (devotedly) observe with great interest the constant (observable) activity in the life (empirical existence) of the [[Jiva]] (the individual self); but those who are blessed with sharper and deeper insight are able to see stationed within (merged with) the Lord (the supreme Self) all those Jivas that have attained [[moksha]] (liberation); therefore, the wise adore the Lord who rests shining ever so brightly.

::'''प॒तं॒गो वाचं॒ मन॑सा बिभर्ति॒ तां ग॑न्ध॒र्वो॑ऽवद॒द्गर्भे॑ अ॒न्तः।'''
::'''तां द्योत॑मानां स्व॒र्यं॑ मनी॒षामृ॒तस्य॑ प॒दे क॒वयो॒ नि पा॑न्ति'''॥२॥

:a) The flying Bird bears Speech within his spirit: erst the Gandharva in the womb pronounced it. And at the seat of sacrifice the sages cherish their radiant, heavenly-bright invention.
: b) The Sun bears the word in his mind; the Gandharva has spoken it within the wombs; sages cherish it in the place of sacrifice, brilliant, heavenly, ruling the mind.
:c) The Jiva sincerely employs its ability to speak ("speech"); the speech which emerges from within in the form of (various/numerous) words is impelled by the Prana residing within the body having been inspired by it; the all-spreading brilliant light-rays and the vibrant air (collectively) together gathering that word-form speech lifts that speech carrying it to all corners of space (for it to be heard).

::'''अप॑श्यं गो॒पामनि॑पद्यमान॒मा च॒ परा॑ च प॒थिभि॒श्चर॑न्तम्।'''
::'''स स॒ध्रीची॒: स विषू॑ची॒र्वसा॑न॒ आ व॑रीवर्ति॒ भुव॑नेष्व॒न्तः'''॥३॥

:a) I saw the Herdsman, him who never resteth, approaching and departing on his pathways. He, clothed in gathered and diffusive splendour, within the worlds continuously travels.
: b) I beheld the protector, never descending, going by his paths to the east and the west; clothing the quarters of the heaven and the intermediate spaces. He constantly revolves in the midst of the worlds.
:c) The lord of the senses, the all-knowing one, as the witness, watches the imperishable Jiva who in accordance with its past and present works is repeatedly born in this world and passes through many types of agreeable and disagreeable births.

==Import==

According to the ''Asvalayana Srauta Sutra'' IV.6, Mantra ||2|| of this Rigvedic hymn is the inviting verse of the immolated to ''Vac'' (speech), and is used in the ''pravargya'' rites along with Mantra ||3||. Mantra ||1|| does refer directly to the Sun. In the [[Vidhāna|Vidhana literature]] the richness and ambivalence contained within the rite is lost when vide IV.115 it is said that one should constantly mutter that which is destructive of ignorance (''ajnanabheda''), and which begins with ''patangam'' (the mantras of R.V.X.177) which hymn is indeed destructive of illusion (''mayabheda'') and repels all sorts of illusion; and vide IV.116 it is suggested that one should, by means of this hymn, prevent illusion, be that of ''Sambara'' or ''[[Indrajala]]''; one should, by means of this, ward off the illusion caused by unseen beings. Here the enemy is one that can create maya, and interfere with the abilities to discern what is true and what is not.<ref>{{cite book|title=Bringing the Gods to Mind:Mantra and Ritual in Early Indian Sacrifice|author=Laurie L. Patton|date=27 June 2005|publisher=University of California Press|page=132|isbn=9780520930889|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=gSZmbbsg9bEC&q=mayabheda&pg=PA132}}</ref>

According to Wash Edward Hale the first mantra could refer to the myth of the ''[[Svarbhanu]]'' hiding the Sun with darkness until it was found by the [[Atri]]s; if so, this is the only occurrence of ''asura'', in the singular, referring to a mythological evil or demonic being.<ref>{{cite book|title=Asura:In Early Vedic Religion|author= Wash Edward Hale|year= 1986|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|page=78|isbn= 9788120800618|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wN6dz2UZkw4C&q=mayabheda&pg=PA78}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]

Mummy Mee Aayanochadu

2026-03-05T02:46:17Z

GregorioBigge0: created pg!

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mummy Mee Aayanochadu
| image = Mummy Mee Aayanochadu.jpg
| caption = Movie Poster
| writer = Madhukuri Raja {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = Yeerasheety Sai Satya Murthy
| screenplay = K. Ajay Kumar
| producer = B. Vanaja C. Kalyan {{small|(Presents)}}
| director = K. Ajay Kumar
| starring = [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] [[Indraja]] Keerthana
| music = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| cinematography = Lok Singh
| editing = K. Ramesh
| studio = Sri Ammulya Art Productions<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1579637/ |title= Mummy Mee Aayanochadu (Overview) |work=IMDb}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1996|1|26}}
| runtime = 128 mins
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Mummy Mee Aayanochadu''''' ({{translation|''Mother, your husband has arrived''}}) is a 1996 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy film]], produced by B. Vanaja, C. Kalyan under the Sri Ammulya Art Productions banner and directed by K. Ajay Kumar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/mummy-mee-ayana-vachadu-telugu-movie/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808112652/http://spicyonion.com/title/mummy-mee-ayana-vachadu-telugu-movie/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=8 August 2016 |title=Mummy Mee Aayanochadu (Direction) |work=Spicy Onion}}</ref> It stars [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Indraja]], Keerthana and music composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/mammi-mee-aayanochaadu-movie/18410 |title=Mummy Mee Aayanochadu (Cast & Crew) |work=gomolo.com}}</ref> The film was recorded as a ''flop'' at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.knowyourfilms.com/film/Mummy-Mee-Ayana-Vachadu/12271 |title=Mummy Mee Aayanochadu (Review) |work=Know Your Films}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film begins with Satish, a jovial son of tycoon Anand Rao. Indeed, Anand Rao is debauchery and aspires his son to follow his path. Being genuine, Satish aims to knit a beautiful, decent girl and a marriage broker, Achary, for it, who is a conman. So, he schemes with greedy Rajyalakshmi and entices Satish through her fascinating daughter, Sangeeta. Consequently, Satish has a snag to let slip his deed in an alcoholic state. Rajyalakshmi exploits it by forging his molest over Sangeeta when he declares to spouse her. So, Satish throws a bachelor party and re-consumes. Startlingly, a benevolent Sarada claims herself to be his wife the next day, stating he had coupled her the last night. From there, Satish moves pawns with Sangeeta & Rajyalakshmi to discard her, which misfires. After a while, Satish learns the hellish hue of sly women and Sarada's virtue. Thus, he seeks the actuality when they walk to a wise lady, Vasundhara. As a flabbergast, she unveiled his mother, who expelled Anand Rao, loathing his immortality. Vasundhara fostered Sarada, whom she assigned to shield her son. At last, Satish, with a play, reforms Anand Rao and unites the parents. Finally, the movie ends happily with the marriage of Satish & Sarada.

==Cast==
*[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] as Satish
*[[Indraja]] as Sarada
*[[Keerthana (Tamil actress)|Keerthana]] as Sangeeta
*[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Anand Rao
*[[Brahmanandam]] as Potti Rayudu / Basha / Big Boss / Khan Dada / Prabhu Deva
*[[Tanikella Bharani]] as Inspector Extra Venkat Rao
*[[Amanchi Venkata Subrahmanyam|A.V.S.]] as Achary
*[[Sivaji Raja]]
*[[Gundu Hanumantha Rao]] as Antharangam
*[[Chitti Babu (Telugu actor)|Chitti Babu]] as Ayano Chadu
*[[Kallu Chidambaram]] as Lawyer
*[[Manju Bhargavi]] as Vasundhara
*Latha Sri
*[[Y. Vijaya]] as Rajyalakshmi

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Mummy Mee Aayanochadu
| type = film
| artist =
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1996
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 21:30
| label = Supreme Music
| producer = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| prev_title = Simha Garjana
| prev_year = 1996
| next_title = [[Ladies Doctor]]
| next_year = 1996
}}

Music composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]. Music released on Supreme Music Company.
{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 21:30
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = Dhintanana Vennela Chilaka
| lyrics1 = Sahithi
| extra1 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], Sindhu
| length1 = 4:10

| title2 = Chali Gali Chengu Chatu
| lyrics2 = [[Bhuvana Chandra]]
| extra2 = Mano, [[K. S. Chithra|Chitra]]
| length2 = 4:29

| title3 = Gampalo Kodenta
| lyrics3 = [[Sirivennela Sitaramasastri|Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry]]
| extra3 = Mano, Chitra
| length3 = 4:44

| title4 = Maharani Manjulavani
| lyrics4 = Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry
| extra4 = Mano, [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]
| length4 = 4:12

| title5 = Hye Hye Madana
| lyrics5 = Bhuvana Chandra
| extra5 = Mano, Chitra
| length5 = 3:55
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Films scored by Vidyasagar (composer)]]
[[Category:1996 Telugu-language films]]

Agraharathil Kazhutai

2026-03-04T04:45:00Z

GregorioBigge0: formatting fix

{{short description|1977 film by John Abraham}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Agraharathil Kazhuthai.jpg
| caption = Title card
| director = [[John Abraham (director)|John Abraham]]
| writer = [[Venkat Swaminathan]]
| producer = Charly John John Abraham
| starring = [[M. B. Sreenivasan]] Swathi
| cinematography = [[Ramachandra Babu]]<ref name="panorama" />
| editing = Ravi
| music = [[M. B. Sreenivasan]]
| studio = Nirmithi Films<ref name="panorama" />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1977||}}
| runtime = 96 minutes{{sfn |Rajadhyaksha |Willemen |1998 |p=430}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Agraharathil Kazhutai''''' ({{Translation|Donkey in the [[Agraharam|Brahmin village]]}}) is a 1977 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by [[John Abraham (director)|John Abraham]] and written by [[Venkat Swaminathan]]. Inspired by [[Robert Bresson]]'s French film ''[[Au hasard Balthazar]]'' (1966), the film stars [[M. B. Sreenivasan]] and Swathi. It revolves around a donkey which faces ridicule when brought to a Brahmin village.

''Agraharathil Kazhutai'' won the [[National Film Award for Best Tamil Feature Film]]. Though the film courted controversy as it was perceived as hurting [[Brahmin]] sentiments, and was largely shunned during its initial release, it attained cult status in later years.

== Plot ==
In [[Chennai|Madras]], a female donkey is killed by a group of people. Her orphaned foal walks into the house of Narayanaswami, a [[Brahmin]] college professor. Narayanaswami, sympathetic after learning what happened, decides to raise the foal and names it 'Chinna'. Due to adopting a donkey, Narayanaswami faces ridicule in his neighbourhood and college. The principal feels this is affecting the college's reputation, and asks Narayanaswami to do something. Narayanaswami resigns and leaves with Chinna to his [[Agraharam]] (Brahmin village).

After Narayanaswami's arrival at the village, his parents are surprised at his idea to care for a foal. However, Narayanaswami convinces his father, and a [[deaf-mute]] girl Uma working as their maid is assigned to take care of Chinna. Narayanaswami returns to Madras for work. The village's other residents start criticising the idea of raising a foal in the Brahmin village. A gang of mischievous boys in the village take to harmful pranks, framing Chinna of having acted on its own.

When Narayanaswami returns some months later, his father mentions the incidents involving Chinna and how the neighbours are constantly complaining. Narayanaswami's brother Venkat shifts to the village and comes with his wife, who becomes upset by the foal's presence in the house. To keep the peace, Narayanaswami takes Chinna away, pays Uma to take care of it, and returns to Madras.

While taking Chinna to the fields, Uma encounters a worker. This develops into a physical relationship, and Uma soon becomes pregnant. The worker disappears, abandoning Uma. Chinna has now matured. Narayanaswami returns to the village after some months, and sees a pregnant Uma. She informs him that the temple priest was injured due because of Chinna; as a result, the villagers, headed by Srinivasa [[Iyer]], sent it to a washerman. Narayanaswami goes to see Chinna, then leaves for Madras.

Uma's baby is [[Stillbirth|stillborn]]; her mother leaves it at the mountain temple to conceal Uma's identity as the baby's unmarried mother. The temple priest finds the corpse and calls the other villagers, claiming this has diluted the temple's sanctity. Iyer suspects the baby is Uma's, and questions her mother about this. Uma's mother, frightened, confirms the suspicions, but lies that Chinna brought it to the temple. Iyer and the villagers become infuriated with the donkey, and it is stoned and beaten to death.

The village astrologer announces that, because of the sin of killing the donkey, the village will be haunted by omens. Instead, however, miracles beginning happening in the village. Iyer's long lost son returns; a paralysed woman starts walking; Venkat's wife becomes pregnant after being unable to conceive for years. On returning, Narayanaswami learns about these happenings. People superstitiously believe that the deceased donkey is responsible for all the miracles and Iyer suggests constructing a temple for the donkey, to which everyone agrees.

Narayanaswami finds Uma. Both search for Chinna's skeleton and find its skull. By then, the villagers arrive, pick up the skull and give a ritual funeral to Chinna by burning the skull, but the fire spreads and engulfs the whole village. Narayanaswami and Uma are the only survivors.

== Cast ==
*[[M. B. Sreenivasan]] as Narayanaswami{{sfn |Rajadhyaksha |Willemen |1998 |p=430}}
*Swathi as Uma{{sfn |Rajadhyaksha |Willemen |1998 |p=430}}
*Sreelalitha{{sfn |Rajadhyaksha |Willemen |1998 |p=430}}
*Gopali{{sfn |Rajadhyaksha |Willemen |1998 |p=430}}
*Raman as Venkat{{sfn |Dhananjayan |2014 |p=247}}
*Veeraraghavan as Srinivasa Iyer{{sfn |Dhananjayan |2014 |p=248}}
*Narasimhan{{sfn |Rajadhyaksha |Willemen |1998 |p=430}}
*Thillai Rajan{{sfn |Rajadhyaksha |Willemen |1998 |p=430}}
*Krishnaraj{{sfn |Rajadhyaksha |Willemen |1998 |p=430}}
*Rajan{{sfn |Rajadhyaksha |Willemen |1998 |p=430}}

== Production ==
''Agraharathil Kazhutai'' is [[John Abraham (director)|John Abraham]]'s second directorial venture after the 1971 [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Vidhyarthikale Ithile Ithile]]'', and only one in Tamil.{{sfn |Rajadhyaksha |Willemen |1998 |pp=39, 430}} The idea for ''Agraharathil Kazhutai'' came to Abraham when he was staying in [[Coimbatore]] for some screenwriting work. While walking through a Brahmin village, he noticed some donkeys and foals, and wondered why people never raise donkey foals as pets, leading to the film's conception. Abraham also took inspiration from [[Robert Bresson]]'s French film ''[[Au hasard Balthazar]]'' (1966).{{sfn |Dhananjayan |2014 |p=248}} Principal photography lasted roughly 30 working days; locations included [[Loyola College, Chennai|Loyola College]] and [[Kundrathur]] near [[Chengalpattu]].{{Sfn |Baskaran |1996 |p=149}} [[M. B. Sreenivasan]], the lead actor, also composed the music.{{Sfn |Baskaran |1996 |p=147}}

Abraham and his team struggled to get the skull of a donkey for the shoot. They searched for skulls in veterinary hospitals and colleges, to no avail. One of Abraham's friends suggested making a fake skull using [[gypsum plaster]], but Abraham disagreed. Eventually, one of his friends mentioned burying a donkey three days before. The team went to the spot, exhumed the donkey's carcass and cut off the head which was yet to decay. After removing the skin, leaving only the skull, they cleaned it up and used it for the shoot.{{sfn |Dhananjayan |2014 |p=248}} The film took five years to complete.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sudhish |first=Navamy |date=9 June 2018 |title=John, the iconic filmmaker, comes alive on screen |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/john-the-iconic-filmmaker-comes-alive-on-screen/article24125167.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104055023/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/john-the-iconic-filmmaker-comes-alive-on-screen/article24125167.ece |archive-date=4 November 2021 |access-date=18 July 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''Agraharathil Kazhutai'' received international acclaim.{{sfn |Rajadhyaksha |Willemen |1998 |p=39}} In 1978, ''Agraharathil Kazhutai'' won the [[National Film Award for Best Tamil Feature Film]] at the [[25th National Film Awards]]. The jury noted John's usage of the verses of Tamil poet [[Subramania Bharati]] "for creating a parable set against the orthodoxies and superstitions of a Brahmin village community".<ref>{{Cite web |title=25th National Film Festival of India |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm25thNFAAward.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010041511/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm25thNFAAward.aspx |archive-date=10 October 2014 |access-date=11 January 2015 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}</ref> It was screened under the Indian Panorama section of the [[International Film Festival of India]] in 1978.<ref name="panorama">{{Cite web |date=1979 |title=Indian Panorama 1979 |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/indian_cinema_1978-79.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106110851/http://dff.nic.in/2011/indian_cinema_1978-79.pdf |archive-date=6 January 2017 |access-date=28 June 2018 |publisher=[[International Film Festival of India]] |pages=104–105}}</ref> Along with a few other films, it pioneered the "new wave" movement in [[Cinema of South India|South Indian cinema]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narayan |first=Hari |date=5 April 2019 |title=Is it time for New Wave 2.0 in Indian cinema? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/is-it-time-for-new-wave-20-in-indian-cinema/article26746064.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405112017/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/is-it-time-for-new-wave-20-in-indian-cinema/article26746064.ece |archive-date=5 April 2019 |access-date=18 August 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film became controversial as it was perceived as hurting Brahmin sentiments, and many Brahmin organisations called for its banning. In 1989, [[Doordarshan]] was forced to cancel a scheduled telecast of the film to avoid controversy.{{Sfn |Baskaran |1996 |p=148}}{{sfn |Rajadhyaksha |Willemen |1998 |p=430}} Though largely shunned during its initial release, it attained cult status in later years.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Subramanian |first=Karthik |date=29 October 2011 |title=Fame by frame |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/fame-by-frame/article2579936.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150117144332/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/fame-by-frame/article2579936.ece |archive-date=17 January 2015 |access-date=11 January 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>{{sfn |Dhananjayan |2014 |p=247}} The film gave a much needed breakthrough for John Abraham. In 2013, [[IBN Live]] included it among the 100 greatest films of all-time in Indian cinema.<ref name="ibn">{{Cite web |date=17 April 2013 |title=100 Years of Indian Cinema: The 100 greatest Indian films of all time |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200-89.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425235230/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200-89.html |archive-date=25 April 2013 |access-date=6 May 2013 |website=[[IBN Live]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Baskaran |first=S. Theodore |author-link=S. Theodore Baskaran |title=The Eye of the Serpent: An Introduction to Tamil Cinema |publisher=East West Books |year=1996 |location=Chennai |oclc=243920437}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Willemen |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |orig-date=1994}}
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |title=Pride of Tamil Cinema: 1931–2013 |title-link=Pride of Tamil Cinema |publisher=Blue Ocean Publishers |year=2014 |oclc=898765509}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{John Abraham (director)}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestFeatureFilmTamil}}

{{Improve categories|date=January 2024}}

[[Category:1970s avant-garde and experimental films]]
[[Category:1977 Indian films]]
[[Category:1970s satirical films]]
[[Category:1977 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Best Tamil Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films about donkeys]]
[[Category:Films about superstition]]
[[Category:Films directed by John Abraham]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. B. Sreenivasan]]
[[Category:Indian avant-garde and experimental films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian independent films]]
[[Category:Indian satirical films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Manja (film)

2026-03-03T20:41:49Z

GregorioBigge0: updated citations for clarity and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Manja
| image = Manja-2014.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Bijoy Urmise]]
| producer = Rammohan S. Menon
| story = Bijoy Urmise
| screenplay = Bijoy Urmise
| starring = [[Niyas Backer]] [[Shammi Thilakan]] [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]] [[Joy Mathew]]
| music = [[Sejo John]] [[Jessin Georgeh]]
| cinematography = Rajesh K. Narayanan
| editing = Mentos Antony
| studio = Lal Media Arts
| distributor = M Talkie Cinema
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|02|28}}
| runtime = 110 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Manja''''' is a 2014 [[Malayalam]] [[comedy film]] written and directed by [[Bijoy Urmise]]. This is the first film directed by Binoy Urmise. It stars [[Niyas Backer]] in lead role and [[Shammi Thilakan]], [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]] and [[Joy Mathew]] in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/manja-review-malayalam-movie-18182|title = Manja review. Manja Malayalam movie review, story, rating}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film revolves around the central character Jackson, who is a hard working, simple young guy from a village. His greatest desire is to become a film star. His journey to achieve the goal in life and some interesting incidents is the main plot of the film.

== Cast ==
* [[Niyas Backer]] as Jackson
* [[Shammi Thilakan]] as Abhayaraj
* [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]] as Prasad
* [[Joy Mathew]] as narrator
* [[Kulapulli Leela]] as Jackson's mother
* [[Balachandran Chullikad]] as Abhayaraj's friend
* [[Ramesh Pisharody]]
* [[Vijesh Vijay]]

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Manja
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Sejo John]] [[Jessin Georgeh]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released =
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Film
| length =
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The film features songs composed by [[Sejo John]] and [[Jessin Georgeh]] and written by Santhosh Varma(Urulunnu Shakadam) and [[Bijoy Urmise]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/movies/manja.html Manja at oneindia.in]
* [https://www.indiaglitz.com/manja-malayalam-movie-review-18182 Manja at indiaglitz]

[[Category:2014 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:2014 comedy films]]

{{2010s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Ajmer rape case

2026-03-03T13:19:46Z

GregorioBigge0: adjusted layout also

{{Short description|Coerced sexual exploitation case of girls in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}{{Infobox event
| title = 1992 Ajmer serial gangrape and blackmailing scandal
| date = 1990–1992
| type = [[Sexual abuse]] and [[blackmailing]] (Estimated 250 (1991–1992, according to the media report) aged approximately 11–20
| reporter = Deenbandhu Chaudary and Santosh Gupta [[Dainik Navajyoti]].<ref name="Gangraped in teens, visiting courts as grandmothers: 1992 Ajmer horror is an open wound">{{Cite web |date=29 January 2022 |author=Jyoti Yadav |title=Gangraped in teens, visiting courts as grandmothers: 1992 Ajmer horror is an open wound |url=https://theprint.in/features/gangraped-in-teens-visiting-courts-as-grandmothers-1992-ajmer-horror-is-an-open-wound/814073/ |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=[[The Print]] |language=en}}</ref>
| inquiries = [[Rajasthan Police]] (1992–2021)
| trial = [[Rajasthan High Court]] and [[Supreme Court of India]]
| convictions = *Farooq Chishti: spent 6.5 years in jail under Section 376/120B, released.
* Anwar Chisthi, Shamshuddin (Maredona), Moijullah (Puttan) and Ishrat Ali sentenced to 10 years from 1998;
** Anwar and Maredona under Section 376/120B, rest under Section 376.
* Naseem (Tarzan), Nafees Chisthi, Salim Chisthi, Iqbal Bhati, Sohail Ghani and Zameer Hussain sentenced to life imprisonment;
** Tarzan under Section 376/120B and Section 37, rest under Section 376/120B.
* Zahoor Chishti convicted under Section 377, still under trial for other charges.
}}
{{Rape}}

The '''1992 Ajmer rape scandal''' was a series of gangrapes and blackmailing in which 250 female students, aged between 11 and 20, were reportedly victims of a series of gang rapes and blackmailing. The perpetrators, led by Farooq and Nafees Chishti, were members of the hereditary caretaker [[Anjuman Syedzadgan|Khadim]] family of [[Ajmer Sharif Dargah]] and leaders of the [[Indian Youth Congress]] in [[Ajmer]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kashyap |first=Simran |date=2022-07-05 |title=1992 Ajmer horror: Recalling India’s biggest rape and sex exploitation scandal |url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/1992-ajmer-horror-recalling-indias-biggest-rape-and-sex-exploitation-scandal-3429615.html |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=OneIndia |language=en}}</ref> Over several years, ending in 1992, [[Child grooming|they lured victims]] to remote farmhouses or bungalows, where they were sexually assaulted by one or several of the men and photographed naked or otherwise revealing positions to prevent the women from speaking out.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Yadav |first1=Jvoti |date=29 January 2022 |title=Gangraped in teens, visiting courts as grandmothers |url=https://theprint.in/features/gangraped-in-teens-visiting-courts-as-grandmothers-1992-ajmer-horror-is-an-open-wound/814073/ |website=The Print |access-date=25 August 2022 |archive-date=25 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825234407/https://theprint.in/features/gangraped-in-teens-visiting-courts-as-grandmothers-1992-ajmer-horror-is-an-open-wound/814073/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The scandal came to light through a local newspaper, ''[[Dainik Navajyoti]]'', and subsequent police investigations, amid allegations of prior knowledge by local authorities.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kranti |first1=Vijay |title=Murder of Ajmer daily editor exposes sordid sex scandal involving criminals, politicians |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/crime-stories/story/19921015-murder-of-ajmer-daily-editor-exposes-sordid-sex-scandal-involving-criminals-politicians-767014-2012-12-26 |website=India Today|date=26 December 2012 }}</ref>

N.K. Patni, the then [[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendent of Police]] of the [[Criminal Investigation Department (India)|CID Crime Branch]], noted that the case emerged during a period of heightened communal tension. He highlighted the challenges in investigating the matter without it acquiring communal overtones, particularly given that the victims were young Hindu girls and the accused came from Muslim families with religious and local influence.<ref name="Gangraped in teens, visiting courts as grandmothers: 1992 Ajmer horror is an open wound" />

In September 1992, 18 offenders were charged, one of whom died by suicide in 1994. The first eight to stand trial received life sentences, though four were later acquitted by the [[Rajasthan High Court]] in 2001.<ref name="indianexpress.com2">(the journalist who broke {{Cite web |date=2018-02-25 |title=Almost three decades after a rape, blackmail case rocked Ajmer, surrender of an accused opens old wounds |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rajasthan-almost-three-decades-after-a-rape-blackmail-case-rocked-ajmer-surrender-of-an-accused-opens-old-wounds-5076914/ |access-date=2020-06-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=17 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617165129/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rajasthan-almost-three-decades-after-a-rape-blackmail-case-rocked-ajmer-surrender-of-an-accused-opens-old-wounds-5076914/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2007, Farooq Chishti was convicted by a fast-track court but was released in 2013 after serving time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-05 |title=1992 Ajmer horror: Recalling India's biggest rape and sex exploitation scandal |url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/1992-ajmer-horror-recalling-indias-biggest-rape-and-sex-exploitation-scandal-3429615.html |access-date=2023-06-17 |website= |language=en}}</ref> Retired Rajasthan [[DGP (India)|DGP]] Omendra Bhardwaj noted the influence of the accused made it difficult for victims to testify.<ref name="sc112">{{cite news |last=Mukherjee |first=Deep |date=25 February 2018 |title=Almost three decades after a rape, blackmail case rocked Ajmer, surrender of an accused opens old wounds |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rajasthan-almost-three-decades-after-a-rape-blackmail-case-rocked-ajmer-surrender-of-an-accused-opens-old-wounds-5076914/ |access-date=2 August 2018 |newspaper=The Indian Express |archive-date=17 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617165129/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rajasthan-almost-three-decades-after-a-rape-blackmail-case-rocked-ajmer-surrender-of-an-accused-opens-old-wounds-5076914/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] acknowledged that many victims refused to testify due to the stigma and potential repercussions on their future lives, a concern acknowledged by the Supreme Court in its observations. The case was also linked to other criminal activities in the region, including the involvement of [[Khaleel Chishty|Khaleel Chishti]], who was implicated in a murder case in Ajmer in 1992.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-12-22 |title=Jailed Pakistan doctor Chisty's clemency plea rejected |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jailed-pakistan-doctor-chistyamprsquos-clemency-plea-rejected/articleshow/11200947.cms |access-date=2023-06-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=7 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507041202/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jailed-pakistan-doctor-chistyamprsquos-clemency-plea-rejected/articleshow/11200947.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Incidents ==
The blackmail operation was discovered to have been carried out by a chain of [[History-sheeter|serial offenders]]. A specific group of local politically influential men were targeting young girls: for example, firstly Farooq Chishti lured one of the girls from Sophia Secondary School in Ajmer and took sexual photos of her.<ref name=inf>{{Cite web|title=एक-एक कर फार्महाउस पर बुलाया, 100 लड़कियों का रेप किया|url=https://www.thelallantop.com/tehkhana/ajmer-rape-case-infamous-rape-case-in-indian-history/|access-date=2021-01-25|website=LallanTop|language=hi|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221105034/https://www.thelallantop.com/tehkhana/ajmer-rape-case-infamous-rape-case-in-indian-history/|url-status=live}}</ref> Then, the accused blackmailed the girl into introducing them to her classmates and friends. Eventually, other girls would be raped, sexually exploited, and have their pictures taken at a farmhouse.<ref name=inf/> The cycle continued so forth, with [[Grooming gang|the gang continuing to expand its operations]] and victimize an increasing number of girls. They photographed the girls in compromising positions, using the images to exploit the victims.<ref name="outlookindia1">{{cite web|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=746397 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130630024643/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=746397 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-06-30 |title=Ajmer Sex Scandal: Accused Nabbed After 19 Years |publisher=news.outlookindia.com |date= |access-date=2013-05-13 }}</ref>

== Timeline ==
The known timeline of the Ajmer rape scandal begins in 1990. Among the victims was a Class 12 student at Savitri School, who aspired to join the [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]]. She was introduced to Nafees and Farooq Chishti by an acquaintance who assured her that they were influential and could help her achieve her political ambitions.<ref name="Gangraped in teens, visiting courts as grandmothers: 1992 Ajmer horror is an open wound"/>

According to her testimony, documented in a 2003 Supreme Court judgment, [[Sexual grooming|she was groomed]], sexually assaulted, and subsequently blackmailed by the Chishti duo. They coerced her into bringing other young women into their circle, often under the guise of helping them join the Congress. Nafees and Farooq gained her trust by offering her a lift in their van and promising to discuss her entry into the party. Instead, they took her to a farmhouse, where Nafees assaulted her and threatened her life if she disclosed the incident. This marked the beginning of a series of similar assaults.<ref name="Gangraped in teens, visiting courts as grandmothers: 1992 Ajmer horror is an open wound"/>

The perpetrators, sometimes introduced to the victims as her brothers, would invite them to "parties" at a farmhouse or Farooq's bungalow on Foy Sagar Road. Many of these women were drugged and [[gangrape|sexually assaulted by one or more men]], who often took photographs of the rapes to blackmail the victims into silence.<ref name="inf" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2024-08-20 |title=POCSO Court Convicts 6 More In 1992 Ajmer Rape-Blackmail Case; Over 100 Girls Victims |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!state/posco-court-convicts-6-more-in-1992-ajmer-rape-blackmail-case-over-100-girls-were-gangraped-enn24082003976 |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en |archive-date=21 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240821001742/https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!state/posco-court-convicts-6-more-in-1992-ajmer-rape-blackmail-case-over-100-girls-were-gangraped-enn24082003976 |url-status=live }}</ref>

She also testified that she and another victim initially sought help from a [[Constable|police constable]], who introduced them to an officer in the Ajmer police special branch. However, after receiving threatening calls, it became clear that the police were either complicit or ineffective in providing protection. At one point, a gang member, Moijullah, cryptically warned her that "the game which they were playing was a game they had played long back," underscoring the deeply entrenched nature of the criminal network.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Yadav |first=Jyoti |date=2022-01-29 |title=Gangraped in teens, visiting courts as grandmothers: 1992 Ajmer horror is an open wound |url=https://theprint.in/ground-reports/gangraped-in-teens-visiting-courts-as-grandmothers-1992-ajmer-horror-is-an-open-wound/814073/ |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |archive-date=11 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111095317/https://theprint.in/ground-reports/gangraped-in-teens-visiting-courts-as-grandmothers-1992-ajmer-horror-is-an-open-wound/814073/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Chishti family, who held significant religious and political influence, were allegedly shielded by their status. According to journalist Santosh Gupta, law enforcement officials, from Superintendents of Police to [[Station house officer|Station House Officers]], often sought the Chishtis' mediation in legal matters, making it difficult to hold them accountable.<ref name=":0" />

The scandal came to public attention when employees at a photo lab, where the perpetrators had their incriminating photographs developed, began circulating the images. A reel developer, boasted about the photos to his neighbor, Devendra Jain, who then made copies and distributed them to ''Dainik Navajyoti'' and the local [[Vishva Hindu Parishad|Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP)]] group. The VHP workers forwarded the images to the police, prompting an inquiry.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-20 |title=What is the sensational Ajmer sex case in which 6 got life terms after 32 years |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ajmer-sex-scandal-case-6-accused-life-imprisonment-after-32-years-5-lakh-each-fine-pocso-court-2585314-2024-08-20 |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=21 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240821001742/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ajmer-sex-scandal-case-6-accused-life-imprisonment-after-32-years-5-lakh-each-fine-pocso-court-2585314-2024-08-20 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 21 April 1992, journalist Santosh Gupta published the first report on the sexual exploitation in ''Dainik Navajyoti''. However, it was the second report on 15 May 1992, which included blurred images of the victims, that caused a public outcry. The case gained widespread attention, leading to a complete shutdown of Ajmer on 18 May 1992, driven by public outrage over the scandal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Called one by one to the farmhouse, raped 100 girls, that tarnished story of Rajasthan Ajmer 1992 Dargah – The Scoop India |url=https://thescoop.in/2022/03/25/called-one-by-one-to-the-farmhouse-raped-100-girls-that-tarnished-story-of-rajasthan-ajmer-1992-dargah/ |access-date=2024-08-20 |language=en-US |archive-date=21 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240821001745/https://thescoop.in/2022/03/25/called-one-by-one-to-the-farmhouse-raped-100-girls-that-tarnished-story-of-rajasthan-ajmer-1992-dargah/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-17 |title=Ajmer 92: The gangrape and blackmail case that shook the city |url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/ajmer-92-the-gangrape-and-blackmail-case-that-shook-the-city-12878542.html |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>

== Investigation ==
{{Expand section|date=August 2024}}
The editor of Navjyoti, Deenbandhu Chaudhary, had admitted that the local law enforcement authorities were aware of the scandal almost since a year before the story broke, but they allowed the local politicians to stall the investigations.<ref name=":O1">{{Cite web |last=Kranti |first=Vijay |date=December 26, 2012 |title=Murder of Ajmer daily editor exposes sordid sex scandal involving criminals, politicians |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/crime/story/19921015-murder-of-ajmer-daily-editor-exposes-sordid-sex-scandal-involving-criminals-politicians-767014-2012-12-26 |access-date=2021-05-02 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=28 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228161543/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/crime/story/19921015-murder-of-ajmer-daily-editor-exposes-sordid-sex-scandal-involving-criminals-politicians-767014-2012-12-26 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Chaudhary stated that they finally decided to go ahead with the story because that seemed to be the only way to prod the local administration into action. Finally, the police lodged an [[First information report|FIR]] against eight of the accused. Further investigations led to 18 men in total being charged and tensions ran high in the town for several days.

The case was indirectly connected to Khaleel Chishti, a relative of the accused, who had previously been implicated in a 1992 murder case in Ajmer, suggesting possible longstanding familial associations with criminal activity.

People took to the streets to protest and tension in the community grew. A three-day [[bandh]] was imposed and subsequent news of the widespread exploitation and blackmail started coming in. Retired Rajasthan DGP Omendra Bhardwaj, who was the [[Deputy inspector general of police|Deputy Inspector General of Police]] in Ajmer at that time, stated that the social and financial aristocracy of the accused stopped many more victims from coming forward. The number of victims was believed to be several hundred. Another realisation was that many of the victims had already died by suicide.<ref name="sc11">{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rajasthan-almost-three-decades-after-a-rape-blackmail-case-rocked-ajmer-surrender-of-an-accused-opens-old-wounds-5076914/|title=Almost three decades after a rape, blackmail case rocked Ajmer, surrender of an accused opens old wounds|date=25 February 2018|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=2 August 2018|first=Deep|last=Mukherjee|archive-date=17 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617165129/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rajasthan-almost-three-decades-after-a-rape-blackmail-case-rocked-ajmer-surrender-of-an-accused-opens-old-wounds-5076914/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Rajasthan police's Special Operations Group (SOG) arrested Salim Chishti, 42, one of the accused from Khalid Mohalla in Ajmer town on 4 January 2012.<ref name="mid-day1992">{{cite web |date=2012-01-04 |title=Accused in 1992 Ajmer sex scandal case arrested |url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2012/jan/041211-Accused-in-1992-Ajmer-sex-scandal-case-arrested.htm |access-date=2013-05-13 |publisher=Mid-day.com |archive-date=4 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904135323/https://www.mid-day.com/news/2012/jan/041211-Accused-in-1992-Ajmer-sex-scandal-case-arrested.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Accused charged ==
All of the 19 accused were charged with abduction. The main accused Farooq Chishti was president of the [[Indian Youth Congress|Ajmer Youth Congress]]. Nafees Chishti was the vice-president of [[Indian National Congress|Ajmer Indian National Congress]] and Anwar Chishti was the Joint Secretary of Ajmer Indian National Congress. Moijullah (alias Puttan), Ishrat Ali, Anwar Chishti, and Shamshuddin (alias Meradona) were also sentenced by the court.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-02-25|title=Almost three decades after a rape, blackmail case rocked Ajmer, surrender of an accused opens old wounds|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rajasthan-almost-three-decades-after-a-rape-blackmail-case-rocked-ajmer-surrender-of-an-accused-opens-old-wounds-5076914/|access-date=2020-06-15|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=17 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617165129/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rajasthan-almost-three-decades-after-a-rape-blackmail-case-rocked-ajmer-surrender-of-an-accused-opens-old-wounds-5076914/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Multiple main accused of the case attempted to flee, absconder Suhail Ghani hid for 26 years before surrendering in 2018 while absconder Salim Chishti was arrested in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-25 |title=Almost three decades after a rape, blackmail case rocked Ajmer, surrender of an accused opens old wounds |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rajasthan-almost-three-decades-after-a-rape-blackmail-case-rocked-ajmer-surrender-of-an-accused-opens-old-wounds-5076914/ |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=17 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617165129/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rajasthan-almost-three-decades-after-a-rape-blackmail-case-rocked-ajmer-surrender-of-an-accused-opens-old-wounds-5076914/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Another main accused, Syed Almas, is still a fugitive and wanted in India. It is believed that he fled to the [[United States]]. [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] issued an [[Interpol]] red notice for his on the charges of rape and criminal extortion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=View Red Notices |url=https://www.interpol.int/How-we-work/Notices/Red-Notices/View-Red-Notices#2005-51592 |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=www.interpol.int |language=en |archive-date=12 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912183108/https://www.interpol.int/How-we-work/Notices/Red-Notices/View-Red-Notices#2005-51592 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1" />
== Trial ==
According to the police and women-focused [[NGO]]s, it was difficult to build a case against the perpetrators, as most victims were reluctant to come forward. However, the photographs and videos used to blackmail the victims helped identify the accused and build the case against them.

Thirty victims were identified in the investigations. Out of these, only about a dozen filed cases, and ten later backed out. Only two victims pursued the case.

Of the 18 accused who were charged with abduction and [[gang rape]] under the [[Indian Penal Code]] and [[Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act]], one has since died by suicide. In 2003, the Rajasthan High Court upheld the decision.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/main-accused-in-ajmer-sex-scandal-surrenders-after-26-years/articleshow/62938690.cms|title=Main accused in Ajmer sex scandal surrenders after 26 years - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 February 2018 |publisher=}}</ref> In 2004 the Supreme Court dismissed both appeals filed by the state, as well as the convicts. A bench comprising Justice [[N. Santosh Hegde]] and Justice [[B. P. Singh (judge)|BP Singh]] reduced the life sentence to 10 years, they were released immediately as they had completed their sentence.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=Sheetal |title=1992 Ajmer Scandal: 6 Accused Sentenced To Life Imprisonment |url=https://news24online.com/india/ajmer-sex-scandal-pocso-court-convicts-6-accused-after-32-years/319415/ |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=News24 |language=en |archive-date=21 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240821001742/https://news24online.com/india/ajmer-sex-scandal-pocso-court-convicts-6-accused-after-32-years/319415/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 August 2024 |title=Pocso court awards life term to six in 1992 Ajmer rape cases |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pocso-court-awards-life-term-to-six-in-1992-ajmer-rape-cases-101724178481113.html |work=The Hindustan Times |archive-date=7 October 2024 |access-date=21 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007201112/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pocso-court-awards-life-term-to-six-in-1992-ajmer-rape-cases-101724178481113.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Farooq Chishti was declared [[Schizophrenia|schizophrenic]], but later convicted by a fast track court in 2007. The Rajasthan High Court upheld the decision but reduced his sentence leading to his release in 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-21 |title=Ajmer sex scandal: Pocso court hands life sentence to 6 more accused in 1992 case |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/1992-ajmer-gangrape-blackmail-case-pocso-court-hands-life-sentence-to-6-more-accused/articleshow/112656413.cms |access-date=2024-08-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=20 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820171114/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/1992-ajmer-gangrape-blackmail-case-pocso-court-hands-life-sentence-to-6-more-accused/articleshow/112656413.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 20 August 2024, 6 accused were sentenced to life imprisonment by a special [[Protection of Children from Sexual Offenses Act|POCSO]] court in [[Ajmer]]. The convicts are Nafees Chishti, Naseem alias Tarzan, Salim Chishti, Iqbal Bhati, Sohail Ghani and Syed Zameer Hussain. Among them, Naseem alias Tarzan went absconding in 1994, and Zahoor Chishti was found guilty under Section 377 (unnatural sex) of the Indian Penal Code and his case was transferred to another court. They were also fined ₹5 lakh each.<ref name="TOI">{{cite news |last= |first= |date=20 August 2024 |title=1991 Ajmer gangrape-blackmail case: Pocso court hands life sentences to 6 more accused |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/1992-ajmer-gangrape-blackmail-case-pocso-court-hands-life-sentence-to-6-more-accused/articleshow/112656413.cms |access-date=20 August 2024 |newspaper=Times of India |archive-date=20 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820171114/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/1992-ajmer-gangrape-blackmail-case-pocso-court-hands-life-sentence-to-6-more-accused/articleshow/112656413.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-20 |title=1992 Ajmer rapes: POCSO court sentences 6 to life imprisonment |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/1992-ajmer-rapes-pocso-court-life-imprisonment-9523783/ |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=20 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820222012/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/1992-ajmer-rapes-pocso-court-life-imprisonment-9523783/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Victims ==
After the rape, most victims experienced harassment and threats, with no support from society or their families. According to police investigations, about six victims allegedly [[Suicide in India|took their own lives]]. ''Ajmer Mahila Samooh'' (Ajmer Women Association), who tried to take up the victim's cause, withdrew after receiving threats. Small-time tabloids were quite a sensation in Ajmer at that time. Many victims were even allegedly blackmailed further by these tabloids and local papers. They had access to the explicit images of the girls, and the owners and publishers sought money from the families of the girls to keep them hidden.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roytalukdar |first=Rakhee |title=Ajmer gangrape victims get justice 32 years later as 6 get life imprisonment |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/rajasthan/1992-ajmer-rapes-pocso-court-sentences-6-to-life-imprisonment-3157154 |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |archive-date=21 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240821223216/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/rajasthan/1992-ajmer-rapes-pocso-court-sentences-6-to-life-imprisonment-3157154 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Due to the multiple surrendering, sentencing, or any other development in the case, the survivors had to return to court and narrate their stories, causing them to relive the horror over and over. This caused many of the victims and witnesses to turn hostile.<ref name="Gangraped in teens, visiting courts as grandmothers: 1992 Ajmer horror is an open wound" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-17 |title=Ajmer 92: The gangrape and blackmail case that shook the city |url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/ajmer-92-the-gangrape-and-blackmail-case-that-shook-the-city-12878542.html |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us |archive-date=21 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240821001742/https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/ajmer-92-the-gangrape-and-blackmail-case-that-shook-the-city-12878542.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Supreme Court, while reviewing appeals, observed that societal stigma and fear of repercussions deterred many victims from testifying, contributing to the weakening of the case.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-30 |title=Victims of the 1992 Ajmer rape and blackmail case get justice after 32 years |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cr40dzlezp7o |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
People took to the streets to protest, and communal tension grew.<ref name="indianexpress.com">(the journalist who broke {{Cite web |date=2018-02-25 |title=Almost three decades after a rape, blackmail case rocked Ajmer, surrender of an accused opens old wounds |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rajasthan-almost-three-decades-after-a-rape-blackmail-case-rocked-ajmer-surrender-of-an-accused-opens-old-wounds-5076914/ |access-date=2020-06-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> A three-day [[bandh]] was observed and much subsequent news of the widespread exploitation and blackmail started coming in.<ref name=:O1/> Ajmer was completely shutdown on 18 May 1992, following the public outrage after the victim's photographs were published in the newspaper. The police were also criticized for not acting even after having information about the ongoing sexual abuse. It had also stalled the case because the local politicians warned action against the accused would lead to massive community tension.<ref name="sc11" />

Musabbir Hussain, Joint Secretary of the Anjuman Committee which oversees the Ajmer Dargah, told ''[[Indian Express]]'', "It's a case that nobody in Ajmer wants to talk about because of the nature of the crime. It's a blot on our city's history."<ref name="sc11" />

N. K. Patni, then [[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendent of Police]] of the [[Criminal Investigation Department (India)|CID-Crime Branch]], remarked that the case emerged during a period of escalating communal tensions in India. Patni highlighted the challenges in preventing the communalization of the case, given that the main accused were Muslims and most victims were Hindus.<ref name="Gangraped in teens, visiting courts as grandmothers: 1992 Ajmer horror is an open wound" />

== Media portrayal ==
[[Zee News]] aired a documentary "The Black Chapter of Ajmer" on 16 July 2023 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zee News |date=2023-07-16 |title=वो कांड जिसने केवल अजमेर या राजस्थान को ही नहीं, बल्कि पूरे देश को झकझोर दिया था... देखिये 'The Black Chapter Of Ajmer' आज रात 8 बजे सिर्फ @zeenews पर #TheBlackChapterOfAjmer #Documentary #ZeeDocs |url=https://x.com/ZeeNews/status/1680533428112900096?s=20 |website=Twitter |access-date=16 December 2023 |archive-date=11 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211192605/https://x.com/ZeeNews/status/1680533428112900096?s=20 |url-status=live }}</ref> regarding the case, which was temporarily available on [[YouTube]] before its [[Censorship in India|subsequent removal the following day]]. This documentary is directed by Shailendra Pandey.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt28483258/?ref_=nm_flmg_t_2_dr | title=The Black Chapter of Ajmer | website=[[IMDb]] }}</ref>

[[Ajmer 92]], a film based upon the scandal was released on 21 July 2023. Reacting to the film's release, Sarwar Chishti of Ajmer Dargah was heard [[Victim blaming|blaming women for the crimes against them]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-12 |title="बाई ही गोष्टच अशी आहे की.." 'अजमेर 92' सिनेमावर सरवर चिश्तींचं वादग्रस्त वक्तव्य{{!}} Ajmer Dargah Sarwar Chishti Controversial Statement on Women Scandal and movie Ajmer 92 |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/ajmer-dargah-sarwar-chishti-controversial-statement-on-women-scandal-and-movie-ajmer-92-scj-81-3717459/ |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=Loksatta |language=mr |archive-date=20 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820222014/https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/ajmer-dargah-sarwar-chishti-controversial-statement-on-women-scandal-and-movie-ajmer-92-scj-81-3717459/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ajmer 92: अजमेर दरगाह के खादिम सरवर चिश्ती ने लड़कियों को लेकर दिया विवादित बयान |url=https://www.amarujala.com/rajasthan/ajmer-dargah-khadim-sarwar-chishti-controversial-statement-on-girls-ajmer-92-film-2023-06-10 |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622053451/https://www.amarujala.com/rajasthan/ajmer-dargah-khadim-sarwar-chishti-controversial-statement-on-girls-ajmer-92-film-2023-06-10 |url-status=live }}</ref> He later apologized saying that his comments were a slip of tongue and were recorded off-the record.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Indo-Asian News |date=2023-06-10 |title='Girls can make even the biggest person slip', says Sarwar Chishti of Ajmer Dargah |url=https://www.siasat.com/girls-can-make-even-the-biggest-person-slip-says-sarwar-chishti-of-ajmer-dargah-2612006/ |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Rape in India]]
*[[List of scandals in India]]
*[[Religious persecution]]
*[[Ajmer 92]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040203/asp/nation/story_2854279.asp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203191159/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040203/asp/nation/story_2854279.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 February 2013 |title=The Telegraph - Calcutta : Nation |publisher=Telegraphindia.com |date=2004-02-03 |access-date=2013-05-13}}

{{Social issues in India}}
{{Sexual abuse}}
{{Rape in India}}
[[Category:School sexual abuse scandals]]
[[Category:Gang rape in India]]
[[Category:Violence against women in India]]
[[Category:Corruption in India]]
[[Category:Sex scandals in India]]
[[Category:Crime in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:1990s crimes in India]]
[[Category:History of Ajmer]]
[[Category:Incidents of violence against girls]]
[[Category:Blackmail]]
[[Category:1990s in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rape in the 1990s]]
[[Category:Child sexual abuse in India]]
[[Category:Rape trials]]
[[Category:Trials in India]]

Irumbu Thirai (2018 film)

2026-03-03T03:22:26Z

GregorioBigge0: minor update lead further and cleaned formatting

{{for|the 1960 film|Irumbu Thirai (1960 film)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Irumbu Thirai
| image = Irumbu Thirai 2018 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[P. S. Mithran]]
| producer = [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]]
| writer = P. S. Mithran Pon Parthiban Savari Muthu Antony Bhagyaraj
| starring = Vishal [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] [[Samantha Akkineni|Samantha]]
| music = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| cinematography = [[George C. Williams (cinematographer)|George C. Williams]]
| editing = [[Ruben (film editor)|Ruben]]
| studio = [[Vishal Film Factory]]
| distributor = [[Lyca Productions]] Krikes Cine Creations
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2018|05|11}}
| runtime = 160 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| gross = {{INR}}61 crore<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2018 |title=Irumbu Thirai lifetime box office collection: Vishal's film turns out to be a 'blockbuster' |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/irumbu-thirai-lifetime-box-office-collection-vishals-film-turns-out-be-blockbuster-773708 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122132010/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/irumbu-thirai-lifetime-box-office-collection-vishals-film-turns-out-be-blockbuster-773708 |archive-date=22 November 2018 |access-date=12 October 2019 |website=International Business Times}}</ref>
}}

'''{{lang|ta-latn|Irumbu Thirai}}''' ({{translation|''Iron Curtain''}}) is a 2018 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action film|action]] [[techno-thriller]] film directed by debutant [[P. S. Mithran]]. The film stars [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]], [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]], and [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]], with [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] composing the soundtrack. The film was produced by [[Vishal Film Factory]], and the venture began production in October 2016. The narrative centers around an [[army officer]], who starts hunting down a gang of [[hackers]] after they steal money from his [[bank account]].

The film released worldwide on 11 May 2018<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vishal-Samantha's 'Irumbu Thirai' to release on May 11 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishal-samanthas-irumbu-thirai-to-release-on-may-11/articleshow/63876835.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725235059/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishal-samanthas-irumbu-thirai-to-release-on-may-11/articleshow/63876835.cms |archive-date=25 July 2018 |access-date=30 April 2018 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> and received positive reviews from critics and audience praising the cast performances(particularly Vishal and Arjun), writing, direction, action sequences and technical aspects. The film successfully completed 100-days at the box office and became the [[List of Tamil films of 2018|seventh-highest grossing Tamil film of 2018]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vishal to act in and produce Irumbu Thirai 2. Details here |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vishal-to-act-and-produce-irumbu-thirai-2-here-are-the-details-1499201-2019-04-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904145827/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vishal-to-act-and-produce-irumbu-thirai-2-here-are-the-details-1499201-2019-04-11 |archive-date=4 September 2019 |access-date=4 September 2019 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> ''[[Chakra (2021 film)|Chakra]]'', released in 2021, is unofficially considered to be a standalone sequel.

== Plot ==
[[Indian National Army|Indian Army]] [[Major (rank)|Major]] Kathiravan is working on [[anger management]] issues under [[psychiatrist|chief psychiatrist]] Rathi Devi to return to his job. Soon they both fall in love and she counsels him to leave for his village to spend time with his father Rangaswamy and sister. Though having hated his father due to his habit of borrowing money, Kathiravan reluctantly agrees. Kathiravan finds that his sister's fiancé Kesavan's family demands them to bear the marriage expenses. He realizes his mistake of abandoning his family and promises to fulfill his sister's wish. Kathiravan returns to [[Chennai]] to apply for a loan, only to get rejected everywhere. With the advice of his uncle, he takes his father to Chennai along with him and tries to get a loan in Rangaswamy's name but is also rejected everywhere due to financial security.

They are approached by a person, who claims to be a [[loan officer|loan agent]] and tells them to forge documents to get a loan for a commission. Kathiravan initially refuses, but reluctantly agrees to the man's offer and submits all the original documents to him. The person helps them to obtain a loan of {{INRConvert|6|l}}. Kathiravan is overjoyed and starts the marriage preparation. Later on, when Rangaswamy is unable to withdraw money due to [[Unavailable funds fee|insufficient balance]], he informs Kathiravan, who in turn is surprised by the missing funds. Kathiravan enquires the bank but to no avail. He becomes frustrated and scolds Rangaswamy. Unable to bear the words, Rangaswamy attempts suicide. In the hospital, Kathiravan learns that Rangaswamy took debts to extend Kathiravan's sick mother's life. He feels remorseful after hearing this and reconciles with Rangaswamy.

On Rathi's advice and with the help of his friends in the [[army|military]], he decides to track down the person responsible for the theft. Kathiravan manages to apprehend and chase a loan agent similar to his loan agent to extradite information. Later, he gets a phone call from a [[Unlisted number|private number]] who tells Kathiravan to release him as he knows all the details about him and even threatens to release the private files in his sister's phone on the [[Internet|net]]. This shocks Kathiravan, who leaves the agent, but the agent is fatally hit by a van. The mysterious person is later revealed to be Sathyamoorthy, a.k.a. ''White Devil'', who is the kingpin of the [[Darknet|Dark Net]] by the use of the [[Year 2000 problem|Y2k Problem]]. He runs an educational trust as a front for his [[cybercrime]] network. Kathiravan tracks and confronts Sathyamoorthy where the latter reveals his knowledge of the former following him and tells him that he attacked his sister.

Sathyamoorthy also tells Kathiravan that he put {{INRConvert|10|l}} to his account from a [[Terrorism financing|flagged account]] for which he is [[court-martial]]ed. However, Kathiravan tracks Sathyamoorthy's henchmen with Rathi's help to his henchmen's base, where he retrieves a laptop that they used to hack people's accounts. He frames Satyamoorthy by stealing the money of all police officers of [[Chennai City Police]]. He confronts Sathyamoorthy at the [[server farm]], where the two engage in [[hand-to-hand combat]]. Sathyamoorthy defeats Kathiravan and burns the money due to his [[god complex]]. However, Kathiravan reveals that the burnt money belongs to the Telecom minister, whom he blackmailed into passing information about the Aadhaar card information of all the citizens of India. All the people, along with the policemen, who were conned by Sathyamoorthy learn about him from Kathiravan, and they reach the docks. Kathiravan fights back and defeats Sathyamoorthy, after which Kathiravan reveals that he had hacked Satyamoorthy’s account and stole all of the money, and tells him to face the consequences. He opens the door, as an angry mob enters and assaults Satyamoorthy. Later, Kathiravan transfers their money back to their respective accounts. Sathyamoorthy is arrested by the police but creates a new username named ''Dark Angel''.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] as Major Kathiravan Rangasamy (Kathir)
* [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] as Sathyamoorthy / White Devil
* [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]] as Dr. Rathi Devi (Voice dubbed by [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]])
* [[Delhi Ganesh]] as Rangasamy, Kathir's father
* [[Sreeja Ravi]] as Kathir's mother
* [[Robo Shankar]] as Kathir's uncle
* [[Darshana Rajendran]] as Selvi, Kathir's sister
* [[Aadukalam Naren]] as Commissioner
* [[Suman (actor)|Suman]] as ACP (Special Appearance)
* [[Sathyan (Tamil actor)|Sathyan]] as Inspector Pandian
* [[Kaali Venkat]] as Gnanavel Raja, Bank employe
* [[Sharath Lohithaswa]] as Politician
* [[Vincent Asokan]] as Minister
* [[Mime Gopi]] as Maravattai
* [[Madhusudhan Rao (actor)|Madhusudhan Rao]] as Stephen Raj, a corrupt police officer
* [[Sampath Ram]] as Chezhiyan
* [[Kavithalaya Krishnan]] as Bank Manager
* [[Vivek Prasanna]] as Loan Collection Agent
* [[G. Marimuthu]] as Ashram Owner
* [[R. S. Shivaji]] as Bank Manager
* [[Mahanadi Shankar]] as Loan Agent
* [[Rahul Thatha]] as an old villager
* Abdul as Hari Krishnan, Loan Agent
* Sathya NJ as Hacker
* Jeremy Roske as Hacker
* [[Pradeep K Vijayan]] as Sivakumar
* Kothandam as Hospital Visitor
* Sharath Ravi as Mobile shop Owner
* [[Aranthangi Nisha]] as Rathi's patient
* Rishikanth as Kesavan
* Ashok Pandian as Col. Vivek Suraj
* Harish
* Rail Ravi
* Gemini Mani
* [[Supergood Subramani]]
* Hello Kandasamy
* [[P. S. Mithran]] as Xerox Shop Owner (special appearance)
{{colend}}

== Production ==
[[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] decided to fund and act in a venture directed by newcomer P. S. Mithran in August 2016, and subsequently signed on actress [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]] to play the leading female role in the film.<ref name="behindwoods">{{Cite web |date=30 August 2016 |title=Vishal's next titled as Irumbu Thirai |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/vishals-next-titled-as-irumbu-thirai.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006145502/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/vishals-next-titled-as-irumbu-thirai.html |archive-date=6 October 2016 |access-date=22 October 2016 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref><ref name="sify">{{Cite web |title=Samantha to romance Vishal! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/samantha-to-romance-vishal-news-tamil-qksjIBcfjbbhf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022041725/http://www.sify.com/movies/samantha-to-romance-vishal-news-tamil-qksjIBcfjbbhf.html |archive-date=22 October 2016 |access-date=22 October 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref name="deccanchronicle">{{Cite web |date=6 October 2016 |title=Fresh pairing for Samantha! |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/071016/fresh-pairing-for-samantha.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022223724/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/071016/fresh-pairing-for-samantha.html |archive-date=22 October 2016 |access-date=22 October 2016 |publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> The team signed [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] to play the antagonist in October 2016, with the actor accepting terms without hearing the film's entire script.<ref name="behindwoods2">{{Cite web |date=17 October 2016 |title=Arya to play Vishal's villain in Irumbu Thirai |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/arya-to-play-vishals-villain-in-irumbu-thirai.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022220904/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/arya-to-play-vishals-villain-in-irumbu-thirai.html |archive-date=22 October 2016 |access-date=22 October 2016 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref> Subsequently, music composer [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], cinematographer [[George C. Williams (cinematographer)|George C. Williams]] and editor [[Ruben (film editor)|Ruben]] were added to the project. Designers NJ Sathya and Neeraja Kona also were revealed to be in charge of the costumes of the lead actors for the film.<ref name="indiatimes">{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M. |title=nj sathya: Costume designer NJ Sathya turns actor to fulfill dad's wish |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Costume-designer-NJ-Sathya-turns-actor-to-fulfill-dads-wish/articleshow/54523555.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001133358/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Costume-designer-NJ-Sathya-turns-actor-to-fulfill-dads-wish/articleshow/54523555.cms |archive-date=1 October 2016 |access-date=22 October 2016 |work=The Times of India |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

The film began production following a launch event in October 2016, with Vishal and Samantha shooting scenes alongside actors [[Robo Shankar]] and [[Delhi Ganesh]] for the first schedule.<ref name="indiatimes2">{{Cite news |title=Vishal: Vishal's 'Irumbu Thirai' begins with a pooja |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishals-irumbu-thirai-begins-with-a-pooja/articleshow/54935846.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131021125/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Vishals-Irumbu-Thirai-begins-with-a-pooja/articleshow/54935846.cms |archive-date=31 January 2017 |access-date=22 October 2016 |work=The Times of India |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> Arya later opted out of the film citing that he was not ready to play an antagonist in Tamil cinema, and subsequently the team brought in [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Balachandran |first=Logesh |title=Arya opts out of Vishal's film |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/arya-opts-out-of-vishals-film/articleshow/56168919.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203182424/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/arya-opts-out-of-vishals-film/articleshow/56168919.cms |archive-date=3 December 2017 |access-date=7 January 2018 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 May 2018 |title=IrumbuThiraiMovie Review |url=http://www.pakka.tv/entertainment/movie-reviews/irumbuthiraimovie-review--vishal-samantha-arjun-psmithran--irumbuthiraireview8895/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515112251/http://www.pakka.tv/entertainment/movie-reviews/irumbuthiraimovie-review--vishal-samantha-arjun-psmithran--irumbuthiraireview8895/ |archive-date=15 May 2018 |access-date=14 May 2018 |work=PakkaTv}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 May 2018 |title=IrumbuThiraiMovie review by Praveena |url=http://www.pakka.tv/entertainment/movie-reviews/irumbuthiraimovie-review-by-praveena--vishal-samantha-arjun-psmithran-irumbuthiraireview8909/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514213808/http://www.pakka.tv/entertainment/movie-reviews/irumbuthiraimovie-review-by-praveena--vishal-samantha-arjun-psmithran-irumbuthiraireview8909/ |archive-date=14 May 2018 |access-date=14 May 2018 |work=PakkaTv}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 May 2018 |title=Irumbu Thirai Australia Public Opinion |url=http://www.pakka.tv/entertainment/movie-reviews/irumbu-thirai-australia-public-opinion--vishal-samantha-arjun-psmithran--irumbu-thirai-public-review8908/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514213805/http://www.pakka.tv/entertainment/movie-reviews/irumbu-thirai-australia-public-opinion--vishal-samantha-arjun-psmithran--irumbu-thirai-public-review8908/ |archive-date=14 May 2018 |access-date=14 May 2018 |work=PakkaTv}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 May 2018 |title=IrumbuThiraiMovie Public Opinion |url=http://www.pakka.tv/entertainment/movie-reviews/irumbuthiraimovie-public-opinion--irumbuthiraimovie-public-review--vishal-samantha-arjun-psmithran8894/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515112243/http://www.pakka.tv/entertainment/movie-reviews/irumbuthiraimovie-public-opinion--irumbuthiraimovie-public-review--vishal-samantha-arjun-psmithran8894/ |archive-date=15 May 2018 |access-date=14 May 2018 |work=PakkaTv}}</ref>
Before getting Arjun on board, Mithran was in talks to get [[S. J. Surya]] and [[Fahadh Faasil]] the role, but Surya chose ''[[Mersal (film)|Mersal]]'' and Fahadh chose ''[[Velaikkaran (2017 film)|Velaikkaran]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2018 |title=Interview with Irumbu Thirai Director PS Mithran |url=https://www.onlykollywood.com/interview-with-irumbu-thirai-director-ps-mithran/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619140158/https://www.onlykollywood.com/interview-with-irumbu-thirai-director-ps-mithran/ |archive-date=19 June 2018 |access-date=19 June 2018}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Irumbu Thirai
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| cover =
| released = 1 April 2018
| recorded = 2018
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 17:39
| label = [[Think Music India]]
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| producer = Yuvan Shankar Raja
| prev_title = [[Balloon (2017 film)|Balloon]]
| prev_year = 2017
| next_title = [[Raja Ranguski]]
| next_year = 2018
}}

The soundtrack and background score features music by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]. The songs were performed by relatively new singers. The album received positive reviews. IndiaGlitz, in its review, noted, "The album is a definite marker of Yuvan's expertise with Athiradi, Yaar Ivan and Azhage. Playlist worthy"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Irumbu Thirai Music review songs lyrics – IndiaGlitz.com |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/irumbu-thirai-songs-review-tamil-movie-21082 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119141038/https://www.indiaglitz.com/irumbu-thirai-songs-review-tamil-movie-21082 |archive-date=19 November 2018 |access-date=19 November 2018 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> Behindwoods in its review said "Irumbu Thirai album is mix of melodies and theme based songs that will work better with visuals"<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2018 |title=Irumbu Thirai (aka) Irumbuthiraii songs review |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/irumbu-thirai/irumbu-thirai-songs-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119051618/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/irumbu-thirai/irumbu-thirai-songs-review.html |archive-date=19 November 2018 |access-date=19 November 2018 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| total_length = 17:39
| headline = Track-List
| extra_column = Singer(s)
|title1=Angry Bird |lyrics1=[[Vignesh Shivan]]|extra1=Jithin Raj|length1=2:05|title2=Azhagae |lyrics2=[[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]]|extra2=Arun Kamath, [[Jonita Gandhi]]|length2=4:05|title3=Mudhal Murai |lyrics3=Vivek|extra3=Jithin Raj|length3=3:45|title4=Yaar Ivan |lyrics4=[[Kaber Vasuki]]|extra4=Kaber Vasuki|length4=3:45|title5= Athiradi |lyrics5=Vivek|length5=3:59|extra5=Naveen}}

== Release ==
The film was dubbed and released into [[Hindi]] as ''The Return of Abhimanyu'' and was dubbed in Telugu under the name of ''Abhimanyudu''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Return of Abhimanyu (Irumbu Thirai) 2019 New Released Full Hindi Dubbed Movie {{!}} Vishal, Samantha |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=REdVA3_ORk0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628220329/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=REdVA3_ORk0 |archive-date=28 June 2019 |access-date=9 August 2019 |website=youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=First Look: Vishal In Abhimanyudu |url=https://www.greatandhra.com/movies/movie-news/first-look-vishal-in-abhimanyudu-85692.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103133335/https://www.greatandhra.com/movies/movie-news/first-look-vishal-in-abhimanyudu-85692.html |archive-date=3 January 2018 |access-date=3 January 2018 |website=greatandhra.com}}</ref> The satellite rights of the film's Tamil and Malayalam version were sold to [[Zee Tamil]] and [[Mazhavil Manorama]] while the digital rights were sold to [[Zee5|ZEE5]] and the dubbed versions were sold to [[Sun NXT]] and [[ManoramaMAX]] respectively. The movie ran successfully in [[Kerala]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]] excluding [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2018 |title=Diwali 2018 Special Movies On TV Channels: 96, Vishwaroopam 2, Kaala & Other Tamil Movies! |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2018/diwali-2018-special-tamil-movies-on-tv-channels-vishwaroopam-2-kaala-other-tamil-movies-278998.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412075926/https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2018/diwali-2018-special-tamil-movies-on-tv-channels-vishwaroopam-2-kaala-other-tamil-movies-278998.html |archive-date=12 April 2019 |access-date=12 April 2019 |website=FilmiBeat}}</ref>

== Box office ==
[[Tamil Nadu]] theatrical rights of the film were sold for {{INR}}24.5 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Irumbu Thirai TN theatrical rights |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g6ZEQn5nGoc |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907000638/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g6ZEQn5nGoc |archive-date=7 September 2021 |access-date=29 September 2018 |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> The film grossed {{INRConvert|61|c}} at the worldwide box office and became a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-02 |title=Irumbu Thirai lifetime box office collection: Vishal's film turns out to be a 'blockbuster' |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/irumbu-thirai-lifetime-box-office-collection-vishals-film-turns-out-be-blockbuster-773708 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122132010/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/irumbu-thirai-lifetime-box-office-collection-vishals-film-turns-out-be-blockbuster-773708 |archive-date=22 November 2018 |access-date=2019-10-12 |website=International Business Times}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|7179784}}

{{Lyca Productions}}
{{Vishal Film Factory}}



[[Category:2018 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2018 Indian films]]
[[Category:2018 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. S. Mithran]]
[[Category:Films scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Techno-thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian Army in films]]
[[Category:Films about cybercrime]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films about theft]]
[[Category:Films about computer hacking]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

North–South and East–West Corridor

2026-02-22T19:44:57Z

GregorioBigge0: cleaned up information and corrected details

{{Short description|Road in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox road
| country = IND
| name = North–South and East–West Corridor
| established =
| maint = [[National Highways Authority of India|NHAI]]
| image = Looking-down-National-Highway-Chittode-Junction.JPG
| image_notes = A section of the North-South corridor
| map = North-South East-West Corridors.svg
| map_notes = Highway map of India with the corridor highlighted
| length_km = 7300
| section1 = [[National Highway 44 (India)|NH-44]] and [[National Highway 544 (India)|NH-544]]
| terminus_a1 = [[Srinagar]]
| direction_a1 = North
| terminus_b1 = [[Kanyakumari]] [[Kochi]]
| direction_b1 = South
| length_km1 = 4000
| section2 = [[National Highway 27 (India)|NH-27]]
| terminus_a2 = [[Silchar]]
| direction_a2 = East
| terminus_b2 = [[Porbandar]]
| direction_b2 = West
| length_km2 = 3300
}}
The '''North–South and East–West Corridor''' is a network of [[National Highway (India)|national highways]] connecting major cities of India. It consists of two highway systems – the North–South highway extending {{cvt|4000|km}} from [[Srinagar]] in the north to [[Kanyakumari]] in the south with a spur to [[Kochi]] and the East–West highway extending {{cvt|3300|km}} from [[Silchar]] in the east to [[Porbandar]] in the west.

The project was part of the first phase of the [[National Highways Development Project]] executed by the [[Government of India]]. The roads were constructed and are maintained by the [[National Highway Authority of India]] under the purview of the [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]. The road system consists of access controlled four or six-lane highways, built at a cost of {{US$|12.32|1999}} billion. {{As of|2017}}, about {{cvt|6579|km}} of the project was complete.

== Background and planning ==
In 1998, the [[Government of India]] launched the [[National Highways Development Project]] (NHDP).<ref name="AD">{{cite web|url=https://www.adb.org/documents/india-east-west-corridor-project|title=East-West Corridor Project|work=[[Asian Development Bank]]|date=November 2008|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> The project envisaged the development of about {{cvt|13150|km}} of four and six lane highways at an estimated cost of {{INRconvert|540|b|year=1999}}.<ref name="PR">{{cite press release|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/releases98/lyr2001/rdec2001/07122001/r0712200122.html|title=Consultative committee attached to ministry of road transport and highways meets|date=7 December 2001|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]], [[Government of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/evaluation-document/35657/files/in387-08.pdf|title=India Highways Project|work=[[Asian Development Bank]]|date=November 2008|access-date=1 June 2024|page=5}}</ref> The North–South and East–West Corridor project is part of the second phase of NHDP, and involved the construction of {{cvt|7300|km}} of multi-lane highways connecting the major cities.<ref name="NSEW">{{cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=1025|title=Road Transport & Highways|date=7 February 2004|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]], [[Government of India]]}}</ref><ref name="AR">{{cite report|url=https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/48.pdf|title=Annual Report 2003-04|work=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]], [[Government of India]]|page=11|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> It was intended to establish better and faster transport networks thereby reducing costs, and drive economical growth by providing better access to markets.<ref name="PR"/><ref name="NSEW"/>

== Construction ==
[[National Highways Authority of India]] (NHAI) was tasked with the implementation of the project. As per the original plan, the project was intended to be completed by 2007.<ref name="NSEW"/> As of 2001, about {{cvt|675|km}} were converted to four-laned roads.<ref name="PR"/> Only 11% of the work was completed by December 2005 and the revised deadline was set for December 2009.<ref name="JICA">{{cite report|url=https://openjicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/11844099_01.pdf|title=Feasibility study for the construction of R-K bridge in India|work=[[Japan International Cooperation Agency]]|date=December 2006|access-date=1 June 2024|page=36}}</ref> However, the government informed the [[Parliament of India]] in 2009 that only 59% of the work was complete.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/653295/1/79055.pdf|title=Construction of NS corridor|work=[[Parliament of India]]|date=24 November 2009|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> A parlimenatry panel probe revealed that about {{cvt|6031|km}} of the highways were complete in 2012 and the panel further criticised NHAI for the delay in the project citing inadequate planning.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/infrastructure/delays-reflect-nhais-deficiency-in-project-planning-parliamentary-panel/articleshow/17542708.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst|title=Delays reflect NHAI's deficiency in project planning: Parliamentary Panel|date=9 December 2012|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> {{As of|2017}}, about {{cvt|6579|km}} of the project has been completed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhai.org/nhdpmain_english.htm |title=Status of NHDP|access-date=10 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231090538/http://www.nhai.org/nhdpmain_english.htm|archive-date=31 December 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Network ==
The North–South and East–West Corridor consists {{cvt|7300|km}} of multi-lane highways connecting major cities. It consists of two highway systems – the North–South highway extending {{cvt|4000|km}} from [[Srinagar]] in the north to [[Kanyakumari]] in the south with a spur to [[Kochi]] and the East–West highway extending {{cvt|3300|km}} from [[Silchar]] in the east to [[Porbandar]] in the west.<ref name="AD"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sansad.in/getFile/loksabhaquestions/annex/12/AU3003.pdf?source=pqals|title=East West and North South Corridor|date=3 August 2017|work=[[Parliament of India]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/advertorial/article30208120.ece|title=Plans and performance|date=27 June 2006|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]}}</ref>

[[File:Nh 7.jpg|thumb|A section of North-South corridor]]
[[File:NH75.jpg|thumb|A section of East-West corridor]]

{{Table alignment}}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;" style="font-size: 90%"
|-
!Segment
!Terminii
!Length<ref name="PR"/>
![[National Highways of India|National Highway]]<ref name="NH">{{cite report|url=https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/Details-of-National-Highways-as-on-31.03_1.pdf|title=Details of National Highways|work=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=1 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://unacademy.com/content/railway-exam/study-material/static-gk/list-of-national-highways-in-india/|title=List of national highways in India|work=[[Unacademy]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>
!States/UTs<ref name="PR"/><ref name="NH"/>
|-
| North-South
| [[Srinagar]]–[[Kanyakumari]]/[[Kochi]]
| {{cvt|4000|km}}
| [[National Highway 44 (India)|NH-44]] and [[National Highway 544 (India)|NH-544]]
|
* [[Andhra Pradesh]] – {{cvt|261|km}}
* [[Haryana]] – {{cvt|180|km}}
* [[Himachal Pradesh]] – {{cvt|14|km}}
* [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] – {{cvt|14|km}}
* [[Karnataka]] – {{cvt|125|km}}
* [[Kerala]] – {{cvt|160|km}}
* [[Madhya Pradesh]] – {{cvt|524|km}}
* [[Maharashtra]] – {{cvt|232|km}}
* [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] – {{cvt|296|km}}
* [[National Capital Territory]] – {{cvt|34|km}}
* [[Rajasthan]] – {{cvt|32|km}}
* [[Telangana]] – {{cvt|492|km}}
* [[Tamil Nadu]] – {{cvt|851|km}}
* [[Uttar Pradesh]] – {{cvt|268|km}}
|-
| East-West
| [[Silchar]]–[[Porbandar]]
| {{cvt|3300|km}}
| [[National Highway 27 (India)|NH-27]]
|
* [[Assam]] – {{cvt|753|km}}
* [[Bihar]] – {{cvt|517|km}}
* [[Gujarat]] – {{cvt|654|km}}
* [[Madhya Pradesh]] – {{cvt|142|km}}
* [[Rajasthan]] – {{cvt|480|km}}
* [[Uttar Pradesh]] – {{cvt|548|km}}
* [[West Bengal]] – {{cvt|366|km}}
|-
!
! {{cvt|7300|km}}
!
!
|}

=== Major towns ===
{{Table alignment}}

{| class="wikitable"style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;"
|+Major towns<ref name="NH"/>
|-
!Segment
!colspan="8"|State/UT
|-
!rowspan="4"|North-South
! [[Andhra Pradesh]]
! [[Haryana]]
! [[Himachal Pradesh]]
! [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
! [[Karnataka]]
! [[Kerala]]
! [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|-
|
* [[Anantapur]]
* [[Gooty]]
* [[Kurnool]]
* [[Penukonda]]
|
* [[Ambala]]
* [[Faridabad]]
* [[Hodal]]
* [[Karnal]]
* [[Kundli]]
* [[Palwal]]
* [[Panipat]]
|
|
* [[Banihal]]
* [[Jammu]]
* [[Kathua]]
* [[Srinagar]]
|
* [[Bengaluru]]
|
* [[Palakkad]]
* [[Thrissur]]
* [[Ernakulam]]
|
* [[Datia]]
* [[Gwalior]]
* [[Lakhnadon]]
* [[Morena, Madhya Pradesh|Morena]]
* [[Narsimhapur]]
* [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]]
* [[Seoni]]
|-
! [[Maharashtra]]
! [[National Capital Territory]]
! [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]
! [[Rajasthan]]
! [[Tamil Nadu]]
! [[Telangana]]
! [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|
* [[Jamb]]
* [[Nagpur]]
* [[Pandharkawada]]
|
* [[Delhi]]
|
* [[Jalandhar]]
* [[Ludhiana]]
* [[Mukerian]]
* [[Pathankot]]
* [[Rajpura]]
|
* [[Dhaulpur]]
|
* [[Coimbatore]]
* [[Dharmapuri]]
* [[Dindigul]]
* [[Erode]]
* [[Hosur]]
* [[Kanyakumari]]
* [[Karur]]
* [[Krishnagiri]]
* [[Madurai]]
* [[Salem, India|Salem]]
* [[Tirunelveli]]
|
* [[Adilabad]]
* [[Nirmal]]
* [[Ramayampet]]
* [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]
|
* [[Agra]]
* [[Jhansi]]
* [[Lalitpur, India|Lalitpur]]
* [[Mathura]]
|-
!rowspan="2"|East-West
! [[Assam]]
! [[Bihar]]
! [[Gujarat]]
! [[Madhya Pradesh]]
! [[Rajasthan]]
! [[Uttar Pradesh]]
! [[West Bengal]]
|-
|
* [[Bongaigaon]]
* [[Bijni]]
* [[Dispur]]
* [[Haflong]]
* [[Lumding]]
* [[Nagaon]]
* [[Nalbari]]
* [[Patacharkuchi]]
|
* [[Araria]]
* [[Darbhanga]]
* [[Forbesganj]]
* [[Gopalganj, Bihar|Gopalganj]]
* [[Muzaffarpur]]
* [[Purnia]]
|
* [[Bamanbore]]
* [[Morvi]]
* [[Palanpur]]
* [[Radhanpur]]
* [[Samakhiali]]
|
* [[Ganj, Madhya Pradesh|Ganj]]
* [[Shivpuri]]
|
* [[Baran, Rajasthan|Baran]]
* [[Chittaurgarh]]
* [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]]
* [[Pindwara]]
* [[Udaipur]]
|
* [[Faizabad]]
* [[Gorakhpur]]
* [[Jhansi]]
* [[Kanpur]]
* [[Lucknow]]
|
* [[Dalkola]]
* [[Dhupguri]]
* [[Falakata]]
* [[Islampur, Uttar Dinajpur|Islampur]]
* [[Jalpaiguri]]
* [[Mainaguri]]
* [[Siliguri]]
* [[Sonapur, Alipurduar|Sonapur]]
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[Bharatmala]]
* [[Sagar Mala project]]
* [[UDAN]]

{{Portal bar|India|Transport|Roads}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://nhai.gov.in/index.htm NHDP Map with completion status]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180301100934/http://www.nhai.org/chain_NS.asp Chainage Chart of Corridor North – South]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180324142929/http://www.nhai.org/chain_ew.asp Chainage Chart of Corridor East – West]

{{Transport in India}}
{{Highways in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:North-South And East-West Corridor}}
[[Category:North–South and East–West Corridor| ]]
[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:Vajpayee administration initiatives]]

Ghanaian Indian

2026-02-21T14:14:44Z

GregorioBigge0: Starting stub

{{Short description|Ghanaian citizens of Indian origin}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{infobox ethnic group
| group = Ghanaian Indians
| total = Around 4,000
| popplace = [[Ghana]]
| langs = Mainly: {{hlist|[[Hindi]]|[[English language|English]] ([[Ghanaian Pidgin English|Ghanaian English]])|[[French language|French]]}}
Also: {{hlist|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]|[[Malayalam]]|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]|[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]|[[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]|[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]|[[Akan language|Akan]]{{efn|name=Akan}}|other [[languages of Ghana]]}}
| rels = Mainly: {{hlist|[[Hinduism]]|[[Christianity]]|[[Islam]]}}
Also: {{hlist|[[Sikhism]]|[[Jainism]]|[[Irreligion]]|[[Atheism]]}}
| related = {{flatlist|
* [[Indian people|Indians]]
* [[Indian diaspora]]
}}
}}

'''Ghanaian Indians''' ({{langx|fr|Indiens ghanéens}}; [[Akan language|Akan]]: ''Nkɔmbɔtwetwe India Gaana'') are [[Ghanaian people|Ghanaians]] [[Ghanaian nationality law|citizens]] of Indian origin or descent. Many Ghanaian Indians are descendants from those who migrated from [[India]] following [[Partition of India|India's partition]] in 1947.<ref name="Ghana's unique African-Hindu"/>

== History ==

===Origins===
The [[Indo-Aryan peoples]] and [[Sindi people|Sindhi]], who were the first Indians to arrive in [[Ghana]], initially came as merchants and [[shopkeeper]]s, and gradually, in the 1950s and 1960s, a few ventures out in the manufacturing industries such as [[Clothing|garments]], [[Plastics industry|plastics]], textiles, [[insecticide]]s, [[electronics]], [[Pharmaceutical drug|pharmaceutical industry]], [[Optics|optical]] goods etc.<ref name="Indian Association of Ghana"/> Some Indians who have lived in Ghana for most of their lives have acquired [[Ghanaian nationality law|Ghanaian citizenship]].<ref name="Indian Association of Ghana"/> Some families are now in the fourth generation in Ghana. Ghanaian Indians tend to have a higher than average income than the general population.<ref name="Indian Association of Ghana">{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190605022654/http://iaghana.com/aboutus.aspx#indians Indian Association of Ghana]}}. Retrieved 25 June 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.imi.ox.ac.uk/pdfs/ghana-country-paper Country Paper: Ghana] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022061505/http://www.imi.ox.ac.uk/pdfs/ghana-country-paper |date=22 October 2013 }}. 2008. Retrieved 25 June 2012.</ref>

As far as records show, the first Indian (Sindhworki), Bhai Boolchand, landed on the shores of the ‘Gold Coast’ in the year 1890. Nearly twenty years later, in the year 1919, the first Sindhi company was established by two brothers, namely Tarachand Jasoomal Daswani and Metharam Jasoomal Daswani.<ref name="Indian Association of Ghana"/> They opened a store in the market place in the city of [[Cape Coast]] (which was the capital city in those days) in the year 1919, under the name of Metharam Jassomal Brothers. Their business flourished and branches were opened in Accra and Kumasi.<ref name="Indian Association of Ghana"/>

Few years later, the two brothers separated and whilst Bhai Metharam Jasoomal continued his business under ‘Metharam Brothers’, Bhai Tarachand Jasoomal operated his business under the name ‘Bombay Bazaar’. These were the first two Indian companies that were established in Ghana then the ‘Gold Coast’.<ref name="Indian Association of Ghana"/> In the 1920s, two more Indian firms were established under the name of Lilaram Thanwardas and Mahtani Brothers, and this trend continued in the 1930s and 1940s with the birth of several more Indian companies, namely T. Chandirams, Punjabi Brothers, Wassiamal Brothers, Hariram Brothers, K. Chellaram & Sons, G. Motiram, D. P. Motwani, G. Dayaram, V. Lokumal, Glamour etc. Soon after, as these companies were bringing in new expatriate staff, some staff left their employers, and ventured on their own and more and more companies opened up.<ref name="Indian Association of Ghana"/>

After 1947, the ‘Gold Coast’ attracted the attention of some Indian multinational companies, and big names like Chanrai, Bhojsons, K. A. J. Chotirmal, Dalamals, A. D. Gulab opened branches in Ghana. The employment of Ghanaians by these founding companies has also helped to lessen the burden of unemployment in the country.<ref name="Indian Association of Ghana"/> This amply demonstrates the level of commitment India has in the developmental agenda of Ghana.<ref name="Indian Association of Ghana"/> Indians not only invest in the manufacturing and commercial sectors of Ghana, but also in the financial sector. [[Bank of Baroda]], one of the biggest and most reputable banks in India recently established a branch in Ghana and is to expand its operations in other parts of the country.<ref name="Indian Association of Ghana"/>

Most of the Indians who arrived in Ghana in 1947 and shortly afterwards acquired [[Ghanaian nationality law|Ghanaian citizenship]], which is granted without any discrimination. Social interaction between Ghanaian Indians and other Ghanaians is fairly widespread.<ref name="Indian Association of Ghana"/> There are partnerships between them in business deals and also [[Interracial marriage|mixed marriages]]. Ghanaians freely attend Indian social and cultural functions. The Ghanaian Indian community makes occasional donations to various worthy causes. Ghanaians have been quite appreciative of the role being played by Ghanaian Indians in the overall development of Ghana, and also for their culture and understanding towards others.<ref name="Indian Association of Ghana"/>

==Culture==
The Ghanaian Indians are socially active. In [[Accra]], they have set up an Indian association and an Indian social centre, both of which function from the premises of an Indian temple that has been constructed by the Ghanaian Indian community in Accra.<ref name="Indian in Ghana"/> Various social and cultural programs are organised there, as well as festivals to mark important religious days. Every Thursday and Sunday, Ghanaian Indians gather for their [[Kirtan|K''irtans'']] and [[Puja (Hinduism)|''poojas'']]. The temple also hosts a Yoga centre and [[Radha Soami|Radhasoami]] (Beas) [[satsang]]s.<ref name="Ghana's unique African-Hindu">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10401741 Ghana's unique African-Hindu temple – BBC News] By Rajesh Joshi</ref><ref name="Indian in Ghana">[http://indiandiaspora.nic.in/diasporapdf/chapter8.pdf Indian in Ghana] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206063957/http://indiandiaspora.nic.in/diasporapdf/chapter8.pdf |date=6 February 2012 }}. ''[[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin]]''. Retrieved 25 June 2012.</ref>

The Indian community has played, and continues to play, a key role in many fields. The Indian association has a representation on many governmental boards, institutions, and charitable organizations in Ghana.<ref name="Indian Association of Ghana"/> Many Indians have lived over 50 years in Ghana – the oldest residents have been in Ghana since 1939 – and they see Ghana as their first home.<ref name="Indian Association of Ghana"/>

==Education==
Ghanaian Indians have high educational statistics. Well-to-do Ghanaian Indian families send their children to the [[Ghana International School]], while others prefer less expensive schools. Some Ghanaian Indians even send their children to India or another country for their education.<ref name="Indian in Ghana"/>

Currently there is one Indian School in Ghana – The Delhi Public School (DPS) in [[Tema]] in the year 2010 heralded an era of quality education and learning aiming for excellence, by providing holistic, modern and comprehensive education right from class Nursery through [[Future|futuristic]] technology of teaching.<ref name="Indian Association of Ghana"/> DPS Tema seeks to cater to the needs of the children of Ghana. DPS Tema, Ghana is affiliated to [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE) and [[International General Certificate of Secondary Education]] (IGCSE) and is run by [[Delhi Public School Society]], New Delhi registered under the Society's act having eminent educationists, jurists and renowned luminaries of India as its members.<ref name="Indian Association of Ghana"/>

==Economics==
Many Ghanaian Indians are wealthy individuals and well off. They are either independent [[Business person|business people]] with business branches all over Ghana, or employees of various local companies, such as [[financial services|economic services]] and [[Petroleum industry|petroleum]] companies. Some are also owners of Ghanaian [[hotel chains]], telecommunications and [[electronics]] companies etc.<ref name="Indian in Ghana"/> Major Indian companies and [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] [[Conglomerate (company)|conglomerates]] in Ghana include [[Tata Group]], [[Bharti Airtel]], [[Tech Mahindra]] and [[Bank of Baroda]]. Others work as doctors, medical technologists, and nurses in hospitals in Ghana.

==See also==
*[[Indian Association of Ghana]]
*[[Ghanaian people]]
*[[Ghana–India relations]]
{{clear right}}

== Footnotes ==
{{notelist|notes=
{{efn|name=Akan|To gain [[Ghanaian nationality law|Ghanaian citizenship]] one is required to be able to speak and understand the [[Akan language]].}}
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110128212312/http://iaghana.com/ Indian Association of Ghana]}}

{{Indian diaspora}}
{{Ethnic groups of Ghana}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Indian diaspora in Ghana]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Ghana]]
[[Category:Ghanaian people of Indian descent| ]]

Revi Karunakaran

2026-02-10T03:02:26Z

GregorioBigge0: starting a data

{{Short description|Indian businessman (1931 - 2003)}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Revi Karunakaran
| birth_date = 22 November 1931
| birth_place = [[Alleppey]], [[India]]
| death_date = 25 November 2003 (aged 72)
| death_place = [[Ernakulam]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Businessman]]
}}
'''Revi Karunakaran''' (22 November 1931 – 25 November 2003) was an Indian businessman and [[coir]] exporter from [[Kerala]]. He served as a chairman and managing director of the Karan Group of Companies, which became one of the world's largest exporters of coir products. Karunakaran played a role in modernizing India's coir industry and was a director of the [[Industrial Development Bank of India]] (IDBI). In 2006, his wife Betty Karan built the [[Revi Karunakaran Memorial Museum]] (RKK Museum) in his memory.<ref name="rkk_museum_about_rkk" />

== Early life and education ==
Revi Karunakaran was born in [[Alleppey]] (formerly [[Travancore]] state) on 22 November 1931 into an upper class family. He was the son of K.C. Karunakaran, an industrialist who graduated from [[Heidelberg University]], Germany, and Margret, a German National from wealthy family. His grandfather Krishnan Muthalaly was the first Indian to establish a [[handloom]] factory to export coir products, which had been a monopoly of European companies until then.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

Karunakaran completed his early education in [[Surrey]], UK, and later attended high school in [[Lausanne]], Switzerland. He later graduated with a degree in Business Administration from [[Babson College]], MA, USA. Karunakaran was a [[polyglot]] and fluent in several languages, including German, French, English, Italian, Spanish, Dutch, and [[Malayalam]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

== Life as entrepreneur ==
After his father's death in 1952, Karunakaran assumed leadership of the Karan group at the age of 20.<ref name='rkk_museum_about_rkk'>{{cite web|title=About RKK|url=http://rkkmuseum.com/RKK|website=RKK Museum|accessdate=27 September 2017}}</ref> He was the chairman of the Karan Group, which includes companies such as Kerala Balers, Alleppey Company, and William Goodacre & Sons, all leading coir export houses.<ref name='thehindu_2003_rkk_death'>{{cite web|title=Ravi Karunakaran dead|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2003/11/26/stories/2003112605260400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927072148/http://www.thehindu.com/2003/11/26/stories/2003112605260400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 September 2017|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=2003-11-26|accessdate=27 September 2017}}</ref>

Karunakaran participated in trade delegations and represented India at International forums, including the [[Food and Agriculture Organization|Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)]] and [[UN Trade and Development|UNCTAD]]. He served as a consultant for FAO for three years as a consultant on hard fibers and participated in the [[Tariff]] Negotiations with the [[European Economic Community]] countries.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

== Revi Karunakaran Memorial Museum ==
{{Main|Revi Karunakaran Memorial Museum}}
The Revi Karunakaran Memorial Museum is a privately owned museum established in 2006 by Karunakaran's wife Betty, located in [[Alappuzha]], Kerala, holding one of the world's largest private collections of [[Swarovski|Swarovski crystals]], along with [[porcelain]], [[jade]], [[ivory]], and [[Thanjavur painting|Tanjore paintings]].<ref name="lonely_planet_india">{{Cite book |last1=Planet |first1=Lonely |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yLU7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT2326 |title=Lonely Planet India |last2=Benanav |first2=Michael |last3=Blasi |first3=Abigail |last4=Brown |first4=Lindsay |last5=Elliott |first5=Mark |last6=Harding |first6=Paul |last7=Kaminski |first7=Anna |last8=Mahapatra |first8=Anirban |last9=Mayhew |first9=Bradley |date=2017-10-01 |publisher=Lonely Planet |isbn=9781787011991 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="femina_top5_alleppey">{{Cite news |last=Travel |first=Femina |date=2017-06-19 |title=Five things to do in Alleppey, Kerala |url=https://www.femina.in/life/travel/five-fun-things-to-do-in-alleppey-kerala-52219-5.html |access-date=2018-02-25 |work=Femina India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="alappuzha_online_city_guide">{{Cite web |title=Revi Karunakaran Museum in Alappuzha, Revi Karuna Karan Museum |url=http://www.alappuzhaonline.in/city-guide/revi-karunakaran-museum-in-alappuzha |access-date=2018-02-25 |website=www.alappuzhaonline.in}}</ref>{{Verify source|date=January 2025}} The museum spans 28,000 square feet and showcases elements from Hinduism, Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism in its design and displays.<ref name="rkk_museum_about_museum">{{cite web |title=About us - RKK Museum |url=http://rkkmuseum.com/about-us |accessdate=27 September 2017 |website=RKK Museum}}</ref> The third phase of the museum was inaugurated in 2015 by [[Chandrika Kumaratunga|Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunga]], former president of Sri Lanka.<ref name="mathrubhumi_2009">{{Cite news |title=കാഴ്ചയുടെ അത്ഭുത ലോകം തുറന്ന് ശ്രീലങ്കന്‍ മുന്‍ പ്രസിഡന്റ്‌ (Former Sri Lankan President opens an amazing world to behold) |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/alappuzha/malayalam-news/alappuzha-1.688947 |access-date=2018-02-25 |work=Mathrubhumi}}</ref><ref name="deepika_2009">{{Cite news |title=ചന്ദ്രിക കുമാരതുംഗെ ആലപ്പുഴയില്‍ (Chandrika Kumaratunga in Alappuzha) |url=http://www.deepika.com/News_Cat2_sub.aspx?catcode=cat2&newscode=381381 |access-date=2018-02-25 |work=Deepika}}</ref><ref name="youtube_phase_3_opening">{{cite web |title=RKK Museum 3rd Phase Inaguration |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1tHR9PRSRd4 |accessdate=27 September 2017 |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

== Death ==
Karunakaran died on 25 November 2003 at a hospital in Ernakulam. His body was cremated on the premises of Santhi Bhavan, his home in Alappuzha, on the same day.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Karunakaran, Revi}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Alappuzha]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Kerala]]

Indian Gandhiyan Party

2026-02-06T03:47:07Z

GregorioBigge0:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
| party_name = Indian Gandhiyan Party
| logo =
| colorcode = {{Party color|Indian Gandhiyan Party}}
|leader = Aashin US
| loksabha_leader =
| rajyasabha_leader =
| foundation =
| predecessor =
| headquarters = National Election Coordinator Mr. [[Aashin U S]] Kuriyakott Building, Thekkumpadam Road, [[Pattikkad, Thrissur|Pattikkad]] P.O., [[Thrissur District]], [[Kerala]] 680509
| publication = True India
| youth = Indian Youth Movement
| women = Women India Movement
| peasants = Plant 100 Trees
| membership = India Club
| ideology = [[Republicanism]] [[Nationalism]] [[Gandhian]]
| position =
| alliance = 193 countries consortium
| international = ''World Safety Forum''
| eci = Registered Unrecognized Parties
| loksabha_seats =
| rajyasabha_seats =
|state_seats_name =
|state_seats =
| colours = [[Blue]]
| website ={{URL|http://indiangandhiyanparty.com//}}
}}
The '''Indian Gandhiyan Party''' ('''IGP''') is a registered but unrecognized [[political party]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/OrdersNotifications/year2014/EnglishNotification_12032014.pdf |title=Names of National, State, registered-unrecognised parties and the list of free symbols|publisher= [[Election Commission of India]] |date= 12 March 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150522211954/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/OrdersNotifications/year2014/EnglishNotification_12032014.pdf |archive-date=22 May 2015}}</ref> in the Indian state of [[Kerala]].<ref>http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/POLITICAL%2520PARTIES/pp.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321023322/http://ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/POLITICAL%20PARTIES/pp.pdf |date=21 March 2016 }}</ref> The party contested seats in the [[2019 Indian general election]]. [[Aashin US]], the National Election Coordinator of the IGP, contested [[Varanasi Lok Sabha constituency|Varanasi Lok Sabha Constituency]] against [[Narendra Modi]] in the 17th General Elections. Aashin received 504 votes with the campaign slogan "#IdevelopIndia". The party fielded candidates in 503 [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies. Aashin submitted a candidate application form in [[Amethi Lok Sabha constituency|Amethi Constituency]] against [[Rahul Gandhi]] but the form was rejected. The IGP shortlists 543 business leaders for the 18th Lok Sabha General Election. As the first step towards it, Aashin contested the 17th general elections.

== Kerala Assembly Election ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="background:#00f;"
!Legislative Assembly Term
! Kerala Elections
! Seats Contested
! Seats won
! % of Votes
! % of votes in seats contested

|-
| 14th Legislative Assembly 2016
| 2016
| 2
| 0
| 0.5
|
|}

== Lok Sabha (Lower House) ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="background:#00f;"
! Lok Sabha Term
! Indian General Election
! Seats Contested
! Seats won
!Number Vote
! % of Votes
|-
| 16th Lok Sabha
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| 1
| 0
|546
| 0.00%

|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of political parties in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian political parties}}

[[Category:Political parties in Kerala]]
[[Category:Gandhism]]
[[Category:Indian nationalist political parties]]
[[Category:Political parties with year of establishment missing]]

Shaitan (TV series)

2026-02-05T22:28:05Z

GregorioBigge0: small correct information for clarity further and corrected details for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Poster_of_Shaitan.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Crime]] [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| director = [[Mahi V Raghav]]
| writer = Mahi V Raghav K. Ravi Kumar
| starring = {{ubl| [[Rishi (Kannada actor)|Rishi]] [[Lena (actress)|Lena]] [[Ravi Kale]] [[Shelly Kishore]]
}}
| composer =
| music = Sriram Maddury
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 9
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Mahi V. Raghav
* Chinna Vasudeva Reddy
}}
| cinematography = N. Shanmuga Sundaram
| editor = Shravan Katikaneni
| runtime = 21-29 minutes
| company =
| network = [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2023|06|15}}
| last_aired =
}}

'''''Shaitan''''' is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[crime]] [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]] television series written by K. Ravi Kumar, Mahi V Raghav and directed by [[Mahi V Raghav]]. It stars [[Rishi (Kannada actor)|Rishi]], Aneesha Dama, Deviyani Sharma, Jaffer Sadiq, Kamakshi Bhaskarla, [[Lena (actress)|Lena]], [[K. Manikandan|Manikandan K.]], Nithin Prasanna, [[Ravi Kale]], and [[Shelly Kishore]] in lead roles.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shaitan Web Series (2023) {{!}} Release Date, Review, Cast, Trailer, Watch Online at Disney+ Hotstar |url=https://www.gadgets360.com/entertainment/shaitan-web-series-118211 |website=[[NDTV|Gadgets 360]] |access-date=10 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Shaitan Web Series (2023) {{!}} Release Date, Review |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/series/shaitan |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |access-date=10 July 2023 |language=en |date=15 June 2023}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Rishi (Kannada actor)|Rishi]] as Baali
* [[Shelly Kishore]] as Savitri, Baali and Gumthi's mother
* Jaffer Sadiq as Gumthi, Baali's brother
* Deviyani Sharma as Jayaprada, Baali's sister
** Aneesha Dama as Young Jayaprada
* [[Lena (actress)|Lena]] as Mary Joseph IPS
* [[Kamakshi Bhaskarla]] as Kalavathi
* [[Manikandan R Achari]] as a Naxalite
* Nithin Prasanna as Vijay Kumar IPS
* [[Ravi Kale]] as [[Inspector]] Nagi Reddy

== Production ==
The filming of the series began in March 2022 and completed in October 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sreelekha |first=RB |title=Shelly urges Malayali audience to watch 'Shaitan' before criticising the series |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interviews/2023/07/03/shelly-malayali-audience-shaitan-tv-series-criticism.html |access-date=10 July 2023 |work=[[Onmanorama|OnManorama]] |date=3 July 2023}}</ref>

=== Release ===
The series premiered on 15 June 2023 on [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{cite news |title=A new web series is streaming on OTT from today |url=https://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Read/994600686/A-new-web-series-is-streaming-on-OTT-from-today |access-date=10 July 2023 |work=India Herald |date=15 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mahi V Raghav's Shaitan is the most watched Telugu web series on Hotstar |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/shaitan-on-hotstar-the-mahi-v-raghav-crime-drama-becomes-the-most-watched-telugu-show-on-hotstar/65832abe90283 |access-date=10 July 2023 |work=[[HT Media|OTTPlay]] |date=18 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated "Viewers are advised to watch it in isolation and use headphones, given the use of profane language, violence and sexual content. This one is not out to please family audiences and aims to be in the space of Hindi series such as ''[[Sacred Games (TV series)|Sacred Games]]'', ''[[Paatal Lok]]'' and ''[[Mirzapur (TV series)|Mirzapur]]''."<ref>{{cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |title='Shaitan' web series review: Director Mahi V Raghav's partly engaging survival drama leans heavily on violence and sexual content |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/shaitan-telugu-web-series-review-blood-gore-and-survival/article66979432.ece
|url-access=subscription |access-date=10 July 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=17 June 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

''[[Dainik Jagran|English Jagran]]'' also opined similar "If you love crime thrillers like 'Mirzapur' and 'Paatal Lok', then 'Shaitan' is for you."<ref>{{cite news |last=Srivastav |first=Simran |title='Shaitan' Web Series Review: A Gripping And Gruesome Tale Of Crime And Revenge Portrayed With Brilliant Performances |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/shaitan-telugu-web-series-review-rating-gripping-and-gruesome-tale-of-crime-and-revenge-latest-disney-plus-hotstar-ott-platform-10082909 |access-date=10 July 2023 |work=[[Dainik Jagran|English Jagran]] |date=15 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

''[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]]'' rated 2.5 stars out of 5 and opined "With an emotionally well-rounded story, the series would have been a winner."<ref>{{cite news |title=Shaitan Web Series Review, Rating |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/movie-reviews/shaitan-web-series-review-rating-200134 |access-date=10 July 2023 |work=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |date=16 June 2023 |language=en}}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref>

A critic from ''[[Telangana Today]]'' wrote "There are many scenes in ‘Shaitan’ that make you cringe."<ref>{{cite news |last=Nanisetti |first=Shanti |title=Review: This Shaitan is not for the weak-hearted |url=https://telanganatoday.com/review-this-shaitan-is-not-for-the-weak-hearted |access-date=10 July 2023 |work=[[Telangana Today]] |date=17 June 2023}}</ref>

''[[HT Media|OTTPlay]]'' gave mix review "There was so much being said about this show by a section of the media stating that such violent shows and dark content should be censored before screening it for the audience."<ref>{{cite news |last=Mohammad |first=Avad |title=Mahi V Raghav's Shaitan is the most watched Telugu web series on Hotstar |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/shaitan-on-hotstar-the-mahi-v-raghav-crime-drama-becomes-the-most-watched-telugu-show-on-hotstar/65832abe90283 |access-date=10 July 2023 |work=[[HT Media|OTTPlay]] |date=19 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

''[[Mallemala Entertainments|123Telegu]]'' wrote "The realistic backdrop, the solid performances, and the last few episodes are its assets. But the show is highly predictable for the most part, and a few pivotal aspects lacked depth."<ref>{{cite news |title=OTT Review: Shaitan - Telugu web series on Disney Plus Hotstar |url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/ott-review-shaitan-telugu-web-series-on-disney-plus-hotstar.html |access-date=10 July 2023 |work=[[Mallemala Entertainments|123Telegu]] |date=15 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

The series was also reviewed by ''[[Hindustan Times]]'',<ref>{{cite news |title=Shaitan Web Series Review: సైతాన్ వెబ్ సిరీస్ రివ్యూ - మ‌హి వి రాఘ‌వ్ క్రైమ్ థ్రిల్ల‌ర్ సిరీస్ ఎలా ఉందంటే? |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/shaitan-web-series-review-mahi-v-raghav-crime-thriller-web-series-streaming-disney-plus-hot-star-121686806552351.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615071828/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/shaitan-web-series-review-mahi-v-raghav-crime-thriller-web-series-streaming-disney-plus-hot-star-121686806552351.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 June 2023 |access-date=10 July 2023 |date=15 June 2023 |language=te}}</ref> ''[[Eenadu]]'',<ref>{{cite news |title=Shaitan Review: రివ్యూ: సైతాన్‌ (వెబ్‌సిరీస్‌) |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/shaitan-web-series-review-directed-by-mahi-v-raghav/0203/123106678 |access-date=10 July 2023 |work=[[Eenadu]] |date=16 June 2023 |language=te}}</ref> ''[[Asianet News]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Raju |first=Aithagoni |title='సైతాన్‌' వెబ్‌ సిరీస్‌ రివ్యూ.. మహి వీ రాఘవ్‌ సక్సెస్‌ అయ్యాడా? |url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/entertainment/shaitan-web-series-review-rating-arj-rwagcf |access-date=10 July 2023 |work=[[Asianet News]] |date=15 June 2023 |language=te}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|27412560}}

[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Telugu-language Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television seasons]]
[[Category:Telugu-language web series]]
[[Category:Indian crime television series]]
[[Category:2023 web series debuts]]
[[Category:2023 web series endings]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series endings]]

Boro Maa Kali Temple, Naihati

2026-02-05T18:07:36Z

GregorioBigge0: Starting new bio

{{short description|Hindu Temple dedicated to goddess Kali at Naihati, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| image = Boro Maa Naihati 2022.jpg
| alt =
| caption = The deity of Boro Maa during [[Kali Puja]], 2022
| map_type = India West Bengal
| map_caption = [[West Bengal]]
| coordinates = {{coord|22.8885984|N|88.4143351|E|display=inline,title}}
| country = {{flag|India}}
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district =
| location = [[Naihati]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Boro Maa [[Kali]]
| festivals =
* ''[[Kali Puja]]''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Salmali |title=নৈহাটিতে বড়মার পুজো দেবেন? সঠিক সময়সূচি-অঞ্জলির নির্ঘণ্ট আগেই জেনে রাখুন |url=https://bengali.news18.com/photogallery/south-bengal/kali-puja-2024-famous-naihati-boroma-puja-timings-anjali-know-in-details-sal-1924964-page-4.html |access-date=20 December 2024 |work=[[News18]] |date=30 October 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>
* ''Kaushiki Amavasya''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sarkar |first1=Tiyasha |title=কৌশিকী অমাবস্যায় সিমেন্টের মূর্তিতে প্রাণপ্রতিষ্ঠা নৈহাটির বড়মার |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/religion/naihati-gets-22-feet-high-boro-ma-statue-on-kaushiki-amabasya/ |access-date=30 December 2024 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=29 August 2019 |language=bn}}</ref>
* ''Dipannwita Amavasya''<ref>{{cite news |last1=বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় |first1=প্রীতম |title=দীপান্বিতা অমাবস্যার জন্য আজ থেকেই নৈহাটির বড়মাকে দেওয়া যাবে পুজো |url=https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/24pargana-news/naihati-kali-puja-2023-famous-bara-ma-idol-is-preparing-for-puja-know-puja-rules/104965528.cms |access-date=28 December 2024 |work=[[Ei Samay]] |date=4 November 2023 |language=bn}}</ref>
* ''Baisakhi Amavasya''
| architecture = [[Bengal architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed = 1923<ref name="t2" />
| website =
| governing_body = Naihati Barakali Puja Samity Trust
}}

'''Boro Maa Kali Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] in [[Naihati]], North 24 Parganas, West Bengal in India, dedicated to the [[Hindu goddess]] [[Kali]], one of the 10 [[Mahavidya]]s in the [[Tantra#Hindu tantra|Hindu tantric]] tradition and the supreme deity in the [[Shaktism#Kalikula: family of Kali|Kalikula]] worship tradition.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mitra |first1=Anamika |title=কোন অমোঘ টানে প্রতি বছর ছুটে আসে হাজার হাজার মানুষ নৈহাটি বড়মার পুজোয়, জেনে নিন |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/astrology/know-why-every-year-thousands-of-people-flock-to-naihati-barama-puja-for-which-reason-31699689023073.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118073520/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/astrology/know-why-every-year-thousands-of-people-flock-to-naihati-barama-puja-for-which-reason-31699689023073.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 November 2023 |access-date=20 December 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=11 November 2023 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/religion/rituals-puja/the-significance-of-dus-mahavidya/articleshow/68206997.cms |title=The Significance of Dus Mahavidya |date=7 May 2014|website=[[The Times Of India]] |access-date=20 December 2024}}</ref>

The temple's history dates a century back to 1923, when a young man named Bhavesh Chakraborty had a dream after visiting [[Nabadwip]] and witnessing the grandeur of the idols there. Inspired, he returned to Naihati and built a 22-foot-tall idol of Goddess Kali, which has over the years, come to be known as the "Boro Maa".<ref>{{cite news |title=Naihati Boro Maa Kali Temple |url=https://puja-online.com/product/boro-maa-naihati/ |access-date=20 December 2024 |work=Boro Maa, Naihati}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Shakti Peeths: Sacred Sites of the Divine Feminine |url=https://theindosphere.com/religion/shakti-peeths-hindu-sacred-sites/ |access-date=20 December 2024 |work=The Indosphere}}</ref>

In this temple, Maa Kali is worshipped as per the beliefs of [[Vaishnavism]] in her fierce form as the pitch-dark Raksha Kali or Shamshan Kali, symbolising destruction and renewal.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shankar |first1=Ravi |title=Motherlodes of Power: The story of India's 'Shakti Peethas' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2021/Sep/26/motherlodesof-power-2362905.html |access-date=20 December 2024 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=3 October 2021}}</ref> As per the [[Devi Bhagavata Purana]], [[Kalika Purana]] and Shakti Peetha Stotram, it is one of the 52 [[Shakta pithas]] in India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shakti Peethas |url=https://www.manidvipa.in/shakti-peethas |access-date=20 December 2024 |work=Manidvipa}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Naihati Baro Maa: হাজার মানুষ, চোখেতে আকুতি, মিলবে প্রার্থনা, মাথার উপর হাত রাখেন, তিনি সবার বড় মা |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/videos/district/kalipuja-2023-naihati-boro-maa-popular-kalipuja-in-bengal-know-boro-maa-mythological-significance-1022159 |access-date=28 December 2024 |work=[[ABP Ananda]] |date=7 November 2023 |language=bn}}</ref> Every year it is visited by lakhs of devotees and pilgrims from different parts of India.<ref name="telegraph">{{cite news |last1=Dutta, Marik |first1=Samriddha, Priyam |title=Naihati's Boro Maa Kali: Where grandeur meets devotion |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/naihatis-boro-maa-kali-where-grandeur-meets-devotion/cid/1837252 |access-date=20 December 2024 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=4 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mitra |first1=Anamika |title=১০১ তম বর্ষে নতুন চমক! কাঠামো পুজো দিয়ে শুরু হল নৈহাটির বড়মার উৎসব |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/astrology/there-is-a-new-surprise-in-the-101st-year-boro-maa-puja-of-naihati-started-with-the-structure-puja-31729329356191.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208224757/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/astrology/there-is-a-new-surprise-in-the-101st-year-boro-maa-puja-of-naihati-started-with-the-structure-puja-31729329356191.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 December 2024 |access-date=20 December 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=19 October 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>

== Legend and importance ==
About a century ago, in the early 1900s, a young man named Bhavesh Chakraborty, who was a jute mill employee and social worker, went to experience "Bhanga Rash" at [[Nabadwip]] accompanied by four friends. The incredible height and grandeur of the idols in Nabadwip mesmerized him. After returning to his home in [[Naihati]], he had a dream where Maa Kali, at the time a small deity of the Chakraborty family, instructed him to mould her into a gigantic idol of 22 foot, similar to the ones in Nabadwip.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Rudra Narayan |title=Naihati Boro Maa: বড়মার মোহময়ী রূপ, অমাবস্যায় রাতভর যা চলল নৈহাটিতে..! জানলে ভক্তিতে মাথা নত হবে |url=https://bengali.news18.com/photogallery/south-bengal/naihati-boro-maa-kali-puja-rituals-amavasya-night-was-important-know-what-happen-whole-night-in-naihati-l18-sdg-local18-1926896.html |access-date=20 December 2024 |work=[[News18]] |date=1 November 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>

Initially known as the "Boro Kali" or "Bhavesh Kali", the puja was organised by and limited to the Chakraborty household.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Patra |first1=Subhankar |title=বড় মা'র আগমনে সাজছে নৈহাটি, কবে থেকে পুজো দিতে পারবেন ভক্তরা? |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/religion/kali-puja-2024-worship-of-naihati-boro-maa/ |access-date=20 December 2024 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=22 October 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> But, as Boro Kali's popularity soared over the years, the puja was opened up to the general public and the idol was renamed as "Boro Maa", symbolising her as the mother of all.<ref>{{cite news |title='ওই সময় কাউকে সরাতে পারবেন না, ওইদিনটা তারাপীঠ-দক্ষিণেশ্বরের থেকেও বেশি ভিড় হয়', পুজো কর্তার মুখে নৈহাটির বড় মায়ের মাহাত্ম্য |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/religion/kali-puja-2024-huge-gatherings-take-place-at-naihati-boro-ma-kali-puja-even-more-than-tarapith-and-dakshineswar-puja-1101384 |access-date=28 December 2024 |work=[[ABP Ananda]] |date=22 October 2024 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=বড়মা |url=https://www.eimuhurte.com/bibidho/anadamoyee/mythology-and-all-about-of-naihati-boro-maa-puja/ |access-date=20 December 2024 |work=[[Ei Samay]] |date=25 October 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>

Highly revered by her devotees, it is widely believed that she fulfills the desire and wishes of all her devotees, irrespective of their caste, social status and economic background. It is widely said "Boro Maa kauke feray na" and "Dhormo jar jar, Boro Maa sobar".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Rudra Narayan |title=Naihati Boro Maa: কাউকে খালি হাতে ফেরান না, শতবর্ষে নৈহাটির বড়মার পুজো নিয়ে এবার বিরাট সিদ্ধান্ত |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/south-bengal/naihati-boro-maa-puja-latest-update-during-kali-puja-2023-l18-sb-1367356.html |access-date=28 December 2024 |work=[[News18]] |date=13 November 2023 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=ধর্ম হোক যার যার, বড় মা সবার', এটাই মূল মন্ত্র নৈহাটির বড় মা-র |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/district/north-24-paraganas/kali-puja-2021-north-24-pargana-boro-maa-kali-puja-diwali-2021-843584 |access-date=28 December 2024 |work=[[ABP Ananda]] |date=28 October 2021 |language=bn}}</ref> Numerous personal experiences of about how their problems were resolved or how they got success in their career soon after visiting Boro Maa's Temple and receiving her blessings, are prevalent far and near in West Bengal.<ref>{{cite news |title='দুই মহিলা এসে হাউহাউ করে কাঁদছেন, পরের বছর এসে জানান...', অসীম মাহাত্ম্য নৈহাটির বড় মা-র ! |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/photo-gallery/religion/naihati-boro-ma-kali-know-all-about-it-before-kali-puja-2024-1101396 |access-date=28 December 2024 |work=[[ABP Ananda]] |date=22 October 2024 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=সেনগুপ্ত |first1=বরুণ |title=Naihati: Diwali: Boro Maa Kali: অলৌকিক! সারা দেশ থেকে ভক্তেরা ছুটে আসেন নৈহাটির বড় মা'র কাছে... |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/photos/boro-maa-kali-100-years-passed-naihatis-most-famous-manifestation-of-kali-unanimously-hailed-as-boro-maa-546986 |access-date=28 December 2024 |work=[[Zee News]] |date=27 October 2024 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Nibedita |title=Naihati Boro Maa : লোকসমক্ষে মুখ দেখাতে লজ্জা ! বীভৎস ফুসকুড়ি-ঘা, বড় মার কাছে এসে যা ঘটল... |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/district/naihati-boro-ma-pilgrims-get-huge-benefit-after-visiting-temple-interesting-stories-1102273 |access-date=28 December 2024 |work=[[ABP Ananda]] |date=28 October 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>

Since 2014, a local sculptor Shubhendu Sarkar has been sculpting the 22-feet-tall idol every year.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Patra |first1=Subhankar |title=ভবেশকালী থেকে বড়মা, নৈহাটির জাগ্রত কালীর মাহাত্ম্য সর্বজনবিদিত |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/puja-2024/kali-puja-2024-history-of-naihati-boro-ma/ |access-date=20 December 2024 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=27 October 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> While that idol is immersed in the [[Ganges]] every year during the visarjan, about a stone's throw away distance from the pandal is a temple, that houses a smaller avatar of Boro Maa's magnificent idol and it is present all-year round. Painted in pink and yellow, the temple was opened in 2014, with a courtyard for devotees for offering their prayers.<ref name="telegraph" /> On 100 years of the puja, the temple recorded the highest number of footfalls, among which more than a lakh devotees did "dandi kata" for fulfilling their wishes.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dutta |first1=Elina |title=কালীপুজোয় নৈহাটি বড়মার মন্দিরে ভক্তদের রেকর্ড! শতবর্ষে প্রসাদ বিতরণে বিশেষ ঘোষণা |url=https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/24pargana-news/naihati-boro-ma-temple-visited-by-record-devotees-puja-committee-take-special-initiative-for-prasad-distribution/105176317.cms |access-date=28 December 2024 |work=[[Ei Samay]] |date=13 November 2023 |language=bn}}</ref>

Before 1970, the massive idol was carried on the shoulders of the strongest men in town, all the way from the pandal to the nearby Ganga for immersion. 1970 onwards, the organisers decided to carry the idol of Boro Maa to the river for immersion, on a wheeled trolley by the townspeople.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dhar |first1=Sanket |title=Naihati Boro Maa: চোখের জলে বিদায় নিলেন নৈহাটির বড়মা! লক্ষ ভক্তের সমাগমে আবেগঘন মুহূর্ত |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/naihati-boro-maa-immersion-people-are-sad-at-that-moment-in-pictures-31730822105629.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203151117/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/naihati-boro-maa-immersion-people-are-sad-at-that-moment-in-pictures-31730822105629.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 December 2024 |access-date=20 December 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=5 November 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> Thousands of men come together to guide the massive idol along the procession route, adorned with giant sized vibrant garlands crafted by garland makers from [[Howrah]]. The garlands are mainly constructed of [[Hibiscus|blood-red hibiscus]] besides a few garlands made of [[jasmine]], [[Tagetes|yellow and orange marigold]], [[rose]], [[tuberose]] and [[chrysanthemum]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Kali Puja: Grand immersion procession for Naihati's 21-ft idol |url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/india-news/kali-puja-immersion-bengal-naihati-tallest-idol-7611746/ |access-date=20 December 2024 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=7 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Dipta |title=নৈহাটির বড়মাকে কেন 'বড়মা' ডাকা হয়? জানুন ১০০ বছরের প্রাচীন ইতিহাস |url=https://tv9bangla.com/photo-gallery/mythology-and-all-about-of-naihati-boro-maa-puja-946836-8.html |access-date=28 December 2024 |work=[[TV9 Bharatvarsh|TV9 Bangla]] |date=12 November 2023 |language=bn}}</ref>

== Boro Maa ==
Every year a 22 feet idol of Maa Kali is moulded, whose foundation is laid on the day of [[Lakshmi Puja]] with ''khuti puja''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Majumder |first1=Suman |title=প্রহর গুনছে নৈহাটি, বড়মার পুজোয় এবার থাকবে বিরাট চমক, আজ হল 'বড় কাজ' |url=https://bengali.news18.com/photogallery/south-bengal/puja-of-naihati-boro-maa-kali-starts-people-starts-come-there-smj-l18-local18-1903233.html |access-date=28 December 2024 |work=[[News18]] |date=17 October 2024 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='দুই মহিলা এসে হাউহাউ করে কাঁদছেন, পরের বছর এসে জানান...', অসীম মাহাত্ম্য নৈহাটির বড় মা-র ! |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/photo-gallery/religion/naihati-boro-ma-kali-know-all-about-it-before-kali-puja-2024-1101396 |access-date=22 December 2024 |work=[[ABP Ananda]] |date=22 October 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> Built over 15 days, every year the idol is adorned with 12 kilograms of gold and 200 kilograms of silver ornaments.<ref name="ie">{{cite news |title=Naihati Boro Maa Puja 2024: ১০০ ভরি সোনায় সজ্জিত নৈহাটির বড়মা, বাড়ি বসে পুজো কীভাবে? বাম্পার ব্যবস্থা জানুন |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/photos/west-bengal/kalipuja-2024-time-ad-schedule-of-naihati-boro-maa-kali-puja-7374207 |access-date=20 December 2024 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=30 October 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> It includes gold bangles, crown, necklace, eye decor, tongue decor, "nupur" and "chandmala".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dey |first1=Subhagata |title=Naihati Boro Maa : ১০১ বছরে ১০১ ভরির স্বর্ণালঙ্কারে সজ্জিতা নৈহাটির বড়মা, গয়নার সম্ভারে কী কী রয়েছে? বিরাট চমক চালচিত্রে |url=https://bengali.news18.com/photogallery/south-bengal/naihati-boro-maa-kali-idol-wore-101-bhori-gold-jewellery-along-with-huge-amount-of-silver-ornaments-here-the-list-l18-sdg-local18-1925793.html |access-date=28 December 2024 |work=[[News18]] |date=31 October 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> The ornaments have been created from small pieces of jewellery and bindis contributed by people from all walks of life over the 100 years after establishment of the temple.<ref>{{cite news |title=১০০ কেজির গয়না পরেন, ১০১ তম বর্ষে নতুন চমক, নৈহাটির 'বড়মা'র নামের মাহাত্ম্য জানেন? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/dharm-religion/story/know-the-reason-behind-naihatis-maa-kali-called-boroma-mythology-and-all-about-new-surprise-in-the-101st-year-boro-maa-puja-sus-1109055-2024-10-21 |access-date=22 December 2024 |work=[[Aaj Tak]] |date=21 October 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> The deity has a dark complexion, four hands, a crimson-red tongue bordered by gold and lotus eyes, which are believed to exude both warmth and strength.<ref>{{cite news |title=Naihati Boro Maa : নৈহাটির বড় মা-র কাছে কালীপুজোয় অঞ্জলি দেবেন? কখন পৌঁছতে হবে ? মানতে হবে কী নিয়ম? |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/photo-gallery/religion/naihati-boro-ma-kali-puja-2024-how-to-offer-pushpanjali-know-the-time-1101424 |access-date=20 December 2024 |work=[[ABP Ananda]] |date=23 October 2024 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kali Puja 2024- Boro Maa- Shyamsundari Maa: বারাসতেই সঙ্গেই কালীপুজোয় ট্রেন্ডিং বড়মা থেকে জীবন্ত কালী! জাগ্রত মন্দিরে ভক্তের ঢল |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/dharm-religion/festivals/story/kali-puja-2024-naihati-boro-maa-north-kolkata-maa-shyamsundari-kali-temple-miraculous-spiritually-awakened-stories-kali-mandir-puja-bhog-west-bengal-kali-mandir-soc-1114044-2024-10-31 |access-date=20 December 2024 |work=[[Aaj Tak]] |date=31 October 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>

In 2023, a new temple dedicated to the deity was inaugurated on 100 years of the puja.<ref>{{cite news |last1=চক্রবর্তী |first1=দেবদীপ |title=নৈহাটি বড় মা মন্দিরের একশো বছর পূর্তির বিশেষ অনুষ্ঠান |url=https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/24pargana-news/boro-maa-naihati-mandir-hundred-years-celebration-programme-details/104161698.cms |access-date=28 December 2024 |work=[[Ei Samay]] |date=4 October 2023 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Naihati Boro Maa: Why is Maa Kali referred to as Boro Maa here? |url=https://www.eimuhurte.com/bibidho/anadamoyee/mythology-and-all-about-of-naihati-boro-maa-puja/ |access-date=28 December 2024 |work=[[Ei Samay]] |date=25 October 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> The ''pran pratishtha'' of Boro Maa's new idol made of "kasthi pathar" was done on the day [[Kali puja]] in the same year.<ref>{{cite news |title=কাঠামো পুজোর মধ্যে দিয়ে শুরু হয়ে গেল নৈহাটির বড়মার আরাধনা |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/!state/naihati-boro-maa-kathamo-pujo-2024-west-bengal-news-wbs24101706411 |access-date=28 December 2024 |work=[[ETV Network|ETV Bharat]] |date=17 October 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> On the occasion of her 101 years of worship in 2024, the deity was offered a silver "ghot" and key which was moulded from 35 to 40 kg of silver, that was donated to Boro Maa by her devotees for the success of their "manots".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Nibedita |title=Naihati Boro Maa : কালীপুজোর আগে বড়-মা'র নতুন রুপোর চালচিত্র, সঙ্গে রুপোর ঘট, চাবি |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/district/kali-puja-2024-naihati-boro-ma-silver-chalchitra-ghat-keys-know-in-details-1101485 |access-date=28 December 2024 |work=[[ABP Ananda]] |date=23 October 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> Devotional songs dedicated to her are often composed, to spread her "mahatta" to the common people.<ref>{{cite news |title=Naihati Boro Maa: গানে গানে বিশ্ব জুড়ে বড় মা'র বন্দনা! শুনেছেন? |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/photos/a-new-song-released-for-naihati-boro-maa-have-you-listen-yet-547568 |access-date=28 December 2024 |work=[[Zee News]] |date=30 October 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>

Boro Maa's four hands carry symbols with meanings. Her right upper hand is raised in a blessing gesture, offering reassurance to her devotees. The right lower hand holds a "jolbhora sandesh" which signifies sweetness, reward and prosperity to those who lead virtuous lives. Her left upper hand holds her weapon, symbolising her power to eradicate evil while her left lower hand grasps the severed head of a sinner, which is a reminder of wrongdoings. Through these emblems, Boro Maa expresses the dual form of Kali as both nurturing and fearsome, reminding her devotees of the balance between reward and punishment, based on their karma.<ref name="t2">{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Rohini |title=t2 made a trip to Naihati to chronicle a 21-feet Kali idol worshipped for 101 years |url=https://t2online.in/goodlife/books/t2-made-a-trip-to-naihati-to-chronicle-a-21-feet-kali-idol-worshipped-for-101-years/1198576 |access-date=20 December 2024 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]] |date=31 October 2024}}</ref>

== The rituals ==
Her lotus symbolic eyes are believed to a representation of controlled rage. Besides paying offerings to the deity, devotees perform ''dandi kata'' to receive her blessings.<ref>{{cite news |title=বড় মা-র পুজোয় জনতার ঢল! দণ্ডি কেটে প্রার্থনা করলেন প্রায় ৫ হাজার ভক্ত |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/ananda-utsav/durgotsav-gallery/kali-puja-2022-5000-devotees-gathered-and-prayed-to-naihatis-boroma-dgtl-photogallery/cid/1379518 |access-date=20 December 2024 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=26 October 2022 |language=bn}}</ref> For five days every year during the Kali puja, the deity is decorated and worshipped according to the traditions and rituals which were first established by Bhavesh Chakraborty and his family. Following Chakraborty's wish till today, no money is collected from locals as ''chanda'' to organise the puja. The committee works with the money donated by the devotees.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dey |first1=Subhagata |title=মানতেই পূর্ণ মনস্কামনা! সেজে উঠছে নৈহাটির জাগ্রত 'বড়মা', পুজো বিশেষ রীতি মেনেই |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/north-24-parganas/naihati-kali-puja-2022-famous-bara-ma-idol-is-preparing-for-puja-l18-sdg-911594.html |access-date=20 December 2024 |work=[[News18]] |date=21 October 2022 |language=bn}}</ref> During the five days, no special puja is dedicated to the deity. Everyday on those days, special bhog is offered to the goddess. The bhog that is offered to Boro Maa always comes from the family of Bhavesh Chakraborty's successors.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Rudra Narayan |title=কালীপুজোয় নৈহাটিতে বড়মার পুজো দিতে যাবেন? ঠিক কখন শুরু পুজো, কখন অঞ্জলি, কখন বিসর্জন? জানুন নির্ঘণ্ট |url=https://bengali.news18.com/photogallery/astrology/naihati-boro-maa-kali-puja-2024-timing-anjali-immersion-timing-how-to-get-prasad-coupon-l18-sdg-local18-1909111.html |access-date=20 December 2024 |work=[[News18]] |date=21 October 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>

[[File:Boro Maa Naihati.jpg|thumb|right|Boro Maa during visharjan in the [[Ganga]] on the fifth day of [[Kali Puja]]|250px]]

Every year for visharjan, the idol of Boro Maa is carried on a trolley by hundreds of her ardent followers to the nearby Ganges river, for the immersion.<ref>{{cite news |last1=চক্রবর্তী |first1=দেবদীপ |title=চোখের জলে বিদায়, নৈহাটি বড়মার বিসর্জনে অগুন্তি ভক্তের ভিড় |url=https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/24pargana-news/naihati-boro-maa-immersion-huge-devotees-gathered-at-ghat/200320839.cms |access-date=28 December 2024 |work=[[Ei Samay]] |date=4 November 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> The jewellery is carefully taken off the idol and kept in a safe for adorning the idol next year.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dey |first1=Subhagata |title=১০০ কেজির গয়না ছেড়ে ফুলে সাজলেন 'বড়মা' কালী, বিসর্জন দেখল লক্ষ লক্ষ মানুষ, আপনিও প্রথম ছবি দেখুন ঘরে বসে |url=https://bengali.news18.com/photogallery/south-bengal/naihati-famous-boro-maa-kali-idol-immersion-photos-goes-viral-l18-sdg-1371143.html |access-date=30 December 2024 |work=[[News18]] |date=16 November 2023 |language=bn}}</ref> During visharjan, the idol is adorned in her "raj besh" with enormous garlands costing lakhs of rupees, which have been specially designed and prepared over many hours.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Basu |first1=Pooja |title=Naihati Boro Maa: ফুলের অলংকারে রাজবেশে বিসর্জনের পথে নৈহাটির বড় মা কালী! প্রথম দেখুন সেই ছবি |url=https://bengali.news18.com/photogallery/south-bengal/naihati-boro-maa-kali-bisarjan-first-exclusive-photo-l18-pbd-local18-1931821.html |access-date=28 December 2024 |work=[[News18]] |date=4 November 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> The procession is attended by thousands of her followers and devotees.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Rudra Narayan |title=Naihati Boro Maa Bhasan: ১০১ ভরির সোনার গয়না পরা মায়ের অপূর্ব রূপ, এক বছরের মায়ের জন্য অপেক্ষা, হয়ে গেল বড় মায়ের ভাসান |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/south-bengal/naihati-boro-maa-bhasan-naihati-boro-maa-bisarjan-watch-video-bhaktas-have-to-wait-for-1-long-year-dd-l18-local18-1932123.html |access-date=22 December 2024 |work=[[News18]] |date=4 November 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> For those who stay far away and can't attend the "visharjan shobhayatra" but want to see it, the puja committee has made arrangements for live streaming of the visharjan on their official [[Facebook]] handle.<ref>{{cite news |last1=দে |first1=অরিজিৎ |title=শোভাযাত্রা করে প্রতিমা নিরঞ্জন, লাইভ দেখার সুযোগ! বড়মার বিসর্জনের সময়সূচি জানেন? |url=https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/24pargana-news/boro-maa-naihati-idol-immersion-will-be-done-today-know-details/105250726.cms |access-date=28 December 2024 |work=[[Ei Samay]] |date=16 November 2023 |language=bn}}</ref> The visharjan crowd is regulated by more than 1000 police officials led by the Barrackpore police commissioner every year, to avoid any stampedes.<ref>{{cite news |last1=মাঝি |first1=সুমন |title=নৈহাটির বড়মার বিসর্জনে থাকবে ১ হাজার পুলিশ, কড়া ব্যবস্থা প্রশাসনের |url=https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/24pargana-news/one-thousand-police-deployed-for-naihati-barama-visarjan/200320735.cms |access-date=30 December 2024 |work=[[Ei Samay]] |date=4 November 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> The other Kali pujas in Naihati are immersed only after the visharjan of Boro Maa is completed.<ref>{{cite news |last1=মুখোপাধ্যায়, চট্টোপাধ্যায় |first1=ঋতবান, শর্মিষ্ঠা |title=Boro Maa Bisorjon : সোয়া লাখ টাকার ফুলের গয়নায় বড় মা-র বিসর্জন |url=https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/24pargana-news/naihati-boro-maa-bisorjon-was-arranged-with-grandeur/105285627.cms |work=[[Ei Samay]] |date=17 November 2023 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=আবার এসো মা! 'বড়মা' বিসর্জনে পুষ্পবৃষ্টি, গঙ্গাঘাটে বিদায় দেবীর |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/video/naihati-boro-maa-crowd-of-devotees-at-grand-immersion-procession-of-boro-maa-sangbad-pratidin/ |access-date=28 December 2024 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |language=bn}}</ref>

== The Temple complex ==
[[File:Boro Maa.jpg|thumb|left|Boro Maa's ''vigraha'' in Temple|230px]]

Before 2023, Boro Maa was worshipped throughout the year as a picture. The idol was made only during [[Kali puja]] and immersed by the end of it. In 2023, a new temple was created which was inaugurated by [[Abhishek Banerjee (politician)|Abhishek Banerjee]].<ref>{{cite news |title=অভিষেকের হাতেই বড় মা'র নয়া মন্দিরের উদ্বোধন, নতুন মূর্তির প্রতিষ্ঠা পুজোয় নজরকাড়া আয়োজন |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/west-bengal/abhishek-banerjee-to-inaugurate-naihati-boro-maa-new-temple-682355/ |access-date=30 December 2024 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=12 October 2023 |language=bn}}</ref> Made from "Kasthi pathar", a permanent idol of Boro Maa was established inside the temple, as the principle deity.<ref>{{cite news |last1=দত্ত |first1=এলিনা |title=১৪ বছর পর নৈহাটির বড়মা মন্দিরের এল নতুন মূর্তি, কবে থেকে দর্শন পাবেন ভক্তরা? |url=https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/24pargana-news/naihati-boro-ma-kali-idol-reached-at-temple-after-14-years-here-is-the-detail/104705094.cms |access-date=30 December 2024 |work=[[Ei Samay]] |date=25 October 2023 |language=bn}}</ref> It was made by [[Rajasthan]] sculptor artist Dharmendra Sau at Rajendrapur, [[Naihati]] over a period of 3 months.<ref>{{cite news |title=আজ প্রাণ প্রতিষ্ঠা নৈহাটির বড়মার, সেজে উঠলেন ১০০ ভরির গয়নায়, দেখুন মায়ের ছবি |url=https://bangla.asianetnews.com/west-bengal/west-bengal-news/kalipuja-2023-news-naihati-boro-maa-puja-updates-new-idol-installed-at-temple-bpsb/articleshow-d5593v7 |access-date=30 December 2024 |work=[[Asianet News]] |date=24 November 2023 |language=bn}}</ref> A "chalchitro" made of 35 kg of silver was placed behind the deity.<ref>{{cite news |last1=জোয়ারদার |first1=সায়নী |title=বড়মার সামনে দাঁড়িয়ে হাউ হাউ করে কাঁদছেন কেউ, কারও স্থির পলক |url=https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/24pargana-news/naihati-boro-ma-kalipuja-devotee-can-watch-puja-live-virtually/200320346.cms |access-date=30 December 2024 |work=[[Ei Samay]] |date=31 October 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> The new temple inauguration ceremony was marked by a giant [[yagna]] with 50 kg ''belkath'' by 12 priests, 3 of whom came from [[Varanasi]]. It was followed by [[Bhagavad Gita|Gitapath]], [[Chandipath]], Maha Mritunjaypath and [[Rudra]]path. On that day, Boro Maa was adorned with 100 kg of silver and gold jewellery. The "pran pratishtha" and "chakkhudan" of the new idol was done few days later, on the day of [[Lakshmi Puja]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sen |first1=Sayani |title=রাত পোহালেই বড়মার মূর্তির প্রাণ প্রতিষ্ঠা, নৈহাটিতে উৎসবের আমেজ |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/bengal/naihati-is-in-festive-mood-for-boro-maa-puja/ |access-date=30 December 2024 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=27 October 2023 |language=bn}}</ref> Made on a budget of {{INR|8}} crore, a guest house for the devotees, a larger "bhog mandir" and an old age home for 400 people was also inaugurated along with the new temple.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Biswas |first1=Suman |title=Naihati Boro Maa: চমৎকার কষ্টিপাথরের মূর্তি, শত ভরির গয়নায় সাজবেন নৈহাটির বড়মা! নতুন মন্দির খুলছে কবে, কে করছেন উদ্বোধন? |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/south-bengal/naihati-boro-maa-new-temple-will-inaugurate-by-tmc-mp-abhishek-banerjee-sb-1321927.html |access-date=28 December 2024 |work=[[News18]] |date=11 October 2023 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=চক্রবর্তী |first1=দেবদীপ |title=সাজিয়ে তোলা হচ্ছে বিশালাকার মূর্তি, নৈহাটি বড়মার পুজো ঘিরে তুঙ্গে উন্মাদনা |url=https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/24pargana-news/naihati-boro-maa-kali-puja-celebrration-arrangements-at-the-last-stage/105130436.cms |access-date=28 December 2024 |work=[[Ei Samay]] |date=10 November 2023 |language=bn}}</ref>

Besides the main temple, there are a number of other temples dedicated to different deities, inside the temple complex. Outside the inner complex is the Trinath temple. Dedicated to Lord Shiva, he is present there in a rare three-headed avatar. There is small idol of goddess Shitala at one corner of the temple complex, beside which the meals are being cooked. Opposite to this, a narrow passage leads to a tranquil Radha Krishna temple. While apples and bananas are given as offerings, two parallel rows of bananas are kept in front of the idols to resemble a swing.<ref name="telegraph" />

== Prasad ==
Special poojas are performed on each of the 12 [[Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar|amavasyas]] every year. Among them, "Kali Puja" and "Baisakhi Amavasya" draws large crowds of lakhs of devotees.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Nibedita |title=Naihati Boro Maa : সাড়ে ৪ হাজার কেজির ভোগ ! প্রসাদ পেলেন কাতারে কাতারে মানুষ, অভূতপূর্ব ছবি বড়-মার অন্নকূূটে |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/district/naihati-boro-maa-annakut-on-vaishakh-amavasya-2024-4500-kg-prasad-distributed-1065812 |access-date=20 December 2024 |work=[[ABP Ananda]] |date=8 May 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> After the puja ceremonies, huge quantities of [[Prasad (food offering)|prasad]] is being prepared and distributed among the devotees. Almost, four-and-a-half kg of the bhog is prepared every amavasya. It includes pulao, five types of vegetable fries, five types of curries and five types of sweets.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Nibedita |title=Boro Ma : কালীপুজোয় কখন হবে বড় - মা'র পুজো, অঞ্জলি কখন? কীভাবে সংগ্রহ করবেন মায়ের প্রসাদ? |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/religion/kali-puja-2024-naihati-boro-ma-puja-schedule-diwali-2024-1101470 |access-date=20 December 2024 |work=[[ABP Ananda]] |date=23 October 2024 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Neogi |first1=Arjun |title=Boro Maa Annakut: বড়মার দরবারে ৪,৫০০ কেজির অন্নকূট ভোগ! বিপুল অলঙ্কার দেখতেও ভিড়, সকলের চক্ষু ছানাবড়া |url=https://bengali.news18.com/photogallery/north-24-parganas/north-24-pargana-news-naihati-boro-maa-kali-4500-kg-prasad-a-huge-number-of-people-turned-out-l18-arn-1648975.html |access-date=28 December 2024 |work=[[News18]] |date=8 May 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> Over many years, the prasad of Kali puja is being prepared by Chandrakanta Mishra.<ref>{{cite news |last1=দত্ত |first1=এলিনা |title=বড়মার জন্য বিপুল পরিমাণ ভোগ রাঁধেন। স্বয়ং বড়মার আর্শীবাদ তাঁর মাথায় হাত রেখেছেন, এমনটাই মনে করেন ৭২-এর চন্দ্রকান্ত মিশ্র। |url=https://eisamay.com/videos/naihati-boro-maa-bhog-cooking-72-years-old-chandrakant-mishra-during-kali-puja/200320251.cms |access-date=20 December 2024 |work=[[Ei Samay]] |date=30 October 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>

On the occasion of 100 years of the puja, "''annakut''" prasad was prepared for the first time and offered to the deity.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Patra |first1=Subhankar |title=তিন হাজার কেজির পোলাও ভোগ! মনস্কামনা পূরণে বড়মার অন্নকূট উৎসবে ভক্তের ঢল |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/bengal/3000-kg-polao-is-being-given-in-naihatis-boro-ma-annakoot-ceremony/ |access-date=30 December 2024 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=7 May 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> Prasad was distributed among the people for 100 hours and 100 saplings were planted to mark the celebration.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sarkar |first1=Sayan |title=ভক্তদের খালি হাতে ফেরান না তিনি, শতবর্ষে পা নৈহাটির বড় মা'র পুজো, চলবে ১০০ ঘন্টা প্রসাদ বিতরণ |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/west-bengal/naihati-boro-maa-kali-puja-is-celebration-its-100-th-years-of-worship693076/ |access-date=30 December 2024 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=11 November 2023 |language=bn}}</ref> It included 3000 kg pulao, aloor dum, payesh and other items.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mitra |first1=Anamika |title=বিশেষ ভোগ নিবেদনে আয়োজিত হলো ১০০ বছর পূর্তি উপলক্ষ্যে বড়মার অন্নকূটের অনুষ্ঠান |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/astrology/barama-annakoot-ceremony-was-organized-on-the-occasion-of-100-years-anniversary-with-special-indulgence-31715098904438.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913121807/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/astrology/barama-annakoot-ceremony-was-organized-on-the-occasion-of-100-years-anniversary-with-special-indulgence-31715098904438.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 September 2024 |access-date=20 December 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=9 May 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> Many a times, the devotees donate huge amounts of fruits for the puja rituals. The managing committee takes those fruits of prasad and distributes them to hospitals and old age homes, praying for their speedy recovery, good health and long live, with Boro Maa's aashirbad.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Patra |first1=Subhankar |title=কালীপুজোয় বড়মা-র মন্দিরে ফলের পাহাড়! ১৫ হাজার কেজি প্রসাদ গেল হাসপাতাল-বৃদ্ধাশ্রমে |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/bengal/naihati-boro-maa-puja-prasad-distributed-in-hospitals-and-old-age-homes/ |access-date=20 December 2024 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=3 November 2024 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Rudra Narayan |title=Boro Maa: বিপুল গয়নায় মোড়া মূর্তি! ৩০০০ কেজির ভোগ নিবেদন নৈহাটির বড়মাকে! অন্নকূটে এলাহী আয়োজন |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/south-bengal/naihati-boro-maa-kali-idol-gold-ornaments-offering-bhog-prasad-3000kg-polao-in-annakut-festival-l18-sdg-1646139.html |access-date=28 December 2024 |work=[[News18]] |date=7 May 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>

== Online puja facilities ==
To avoid excessive crowding in the temple and also to help those individuals who want to worship at the temple but can't visit as they live far away or due to some other difficulties, the temple committee launched an app titled "Joy Boro Maa" through which devotees will be able to offer pujas online.<ref>{{cite news |title=ভক্তদের অনুরোধে সাড়া ! অনলাইনেও দেওয়া যাবে নৈহাটি বড়মা'র পুজো - NAIHATI BORO MAA |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/!state/devotees-of-naihati-boro-maa-can-perform-online-puja-from-now-west-bengal-news-wbs24102605589 |access-date=20 December 2024 |work=[[ETV Network|ETV Bharat]] |date=26 October 2024 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chattopadhyay |first1=Ananta |title=Naihati Boro Maa: নৈহাটির বড় মা-কে পুজো দিতে চান? অনলাইনেও মিলবে সেই সুযোগ |url=https://tv9bangla.com/west-bengal/north-24-parganas/people-can-give-puja-to-naihati-boro-maa-via-online-naihati-kali-puja-2024-west-bengal-1130822.html |access-date=20 December 2024 |work=[[TV9 Bharatvarsh|TV9 Bangla]] |date=28 October 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> Besides, the organisers have also provided a number, by which devotees can register their name for the puja and also send their ''dakshinas'' online.<ref>{{cite news |last1=চক্রবর্তী |first1=দেবদীপ |title=বড়মা'র বার্ষিক পুজোর অনলাইনে বুকিং, কোথায়-কীভাবে? জানুন বিশদে |url=https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/24pargana-news/boro-maa-naihati-puja-online-booking-system-arranged-by-committee/105048025.cms |access-date=20 December 2024 |work=[[Ei Samay]] |date=7 November 2023 |language=bn}}</ref> During Kali puja, every year the organisers put up a LED screen outside the temple, so that the devotees standing in queue will be able to witness the puja until they reach to the deity.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Patra |first1=Subhankar |title=এবার অনলাইনেও দেওয়া যাবে নৈহাটির বড়মা'র পুজো, অ্যাপ আনল কমিটি |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/bengal/naihati-boro-maa-puja-committee-has-launched-an-app-named-joy-boro-maa/ |access-date=20 December 2024 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=25 October 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.facebook.com/JayBoromaa/ Boro Maa Naihati Facebook]

{{Portal bar|Hinduism|India}}

{{Shaktism}}
{{Temple towns in West Bengal}}
{{Hindu temples in West Bengal}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Shakta pithas]]
[[Category:Pilgrimage in India]]

Ankit Trivedi

2026-01-31T13:29:03Z

GregorioBigge0: update intro additionally and updated info

{{Short description|Indian Gujarati-language poet, writer, columnist, and emcee (Born: 1981)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Ankit Trivedi
| image = Ankit Trivedi.jpg
| caption = Trivedi in Ahmedabad; November 2015
| birth_name = Ankit Amarishkumr Trivedi
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1981|3|9}}
| birth_place = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
| occupation = poet, writer, emcee, columnist
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| alma_mater = [[Gujarat University]]
| period =
| genres = [[Ghazal]], [[Geet (song)|geet]]
| subjects =
| movement =
| notableworks = * Gazal Purvak (2006)
* Geet Purvak
| spouse = {{marriage|Bhumika Trivedi|10 December 2010}}
| children = Mitra (daughter)
| awards ={{plainlist|
* [[Takhtasinh Parmar Prize]] (2006-07)
* [[Shayda Award]] (2008)
* [[Yuva Gaurav Puraskar]] (2011)
* [[Yuva Puraskar]] (2016)}}
| signature = Autograph of Ankit Trivedi.jpg
| years_active =
| website =
}}
'''Ankit Trivedi''' (born 9 March 1981) is a [[Gujarati language]] poet, writer, columnist, and emcee from [[Gujarat]], [[India]].<ref name="The Times of India 2011">{{cite web | title=Ahmedabad's renowned young poet Ankit Trivedi unveils songs' compilation book in the city | website=The Times of India | date=2011-09-27 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/others/Ahmedabads-renowned-young-poet-Ankit-Trivedi-unveils-songs-compilation-book-in-the-city/articleshow/10127722.cms | accessdate=2016-04-07 | archive-date=19 November 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119092026/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/others/Ahmedabads-renowned-young-poet-Ankit-Trivedi-unveils-songs-compilation-book-in-the-city/articleshow/10127722.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> His significant works include ''Gazal Purvak'' (collection of [[ghazal]]s) and ''Geet Purvak'' (collection of [[Geet (song)|geet]]s). The [[Indian National Theater]] in Mumbai awarded him the 2008 [[Shayda Award]] for his contribution to Gujarati ghazal. He has received the [[Takhtasinh Parmar Prize]], [[Yuva Gaurav Puraskar]],<ref name="The Times of India 2012">{{cite web | title=Yuva Gaurav prize to 30-year-old poet | website=The Times of India | date=2012-04-13 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Yuva-Gaurav-prize-to-30-year-old-poet/articleshow/12642977.cms | accessdate=2016-04-07 | archive-date=23 September 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923114544/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Yuva-Gaurav-prize-to-30-year-old-poet/articleshow/12642977.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[Yuva Puraskar]].<ref name="Yuva Puraskar ::..">{{cite web | title=..:: SAHITYA Akademi | website=Yuva Puraskar ::.. | url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/yuva_samman_suchi.jsp | accessdate=2016-06-18 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805114428/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/yuva_samman_suchi.jsp | archive-date=5 August 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2019, he was awarded a [[D.Lit.]] by [[Gujarat University]].

== Early life ==
Trivedi was born in [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]] to Amarishkumar and Jayshribahen. He took his schooling at Ahmedabad and completed a [[Bachelor of Commerce]] from [[Gujarat University]].<ref name= "at">{{cite book |last=Shukla |first=Kirit |date=2008 |title=Gujarati Sahityakosh |location=Ahmedabad |publisher=Gujarat Sahitya Akademi |page=175 |isbn=9789383317028 }}</ref>

Trivedi married Bhumika Trivedi on 12 December 2010. They have a daughter named Mitra.<ref name= sharma>{{cite book |last=Sharma |first=Radheshyam |author-link=Radheshyam Sharma |date=2016 |title= Saksharno Sakshatkar (Question-based Interviews with biographical literary sketches) |volume=23 |location=Ahmedabad |publisher=Rannade Prakashan |page=312}}</ref>

== Works ==
[[File:Harsh Chhaya, Ankit Trivedi and Abhishek Jain.png|thumb|Harsh Chhaya, Ankit Trivedi and [[Abhishek Jain]] at GLF - 2016]]
Trivedi published his first anthology ''Gazal Purvak'', a collection of [[ghazal]]s, in 2006, followed by ''Geet Purvak''. He published ''Maitrivishwa'' in 2006 which is a collection of essays written by him.<ref name= "at"/> He edited ''[[Gazalvishwa]]'', a Gujarati ghazal poetry journal, from 2006 to 2007.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}

=== Compilations ===
* {{Transliteration|gu|Avinashi Avinash}}
* ''Mahendi Na Paan''
* ''Masoom Hawa Na Misra'' (collection of the ghazals of new generation)
* ''Missing Bakshi''
* ''Kahevat Vishwa''
* ''Sambhare Re, Balpan Na Sambharna'' (2011)
* ''Jivan Na Hakarno Photograph'' (2014)
* ''Sol Varas Ni Mosam'' (2014) (compilation of poems in Gujarati)
* ''Close Up Nu Smile Please''<ref name= "at"/>

=== Plays ===
* ''Varsad Bhinjve''
* ''Parpotana Gharma''
* ''Urmila (Ekokti)''
* ''Baa Ne Gher Baabo Aavyo''
* ''Madhapar Ladies Special''
* ''Aa Kokilanu Kain Karo''<ref>{{cite book |last=Trivedi |first=Ankit |year=2014 |title=Jivan Na Hakarno Photograph |location=Ahmedabad |publisher=Navbharat Sahitya Mandir |pages= 130–131 |isbn=978-81-8440-796-9}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
Trivedi worked as a screenwriter on the 2017 Gujarati comedy film, [[Carry On Kesar]].<ref name="Jambhekar 2017">{{cite web | last=Jambhekar | first=Shruti | title=Carry On Kesar Movie Review, Trailer, & Show timings at Times of India | website=The Times of India | date=2017-02-17 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-reviews/carryon-kesar/movie-review/57200808.cms | accessdate=2017-02-17 | archive-date=19 February 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219081238/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-reviews/carryon-kesar/movie-review/57200808.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Recognition ==
Trivedi was awarded the [[Takhtasinh Parmar Prize]] (2006–07) and the [[Yuva Puraskar]] in 2016 for his book ''Gazal Purvak''.<ref name="http://navgujaratsamay.indiatimes.com/ 2016">{{cite web|url=http://navgujaratsamay.indiatimes.com/celebrating-gujarat/art-culture/Ankit-trivedi-and-pushpa-antani-to-get-delhi-sahitya-acadamy-award/articleshow/52802953.cms|title=અંકિત ત્રિવેદી અને પુષ્પા અંતાણીને દિલ્હી સાહિત્ય અકાદમીના પુરસ્કાર|date=2016-06-18|website=Navgujaratsamay.|language=gu|accessdate=2016-06-18|archive-date=17 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817190657/http://navgujaratsamay.indiatimes.com/celebrating-gujarat/art-culture/Ankit-trivedi-and-pushpa-antani-to-get-delhi-sahitya-acadamy-award/articleshow/52802953.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2008, he won the [[Shayda Award]] from the Indian National Theater, Mumbai. His collection of geets, ''Geet Purvak'', was awarded the Bhanuprasad Pandya Prize (2010–11). For his poetry, he received the [[Yuva Gaurav Puraskar]] award (2011)<ref name="The Times of India 2012" /> and for his contribution to Gujarati literature, the Harindra Dave Memorial Award (2011).<ref name="DeshGujarat 2012">{{cite web | author=DeshGujarat | title=Bhagwati Kumar Sharma, Ankit Trivedi receive Harindra Dave award | website=DeshGujarat | date=2012-10-02 | url=http://DeshGujarat.Com/2012/10/02/bhagwati-kumar-sharma-ankit-trivedi-receive-harindra-dave-award/ | accessdate=2016-05-18 | archive-date=8 February 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208165834/https://www.deshgujarat.com/2012/10/02/bhagwati-kumar-sharma-ankit-trivedi-receive-harindra-dave-award/ | url-status=live }}</ref> In 2019, he was awarded a [[D.Lit.]] by [[Gujarat University]].<ref name="The Times of India 2019">{{cite news|title=Seven honorary DLitt degrees to be awarded|newspaper=The Times of India|date=13 February 2019|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/seven-honorary-dlitt-degrees-to-be-awarded/articleshow/67967158.cms|access-date=1 February 2021|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721180226/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/seven-honorary-dlitt-degrees-to-be-awarded/articleshow/67967158.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Gujarati-language writers]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDB name}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Trivedi, Ankit}}
[[Category:Gujarati-language writers]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language poets]]
[[Category:People from Gujarat]]
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:People from Ahmedabad district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Gujarat University alumni]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar]]

A Guide to the Heritage of Hyderabad

2026-01-30T06:36:34Z

GregorioBigge0: stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{infobox book|
| name = A Guide to the Heritage of Hyderabad: The Natural and the Built
| title_orig =
| translator =
| image = A Guide to Heritage of Hyderabad.jpg
| caption =
| author = Madhu Vottery
| cover_artist =
| country = India
| language = English
| series =
| genre = History
| publisher =
| release_date = 2010
| media_type = Print ([[Hardcover|Hardback]] & [[Paperback]])
| pages = 270 pp (US hardback edition)
| isbn = 978-81-291-1656-7
| oclc =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}
'''A Guide to the Heritage of Hyderabad: The Natural and the Built''' is a book on the heritage structures and buildings located in [[Hyderabad, Telangana]], India. It is written by Madhu Vottery.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/UNESCO-heritage-tag-city-monuments-chances-bright/article15591116.ece|title=UNESCO heritage tag: city monuments' chances bright|date=13 December 2010|work=The Hindu}}</ref> The book contains all the heritage structures and building like the [[Charminar]], [[Golconda]], [[Qutb Shahi Tombs]], [[Chowmahalla Palace]] etc.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vottery |first=Madhu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n6qbAwAAQBAJ |title=A Guide to the Heritage of Hyderabad |date=2010 |publisher=Rupa Publications |isbn=978-81-291-2584-2 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Guide to Heritage of Hyderabad}}
[[Category:Books about India]]
[[Category:Heritage structures in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:2010 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Tourism in Hyderabad, India]]

Amandeep Singh Gill

2026-01-23T18:27:30Z

GregorioBigge0: added

{{Short description|Indian diplomat and technologist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Amandeep Singh Gill
|image = Amandeep Singh Gill Loz.jpg
|caption = Amandeep Singh Gill at the [[United Nations]] (2025)
|occupation = [[Electrical technologist|Technologist]] and Former [[diplomat]]
|title =
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1968|9|29|mf=yes}}<ref>{{Cite web|title= Amandeep Singh Gill.CV. |url=https://fsi-live.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/staff/3887/Amandeep_Singh_Gill-CV.pdf |access-date= 21 November 2025|website= [[Amazon Web Services]]|language=en}}</ref>
|birth_place = [[Chandigarh]], [[India]]
|death_date =
|death_place =
|spouse = Ashma Singh
|children = 2
|alma_mater = [[Punjab Engineering College]] ([[Bachelor of Technology|B.Tech]]) [[King's College London]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])<ref>{{Cite web|title= Amandeep Singh Gill.CV. |url=https://fsi-live.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/staff/3887/Amandeep_Singh_Gill-CV.pdf |access-date= 21 November 2025|website= [[Amazon Web Services]]|language=en}}</ref>
}}
'''Amandeep Singh Gill''' (born 29 September 1968<ref>{{Cite web|title= Amandeep Singh Gill.CV. |url=https://fsi-live.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/staff/3887/Amandeep_Singh_Gill-CV.pdf |access-date= 21 November 2025|website= [[Amazon Web Services]]|language=en}}</ref>) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[Electrical technologist|technologist]] and retired [[diplomat]] of the [[Indian Foreign Service]]<ref name="MITSOLVE">{{cite web|url=https://solve.mit.edu/users/amandeep-singh-gill|title=Amandeep Singh Gill|website=mit.edu|accessdate=17 January 2024}}</ref> who serves as the [[United Nations]] (UN) [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|Secretary General]] (SG)'s Envoy on Technology since June 2022.<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/senior-indian-diplomat-amandeep-singh-gill-appointed-un-envoy-on-technology/article65517080.ece|title=Senior Indian diplomat Amandeep Singh Gill appointed U.N. Envoy on Technology|website= thehindu.com |publisher=[[The Hindu]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]|date=11 June 2022|accessdate=21 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="UN">{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/profiles/amandeep-gill|title=Amandeep Singh Gill|website=un.org|accessdate=17 January 2024 }}</ref><ref name="time">{{cite news|url=https://time.com/6316503/un-ai-governance-plan-gill/|title=How the U.N. Plans to Shape the Future of AI|first=Will| last=Henshall|website=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|publisher=[[Time Magazine]]|date=21 September 2023|access-date=17 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="BT">{{cite news|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/technology/news/story/india-has-a-unique-vantage-position-on-how-ai-could-play-out-un-tech-envoy-amandeep-singh-gill-409263-2023-12-13|title=India has a unique vantage position on how AI could play out: UN Tech Envoy Amandeep Singh Gill|first=Pranav|last=Dixit|website=businesstoday.in|publisher=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]|date=13 December 2023|accessdate=19 January 2024}}</ref> He is also a member of the UN SG's Advisory Body on Artificial Intelligence since October 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/ai-advisory-body|title=High-level Advisory Body on Artificial Intelligence|website=un.org|accessdate=17 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/personnel-appointments/2023-10-26/secretary-generals-advisory-body-members-artificial-intelligence|title=Secretary-General's Advisory Body Members - Artificial Intelligence|website=un.org|date=26 October 2023|accessdate=17 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/united-nations-creates-advisory-body-address-ai-governance-2023-10-26/|title=United Nations creates advisory body to address AI governance|publisher=[[Reuters]]|website=reuters.com|first=Supantha|last=Mukherjee|date=27 October 2023|accessdate=17 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/eminent-technology-experts-from-india-named-to-new-ai-advisory-body-announced-by-un-secretary-general-2744307|title=Eminent technology experts from India named to new AI advisory body announced by UN Secretary General|website=deccanherald.com|publisher=[[Deccan Herald]]|agency=PTI|date=27 October 2023|accessdate=19 January 2024}}</ref>

== Education and career ==
Gill holds a bachelor's degree in Electronics and Electrical Communications from [[Panjab University]], [[Chandigarh]], [[India]].<ref name="MITSOLVE"/><ref name="PMIndiaUN"/> He was a visiting fellow at [[Stanford University]]'s [[Center for International Security and Cooperation]] (CISAC) during 2008–2009.<ref name="PMIndiaUN"/><ref>{{cite web |url = https://cisac.fsi.stanford.edu/events/nuclear_learning_revisited|title=Nuclear Learning Revisited|website=stanford.edu|accessdate=17 January 2024}}</ref> He also holds a PhD from [[King's College London|King's College]], [[London]].<ref name="UN"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oecd.org/mcm/whos-who/bios/UN-SINGH-GILL.pdf|title=Amandeep Singh Gill|website=oecd.org|accessdate=17 January 2024}}</ref> His PhD thesis is on Nuclear Learning in Multilateral Forums.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/103271258/2017_Gill_Amandeep_Singh_1257328_ethesis.pdf|title=Nuclear Learning in Multilateral Forums|website=kcl.ac.uk|accessdate=21 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="PMIndiaUN">{{cite web|url=https://pmindiaun.gov.in/Cdgeneva/pages/OA,, |title=Ambassador Amandeep Singh Gill|website=pmindiaun.gov.in|accessdate=17 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url =https://meaindia.nic.in/cdgeneva/?5671?000|title=Ambassador Amandeep Singh Gill|website=meaindia.nic.in|accessdate=17 January 2024}}</ref>

Gill began his diplomatic career in 1992 and served in various capacities in the Indian Embassy in [[Tehran]], [[Iran]], and the High Commission of India in [[Colombo]], [[Sri Lanka]]. He also served at the Indian Mission to the [[Conference on Disarmament]] in [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]]<ref name="Hindu"/><ref name="BT"/> and the Indian Mission to the UN in Geneva. His roles in [[New Delhi]], [[India]] included positions in the Disarmament and International Security Affairs (DISA) Division and the UN Division. He also headed the DISA Division from 2013 to 2016.<ref name="PMIndiaUN"/>

== Work ==
Gill has written about the impact of [[artificial intelligence]] (AI) on modern life and the necessity for establishing appropriate regulatory frameworks to ensure AI plays a positive role in the future.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iiss.org/online-analysis/survival-online//2019/12/imagining-the-ai-future|title=Imagining the AI future|author=Amandeep Singh Gill|website=iiss.org|publisher=[[IISS]]|date= 2 January 2020|accessdate=17 January 2024}}</ref> He has talked about the potential impact of AI on the Global South and about India's role in "how AI could play out in the Global South."<ref name="BT"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/india-has-unique-position-on-how-ai-could-play-out-in-the-global-south-un-tech-envoy/articleshow/105951341.cms|title=India has unique position on how AI could play out in the Global South: UN tech envoy|website=economictimes.indiatimes.com|publisher=[[The Economic Times|Economic Times]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]|date=13 December 2023|accessdate=19 January 2024}}</ref>

Gill believes AI can help accelerate the process of achieving the UN's [[Sustainable Development Goals]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://fortune.com/2023/09/26/united-nations-tech-policy-ai-amandeep-gill-optimistic-subvert-democracy/|title=The UN’s tech policy chief is optimistic about AI even though it could subvert democracy, delude society at large and make us less human|first=Jennifer|last=Peltz|website=fortune.com|publisher=[[Fortune Magazine]]|agency=[[Associated Press]]|date=26 September 2023|accessdate=17 January 2024}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Gill is married to Ashma Singh and they have one daughter and one son.<ref name="PMIndiaUN"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{twitter|UNTechEnvoy}}
* {{twitter|gioasempre}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gill, Amandeep Singh}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Panjab University alumni]]
[[Category:United Nations officials]]
[[Category:Alumni of King's College London]]
[[Category:Indian Foreign Service officers]]
[[Category:Permanent representatives of India to the United Nations]]

MIOT International Hospital

2025-12-30T07:37:21Z

GregorioBigge0: minor edit

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox hospital
| name =
| image = File:MIOT.JPG
| image_alt = MOT Hospitals
| caption = MIOT Hospitals in Chennai
| pushpin_map =
| logo =
| logo_size = 
| location = [[Chennai]]
| region = 
| state = Tamil Nadu
| country = India
| coordinates =
| healthcare = Private
| funding = Private
| type = Multispeciality
| speciality = [[Joint Replacement Surgeries]], [[Cancer]], [[Organ Transplant]], [[Orthopaedics]] and [[Trauma (medical)|trauma]]
| standards = 
| emergency = Dial 105710
| affiliation = 
| patron = 
| network = 
| beds = 1000
| founded = February 1999
| closed = 
| website = {{URL|http://www.miotinternational.com/}}
| other_links = [[P. V. A. Mohandas]]
}}

The '''Madras Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology''', known in short as the '''MIOT International Hospital''', is a multi-specialty hospital in [[Manapakkam]], [[Chennai]], [[India]]. It is a specialty hospital in the field of [[joint replacement surgeries]], [[Interventional Cardiology]], [[orthopaedics]], and [[trauma (medical)|trauma]]. Founded by P. V. A. Mohandas, the hospital was established in February 1999 on {{convert|14|acre|adj=on}} land with [[Germany|German]] collaboration, with an initial investment of {{INR}}500,000.<ref>{{cite news
| title = MIOT Hospitals announces free schemes
| date = 13 February 2009
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/13/stories/2009021359760900.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090216174819/http://hindu.com/2009/02/13/stories/2009021359760900.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 16 February 2009
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| access-date = 6 November 2011}}</ref> The hospital has 1000 beds and employs 170 physicians.<ref name="FirstPhaseOpening">{{cite news
| last = Kannan
| first = Swetha
| title = First phase of 'MIOT International' opening today
| newspaper = Business Line
| location = Chennai
| publisher = The Hindu
| date = 18 July 2011
| url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/economy/article2235876.ece
| access-date = 16 September 2012}}</ref> It receives nearly 3,500 foreign patients every year, contributing 25 percent of the hospital's patients. North and East Africa account for many of these foreign patients.<ref name="MIOTPlansHospitalInSudan">{{cite news
| title = Miot plans hospital in Sudan
| newspaper = Business Line
| location = Chennai
| publisher = The Hindu
| date = 14 October 2012
| url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/miot-plans-hospital-in-sudan/article3996957.ece
| access-date = 18 October 2012}}</ref>

==History==
MIOT Hospital began as an independent entity, specialising in orthopaedics, at Chennai-based [[Vijaya Hospital, Chennai|Vijaya Hospital]] in 1987. It moved to [[Manapakkam]], a suburb of Chennai, in 1999. Its founder and managing director, P. V. A. Mohandas, is also chief surgeon in the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery. Started as a centre for orthopaedics, the hospital has become a multi-speciality one dealing with thoracic and cardiovascular care, cardiology, nephrology, neurosurgery, oncology and radiation oncology, hip-replacement surgery, knee replacement, accident surgery, plastic surgery, craniofacial and cosmetic surgery, paediatrics, and obstetrics.

On 18 May 2012, a heart revive centre was inaugurated at a cost of {{INR}}300 million, with a full-fledged cathlab and an electro-physiology laboratory for the treatment of arrhythmia, or irregular heartbeat. In the same year, the hospital started the MIOT International Centre housing the departments of oncology, radiation oncology, medical oncology, surgical oncology, liver transplant centre and bone marrow transplant centre. There are also plans to open a heart transplant centre.<ref>{{cite journal
| last = Subramanian
| first = T. S.
| title = Health marvel
| journal = Frontline
| volume = 29
| issue = 15
| publisher = The Hindu
| date = 28 July – 10 August 2012
| url = http://www.frontline.in/stories/20120810291511300.htm
| access-date = 24 July 2012}}</ref>

== Achievements ==

=== 1st Time in the World Across-Blood Group Kidney Transplantation in a recipient with the Bombay O Blood Group ===
For the 1st Time in the World, MIOT Hospitals Performed an Across-Blood Group Kidney Transplantation in a recipient with the Bombay O Blood Group. Due to his Bombay O blood group, he could receive blood or organs only from someone with the same blood group, which is very rare and prevalent in only 1 in 10,000 people in India.
Globally, a kidney transplant has never been reported in a recipient with the Bombay O blood group due to the rarity and higher complications involved. Additionally, the lack of precedents or guidelines for monitoring anti-H antibody levels, which are significant in preventing organ rejection, made the transplantation highly challenging.
However, MIOT’s solid organ transplant specialists, with their extensive experience, completed this groundbreaking procedure by performing an across-blood group kidney transplantation in a Bombay O recipient. They brought down the anti-H antibody titers to the optimum level and successfully completed the procedure.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-10-10 |title=Chennai: MIOT creates history with across-blood group kidney transplantation |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/chennai/chennai-miot-creates-history-with-across-blood-group-kidney-transplantation-807021 |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-10-10 |title=Man with rare blood group undergoes renal transplant at city hospital |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/man-with-rare-blood-group-undergoes-renal-transplant-at-city-hospital/article68740752.ece |access-date=2024-11-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |title='பாம்பே ஓ' ரத்தப்பிரிவு மகனுக்கு தாயின் சிறுநீரகம் |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/news/tamil-nadu-news/the-bombay-o-bloodline-is-mothers-kidney-to-son-/3753014 |access-date=2024-11-08 |website= |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Din |date=2024-10-10 |title=அரிய ரத்த வகை நோயாளிக்கு மாற்று ரத்தப் பிரிவு சிறுநீரகம் பொருத்தி சாதனை |url=https://www.dinamani.com/chennai/2024/Oct/10/achievement-of-blood-transplant-kidney-transplant-in-rare-blood-type-patient |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=Dinamani |language=ta}}</ref>

=== Bone marrow transplant ===
The MIOT Institute of Haematology, Haemato-Oncology & BMT performed the first T-replete haplo identical bone marrow transplant in India in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/mothers-bone-marrow-comes-to-10yearold-sons-rescue/article4699765.ece|title=Mother's bone marrow comes to 10-year-old son's rescue|date=10 May 2013|access-date=9 January 2019|website=Thehindu.com}}</ref>

=== Liver transplant ===
An emergency liver transplant saved a rapidly deteriorating 26-year-old mother with jaundice and a severely damaged liver.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/A-timely-liver-transplant-saves-her-life/article14518350.ece|title=A timely liver transplant saves her life|date=31 July 2016|access-date=9 January 2019|website=Thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2016/jul/31/miot-helps-save-life-of-26-yr-old-with-last-minute-liver-transplant-946164.html|title=MIOT helps save life of 26-yr-old with last-minute liver transplant|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=9 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2016/08/02102834/Emergency-transplant-saves-womans-life.vpf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823032447/http://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2016/08/02102834/Emergency-transplant-saves-womans-life.vpf|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 August 2016|title=Emergency transplant saves woman's life|date=2 August 2016|website=DtNext.in|access-date=9 January 2019}}</ref>

=== Biplane CathLab ===
For the first time in India, MIOT Hospitals brings a Biplane CathLab with Cone Beam CT, 3D Echo and software intelligence – all on a single platform.{{clarify|What does this mean, in plain English?|date=July 2022}}<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-28|title=MIOT hospital gets a new biplane cathlab|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/miot-hospital-gets-a-new-biplane-cathlab/article36146284.ece|access-date=2021-10-26|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MIOT Hospital commissions Biplane Cathlab machine|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2021/aug/31/miot-hospital-commissions-biplane-cathlab-machine-2352117.html|access-date=2021-10-26|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=மியாட் மருத்துவமனையில் இதயம், மூளை, கல்லீரல் சிகிச்சைகளுக்காக அதிநவீன தொழில்நுட்பத்திலான ஆய்வகம்: துர்கா ஸ்டாலின் திறந்துவைத்தார்|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/tamilnadu/709866-miot-hospital.html|access-date=2021-10-26|website=Hindu Tamil Thisai|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=மணப்பாக்கம் மியாட் சர்வதேச மருத்துவமனையில் 3டி தொழில்நுட்ப மென்பொருள் ஸ்கேன் இயந்திரம்: துர்கா ஸ்டாலின் தொடங்கி வைத்தார்|url=https://www.dinakaran.com/news_detail.asp?Nid=701036|access-date=2021-10-26|website=www.dinakaran.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=நுண்ணறிவு தொழில்நுட்பத்திலான அதி நவீன கேத் லேப்|url=https://www.dinamani.com/all-editions/edition-chennai/chennai/2021/aug/28/நுண்ணறிவு-தொழில்நுட்பத்திலான-அதி-நவீன-கேத்-லேப்-3688340.html|access-date=2021-10-26|website=Dinamani|language=ta}}</ref>

==The future==
The hospital group is investing {{INR}}2,800 million on a 600-bed 6-star facility for cancer treatment named 'MIOT International' under construction near the existing facility. The 13-floor building will house 14 operation theatres, a bunker, a sterilisation unit, 500 premium rooms and 100 beds for critical care. It is being constructed by L&T. It will employ about 100 physicians.<ref name="FirstPhaseOpening"/><ref name="MIOTPlansHospitalInSudan"/>

==Awards and recognition==
* Niryat Shree Gold Award 2002 – 2003<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/2005/05/15/stories/2005051510820500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091021010904/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/05/15/stories/2005051510820500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 October 2009|website=[[The Hindu]]|title=Tamil Nadu News : Medical tourism comes of age|date=2005-05-15|access-date=9 January 2019}}</ref>
* Niryat Shree Gold Award 2009 – 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/President-gives-away-Niryat-Shree-Niryat-Bandhu-awards/article12547372.ece|title=President gives away Niryat Shree, Niryat Bandhu awards|first=Smriti Kak|last=Ramachandran|date=6 October 2012|access-date=9 January 2019|website=Thehindu.com}}</ref>
*FIEO Niryat Shree Bronze Trophy 2008 – 2009<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/Augment-exports-to-Latin-America-Scindia/article15690254.ece|title=Augment exports to Latin America: Scindia|author=Staff Reporter|date=17 November 2010|access-date=9 January 2019|website=Thehindu.com}}</ref>
*FIEO Southern Region Export Excellence Award 2012 – 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/set-up-more-manufacturing-zones/article5637293.ece|title='Set up more manufacturing zones'|date=31 January 2014|access-date=9 January 2019|website=Thehindu.com}}</ref>
* FIEO Southern Region Export Excellence Award 2013 – 2014<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/%E2%80%98Government-to-extend-full-support-to-exporters%E2%80%99/article15478670.ece|title='Government to extend full support to exporters'|date=10 October 2016|access-date=9 January 2019|website=Thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/091016/chennai-hospital-gets-recognised-for-fifth-time.html|title=Chennai hospital gets recognised for fifth time|date=9 October 2016|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=9 January 2019}}</ref>
* FIEO Southern Region Export Excellence Award 2015 – 2016<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/190118/chennai-city-hospital-gets-fieo-award-for-sixth-time.html|title=Chennai: City hospital gets FIEO award for sixth time|date=2018-01-19|website=Deccanchronicle.com|access-date=2018-01-20|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/focus-on-new-markets-v-p-tells-exporters/article22467955.ece|title=Focus on new markets, V-P tells exporters|date=2018-01-19|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2018-01-20|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Accreditations ==

* National Accreditation Board for Hospitals & Healthcare Providers<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Accreditation Board for Hospitals & Healthcare Providers (NABH)|url=https://www.nabh.co/frmViewAccreditedHosp.aspx|access-date=2020-07-27|website=www.nabh.co|archive-date=15 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315022234/http://nabh.co/frmViewAccreditedHosp.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* National Accreditation Board for Hospitals & Healthcare Providers - Medical Imaging services<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Accreditation Board for Hospitals & Healthcare Providers (NABH)|url=https://nabh.co/frmViewAccreditedMIS.aspx|access-date=2020-07-27|website=nabh.co}}</ref>
* MIOT International is now the 1st hospital in India to receive IASIOS Accreditation, a prestigious global recognition for excellence in Interventional Oncology (IO). IASIOS is the world’s only accreditation focused on the quality and safety of cancer treatments by interventional radiologists. Developed by the European Society of Interventional Radiology, it evaluates the full patient journey from diagnosis to follow-up.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Facilities |url=https://www.iasios.org/community/facilities/ |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=IASIOS |language=en-US}}</ref>

== MoU ==
MIOT Hospitals signs MoU With Leading Transplant Centre "The Alfred Hospital", Australia.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=2019-08-16|title=MIOT inks MoU to boost organ transplant success|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/miot-inks-mou-to-boost-organ-transplant-success/article29104315.ece|access-date=2020-07-27|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=August 16, 2019|title=Chennai, Aussie hospital work to improve organ harvests|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/city-aussie-hosp-work-to-improve-organ-harvests/articleshow/70693621.cms|access-date=2020-07-27|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

MIOT signs MoU with The Christie Foundation for cancer treatment<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-12-15|title=MIOT signs MoU with The Christie Foundation for cancer treatment|url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2017/12/15011335/1055432/MIOT-signs-MoU-with-The-Christie-Foundation-for-cancer-.vpf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111164939/http://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2017/12/15011335/1055432/MIOT-signs-MoU-with-The-Christie-Foundation-for-cancer-.vpf|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 January 2018|access-date=2020-07-27|website=dtNext.in|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
*[[Healthcare in Chennai]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.miotinternational.com/ Official website]

{{Chennai Topics}}
{{Health in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|13.02122|80.185786|display=title}}

[[Category:Hospital buildings completed in 1999]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Chennai]]
[[Category:Companies based in Chennai]]
[[Category:1999 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

2024 Intercontinental Cup (India)

2025-12-07T19:31:44Z

GregorioBigge0:

{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox international football competition
|tourney_name = Intercontinental Cup
|year = 2024
|country = [[India]]
|dates = 3–9 September 2024
|city = [[Hyderabad]]
|venues = 1
|cities = 1
|num_teams = 3
|confederations = 2
|champion_other = {{fb|SYR|1980}}
|count = 1
|second = MRI
|third = IND
|top_scorer = {{fbicon|SYR|1980}} [[Mahmoud Al-Mawas]] {{fbicon|SYR|1980}} [[Mahmoud Al Aswad]] {{fbicon|SYR|1980}} [[Daleho Irandust]] {{fbicon|SYR|1980}} [[Pablo Sabbag]] (1 goal each)
|matches = 3
|goals = 5
|prevseason = [[2023 Intercontinental Cup (India)|2023]]
|nextseason = [[2025 Intercontinental Cup (India)|2025]]
|attendance = 42004
|player = {{fbicon|SYR|1980}} [[Mahmoud Al-Mawas]]
}}

The '''2024 Intercontinental Cup''' was the fourth edition of the [[Intercontinental Cup (India)|Intercontinental Cup]], a three-nation [[Association football|football]] tournament, typically a four-nation tournament, held at the [[G. M. C. Balayogi Athletic Stadium]], in the Indian city of [[Hyderabad]] in September 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sportstar |first=Team|date=2024-07-26|title=Intercontinental Cup: Syria, Mauritius confirm participation for 2024 edition in Hyderabad|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/international-football/india-intercontinental-cup-2024-syria-mauritius-confirm-participation-schedule-details/article68449445.ece |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> The tournament was organized by the [[All India Football Federation]] (AIFF). [[India national football team|India]] won the previous edition by a 2–0 victory over [[Lebanon national football team|Lebanon]] in the final in June of 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-18 |title=India outclass Lebanon 2-0 to win 2023 Intercontinental Cup |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/story/_/id/37872174/india-vs-lebanon-live-intercontinental-cup-final|access-date=2024-07-27|website=ESPN.com|language=en}}</ref> [[Syria national football team|Syria]] won this edition by finishing in first place of the round-robin standings after defeating [[Mauritius national football team|Mauritius]] 2–0 and India 3–0. With one goal each, [[Mahmoud Al-Mawas]], [[Mahmoud Al Aswad]], [[Daleho Irandust]], and [[Pablo Sabbag]] finished as joint-top scorers of the tournament. [[Mahmoud Al-Mawas]] of Syria was awarded best player of the tournament.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Syria breach Blue Tigers' den to take home Intercontinental Cup |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/syria-breach-blue-tigers-den-to-take-home-intercontinental-cup |access-date=2024-09-29 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref>

== Participating nations ==
The tournament was played by teams from two different [[List of football federations#FIFA Confederations|confederations]] in the [[FIFA International Match Calendar|FIFA international window]] from 2 to 10 September 2024. [[India national football team|India]], as host, is joined by Syria from the [[Asian Football Confederation]] (AFC), and [[Vanuatu national football team|Mauritius]] from the [[Confederation of African Football]] (CAF).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shetty |first=Chittu |date=2024-07-26 |title=Syria, Mauritius confirm Intercontinental Cup participation in India |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2024/syria-mauritius-confirm-intercontinental-cup-participation-in-india/ |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=Football Counter |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Syria, Mauritius confirm participation for September's Intercontinental Cup in Hyderabad |url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-syria-mauritius-confirm-participation-in-intercontinental-cup-202407 |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=Khel Now |language=en-us}}</ref> The teams play each other in a [[Round-robin tournament|round-robin phase]], and the winner in the group stage was the champion.

The [[FIFA Men's World Ranking|FIFA Rankings]] of the participating national teams, {{asof|2024|7|18|lc=y|post=:}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2024 |title=FIFA Men's Ranking |url=https://inside.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/men |access-date=27 July 2024 |website=FIFA Men's Ranking}}</ref>

* {{fb|SYR|1980}} (93) - ''second appearance''
* {{fb|IND}} (124) - ''fourth appearance'' - '''host'''
* {{fb|MRI}} (179) - ''first appearance''

== Venue ==

* All matches are being held at the [[G. M. C. Balayogi Athletic Stadium]] in [[Hyderabad]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-07-27 |title=India To Host Intercontinental Cup 2024 In Hyderabad With New Coach Manolo Marquez |url=https://revealinside.in/india-to-host-intercontinental/ |access-date=2024-07-27 |language=en-US}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! width="20px" |[[Hyderabad]]
! width="20px" rowspan=5 |{{Location map+|India3|width=300|float=center|caption=|places={{Location map~ |India |lat= 17.4065 |long= 78.4772 |position=right |label=[[Hyderabad]]}}
}}
|-
|[[G. M. C. Balayogi Athletic Stadium]]
|-
|{{Coord|17|26|48.42|N|78|20|40.91|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
|-
|Capacity: '''18,000 seats'''
|-
|[[File:Gachibowli_Outdoor_35.JPG|center|thumb|295x295px]]
|}

== Standings ==
===Round robin===
<section begin=Round robin />{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/articles/hero-intercontinental-cup AIFF]
|name_IND={{fb|IND}}
|name_SYR={{fb|SYR|1980}}
|name_MRI={{fb|MRI}}


|update=Complete
|win_IND=0 |draw_IND=1 |loss_IND=1 |gf_IND=0 |ga_IND=3 |status_IND=H
|win_MRI=0 |draw_MRI=1 |loss_MRI=1 |gf_MRI=0 |ga_MRI=2
|win_SYR=2 |draw_SYR=0 |loss_SYR=0 |gf_SYR=5 |ga_SYR=0


|team_order=SYR, MRI, IND


|result1=1st |result2=2nd |result3=3rd
|col_1st=gold |text_1st=Champions
|col_2nd=silver |text_2nd=Runners-up
|col_3rd=#CD7F32 |text_3rd=Third place
}}

== Matches ==
{{Football box
| date = {{Start date|2024|9|3|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[India Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+05:30]])
| team1 = {{fb-rt|IND}}
| score = 0–0
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/article/manolos-men-held-by-mauritius-in-intercontinental-cup-opener
| team2 = {{fb|MRI}}
| stadium = [[G. M. C. Balayogi Athletic Stadium]]
| location = [[Hyderabad]]
| attendance = 18,976
| referee = Mohamed Javiz ([[Football Association of Maldives|Maldives]])
}}
{{Football box
| date = {{Start date|2024|9|6|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[India Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+05:30]])
| team1 = {{fb-rt|SYR|1980}}
| score = 2–0
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/article/syria-knock-out-mauritius-to-make-blue-tigers-task-tougher
| team2 = {{fb|MRI}}
| goals1 =
*[[Brandon Citorah|Citorah]] {{goal|32|o.g.}}
*[[Mahmoud Al Mawas|Al Mawas]] {{goal|70}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[G. M. C. Balayogi Athletic Stadium]]
| location = [[Hyderabad]]
| attendance = 3,046
| referee = Harish Kundu ([[All India Football Federation|India]])
}}
{{Football box
| date = {{Start date|2024|9|9|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[India Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+05:30]])
| team1 = {{fb-rt|IND}}
| score = 0–3
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/article/syria-breach-blue-tigers-den-to-take-home-intercontinental-cup
| team2 = {{fb|SYR|1980}}
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
* [[Mahmoud Al Aswad|Al Aswad]] {{goal|7}}
* [[Daleho Irandust|Irandust]] {{goal|76}}
* [[Pablo Sabbag|Sabbag]] {{goal|90+6}}
| stadium = [[G. M. C. Balayogi Athletic Stadium]]
| location = [[Hyderabad]]
| attendance = 19,982
| referee = Nivon Robesh ([[Football Federation of Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]])
}}

==Goalscorers==
{{Goalscorers
|goals=5 |matches=3 |updated=complete

|1 goal=
*{{fbicon|SYR|1980}} [[Mahmoud Al-Mawas]]
*{{fbicon|SYR|1980}} [[Mahmoud Al Aswad]]
*{{fbicon|SYR|1980}} [[Daleho Irandust]]
*{{fbicon|SYR|1980}} [[Pablo Sabbag]]

|1 own goal=
*{{fbicon|MRI}} [[Brendon Citorah]] (against Syria)
}}

== Marketing ==
=== Sponsors ===

* PERFORMAX Activewear<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Official Website of All India Football Federation |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/ |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref>
* [[Nivia Sports]]<ref name=":0" />
* [[IndiGo]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Football takes flight with IndiGo; announces partnership with airline giants |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/indian-football-takes-flight-with-indigo-announces-partnership-with-airline-giants |access-date=2024-08-11 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref>

=== Broadcasting rights ===
[[Disney+ Hotstar]] and [[Jio TV|JioTV]] have the rights to the majority of the [[India national football team|Indian National Team's]] matches and they also covered the previous edition of the tournament.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Disney+ Hotstar Official Website |url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/sports/football |access-date=6 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Parkar |first=Ubaid |date=17 June 2023 |title=Live streaming, India vs Lebanon, Intercontinental Cup 2023 football - where to watch final |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/intercontinental-cup-2023-final-football-india-vs-lebanon-live-stream-tv-time |access-date=6 August 2024}}</ref> On 22 August 2024, the Indian National Football Team announced that [[JioCinema|Jio Cinema]] would stream all of the matches live. They also announced the Sports18 3 will broadcast all of the matches.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2024 |title=Status|url=https://x.com/IndianFootball/status/1826500542970868167 |access-date=22 August 2024 |website=X (Twitter)}}</ref> There has been no news of any broadcasters covering the tournament outside of [[India]].

== Symbols ==
=== Match ball ===
The match balls were provided by [[Nivia Sports]]. The "NIVIA Shastra 2.0" were the specific model used in the tournament. It was the first time the ball was used for an international match.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Buy Shastra 2.0 Online in India |url=https://www.niviasports.com/products/nivia-shastra-2-0 |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=Nivia Sports |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references responsive="1"></references>

{{Friendly tournaments 2024}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Intercontinental Cup (India)}}
[[Category:2024–25 in Indian football]]
[[Category:2024 in Asian men's international football]]
[[Category:September 2024 sports events in India]]
[[Category:Sport in Hyderabad, India]]

IPER Bhopal

2025-11-14T17:09:02Z

GregorioBigge0: Adding some data more to come

{{short description|Indian management institute}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{multiple|
{{independent sources|date=November 2025}}
{{NPOV|date=November 2025}}
}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Institute of Professional Education & Research (IPER), Bhopal
| motto = ''Learning in Action''
| motto_lang =
| established = 1996
| type = [[College]] [[Private university|Private]]
| chairman = Shri K.J. Rawtani
| head_label = Founder
| head = Chaitanya Shiksha Samiti
| academic_staff = 70+
| administrative_staff = 20+
| city = [[Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh]]
| country = India
| other_names = IPER
| address = Opposite British Park, 11 Mile, Ramji Baba Market, Near Taxi Stand, Narmadapuram Road
| website = {{url|www.iper.ac.in}}
| affiliations = [[Barkatullah University]], [[AICTE]]
}}

'''Institute of Professional Education & Research (IPER), Bhopal''' is a private institution situated in [[Bhopal]], [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/indias-best-b-schools-in-2015/295392/ | title = India's Best B-school in 2015 | website = outlookindia.com }}</ref> It was founded by Chaitanya Shiksha Samiti in 1996 and its courses are affiliated to [[AICTE]],<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.aicte-india.org/ | title = AICTE | website = aicte-india.org }}{{fv|reason=Where is IPER mentioned on this website/webpage?|date=November 2025}}</ref> and [[Barkatullah University]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://bubhopal.nic.in/ |title=BU Bhopal |access-date=1 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121206165053/http://bubhopal.nic.in/ |archive-date=6 December 2012 |url-status=dead }}{{fv|reason=Where is IPER mentioned on this website/webpage?|date=November 2025}}</ref> [[Bhopal]].

== Campus location ==
The management institute is located in [[Bhopal]] along Bhojpur Road ([[Bhojpur, Madhya Pradesh]]),<ref>{{cite web|url = http://wikimapia.org/16047512/IPER/ | title = IPER Campus | website = wikimapia.org }}{{better source|reason=Wikimapia is [[WP:UGC]]|date=November 2025}}</ref> about 11 km from Rani Kamalapati Railway Station. The institution has a lush green technical campus, with two multi-storeyed buildings that houses the academics department of two different courses – [[Undergraduate]] and [[Post Graduate]] programs.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.iper.ac.in/bba_course-specifics.php/ | title = BBA Course | website = iper.ac.in }}</ref> Additionally, both the buildings has number of necessary essentials like seminar halls, auditoriums, lecture halls, canteen, libraries, computer labs, career center offices and staff rooms {{coord|23.1442|77.4975|type:edu_region:IN|display=title}}.

== Academics ==
The undergraduate programme ([[Bachelor of Business Administration|BBA]], BCOM – Economics, Honors, Marketing, Insurance & Foreign Trade) & Post Graduation programme (MBA) affiliated to [[Barkatullah University]], [[Bhopal]]. The Post-Graduation programme is approved by [[All India Council of Technical Education]] (AICTE).<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.iper.ac.in/mba_academics.php/ | title = MBA | website = iper.ac.in }}</ref>

== Courses offered ==
Institute of Professional Education offers variety of courses<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.iper.ac.in/ | title = IPER Courses | website = iper.ac.in }}{{nonspecific|date=November 2025}}</ref> (undergraduate & post-graduate) under the disciplines of management and commerce education –
* [[Master of Business Administration]] ([[Master of Business Administration|MBA]])
* [[Bachelor of Business Administration]] ([[Bachelor of Business Administration|BBA]])
* [[Bachelor of Commerce]] (Economics)
* [[Bachelor of Commerce]] (Honors)
* [[Bachelor of Commerce]] (Insurance)
* [[Bachelor of Commerce]] (Advertising, Sales & Promotion)
* [[Bachelor of Commerce]] (Foreign Trade)

== Admission process ==
Admission to the post graduate curriculum - [[MBA]], is done on the basis of [[Common Management Admission Test]] (CMAT) score<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.iper.ac.in/mba_gettingstarted.php/ | title = MBA Admission | website = iper.ac.in }}</ref> and as per the guidelines set by Directorate of Technical Education (DTE), [[Madhya Pradesh]]. For the undergraduate programme, the admission process is managed by the Department of Higher Education, Government of Madhya Pradesh.

== Training and placement ==
Recruiters of IPER includes [[Nestle]], [[Airtel]], [[Asian Paints Ltd]], [[Shoppers Stop]], [[ITC Limited]], [[Reliance Communications]], [[Paytm]], [[PayPal]], [[DMart]], [[HDB Financial Services]] (HDBFS), Jaro Education, [[Justdial.com]], [[HDFC Bank]], SBI General Insurance, [[Courtyard Marriott]], [[Mahindra Finance]], Redington, [[Colgate Palmolive]], [[Kotak Mahindra]], CapitalVia, [[Axis Bank]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.iper.ac.in/plc.php/ | title = Placement Statistics |website = iper.ac.in }}</ref>

== Awards and achievements ==
The institute received an accreditation of [[National Board of Accreditation]] in 2005 and was listed among the top 100 management schools of [[India]] in the year of 2015 by ''OutlookIndia'' magazine.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/100-takes-schools-on-a-high-table/292057/ | title = Outlook Survey | website = outlookindia.com }}</ref>

== Extra-curricular activities ==

Source:<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.iper.ac.in/events/ | title = Activities | website = iper.ac.in }}</ref>

* Reflexions - The Management Fest of IPER<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.iper.ac.in/reflexions/ | title = Management Fest | website = iper.ac.in }}</ref>
* RISE - The Annual Fest of IPERUG<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.iper.ac.in/rise/ | title = Annual Fest | website = iper.ac.in }}</ref>
* WWF - The Market Wrestling{{fact|date=November 2025}}
* NSS - The National Service Scheme<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.iper.ac.in/blogs/2015/10/27/serving-the-society-nss-at-iper/ | title = NSS | website = iper.ac.in }}</ref>
* Abhiyan - The Panel Discussion for Management Students
* Sports - Black Panther<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.iper.ac.in/blogs/2016/02/14/iperug-sports-community-event-black-panther/ | title = Sports | website = iper.ac.in }}</ref>
* Guest Lectures
* Marketing Club Activity<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.iper.ac.in/blogs/event/marketing-club-activity-ingenious-club/ | title = MBA Activity | website = iper.ac.in }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Barkatullah University]]
* [[Jagran Lakecity University]]
* [[Radharaman Institute Of Technology & Science]]
* [[Patel College of Science & Technology]]
* [[Oriental Institute of Science and Technology]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Business schools in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Bhopal]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1996]]
[[Category:1996 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

Ranganathananda

2025-11-09T05:13:02Z

GregorioBigge0: cleanup

{{Short description|Hindu swami of the Ramakrishna Math order}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
|name= Swami Ranganathananda
| image = Swami Ranganathananda 2008 stamp of India.jpg
| caption = Ranganathananda on a 2008 Indian stamp
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
|birth_date= {{Birth date|1908|12|15|df=y}}
|birth_place= [[Trichur]], [[ Kerala]], [[British India]]
|birth_name= Shankaran Kutty
|death_date= {{death date and age|2005|4|25|1908|12|15|df=y}}
|death_place= Woodlands Medical Centre, [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
|guru= [[Shivananda]]
|predecessor =[[Swami Bhuteshananda]]
|successor =[[Swami Gahanananda]]
|philosophy= [[Vedanta]]
|honors=
|footnotes=
}}
'''Swami Ranganathananda''' (15 December 1908 – 25 April 2005) was a [[Hindu]] [[swami]] of the [[Ramakrishna Mission|Ramakrishna Math]] order. He served as the 13th president of the Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/14/stories/2008121452360300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216121019/http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/14/stories/2008121452360300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 December 2008|title= Ranganathananda birth centenary to be held today |date=14 December 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=22 May 2009}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Swami Ranganathananda, (pre-monastic name '''Shankaran Kutty'''), was born on 15 December 1908 in a village called Trikkur near [[Trichur]], in Kerala to Neelakanta Sastry and Lakshmikutty Amma.<ref name="Nelson_xiv"/> As a teenager, he was attracted by the teachings of [[Swami Vivekananda]] and [[Ramakrishna]] and joined the [[Mysore]] centre of [[Ramakrishna Order]] as a [[Brahmacharya|Brahmachari]] in 1926.<ref name="Nelson_xiv"/><ref name="Siddh">{{cite book | last = Siddheswarananda |author2=William Buchanan | title = Hindu thought and carmelite mysticism | publisher = Motilal Banarsidass | year = 1998 | page = 13 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hLkFZaz_bJ8C&pg=PP13 | chapter = Letter of Appreciation | isbn = 978-81-208-1510-0}}</ref> He served the Mysore Centre for 9 years and was under Swami Siddheswarananda and another 3 years under him in the Bangalore centre. He was initiated as a ''[[Sannyasa|Sannyasi]]'' ([[monk]]) in 1933, on the 70th anniversary of Vivekananda's birth by [[Shivananda]], a direct disciple of [[Ramakrishna]]. Between 1939 and 1942, he served as the secretary and librarian at the [[Yangon|Rangoon]] branch of Ramakrishna Mission. In 1942, during the Second World War, when Japan bombed Burma (Myanmar today) and the centre had to be wound up, Swami Ranganathananda came back to Dhaka preferring the land route trekking along with thousands of other refugees, although more comfortable alternatives were available.

He then served as the president of the [[Karachi]] centre of Math from 1942 to 1948 until the [[partition of India]], after which the mission found it difficult to continue its activities at Karachi.<ref name="Hindu_2007-09-03"/><ref name="Frontline_22_13">{{cite journal|url=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2213/stories/20050701005701400.htm|title=Image and reality|last=Venkatesan|first=V.|date=June 2005|volume=22|issue=13|journal=Frontline|accessdate=22 May 2009|archive-date=4 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104080358/http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2213/stories/20050701005701400.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> At Karachi, [[L.K. Advani]] came in contact with him and listened to his discourses on the [[Bhagavad Gita]].<ref name="Frontline_22_13"/> Advani said that Ranganathananda was a "great influence" during his formative years. According to Advani, at Karachi, [[Mohammed Ali Jinnah]] had once listened to Swami Ranganathananda's lecture on [[Islam]] and [[Prophet Mohammed]] and remarked, "Now I know how a true Muslim should be."<ref name="Hindu_2007-09-03">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/03/stories/2007090353830400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920101632/http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/03/stories/2007090353830400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 September 2008|title= Advani calls for spiritual renaissance |last=Staff Reporter|date=3 September 2007|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=22 May 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.screenindia.com/story.php?id=409172&pg=-1|title=Blogger Advani defends Jinnah comment, again |date=10 January 2009 |publisher=Screen|accessdate=22 May 2009}}{{dead link|date=November 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

From 1949 to 1962, he served as a secretary at the [[Ramakrishna Mission, Delhi|Delhi centre]]. Then from 1962 to 1967, he served as the Secretary of the [[Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture]], [[Kolkata]], director of School of Humanistic & Cultural studies, editor of mission's monthly. The swami became president of the [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] branch in 1973, where he developed the Vivekananda Vani School of Languages, a temple, and a library.<ref name="Hindu_2008-12-15">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/15/stories/2008121551560200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120411214150/http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/15/stories/2008121551560200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 April 2012|title= Swami Ranganathananda's birth centenary celebrated |date=15 December 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=22 May 2009}}</ref> He was elected to the post of vice-president of Ramakrishna Math and Mission in 1988.<ref name="Nelson_xiv">{{Harvnb|Ranganathananda|Elva Linnéa Nelson|1991|p=xiv}}</ref><ref name="Hindu_2008-12-15"/> In 1998 he was elected as the president of the mission.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/revents/01/19980109.htm |title=National Events in September 1998 |date=September 1998 |work=The Hindu |accessdate=22 May 2009 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031005044336/http://www.hinduonnet.com/revents/01/19980109.htm |archive-date=5 October 2003 }}</ref>

Swami Ranganathananda was chosen by the Indian government for [[Padma Vibhushan]] award in 2000. He declined the Padma Vibhushan as it was conferred on him in his individual capacity and not for the Mission. He accepted the [[Indira Gandhi Award for National Integration]] in 1987 and the [[Gandhi Peace Prize]] in February 1999 as both were conferred on the Ramakrishna Mission.<ref name="Nelson_xiv"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1703/17030300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020416145046/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1703/17030300.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=16 April 2002|title=Republic Day honours|last=Venkatesan|first=V.|date=5–18 Feb 2000|volume=17|issue=3|publisher=Frontline|accessdate=27 May 2009}}</ref><ref name="Hindu_2005-05-30"/>

Since his residence in Bangalore in the 1930s, Swami Ranganathananda has been a popular teacher and lecturer on Indian spiritual culture. By the mid-1950s he was known within India as an authority on practical Vedanta.<ref name="Nelson_xiv"/> Since the 1960s he made nearly annual lecture tours to Western Europe, the United States, Australia, and Singapore. He also lectured in Iran and in the Soviet Union.<ref name="Nelson_xiv"/> Ranganathananda is noted for this contributions that bridges science and Vedantic spirituality.<ref name="Nelson_xiv"/><ref>{{cite book | last = Menon | first = Sangeetha |editor1= Philip Clayton |editor2=Zachary R. Simpson | title = The Oxford handbook of religion and science | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2006 | page = 21 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-WhGyYy0SIoC&pg=PA21 | chapter = Saints, Science, and Spiritual Quest | isbn = 978-0-19-927927-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Indian Science Congress Association|title=The Shaping of Indian Science: 1948-1981|publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=2003|page=936 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5XfHWlX-L20C&dq=ranganathananda&pg=PA936 | isbn=978-81-7371-433-7}}</ref>

Swami Ranganathananda was regarded a great scholar and teacher.<ref name="Hindu_2005-05-30"/><ref name="Hindu-2005-06-03"/><ref name="Hindu_2005-04-27">{{cite news | last = Special Correspondent | title = Kalam, Manmohan condole Ranganathananda's death | date = 27 April 2005 | url = http://www.hindu.com/2005/04/27/stories/2005042703311500.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050427005833/http://www.hindu.com/2005/04/27/stories/2005042703311500.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 27 April 2005 | work = [[The Hindu]] | accessdate =22 May 2009 }}</ref> He has authored over 50 books. The [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]] has published around twenty-nine of these books.<ref name="Hindu_2005-05-30">{{cite news |title = Ranganathananda kept alive spirit of Vivekananda's legacy | place = Chennai | date = 30 May 2005 | url = http://www.hindu.com/2005/05/30/stories/2005053014290400.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060302132352/http://www.hindu.com/2005/05/30/stories/2005053014290400.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2 March 2006 |work = [[The Hindu]] | accessdate = 22 May 2009 }}</ref> His famous book includes ''Eternal Values for a Changing Society'' and commentaries on the messages of the [[Bhagavad Gita]] and [[Upanishads]].<ref name="Hindu-2005-06-03"/><ref name="Sahitya_Akademi">{{cite book|last=Saradesāya|first=Manohararāya |title=A history of Konkani literature|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year=2000|pages=315–316|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1YILeUD_oZUC&dq=ranganathananda&pg=PA315 | isbn=978-81-7201-664-7}}</ref> He was known as a good orator.<ref name="Sahitya_Akademi"/> His weekly classes and public lectures were popular among the followers. Ganapathy, a correspondent of [[The Hindu]] writes that "In all his lectures, Swami Ranganathananda had stressed on the philosophy of eternal religion, a practical Vedanta, which teaches universal acceptance". He conducted moral and religious classes for the prisoners in the Bangalore and Mysore jails. In Delhi, Ranganathananda organised social services at hospitals and worked for the relief of leprosy patients.<ref name="Hindu-2005-06-03">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/06/03/stories/2005060300450300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104080459/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/06/03/stories/2005060300450300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 November 2012|title= He empowered through discourses |last=Ganapathy|first=T. N. |date=3 June 2005|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=22 May 2009}}</ref> Indian prime minister, [[Manmohan Singh]] described Swamis Ranganathananda and [[Vivekananda]] as "leaders with a modern mind and scientific temper."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/002200703041017.htm |title=Liberal view of the outside world is vital: Manmohan |date=4 March 2007 |work=The Hindu |accessdate=22 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104080519/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/002200703041017.htm |archive-date=4 November 2012 }}</ref>

Swami Ranganathananda lived the last days of his life in the headquarters of the Ramakrishna Mission at [[Belur, West Bengal|Belur]] in West Bengal. He died at the Woodlands Medical Centre, Kolkata, at 3:51 p.m. on Monday, 25 April 2005, owing to cardiac arrest. He was 96. His body was kept for darshan at [[Belur Math]] (near Kolkata) on that day, then was cremated the next day. [[India Post]] released a postage stamp in the denomination of Rs 5 to commemorate the 100th birth anniversary of Swami Ranganathananda, during December 2008 at Kolkata.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081213/jsp/calcutta/story_10243260.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100511212700/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081213/jsp/calcutta/story_10243260.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 May 2010|title=Seminar & stamp to mark monk centenary|date=13 December 2008 |publisher=The Telegraph|accessdate=27 May 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiapost.gov.in/Stamps2008.html |title=Stamps 2008 |publisher=[[India Post]] |accessdate=27 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419010752/http://www.indiapost.gov.in/Stamps2008.html |archive-date=19 April 2009 }}</ref>

His life and work has been documented in many biographies, including the one in [[Malayalam]] by [[D. Vijayamohan]].<ref name="About Author D Vijayamohan">{{Cite web |title=About Author D Vijayamohan |url=https://keralabookstore.com/about-author/%25E0%25B4%25A1%25E0%25B4%25BF-%25E0%25B4%25B5%25E0%25B4%25BF%25E0%25B4%259C%25E0%25B4%25AF%25E0%25B4%25AE%25E0%25B5%258B%25E0%25B4%25B9%25E0%25B4%25A8%25E0%25B5%258D%25E2%2580%258D/3592/ |access-date=2020-12-16 |website=keralabookstore.com |language=ml}}</ref><ref name="Malayala Manorama Delhi Senior Coordinating Editor D Vijayamohan passes away">{{Cite web |title=Malayala Manorama Delhi Senior Coordinating Editor D Vijayamohan passes away |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2020/12/15/malayala-manorama-delhi-senior-co-ordinating-editor-d-vijayamohan-passes-away.html |access-date=2020-12-16 |website=OnManorama |language=en}}</ref>

==Quotations==
* "Are you growing spiritually? Can you love others? Can you feel oneness with others? Have you peace within yourself? and do you radiate it around you? That is called spiritual growth, which is stimulated by meditation inwardly, and by work done in a spirit of service outwardly."
* "I am not alone in the world. . .We belong to a world. . .The vast world is around us. We cannot do without it. We cannot become human without a human world around us. How much we owe to the world of other human beings around us!"<ref>{{cite book | title=Universal message of the Bhagavad-Gita | volume=1 | page=178}}</ref>
* "Efficiency and energy comes from emotion, not from intellectual knowledge, which can only direct that emotional energy. But the real impulse comes from emotion. It makes you work at your best."<ref>{{cite book | title=Universal message of the Bhagavad-Gita | volume=2 | page=412}}</ref>
* "So, work hard; perform all duties; develop yourself; then come and surrender to the highest. Do a whole day's honest work, then sit and meditate; then resign yourself to God. Otherwise, that meditation has no meaning or value. Meditation at the end of a lazy day has no meaning; but the same at the end of an active day, filled with good deeds, has meaning, and is rewarding."<ref>{{cite book | title=Eternal Values for a Changing Society | volume=1 | page=379}}</ref>
* "How can we find joy in work? By working for oneself? No; it is not possible to find that continuous joy in work through selfish motivations. Frustration and ennui are the end of all selfish motivations. Frustrations and nervous breakdowns are the end of a self-centred life. The first advice of modern psychiatry to such people is to get out of this prison of self-centredness, and to find a genuine interest in other people. Everyone has to learn the lesson some day that, the best way to be happy is to strive to make others happy. So wherever you find frustration, you will always discover that the person concerned had been too self-centred, and the only hope for him is through learning to take interest in other people, to find joy in the joy of other people. This is the royal path that makes for health, for strength, for efficiency. This great truth—universal and human—we should apply to the world and to our life in it."<ref>{{cite book | title=Eternal Values for a Changing Society | volume=4 | pages=150–151}}</ref>
* The great new mantra today is "Work" and 'Hard Work'; along with Hard Work, intelligent work co-operative teamwork. All great undertakings are product of teamwork. We can meet the challenge of freedom only when we have learnt this character-efficiency involved in teamwork, and intelligent hard work. This is the philosophy which we have to learn consciously, not unconsciously, somehow stumbling into it.<ref>{{cite book | title=Eternal Values for a Changing Society | volume=4 | page=331}}</ref>
* Work from ego point of view is all tension. But behind ego, there is an infinite spiritual dimension. When that is realised even a little, then extra work won't make one feel that it is heavy. Even ordinary experiences will tell you: Whenever there is love in the heart, the worker doesn't feel heavy. When there is no love in the heart, even a little work makes one feel very heavy. As soon as you have love for a particular cause, you can do anything; do hard work, but have a spirit of detachment based on a larger love.
* Work is no work at all. It is a question of agency and attachment. When these two are not there, work ceases to be work, it becomes a play, it becomes spontaneous, and it becomes natural. When you become thoroughly detached, then all that tension goes away. You are working, but you don't feel that you are working. What a beautiful idea!"<ref>{{cite book | title=Universal message of the Bhagavad-Gita | volume=1 | page=431}}</ref>
* Work is drudgery; Sri Krishna will not allow that attitude. There is joy in work also. Do not abandon work; go on doing work; but, mentally renouncing all actions. It is a wonderful state of mind-working, and yet not working.
* Those who work, work with a zest and with joy and in work, learn calmness and the serenity of the human mind and heart; what a wonderful joy it is to work in such a way!
* When science insists on studying things from the point of view of the objects themselves by eliminating the personal equation, it is in effect, emphasising the ''sakshi-bhava'' or ''sakshi'' point of view (witness attitude); for, the limited and circumscribed vision of the ego gives place to the unlimited and universal vision of the ''sakshi'', by the practice of scientific or intellectual detachment.<ref>{{cite book | title=Eternal Values for A Changing Society | volume=1 | page=106}}</ref>
* The endeavours and conclusions of the sense-bound intellect can not be the last word in man’s search for truth. An intellectual approach to truth will end only in agnosticism; and often in cynicism. But the whole being of man seeks to experience truth, to realise it. … This rising above rationalism to direct experience and realisation, this growth of man from the sensate to the super-sensual dimension, is the special message of Indian spiritual tradition.<ref>{{cite book | title=Eternal Values for A Changing Society | volume=2 | page=326}}</ref>
* Mysticism, studied seriously, challenges basic tenets of Western Cultures: a) the primacy of reason and intellect; b) the separate, individual nature of man; c) the linear organisation of time. Great mystics, like our own great scientists, envision the world as being larger than those tenets, as transcending our traditional views.<ref>{{cite book | title=Eternal Values for A Changing Society | volume=1 | page=437}}</ref>

== Notes and references ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book | last = Ranganathananda |author2=Elva Linnéa Nelson | title = Human being in depth: a scientific approach to religion | publisher = SUNY Press | year = 1991 | page = 159 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=P0vfFZh9BIIC | isbn = 978-0-7914-0679-3}}
* {{cite book | last = Ranganathananda | first = Swami | title = Eternal Values for a Changing Society (Vol- I to IV) | publisher = Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan | year = 1971}}
* {{cite book | last = Ranganathananda | first = Swami | title = The message of Upanishads | publisher = Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan | year = 1971 | asin = B000GSMRE8}}
* {{cite book | last = Ranganathananda | first = Swami | title = A pilgrim looks at the World (Vol. I & II) | publisher = Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan | year = 1974 | location = Bombay | isbn = 978-0-85655-463-6}}
* {{cite book | last = Ranganathananda | first = Swami | title = Swami Vivekananda and Human Excellence | publisher = Advaita Ashrama | year = 1990| asin = B000KB3U2E}}
* {{cite book | last = Ranganathananda | first = Swami | title = Vivekananda : his Humanism | publisher = Advaita Ashrama | year = 1991 | asin = B001JJGEOM}}
* {{cite book | last = Ranganathananda | first = Swami | title = Science and Religion | publisher = Advaita Ashrama | year = 1978 | location = Calcutta | page = 245 | isbn = 978-0-7025-0062-6}}
* {{cite book | last = Ranganathananda | first = Swami | title = The essence of Indian Culture | publisher = Advaita Ashrama | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-81-85301-17-4}}
* {{cite book | last = Ranganathananda | first = Swami | title = An introduction to the study of Gita | publisher = Advaita Ashrama | year = 1997 | isbn = 978-81-85301-11-2}}
* {{cite book | last = Ranganathananda | first = Swami | title = The charm and power of the Upanishads}}
* {{cite book | last = Ranganathananda | first = Swami | title = Bhagawan Buddha and our heritage}}
* {{cite book | last = Ranganathananda | first = Swami | title = The Christ we adore | publisher = Ramakrishna Mission Inst. of Culture | year = 1969 | isbn = 978-0-7025-0159-3}}
* {{cite book | last = Ranganathananda | first = Swami | title = Practical Vedanta and the Science of values | publisher = Advaita Ashrama | year = 1996 | isbn = 978-81-7505-052-5}}
* {{cite book | last = Ranganathananda | first = Swami | title = The Indian vision of God as Mother}}
* {{cite book | last = Ranganathananda | first = Swami | title = Essence of Indian Culture | publisher = Advaita Ashrama | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-81-85301-17-4}}
* {{cite book | last = Ranganathananda | first=Swami |title = The approach to Truth in Vedanta | publisher = Advaita Ashrama | year = 1998 | id=adin: B000CKEQHQ}}
* {{cite book | last = Ranganathananda | first = Swami | title = Democratic administration in the light of Practical Vedanta | publisher = Sri Ramakrishna Math | year = 1996| location = Chennai | page = 277 | isbn = 978-81-7120-724-4}}
* {{cite book | last = Ranganathananda | first = Swami | title = Universal message of Bhagavad Gita (vol I to III) | publisher = Advaita Ashrama | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-81-7505-213-0
}}
* {{cite book | last = Ranganathananda | first = Swami | title = Message of the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad | publisher = Advaita Ashrama | year = 2005 | page = 740 | isbn = 978-81-7505-267-3}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110604224718/http://www.dailynews.lk/2005/05/09/fea04.htm Swami Ranganathananda - a monk with a mission]
* [http://www.geocities.ws/kpmiyapuram/rkp.htm Educational philosophy of Swami Ranganathananda]
;Lectures
* [https://archive.org/details/Vivekachudamani_520 Vivekachudamani]

{{Authority control}}
{{Presidents of the Ramakrishna Order}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranganathananda, Swami}}
[[Category:Presidents of the Ramakrishna Order]]
[[Category:1908 births]]
[[Category:2005 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Vailoppilli Sreedhara Menon Memorial Government Vocational Higher Secondary School alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian scholars]]
[[Category:Scholars from Kerala]]
[[Category:Monks of the Ramakrishna Mission]]
[[Category:Activists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Hindu monks]]

Shivnala (Gondi)

2025-10-24T06:15:50Z

GregorioBigge0: adding initial data basic info.

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{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
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| image1 = Sunset view at Shivnala (Gondi) village.jpg
| caption1 = Sunset at Shivnala
| image2 = Shivnala lake.jpg
| caption2 = Shivnala Lake
}}
| image_alt = Shivnala (Gondi)
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| map_caption = Location in [[Pauni Taluka]]
| coordinates = {{coord|20.6999004|N|79.6968340|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Vidharba]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bhandara district|Bhandara]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Talukas of Maharashtra|Tahsil]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Pauni Taluka|Pauni]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Gram panchayat|Gram Panchayat]]
| governing_body = Sedi/Somanala Grampanchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 242
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_demonym = Shivnalawashi
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 441910<ref>{{Cite web |title=SHIVNALA GONDI, Post Kanhalgaon BO (Bhandara, Maharashtra) |url=https://pincodearea.in/SHIVNALA-GONDI-Pincode-PO-Kanhalgaon-BO |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=Pincodearea.in |language=en-US}}</ref>
| registration_plate = MH-36
| area_total_ha = 93.35
| official_name =
| area_land_ha = 49
| demographics_type2 = Demographics
| demographics2_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy rate]]
| demographics2_info1 = 72.45 %
| area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91-7185]]
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 1,045
| population_total = 225
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
}}
'''Shivnala (Gondi)''' is a small [[village]] of [[Pauni taluka|Pauni Taluka]] in [[Bhandara district]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. As 100% of the population of this village belongs to the [[Tribal communities|tribal community]], this village is also called as ''Gondi-Shivnala''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Shivnala (Gondi) Village Population - Pauni, Bhandara, Maharashtra |url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/maharashtra/bhandara/pauni/shivnala-gondi-population.html |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=Censusindia2011.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pauni Taluka Map |url=https://mrsac.gov.in/writereaddata/MRSAC/map/15647446495d441bc99a975TH_BND_Pauni.pdf |access-date=22 January 2024 |website=mrsac.gov.in}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
=== Population ===
As per the Population Census 2011, there are a total of 65 families residing in the village Shivnala (Gondi).[https://epaper.deshonnati.com/editionname/Bhandara/DESHONATI_BHAND/page/2/article/DESHONATI_BHAND_20251024_2_4] The total population of Junona is 225 out of which 115 are males and 115 are females thus the Average Sex Ratio of Shivnala (Gondi) is 1,045.

The population of Children of age 0–6 years in Shivnala (Gondi) village is 29 which is 13% of the total population. There are 13 male children and 16 female children between the age 0–6 years. Thus as per the Census 2011 the Child Sex Ratio of Shivnala (Gondi) is 1,231 which is greater than Average Sex Ratio (1,045) of Shivnala (Gondi) village.

As per the Census 2011, the literacy rate of Shivnala (Gondi) is 72.4%. Thus Shivnala (Gondi) village has a lower literacy rate compared to 75% of Bhandara district. The male literacy rate is 84.54% and the female literacy rate is 60.61% in Shivnala (Gondi) village.

As per constitution of India and Panchyati Raaj Act (Amendment 1998), Shivnala (Gondi) village is administrated by Sarpanch (Head of Village) who is elected representative of the village.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Bhandara district]]

{{Bhandara-geo-stub}}

Saipuya

2025-10-12T01:44:26Z

GregorioBigge0: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[Seipuia]]

Ekka Saka

2025-09-20T06:15:40Z

GregorioBigge0: typo fix

{{More citations needed|date=August 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ekka Saka
| image = ekkasaka.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = K Sooraj Shetty
| producer = Ln Kishore D shetty, Ln Chandrahas shetty, Ln girish Shetty
| screenplay =
| story =
| writer =
| starring = Hitesh Naik [[Sonal Monteiro]] [[Naveen D Padil]] [[Bhojaraj Vamanjoor]] [[Aravind Bolar]] [[Tennis Krishna]] [[Achyuth Kumar]] Umanath Kotian Padmaja Rao Sudha Belavadi Sathish Bandale
 Shobharaj Chaitra Shetty
| music = [[Ravi Basrur]]
| cinematography = Krishna Sarathi
| editing = K.R lingaraj
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2015|05|01|df=yes}}
| runtime = 120 mins
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Tulu language|Tulu]]
| budget =
| gross = 
}}

'''''Ekka Saka - Inchane Kasta Suka''''' is a 2015 [[Tulu language|Tulu]] language film, directed by K. Sooraj Shetty and produced by Lion Kishore D. Shetty for Lukumi Cine Creations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mangaluru: Much-awaited Tulu film 'English' set to hit screens on March 26 |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=816251 |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=www.daijiworld.com }}</ref> It stars Hitesh Naik and Sonal Monteiro. The film was released on 1 May 2015.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2015-04-29 |title=Tulu film Ekkasaka to be released tomorrow |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/tulu-film-ekkasaka-to-be-released-tomorrow/article7156847.ece |access-date=2022-07-10 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Ekka Saka Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tulu/movie-details/ekka-saka/movieshow/61225021.cms |access-date=2022-07-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2015-05-07 |title=Tulu movie 'Ekka Saka' released across the twin districts |url=https://newskarnataka.com/south-cinema/sandalwood/tulu-movie-ekka-saka-released-across-the-twin-districts |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=News Karnataka }}</ref>

==Plot==
Prashant (Hitesh Naik), who has been looking after his father's money lending business, falls in [[love at first sight]] with Divya ([[Sonal Monteiro]]) on the college campus. He asks Divya to marry him. A few days after they meet, she asks him to convince her parents, who oppose the marriage. The couple asks Gopal ([[Naveen D Padil]]) for help to get married, but unforeseen events happen.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*Hitesh Naik as Prashanth
*[[Sonal Monteiro]] as Divya
*Aseer Sheik
*[[Naveen D Padil]] as Gopal
*[[Bhojaraj Vamanjoor]]
*[[Tennis Krishna]]
*[[Aravind Bolar]] as Gunanath
*[[Achyuth Kumar]]
*[[Padmaja Rao]]
*Umanath Kotian
*[[Sudha Belawadi]]
*Sathish Bandale
*Shobhraj Pavoor
*Chaitra Shetty as Shilpa
*Ravi Surathkal
*Sundar Rai Mandara
*Chandrahas Kadri
*[[Sandeep Shetty]]
*Prasanna Shetty
*Shobha Rai
*Raghavendra Rai
*Pradeep Alva
*[[Umesh Mijar]]
}}

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack of the film was composed by [[Ravi Basrur]], the composer for the film ''[[Ugramm]]''.

==Production==
Production for the film started on 1 December 2014 when its [[muhurat shot]] took place.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=204856|title=Mangalore: Lights, camera, action for Lakumi team's 'Ekka Saka' Tulu movie|website=Daijiworld.com|accessdate=21 August 2017}}</ref> The film was released on 1 May 2015 in 11 theatres across [[Karnataka]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=315956|title=Tulu movie 'Ekka Saka' released in theatres across DK, Udupi|website=Daijiworld.com|accessdate=21 August 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|3484828}}

[[Category:Tulu cinema]]
[[Category:Tulu-language films]]

{{Tulu-film-stub}}

Chennai Cheetahs

2025-09-10T22:59:11Z

GregorioBigge0: starting first bio added tags...

{{Short description|Professional field hockey team in Chennai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{update|date=March 2014}}
{{Infobox field hockey club
| image = ChennaiCheetahs-Logo2.png
| imagesize = 300px
| caption =
| fullname = Chennai Cheetahs
| nickname = Cheetahs
| founded = 2011
| dissolved =
| captain = [[Brent Livermore]]
| coach = [[Jose Brasa]]
| ground = [[Mayor Radhakrishnan Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
| capacity = 8,670
| owner = Chennai Sports Organisers Pvt. Ltd.
| website = [https://web.archive.org/web/20120305002840/http://chennaicheetahs.co.in/ Official website]
|pattern_la1 =
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'''Chennai Cheetahs''' ('''CCH''') was an Indian professional [[field hockey]] team based in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]] that played in [[World Series Hockey]]. It was owned by Chennai Sports Organisers Private Limited (CSO). The team was captained by the Australian [[Brent Livermore]] and coached by the Spaniard [[Jose Brasa]]. The team's home ground was [[Mayor Radhakrishnan Stadium]].

==Ownership==
The team was owned by Chennai Sports Organisers (CSO), which is promoted by L. T. Nanwani, owner of Jubilee Granites.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chennai Sports Organisers own "Chennai Cheetahs" a franchise of WSH|url=http://thefansofhockey.com/2011/11/21/chennai-sports-organisers-own-chennai-cheetahs-a-franchise-of-wsh/id-2566.html#.T0VjNIeO3p0|work=[[The Fans of Hockey]]|access-date=21 November 2011|year=2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=WSH unveils first franchise - Chennai Cheetahs|url=http://www.sportzpower.com/?q=content/wsh-unveils-first-franchise-chennai-cheetahs|work=Sportz Power|access-date=22 November 2011|year=2011}}</ref>

==Team anthem==
The team anthem was composed by the [[Tamils|Tamil]] playback singer, [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]. The music for the song was provided by Krishna Chetan and lyrics by Kavi Varman. It was sung by [[Suchith Suresan]], Anand Aravindakshan and Nivas.<ref>{{cite web|title=Singing out to Chennai Cheetahs|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/singing-out-to-chennai-cheetahs/article2935845.ece | date=27 February 2012 | first=Meera | last=Srinivasan | newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=6 June 2018 }}</ref>

==Team composition==
<ref>{{cite web|title=Chennai Cheetahs|url=http://worldserieshockey.com/chennai-cheetahs.aspx#|work=[[World Series Hockey]]|access-date=22 February 2012|year=2012}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|title=Players|url=http://chennaicheetahs.co.in/players/|work=Chennai Cheetahs|access-date=25 February 2012|year=2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306051016/http://chennaicheetahs.co.in/players/|archive-date=6 March 2012}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="width:55%;"
!width=35%; style="background: #800080; color:#C0C0C0" |Player
!width=25%; style="background: #800080; color:#C0C0C0" |Nationality
!width=5%; style="background: #800080; color:#C0C0C0;" |Goals
|-
! colspan="3"|Goalkeepers
|-
|[[Bharat Chettri]]
|{{IND}}
| -
|-
|Chintakunta Santosh Kumar
|{{IND}}
| -
|-
|Jasbir Singh
|{{IND}}
| -
|-
! colspan="3"|Strikers
|-
|[[Adam Sinclair (field hockey)|Adam Sinclair]]
|{{IND}}
|9
|-
|Benedikt Sperling
|{{GER}}
|
|-
|[[Danish Mujtaba]]
|{{IND}}
|
|-
|Dharamvir Singh
|{{IND}}
|
|-
|Hamza Mujtaba
|{{IND}}
|
|-
|Muthanna B. K.
|{{IND}}
|
|-
|Peter Kelly
|{{AUS}}
|
|-
|Parveen Kumar
|{{IND}}
|4
|-
|Roderik Huber
|{{NED}}
|
|-
|S. Arumugam
|{{IND}}
|
|-
|Sandeep Antil
|{{IND}}
| 1
|-
|S. Shivamani
|{{IND}}
|1
|-
|Veerasamy Raja
|{{IND}}
|1
|-
! colspan="3"|Midfielders
|-
|Amardeep Ekka
|{{IND}}
|
|-
|'''[[Brent Livermore]]''' (captain)
|{{AUS}}
|
|-
|Davinderpal Singh
|{{IND}}
|
|-
|Gaurav Tokhi
|{{IND}}
|
|-
|Joseph Reardon
|{{AUS}}
|
|-
|Mark Harris
|{{AUS}}
|2
|-
|Rafeeq S. M.
|{{IND}}
|
|-
|Vikas Sharma
|{{IND}}
|1
|-
|[[Vikram Pillay]]
|{{IND}}
|6
|-
! colspan="3"|Defenders
|-
|Amit Kumar Prabhakar
|{{IND}}
|
|-
|Dhananjay Mahadik
|{{IND}}
|
|-
|Gauravjeet Singh
|{{IND}}
|
|-
|Samir Baxla
|{{IND}}
|
|-
|Sunil Yadav
|{{IND}}
|1
|-
|Syed Imran Warsi
|{{PAK}}
|19
|}

==Performance==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:50%;text-align:center"
|+Performance summary
|-
!width=10|Season
!width=10|Matches
!width=10|Won
!width=10|Drawn
!width=10|Lost
!width=10|Win %
|- style="background:white;"
| [[2012 World Series Hockey|2012]]
| 14 || 6 || 1 || 7 || 46.15%
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="width:50%;text-align:center"
|-
|+Performance details
|-
|style="background:gainsboro;"|'''Goals for'''
|style="background:white;"|41 (2.93 per match)
|-
|style="background:gainsboro;"|'''Goals against'''
|style="background:white;"|43 (3.07 per match)
|-
|style="background:gainsboro;"|'''Most goals'''
|style="background:white;"|{{flagicon|PAK}} Syed Imran Warsi (19) Position: '''1st'''
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
|+Performance by opponents
|-
!width=130|Opposition
!width=40|Matches
!width=40|Won
!width=40|Drawn
!width=40|Lost
!width=40|For
!width=40|Against
!width=40|Win %
|-
|align=left|[[Bhopal Badshahs]]
| 2 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 5 || 4 || 50.00%
|-
|align=left|[[Chandigarh Comets]]
| 2 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 5 || 6 || 50.00%
|-
|align=left|[[Delhi Wizards]]
| 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 11 || 6 || 100.00%
|-
|align=left|[[Karnataka Lions]]
| 2 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 7 || 6 || 50.00%
|-
|align=left|[[Mumbai Marines]]
| 2 || 0 || 0 || 2 || 3 || 8 || 0.00%
|-
|align=left|[[Pune Strykers]]
| 2 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 6 || 4 || 100.00%
|-
|align=left|[[Sher-e-Punjab]]
| 2 || 0 || 0 || 2 || 4 || 9 || 0.00%
|}

==Fixtures and results==
===2012===
{| class=wikitable style="width:70%;text-align:center;border:none"
|-
!width=10|No.
!width=15|Date
!width=25|Score
!width=35|Opponent
!width=15|Venue
!width=15|Report
|-style="background:#fbb;"
|1||1 March||'''2 - 5'''||[[Sher-e-Punjab]]||[[Surjeet Hockey Stadium|Jalandhar]]
|[[2012 World Series Hockey#match2|Match 2]]
|-style="background:#c3fdb8;"
|2||3 March||'''5 - 3'''||[[Chandigarh Comets]]||[[Sector 42 Stadium|Chandigarh]]
|[[2012 World Series Hockey#match7|Match 7]]
|-style="background:#c3fdb8;"
|3||5 March||'''5 - 2'''||[[Delhi Wizards]]||[[Dhyan Chand National Stadium|Delhi]]
|[[2012 World Series Hockey#match12|Match 12]]
|-style="background:#fbb;"
|'''4'''||6 March||'''2 - 4'''||[[Mumbai Marines]]||[[Mayor Radhakrishnan Stadium|Chennai]]
|[[2012 World Series Hockey#match13|Match 13]]
|-style="background:#dcdcdc;"
|'''5'''||9 March||'''3 - 3'''||[[Pune Strykers]]||[[Mayor Radhakrishnan Stadium|Chennai]]
|[[2012 World Series Hockey#match19|Match 19]]
|-style="background:#fbb;"
|'''6'''||10 March||'''3 - 5'''||[[Karnataka Lions]]||[[Mayor Radhakrishnan Stadium|Chennai]]
|[[2012 World Series Hockey#match21|Match 21]]
|-style="background:#fbb;"
|7||12 March||'''1 - 3'''||[[Bhopal Badshahs]]||[[Aishbagh Stadium|Bhopal]]
|[[2012 World Series Hockey#match26|Match 26]]
|-style="background:#c3fdb8;"
|8||15 March||'''3 - 1'''||[[Pune Strykers]]||[[PCMC Hockey Stadium|Pune]]
|[[2012 World Series Hockey#match29|Match 29]]
|-style="background:#c3fdb8;"
|9||17 March||'''4 - 1'''||[[Karnataka Lions]]||[[Bangalore Hockey Stadium|Bangalore]]
|[[2012 World Series Hockey#match34|Match 34]]
|-style="background:#c3fdb8;"
|'''10'''||20 March||'''4 - 1'''||[[Bhopal Badshahs]]||[[Mayor Radhakrishnan Stadium|Chennai]]
|[[2012 World Series Hockey#match38|Match 38]]
|-style="background:#fbb;"
|'''11'''||25 March||'''2 - 4'''|||[[Sher-e-Punjab]]||[[Mayor Radhakrishnan Stadium|Chennai]]
|[[2012 World Series Hockey#match45|Match 45]]
|-style="background:#fbb;"
|'''12'''||26 March||'''0 - 3'''||[[Chandigarh Comets]]||[[Mayor Radhakrishnan Stadium|Chennai]]
|[[2012 World Series Hockey#match47|Match 47]]
|-style="background:#c3fdb8;"
|'''13'''||28 March||'''6 - 4'''||[[Delhi Wizards]]||[[Mayor Radhakrishnan Stadium|Chennai]]
|[[2012 World Series Hockey#match52|Match 52]]
|-style="background:#fbb;"
|14||30 March||'''1 - 4'''||[[Mumbai Marines]]||[[Mahindra Hockey Stadium|Mumbai]]
|[[2012 World Series Hockey#match56|Match 56]]
|-
| colspan="6" style="background:#ffffff; border:none"|
|-
| colspan="6"| Position in league phase: '''6th''' '''Failed to qualify for semi-finals'''
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:World Series Hockey teams]]
[[Category:Sport in Chennai]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Field hockey clubs established in 2011]]
[[Category:Field hockey in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Sports clubs and teams in Tamil Nadu]]

Lokenath Bhattacharya

2025-08-19T00:51:28Z

GregorioBigge0: quick improved layout and cleaned formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Lokenath Bhattacharya
| image = LokenathBhattacharyaPic.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth_date|1927|10|09}}
| birth_place = [[Bhatpara]], [[INDIA]]
| occupation = Writer, poet, translator
| nationality = Indian
| subject = Poetry, [[Bengali language|Bengali]] literature,
| spouse = France Bhattacharya
| children = 1
| death_date = {{Death_date |df=yes|2001|03|23|1927|10|09}}
| death_place = [[Cairo]] [[Egypt]]<ref name="Sansad">{{cite book | title=Sansad Bengali Charitabhidhan Vol.II | publisher= Sahitya Sansad,Kolkata | author= Anjali Bose | year=2019 | pages=363 | isbn=978-81-7955-292-6}}</ref>
| website =
}}
'''Lokenath Bhattacharya''' ({{langx|bn|লোকনাথ ভট্টাচার্য }}; 1927–2001) was a prolific [[Bengali language|Bengali]] writer who chose to remain in isolation. Though 15 of his books have been translated into French, only 'Babughater Kumari Maach' (The Virgin Fish of Babughat) has been translated into English. He finished his doctorate study in [[Paris]]. After spending his working life in [[India]], he went back to [[France]] to spend the last decade of his life with his wife who is French. He has translated the poetry of [[Rimbaud]], [[Henri Michaux]] into Bengali. He died in Egypt in a car accident.

==Life and education==
He was born in an Orthodox family in Bhatpara, North 24 Parganas [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. His initial training was in [[Sanskrit]]. He then went to the [[Visva-Bharati University]] in [[Santiniketan]] for higher studies. After studying French in the [[Alliance Française]] in [[Calcutta]], he went to [[University of Paris]] for his doctoral degree on French government scholarship. He immersed himself in French literature and translated Rimbaud, Henri Michaux and [[Descartes]] into Bengali. Despite his significant literary output, Lokenath never received the kind of critical attention he deserved in the Bengali literary circle. As Meenakshi Mukherjeer writes in the introduction of her English translation of the book ''The Virgin Fish of Babughat'', "He remained a writers' writer, discussed in little [[magazine]]s and exclusive literary journals, forever an outsider in the mainstream literary world of Kolkata. Apart from the unfamiliarity of his imaginative world, the fact that he spent most of his adult life outside Bengal might also have accentuated his alienation."<ref>Published by Oxford University Press, New Delhi, India (2003){{ISBN|9780195665772}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Archive News |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/01/07/stories/1307017m.htm |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=2001-01-07 |language=en}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

Lokenath was married to [[France]] Bhattacharya who in her turn spread Bengali [[Literature]] in France.<ref>View profile of France in https://lucian.uchicago.edu/blogs/tagoreconference/bios/</ref> France Bhattacharya, holder of a doctorat d’état in Indian Studies, is emeritus professor, Inalco, member of the Centre for the study on India and South Asia, CEIAS, and was till recently director of the Fondation Maison des Sciences de l’Homme programme for India and South Asia. She works on Bengali pre-colonial literature mainly from a perspective of religious and social history.

She has translated several Bengali novels into French such as: Le monastère de la félicité (Ânandamath) (Paris, Le serpent à plumes, 2003) and Celle qui portait des crânes en boucles d’oreilles (Kapâlkundalâ) by Bankim Chandra Chatterji (Paris, « Connaissance de l’Orient », Gallimard, 2005), Quatre chapitres (Châr adhyây) and Chârulatâ (Nasta nîr) by Rabindranath Tagore (Paris, Zulma, 2004 and 2009), La complainte du sentier (Pather Pâncâlî) by Bibhuti Bhushan Banerji, (Paris, Gallimard, 1969), as well as several fictions by her late husband Lokenath Bhattacharya, and his prose poems Ghar.

==Major works==
Novels:
* Bhor ({{langx|bn|ভোর}}, Daybreak ) 1966
* Jato Dawa Tato Aranya (যত দাওয়া তত অরণ্য, As Many Doors as Forests) 1966
* Dui-ekti Ghar, Du-ekti Swar (দুই-একটি ঘর, দুই-একটি স্বর, One or Two Rooms, One or Two Voices) 1967
* Babughater Kumari Maach (বাবুঘাটের কুমারী মাছ, The Virgin Fish of Babughat) 1972
* Theater Arambho Sare Saattay (থিয়েটার আরম্ভ সাড়ে সাতটায়, The Play Begins at Seven-Thirty) 1983
* Ashwamedh (অশ্বমেধ, 1997)
* Gangabataran (গঙ্গাবতরণ, 1998)

He also wrote four volumes of poetry, three plays, two collections of short stories, and two books of discursive prose.

===The Virgin Fish of Babughat===

'Babughater Kumari Maach' (বাবুঘাটের কুমারী মাছ, The Virgin Fish of Babughat, 1972) is the only works of his that has been translated into English. Here's the description from the back flap of Meenakshi Mukherjee's translation:

"The novel is set in a sinister detention camp where men and women are divested of their clothes and their past, but provided with all the luxuries of life including unlimited sexual gratification.

The narrator, a writer before he was brought to the prison, has been meted a unique punishment: he must fill up a stack of paper with words every day. He turns this task into a life line, writing frantically to recapture a world that is he has lost, to resuscitate the very language that he is in dance of forgetting, and to record the systematic dehumanization which is taking place around him. Yet, his account is not altogether bleak: there are lively accounts of people and events, humour, tenderness, love, and even hope."

This book has some interesting similarity with [[Margaret Atwood|Margaret Atwood's]] [[The Handmaid's Tale]] (1985).

When the novel was written, India and West Bengal was going through a troubled times. The [[Naxalite|Naxal]] movement was at its peak in West Bengal. The government was using repressive measures to suppress the violence generated by the Naxalites. According to Mukherjee, the novel may have been a reference to the incidents. Kiranmoy Raha, a critique wrote this after Emergency was declared in India in 1975 (cited in Mukherjee):
"'Babughater Kumari Maachh' is a futuristic allegory which projects the culmination of what the author feels to be present tendencies. It is an examination of the human situation in extremis. For an observer of the social scenre around, Lokenath Bhattachary's novel gives an uncomfortable feeling that the future may not be that far away, after all. It may be already there"

==Notes and references==
{{reflist}}
* The Virgin Fish of Babughat, Lokenath Bhattacharya. Translated from Bengali by Meenakshi Mukherjee. Oxford University Press: New York, 2004.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040602122731/http://www.hindu.com/lr/2004/05/02/stories/2004050200290500.htm Recognise yourself? Sunday, May 2, 2004, The Hindu]

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927212935/http://www.bangladeshinovels.com/Lokenath.pdf A Bangla-language Article on His Novels]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhattacharya, Lokenath}}
[[Category:Bengali writers]]
[[Category:Bengali-language writers]]
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:2001 deaths]]
[[Category:Visva-Bharati University alumni]]
[[Category:Writers from West Bengal]]

Adaikalapuram, Denkanikottai

2025-08-15T23:08:40Z

GregorioBigge0: added

{{short description|Village in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Adaikalapuram
| official_name = Adaikalaapuram
| native_name = அடைக்கலாபுரம்
| native_name_lang = ta
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|12.5732|N|77.8076|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kongu Nadu]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Krishnagiri district|Krishnagiri]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Tehsil|Thaluk]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Denkanikottai taluk|Denkanikottai]]
| subdivision_type5 = [[Panchayat samiti|Block]]
| subdivision_name5 = [[Thally block|Thally]]
| subdivision_type6 = [[Gram panchayat|Panchayat]]
| subdivision_name6 = Mallasandiram
| unit_pref = Metric
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| demographics1_title2 = Secondary
| demographics1_info2 = 
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 635107 <ref>{{cite web | url=https://pincode.net.in/635107 | title=Pin Code: 635107, List of Post Offices, KRISHNAGIRI, TAMIL NADU Pincode.net.in }}</ref>
| postal2_code_type = [[Post Office]]
| postal2_code = Bennangur
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91-4347
| registration_plate = TN 70
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] Constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Krishnagiri Lok Sabha constituency|Krishnagiri]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] Member
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[A. Chellakumar]]
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Thalli Assembly constituency|Thalli]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/thalli-election-result-2021-live-updates-thalli-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3695939.html | title=Thalli Election Result 2021 Live Updates: Ramachandran T of CPI wins | date=2 May 2021 }}</ref>
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] Member
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[T. Ramachandran (CPI politician)|T. Ramachandran]]
}}

'''Adaikalapuram''' is a village located under the administration of Mallasandiram Panchayat, [[Krishnagiri district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India. It is located eight kilometers away from the major town of [[Denkanikottai]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahmad |first=Naqeeb |title=PIN Code of Adaikalapuram Krishnagiri District in State of Tamil Nadu |url=https://onlineindiacode.com/tamil-nadu/krishnagiri/denkanikottai/adaikalapuram |access-date=2023-06-16 |website=Online India Code |language=English}}</ref>

Sesurajapuram holds a unique cultural identity, heavily influenced by the presence of Catholic [[missionaries]] who settled in the village over a century ago. As a result, the village has a notable population of Catholics who actively participate in religious rituals and festivities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=VMSDC {{!}} VMS Dental College {{!}} Vinayaka Mission's Sankarachariyar Dental College, Salem, Tamilnadu {{!}} Constituent college of Vinayaka Missions Research Foundation (Deemed to be University) |url=https://www.vmsdcsalem.com/Event-Details.php?id=31 |access-date=2023-06-16 |website=www.vmsdcsalem.com}}</ref> The missionaries not only brought the [[Catholic]] faith but also played an integral role in establishing educational institutes in the village.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Provincial House, Kottayam |url=https://www.vincentianssjp.com/houses/details/1431 |access-date=2023-06-16 |website=www.vincentianssjp.com}}</ref>
==See also==
* [[Denkanikottai]]
* [[Kelamangalam]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Krishnagiri district}}

[[Category:Villages in Krishnagiri district]]

Neyveli Zero Lignite Power Station

2025-06-29T20:30:53Z

GregorioBigge0: adjust details and improved wording

{{Short description|Coal-fired power station in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
The '''Neyveli Zero Lignite Power Station''' is an lignite based power station at [[Neyveli]] in [[Cuddalore district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India. The power station is owned by ST CMS Electric Company India Limited, which is a subsidiary of [[TAQA]] (also known as [[Abu Dhabi National Energy Company]]) which acquired it from Sharad Tak Power Systems in 2007.

==Capacity==
The installed capacity of the power plant in ''250 MW'' (1x250 MW). There were allegation of corruption in granting of power plant to Sharad Tak Power Systems.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.outlookindia.com/printarticle.aspx?200606| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110211002145/http://outlookindia.com/printarticle.aspx?200606| archive-date = 2011-02-11| title = www.outlookindia.com {{!}}}} </ref>

{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Unit Number !! Capacity ([[Watt#Megawatt|MW]]) !! Status !! Date of Commissioning
|-
| 1 || 250 || Running || 2002 October <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://globalenergyobservatory.org/geoid/4494|title=Neyveli Zero Lignite Power Station India - GEO}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Portal|Energy}}
{{Power stations of Tamil Nadu}}

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Coal-fired power stations in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Cuddalore district]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 2002]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

{{India-powerstation-stub}}

Philaxinos Samuel

2025-06-23T16:00:47Z

GregorioBigge0: starting a post

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Bishop
| name = Mor Philaxinos Samuel
| title = Former Metropolitan of Malabar Diocese
| image = Smp13f 3 13 f SMP.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| church = [[Malankara Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church]]
| archdiocese =
| diocese = [[Malabar Diocese]]
| see = [[Universal Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch]]
| term = 1976 — 1985
| predecessor = [[Baselios Thomas I]] and [[Geevarghese Mar Gregorios]]
| successor = [[Yuhanon Mor Philaxinos]]

| ordination = 26 December 1975
| ordained_by = Catholicose [[Baselios Paulose II]]
| consecration = 6 January 1976
| consecrated_by = Catholicose [[Baselios Paulose II]]
| rank = [[Metropolitan of Malabar Diocese]]

| birth_date = {{Death date|df=yes|1930|05|04}}
| birth_place = [[Konni, Pathanamthitta|Konni]], [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]], [[Kerala]]
| death_date = {{Death date|df=yes|1985|01|17}}
| death_place = [[Meenangadi]], [[Wayanad]]
| previous_post =
| education = M.A (Malayalam) Degree
}}

'''Samuel Mar Philexinose''' (4 May 1930 – 17 January 1985) was the first [[bishop]] of the [[Malabar Diocese (Malankara Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church)|Malabar Diocese]] of the [[Malankara Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church]].

==Early life==
{{proseline|date=August 2024}}

1930 May 4: (Malayalam Era 1105 Medom 21) CG Samuel, who was to become Samuel Mar Philexinose, was born as the eldest son of Late Kodathu Charuvilayil Ghevarghese and Annammah, of Konni, who were members of the Malankara Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church, Konni-Vakayar (Thumpamon Diocese). The family traces its origin to the Keekulathu Kizhakkekkara (Vadakkecharuvil Sakha) branch of the ancient family of Mundakkal Illom Tharavad located at [[Nariyapuram]], Omallur, Pathanamthitta District.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pathanamthitta.nic.in/|title=PATHANAMTHITTA}}</ref>

1935-1942: He completed his studies at the Primary and Middle School levels (1st to 7th standard) at Kallara Krishnan Nair (KKN) Memorial English Medium School, Konni.

In 1941 CG Samuel, and his younger brother, KG George became disciples of Michael Mar Dionysius at a very young age. They together learnt the liturgy of the Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church by heart, and served as altar-boys since they were 11 years old.

CG Samuel was [[Ordination|ordained]] as a priest in 1959, and as Samuel Mar Philexinose, Metropolitan of Malabar Diocese in 1975.

1942-45: CG Samuel completed his high school education (Form 1 to Form 3) at Republican School, Konni.

1945-47: He attained high school education (Form 4 & Form 5) at KKN Memorial English Medium School, Konni.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.inspire-dst.gov.in/School_Kerala.pdf |title=List of Principals |access-date=29 January 2017 |archive-date=27 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827004944/http://www.inspire-dst.gov.in/School_Kerala.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

1950-52: He completed intermediate college education at NSS College, Pandalam. In 1950 the Malabar Diocese was founded. The St. Peter's and St; Pauls Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church, Meenangadi, were established in 1949.

1953-56: He enrolled for the BA (Malayalam) Degree Course at Union Christian College, Aluva.

1955: On 5 February 1955, CG Samuel was ordained as a deacon (Koruyo) at Chingavanam Mar Aprem Seminary by Abraham Mar Clemis of Knananya Arch Diocese, with recommendations from Michael Mor Dionysius.

1956-59: Dn. CG Samuel, underwent studies in theology and religious practices at [[St. Ignatius Dayro]] at Manjinikkara, and at Trikkunnath Seminary.

1959 February 14: Dn. CG Samuel was ordained as a priest (Kassisso) at Trikkunnath Seminary by Ghevarghese Mar Gregorios (Vayaliparambil Thirumeni) of Ankamali, on instructions from Michael Mar Dionysius.

1959-61: Fr. CG Samuel was enrolled for the MA (Malayalam) Degree Course at St. Berchmann's College, Changanassery.

On 25 December 1975, he was ordained as Ramban at the Mar Elia Jacobite Syrian Chapel at Puthencruz.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.syriacchristianity.info/bio/MalankaraPrelates/MalankaraBishops.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141115193121/http://www.syriacchristianity.info/bio/MalankaraPrelates/MalankaraBishops.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=15 November 2014|title = Metropolitans of Malankara}}</ref>

On 26 December 1975 he was ordained as metropolitan at the St. Mary's Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Simhasana Church or the Mar Sabore Afroth Simhasana Church, Thuruthissery, by the Catholicose of the East, [[Baselios Paulose II]]. Samuel Mar Philexinose was the first metropolitan to be ordained by the Catholicose.
[[File:Tomb of Samuel Mor Philaxinos.jpg|thumb|200px|Tomb of Samuel Mor Philaxinos at Meenangadi]]

==In office==
On 6 January 1976, The Order of Proclamation as the Metropolitan of Malabar,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.malabardiocese.org/site/ |title=Official Website of Malabar Diocese, Jacobite Syrian Christian Church |access-date=2017-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104124857/http://www.malabardiocese.org/site/ |archive-date=2017-01-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and Bahya Kerala Diocese, was handed over to him on the day of the remembrance of the baptism of Jesus Christ (Danaha), at St. Peter's and St. Paul's Jacobite Syrian Church, Meenangadi. There were 43 churches in the region of Malabar. The Meenangadi Church was established in 1949. From 1974 to 1975 [[Baselios Thomas I]], Catholiose of the East) was in charge of the Malabar Diocese.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}

Samuel Mar Philexinose organized a visit by [[Ignatius Zakka Iwas I]] (Patriarch of Antioch), to St. Peter's and St Paul's Jacobite Syrian Church, [[Meenangadi]].{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}

He formulated the Constitution for Malabar Diocese. The constitution was approved by the laity and endorsed by Ignatius Zakka Iwas I.
From 1984 to 1985 the Thirumeni founded the Jacobite Syrian Vacation Bible Class [[JSVBS]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://mjssa.in/activities.php | title=Malankara Jacobite syrian Sunday School Association }}</ref> when he was the President of Malankara Jacobite Sunday School Association (MJSSA).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mjssa.in/|title=Home | Malankara Jacobite Syrian Sunday School Association|website=www.mjssa.in}}</ref>

1985, 12 Jan: Thirumeni was admitted to Lissy Hospital, Ernakulam for minor surgery on a diabetic foot lesion, but died of a hemorrhage that led to cardiac arrest on 17 January. He was buried at St. Peter's and St. Paul's Jacobite Syrian Cathedral,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://syriacchristianity.info/ch/Meenagadi.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509064754/http://syriacchristianity.info/ch/Meenagadi.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=9 May 2015|title = Meenangadi Jacobite Syrian Church}}</ref> Diocese Headquarters, [[Meenangadi]], [[Wayanad District]], [[Kerala]].{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Refbegin}}
*Viswasasamrakshakan Fortnightly
*Biography written by Fr.Dr.K.Mani Rajan PhD
*SyrianChurch.org
*Souvenir of St.Peter's & St.Paul's JSO Cathedral, Meenangadi
*Web-Biography at smp-malabar.webs.com by Dr. Varghese George, Prof., NITK, Surathkal (nephew of Late Lamented Samuel Mor Philexinose)
*George, Varghese (2000) Samuel Mar Philexinose-Ormakalil: Oru Smaranika-Oru Thiranoottam (Samuel Mar Philexinose – In Our Memories), Dautyam, Mission of Jesus’ Love Publication, Menangadi, India, Pub. on 23-08-2000.
*George, Varghese (2009) Thirumeni Appachan - Ormakalil (Memories of Our Elder-Uncle: The Bishop), Dautyam, Mission of Jesus’ Love Publications, Menangadi, India. Also republished in the website of Malankara Syriac Voice on 16 January 2010, under the link, {{usurped|1=[http://www.malankarasyriacvoice.com/2010/Jan{{dead link{{!}}date=May 2018 {{!}}bot=InternetArchiveBot {{!}}fix-attempted=yes }} ]}} Archives2010.htm, Accessed and downloaded on 25 January 2010.

{{Refend}}
{{Jacobite Syrian Christian Metropolitans}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Samuel, Philaxinos}}
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:1985 deaths]]
[[Category:Jacobite Syrian Christian Church bishops]]
[[Category:People from Pathanamthitta district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian bishops]]
[[Category:20th-century Oriental Orthodox archbishops]]

Seventh-day Adventist Church in India

2025-05-02T15:51:06Z

GregorioBigge0: Created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Protestantism in India]]

[[Category:Adventism in India]]