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Pranayam (TV series)

2026-05-08T03:51:59Z

GreggNfb8421: post

{{Short description|2015 Indian Malayalam language TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Pranayam Titlecard.jpeg
| caption =
| genre = [[Soap opera]]
| creator = [[Ekta Kapoor]]
| based_on = ''[[Custody (novel)|Custody]]'' by [[Manju Kapur]]
| developer = Sree Saran Creations
| story = Manju Kapoor
| writer = Dinesh Pallathu
| director = {{ubl|[[Sudheesh Sankar]]|[[Thulasidas]]}}
| creative_director =
| starring = {{Plainlist|[[Srinish Aravind]] [[Varada (actress)|Varada]] Maneesh Krishna Naveen Arackal [[Beena Antony]]
}}
| narrator = Prof. Aliyar
| open_theme = "Hey laalaa laala..."
| end_theme = "Naanamavunnu Meni Movunnu"
| theme_music_composer = S.P. Venkitesh
| composer = S.P. Venkitesh
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| num_episodes = 524
| executive_producer =
| producer = {{ubl|S. Murugan|Saraniya Subramaniam}}
| editor = {{ubl|Sajin C.|Soman Koodal}}
| cinematography = {{ubl|Manisundhar|Sunil Vechoor}}
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Sree Saran Creations
| network = [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|07|06}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2017|04|28}}
| related = ''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]''
}}

'''''Pranayam''''' ({{Translation}} ''Love'') is a 2015 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language television series that was broadcast on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://kazhchapetty.com/shows/pranayam-on-asianet|title=Pranayam - About the Show, Episodes, Promo Videos...|website=Kazhchapetty}}</ref> [[Srinish Aravind]] and [[Varada (actress)|Varada]] play the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/interview-with-actress-divya-nair-who-plays-lead-in-the-serial-pranayam/article17579634.ece|title='Acting is a passion'|last=|first=|date=23 March 2017|website=The Hindu|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vinodadarshan.com/2015/07/pranayam-serial-on-asianet.html|title=Pranayam Serial on Asianet launching on 6 July 2015|website=Vinodadarshan}}</ref> It is the remake of ''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]'', which aired on [[StarPlus]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2016/Mar/28/the-remake-saga-916982.html|title=The Remake Saga|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.medianews4u.com/asianet-to-launch-ezhu-rathrikal-and-pranayam-the-malayalam-version-of-ye-hai-mohabbattein/|title=Asianet to launch Ezhu Rathrikal and Pranayam, the Malayalam version of Ye Hai Mohabbattein|date=4 July 2015|website=Medianews4u}}</ref> It shows the love of two different states and two different cultures. The pair was known as #SharMi on social networking sites. After Varada quit the show citing health issues,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-10-23 |title=I don’t believe that the serials are a medium to propagate a social message: Varada Jishin |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/i-dont-believe-that-the-serials-are-a-medium-to-propagate-a-social-message-varada-jishin/articleshow/66329389.cms |access-date=2024-09-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> ratings tanked and the show was cancelled.

== Plot ==
Following a divorce from his unfaithful wife Kavitha, after her affair with his boss Prakash, Sharan Menon is a bitter man, but he loves his daughter, Malavika "Malu" Sharan. Lekshmi Iyer, who lives next door, also loves Malu. Unable to have children of her own, she has been unable to find a partner willing to marry an infertile woman. Kavitha and Prakash win custody of Manu, Sharan's elder son and also try to take custody of Malu from Sharan. Lekshmi and Sharan put aside their dislike of each other to marry to protect the little girl and ultimately win custody of the child. Prakash tries to take revenge, convincing Sharan that Malu is not his daughter until Lekshmi realizes what's going on and uses a DNA test to resolve Sharan's doubts.

After this, Lekshmi became the target of sexual predator Indugopan, who is the husband of Sharan's younger sister Simi. Indugopan convinces Simi that it is Lekshmi who is attracted to him, sowing discord in the family and causing Lekshmi's family to take her away. Realizing that Lekshmi is innocent, Sharan successfully plots to place Indugopan in jail for his crimes, while Prakash and Simi seek to do what they can to free him.

Meanwhile, Sharan's colleague and good friend Anand is preparing to marry after a family feud broke up his relationship with Lekshmi's cousin Ashwathy. Their friends plot to get the couple back together. A drama takes place and Anand is engaged to Ashwathy. Saraswathi, Lekshmi's mom, meets with an accident caused by Manu unknowingly. Sharan finds out that it was Manu who was responsible for the accident. Kavitha is ready to take the blame on her to protect her son. Sharan begins to support Kavitha which hurts Lekshmi a lot. She files a case against Kavitha. In the court, Sharan takes Kavitha's side. However, Lekshmi learns that Manu has done the accident and apologizes to Sharan. Sharan gives punishment to Manu by sending him to a boys' rehab centre.

Sharan plans a picnic for Lekshmi. Unfortunately Lekshmi fractures her hand and Sharan takes care of Lekshmi. Sachin, Prakash's brother, come to meet Lekshmi. Sharan fights with him as he behaves rudely with Lekshmi. Anand and Ashwathy plan to get married. However, in the register office, Anand's sister has given a letter, opposing the marriage. Everyone is puzzled as Anand has always said that he is an orphan. Ashwathy questions Sharan about the whereabouts of Anand's sister. Lekshmi secretly finds out find out Anand's sister and plans to reveal it to everyone during his marriage function. However, during the function, a big drama takes place and Anand is forced to confess that his sister is none other than Kavitha. It later turns out that it was all an elaborate plan made by Kavitha. She wanted him to acknowledge her as his sister, as he had cut all relations with her after she had betrayed Sharan and gone with Prakash.

Kavitha wanted to marry Prakash and Lekshmi's sister Aswathy wanted to marry Kavitha's brother Anand. Prakash tries to brainwash Aswathy. Kavitha and Prakash's marriage is called off. Prakash blackmails Aswathy and Aswathy marries him to save Anand. Soon Sharan's son Manu along with Kavitha also comes to them and lives with them. Kavitha tries to create troubles in Lekshmi and Sharan's love using Manu but she fail and leaves the house. Kavitha still attempts to hamper the peace of Menon family.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
*[[Srinish Aravind]]<ref name=cast>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/satya-enna-penkutty-pranayam-fame-actors-srinish-and-naveen-to-team-up-after-4-years/articleshow/72023325.cms|title=Satya Enna Penkutty: Pranayam Fame Actors Srinish And Naveen To Team Up After 4 Years|date=12 November 2019|website=The Times Of India}}</ref> as Sharan G Menon
*Ramya Shankar (episode 1-18) / [[Varada (actress)|Varada]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/television/varada-leaving-pranayam-serial-032232.html|title=ഇനി പ്രണയിക്കാനില്ല; വരദ പ്രസവിക്കാന്‍ അവധിയെടുക്കുന്നു, ആശംസ നേര്‍ന്ന് നായകന്‍|date=6 January 2017|website=Filmibeat}}</ref> (episode 18-450)/ Dr. Divya Nair as Lekshmi Viswanatha Iyer a.k.a. Lekshmi Sharan G Menon

=== Recurring ===
*Naveen Arakkal<ref name=cast /> as Prakash Varama, Kavitha's ex-partner
*Baby Sradha / Baby Megha Mahesh as Malavika (Malu), Sharan and Kavitha's daughter; Lakshmi's stepdaughter
*Master Siddharth as Manu, Sharan and Kavitha's son; Lakshmi's stepson
*Binny George as Mahima
*Maneesh Krishna as Anand, Sharan's brotherly best friend; Kavitha's brother
*Althara as Kavitha, Manu's and Malavika's mother; Sharan's ex-wife; Prakash's ex-partner
*Kottayam Rasheed as Govinda Menon, Sharan's father
*[[Beena Antony]] as Madhavi Govinda Menon, Sharan's mother
*[[Pratheeksha G Pradeep]] as Aswathy Iyer, Prakash's wife; Anand's ex-fiancé; Lekshmi's and Devika's cousin
*Adithyan Jayan as Balachandran (Balu), Devika's husband
*Jishin Mohan as Sachin Varma, Prakash's brother
*Rishi as Indu Gopan, Simi's husband
*Amrutha as Simi, Sharan's sister
*Adarsh / Vishnu V Nair as Karthik, Saran's brother
*[[Kailas Nath]] as Viswanatha Iyer, Lekshmi's father
*Anuradha Krishnamoorthy as Saraswathy Viswantha Iyer, Lekshmi's mother
*Arya Sreeram as Devika Balachandran, Lekshmi's sister
*Sabari Nath as [[Assistant Commissioner of Police#India|ACP]] Sankar [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
*Vandana as Shaarika, Karthik's love interest
* Aishwarya as Anand's wife
* Sini Varghese as Tanuja, Prakash's friend
* Karthika Kannan as Radhika
*Faizal Razi as Dr.Manoj
*Fawaz Zayani as Mani / Abhimanyu Raghav, Lekshmi's childhood friend; Sharan's business partner
*Vanchiyoor Praveen Kumar as Ammavan

== Reboot ==
A [[Malayalam]] language [[Reboot (fiction)|reboot]] titled ''[[Ishtam Mathram]]'' began airing from 26 August 2024 on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] and also streaming on [[JioHotstar]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Ishtam Mathram Serial Starts from 26 August on Asianet – Rayjan Rajan and Mridula Vijay in Lead Roles|url=https://www.news.keralatv.in/star-cast-of-serial-ishtam-mathram/|website=Kerala TV}}</ref> The series stars [[Rayjan Rajan]] and [[Mridula Vijai]] in lead roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/spice-entertainment/actress-mridula-vijay-new-serial-sgx3ep|title=മഹേഷും ഇഷിതയും; പുതിയ വിശേഷങ്ങൾ പങ്കുവച്ച് മൃദുല വിജയ്|date=20 July 2024|work=[[Asianet News]]|access-date=23 August 2024}}</ref> It is one of the top rated TV soap opera in Malayalam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chempaneerpoovu remains the most-watched show; Ishtam Mathram joins the top 5|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/chempaneerpoovu-remains-the-most-watched-show-ishtam-mathram-joins-the-top-5/articleshow/113093461.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 September 2024}}</ref> The series will end soon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asianet to Finish 4 Serials, Ishtam Mathram, Snehakkoottu , Mounaragam and Teacheramma|url=https://www.keralatv.in/most-popular-malayalam-gec-asianet-to-finish-4-serials/ |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=Kerala TV |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=‘രണ്ടരവർഷത്തെ യാത്ര...എനിക്ക് ശരിക്കും ഒരു അനുജനെയും അനുജത്തിയെയും കിട്ടി...’: കുറിപ്പുമായി ആൻ മരിയ|url=https://www.vanitha.in/celluloid/miniscreen/2026/04/28/ann-mariya-mridula-vijay-photos-news.html|website=Vanitha|language=ml|date=28 April 2026}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|10306572}}
*[https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/pranayam/4617 ''Pranayam''] at [[JioHotstar]]

[[Category:Malayalam-language television shows]]
[[Category:2015 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Asianet (TV channel) original programming]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television series based on Hindi-language television series]]
[[Category:2017 Indian television series endings]]

Habibpur Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T14:54:47Z

GreggNfb8421: starting entry

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{other uses|Habibpur (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Habibpur
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Habibpur.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Habibpur Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Malda district|Malda]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Maldaha Uttar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Maldaha Uttar]]
| constituency_no = 43
| established = 1962
| reservation = ST
| abolished =
| mla = [[Joyel Murmu]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| electors = 249,557
}}

'''Habibpur Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Malda district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled tribes]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 43 Habibpur Assembly constituency (ST) covers [[Bamangola (Community development block)|Bamangola]] [[community Development Block in India|community development block]] and Aktail, Baidyapur, Bulbul Chandi, Dhumpur, Habibpur, Jajail, Kanturka and Mangalpur [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Habibpur (community development block)|Habibpur]] community development block.<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 12 July 2014| work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Habibpur Assembly constituency is part of No. 7 [[Maldaha Uttar (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name =delimitation/> It was earlier part of [[Malda (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Nimai Chand Murmu
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|B. Murmu
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Nimai Chand Murmu
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|[[Sarkar Murmu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Rabindranath Murmu
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan="4"|[[Sarkar Murmu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=9|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|Jadu Hembrom
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|rowspan="4"|[[Khagen Murmu]]
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|[[2019 elections in India#West_Bengal|2019^]]
|rowspan="4"|[[Joyel Murmu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
|[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|}

*^ denotes by-election

==Election results==

===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Habibpur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Joyel Murmu]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Amal Kisku]]
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =
|party = Left Front (West Bengal)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rajen Soren
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Habibpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Joyel Murmu]]
|votes = 94,075
|percentage = 47.52
|change = -3.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Prodip Baskey
|votes = 74,558
|percentage = 37.66
|change = +3.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Thakur Tudu
|votes = 13,805
|percentage = 6.97
|change = +1.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Mukti Party
|candidate = Subin Hansda
|votes = 5,896
|percentage = 2.98
|change = +0.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 2,162
|percentage = 1.09
|change = +0.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Ambedkarite Party of India
|candidate = Pratap Koramudi
|votes = 1,887
|percentage = 0.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Provat Kisku
|votes = 1,701
|percentage = 0.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Shrinath Tudu
|votes = 1,667
|percentage = 0.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Murmu Joy
|votes = 830
|percentage = 0.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Kamtapur People's Party|KPPU]]
|candidate = Biswanath Mardi
|votes = 747
|percentage = 0.38
|change = -0.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Nirmal Soren
|votes = 661
|percentage = 0.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 19,517
|percentage = 9.86
|change = -7.03
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 197,989
|percentage = 79.34
|change = +3.85
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 249,557
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019 by-election===
By-polls were held on the seat due to resignation of the incumbent MLA Khagen Murmu, who had been elected as the MP for [[Maldaha Uttar Lok Sabha constituency|North Maldaha]] on a [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] ticket.
{{Election box begin
|title=2019 West Bengal Legislative Assembly by-election: Habibpur (ST)}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Joyel Murmu]]
|votes = 92,300
|percentage = 50.93
|change = +28.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Amal Kisku
|votes = 61,687
|percentage = 34.04
|change = +0.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Sadhu Tudu
|votes = 10,076
|percentage = 5.56
|change = -29.20
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Rejina Murmu
|votes = 8,277
|percentage = 4.57
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Mukti Party
|candidate = Baburam Kisku
|votes = 4,471
|percentage = 2.47
|change = +0.96
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Mandal Mardi
|votes = 1,605
|percentage = 0.89
|change = -0.69
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Kamtapur People's Party|KPPU]]
|candidate = Sangita Soren
|votes = 722
|percentage = 0.40
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|candidate = Imanuyel Hembrom
|votes = 508
|percentage = 0.28
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,593
|percentage = 0.88
|change = -1.16
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 30,613
|percentage = 16.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,81,239
|percentage = 75.49
|change = -7.16
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 2,40,071
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = +28.77
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin
|title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Habibpur (ST)}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Khagen Murmu]]
|votes = 64,095
|percentage = 34.76
|change = -2.84
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Amal Kisku
|votes = 61,583
|percentage = 33.40
|change = -2.70
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Prodip Baskey
|votes = 41,656
|percentage = 22.59
|change = +2.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Mandal Mardi
|votes = 2,918
|percentage = 1.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Mukti Party
|candidate = Subin Hansda
|votes = 2,780
|percentage = 1.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Mandal Soren
|votes = 2,757
|percentage = 1.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Lakshiram Baske
|votes = 2,510
|percentage = 1.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Pradeep Murmu
|votes = 1,567
|percentage = 0.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Shibananda Saren
|votes = 748
|percentage = 0.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 3,755
|percentage = 2.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 2,512
|percentage = 1.36
|change = -0.14
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,84,369
|percentage = 82.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 2,23,084
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
In the 2011 election, Khagen Murmu of CPI(M) defeated his nearest rival Mohan Tudu of Trinamool Congress.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Habibpur (ST) constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=43 |title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Habibpur |publisher = Empowering India |access-date = 8 April 2011 |archive-date = 7 June 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130607084827/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=43 |url-status = usurped }}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Khagen Murmu
|votes = 59,286
|percentage = 37.60
|change = -8.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Mohan Tudu
|votes = 57,028
|percentage = 36.10
|change = +29.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Krishna Chandra Munda
|votes = 31,638
|percentage = 20.07
|change = -17.14
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Amin Tudu
|votes = 6,244
|percentage = 3.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Jageswar Hembram
|votes = 346
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 157,662
|percentage = 84.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = -20.25#
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# Trinamool Congress did not contest in 2006, but had supported BJP. Swing based on Congress vote percentage in 2006. BJP's negative swing in 2011 also adjusted in the final swing.

===1977-2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006 state assembly elections]]<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> Khagen Murmu of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Habibpur (ST) assembly seat defeating his nearest rival Ramlal Hansda of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Jadu Hembrom of CPI(M) defeated Ramlal Hansda of BJP in 2001<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> and Lucas Hembram of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1996.<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> Sarkar Murmu of CPI(M) defeated Gopinath Murmu of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1991,<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> Moshi Charan Tudu of Congress in 1987<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> and 1982,<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> and Bobila Murmu of [[Janata Party]] in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp39.htm| title = 39 - Habibpur (ST) Assembly Constituency | work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India| access-date = 26 September 2010}}</ref>

===1962–1972===
Rabindranath Murmu of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] won in 1972.<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> Sarkar Murmu, Independent, won in 1971.<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> Nimai Chand Murmu of CPI won in 1969.<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> B.Murmu of Congress won in 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> Nimai Chand Murmu of CPI won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]].<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> Prior to that the constituency did not exist.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Malda topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Malda district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in West Bengal]]

List of Mumbai Indians records

2026-05-05T03:31:04Z

GreggNfb8421:

{{short description|Mumbai based franchise cricket team of the Indian Premier League}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
'''Mumbai Indians''' are  a franchise [[cricket team]] based in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], that competes in the [[Indian Premier League]].

Founded in 2008, the team is owned by India's biggest conglomerate, [[Reliance Industries]], through its 100% subsidiary IndiaWin Sports. Since its establishment, the team has played its home matches in the 33,108-capacity [[Wankhede Stadium]] in Mumbai.

== Listing criteria ==
In general the top five are listed in each category (except when there is a tie for the last place among the five, when all the tied record holders are noted).

== Listing notation ==
;Team notation
* (200–3) indicates that a team scored 200 [[run (cricket)|runs]] for three [[Wicket#Dismissal of a batsman|wicket]]s and the innings was closed, either due to a successful run chase or if no playing time remained
* (200) indicates that a team scored 200 runs and was [[End of an innings (cricket)|all out]]

;Batting notation
* (100) indicates that a batsman scored 100 runs and was [[dismissal (cricket)|out]]
* (100*) indicates that a batsman scored 100 runs and was not out

;Bowling notation
* (5–20) indicates that a bowler has captured 5 wickets while conceding 20 runs

;Currently playing
* '''Bold Name''' indicates a current cricketer

;Start Date
* indicates the date the match starts

== Team records ==

=== Team Performance ===
{{Main|List of Indian Premier League seasons and results}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Total
! Wins
! Losses
! No result
! Tied and won
! Tied and lost
! Win %
! Position
! Summary
|-The Mumbai Indians are a franchise cricket team based in Mumbai, Maharashtra, that competes in the Indian Premier League.
! [[2008 Indian Premier League|2008]]
| 14 || 7 || 7 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 50.00 || 5th || rowspan=2|Group Stage
|-
! [[2009 Indian Premier League|2009]]
| 14 || 5 || 8 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 35.72 || 7th
|-
! [[2010 Indian Premier League|2010]]
| 16 || 11 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 68.75 || 1st || Runners-Up
|-
! [[2011 Indian Premier League|2011]]
| 16 || 10 || 6 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 62.50 || rowspan=2|3rd || rowspan=2|Play-offs
|-
! [[2012 Indian Premier League|2012]]
| 17 || 10 || 7 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 58.82
|-
! [[2013 Indian Premier League|2013]]
| 19 || 13 || 6 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 68.42 || 2nd || Champions
|-
! [[2014 Indian Premier League|2014]]
| 15 || 7 || 8 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 46.67 || 4th || Play-offs
|-
! [[2015 Indian Premier League|2015]]
| 16 || 10 || 6 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 62.50 || 2nd || Champions
|-
! [[2016 Indian Premier League|2016]]
| 14 || 7 || 7 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 50.00 || 5th || Group Stage
|-
! [[2017 Indian Premier League|2017]]
| 17 || 12 || 5 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 70.59 || 1st || Champions
|-
! [[2018 Indian Premier League|2018]]
| 14 || 6 || 8 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 42.85 || 5th || Group Stage
|-
! [[2019 Indian Premier League|2019]]
| 16 || 11 || 5 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 68.75 || rowspan=2|1st || rowspan=2|Champions
|-
! [[2020 Indian Premier League|2020]]
| 16 || 11 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 2 || 75.00
|-
! [[2021 Indian Premier League|2021]]
| 14 || 7 || 7 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 50.00 || 5th || rowspan=2|Group Stage
|-
! [[2022 Indian Premier League|2022]]
| 14 || 4 || 10 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 28.57 || 10th
|-
![[2023 Indian Premier League|2023]]
|16 || 9 || 7 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 56.25 || 3rd || Playoffs
|-
![[2024 Indian Premier League|2024]]
|14 || 4 || 10 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 28.57 || 10th || Group Stage
|-
![[2025 Indian Premier League|2025]]
|16 || 9 || 7 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 56.25 || 3rd || Playoffs
|- class=sortbottom
! Total
| '''261''' || '''142''' || '''115'''|| '''2'''|| '''2''' || '''2''' || '''54.40''' || colspan=2|'''5 time Champions'''
|-
| colspan=10 | Last Updated: 17 May 2024<ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/results_summary.html?id=117;type=trophy |title= Season Summary |access-date=1 October 2020 |work= ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|}

=== Head to head in IPL ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Opponent
! Span
! Matches
! Won
! Lost
! Tied
! No Result
! Win %
|-
| style="text-align:left"| [[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]] || 2008-2026 || 41 || 21 || 20 || 0 || 0 || 51.21
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Delhi Capitals|DC]] || 2008-2026 || 38 || 21 || 17 || 0 || 0 || 55.26
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Gujarat Titans|GT]] || 2022-2026 || 9 || 4 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 44.44
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]] || 2008-2026 || 36 || 25 || 11 || 0 || 0 || 69.44
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Lucknow Super Giants|LSG]] || 2022-2026 || 8 || 2 || 6 || 0 || 0 || 25.00
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Punjab Kings|PBKS]] || 2008-2026 || 35 || 17 || 17 || 1 || 0 || 48.57
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Rajasthan Royals|RR]] || 2008-2026 || 32 || 16 || 15 || 0 || 1 || 50.00
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]] || 2008-2026 || 35 || 19 || 15 || 1 || 0 || 54.28
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || 2013-2026 || 26 || 14 || 11 || 1 || 0 || 53.84
|-
! colspan="8" |defunt teams
|-
| style="text-align:left"| [[Deccan Chargers|DC]]† || 2008-2012 || 10 || 6 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 60.00
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Gujarat Lions|GL]]† || 2016-2017 || 4 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 0 || 37.50
|-
| style="text-align:left"| [[Kochi Tuskers Kerala|KTK]]† || 2011 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0.00
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Rising Pune Supergiant|RPS]]† || 2016-2017 || 6 || 2 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 33.33
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Pune Warriors India|PWI]]†|| 2011-2013|| 6 || 5 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 83.33
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan="8" | Last updated: 6 May 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=Result Summary of MI |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/team-results-summary/indian-premier-league-117?team=4346}}</ref> 
'''Note:'''
* ''Tie+W and Tie+L indicates matches tied and then won or lost by [[Super Over|super over]]''
* ''The result percentage excludes no results and counts ties (irrespective of a tiebreaker) as half a win''
* ''The total matches does not include matches played for Champions League T20''
* †No longer exists.
|}

== Result records ==

=== Greatest win margin (by runs) ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Margin
! Opposition
! Venue
! Date
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 146 Runs
| [[Delhi Capitals|DD]] ||[[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|May|6}}
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 102 runs
| [[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]] || [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|May|9}}
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center;| 100 runs
| [[Rajasthan Royals|RR]] || [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]], [[India]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2025|May|01}}
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |99 runs
|[[Gujarat Titans|GT]]
|[[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
|20 April 2026
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 98 runs
| [[Delhi Capitals|DD]] || [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2010|March|17}}
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=4 | Last Updated: 1 May 2025<ref name="Largest victories" />
|}

=== Greatest win margin (by balls remaining) ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Balls remaining
! Margin
! Opposition
! Venue
! Date
|-
! 87
|rowspan=2|8 wickets || [[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]] || [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|May|16}}
|-
! 70
| [[Rajasthan Royals|RR]] || rowspan=2|[[Sharjah Cricket Stadium]], [[Sharjah (city)|Sharjah]], UAE || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2021|October|5}}
|-
! 46
|10 wickets ||[[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2020|October|23}}
|-
!43
|8 wickets
|[[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India
|31 March 2025
|-
! rowspan="2" |37
| rowspan="2" |9 wickets
|[[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]]|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|May|14}}
|-
| [[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|May|17}}
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="5" | Last Updated: 31 March 2025<ref name="Largest victories" />
|}

=== Greatest win margins (by wickets) ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Margin
! Opposition
! Venue
! Date
|-
! rowspan=2|10 wickets
| [[Rajasthan Royals|RR]] || [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|May|20}}
|-
| rowspan=2|[[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]] || [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium]], [[Sharjah (city)|Sharjah]], UAE || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2020|October|23}}
|-
! rowspan=6|9 wickets
| [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|May|14}}
|-
| [[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]] || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|May|28}}
|-
| [[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|May|17}}
|-
| [[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]] || [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|May|5}}
|-
| [[Delhi Capitals|DD]] || [[Dubai International Stadium]], [[Dubai]], UAE || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2020|October|31}}
|-
| [[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]] || [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2025|April|20}}
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=4 | Last Updated: 20 April 2025<ref name="Largest victories" />
|}

=== Narrowest win margin (by runs) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Margin
! Opposition
! Venue
! Date
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=3| 1 run
| [[Pune Warriors India|PWI]] ||[[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Pune]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|May|3}}
|-
| [[Rising Pune Supergiant|RPS]] || rowspan=2|[[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|May|21}}
|-
| [[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|May|12}}
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 3 runs
| [[Punjab Kings|PBKS]] || [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|May|16}}
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| 4 runs
| [[Rajasthan Royals|RR]] || [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2010|March|13}}
|-
| [[Punjab Kings|PBKS]] || [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2013|April|29}}
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=4 | Last Updated: 24 May 2021<ref name="Largest victories">{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/largest_margins.html?id=117;team=4346;type=trophy |title=Largest Victories |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== Narrowest win margins (by wickets) ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Margin
! Opposition
! Venue
! Date
|-
! 2 wickets
| [[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]] || rowspan=2|[[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|May|6}}
|-
! 3 wickets
| [[Punjab Kings|PBKS]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|April|10}}
|-
! rowspan=9|4 wickets
| [[Punjab Kings|PBKS]] || [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2010|March|30}}
|-
| [[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]] || [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2011|May|25}}
|-
| [[Punjab Kings|PBKS]] || [[I. S. Bindra Stadium]], [[Mohali]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|April|25}}
|-
| [[Rajasthan Royals|RR]] || [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2013|May|24}}
|-
| [[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]] || rowspan=2|[[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|April|9}}
|-
| [[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|April|12}}
|-
| [[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]] || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|April|14}}
|-
| [[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]] || [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2021|May|1}}
|-
| [[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2025|April|17}}
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan="4" | Last Updated: 17 April 2025<ref name="Smallest victories">{{cite web |title=Smallest Victories |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/smallest_margins.html?id=117;team=4346;type=trophy |access-date=1 October 2020 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|}

=== Tied Matches ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Opposition
! Venue
! Date
|-
| [[Gujarat Lions|GL]] || [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Rajkot]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|April|29}}
|-
| [[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|May|2}}
|-
| [[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]] || rowspan=2|[[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]], UAE ||{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2020|September|28}}
|-
| [[Punjab Kings|PBKS]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2020|October|18}}
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="3" | Last Updated: 19 October 2020<ref name="Smallest victories" />
|}

=== Greatest loss margin (by runs) ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Margin
! Opposition
! Venue
! Date
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |103 runs
|[[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]]
|[[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
|23 April 2026
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 87 runs
| [[Rajasthan Royals|RR]] || [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2013|April|17}}
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 85 runs
| [[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || [[Dr. Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA-VDCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|May|8}}
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 76 runs
| [[Punjab Kings|PBKS]] || [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Mohali]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2011|May|10}}
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 66 runs
| [[Punjab Kings|PBKS]] || [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Mohali]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|April|25}}
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=4 | Last Updated: 26 May 2023<ref name="Largest defeats">{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/largest_margins.html?id=117;opposition=4346;type=trophy |title= Largest Defeats |access-date=1 October 2020 |work= ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|}

=== Greatest loss margin (by balls remaining) ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Balls remaining
! Margin
! Opposition
! Venue
! Date
|-
! 48
| rowspan=2|10 wickets || [[Deccan Chargers|DC]] || [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|April|27}}
|-
! 41
| [[Rajasthan Royals|RR]] || rowspan=3|[[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2011|May|20}}
|-
! 32
| 9 wickets || [[Rising Pune Supergiant|RPS]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|April|9}}
|-
! 31
| rowspan=2| 7 wickets || [[Delhi Capitals|DD]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|April|16}}
|-
! 29
| [[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]] || [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium]], [[Abu Dhabi]], UAE || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2021|September|23}}
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last Updated: 8 October 2021<ref name="Largest defeats" />
|}

=== Greatest loss margins (by wickets) ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Margin
! Opposition
! Venue
! Date
|-
! rowspan=3|10 wickets
| [[Deccan Chargers|DC]] || [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|April|27}}
|-
| [[Rajasthan Royals|RR]] || [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2011|May|20}}
|-
| [[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium]], [[Sharjah (city)|Sharjah]], UAE || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2020|November|3}}
|-
! rowspan=7|9 wickets
| [[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]] || [[Wanderers Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]], South Africa || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|May|3}}
|-
| [[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]] || [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2010|April|19}}
|-
| [[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]] || [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|May|9}}
|-
| [[Delhi Capitals|DD]] || [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2013|April|21}}
|-
| [[Rising Pune Supergiant|RPS]] || [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|April|9}}
|-
| [[Punjab Kings|PBKS]] || [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2021|April|23}}
|-
| [[Rajasthan Royals|RR]] || [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|April|22}}
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan="4" | Last Updated: 22 April 2024<ref name="Largest defeats" />
|}

=== Narrowest loss margin (by runs) ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Margin
! Opposition
! Venue
! Date
|-
! 1 run
| [[Punjab Kings|PBKS]] || [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|May|21}}
|-
! rowspan=2|2 runs
| [[Rajasthan Royals|RR]] || [[Kingsmead cricket ground|Newlands]], [[Durban]], South Africa || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|May|14}}
|-
| [[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]] || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2013|April|4}}
|-
! rowspan=3|3 runs
| [[Punjab Kings|PBKS]] || [[Kingsmead cricket ground|Newlands]], [[Durban]], South Africa || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|April|29}}
|-
| [[Rising Pune Supergiant|RPS]] || rowspan=2|[[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|April|24}}
|-
| [[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|May|17}}
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=4 | Last Updated: 17 May 2022<ref name="Smallest defeats">{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/smallest_margins.html?id=117;opposition=4346;type=trophy |title= Smallest defeats |access-date=1 October 2020 |work= ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|}

=== Narrowest loss margin (by balls remaining) ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Balls remaining
! Margin
! Opposition
! Venue
! Date
|-
! rowspan=6|0 balls
| 5 wickets || [[Rajasthan Royals|RR]] || [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|May|26}}
|-
| 3 wickets || [[Gujarat Lions|GL]] || [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|April|16}}
|-
| 1 wicket || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|April|12}}
|-
| 7 wickets || [[Delhi Daredevils|DD]] || [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|April|14}}
|-
| 2 wickets || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]] || [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2021|April|9}}
|-
| 3 wickets || [[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]] || [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|April|21}}
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last Updated: 21 April 2022<ref name="Smallest defeats" />
|}

=== Narrowest loss margins (by wickets) ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Margin
! Opposition
! Venue
! Date
|-
! rowspan=2|1 wicket
| [[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]] || [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|April|7}}
|-
| [[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|April|12}}
|-
! 2 wickets
| [[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]] || [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2021|April|9}}
|-
! rowspan=3|3 wickets
| [[Gujarat Lions|GL]] || [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|April|16}}
|-
| [[Rajasthan Royals|RR]] || [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|April|22}}
|-
| [[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]] || [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|April|21}}
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="4" | Last Updated: 21 April 2022<ref name="Smallest defeats" />
|}

== Team scoring records ==

=== Highest Totals ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! '''Score'''
! '''Opposition'''
! '''Venue'''
! '''Date'''
|-
! 247/9
| [[Delhi Capitals|DC]] || [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|April|27}}
|-
! 246/5
| rowspan="3" |[[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|March|27}}
|-
!243/5
|[[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
|29 April 2026
|-
! 235/9
| [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium]], [[Abu Dhabi]]|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2021|October|7}}
|-
! 234/5
| [[Delhi Capitals|DC]]|| [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|April|7}}
|-class=sortbottom
| colspan="4" | Last updated: 29 April 2026<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/highest_innings_totals.html?id=117;team=4346;type=trophy |title= Highest innings totals|publisher=ESPN|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== Lowest Totals ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! '''Score'''
! '''Opposition'''
! '''Venue'''
! '''Date'''
|-
! rowspan=2|87
| [[Punjab Kings|PBKS]] || [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Mohali]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2011|May|10}}
|-
| [[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || rowspan=2|[[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|April|24}}
|-
! rowspan=3|92
| [[Delhi Capitals|DD]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|April|16}}
|-
| [[Rajasthan Royals|RR]] || [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2013|April|17}}
|-
| [[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || [[Dr. Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA-VDCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|May|8}}
|-class=sortbottom
| colspan="4" | Last updated: 10 October 2020<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/lowest_innings_totals.html?id=117;team=4346;type=trophy |title= Lowest totals|publisher=ESPN|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== Highest Totals Conceded===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! '''Score'''
! '''Opposition'''
! '''Venue'''
! '''Date'''
|-
! 277/3
| [[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|March|27}}
|-
! 257/4
| [[Delhi Capitals|DC]] || [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|April|27}}
|-
!249/5
|[[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
|29 April 2026
|-
! 235/1
| [[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]]|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|May|10}}
|-
! 233/3
| [[Gujarat Titans|GT]]|| [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|May|26}}
|-class=sortbottom
| colspan="4" | Last updated: 29 April 2026<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/highest_innings_totals.html?id=117;opposition=4346;type=trophy |title= Highest innings totals conceded|publisher=ESPN|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== Lowest Totals Conceded ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! '''Score'''
! '''Opposition'''
! '''Venue'''
! '''Date'''
|-
! 66
| [[Delhi Daredevils|DD]] || [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|May|6}}
|-
! 67
| [[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]] || rowspan=2|[[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|May|16}}
|-
! 79
| [[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2013|May|5}}
|-
! 90/9
| [[Rajasthan Royals|RR]] || [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium]], [[Sharjah]], UAE || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2021|October|5}}
|-
! rowspan=2|95
| [[Delhi Capitals|DD]] || [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2011|April|10}}
|-
| [[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]] || [[St George's Park Cricket Ground]], [[Port Elizabeth]], South Africa || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|April|27}}
|-class=sortbottom
| colspan="4" | Last updated: 9 October 2021<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/lowest_innings_totals.html?id=117;opposition=4346;type=trophy |title= Lowest totals|publisher=ESPN|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== Highest match aggregate ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!'''Aggregate'''
!'''Team 1'''
!'''Team 2'''
!'''Venue'''
!'''Date'''
|-
! 523/8
| [[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] (277/3) || [[Mumbai Indians|MI]] (246/5) || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|March|27}}
|-
! 504/13
| [[Delhi Capitals|DC]] (257/4) || [[Mumbai Indians|MI]] (247/9) || [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|April|27}}
|-
! 453/9
| [[Punjab Kings|PBKS]] (230/3) || [[Mumbai Indians|MI]] (223/6) || rowspan=3|[[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|May|11}}
|-
! 444/8
| [[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]] (220/4) || [[Mumbai Indians|MI]] (224/4) || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2026|March|29}}
|-
! 439/13
| [[Mumbai Indians|MI]] (234/5) || [[Delhi Capitals|DC]] (205/8) || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|April|7}}
|-
|-class=sortbottom
| colspan="5" | Last updated: 29 March 2026<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/highest_match_aggregates.html?id=117;team=4346;type=trophy |title= Highest Match aggregates|publisher=ESPN|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== Lowest match aggregate ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!'''Aggregate'''
!'''Team 1'''
!'''Team 2'''
!'''Venue'''
!'''Date'''
|-
! 135/12
| [[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]] (67) || [[Mumbai Indians|MI]] (68/2) || [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|May|16}}
|-
! 184/11
| [[Rajasthan Royals|RR]] (90/9) || [[Mumbai Indians|MI]] (94/2) || [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium]], [[Sharjah]], UAE || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2021|October|21}}
|-
! 185/13
| [[Mumbai Indians|MI]] (92) || [[Delhi Capitals|DD]] (93/3) || [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|April|16}}
|-
! 189/11
| [[Mumbai Indians|MI]] (94/8) || [[Rajasthan Royals|RR]] (95/3) || [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2011|April|29}}
|-
! 194/12
| [[Delhi Capitals|DD]] (95) || [[Mumbai Indians|MI]] (99/2) || [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2011|April|10}}
|-class=sortbottom
| colspan="5" | Last updated: 9 October 2021<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/lowest_match_aggregates.html?id=117;team=4346;type=trophy |title= Lowest Match aggregates|publisher=ESPN|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

== Individual Records (Batting) ==

===Most runs===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!'''Rank'''
!'''Runs'''
!'''Player'''
!'''Innings'''
!'''Period'''
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 6,097
| '''{{sortname|Rohit|Sharma}}'''|| align="center" | 228 || 2008–2026
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 3,898
| '''{{sortname|Suryakumar|Yadav}}''' || align="center" | 120 || 2012–2026
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 3,412
| {{sortname|Kieron|Pollard}} || align="center" | 171 || 2010–2022
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 2,416
| {{sortname|Ambati|Rayudu}} || align=center | 107 || 2010–2017
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 2,334
| {{sortname|Sachin|Tendulkar}} || align=center | 78 || 2008–2013
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan="5" | Last Updated: 29 April 2026<ref name="Most career runs">{{cite news |title= Most career runs |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=117;team=4346;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== Fastest runs getter ===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Runs
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Batsman
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Innings
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Record Date
! scope="col" |Reference
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 1,000
|[[Lendl Simmons]]
|23
|6 May 2017
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=MI Fastest 1000 Runs in IPL - Cricketwa.com |url=https://www.cricketwa.com/records/ipl/fastest-1000-runs?team=mumbai-indians |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=www.cricketwa.com}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 2,000
|[[Sachin Tendulkar]]
|63
|20 May 2012
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=MI Fastest 2000 Runs in IPL - Cricketwa.com |url=https://www.cricketwa.com/records/ipl/fastest-2000-runs?team=mumbai-indians |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=www.cricketwa.com}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 3,000
|[[Suryakumar Yadav]]
|95
|23 March 2025
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=MI Fastest 3000 Runs in IPL - Cricketwa.com |url=https://www.cricketwa.com/records/ipl/fastest-3000-runs?team=mumbai-indians |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=www.cricketwa.com}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 4,000
| rowspan="2" |[[Rohit Sharma]]
|151
|10 November 2020
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=MI Fastest 4000 Runs in IPL - Cricketwa.com |url=https://www.cricketwa.com/records/ipl/fastest-4000-runs?team=mumbai-indians |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=www.cricketwa.com}}</ref>
|-
!5,000
|192
|21 May 2023
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=MI Fastest 5000 Runs in IPL - Cricketwa.com |url=https://www.cricketwa.com/records/ipl/fastest-5000-runs?team=mumbai-indians |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=www.cricketwa.com}}</ref>
|}

===Highest individuals score===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!'''Rank'''
!'''Runs'''
!'''Player'''
!'''Opposition'''
!'''Venue'''
!'''Date'''
|-
| align="center" |1
! style="text-align: center;" |123*
|[[Ryan Rickelton]]
|[[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India
|29 April 2026
|-
| align="center" | 2
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 114*
| {{sortname|Sanath|Jayasuriya}} || [[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|May|14}}
|-
| align="center" |3
! style="text-align: center;" |112*
|[[Quinton de Kock]]
|[[Punjab Kings|PBKS]]
|16 April 2026
|-
| align="center" | 4
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 109*
| rowspan="2" |{{sortname|Rohit|Sharma}} || [[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]]|| [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|May|12}}
|-
| align="center" | 5
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 105*
| [[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]]||[[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|April|14}}
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 29 April 2026<ref>{{cite news |title=Highest individual score |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_innings.html?id=117;team=4346;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 April 2023}}</ref>
|}

===Highest career average===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Average
!Player
!Innings
!Not out
!Runs
!Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 50.22
| {{sortname|Cameron|Green}} || align=center | 16 || align=center | 7 || align=center | 452 || 2023-2023
|-
| align="center" | 2
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 39.96
| {{sortname|Lendl|Simmons}} || align="center" | 29 || align="center" | 2 || align="center" | 1,079 || 2014–2017
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 38.34
| '''{{sortname|Suryakumar|Yadav}}'''|| align="center" | 111 || align="center" | 14 || align="center" | 3,719 || 2012–2026
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 37.66
| {{sortname|JP|Duminy}} || align=center | 23 || align=center | 8 || align=center | 565 || 2009–2018
|-
| align="center" | 5
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 36.05
| '''[[Ryan Rickelton]]'''|| align="center" | 21 || align="center" | 2 || align="center" | 685 || 2025–2026
|-
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="7" | Qualification: 15 innings. Last Updated: 2 May 2026<ref>{{cite news |title= Highest career average |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=6;filter=advanced;orderby=batting_average;qualmin1=15;qualval1=innings;team=4346;template=results;trophy=117;type=batting|work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Highest strike rates===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Strike rate
!Player
!Runs
!Balls
!Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 153.73
| {{sortname|Hardik|Pandya}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 1,934 || align="center" | 1,258 || 2015–2026
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 151.98
| {{sortname|Suryakumar|Yadav}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 3,719 || align="center" | 2,447 || 2012–2026
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 147.32
| {{sortname|Kieron|Pollard}} || align=center | 3,412 || align=center | 2,316 || 2010–2022
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 144.39
| {{sortname|Tilak|Varma}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 1,519 || align="center" | 1,052 || 2022–2026
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 144.36
| {{sortname|Sanath|Jayasuriya}} || align=center | 768 || align=center | 532 || 2008–2010
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="6" | Qualification= 500 balls faced. Last Updated: 29 March 2026<ref>{{cite news |title=Highest strike rate |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=6;filter=advanced;orderby=batting_strike_rate;qualmin2=500;qualval2=balls_faced;team=4346;template=results;trophy=117;type=batting|work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Most 50+ scores===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!50+ scores
!Player
!Innings
!Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 42
| {{sortname|Rohit|Sharma}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 224 || 2011–2026
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 30
| {{sortname|Suryakumar|Yadav}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 111 || 2012–2026
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 16
| {{sortname|Kieron|Pollard}} || align=center | 171 || 2010–2022
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 15
| {{sortname|Ishan|Kishan}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 84 || 2018–2024
|-
| rowspan=2; align=center| 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| 14
| {{sortname|Sachin|Tendulkar}} || align=center | 78 || 2008–2013
|-
| {{sortname|Ambati|Rayudu}} || align=center | 107 || 2010–2017
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last Updated: 29 March 2026<ref>{{cite news |title=Most half-centuries |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_fifties_career.html?id=117;team=4346;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Most centuries===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Centuries
!Player
!Innings
!Period
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| 2
| '''{{sortname|Suryakumar|Yadav}}'''|| align="center" | 111 || 2012–2026
|-
| '''{{sortname|Rohit|Sharma}}'''|| align="center" | 224 || 2011–2026
|-
| rowspan="7" align="center" |3
! rowspan="7" style="text-align: center;" |1
|'''[[Ryan Rickelton]]'''
| align="center" |20
|2025-2026
|-
|'''[[Quinton de Kock]]'''
| align="center" |45
|2019 - 2026
|-
|'''[[Tilak Varma]]'''
| align="center" |57
|2022-2026
|-
| {{sortname|Cameron|Green}} || align="center" | 16 || 2023
|-
| {{sortname|Lendl|Simmons}} || align=center | 29 || 2014–2017
|-
| {{sortname|Sanath|Jayasuriya}} || align=center | 30 || 2008–2010
|-
| {{sortname|Sachin|Tendulkar}} || align=center | 78 || 2008–2013
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="5" | Last Updated: 29 April 2026<ref>{{cite news |title=Most centuries |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_hundreds_career.html?id=117;team=4346;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Most Sixes===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Sixes
!Player
!Innings
!Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 257
| {{sortname|Rohit|Sharma}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 224 || 2011–2026
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 223
| {{sortname|Kieron|Pollard}} || align=center | 171 || 2010–2022
|-
| align="center" | 3
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 147
| {{sortname|Suryakumar|Yadav}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 111 || 2012–2026
|-
| align="center" | 4
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 121
| {{sortname|Hardik|Pandya}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 111 || 2015–2026
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 106
| {{sortname|Ishan|Kishan}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 84 || 2018–2024
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last Updated: 29 March 2026<ref>{{cite news |title=Most sixes |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_sixes_career.html?id=117;team=4346;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Most Fours===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Fours
!Player
!Innings
!Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 550
| {{sortname|Rohit|Sharma}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 224 || 2011–2026
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 403
| {{sortname|Suryakumar|Yadav}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 111 || 2012–2026
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 295
| {{sortname|Sachin|Tendulkar}} || align=center | 78 || 2008–2013
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 221
| {{sortname|Ishan|Kishan}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 84 || 2018–2024
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 218
| {{sortname|Kieron|Pollard}} || align=center | 171 || 2010–2022
|-
| colspan="5" | Last Updated: 29 March 2026<ref>{{cite news |title=Most fours |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_fours_career.html?id=117;team=4346;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Highest strike rates in an innings===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Strike rate
!Player
!Runs
!Balls Faced
!Opposition
!Venue
!Date
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 390.00
| {{sortname|Romario|Shepherd}} || align=center | 39* || align=center | 10 || rowspan=2|[[Delhi Capitals|DC]] || [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|April|7}}
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 346.15
| {{sortname|Kieron|Pollard}} || align=center rowspan=2| 45* || align=center | 13 || [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2010|April|13}}
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 321.42
| {{sortname|Tim|David}} || align=center | 14 || [[Rajasthan Royals|RR]] || rowspan=3|[[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|April|30}}
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 312.50
| {{sortname|Hardik|Pandya}} || align=center | 25* || align=center | 8 || [[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|April|3}}
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center | 309.09
| {{sortname|Tim|David}} || align=center | 34 || align=center | 11 || [[Delhi Capitals|DC]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|May|21}}
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=8 | Qualification: Minimum 25 runs. Last Updated: 7 April 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title= Highest strike rate in an Inning |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/highest_strike_rate_innings.html?id=117;team=4346;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Most sixes in an innings===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Sixes
!Player
!Opposition
!Venue
!Date
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 11
| {{sortname|Sanath|Jayasuriya}} || [[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]] || rowspan=2|[[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|May|14}}
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 10
| {{sortname|Kieron|Pollard}} || [[Punjab Kings|PBKS]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|April|10}}
|-
| rowspan="3" align="center" | 3
! rowspan="3" scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 9
| '''{{sortname|Hardik|Pandya}}'''|| [[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]] || [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|April|28}}
|-
| {{sortname|Ishan|Kishan}} || rowspan="2" | [[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]] || [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]], UAE ||{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2020|September|28}}
|-
|'''[[Sherfane Rutherford|Sharfane Rutherford]]'''
|[[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
|12 April 2026
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="6" | Last Updated: 29 April 2026<ref>{{cite news |title= Most sixes in an Inning |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_sixes_innings.html?id=117;team=4346;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Most fours in an innings===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Fours
!Player
!Opposition
!Venue
!Date
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| 14
| {{sortname|Dinesh|Karthik}} || [[Delhi Capitals|DD]] || [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2013|April|9}}
|-
| {{sortname|Lendl|Simmons}} || [[Punjab Kings|PBKS]] || [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Mohali]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2014|May|21}}
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 13
| {{sortname|Suryakumar|Yadav}} || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium]], [[Abu Dhabi]], UAE || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2021|October|8}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=5| 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=5| 12
| rowspan=2 |{{sortname|Sachin|Tendulkar}} || [[Punjab Kings|PBKS]] || rowspan=2 | [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|May|21}}
|-
| [[Kochi Tuskers Kerala|KTK]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2011|April|15}}
|-
| rowspan=2 |{{sortname|Rohit|Sharma}} || rowspan=2 | [[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]] || rowspan=2 | [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|May|12}}
|-
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|April|8}}
|-
| {{sortname|Suryakumar|Yadav}} || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|May|6}}
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 6 May 2024<ref>{{cite news |title= Most fours in an Inning |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_fours_innings.html?id=117;team=4346;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Most runs in a season===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Runs
!Player
!Matches
!Innings
!Season
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 673
| {{sortname|Suryakumar|Yadav}} || align=center | 15 || align=center | 15 || [[2025 Indian Premier League|2025]]
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 618
| {{sortname|Sachin|Tendulkar}} || align=center| 15 || align=center| 15 || [[2010 Indian Premier League|2010]]
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 605
| {{sortname|Suryakumar|Yadav}} || align=center | 16 || align=center | 16 || [[2023 Indian Premier League|2023]]
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 553
| {{sortname|Sachin|Tendulkar}} || align=center| 16 || align=center| 16 || [[2011 Indian Premier League|2011]]
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 540
| {{sortname|Lendl|Simmons}} || align=center| 13 || align=center| 13 || [[2015 Indian Premier League|2015]]
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 30 May 2025<ref>{{cite news |title= Most runs in a series |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_series.html?id=117;team=4346;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Most ducks===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Ducks
!Player
!Innings
!Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 16
| [[Rohit Sharma]]{{dagger}} || align="center" | 224 || 2011–2026
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 13
| {{sortname|Harbhajan|Singh}} || align=center | 84 || 2008–2017
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| 9
| {{sortname|Ambati|Rayudu}} || align=center | 107 || 2010–2017
|-
| {{sortname|Suryakumar|Yadav}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 111 || 2012–2026
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 7
| {{sortname|Ishan|Kishan}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 84 || 2018–2024
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan="5" | Last Updated: 23 March 2025<ref>{{cite news |title=Most ducks |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_ducks_career.html?id=117;team=4346;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

==Individual Records (Bowling)==

===Most career wickets===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Wickets
!Player
!Matches
!Innings
!Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 186
| '''{{sortname|Jasprit|Bumrah}}'''|| align="center" | 154 || align="center" | 154 || 2013–2026
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 170
| {{sortname|Lasith|Malinga}} || align=center | 122 || align=center | 122 || 2009–2019
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 127
| {{sortname|Harbhajan|Singh}} || align=center | 136 || align=center | 134 || 2008–2017
|-
| align="center" | 4
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 71
| '''[[Hardik Pandya]]'''|| align="center" | 129 || align="center" | 94 || 2015–2026
|-
| align="center" | 5
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 71
| {{sortname|Mitchell|McClenaghan}} || align="center" | 56 || align="center" | 56 || 2015–2019
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="6" | Last Updated: 2 May 2026<ref>{{cite news |title=Most career wickets |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=117;team=4346;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Best figures in an innings===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Figures
!Player
!Opposition
!Venue
!Date
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|1|6/12}}
| {{sortname|Alzarri|Joseph}} || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], India|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|April|6}}
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|5/5}}
| {{sortname|Akash|Madhwal}} || [[Lucknow Super Giants|LSG]] || [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|May|24}}
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|3|5/10}}
| {{sortname|Jasprit|Bumrah}}|| [[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]] || [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|May|9}}
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|4|5/13}}
| {{sortname|Lasith|Malinga}} || [[Delhi Capitals|DD]] || [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2011|April|10}}
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|5|5/18}}
| {{sortname|Harbhajan|Singh}} || [[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]] || [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2011|April|22}}
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 24 May 2023<ref>{{cite news |title= Best bowling figures in an innings |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_figures_innings.html?id=117;team=4346;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Best career average===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Average
!Player
!Wickets
!Runs
!Balls
!Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 19.35
| {{sortname|Mitchell|Johnson|dab=cricketer}} || align=center | 31 || align=center | 600 || align=center | 504 || 2013–2017
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 19.79
| {{sortname|Lasith|Malinga}} || align=center | 170 || align=center | 3,365 || align="center" | 2,827 || 2009–2019
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row styletext-align:center; | 21.55
| {{sortname|Munaf|Patel}} || align=center | 40 || align=center | 862 || align=center | 696 || 2011–2013
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 23.19
| '''{{sortname|Jasprit|Bumrah}}'''|| align="center" | 186 || align="center" | 4,315 || align="center" | 3,535 || 2013–2026
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 23.47
| {{sortname|Piyush|Chawla}} || align="center" | 36 || align="center" | 845 || align="center" | 600 || 2021–2024
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Qualification: 500 balls. Last Updated: 2 May 2026<ref>{{cite news |title=Best career average |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=6;filter=advanced;orderby=bowling_average;qualmin1=500;qualval1=balls;team=4346;template=results;trophy=117;type=bowling|work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Best career economy rate===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Economy rate
!Player
!Wickets
!Runs
!Balls
!Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 6.95
| {{sortname|Harbhajan|Singh}} || align=center | 127 || align=center | 3,385 || align=center | 2,919 || 2008–2017
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| 7.14
| {{sortname|Lasith|Malinga}} || align=center | 170 || align=center | 3,366 || align=center | 2,827 || 2009–2019
|-
| {{sortname|Mitchell|Johnson|dab=cricketer}} || align=center | 31 || align=center | 600 || align=center | 504 || 2013–2017
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 7.24
| {{sortname|Zaheer|Khan}} || align=center | 26 || align=center | 664 || align=center | 550 || 2009–2014
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 7.32
| '''{{sortname|Jasprit|Bumrah}}'''|| align="center" | 186 || align="center" | 4,315 || align="center" | 3,535 || 2013–2026
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="7" | Qualification: 500 balls. Last Updated: 2 May 2026<ref>{{cite news |title=Best career economy rate |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=6;filter=advanced;orderby=economy_rate;qualmin1=500;qualval1=balls;team=4346;template=results;trophy=117;type=bowling|work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Best career strike rate===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Strike rate
!Player
!Wickets
!Runs
!Balls
!Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 16.25
| {{sortname|Mitchell|Johnson|dab=cricketer}} || align=center | 31 || align=center | 600 || align=center | 504 || 2013–2017
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 16.62
| {{sortname|Lasith|Malinga}} || align=center | 170 || align=center | 3,365 || align=center | 2,827 || 2009–2019
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 16.67
| {{sortname|Piyush|Chawla}} || align="center" | 36 || align=center | 845 || align=center | 600 || 2021–2024
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 17.03
| {{sortname|Trent|Boult}}{{dagger}} || align="center" | 60 || align="center" | 1,418 || align="center" | 1,022 || 2020–2026
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 17.40
| {{sortname|Munaf|Patel}} || align=center | 40 || align=center | 862 || align=center | 696 || 2011–2013
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="7" | Qualification: 500 balls. Last Updated: 29 March 2026<ref>{{cite news |title= Best career strike rate |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=6;filter=advanced;orderby=bowling_strike_rate;qualmin1=500;qualval1=balls;team=4346;template=results;trophy=117;type=bowling|work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Most four-wickets (& over) hauls in an innings===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Four-wicket hauls
!Player
!Innings
!Balls
!Wickets
!Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 7
| {{sortname|Lasith|Malinga}} || align=center | 122 || align=center | 2,827 || align=center | 170 || 2009–2019
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 5
| {{sortname|Jasprit|Bumrah}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 146 || align=center | 3,361 || align=center | 183 || 2013–2026
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 3
| {{sortname|Munaf|Patel}} || align=center | 31 || align=center | 696 || align=center | 40 || 2011–2013
|-
| align=center rowspan=3| 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=3| 2
| {{sortname|Akash|Madhwal}} || align="center" | 13 || align=center | 262 || align=center | 19 || 2023–2024
|-
| {{sortname|Trent|Boult}} || align="center" | 46 || align=center | 1,022 || align=center | 60 || 2020–2026
|-
| {{sortname|Harbhajan|Singh}} || align=center | 134 || align=center | 2,919 || align=center | 127 || 2008–2017
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Last Updated: 27 April 2025<ref>{{cite news |title= Most four-wicket hauls in an innings |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_4wi_career.html?id=117;team=4346;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Best economy rates in an innings===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Economy
!Player
!Overs
!Runs
!Wickets
!Opposition
!Venue
!Date
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|1|1.42}}
| {{sortname|Akash|Madhwal}} || align=center | 3.3 || align=center | 5 || align=center | 5 || [[Lucknow Super Giants|LSG]] || [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|May|24}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| {{sort|1|2.00}}
| {{sortname|Lasith|Malinga}} || align=center | 3 || align=center | 6 || align=center rowspan=2| 2 || [[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]] || [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2013|May|5}}
|-
| {{sortname|Mitchell|Johnson|dab=cricketer}} || align=center rowspan=4| 4 || align=center | 8 || [[Pune Warriors India|PWI]] || [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Pune]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2013|May|11}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=3| 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=3| {{sort|3|2.25}}
| {{sortname|Shaun|Pollock}} || align=center rowspan=3| 9 || align=center rowspan=2| 1 || [[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]] || [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|May|14}}
|-
| {{sortname|Harbhajan|Singh}}|| [[Punjab Kings|PBKS]] || [[Centurion Park]], [[Centurion, Gauteng|Centurion]], South Africa || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|May|12}}
|-
| {{sortname|Lasith|Malinga}} || align=center | 3 || [[Deccan Chargers|DC]] || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2011|April|24}}
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=9 | Qualification: 12 balls bowled. Last Updated: 24 May 2023<ref>{{cite news |title=Best economy rates in an innings |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_economy_rate_innings.html?id=117;team=4346;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Best strike rates in an inning===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Strike rate
!Player
!Balls
!Runs
!Wickets
!Opposition
!Venue
!Date
|-
| align=center rowspan=4| 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=4| {{sort|1|3.0}}
| {{sortname|Sanath|Jayasuriya}} || align=center rowspan=4 | 6 || align=center | 3 || align=center rowspan=4 | 2 || rowspan=2 |[[Rajasthan Royals|RR]] || [[Kingsmead cricket ground, Durban|Kingsmead]], [[Durban]], South Africa || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|May|14}}
|-
| {{sortname|Kieron|Pollard}} || align=center | 6 || [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2013|May|24}}
|-
| {{sortname|Corey|Anderson|dab=cricketer}} || align=center | 18 || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]], UAE || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2014|April|30}}
|-
| {{sortname|Kieron|Pollard}} || align=center | 8 || [[Punjab Kings|PBKS]] || [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium]], [[Abu Dhabi]], UAE || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2021|September|28}}
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|5|3.66}}
| {{sortname|Alzarri|Joseph}} || align=center | 22 || align=center | 12 || align=center | 6 || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], India|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|April|6}}
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=9 | Qualification: Minimum 2 wickets. Last Updated: 9 October 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title= Best strike rates in an innings |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_strike_rate_innings.html?id=117;team=4346;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Most runs conceded in a match===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Figures
!Player
!Overs
!Opposition
!Venue
!Date
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|1|1/68}}
| {{sortname|Luke|Wood|dab=cricketer}} || rowspan="8" align="center" | 4 || [[Delhi Capitals|DC]] || [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|April|27}}
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|1|0/66}}
| {{sortname|Kwena|Maphaka}} || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|March|27}}
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|1|0/58}}
| {{sortname|Lasith|Malinga}} || rowspan=2 |[[Punjab Kings|PBKS]] || [[Holkar Stadium]], [[Indore]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|April|20}}
|-
| rowspan="5" align="center" | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|2/57}}
| {{sortname|Hardik|Pandya}} || [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|April|10}}
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|3|0/57}}
| {{sortname|Daniel|Sams}} || [[Delhi Capitals|DD]] || [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|March|27}}
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| {{sort|3|1/57}}
| {{sortname|Gerald|Coetzee}} || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|March|27}}
|-
| {{sortname|Akash|Madhwal}} || rowspan="2" | [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru|RCB]] || rowspan="2" | [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|April|11}}
|-
!{{sort|2|2/57}}
|[[Trent Boult]]
|7 April 2025
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="7" | Last updated: 7 April 2025<ref>{{cite news |title= Most runs conceded in a match |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_runs_conceded_innings.html?id=117;team=4346;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Most wickets in a season===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Wickets
!Player
!Matches
!Season
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 28
| {{sortname|Lasith|Malinga}}|| align=center | 16|| {{sort|2011|[[2011 Indian Premier League|2011]]}}
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 27
| {{sortname|Jasprit|Bumrah}}|| align=center rowspan=3 | 15|| rowspan=2 |{{sort|2020|[[2020 Indian Premier League|2020]]}}
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 25
| {{sortname|Trent|Boult}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=3| 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=3| 24
| {{sortname|Lasith|Malinga}} || {{sort|2015|[[2015 Indian Premier League|2015]]}}
|-
| {{sortname|Harbhajan|Singh}} || align=center | 19 || rowspan=2 |{{sort|2013|[[2013 Indian Premier League|2013]]}}
|-
| {{sortname|Mitchell|Johnson|dab=cricketer}} || align=center | 17
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 13 November 2020<ref>{{cite news |title=Most wickets in a series |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_series.html?id=117;team=4346;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

==Individual Records (Wicket-keeping)==

===Most career dismissals===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Dismissals
!Player
!Innings
!Period
|-
| align="center" | 1
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 50
| '''{{sortname|Quinton|de Kock}}'''|| align="center" | 45 || 2019–2026
|-
| align="center" | 2
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 49
| {{sortname|Ishan|Kishan}} || align="center" | 60 || 2018–2024
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 28
| {{sortname|Parthiv|Patel}} || align=center | 40 || 2015–2017
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 21
| {{sortname|Dinesh|Karthik}} || align=center | 36 || 2012–2013
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 16
| '''{{sortname|Ryan|Rickelton}}'''|| align="center" | 15 || 2025–2026
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last updated: 29 March 2026<ref name="wicket-keeper">{{cite news |title= Most wicket-keeper career dismissals |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/keeping/most_dismissals_career.html?id=117;team=4346;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Most career catches===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Catches
!Player
!Innings
!Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 44
| {{sortname|Ishan|Kishan}} || align=center | 60 || 2018–2024
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 39
| {{sortname|Quinton|de Kock}} || align=center | 43 || 2019–2021
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 22
| {{sortname|Parthiv|Patel}} || align=center | 40 || 2015–2017
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 17
| {{sortname|Dinesh|Karthik}} || align=center | 36 || 2012–2013
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 12
| {{sortname|Ambati|Rayudu}} || align=center | 19 || 2010–2017
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last updated: 17 May 2024<ref name="wicket-keeper" />
|}

===Most career stumpings===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Stumpings
!Player
!Innings
!Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 8
| {{sortname|Quinton|de Kock}} || align=center | 39 || 2019–2021
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 6
| {{sortname|Parthiv|Patel}} || align=center | 40 || 2015–2017
|-
| align=center rowspan=3| 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=3| 5
| {{sortname|Ryan|Rickelton}} || align=center | 15 || 2025–2026
|-
| {{sortname|Aditya|Tare}} || align=center | 15 || 2010–2015
|-
| {{sortname|Ishan|Kishan}} || align=center | 60 || 2018–2024
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last updated: 29 March 2026<ref name="wicket-keeper" />
|}

===Most dismissals in an innings===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Dismissals
!Player
!Opposition
!Venue
!Date
|-
| align=center rowspan=4| 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=4| 4
| {{sortname|Yogesh|Takawale}} || [[Rajasthan Royals|RR]] || [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|May|7}}
|-
| {{sortname|Parthiv|Patel}} || [[Gujarat Lions|GL]] || rowspan=2|[[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|April|16}}
|-
| rowspan=2|{{sortname|Quinton|de Kock}} || rowspan=2|[[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|April|3}}
|-
| [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium]], [[Sharjah (city)|Sharjah]], UAE || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2020|October|24}}
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 3
| colspan=6 | 12 occasions
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 9 October 2021<ref>{{cite news |title= Most dismissals in an innings by a wicket-keeper |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/keeping/most_dismissals_innings.html?id=117;team=4346;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Most dismissals in a season===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Dismissals
!Player
!Matches
!Innings
!Season
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 22
| rowspan=2|{{sortname|Quinton|de Kock}} || align=center rowspan=2| 16 || align=center rowspan=2| 16 || {{sort|2020|[[2020 Indian Premier League|2020]]}}
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 19
| {{sort|2019|[[2019 Indian Premier League|2019]]}}
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 16
| {{sortname|Ryan|Rickelton}} || align=center| 14 || align=center | 14 || {{sort|2025|[[2025 Indian Premier League|2025]]}}
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 14
| {{sortname|Dinesh|Karthik}} || align=center| 19 || align=center | 19 || {{sort|2013|[[2013 Indian Premier League|2013]]}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| 13
| rowspan=2|{{sortname|Ishan|Kishan}} || align=center| 14 || align=center | 14 || {{sort|2022|[[2022 Indian Premier League|2022]]}}
|-
| align=center| 16 || align=center | 15 || {{sort|2023|[[2023 Indian Premier League|2023]]}}
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 26 May 2025<ref>{{cite news |title= Most dismissals in a series by a wicket-keeper |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/keeping/most_dismissals_series.html?id=117;team=4346;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

== Individual Records (Fielding) ==

===Most catches as a fielder===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Catches
!Player
!Innings
!Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 103
| {{sortname|Kieron|Pollard}} || align=center | 189 || 2010–2022
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 80
| {{sortname|Rohit|Sharma}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 228 || 2011–2026
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 61
| {{sortname|Hardik|Pandya}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 122 || 2015–2026
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 49
| {{sortname|Suryakumar|Yadav}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 113 || 2012–2026
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 40
| {{sortname|Harbhajan|Singh}}|| align="center" | 136 || 2008–2017
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="5" | Last Updated: 29 March 2026<ref>{{cite news |title= Most career catches by a non-wicket-keeper |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/fielding/most_catches_career.html?id=117;team=4346;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Most catches in an innings===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Dismissals
!Player
!Opposition
!Venue
!Date
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| 4
| {{sortname|Sachin|Tendulkar}} || [[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]] || [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|May|16}}
|-
| {{sortname|Tim|David}} || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|April|18}}
|-
| rowspan="11" align="center" | 3
! rowspan="11" scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 3
| {{sortname|Abhishek|Nayar}} || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]] || [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|April|20}}
|-
| {{sortname|Robin|Uthappa}} || [[Delhi Capitals|DD]] || [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|May|4}}
|-
| {{sortname|Aiden|Blizzard}} || [[Punjab Kings|PBKS]] || [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Mohali]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2011|May|10}}
|-
| rowspan=2|{{sortname|Rohit|Sharma}} || [[Deccan Chargers|DC]] || [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|April|29}}
|-
| [[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]] || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|May|23}}
|-
| {{sortname|Ambati|Rayudu}} || [[Rajasthan Royals|RR]] || [[Sardar Patel Stadium, Motera|Sardar Patel Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2014|May|19}}
|-
| {{sortname|Hardik|Pandya}} || [[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]] || [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|May|8}}
|-
| {{sortname|Rohit|Sharma}} || [[Delhi Capitals|DD]] || [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[Delhi]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|May|6}}
|-
| {{sortname|Hardik|Pandya}} || [[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]] || [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium|Sheikh Zayed Stadium]], [[Abu Dhabi]], UAE || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2020|September|23}}
|-
| {{sortname|Suryakumar|Yadav}} || [[Gujarat Titans|GT]] || [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|April|25}}
|-
|[[Naman Dhir]]
|[[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]]
|[[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India
|31 March 2025
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 31 March 2025<ref>{{cite news |title= Most dismissals in an innings by a non-wicket-keeper |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/fielding/most_catches_innings.html?id=117;team=4346;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Most catches in a season===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Catches
!Player
!Matches
!Innings
!Season
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 15
| {{sortname|Kieron|Pollard}} || align=center rowspan=2| 17 || align=center rowspan=2| 17 || {{sort|2017|[[2017 Indian Premier League|2017]]}}
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 13
| {{sortname|Rohit|Sharma}} || {{sort|2012|[[2012 Indian Premier League|2012]]}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=3| 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=3| 12
| {{sortname|Naman|Dhir}} || align=center| 15 || align=center | 15 || {{sort|2025|[[2025 Indian Premier League|2025]]}}
|-
|{{sortname|Hardik|Pandya}} ||align=center| 17 || align=center | 17 || {{sort|2017|[[2017 Indian Premier League|2017]]}}
|-
| {{sortname|Kieron|Pollard}} || align=center| 18 || align=center | 18 || {{sort|2013|[[2013 Indian Premier League|2013]]}}
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 30 May 2025<ref>{{cite news |title= Most catches in a series by a non-wicket-keeper |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/fielding/most_catches_series.html?id=117;team=4346;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

== Individual Records (Other)==
===Most matches===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Matches
!Player
!Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 228
| '''{{sortname|Rohit|Sharma}}'''|| 2011–2026
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 189
| {{sortname|Kieron|Pollard}} || 2010–2022
|-
| align="center" | 3
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 146
| '''{{sortname|Jasprit|Bumrah}}'''|| 2013–2026
|-
| align="center" | 4
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 136
| {{sortname|Harbhajan|Singh}} || 2008–2017
|-
| align="center" |5
! style="text-align: center;" |126
|'''[[Hardik Pandya]]'''
|2015-2026
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="4" | Last Updated: 08 April 2026<ref>{{cite news |title= Most career matches |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/individual/most_matches_career.html?id=117;team=4346;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Most matches as captain===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Matches
!Player
!Won
!Lost
!Tied
!Win%
!Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 158
| {{sortname|Rohit|Sharma}} || 87 || 67 || 4 || 55.06 || 2013–2023
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 51
| {{sortname|Sachin|Tendulkar}} || 30 || 21 ||rowspan=5|0 || 58.82 || 2008–2011
|-
| align="center" | 3
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 30
| {{sortname|Hardik|Pandya}} || 14 || 16 || 46.66 || 2024–2026
|-
| align="center" | 4
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 20
| {{sortname|Harbhajan|Singh}} || 10 || 10 || 50.00 || 2008–2012
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| 6
| {{sortname|Ricky|Ponting}} || 3 || 3 || 50.00 || 2013-2013
|-
| {{sortname|Kieron|Pollard}} || 4 || 2 || 66.66 || 2019–2021
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="8" | Last Updated: 29 March 2026<ref>{{cite news |title= Most matches as captain |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/individual/most_matches_as_captain.html?id=117;team=4346;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

==Partnership Records==
===Highest partnerships by wicket===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Wicket
!Runs
!First batsman
!Second batsman
!Opposition
!Venue
!Date
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|01|1st Wicket}}
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 163*
| {{sortname|Sachin|Tendulkar}} || {{sortname|Dwayne|Smith}} || [[Rajasthan Royals|RR]] || [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|May|20}}
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|02|2nd Wicket}}
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 167*
| {{sortname|Herschelle|Gibbs}} || {{sortname|Rohit|Sharma}} || [[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]] || [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|May|12}}
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|03|3rd Wicket}}
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 140
| rowspan="2" |{{sortname|Suryakumar|Yadav}} || {{sortname|Nehal|Wadhera}} || [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru|RCB]] || rowspan=2|[[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|May|9}}
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|04|4th Wicket}}
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 143*
| {{sortname|Tilak|Varma}} || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|May|6}}
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|05|5th Wicket}}
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 119
| {{sortname|Ishan|Kishan}} || rowspan=2|{{sortname|Kieron|Pollard}} || rowspan=2 |[[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]] || [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium|Sheikh Zayed Stadium]], [[Abu Dhabi]], UAE || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2020|September|28}}
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|06|6th Wicket}}
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 122*
| {{sortname|Ambati|Rayudu}} || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|May|14}}
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|07|7th Wicket}}
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 100
| {{sortname|Jagadeesha|Suchith}} || rowspan="3" |{{sortname|Harbhajan|Singh}} || [[Punjab Kings|PBKS]] || rowspan=2 |[[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|April|12}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|08|8th Wicket}}
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 53*
| {{sortname|Ryan|McLaren}} || [[Deccan Chargers|DC]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2010|March|28}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|09|9th Wicket}}
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 36
| {{sortname|Abu|Nechim}}
|[[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]]
|[[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]], India|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2010|April|6}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|10|10th Wicket}}
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 16*
| {{sortname|Zaheer|Khan}} || {{sortname|Lasith|Malinga}} || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]] || [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2010|March|10}}
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Last Updated: 6 May 2024<ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/fow/highest_partnerships_by_wicket.html?id=117;team=4346;type=trophy |title= Highest partnerships by wicket |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Highest partnerships by runs===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Wicket
!runs
!First batsman
!Second batsman
!Opposition
!Venue
!Date
|-
| align=center | {{sort|02|2nd Wicket}}
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 167*
| {{sortname|Herschelle|Gibbs}} || {{sortname|Rohit|Sharma}} || [[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]] || [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|May|12}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| {{sort|01|1st Wicket}}
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 163*
| {{sortname|Sachin|Tendulkar}} || {{sortname|Dwayne|Smith}} || [[Rajasthan Royals|RR]] || [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|May|20}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 148
| {{sortname|Rohit|Sharma}} || {{sortname|Ryan|Rickelton}} || [[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]] || rowspan=3|[[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2026|March|29}}
|-
| align=center | {{sort|04|4th Wicket}}
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 143*
| rowspan=2|{{sortname|Suryakumar|Yadav}} || {{sortname|Tilak|Varma}} || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad|SRH]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|April|25}}
|-
| align="center" | {{sort|03|3rd Wicket}}
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 140
| {{sortname|Nehal|Wadhera}} || [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru|RCB]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|May|9}}
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Last Updated: 29 March 2026<ref>{{cite news |title= Highest partnerships by runs |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/fow/highest_partnerships_for_any_wicket.html?id=117;team=4346;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 October 2020}}</ref>
|}

==External links==
*[https://www.iplt20.com/teams/mumbai-indians IPL team Mumbai Indians web page on official IPL T20 website - IPLT20.com]
*[https://www.mumbai-indians.com Official Site]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mumbai Indians}}
{{Indian Premier League}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mumbai Indians}}
[[Category:2008 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian cricket records and statistics]]
[[Category:Indian Premier League records and statistics|Mumbai]]

ABG Shipyard loan fraud

2026-05-03T09:13:08Z

GreggNfb8421: Creating New Info

{{Short description|Financial fraud in India}}
{{Infobox event
| title = ABG Shipyard loan fraud
| image =
| caption =
| date = April 2012 – July 2017 (period of fraud)
| location = [[Surat]] and [[Dahej]], [[Gujarat]], India
| also_known_as = ABG Shipyard scam
| cause = Diversion of bank loans, misappropriation of funds, falsification of financial statements
| first_reporter = [[State Bank of India]] (via forensic audit by [[Ernst & Young]], January 2019)
| participants = '''Accused:''' Rishi Kamlesh Agarwal (founder & CMD) Santhanam Muthaswamy (executive director) Ashwini Kumar (director) Sushil Kumar Agarwal (director) Ravi Vimal Nevatia (director) Dhananjay Datar (CFO) ABG International Pvt Ltd 
'''Investigating agencies:''' [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] [[Enforcement Directorate|ED]]
| outcome = {{unbulleted list
| CBI FIR registered – 7 February 2022
| CBI searches at 13 locations – 12 February 2022
| Lookout circulars issued – 15 February 2022
| Rishi Agarwal arrested – 21 September 2022
| ED attaches assets worth ₹2,747.69 crore – 22 September 2022
| CBI chargesheet filed against 25 accused – November 2022
| ''Case ongoing''
}}
| notes = '''Total fraud amount:''' ₹22,842 crore (~US$2.8 billion) '''Number of defrauded banks:''' 28 '''Lead lender:''' [[ICICI Bank]] (₹7,089 crore exposure) '''Complainant:''' [[State Bank of India]] (₹2,925 crore exposure) '''NPA declared:''' 30 November 2013 '''Forensic auditor:''' [[Ernst & Young]] (appointed April 2018) '''Referred to [[NCLT]]:''' 1 August 2017 Described as India's largest bank fraud case at the time of disclosure
}}

'''ABG Shipyard loan fraud''' is a major financial scandal in India involving the diversion of bank loans and money laundering by the promoters of [[ABG Shipyard]]. They are accused of defrauding a consortium of 28 banks of {{INRConvert|22842|c}} between April 2012 and July 2017.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2022-02-12 |title=CBI books ABG Shipyard, others for ‘causing ₹22,842-cr. loss’ to banks |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cbi-books-abg-shipyard-others-for-causing-22842-cr-loss-to-banks/article38419976.ece |access-date=2026-03-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Background ==
ABG Shipyard was once operating yards in [[Surat]] and [[Dahej Port|Dahej]]. It obtained loans from 28 banks including [[ICICI Bank]], [[State Bank of India]], [[IDBI Bank]], [[Bank of Baroda]], and others primarily between 2005 and 2012 for ship construction.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-02-16 |title=Explained: What the SBI, ABG Shipyard Rs 22,892 crore controversy is all about |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/explained-what-the-sbi-abg-shipyard-rs-22892-crore-controversy-is-all-about/articleshow/89607587.cms |access-date=2026-03-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The company’s financial condition worsened rapidly after 2011–12, the year it earned its highest revenue. While it was first blamed on the global shipping crisis, the State Bank of India stated that the problem began with a drop in commodity demand and prices, which reduced cargo demand. This led to order cancellations, rising inventory, and eventually serious financial problems in the company’s records.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Sriram |date=2022-02-19 |title=Explained {{!}} How did the ABG Shipyard fraud happen? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/explained-how-did-the-abg-shipyard-fraud-happen/article65065544.ece |access-date=2026-03-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In March 2014, the company started a corporate debt restructuring plan in which banks gave relief by allowing a break on interest payments, extending repayment time, and reducing interest rates. Despite this, the company suffered a loss of over {{INRConvert|900|c}} the next year, and its bank loans rose to around {{INRConvert|4300|c}}. The plan failed, and the company later admitted it had defaulted on loan payments. Banks then declared its accounts as non-performing assets from 13 November 2013. In 2017, ICICI Bank started insolvency proceedings at the [[National Company Law Tribunal]], which ordered the company’s liquidation in April 2019. The largest claims are from ICICI Bank of {{INRConvert|7089|c}}, followed by IDBI Bank of {{INRConvert|3639|c}} and SBI of {{INRConvert|2925|c}}.<ref name=":0" />

But, the fraud was detected when banks commissioned a [[forensic audit]] by [[Ernst & Young]] and discovered {{INRConvert|22842|c}} embezzlement.<ref name=":1" /> As per the findings of the audit, the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] registered a case in February 2022 on a complaint from the [[State Bank of India]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Verma |first=Nidhi |date=13 February 2022 |title=India files complaint against ABG Shipyard alleging $3 billion bank fraud |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-files-complaint-against-abg-shipyard-alleging-3-bln-bank-fraud-2022-02-13/ |archive-date= |access-date=14 March 2026 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> Later, the [[Enforcement Directorate]] initiated a money laundering probe, attaching assets worth {{INRConvert|2747|c}}.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2022-09-22 |title=ED attaches assets worth ₹2,747.69 crore in ABG Shipyard case |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ed-attaches-assets-worth-274769-crore-in-abg-shipyard-case/article65924018.ece |access-date=2026-03-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-09-22 |title=ABG Shipyard fraud: ED attaches assets worth Rs 2,747 crore in money laundering probe |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1033445/abg-shipyard-fraud-ed-attaches-assets-worth-rs-2747-crore-in-money-laundering-probe |access-date=2026-03-14 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-09-22 |title=ED attaches assets worth ₹2,747.69 crore in ABG Shipyard case |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/ed-attaches-assets-worth-274769-crore-in-abg-shipyard-case/article65923380.ece |access-date=2026-03-14 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

== Investigations ==
Investigators found that the company diverted loan money to related parties and hid it through accounting entries. Instead of using the loans for shipbuilding, some funds were invested in overseas subsidiaries in [[Singapore]]. They also discovered fake contracts, misuse of [[letter of credit]] and [[bank guarantees]], and the creation of 27 shell companies with money routed through 38 Singapore entities to move funds and invest in tax havens. In addition, properties were bought in the names of related people, and a {{INRConvert|75|c}} crore advance from the [[Indian Navy]] for training ships was allegedly not used for its intended purpose.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ohri |first=Raghav |date=2024-01-17 |title=India's biggest bank fraud case: How ABG Shipyard steered the scam ship to divert funds |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/shipping-/-transport/ed-abg-shipyard-set-up-27-paper-companies-to-divert-funds/articleshow/106910900.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-03-14 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Legal proceedings ==
As of 2026, the court proceedings are still going on and the company is undergoing liquidation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Avinash |date=2022-02-17 |title=Explained: Rise and fall of Gujarat’s ABG Shipyard, now under probe for fraud |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/rise-and-fall-of-gujarats-abg-shipyard-now-under-probe-for-fraud-7777288/ |access-date=2026-03-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{authoritycontrol}}
== Further reading ==

* {{Cite web |date=15 February 2022 |title=The account of M/s ABG Shipyard turned NPA on 30.11.2013 |url=https://cbi.gov.in/press-detail/NDgxOQ |access-date=14 March 2026 |website=[[Central Bureau of Investigation]]}}
* {{cite journal |author=Banerjee |first=Samrat |author2=Islam |first2=Monirul |last3=Khandelwal |first3=Arushi |date=2025 |year=2025 |title=Impact of ABG Shipyard Scam on Share Price Movement of Select Indian Banks: A Testimonial from NIFTY Bank |url=http://publishingindia.com/jcar/47/impact-of-abg-shipyard-scam-on-share-price-movement-of-select-indian-banks-a-testimonial-from-nifty-bank/32220/98060/ |journal=Journal of Commerce and Accounting Research |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages= |issn=2277-2146 |via=[[EBSCOhost]], [[Wikipedia#The_Wikipedia_Library|The Wikipedia Library]]}}

[[Category:Finance fraud]]
[[Category:Fraud in India]]
[[Category:Financial scandals]]
[[Category:Scandals in India]]

Puducherry–Mangaluru Central Express (via Tiruchirappalli)

2026-05-01T20:53:32Z

GreggNfb8421:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Puducherry–Mangalore Central Weekly Express
| image =Pondy Mangalore Express (via Trichy-Salem).jpg
| image_width = 480PX
| caption = Puduchery- Mangalore Central Weekly Express (Via Thiruchirapalli Junction, Villupuram Junction)
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale = Kerala, Tamilnadu, Pondicherry
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2010|09|27}}
| last =
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Puducherry}} (PDY)
| stops = 21
| end = {{stnlnk|Mangalore Central}} (MAQ)
| distance = {{convert|865|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 18h 35m
| frequency = Weekly {{efn|Runs one day in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering E-catering
| observation = [[LHB coach]]
| entertainment = No
| baggage = No
| other facilities= Below the seats
| stock = 4
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification = Yes
| trainnumber = 16857/16858
| speed = {{convert|47|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, including halts
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The '''Puducherry–Mangalore Central Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[Southern Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Puducherry}} and {{stnlnk|Mangalore Central}} in India. It is currently being operated with 16857/16858 train numbers on a weekly basis.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/salem/over-5000-students-stage-road-rail-roko/articleshow/56675132.cms | title=Over 5,000 students stage road, rail roko | date=20 January 2017 | newspaper=The Times of India | accessdate=3 January 2019 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in//view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=4486&did=14720311769163195A9EC1D949A8B96BD11326B259DD7.web107 PERMANENT AUGMENTATION OF TRAINS]</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/Pit-line-repair-work-at-Mangaluru-central-train-scheduleschanged/articleshow/49769649.cms Pit line repair work at Mangaluru central, train schedules changed]</ref>

== Service==

The 16857/Puducherry–Mangaluru Central Express has an average speed of 47 km/h and covers 865 km in 18h 35m. The 16856/Mangaluru Central–Puducherry Weekly Express has an average speed of 50 km/h and covers 865 km in 17h 10m.

==Halts and schedule==
The train 16857 leaves Puducherry (Pondicherry – PDY ) at 16:35 on Saturday and reaches Mangaluru (Mangalore Central – MAQ) at 10:10 on Sunday. It returns as 16858 which leaves Mangaluru (Mangalore Central – MAQ) at 17:05 on Sunday and reaches Puducherry (Pondicherry – PDY) at 10:00 on Monday.

===16858 MAQ–PDY EXPRESS (SUNDAY)===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Station name
! Station code
! Arrival
! Departure
! Day
|-
|Mangalore Cntl
| MAQ
| -
| 17:05
| 1
|-
| Kasaragod
|KGQ
|17:43
|17:45
|1
|-
|Kannur
|CAN
| 19:07
| 19:10
| 1
|-
| Thalassery
| TLY
| 19:28
| 19:30
| 1
|-
| Mahe
| MAHE
| 19:39
| 19:40
| 1
|-
| Kozhikode
| CLT
| 20:27
| 20:30
| 1
|-
| Tirur
| TIR
| 21:03
| 21:05
| 1
|-
| Shoranur Jn.
| SRR
| 22:05
| 22:15
| 1
|-
| Palakkad Jn.
| PGT
| 22:57
| 23:00
| 1
|-
| Coimbatore Jn.
| CBE
| 00:35
| 00:40
| 2
|-
| Tiruppur
| TUP
| 01:23
| 01:25
| 2
|-
| Erode Jn.
| ED
| 02:15
| 02:20
| 2
|-
| Karur Jn.
| KRR
| 03:22
| 03:25
|2
|-
| Tiruchirapalli Jn.
| TPJ
| 05:15
| 05:25
| 2
|-
| Srirangam
| SRGM
| 05:42
| 05:43
|2
|-
| Ariyalur
| ALU
| 06:29
| 06:30
| 2
|-
| Vridhachalam Jn.
| VRI
| 07:28
| 07:30
| 2
|-
| Viluppuram Jn.
| VM
| 08:40
| 08:50
| 2
|-
| Pondicherry
| PDY
| 10:00
| -
| 2
|-
|}

===16857 PDY–MAQ EXPRESS (SATURDAY)===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Station name
! Station code
! Arrival
! Departure
! Day
|-
| Pondicherry
| PDY
| -
| 16:35
| 1
|-
| Viluppuram Jn.
| VM
| 17:20
| 17:30
|1
|-
| Vridhachalam Jn.
| VRI
| 18:15
| 18:17
| 1
|-
| Ariyalur
| ALU
| 19:14
| 19:15
| 1
|-
| Srirangam
| SRGM
| 20:00
| 20:02
| 1
|-
| Tiruchirapalli Jn.
| TPJ
| 20:50
| 21:00
| 1
|-
| Karur Jn.
| KRR
| 22:08
| 22:10
| 1
|-
| Erode Jn.
| ED
| 23:45
| 23:50
| 1
|-
| Tiruppur
| TUP
| 00:28
| 00:30
| 2
|-
| Coimbatore Jn.
| CBE
| 01:50
| 01:55
| 2
|-
| Palakkad Jn.
| PGT
| 03:22
| 03:25
| 2
|-
| Shoranur Jn.
| SRR
| 04:20
| 04:25
| 2
|-
| Tirur
| TIR
| 05:03
| 05:05
| 2
|-
| Kozhikode
| CLT
| 05:47
| 05:50
| 2
|-
| Mahe
| MAHE
| 06:34
| 06:35
|2
|-
| Thalassery
| TLY
| 06:48
| 06:50
| 2
|-
| Kannur
| CAN
| 07:22
| 07:25
| 2
|-
| Kasaragod
| KGQ
| 08:49
| 08:50
| 2
|-
| Mangalore Cntl
| MAQ
| 10:10
| -
| 2
|-
|}

==Coach composition==

The train has standard LHB rakes with a maximum speed of 130 km/h. The train consists of 21 coaches:
* Generator car
* 2 AC II Tier
* 3 AC III Tier
* 9 Sleeper coaches
* 4 General Unreserved
* 2 Seating cum Luggage Rake

== Traction==

Both trains are hauled by an [[Electric Loco Shed, Arakkonam|Arakkonam Electric Shed]]-based [[WAP-4]] Electric locomotive from Puducherry to Mangalore and vice versa.

==Rake sharing==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Train number
! Train
! Class
! Source
! Destination
! Via
|-
| 16855
| Mangaluru Weekly Express
| Express
| Pondicherry (PDY)
| Mangalore Cntl. (MAQ)
| Salem
|-
| 16856
| Puducherry Weekly Express
| Express
| Mangalore Cntl. (MAQ)
| Pondicherry (PDY)
| Salem
|-

| 16857
| Mangaluru Express
| Express
| Pondicherry (PDY)
| Mangalore Cntl. (MAQ)
| Thiruchirapalli
|-
| 16858
| Puducherry Express
| Express
| Mangalore Cntl. (MAQ)
| Pondicherry (PDY)
| Thiruchirapalli
|-
| 22604
| Viluppuram–Kharagpur Express
| Superfast
| Viluppuram Jn. (VM)
| Kharagpur Jn. (KGP)
| -
|-
| 22603
| Kharagpur–Viluppuram Express
| Superfast
| Kharagpur Jn. (KGP)
| Viluppuram Jn. (VM)
| -
|-
| 22605
| Purulia–Viluppuram Express
| Superfast
| Purulia Jn. (PRR)
| Viluppuram Jn. (VM)
| -
|-
| 22606
| Viluppuram–Purulia Express
| superfast
| Viluppuram Jn. (VM)
| Purulia Jn. (PRR)
| -
|-
|}
22604–22603–22606–22605 – Empty to PDY – 16855–16856–16857–16858 – Empty to VM and repeat. PM @VM and SM @ MAQ. Total 2 standard blue ICF rakes <ref>amp.indiarailinfo.com/train/959</ref>

==Direction reversal==

The train reverses its direction twice:

* {{stnlnk|Tiruchirappalli Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Viluppuram Junction}}

== See also ==

* [[Puducherry railway station]]
* [[Mangaluru Central railway station]]
* [[Puducherry–Mangalore Central Weekly Express]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/958 16857/Puducherry–Mangaluru Central Weekly Express] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/959 16858/Mangaluru Central–Puducherry Weekly Express] India Rail Info

{{Railways in Southern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Puducherry-Mangalore Central Weekly Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Puducherry]]
[[Category:Transport in Mangalore]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Puducherry]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Kerala]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2010]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Shri Krishan Chander Government Degree College, Poonch

2026-04-30T10:16:47Z

GreggNfb8421:

{{Short description|Government Degree College in India}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Shri Krishan Chander Government Degree College, Poonch
|other_name = Government Degree College, Poonch
| image_name =SHRI KRISHAN CHANDER DEGREE COLLEGE POONCH 2.jpg
|established = 1955
|city = [[Poonch (town)|Poonch]]
|type = Degree College
|state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|country = India
|campus = Rural
|academic_affiliations = [[Autonomous]]
|language =
|native_name =
|native_name_lang =
|website = https://www.gdcpoonch.co.in/
}}
'''Shri Krishan Chander Government Degree College, Poonch''', established in 1955, is a co-educational general degree college in [[Poonch (town)|Poonch]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]. This college serves the people of the Poonch and its adjoining areas.<ref>{{cite web|title=DC Poonch Inaugurates Mega Job Fair-2023 In SKC Government Degree College |url=https://boldnewsonline.com/dc-poonch-inaugurates-mega-job-fair-2023-in-skc-government-degree-college/}}</ref> This college is one of the oldest degree colleges in Jammu and Kashmir and offers courses in arts, science and commerce. It was affiliated to [[University of Jammu]], now this college is working as an autonomous institution.Dr. Najam Bhat has earned a lot of 'respect' in this college by working earth and heaven.<ref>{{cite web|title=Affiliated Degree Colleges of the University of Jammu|url=https://www.jammuuniversity.ac.in/sites/default/files/inline-files/CDC%20colleges_0.pdf}}</ref>

==Departments and courses==

The college offers different undergraduate courses and aims at imparting education to the undergraduates of lower- and middle-class people of Poonch and its adjoining areas.<ref>{{cite web|title=Departments of Government Degree College, Poonch|url=https://www.gdcpoonch.co.in/streams.php}}</ref>

===Science===
Science faculty consists of the departments of Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Botany, Zoology, Geography, Environmental Science, Computer Application (BCA), and Sericulture.

'''Department of English Literature'''

''Department of English literature is one of the most efficient and leading department of this college. under the supervision of Dr. Wajahat Hassan the department's performance is outstanding.''

===Arts and Commerce===

[[File:SHRI KRISHAN CHANDER DEGREE COLLEGE POONCH gujjar.jpg|thumb|left| Student artists of SKC Degree College Poonch in [[Gujjar]] attire]]
Arts and Commerce faculty consists of departments of Arabic, English, Persian, Urdu, Sanskrit, Punjabi, Hindi, History, Political Science, Philosophy, Education, Sports and Physical Education, Sociology, Economics, and Commerce.

==Accreditation==
The college is recognized by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC). This college was accredited by the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC), and awarded A grade.

==Notable alumni==

* [[Javaid Rahi]] is a prominent Tribal Researcher of India. During last two decades, he has authored around 25 books and edited well over 300 publications /books—covering tribal history, folklore, language, and culture.<ref>{{cite news|title= Javaid Rahi a Gujjar Scholar |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/of-a-gujjar-scholar-and-social-activist/|work= Daily Excelsior |access-date=15 July 2025}}</ref>
* K D Mani is a noted Historian, Author and Poet from Poonch.<ref>https://www.scribd.com/document/873332267/Bio-Data-KD-Maini-F</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*https://www.gdcpoonch.co.in/

{{coord|33.7678|74.0935|type:edu_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Jammu and Kashmir]]

7th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement

2026-04-20T14:09:52Z

GreggNfb8421: Creating A Bio

{{Short description|1983 New Delhi summit conference}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox summit meeting
| name = 7th Summit Conference of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Movement
| other_titles =
| logo = Stamp of India - 1983 - Colnect 168541 - Logo.jpeg
| logo_alt =
| image = 7th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement.png
| alt =
| caption = {{color box|006D6F}}: Member states 
{{color box|98FB98}}: Observers 
{{color box|FF9966}}: Guests
{{color box|Red}}: Rejected participation
| country = {{flag|India}}
| date = 7–12 March 1983
| motto =
| venues =
| cities = [[New Delhi]]
| participants =
| chairperson = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| president =
| follows = [[6th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement|6th Summit]] ([[Havana]], {{flag|Cuba}})
| precedes = [[8th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement|8th Summit]] ([[Harare]], {{flag|Zimbabwe}})
| website = 
| keypoints =
| compactnav =
}}

'''Seventh Summit Conference of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Movement''' on 7–12 March 1983 took place in [[New Delhi]] in [[India]], one of the founders and leading members of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]].<ref name="Seventh Conference-Document">{{cite report |date= |title=7th Summit Conference of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Movement |url=http://cns.miis.edu/nam/documents/Official_Document/7th_Summit_FD_New_Delhi_Declaration_1983_Whole.pdf |publisher=Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations |page= |docket= |access-date= |quote= |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214521/http://cns.miis.edu/nam/documents/Official_Document/7th_Summit_FD_New_Delhi_Declaration_1983_Whole.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The summit followed the 1979 summit in [[Havana]], [[Cuba]] at which confrontation between moderate member states, led by [[SFR Yugoslavia]] and India, and radical states, led by Cuba, pushed the movement into crisis.<ref name="Qureshi">{{cite journal |last1=Qureshi |first1=Yasmin |date=1983 |title=THE SEVENTH SUMMIT OF NON-ALIGNED NATIONS |publisher=[[Pakistan Institute of International Affairs]] |journal=[[Pakistan Horizon]] |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41394189 |archive-date=2 June 2021 |access-date=1 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602234540/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41394189 |url-status=live }}</ref> The keynote address was delivered by [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Indira Gandhi]].<ref name="Seventh Conference-Document"/> At the summit in New Delhi, [[Bahamas]], [[Barbados]], [[Colombia]] and [[Vanuatu]] were admitted as new member states; [[Papua New Guinea]] and [[Antigua and Barbuda]] as observers; and [[Dominican Republic]] as a guest state.<ref name="Qureshi"/> [[Cambodia]] was absent from the meeting due to the [[People's Republic of Kampuchea#United Nations|rival delegations controversy]]. [[Saint Lucia]] failed to send a delegation. [[Luxembourg]]'s request for guest status was rejected on formalistic deadline grounds.<ref name="Jakovina-Treća strana">{{cite book |author= Tvrtko Jakovina |author-link= Tvrtko Jakovina |date=2011|title=Treća strana Hladnog rata |publisher=Fraktura |isbn=978-953-266-203-0 }}</ref> 1,500 journalists followed the event.<ref name="Jakovina-Treća strana"/>

==Participants==
The following states participated at the summit in New Delhi:<ref name="Seventh Conference-Document"/>

===Member states===
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* {{flag|Afghanistan|1980}}
* {{flag|Algeria}}
* {{flag|Angola}}
* {{flag|Argentina}}
* {{flag|Bahamas}}
* {{flag|Bahrain|1972}}
* {{flag|Bangladesh}}
* {{flag|Barbados}}
* {{flag|Belize|1981}}
* {{flag|Benin}}
* {{flag|Bhutan}}
* {{flag|Bolivia}}
* {{flag|Botswana}}
* {{flag|Burundi}}
* {{flag|Cape Verde}}
* {{flag|Central African Republic}}
* {{flag|Chad}}
* {{flag|Colombia}}
* {{flag|Comoros|1978}}
* {{flag|Congo|1970}}
* {{flag|Cuba}}
* {{flag|Cyprus|1960}}
* {{flag|North Korea|1948}}
* {{flag|Djibouti}}
* {{flag|Ecuador|1900}}
* {{flag|Egypt|1972}}
* {{flag|Equatorial Guinea}}
* {{flag|Ethiopia|1975}}
* {{flag|Gabon}}
* {{flag|Gambia}}
* {{flag|Ghana}}
* {{flag|Grenada}}
* {{flag|Guinea}}
* {{flag|Guinea-Bissau}}
* {{flag|Guyana}}
* {{flag|India}}
* {{flag|Indonesia}}
* {{flag|Iran}}
* {{flag|Iraq|1963}}
* {{flag|Ivory Coast}}
* {{flag|Jamaica}}
* {{flag|Jordan}}
* {{flag|Kenya}}
* {{flag|Kuwait}}
* {{flag|Laos}}
* {{flag|Lebanon}}
* {{flag|Lesotho|1966}}
* {{flag|Liberia}}
* {{flag|Libya|1977}}
* {{flag|Madagascar}}
* {{flag|Malawi}}
* {{flag|Malaysia}}
* {{flag|Maldives}}
* {{flag|Mali}}
* {{flag|Malta}}
* {{flag|Mauritania|1959}}
* {{flag|Mauritius}}
* {{flag|Morocco}}
* {{flag|Mozambique|1975}}
* {{flag|Nepal}}
* {{flag|Nicaragua}}
* {{flag|Niger}}
* {{flag|Nigeria}}
* {{flag|Oman|1970}}
* {{flag|Pakistan}}
* {{flag|Palestine Liberation Organization}}
* {{flag|Panama}}
* {{flag|Peru}}
* {{flag|Qatar}}
* {{flag|Rwanda|1962}}
* {{flag|São Tomé and Príncipe}}
* {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
* {{flag|Senegal}}
* {{flag|Seychelles|1977}}
* {{flag|Sierra Leone}}
* {{flag|Singapore}}
* {{flag|Somalia}}
* {{flagicon image|Flag_of_South_West_Africa_People's_Organisation.svg}} [[SWAPO|South West Africa People’s Organisation]]
* {{flag|Sri Lanka}}
* {{flag|Sudan}}
* {{flag|Suriname}}
* {{flag|Swaziland}}
* {{flag|Syrian Arab Republic}}
* {{flag|Togo}}
* {{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}
* {{flag|Tunisia|1959}}
* {{flag|Uganda}}
* {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
* {{flag|Cameroon}}
* {{flag|Tanzania}}
* {{flag|Upper Volta}}
* {{flag|Vanuatu}}
* {{flag|Vietnam}}
* {{flag|Yemen Arab Republic}}
* {{flag|South Yemen}}
* {{flag|Yugoslavia}}
* {{flag|Zaire}}
* {{flag|Zambia|1964}}
* {{flag|Zimbabwe}}
{{div col end}}

===Observers===
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* {{flag|Brazil|1968}}
* {{flag|El Salvador}}
* {{flag|Mexico}}
* {{flag|Papua New Guinea}}
* {{flag|Philippines|1936}}
* {{flag|Uruguay}}
* {{flag|Venezuela|1954}}
* [[African National Congress]]
* [[Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Organisation]]
* {{flag|League of Arab States}}
* [[Organization of African Unity]]
* [[Organization of the Islamic Conference]]
* [[Pan Africanist Congress of Azania]]
* [[Socialist Party of Puerto Rico]]
* {{flag|United Nations}}
{{div col end}}

===Guests===
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* {{flag|Austria}}
* {{flag|Dominican Republic}}
* {{flag|Finland}}
* {{flag|Portugal}}
* {{flag|Romania|1965}}
* {{flag|San Marino|1862}}
* {{flag|Spain}}
* {{flag|Sweden}}
* {{flag|Switzerland}}
* {{flag|Holy See}}
* [[Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific]]
* [[Food and Agriculture Organization]]
* [[Red Cross]]
* [[International Conference on the Question of Palestine]]
* [[United Nations Ad Hoc Committee on the Indian Ocean]]
* [[United Nations Commissioner for Namibia]]
* [[United Nations Cormnittee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights Of the Palestinian People]]
* [[United Nations Council for Namibia]]
* [[United Nations Conference on Trade and Development]]
* [[United Nations Development Program]]
* [[United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization]]
* [[United Nations Industrial Development Organization]]
* [[United Nations Special Committee against Apartheid]]
* [[Special Committee on Decolonization]]
* [[World Food Council]]
* [[World Health Organization]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==See also==
* [[India and the Non-Aligned Movement]]
* [[Foreign relations of India]]
* [[Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 1983]]

{{Non-Aligned Movement Summits}}
{{Foreign relations of India}}

[[Category:Non-Aligned Movement Summits|Summit 7th]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of India]]
[[Category:History of New Delhi]]
[[Category:1983 conferences|Non-Aligned Movement Summit]]
[[Category:1983 in politics|Non-Aligned Movement Summit]]
[[Category:1983 in India|Non-Aligned Movement Summit]]
[[Category:March 1983 in India|Non-Aligned Movement Summit]]

Syro-Malabaric Rite

2026-04-15T14:08:07Z

GreggNfb8421:

{{short description|Indian usage of the East Syriac Rite}}
{{about|the Malabaric usage of the East Syriac Rite |other subjects called Malabar Rite|Malabar Rite (disambiguation)}}
The '''Syro-Malabaric Rite''', also called the '''Malabar Chaldean Rite''', is the Indian [[Use (liturgy)|usage]] of the [[East Syriac Rite]]. It is currently employed in the [[Syro-Malabar Church]], an Eastern catholic church of East Syriac Rite based in India. It originally developed as the [[Ritual family|rite]] of the [[Saint Thomas Christians]] of [[South India]], who were part of the [[Church of the East]], incorporating indigenous cultural elements into the East Syriac Rite. It was widely [[liturgical latinization|latinized]] following the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese conquest]] in the 16th century. The [[Catholic Church]] officially began efforts to restore the ancient liturgy in the latter half of the 19th century. Since the last half of the 20th century there is an ongoing conflict between those who call for complete restoration of the pre-16th century rite and those who argue for a reformed Indianized rite or a brand new form of liturgy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/long-form/behind-syro-malabar-church-schism-a-raging-battle-between-conservatives-and-progressives|title=Behind Syro Malabar Church schism, a raging battle between conservatives and progressives|access-date=2024-11-18|author=Haritha John |editor=Maria Teresa Raju |date=2024-02-05|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.catholicsandcultures.org/india/syro-malabar-church/syro-malabar-worship|title=Syro-Malabar worship: Ancient traditions and modern controversy {{!}} Catholics & Cultures|access-date=2024-11-18|language=en}}</ref>{{sfnp|Brock|2011b}}

[[File:St Thomas Cross.svg|200px|thumb|Anuradhapura version of [[Saint Thomas Christian cross|Saint Thomas Cross]]]]

==History==
===Pre-16th century===

There are only a few records of the worship practices of the Saint Thomas Christians before the 16th century. One tradition holds that the Syro-Chaldean rite was spread in Malabar by Mesopotamian Christian immigrants led by [[Knai Thoma]], who are believed to have arrived on the Malabar coast in the 4th century.{{sfnp|Palackal|2019|p=9}} These traditions are unclear about the rite of the Christian community that is believed to have existed in Malabar before this event. There are those who argue that that the original rite was one with a Semitic background, while others argue that a purely indigenous rite could have been prevalent. The first direct historical accounts of the Christian community in South India are extant only since the 6th century.{{sfnp|van der Ploeg|1983|p=2–3}}

The Chronicles of Seert records that [[Ma'na of Pars|Ma'na]], a 6th century East Syriac metropolitan of [[Rev Ardashir]] in [[Fars (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)|Pars]], sent religious books and translations of the Greek treatises of [[Diodorus of Tarsus|Diodore]] and [[Theodore of Mopsuestia|Theodore]] in [[Pahlavi language|Pahlavi]] to the churches of India and its environs.{{sfnp|Walker|2011}}{{sfnp|Mingana|1926|p=25}} A parallel 6th century account of the Christian communities along the Malabar coast, in [[Sri Lanka]] and the other islands of the Indian Ocean has been recorded by [[Cosmas Indicopleustes|Cosmas Indicopleustus]] following his visit to India.{{sfnp|Perczel|2018| p=662–674}}{{sfnp|Mingana|1926| p=70–73}}{{sfnp|Baum|Winkler|2003|p=53–58}}

[[File:ഇന്ത്യൻ മഹാസമുദ്രത്തിലെ പൗരസ്ത്യ സുറിയാനി മെത്രാപ്പോലീത്തൻ പ്രവിശ്യകൾ, രൂപതകൾ.jpg|thumb|centre|upright=1.9|The East Syriac metropolitan provinces, dioceses, and other centers along the transoceanic routes in the Indian Ocean]]

It is believed that the Indian Christians adopted a form of the East Syriac rite in use in Persia, incorporating elements adapted to the cultural characteristics of southern India. This may also have been influenced by the Persian Christian migration to Malabar led by [[Sabor and Proth|Sabor and Aproth]] in the 9th century.{{sfnp|Kollaparambil|1981|p=3}}

===16th century===
It is only from the 16th century that clearer and more extensive records of the Malabar Christians and the rituals prevalent among them are available. The main source for this is the accounts of the Portuguese who were working in Malabar at that time. The [[Synod of Diamper|Udayamperoor Synod]], which took place in 1599, and the accounts of the following years shed more light on the Syro-Malabaric Rite in the 16th century.{{sfnp|Vellian|2001|p=173}}

====Architectural style of churches====
[[File:Kanjirappalli Akkarappally northern view.jpg|thumb|Kanjirapally Akkarapally, the only Syro Malabar church that currently exists in the old style without a façade]]

[[Francisco Ros|Francisco Roz]], a Portuguese missionary and metropolitan who worked in Malabar in the 16th and 17th centuries, gives a description of the architectural style of the Saint Thomas Christian churches. Christian churches were also built in the unique architectural style of Malabar. From the outside, the churches looked similar to temples. The crosses placed in front of the church and on top of the roof helped in distinguishing them from non-Christian buildings of worship.{{sfnp|Mundadan|1970|p=158–159}} The churches were built in east-west direction. The sanctuary of the church, called the {{transliteration|syr|Madbaha}}, was located at the easternmost side. On the southern side of the {{transliteration|syr|Madbaha}} was the [[baptistery]], and on the northern side was a place for baking the bread for Holy {{transliteration|syr|Qurbāna}}.{{sfnp|Nedungatt|2001|p=305}} In some church, the baking of bread was done over a room above the {{transliteration|syr|Madbaha}}. The prepared bread was placed in a lotus leaf basket tied with string and taken down to the {{transliteration|syr|Madbaha}}.{{sfnp|Podipara|1944|p=42–43}} The {{transliteration|syr|Madbaha}} was a narrow room containing an altar for the offering of Holy {{transliteration|syr|Qurbāna}}. Its main door to the {{transliteration|syr|Madbaha}} was veiled. The veil was thrown open only during the Holy {{transliteration|syr|Qurbāna}}. No one except the priests was allowed to enter it.{{sfnp|Podipara|1944|p=48–49}} There were no pictures or figures inside the church except for the cross.{{sfnp|Nedungatt|2001|p=305}}

[[Yaqob Abuna|Yāqōv Avūna]], the Metropolitan of Kodungallur, was the first to call for churches to be built in the Portuguese style, succumbing to pressure from the Portuguese.{{sfnp|Kollaparambil|1981|p=17}} The churches built or rebuilt by the Portuguese were followed their architectural style. It was during this time that [[façade]]s for churches began to be built.{{sfnp|Kollaparambil|1981|p=6–8, 17}} Over time, intricately carved [[Reredos|raredos]] containing figures and images began to be installed in the {{transliteration|syr|Madbaha}} of churches. The [[pulpit]] and the cast bells were also contributions from the Portuguese.{{sfnp|Podipara|1944|p=105–106}}

====Liturgical language====
The liturgy of the Malabar Christians was entirely in the Eastern dialect (Chaldean) of the Syriac language. Manuscripts of the Holy {{transliteration|syr|Qurbāna}}, other sacraments, liturgies, and the Holy Bible were written in the [[East Syriac script|East Syriac]] ({{transliteration|syr|Madnhaya}}) script. In addition to this, there was also a style called '{{transliteration|ml|Karśoni}}', which was used to write Malayalam in the Syriac script for recording rubrics and other purposes outside of worship.<ref>{{harvnb|Koonammakkal}} {{harv|Thekeparampil| Koonammakkal|Baby Varghese|2016}}</ref>{{sfnp|Perczel|2014|p= 263-323}}{{sfnp|Podipara|1944|p=124–125}}

The Portuguese worked hard to make Latin the language of worship for Christians. The Franciscan seminary established in Kodungallur admitted young Christians, taught them [[Latin]], and made them priests.{{sfnp|Kollamparambil|1981|p=19}} But the Saint Thomas Christians were not willing to accept these priests who did not know the Syriac language. This often led to clashes with the Portuguese. The Portuguese lamented that the Saint Thomas Christians did not accept anything that was not in Syriac. The Portuguese then changed their policy and brought in priests, including Francisco Roz, who were experts in Syriac, and taught the Syriac language in the new Jesuit seminary established at Vaippicotta.{{sfnp|Kollamparambil|1981|p=33–37}} They spearheaded a campaign by which the liturgical books of the Syro-Malabar Christians were examined and revised, adapted to the Latin liturgy, and the Latin liturgical books were translated into Syriac and put into practice.{{sfnp|Kollamparambil|1981|p=30–32, 38–39}}

====Scripture====
The ''[[Peshitta]]'' ({{transliteration|syr|Pśītta}}), the Syriac translation of the Holy Bible, was the religious scripture of the Saint Thomas Christians. There were some differences between the Peshitta, which was popular in Malabar, and the ''[[Vulgate]]'', the official Bible translation of the Latin Catholic Church. These differences were in the number and structure of the books. The books of the Maccabees were not included in the manuscripts of the Old Testament of the Syro-Malabar Christians. The [[Book of Revelation|Revelation]] and the [[Second Epistle of John|2nd]] and the [[Third Epistle of John|3rd]] epistles of [[John the Apostle|John]], [[Second Epistle of Peter|2nd Epistle]] of Peter, the [[Epistle of Jude]], and the part about the [[Jesus and the woman taken in adultery|woman caught in adultery]] in the [[Gospel of John]] were also not in the ''Peshitta'' New Testament manuscripts. Roz records that when he asked [[Abraham of Angamaly|Metropolitan Abraham]] about this difference, he replied that these parts, which are not found in the Malabar manuscripts, were in use in Persia. After the Synod of Udayamperoor, the Portuguese revised the ''Peshitta'' Bible of the Syro-Malabar Christians and adapted it to the Latin ''Vulgate''.{{sfnp|Nedungatt|2001|p=327–329}}

====Priesthood====
The same priestly system that existed elsewhere in the Church of the East was also present among the Saint Thomas Christians. The main priestly orders were the [[bishop]], [[archdeacon]], [[presbyter]], [[deacon]] ({{transliteration|syr|Mśamśāna}}), [[subdeacon]] ({{transliteration|syr|Hyapdiāqōna}}), and [[Reader (liturgy)|lector]] ({{transliteration|syr|Qārōya}}).

The spiritual leadership of the Saint Thomas Christians was held by those who had been sent from [[Asoristan|Assyria]] by the East Syriac patriarchs.{{sfnp|Kollaparambil|1981|p=6, 8–9}} The chief among them was known as the Metropolitan of All India.{{sfnp|Mundadan|1970|p=137–145}} In addition to the metropolitan, there were also three suffragan bishops appointed. Gouvea and Roz record that the suffragan dioceses were [[Socotra]] and '''Masina''<nowiki/>'.{{sfnp|Malekandathil|2003|p=7–9, 26–29}} Although Christians in India had the right to freely elect metropolitans as they were a metropolitan province, there is no evidence to determine whether this was ever implemented.

Since the metropolitans were foreigners, a local priest was appointed to the position of archdeacon to oversee the administration of the church and the community.{{sfnp|Kollaparambil|1981|p=6, 8–9}} An archdeacon was an unmarried priest. He was also known as a '{{transliteration|ml|Jātikkukaṟttavyan}}' (stakeholder of the community).{{sfnp|Mundadan|1970|p=145–146}}

[[File:George of Christ Archdeacon.3.jpg|thumb|200px|A painting believed to be of Archdeacon Giwargis]]
A Saint Thomas Christian priest was known as a {{transliteration|ml|Kathanar}}. Roz suggests that the word comes from the Syriac word {{transliteration|syr|kahanan}}, which means priest. A priest was also known as {{transliteration|syr|Kaśīśa}}. A deacon was called the {{transliteration|ml|Śemmaśan}}. The priestly title was conferred in two stages, first the positions of lector, subdeacon, and deacon together, and secondly the presbyterate.{{sfnp|Nedungatt|2001|p=333}}

Like other Eastern churches, the priests of the Saint Thomas Christians also led a married life.{{sfnp|Mundadan|1970|p=147–152}} However, unlike other traditions, in the East Syriac tradition, marriage was permitted even after receiving the priesthood. For this reason, in addition to married people being ordained as priests, there was also a practice of remarriage among priests whose wives had died. The wife of a priest was known as {{transliteration|ml|Kathanarathi}}.{{sfnp|Podipara|1944|p=46}} Roz records that priests' wives assisted in ceremonies such as the baptism of women.{{sfnp|Nedungatt|2001|p=329, 333}}

The Portuguese strongly opposed the married priesthood of Syrian priests. They forbade priests who graduated from the seminaries they founded from marrying. The Udayamperoor Synod recommended that married priests completely abandon their wives and children.

The Portuguese introduced Latin-style priestly ordinations instead of the traditional East Syriac rite, and began the practice of clerical tonsure instead of the traditional ''[[kudumi]]''.

====Baptism====
Among the Christians, there was [[baptism]] of infants and adults. Baptism was usually given on the 40th day after the birth of a child.{{sfnp|Podipara|1944|p=43–44}} Those adults who were not baptized in this way were baptized when they had the opportunity. Baptism was administered by priests. During the baptism of infants, an adult male and female relatives were selected as '{{transliteration|ml|Talatoṭṭappan}}' and '{{transliteration|ml|Talatoṭṭamma}}' respectively. They recite the prayers for the infant being baptized and maintain a spiritual connection with the infant.{{sfnp|Nedungatt|2001|p=329}}

[[File:Baptismal font at Akaparamp Church.jpg|200px|thumb|Old baptismal font at the old Church in Akaparamba; local sculptural elements]]
The ritual of baptism also included anointing with oil. This was performed in the baptistry located to the south of the {{transliteration|syr|Madbaha}} inside the church.{{sfnp|Nedungatt|2001|p=305}} The baptismal font is filled with water and the blessed in the name of the [[Holy Trinity]]. After this, ordinary oil is applied to the child's body and the child is immersed in the baptismal font thrice. Then the child is wiped dry and the sign of the cross is drawn on the forehead, arms, legs, chest, and back with holy oil of unction. The child is then dressed in white. After this, another prayer is said over the water remaining in the baptismal font and it is drained off. The baptism ceremony was performed during Holy {{transliteration|syr|Qurbāna}}. After the baptism, the baby was also given [[Holy Communion]]. The same ritualistic rules are followed when baptizing adults. Roz records that the wives of priests assisted during the baptism of women.{{sfnp|Nedungatt|2001|p=329}}

The Portuguese, accusing the Christians of inadequacies and superstitions in their baptismal rite, imposed the Latin-style baptismal rite on them and prohibited Holy Communion and anointing oil to their children. Portuguese missionaries prohibited giving Holy Communion to children until they received their first communion. They also implemented the practice of placing the baptismal font near the entrance, away from the south side of the sanctuary.

====Holy Unction====
There was no distinct sacrament of [[Confirmation]] in the East Syriac rite. There was only the oil anointing ceremony that was performed alongside the baptism. For the same reason, the sacrament of confirmation was unfamiliar to Saint Thomas Christians.{{sfnp|Kollaparambil|1981|p=7}}

Meanwhile, in the Latin Rite, confirmation was a distinct sacrament given upon reaching adulthood. Only the bishops practiced this. The Portuguese forced the Syrian Christians of Malabar to accept the sacrament. Under their pressure, Metropolitan Abraham, with the help of Jesuit priests at the Vaippicotta Seminary, translated the Latin rite of confirmation into Syriac and implemented it. However, as Roz recounts, he did not administer the sacrament according to anyone other than the priests he had ordained.{{sfnp|Nedungatt|2001|p=331}}

The Udayamperoor Synod and Portuguese missionaries made the sacrament of Confirmation compulsory for older children under the name 'initial unction' ('{{transliteration|ml|Tuṭakkatte Opruśma}}') and translated the rite from Latin to Syriac and performed it.

====Sacrament of Reconciliation====
The East Syriac Rite did not have the sacrament of [[Sacrament of Confession|confession]] as in the Latin Rite. Roz notes that the Christians did not accept confession for the same reason. In the East Syriac rite, the ministry of forgiveness was performed through the sacrament of 'Reconciliation' ({{transliteration|syr|Hūzāya}}) associated with the rite of the Holy {{transliteration|syr|Qurbāna}}. Those who needed to confess their sins in person had the opportunity to approach priests to do so and receive blessings, but that was unusual. In the East Syriac tradition, forgiveness of sins is complete only through the {{transliteration|syr|Hūzāya}}.{{sfnp|Vellian|2001|p=181–182}} Roz records that everyone, including children and adults, received Holy Communion.

The Portuguese were the first to attempt to implement and normalize the sacrament of Latin-style confession among Christians.{{sfnp|Vellian|2001|p=181–182}} Yaakov Avuna, the Metropolitan of Kodungallur, yielded to their insistence and translated the Latin confessional blessing into Syriac. But it did not gain much popularity. Later, Yawsep Sulaqa prepared and implemented a better translation of it. But Metropolitan Abraham discouraged the practice of confession and withdrew from receiving it himself, Roz states.{{sfnp|Nedungatt|2001|p=331–333}}

The Udayamperoor Synod and Portuguese missionaries made confession compulsory among Christians.{{sfnp|Vellian|2001|p=181–182}} They also announced that people who do not confess at least once a year will be excommunicated from the church. They translated and implemented the Order of Confession from the Latin Liturgy into Syriac.

====The dying, rite of funerals, and post-funeral rituals====
=====Services for the sick and dying=====
The sacrament of [[anointing of the sick]] was not present in the East Syriac rite as it was in the Latin rite. Priests visited the sick and dying and prayed over them with leaves inscribed with the words of Jesus Christ from the Gospels.{{sfnp|Podipara|1944|p=45}} They were given holy water ({{transliteration|syr|Hannāna}}; '{{transliteration|ml|Hannān}} water') mixed with some soil collected from the tomb of St. Thomas in Mylapore.{{sfnp|Vellian|2001|p=182}}

The account of [[Yawsep the Indian]] and Portuguese testimonies make it clear that the practice of anointing the dying with holy oil did not exist among the Christians.{{sfnp|Vellian|2001|p=182}} The Portuguese tried to bring this custom. This was known as '{{transliteration|ml|Oṭuvilatte oprūśma}}' ('final unction') or '{{transliteration|ml|Antyakūdāśa}}' ('the sacrament at death'). Rose testifies that although Yawsep Sulaqa translated the Latin rite of this sacrament into Syriac and put it into practice, it was not widely used. Roz adds that Metropolitan Abraham discouraged this and was unwilling to accept it even at his deathbed.{{sfnp|Nedungatt|2001|p=333}}

This ritual was made mandatory among Syro-Malabar Christians by Portuguese missionaries through the Udayamperoor Synod. They translated its liturgy from the Latin rite into Syriac and implemented it.{{sfnp|Vellian|2001|p=183}}

=====Funeral=====
Until the mid-16th century, Christians buried their dead in their homes or privately owned lands. The bodies of saints and monks were buried in churches. Roz records that the bodies of Sabor and Aproth were buried within the chapels along the {{transliteration|syr|Madbaha}} of [[Tarisappalli|Tarsapally, Kollam]].{{sfnp|Nedungatt|2001|p=321}}

Following pressure from the Portuguese, Yaqov Avuna was the first to propose moving graves near churches and establishing cemeteries for this purpose.{{sfnp|Kollaparambil|1981|p=17}}

=====Post-funeral rites=====
When a death occurred in a household, it was customary for the members of the household to observe a fast ({{transliteration|ml|Śṟāddham}} or {{transliteration|ml|Cāttam}}) for a total of 40 days from the day of the death.{{sfnp|Maniyattu|2006|p=143}} In those days, they did not shave their beards or participate in celebrations. They would hold special prayers at the grave and at home for 40 days, inviting a priest to lead the prayers. On the 41st day, the fast was ended ceremoniously by inviting relatives and neighbors and preparing a meal. They then continued the practice of commemorating the deceased once every 30 days until a year had passed since the death. Since then, the anniversary of the deceased would be celebrated every year. On the day of commemoration of the deceased, special prayers were held at the grave and at home, led by a priest.{{sfnp|Nedungatt|2001|p=337}}

====Marriage and family life====
The sacramental status of [[Sacrament of Marriage|marriage]] in East Syriac Rite is a matter of dispute. According to the accounts given by Portuguese writers, the Saint Thomas Christians did not consider marriage a sacrament. Roz records that they called wedding {{transliteration|ml|Peṇṇukeṭṭŭ}}. Although child marriage was strictly prohibited in East Syriac Rite, it was widespread in Malabar, he adds. According to the prevailing local custom, Saint Thomas Christians also married at a young age. The marriage was arranged by the father of the bride and the father of the groom.{{sfnp|Nedungatt|2001|p=333–335}}

The wedding ceremonies were performed under the auspices of a priest. At the same time, Roz notes that there were also marriages that were conducted using only local customs, and that such marriages were also considered valid. The most popular local custom was for the groom to tie a chain ({{transliteration|ml|Tālikeṭṭŭ}}) around the bride's neck and cover her head with a cloth ({{transliteration|ml|Mantṟa kōṭi}}).{{sfnp|Kollaparambil|1981|p=8}} In addition, there was a ceremony where the bride and groom poured rice grains into each other's hands. There were other customs of marriage besides this, but the Portuguese took special care to prohibit all of them. They only allowed the {{transliteration|ml|Tālikeṭṭŭ}} and wearing of {{transliteration|ml|Mantṟa kōṭi}}, considering local customs. There was also a tradition of carrying the bride and groom on elephants and carrying them on relatives' shoulders. These were special rights granted by kings.{{sfnp|Nedungatt|2001|p=333–335}}

It was common practice to pay a dowry as part of a marriage. The dowry was paid by the bride's father. There was a provision that if the husband died without issue, the entire dowry had to be returned.{{sfnp|Nedungatt|2001|p=335}} The Saint Thomas Christians were monogamous. But if the spouse died, it was common to remarry after a year. Remarriage was permitted for both men and women. The Syrian Christians followed a patrilineal family structure unlike the [[Nair]] and [[Muslim Mappila]] communities which followed a matrilineal lineage due to their polyandric marital relationships with [[Nambuthiri]] Brahmins and Arab sailors respectively. The Syro-Malabar system was similar to that of the Nambuthiris except for the practice of the latter which prohibited the marriage of their boys except the eldest.<ref name="moseryounger">{{cite book |title=The Modern Anthropology of India: Ethnography, Themes and Theory |editor1-first=Peter |editor1-last=Berger |editor2-first=Frank |editor2-last=Heidemann |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sQF5-d9BMqcC&pg=PT169 |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-13406-118-1 |chapter=Kerala: Plurality and Consensus |first1=Heike |last1=Moser |first2=Paul |last2=Younger |pages=169–178}}</ref> Jesuit missionary Monserrat, who visited Malabar in the 16th century, recorded that men from the [[Tekkumbhagar|''Thekkumbhaga'']] and ''Vadakkumbhaga'' communities had married [[Nair]] women as well.{{efn|{{cite work|title=Monserrate's letter to Mercurian|location =Cochin|date=12 January 1579|series= Documenta Indica |volume=11|pages=516–518|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015078388348&seq=609}} and {{cite newspaper|title= Malabar Herald |date=6 May 1933}}{{sfnp|Podipara|1944|p=46–48}}}}

====Fasts====
The Syro-Malabar Christians observed [[Fasting|fasts]] as prescribed in the East Syriac Rite. Meat, fish, eggs, milk and dairy products, alcohol, and intoxicants including betel leaves were all completely abstained from during the fasting period. During fasting days, the only ate 2 meals a day. In those days, husbands and wives stayed apart and men stopped shaving. During the fasting days, believers gathered together in church for morning and evening prayers.{{sfnp|Nedungatt|2001|p=325, 337–339}}

=====Great Lent=====
The 7 weeks before Easter were observed as [[Sawma Rabba|Great Lent]]. These are the days of Season of the 'Great Lent' in the liturgical year. The Sunday that begins the Lent is known as '{{transliteration|syr|Pētturta}}'. There was no fasting on Sundays. For this reason, the [[Clean Monday|first Monday of Lent]] was observed as a day of complete fasting. There were relatively long prayer rituals for fasting days in the daily offices.{{sfnp|Nedungatt|2001|p=337–339}} The Friday before '{{transliteration|syr|Ōśāna}} Sunday' was known as the 40th Friday. The [[Lazarus Saturday|next day]] commemorated the raising of [[Lazarus of Bethany|Lazarus]] by Jesus Christ. The 40th Friday marked the end of the forty-day fast. The following Saturday was celebrated by distributing sweets. The week from [[Palm Sunday]] to [[Holy Saturday]] was called the [[Holy Week|Week of Suffering]] or the Week of {{transliteration|syr|Hāśa}}. Fasting continued during these days as well. The Friday of {{transliteration|syr|Hāśa}} ([[Good Friday]]) was also a day of complete fasting.

=====Three-day fast=====
The 3-day fast, or [[Fast of Nineveh|Nineveh fast]], is observed 18 days before the start of Great Lent. This was known as {{transliteration|syr|Bāwūsa}}, which means rogation, and has its origins in Assyria. This was the most notable and ritually important of the fasts observed by the Saint Thomas Christians. For three days, believers sat inside the church and fasted. It was common to read the entire [[psalter]] in the Bible in three days. Liturgy of the hours during these days were the longest.{{sfnp|Nedungatt|2001|p=337–339}} On Wednesday, the last day of Lent, the Qudasa of Nestorius was used in the Holy {{transliteration|syr|Qurbāna}}.

=====Yalda Fast=====
The Yalda fast begins 25 days before the feast of the [[Nativity of Jesus|Nativity of Jesus Christ]].{{sfnp|Nedungatt|2001|p=337–339}}

=====Other fasts=====
The {{transliteration|syr|Slīwa}} fast is a fast observed in advance of the [[Feast of the Cross|Feast of the Holy Cross]] ({{transliteration|syr|Slīwa}}), which was celebrated on September 13 as per the older tradition at the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] in [[Jerusalem]].

The 14 days preceding the Feast of the [[Assumption of Mary|Assumption of the Virgin Mary]], on August 15, was a widely observed fast. The Feast of the [[Transfiguration of Jesus|Transfiguration of Christ]] was celebrated during this Lent.{{sfnp|Nedungatt|2001|p=337–339}} There was also a practice of fasting and praying in church for seven days leading up to the feast of the [[Nativity of Mary|Nativity of the Virgin Mary]] on September 8.{{sfnp|Podipara|1944|p=51}} This was only observed by women.{{sfnp|Kollaparambil|1981|p=8}}

The Fast of the Apostles (''Slihe'') observed Lent for 50 days following the [[Pentecost|Feast of Pentecost]]. The last day of this was '{{transliteration|syr|Nusardel}}', the feast of the 12 apostles which marked the beginning of the Season of {{transliteration|syr|Qaita}}. This fast was optional in observance.{{sfnp|Podipara|1944|p=51}}

====Major days====
The Saint Thomas Christians observed feasts and commemorations according to East Syriac Rite. The feasts were classified as the '{{transliteration|syr|Mārānāya}}' feasts, or feasts of the Lord, and other feasts. The {{transliteration|syr|Mārānāya}} festivals are {{transliteration|syr|Yalda}} (Nativity), {{transliteration|syr|Denha}} ([[Epiphany (holiday)|Epiphany]]), {{transliteration|syr|Ōśāna}} (Palm Sunday), {{transliteration|syr|Pesaha}} ([[Maundy Thursday]]), {{transliteration|syr|Hāśa}} Friday ([[Good Friday]]), {{transliteration|syr|Qyamta}} ([[Resurrection of Jesus|Resurrection]]), {{transliteration|syr|Sūlaqa}} ([[Ascension of Jesus|Ascension]]), Pentecost, {{transliteration|syr|Geliāna}} (Transfiguration), and the Feast of the Finding of the Cross.

=====Nativity=====
The Syro-Malabar Christians celebrated {{transliteration|syr|Yalda}}, the nativity of Jesus Christ, on December 25. The [[Gregorian calendar]] was officially adopted by the [[First Synod of Angamaly]], held in 1585 by Metropolitan Abraham. He did this under pressure from the Portuguese.{{sfnp|Kollaparambil|1981|p=29–30}} Before that, the Christians used to celebrate according to the [[Julian calendar]] as other Eastern churches.

Christians fasted for 24 days before {{transliteration|syr|Yalda}}. The feast was celebrated with a midnight {{transliteration|syr|Qurbāna}}. There was also a practice of procession around the church before {{transliteration|syr|Qurbāna}}.{{sfnp|Kuruthukulangara|1989|p=203–206}} It was customary for the priest to light a fire in a triangular shaped pit in the churchyard, pile the palm leaves used on the previous year's Easter Sunday, and then burn it from its three corners. The priest and the community moved around the burning fire, reciting the angelic hymn, "Praise be to God in the highest," three times, and then entered the church in a circumambulation.{{sfnp|Nedungatt|2001|p=337}}

=====''Denha''=====
The Feast of the {{transliteration|syr|Denha}}, commemorating the baptism of Jesus Christ, was one of the most important feasts for Christians. This festival is celebrated on January 6. It was known as '{{transliteration|ml|Piṇṭikutti}}' feast in the northern regions and '{{transliteration|ml|Rākkuḷi}}' feast in the southern regions.{{sfnp|Moolan|1985|p=22}}

The main ritual of the {{transliteration|ml|Piṇṭikutti}} festival is to decorate the churches and surrounding areas with lamps that are pierced into peeled banana shoots ({{transliteration|ml|piṇṭi}}). It was also common to perform a procession while chanting the phrase '{{transliteration|syr|Ēl payya}}', which means "God is light", in a melodious voice.{{sfnp|Moolan|1985|p=22}}

The main ritual of {{transliteration|ml|Rākkuḷi}} is to take a bath at night in the ponds, rivers, and other water bodies in the vicinity of the church. The priest took the cross, dipped it in water, and blessed the water before people immersed themselves in it. It was held to commemorate the baptism of Jesus Christ in the [[Jordan River]].{{sfnp|Podipara|1944|p=50}}

Meanwhile, the Portuguese celebrated the Feast of the [[Biblical Magi|Three Kings]] (Magi) on January 6 according to the Latin rite. For this reason, the Portuguese tried to turn the Feast of {{transliteration|syr|Denha}} Kings into the Feast of the Three Kings. They promoted parades and other festivals in which the images of the Magi were paraded.{{sfnp|Podipara|1944|p=50}}

=====''Pesaha''=====
Maundy Thursday was one of the most important festivals of the Christians. On the day, everyone attended Mass in church. In the evening ceremony, the celebrant washed the feet of 12 men or children. The {{transliteration|syr|Qūdāśa}} of Nestorius was used for Holy {{transliteration|syr|Qurbāna}} on the day. The rites to increase the Holy {{transliteration|syr|Malka}} of the Holy {{transliteration|syr|Qurbāna}} and the Holy oil, which would be needed for a year, were conducted that day under the leadership of the bishop.

It was also customary to prepare [[Pesaha appam|bread]] and make sweet palm-milk ({{transliteration|ml|Pāl}}) preparation at homes. Bread was made from kneaded rice flour without leavening. It was steamed or baked in a pan. {{transliteration|ml|Pāl}} was prepared by heating coconut milk and jaggery. {{transliteration|syr|Pesaha}} was not celebrated in a house where a death occurred for the past one year. They went to other homes and participated in the celebration. Only Christians participated in the Passover celebration.{{sfnp|Moolan|1985|p=29}}

=====Good Friday=====
The celebration and reception of Holy Qurbana were omitted on the Friday of suffering ({{transliteration|syr|Hāśa}}). The faithful fasted completely on that day.{{sfnp|Podipara|1944|p=51–52}}

=====Feast of Resurrection=====
Christians observed a 7-week fast prior to {{transliteration|syr|Qyamta}}, the feast of the resurrection of Jesus Christ. This was known as the Great Lent. Holy {{transliteration|syr|Qurbāna}} was held in churches after midnight on the occasion of the Feast of the Resurrection.{{sfnp|Nedungatt|2001|p=337}} The congregation entered the church in a ceremonial procession led by the priest. The Portuguese record that there was a practice of spreading torn fragrant leaves, such as [[malabathrum]] leaves, inside the church.{{sfnp|Podipara|1944|p=49}}

=====Transfiguration=====
The commemoration of the transfiguration of Jesus Christ on Mount Tabor was celebrated under the name {{transliteration|syr|Geliāna}}. Roz records that since this festival fell during the fast preceding the Assumption ({{transliteration|ml|Karayēṯṯam}}) of Virgin Mary, which lasted until August 15, fasting was observed on that day.{{sfnp|Nedungatt|2001|p=339}}

=====Feast of the Cross=====
The Syro-Malabar Christians celebrated the Feast of the {{transliteration|syr|Slīwa}}, or the Feast of the Holy Cross, on September 13.{{sfnp|Nedungatt|2001|p=339}} This was known as the Feast of the Finding of the Holy Cross. There was also a custom of fasting for 13 days prior to this feast.

In other Christian traditions, September 14 was celebrated instead as the Feast of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross.{{sfnp|van der Ploeg|1983|p=145}} The Portuguese pressured the Syro-Malabar Christians to make it official.

=====Commemorations of Saints=====
Roz provides a description of the days of commemoration of saints observed by Saint Thomas Christians as under:

Fridays after the Feast of the Nativity
#Feast of Virgin Mary (Feast of the Appreciation of Mary, [[Christotokos|Mother of Christ]])
#Commemoration of [[John the Baptist]] (''Yōhannān Māmdāna'')
#Commemoration of the Apostles [[Saint Peter|Peter]] (''Kēppa'') and [[Paul the Apostle|Paul]] (''Pawlos'')
#Feast of the [[Four Evangelists]] ([[Matthew the Apostle|Matthew]] (''Mattāi''), [[Mark the Evangelist|Mark]] (''Marqōs''), [[Luke the Evangelist|Luke]] (''Lūkka''), [[John the Apostle|John]] (''Yōhannān''))
#[[Stephen]] (''Esteppānōs Sahda'')
#Greek Doctors ([[Diodorus of Tarsus|Diodorus]], [[Theodore of Mopsuestia|Theodorus]] and [[Nestorius]])
#Syriac Doctors ([[Ephrem the Syrian|Aprem]], [[Narsai]] and [[Abraham the Great of Kashkar|Abraham]])
#[[Rabban Hormizd|Hormizd Ramban]] - The 15th day after Easter (2nd Monday of ''Qyamta'')

Other significant feasts:
#[[George of Lydda|George]] (''Gīwargīs Sahada'') - April 24{{sfnp|Nedungatt|2001|p=339}}
#[[Mar Sabor and Mar Proth|Sabor and Aproth]] - May 19{{sfnp|Nedungatt|2001|p=321}}
#[[Thomas the Apostle]] (''Duqrāna dTōmāślīha'') - July 3 (3rd ''[[Karkata|Kaṟkkiṭakam]]'' - relocation of his mortal remains to Edessa), [[Second Sunday of Easter|New Sunday]] ({{transliteration|ml|Putuñayaṟ}}: 2nd Sunday of {{transliteration|syr|Qyamta}} - Thomas' declaration of faith), November 21 ([[Vṛścika|''Vṟŭścikam'']] ''21'' - Thomas' arrival to India), December 18 (''[[Dhanu (month)|Dhaṉu]]'' 18 - Commemoration of the death of Saint Thomas or Feast of the bleeding Cross in [[Mylapore]]){{sfnp|Podipara|1944|p=50–51}}
#[[Cyricus and Julitta|Kuriakose Sahada]] and his mother Yūlītta - July 15{{sfnp|Nedungatt|2001|p=339}}
#Hormizd Ramban - September 1

Decree 9 of the 3rd Session of the Udayamperoor Synod prohibited the celebration of the feasts of the East Syriac saints. The names of Diodorus, Theodore, and Nestorius were stroke off from liturgical texts and the books known by their names were gathered and burned. They were replaced by [[Athanasius of Alexandria]], [[Gregory of Nazianzus]], [[Basil of Caesarea]], [[John Chrysostom|Chrysostom of Constantinople]] and [[Cyril of Alexandria]].{{sfnp|Geddes|1694|p=146}}{{sfnp|Geddes|1694|p=148}} The names of the Syriac Doctors Narsai and Abraham were also removed in this manner, and books bearing their names were destroyed. Instead, the names of Latin saints [[Augustine of Hippo]], [[Ambrose|Ambrose of Milan]], and [[Pope Gregory I|Gregory of Rome]] were introduced.{{sfnp|Geddes|1694|p=146}}{{sfnp|Geddes|1694|p=149}} In 10th decree declared Hormizd Ramban a Nestorian heretic and replaced his name by that of [[Hormizd the Martyr|Hormizd ''Sahada'']].{{sfnp|Geddes|1694|p=150–151}}

Decree 25 of the 8th Session declared Mar Sabor and Mar Aproth as Nestorian heretics and forbade the construction of churches, feasts, and vows in their name. The synod also ordered that the churches named after them be renamed after all the saints, starting from the [[Udayamperoor Old Church|church in Udayamperoor]].{{sfnp|Geddes|1694|p=368}} This could not implemented due to steady opposition from the Christians. Therefore, later, instead of 'All Saints', the Italian twin saints [[Gervasius and Protasius]] were chosen.{{sfnp|Malekandathil|2003|p=302}}{{sfnp|Mundadan|1970|p=102}} However, the Christians continued to venerate the local saints Sabor and Aproth.

The Latin missionary influence among the Syro-Malabar Christians led to a tendency to misunderstand Kuriakose the Martyr with the Latin saint [[Cyriacus|Deacon Cyriacus]]. Over time, devotion to Kuriakose, the patron saint of children, gave way to devotion to [[Christ Child|Infant Jesus]], under the influence of the Carmelites.

====The Order of Holy ''Qurbana''====

Historian Connolly suggests that the liturgy used by the Syro-Malabar Christians in the 16th century can be sketched from the decrees of the Synod of Udayamperoor. He insists that the Malabar Christians used a form of the East Syriac rite. He adds that what existed in Malabar was a different order from the generally accepted form of the liturgy of the Church of the East.{{sfnp|Connolly|1914|p=396-425, 569-589}} According to Douglas Webb, the Malabar Rite was a modified form of the order commonly used in the East Syrian Church. He also writes that the unique elements may have been added after the general order of the Alqosh usage was deviced.{{sfnp|Webb|1970|p=41-54}}

A heavily [[Latinisation of liturgy|latinized]] form of the East Syriac liturgy, which formed in the years immediately following the Synod of Udayamperoor, was the one that was used by the Saint Thomas Christians throughout the 17th century. After the Synod of Udayamperoor, texts for all the sacraments, except for the Holy {{transliteration|syr|Qurbāna}} and the Liturgy of the Hours, were translated from the Latin Rite into Syriac and used. The missionaries also implemented extensive Latin adaptations within the remaining East Syriac orders. The methods of {{transliteration|syr|Qurbāna}}, such as the '{{transliteration|ml|Mūnnummmēl Rāza}}' and the '{{transliteration|ml|Pāṭṭŭ Quṟbāṉa}}' (sung eucharistic liturgy), were also formed during this period.{{sfnp|Podipara|1944|p=111–114}}

After the Coonan Cross Oath and the subsequent division of the Christians into two factions, the ''[[Pazhayakoottukar|Paḻayakūṯṯukāṟ]]'' and ''[[Puthankoottukar|Puttankūṯṯukāṟ]]'', both factions continued this Latinized Syro-Chaldean Malabar liturgy. However, the influence of the Syriac Orthodox missionaries among the {{transliteration|ml|Puttankūṯṯukāṟ}} gradually led to the spread and full acceptance of the [[West Syriac]] 'Jacobite' ({{transliteration|ml|Yākkōbāya}}) Rite and liturgy among them, leading to the development of the [[Malankara Rite]] usage of Tikrit form of the West Syriac Jacobite Rite.{{sfnp|Fenwick|2009|p=136—137}} As a result, they stopped using the Syro-Malabar liturgy.{{sfnp|van der Ploeg|1983|p=20, 29–30}} But the liturgy of the {{transliteration|ml|Paḻayakūṯṯukāṟ}} remained without any significant alterations.{{sfnp|Perczel |2013| p= 425}} Meanwhile, available manuscripts show that the {{transliteration|ml|Puttankūṯṯukāṟ}} used the order of the Liturgy of the Hours and prayers of the Syro-Malabar Rite up until the 19th century.{{sfnp|Perczel|2014|p=272–278}}

Following a split among the {{transliteration|ml|Paḻayakūṯṯukāṟ}} in the 19th century, two distinct Churches emerged: the Chaldean Syrian Church and the Syro-Malabar Church. Among these, the Chaldean Syrian Church removed the Latin elements from their liturgy and adapted it to the liturgy of the Assyrian Church of the East. Meanwhile, the Syro-Malabar Church continued to follow the old Latinized Syro-Malabaric rite. When the Pope completely separated the Syro-Malabar Church from the Latin Church in 1896 and appointed local bishops for it, the defects and anomalies in the Syro-Malabar liturgy of that time began to be addressed. In 1934, the Pope took the ultimate decision to restore the Syro-Malabar Rite to the state it had been in before the Synod of Udayamperoor, and by 1986, the restored order of the Syro-Malabar Qurbana was promulgated.{{sfnp|Vellian|2001|p=195–198}}

==Latinization==
After the arrival of the Portuguese to India, they began efforts to adapt the Syro-Malabaric Rite to the norms of the Latin Church. The period from the 17th to the 20th century was of widespread Latinization of the Syro-Malabaric Rite. There are mainly 3 reasons cited for the forced latinization of the eastern rite. Firstly, since the Saint Thomas Christians were under the Church of the East, they believed that their liturgy contained the Nestorian heresy. Secondly, they found that the Syro-Malabar Rite lacked many of the reforms and devotional practices that developed in the Latin Rite during the Middle Ages. Thirdly and most significantly they believed that the Latin Rite is superior to all other Christian Rites.{{sfnp|Vellian|2001|p=187}} The process of Latinization in the history of the Syro-Malabaric Rite had 3 stages. These are the 5 decades immediately before the Udayamperoor Synod (Chaldean Catholic period), period that extended from the Udayamperoor Synod to the Coonan Cross Oath (Portuguese-Jesuit period), and the period after the Coonan Cross Oath (Carmelite period).

===Chaldean Catholic period===
Before the Udayamperoor Synod, the Jesuit Seminary in Vaippicotta served as the spearhead of the Portuguese missionary pressure for the [[liturgical latinization|latinization]] of the Saint Thomas Christians.{{sfnp|Kollaparambil|1981|p=32–38}} The Jesuits of Vaippicotta, who took Syriac as an important subject in their curriculum, attempted to dissect the East Syriac liturgical texts used by the Syro-Malabar Christians inorder to find the discrepancies it had with the Latin texts and to edit it in accordance with the Latin rite texts as far as possible.{{sfnp|Vellian|2001|p=179}} Under their pressure, the Chaldean metropolitans Yawsep Sūlāqa and Abraham agreed to some Latinizations.{{sfnp|Kuruthukulangara|1989|p=200–201}} Webb suggests that Yawsep was the first to add the institutional narrative of the Eucharist, which was not originally present in the Anaphora of Addai and Mari of the Holy {{transliteration|syr|Qurbāna}}. But Yawsep was cautious enough to add it after the service of breaking of the holy bread, without altering the text of the anaphora.{{sfnp|Webb|1958|p=185–208}} Van der Ploeg says that it is more likely that this addition took place in the Middle East itself and that it may have been propagated in Malabar by Yawsep, who was also the brother of the first Chaldean Catholic Patriarch.{{sfnp|van der Ploeg |1983|p=64–65}} Later, its position was moved ahead such that it was said before the breaking of bread. Jacob Vellian, a liturgical scholar, suggests that this change may have occurred at the synod held in Angamaly in 1583 under the presidency of Metropolitan Abraham, much before the Udayamperoor Synod.{{sfnp|Vellian|2001|p=179}}

===Udayamperoor Synod and the Portuguese Period===
The main developments in the period from the Synod of Udayamperoor to the Coonan Cross Oath were the liturgy edited by the Synod of Udayamperoor ('the liturgy of Menezes') and the liturgy implemented by Francisco Roz after that.{{sfnp|van der Ploeg|1983|p=21–25}} Alexis Menezes, the Archbishop of Goa, had the texts prepared in advance so that to be promulgated as decrees once the synod was over. The Udayamperoor Synod decreed to translate the Latin Rite liturgy for all sacraments, except the Holy {{transliteration|syr|Qurbāna}}, into Syriac and implement it among the Saint Thomas Christians.{{sfnp|van der Ploeg|1983|p=82–83}}{{sfnp|Podipara|1944|p=86–87}} Only the order of the Holy {{transliteration|syr|Qurbāna}} ({{transliteration|syr|Taqsa}}) and the Liturgy of the Hours were excluded from complete Latinization. But Menezes particularly indulged to make corrections to these as well.{{sfnp|Kollaparambil|1981|p=31}} The Portuguese's liturgical programme was to completely latinize these too over time, avoiding the immediate protests of the Saint Thomas Christians.{{sfnp|Kollaparambil|1981|p=27, 32–33}}

====Liturgy of Menezes====
The Udayamperoor Synod, led by Alexis Menezes, proposed approximately 40 changes to the order of the Holy {{transliteration|syr|Qurbāna}}. Among these, 6 were in the {{transliteration|syr|Kārozusa}} (deaconal proclamations), 7 in hymns, 4 in other deaconal proclamations and 1 each in the laity's response, reading of the gospel and the Nicean Creed. Among amendments to the prayers of the priest, 5 were in the pre-anaphoral part, 4 in the anaphora itself and 11 in the variable {{transliteration|syr|Huttāme}} (final blessing or 'sealing' prayer). These changes chiefly intended to replace the East Syriac expressions with Latin theological expressions and terminology. The synod anathematised the Chaldean Catholic Patriarch [[Shimun IX Dinkha|Šimun IX Denha]] as a Nestorian heretic and schismatic. It banned the mentioning of the Chaldean Patriarch in the Holy {{transliteration|syr|Qurbāna}} and the Liturgy of the Hours under the pain of excommunication and decreed to add the name of the Pope in his place. The synod also prohibited the referring to the bread and wine as the Holy Body and Blood before the institutional narrative is recited.{{sfnp|Vellian|2001|p=177}} The anaphoras ({{transliteration|syr|Qūdāše}}) of Diodorus, Theodore, and Nestorius were banned and their manuscripts were ordered to be collected and burned.{{sfnp|Podipara|1944|p=82}} The synod also banned their commemorations. In the Nicean creed, the synod decreed to replace the East Syriac christological phraseology of {{transliteration|syr|Barkyāna}} with the word of Greek origin {{transliteration|syr|Hēumasiōs}} to make the Creed similar to the Latin version.{{sfnp|Vellian|2001|p=177}}{{sfnp|Podipara|1944|p=80–81}} The synod also adopted the version of the institution narrative as it is in the Latin Rite in place of the version added by Yawsep Sulaqa.{{sfnp|Vellian|2001|p=178}}

The Udayamperoor Synod also proposed widespread changes in the Syro-Malabaric Liturgy of the Hours. The theology of the East Syriac Church is expressive in its Liturgy of the Hours. Menezes' order was to completely tear out the entire section for the season of the Annunciation from the manuscripts of the order of the Liturgy of the Hours, where this was most evident. The {{transliteration|syr|Hudra}}, which contains all the hymns and prayers used in a year, almost disappeared after the synod. This is chiefly attributed to the widespread destruction of manuscripts that followed the synod. All that remained was a small book called {{transliteration|syr|Kaškōl}} ('{{transliteration|syr|Šehimma}}'), which was the order of liturgy of the hours for ordinary days.{{sfnp|Kollaparambil|2001|p=171}} Attempts were made to burn and destroy all Syriac manuscripts, except manuscripts of the Holy Bible ({{transliteration|syr|Pšitta}}) and the orders of the Holy {{transliteration|syr|Qurbāna}} and the Liturgy of the Hours.{{sfnp|van der Ploeg|1983|p=19–20}} The Feast of the Purification of the Virgin Mary and the candlelight vigils of that day (Candlemas) and litanies were also introduced among the Syro-Malabar Christians in this period.{{sfnp|Podipara|1944|p=105}}

====Liturgy of Roz====
Only 4 elements from the Latin Rite were added to the Syro-Malabaric Rite by the Udayamperoor Synod. The synod convened by Francisco Roz in Angamaly in 1603 made further corrections to this liturgy. The two extant documents of the {{transliteration|syr|Taqsa}} revised by Roz are the Rozian liturgy, published in 1603, and the Rozian statutes of 1606.{{sfnp|Vellian|2001|p=185}} It was Roz who introduced the practice of beginning the {{transliteration|syr|Qurbāna}} in the name of the Holy Trinity and the drawing of the cross. Some ritual and structural changes were also introduced through the Rozian liturgy to further align the Syro-Malabar liturgy with the Latin liturgy.{{sfnp|Vellian|2001|p=186–7}}{{sfnp|Hambye|1969|p=221–231}}

===Discalced Carmelite period===
The various editions of the Syro-Malabaric Liturgy published during the reign of the Carmelite missionaries are examples of later Latinization. There was no fully unified liturgy among the {{transliteration|ml|Paḻayakūṯṯukāṟ}}, who continued in communion with the Pope and the partially Latinized East Syriac rite after the Coonan Cross Oath. Although attempts were made since 1757 to unify and publish the Syro-Malabar liturgy, differences were widespread among the available manuscripts. At the same time, even many of the local priests were not interested in implementing the East Syriac liturgy of the Chaldean Catholic Church in Malabar. The Chaldeo-Malabaric Missal was printed and published in Rome in 1774.{{efn|{{transliteration|la|Ordo Chaldaicus Missae Beatorum Apostolorum, juxta
ritum Ecclesiae Malabaricae}}}} In 1775, the publishing of other liturgical texts such as a lectionary, a {{transliteration|la|Propria}}, and formula of sacraments followed.{{efn|{{transliteration|la|Ordo Chaldaicus Rituum et Lectionum juxta morem Ecclesiae Malabarica}}}}<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.academia.edu/113241173|title=Syriac Heritage of the Saint Thomas Christians: Language and Liturgical Tradition Saint Thomas Christians – origins, language and liturgy|first=Przemyslaw |last=Turek|year=2011|series=Orientalia Christiana Cracoviensia|volume=3 |pages=115–130 |publisher=Pontifical University of John Paul II|location=Krakow|doi=10.15633/OCHC.1038 }}</ref> Along with these, more prayers from the Latin Rite were added.{{sfnp|Vellian|2001|p=188–189}} It included the prayers from the Latin Rite particular to Ash Wednesday, Palm Sunday, Maundy Thursday, Good Friday, and the Feast of the Purification of the Virgin Mary. Elements from the Maronite Rite were also incorporated into it.{{efn|The hymn '{{transliteration|syr|Abba da kušta}}' or 'Father of Truth' of [[Jacob of Serug]]}}{{sfnp|Podipara|1944|p=130–136}} All feasts, except July 3, December 18, and the 3-day fast, were incorporated from the Latin Rite and the variable prayers ({{transliteration|la|Propria}}) peculiar to the East Syriac Rite were abandoned.{{sfnp|Vellian|2001|p=189}} This edition also avoided the variable {{transliteration|syr|Turgāme}} preceding the reading of the Holy Gospel. In short, this liturgy published by the Carmelites in 1774, replaced the traditional East Syriac liturgical calendar with the Latin calendar in the {{transliteration|syr|Taqsa}}.{{sfnp|van der Ploeg|1983|p=74}} It was successively revised and published in 1775 and 1845, with further amendments.{{sfnp|Vellian|2001|p=190}}

====Beccinelli's reforms====
The next set of major changes in the Syro-Malabaric Rite was carried out by Bernardine Beccinelli, who was the Vicar Apostolic of Verapoly from 1853 to 1868. Realizing that despite the existence of printed liturgical texts, Syriac priests throughout his jurisdiction were performing liturgy in various ways, he issued an order entitled 'Remedies against disorders'. He also applied the 5 liturgical colors (white, red, black, green, and purple) of the Latin Rite in the Syro-Malabaric Rite.{{sfnp|Vellian|2001|p=191}} It was Beccinelli who banned the practice of lighting fires and walking around them in the rites of the {{transliteration|syr|Yalda}} (Nativity) feast. But this custom persisted despite this ban in many places.{{sfnp|Kuruthukulangara|1989|p=203–204}}

Beccinelli implemented the monthly devotions in the name of the Virgin Mary and Saint Joseph, and the '{{transliteration|la|Novēna}}' rituals in the name of other saints.{{sfnp|Podipara|1944|p=154–155}} Beccinelli also tried to spread the practice of '[[Rosary]]' in homes. Another practice that the Portuguese missionaries promoted with special interest after the Udayamperoor Synod was the veneration of statues and images. Over time, this became very popular among the Nasranis and involved intense rituals such as opening the casket, pouring of milk, bathing the statue, anointing with milk, anointing with [[ghee]], carrying the statues, closing the casket, and wearing of gold and silver ornaments ({{transliteration|ml|Tiruvābharaṇam}}). Beccinelli tried to ban such intense devotional practices.{{sfnp|Vellian|2001|p=191}}

====Reforms by Chavara Kuriakose Elias====
The next reforms in the Syro-Malabar rite were made by [[Kuriakose Elias Chavara]], whom Bernardine Becchinelli appointed as Vicar General for the Malabar Chaldean Syrian Catholics. The first book of liturgical rubrics in the Syro-Malabaric Rite is the {{transliteration|syr|Tūqāsa}} published by Chavara in 1868, containing the rubrics of the Holy {{transliteration|syr|Qurbāna}}. It was fundamentally a text of the rubrics of the Latin Rite translated to Syriac.{{sfnp|Vellian|2001|p=191}} He translated the propers of the Holy Saturday from the Latin Rite into Syriac and published them. Chavara is also known to have dedicated each day of the week to a saint and special patronages for each month. Every Saturday as well as the entire month of May were dedicated to the Virgin Mary, with special prayers and rituals being held. He also translated Western books into Malayalam and published works such as {{transliteration|ml|Vaṇakkamāsam}}. Chavara's contributions include '40 hours adoration' and eucharistic adoration.{{sfnp|Vellian|2001|p=192}}{{sfnp|Kanichikattil|2020|p=24–25}}

Along with the 40-hour adoration service, Latin practices such as the adoration of the Holy eucharistic host also spread among the Syro-Chaldeans of Malabar. In this regard, songs such as {{transliteration|syr|Sambāh Lēšan}} and {{transliteration|syr|Kollan Dašne}} were translated from the Latin rite into Syriac and promoted.{{efn|name=Šambāh|{{transliteration|syr|Šambāh Lēšan}} is a Syriac translation of the first stanza of the Latin hymn, ''[[Pange lingua gloriosi corporis mysterium|Pange Lingua]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thecmsindia.org/encyclopedia-of-syriac-chants/s/sambah-lesan-praise-my-tongue|title=Sambah Lesan|website=thecmsindia.org}}</ref>}}{{efn|name=Kollan|{{transliteration|syr|Kollan Dašne}} is the Syriac translation of the Latin hymn {{transliteration|la|Tantum Ergo}} (the last two stanzas of {{transliteration|la|Pange Lingua}})<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thecmsindia.org/encyclopedia-of-syriac-chants/k/kollan-dasne-let-us-all-offer|title=കൊല്ലൻദശനെ Kollan daśnē (Let us all offer)|website=thecmsindia.org}}</ref>}}{{sfnp|Podipara|1944|p=160}}

Although such reforms by Chavara Kuriakose Elias led to further Latinization, he also tried to preserve what that remained of the East Syriac Rite in Malabar.{{sfnp|Mundadan|2008|p= 270-271}} The Missal for the Chaldean Syrian Catholics of Malabar published by the {{transliteration|la|Propaganda Fide}} in 1774, had avoided the traditional East Syriac liturgical calendar, thus creating much confusion among the Syro-Chaldean priests of Malabar in matters of variable prayers and the office of Liturgy of Hours. To solve this problem, Chavara took active interest in restoring the old East Syriac almanac and compiling the traditional breviary from fragmented sources.{{sfnp|Kanichikattil|2020|p=26–28}} He made efforts to codify, publish, and popularize traditional East Syriac variable prayers.{{sfnp|Kanichikattil|2020|p=121–138}}{{sfnp|Podipara|1944|p=191–198}} For this purpose, he printed and published the book {{transliteration|syr|Masmōṟa}} (Psalter) in 1871 at Koonammavu. As a result of long efforts, he also compiled a book of prayers for Sundays, feasts ({{transliteration|syr|Ēda}}), remembrance days ({{transliteration|syr|Duqṟāna}}) and ordinary days ({{transliteration|syr|Šehimma}}). But he died before it could be printed completely and published. In 1876, the order of the Šehimma ({{transliteration|syr|Kaškōl}}) was published by Leonardo Mellano, the Metropolitan of Verapoly. This was known as {{transliteration|syr|Āḻccappaṭi}} (weekly breviary). The first part of liturgy for the feast days compiled by Chavara was printed and published, but the Metropolitan forbade its use, accusing elements of Nestorian heresy. This book, known as the {{transliteration|syr|Perunnāḷpaṭi}} (festival breviary), however remained in use in some local monasteries.{{sfnp|Podipara|1944|p=162–169}}

===Later Latinizations===
Later Latinizations of the Syro-Malabar liturgy were led by Archbishop Leonardo Mellano and the local Syro-Malabar bishops appointed after 1896. They attempted to give official recognition to various devotional practices that had become popular during the time of the Carmelite missionaries. It was Mellano who gradually popularized the use of the tabernacle and special costumes for festivals and performances. The local bishops were interested in translating the liturgy of the Latin bishops (pontifical) into Syriac and using it.{{sfnp|Vellian|2001|p=193}} They were supported by Polish Cardinal [[Ladislaus Michal Zaleski|Wladyslaw Zeleski]], the papal delegate to India. His view is clear from his statement: "since it was a hybrid liturgy prevalent in Malabar for the past three centuries, it should be accepted as the true liturgy of the Malabar Church."{{sfnp|Vellian|2001|p=194}}

===Restoration: Rome's ultimate decision===
After the Syro-Malabar Church was granted independence from the local Latin church and a native hierarchy, Rome paid special attention in determining the exact liturgy of that church. The local Syro-Malabar bishops and the Latin priestly leadership wanted more Latinization in the way they practiced. However, Pope Pius XI, who studied the history of the Syro-Malabar Church in detail and sought the opinions of experts, took a completely different decision. In December 1934, the Pope declared that "Latinization should no longer be encouraged in the Syro-Malabaric Rite." He also appointed a committee to restore the original Syro-Malabaric liturgy in the form it existed prior to the changes enforced by Latin missionaries since the 16th century.{{sfnp|Vellian|2001|p=195–198}}

==Restoration==

The deficiencies in the Syro-Malabar liturgy came to greater attention after the Pope separated the Syro-Malabar Church from the Latin Church in 1887 and granted them local bishops in 1896. While some of the bishops wanted to restore the original East Syriac Rite, others wanted to maintain the latinized Chaldean Rite and further add latin rite elements to correct the existing deficiencies. At the same time, another section of the clergy, called for the incorporation of North Indian Brahminical rituals and a new 'Indianized' liturgy. These furthered the disagreements between them.{{sfnp|Brock|2011d}}

===Definitive decision of the Vatican===
In 1934, Rome decided to restore the original East Syriac Rite in the Syro-Malabar Church, and appointed committee to direct the restoration of the Syro-Malabaric {{transliteration|syr|Qurbāna Taqsa}}. On June 26, 1957, Pope Pius XII restored and published the complete text of the Syro-Malabar {{transliteration|syr|Rāza Qurbāna Taqsa}}.{{sfnp|Pallath|2023|p=22–25}} A partial translation of this liturgy from Syriac into Malayalam was published on July 3, 1962, signed by all 7 bishops of the Syro-Malabar Church at that time, and was implemented throughout the Church.{{sfnp|Pallath|2023|p=25–27}}

===Parecattil's innovations===
In 1968, [[Joseph Parecattil]], the then president of the Syro-Malabar Bishops' Conference, having been dissatisfied with the restored liturgy ({{transliteration|syr|Taqsa}}) published in 1962, published a new liturgical text by making further deletions and latinizations in it. At first, it was circulated in the Archdiocese of Ernakulam and then it started spreading to surrounding dioceses, under the influence of Parecattil. Following this, newer liturgical experiments based on Hindu Brahminical rites such as the Dharmaram 'Indian Mass', the National Biblical Catechetical and Liturgical Centre's (NBCLC) '{{transliteration|ml|Bhāratīya Pūja}}', and the 'Ernakulam Mini Mass' of 1974 also became popular under the patronage of Parecattil.{{sfnp|Pallath|2023|p=27–29}} Parecattil himself officiated the inaugural usage of the '{{transliteration|ml|Bhāratīya Pūja}}' at the consecration ceremony of the newly built [[St. Mary's Syro-Malabar Cathedral Basilica, Ernakulam|Saint Mary's Cathedral]] in Ernakulam. The Latin and Syro-Malabar priests who supported these newer and innovative liturgical texts started ridiculing the supporters of the restored liturgy as 'Chaldean traditionalists' or 'Chaldeanists' ({{transliteration|ml|Kaldāyavādikaḷ}}).{{sfn|Winkler|2018|pp=131-132}} This led to severe dispute and conflict between dioceses within the Syro-Malabar Church.{{sfnp|Palackal|2015|p=354–356}}

===Impact of the Second Vatican Council===
The [[Second Vatican Council]] encouraged the recovery of lost Eastern Catholic liturgical traditions. On December 19, 1985, to resolve the confusion in the Syro-Malabaric liturgy, Rome directly published the revised 1962 {{transliteration|syr|Taqsa}} and strictly forbade the unauthorized liturgical forms prevalent in the Syro-Malabaric Rite. In addition to the complete solemn form or {{transliteration|syr|Rāza}} of the Syro-Malabar {{transliteration|syr|Qurbāna}}, the {{transliteration|syr|Taqsa}} also had shortened forms such as the 'solemn form' for Sundays and major feast days, and a simple form for ordinary days.{{sfnp|Pallath|2023|p=29–30}} On 8 February 1986, during his visit to India, [[John Paul II|Pope John Paul II]] personally inaugurated the restored Syro-Malabar liturgy in [[Kottayam]].{{sfnp|Brock|2011d}}{{sfn|Winkler|2018|pp=131-132}}

At the same time, following the introduction of the {{transliteration|la|versus populum}} mode in the Latin Rite, those who opposed the restored traditional Eastern liturgy began to practice it in the Syro-Malabar Church. Even after the unification of the liturgical text ({{transliteration|syr|Taqsa}}), differences in the direction of the celebrant, namely namely 'facing east' ({{lang|la|ad orientum}}) and 'facing the people', continued regionally.{{sfnp|Pallath|2023|p=28, 36}}

===The unified liturgy===
Following the elevation of the Syro-Malabar Church to the status of 'Major Archbishopric' in 1992, the church began discussions to resolve the differences and decided on a unified mode in 1999. However, this led to widespread protests among the local clergy. As a result, many diocesan bishops temporarily suspended its implementation. In 2020, church leadership resumed the process of unification of the liturgy and officially promulgated it in 2021.{{sfnp|Pallath|2023|p=36–38}} This is the first Syro-Malabar {{transliteration|syr|Taqsa}} that included the sacraments of Theodore and Nestorius, to be published after the Udayamperoor Synod, .{{sfnp|Pallath|2023|p=40}} The new {{transliteration|syr|Taqsa}} also included an instruction to celebrate the liturgy in a uniform mode throughout the church. Contrary to the traditional {{transliteration|la|ad orientem}} mode, this new {{transliteration|syr|Taqsa}} asks the priest to face the people throughout the liturgy, except for the anaphora and its associated prayers.{{sfnp|Pallath|2023|p=39–40}} By 2022, this had been implemented in most dioceses in the Church. However, the defiance of local clergy in the Archdiocese of Ernakulam-Angamaly still remains as an obstacle to its complete implementation in the archdiocese.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-27 |title=Prelate threatens sanctions in Catholic world's nastiest liturgical dispute |url=https://cruxnow.com/church-in-asia/2023/06/prelate-threatens-sanctions-in-catholic-worlds-nastiest-liturgical-dispute/ |access-date= |website=Crux |language=en |archive-date=27 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927214853/https://cruxnow.com/church-in-asia/2023/06/prelate-threatens-sanctions-in-catholic-worlds-nastiest-liturgical-dispute |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-08-17 |title=Holy Mass row: Papal delegate issues strict warning, orders priests in Kerala archdiocese to obey Synodal decision |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/kerala/holy-mass-row-papal-delegate-issues-strict-warning-orders-priests-in-kerala-archdiocese-to-obey-synodal-decision/ |access-date= |website=The South First |language=en-GB |archive-date=4 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230904010507/https://thesouthfirst.com/kerala/holy-mass-row-papal-delegate-issues-strict-warning-orders-priests-in-kerala-archdiocese-to-obey-synodal-decision/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-17 |title=As Kerala priests keep up protest, Vatican warns: Stop public offering of Mass or face action |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala-priest-protest-vatican-warns-stop-public-offering-of-mass-or-face-action-8897344/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=4 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230904010454/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala-priest-protest-vatican-warns-stop-public-offering-of-mass-or-face-action-8897344/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-07 |title=Where things stand in the Syro-Malabar 'liturgy war' |url=https://www.pillarcatholic.com/p/where-things-stand-in-the-syro-malabar-liturgy-war |access-date= |website= |language=en |archive-date=30 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930185439/https://www.pillarcatholic.com/p/where-things-stand-in-the-syro-malabar-liturgy-war |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Holy ''Qurbana''==
The Syro-Malabaric Rite is the Indian variant of the Chaldean or East Syriac Rite. The eucharistic celebration in this rite is known as [[Holy Qurbana|Holy ''Qurbāna'']] ({{langx|syr|ܩܘܪܒܢܐ ܩܕܝܫܐ}}; {{transliteration|syr|Qurbāna Qandīśa}}) . The complete form of the Holy {{transliteration|syr|Qurbāna}} is known as '{{transliteration|syr|Rāza}}' ({{lang|syr|ܐܪܙܐ}}; Mystery) .

===Forms===
In addition to the most solemn and complete form of Holy {{transliteration|syr|Qurbāna}}, the {{transliteration|syr|Rāza}}, there are two other shortened forms in use: the solemn form and the simple form.{{sfnp|Pallath|2023|p=24, 26}}

====''Raza''====
The most solemn and ritually rich form of the Holy {{transliteration|syr|Qurbāna}} is known as the '{{transliteration|syr|Rāza}}'. Unlike the other two forms, it includes a more extensive set of rituals and songs. It includes the ceremonial kissing of the Holy Cross, extensive liturgy of the Word and Great prostration. The {{transliteration|syr|Rāza}} has two major parts: the 'liturgy of the Word' and the 'liturgy of the Eucharist'.

In all churches that follow the East Syriac Rite, the complete order of the Holy {{transliteration|syr|Qurbāna}} is known as the {{transliteration|syr|Rāza}}. At the same time, the Syro-Malabaric usage also has elements that are unique to it. A distinctive feature of the Syro-Malabaric {{transliteration|syr|Rāza}} is the 'Great prostration' at the beginning of the 'liturgy of the Eucharist'.<ref name=Maniyattu23>{{cite book|first=Pauly|last=Maniyattu|url=https://malankaralibrary.com/book/details/2232/www|title=Unique Features of the Theology of Syro- Malabar Qurbana|year=2023|page=16}}</ref>{{sfnp|van der Ploeg| 1983|p=68}}

====Solemn form====
The solemn form is used on Sundays and major feast days. It excludes the peculiar components of the Raza such as the kissing of the Holy Cross, '{{transliteration|syr|Onīsa da Qanke}}' (Antiphon of the sanctuary), '{{transliteration|syr|Turgāme}}' (Interpretative hymns), '{{transliteration|syr|Onīsa da Ewangēliōn}}' (Antiphon of the Gospel), blessing and dismissal of the catechumens, the great prostration and the first part of the '{{transliteration|syr|Onīsa da Rāze}}'. In addition to these, the '{{transliteration|syr|Śūrāya}}' (introductory hymn), one of the old testament readings, blessing of after the liturgy of the word, dyptichs, prayer requests, parts of the '{{transliteration|syr|G'hānta}}' (inclination) prayers and the concluding 'Our Father' (Lord's prayer) are made optional.{{sfnp|Pallath|2023|p=24, 26}}

====Simple form====
The simple form was created specifically for the weekdays (regular days except Sundays). Unlike the {{transliteration|syr|Rāza}} and the solemn form, it limits the readings from the Bible to just two (the Gospel and the Epistle only). Incensing is optional in the simple form.{{sfnp|Pallath|2023|p=24, 26}}

===''Qudashe''===
There are three '{{transliteration|syr|Qūdāśe}}' (singular: {{transliteration|syr|Qūdāśa}}) or anaphoras (eucharistic prayer) in the East Syriac rite. These are attributed to [[Anaphora of Addai and Mari|Addai-Mari]], Theodore, and Nestorius. These 3 anaphoras are also known as the 'First {{transliteration|syr|Qūdāśa}}', the 'Second {{transliteration|syr|Qūdāśa}}', and the 'Third {{transliteration|syr|Qūdāśa}}', respectively. The canons of the [[Synod of Diamper|Udayamperoor Synod]] vaguely indicate that in addition to these three ''Qudashe'', another {{transliteration|syr|Qūdāśa}} named after [[Diodorus of Tarsus|Diodorus]] existed in Malabar in the 16th century. However, due to the lack of manuscripts, more information about this is not available.{{sfnp|Vellian|2001|p=177}}{{sfnp|King|1948|p=326}}

====''Qudasha'' of Addai and Mari====
{{main|Anaphora of Addai and Mari}}

Of the three existing eucharistic prayers, the {{transliteration|syr|Qūdāśa}} of Addai and Mari is the most popular and most extant. It is also known as the {{transliteration|syr|Qūdāśa}} of the Apostles. This is an abbreviation of the longer title, 'The {{transliteration|syr|Qūdāśa}} of Addai and Mari, the Apostles of the East'. It is named after [[Addai]] and [[Mari of Edessa|Mari]], who are traditionally believed to have spread Christianity in [[Edessa]] and [[Mesopotamia]].

The absence of the institutional narrative (the account of Jesus Christ's Passover meal) in the Addai-Mari Anaphora, unlike the extant eucharistic prayers of other Christian rites, has raised doubts from various quarters about its sacramental validity. The [[Chaldean Catholic Church]], formed in 1552, began to use the institutional narrative from that time onwards as part of the process of bringing their liturgy into line with the contemporary canons of the Catholic Church. It was first propagated in the Malabar Rite by [[Yawsep Sulaqa]], who came to Malabar from this church as a metropolitan in 1558.{{sfnp|van der Ploeg |1983|p=62–65}} This addition, which initially followed the Anaphora and the service of the breaking of the Holy Bread, was later subject to displacements at various times. Since 1986, the third {{transliteration|syr|G'hānta}} in the Syro-Malabar liturgy has been split into two and the institutional narrative has been added in between.{{sfnp|Kanichikattil|2020|p= 94-95}} The passage added as an introduction to this from {{transliteration|syr|Qūdāśa}} of Nestorius was used until the liturgical reform of 2021.{{sfnp|Pallath|2023|p=38–39}}

Meanwhile, the Catholic Church has never officially rejected the sacramental validity of the original form of the {{transliteration|syr|Qūdāśa}} of Addai and Mari. On July 20, 2001, the Catholic Church confirmed the {{transliteration|syr|Qūdāśa}}' of Addai and Mari to have sacramental validity, even without an institutional narrative. It was based on a study on the validity of the {{transliteration|syr|Qūdāśa}} conducted by a committee headed by prominent Catholic theologian and later pope [[Joseph Ratzinger]].<ref name="Guidelines">{{cite web|url=http://www.christianunity.va/content/unitacristiani/fr/dialoghi/sezione-orientale/chiesa-assira-dell-oriente/altri-documenti/2001---orientamenti-per-lammissione-alleucaristia-fra-la-chiesa-/testo-in-inglese.html|title= Guidelines issued by the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity|year=2001}}</ref>

====''Qudasha'' of Theodore====

The {{transliteration|syr|Qūdāśa}} of Theodore is used from the season of the [[Season of Annunciation|Annunciation]] until the [[Palm Sunday|Sunday of ''Ōśāna'']]. The second anaphora is longer and more elaborate with prayers compared to the Addai-Mari anaphora. It has a clearer expression of the East Syrian Christology. It is often referred to as the 2nd {{transliteration|syr|Qūdāśa}}, instead of using [[Theodore of Mopsuestia|Theodore's]] name. Theodore was considered by many religious scholars to be a Nestorian heretic. The [[Synod of Diamper|Synod of Udayamperoor]], held in 1599 under the leadership of Portuguese missionaries, prohibited the use of the anaphoras of Theodore and Nestorius and ordered the destruction of manuscripts. These two anaphoras were approved by [[Pope Pius XII]] on June 26, 1957, as part of the restoration of the Syro-Malabar liturgy, when he promulgated the restored Syro-Malabar '{{transliteration|syr|Taqsa}}' (liturgical order).{{sfnp|Pallath|2023|p=22–25}} However, these were completely omitted from the {{transliteration|syr|Taqsa}} published by the Syro-Malabar bishops in Kerala in 1962 and subsequent years.{{sfnp|Pallath|2023|p=26–31}} It was only in 2013 that Theodore's Anaphora was restored for liturgical use in the Syro-Malabar Church.{{sfnp|Pallath|2023|p=34}}

====''Qudasha'' of Nestorius====
The third {{transliteration|syr|Qūdāśa}} is traditionally used only on the feasts of [[Epiphany (holiday)|''Denha'']] (Theophany), commemorations of [[John the Baptist]] and the Greek doctors (Diodore, Theodore and Nestorius), the last day of the [[Rogation of the Ninevites|Rogation of the Ninewites]], and [[Maundy Thursday]].<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://syromalabarchurch.in/|title=Syro Malabar Church|website=syromalabarchurch.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.syromalabarchurch.in/news_details.php?news=9670|title=Syro Malabar News Updates|website=www.syromalabarchurch.in|access-date=2020-02-28|archive-date=14 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414180420/http://www.syromalabarchurch.in/news_details.php?news=9670|url-status=dead}}</ref> This anaphora was the subject of much controversy because it was known under the name of [[Nestorius]]. This is also among the East Syriac works that were condemned and ordered to be burnt by the Udayamperoor Synod of 1599. Although this anaphora was restored in the Syro-Malabar {{transliteration|syr|Taqsa}} way back in 1957, it was implemented in the Syro-Malabar Church only in 2018.{{sfnp|Pallath|2023|p=35}}

===Peculiar elements===
====''Puqdankon''====
The public celebration of the Holy {{transliteration|syr|Qurbāna}} in the Syro-Malabaric Rite begins with the phrase {{transliteration|syr|Puqdānkōn}} (your mandate), unlike the Chaldean and Assyrian usages which instead begins the liturgy in the name of the Holy Trinity. The laity responds by chanting the phrase {{transliteration|syr|Puqdānē(h) damšīhā}} (the mandate of Christ).<ref>{{Cite web |title=പുക്ദാന്കോൻ Puqdaanakon |url=https://thecmsindia.org/encyclopedia-of-syriac-chants/p/puqdaanakon-your-mandate |access-date=2025-05-24 |website=thecmsindia.org}}</ref> This is immediately followed by the angelic hymn 'Glory to God in the highest'.

====''Turgame''====
{{transliteration|syr|Turgāme}} (singular: {{transliteration|syr|Turgāma}}) are the Interpretative hymns for the Pauline epistles and Gospels in the {{transliteration|syr|Rāza}}. In the Syro-Malabaric Rite, an additional vocable, {{transliteration|ml|īnja}}, is added to each line of the hymn in order to complete rhythmic structure in the sung version. The {{transliteration|syr|Turgāma}} for the epistle is invariable.{{efn|{{transliteration|syr|O d'ezdamman b'remzā rambā...}} (O you who are invited...)<ref>{{Cite web |title=O Desdamman (Turgama for epistle) ഓ ദെസ്ദമ്മൻ ബ്റെമ്സാ|url=https://thecmsindia.org/encyclopedia-of-syriac-chants/o/o-desdamman-turgama-for-epistle|access-date=2025-05-28 |website=thecmsindia.org}}</ref>}} There are a number of variable {{transliteration|syr|Turgāme}} for the Gospel which are extant. Some of these are for the following days:<ref name=Thurgama>{{Cite web |title=തുർഗാമ Thurgama |url=https://thecmsindia.org/encyclopedia-of-syriac-chants/t/thurgama#thurgama17 |access-date=2025-05-24 |website=thecmsindia.org}}</ref>

#{{transliteration|syr|Yalda}} (Nativity){{efn|{{transliteration|syr|O! Da m'haimnīn bhad Ālāha Āhid Kolla...}}<ref name=Thurgama/>}}
#{{transliteration|syr|Marth Mariam emmē d'Mśīha}} (Commemoration of Saint Mary, Mother of Christ){{efn|{{transliteration|syr|O! Da m'haimnīn Bāwā das rā Brihīdāya...}}<ref name=Thurgama/>}}
#{{transliteration|syr|Denha}} (Epiphany){{efn|{{transliteration|syr|O! Da m'haimnīn Bhād ba Roya Kayna Tmīha...}}<ref name=Thurgama/>}}
#{{transliteration|syr|Yohannān Māmdāna}} (John the Baptist){{efn|{{transliteration|syr|O! Da m'haimnīn bhād ba roya mariya dg ē...}}<ref name=Thurgama/>}}
#{{transliteration|syr|Pesaha}} (Maundy Thursday){{efn|{{transliteration|syr|O! Da m'haimnīn Baiy Tu ya ganyaza daw ra Brīta...}}<ref name=Thurgama/> }}
#{{transliteration|syr|Nuhra}} - [[Holy Saturday|Saturday of Light]] {{efn|{{transliteration|syr|O! Da m'haimnīn Bhaw Tai būse ta Wāsangiya...}}<ref name=Thurgama/> }}
#{{transliteration|syr|Qyamta}} (Resurrection){{efn|{{transliteration|syr|O! Da m'haimnīn B Lemba Dakya u mau de yn b pūma...}}<ref name=Thurgama/>}}
#Pentecost{{efn|{{transliteration|syr|O! Da m'haimnīn
Beyth ya dav ra kol ma daqa wa...}}<ref name=Thurgama/> }}
#Saints Peter and Paul
#Rogation of the Ninewites
#Greek and Syriac Doctors
#{{transliteration|syr|Annīde}} (Commemoration of the departed ones)
#Sawma Ramba - Great Lent
#{{transliteration|syr|Osāna}}
#Commemoration of Saint Thomas
#{{transliteration|syr|Duqrāna d Gīwargīs}} - Commemoration of Saint George
#{{transliteration|syr|Sulāqa}} (Ascension)

====Great prostration====
A feature of the Syro-Malabaric {{transliteration|syr|Rāza}} is the part called 'eight-organ prostration' ({{transliteration|ml|Sāṣṭāmgapṟaṅāmam}}).<ref name=Maniyattu23/>{{sfnp|van der Ploeg| 1983|p=68}} Simultaneously, the hymn ''Kahna Ma D'a'el'' is sung as the first part of {{transliteration|syr|Onisa d'rāze}} (Antiphon of the Mysteries) by the ministers and the congregation.{{efn|Among the East Syriac churches of the Middle East, {{transliteration|syr|Kahna ma d'a'el}} is alternatively used in the order of priestly ordination (''syāmīda'') and as the proper ''Onīsa d'rāze'' for the seventh Sunday of season of ''Shlihe''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kahna Ma D'a'el (ܟܗܢܐ ܡܐ ܕܥܐܠ) |url=https://hudra.day/hymns/kahna-ma-dael |access-date=2026-03-28 |website=Hudra Day - East Syriac Liturgical Archive |language=en}}</ref>}}

The prostration is performed after the Liturgy of the Word and the blessing and dismissal of the catechumens.{{sfnp|King|1948|p=344}} The chief celebrant reaches the center of the naive and prostrates with eight organs (forehead, palms, knees, and feet) around a special rectangular carpet spread on the floor.{{sfnp|van der Ploeg| 1983|p=68}} This ritual is performed by bowing three times to each of the 4 sides of the carpet. Theologians interpret this as a distant preparation for the epiclesis of the Holy {{transliteration|syr|Qurbāna}}.<ref name=Maniyattu23/>

Historians consider this to be part of the worship at the '{{transliteration|syr|Bēma}}'.{{sfnp|van der Ploeg| 1983|p=68}}{{efn|The {{transliteration|syr|Bēma}} was part of the church architecture of the Church of the East until the 14th century. The {{transliteration|syr|Bēma}} is a raised platform located in the center of the church. The {{transliteration|syr|Bēma}} included the main pulpit, known as the {{transliteration|syr|Gāgulta}}, two smaller pulpits for Old and New Testament readings, the bishop's throne, and seats for other priests.<ref name=Taft68>{{cite book|title=Some Notes on the Bema in the East and West Syrian Traditions|last=Taft|first=Robert F.| series= Orientalia Christiana Periodica |volume=34 |year=1968|pages=326–359}}</ref>}} The construction of the {{transliteration|syr|Bēma}} was avoided in smaller churches due to space constraints and other inconveniences.{{sfnp|Taft| 1968|p=337}} The same was true of the churches in Malabar, which were relatively small due to the limitations of the local architectural style. However, scholars consider the prostration as evidence that the rituals that were supposed to be performed in the {{transliteration|syr|Bēma}} were performed without interruption in the churches of Malabar, even in the absence of the {{transliteration|syr|Bēma}}.{{sfnp|King|1948|p=344}}

The servers after preparing the bread and wine for the Holy {{transliteration|syr|Qurbāna}} leads the celebrant standing at the {{transliteration|syr|Bēma}}, after the liturgy of the Word and the blessing and dismissal of the catechumens, for the litugy of the sacrament in the {{transliteration|syr|Madbaha}}. This is a ritual prayer performed for the descent of the Holy Spirit, in which the celebrant goes to all 4 sides of the {{transliteration|syr|Bēma}} and bows down three times each.{{sfnp|King|1948|p=344}} In the Syro-Malabaric liturgy, a rectangular cloth sewn with a Saint Thomas Cross is spread on the floor in the center of the church in the place of the {{transliteration|syr|Bēma}}.{{sfnp|van der Ploeg| 1983|p=68}}

==The Hours==
[[File:കശ്കോൽ.jpg|thumb|''Kaśkōl'': A book of prayers for ordinary days in the East Syriac Rite]]
According to Syriac tradition, a day is considered from sunset to sunset. Liturgy of the hours are chanted at 7 or 8 times a day:<ref>{{cite book|title=Liturgical Year in Religious Communities|first=Kochuthresia|last=Kavunkal|year=2015}}</ref>{{sfnp|Pathikulangara|2011}}

# ''[[Ramsha|Ramśa]]'' ({{Script/Mdnh|ܪܲܡܫܵܐ}}; 'Vespers or 1st watch')
# ''Suba'a'' ({{Script/Mdnh|ܣܘܼܒܵܥܵܐ}}; ' Compline or 2nd watch')
# ''Lelia'' ({{Script/Mdnh|ܠܸܠܝܵܐ}} 'Nocturns or 3rd watch')
# ''Qala da Śahra'' ({{Script/Mdnh|ܩܵܠܵܐ ܕܫܲܗܪܵ}}; 'Vigil or 4th watch')
# ''Sapra'' ({{Script/Mdnh|ܨܲܦܪܵܐ}}; 'Prime or 1st hour')
# ''Quta'a'' ({{Script/Mdnh|ܩܘܼܛܵܥܵܐ}}; 'Terce or 3rd hour')
# ''Endana'' ({{Script/Mdnh|ܥܸܕܵܢܵܐ}}; 'Sexts or 6th hour')
#''D' bas'śa Śāyīn'' ({{Script/Mdnh|ܕܒܬܫܐ ܫܐܝܢ}}; 'Nons or 9th hour'){{sfnp|Pathikulangara|2011|p=10, 15–16}}

The core of these canonical offices is the psalms. Prayers and hymns are used in conjunction with this. The order of the Hours is arranged into four sets of prayers:
*{{transliteration|syr|Śehimma}} (ordinary or ferial days),
*{{transliteration|syr|Māranāya}} ('Feasts of Our Lord'),
*{{transliteration|syr|Ēda}} (other feasts) and
*{{transliteration|syr|Duqrāne}} (commemorations of saints)

These are traditionally compiled into different texts such as:
#{{transliteration|syr|Hudra}} (the circle) : it covers the entirety of the proper prayers and hymns for the whole liturgical year, including all Sundays and the feasts without fixed dates
#{{transliteration|syr|Kaśkōl}} (begging bowl) : covers the ordinary prayers for the weekdays
#{{transliteration|syr|Gazza}} (treasure) : comprises the propers for the feasts with fixed dates

===Ramśa===
[[File:Ramsha of Syro-Malabar Church.jpg|thumb|Ramśa breviary]]
{{transliteration|syr|Ramśa}}, literally 'the evening', is the evening liturgy in the East Syriac tradition. It is the first prayer of the liturgical day and is the also the most important congregational prayer among the hours. This prayer is performed for the first watch of the day, that is from 6 to 9 o'clock afternoon.

Most distinctive of the elements of the {{transliteration|syr|Ramśa}} are the Antiphons of 'before' and 'after', which ordinarily repeat every two week, and the proper gospel reading of the day. The Antiphon of {{transliteration|syr|Ramśa}} is specific to each day. While the Antiphon of 'before' ({{transliteration|syr|Onīsa d'qdam}}) and the Antiphon of 'after' ({{transliteration|syr|Onīsa d'wāsar}}) are sung from the 'Book of Before and After' ({{transliteration|syr|Ksāwa d'Qdam od'wāsar}}) on ferial days and the {{transliteration|syr|Hudra}} on sundays and feast days, the proper Antiphon of {{transliteration|syr|Ramśa}} is always to be selected from the {{transliteration|syr|Hudra}}. The latter is also called the 'royal antiphon' ({{transliteration|syr|Onīsa d'wāsāliqe}}) on feast days.

==Calendar==
The liturgical year in the Syro-Malabaric Rite is divided into 8 seasons. This is the liturgical calendar compiled by [[Ishoyahb III]], [[Patriarch of the Church of the East|Catholicos-Patriarch of the Church of the East]], and used in the East Syriac Rite:

# [[Annunciation]] (''Sūwāra'')
# [[Epiphany season|''Denha'']]
# [[Sawma Rabba|''Sawma Ramba'']] (Great Fast)
# [[Resurrection of Jesus|Resurrection]] (''Qyamta'')
# ''[[Slihe]]''
# [[Season of Summer (liturgy)|''Qayta'']] (Hallelayn)
# ''[[Eliah]]''-[[Christian cross|''Sliwa'']]-[[Moses|''Muse'']]
# ''[[Qudas Edta]]'' (''Pallikkūdāsa'')<ref>{{cite book|title=Liturgical Theology|year=2016|last=Pamplany|first=Joseph|pages=28–29|publisher=Alpha Institute of Theology and Science|location=Thalasserry}}</ref>

==Language and music==
===Language===
Syriac has several peculiar phonetic features in the Syro-Malabaric Rite. Some of these are retained to a certain extent, albeit unofficially, in the Malankara Rite as well.<ref name=Palackal>{{Cite web |title=Guide to Syriac Transliteration |url=https://aramaicproject.com/guide-to-syriac-transliteration |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=aramaicproject.com|first=Joseph J.|last=Palackal}}</ref> Some of these evolved under the influence of the indigenous language usage of Malabar, while others are more ancient forms of the Syriac language itself, which survived in this isolated Christian community of Malabar.<ref>{{Cite book |chapter=Suryaya Hendwaya |first=Thomas|last=Koonammakkal|chapter-url=https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.31826/9781463233099-017/pdf |pages= 295–304 |title=The Harp|volume=20/2 |year=2006|doi=10.31826/9781463233099-017 |isbn=978-1-4632-3309-9 }}</ref>

Syro-Malabaric pronunciation adds a [[nasal sound]] instead of the characteristic doubling of letters common in the Middle Eastern form of East Syriac pronunciation. For example: {{lang|syr|ܩܲܕܝܼܫܵܐ }} is pronounced {{transliteration|syr|qandīśa}} instead of {{transliteration|syr|qaddīśa}} (other examples include {{lang|syr|ܪܲܒܵܐ}} as {{transliteration|syr|ramba}}, {{lang|syr|ܚܘܼܒܵܐ}} as {{transliteration|syr|humba}} and {{lang|syr|ܠ̤ܒܵܐ}} as {{transliteration|syr|lemba}}). This is indeed the more archaic way of Aramaic pronunciation, where all doubled letters receive a nasal sound.{{sfnp|Arayathinal|1957|p=12–13}} {{transliteration|syr|Rūkāqa}} (soft aspirate) of the letter [[Taw|''Tāw'']] ({{lang|syr|ܬ݂}}) is pronounced in Malabaric version as "s". For example: {{lang|syr|ܡܲܠܟ݁ܘܼܬ݂ܵܐ}} is pronounced {{transliteration|syr|Malkūsa}}. This practice is prevalent in the East Syriac pronunciation in Persia and Malabar.{{sfnp|Arayathinal|1957|p=28}} Meanwhile, {{lang|syr|ܗ}} ([[He (letter)|''Hē'']]) is often occulted in Syro-Malabaric pronunciation unlike the usage in Persia and Mesopotamia.{{sfnp|Arayathinal|1957|p=208}}

Due to the influence of the indigenous [[Dravidian language]] usage, [[Zayin|''Zayn'']] ({{lang|syr|ܙ}}), [[Simkath|''Semakaṯ'']] ({{lang|syr|ܣ}}) and [[Sade (letter)|''Sādē'']] ({{lang|syr|ܨ}}) are usually not distinguishable in pronunciation. The same holds true regarding {{transliteration|syr|Hē}} ({{lang|syr|ܗ}}) and [[Heth|''Ḥēṯ'']] ({{lang|syr|ܚ}}) as well as [[Aleph|''Ālap'']] ({{lang|syr|ܐ}}) and [[Ayin|''Ayn'']] ({{lang|syr|ܥ}}).<ref name=Palackal/>

Syro-Malabaric pronunciation does not stick fast to the Middle Eastern practice of pronouncing vowels short when they stand at the beginning of a closed syllable.{{sfnp|Arayathinal|1957|p=10}} Meanwhile {{transliteration|syr|Pthaha}} and {{transliteration|syr|Zlāma pśiqa}} are not prolonged unlike the Middle Eastern varieties where all the vowels are pronounced long when they are on the penultimate or in monosyllabic words followed by a single non-vocalised consonant.{{sfnp|Arayathinal|1957|p=7}}

===Music===
Syro-Malabaric liturgical music is one of the branches of classical music in India. It is the oldest of the different Christian musical schools in the subcontinent. According to musicologist and scholar [[Joseph Palackal]], Syro-Malabaric music has four distinctive genres. These are:
#Traditional East Syriac music inherited from Middle Eastern source;
#Music of Indian origin influenced by East Syriac and local music;
#Post-17th century music for pre-existing East Syriac liturgical texts;
#Latin liturgical music associated with Syriac translations of Latin hymns.<ref name="cmsindia0">{{Cite web |title=Encyclopedia of Syriac Chants |url=https://thecmsindia.org/encyclopedia-of-syriac-chants |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=TheCMSIndia.org |language=en-gb}}</ref>

The melodies used for the chants of the Liturgy of the Hours and Office for the Dead comprise the category of traditional East Syriac liturgical music. These survived in the Syro-Malabaric Rite, despite their gradual disappearance in the Middle East, their original land.{{sfnp|Husmann|1967}} There are about 23 extant melodies in this category retained in the Malayalam translation of the Liturgy of the Hours.

The second category includes the distinctively local melodies of the chants composed by local writers such as [[Kadavil Chandy]]. Only a handful of melodies are extant in this category. The third category constitutes the distinctively latin melodies of Syriac translations of Latin liturgical chants such as the {{transliteration|la|Pange Lingua}} and {{transliteration|la|Kyrie Eleison}}.{{efn|name=Šambāh}}{{efn|name=Kollan}}{{efn|name=Quryēlaisōn|{{transliteration|syr|Quryēlaisōn}} is the opening verse of the Syriac translation of the Litany to Saint Mary.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Quryēlaisōn (Lord have mercy) / Kuriyelaison (Litany) ഖുര്യെലൈസോൻ|url=https://thecmsindia.org/encyclopedia-of-syriac-chants/q/quryelaison-lord-have-mercy|website=thecmsindia.org}}</ref>}}

The fourth category comprises most of the melodies of the Syro-Malabaric {{transliteration|syr|Rāza}}. These exhibit a considerable influence of the Latin chant melodies such as that of the Latin chant {{transliteration|la|Exultet}}.<ref name="cmsindia0" />

==References==
===Notes===
{{Notelist|30em}}

===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
====Primary sources====
*{{cite book|title=Chronicles of Seert|editor-first=Addai Scher|translator=Addai |editor-last=Scher|edition=1908, 1910, 1911, 1919. |series=Histoire nestorienne inédite: Chronique de Séert|pages= PO 4.3, 5.2, 7.2, 13.4}}
*{{cite book|at=Relação sobre a Serra. British Library, Add 9853, ff. 86 (525)–99 (539)|last=
Roz|first=Francisco|title =De erroribus Nestorianorum qui in hac India orientali versantur}}
**{{Cite journal|year=1586|journal=Archivum Historicum Societatis Iesu |volume =XCI|edition=2022|editor-first= Antony|editor-last= Mecherry|title= On the Errors of the East Syrians (by Francisco Ros SJ, 1586): An Introduction with English Translation of a Latin-Syriac Treatise from Early Modern Malabar|first=Fransisco|last=Ros}}
*{{cite book|last=Gouvea|first=Antonio|year= 1606|title =[[Jornada of Alexis de Menezes|Jornada do Arcebispo de Goa Dom Frey Aleixo de Menezes Primaz da India Oriental, Religioso da Orden de S. Agostino]]|location =Coimbra|publisher=Officina de Diogo Gomez|language=pt}}
**{{cite book|title=The History Of The Church Of Malabar: From The Time Of Its Being First Discovered By The Portugueses In The Year 1501 |year=1694|last=Geddes|first=Michael|url=https://archive.org/details/bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_the-history-of-the-churc_geddes-michael_1694}}
**{{cite book|title=Historia ecclesiae malabaricae cum Diamperitana Synodo|last=Raulin|first=Johannes Facundo|year=1745|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hB5WIc_qkdkC|page=|publisher=ex typographia Hieronymi Mainardi|language=la|location=Rome}}
**{{cite book|title=Jornada of Alexis de Menesis|publisher=L. R. C. Publications|year=2003|isbn=9788188979004|editor-last=Malekandathil|editor-first=Pius|location=Kochi|language=en|translator-last=Malekandathil|translator-first=Pius}}
*{{Cite book|title=Giuseppe Maria Sebastiani's first and second voyages to Malabar|author=Giuseppe Maria Sebastiani|language=It}}
**{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_MTA5d2U3NKMC|title=Prima speditione all'Indie Orientali di monsignor Sebastiani fr. Giuseppe di S. Maria|year=1666|publisher=nella stamperia di Filippo Maria Mancini }}
**{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_XV38nWq7p0oC|title=Seconda speditione all'Indie Orientali di monsignor Sebastiani fr. Giuseppe di S. Maria|year=1672|publisher=nella stamperia di Filippo M. Mancini }}
*{{cite book|author=Paulinos |publisher=Typis Salomonianis|year=1794|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IL1OAAAAcAAJ|title=India orientalis Christiana}}
*{{cite book|title=Brevis notitia historica circa Ecclesiae Syro-Chaldaeo-Malabaricae statum|editor= Samuel Giamil|edition=1902|series=Genuinae relationes inter sedem apostolicam et Assyriorum orientalium seu Chaldaeorum ecclesiam |location=Rome|publisher=Loe- scher|pages=}}
*{{Cite book|title=Syrische Handschriften juristischen Inhalts in südindischen Bibliotheken|series=Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften|date=1989 |edition= 1989|isbn=9783700116325|editor-first= Hubert|editor-last =Kaufhold|language=de}}
*{{cite book|last=Kariyattil|first=Yawsep |title="Noticias do Reyno do Malabar " Information of the Kingdom of Malabar|publisher=National Library of Paris|date=1782}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Moothedan |editor-first=Thomas |edition=1977 |title=Varttamānappustakam |publisher=Janatha Services|location=Thevara|first=Thoma|last=Paremmakkal|year=1785}}
*{{cite book|last=Whitehouse|first= Thomas |year=1873|title= Lingerings of light in a dark land: Researches into the Syrian church of Malabar. |url=https://archive.org/details/lingeringsofligh00whit|publisher=William Brown and Co. |language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last=Hambye|first=E. R |title=Un manuscript oublie de la liturgie Syro-Malabare|series = Memorial Mgr. Gabriel Khouri-Sarkis |year=1969}}

====Secondary sources====
*{{cite book|last=Connolly |first=R. H.|title=The Work of Menezes on the Malabar Liturgy|series=JTS|volume=15|year=1914}}
*{{Cite book|last=Webb|first=Douglas|title=Mar Joseph Sulaqa et la liturgie du Malabar |series = L'Orient Syrien |volume=III |year=1958}}
*{{Cite book|first=Douglas |last=Webb|chapter=Antonio de Gouvea’s Version of the Nestorian Liturgy of the Apostles|title=Stadia Patristica|volume =V (3)|editor-first=F. L. |editor-last=Cross|location=Berlin|year= 1962|pages=213–240}}
*{{cite book|last=Webb |first=Douglas|chapter=The Versions of Malabar Liturgy and its Manuscripts|title=The Malabar Church|editor-first=Jacob|editor-last=Vellian|year=1970|series=Orientalia Christiana Analecta |volume=186}}
*{{cite book|title=Roman Pontifical into Syriac and the Beginning of Liturgical Reform in the Syro-Malabar Church: History of the Revision and Publication of the Chaldean and Syro-Malabar Pontifical |author1-first=Paul |author1-last=Pallath |author2-first=Joseph |author2-last=Kollara |publisher=Oriental Institute of Religious Studies India |year=2012}}
*{{Cite book|title=The Eucharistic Liturgy of the St Thomas Christians and the Synod of Diamper|first=Paul |last=Pallath|year=2008|edition=2020|publisher=HIRS Publications|location=Changanacherry|isbn= 9788187576952 }}
*{{cite book|title=The Liturgical Identity of the Syro-Malabar Church and Fidelity to the Patrimony of the Eastern Churches |first=Paul|last=Pallath|year=2023|volume=19|series=Eastern Legal Thought|publisher=Institute of the Eastern Canon Law, Paurastya Vidyapitam|location=Kottayam}}
*{{cite book|title=The Provincial Councils of Goa and the Church of St Thomas Christians|first=Paul|last=Pallath|year=2005|publisher=Oriental Institute of Religious Studies India, Paurastya Vidyapitam|location=Kottayam|isbn=8188456225}}
*{{Cite book|title=Restoration and Reform of Syro-Malabar Missal: Important Documents from 1954 to 1969|first=Paul |last=Pallath|year=2018|publisher=HIRS Publications|location=Changanacherry|isbn= }}
*{{Cite book|first=Ann Mary |last=Madavanakadu|title=The Theology of the Liturgical Seasons in the Syro-Malabar Church|series= Journal of Global Catholicism|volume=8/1|year= 2023}}
*{{Cite book|title=Divine Praises in Aramaic Tradition|last= Pathikulangara|first= Varghese|year=2011}}
*{{Cite book|title=The Rites of Eastern Christendom|first=Archdale A.|last=King|year=1948|publisher=Topographia Polyglota Vaticana|url=https://archive.org/details/ritesofeasternch0002arch|volume=2}}
*{{Cite book|title=The Christians of St. Thomas in South India and their Syriac Manuscripts|first=J. P. M |last=van der Ploeg|year=1983|publisher=Dharmaram Publications|location=Bangalore}}
*{{Cite book|first=Placid|last=Podipara |publisher= Prakasam Publications |location=Alleppey|title =The Thomas Christians and their Syriac Treasures|year=1974}}
*{{Cite book|title=The Syriac Chant Traditions in South India|first= Joseph J. |last=Palackal|year=2005}}
*{{Cite book|url=https://aramaicproject.com/resources/journal-of-st-thomas-christians|title=Journal of St. Thomas Christians|chapter=The Syriac Heritage of the Syro-Malabar Church: An Essential Component of the Cultural Fabric of India|first=Joseph J.|last=Palackal|year=2019|volume=30 (2)}}
*{{Cite book|chapter=The Survival Story of the Sound, Sentiments and Melodies of the Aramaic Chants in India|first= Joseph J. |title=The Oxford Handbook of Music and World Christianities|editor1-first=Jonathan |editor1-last=Duecks |editor2-first= Suzel |editor2-last=Reily |location =New York|publisher =Oxford University Press|last=Palackal|year=2015|volume=32|pages=440–460}}
*{{cite journal|last=Perczel|first=István|title=Have the flames of Diamper destroyed all the old manuscripts of the Saint Thomas Christians?|journal=The Harp|volume=XX|year=2006|pages=87–104|url=https://www.academia.edu/19664388|language=en}}
*{{cite book|last=Perczel|first=István|section=Some New Documents on the Struggle of the Saint Thomas Christians to Maintain the Chaldaean Rite and Jurisdiction|title=Orientalia Christiana: Festschrift für Hubert Kaufhold zum 70. Geburtstag |editor1-first=Peter |editor1-last=Bruns|editor2-first= Heinz Otto |editor2-last=Luthe|url=https://www.academia.edu/5266468|pages=415–436|publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag|location=Wiesbaden|year=2013}}
*{{cite book|url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.31826/hug-2015-170115/pdf|series=Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies|volume= 17.2|pages= 263–323 |publisher= Gorgias Press|title=Garshuni Malayalam: A Witness to an Early Stage of Indian Christian Literature |first=István |last=Perczel|year=2014|doi=10.31826/hug-2015-170115 }}
*{{cite journal|first=István|last=Perczel|year=2018b|editor1-first=P. A.|editor1-last=Fabre|editor2-first=Ines|editor2-last=Zupanov|journal=The Rites Controversy in the Early Modern World|location=Leiden|publisher=Brill|pages=191–232|url=https://www.academia.edu/52513765|title=Accommodationist Strategies on the Malabar Coast: Competition or Complementarity?|doi=10.1163/9789004366299_010 |isbn=978-90-04-36629-9 |language=en|doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Mingana|first=Alphonse|title=The Early Spread of Christianity in India|journal=Bulletin of the John Rylands Library|year=1926|volume=10|number=2|pages=435–514|doi=10.7227/BJRL.10.2.7|url=https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/api/datastream?publicationPid=uk-ac-man-scw:1m1200&datastreamId=POST-PEER-REVIEW-PUBLISHERS-DOCUMENT.PDF|language=en|access-date=2023-11-03|archive-date=2021-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124093126/https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/api/datastream?publicationPid=uk-ac-man-scw:1m1200&datastreamId=POST-PEER-REVIEW-PUBLISHERS-DOCUMENT.PDF|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite book|title=Christianity in Travancore|first=Gordon Thomson|last=MacKenzie|year=1901|publisher=Travancore Government Press|page=28|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cVQoAAAAYAAJ|language=en}}
*{{cite book |pages=216–219 |title=History of Christianity in travancore |first=G. T. |last=Mackenzie |series=Travancore State Manual |volume=2 |year=1906 |url=https://archive.org/details/b29352708_0002/page/212/mode/2up }}
* {{cite book|last=Mundadan|first=Anthony Mathias|year=1943|title=History of Christianity in India|volume=1|location=Bangalore|publisher=Church History Association of India|language=en}}
* {{cite book|author1-last=Mundadan|author1-first=Anthony Mathias|author2-first=Joseph|author2-last=Thekkedath|year=1982|title=History of Christianity in India|volume=2|location=Bangalore|publisher=Church History Association of India|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Mundadan|first=Anthony Mathias|title=The Arrival of the Portuguese in India and the Thomas Christians Under Mar Jacob, 1498–1552|year=1967|location=Bangalore|publisher=Dharmaram College|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UqEhAAAAMAAJ|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Mundadan|first=Anthony Mathias|title=Sixteenth century traditions of St. Thomas Christians|year=1970|location=Bangalore|publisher=Dharmaram College|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zI4hAAAAMAAJ|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Mundadan|first=Anthony Mathias|title=Indian Christians: Search for Identity and Struggle for Autonomy|year=1984|location=Bangalore|publisher=Dharmaram College|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VdXUAAAAMAAJ|language=en}}
*{{cite book|first=A. Mathias |last=Mundadan|title=Blessed Kuriakose Elias Chavara|location =Bangalore|publisher =Dharmaram Publications|year= 2008|isbn=978-81-89958-16-9|volume= 33/ 4 |series=Journal of Dharmaram}}
*{{Cite book|title=Search for Liturgy in India|first=Francis |last=Kanichikattil |publisher=Dharmaram Publications|location=Bangalore |isbn= 978-93-84964-87-0|year=2017}}
*{{cite book|series=Theological Studies on Saint Chavara |volume=5
|title=Kuriakose Elias Chavara: The Wise Liturgical Reformer of Thomas Christians of Malabar|first=Francis|last=Kanichikattil |year=2020|publisher=Dharmaram Publications|location=Bangalore |isbn=9788194406136}}
*{{cite book|publisher= |location=|title=The St. Thomas Christian Revolution of 1653|first=Jacob|last=Kollaparambil |year= 1981}}
*{{cite book|url=|title=The Forgotten Bishops: The Malabar Independent Syrian Church and its Place in the Story of the St Thomas Christians of South India |isbn=978-1-60724-619-0 |last=Fenwick|first=John R. K.|publisher=Gorgias Press|year=2009|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/romandocumentson0000xavi/page/n5/mode/1up|title=Roman Documents on the Syro-Malabar Liturgy|editor-first=Xavier|editor-last =Koodapuzha|year=1995|publisher=Oriental Institute of Religious Studies|location =Kottayam|isbn=}}
* {{Cite book|editor-first=George|editor-last= Nedungatt|title= The Synod of Diamper Revisisted|year=2001|publisher=Pontificio Istituto Orientale|isbn=8872103312|language=en}}
**{{Cite book|first=George|last= Nedungatt |title= Interpreting the Synod of Diamper and the Lessons of History |pages=11–36|year=2001a}}
**{{Cite book|first=Benedict|last=Vadakkekara|title=The Synod of Diamper in Historical Perspective|pages=37–76|year=2001}}
**{{Cite book|first=K. J. |last= John|title=Menezes on the Road to Diamper|pages=77–104|year=2001}}
**{{Cite book|first=Vincenzo |last= Poggi|title=Gesuiti e Diamper|pages=105–134|year=2001}}
**{{Cite book|first=George |last= Nedungatt|title= The Synod of Diamper and the Union of Brest. A Comparison|pages=135–146|year=2001b}}
**{{Cite book|first=Jacob |last= Kollaparambil|title=The Impact of the Synod of Diamper on the Ecclesial Identity of the St Thomas Christians|pages=147–172|year=2001}}
**{{Cite book|first=Jacob |last= Vellian|title=The Synod of Diamper and the Liturgy of the Syro-Malabar Church|pages=173–198|year=2001}}
**{{Cite book|first=Paul |last= Pallath|title=The Synod of Diamper: Valid or Invalid?|pages=199–226|year=2001}}
**{{Cite book|first=George|last= Nedungatt|title=Return to Pre-Diamper Traditions|pages=227–270|year=2001c}}
*{{cite book|publisher=OIRSI |location=Kottayam|title=The Feast of the Nativity of our Lord in the Chaldean and Malabar Liturgical Year: A Study of the sources|first=Peter |last=Kuruthukulangara|url=https://archive.org/details/feastofnativityo0000pete/page/n16/mode/1up1989|year=1989}}
*{{Cite book|title=Aramaic Grammar|volume=I|first= Thomas |last=Arayathinal|year=1957|url=https://archive.org/details/aramaicgrammarvo0001thom}}
*{{Cite book |last=Husmann |first=Heinrich |author-link=Heinrich Husmann |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zyUQAQAAMAAJ |title=Die Melodien des Chaldaischen Breviers Communenach den Traditionen Vorderasiens und der Malabarküste |publisher=Pontificum Institutum Orientalium Studiorum |year=1967 |series=Orientalia Christiana Analecta |volume=178 |location=Rome}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Baum|first1=Wilhelm|last2=Winkler|first2=Dietmar W.|title=The Church of the East: A Concise History|year=2003|location=London-New York|publisher=Routledge-Curzon|isbn=9781134430192|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CnSCAgAAQBAJ|language=en}}
*{{cite book|last=Winkler|first=Dietmar|author-link=Dietmar Winkler |chapter=The Syriac Church Denominations: An overview|title=The Syriac World |editor=Daniel King|isbn=978-1-317-48211-6|publisher=Routledge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e-GEDwAAQBAJ |pages=119–133 |year=2018}}
*{{Cite book|title=Nammuṭe Ṟīttŭ|publisher= St. Joseph's Press|location=Mannanam|year=1944|first=Placid|last=Podipara|edition=1997|language=ml|trans-title=Our Rite}}

====Tertiary sources====
* {{cite encyclopedia|title=Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition|editor1-first=Sebastian P.|editor1-last=Brock|editor2-first=Aaron M.|editor2-last=Butts|editor3-first=George A.|editor3-last=Kiraz|editor4-first=Lucas|editor4-last=Van Rompay|publisher=Gorgias Press|first=Sebastian P.|last=Brock|chapter=Thomas Christians|url=https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Thomas-Christians|year=2011a|access-date=}}
*{{Cite book|url=https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Malabar-Catholic-Church|title=Gorgias Encyclopaedia of Syriac Heritage|last=Brock|first=Sebastian P.|publisher=Gorgias Press|chapter=Malabar Catholic Church|year=2011d}}
*{{Cite book|url=https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Fars|title=Fars|last=Walker|first=Joel T.|publisher=Gorgias Press|year=2011|editor-last=Sebastian P. Brock|editor-last2=Aaron M. Butts|editor-last3=George A. Kiraz|editor-last4=Lucas Van Rompay}}

===Further reading===

*{{cite book |url= |title=Raṇṭu Pṟācīṉa Gadyakṟütikaḷ |isbn= |last=Sakkaria |first=Scaria |publisher=Saṉdēšanilayam |location=Changanassery |year=1976 |language=ml |trans-title=Two Ancient Prose Works}}
*{{cite book|publisher=HIRS |location=Changanassery|title=Liṯṯaṟjiyum paurastya kāṉaṉ niyama samhitayum |series=Congregation for the Eastern Churches Liturgy and Eastern Code of Canons Instruction for applying the Liturgical Prescriptions of the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches|translator-first=Antony George|translator-last=Kollamparambil |year= 1996|language=ml|trans-title=Liturgy and the Eastern Canon Law Code}}
*{{Cite book|title=Sīṟōmalabāṟ sabhayuṭe Ārādhaṉākṟama Matabōdhaṉam |publisher= Syro-Malabar Major Archiepiscopal Commissions for Liturgy and Catechesis|year=2013|language=ml|trans-title=Liturgical Catechesis of the Syro-Malabar Church}}
*{{Cite book|title=Kēraḷasabhayuṭe Vyaktitwam|publisher= Prakasham Publications|location=Alappuzha|year=1972|first=Placid|last=Podipara|language=ml|trans-title=The Identity of the Kerala Church}}
*{{Cite book|title=Liṯṯaṟji Eṉṯe drüsṭiyil |year=1987|editor-first=Abel|editor-last =Periyappuram|first=Joseph|last=Parecattil|language=ml|trans-title=Liturgy in My View}}
*{{Cite book|title=Iṉtyayuṭe Metṟāppōlītta Māṟ Abṟāham|author1-first=Geevarghese|author1-last=Chediyath|author2-first=Geevarghese|author2-last=Appasheri|year=1990|publisher=Oriental Institute of Religious Studies India|location=Kottayam|language=ml|trans-title=Mar Abraham the Metropolitan of India}}
*{{cite book|url=|title=Paṇṭāri Šīšma |isbn=81-88456-16-0 |last=Puliyurumbil|first=James|publisher=Oriental Institute of Religious Studies India|location=Vadavathoor|year=2004|language=ml|trans-title=Pandari Schism}}
*{{Cite book|title=The Grave Tragedy of the Church of St Thomas Christians and the Apostolic Mission of Sebastiani|first=Paul |last=Pallath|year=2006|publisher=HIRS Publications|location=Changanacherry|isbn= 8187576529 }}
*{{cite book |first=Paul |last=Pallath |title=Rome and Chaldean Patriarchate in Conflict: Schism of Bishop Rokos in India|publisher=HIRS |location =Changanacherry |year=2017|url=https://www.academia.edu/39001754|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|first=Joseph Augustin|last=Alencherry|chapter=The East Syriac Version of “the Great Doxology” and its Earliest Liturgical Commentary (London, British Library, Or. 3336) |pages=121–140|title=Explorations in Eastern Christian Liturgy|series=Studies in Eastern Christian Liturgies|volume=4|year=2022|publisher=Aschendorff Verlag|location=|editor1-first=Nina |editor1-last=Glibetic | editor2-first=Gabriel |editor2-last= Radle |isbn=978-3-402-21774-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Kollaparambil|first=Jacob|title= Sources of the Syro Malabar Law |publisher= Oriental Institute of Religious Studies India |year= 2015 |isbn= 9789382762287|editor-first=Sunny|editor-last=Kokkaravalayil|language=en}}
*{{cite book|first=Thomas |last=Pallippurathukunnel|title=A Double Regime in the Malabar Church, 1663–1716 |year=1982|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|series=Orientalia Christiana Analecta|volume=295|title=The Anaphoral Genesis of the Institution Narrative in Light of the Anaphora of Addai and Mari|editor-first=Cesare |editor-last=Giraudo|isbn=978-88-97789-34-5|year=2013|publisher=Pontiicio Istituto Orientale}}
*{{Cite book|title=THE HARP: A Review of Syriac, Oriental and Ecumenical Studies|volume= XXX|year= 2016|editor1-first=Jacob|editor1-last=Thekeparampil|editor2-first=Thomas |editor2-last=Koonammakkal|editor3=Baby Varghese|publisher=SEERI Publications|location=Kottayam}}
**{{Cite book|title=Johann Ernst Hanxleden S.J. (1681-1732) and St. Thomas Christians: from Malayalam poetry to Syriac Liturgy and Philology|first=Christophe|last= Vielle}}
**{{Cite book|title=Liturgical Role of Deacons in the East Syrian-Malabar Traditions|first=Devamitra|last=Neelankavil}}
**{{Cite book|title=Karshon: Malayalam in Syriac Characters |first=Thomas |last=Koonammakkal}}
**{{Cite book|title=Alengad Sliva & Muttuchira Sliva|author= Martin Thomas Antony}}
**{{Cite book|title=A Comparative study of the first three printed texts of Qdam vad Wather prayers in the Church of the East|first= Aprem|last=Mooken}}
*{{Cite journal|year=2018|journal=Vidyajyoti Journal of Theological Reflection |volume=82|pages=8–34|first= Antony|last= Mecherry|title=Archbishop Aleixo de Menezes OSA, A Portuguese Fidalgo: Behind the Curtain}}
*{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/periodofjurisdic0000jame/page/n18/mode/1up|title=A Period of Jurisdictional Conflict in the Suriani Church of India, 1800-1838|last=Puliyurumbil|first=James|publisher=Oriental Institute of Religious Studies India|location=Vadavathoor|year=1994|isbn=978-81-86063-26-2 |language=en}}
*{{cite book|title=Syro-Malabar Liturgical Year|chapter=The Liturgical Seasons of Elijah-Cross-Moses: History, Mystagogy and Spirituality|first=Joseph |last=Alencherry}}
*{{Cite book|title=The Ecclesiastical Liturgical Year for the Church of the East |first=Tower|last=Andrious|volume=8|year=2020|series=Church of Beth Kokhe Journal}}
*{{Cite book|title=Orientalium Ecclesiarum: Its Recepetion in the Syro-Malabar Church|publisher=Missionary Orientation Center |location=Kottayam |year=2004|chapter=The anaphora of Addai and Mari: An Early Witness to Apostolic Tradition|first=Peter|last=Hofrichte}}
*{{Cite book|title=Parole de l'Orient |volume=45 |year=2019|pages=309–324|chapter=The Anaphora of the Apostles Addai and Mari and its Christological Character|first=Mateusz Rafał|last=Potoczny}}
*{{Cite book|title=ܣܘܒܪܬ-ܝܠܕܐ The Period of Annunciation-Nativity in the East Syrian Calendar: Its Background and Place in the Liturgical year|publisher= Paurastya Vidyapitham|location=Vadavathoor|first=John|last=Moolan|year=1985|url=https://archive.org/details/periodofannuncia0000paur/mode/1up}}
*{{Cite book|title=Christian Orient a Journal of Eastern Churches for Creative Theological Thinking |date=June 2006 |volume=XXVII NO.2|editor-first=Thomas |editor-last =Mannooramparambil}}
*{{cite book|title=East Syriac Theology: An Introduction
|url=https://archive.org/details/eastsyriactheolo0000paul
|editor-first=Pauly|editor-last=Maniyattu|publisher=Ephrem’s Publications|location=Satna|year=2007|isbn=978-81-88065-04-2}}
*{{cite book|last=Maniyattu|first= Pauly|title =Funeral Rites of Syro-Malabar Church: A Liturgico-theological Analysis|publisher=Jnanadeepa|location =Pune|series=Journal of Religious Studies|date= Jul 2006 |volume =9/2|issue= 9/2|pages=129–148|issn=0972-3331|doi= 10.5281/zenodo.4284897|url=https://www.academia.edu/70264130}}
*{{Cite book|title=The Syro-Chaldean Church in Malabar|first=V. C.|last= George}}
*{{cite journal |last=Ross |first=Israel J. |year=1979 |title=Ritual and Music in South India: Syrian Christian Liturgical Music in Kerala |journal=Asian Music |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=80–98 |doi=10.2307/833968 |jstor=833968 |language=en}}
*{{Cite book|first=George Joseph |last=Nedumparambil|year=2013
|title=A Search of the Roots of Syro-Malabar Church in Kerala}}

{{Sacraments, rites, and liturgies of the Catholic Church}}
{{Catholicism}}
{{Syriac Christianity}}
{{Assyrian topics}}

[[Category:Catholic liturgical rites]]
[[Category:Syro-Malabar Church]]
[[Category:Church of the East in India]]
[[Category:History of Eastern Catholicism]]
[[Category:Christian terminology]]

Srikanth (actor, born 1940)

2026-04-11T12:48:28Z

GreggNfb8421: creating new info

{{Short description|Indian actor (1940–2021)}}
{{About|Srikanth, an Indian actor|the Tamil actor Srikanth active from since 2002|Srikanth (actor, born 1979)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Srikanth
| image =
| caption = Srikanth in 2017
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1940|03|19}}
| birth_place = [[Erode]], [[British Raj]]
| birth_name = Raja Venkatraman
| death_date = {{death date and age|2021|10|12|1940|03|19|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = [[Actor]]
| years_active = 1965–2009
| children = 1
}}

'''Srikanth''' (19 March 1940 – 12 October 2021) was an Indian actor who has performed in around 200 [[Tamil cinema|Tamil films]] since his debut in 1965. He is also referred to as '''Vennira Aadai Srikanth'''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/msvs-tamil-songs-in-hindustani-raag/article7481178.ece|title=More on MSV's favourite raag|last=Guy|first=Randor|date=30 July 2015|work=The Hindu|access-date=7 September 2018|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=17 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117043145/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/msvs-tamil-songs-in-hindustani-raag/article7481178.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> He has played the lead hero in around 50 films between 1965 and 1979 and has also played supporting roles in films with actors [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[R. Muthuraman|Muthuraman]], [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]] and [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] in the lead roles. In the late seventies to early nineties, he appeared as a villain opposite actors including [[Sivakumar]], [[Rajinikanth]] and [[Kamal Haasan]].

== Film career ==
Srikanth was employed in the American Consulate before his career in the film industry.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Veteran actor Srikanth passes away|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2021/oct/12/veteran-actor-srikanth-passes-away-27240.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-13|website=[[Cinema Express]]|language=en|archive-date=12 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211012145252/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2021/oct/12/veteran-actor-srikanth-passes-away-27240.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Malathi Rangarajan |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/article893780.ece |title=Arts : Vignettes from a veteran |work=The Hindu |date=18 November 2010 |access-date=4 June 2011 |archive-date=16 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110416100829/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/article893780.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Srikanth was given his break as the lead hero by [[C. V. Sridhar]] with the film [[Vennira Aadai]] in 1965. He used to act in various dramas staged by troupes between 1960 and 1965. His birth name was Venkatraman, however, he performed the character of Srikanth in ''[[Major Chandrakanth (play)|Major Chandrakanth]]'', a drama directed in 1962, due to which he gained popularity in drama circles. Later this same name was adopted while he entered into films. Srikanth along with Vietnam Veedu Sundaram, Nagesh, Vaali and [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] used to stay at the area near T. Nagar Club House near the Shiva Vishnu Temple.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article99260.ece |title=Life & Style / Metroplus : All the world's a stage |work=The Hindu |date=2 February 2010 |access-date=4 June 2011 |archive-date=24 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024235907/http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article99260.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> N. C. Chakravarthy, who was an assistant director to [[C. V. Sridhar]], was a regular Table Tennis player at the T. Nagar Club House<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article893780.ece?homepage=true|title = Vignettes from a veteran|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 18 November 2010|last1 = Rangarajan|first1 = Malathi|access-date = 27 June 2016|archive-date = 25 January 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160125235604/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article893780.ece?homepage=true|url-status = live}}</ref> and approached Srikanth to give auditions at Chitralaya studios for the new Tamil film ''[[Vennira Aadai]]''. The film ''Vennira Aadai'' introduced 4 new faces to Tamil Cinema including that of Srikanth, who were [[Jayalalithaa]], [[Vennira Aadai Nirmala]] and [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]]. He was the first male actor in Tamil films to act as lead hero opposite [[Jayalalithaa]].
Later in 1965, Srikanth acted in ''[[Naanal (film)|Naanal]]'', directed by [[K. Balachandar]]. He received his first negative role in the film ''[[Selva Magal (1967 film)|Selva Magal]]'' in 1967. The image of a romantic hero which he acquired in his debut film, was used by him in only a few films in his career. Aiming for versatility, he accepted supporting roles in various films. He was in directorial ventures of [[K. Balachandar]], like ''[[Bama Vijayam (1967 film)|Bama Vijayam]], [[Poova Thalaiya (1969 film)|Poova Thalaiya]], [[Ethir Neechal (1968 film)|Ethir Neechal]], [[Navagraham]]'' and [[Nootrukku Nooru]]. He played the role of a mental patient in ''[[Raja Veetu Pillai]]'', cast opposite Pushpalata. He played the hen-pecked husband who is son of the character played by [[Shivaji Ganesan]] in the film ''[[Vietnam Veedu]]. He has acted with Sivaji Ganesan in other films like [[Praptham]], [[Gnana Oli]], [[Vasantha Maligai]], [[Rajapart Rangadurai]], [[Sivagamiyin Selvan]], [[Vani Rani (film)|Vani Rani]], [[Thanga Pathakkam]], [[Anbai Thedi]], [[Rojavin Raja]], [[Avan Oru Sarithiram]], [[Ilaya Thalaimurai]]'' and Raja Rishi.

After success of the film ''[[Selva Magal (1967 film)|Selva Magal]]'' in 1967, directors started approaching him for even villain roles and some of his successful films in villainous roles since 1968 include ''[[Thanga Gopuram]], [[Gnana Oli]], Gomatha Engal Kulamatha, [[Vairam]], [[Vasantha Maligai]], [[Anbu Thangai]]'' and ''[[Vani Rani (film)|Vani Rani]]''. Despite the success in films, he and [[Sowcar Janaki]] were part of drama troupes giving live performances in the evening or on weekends.

He was part of many comedy films throughout his career like ''Ethir Neechal'', Bama Vijayam, Yaarukku Mappilai Yaro, [[Kasethan Kadavulada]], [[Kasi Yathirai (1973 film)|Kasi Yathirai]], [[Kai Naraya Kaasu]], ''[[Athaiya Mamiya]]'' and ''[[Ilaya Thalaimurai]]''. He played the false son of P. Bhanumathi in the film ''Edupa Kai Pillai'' in 1975.

In 1972, Srikanth played a villain in ''Aval'', directed by [[A. C. Trilogchandar]] in which Sasi Kumar played as the protagonist and this altered his career by him choosing to play negative roles in the future. In ''[[Thanga Pathakkam]]'', Srikanth was cast as Jagan, the rebellious son of S. P. Choudhry, played by [[Sivaji Ganesan]]. The movie was adapted from a stage-play in which Sivaji Ganesan had previously starred as S. P. Choudhry. In the original stage-play, Jagan kills his father. In ''Thanga Pathakkam'' S. P. Choudhry instead kills his son Jagan. His role in ''Thanga Pathakkam'' is considered among his best performances. The film boosted his popularity as a villain, after acclaimed acting alongside Sivaji Ganesan.

But, at the peak of his career as the villain, Srikanth surprised critics and audience alike by returning to romantic image in the 1974 film ''Raja Nagam'', with the song "Devam Vedhamum" gaining immense popularity.
In the 1974 Tamil film ''[[Dikkatra Parvathi]]'', which won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil]] in 1975, Srikanth starred in the lead role.<ref>{{cite web|title=21st National awards for films|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm21stNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=21NFA.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=4 June 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928071446/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm21stNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=21NFA.pdf|archive-date=28 September 2011}}</ref> Jaishankar and Srikanth did many films together in the seventies as the producer-directors liked their combination. Together they did films including ''Ponuvandu'', ''Idhayam Parakiradhu'', [[Unnaithan Thambi]], ''Pinju Manam'' and ''[[Palabishegham|Palabishegam]]''. Srikanth received the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor]] for his performance in the film ''[[Karunai Ullam (1978 film)|Karunai Ullam]]''.

Srikanth has performed alongside other actors including [[Gemini Ganesan]], [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] and [[R. Muthuraman]] during his career. He also worked with his juniors [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Sivakumar]] and [[Rajinikanth]] after 1977, with himself as the main villain like in films ''Pennai Solli Kutrram Illai, Sadhurangam, Bairavi, Sattam En Kayil, Neeya, Uyaranthvangal'', etc. Srikanth has worked under the directions of A. C. Thirulogachander, [[K. Balachander]], [[Muktha Srinivasan]], C. V. Sridhar and [[A. Bhimsingh]].

Srikanth was part of [[Jayalalithaa]]'s film career right from her first Tamil film, ''[[Vennira Aadai]]'' in 1965 to her last Tamil film ''[[Nadhiyai Thedi Vandha Kadal]]'' in 1980. He played her brother in the 100th film of Jayalalithaa – ''[[Thirumangalyam]]''. He played her step-son in ''[[Thanga Gopuram]]''. He also played supporting roles in films with Jayalalithaa in lead roles including ''[[Jesus (1973 film)|Jesus]], [[Vairam]], [[Anbu Thangai]], [[Anbai Thedi]]'' and ''[[Kanavan Manaivi]]''.His role in Mounam Sammadham (1989) was appreciated.
He acted in dramas in 1970s to 1980s with Sowcar Janaki, Muthuraman, Lakshmi and later even in 1990s with next generation. He also starred in a weekly television series called Mangai opposite K. R. Vijaya in 1998 and later he did serial Akshaya, which was broadcast on Sun TV.

== Personal life ==
He died on 12 October 2021 at the age of 81.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 October 2021|title=Veteran Tamil actor Srikanth no more|url=http://www.ptinews.com/news/12809568_Veteran-Tamil-actor-Srikanth-no-more.html|url-status=live|access-date=13 October 2021|website=[[Press Trust of India]]|archive-date=23 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023194643/http://www.ptinews.com/news/12809568_Veteran-Tamil-actor-Srikanth-no-more.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|last2=|first2=|last3=|last4=|first4=|title=Actor Srikanth, Jayalalithaa's first hero, dies in Chennai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/actor-srikanth-jayalalithaas-first-hero-dies-in-chennai/articleshow/86968690.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-13|website=The Times of India|date=12 October 2021|language=en|archive-date=12 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211012144006/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/actor-srikanth-jayalalithaas-first-hero-dies-in-chennai/articleshow/86968690.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/tamil-actor-srikanth-dies-at-82-7568717/|title=Tamil actor Srikanth dies at 82, Rajinikanth mourns his demise: 'I am deeply saddened'|date=12 October 2021 |publisher=Indian Express|access-date=13 October 2021|archive-date=13 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013044455/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/tamil-actor-srikanth-dies-at-82-7568717/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%;"
! Year !! Film !! Role
!Notes
|-
| rowspan=2|1965 || ''[[Vennira Aadai]]''|| Dr. Chandru
|
|-
| ''[[Naanal (1965 film)|Naanal]]''|| Murali
|
|-
| rowspan=3|1967 || ''[[Selva Magal (1967 film)|Selva Magal]]'' || Mohan
|
|-
|'' [[Aalayam (film)|Aalayam]]''|| Raja || Guest appearance
|-
|''[[Bama Vijayam (1967 film)|Bama Vijayam]]''
|Suresh
|
|-
| 1968 || ''[[Ethir Neechal (1968 film)|Ethirneechal]]'' || Kittu
|
|-
|rowspan="2"| 1969 ||''[[Poova Thalaiya (1969 film)|Poova? Thalaiya?]]''|| Nagamma's son
|
|-
|''Mahesh''
|
|Guest appearance
|-
| rowspan=2|1970 || ''[[Navagraham]]'' || Eshwaran
|
|-
| ''[[Vietnam Veedu]]''|| Sridhar
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1971 || ''[[Nootrukku Nooru]]'' || Inspector Raja
|
|-
|'' [[Thanga Gopuram]]'' || Raja
|
|-
| ''[[Annai Velankanni]]'' || Dr.Antony
|
|-
| ''[[Praptham]]'' || Ramu / Thiyagarajan
|
|-
| rowspan=6|1972 || ''[[Kadhalikka Vanga]]'' || Rajesh
|
|-
| ''[[Kasethan Kadavulada]]'' || Mali
|
|-
| ''[[Gnana Oli]]'' || Baskar
|
|-
| ''[[Deivam]]'' || Swaminathan
|
|-
| ''[[Vasantha Maligai]]'' || Latha's Elder Brother
|
|-
| ''[[Aval (1972 film)|Aval]]'' || Sadanandh
|
|-
| rowspan=9|1973 || ''[[Kattila Thottila (1973 film)|Kattila Thottila]]'' || Advocate.Raja
|
|-
| ''[[Ponvandu]]'' || Picchandi || Guest appearance
|-
| ''[[Komatha En Kulamatha (1973 film)|Komatha En Kulamatha]]'' || Arun
|
|-
| ''[[Rajapart Rangadurai]]'' || Baskar
|
|-
| ''[[Jesus (1973 film)|Jesus]]'' || Goat Rider
| [[Malayalam]] film
|-
|''[[Kasi Yathirai (1973 film)|Kasi Yathirai]]'' || Ramu
|
|-
| ''[[Kuzhandaigal]]''||
|
|-
| ''Engal Thai'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[School Master (1973 film)|School Master]]'' ||
|
|-
| rowspan=15|1974 || ''[[Vani Rani (film)|Vani Rani]]'' || Gopal
|
|-
| ''[[Rajanagam]]'' || Rajan
|
|-
| ''[[Athaiya Mamiya]]'' || Sarathy
|
|-
| ''[[Dikkatra Parvathi]]'' || Karuppan
|
|-
| ''Devi Sri Karumariyamman'' ||
|
|-
|'' [[Anbai Thedi]]'' || Suresh
|
|-
| ''[[Paruva Kaalam]]'' || Gangadharan
|
|-
|'' [[Vellikizhamai Viratham]]''|| Manager Ashok
|
|-
|'' [[Anbu Thangai]]''|| Sriram
|
|-
|'' [[Kai Niraya Kaasu]]''|| Baskar
|
|-
| ''[[Vairam]]'' || Victor
|
|-
| ''[[Thanga Pathakkam]]'' || Jagan
|
|-
| ''[[Thagam]]''||
|
|-
| ''[[Thirumangalyam]]'' || Chandru, James
|Dual roles
|-
|''[[Sivagamiyin Selvan|Sivakamiyin Selvan]]''
|Ravi
|
|-
| rowspan=6|1975 || ''[[Vaazhnthu Kaattugiren (1975 film)|Vaazhnthu Kaattugiren]]'' || Baskar
|
|-
| ''[[Aayirathil Oruthi]]'' || Sathish
|
|-
| ''[[Anaya Vilakku]]''||
|
|-
| ''[[Eduppar Kai Pillai]]''|| Madhan
|
|-
| ''Karotti Kannan'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Yarukku Mappillai Yaaro]]''||
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |1976 || ''[[Vazhvu En Pakkam (1976 film)|Vazhvu En Pakkam]]'' || Kannan
|
|-
| ''[[Maharasi Vazhga]]''|| Villain
|
|-
|''[[Rojavin Raja]]''|| Thiyagu
|
|-
| ''[[Oru Kodiyil Iru Malargal]]''||
|
|-
| ''[[Kanavan Manaivi (1976 film)|Kanavan Manaivi]]'' || Ravi
|
|-
| ''[[Payanam (1976 film)|Payanam]]'' || Babu
|
|-
| ''Perum Pugazhum'' ||
|
|-
|[[Annakili]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal (1977 film)|Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal]]'' || Prabhu
|
|-
| rowspan=6|1977 || ''[[Palabishegam (1977 film)|Palabishegam]]'' || Muthiyah
|
|-
|''[[Avan Oru Sarithiram]]''|| Muthu
|
|-
| ''[[Odi Vilaiyaadu Thatha]]''||
|
|-
|'' [[Pennai Solli Kutramillai]]''||
|
|-
|'' [[Uyarnthavargal]]'' ||
|
|-
|''[[Ilaya Thalaimurai]]''
|Vasu
|
|-
| rowspan=14|1978 ||'' [[Vattathukkul Chaduram]]'' || Karthik
|
|-
| ''Agni Pravesam'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Oru Veedu Oru Ulagam]]'' ||
|
|-
| '' [[Per Solla Oru Pillai]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''Savalige Savaal'' ||
|[[Kannada]] film
|-
| ''[[Bairavi]]'' || Rajalingam
|
|-
| ''[[Chittu Kuruvi]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Sadhurangam (1978 film)|Sadhurangam]]'' || Ram Kumar
|
|-
| ''[[Shri Kanchi Kamakshi]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Oru Nadigai Natakam Parkiral|Oru Nadigal Nadagam Parkiral]]'' || Ranga
|
|-
| ''[[Sattam En Kaiyil]]'' || Advocate
|
|-
|''[[Iraivan Kodutha Varam]]''
|Ramu
|
|-
| ''[[Karunai Ullam]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''Tripura Sundari'' ||
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1979
| ''[[Neeya?]]'' || Stephan
|
|-
|''[[Lakshmi (1979 film)|Lakshmi]]''|| Minor
|
|-
| ''[[Kandhar Alangaram]]''|| Subramaniyam
|
|-
| ''[[Inikkum Ilamai]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Maria My Darling]]'' ||
|
|-
| rowspan=4|1980 || ''[[Engal Vathiyaar]]''||
|
|-
| ''Muzhu Nilavu'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Nathiyai Thedi Vandha Kadal]]'' || Doctor
|
|-
| ''[[Orey Muththam]]''||
|
|-
| rowspan=2|1981 || ''[[Enga Ooru Kannagi]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Rusi (film)|Rusi]]'' ||
|
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Oppantham]]''|| Kanthan
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1984 || ''[[Thambikku Entha Ooru]]'' ||
|
|-
|''Kuzhandai Yesu''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Antha Uravokku Satchi]]''||
|
|-
| rowspan=3| 1985 || ''[[Navagraha Nayagi]]'' || The King
|
|-
| ''[[Annai Bhoomi]]'' || Vijayakumar
|
|-
| ''[[Puthiya Theerpu]]'' ||
|
|-
| rowspan=3|1987 || ''[[Sirai Paravai]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Poo Mazhai Pozhiyuthu]]'' || Doctor
|
|-
| ''[[Mupperum Deviyar]]'' ||
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1988 || ''[[Solla Thudikuthu Manasu]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''Malare Kurinji Malare'' ||
|
|-
| rowspan=2| 1989 || ''[[Kai Veesamma Kai Veesu]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Dharmam Vellum]]'' ||
|
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Puriyada Pudir]]'' || Venkatraman
| Uncredited role
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Anbu Sangili]]'' || Devanesan
|
|-
| 1992 || ''[[David Uncle]]'' || Anthony
|
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Karuppu Roja]]'' || King
|
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Bharathi (2000 film)|Bharathi]]'' || Brahmin
|
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Kaadhal Kondein]]'' || Divya's Father
|
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Kudiyarasu]]'' || Ram
|
|}

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Channel
|-
| 1998 || ''Mangai'' |||| rowspan="3"|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
| 1998 || ''Askhaya'' ||
|-
|1998–1999 || ''[[Kudumbam (TV series)|Kudumbam]]''||
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|1134660}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Srikanth}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:People from Erode district]]

Balban's conquest of Bengal

2026-03-26T07:20:03Z

GreggNfb8421: Creating New Article

{{Short description|War between Delhi Sultanate and Bengal (1277-1281)}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Balban's campaign of Bengal
| place = [[Bihar]], [[Bengal]] and [[Odisha]]
| partof = [[Balban#Military campaigns|Campaigns of Balban]]
| date = 1277–1281
| territory = [[Bengal]] re-annexed by [[Delhi Sultanate]]
| result = [[Delhi Sultanate]] victory
| combatant1 = [[Delhi Sultanate]]
| combatant2 = [[Bengal]]{{Efn|The Muslim principality of Bengal from 1206 to 1287 was a province of [[Delhi Sultanate]] under the [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Mamluk dynasty]], occasionally revolted and gained independence}}
| commander1 = [[Balban]] Amin Khan{{Executed}} Tirmati Khan{{Executed}} Tamar Khan Shamsh Malik Tajuddin Shahabuddin Bahadur [[Nasiruddin Bughra Khan]] Malik Husamuddin Malik Berbek Bekturs Malik Sherandaz
| commander2 = [[Tughral Tughan Khan]]{{KIA}}
| strength1 = 200,000–300,000 soldiers Thousands of Boats
| strength2 = Unknown
| casualties1 = High
| casualties2 = Nearly all were captured and executed
}}

[[Balban|Ghiyath al-Din Balban]]'s campaign of Bengal (1277–1281) was a major expedition to reconsolidate Delhi Sultanate's authority over Bengal. In 1279, the [[List of sultans of Delhi|Sultan of Delhi]], faced significant challenges against the authority and military prowess. Amidst the crisis, [[Tughral Tughan Khan]], the [[Delhi Sultanate]]'s governor of Bengal, rebelled and declared sovereignty. In response, Balban ordered Amin Khan, the governor of [[Awadh|Oudh]], to suppress Tughral's rebellion. Amin Khan's forces were decisively defeated. Two more armies led by Tirmati Khan, and Shahabuddin Bahadur were also defeated by Tughral in the following years.

Despite his deteriorating health, Balban personally led a fourth campaign against Tughral, mobilizing an army over 200,000 additional. Thousands of boats facilitated the movement of soldiers and supplies along the [[Ganges]]. Upon learning of Balban's approach, Tughral Khan fled the Bengali capital, which was subsequently occupied by royal forces without resistance. Tughral sought refuge in the jungles of [[Jajpur|Jajnagar]] but was eventually captured and executed. His head was presented to Balban, who, in a display of retribution, ordered harsh reprisals against Tughral's allies and relatives.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Srivastava|1971|pp=[https://archive.org/details/dli.scoerat.1789historyofindia1000adto1707ad/page/79/mode/1up? 79–80]}}</ref>

== Background ==
In 1277, [[Balban|Ghiyath al-Din Balban]], ({{Reign|1266|1281}}) seriously fell ill.<ref name=":1">{{Cite Banglapedia|last=Ahmed|first=ABM Shamsuddin|article=Mughisuddin Tughral|article-url=Mughisuddin_Tughral}}</ref> Stricken by a severe illness that confined him to his bed, Balban's survival was uncertain. In 1279, the Mongols launched a formidable offensive in Punjab, engaging the royal army under Prince Muhammad Khan in a fierce conflict.<ref name=":0">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Mehta|1979|p=122}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Haig|1928|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.177678/page/78/mode/1up?q=Balban 79]}}</ref> Concurrently, [[Tughral Tughan Khan]], the Mamluk governor of Bengal and a former slave officer of Balban, led successful campaign against [[Jajpur|Jajnagar]] (in modern [[Odisha|Orissa]]). He obtained from there considerable treasures and many elephants and appropriated them. He did not send anything to the Sultan, citing his old age and preoccupation with Mongol invasions.<ref name=":7">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Habib|Nizami|1970|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.147431/page/n316/mode/1up 293]}}</ref> Feeling confident of his power, eventually asserted independence and withheld the king’s share (''[[Khums]]'') of the spoils. He took the [[regnal name]] of Sultan Mughisuddin, issued coins, read [[khutbah]] in his own name and declared his independence,{{Efn|"According to Isami, Tughril rebelled against Balban in the eighth year of the Sultans reign (A.D 1275)." ({{Harvard citation no brackets|Habib|Nizami|1970|p=293}})}} further destabilizing the sultanate.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Habibullah|1961|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.199570/page/n161/mode/1up 144]}}{{Break}}{{Harvard citation no brackets|Mehta|1979|p=122}}{{Break}}{{Harvard citation no brackets|Qinungo|1943|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.24396/page/n81/mode/1up 60]}}</ref> Lakhnauti had thus earned at Delhi the nickname of Balghakpur "the city of rebellion"<ref name=":6" />

== Initial conflicts (1277–1279) ==

=== Battle of Gogra River ===
In response, Balban ordered Amin Khan, the governor of Oudh ([[Awadh]]), to suppress Tughral's rebellion. In 1277,<ref name=":1" /> Amin Khan proceeded with his army. Tughral confronted Amin Khan with his forces. A significant military engagement occurred near the [[Ghaghara|Ghagra River]] in northern [[Bihar]] where Tughral decisively defeated the forces of Amin Khan. During the battle, some of Amin Khan's troops defected to Tughral which the rebel won over through lavish grants of gifts.<ref name=":7" /> While retreating, the imperial army suffered heavy casualties at the hands of local [[Hindus|Hindu]] tribes in Awadh. The defeat severely undermined Balban's reputation, leading him to order the execution of the defeated commander, who was hanged at the Awadh gate in a display of the sultan's rage.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Habibullah|1961|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.199570/page/n161/mode/1up 144]}}{{Break}}{{Harvard citation no brackets|Haig|1928|p=79}}{{Break}}{{Harvard citation no brackets|Habib|Nizami|1970|p=293}}</ref>

=== Tirmati Khan's expedition ===
In January 1278, a second royal army, led by Tirmati Khan, along with Tamar Khan Shamsh and Malik Tajuddin advanced towards Bengal crossing river [[Sarju]]. Their advance was halted by Tughral somewhere between [[Mithila (region)|Tirhut]] and [[Gauḍa (city)|Lakhnauti]]. Tughral's army, though weaker in cavalry, outnumbered the imperial forces and was strengthened by numerous elephants and Hindu foot soldiers ([[Paik (soldier)|paiks]]), making it a formidable force. The two armies faced each other for an extended period, during which Tughral bribed several officers in the imperial camp. When battle commenced, the Delhi troops, possibly led by two Shamsi nobles, remained neutral, leading to a crushing defeat for Malik Tirmati's imperial forces. Fleeing imperial soldiers were plundered by Hindus, and many, fearing Sultan Balban's harsh punishment, chose to join Tughral in Lakhnauti. Tirmati's was gibbeted on the Sultan's orders.<ref name=":4">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Qinungo|1943|p=61}}</ref>

=== Shahabuddin Bahadur's expedition ===
Tughral also repulsed the third expedition, led by Shahabuddin Bahadur, the Amir of Oudh in 1279.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Habibullah|1961|pp=44-45}}</ref> Advancing through Tirhut towards Lakhnauti, Bahadur engaged Tughral's forces at the frontier. He pledged to capture Tughral alive. A fierce battle ensued, Tughral charged at Bahadur's center who fought bravely. But a critical division of the imperial army collapsed and fled during the battle, leading to Bahadur's retreat in defeat.<ref name=":4" /> Bahadur with his fugitive soldiers returned Delhi, Balban wanted to put him to death, but Bahadur’s friends succeeded in saving his life by giving proofs of his courage on the battle-field. Balban exiled him from the court.<ref name=":8">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Habib|Nizami|1970|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.147431/page/n317/mode/1up 294]}}</ref>

These successive defeats galvanized Balban's military commanders, who rallied to quell the revolt.<ref name=":0" />

== Balban's invasion (1280–1281) ==
The successive defeats enraged Balban who swore never to return without the rebel’s head. He left Delhi and marches towards [[Samana, India|Samana]] and [[Sunam|Saman]]. In January 1280, Sultan Balban, accompanied by his second son [[Nasiruddin Bughra Khan|Bughra Khan]], embarked on the military campaign, leaving Delhi under the regency of his trusted friend, Malik Fakhruddin, the [[kotwal]]. In March, upon reaching Awadh the Delhi army bolstered by over 200,000 additional troops provided by the [[Iqta'|iqtadars]] of the [[Ganges Delta|Gangetic valley]].<ref name=":2">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Habibullah|1961|p=145}}</ref> The number of troops may be as high as 300,000.{{Efn|"To these two lakhs must be added about a lakh more perhaps which had already assembled during the Sultan's march from Samana to Oudh" ({{Harvard citation no brackets|Qinungo|1943|p=63}})}} The army was composed of [[Cavalry|horsemen]], [[Infantry|foot-soldiers]], [[Paik (soldier)|paiks]], [[Archery|archers]], Kahars, Kaiwani (bow-men), riders on [[Pony|ponies]], arrow-shooters, [[Mamluk|slaves]], servants, merchants and shopkeepers.<ref name=":8" /> Thousands of boats facilitated the movement of soldiers and supplies along the Ganges.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Qinungo|1943|p=63}}</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Prasad|2024|pp=[https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12686/page/n121/mode/1up 97-98]}}</ref>

=== Capture of Lakhnauti ===
Tughral Khan positioned his war-boat fleet at the Sarju River's mouth to monitor the imperial army rather than engage in combat. Sultan Balban, despite the late season, led the main army from Oudh, with Bughra Khan commanding the rear. When Balban crossed the Sarju unopposed, Tughral retreated to Lakhnauti.<ref name=":5" /> Tughral, unwilling to engage in direct confrontation, gathered his treasure and followers and hastily abandoned [[Gauḍa (city)|Lakhnauti]] and moved to "Hajinagar" a place several miles east of [[Sonargaon]].<ref name=":8" />{{Efn|Habibullah writes, "According to chronicler [[Ziauddin Barani]], Tughral fled toward a location referred to as "Hajinagar," likely situated in the southeastern region." ({{Harvard citation no brackets|Habibullah|1961|p=145}})}} Tughral relied on the challenging climate and waterlogged terrain of the province to exhaust Balban's Delhi forces and test the sultan's patience, hoping to later reclaim the capital from a secure retreat. Undeterred, Balban swiftly advanced, capturing the deserted city of Lakhnauti. He appointed Malik Husamuddin to govern the city and maintain communication with the main army, while promptly resuming his pursuit of Tughral.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":9">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Habib|Nizami|1970|p=295}}</ref>

=== Pact with Deva dynasty ===
Sultan Balban advanced to [[Bangladesh|East Bengal]] and, upon reaching [[Sonargaon]], met with the local Hindu raja Nauja, likely [[Dasharathadeva|Danujamadhava Ariraja Dasaratha]] of the [[Deva dynasty]]. He was an independent ruler, received respect from Balban as a sovereign prince during negotiations. In exchange for his cooperation in apprehending Tughral, Danuja agreed to block Tughral’s escape via the rivers in his territory.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Habibullah|1961|pp=145-146}}</ref> Balban moved eastwards by continuous marches till he reached within 120 miles of Hajinagar, but no trace of Tughral could be found.<ref name=":9" />

=== Attack on Tughral's camp ===
Tughral sought refuge in the jungles of [[Jajpur|Jajnagar]] with his entire army, harem and family.<ref name=":3">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Qinungo|1943|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.24396/page/n88/mode/1up 67]}}</ref> Sultan Balban dispatched a division of 7,000 to 8,000 troops under Malik Bekturs, ordering them to advance ahead of the main army and deploy small scouting parties to gather intelligence. The imperial army proceeded toward the Jajnagar territory. One day, scouts led by Malik Sherandaz and Malik Muqaddir, encountered grain [[Merchant|merchants]] returning to their villages. Suspecting they had come from Tughral’s camp, Sherandaz seized them and executed two, terrifying the others into revealing Tughral’s army’s location, encamped half a [[Kos (unit)|kos]] away on a riverbank. Malik Sherandaz and his band of 30 or 40 horsemen rode cautiously towards the enemy camp. Observing Tughral’s men drinking, singing, and their animals grazing, Sherandaz and his scouts launched a surprise attack on the camp, swords drawn, shouting for Tughral. The sudden assault caused panic, with Tughral's forces believing Balban’s entire army was attacking.<ref name=":3" /> Tughral had nearly reached the river when an officer named Ali struck him with a short battle-axe and knocked him down from his horse. Malik Muqaddar immediately got down from his horse, chopped off Tughral’s head and threw his body into the river. Ali thenceforward known as ''Tughril-Kush'' or 'the Slayer of Tughril'.<ref name=":9" />

== Aftermath ==
Shortly after Malik Berbek Bekturs arrived the scene and learned the report in details. He at first was angry. His anger soon faded away after Sultan Balban promoted the soldiers who participated in that assault.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Habib|Nizami|1970|p=296}}</ref>

Muqaddir sent Tughral's head to Bekturs, who presented to Balban. Balban, in a display of retribution, ordered harsh reprisals against Tughral's friends, supporters, and relatives.<ref name=":0" /> The demoralised force was surrounded and nearly the whole of it was captured.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Haig|1928|pp=80-81}}</ref> Sultan Balban returned with a huge amount of booty entered Lakhnauti in triumph. He hanged Tughral’s sons, sons-in-law, ministers, high officials, favored [[Ghilman|ghulams]] (Mamluks), [[Sarlashkar|sar-lashkars]] (army officers), jan-dārs (bodyguards), [[Squire|armor-bearers]] and [[Paik (soldier)|paiks]]. These brutal punishments continued for two-three days. The [[Mufti|Muftis]] and [[Qadi|Qadis]] barely obtained pardon.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Prasad|2024|p=98}}</ref> The defectors were singled out for execution in Delhi to serve as a warning to their families and associates. Ordinary offenders were pardoned, those with slightly higher status faced temporary punishment, higher-ranking ones were imprisoned, and officers were paraded on buffaloes through Delhi's streets.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Srivastava|1966|p=[https://archive.org/details/thesultanateofdelhibylalsrivastava/page/n152/mode/1up? 121]}}</ref> Balban’s extreme cruelty shocked even his own followers.<ref name=":3" /> Balban then appointed his son [[Nasiruddin Bughra Khan]] as the governor of Bengal.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Mehta|1979|p=123}}</ref> In April 1282, he left Bengal proceeding through Oudh and [[Budaun|Badaun]], and reached Delhi after an absence of three years.<ref name=":3" />

Bughra Khan governed lakhnauti from 1281 to 1287 and after Balban's death he declared himself as the independent sultan of Bengal assuming the title Sultan Nasiruddin Mahmud. He had coins and [[Khutbah]] read in his own name. He ruled the region until 1291.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Qinungo|1943|p=71}}{{Break}}{{Harvard citation no brackets|Habib|Nizami|1970|p=306}}</ref> His successors would rule Bengal until [[Tughlaq campaign of Bengal|Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq's annexation]] in 1324.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Majumdar|1960|pp=193-194}}</ref>
== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Qinungo |first=K. R. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.24396 |title=The History of Bengal |date=1943 |publisher=B. R. Publishing Corporation |isbn=81-7646-239-X |editor-last=Sarkar |editor-first=Jadunath |editor-link=Jadunath Sarkar |volume=II |location=Delhi |chapter=Chapter III. Bengal under the House of Balban}}
* {{Cite book |last=Habibullah |first=Abul Barkat Muhammud |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xV9uAAAAMAAJ |title=The Foundation of Muslim Rule in India: A History of the Establishment and Progress of the Turkish Sultanate of Delhi, 1206-1290 A.D. |date=1961 |publisher=Central Book Depot |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Prasad |first=Ishwari |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pqEJ0QEACAAJ |title=A Short History of Muslim Rule in India: From the Conquest of Islam to the Death of Aurangzeb |date=2024-12-18 |publisher=Fazlul Karim |isbn=978-81-976328-7-7 |language=en |orig-year=1956}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=J. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUk5k5AN54sC |title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India |date=1979 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-81-207-1015-3 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Haig |first=W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QXhZ38Y4ugAC |title=The Cambridge History of India: Turks and Afghans, edited by W. Haig |date=1928 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=III |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Prasad |first=Ishwari |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vuf6SZPo3OkC |title=History of Medieval India |date=1951 |publisher=The Indian Press Ltd. |edition=Third |location=Allahabad |orig-year=1933 |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281016/mode/1up |archive-date=2017-01-16}}
* {{Cite book |last=Srivastava |first=Ashirbadi Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PAsfAAAAIAAJ |title=The Sultanate of Delhi, 711-1526 A.D.: Including the Arab Invasion of Sindh, Hindu Rule in Afghanistan and Causes of the Defeat of the Hindus in Early Medieval Age |date=1966 |publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ |title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526) |date=1970 |publisher=People's Publishing House |editor-last=Habib |editor-first=Mohammad |editor-link=Mohammad Habib |volume=V |language=en |editor-last2=Nizami |editor-first2=Khaliq Ahmad |editor-link2=K. A. Nizami}}
* {{Cite book |last=Srivastava |first=A. L. |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.scoerat.1789historyofindia1000adto1707ad |title=History of India 1000 A D to 1707 A D |date=1971 |publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala & Company |edition=3rd |location=Agra}}
* {{Cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R. C. |author-link=R. C. Majumdar |url=https://archive.org/details/delhisultanate00bhar/ |title=History and the Culture of the Indian People |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1960 |volume=VI |location=Bombay}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Wars involving the Delhi Sultanate]]
[[Category:Wars involving medieval India]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Delhi Sultanate]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1278]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1279]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1280]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1281]]

Ajinkya Rahane

2026-03-22T14:29:34Z

GreggNfb8421:

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1988)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Ajinkya Rahane
| image = Ajinkya Rahane 2016 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Rahane in 2016
| fullname = Ajinkya Madhukar Rahane
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1988|06|06|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Ashwi KD]], Maharashtra, India
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[off spin]]
| role = Batter
| international = true
| internationalspan = 2011–2023
| country = India
| testdebutdate = 22 March
| testdebutyear = 2013
| testdebutagainst = Australia
| testcap = 278
| lasttestdate = 20 July
| lasttestyear = 2023
| lasttestagainst = West Indies
| odidebutdate = 3 September
| odidebutyear = 2011
| odidebutagainst = England
| odicap = 191
| lastodidate = 16 February
| lastodiyear = 2018
| lastodiagainst = South Africa
| odishirt = 27
| T20Idebutdate = 31 August
| T20Idebutyear = 2011
| T20Idebutagainst = England
| T20Icap = 39
| lastT20Idate = 28 August
| lastT20Iyear = 2016
| lastT20Iagainst = West Indies
| T20Ishirt = 27
| club1 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| year1 = {{nowrap|2006/07–present}}
| club2 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| year2 = 2008–2009
| club3 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| year3 = 2011–2015, 2018-2019
| club4 = [[Rising Pune Supergiant]]
| year4 = 2016–2017
| club5 = [[Hampshire County Cricket Club|Hampshire]]
| year5 = 2019
| club6 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| year6 = 2020–2021
| club7 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| year7 = 2022, 2025–present
| club8 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| year8 = 2023–2024
| club9 = [[Leicestershire County Cricket Club|Leicestershire]]
| year9 = 2024
| columns = 4
| hidedeliveries = true
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| column3 = [[Twenty20 International|T20I]]
| column4 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches1 = 85
| matches2 = 90
| matches3 = 20
| matches4 = 201
| runs1 = 5,077
| runs2 = 2,962
| runs3 = 375
| runs4 = 14,000
| bat avg1 = 38.46
| bat avg2 = 35.26
| bat avg3 = 20.83
| bat avg4 = 45.16
| 100s/50s1 = 12/26
| 100s/50s2 = 3/24
| 100s/50s3 = 0/1
| 100s/50s4 = 41/59
| top score1 = 188
| top score2 = 111
| top score3 = 61
| top score4 = 265[[not out|*]]
| deliveries1 = 0
| deliveries2 = 0
| deliveries3 = 0
| deliveries4 = 108
| wickets1 = 0
| wickets2 = 0
| wickets3 = 0
| wickets4 = 0
| bowl avg1 = –
| bowl avg2 = –
| bowl avg3 = –
| bowl avg4 = 14.33
| fivefor1 = –
| fivefor2 = –
| fivefor3 = –
| fivefor4 = 0
| tenfor1 = –
| tenfor2 = –
| tenfor3 = –
| tenfor4 = 0
| best bowling1 = –
| best bowling2 = –
| best bowling3 = –
| best bowling4 = 2/36
| catches/stumpings1 = 102/-
| catches/stumpings2 = 48/–
| catches/stumpings3 = 16/–
| catches/stumpings4 = 220/–
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/277916.html ESPNcricinfo
| date = 5 October
| year = 2025
|medaltemplates= 
{{MedalSport|Men's [[Cricket]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{cr|IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ICC T20 World Cup]]}}
{{Medal|RU|[[2014 ICC World Twenty20|2014 Bangladesh]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ICC Champions Trophy]]}}
{{Medal|RU|[[2017 ICC Champions Trophy|2017 England and Wales]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[World Test Championship|ICC World Test Championship]]}}
{{Medal|RU|[[2019–2021 World Test Championship|2019-2021]]|}}
{{Medal|RU|[[2021–2023 World Test Championship|2021-2023]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ACC Asia Cup]]}}
{{Medal|Winner|[[Asia Cup 2016|2016 Bangladesh]]|}}
}}

'''Ajinkya Rahane''' (born 6 June 1988) is an Indian [[cricket]]er and former captain and vice-captain of the [[India national cricket team|Indian cricket team]]. He currently captains [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] in the [[Indian Premier League]]. He is the former captain of [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]. He played primarily as a middle-order batsman in the [[Test cricket|Test format]] and as a top-order batsman in white-ball forms of the game. India lost only one match under his captaincy.

Rahane made his first-class debut in [[2007–08 Ranji Trophy]] season for Mumbai. He made his international debut in a [[Twenty20 International]] against [[England cricket team|England]] at [[Manchester]] in August 2011<ref name="espncricinfo.com">[http://www.espncricinfo.com/sri-lanka-v-india-2012/content/player/277916.html Ajinkya Rahane | India Cricket | Cricket Players and Officials]. ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved on 2013-12-23.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://cricket.yahoo.com/news/professional-companies-should-manage-cricketers-041823900.html|title=Professional companies should manage cricketers|date=9 June 2013|work=Yahoo Cricket India}}</ref> and his Test debut in March 2013 against [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]]. His first Test [[Century (cricket)|century]] came at the [[Basin Reserve]], [[Wellington]] against [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/ajinkya-rahane-277916|title=Ajinkya Rahane profile and biography, stats, records, averages, photos and videos|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> Under his captaincy, India won the [[Indian cricket team in Australia in 2020–21|2020-21 Border–Gavaskar Trophy]] in Australia.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/england-in-india/ajinkya-rahanes-captaincy-masterclass-puts-the-heat-on-virat-kohli-as-england-loom/articleshow/80362534.cms|title=Ajinkya Rahane's captaincy masterclass puts the heat on Virat Kohli as England loom. Cricket News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=20 January 2021 }}</ref>

==Early and personal life==

Rahane was born on 6 June 1988 in [[Ashwi KD]], [[Sangamner taluka|Sangamner Taluka]], [[Ahmednagar district]] to Madhukar Baburao Rahane and Sujata Rahane.<ref name="cricbuzz">{{cite web|title=A childhood dream finally realised|date=29 March 2013 |url=http://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/54846/a-childhood-dream-finally-realised|publisher=Cricibuzz|access-date=25 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-06-05|title=Indian Cricket Team Players Caste and Religion List (A to Z)|url=https://tamilfunda.com/indian-cricket-players-caste-religion-list/|access-date=2021-02-14|website=TᗩᗰIᒪᖴᑌᑎᗪᗩ|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="dombivali">{{cite news |last1=Pradhan |first1=Sandip |title='अजिंक्य डोंबिवलीकर' होऊन रहाणे! |url=https://www.lokmat.com/manthan/ajinkya-dombivalikar-rahane-a296/ |access-date=7 January 2021 |work=[[Lokmat]] |date=3 January 2021 |language=mr-IN}}</ref> His ancestral village is Chandanapuri in Sangamner taluka of Ahmednagar district<ref>{{Cite web |last=माझा |first=नितीन ओझा, एबीपी |date=2021-01-19 |title=मराठमोळ्या अंजिक्य राहणेचं मूळगाव चंदनापुरीतही ऑस्ट्रेलियाच्या गर्वहरणाचं सेलिब्रेशन |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/sports/cricket/ajinkya-rahane-chandanapuri-village-celebration-india-victory-over-australia-gabba-brisbane-853886 |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=ABP Majha |language=mr}}</ref>.He has a younger brother and sister, Shashank and Apurva Rahane.<ref name="toi">{{cite news|title=I want a Lamborghini and an Aston Martin: Ajinkya Rahane|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/interviews/I-want-a-Lamborghini-and-an-Aston-Martin-Ajinkya-Rahane/articleshow/18397618.cms|work=The Times of India|date=8 February 2013 |access-date=25 July 2014}}</ref> At the age of seven, Madhukar Rahane took Rahane to a small coaching camp with a matting [[cricket pitch|wicket]] in [[Dombivli]],<ref name="cricbuzz"/><ref>{{cite web|title=My struggle begins now: Ajinkya Rahane|date=23 August 2011|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report-my-struggle-begins-now-ajinkya-rahane-1578701|publisher=DNA India|access-date=25 July 2014}}</ref> as they could not afford proper coaching.<ref name="cricbuzz"/> From the age of 17, he took coaching from former India batsman [[Pravin Amre]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Ajinkya Rahane's debut ton extremely important for his career: Pravin Amre|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/news/220975-ajinkya-rahanes-debut-ton-extremely-important-for-his-career-pravin-amre|publisher=NDTV|access-date=25 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729143827/http://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/news/220975-ajinkya-rahanes-debut-ton-extremely-important-for-his-career-pravin-amre|archive-date=29 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Ajinkya bats and bowls off break with his right hand but uses his left hand to write. Rahane cleared his Secondary School Certificate from SV Joshi High School, [[Dombivli]].<ref name="dombivali"/>

Rahane married Radhika Dhopavkar, his childhood friend, on 26 September 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.crictracker.com/indian-cricketer-ajinkya-rahane-bowled-over-gets-married-to-radhika/|title=Indian cricketer Ajinkya Rahane ties the knot|access-date=26 September 2014|work=crictracker|date=26 September 2014}}</ref> The couple welcomed their first child, daughter Aarya, on 4 October 2019. Their second child, boy Raghav, was born on 5 October 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ajinkya-rahane-becomes-father-baby-girl-wife-radhika-india-vs-south-africa-vizag-test-1606443-2019-10-05|title=Ajinkya Rahane becomes father, wife Radhika gives birth to a baby girl|work=indiatoday|date=24 September 2019 |access-date=5 October 2019}}</ref>

== Domestic career ==
Rahane had performed well when [[India national under-19 cricket team|India U-19]] toured New Zealand in early 2007, with two [[century (cricket)|centuries]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-under-19s-tour-of-new-zealand-2006-07-277221/new-zealand-under-19s-vs-india-under-19s-3rd-youth-odi-277229/match-report|title=Rahane and Srivastava help India clinch series|work=espncricinfo|access-date=12 February 2007}}</ref> He was picked for the [[Nissar Trophy|Mohammad Nissar Trophy]] in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/karachi-urban-mumbai-to-contest-nissar-trophy-307349|title=Karachi Urban, Mumbai to contest Nissar Trophy|access-date= 28 March 2018|work=espncricinfo}}</ref>

=== First-class career ===
Rahane made his first-class debut, at the age of 19, for Mumbai against [[List of Karachi first-class cricket teams|Karachi Urban]] in the [[Nissar Trophy|Mohammad Nissar Trophy]] in September 2007, at Karachi, when most of the first-choice Mumbai players were unavailable for various reasons. Opening the innings with [[Sahil Kukreja]], he scored a century on debut 143 (207), with Kukreja scoring 110 for a total of 247.<ref>{{cite web |title= Mohammed Nissar Trophy:Karachi Urban v Mumbai at Darwin, 8–11 September 2007|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/309556.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date= 2012-06-09}}</ref> Rahane was subsequently picked for the [[Irani Cup|Irani Trophy]] match against [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India.]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/irani-trophy-2007-08-306280/mumbai-vs-rest-of-india-306380/full-scorecard|title=Irani trophy 2007/08: Mumbai v Rest of India; Full scorecard|work=espncricinfo}}</ref>

Rahane scored 172 against [[England Lions (cricket team)|England Lions]] for [[West Zone cricket team|West Zone]] in the 2007–08 [[Duleep Trophy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/duleep-trophy-2007-08-306278/england-lions-vs-west-zone-group-b-306400/full-scorecard|title=Duleep Trophy 2007/08: England Lions v West zone- Full scorecard|work=espncricinfo}}</ref>

Rahane, with 1089 runs in his second Ranji season (2008–09),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ranjisuperleague2008/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=4478;type=tournament|title=Ranji super league 2008: Most runs|work=espncricinfo}}</ref> was a crucial factor in Mumbai's 38th title win.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-super-league-2008-09-361120/mumbai-vs-uttar-pradesh-final-368289/full-scorecard|title= Ranji trophy super league 2008/09 final : Mumbai vs Uttar Pradesh, Full scorecard|work=espncricinfo}}</ref> His score of 265 not-out (batting at no. 3 for Mumbai) came against Hyderabad at Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium, Uppal in the 2009–10 season and also tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indiandomestic2009/engine/match/412764.html|title=Group A: Hyderabad (India) v Mumbai at Hyderabad (Deccan), Dec 1-4, 2009 - Cricket Scorecard - ESPNcricinfo|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> Rahane surpassed 1000 runs in three separate seasons, and scoring 152 in the 2011 [[Irani Cup|Irani Trophy]] match against Rajasthan helped him get selected for India's Test squad.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/irani-cup-2011-12-522930/rajasthan-vs-rest-of-india-523025/full-scorecard|title=Irani trophy 2011/12: Rajasthan vs Rest of India, Full scorecard|work=espncricinfo}}</ref>

In April 2019, Rahane joined [[Hampshire County Cricket Club|Hampshire]] as their overseas player for two months of the season.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/48054322|title=Ajinkya Rahane: India batsman to join Hampshire as overseas player|date=2019-04-25|access-date=2019-07-08|language=en-GB}}</ref>

===List A career===
Rahane made his [[List A cricket|List A]] debut for Mumbai against Delhi for the [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]] in March 2007. He contributed 61 runs to a 171-run partnership with former Indian opener [[Wasim Jaffer]].<ref>{{cite web |title= Ranji Oneday Trophy:2nd Quarter Final :Delhi v Mumbai at Delhi, 18 March 2007 |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/281390.html|access-date= 2012-06-09}}</ref>

Rahane progressed through the Mumbai ranks and had also been a part of the [[India national under-19 cricket team|Indian U-19 team]] and the [[India A cricket team|India A]]. Rahane had also turned out for India Blue and India Green in the [[NKP Salve Challenger Trophy]].

In September 2018, Rahane was named as the captain of [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] for the [[2018–19 Vijay Hazare Trophy]] tournament.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rahane to captain Mumbai in Vijay Hazare Trophy |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/rahane-to-captain-mumbai-in-vijay-hazare-trophy-1159312 |access-date=12 September 2018 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> In October 2018, he was named as the captain of India C's squad for the [[2018–19 Deodhar Trophy]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Rahane, Ashwin and Karthik to play Deodhar Trophy |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ajinkya-rahane-r-ashwin-and-dinesh-karthik-to-play-deodhar-trophy-1162570 |access-date=19 October 2018 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He led the team to the final and played a crucial knock of 144[[Not out|*]] in the final to win the title.

In the 2023-24 season, Rahane led Mumbai team for Ranaji Trophy to victory. In the finals, Mumbai defeated Vidarbha by 169 runs. He scored 7 and 73 in this match. His personal form remained poor in this tournament.

==International career==

===Test career===
Rahane was selected in the [[Test cricket|Test]] squad to play against [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] in November 2011. Rahane was taken in the squad for 16 months and in his presence, he saw seven players make their debuts.<ref name="sports.ndtv.com">{{Cite web|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/india-vs-australia-2013/news/205250-long-wait-for-mumbai-and-ajinkya-rahane-finally-ends|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715064853/http://sports.ndtv.com/india-vs-australia-2013/news/205250-long-wait-for-mumbai-and-ajinkya-rahane-finally-ends |url-status=dead |title="Long wait for Mumbai and Ajinkya Rahane finally ends". NDTV 22 March 2013 [|archive-date=15 July 2014}}</ref> His performance in the limited-overs cricket (ODI and T20I) during that period was not up to the mark, as he averaged around 25 in both ODI and T20I cricket, and struggled for form in the series against Pakistan and England (in January 2013).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricket.com.au/teams/india-mens/the-squad/ajinkya-rahane|title=Cricket Australia Player Profile – Ajinkya Rahane|access-date=1 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714125722/http://www.cricket.com.au/teams/india-mens/the-squad/ajinkya-rahane|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Rahane made his Test debut on 22 March 2013 against Australia in the Border-Gavaskar Trophy at [[Feroz Shah Kotla|Feroz Shah Kotla Stadium]], Delhi.Rahane was handed his India Test cap which brought an end to a lean patch for Mumbai, who had not produced a Test player for India since May 2007.<ref name="sports.ndtv.com"/> Two single-digit scores in the game prompted many to question Rahane's ability to handle pressure and replicate his domestic success at international level.<ref name="Forbes India">{{cite web|url=http://forbesindia.com/article/2014-celebrity-100/ajinkya-rahanes-steady-road-to-stardom/39207/0|title=Forbes India Magazine - Ajinkya Rahane's steady road to stardom|access-date=30 January 2017|archive-date=17 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917013754/http://forbesindia.com/article/2014-celebrity-100/ajinkya-rahanes-steady-road-to-stardom/39207/0|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Despite his failure in the debut match, Rahane was included in the playing eleven for the first match of India's tour of South Africa (2013–14). Batting in the lower-middle order, he made 209 runs at an average of 69.66 in the series (including a 96 off 157 balls at [[Kingsmead Cricket Ground|Kingsmead]], [[Durban]]) against the bowling attack comprising [[Dale Steyn]], [[Morné Morkel|Morne Morkel]] and [[Vernon Philander]]. "For a man who had spent many a tour and series warming up the bench, carrying drinks, wondering when his opportunity will come, he has taken his chance with both hands, even though it arrived in the most difficult of conditions to bat in", cricket pundit Sidharth Monga wrote. Rahane finished as India's third-highest run-getter in the series, but he was in the most precarious position of all before the series began.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ajinkya Rahane showcases his No. 6 mettle - Cricket - ESPNcricinfo |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ajinkya-rahane-showcases-his-no-6-mettle-705621 |work=ESPNcricinfo|date=30 December 2013 }}</ref>

Rahane made his first Test ton at [[Basin Reserve]], [[Wellington]], New Zealand, on 15 February 2014 against New Zealand.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ajinkya-rahane-s-ton-and-india-s-lower-order-success-719273|title=Rahane's ton and India's lower-order success|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> India were in a difficult position when Rahane came to the crease at 156 for five and by the time he departed with 118 India were in a match-winning position ruined by [[Brendon McCullum]]'s famous triple-century.<ref name="telegraph.co.uk">{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/international/england/10975016/England-v-India-Ajinkya-Rahane-succeeds-where-the-great-Sachin-Tendulkar-failed-with-Lords-Test-century.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/international/england/10975016/England-v-India-Ajinkya-Rahane-succeeds-where-the-great-Sachin-Tendulkar-failed-with-Lords-Test-century.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=England v India: Ajinkya Rahane succeeds where the great Sachin Tendulkar failed with Lord's Test century|website=www.telegraph.co.uk|date=17 July 2014 }}{{cbignore}}</ref> "He had a mountain of first-class runs backing him, of course, but did he have what goes around by the queer name of X-factor? Did he have that extra edge in his game and personality that separates top-class international players from the rest? Was he merely humble, or was he unable to assert himself, unable to absorb real pressure? After his first two Test tours to South Africa and New Zealand, we can safely conclude it must be the former. Underneath that seemingly soft exterior lurks a solid Test batsman, and he was on display at the Basin Reserve", ESPNcricinfo wrote in their analysis.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ajinkya Rahane shows his X-factor - Cricket - ESPNcricinfo |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ajinkya-rahane-shows-his-x-factor-719329 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

Rahane played in the [[Indian cricket team in England in 2014|Investec Test Series (India tour of England, 2014)]] in England. His previous overseas performances (in away Tests, Rahane averaged 61.83 having scored 299 in four Tests including a century and two fifties) earned him a place in the playing eleven over [[Rohit Sharma]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/> He justified his selection by making his second century at the second Test match at [[Lord's|Lord's Cricket Ground]]. Put in to bat on a green-top wicket by [[Alastair Cook]], India collapsed to 140 for six by tea, only to be rescued by Rahane's century. He was supported by [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]], who scored a valuable 36, besides putting on 90 runs for the eighth wicket.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/india-vs-england-was-nervous-before-first-test-at-lord-ajinkya-rahane-200801-2014-07-18|title=Was nervous before first Test at the Lord's: Ajinkya Rahane|date=18 July 2014|website=India Today}}</ref> In the process, Rahane became the fourth Indian batsman to post a Test century on his first appearance at Lord's, joining [[Sourav Ganguly]], [[Dilip Vengsarkar]] and [[Ajit Agarkar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/england-vs-india-2014/news/227571-india-in-england-disappointed-with-my-dismissal-says-ajinkya-rahane|title=Ajinkya Rahane Rues Missed Chance, Says Dismissal Was Disappointing|work=ndtv.com|access-date=31 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140801130725/http://sports.ndtv.com/england-vs-india-2014/news/227571-india-in-england-disappointed-with-my-dismissal-says-ajinkya-rahane|archive-date=1 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2014/match-reports/81252/ali-spins-england-to-equaliser|title=Ali spins England to equaliser|work=icc-cricket.com|access-date=31 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808033547/http://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2014/match-reports/81252/ali-spins-england-to-equaliser|archive-date=8 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Rahane played in the [[Indian cricket team in Australia in 2014–15|2014–15 Border-Gavaskar Trophy]] in Australia. In the third Test match at [[Melbourne]], Rahane made his third Test hundred. He made 399 runs in four, including a century and two half-centuries against the opposition attack of [[Mitchell Johnson (cricketer)|Mitchell Johnson]] and [[Ryan Harris (cricketer)|Ryan Harris]], the core of a bowling unit that famously won [[2013–14 Ashes series]] 5–0.

In the first Test of [[Indian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2015|2015 tour of Sri Lanka]], Rahane broke the world record for most catches in a Test match with eight.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jeswant |first1=Bishen |date=14 August 2015 |title=Rahane takes world record eight catches |work=ESPNcricinfo |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/rahane-takes-world-record-eight-catches-909495 |access-date=25 August 2015}}</ref> In the second Test at [[Paikiasothy Saravanamuttu Stadium|PSS]], [[Colombo]], he scored his fourth Test hundred, scoring 126 in India's second innings, and India went on to win the match. In the process, he reached his career-best ranking of 20th, at the [[ICC Player Rankings]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Rahane, Mishra climb to career best 20th and 39th spots in rankings|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/rahane-mishra-climb-to-career-best-20th-and-39th-spots-in-rankings/article7578513.ece?homepage=true|access-date=25 August 2015|work=The Hindu|date=25 August 2015}}</ref>

Rahane played in the 2015 Freedom Series. In the 4th test match at New Delhi, Rahane made centuries in both the innings on a pitch where most batsmen found it difficult to score, and with this feat, he became only the fifth Indian to join the elite club of twin centurions in a single test.

On 16 August 2016, Rahane achieved his career best [[ICC Player Rankings#Top 10 Test Batsmen|test batsmen's ranking]] of No. 8.

On 25 March 2017, Rahane became India's 33rd Test Captain when he led the team in the 4th test against Australia in Dharamsala due to an injury to [[Virat Kohli]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Brettig |first1=Daniel |date=25 March 2017 |title=Kuldeep four-for limits Australia to 300 |work=ESPNcricinfo |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ind-v-aus-2016-17-1030197/india-vs-australia-4th-test-1062576/match-report-1 |access-date=25 March 2017}}</ref> He scored 46 runs in his first innings and quick 37 Runs in 2nd innings as India's Test captain. He scored a century in Sri Lanka in August 2017. In the return series at home, he failed miserably scoring only 17 in 5 innings. Despite an overseas average of 55, he was not included in the playing 11 for the 1st and 2nd Test against South Africa in 2018. After the failures of Rohit Sharma in both tests, the Indian vice-captain was brought back into the playing eleven for the 3rd test where his innings of 48 in the 2nd innings on a dangerous batting pitch proved very crucial in setting up an Indian victory. He led the Indian Team in the test match against [[Afghanistan national cricket team]] in the absence of [[Virat Kohli]] in 2018. In the India's tour of England, Rahane scored two half centuries, a match winning 81 in the third test and 51 in the fourth test. In the following India's tour of Australia, Rahane scored two half centuries; a match-winning 70 in the Adelaide test and a 51 in the Perth test. Overall, he finished the series with 217 runs.{{citation needed|date=November 2025}}

In 2019 two Match series in West Indies, he scored a century in the First Test to guide India to victory.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-26 |title=India vs West Indies: Ajinkya Rahane ends his two-year century drought in Antigua |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/ajinkya-rahane-century-india-vs-west-indies-twitter-5936215/ |access-date=2022-04-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In the home series against [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]], he scored a brisk fifty in second Test in Pune sharing a crucial century partnership with skipper [[Virat Kohli]]. In the third Test, he scored a match winning 115 with a 267 run partnership with [[Rohit Sharma]] who scored his first double century in Tests rescuing the team from 39 for 3.

On 15 November 2019, in the first innings of the first test match against [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]], Rahane hit 86 off 172 deliveries, crossing the boundary 9 times. This became his 21st test fifty in international cricket.

He was selected in the Test eleven for a 2 match series against New Zealand in February 2020, but like the rest of the team, his batting performance was not up to the mark.

In December 2020 he was made captain of the Indian team<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yorkerworld.com/ajinkya-rahane-tracing-his-captaincy-journey/|title=Ajinkya Rahane: Tracing his Captaincy Journey|first=Parag|last=Zode|date=27 November 2020|access-date=10 December 2020|archive-date=17 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217122242/https://yorkerworld.com/ajinkya-rahane-tracing-his-captaincy-journey/|url-status=usurped}}</ref> for the final three matches of India's [[Indian cricket team in Australia in 2020-21|tour of Australia]] in place of Virat Kohli, who was taking paternity leave.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yorkerworld.com/virat-kohlis-paternity-leave-right-or-wrong/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203034512/https://yorkerworld.com/virat-kohlis-paternity-leave-right-or-wrong/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=3 December 2020|title=Virat Kohli's Paternity Leave: Right or Wrong?|date=3 December 2020}}</ref> In the second test, Rahane scored 112 in the first innings and 27* in the second innings and guided India to a 8 wicket victory and was awarded man of the match.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-29|title=What is Mullagh Medal which was won by Ajinkya Rahane after Boxing Day win vs Australia?|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/cricket/report-ajinkya-rahane-wins-mullagh-medal-after-man-of-the-match-performance-for-indian-cricket-team-in-boxing-day-test-versus-australia-in-melbourne-cricket-ground-2864790|access-date=2021-01-19|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref> After drawing the third test at [[Sydney Cricket Ground|Sydney]], India went on to win the fourth test in Brisbane and handed Australia their first Test defeat at [[The Gabba]] in 32 years with Rahane contributing to the winning cause with a quick fire 24 runs off 22 balls in the second innings and India winning the series 2–1.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Full Scorecard of Australia vs India 4th Test 2020 - Score Report |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-in-australia-2020-21-1223867/australia-vs-india-4th-test-1223872/full-scorecard|access-date=2021-01-19|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref> He finished the series as the third highest run getter with 268 runs at an average of 38.28.<ref>{{Cite web|title=India vs Australia: Top run-getters - Labuschagne tops batting charts, Rahane stands third|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/india-tour-of-australia/india-vs-australia-test-matches-records-batting-most-runs-border-gavaskar-trophy-labuschagne-smith-rahane-gill-green-top-run-getters/article33606704.ece|access-date=2021-01-19|website=Sportstar|date=19 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> He received high praise from the critics and pundits for his captaincy and leading India to one of their greatest Test series win despite losing out on many of the first team players due to injury and bouncing back strongly after the first Test defeat.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-19|title='Ajinkya Rahane did a great job': Ravi Shastri after India's historic win|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/videos/sports/ajinkya-rahane-did-a-great-job-ravi-shastri-after-india-s-historic-win-101611063611784.html|access-date=2021-01-19|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=20 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120110729/https://www.hindustantimes.com/videos/sports/ajinkya-rahane-did-a-great-job-ravi-shastri-after-india-s-historic-win-101611063611784.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=19 January 2021|title=Ajinkya Rahane: I looked good because everyone contributed: Ajinkya Rahane on captaincy stint|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/india-in-australia/i-looked-good-because-everyone-contributed-ajinkya-rahane-on-captaincy-stint/articleshow/80348408.cms|access-date=2021-01-19|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-19|title=Young India has done it, says Gavaskar and calls series win a magical moment|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/cricket/young-india-has-done-it-says-gavaskar-and-calls-series-win-a-magical-moment-940839.html|access-date=2021-01-19|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=They stopped Australia from playing the way they do: Inzamam-ul-Haq all praise for Ajinkya Rahane & Co.|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/article/they-stopped-australia-from-playing-the-way-they-do-inzamam-ul-haq-all-praise-for-ajinkya-rahane-co/709025|access-date=2021-01-19|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=19 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=India vs Australia: Ajinkya Rahane draws praise from Virender Sehwag, VVS Laxman for his leadership |url=https://www.firstpost.com/firstcricket/sports-news/india-vs-australia-ajinkya-rahane-draws-praise-from-virender-sehwag-vvs-laxman-for-his-leadership-9148111.html|access-date=2021-01-19|website=Firstpost|date=26 December 2020 }}</ref>

Rahane was appointed as the captain of the Indian team for the first Test against [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]] in November 2021, as Kohli had been rested. Rahane has captained in 6 Tests, out of which 4 won and 2 drawn. In the second test against New Zealand, he was dropped from India playing 11 due to a hamstring injury.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 November 2021|title=Rohit, Pant, Bumrah and Shami to sit out Test series against New Zealand|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ind-vs-nz-2021-22-rohit-sharma-rishabh-pant-jasprit-bumrah-and-mohammed-shami-to-sit-out-new-zealand-test-series-1288926|url-status=live|access-date=16 November 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112073120/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ind-vs-nz-2021-22-rohit-sharma-rishabh-pant-jasprit-bumrah-and-mohammed-shami-to-sit-out-new-zealand-test-series-1288926 |archive-date=12 November 2021 }}</ref>
Despite poor form throughout 2021, he was selected in the playing 11 in the first two test matches of the South African tour. This decision received a lot of criticism, especially since Shreyas Iyer was sidelined and had scored a hundred on debut. Many critics urged to drop him after his golden duck in the 2nd test. In the tour of South Africa 2021–22, Rahane finished the series with 136 runs and only one half-century. Despite a decent performance in Ranji Trophy 2022, he was not selected for a 2-match home series against Sri Lanka, and he was made to sit on the benches 5 times overall in his Test career.

=== One-Day International career ===

Two back to back centuries in the Emerging Players Tournament in Australia (201) helped Rahane secure a place in the India limited-overs squad for the tour of England. He made his debut against England at [[Chester-le-Street]] as a replacement for opener [[Virender Sehwag]]. Although Rahane made 40 runs at strike-rate of 90.90, India's hopes of their first victory of the 2011 summer against England were thwarted by a washout at Chester-le-Street.<ref name="wisdenindia.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.wisdenindia.com/player/India/Ajinkya-Rahane/3393.html|title=Ajinkya Rahane - India - Cricket Stats and Records - Wisden India|work=wisdenindia.com|access-date=3 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405213828/http://www.wisdenindia.com/player/India/Ajinkya-Rahane/3393.html|archive-date=5 April 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

He did well in his maiden international series (2011 NatWest Series), against England in England, and in the return series. He made a 47 ball 54 on his second match of the latter tour.<ref name="ibnlive.in.com">{{Cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/cricketnext/ive-learned-to-adapt-improvise-ajinkya-rahane/366499-78.html|title=I've learned to adapt, improvise: Rahane - IBNLive|work=IBNLive |date=15 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715211809/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/cricketnext/ive-learned-to-adapt-improvise-ajinkya-rahane/366499-78.html|archive-date=15 July 2014}}</ref> Rahane failed to impress in his next few limited over matches against West Indies, Sri Lanka, Pakistan and England.

Rahane made his second ODI fifty in 2013-14 Asia Cup, only to be followed by another slump.<ref>{{cite web |title=Injured Rohit to miss rest of England series |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/injured-rohit-sharma-to-miss-rest-of-england-series-775239 |work=ESPNcricinfo|date=29 August 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ajinkya Rahane hundred caps crushing win - Cricket - ESPNcricinfo |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-tour-of-england-2014-667693/england-vs-india-4th-odi-667727/match-report |work=ESPNcricinfo|date=2 September 2014 }}</ref> In a short ODI career in the middle order, Rahane has seemed unsure and struggled at times to find the balance between defence and attack. He showed signs of comfort at the top of the order with rapid centuries against England (September 2014) and Sri Lanka (November 2014), but [[Rohit Sharma]]'s second ODI double-century followed by a big hundred against Australia at the MCG pushed Rahane back to the middle order.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-cricket-world-cup-2015/content/story/837501.html|title=Flexible Rahane switches to attack mode|access-date=30 January 2017}}</ref> In the ICC Cricket World Cup followed, Rahane only managed to score 208 runs from 8 matches, with an average of 34.66. He was dropped by [[MS Dhoni|Mahendra Singh Dhoni]] in the second ODI against [[Bangladesh]] but after the series, he was appointed as captain of India for its tour of Zimbabwe for ODIs and T20Is in 2015 when a second string squad was selected.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/india-vs-bangladesh-ms-dhoni-explains-ajinkya-rahane-omission-second-odi-636740|title=India vs Bangladesh: MS Dhoni Explains Ajinkya Rahane's Omission From Second ODI|first=Ashim|last=Sunam|website=[[International Business Times]] |date=23 June 2015|access-date=30 January 2017}}</ref> India won that ODI series 3–0, although Rahane was not able to leave any big impacts with the bat, he made a total of 112 in three matches with only one half-century in it.
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/277916.html?class=2;template=results;type=batting;view=series |title=Batting records - One-Day Internationals |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 January 2017}}</ref>

===T20I career===
Rahane made his international debut for India in a [[Twenty20 International]] against England at [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground]], [[Manchester]] in August 2011. He scored a half-century on this match (61 of 39) against an England attack comprising [[Stuart Broad]], [[Graeme Swann]] and [[Tim Bresnan]]. The match was the only T20I played by former Indian captain [[Rahul Dravid]].

Rahane was part of Indian team make it to the final of [[2014 ICC World Twenty20|2014 World T20]]. After sitting on the bench for the first three matches he got a chance to play against Australia where he scored 19 runs. He gave India a good start in the semi-final scoring 32 runs as India went on to win the Match. He also captained India in the two [[Twenty20 International]] against [[Zimbabwe Cricket|Zimbabwe]], winning the first and losing the second match. He scored 33 and 4 runs in those matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/zimbabwe-vs-india-2015/news/245799-india-stand-in-captain-ajinkya-rahane-credits-zimbabwe-for-squaring-t20-series|title=India Stand-in Captain Ajinkya Rahane Credits Zimbabwe for Squaring T20 Series|access-date=30 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529080941/http://sports.ndtv.com/zimbabwe-vs-india-2015/news/245799-india-stand-in-captain-ajinkya-rahane-credits-zimbabwe-for-squaring-t20-series|archive-date=29 May 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==List of international centuries==
Rahane has scored 12 [[century (cricket)|centuries]] in Test matches and three in ODIs. His highest Test score of 188 came against New Zealand at [[Holkar Stadium|Indore]] in October 2016. His highest ODI score of 111 came against Sri Lanka at [[Barabati Stadium|Cuttack]] in November 2011. He has not scored a Twenty20 International century.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Test centuries<ref>{{cite web|title=Ajinkya Rahane Test centuries|url=http://www.howstat.com/cricket/statistics/Players/PlayerNotables.asp?PlayerID=3889&s=2|publisher=HowSTAT!|access-date=12 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
!No.
!Score
!Against
!Pos.
!Inn.
!Test
!Venue
!H/A/N
!Date
!Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ref
|-
|| 1
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1200}} 118
|| {{cr|NZL}} || 7 || 2 || 2/2 || [[Basin Reserve]], [[Wellington]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2014|February|14}} || Drawn || <ref>{{cite web|title=India in New Zealand Test Series – 2nd Test |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/667653.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=21 February 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220071754/http://www.espncricinfo.com/new-zealand-v-india-2014/engine/match/667653.html |archive-date=20 February 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|| 2
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1200}} 103
|| {{cr|ENG}} || 5 || 1 || 2/5 || [[Lord's]], London || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2014|07|17}} || Won || <ref>{{cite web|title=2nd Test: England v India at London, July 17–21, 2014|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-tour-of-england-2014-667693/england-vs-india-2nd-investec-test-667713/full-scorecard|access-date=12 November 2015}}</ref>
|-
|| 3
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1200}} 147
|| {{cr|AUS}} || 5 || 2 || 3/4 || [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[Melbourne]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2014|December|26}} || Drawn || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/754741.html |title=3rd Test: Australia v India at Melbourne, Dec 26–30, 2014 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=5 June 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119002204/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/754741.html |archive-date=19 November 2016 }}</ref>
|-
|| 4
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1200}} 126
|| {{cr|SL}} || 3 || 3 || 2/3 || [[Paikiasothy Saravanamuttu Stadium|P Sara Oval]], [[Colombo]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2015|August|20}} || Won || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-tour-of-sri-lanka-2015-895057/sri-lanka-vs-india-2nd-test-895775/full-scorecard |title=2nd Test: Sri Lanka v India at Colombo, Aug 20–24, 2015 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=5 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 5
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1200}} 127
|| {{cr|SA}} || 5 || 1 ||rowspan="2" | 2/3 ||rowspan="2"| [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[New Delhi]] ||rowspan="2"| Home || rowspan="2"|{{dts|format=dmy|2015|12|03}} ||rowspan="2"| Won ||rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite web|title=4th Test, Dec 03 - 07 2017, South Africa tour of India|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/south-africa-tour-of-india-2015-16-903573/india-vs-south-africa-4th-test-903609/full-scorecard|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=13 March 2021}}</ref>
|-
|| 6
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1200}} 100*
|| {{cr|SA}} || 6 || 3
|-
|| 7
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1200}} 108*
|| {{cr|WIN}} || 5 || 2 || 2/4 || [[Sabina Park]], [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2016|07|30}} || Drawn ||<ref>{{cite web|title=2nd Test, India tour of West Indies at Kingston, July 30 - Aug 03 2016|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-tour-of-wi-2016-1018687/west-indies-vs-india-2nd-test-1022595/full-scorecard|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=12 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
|| 8
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1200}} 188
|| {{cr|NZL}} || 5 || 1 || 3/3 || [[Holkar Stadium]], [[Indore]] || Home ||{{dts|format=dmy|2016|October|8}} || Won || <ref>{{cite web|title=New Zealand tour of India, 3rd Test: India v New Zealand at Indore, Oct 8–12, 2016 |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1030217.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=9 October 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110172731/http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/10716/scorecard/1030217/India-vs-New-Zealand-3rd-Test-nz-tour-of-india-2016-17/|archive-date=10 November 2017 }}</ref>
|-
|| 9
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1200}} 132
|| {{cr|SL}} || 5 || 1 || 2/3 || [[Sinhalese Sports Club Ground|Sinhalese SCG]], [[Colombo]] || Away || {{dts|2017|August|3|format=dmy}} || Won || <ref>{{Cite web|title=Full Scorecard of India vs Sri Lanka 2nd Test 2017 - Score Report |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/sl-v-ind-2017-1109590/sri-lanka-vs-india-2nd-test-1109603/full-scorecard|access-date=2021-01-07|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|| 10
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1200}} 102
|| {{cr|WIN}} || 5 || 3 || 1/2 || [[Sir Vivian Richards Stadium]], [[Antigua]] || Away ||{{dts|format=dmy|2019|09|22}} || Won ||<ref>{{cite web|title=1st Test, India tour of West Indies at North Sound, Aug 22 - 25 2019|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-test-championship-2019-2021-1195334/west-indies-vs-india-1st-test-1188628/full-scorecard|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=12 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
|| 11
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1200}} 115
|| {{cr|SA}} || 5 || 1 || 3/3 || [[JSCA International Stadium Complex|JCSA Stadium]], [[Ranchi]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2019|October|19}} || Won || <ref>{{cite web |title=3rd Test, ICC World Test Championship at Ranchi, Oct 19-23 2019 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1187009.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=20 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019154508/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/19430/scorecard/1187009/india-vs-south-africa-3rd-test-icc-world-test-championship-2019-2021 |archive-date=19 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|| 12
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1200}} 112
|| {{cr|AUS}} || 4 || 2 || 2/4 || [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[Melbourne]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2020|12|26}} || Won ||<ref>{{cite web|title=2nd Test, Melbourne, December 26 - 29, 2020, India tour of Australia|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-in-australia-2020-21-1223867/australia-vs-india-2nd-test-1223870/full-scorecard|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=12 April 2020}}</ref>
|}
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of ODI centuries<ref>{{cite web|title=Ajinkya Rahane ODI centuries|url=http://www.howstat.com/cricket/statistics/Players/PlayerNotables_ODI.asp?PlayerID=3889&s=2|publisher=HowSTAT!|access-date=12 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
!No.
!Score
!Against
!Pos.
!Inn.
!SR
!Venue
!H/A/N
!Date
!Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ref
|-
| 1
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1280}} 106
|| {{Cr|ENG}} || 1 || 2 || 106.00 || [[Edgbaston Cricket Ground|Edgbaston]], [[Birmingham]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2014|September|2}} || Won || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-tour-of-england-2014-667693/england-vs-india-4th-odi-667727/full-scorecard|title= 4th ODI, Birmingham, September 02, 2014, India tour of England|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=3 March 2019}}</ref>
|-
|| 2
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1130}} 111
|| {{cr|SL}} || 1 || 1 || 102.78 || [[Barabati Stadium]], [[Cuttack]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2014|November|2}} || Won || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/11541/scorecard/792289/india-vs-sri-lanka-1st-odi-sri-lanka-tour-of-india-2014-15|title=1st ODI (D/N), Sri Lanka tour of India at Cuttack, Nov 2 2014|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=3 March 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 3
! scope="row" | {{ntsh|1130}} 103
|| {{Cr|WIN}} || 1 || 1 || 99.04 || [[Queen's Park Oval]], [[Port of Spain]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2017|June|25}} || Won || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/wi-v-ind-2017-1098203/west-indies-vs-india-2nd-odi-1098207/full-scorecard|title=2nd ODI, Port of Spain, June 25, 2017, India tour of West Indies|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=3 March 2019}}</ref>
|}

==IPL career==
[[File:RR team 2.jpg|thumb|left|Rahane with his [[Rajasthan Royals]] teammates in 2012]]
Rahane was bought by [[Rajasthan Royals]] for the [[2012 Indian Premier League]]. Previously, he was in the [[Mumbai Indians]] squad but got limited opportunities.<ref name="ibnlive.in.com"/> And then, he caught the eye of Rajasthan Royals' [[Shane Watson]], who had watched him score an 80-ball hundred in a session in the second innings of a three-day game against Australia A in 2010. Having bought him from the [[Mumbai Indians]], [[Rahul Dravid]] and Watson got Rahane to open the innings. "Opening the batting with Rahul bhai gave me a chance to express myself and showcase all that I had learned over the years," Rahane explained.<ref name="Forbes India"/>

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; width: 40%; font-size: 90%;"
|-
!colspan="7"|'''Ajinkya Rahane in IPL (2008–15)'''
|-
|Teams||Matches||Runs||HS||Ave||SR||100
|-
| MI, RR and RPS||97||3789||105*||37.73||131.34||2
|-
|}

Rahane had a successful stint with Rajasthan Royals, playing under [[Rahul Dravid]]'s mentorship.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ajinkya-rahane-to-employ-baseball-technique-at-t20-world-cup-184946-2014-03-14|title=Ajinkya Rahane to employ 'baseball technique' at World T20|work=intoday.in|date=14 March 2014 }}</ref> He rose to prominence in the 2012 IPL for Rajasthan Royals. He hit a match-winning 98 in his first game of IPL 2012 against [[Kings XI Punjab]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2012/engine/match/548309.html |title=4th match: Rajasthan Royals v Kings XI Punjab at Jaipur, Apr 6, 2012 |access-date=7 January 2013|publisher=ESPNcricinfo }}</ref> and followed that up with an unbeaten 103 against [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2012/engine/match/548324.html |title=18th match: Royal Challengers Bangalore v Rajasthan Royals at Bangalore, Apr 15, 2012 |access-date=7 January 2013|publisher=ESPNcricinfo }}</ref> His 84 off 63 balls against [[Delhi Daredevils]] was in vain though, as they lost by one run.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2012/engine/match/548345.html |title=39th match: Delhi Daredevils v Rajasthan Royals at Delhi, Apr 29, 2012 |access-date=7 January 2013|publisher=ESPNcricinfo }}</ref> In the 2012 IPL, Rahane became the first batsman to hit a century and emerged the leading run-scorer for Rajasthan Royals.<ref name="wisdenindia.com"/> He was retained by the Royals for the 2014 Premier League season.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/news/219322-rajasthan-royals-retain-shane-watson-ajinkya-rahane-james-faulkner-stuart-binny-and-sanju-samson|title=Rajasthan Royals retain Shane Watson, Ajinkya Rahane, James Faulkner, Stuart Binny and Sanju Samson|work=ndtv.com|access-date=3 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309080728/http://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/news/219322-rajasthan-royals-retain-shane-watson-ajinkya-rahane-james-faulkner-stuart-binny-and-sanju-samson|archive-date=9 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Over the years, Rahul Dravid has been given a lot of credit for way Rahane has matured as a player. With Dravid guiding him, Rahane has transformed from a shy, long-format specialist into a player capable of batting at any position, in any format. Former India captain [[Sunil Gavaskar]] told NDTV, "What has been impressive about Rahane's career is the way he has made those little changes that have helped him to get better in every format of the game. This batsman is a thinking batsman, who keeps thinking about how to get better and that is why he is such a vital cog in the Rajasthan Royals team and a vital cog in the Indian cricket team."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/indian-premier-league-2015/features/241006-ipl-8-the-evolution-of-ajinkya-rahane-into-a-shorter-format-menace|title=IPL 8: The Evolution of Ajinkya Rahane into a Shorter Format Menace|access-date=30 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063236/http://sports.ndtv.com/indian-premier-league-2015/features/241006-ipl-8-the-evolution-of-ajinkya-rahane-into-a-shorter-format-menace|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Rahane had played for [[Rising Pune Supergiant]] in the 2016 and 2017 seasons when [[Rajasthan Royals]] were banned from the IPL for two years. Rahane was the leading run-scorer for RPS in the 2016 season. He had led RPS in a match against the [[Delhi Daredevils]] in the 2017 season when RPS captain [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]] missed out due to food poisoning.

In 2018, Rahane was brought back for Rs 4 crore by [[Rajasthan Royals]] by using a Right-to-Match card. [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]] was appointed as captain of [[Rajasthan Royals]] on 24 February 2018. Following the [[2018 Australian ball-tampering scandal|ball tampering scandal against South Africa]], Steve Smith who was the captain of [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] stepped down as the Royals' captain with Rahane set to lead [[Rajasthan Royals]] in the 2018 season. Smith was then subsequently banned from playing cricket for a year.

In 2012, Rahane came in limelight when he scored a magnificent century in IPL. The following years helped him join the international matches. His performance in the 2018 season worsened and his strike rate came into talk. He is no longer included in India's ODI and T20I squads for international matches because of this reason. IPL 2019 was important for Rahane as he played some useful innings for Rajasthan; he also smashed a century against [[Delhi Capitals]] in the 2019 season and became the highest run scorer for Rajasthan Royals in that season. In November 2019, Rahane was transferred from [[Rajasthan Royals]] to [[Delhi Capitals]] ahead of the 2020 Indian Premier League. The franchise retained him for the IPL 2021 season.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.delhicapitals.in/players|title=DC Squad|access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref> However, Rahane was barely included in any match for the 2021 season after some bad innings in the 2020 season. In February 2022, he was bought by the [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] in the [[List of 2022 Indian Premier League personnel changes|auction]] for the [[2022 Indian Premier League]] tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2022-auction-the-list-of-sold-and-unsold-players-1300689 |title=IPL 2022 auction: The list of sold and unsold players |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=13 February 2022}}</ref>

He is bought by [[Chennai Super Kings]] to play in the [[2023 Indian Premier League|IPL 2023]] season for INR. 50 Lakh in the [[List of 2023 Indian Premier League personnel changes|IPL auction]] held on 23 December 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=IPL 2023 mini-auction |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-series/ipl-2023/auction/players/1447 |access-date=25 December 2022 |work=[[Cricbuzz]] |language=en}}</ref> In the 2023 edition of IPL, Rahane proved to be an integral part of the title winning CSK team where he came to bat at no.3, scoring at an extraordinary strike rate of 175+ in all the games. His crucial knocks proved to be match winning for CSK in the finals. This was Rahane's first IPL title. In IPL 2025 [[Auction]], he was sold to [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] for INR 1.50 Crores. In March 2025, he was named the captain of the team.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KKR Sent Major 'Conflict' Warning Over Ajinkya Rahane's Captaincy Appointment {{!}} Cricket News |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/ipl-2025/ex-kkr-star-warns-franchise-over-this-call-conflict-biggest-challenge-is-7935870 |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=NDTVSports.com |language=en}}</ref>

Ahead of IPL 2026 He was Retained by [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]

== Media image ==
He was ranked sixth in ''[[The Times of India]]''<nowiki/>'s Top 20 Most Desirable Men of Maharashtra in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Maharashtra's Most Desirable Men 2018|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/times-poll-2018/pune-times-most-desirable-men|access-date=2021-07-14|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref> He was ranked seventeenth in ''[[The Times of India]]''<nowiki/>'s Top 20 Most Desirable Men of Maharashtra in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Make Way For The Most Desirable Men Of Maharashtra 2020|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/make-way-for-the-most-desirable-men-of-maharashtra/etphotostory/83193350.cms|date=2021-06-03|access-date=2021-06-04|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>

==Awards==
[[File:The Minister of State for Youth Affairs and Sports (IC), Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation, Shri Vijay Goel conferring the Arjuna Award on Cricketer Ajinkya Rahane, in New Delhi on September 16, 2016.jpg|thumb|right|[[Vijay Goel (politician)|Vijay Goel]] (''left'') conferring the [[Arjuna Award]] on Rahane (''center''), 2016]]
* [[CEAT (company)|CEAT]] Indian Cricketer of the Year: 2014–15<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/new-zealand-in-india-2016/top-stories/ajinkya-rahane-kumar-sangakkara-conferred-with-ceat-awards/articleshow/47419825.cms|title=Ajinkya Rahane, Kumar Sangakkara conferred with CEAT awards |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=25 May 2015 |access-date=30 January 2017}}</ref>
* MA Chidambaram Trophy for best Under-19 cricketer: 2006–07<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/awards/20071216.htm|title=Seniors honoured at BCCI awards - Rediff.com Cricket|access-date=30 January 2017}}</ref>
* [[Arjuna Award]]: 2016<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-09-17|title=Ajinkya Rahane, Rohit Sharma conferred with Arjuna Award|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/ajinkya-rahane-rohit-sharma-conferred-with-arjuna-award-3034681/|access-date=2021-09-06|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{cricinfo|id=277916}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140405213828/http://www.wisdenindia.com/player/India/Ajinkya-Rahane/3393.html Ajinkya Rahane]'s profile page on Wisden
* {{Twitter}}

{{Indian Test Cricket Captains}}
{{India ODI Cricket Captains}}
{{India T20I Cricket Captains}}
{{India Squad 2015 Cricket World Cup}}
{{India Squad 2016 Asia Cup}}
{{Kolkata Knight Riders squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rahane, Ajinkya}}
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:India Test cricketers]]
[[Category:India One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:India Twenty20 International cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Mumbai cricketers]]
[[Category:Mumbai Indians cricketers]]
[[Category:Rajasthan Royals cricketers]]
[[Category:West Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:India Green cricketers]]
[[Category:India Blue cricketers]]
[[Category:People from Ahmednagar district]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 2015 Cricket World Cup]]
[[Category:Rising Pune Supergiant cricketers]]
[[Category:Delhi Capitals cricketers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Hampshire cricketers]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate cricketers in England]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:India Test cricket captains]]
[[Category:Chennai Super Kings cricketers]]
[[Category:Kolkata Knight Riders cricketers]]
[[Category:Leicestershire cricketers]]

Dandupalya 4

2026-03-19T00:51:33Z

GreggNfb8421: stub

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dandupalya 4
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = KT Nayak
| writer = KT Nayak
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Venkat
| starring = [[Suman Ranganathan]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Manu Girish
| editing =
| music = Anand Rajavikraman
| studio = Venkaat Movies
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2019|11|1}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Dandupalya 4''''' is a 2019 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[crime thriller]] film directed by KT Nayak and starring [[Suman Ranganathan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/kannada/2018/Apr/22/suman-ranganathan-as-sundri-new-gangsta-leader-1804996.html|title=Suman Ranganathan as Sundri, new gangsta leader|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=22 April 2018|first=A.|last=Sharadhaa|access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/Oct/30/films-like-dandupalyam-4-make-me-feel-complete-as-an-actor-suman-ranganath-2054889.html|title=Films like Dandupalyam 4 make me feel complete as an actor: Suman Ranganath|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=31 October 2019|first=A.|last=Sharadhaa|access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref> The film is based on the infamous dacoit gang from [[Dandupalya]],<ref>{{Cite web |title='தண்டுபால்யா' பாணியில் உருவாகும் 'தண்டுபாளையம்' |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com//tamil-news/120703/cinema/Kollywood/Thandupalayam--in-the-style-of-Thandupalaya.htm |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=[[Dinamalar]]|date=16 April 2024 |language=ta}}</ref> and it is the fourth installment of the ''[[Dandupalya (franchise)|Dandupalya]]'' franchise.

The film was dubbed in Telugu as ''Dandupalayam 4''.<ref name="T"/> The film was partially reshot in Tamil as ''Dandupalyam'' by Venkat with [[Sonia Agarwal]], [[Vanitha Vijayakumar]], [[Supergood Subramani]] and Birla Bose.<ref>{{Cite web |last=|date=2019-11-22 |title=உண்மை சம்பவங்களுடன் 'தண்டுபாளையம்' |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/2019/11/22150421/Dandupalayam-with-real-incidents.vpf |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=[[Dina Thanthi]]|language=ta}}</ref> The Tamil version featured scenes from the previous films of the franchise,<ref name="Th"/> and was released on 7 June 2024.<ref name="M"/>

==Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Suman Ranganathan]] as Sundri
*[[Banerjee (actor)|Banerjee]] as Kaali
*Sanjeev Kumar as Venkta
*Richa Shasthri as Chinny
*Vittal Ranganaya as Jatka
*Bullet Soma as Govinda
*Jeeva Simon as Konde
*Sneha Nayar as Manji
*Arun Bachan as Muniya
*Rockline Sudhakar as Michine Rajanna
*D. S. Rao as Olegowda
*Venkat as Ashok Kumar
*[[Mumaith Khan]] in an [[item number]]
}}

==Production==
In March 2018, [[Pooja Gandhi]] confirmed that she was not a part of the film and director [[Srinivas Raju]] disassociated himself with the film saying that he made a trilogy and that this film was trying to bank off of the ''Dandupalaya'' name.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/pooja-gandhi-im-not-doing-dandupalyam-4-these-posters-are-a-joke/articleshow/63127821.cms|title=Pooja Gandhi: I'm not doing Dandupalyam 4; these posters are a joke|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 March 2018|access-date=6 June 2024|first=Sridhar|last=Adivi}}</ref> While shooting for the film in [[Pavagada]], the film cast and crew were confused for real life child traffickers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/archives/child-trafficking-rumours-dandupalya-4-unit-faces-heat-pavagada-670861.html|title=Child trafficking: 'Dandupalya-4' unit faces heat in Pavagada|date=25 May 2018|access-date=13 June 2024|work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>

In January 2019, the film was rejected by the Indian [[Central Board of Film Certification|censor board]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/dandupalya-4-is-rejected-by-the-censor-board/articleshow/67620322.cms|title='Dandupalya-4' is rejected by the censor board|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 January 2019|access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by Anand Rajavikraman.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gaana.com/album/dandupalyam-4-kannada|title=Dandupalyam - 4 (Kannada)|work=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]|date=2018}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kannu Hodeyo
| extra1 = [[Anthony Daasan]], Jogi Sunitha
| length1 = 4:00
| title2 = Duddire Duniya
| extra2 = [[Chandan Shetty]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/suman-ranganathan-starrer-dandupalyam-4-has-its-audio-launch/articleshow/71671329.cms|title=Suman Ranganathan starrer Dandupalyam 4 has its audio launch|date=20 October 2019|work=The Times of India|access-date=13 June 2024}}</ref> [[Indu Nagaraj]]
| length2 = 4:03
| total_length = 8:03
}}

== Release ==
The film was initially scheduled to release on 15 August 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/dandupalyam-4-locks-august-15th-release/articleshow/70328434.cms|title=
Dandupalyam 4 locks August 15th release|date=22 July 2019|work=The Times of India|access-date=13 June 2024}}</ref>

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film two out of five stars and wrote that "The film doesn't offer anything new. The story lacks new content and freshness compared to the previous editions and is not engaging".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/dandupalyam-4/movie-review/71854058.cms|title=Dandupalyam 4 Movie Review : Nothing new in this crime thriller|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=1 November 2019|last=Lokesh|first=Vinay|access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref> Regarding the Telugu-dubbed version, a critic from ''[[123telugu]]'' rated the film one-and-three-quarters out of five and wrote that "On the whole, ''Dandupalayam 4'' fails to live up to all its expectations. The same crime scene and violence has been doubled in this part which is hard to digest and does not impress you one bit".<ref name="T">{{Cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/dandupalayam-4-telugu-movie-review.html|title=Review : Dandupalayam 4 – Overdose of violence|work=[[123telugu]]|date=1 November 2019|access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref>

Regarding the Tamil version, a critic from ''[[Maalai Malar]]'' gave a mixed review.<ref name="M">{{Cite web |last=|date=2024-06-07 |title=Dandupalayam |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/dandupalayam-158979 |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=[[Maalai Malar]]|language=ta}}</ref> ''[[Thinaboomi]]'' critic wrote that the director has very cleverly incorporated the current scenes with the older scenes.<ref name="Th">{{Cite web |title=தண்டுபாளையம் விமர்சனம் |url=https://www.thinaboomi.com/2024/06/10/228531.html |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=[[Thinaboomi]] |language=ta}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|9680080}}

[[Category:2019 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]

List of largest cities

2026-03-15T09:57:15Z

GreggNfb8421: small rework structure for consistency

{{Short description|none}}
{{Redirect|Largest city in the world|a timeline|List of largest cities throughout history}}
{{about-distinguish|the most populous cities|List of largest cities by area}}
{{protection padlock|reason=restore indef semi|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{World city population tables}}

The [[United Nations]] uses three definitions for what constitutes a city, as not all cities in all jurisdictions are classified using the same criteria. Cities may be defined as the [[city proper|cities proper]], their [[metropolitan area|metropolitan regions]], or the extent of their [[urban area]]. A complicating factor is that many large cities in the world have not only homeless or the unhoused, but also vast [[slum]] communities. This leads to official census data being less accurate in representing the actual number of residents in a given area.

==Definitions==
=== City proper (administrative unit) ===
{{Main|City proper}}
{{maplink|frame=yes|type=shape|stroke-width=2|id=Q11725|title=Chongqing|stroke-color=#000000|zoom=6|frame-lat=29.558|frame-long=107.50|frame-width=300|frame-height=240|frame-coordinates={{Coord|30|00|30|N|107|34|00|E|region:CN-50|display=it}}|type2=shape|stroke-width2=2|id2=Q40|title2=Austria|text=The municipality of [[Chongqing]], China, whose administrative jurisdictional area is approximately the size of [[Austria]], has the largest population of any [[city proper]]; over 70% of its residents live in [[rural area]]s.}}
A city can be defined by its administrative boundaries, otherwise known as [[city proper]]. [[UNICEF]] defines city proper as, "the population living within the administrative boundaries of a city or controlled directly from the city by a single authority." A city proper is a locality defined according to legal or political boundaries and an administratively recognised urban status that is usually characterised by some form of [[local government]].<ref name=wup2007>{{cite web|url=http://esa.un.org/unup/index.asp?panel=6 |title=World Urbanization Prospects: The 2007 Revision Population Database |publisher=United Nations |access-date=26 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822053414/http://esa.un.org/unup/index.asp?panel=6 |archive-date=22 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://millenniumindicators.un.org/unsd/demographic/sconcerns/densurb/densurbanNotes.htm |title=United Nations Statistics Division – Demographic and Social Statistics |publisher=United Nations |access-date=26 July 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623192351/http://millenniumindicators.un.org/unsd/demographic/sconcerns/densurb/densurbanNotes.htm |archive-date=23 June 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Demographic Yearbook 2005, Volume 57 |year=2008 |publisher=United Nations |isbn=978-92-1-051099-8 |page=241 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=OwfGJtkpCbwC&pg=PA241 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502022103/https://books.google.com/books?id=OwfGJtkpCbwC&pg=PA241 |archive-date=2 May 2016 }}</ref> Cities proper and their boundaries and population data may not include suburbs.<ref name=wup2003>{{cite book |title=World Urbanization Prospects: The 2003 Revision |year=2004 |publisher=United Nations |isbn=92-1-151396-0  |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oxOAckK2stYC |access-date=13 February 2016 |archive-date=3 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203051502/https://books.google.com/books?id=oxOAckK2stYC |url-status=live }}</ref>

The use of city proper as defined by administrative boundaries may not include suburban areas where an important proportion of the population working or studying in the city lives.<ref name=wup2003 /> Because of this definition, the city proper population figure may differ greatly from the urban area population figure, as many cities are amalgamations of smaller municipalities , and conversely, many Chinese cities govern territories that extend well beyond the core urban area into suburban and rural areas.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Alexander|first1=Ruth|title=The world's biggest cities: How do you measure them? |url = https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-16761784|date=29 January 2012|work=BBC News|access-date=16 March 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150302023557/http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-16761784|archive-date=2 March 2015 }}</ref> The Chinese municipality of [[Chongqing]], which is the largest city proper in the world by population, comprises a huge administrative area of 82,403 km2, around the size of [[Austria]]. However, more than 70% of its 30-million population are agricultural workers living in a [[rural area|rural setting]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-16761784|title=Which is the world's biggest city?|first=Ruth|last=Alexander|work=BBC News|date=29 January 2012|access-date=21 July 2018|archive-date=2 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150302023557/http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-16761784|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vuQRDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83|title=China Dreams: 20 Visions of the Future|first=William A.|last=Callahan|date=12 April 2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780190235239|via=Google Books|access-date=21 September 2020|archive-date=16 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616085517/https://books.google.com/books?id=vuQRDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Metropolitan area ===
{{Main|Metropolitan area}}
[[File:Night in the Greater Tokyo Area ISS054.jpg|thumb|[[Greater Tokyo Area|Tokyo]], the world's third-largest city by metropolitan population]]
A city can be defined by the inhabitants of its [[demography|demographic]] population, as by [[metropolitan area]], or [[labour economics|labour market]] area. UNICEF defines metropolitan area as follows:

{{blockquote|A formal local government area comprising the urban area as a whole and its primary commuter areas, typically formed around a city with a large concentration of people (i.e., a population of at least 100,000). In addition to the city proper, a metropolitan area includes both the surrounding territory with urban levels of residential [[population density|density]] and some additional lower-density areas that are adjacent to and linked to the city (e.g., through frequent transport, road linkages or commuting facilities).}}

In many countries, metropolitan areas are established either as a local administrative organisation or only for statistical purposes. In the [[United States]], [[metropolitan statistical area]] (MSA) is defined by the [[United States Office of Management and Budget|U.S. Office of Management and Budget]] (OMB).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/omb/bulletins/fy2009/09-01.pdf |last=Nussle |first=Jim |title=Update of Statistical Area Definitions and Guidance on Their Uses |publisher=Office of Management and Budget |date=Nov 20, 2008 |pages=1–2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121004705/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/omb/bulletins/fy2009/09-01.pdf |archive-date=2017-01-21 }}</ref> In the [[Philippines]], metropolitan areas have an official agency, such as [[Metropolitan Manila Development Authority]] (MMDA), which manages [[Greater Manila Area|Manila metropolitan area]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home|url=https://mmda.gov.ph/|access-date=2021-06-16|website=mmda.gov.ph|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610035522/https://mmda.gov.ph/|url-status=live}}</ref> Similar agencies exist in [[Indonesia]], such as Jabodetabekjur Development Cooperation Agency for [[Jakarta metropolitan area]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://metro.tempo.co/read/1152868/3-masalah-utama-bksp-jabodetabekjur-yang-dipimpin-anies-baswedan|title=3 Masalah Utama BKSP Jabodetabekjur yang Dipimpin Anies Baswedan|first=Untung|last=Widyanto|date=6 December 2018|website=Tempo|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=9 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309045755/https://metro.tempo.co/read/1152868/3-masalah-utama-bksp-jabodetabekjur-yang-dipimpin-anies-baswedan|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Urban area ===

{{Main|Urban area}}
A city can be defined as a conditionally [[Geographic contiguity|contiguous]] [[urban area]], with relatively less regard to territorial or administrative boundaries. [[UNICEF]] defines urban area as follows:

{{blockquote|The definition of "urban" varies from country to country, and, with periodic reclassification, can also vary within one country over time, making direct comparisons difficult. An urban area can be defined by one or more of the following: administrative criteria or political boundaries (e.g., area within the jurisdiction of a municipality or town committee), a threshold population size (where the minimum for an urban settlement is typically in the region of 2,000 people, although this varies globally between 200 and 50,000), population density, economic function (e.g., where a significant majority of the population is not primarily engaged in agriculture, or where there is surplus employment) or the presence of urban characteristics (e.g., paved streets, electric lighting, sewerage).}}

According to [[Demographia]], an urban area is a continuously built up land mass of urban development that is within a labor market (metropolitan area or metropolitan region) and contains no [[rural area|rural land]].

== List ==
{{For|more variety of estimates|Megacity#List of megacities}}

There are 83 cities in the world with a population exceeding 5 million people, according to 2025 estimates by the [[United Nations]].<ref name=UNpopulation>{{Cite web |url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/undesa_pd_2025_wup2025_summary_of_results.pdf |year=2025 |work=United Nations |location=New York |title=World Urbanization Prospects 2025 |access-date=20 November 2025 |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Static row numbers}}{{valign}}{{sticky header}}{{sort under}}
{| class="static-row-numbers plainrowheaders vertical-align-top sticky-header-multi sort-under sortable wikitable"
|- class="static-row-header" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;"
! scope=col rowspan=2 | City{{efn|For urban/metropolitan areas that have more than one [[core city]], the figure for their city proper should use either the most populous one (e.g. [[Dallas]] for [[Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex]]) or the best-known one (e.g. [[Manila]] for [[Metro Manila]], instead of [[Quezon City]]).}}
! scope=col rowspan=2 | Country
! scope=col rowspan=2 style=max-width:4em | UN 2025 population estimates<ref name=UNpopulation/>
! scope=col colspan=4 | [[City proper]]{{efn|Figures taken from official census when possible}}
! scope=col colspan=3 | [[Urban area]]<ref name=Demographia>{{cite web|title=Demographia World Urban Areas, 18th Annual Edition|url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf|publisher=[[Demographia]]|date=July 2022|access-date=2023-01-30}}</ref>
! scope=col colspan=3 | [[Metropolitan area]]{{efn|Figures taken from official census when possible}}
|- class="static-row-header" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;"
! scope=col | Definition
! scope=col style=max-width:4em | Population
! scope=col style=max-width:2em | Area {{small|{{nobold|(km{{sup|2}})}}}}
! scope=col style=max-width:4em | Density {{small|{{nobold|(/km{{sup|2}})}}}}
! scope=col style=max-width:4em | Population
! scope=col style=max-width:2em | Area {{small|{{nobold|(km{{sup|2}})}}}}
! scope=col style=max-width:4em | Density {{small|{{nobold|(/km{{sup|2}})}}}}
! scope=col style=max-width:4em | Population
! scope=col style=max-width:2em | Area {{small|{{nobold|(km{{sup|2}})}}}}
! scope=col style=max-width:4em | Density {{small|{{nobold|(/km{{sup|2}})}}}}
|-id=Jakarta
! scope=row | [[Jakarta]]
| {{flagicon|IDN}} Indonesia
| {{right}} 41,913,860
| [[Provinces of Indonesia|Special region]]
| {{density|disp=table|10,154,134|664}} <ref name=Indonesia>{{cite web |last1=Indonesia: Administrative Division |title=Regencies, Cities and Districts – Population Statistics, Charts and Map |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/php/indonesia-admin.php |website=City Population |access-date=14 January 2016 |archive-date=31 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231210257/http://www.citypopulation.de/php/indonesia-admin.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
| {{density|disp=table|33,756,000|3,546}} {{efn|Includes [[Tangerang]], [[South Tangerang]], [[Bogor]], [[Bekasi]] and [[Karawang]].|name=|group=}}
| {{density|disp=table|33,430,285|7,063}} <ref name=JakartaMetro>{{cite web |url=http://perkotaan.bpiw.pu.go.id/v2/metropolitan/3 |title=Jabodetabekpunjur |website=perkotaan.bpiw.pu.go.id |publisher=Ministry of Public Works and People's Housing |access-date=22 February 2020 |archive-date=6 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206220012/http://perkotaan.bpiw.pu.go.id/v2/metropolitan/3 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-id=Dhaka
! scope=row | [[Dhaka]]
| {{Flag icon|Bangladesh}} Bangladesh
| {{right}} 36,585,479
| [[Capital city]]
| {{density|disp=table|10,295,407|338}} <ref name=dhakapop1>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbs.gov.bd/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/National%20Reports/Union%20Statistics.pdf |title=Population & Housing Census-2011 |publisher=[[Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]] |page=41 |access-date=15 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208044832/http://www.bbs.gov.bd/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/National%20Reports/Union%20Statistics.pdf |archive-date=8 December 2015 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref name=dhaka>{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/Bangladesh-Mun.html?cityid="717|title=Bangladesh: Districts and Cities|last=Brinkhoff|first=Thomas|publisher=CityPopulation|access-date=20 October 2015|archive-date=16 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616085520/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/bangladesh/cities/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| {{density|disp=table|19,134,000|619}}
| {{density|disp=table|36,585,479|2,570}} <ref name=bangladesh1>{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/php/bangladesh-dhaka.php|title=Dhaka (Bangladesh): City Districts and Subdistricts - Population Statistics, Charts and Map|website=City Population|access-date=18 June 2017|archive-date=30 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730145817/https://www.citypopulation.de/php/bangladesh-dhaka.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-id=Tokyo
! scope=row | [[Tokyo]]
| {{flagicon|JPN}} Japan
| {{right}} 33,412,512
| [[Prefectures of Japan|Metropolis prefecture]]
| {{density|disp=table|13,515,271|2,191}} <ref name=japan1>{{cite web |url=http://citypopulation.de/Japan-Cities.html |title=Japan: Prefectures and Major Cities - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information |access-date=4 March 2020 |archive-date=21 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121135719/http://citypopulation.de/Japan-Cities.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
| {{density|disp=table|37,785,000|8,231}} {{efn|Includes large areas [[Tokyo]], [[Kanagawa Prefecture|Kanagawa]], [[Chiba Prefecture|Chiba]] and [[Saitama Prefecture|Saitama]] prefectures and smaller areas of [[Gunma Prefecture|Gunma]], [[Tochigi Prefecture|Tochigi]] and [[Ibaraki Prefecture|Ibaraki]] prefectures.}}
| {{density|disp=table|37,274,000|13,452}} <ref name=japan2>{{cite web |url=http://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/handbook/pdf/2019all.pdf |title=Table 2.10 Population of Three Major Metropolitan Areas |publisher=Statistics Bureau of Japan |page=21 |access-date=26 November 2013 |archive-date=4 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104134020/http://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/handbook/pdf/2019all.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-id=Delhi
! scope=row | [[Delhi]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} India
| {{right}} 30,222,405
| [[Union territory|National Capital Territory]]
| {{density|disp=table|16,753,235|1,484}} <ref name="Census of India 2011">{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/delhi/3_PDFC-Paper-1-tables_60_81.pdf |publisher=[[Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation]] |title=Provisional Population Totals |date=2011 |access-date=4 February 2020 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225061408/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/delhi/3_PDFC-Paper-1-tables_60_81.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
| {{density|disp=table|32,226,000|2,344}} {{efn|Includes [[Faridabad]], [[Ghaziabad]], [[Noida]], [[Gurgaon]] and [[Bahadurgarh]] urban areas and [[New Delhi]].}}
| {{density|disp=table|29,000,000|3,483}} <ref name="delhi metro">{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/delhi-could-be-the-worlds-most-populous-city-by-2028-but-is-it-really-prepared/articleshow/68027790.cms|title=Delhi could be the world's most populous city by 2028. But is it really prepared?|first=Shantanu Nandan|last=Sharma|date=17 February 2019|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=4 March 2020|archive-date=6 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206045658/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/delhi-could-be-the-worlds-most-populous-city-by-2028-but-is-it-really-prepared/articleshow/68027790.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-id=Shanghai
! scope=row | [[Shanghai]]
| {{flagicon|CHN}} China
| {{right}} 29,558,908
| [[Direct-administered municipalities of China|Municipality]]
| {{density|disp=table|24,870,895|6,341}} <ref name=China>{{cite web |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/china/admin/|title=China: Administrative Division (Provinces and Prefectures) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |website=City Population |access-date=4 March 2020|archive-date=20 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120024111/http://www.citypopulation.de/php/china-admin.php?adm2id=6531 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=auto>{{Cite web |url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/zxfb/202105/t20210510_1817179.html |title=第七次全国人口普查公报（第三号）|website=www.stats.gov.cn }}</ref>
| {{density|disp=table|24,073,000|4,333}} {{Efn|Includes [[Taicang]] |name=|group=}}
| {{density|disp=table|79,634,907|53,407}}
|-id=Guangzhou
! scope=row | [[Guangzhou]]
| {{flagicon|CHN}} China
| {{right}} 27,563,372
| [[Prefecture-level city|City]] ([[Sub-provincial division#Sub-provincial municipalities|sub-provincial]])
| {{density|disp=table|18,676,605|7,434}} <ref name=China />
| {{density|disp=table|26,940,000|4,535}} {{efn|Includes the city of [[Foshan]].}}
| {{density|disp=table|86,100,000|55,800}}
|-id=Cairo
! scope=row | [[Cairo]]
| {{flagicon|EGY}} Egypt
| {{right}} 25,566,102
| [[Governorates of Egypt|Urban governorate]]
| {{density|disp=table|10,044,894|3,085}} <ref>{{Cite web |title=Al-Qāhirah (Governorate, Egypt) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/egypt/admin/01__al_q%C4%81hirah/ |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref> 
| {{density|disp=table|20,296,000|2,010}}
| {{density|disp=table|22,183,000|2,734 }}
|-id=Manila
! scope=row | [[Manila]]
| {{flagicon|PHI}} Philippines
| {{right}} 24,735,305
| [[Cities of the Philippines|National Capital Region]]
| {{density|disp=table|15,531,900|636}} {{PH census|2015|13}}
| {{density|disp=table|24,922,000|1,911}} {{efn|The continuous urbanization of Manila extends outward its [[Metro Manila]] into other neighbouring provinces such as [[Bulacan]], [[Cavite]], [[Laguna (province)|Laguna]], [[Rizal (province)|Rizal]], [[Pampanga]] and [[Batangas]] provinces.}}
| {{density|disp=table|30,785,176|7,967}} {{PH census|2015|13}}
|-id=Kolkata
! scope=row | [[Kolkata]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} India
| {{right}} 22,549,738
| [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal corporation]]
| {{density|disp=table|4496694|206}} <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-westbengal.php?cityid="1941701000|publisher=Citypopulation.de|title=Kolkata (West Bengal, India) - Population Statistics and Location in Maps and Charts - City Population|access-date=19 July 2016|archive-date=16 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616085509/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/india/westbengal/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| {{density|disp=table|21,747,000|1,352}}
| {{density|disp=table|15,333,000|1,887}} <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file/1084246/download |title=Responses to Information Requests - Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada |publisher=www.justice.gov |access-date=2020-03-12 |archive-date=1 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301034822/https://www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file/1084246/download |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-id=Seoul
! scope=row | [[Seoul]]
| {{flagicon|KOR}} South Korea
| {{right}} 22,490,482
| [[List of provincial-level cities of South Korea|Special city]]
| {{density|disp=table|10,013,781|605}} <ref name=auto1>{{Cite web|date=2011-03-03|title=2016년 5월 행정자치부 주민등록 인구통계|url=http://rcps.egov.go.kr:8081/jsp/stat/ppl_stat_jf.jsp|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303195830/http://rcps.egov.go.kr:8081/jsp/stat/ppl_stat_jf.jsp|archive-date=3 March 2011}}</ref>
| {{density|disp=table|23,016,000|2,769}}
| {{density|disp=table|25,514,000|11,704}} <ref name=auto1/>
|-id=Karachi
! scope=row | [[Karachi]]
| {{flagicon|PAK}} Pakistan
| {{right}} 21,422,590
| [[Karachi Metropolitan Corporation|Metropolitan city]]
| {{density|disp=table|15,738,000|591}} <ref name=pbscensus1>{{cite news|url=http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population_of_major_cities_census_2017%20_0.pdf|title=Population of Major Cities - Census 2017|last1=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829162305/http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population_of_major_cities_census_2017%20_0.pdf|archive-date=2017-08-29|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/1098032-karachis-population-stands-at-203-million-in-7th-census|title=Karachi's population stands at 20.3 million in 7th census|date=27 September 2023|website=The News International|access-date=27 September 2023}}</ref>
| {{density|disp=table|20,249,000|1,124}}
| {{density|disp=table|20,249,000|1,124}} <ref name="DISTRICT WISE CENSUS RESULTS CENSUS 2017">{{cite web|url=http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf|title=District wise census results census 2017|publisher=www.pbscensus.gov.pk|access-date=2017-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829164748/http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf|archive-date=2017-08-29|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-08 |title=Karachi Population in Digital Census rises above 20 mln |url=https://arynews.tv/karachi-population-digital-census-rises-20-mln/ |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=ARY NEWS |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-id=Mumbai
! scope=row | [[Mumbai]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} India
| {{right}} 20,203,056
| [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal corporation]]
| {{density|disp=table|12,478,447|603}} <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-maharashtra.php|title=Maharashtra (India): Districts, Cities, Towns and Outgrowth Wards – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006153720/http://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-maharashtra.php|archive-date=6 October 2014}}</ref>
| {{density|disp=table|24,973,000|976}} {{efn|Includes [[Kalyan]] and urban areas of [[Panvel]], [[Bhiwandi]] and [[Vasai-Virar]].|name=|group=}}
| {{density|disp=table|23,598,000|6,328}} <ref>{{cite web |url=https://portal.mcgm.gov.in/irj/go/km/docs/documents/MCGM%20Department%20List/Roads%20and%20Traffic/Docs/CMP%20for%20Greater%20Mumbai/Executive%20Summary/Executive%20Summary.pdf |title=Comprehensive Mobility Plan (CMP) for Greater Mumbai |publisher=portal.mcgm.gov.in |access-date=2020-03-12 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608074532/https://portal.mcgm.gov.in/irj/go/km/docs/documents/MCGM%20Department%20List/Roads%20and%20Traffic/Docs/CMP%20for%20Greater%20Mumbai/Executive%20Summary/Executive%20Summary.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-id="São Paulo"
! scope=row | [[São Paulo]]
| {{flagicon|BRA}} Brazil
| {{right}} 18,949,790
| [[Municipalities of Brazil|Municipality]]
| {{density|disp=table|12,252,023|1,521}} <ref name=brazil1>{{cite web |url=https://agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br/en/agencia-press-room/2185-news-agency/releases-en/25283-ibge-divulga-as-estimativas-da-populacao-dos-municipios-para-2020 |title=IBGE discloses municipal population estimates for 2019 |date=28 August 2019 |publisher=[[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics|IBGE]] |language=pt |access-date=6 November 2019 |archive-date=28 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828174558/https://agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br/en/agencia-press-room/2185-news-agency/releases-en/25283-ibge-divulga-as-estimativas-da-populacao-dos-municipios-para-2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| {{density|disp=table|23,086,000|3,649}} {{Efn|Includes [[Francisco Morato]] |name=|group=}}
| {{density|disp=table|21,734,682|7,947}} <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/brazil/metro/s%C3%A3o_paulo/RM0007__s%C3%A3o_paulo/ |title=São Paulo (Metropolitan Area, Metropolitan Areas, Brazil) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location |website=City Population |access-date=4 March 2020 |archive-date=29 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229182607/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/brazil/metro/s%25C3%25A3o_paulo/RM0007__s%25C3%25A3o_paulo/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-id=Bangkok
! scope=row | [[Bangkok]]
| {{flagicon|THA}} Thailand
| {{right}} 18,180,280
| [[Special administrative area (Thailand)|Special administrative area]]
| {{density|disp=table|8,305,218|1,569}} <ref name="2010 census 1">{{cite web|title=Table 1 Population by sex, household type and household by type, average size of private household by region and area: 2010|url=http://service.nso.go.th/nso/nso_center/project/table/files/C-pop/2553/000/00_C-pop_2553_000_010000_00100.xls|publisher=National Statistics Office|work=Statistic tables, NSO website|access-date=18 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523063634/http://service.nso.go.th/nso/nso_center/project/table/files/C-pop/2553/000/00_C-pop_2553_000_010000_00100.xls|archive-date=23 May 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| {{density|disp=table|18,007,000|3,199}}
| {{density|disp=table|16,255,900|7,762}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/php/thailand-prov-admin.php|title=Thailand: Division (Planning Regions and Provinces) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map|website=www.citypopulation.de|access-date=4 March 2020|archive-date=6 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190206042643/http://citypopulation.de/php/thailand-prov-admin.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-id="Mexico City"
! scope=row | [[Mexico City]]
| {{flagicon|MEX}} Mexico
| {{right}} 17,734,212
| [[List of states of Mexico|City-state]]
| {{density|disp=table|9,209,944|1,485}} <ref name=mexicocensus2020>{{cite web |url=https://www.inegi.org.mx/app/scitel/Default?ev=9 |title=Censo de Población y Vivienda 2020 - SCITEL |language=es |publisher=INEGI |access-date=26 January 2021 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126164521/https://www.inegi.org.mx/app/scitel/Default?ev=9 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| {{density|disp=table|21,804,000|2,530}}
| {{density|disp=table|21,804,515|7,866}} <ref name=conapo>{{cite web |url=https://www.gob.mx/conapo/documentos/delimitacion-de-las-zonas-metropolitanas-de-mexico-2015|title=Delimitation of Mexico's Metropolitan Areas 2015 |publisher=CONAPO |language=es |access-date=29 December 2020 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224123549/https://www.gob.mx/conapo/documentos/delimitacion-de-las-zonas-metropolitanas-de-mexico-2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-id=Beijing
! scope=row | [[Beijing]]
| {{flagicon|CHN}} China
| {{right}} 17,013,303
| [[Direct-administered municipalities of China|Municipality]]
| {{density|disp=table|21,893,095|16,411}} <ref name=China /><ref name=auto/>
| {{density|disp=table|18,522,000|4,284}}
| {{density|disp=table|110,369,339|217,156}}
|-id=Lahore
! scope=row | [[Lahore]]
| {{flagicon|PAK}} Pakistan
| {{right}} 15,156,430
| [[List of cities in Pakistan|Metropolitan city]]
| {{density|disp=table|13,004,135|1,772}} <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lahore (District, Pakistan) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/pakistan/admin/punjab/716__lahore/ |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref>
| {{density|disp=table|12,306,000|945}}
| {{density|disp=table|13,004,135|1,772}}
|-id=Istanbul
! scope=row | [[Istanbul]]
| {{flagicon|TUR}} Turkey
| 15,014,763
| [[Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality|Metropolitan municipality]]
| {{density|disp=table|15,519,267|5,196}} <ref name="Population of Turkey">{{cite web|url=http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id="27587|publisher=[[Turkish Statistical Institute]]|title=The Results of Address Based Population Registration System, 2017|date=1 February 2018|access-date=1 February 2018|archive-date=16 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616085531/https://www.tuik.gov.tr/Home/Index|url-status=live}}</ref>
| {{density|disp=table|14,441,000|1,471}}
| {{density|disp=table|15,701,602|5,343}}
|-id=Moscow
! scope=row | [[Moscow]]
| {{flagicon|RUS}} Russia
| {{right}} 14,524,753
| [[Federal cities of Russia|Federal city]]
| {{density|disp=table|13,200,000|2,511}} <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/Popul2017.xls|title=RUSSIA: Moscow|access-date=4 March 2020|archive-date=5 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605235655/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/Popul2017.xls|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=RusArea2009>{{cite web|url=http://www.rosreestr.ru/upload/www/files/gos_doclad_2008.pdf|title=Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation. Federal Registration, Cadastre&Cartography Service. Russia Landuse National Report 2008, p.187-188 (in Russian)|access-date=5 October 2014|archive-date=10 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010021939/https://rosreestr.ru/upload/www/files/gos_doclad_2008.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
| {{density|disp=table|17,332,000|6,154}}
| {{right}} 20,004,462 <ref name=moscow_metro>{{cite journal | last1=Krums | first1=L. M. | last2=Bykova | first2=S. V. | last3=Sabelnikova | first3=E. A. | last4=Aminova | first4=Ts V. | last5=Poleva | first5=N. I. | last6=Gudkov | first6=R. B. | last7=Turaeva | first7=M. B. | last8=Parfenov | first8=A. I. | title=Reproductive disorders, osteoporosis and secondary hyperparathyroidism with celiac disease | journal=Terapevticheskii Arkhiv | volume=90 | issue=10 | date=2018-11-22 |pmid=30701802 | doi=10.26442/terarkh2018901089-93 | doi-access=free | pages=89–93| doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |issn=2309-5342}}</ref>
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|-id="Ho Chi Minh City"
! scope=row | [[Ho Chi Minh City]]
| {{flagicon|VNM}} Vietnam
| {{right}} 14,052,713
| [[Municipalities of Vietnam|Municipality]]
| {{density|disp=table|7,431,000|2,061}} <ref name="vietnam1">[http://www.gso.gov.vn/default.aspx?tabid=512&idmid=5&ItemID=14277 Statistical Handbook of Vietnam 2014] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706154400/http://www.gso.gov.vn/default.aspx?tabid=512&idmid=5&ItemID=14277 |date=6 July 2015 }}, General Statistics Office Of Vietnam</ref>
| {{density|disp=table|15,136,000|2,165}}
| {{density|disp=table|21,281,639|30,595}}
|-id="Buenos Aires"
! scope=row | [[Buenos Aires]]
| {{flagicon|ARG}} Argentina
| {{right}} 14,017,736
| [[Autonomous city]]
| {{density|disp=table|3,054,300|203}} <ref>{{cite web|title=Argentina: Provinces and Agglomerations|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/Argentina-Cities.html|website=citypopulation.de|access-date=20 October 2015|archive-date=25 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025034342/http://citypopulation.de/Argentina-Cities.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| {{density|disp=table|16,710,000|3,437}}
| {{density|disp=table|16,710,000|3,437}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indec.gob.ar/ftp/cuadros/poblacion/pueblos_originarios_Metropolitana.pdf|title=Región Metropolitana|publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina]]|date=2015|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=11 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411174601/https://www.indec.gob.ar/ftp/cuadros/poblacion/pueblos_originarios_Metropolitana.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-id="New York"
! scope=row | [[New York City]]
| {{flagicon|USA}} United States
| {{right}} 13,920,148
| [[List of cities in New York (state)|City]]
| {{density|disp=table|8,804,190|778}} <ref name=USA>{{cite web|url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/PEP/2018/PEPANNRSIP.US12A|title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places of 50,000 or More, Ranked by 1 July 2018 Population: 1 April 2010 to 1 July 2018|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division|access-date=23 May 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213005358/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/PEP/2018/PEPANNRSIP.US12A|archive-date=13 February 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| {{density|disp=table|21,509,000|13,318}} {{Efn|Includes [[Bridgeport, Connecticut|Bridgeport]], [[New Haven, Connecticut|New Haven]], [[Trenton, New Jersey|Trenton]], [[Danbury, Connecticut|Danbury]], [[Waterbury, Connecticut|Waterbury]] and [[Twin Rivers, New Jersey|Twin Rivers]] urban areas.|name=|group=}}
|{{right}} 23,143,097<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html |title=2020 Population and Housing State Data |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division |date=August 12, 2021 |access-date=August 14, 2021}}</ref>
| 12,093
| 1,665
|-id=Shenzhen
! scope=row | [[Shenzhen]]
| {{flagicon|CHN}} China
| {{right}} 13,878,396
| [[Prefecture-level city|City]] ([[Sub-provincial division#Sub-provincial municipalities|sub-provincial]])
| {{density|disp=table|17,494,398|2,050}} <ref name=China />
| {{density|disp=table|17,619,000|1,803}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|-id=Bangalore
! scope=row | [[Bengaluru]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} India
| {{right}} 13,187,098
| [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal corporation]]
| {{density|disp=table|8,443,675|709}} <ref name=Bangalore>{{cite web | url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|title=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Cities having population 1 lakh and above | publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507135928/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | url-status=dead | archive-date=7 May 2012 | access-date=26 March 2012}}</ref>
| {{density|disp=table|8,443,675|741}}
| {{density|disp=table|10,456,000|8,005}}
|-id=Osaka
! scope=row | [[Osaka]]
| {{flagicon|JPN}} Japan
| {{right}} 12,964,145
| [[Cities designated by government ordinance of Japan|Designated city]]
| {{density|disp=table|2,725,006|225}} <ref name=japan1 />
| {{density|disp=table|15,126,000|3,020}} {{efn|Includes major cities of [[Kobe]] and [[Kyoto]], collectively also known as [[Keihanshin]] area.}}
| {{density|disp=table|19,303,000|13,228}} <ref name=japan2 />
|-id=Lagos
! scope=row | [[Lagos]]
| {{flagicon|NGA}} Nigeria
| {{right}} 12,791,699
| [[Lagos Metropolitan Area|Metropolitan city]]
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{density|disp=table|16,637,000|1,966}}
| {{density|disp=table|21,000,000|1,171}} <ref name=MetroLagos>{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/nigeria-metrolagos.php|title=Metro Lagos (Nigeria): Local Government Areas - Population Statistics, Charts and Map|website=www.citypopulation.de|access-date=12 October 2019|archive-date=7 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507193524/http://www.citypopulation.de/php/nigeria-metrolagos.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-id="Los Angeles"
! scope=row | [[Los Angeles]]
| {{flagicon|USA}} United States
| {{right}} 12,740,420
| [[List of cities and towns in California|City]]
| {{density|disp=table|3,990,456|1,214}} <ref name=USA />
| {{density|disp=table|15,204,000|6,351}}
| {{right}} 18,372,485 <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/usa/metro/31080__los_angeles_long_beach_/|title=Los Angeles - Long Beach - Anaheim (Metropolitan Statistical Area, Metropolitan Areas, USA) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location|website=www.citypopulation.de|access-date=4 March 2020|archive-date=29 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229182607/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/usa/metro/31080__los_angeles_long_beach_/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|12,559
|1,058
|-id=Chennai
! scope=row | [[Chennai]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} India
| {{right}} 11,153,205
| [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal corporation]]
| {{density|disp=table|6,727,000|426}} <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smartcitieschallege.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506174157/https://smartcitieschallege.in/|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 May 2023|title=Chennai: India Smart Cities Challenge|work=Official website of Smart Cities Challenge, India|access-date=2016-07-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Expanded Chennai Corporationto be divided into 3 regions|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article2658830.ece|work=The Hindu|date=25 November 2011|access-date=22 March 2014|archive-date=16 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016071724/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article2658830.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
| {{density|disp=table|12,395,000|1,085}}
| {{density|disp=table|11,564,000|2,280}} <ref name=ChennaiExpands>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/chennai-city-expansion-new-villages-added-8230199/ |title=Chennai Metropolitan Authority orders expansion of city; 1225 villages to be added |date=October 27, 2022 |website=The Indian Express }}</ref>
|-id=Kinshasa
! scope=row | [[Kinshasa]]
| {{flagicon|COD}} DR Congo
| {{right}} 10,943,641
| [[Provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|City-province]]
| {{density|disp=table|17,071,000|9,965}} <ref>{{Cite web |title=DR Congo - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/drcongo/cities/ |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref>
| {{density|disp=table|12,836,000|474}}
| {{density|disp=table|17,778,500|9,965}}
|-id=Bogotá
! scope=row | [[Bogotá]]
| {{flagicon|COL}} Colombia
| {{right}} 10,624,315
| [[Capital districts and territories#Colombia|Capital District]]
| {{density|disp=table|7,963,000|1,587}} <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dane.gov.co/index.php/poblacion-y-demografia/proyecciones-de-poblacion|title=Estimaciones y proyecciones de hogares y viviendas|publisher=DANE (2014)|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202154631/http://www.dane.gov.co/index.php/poblacion-y-demografia/proyecciones-de-poblacion|archive-date=2 February 2016}}</ref>
| {{density|disp=table|10,085,000|562}}
| {{density|disp=table|12,545,272|5,934}} <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dane.gov.co/index.php/estadisticas-por-tema/demografia-y-poblacion/proyecciones-de-poblacion |title=Proyecciones de población |access-date=25 May 2020 |archive-date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322235136/https://www.dane.gov.co/index.php/estadisticas-por-tema/demografia-y-poblacion/proyecciones-de-poblacion |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-id=Lima
! scope=row | [[Lima]]
| {{flagicon|PER}} Peru
| {{right}} 10,580,241
| [[Metropolitan Municipality of Lima|Metropolitan municipality]]
| {{density|disp=table|8,894,000|2,672}} <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.larepublica.pe/17-01-2014/inei-lima-tiene-8-millones-693-mil-387-habitantes|title=PERU: Lima population|date=4 August 2012|publisher=La Republica|access-date=13 February 2016|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303174151/http://larepublica.pe/17-01-2014/inei-lima-tiene-8-millones-693-mil-387-habitantes|url-status=live}}</ref>
| {{density|disp=table|10,320,000|891}}
| {{density|disp=table|9,569,468|2,819}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/php/peru-limametro.php|title=Lima Metropolitan Area (Peru): Municipal Districts - Population Statistics, Charts and Map|website=www.citypopulation.de|access-date=4 March 2020|archive-date=19 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319110238/http://www.citypopulation.de/php/peru-limametro.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-id=London
! scope=row | [[London]]
| {{flagicon|GBR}} United Kingdom
| {{right}} 10,416,420
| [[Subdivisions of England#Administrative|Administrative area]]{{efn|[[Greater London]] is defined by the [[London Government Act 1963]] as an "administrative area",<ref>{{multiref|
{{cite web |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1963/33/section/2 |title=London Government Act 1963 s. 2(1) |date=31 July 1963 |website=[[legislation.gov.uk]] }}|
{{cite web |title=Census population data by London Ward |publisher=Office for National Statistics |date=13 October 2023 |id=FOI-2023-1446 |access-date=2 September 2025 |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/aboutus/transparencyandgovernance/freedomofinformationfoi/censuspopulationdatabylondonward }}
}}</ref> and administered since 2000 by the [[Greater London Authority]]. Greater London is coterminous with the London [[Regions of England|region]] (a non-administrative area) and divided into the [[City of London]] and 32 [[London boroughs]], each a separate [[Local government in England#Local authorities now|local government area]]. See [[subdivisions of England]].
}}
| {{density|disp=table|8,825,001|1,572}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/populationestimatesforukenglandandwalesscotlandandnorthernireland|title=Population Estimates for UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland|date=28 June 2018|publisher=Office for National Statistics|access-date=16 August 2018|archive-date=15 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015222212/http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/submitViewTableAction.do|url-status=live}}</ref>
| {{density|disp=table|11,262,000|1,738}}
| {{right}} 14,372,596 <ref name=eurostat>{{cite web |url=http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=met_pjanaggr3&lang=en |title=Metropolitan Area Populations |publisher=Eurostat |date=18 June 2019 |access-date=4 December 2019 |archive-date=1 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101073405/http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=met_pjanaggr3&lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
| {{right}} 8,382
| {{right}} 1,715
|-id="Rio de Janeiro"
! scope=row | [[Rio de Janeiro]]
| {{flagicon|BRA}} Brazil
| {{right}} 9,500,336
| [[Municipalities of Brazil|Municipality]]
| {{density|disp=table|6,520,000|1,221}} <ref name=brazil2>{{cite web|url=http://saladeimprensa.ibge.gov.br/noticias?view=noticia&id="1&busca=1&idnoticia=3244|title=IBGE divulga as estimativas populacionais dos municípios em 2016|publisher=[[Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística|IBGE]]|language=pt|access-date=12 December 2016|archive-date=16 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616085538/https://agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| {{density|disp=table|12,592,000|2,020}}
| {{density|disp=table|12,644,321|5,327}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/brazil/metro/RM0006__rio_de_janeiro/|title=Rio de Janeiro (Metropolitan Area, Metropolitan Areas, Brazil) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location|website=www.citypopulation.de|access-date=4 March 2020|archive-date=29 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229182609/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/brazil/metro/RM0006__rio_de_janeiro/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-id=Paris
! scope=row | [[Paris]]
| {{flagicon|FRA}} France
| {{right}} 9,381,921
| [[Communes of France|Commune]]
| {{density|disp=table|2,148,271|105}} <ref name=Paris>{{cite web|url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/1893198/estim-pop-dep-sexe-gca-1975-2020.xls|title=INSEE official estimated population by department and region as of 1 January 2019|date=22 January 2019|access-date=4 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421215403/http://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1893198|archive-date=21 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
| {{density|disp=table|11,060,000|2,853}}
| {{density|disp=table|12,244,807|18,940.7}}
|-id=Hyderabad
! scope=row | [[Hyderabad]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} India
| {{right}} 9,190,795
| [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal corporation]]
| {{density|disp=table|6,993,262|650}} <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-andhrapradesh.php?cityid="2840501000|publisher=Citypopulation.de|title=Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh, India) - Population Statistics and Location in Maps and Charts - City Population|access-date=19 July 2016|archive-date=16 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616085511/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/india/andhrapradesh/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Hyd1>{{cite web|url=http://www.ghmc.gov.in/greaterhyd.asp|title=Greater Hyderabad Municipal corporation 2010|publisher=GHMC|access-date=4 December 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101224338/http://www.ghmc.gov.in/greaterhyd.asp|archive-date=1 January 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| {{density|disp=table|10,494,000|1,404}}
| {{density|disp=table|10,494,000|7,257}}
|- id="Tehran"
! scope="row" | [[Tehran]]
| {{flagicon|IRN}} Iran
| {{right}} 9,174,964
| [[Local councils of Iran|Capital city]]
| {{density|disp=table|9,033,003|751}} <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/iran-tehrancity.php|title=IRAN: Tehran City (Census 2016-09-24)|publisher=CITY POPULATION.DE|access-date=25 February 2014|archive-date=9 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709135033/http://citypopulation.de/php/iran-tehrancity.php|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=About Teheran|url=http://en.tehran.ir/Default.aspx?tabid="104|publisher=Tehran Municipality|access-date=25 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219204318/http://en.tehran.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=104|archive-date=19 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| {{density|disp=table|14,148,000|1,704}}
| {{density|disp=table|14,557,000|2,235}}
|-id=Luanda
! scope=row | [[Luanda]]
| {{flagicon|AGO}} Angola
| {{right}} 9,051,000
| [[List of municipalities of Angola|Municipality]]
| {{density|disp=table|2,165,867|116}} <ref name=Luanda>{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/angola/admin/04__luanda/|title=Luanda (Province, Angola) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location|website=www.citypopulation.de|access-date=4 March 2020|archive-date=1 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201093230/http://citypopulation.de/en/angola/admin/04__luanda/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| {{density|disp=table|9,051,000|1,005}}
| {{density|disp=table|11,370,000|1,876}}
|-id=Bandung
! scope=row | [[Bandung]]
| {{flagicon|INA}} Indonesia
| {{right}} 8,909,104
| [[City]]
| {{density|disp=table|2,528,160|166.59}}
| {{density|disp=table|7,203,000|487}}
| {{density|disp=table|9,143,808|3,457.83}}
|-id="Kuala Lumpur"
! scope=row | [[Kuala Lumpur]]
| {{flagicon|MYS}} Malaysia
| {{right}} 8,443,731
| [[Capital city]]
| {{density|disp=table|1,768,000|243}} <ref>{{cite web|url=http://pmr.penerangan.gov.my/index.php/info-terkini/19463-unjuran-populasi-penduduk-2015.html|title=Population by States and Ethnic Group|publisher=Department of Information, Ministry of Communications and Multimedia, Malaysia|year=2015|access-date=12 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212125740/http://pmr.penerangan.gov.my/index.php/info-terkini/19463-unjuran-populasi-penduduk-2015.html|archive-date=12 February 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| {{density|disp=table|8,911,000|2,163}}
| {{density|disp=table|7,200,000|2,793}} <ref name=KlangValley>{{cite web|url=http://focusmalaysia.my/Assets/KL%20on%20track%20to%20megacity%20status|title=KL on track to megacity status|publisher=Focus Malaysia|access-date=30 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219134216/http://focusmalaysia.my/Assets/KL%20on%20track%20to%20megacity%20status|archive-date=19 December 2014}}</ref>
|-id="Dar es Salaam"
! scope=row | [[Dar es Salaam]]
| {{flagicon|TZA}} Tanzania
| {{right}} 7,795,114
| style=text-align:left |[[City]]
| {{density|disp=table|5,383,728|1,393}} <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dar es Salam - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/tanzania/admin/07__dar_es_salaam/ |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref>
| {{density|disp=table|7,962,000|961}}
| {{density|disp=table|10,599,999|1,599}}
|-id=Suzhou
! scope=row | [[Suzhou, Jiangsu|Suzhou]]
| {{flagicon|CHN}} China
| {{right}} 7,731,101
| [[Prefecture-level city]]
| {{density|disp=table|12,748,262|8488.42}} <ref name=China />
| {{density|disp=table|6,031,000|1,386}}
| {{density|disp=table|12,748,252|12,493}}
|-id=Ahmedabad
! scope=row | [[Ahmedabad]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} India
| {{right}} 7,632,408
| [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal corporation]]
| {{density|disp=table|5,570,585|464}} <ref name=2011city>{{cite web|title=Cities having population 1 lakh and above|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|work=censusindia|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=18 October 2011|archive-date=7 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507135928/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
| {{density|disp=table|8,009,000|404}}
| {{right}} 6,300,000 <ref>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid="110686|title=Approval for Ahmedabad Metro Rail Project Phase-1|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]|date=18 October 2014|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=16 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616085520/https://pib.gov.in/ErrorPage.html?aspxerrorpath=/newsite/mainpage.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|-id=Hangzhou
! scope=row | [[Hangzhou]]
| {{flagicon|CHN}} China
| {{right}} 7,500,208
| [[Prefecture-level city|City]] ([[Sub-provincial division#Sub-provincial municipalities|sub-provincial]])
| {{density|disp=table|11,936,010|16,596}} <ref name=China />
| {{density|disp=table|9,523,000|1,344}}
| {{density|disp=table|13,035,329|16,821}}
|-id=Wuhan
! scope=row | [[Wuhan]]
| {{flagicon|CHN}} China
| {{right}} 7,363,548
| [[Prefecture-level city|City]] ([[Sub-provincial division#Sub-provincial municipalities|sub-provincial]])
| {{density|disp=table|12,447,718|8,494}} <ref name=China />
| {{density|disp=table|12,447,718|1,722}}
| {{density|disp=table|13,739,000|8,494}}
|-id=Tianjin
! scope=row | [[Tianjin]]
| {{flagicon|CHN}} China
| {{right}} 7,285,342
| [[Direct-administered municipalities of China|Municipality]]
| {{density|disp=table|13,866,009|11,920}} <ref name=China /><ref name=auto/>
| {{density|disp=table|10,368,000|2,813}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|-id=Alexandria
! scope=row | [[Alexandria]]
| {{flagicon|EGY}} Egypt
| {{right}} 7,266,957
| [[Governorates of Egypt|Urban governorate]]
| {{right}} 5,441,866
| {{right}} 2,300
| {{right}} 2,366<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/egypt/admin/02__al_iskandariyah/|title=Al-Iskandariyah - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location|website=www.citypopulation.de|access-date=10 January 2024}}</ref>
| {{density|disp=table|4,712,000|293}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|-id=Nagoya
! scope=row | [[Nagoya]]
| {{flagicon|JPN}} Japan
| {{right}} 7,146,160
| [[Cities designated by government ordinance of Japan|Designated city]]
| {{density|disp=table|2,320,361|326}} <ref name=japan1 />
| {{density|disp=table|9,197,000|3,704}}
| {{density|disp=table|9,363,000|7,271}} <ref name=japan2 />
|-id=Johannesburg
! scope=row | [[Johannesburg]]
| {{flagicon|ZAF}} South Africa
| {{right}} 7,077,175
| [[Metropolitan municipality (South Africa)|Metropolitan municipality]]
| {{right}} 4,803,262
| {{right}} 1,643
| {{right}} 2,924<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/southafrica/admin/gauteng/JHB__city_of_johannesburg/|title=City of Johannesburg- Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location|website=www.citypopulation.de|access-date=10 January 2024}}</ref>
| {{density|disp=table|14,586,000|4,040}} {{efn|Includes Pretoria}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|-id=Chongqing
! scope=row | [[Chongqing]]
| {{flagicon|CHN}} China
| {{right}} 7,071,073
| [[Direct-administered municipalities of China|Municipality]]
| {{density|disp=table|32,054,159|82,403}} <ref name=cqnews>{{cite web
|url = http://cq.cqnews.net/html/2016-01/28/content_36292655.htm
|script-title = zh:2015年重庆常住人口3016.55万人继续保持增长态势
|trans-title = In 2015, Chongqing's resident population of 30,165,500 people continued to grow
|publisher = Chongqing News
|language = zh
|date = 28 January 2016
|access-date = 2016-02-13
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160129083111/http://cq.cqnews.net/html/2016-01/28/content_36292655.htm
|archive-date = 29 January 2016
|url-status = dead
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref><ref name=auto/>
| {{density|disp=table|12,135,000|1,580}}
| {{density|disp=table|32,054,159|82,403}}
|-id=Riyadh
! scope=row | [[Riyadh]]
| {{flagicon|SAU}} Saudi Arabia
| {{right}} 6,916,417
| [[Municipality]]
| {{density|disp=table|6,694,000|1,913}} <ref>{{cite web|title=Composition of Population (2012)|url=http://www.arriyadh.com/openshare/Eng/ADA/Content/ADA-Public/Investment_Arriyadh_2013.pdf|work=Arriyadh Development Authority|access-date=4 March 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823065650/http://www.arriyadh.com/openshare/Eng/ADA/Content/ADA-Public/Investment_Arriyadh_2013.pdf|archive-date=23 August 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| {{density|disp=table|7,237,000|1,673}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|-id=Surat
! scope=row | [[Surat]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} India
| {{right}} 6,908,925
| [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal corporation]]
| {{density|disp=table|4,466,826|327}} <ref name=SuratMunicipal>{{cite web|title=Statistics for Surat Municipal Corporation|url=https://www.suratmunicipal.gov.in/TheCity/Demographics.aspx?SrNo=905005305406 |website=Official website of Surat Municipal Corporation|access-date=4 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915032546/https://www.suratmunicipal.gov.in/TheCity/Demographics.aspx?SrNo=905005305406 |archive-date=15 September 2015}}</ref>
| {{density|disp=table|6,538,000|238}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|-id=Surabaya
! scope=row | [[Surabaya]]
| {{flagicon|INA}} Indonesia
| {{right}} 6,843,503
| [[City]]
| {{density|disp=table|3,018,022|335.93}}
| {{density|disp=table|6,556,000|912}}
| {{density|disp=table|10,081,343|6,309.34}}
|-id=Pune
! scope=row | [[Pune]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} India
| {{right}} 6,817,951
| [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal corporation]]
| {{density|disp=table|3,124,458|484.61}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-maharashtra.php|title=Maharashtra (India): Districts, Cities and Towns - Population Statistics, Charts and Map|website=www.citypopulation.de|access-date=4 March 2020|archive-date=22 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222051712/http://citypopulation.de/php/india-maharashtra.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
| {{density|disp=table|8,231,000|650}}
| {{density|disp=table|7,276,000|7,256}} <ref name=pmrda1>{{cite web|url=http://www.pmrda.gov.in/background.html|title=Pune Metropolitan Region Development Authority – PMRDA|website=www.pmrda.gov.in|access-date=25 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426144158/http://www.pmrda.gov.in/background.html|archive-date=26 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-id=Khartoum
! scope=row | [[Khartoum]]
| {{flagicon|SDN}} Sudan
| {{right}} 6,809,355
| {{n/a}}
| {{right}} 1,410,858 <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/sudan/|title=Sudan: States and cities}}</ref>
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{density|disp=table|7,869,000|1,031}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|-id=Nanjing
! scope=row | [[Nanjing]]
| {{flagicon|CHN}} China
| {{right}} 6,800,676
| [[Prefecture-level city|City]] ([[Sub-provincial division#Sub-provincial municipalities|sub-provincial]])
| {{density|disp=table|9,314,685|6,582}} <ref name=China />
| {{density|disp=table|8,422,000|1,614}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|-id=Santiago
! scope=row | [[Santiago]]
| {{flagicon|CHL}} Chile
| {{right}} 6,726,045
| [[Santiago (commune)|City]] ([[Communes of Chile|commune]])
| {{density|disp=table|236,453|22}} <ref name=SantiagoCommune>{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/php/chile-admin.php|title=Chile: Administrative Division (Provinces and Municipalities) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map|website=www.citypopulation.de|access-date=4 March 2020|archive-date=30 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130204953/http://citypopulation.de/php/chile-admin.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
| {{density|disp=table|7,171,000|1,147}}
| {{density|disp=table|7,112,808|15,403}} <ref name=SantiagoMetro>{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/php/chile-metropolitansantiago.php|title=Región Metropolitana de Santiago (Chile): Provinces & Places - Population Statistics, Charts and Map|website=www.citypopulation.de|access-date=4 March 2020|archive-date=26 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126193135/http://www.citypopulation.de/php/chile-metropolitansantiago.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-id=Chicago
! scope=row | [[Chicago]]
| {{flagicon|USA}} United States
| {{right}} 8,864,000
| [[List of municipalities in Illinois|City]]
| {{density|disp=table|2,746,388|589}} <ref name=USA />
| {{density|disp=table|9,057,000|7,006}}
| {{right}} 9,806,184<ref>{{cite web |title=2020 Population and Housing State Data |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html |website=The United States Census Bureau |access-date=29 August 2021 |language=EN-US}}</ref>
|18,640
|516
|-id=Chengdu
! scope=row | [[Chengdu]]
| {{flagicon|CHN}} China
| {{right}} 8,813,000
| [[Prefecture-level city|City]] ([[Sub-provincial division#Sub-provincial municipalities|sub-provincial]])
| {{density|disp=table|20,937,757|14,378}} <ref name=China />
| {{density|disp=table|20,937,757|1,935}}
| {{density|disp=table|20,937,757|14,378}}
|-id=Xi'an
! scope=row | [[Xi'an]]
| {{flagicon|CHN}} China
| {{right}} 7,444,000
| [[Prefecture-level city|City]] ([[Sub-provincial division#Sub-provincial municipalities|sub-provincial]])
| {{density|disp=table|12,183,280|10,135}} <ref name=China />
| {{density|disp=table|12,328,000|1,826}}
| {{density|disp=table|12,328,000|10,762}}
|-id="Hong Kong"
! scope=row | [[Hong Kong]]
| {{flagicon|HKG}} Hong Kong SAR
| {{right}} 7,429,000
| City
| {{density|disp=table|7,298,600|1,104}} <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censtatd.gov.hk/hkstat/sub/bbs.jsp|title=Hong Kong Statistics|publisher=Census and Statistics Department. The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region|access-date=4 December 2015|archive-date=20 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120143913/http://www.censtatd.gov.hk/hkstat/sub/bbs.jsp|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.landsd.gov.hk/mapping/en/publications/hk_geographic_data_sheet.pdf|title=Hong Kong Geographic|publisher=The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administration Region|access-date=10 March 2014|archive-date=5 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305072223/http://www.landsd.gov.hk/mapping/en/publications/hk_geographic_data_sheet.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
| {{density|disp=table|7,450,000|290}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|-id=Dongguan
! scope=row | [[Dongguan]]
| {{flagicon|CHN}} China
| {{right}} 7,360,000
| [[Prefecture-level city]]
| {{density|disp=table|10,466,625|2,465}} <ref name=China />
| {{density|disp=table|10,646,000|1,759}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|-id=Foshan
! scope=row | [[Foshan]]
| {{flagicon|CHN}} China
| {{right}} 7,236,000
| [[Prefecture-level city]]
| {{density|disp=table|9,498,863|3,848}} <ref name=China />
| {{n/a}} {{efn|Included in Guangzhou}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|-id=Shenyang
! scope=row | [[Shenyang]]
| {{flagicon|CHN}} China
| {{right}} 6,921,000
| [[Prefecture-level city|City]] ([[Sub-provincial division#Sub-provincial municipalities|sub-provincial]])
| {{density|disp=table|8,294,000|12,980}} <ref name=China />
| {{density|disp=table|7,964,000|1,551}} {{efn|Includes the city of [[Fushun]].}}
| {{density|disp=table|8,294,000|12,980}}
|-id=Baghdad
! scope=row | [[Baghdad]]
| {{flagicon|IRQ}} Iraq
| {{right}} 6,812,000
| [[Baghdad Governorate|Urban governorate]]
| {{density|disp=table|8,126,755|5,200}} <ref name=Baghdad>{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/Iraq-Cities.html|title=Iraq: Governorates, Major Cities & Urban Centers - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information|website=www.citypopulation.de|access-date=4 March 2020|archive-date=22 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422012816/http://citypopulation.de/Iraq-Cities.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| {{density|disp=table|6,183,000|694}}
| {{density|disp=table|8,141,000|12,869}}
|-id=Madrid
! scope=row | [[Madrid]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} Spain
| {{right}} 6,497,000
| [[Municipalities of Spain|Municipality]]
| {{density|disp=table|3,266,126|606}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/spain/madrid/|title=Madrid (Spain): Province & Municipalities - Population Statistics, Charts and Map|website=www.citypopulation.de|access-date=4 March 2020|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803093621/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/spain/madrid/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| {{density|disp=table|6,211,000|1,365}}
| {{right}} 6,641,649
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|-id=Harbin
! scope=row | [[Harbin]]
| {{flagicon|CHN}} China
| {{right}} 6,115,000
| [[Prefecture-level city|City]] ([[Sub-provincial division#Sub-provincial municipalities|sub-provincial]])
| {{density|disp=table|10,635,971|53,068}} <ref name=China />
| {{density|disp=table|3,830,000|671}}
| {{density|disp=table|10,009,854|53,068}}
|-id=Houston
! scope=row | [[Houston]]
| {{flagicon|USA}} United States
| {{right}} 6,115,000
| [[Administrative divisions of Texas|City]]
| {{density|disp=table|2,325,502|1,553}} <ref name=USA />
| {{density|disp=table|6,500,000|4,931}}
| {{density|disp=table|7,765,149|21,395}} <ref name=HoustonMetro>{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/usa/metro/26420__houston_the_woodlands_/|title=Houston - The Woodlands - Sugar Land (Metropolitan Statistical Area, Metropolitan Areas, USA) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location|website=www.citypopulation.de|access-date=4 March 2020|archive-date=3 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203133519/http://www.citypopulation.de/en/usa/metro/26420__houston_the_woodlands_/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-id=Dallas
! scope=row | [[Dallas]]
| {{flagicon|USA}} United States
| {{right}} 6,099,000
| [[Administrative divisions of Texas|City]]
| {{density|disp=table|1,345,047|882}} <ref name=USA/>
| {{density|disp=table|6,950,000|5,278}} {{efn|Includes the city of [[Fort Worth]], collectively known as [[Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex]].}}
| {{density|disp=table|9,021,108|22,463}} <ref name=DFW>{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/usa/metro/19100__dallas_fort_worth_arl/|title=Dallas - Fort Worth - Arlington (Metropolitan Statistical Area, Metropolitan Areas, USA) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location|website=www.citypopulation.de|access-date=4 March 2020|archive-date=3 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203150333/http://www.citypopulation.de/en/usa/metro/19100__dallas_fort_worth_arl/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-id=Toronto
! scope=row | [[Toronto]]
| {{flagicon|CAN}} Canada
| {{right}} 6,082,000
| [[List of municipalities in Ontario|City]]
| {{density|disp=table|2,731,571|630}} <ref>{{cite web |title=Census Profile, 2016 Census |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3520005&Geo2=PR&Data=Count&B1=All |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca | date=8 February 2017 |publisher=Statistics Canada |access-date=30 March 2020 |archive-date=20 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320044145/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3520005&Geo2=PR&Data=Count&B1=All |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=TorontoCity>{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table-Tableau.cfm?LANG=Eng&T=301&S=3&O=D|title=Population and dwelling counts, for Canada and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2011 and 2006 censuses|publisher=[[Statistics Canada]]|date=8 February 2012|access-date=2012-02-08|archive-date=7 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107044920/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table-Tableau.cfm?LANG=Eng&T=301&S=3&O=D|url-status=live}}</ref>
| {{density|disp=table|6,771,000|2,344}}
| {{density|disp=table|5,928,040|5,906}} <ref name=TorontoMetro>{{cite web |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table.cfm?Lang=Eng&T=201&S=3&O=D |title=Population and dwelling counts, for census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations, 2016 and 2011 censuses (table). 2016 Census. |date=8 February 2017 |publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] |access-date=19 February 2017 |archive-date=5 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191005160403/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table.cfm?Lang=Eng&T=201&S=3&O=D |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-id=Miami
! scope=row | [[Miami]]
| {{flagicon|USA}} United States
| {{right}} 6,036,000
| style=text-align:left |[[City]]
| {{density|disp=table|470,914|92.9}} <ref name=USA/>
| {{density|disp=table|6,058,000|3,313}}
| {{density|disp=table|6,158,824|15,890}}
|-id="Belo Horizonte"
! scope=row | [[Belo Horizonte]]
| {{flagicon|BRA}} Brazil
| {{right}} 5,972,000
| style=text-align:left |[[City]]
| {{density|disp=table|2,502,557|330.9}}
| {{density|disp=table|5,328,000|1,287}}
| {{density|disp=table|5156,217|9459.1}}
|-id=Singapore
! scope=row | [[Singapore]]
| {{flagicon|SGP}} Singapore
| {{right}} 5,792,000
| [[Country]]
| {{density|disp=table|5,638,700|725.7}}
| {{density|disp=table|5,983,000|523}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|-id=Philadelphia
! scope=row | [[Philadelphia]]
| {{flagicon|USA}} United States
| {{right}} 5,695,000
| [[Consolidated city-county]]
| {{density|disp=table|1,526,006|369.59}}
| {{density|disp=table|5,799,000|5,429}}
| {{right}} 7,381,187
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|-id=Atlanta
! scope=row | [[Atlanta]]
| {{flagicon|USA}} United States
| {{right}} 5,572,000
| style=text-align:left |[[City]]
| {{density|disp=table|498,715|354.22}}
| {{density|disp=table|5,478,000|7,400}}
| {{density|disp=table|6,976,171|21,690}}
|-id=Fukuoka
! scope=row | [[Fukuoka]]
| {{flagicon|JPN}} Japan
| {{right}} 5,551,000
| [[Cities designated by government ordinance of Japan|Designated city]]
| {{density|disp=table|1,588,924|343.39}}
| {{density|disp=table|2,286,000|505}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|-id=Barcelona
! scope=row | [[Barcelona]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} Spain
| {{right}} 5,494,000
| [[Municipalities of Catalonia|Municipality]]
| {{density|disp=table|1,620,343|101.4}} <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zax|first=Jeffrey|date=October 1985|title=Municipal Employment, Municipal Unions, and Demand for Municipal Services|location=Cambridge, MA|journal=Industrial Relations|volume=82|number=1|pages=21–31|doi=10.3386/w1728|s2cid=166619232|doi-access=free}}</ref>
| {{density|disp=table|4,800,000|1,072}}
| {{right}} 5,474,482 <ref name=eurostat2>[http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=met_pjanaggr3&lang=en Population on 1 January by broad age group, sex and metropolitan regions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822103143/http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=met_pjanaggr3&lang=en |date=22 August 2016 }} - [[Eurostat]], 2017</ref>
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|-id="Saint Petersburg"
! scope=row | [[Saint Petersburg]]
| {{flagicon|RUS}} Russia
| {{right}} 5,383,000
| [[Federal cities of Russia|Federal city]]
| {{right}} 5,601,911
| {{right}} 1,400
| {{right}} 4,001<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/russia/cities/|title=Russia: Federal Districts and Major Cities|website=www.citypopulation.de|access-date=2024-01-16}}</ref>
| {{density|disp=table|5,445,000|1,510}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|-id=Qingdao
! scope=row | [[Qingdao]]
| {{flagicon|CHN}} China
| {{right}} 5,381,000
| [[Prefecture-level city|City]] ([[Sub-provincial division#Sub-provincial municipalities|sub-provincial]])
| {{right}} 10,071,722
| {{right}} 11,229
| {{right}} 897<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/china/admin/sh%C4%81nd%C5%8Dng_sh%C4%95ng/3702__q%C4%ABngd%C4%83o_sh%C3%AC/|title=Qīngdăo shi - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location|website=www.citypopulation.de|access-date=10 January 2024}}</ref>
| {{density|disp=table|6,229,000|1,759}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|-id=Dalian
! scope=row | [[Dalian]]
| {{flagicon|CHN}} China
| {{right}} 5,300,000
| [[Prefecture-level city|City]] ([[Sub-provincial division#Sub-provincial municipalities|sub-provincial]])
| {{right}} 7,450,785
| {{right}} 13,742
| {{right}} 542<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/china/admin/li%C3%A1on%C3%ADng_sh%C4%95ng/2102__d%C3%A0li%C3%A1n_sh%C3%AC/|title=Dalian shi - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location|website=www.citypopulation.de|access-date=10 January 2024}}</ref>
| {{density|disp=table|4,135,000|1,044}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|-id="Washington, D.C."
! scope=row | [[Washington, D.C.]]
| {{flagicon|USA}} United States
| {{right}} 5,207,000
| [[Federal district]]
| {{density|disp=table|702,455|177}} <ref name=USA/>
| {{density|disp=table|7,631,000|5,501}} {{efn|Includes the city of [[Baltimore]].}}
| {{density|disp=table|10,237,545|17,009}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/usa/metro/47900__washington_arlington_/|title=Washington - Arlington - Alexandria (Metropolitan Statistical Area, Metropolitan Areas, USA) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location|website=www.citypopulation.de|access-date=4 March 2020|archive-date=29 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229182610/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/usa/metro/47900__washington_arlington_/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-id=Yangon
! scope=row | [[Yangon]]
| {{flagicon|MMR}} Myanmar
| {{right}} 5,157,000
| [[List of cities and largest towns in Myanmar|City]]
| {{right}} 4,728,524<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/myanmar/cities/|title=Myanmar - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location|website=www.citypopulation.de|access-date=2014-01-16}}</ref>
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{density|disp=table|6,874,000|666}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|-id=Jinan
! scope=row | [[Jinan]]
| {{flagicon|CHN}} China
| {{right}} 5,052,000
| [[Prefecture-level city|City]] ([[Sub-provincial division#Sub-provincial municipalities|sub-provincial]])
| {{density|disp=table|9,202,432|10,244}} <ref name=China /><ref name=auto/>
| {{density|disp=table|4,017,000|932}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|-id=Guadalajara
! scope=row | [[Guadalajara]]
| {{flagicon|MEX}} Mexico
| {{right}} 5,023,000
| [[Municipalities of Mexico|Municipality]]
| {{density|disp=table|1,385,621|151}} <ref name=mexicocensus2020 />
| {{density|disp=table|5,525,000|816}}
| {{density|disp=table|5,286,642|3,560}}
|}

==See also==
{{portal|Cities|Geography|Lists|World}}
* [[Historical urban community sizes]]
* [[List of largest cities throughout history]]
* [[List of cities with over one million inhabitants]]
* [[List of towns and cities with 100,000 or more inhabitants]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?d=POP&f=tableCode%3A240 UNSD Demographics Statistics – City population by sex, city and city type]
* [https://nordpil.com/resources/world-database-of-large-cities/ Nordpil World Database of Large Urban Areas, 1950–2050]

{{World's largest cities}}
{{Cities}}
{{Population}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Largest cities}}
[[Category:Cities-related lists of superlatives]]
[[Category:Largest things]]
[[Category:Lists of cities (worldwide) by population| ]]
[[Category:Urban geography]]

Tamil-Brahmi

2026-03-13T19:58:47Z

GreggNfb8421: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{Short description|Historical abugida script for Tamil}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Writing system
| name = Tamil
| type = [[Abugida]]
| languages = [[Old Tamil]]
| time = {{circa|3rd century BCE}}—{{circa|1st century CE}}
| fam1 = [[Egyptian hieroglyphs|Egyptian]]
| fam2 = [[Proto-Sinaitic]]
| fam3 = [[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]]
| fam4 = [[Aramaic alphabet|Aramaic]]
| fam5 = [[Brahmi script|Brahmi]]
| sisters = [[Bhattiprolu script|Bhattiprolu]], [[Gupta script|Gupta]], [[Tocharian script|Tocharian]]
| children = [[Vatteluttu]], [[Pallava script|Pallava]]<ref name="Zvelebil1992p123"/>
| iso15924 =
| sample = Mangulam inscription (south India).jpg
| imagesize = 250px
| caption = [[Mangulam]] Tamil-Brahmi inscription at Dakshin Chithra, Chennai. It was discovered by [[Robert Sewell (historian)|Robert Sewell]] in 1882, and deciphered by Subrahmanya Aiyer in 1924.<ref>{{Citation|last=Rajan|first=K|year=2008|title= Situating the Beginning of Early Historic Times in Tamil Nadu: Some Issues and Reflections |journal= Social Scientist |volume=36|issue=1/2|page=51}}</ref>
| footnotes = The theorised Semitic origins of the Brahmi script are not universally agreed upon.
}}
{{brahmic}}
'''Tamil-Brahmi''', also known as '''Tamili''' or '''Damili''',<ref>{{cite book|last=Jain|first=Sagarmal|title=Aspects of Jainology: Volume VI|year=1998|chapter=Jain Literature [From earliest time to c. 10th A.D.]}}</ref> was a variant of the [[Brahmi script]] in southern India. It was used to write inscriptions in [[Old Tamil]].<ref name=Salomon>Richard Salomon (1998) ''Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages'', Oxford University Press, pages 35–36 with footnote 103</ref> The Tamil-Brahmi script has been paleographically and stratigraphically dated between the third century BCE and the first century CE, and it constitutes the earliest known writing system evidenced in many parts of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Kerala]], [[Karnataka]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Sri Lanka]]. Tamil Brahmi inscriptions have been found on cave entrances, stone beds, [[Sherd|potsherds]], [[jar burials]], [[coin]]s,<ref>{{Citation|last=Rajan|first=K|year=2008|title= Situating the Beginning of Early Historic Times in Tamil Nadu: Some Issues and Reflections |journal= Social Scientist |volume=36|issue=1/2|page=52}}</ref> seals, and [[ring (jewellery)|rings]].<ref name=Salomon/><ref name=mahadevan/>{{sfn|Zvelebil|1974|pages=9 with footnote 12, 11–12}}

Tamil Brahmi resembles but differs in several minor ways from the Brahmi inscriptions found elsewhere on the Indian subcontinent such as the [[Edicts of Ashoka]] found in [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name=Salomon1>Richard Salomon (1998) ''Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages'', Oxford University Press, pages 31–36</ref> It adds diacritics to several letters for sounds not found in [[Prakrit]], producing ''ṉ ṟ ṛ ḷ''. Secondly, in many of the inscriptions the inherent vowel has been discarded: A consonant written without diacritics represents the consonant alone, whereas the Ashokan diacritic for long ''ā'' is used for both ''ā'' and short ''a'' in Tamil-Brahmi. This is unique to Tamil-Brahmi and [[Bhattiprolu script|Bhattiprolu]] among the early Indian scripts. Tamil-Brahmi does not, however, share the odd forms of letters such as ''gh'' in Bhattiprolu. This appears to be an adaptation to Dravidian phonotactics, where words commonly end in consonants, as opposed to Prakrit, where this never occurs. According to Mahadevan, in the earliest stages of the script the inherent vowel was either abandoned, as above, or the bare consonant was ambiguous as to whether it implied a short ''a'' or not. Later stages of Tamil Brahmi returned to the inherent vowel that was the norm in ancient India.<ref name=Salomon1/>

According to [[Kamil Zvelebil]], Tamil-Brahmi script was the parent script that ultimately evolved into the later [[Vatteluttu]] and [[Tamil script]]s.<ref name="Zvelebil1992p123"/>

==Origins==
[[File:Tamil brahmi.png|alt=Tamili/Tamil brahmi script spelling out Mother('Amma' in tamil) – here the letter 'ma' (third letter here) is shown to show how the letter 'maa'(fourth letter here) has been achieved('ma'+'a'). The word 'Amma' has only the first, second and the last letters – 'A' + 'm' + 'mā' – அ + ம்+ மா|thumb|Tamili/Tamil brahmi script spelling out Mother ('Amma' in tamil) – here the letter 'ma' (third letter here) is shown to show how the letter 'maa' (fourth letter here) has been achieved ('ma'+'a'). The word 'Amma' has only the first, second and the last letters – 'A' + 'm' + 'mā' – அ + ம்+ மா]]
[[File:2nd century BCE Tamil Brahmi inscription Arittapatti Madurai India.jpg|thumb|A 2nd-century BCE Tamil Brahmi inscription from Arittapatti, Madurai India. The southern state of [[Tamil Nadu]] has emerged as a major source of Brahmi inscriptions dated between the 3rd and 1st centuries BCE.<ref name=mahadevan>{{cite book|author=Iravatham Mahadevan|title=Early Tamil Epigraphy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DZBkAAAAMAAJ|year=2003|publisher=Harvard University Department of Sanskrit and Indian Studies|isbn=978-0-674-01227-1|pages=91–94}}; {{cite book|author=Iravatham Mahadevan|title=Tamil-Brahmi Inscriptions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MuMZAAAAIAAJ |year=1970|publisher=State Department of Archaeology, Government of Tamil Nadu|pages=1–12}}</ref><ref name=spuler1975>{{cite book|author=Bertold Spuler|title=Handbook of Oriental Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kx4uqyts2t4C&pg=PA44|year=1975|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=90-04-04190-7|page=44}}</ref>]]

===Early Tamil scripts===
An early mention of a script for writing the [[Tamil language]] is found in the [[Jainism|Jaina]] work ''[[Samavayanga Sutra|Samavayanga Sutta]]'' and ''[[Pannavana Sutta]]'' where a script called ''Damili'' is mentioned as the seventeenth of eighteen ''[[Lipi (script)|Lipi]]'' (scripts) in use in India.{{sfn|Salomon|1998|p=9 footnote 9}} Similarly, the tenth chapter of the ''Lalitavistara'', named ''Lipisala samdarshana parivarta'', lists Dravida-lipi and Dakshinya-lipi as two of sixty four scripts that Siddhartha (later the Gautam Buddha) learnt as a child from his [[guru]]s in Vedic schools, a list that is found in both Indian Buddhist texts and its ancient Chinese translations.{{sfn|Salomon|1998|pp=8–10 with footnotes}}<ref name=georgbuhler6>{{cite book|author=Georg Bühler|title=On the Origin of the Indian Brahma Alphabet|url=https://archive.org/details/onoriginofindian00bhuoft|year=1898|publisher=K.J. Trübner|pages=[https://archive.org/details/onoriginofindian00bhuoft/page/6 6], 14–15, 23, 29}}, '''Quote:''' "(...) a passage of the ''Lalitavistara'' which describes the first visit of prince Siddhartha, the future Buddha, to the writing school..." (page 6); "In the account of prince Siddhartha's first visit to the writing school, extracted by Professor Terrien de la Couperie from the Chinese translation of the Lalitavistara of 308 AD, there occurs besides the mention of the sixty-four alphabets, known also from the printed Sanskrit text, the utterance of the master Visvamitra,...."</ref> These relationship of early Tamil scripts to these ''lipi'' mentioned in Jaina and Buddhist literature relationship is unclear. The pre-1974 work of Mahadevan had established 76 rock inscriptions in Tamil Brahmi from about 21 sites in Tamil Nadu, which states Kamil Zvelebil "establish obvious correlations" with what has been found in early Tamil bardic poems.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1974|p=9 with footnote 12}} Nagaswamy treats Tamil-Brahmi script to be synonymous with the Damili script in his publications.<ref name="Zvelebil1992p123">{{cite book|author=Kamil Zvelebil|title=Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qAPtq49DZfoC |year=1992|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-09365-6|pages=123–124}}</ref>

Artifacts such as inscribed [[potsherd]]s, coins or others are found in Tamil Nadu archaeological sites have [[Megalithic graffiti symbols|graffiti and inscriptions]].<ref name="Rajan"/> The potsherds recovered from [[Kodumanal]], for example, have markings that on the basis of stratigraphical analysis appear to be from the 4th century BCE.<ref name="Rajan"/> According to K. Rajan, the "large number of graffiti marks and subsequent Tamil Brahmi script" unearthed in Tamil Nadu and Kerala suggest that this region had a "linguistic cohesiveness well before 5th–4th century BCE".<ref name="Rajan">{{Citation|last=Rajan|first=K|year=2008|title= Situating the Beginning of Early Historic Times in Tamil Nadu: Some Issues and Reflections |journal= Social Scientist |volume=36|issue=1/2|pages=40–42}}</ref> According to Falk these supposed inscriptions are not Brahmi letters, but misinterpreted non-linguistic [[Megalithic graffiti symbols]], which were used in South India during the pre-literate era.<ref>Falk, H. (2014), p.46, with footnote 2</ref>

[[File:Stone bed with inscription in sittanavasal.JPG|thumbnail|right|Stone bed with inscription in [[Sittanavasal]], Tamil Brahmi Inscriptions]]

===Research on the origin of Tamil-Brahmi===

===Before the 1990s===
The origins and chronology of Tamil Brahmi are unclear. Several hypotheses have been proposed, with the views of epigraphist [[Iravatham Mahadevan]] being generally accepted.<ref name=S37/> According to Mahadevan, the Brahmi script from [[North India]] arrived via the southern inscriptions of Ashoka, and evolved into the Tamil Brahmi.<ref name=Z294/> This theory presupposes that the Brahmi script itself was either originated within the imperial courts of Mauryan kingdom or evolved from a more ancient foreign script and it was dispersed to [[South India]] and Sri Lanka after the 3rd century BCE. The alternate theory proposed by Nagaswamy is that there was an indigenous common source (proto-Vatteluttu) script from which both northern and southern Brahmi script emerged, which he respectively terms as ''Brahmi'' and ''Damili'' scripts.<ref name=Z294>{{harvnb|Zvelebil|2002|pp=94–95}}</ref> Richard Salomon favors the Mahadevan theory.<ref name=S37>{{Harvnb|Salomon|1998|page=37}}</ref>

According to Kamil Zvelebil's chronology proposal of 1973, the earliest Tamil Brahmi inscriptions such as the Netunceliyan rock inscriptions at the Mangulam site were derived from Ashokan Brahmi that was introduced to the Tamil region around 250 BCE.<ref name="Zvelebil1973p42"/> It was adapted for the Tamil language by 220 BCE and led to the standardization of the Tamil language and literary norms of Maturai between 200 and 50 BCE.<ref name="Zvelebil1973p42"/> These developments transformed the oral bardic Tamil literary culture to the written Sangam literature in the centuries that followed. The use of Tamil Brahmi continued through the 6th century CE, states Zvelebil.<ref name="Zvelebil1973p42">{{cite book|author=Kamil Zvelebil|title=The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=degUAAAAIAAJ |year=1973|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=90-04-03591-5|pages=42–43}}</ref>

[[File:Jambai Tamil Brahmi.jpg|thumb|left|Jambai Tamil Brahmi inscription]]

=== Conflicting theories about origin since 1990s===
Since the 1990s, pre-Ashokan dates have been proposed based on excavations and discoveries of graphite covered ancient remains in Sri Lanka.{{sfn|Salomon|1998|pp=12–14}} These include those found in [[Anuradhapura]] in Sri Lanka, some of which have been dated to the 4th century BCE.<ref name="Anura">{{cite web|url=http://www.dur.ac.uk/arch.projects/anuradhapura/english/phase1.html|title=Anuradhapura (Sri Lanka) Project, Phase I: ASW2|last=Coningham|first=Robin|author2=Prishanta Gunawardhana|author3=Gamini Adikari|author4=Ian Simpson|publisher=Arts and Humanities Research Council|access-date=7 October 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307200225/http://www.dur.ac.uk/arch.projects/anuradhapura/english/phase1.html|archive-date=7 March 2013}}</ref><ref name=Allchin>{{Citation|last1=Coningham|first1=R.A.E|last2=Allchin|first2=F.R.|last3=Batt|first3=C.M.|title=Passage to India? Anuradhapura and the early use of Brahmi Script|journal=Cambridge Archaeological Journal|volume=6|pages=73–97|doi=10.1017/s0959774300001608|year=1996|s2cid=161465267}}</ref> The findings of Coningham et al based on the carbon dating of excavated potsherds led to the proposal that the Sri Lankan Brahmi developed before Ashokan era, at least by the 5th to 4th century BCE, from where it came to Tamil region evolving into the Tamil Brahmi, and thereafter spread across South Asia due to trade networks.<ref name=falk45/> Sri Lankan nationalists have used this and other fragments of Black-and-Red Ware and Red Ware with Brahmi characters to state that Brahmi was invented on the island and from there it migrated north into the Indian subcontinent.<ref name=falk45/> This theory has been criticized by Harry Falk – a scholar of Brahmi and other ancient Indian scripts. First, states Falk, the Coningham team has admitted later that they did not use the carbon dating correction necessary for the Southern hemisphere and used the calibration curves for north Pakistan.<ref name=falk45/> Second, the Sri Lankan teams also erred when they deployed a "mathematical trick" whereby they conflated the contested date of lower strata that lacked inscribed shreds with the upper strata where the shreds with Brahmi script were found.<ref name=falk45/> According to Falk, a critical study of the feature differences between Ceylonese (Sri Lankan) Brahmi, Tamil Brahmi and Ashokan Brahmi suggest that "all the differences can only be explained once the Ashokan script is taken as primary and the two others as derivations". It is not scholarship that is behind the claims that Ceylonese Brahmi is more ancient and gave rise to Tamil Brahmi and Ashokan Brahmi, rather it is "regional chauvinism", states Falk.<ref name=falk45>{{cite journal|title= Owners' graffiti on pottery from Tissamaharama| journal= Zeitschrift für Archäologie Außereuropäischer Kulturen| volume= 6| year= 2014| pages=45–47, context: 45–94|publisher= Reichert Verlag}}</ref>

The graffiti and Brahmi found at sites in Sri Lanka are related, but not considered to be examples of Tamil-Brahmi.<ref name="Anura"/><ref>{{Citation|last=Tripathi|first=Sila|year=2011|title=Ancient maritime trade on the eastern Indian littoral|journal=Current Science|volume=100|issue=7|page=1084}}</ref>

Archaeological teams sponsored by the government of Tamil Nadu have also been actively unearthing sites and reporting their results in local media that they have found shreds and items with Tamil Brahmi inscriptions.<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/palani-excavation-triggers-fresh-debate/article2408091.ece Palani excavation triggers fresh debate], T.S. Subramanian, The Hindu (29 August 2011)</ref> Between 2011 and 2013, for example, Rajan and Yatheeskumar published their findings from excavations at Porunthal and [[Kodumanal]] in Tamil Nadu, where numerous graffiti and inscription fragments on archaeological pieces have been unearthed. The radiocarbon dates of paddy grains and charcoal samples found along with potsherds with inscriptions provided a radiometric date of about 520–490 BCE, which state Rajan and Yatheeskumar implies that the inscriptions too are from the same period.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rajan|first1=K.|last2=Yatheeskumar|first2=V.P.|title=New evidences on scientific dates for Brāhmī Script as revealed from Porunthal and Kodumanal Excavations|journal=Pragdhara|date=2013|volume=21–22|pages=280–295|url=http://georgehart.net/resources/k-rajan.pmd.pdf|access-date=12 January 2016|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151013210707/http://georgehart.net/resources/k-rajan.pmd.pdf|archive-date=13 October 2015}}</ref> Based on Carbon-14 dating by an American
laboratory, Rajan suggests Tamil Brahmi had been invented by 490 BCE, and states, "it is almost clear now that Ashoka did not {{sic|developed (sic)|hide=y|reason=as quoted}} the Brahmi script. The origin or evolution of a script is a social process and it could not be associated with a particular individual or dynasty."<ref name=falk46/> According to Harry Falk, Rajan's claims are "particularly ill-informed". Some of the earliest supposed inscriptions are not Brahmi letters at all, but merely misinterpreted [[Megalithic graffiti symbols]], which were used in South India for several centuries during the pre-literate era. The stirrups reportedly found with the shreds are suspicious. Falk considers these reports as "regional chauvinism" just like the Sri Lankan claims of their island being the origin of a Brahmi script from which the Tamil-Brahmi developed.<ref name=falk46>{{cite journal|title= Owners' graffiti on pottery from Tissamaharama| journal= Zeitschrift für Archäologie Außereuropäischer Kulturen| volume= 6| year= 2014| pages=46 footnote 2, context: 45–94|publisher= Reichert Verlag|url=https://www.academia.edu/11754083}}</ref> Linguist [[David Shulman]] concurs that there are reasons to be skeptical of pre-Ashokan dates for Tamil-Brahmi, but recommends that one should keep an open mind.<ref name=Shulman21>Shulman, D. ''Tamil: A biography'', pp. 20–22</ref>

==The script==
[[File:Nehanurpatti Tamil Brahmi inscription.JPG|thumbnail|left|Nehanurpatti Tamil Brahmi inscription]]

Tamil-Brahmi had notable peculiarities when compared to the Standard Brahmi.<ref name=S35>{{Harvnb|Salomon|1998|page=35}}</ref> It had four different characters to represent Dravidian language phonemes not represented in the standard northern-based Brahmi used to write [[Prakrit languages]]. The closest resemblance to Tamil-Brahmi is to its neighboring Sinhala-Brahmi. Both seem to use similar letters to indicate phonemes that are unique to [[Dravidian languages]] although Sinhala-Brahmi was used to write an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] [[Prakrit]] used in the island of Sri Lanka possibly from ongoing maritime relationship with [[Gujarat]] and other parts of India.<ref>{{Citation|last=Rajan|first=K|year=2008|title= Situating the Beginning of Early Historic Times in Tamil Nadu: Some Issues and Reflections |journal= Social Scientist |volume=36|issue=1/2|pages=40–43, 49–52}}</ref>

The Tamil Brahmi script found in ancient Tamil inscriptions is not consistent. It appears to have existed in three different versions between the 2nd century BCE and 3rd century CE.<ref name="Steever2015p78">{{cite book|author=Sanford B. Steever|title=The Dravidian Languages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n2DxBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA75|year=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-91164-4|page=78}}</ref> The third version, assumed to be the basis for early ''[[Tolkāppiyam]]'', evolved into the modern Tamil script.<ref name="Steever2015p78"/>

The Bhattiprolu script is related to the Tamil-Brahmi, and is found in nine early inscriptions on stupa relic caskets discovered at [[Bhattiprolu]] ([[Andhra Pradesh]]).<ref name=S35/> According to Richard Salomon, the Bhattiprolu script reflects innovations in a Dravidian language context, rather than Indo-Aryan languages. Both the Bhattiprolu and Tamil Brahmi share common modifications to represent Dravidian languages. The Bhattiprolu was likely a provincial offshoot of early southern Brahmi script, states Salomon.<ref name=S36>{{Harvnb|Salomon|1998|page=36}}</ref>

According to Iravatham Mahathevan there are three stages in the development of the script. The early stage is dated from the 3rd or 2nd century BCE to 1st century BCE. The later stage is dated from the 1st to 2nd century CE. The third stage is dated from the 2nd century CE to the 3rd or 4th century CE.<ref name="Jaina"/> According to Gift Siromony, the types of Tamil Brahmi writings do not follow a very clear chronology and can lead to confusion in dating.<ref name=Gift>{{cite journal|last=Siromony|first=Gift|date=January 1982|title=The origin of the Tamil script|journal=Tamil Studies|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Historical Studies|volume=8|issue=23|url=http://www.cmi.ac.in/gift/Epigraphy/epig_tamilorigin.htm}}</ref> According to K. Rajan, the Ashokan Brahmi corresponds with the Stage II of Tamil Brahmi per Mahadevan’s classification. Hence according to him, Stage I may have to be reassessed from the proposed time line.<ref name="Rajan"/> From the 5th century CE onwards Tamil is written in [[Vatteluttu alphabet|Vatteluttu]] in the [[Chera dynasty|Chera]] and [[Pandya]] country and [[Grantha alphabet|Grantha]] or [[Tamil script]] in the [[Chola]] and [[Pallava]] country. Tamil Brahmi inscriptions in cave beds and coins have provided historians with identifying some kings and [[Athiyamān Nedumān Añci|chiefs mentioned in the Sangam]] Tamil corpus as well as related [[Ashokan pillar]] inscriptions.<ref name=Z44>{{Harvnb|Zvelebil|1974|page=44}}</ref>

==Usage==
[[File:Mamandur rock cut caves 6.JPG|thumbnail|left|Mamandur rock cut caves Tamil Brahmi]]
The Tamil Brahmi script inscriptions are predominantly found with ancient Tamil Jaina and Buddhist sites, states Zvelebil.<ref name=Z294/> According to Ranjan, all the Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions found in rock caves of Tamil Nadu are related to [[Jainism]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Rajan|first=K|year=2008|title= Situating the Beginning of Early Historic Times in Tamil Nadu: Some Issues and Reflections |journal= Social Scientist |volume=36|issue=1/2|page=49}}</ref> The Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions are also found in secular context such as coins, potsherds and others.<ref>{{Citation|last=Rajan|first=K|year=2008|title= Situating the Beginning of Early Historic Times in Tamil Nadu: Some Issues and Reflections |journal= Social Scientist |volume=36|issue=1/2|pages=49–52}}</ref> According to Zvelebil, its origins likely were with the Jains and the Buddhists, but it was soon understood and used by kings, chiefs, [[Pottery|potters]] and other common people from a variety of backgrounds. This is evidenced by the use of a fused Tamil and Prakrit languages in the secular inscriptions.<ref name=Z94-95>{{Harvnb|Zvelebil|2002|pages=94–95}}</ref>

[[File:Inscriptions Brahmi cave.JPG|thumbnail|right|Cave inscriptions in Tamil Brahmi]]
According to Rajan, certain graffiti marks may imply that the script was used for [[funerary]] and other purposes.<ref name="Rajan"/> The language used in most of the religious inscriptions show [[Prakrit]] elements and influence.<ref name=Z47>{{Harvnb|Zvelebil|1974|page=47}}</ref><ref name=Z95>{{Harvnb|Zvelebil|2002|page=95}}</ref> Cave and rock bed Tamil Brahmi inscriptions, as well as those found near [[Madurai]], are typically donatory and dedicated resting places and resources for monks. Other major usages of Tamil Brahmi inscriptions are similar to those found in Andhra Pradesh, such as in coins and those that mention merchants and traders of gold, sugar, iron, salt and textiles.<ref>{{cite book|author=Julian Reade|title=Indian Ocean In Antiquity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PtzWAQAAQBAJ|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-15531-4|pages=355–359}}</ref> Some Tamil Brahmi inscriptions mention the names of ancient kings, heroes, and places. This has served as an important and a more reliable means to date Tamil literature and history from about the 3rd century BCE and thereafter.{{sfn|Zvelebil|2002|pp=124–126 with footnotes}}

A significant archaeological source of Tamil Brahmi inscriptions has been the region between Palghat gap and Coimbatore along the [[Kaveri river]] and to its delta.{{sfn|Olivelle|2006|pp=118–119}} The excavations here revealed nearly two hundred inscribed potsherds along with items relating to iron-smelting and jewelry manufacturing. These inscribed potsherds contain a mix of ancient Indian languages – mostly in early Tamil in Tamil Brahmi, and some in Prakrit languages in Brahmi.{{sfn|Olivelle|2006|pp=118–119}} These are dated to about 300 to 200 BCE by archaeo-magnetic analysis.{{sfn|Olivelle|2006|pp=118–119}} They suggest an economic vibrancy, trade and cultural exchange between ancient Tamil region and other parts of India. A similar mix of Tamil Brahmi and Brahmi script is found in shards, potsherds and rock inscriptions all along the coast of the Bay of Bengal, from [[Salihundam]] in northeast Andhra Pradesh to ancient near-coast settlements of Tamil Nadu such as those near Vaddamanu, Amaravati, Arikamedu, Kanchipuram, Vallam, Alagankulam and Korkai.{{sfn|Olivelle|2006|pp=118–121 with footnote 15}}

Discoveries at Kodumanal near Coimbatore have unearthed potsherds with Tamil Brahmi inscriptions dated 300 to 200 BCE. These include names mostly in Tamil language (Kannan Atan, Pannan), as well as some in Sanskrit (Varuni, Visaki).{{sfn|Olivelle|2006|pp=123}} According to Mahadevan, this admixture of a few loan words of north Indian languages written in northern Brahmi with those in Tamil Brahmi is neither abnormal nor exception in the epigraphical evidence discovered in Tamil Nadu. This trend continued in centuries that followed where Tamils inscribed Sanskrit words in the [[Grantha script]].<ref>{{cite journal | last=Mahadevan | first=Iravatham | title=From Orality to Literacy: The Case of the Tamil Society | journal=Studies in History | publisher=SAGE Publications | volume=11 | issue=2 | year=1995 | doi=10.1177/025764309501100201 | pages=173–188| s2cid=162289944 }}</ref> According to Vimala Begley, the recent sherds graffiti discoveries in archaeological sites along the coast of Tamil Nadu such as Arikamedu are a mix of Tamil Brahmi, northern Brahmi and Ceylon-Brahmi scripts, and they inscribe both Tamil and Prakrit languages of India. This likely suggests that ancient Tamil Nadu served as one of the important trade staging regions for the Indian subcontinent and beyond.<ref>{{cite journal|author = Vimala Begley| title= New investigations at the port of Arikamedu| journal=Journal of Roman Archaeology| publisher= Cambridge University Press| year=1993| volume=6| pages=93–108| doi=10.1017/S104775940001148X| s2cid= 162998667}}</ref>

== Decipherment ==
[[A. C. Burnell]] (1874), attempted the earliest work on South Indian paleography, but it was due to the efforts of [[K. V. Subrahmanya Aiyar]] (1924), [[H. Krishna Sastri]] and [[K. K. Pillay]] that it was understood to be written in an early form of Tamil, not Prakrit.<ref name=Z44/> The early attempts assumed more Prakrit loan words than what was actually used, hence the decipherment was not entirely successful. [[Iravatham Mahadevan]] identified the writings as mostly consisting of Tamil words in the late 1960s and published them in seminars and proceedings.<ref name="Z44"/> This was further expanded by [[T. V. Mahalingam]] (1967), [[R. Nagaswamy]] (1972), R. Panneerselvam (1972) and M. S. Venkataswamy (1981).<ref name="Jaina">{{cite web|url=http://jainsamaj.org/rpg_site/literature2.php?id=595&cat=42|title=Recent discoveries of Jaina cave inscriptions in Tamilnadu|last=Mahadevan|first=Iravatham|year=1994|publisher=Rishabh Dev Foundation|access-date=14 October 2011}}</ref>

==Significant Tamil Brahmi findings==
{{main article|Tamil inscriptions}}

===South Asia===
*Potsherds with Tamil Brahmi inscriptions found in [[Poonakari|Poonagari]], [[Jaffna]], 2nd century BCE.<ref name=IM48>{{Harvnb|Mahadevan|2003|page=48}}</ref>
*[[Black and red ware]] potsherd in Ucchapanai, [[Kandarodai]], Jaffna, 300 BCE<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2010/08/people-and-cultures-of-prehistoric-sri_21.html|title=The people and cultures of prehistoric Sri Lanka – Part Three|last=Thiagarajah|first=Siva|year=2010|publisher=The Sri Lanka Guardian|access-date=14 October 2011}}</ref>
*Locally produced coins with Tamil Brahmi legends were found in the southern town of [[Tissamaharama]].<ref name="Bopearachchi">{{cite book |last=Bopearachchi |first = Osmund |title=Tamil traders in Sri Lanka and Sinhala traders in Tamil Nadu |date=2008 }} p. 18-21</ref>
* a pot rim at Pattanam, central [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1535109.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=T. S. | last=Subramanian | title=Tamil-Brahmi script found at Pattanam in Kerala | date=14 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/more-studies-needed-at-pattanam/article4743789.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=More studies needed at Pattanam | date=24 May 2013}}</ref>
*Edakal cave, Ambukuthi hill, Kerala.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/arts/history-and-culture/article2872568.ece Edakal cave yields one more Tamil-Brahmi inscription]. The Hindu (2012-02-09). Retrieved on 2013-07-28.</ref>
*Kodumanal, Chennimalai near [[Erode]]<ref name="at Kodumanal near Chennimalai">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/kodumanal-reveals-more-hidden-gems/article4731632.ece | title=Tamil Brahmi script dating to 500 BC found near Erode at Kodumanal near Chennimalai. | newspaper=The newindianexpress | location=Chennai, India | first=T.S. | last=Subramanian | date=20 May 2013}}</ref>
*Porunthal site is located 12 km South West of [[Palani]]<ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite news|title=Porunthal excavations prove existence of Indian scripts in 5th century BC: expert|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/porunthal-excavations-prove-existence-of-indian-scripts-in-5th-century-bc-expert/article2538550.ece|newspaper=THE HINDU | location=Chennai, India|first=Kavita|last=Kishore|date=15 October 2011}}</ref>
*[[Tirupparankundram]] hill, [[Madurai]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Tamil-Brahmi script discovered on Tirupparankundram hill|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/tamilbrahmi-script-discovered-on-tirupparankundram-hill/article4412125.ece|newspaper=THEHINDU | location=Chennai, India|first=T. S.|last=Subramanian|date=14 February 2013}}</ref>
*Fifth ‘hero’ stone found with Tamil Brahmi inscriptions at Porpanakkottai<ref>{{cite news|title=Fifth 'hero' stone with Tamil Brahmi inscriptions found|url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article579686.ece|newspaper=Newindianexpress|archive-date=7 April 2014|access-date=25 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407151517/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article579686.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*Thenur, Madurai. Script is written on a gold bar, 300 BCE.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/Thenur-gold-treasure-found-four-years-ago-is-2300-years-old-recent-study-reveals/articleshow/23754735.cms Thenur gold treasure found four years ago is 2300 years' old, recent study reveals]</ref>
* a laterite in Karadukka in [[Kasaragod district]], [[Kerala]].<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/newly-discovered-brahmi-inscription-deciphered/article5779033.ece Newly Discovered Brahmi Inscription Deciphered], The Hindu</ref>

===Middle East===
*Tamil-Brahmi script dating to 50 CE found at Oman country. Experts explains that the script "nantai kiran" has two components: an honorific suffix for elderly names and a personal name, with over 20 Tamil Sangam age poets including "kiran" in their names.<ref>{{cite news |title=Potsherd with Tamil-Brahmi script found in Oman |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/potsherd-with-tamilbrahmi-script-found-in-oman/article4038866.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=17 November 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
*Fragments with inscriptions in Tamil Brahmi script have been found – along with other records in Indic languages and scripts – in Quseir-al-Qadim, (Leukos Limen) [[Egypt]], all dated to about the 1st or 2nd century CE.<ref>{{cite book|author=John Guy|editor=Angela Schottenhammer|title=The Emporium of the World: Maritime Quanzhou, 1000–1400|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GEhGM6fZeaAC |year=2001|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-11773-3|pages=283 with footnote 2}}</ref> These evidence a trade relationship between Indian traders and Egyptian counterparts.<ref>Richard Salomon (1998) ''Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages'', Oxford University Press, page 160</ref> Two earlier Tamil Brahmi inscription discoveries at the same site, 1st century CE. The inscribed text is {{Script/Brahmi|𑀧𑀸𑀦𑁃 𑀑𑀶𑀺}} ''paanai oRi'' "pot suspended in a rope net".<ref name=L8/>
*An inscribed amphora fragment in Tamil Brahmi at [[Berenice Troglodytica]], Red Sea (Egypt), dated between 1st century BCE and 1st century CE.<ref name=L8>{{Harvnb|Lakshimikanth|2008|page=8}}</ref>

===Southeast and East Asia===
* Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions in the Tamil language, along with Sanskrit in northern Brahmi script, have been found in archaeological sites of southeast Asian countries such as Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia and Indonesia. For example, a Goldsmith's touchstone found in Wat Klong Thom ([[Krabi]], Thailand) is among the earliest known Tamil inscription in Tamil Brahmi. It is from the 3rd century CE. This evidence along with other inscriptions found in this region suggests that Tamil goldsmiths were likely settled and working in this region of the southeast Asia in the early centuries of the common era.<ref name="GuyBaptiste2014">{{cite book |author=John Guy |title=Introducing Early Southeast Asia |work=Lost Kingdoms: Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Early Southeast Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gCw_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA11|year=2014|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-20437-7|pages=11–12}}</ref><ref name="ManguinMani2011">{{cite book|author1=Pierre-Yves Manguin|author2=A. Mani|author3=Geoff Wade|title=Early Interactions Between South and Southeast Asia: Reflections on Cross-cultural Exchange|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FuCYBgAAQBAJ |year=2011|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=978-981-4311-16-8|pages=248–249}}</ref>
*Pottery and other items with Tamil Brahmi inscriptions have been discovered in the Philippines, for example [[Baybayin]], and in Phu Khao Thong, [[Thailand]] and [[Khuan Luk Pat]]. They are dated to about the 2nd century CE-14th century CE. They are damaged and incomplete but likely refer to some monk (Tamil: ''turavon''). These suggest a trading, religious and cultural exchange between the Tamil region and southeast Asia.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Pierre-Yves Manguin|author2=A. Mani|author3=Geoff Wade|title=Early Interactions Between South and Southeast Asia: Reflections on Cross-cultural Exchange|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FuCYBgAAQBAJ |year=2011|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=978-981-4311-16-8|pages=89–94 with figures 4.10 to 4.19}}</ref> The Tamil Brahmi inscriptions and items unearthed since the 1980s in this region suggest that the cultural and economic exchange included mixed themes with shades of [[Buddhism]] and [[Hinduism]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Pierre-Yves Manguin|author2=A. Mani|author3=Geoff Wade|title=Early Interactions Between South and Southeast Asia: Reflections on Cross-cultural Exchange|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FuCYBgAAQBAJ |year=2011|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=978-981-4311-16-8|pages=95–98}}</ref>
*The Tamil Brahmi and the northern (Ashokan) Brahmi inscriptions found in Siamo-Malay peninsula and Vietnam are the earliest known evidence of writing in southeast Asia.<ref>{{cite book|author1-link=John N. Miksic|author1=John Norman Miksic|author2=Goh Geok Yian|title=Ancient Southeast Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zjklDwAAQBAJ|year=2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-27904-4|pages=177–178}}</ref><ref name="Miksic2013p49">{{cite book|author=John N. Miksic|title=Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bMt3BgAAQBAJ |year=2013|publisher=National University of Singapore Press|isbn=978-9971-69-574-3|pages=49–50}}</ref>

==See also==
{{columnslist|colwidth=30em|
* [[Tamil inscriptions]]
* [[Early Indian epigraphy]]
* [[Anaikoddai seal]]
* [[Vatteluttu]]
* [[Tolkāppiyam]]
* [[Tamil loanwords in Biblical Hebrew]]
* [[Tamil loanwords in other languages]]
* [[Tamil keyboard]]
}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==Cited literature==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite book | title=Archaeological Excavations at Porunthal 2009 | publisher=Central Institute of Classical Tamil, Archaeological Survey of India | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1DjfSAAACAAJ&q=Excavation+at+Porunthal|author=Karai Rajan | year=2009 | location=Pondicherry University}}
*{{cite book | title=The Oxford Companion to Indian Archaeology: The Archaeological Foundations of Ancient India, Stone Age to AD 13th Century | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KHhQmtwJfpAC&q=An+Oxford+Companion+to+Indian+Archaeology| publisher=Oxford University Press | author=Dilip K. Chakrabarti | year=2006 | location=Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge|isbn = 9780195673425}}
*{{cite book | title=India: An Archaeological History : Palaeolithic Beginnings to Early Historic Foundations | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=mtGyPwAACAAJ|publisher=Oxford University Press | author=Dilp K Chakrabarti | year=2009 | location=University of Cambridge|isbn = 9780198064121}}
*{{Citation|last=Lakshimikanth|first=L|title=Current affairs reckoner |publisher=Tata McGraw Hill|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5lEDLKaYW7gC&pg=SL1-PA8 |year=2008|isbn=978-0070221666}}
*{{Citation|editor=Leelananda Prematilleka |editor2=Kārttikēcu Intirapālā |editor3=J.E.Van Huizen-De Leeuw|title=Senarat Paranavita Commemoration Volume|year=1978|publisher=E.J. Brill|isbn=9004054553}}
*{{Citation|last=Olivelle|first=Patrick|title=Between the empires:Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE|publisher=Oxford University Press |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=efaOR_-YsIcC|year= 2006|isbn=0195305329|oclc=230182897 }}
*{{Citation | last=Mahadevan | first=Iravatham | author-link=Iravatham Mahadevan | title=Early Tamil Epigraphy: From the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century A.D. | series=[[Harvard Oriental Series]] vol. 62 | publisher=Department of Sanskrit and Indian Studies, Harvard University | place=Cambridge, Mass | year=2003 | isbn=0-674-01227-5}}
*{{Citation|last=Nagaswamy|first=N|title=Roman Karur|publisher=Brahad Prakashan|url=http://www.tamilartsacademy.com/books/roman%20karur/chapter04.html|year=1995|oclc=191007985|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720024602/http://www.tamilartsacademy.com/books/roman%20karur/chapter04.html|archive-date=2011-07-20}}
*{{Citation|last=Salomon|first=Richard|title=Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages |publisher=Oxford University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC&q=tamil+brahmi+script&pg=PA36|year= 1998|isbn=0195099842|oclc=473618522 }}
*{{Citation|last=Singh|first=Upinder|title=A history of ancient and early medieval India : from the Stone Age to the 12th century
|publisher=Pearson Education|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&q=tamil+brahmi+script&pg=PA43|year= 2008|isbn=9788131711200|oclc=213223784 }}
*{{Citation |last=Shulman |first=David |title=Tamil: A biography |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2016 | isbn=978-0-674-05992-4}}
*{{Citation|last=Yandell|first=Keith|title=Religion and Public Culture: Encounters and Identities in Modern South India |publisher=Routledge Curzon|year=2000|isbn=0700711015}}
*{{Citation|last=Zvelebil|first=Kamil|title=Tamil Literature |publisher=E.J. Brill Press|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Kx4uqyts2t4C|year= 1974|isbn=9004041907|oclc=1734772 }}
*{{Citation|last=Zvelebil|first=Kamil|title=Companion studies to the history of Tamil literature|publisher=E.J. Brill Press|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=qAPtq49DZfoC|year= 2002|isbn=9004093656|oclc=230182897 }}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Tamil Brahmi script}}
*[http://www.tnarch.gov.in/epi/ins1.htm Tamil Nadu government Tamil-Brahmi page]
*[http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/article482654.ece An epigraphic perspective on the antiquity of Tamil]
{{Tamil language}}
{{list of writing systems}}

[[Category:Tamil Brahmi script| ]]
[[Category:3rd-century BC establishments in India]]
[[Category:Tamil language]]
[[Category:Tamil inscriptions]]
[[Category:Ancient Tamil Nadu]]

Indians in Bangladesh

2026-03-10T17:44:40Z

GreggNfb8421: expanded content

{{Short description | People of Indian origin settled in Bangladesh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}

'''Indians in Bangladesh''' are citizens of [[India]] who reside in [[Bangladesh]] either legally or illegally. The presence and number of Indian nationals in Bangladesh has been a subject of discussion and, at times, controversy.

Cross-border movement from India to Bangladesh is constrained by restrictions on entry and employment. Government agencies on both sides track flows of registered migrants but lack reliable estimates of unauthorized migration. It is difficult to accurately quantify [[irregular migration]] because it is clandestine.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Srivastava |first1=Ravi |last2=Pandey |first2=Arvind Kumar |title=Internal and International Migration in South Asia: Drivers, Interlinkage and Policy Issues |year=2017 |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-89218-60-7 |pages=21, 45 |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000249459}}</ref> Both countries acknowledge the need for reliable and comparable national migration data, but as of 2025, collection and publication remain a work in progress.<ref>{{cite web |title=Migration data in Southern Asia |url=https://www.migrationdataportal.org/regional-data-overview/southern-asia |website=Migration data portal |publisher=[[International Organization for Migration]] |access-date=24 May 2025 |date=31 January 2025}}</ref>

==Population==
The Indian government estimates there are 19,000 Indians living in Bangladesh, and 9,000 of them are students.<ref>{{Cite news |title="19,000 Indians In Bangladesh, Of Which 9,000 Are Students": S Jaishankar |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/19-000-indians-in-bangladesh-of-which-9-000-are-students-s-jaishankar-to-lok-sabha-on-bangladesh-unrest-6275966 |access-date=2025-05-16 |work=NDTV |language=en}}</ref> However, in 2009, a column published in ''[[The Financial Express (Bangladesh)|The Financial Express]]'', made an unsubstantiated claim that between 500,000 and 1,000,000 Indians are staying illegally in Bangladesh.<ref name="FE">{{cite news |year=2009 |title=Bangladesh-India economic relations |work=[[Financial Express (Bangladesh)|The Financial Express]] |url=http://www.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/2009/07/26/74259.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815032813/http://www.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/2009/07/26/74259.html |archive-date=15 August 2009}}</ref><ref name="scroll.in">{{Cite news |last=Sadeque |first=Syeda Samira |date=2014-05-16 |title=Dhaka has a question: what about the illegal Indian immigrants in Bangladesh? |url=https://scroll.in/article/664305/dhaka-has-a-question-what-about-the-illegal-indian-immigrants-in-bangladesh |access-date=20 April 2017 |work=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> The article claims that they were found working in different industries such as NGOs, garments, textiles, and information technology, and sent money home through [[hundi]] transfer systems.<ref name="FE" />

== Remittance ==
According to a Financial Express report citing Finance Minister Abul Hasan Mahmud Ali's statement in Parliament, foreigners transferred $130.6 million out of Bangladesh during the first 10 months of FY24. Of this amount, Indian nationals alone remitted over $50 million making India the largest destination for Bangladesh's outward remittance. <ref>{{cite news |title=Foreigners take $130.6m out of Bangladesh in 10 months of FY24 |url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/economy/bangladesh/foreigners-take-1306m-out-of-bangladesh-in-10-months |work=The Financial Express |location=Dhaka |date=21 August 2025}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Bangladesh–India relations]]
* [[Indian diaspora]]
* [[Immigration to Bangladesh]]
* [[Bangladeshis in India]]
==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian diaspora}}
{{Immigration to Bangladesh}}
{{Portal bar|India|Bangladesh}}
[[Category:Indian diaspora by country|Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi people of Indian descent| ]]

Alpa Shah

2026-03-08T16:40:11Z

GreggNfb8421: Creating New Post

{{Short description|British anthropologist (born 1976)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Alpa Shah
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1976}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
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| other_names =
| occupation = [[Anthropologist]]
| years_active =
| education = [[Newnham College, Cambridge]] (BA Honours in Geography)
| known_for =
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}}

'''Alpa Shah''' (born 1976) is a British social anthropologist and writer specialising in South Asia. She is Professor of Social Anthropology at the [[University of Oxford]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Professor Alpa Shah |url=https://www.anthro.ox.ac.uk/people/professor-alpa-shah |website=School of Anthropology & Museum Ethnography |access-date=18 Nov 2024}}</ref> and author of the award-winning ''Nightmarch: Among India’s Revolutionary Guerrillas,''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/sep/12/nightmarch-alpa-shah-india-maoist-guerrillas-revolutionary-movement|title=Nightmarch by Alpa Shah – among India's Maoist guerrillas|date=September 12, 2018|website=the Guardian}}</ref> a finalist for the 2019 [[Orwell Prize]] for Political Writing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.orwellfoundation.com/political-writing/nightmarch-among-indias-revolutionary-guerrillas/|title=Nightmarch: Among India's Revolutionary Guerrillas | The Orwell Foundation|website=www.orwellfoundation.com}}</ref> Shah has written for newspapers and magazines in the UK, US and India, including the ''[[New Statesman]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/author/alpashah|title=alpashah, Author at New Statesman}}</ref> ''[[Foreign Policy]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/09/06/indias-aging-guerrillas-still-believe-in-the-struggle/|title=India's Aging Guerrillas Still Believe in the Struggle|first=Alpa|last=Shah}}</ref> ''[[The New York Review of Books|New York Review of Books]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nybooks.com/contributors/alpa-shah/|title=Alpa Shah|website=The New York Review of Books}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/we-have-a-great-deal-to-learn-about-nature-gender-and-joy-from-indigenous-communities/articleshow/80411019.cms|title='We have a great deal to learn about nature, gender and joy from indigenous communities' - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref> and ''[[Hindustan Times]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/the-five-truths-about-the-migrant-workers-crisis-opinion/story-awTQUm2gnJx72UWbdPa5OM.html|title=The five truths about the migrant workers' crisis | Opinion|date=July 13, 2020|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Shah has also made a radio documentary on ‘India’s Red Belt’ for [[Crossing Continents|BBC Radio 4 Crossing Continents]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00s7dvr|title=BBC Radio 4 - Crossing Continents, India's Red Belt|website=BBC}}</ref> reported for BBC Radio 4's From Our Own Correspondent, and co-curated a major photographic exhibition 'Behind the Indian Boom'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/all-that-glitters-and-all-that-doesnt-a-exhibition-in-london-on-groups-that-are-not-part-of-indias-growth-story/article21241505.ece|title=An exhibition in London focuses on marginalised communities in India|first=Vidya|last=Ram|date=December 2, 2017|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

==Education, teaching and research==

Shah was raised in [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]] in an extended Gujarati Indian family until she moved with her grandmother, parents and sisters to England at the age of 15. She graduated with a first-class BA Honours in Geography from [[Newnham College, Cambridge|Newnham College]], [[University of Cambridge]] in 1997, and then moved to the [[London School of Economics]] to undertake an MSc and PhD in social anthropology. Completing her doctorate in 2004, Shah immediately went on to teach at [[Goldsmiths, University of London]] as Lecturer in Anthropology.

In 2013, Shah returned as Reader to her alma mater, the Department of Anthropology, London School of Economics where she was promoted to full Professor in 2021. At London School of Economics, Shah was closely involved in the establishment of the International Inequalities Institute where she convenes a research theme on the Global Economies of Care. Shah was a close friend and colleague of the anthropologist [[David Graeber]] until his untimely death in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://novaramedia.com/2021/09/03/david-graeber-reminded-us-of-the-political-value-of-anthropology/|title=David Graeber Reminded Us of the Political Value of Anthropology|website=Novara Media}}</ref> In 2024, [[Oxford University]] appointed Shah as Professor of Social Anthropology with a Fellowship at [[All Souls College]] and she became the eighth person to hold the post, the first woman and the first person of the global majority.<ref>{{cite web |title=Professor Alpa Shah |url=https://www.anthro.ox.ac.uk/people/professor-alpa-shah |website=School of Anthropology & Museum Ethnography |access-date=18 Nov 2024}}</ref>

Shah has conducted long-term anthropological fieldwork in eastern India where she lived amongst its indigenous peoples, also called Adivasis, for four and a half years. There, in the hilly forests of the Adivasis, Shah conducted research among the [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency|Naxalite-Maoist guerrillas]] that she went on to research and write about.

Shah is the author of three books and numerous academic articles on topics including indigenous rights and environmentalism; citizenship and revolution; inequality and poverty; seasonal migration and agrarian change; education and affirmative action; development and corruption; leadership and democracy. She has been the recipient of several major grants from the UK [[Economic and Social Research Council]], the [[British Academy]], the European Union [[European Research Council]] and the [[Wenner Gren Foundation]].

==Honours==

Shah’s book, ''Nightmarch: Among India’s Revolutionary Guerrillas'' was a finalist for the 2019 [[Orwell Prize|Orwell Prize for Political Writing]], a finalist for the 2019 New India Book Foundation Prize, longlisted for the 2019 Tata Literature Live Non-Fiction Award and winner of the 2020 Association for Political and Legal Anthropology Book Prize in Critical Anthropology.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://politicalandlegalanthro.org/2020/10/29/apla-2020-book-prize/|title=APLA 2020 Book Prize!|date=October 29, 2020}}</ref> ''Nightmarch'' was also a 2018 Book of the Year for the New Statesman, History Workshop, Scroll India and a [[The Hindu]] Year in Review book.

Shah has delivered several prestigious lectures including the 2012 [[Malinowski Memorial Lecture]] (awarded to outstanding anthropologists at an early stage of their career), the 2019 Willem Wertheim Lecture at the [[University of Amsterdam]], the 2019 Annual Gold Lecture in Anthropology and the inaugural David Graeber Memorial Lecture in 2021. Shah has been a [[Writer in Residence]] at the [[University of Otago]], New Zealand and Visiting Fellow at [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]], Delhi; [[Delhi University]] and [[Tribhuvan University]], Kathmandu, Nepal.

In 2024 her book ''The Incarcerations'' was shortlisted for the [[Orwell Prize|Orwell Prize for Political Writing]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-11 |title=Orwell Prizes 2024 shortlists announced |url=https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2024/06/11/253173/orwell-prizes-2024-shortlists-announced/ |access-date=2024-06-24 |publisher=Books+Publishing}}</ref>

==Books==
2024 ''The Incarcerations: BK-16 and the Search for Democracy in India''. New York: HarperCollins.

2018 ''Nightmarch'': Among India's Revolutionary Guerrillas. London: Hurst; Chicago: University of Chicago Press; New Delhi: HarperCollins. (Translated into German, Italian, French, Hindi and Bengali).

2017 ''Ground Down by Growth'': Tribe, Caste, Class and Inequality in 21st Century India. (co-authored with Jens Lerche, Richard Axelby, Dalel Benbabaali, Brendan Donegan, Jayaseelan Raj and Vikramaditya Thakur). London: Pluto Press; Delhi: Oxford University Press (Translated into Hindi).

2010 ''In the Shadows of the State'': Indigenous Politics, Environmentalism and Insurgency in Jharkhand, India. Durham (N.C.) and London: Duke University Press. Delhi: Oxford University Press.

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah, Alpa}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:British social anthropologists]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Oxford]]
[[Category:Alumni of Newnham College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:British women anthropologists]]
[[Category:People from Nairobi]]

Gouri Elo

2026-03-05T20:03:55Z

GreggNfb8421: stub

{{Short description|2022 Indian Bengali television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Gouri Elo Zee Bangla.jpg
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|02|28|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2023|11|24|df=y}}
| company = Crazy Ideas Media
| camera = [[Multi camera]]
| network = [[Zee Bangla]]
| language = Bengali
| country = [[India]]
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 616
| list_episodes =
| screenplay = Anandarupa
| editor = Ayan, Dibakar & Subhadeep
| starring = {{ubl|Mohona Maiti|Biswarup Bandyopadhyay|Chandrayee Ghosh|Sumanta Mukherjee}}
| opentheme = "Gouri Elo...... Gouri Elo"
| producer = {{ubl|Swarnendu Samaddar|Rupa Banerjee}}
| runtime = 22 minutes
| story = Souvik Chakraborty
| director = Swarnendu Samaddar
| creative_director = {{ubl|Sougata Mukherjee|Swarnendu Samadder}}
| writer = '''Dialogues''' Souvik Chakraborty
| creator = Crazy Ideas Media
| genre = {{ubl|[[Drama]]|[[Supernatural]]|[[Mythology]]}}
| executive_producer = Priyajeet, Sourav & Abhinandan (Crazy Ideas) Sromona Ghosh & Aniruddha Ghosh (Zee Bangla)
| cinematography = Vivek Ranjan Chatterjee
| theme_music_composer =
| voices =
| related =
}}

'''''Gouri Elo''''' is an Indian [[Bengali language]] television series that was broadcast on Indian Bengali general entertainment channel [[Zee Bangla]]. The series is produced by Crazy Ideas Media. It stars Mohona Maiti and Biswarup Bandyopadhyay in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gouri Elo: 'পিলু'র পর 'গৌরী এলো', জি বাংলার নতুন নায়িকা 'ডান্স বাংলা ডান্স'-এর এই প্রতিযোগী|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/pictures/after-pilu-dance-bangla-dance-s-another-participant-mohana-maiti-to-make-tv-debut-with-zee-bangla-s-new-show-gouri-elo-31644642684843.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212060350/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/pictures/after-pilu-dance-bangla-dance-s-another-participant-mohana-maiti-to-make-tv-debut-with-zee-bangla-s-new-show-gouri-elo-31644642684843.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 February 2022|work=Hindustan Times Bangla |date=12 February 2022 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kolkatajournal.com/entertainment-news/bengali-serial/new-serial-gouri-elo-is-coming-on-zee-bangla-14015|title='ঘোমটা কালী'র গল্প নিয়ে জি বাংলায় আসছে নতুন ধারাবাহিক 'গৌরী এলো'! জনপ্রিয়তায় হার মানাবে 'মিঠাই'কেও, দাবি দর্শকদের|website=Kolkata Journal|date=12 February 2022|language=bn|access-date=13 February 2022|archive-date=6 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406125338/https://www.kolkatajournal.com/entertainment-news/bengali-serial/new-serial-gouri-elo-is-coming-on-zee-bangla-14015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bongohunt.com/entertainment/see-the-promo-of-zee-bangla-s-upcoming-serial-gouri-elo/|title=বিশ্বাস ও অবিশ্বাসের লড়াই নিয়ে জি বাংলার পর্দায় আসতে চলেছে নতুন ধারাবাহিক 'গৌরী এলো', রইল প্রোমো|website=Bongo Hunt|date=12 February 2022|language=bn|access-date=13 February 2022|archive-date=6 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406125341/https://www.bongohunt.com/entertainment/see-the-promo-of-zee-bangla-s-upcoming-serial-gouri-elo/|url-status=dead}}</ref> It premiered on 28 February 2022 and ended on 24 November 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title='যমুনা ঢাকি'র জায়গা নিচ্ছে 'গৌরী এলো', শেষ হচ্ছে জি বাংলার জনপ্রিয় ধারাবাহিক! |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/serial-update-gouri-elo-to-take-jamuna-dhaki-s-palce-zee-bangla-makes-a-huge-move-31644991463682.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216083334/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/serial-update-gouri-elo-to-take-jamuna-dhaki-s-palce-zee-bangla-makes-a-huge-move-31644991463682.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 February 2022 |work=Hindustan Times Bangla |date=16 February 2022 |language=bn}}</ref>

==Plot==
Dr. Ishan does not believe in God, but Gouri believes in God in her heart. With the arrival of Gouri, the gate of the temple is opened automatically, the veil of Goddess Kali's head is raised at the first sight of Gouri. As per the plot of the story, the doctor believes worship is superstition, to which Gouri replies, "Maybe in the coming days, you will be the one to trust god the most".<ref name="Hindustan Times">{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Priyanka |title='মিঠাই, ত্রিনয়নীর কপি', শুরুতেই ট্রোলের মুখে জি বাংলার নয়া ধারাবাহিক গৌরী এলো |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/they-could-name-this-trinayani-part-2-netizen-s-are-not-impress-with-zee-bangla-s-upcoming-show-gouli-elo-s-first-promo-31644663985769.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213085435/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/they-could-name-this-trinayani-part-2-netizen-s-are-not-impress-with-zee-bangla-s-upcoming-show-gouli-elo-s-first-promo-31644663985769.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 February 2022 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] Bangla |date=13 February 2022 |language=bn}}</ref>

==Cast==
===Main===
* Mohona Maiti as Gouri Ghosh Ghoshal – Manoka and Himadri's daughter; Sujata and Nibaron's adopted daughter; Tiya's adopted sister; Ishan's wife; Tara's mother <ref name="a">{{cite news |title=Gouri Elo New Serial: আসছে 'গৌরি এলো'! 'পিলু' -র পর ফের মেগাতে ডেবিউ 'ডান্স বাংলা ডান্স'-র প্রতিযোগীর |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/photo/gouri-elo-new-serial-after-pilu-dance-bangla-dance-participant-mohana-maiti-debut-bengali-television-soc-343534-2022-02-12 |access-date=13 February 2022 |work=[[Aaj Tak]] বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
* Biswarup Bandyopadhyay as Dr. Ishan Ghoshal – Shantanu and Sreemoti's son; Neela's brother; Pola, Mukta, Mainak and Chiku's cousin; Gouri's husband; Tara's father <ref name="a"/>
* Rishita Nandi as Tara Ghoshal – Ishan and Gouri's daughter; Akash's cousin

===Recurring===
* [[Samata Das]] as Sujata – Nibaron's wife; Tiya's mother; Gouri's adoptive mother; Tara's adoptive grandmother
* Arindol Bagchi as Nibaron – Sujata's husband; Tiya's father; Gouri's adoptive father; Tara's adoptive grandfather
* Sinchana Sarkar as Tiya – Sujata and Nibaron's daughter; Gouri's adopted sister
* Swarnakamal Dutta as Manoka Ghosh – Himadri's widow; Gouri's mother; Tara's grandmother
* [[Chandrayee Ghosh]] as Shailaja "Shaila" Ghoshal Tarapder – A corrupt self-proclaimed godwoman; Rasamay and Arundhuti's daughter; Devtanu's sister; Shantanu and Atanu's cousin; Pratik's wife; Mainak's mother
* [[Mousumi Saha]]<ref name="d">{{cite news |title=Dance Bangla Dance 11 fame Mohona Maity bags the lead in 'Gouri Elo' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/dance-bangla-dance-11-fame-mohona-maity-bags-the-lead-in-gouri-elo/articleshow/89633658.cms |access-date=17 February 2022 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> as Arundhati Ghoshal – Rasamay's widow; Shailaja and Devtanu's mother; Mainak and Chiku's grandmother
* Sumanta Mukherjee<ref>{{cite news |last1=ভট্টাচার্য্য |first1=তোর্ষা |title='মাস্টারমশাই, আপনি কিন্তু কিছু দেখেননি' বলা সুমন্ত এবার নিজেই মাস্টারমশাইয়ের ভূমিকায়! |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/sumanta-mukherjee-actor-sumanta-mukherjee-shares-his-work-experience-of-mastermoshai-apni-kichu-dekhenni-866905 |work=bengali.abplive.com |publisher=[[ABP Ananda]] |date=13 February 2022 |language=bn}}</ref> as Late Rasamay Ghoshal (Main Antagonist) – Shukhamay's brother; Arundhati's husband; Shailaja and Devtanu's father; Mainak and Chiku's grandfather (Dead)
* Bodhisattwa Majumdar as Shukhamay Ghoshal – Rasamay's brother; Shantanu and Atanu's father; Neela, Ishan, Pola and Mukta's grandfather; Akash and Tara's great-grandfather
* Rohit Mukherjee as Shantanu Ghoshal – Shukhamay's son; Atanu's brother; Shailaja and Devtanu's cousin; Sreemoti's husband; Neela and Ishan's father; Tara's grandfather (Dead)
* Anindita Das as Sreemoti Ghoshal – Shantanu's widow; Neela and Ishan's mother; Tara's grandmother
* [[Bhaswar Chatterjee]] as Atanu Ghoshal – Shukhamay's son; Shantanu's brother; Shailaja and Devtanu's cousin; Madhuri's husband; Pola and Mukta's father; Akash's grandfather
* Kanyakumari Mukherjee / Sujata Daw as Madhuri Ghoshal – Atanu's wife; Pola and Mukta's mother; Akash's grandmother
* [[Dwaipayan Das]] as Devtanu "Debu" Ghoshal – Rasamay and Arundhati's son; Shailaja's brother; Shantanu and Atanu's cousin; Anandi's husband; Chiku's father
* Ankita Majumder as Anandi Ghoshal<ref>{{cite news |title=Ankita: ২ বছর অভিনয় থেকে দূরে, দেড় বছরের মেয়েকে রেখে 'সংবাদ পাঠিকা' হয়ে ফিরছেন অঙ্কিতা |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/actor-ankita-majumdar-has-returned-in-acting-with-mega-gouri-elo-dgtl/cid/1331539 |work=www.anandabazar.com |publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=1 March 2022|language=bn}}</ref> – Devtanu's wife; Chiku's mother
* Sreetama Roy Chowdhury<ref name="d"/> as Neela Ghoshal Chatterjee – Shantanu and Sreemoti's daughter; Ishan's sister; Pola, Mukta, Mainak and Chiku's cousin; Rupam's wife
* Raj Bhattacharya as Rupam Chatterjee – Neela's husband<ref>{{cite news |title=Actress Ankita Majumder Paul makes a comeback after two years with 'Gouri Elo' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/actress-ankita-majumder-paul-makes-a-comeback-after-two-years-with-gouri-elo/articleshow/89938592.cms |work=The Times of India |date=2 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
* Olivia Malakar as Mukta Ghoshal – Atanu and Madhuri's daughter; Pola's sister; Neela, Ishan, Mainak and Chiku's cousin
* Ankita Biswas as Pola Ghoshal – Atanu and Madhuri's daughter; Mukta's sister; Neela, Ishan, Mainak and Chiku's cousin; Surya's wife; Akash's mother
* Arkajyoti Paul Chaudhury as Surya – Pola's husband; Akash's father
* Arnab Chakraborty as Mainak Tarapder – Pratik and Shailaja's son; Neela, Ishan, Pola, Mukta and Chiku's cousin
* Aarush Dey as Chiku Ghoshal – Anandi and Devtanu's son; Neela, Ishan, Pola, Mukta and Mainak's cousin
* Amitava Das as Dr. Arnab Mitra – Ishan's friend
* Gora Dhar as Sanatan Sapui – Gouri's well wisher
* Ritu Rai Acharya as Rumela – Ishan's lover
* [[Goutam Halder]] as Dhurjoti Baba – A corrupt self-proclaimed godman; Shailaja's partner
* Tanushree Bhattacharya Bose as Devi Ghomta Kali
* Pradip Dhar as Zamindar
* Pritha Bandyopadhyay as Zamindar's wife
* Priyam as Hemendra Narayan
* Nandini Dutta as Ganga
* Shuvanan Dutta as Rony – Surya's friend
* Manoj Ojha as Gurudev
* Payel Dutta as Ratna - Black magic practitioner, Shaila's well wisher
* Gopa Nandi as Roshni Bai
* Dipanjan Bhattacharya as Pratik Tarapder - Shaila's husband, Mainak's father

==Reception==
===2022===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" | Week
! rowspan="2" | Year
! colspan="2" | [[Broadcast Audience Research Council|BARC]] Viewership
! rowspan="2" | Ref.
|-
! [[Target Rating Point|TRP]]
! Rank
|-
|Week 9
|2022
|7.8
|8
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TV Serial: 'গাঁটছড়া' বাংলা সেরা! 'ফুলঝুরি'-র সহমরণের ইচ্ছে বেকায়দায় ফেলেছে 'মিঠাই'কে? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/gantchhora-grabs-first-position-in-the-trp-fight-mithai-is-gradually-losing-its-fanbase-dgtl/cid/1332964 |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=www.anandabazar.com |publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 10
|2022
|7.5
|9
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TV Serial: নম্বর কমেছে 'গাঁটছড়া'র! 'মিঠাই' কি ফের হারানো জায়গা ফিরে পাচ্ছে? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/gantchora-has-slipped-down-the-rating-chart-while-mithai-climbs-up-again-dgtl/cid/1334093 |access-date=17 March 2022 |work=www.anandabazar.com |publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 11
|2022
|7.7
|9
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-24 |title=TRP: এগিয়ে এল 'মিঠাই', সেরার জায়গা হারাল 'গাঁটছড়া'? এ কী হাল 'মন ফাগুন'-এর |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-week-11-2022-gaatchora-still-holds-no-1-position-mithai-made-it-to-the-top-2-and-mon-phagun-slip-to-4th-position-31648103708451.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326035523/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-week-11-2022-gaatchora-still-holds-no-1-position-mithai-made-it-to-the-top-2-and-mon-phagun-slip-to-4th-position-31648103708451.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 March 2022 |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 12
|2022
|8.2
|6
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-31 |title=TRP তালিকা: অপ্রতিরোধ্য 'গাঁটছড়া', গোধূলি আলাপ-কে শুরুতেই রিজেক্ট করল দর্শক! |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-gaatchora-tops-the-chart-again-godhuli-alap-fails-to-impress-audience-on-first-week-31648707066271.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401033806/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-gaatchora-tops-the-chart-again-godhuli-alap-fails-to-impress-audience-on-first-week-31648707066271.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 13
|2022
|7.7
|5
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: ফের শীর্ষে 'মিঠাই', চমক 'অনুরাগের ছোঁয়া'-র! কত নম্বরে 'গাঁটছড়া'? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-13th-week-mithai-gantchhora-aalta-phoring-anurager-chhowa-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-361725-2022-04-07 |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 14
|2022
|8.4
|2
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: নম্বর কমল 'মিঠাই', 'গাঁটছড়া'-র! চমক দিল 'গৌরী', কে কোন স্থানে? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-14th-week-mithai-gantchhora-gouri-elo-anurager-chhowa-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-364047-2022-04-14 |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 15
|2022
|7.1
|4
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: শীর্ষ স্থান হারাল 'মিঠাই'! চমক দিল 'ধুলোকণা', কত স্কোর 'গাঁটছড়া'-র? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-15th-week-gantchhora-dhulokona-mithai-aalta-phoring-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-366340-2022-04-21 |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 16
|2022
|7.9
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: বিরাট রদবদল! শীর্ষে নেই 'মিঠাই'-'গাঁটছড়া', দারুণ ব্যাটিং 'ধুলোকণা'-র |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-16th-week-dhulokona-mithai-gantchhora-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-368590-2022-04-28 |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 17
|2022
|7.4
|4
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: এবারও শীর্ষে নেই 'মিঠাই! ছক্কা মারল 'গাঁটছড়া' না 'ধুলোকণা'? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-17th-week-dhulokona-gantchhora-mithai-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-371189-2022-05-06 |access-date=2022-05-06 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 18
|2022
|7.0
|4
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: শীর্ষ স্থানে নেই 'ধুলোকণা'! শুরুতেই বাজিমাত 'লালকুঠি'-র, সেরা 'মিঠাই না 'গাঁটছড়া'? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-18th-week-gantchhora-mithai-dhulokona-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-373245-2022-05-12 |access-date=2022-05-12 |website=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 19
|2022
|7.8
|3
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: চমক দিয়ে সেরা দশে রয়েছে ১৭ মেগা! শীর্ষ স্থান দখল করল কে? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-19th-week-gantchhora-mithai-dhulokona-gouri-elo-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-375509-2022-05-19 |access-date=19 May 2022 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 20
|2022
|7.4
|5
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: অনেকটা নম্বর কমল 'ধুলোকণা'-র! জোর টক্কর দিয়ে সেরা 'মিঠাই' না 'গাঁটছড়া'?
|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-20th-week-gantchhora-mithai-dhulokona-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-377778-2022-05-26 |access-date=26 May 2022 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 21
|2022
|7.5
|4
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: নম্বর বেড়ে আরও হাড্ডাহাড্ডি লড়াই খড়ি- মিঠাইদের! কে সেরার সেরা? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-21st-week-gantchhora-mithai-dhulokona-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-week-soc-380015-2022-06-02 |access-date=2022-06-02 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 22
|2022
|7.2
|5
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: শীর্ষে 'মিঠাই'! চমক দিল 'মন ফাগুন', ব্যাপক রদবদল রেটিং চার্টে |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-22nd-week-mithai-mon-phagun-gantchhora-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-382247-2022-06-09 |access-date=2022-06-09 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 23
|2022
|7.3
|2
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: নম্বর কমল 'মিঠাই', 'গাঁটছড়া'-র! চমক দিয়ে দারুণ স্কোর করল 'গৌরী এলো'
|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-23rd-week-mithai-gantchhora-gouri-elo-dhulokona-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-384489-2022-06-16 |access-date=2022-06-16 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 24
|2022
|7.7
|2
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP:বিরাট চমক রেটিং চার্টে! শীর্ষে 'আলতা ফড়িং', কেমন স্কোর মিঠাই- খড়িদের?
|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-24th-week-mithai-aalta-phoring-gantchhora-gouri-elo-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-386799-2022-06-23 |access-date=2022-06-23 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 25
|2022
|7.6
|5
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: চমক দিয়ে শীর্ষে 'ধুলোকণা'! এক ঢাক্কায় অনেকটা নামল 'মিঠাই'
|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-25th-week-dhulokona-gantchhora-mithai-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-419360-2022-06-30 |access-date=2022-06-30 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 26
|2022
|7.7
|4
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: বিরাট নম্বর কমে অনেক পিছনে 'মিঠাই'! সেরার সেরা 'ধুলোকণা' |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-26th-week-dhulokona-gantchhora-aalta-phoring-gouri-elo-mithai-lokkhi-kakima-superstar-top-five-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-422003-2022-07-07
|access-date=2022-07-07 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 27
|2022
|7.3
|3
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: চমক 'লক্ষ্মী কাকিমা'-র! প্রথম দশে ১৫ মেগা... মিঠাই, খড়ি, ফুলঝুরিদের স্কোর কত? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-27th-week-dhulokona-lokkhi-kakima-superstar-gouri-elo-mithai-gantchhora-gouri-elo-aalta-phoring-top-four-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-424566-2022-07-14 |access-date=2022-07-14 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 28
|2022
|7.4
|5
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: 'মিঠাই', 'গাঁটছড়া'-কে পিছনে ফেলে শীর্ষে 'লক্ষ্মী কাকিমা...!' বিরাট পরিবর্তন রেটিং চার্টে |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-28th-week-lokkhi-kakima-superstar-dhulokona-aalta-phoring-mithai-top-four-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-427051-2022-07-21 |access-date=2022-07-21 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 29
|2022
|7.9
|3
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: লক্ষ্মীকে টেক্কা দিয়ে শীর্ষে 'মিঠাই'! বিরাট রদবদল রেটিং চার্টে
|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-29th-week-mithai-lokkhi-kakima-superstar-gantchhora-gouri-elo-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-429629-2022-07-28 |access-date=2022-07-28 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 30
|2022
|7.3
|5
|<ref>{{cite news |title= TRP: লক্ষ্মীকে পিছনে ফেলে পুরনো ফর্মে 'মিঠাই'! রেটিং চার্টে কোন মেগার স্কোর কত? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-30th-week-mithai-lokkhi-kakima-superstar-aalta-phoring-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-432128-2022-08-04 |access-date=2022-08-04 |work= Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 31
|2022
|7.6
|4
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: শীর্ষে 'মিঠাই', লক্ষ্মীকে পিছনে ফেলে এগিয়ে 'গাঁটছড়া'! রেটিং চার্টে প্রথম দশে ১৫ মেগা |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-31st-week-mithai-gantchhora-lokkhi-kakima-superstar-aalta-phoring-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-434599-2022-08-11 |access-date=2022-08-11 |work= Aaj Tak বাংলা|language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 32
|2022
|8.0
|3
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: ফের হাড্ডাহাড্ডি লড়াই 'মিঠাই'- 'গাঁটছড়া'র! সেরার সেরা কে? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-32nd-week-mithai-gantchhora-gouri-elo-aalta-phoring-lokkhi-kakima-superstar-top-five-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-437459-2022-08-19 |access-date=19 August 2022 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 33
|2022
|7.9
|2
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: দারুণ স্কোর 'মিঠাই'-র! গৌরী, ফড়িংদের ঝুলিতে কত নম্বর? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-33rd-week-mithai-gouri-elo-aalta-phoring-gantchhora-top-four-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-439741-2022-08-25 |access-date=25 August 2022 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 34
|2022
|8.2
|1
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: হাড্ডাহাড্ডি লড়াই মিঠাই- গৌরীর! এই সপ্তাহে সেরার সেরা কে? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-34th-week-mithai-gouri-elo-gantchhora-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-442767-2022-09-02 |access-date=2 September 2022 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 35
|2022
|8.0
|2
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: প্রথম তিনে নেই 'মিঠাই'! সেরার সেরা 'গাঁটছড়া' না 'গৌরী এলো'? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-35th-week-mithai-not-top-position-gantchhora-gouri-elo-aalta-phoring-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-444845-2022-09-08 |access-date=8 September 2022 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 36
|2022
|7.3
|4
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: বড় অঘটন রেটিং চার্টে! বিরাট নম্বর কমল 'মিঠাই'-র, প্রথম তিনে কারা? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-36th-week-mithai-not-top-4-gantchhora-aalta-phoring-dhulokona-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-447292-2022-09-15 |access-date=15 September 2022 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 37
|2022
|7.9
|3
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: আরও নামল 'মিঠাই'! 'গাঁটছড়া'-কে টেক্কা দিয়ে বেঙ্গল টপার কোন মেগা?
|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-37th-week-dhulokona-aalta-phoring-gantchhora-gouri-elo-top-three-mithai-score-poor-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-know-who-bengal-topper-week-soc-450007-2022-09-22 |access-date=22 September 2022|work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 38
|2022
|7.7
|3
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: শীর্ষে মিঠাই, খড়ি না ফুলঝুরি? চমকে দিয়ে প্রথম পাঁচে এই নতুন মেগা |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-38th-week-gantchhora-dhulokona-gouri-elo-aalta-phoring-jagadhhatri-top-5-mithai-scores-bad-again-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-452761-2022-09-29 |access-date=29 September 2022|work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 39
|2022
|8.2
|1
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: বিশাল রদবদল রেটিং চার্টে! চমক গৌরী -জগদ্ধাত্রীর, খড়ি- মিঠাইদের স্কোর কেমন? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-39th-week-gouri-elo-jagadhhatri-gantchhora-dhulokona-mithai-top-five-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-455701-2022-10-07 |access-date= 7 September 2022 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 40
|2022
|7.5
|1
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: একেবারে তলানিতে 'মিঠাই'! ব্যাপক স্কোর গৌরী -জগদ্ধাত্রীর, বাকিদের? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/tollywood-bengali-cinema/story/trp-list-2022-40th-week-gouri-elo-jagadhhatri-dhulokona-gantchhora-khelna-bari-top-five-mithai-performance-poor-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-458205-2022-10-13 |access-date= 13 September 2022 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 41
|2022
|7.8
|1
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: রেটিং চার্টে অবস্থা শোচনীয় 'মিঠাই'-র! জয়জয়কার গৌরী, খড়িদের |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-41st-week-mithai-gantchhora-scores-very-bad-gouri-elo-dhulokona-jagadhhatri-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-460909-2022-10-20 |access-date= 20 September 2022 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 42
|2022
|7.7
|2
|<ref>{{cite news |title= TRP: অনুরাগের ছোঁয়া সেরা তিনে, গাঁটছড়াকে টপকালো জগদ্ধাত্রী, ধুলোকণা হল কি টপার? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-bengali-serial-week-42-dhulokona-in-in-top-anurager-chhowa-makes-in-top-2-with-gouri-elo-gaatchora-slips-to-fifth-position-31667198086801.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106060223/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-bengali-serial-week-42-dhulokona-in-in-top-anurager-chhowa-makes-in-top-2-with-gouri-elo-gaatchora-slips-to-fifth-position-31667198086801.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 January 2023 |access-date=2022-10-31 |work=Hindusthan Times Bangla|language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 43
|2022
|6.9
|4
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: পরিবারে সুখবর এসেও তলানিতে ' মিঠাই! 'গাঁটছড়া', 'ধুলোকণা', বাকিরা কোন স্থানে? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-43rd-week-mithai-scores-bad-inspite-new-twist-serial-what-score-gatchhora-dhulokona-gouri-elo-anurager-chhowa-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-466351-2022-11-03 |access-date= 3 November 2022 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 44
|2022
|6.9
|5
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: কোনও ভাবে প্রথম দশে টিকে আছে 'মিঠাই! দারুন স্কোর জগদ্ধাত্রী, ফুলঝুরিদের
|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-44th-week-dhulokona-jagadhhatri-anurager-chhowa-top-three-mithai-manages-stay-top-10-anyhow-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-trp-list-today-soc-468832-2022-11-10 |access-date= 10 November 2022 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 45
|2022
|6.4
|7
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: দারুন স্কোর 'জগদ্ধাত্রী', 'অনুরাগের ছোঁয়া'-র! তলানি থেকে অনেকটা উঠল 'মিঠাই' |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-45th-week-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-jagadhhatri-anurager-chhowa-dhulokona-top-three-mithai-scores-better-after-new-twist-gantchhora-gouri-elo-bad-performance-trp-soc-471590-2022-11-17 |access-date= 17 November 2022 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 46
|2022
|6.9
|5
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-25 |title=Rubel Das-Pallavi Sharma's new show 'Nim Phuler Modhu' casts a spell on TRP charts; here's a look at the top 5 list - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/rubel-das-pallavi-sharmas-new-show-nim-phuler-modhu-casts-a-spell-on-trp-charts-heres-a-look-at-top-5-list/photostory/95765647.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|Week 47
|2022
|6.9
|5
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-02 |title=TV show 'Jagaddhatri' tops the TRP charts - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/tv-show-jagaddhatri-tops-the-trp-charts/articleshow/95934257.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|Week 48
|2022
|7.5
|4
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-09 |title=Pallavi Sharma-Rubel Das starrer 'Neem Phuler Modhu' does well on TRP charts - Times of India |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/pallavi-sharma-rubel-das-starrer-neem-phuler-modhu-does-well-on-trp-charts/articleshow/96100904.cms}}</ref>
|-
|Week 49
|2022
|7.8
|4
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: শুরুতেই ছক্কা হাঁকালো 'পঞ্চমী'! 'জগদ্ধাত্রী', 'অনুরাগের ছোঁয়া'-র মধ্যে বেঙ্গল টপার কে? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-49th-week-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-jagadhhatri-panchomi-anurager-chhowa-top-three-see-score-mithai-gouri-elo-and-other-top-10-serials-soc-483808-2022-12-15 |access-date= 15 December 2022 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 50
|2022
|8.0
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-23 |title=Jagaddhatri To Bangla Medium: A Look At Top 5 Shows On TRP Charts - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/jagaddhatri-to-bangla-medium-a-look-at-top-5-shows-on-trp-charts/photostory/96447322.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|Week 51
|2022
|8.1
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-29 |title=Bengali TV show 'Jagaddhatri' continues to top the TRP charts - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/bengali-tv-show-jagaddhatri-continues-to-top-the-trp-charts/articleshow/96601937.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|Week 52
|2022
|8.1
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-06 |title='Anurager Chhowa' becomes the most-watched show, replaces 'Jagaddhatri' from numero uno spot - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/anurager-chhowa-becomes-the-most-watched-show-replaces-jagaddhatri-from-numero-uno-spot/articleshow/96788813.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|}

===2023===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" | Week
! rowspan="2" | Year
! colspan="2" | [[Broadcast Audience Research Council|BARC]] Viewership
! rowspan="2" | Ref.
|-
! [[Target Rating Point|TRP]]
! Rank
|-
|Week 1
|2023
|8.0
|4
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: জব্বর টক্কর বাংলা সিরিয়ালে! টিআরপি-তে উঠে এল 'মিঠাই', বাকিরা? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-1-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-mithai-scores-better-anurager-chhowa-jagadhhatri-khelna-bari-top-three-bengali-television-latest-news-soc-496495-2023-01-12 |access-date=12 January 2023 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 2
|2023
|8.0
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-20 |title=Anurager Chhowa continues to top the TRP charts - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/anurager-chhowa-continues-to-top-the-trp-charts/articleshow/97160740.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|Week 3
|2023
|7.8
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-27 |title=TRP: এগিয়ে নিম ফুলের মধু, সেরা অনুরাগের ছোঁয়া! পঞ্চমী-বাংলা মিডিয়াম, কে কার আগে? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bengali-trp-week-3-2023-anurager-chhowa-is-still-in-number-1-neem-phuler-madhu-also-do-well-see-top-10-list-31674799091988.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127063945/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bengali-trp-week-3-2023-anurager-chhowa-is-still-in-number-1-neem-phuler-madhu-also-do-well-see-top-10-list-31674799091988.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 January 2023 |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=Hindustan Times Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 4
|2023
|8.0
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-03 |title=Anurager Chhowa continues to rule the TRP charts - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/anurager-chhowa-continues-to-rule-the-trp-charts/articleshow/97574270.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|Week 5
|2023
|8.2
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-10 |title=TRP list: Anurager Chhowa continues to be the most-watched show on Bengali TV - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/trp-list-anurager-chhowa-continues-to-be-the-most-watched-show-on-bengali-tv/articleshow/97791574.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|Week 6
|2023
|8.4
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-17 |title=Anurager Chhowa continues to be the most watched Bengali TV show - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/anurager-chhowa-continues-to-be-the-most-watched-bengali-tv-show/articleshow/98004221.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|Week 7
|2023
|8.6
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-24 |title=Mithun Chakraborty starrer 'Dance Bangla Dance 12' manages to woo the audience; scores well on TRP charts - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/mithun-chakraborty-starrer-dance-bangla-dance-12-manages-to-woo-the-audience-scores-well-on-trp-charts/articleshow/98198505.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|Week 8
|2023
|5.6
|5
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: বিরাট চমক দিল 'নিম ফুলের মধু', টিআরপি-তে এবার সেরার সেরা কে? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-8-barc-weekly-rating-chart-of-bangla-serial-anurager-chhowa-neem-phuler-modhu-jagaddhatri-in-top-three-trp-top-10-serials-soc-520873-2023-03-02 |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 9
|2023
|7.9
|4
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: হাড্ডাহাড্ডি লড়াই বাংলা সিরিয়ালে, টিআরপি-তে এবার বেঙ্গল টপার কে? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-9-barc-weekly-rating-chart-of-bangla-serial-trp-top-10-serials-anurager-chhowa-jagaddhatri-khelna-bari-in-top-three-bengali-television-updates-soc-524790-2023-03-10 |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 10
|2023
|7.3
|4
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-17 |title='Anurager Chhowa' continues to rule the TRP charts - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/anurager-chhowa-continues-to-rule-the-trp-charts/articleshow/98724112.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|Week 11
|2023
|7.1
|4
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-24 |title=Dibyojyoti Dutta-Swastika Ghosh starrer 'Anurager Chhowa' continues to dominate TRP charts - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/dibyojyoti-dutta-swastika-ghosh-starrer-anurager-chhowa-continues-to-dominate-trp-charts/articleshow/98960338.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|Week 12
|2023
|7.7
|4
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-31 |title=Anurger Chowwa bags the top spot on TRP charts - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/anurger-chowwa-bags-the-top-spot-on-trp-charts/articleshow/99134603.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|Week 13
|2023
|7.2
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-07 |title=Daily soap 'Ranga Bou' makes an entry in top 5 list - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/daily-soap-ranga-bou-makes-an-entry-in-top-5-list/articleshow/99313180.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|Week 14
|2023
|7.2
|3
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-14 |title=TRP list: Bengali TV show 'Anurager Chhowa' bags the numero uno spot; 'Jagaddhatri' slips to second - Times of India |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/trp-list-bengali-tv-show-anurager-chhowa-bags-the-numero-uno-spot-jagaddhatri-slips-to-second/articleshow/99483403.cms}}</ref>
|-
|Week 15
|2023
|7.5
|4
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-21 |title='Jagaddhatri' replaces 'Anurager Chhowa' from the top most spot on TRP chart - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/jagaddhatri-replaces-anurager-chhowa-from-the-top-most-spot-on-trp-chart/articleshow/99657615.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|Week 16
|2023
|7.5
|3
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-28 |title=TV show 'Jagaddhatri' tops the TRP charts - Times of India |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/tv-show-jagaddhatri-tops-the-trp-charts/articleshow/99833669.cms}}</ref>
|-
|Week 17
|2023
|7.4
|3
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-05 |title='Jagaddhatri' tops the TRP charts again - Times of India |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/jagaddhatri-tops-the-trp-charts-again/articleshow/100013099.cms}}</ref>
|-
|Week 18
|2023
|7.4
|3
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-12 |title=Anurager Chhowa back in the TRP race; bags numero uno spot - Times of India |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/anurager-chhowa-back-in-the-trp-race-bags-numero-uno-spot/articleshow/100175923.cms}}</ref>
|-
|Week 19
|2023
|7.5
|2
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-19 |title='Ekka Dokka' makes an entry in to the top 5 club - Times of India |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/ekka-dokka-makes-an-entry-in-to-the-top-5-club/articleshow/100347941.cms}}</ref>
|-
|Week 20
|2023
|6.8
|3
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-26 |title=Anurager Chhowa becomes the most-watched show on Bengali TV - Times of India |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/anurager-chhowa-becomes-the-most-watched-show-on-bengali-tv/articleshow/100519645.cms}}</ref>
|-
|Week 21
|2023
|6.9
|1
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-02 |title=Gouri Elo bags the top spot on TRP charts - Times of India |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/gouri-elo-bags-the-top-spot-on-trp-charts/articleshow/100695304.cms}}</ref>
|-
|Week 22
|2023
|7.7
|2
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-09 |title=Anurager Chhowa back in the race; bags the first spot on TRP charts - Times of India |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/anurager-chhowa-back-in-the-race-bags-the-first-spot-on-trp-charts/articleshow/100865490.cms}}</ref>
|-
|Week 23
|2023
|7.1
|2
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-16 |title='Anurager Chhowa' continues to dominate the TRP charts - Times of India |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/anurager-chhowa-continues-to-dominate-the-trp-charts/articleshow/101035753.cms}}</ref>
|}

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Language
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Title
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Original release
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Network(s)
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Last aired
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Notes
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''Gouri Elo'' গৌরি এলো
| 28 February 2022
| [[Zee Bangla]]
| 24 November 2023
| Original
|-
| [[Odia language|Odia]]
| ''Maa Jahara Saha'' ମା ଜାହାର ସାହା<ref>{{cite news |title=Bengali daily soap 'Gouri Elo' to have an Odia remake - Times of India
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/bengali-daily-soap-gouri-elo-to-have-an-odia-remake/articleshow/92707359.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
| 18 July 2022
| Zee Sarthak
| 31 December 2022
| rowspan="2"| Remake
|-
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| ''Shivika'' ਸ਼ਿਵਿਕਾ
| 5 February 2024
| [[Zee Punjabi]]
| 21 December 2024
|}

==Special Episodes==
* On 24 October 2022, Gouri Elo held a mega episode titled as "[[Kali Puja]] Special" which is aired for non-stop two hours on Monday.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KredhAGK0BY | title=- YouTube | website=[[YouTube]] }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Zee Bangla}}

[[Category:Zee Bangla original programming]]
[[Category:Bengali-language television programming in India]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series endings]]

Pennpada

2026-03-03T21:08:10Z

GreggNfb8421: adjust details additionally and corrected details

{{Multiple issues|
{{No plot|date=December 2025}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pennpada
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Crossbelt Mani]]
| producer = C. P. Sreedharan P. Appu Nair K. V. Nair
| writer = M. K. Nathan [[Jagathy N. K. Achari]] (dialogues)
| screenplay = Jagathy N. K. Achari
| starring = [[Rajakokila]] [[Reena (actress)|Reena]] [[Vijayalalitha]] [[Vincent (actor)|Vincent]]
| music = [[R. K. Shekhar]]
| cinematography = N. A. Thara
| editing = Chakrapani
| studio = United Movies
| distributor = United Movies
| released = {{Film date|1975|05|30|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Pennpada''''' is a 1975 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film, directed by [[Crossbelt Mani]] and produced by C. P. Sreedharan, P. Appu Nair and K. V. Nair. The film stars [[Rajakokila]], [[Reena (actress)|Reena]], [[Vijayalalitha]] and [[Vincent (actor)|Vincent]]. The film's score is composed by [[R. K. Shekhar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?964|title=Penpada|accessdate=2014-10-04|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Rajakokila]] as Radha
*[[Reena (actress)|Reena]] as Latha
*[[Vijayalalitha]] as Sreedevi / Geetha
*[[K. P. Ummer]] as Raghavan
*[[Vincent (actor)|Vincent]] as Venu
*[[Sudheer (Malayalam actor)|Sudheer]] as Chandran
*[[Adoor Bhasi]] as Bhaskara Pillai
*[[Bahadoor]] as Vasu
*[[Sreelatha Namboothiri]] as Gourikkutty
*[[Alummoodan]] as Kunjiraman
*[[Janardanan]] as Panicker
*[[KPAC Sunny]] as Ramdas
*[[Kuthiravattam Pappu]] as Janaki (Transvestite)
*[[Mallika Sukumaran]] as Ammukkutty
*[[Meena (Malayalam actress)|Meena]] as Meenakshi Chechi
*[[N. Govindankutty]] as Kolla Sangha Thalavan
*[[Nellikode Bhaskaran]] as Gurukkal
*[[T. P. Madhavan]] as DSP
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[R. K. Shekhar]]. The song "Vellithen Kinnam" is often claimed to be composed to his son Dileep (later known as [[A. R. Rahman]]), but singer Jayachandran confirmed this was not true.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 11, 2022 |title=INTERVIEW {{!}} Nobody deserves to be called a Master these days: P Jayachandran |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/Sep/11/interview--nobody-deserves-to-be-called-a-master-these-daysp-jayachandran-2496992.html |access-date=2025-12-12 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Maanam Palunku" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || [[Vayalar]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Nokku Theriyumoda" || [[K. P. Brahmanandan]], Manoharan || Bharanikkavu Sivakumar ||
|-
| 3 || "Thencholakkili" || K. J. Yesudas || Vayalar ||
|-
| 4 || "Vellithen Kinnam" || [[P. Jayachandran]] || Bharanikkavu Sivakumar ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0281049|Pennpada}}

[[Category:1975 films]]
[[Category:1975 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1975 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Crossbelt Mani]]

{{1970s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Mr. Madras

2026-03-03T04:50:45Z

GreggNfb8421: updated section for accuracy as per guidelines

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mr. Madras
| image = Mr. Madras.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[P. Vasu]]
| producer = K. Muralidharan V. Swaminathan G. Venugopal
| writer = P. Vasu
| starring = {{ubl|[[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]]|[[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]]|[[Vineetha]]}}
| music = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| cinematography = Ravindhar
| editing = P. Mohanraj
| studio = [[Lakshmi Movie Makers]]
| released = {{film date|1995|9|8|df=y}}
| runtime = 130 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Mr. Madras''''' is a 1995 Indian [[Tamil language]] [[comedy film]] directed by [[P. Vasu]]. The film stars [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]] and [[Vineetha]]. It was released on 8 September 1995,<ref>{{cite web |title=MR. Madras ( 1995 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/allCast.cgi?id=1945 |website=Cinesouth |access-date=30 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040820014407/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/allCast.cgi?id=1945 |archive-date=20 August 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 September 1995 |title=Mr. மெட்ராஸ் |language=ta |work=[[Dina Thanthi]]}}</ref> and emerged a [[box-office bomb]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sitaraman |first=Sandya |date=17 May 1996 |title=Tamil Movie News--Pudhu Edition 3 |url=https://groups.google.com/g/soc.culture.tamil/c/qMqQhdPEmaM |access-date=28 February 2022 |website=[[Google Groups]] |archive-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228112436/https://groups.google.com/g/soc.culture.tamil/c/qMqQhdPEmaM |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=July 2023}}
Aruna Arunachalam is an estate owner in Ooty who is in trouble with Thiruttani, who illegally keeps some hectares of her estate. Murugan won the Mr. Madras award and also worked as a model. His mother advised him to find a decent job. He is later appointed by Aruna to protect her, and she promises to keep him permanently. Aruna has two granddaughters: Meera and Devi. Murugan investigates in Thiruttani's area and he finds Ganja plantation happening in there. Murugan then shows the proof to the police and they arrest Thiruttani. Although Murugan accomplishes his mission, Aruna dismisses him. So Murugan takes challenge to continue to work here. Murugan makes things rough on Aruna's family. Murugan's mother is worried about her son, so she comes there and faints after seeing Aruna. Murugan's mother is actually Aruna's daughter. In the past Murugan's mother married a poor laborer and Aruna didn't accept it. Meera and Devi fall in love with Murugan. Murugan makes a big drama to reduce Aruna's ego. In the meantime, Thiruttani escapes from jail and kidnaps Aruna. Murugan saves his grandmother and Aruna apologizes to her daughter.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] as Murugan alias Mr. Madras
*[[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]] as Meera
*[[Vineetha]] as Devi
*[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Aruna Arunachalam
*[[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] as Janaki
*[[Anandaraj]] as Thiruttani
*[[Goundamani]] as Govindsamy
*[[Senthil]] as Ponnusamy
*[[R. Sundarrajan]] as Aruna's son
*[[Kavitha (actress)|Kavitha]] as Mahalakshmi
*[[Kaka Radhakrishnan]] as Arunachalam
*[[Gandhimathi]] as Alamelu
*[[Thyagu (actor)|Thyagu]] as a police constable
*[[Santhana Bharathi]] as a police inspector
*[[Mohan Raman]] as Doctor
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack were composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]], with lyrics written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mr Madras |url=https://gaana.com/album/mr-madras |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |access-date=28 February 2022 |language= |archive-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228112423/https://gaana.com/album/mr-madras |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Duration
|-
| "Akka Maga" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[K. S. Chitra]] || 4:34
|-
| "Unnai Parthathum" || [[Swarnalatha]] || 4:05
|-
| "Pala Naadu Parkuthu" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], Sindhu, [[Swarnalatha]] || 4:28
|-
| "Poga Sonna" || Mano || 4:44
|-
| "Poongatru Veesum" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam || 4:05
|-
| "Antha Otha Madi" || Mano, [[Sujatha Mohan]], Surekha Kothari || 4:27
|}

== Reception ==
D. S. Ramanujam of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Director P. Vasu, who has penned the story, dialogue and screenplay, has introduced enough cinematic twists and turns in the plot which he sometimes employs diligently; most times the viewer easily predicts the turns".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=D. S. |date=15 September 1995 |title=Mr. Madras |pages=26 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/950916/03/1526b.html |url-status=dead |access-date=6 July 2023 |archive-date=14 April 1997 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970414153807/http://www1.webpage.com/hindu/950916/03/1526b.html }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|4491532}}
{{P. Vasu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mister Madras}}
[[Category:1995 Indian films]]
[[Category:1995 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1995 comedy films]]
[[Category:1995 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. Vasu]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vidyasagar (composer)]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Raghavendra Tirtha

2026-03-02T08:31:10Z

GreggNfb8421: refine content additionally and added references to improve readability

{{Short description|Hindu philosopher and theologian (c.1595–1671)}}
{{Redirect|Raghavendra}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
|name = Raghavendra Tirtha
|image = Ragavendra1.jpg
|caption =
|religion = [[Hinduism]]
|birth_date = 1595 or 1598
|birth_place = [[Bhuvanagiri, Tamil Nadu|Bhuvanagiri]] ({{Small|present-day in [[Cuddalore district]] [[Tamil Nadu]]}})
|birth_name = Venkatanatha Bhatta
|death_date = 1671
|death_place = [[Mantralayam]] ({{Small|present-day in [[Kurnool district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]}})
|children = Lakshminarayanacharya
|guru = [[Sudhindra Tirtha|Sudheendra Tirtha]]
|philosophy = [[Dvaita Vedanta]]
|order = [[Vedanta]]
|honors = ''Parimalacharya''
|successor = Sri Yogendra Tirtha
|literary_works = ''Bhatta Sangraha'', ''Nyaya Sudha Parimala'', ''Tantradipika''
}}
{{Vaishnavism}}
{{DvaitaInfobox}}

'''Raghavendra Tirtha''' ({{IAST|Rāghavēndra Tīrtha}}), also referred as '''Raghavendra Swami''', ({{Circa}}1595 – {{circa}}1671) was a [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] scholar, theologian, and [[saint]]. He was also known as '''Sudha Parimalacharya''' ({{IAST|Sudhā Parimaḷācārya}}). His diverse oeuvre include commentaries on the works of [[Madhva]], [[Jayatirtha]], and [[Vyasatirtha]], interpretation of the [[Principal Upanishads]] from the standpoint of [[Dvaita]] and a treatise on [[Purva Mimamsa]]. He served as the pontiff of the [[matha]] at [[Kumbakonam]] from 1621 to 1671.{{Sfn|Sharma|1961|p=278}} Raghavendra Tirtha was also an accomplished player of the [[veena]] and he composed several songs under the name of ''Venu Gopala''.{{Sfn|Rao|1966|p=85}} His memorial at [[Mantralayam]] attracts [[lakh]]s (hundreds of thousands) of visitors every year.

==Biography==
Raghavendra Tirtha was born as Venkatanatha in the town of [[Bhuvanagiri, Tamil Nadu|Bhuvanagiri]], present day in [[Tamil Nadu]] into a [[Kannada people|Kannada]] [[Madhva Brahmin]] family of Gautama Gotra of musicians and scholars.{{Sfn|Hebbar|2005|p=229}}{{Sfn|Callewaert|1994|p=187}} His great-grandfather Krishna Bhatta was a tutor to the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]] emperor [[Krishnadeva Raya|Krishnadevaraya]]. His grandfather was Kanakachala Bhatta,{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=482}} and his father Thimmanna Bhatta (also known as Thimmannacharya) was an accomplished scholar and musician.{{Sfn|Aiyangar|1919|p=252}} After the fall of the Vijayanagara Empire, Thimmanacharya migrated to [[Kanchi]] with his wife Gopikamba. Venkatanatha had two siblings—Gururaja and Venkatamba. Venkatanatha's education was taken care of by his brother-in-law Lakshmi Narasimhacharya at [[Madurai]] after the early demise of his father, and he subsequently got married.{{Sfn|Sharma|1961|p=279}}

In 1624, Raghavendra Tirtha became the pontiff of the ''Kumbhakonam Matha'', which was earlier known as ''Vijayeendra Matha'' or ''Dakshinadi Matha'', now known by the name of [[Raghavendra Math (Mantralayam)|Mantralaya Sri Raghavendra Swamy Matha]]. [[Uttaradi Math]] along with [[Vyasaraja Math (Sosale)|Vyasaraja Math]] and [[Raghavendra Math (Mantralayam)|Raghavendra Math]] are considered to be the three premier apostolic institutions of [[Dvaita Vedanta]] and are jointly referred as ''Mathatraya''.{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=199}}<ref name="Rosen-p132">{{cite book |author=Steven Rosen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4IrQkw5x2o4C&pg=PA132 |title=Vaisnavism |date=30 November 1994 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |isbn=9788120812352 |page=132}}</ref>{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=193}}

After a short stay at [[Kumbakonam]], he went on a pilgrimage to [[Rameswaram]], [[Ramnad]], [[Srirangam]], and [[Mathura]]. Later, he moved westwards to [[Udupi]] and Subramanya, and then to [[Pandharpur]], [[Kolhapur]] and [[Bijapur]]. At [[Kolhapur]], he is said to have stayed for a long time and at [[Bijapur]], he supposedly defeated many [[Advaitin]]s and converted them to [[Dvaita]] fold.{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=483}} After that, he returned to [[Kumbakonam]]. By 1663 he left for [[Mysore]] where he got a grant from Dodda Devaraya Odeyar. Finally, he chose to settle down in [[Mantralayam]].{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=484}}

Raghavendra Tirtha entered brindavana in 1671 in [[Mantralayam]], a village on the bank of river Tungabhadra in [[Adoni]] taluk in [[Andhra Pradesh]].{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=484}}

==Works==
About 45 works written in Sanskrit are attributed to Raghavendra Tirtha.{{Sfn|Rao|1966|p=85}}{{Sfn|Rao|2015|p=325}} Sharma notes that his works are characterised by their compactness, simplicity and their ability to explain the abstruse metaphysical concepts of [[Dvaita]] in understandable terms.{{Sfn|Rao|1966|p=85}}{{Sfn|Rao|2015|p=325}}{{Sfn|Sharma|1961|p=282}}

His ''Tantradipika'' is an interpretation of the [[Brahma Sutra]] from the standpoint of [[Dvaita]], incorporating elements from [[Jayatirtha|Jayatirtha's]] ''Nyaya Sudha'', [[Vyasatirtha|Vyasatirtha's]] ''Tatparya Chandrika'' and the glosses by [[Vijayendra Tirtha]].{{Sfn|Sharma|1961|p=282}} ''Bhavadipa'' is a commentary on Jayatirtha's ''Tattva Prakasika'' which, apart from elucidating the concepts of the source text, criticises the allegations against [[Madhva]] raised by [[Appaya Dikshita]] and grammarian [[Bhattoji Dikshita]]. Raghavendra Tirtha's expertise in [[Purva Mimamsa]] and [[Vyakarana]] is evident from his works on Vyasatirtha's ''Tatparya Chandrika'', which runs up to 18,000 stanzas, and his lucid commentary on the [[Purva Mimamsa Sutras]] called Bhatta Sangraha, explaining the Purva Paksha and Siddhanta.{{Sfn|Pandurangi|2004}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dvaita Vedanta Studies and research Foundation |url=http://archive.org/details/pramana-paddhati-of-sri-jayatirtha-with-commentaries-of-vijayindra-tirthavedesha |title=Pramana Paddhati of Sri Jayatirtha with commentaries of Vijayindra tirtha,Vedesha tirtha,Raghavendra tirtha(pramāṇa paddhati bhāvadīpa),Satyanatha tirtha(abhinava amṛtam),Srinivasa tirtha(vākyārtha mañjarī),Janardhana Bhatta(jayatīrtha vijaya),Vitthalabhatta,vyāsapurī Narasimha(ādarśa) |date=2004 |pages=4}}</ref> His most celebrated work is his commentary on ''Nyaya Sudha'' titled ''Nyaya Sudha Parimala, earning him the title Sudha Parimalacharya (Sudhā Parimaḷācārya)''.{{Sfn|Sharma|1961|p=285}} Apart from these works, he wrote commentaries on the [[Upanishads]], first three chapters of [[Rig Veda|Rigveda]] (called ''Mantramanjari'') and [[Bhagvad Gita|Bhagavad Gita]].
{| class="wikitable"
|+Sruti Prasthana
!Work
!Description
|-
|Mantrartha Manjari
|Commentary on the same 40 hymns of Rig Veda as per Madhwa
|-
|[[Aitareya Upanishad|Aitreya Upanishad]] Mantartha Sangraha
|A gloss on the mantra portion of Mahaitareya Upanishad
|-
|''[[Isha Upanishad]]'' ''Khandartha''
|Word by word explanation based on Madhwacharya's Upanishad Bhashya and various Upanishad Teeka Karas.
|-
|''[[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]]'' ''Khandartha''
|Word by word explanation based on Madhwacharya's Upanishad Bhashya and various Upanishad Teeka Karas.
|-
|[[Katha Upanishad|Katha ''Upanishad'']] ''Khandartha''
|Word by word explanation based on Madhwacharya's Upanishad Bhashya and various Upanishad Teeka Karas.
|-
|[[Taittiriya Upanishad]] Khandhartha
|Word by word explanation based on Madhwacharya's Upanishad Bhashya and various Upanishad Teeka Karas.
|-
|[[Kena Upanishad|Talavakara Upanishad]] Khandhartha
|Word by word explanation based on Madhwacharya's Upanishad Bhashya and various Upanishad Teeka Karas.
|-
|[[Chandogya Upanishad]] Khandhartha
|Word by word explanation based on Madhwacharya's Upanishad Bhashya and various Upanishad Teeka Karas.
|-
|[[Prashna Upanishad|Satprashna Upanishad]] Khandhartha
|Word by word explanation based on Madhwacharya's Upanishad Bhashya and various Upanishad Teeka Karas.
|-
|[[Mundaka Upanishad|Manduka Upanishad]] Khandhartha
|Word by word explanation based on Madhwacharya's Upanishad Bhashya and various Upanishad Teeka Karas.
|-
|[[Mandukya Upanishad]] Khandhartha
|Word by word explanation based on Madhwacharya's Upanishad Bhashya and various Upanishad Teeka Karas.
|}

== The Legend of Raghavendra Tirtha and Sir Thomas Munro ==
A legend about Raghavendra Tirtha and [[Sir Thomas Munro, 1st Baronet|Sir Thomas Munro]] was recorded by W. Francis, an Indian civil servant to British India, in 1916, more than 100 years after it happened.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Francis W. |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.1430 |title=Madras District Gazetteers Bellary Vol-i (1916) |date=1916 |publisher=The Superintendent, Madras |pages=213}}</ref> The legend as follows: After Sir Thomas Munro was appointed as principal collector for the district of Bellary in 1800,<ref>{{Cite book |last=K. Abhishankar |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.07360 |title=Bellary District Gazetteer |date=1972 |publisher=State Government of Karnataka |pages=87}}</ref> he went to collect the taxes on Mantralaya (Mantsala). It was said that Raghavendra Tirtha appeared from the tomb and spoke with Thomas Munroe while the saint was invisible and inaudible to others. Munroe was convinced and went back to his camp and instructed to keep the endowment of Mantralaya Mutt. Direct documentations of this incident are missing. {{Citation needed|date=July 2025}}

==In popular culture==
Raghavendra Tirtha has been eulogised by Narayanacharya in his contemporaneous biography ''Raghavendra Vijaya'' and a hymn ''Raghavendra Stotra'' by Appannacharya. Outside the confines of [[Dvaita]], he is regarded as a saint known for preaching the worship of [[Vishnu]] regardless of caste or creed.{{Sfn|Rao|2015|p=85}}

Hebbar notes "By virtue of his spiritual charisma, coupled with the innumerable miracles associated with him, the pontiff saint may very well be said to possess an independent and cosmopolitan cult of his own with his devotees hailing not only from all walks of life but from all castes, sects and even creeds as well".{{sfn|Hebbar|2004|p=230}} His humanitarianism is evident in the devotional poems composed in his honour by [[Vijaya Dasa]], [[Gopala Dasa]] and [[Jagannatha Dasa (Kannada poet)|Jagannatha Dasa]].{{Sfn|Sharma|1961|p=281}}

Raghavendra has also seen representation in the popular culture through [[Indian Cinema]]:

{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Title role !! Director !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 1966 || ''[[Mantralaya Mahatme]]'' || [[Dr. Rajkumar]] || T. V. Singh Thakur || [[Kannada]] || The song from the film titled "Indu Enage Govinda" was written by Raghavendra himself
|-
| 1980 || ''Sri Raghavendra Vaibhava'' || [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]] || Babu Krishnamurthy || [[Kannada]] || Srinath won [[Karnataka State Film Award]] for Best Actor for the film
|-
| 1981 || ''Mantralaya Sri Raghavendra Vaibhavam'' || [[Ramakrishna (Telugu actor)|Rama Krishna]] || M. R. Nag || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || Ramakrishna's last film as a Hero in Telugu
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Sri Raghavendrar]]'' || [[Rajnikanth]] || SP. Muthuraman || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || The film was [[Rajnikanth|Rajnikanth's]] 100th
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite book |last= Aiyangar|first=Krishnaswami |title =Sources of Vijayanagar History |url= https://archive.org/details/cu31924024120150|year=1919|publisher= University of Madras|edition=|location= Chennai|isbn= }}
*{{cite book|title=According to Tradition: Hagiographical Writing in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GrMwdEqHLzEC|first=Winand M.|last=Callewaert|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|year=1994|isbn=978-3447035248}}
* {{cite book|title = The Sri Krsna Temple at Udupi|first = B.N| last = Hebbar| publisher=Nataraj Books |isbn = 978-1881338505 | year=2004 | url=https://archive.org/details/SriKrsnaTempleAtUdupi?q=vijayindra+tirtha}}
*{{cite book|title= The Sri-Krsna Temple at Udupi: The History and Spiritual Center of the Madhvite Sect of Hinduism|url=https://archive.org/details/SriKrsnaTempleAtUdupi|first=B.N|last=Hebbar|publisher=Bharatiya Granth Nikethan|year=2005|isbn=81-89211-04-8}}
*{{cite book |last= Pandurangi|first= K.T|title =Bhatta Sangraha |year=2004|publisher= Dvaita Vedanta Studies and Research Foundation|edition=|location= Bengaluru|isbn= }}
*{{cite book |last= Rao|first= Krishna, M.V |title =Purandara and the Haridasa Movement |year=1966|publisher= Karnatak University|edition=|location= Dharwad|isbn= }}
*{{cite book|title=The Proceedings Of The Indian History Congress 8th Session|page=|first=Raghavendra|last=Rao|publisher=The General Secretary Indian History Congress Allahabad|year=2015|isbn=}}
*{{cite book |last= Sharma|first= B.N.K|title =History of Dvaita school of Vedanta and its Literature, Vol 2. |year=1961|publisher= Motilal Banarasidass|edition=3rd|location= Bombay|isbn= 81-208-1575-0}}
* {{cite book|title = A History of the Dvaita School of Vedānta and Its Literature, 3rd Edition|first = B. N. Krishnamurti| last = Sharma| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (2008 Reprint) |isbn = 978-8120815759| year= 2000 }}
*{{cite book|title=Saints, gurus and mystics of India|volume=2|page=473|first=Giriraj|last=Shah|publisher=Cosmo Publications|year=1999|ref=none|isbn=978-81-7020-856-3}}
==External links==
*[http://www.srsmatha.org/ Official website of Sri Raghavendra Swamy Mutt Mantralayam]

==Further reading==
*[https://archive.org/details/RaghavendraVijayam Raghavendra Vijaya: A Biography of Raghavendra Tirtha]

{{Madhva Religious Figures}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raghavendra}}
[[Category:1595 births]]
[[Category:17th-century Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:Madhva religious leaders]]
[[Category:Dvaita Vedanta]]
[[Category:People from Cuddalore district]]
[[Category:Dvaitin philosophers]]
[[Category:1671 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu saints]]
[[Category:Scholars from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian scholars]]

Nikuala

2026-02-26T05:06:29Z

GreggNfb8421: creating

{{Short description|Zahau chief (c. 1839–1896), India}}
{{use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Nikuala
| image = Lal ropui Nikuala.png
| title = Chief of Leng {{lang|lus|Leng Lal}}
| caption =
| succession =
| reign =
| coronation =
| cor-type =
| predecessor =
| regent =
| reg-type =
| successor =
| suc-type =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1839
| birth_place = Ralleng
| death_date = {{death date and age|1896|1839}}
| death_place = Sylhet (in custody)
| spouse = Lalngurvungi
| spouse-type = Spouse
| consort =
| issue = Dokhama Liannawla
| issue-link =
| regnal name =
| house = Zahau
| father = Khawzaliana
| mother =
| religion = [[Mizo religion|Sakhua]]
| type = chieftain
| burial_date =
| burial_place =
| signature =
| native_lang1 = [[Duhlien]]
}}
'''Nikuala''' ({{circa|1839}}-1896) was a [[Mizo people|Lushai chief]] of the Zahau clan in the eastern [[Lushai Hills]] which are in modern-day [[Mizoram]] in India. He was adopted by [[Vanhnuailiana]] and settled between the Mizos and the Chins and weakened the hold of Chin chiefs. Nikuala was victorious in keeping out the Chins and Lai from entering Mizoram. The British would capture Nikuala after the [[Chin-Lushai Expedition]].

==Early life==
Nikuala was one of five sons born to the Zahau chief Khawzaliana. He was born at Rallang village in [[Chin State]] of [[Myanmar]] in 1839. Nikuala, as a young boy, earned a reputation for his bravery and courage. One time, as a child, he carried cooked rice in his hand to his mother chopping firewood before he was attacked by a fierce hen. Nikuala engaged in combat with the hen until his mother rescued him. The result of the experience made the {{lang|lus|upas}} of the chief believe he would grow into a brave warrior.{{sfn|Sailo|2010|p=49}}{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1989|p=54}}

Another time, Nikuala went to pelt birds with his friends but was attacked by a [[King Cobra]]. While his friends ran away, Nikuala had his back turned to the snake. When told to run, Nikuala refused without knowing why. When the snake hissed to bite him, Nikuala turned and aimed his slingshot at it in the middle of the neck. A second shot shattered the head of the snake and killed it immediately. His friends had already returned and informed of the snake attack and that Nikuala may have been killed. However Nikuala returned with the corpse of the snake in front of the village. As a result a ceremony was performed by his father by sacrificing a hog.{{sfn|Sailo|2010|p=50}}{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1989|p=55}}

==Journey to Mizoram==
There is no consensus among historians on how Nikuala entered the modern-day territory of [[Mizoram]] west of the [[Manipur River]]. Most have agreed on the narrative that the [[Mizo people|Mizo chiefs]] invited Nikuala, who was reputed for his bravery and prowess, to help deal with the [[Lai people|Lai tribes]]. The Mizos were burdened by the Chins with taxes and raids, where individuals were killed and enslaved.{{sfn|Sailo|2010|p=50}}{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1989|p=56}} Nikuala was invited to negotiate with the fierce tribes of Burma, such as the Falam, [[Sukte people|Suktê]], and Haka Lai ({{langx|lus|Halkha Lai}}). Nikuala arrived in Mizoram in 1857. He arrived at Chief [[Vanhnuailiana]]'s village. Nikuala accepted under the condition of his father's assent since he was his father's protege. Vanhnuailiana sent five {{lang|lus|upas}} to Khawzaliana in Rallang. The negotiation promised Nikuala and independent village and the hand of [[Laltheri]] if she chose to marry Nikuala. Hence Nikuala became established in Mizoram upon his father's approval.{{sfn|Sailo|2010|p=51}}{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1989|p=57}}

Nikuala lived in Vanhnuailian's circa 1,000 household settlement of [[Tualte]]. Laltheri did not accept Nikuala and so the marriage did not take place.{{sfn|Sailo|2010|p=51}}{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1989|p=57}} Nikuala thus married Lalngurvungi and had a son named Vakmen. Vakmen in Nikuala's dialect meant "wanderer" or "nomad". However, Nikuala's foster brother and Vanhnuailian's son, [[Lalburha]], opposed the name and encouraged "Dokhama" which was accepted.{{sfn|Sailo|2010|p=52}}{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1989|p=58}} Nikuala accompanied Vanhnuailiana as a foster son and moved to Champhai. During Champhai, Nikuala dealt with a tiger at point-blank range after all other men failed to confront it.{{sfn|Sailo|2010|p=52}}

==Chieftainship==
Vanhnuailiana keeping to his promise granted Nikuala his own village. Nikuala ruled over 100 houses at Lesen village. Vanhnuailiana died in 1871. His sons, Doṭhiauva, Liankhama, Lalburha, Buangtheuva and Chhinhleia moved westerwards but Nikuala remained. Vanhnuailiana had promised Nikuala that if he had remained on the eastern side, his descendants would have uncontested right to settle the area. From Leisen, Nikuala migrated to Leithum to Vanzau. He continued migrating and from Vanzau went to Phuihnam and then Tlaikuang. At Tlaikuang, Nikuala experienced the [[mautam]] famine in 1880. Nikuala didn't fear the Chin chiefs to his east unlike the Sailos and thus this attracted more villagers to settle under his rule and raised the number of households to 400.{{sfn|Sailo|2010|p=52}}{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1989|p=60}}

Nikuala made sure to migrate and only ever settle on land bordering Myanmar along the Tiau river. None of the Sailo chiefs disturbed Nikuala knowing he was the check on the aggression of the Chins. Nikuala also gained a [[pasalṭha|{{lang|lus|pasalṭha|cat=no}}]] Hrangleiah. Hrangleiah was brought by Nikuala's men to him after Hrangeliah killed a man and was no longer protected by his Chief Zaduha of Zawlsei village.{{sfn|Sailo|2010|p=53}}

Nikuala fought against the various Lai and Chin tribes while at Bungzung. However, he was not content with his location and moved to a strategic location at Chawngtlai in 1887-1890. During this time both Tualte and Chawngtlai were under his rule and considered the same settlement. Nikuala visited Lalkhuma, the Chief of Kangzang (now Mualcheng), but was caught and imprisoned by Lalkhuma. He was imprisoned as revenge by Lalkhuma whose father [[Vuta|Vûta]] had been captured by the Falam Chins and heavily ransomed for his freedom. Nikuala escaped after three months of imprisonment and gained an increased reputation for this feat.{{sfn|Sailo|2010|p=53}}{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1989|p=63}}
Nikuala planned revenge on Lalkhuma and planned to raid him, however, Lalburha his foster brother stopped him and pleaded him for mercy.{{sfn|Sailo|2010|p=54}}{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1989|p=65}}

===War with the Lai===
Due to Nikuala's chieftainship, the Mizo chiefs were no longer forced to pay taxes and tributes to the Chiefs of Falam. The Falam chiefs continued their depradations by raiding the Mizos and taking their children as captives. Nikuala decided to retaliate against the hostilities of the Falam chiefs. However, the Lai tribes at Thlantlang and Halkha came to know of his attack and united to field a larger force. However, Nikuala was supported by the descendents of Vûta and the Fânai tribes when the intentions of the united Lai offensive was discovered.{{sfn|Sailo|2010|p=54}}

The forested land of Khuanthing between the Tiau and Tuipui rivers was a disputed territory between Nikuala, Chief of Tlaikuang, and Sailuaia, Chief of Dawn. In 1880, Sailuaia cleared the forest and this raised tensions escalating into a war.{{sfn|Sailo|2010|p=54}} The war between the two chiefs were fought with ambushing and guerilla warfare. The Zahau relatives of Nikuala also intervened on Nikua's behalf upon learning of the conflict. Mangcheuva, a close relative of Nikuala, raided Dawn village and took a head of a man from there.{{sfn|Sailo|2010|p=55}}

After the Dawn village was defeated, the Khuangli tribes at Sunchung were attacked by Chief Vannawla of the Zahau. Vannawla requested the help of Nikuala who joined the conflict against the Khuangli. The Khuangli aware of Nikuala's attack prepoared defenses but after 6-7 hours of fighting were defeated. The Khuangli inhabitants of Sunchung termed the bravery of Nikuala and his warriors as a "tiger" as a result. After Sunchung, Nikuala sent his pasalṭhas Hrangleia and Vawmkaia to Lumler village who killed a giant man of the village.{{sfn|Sailo|2010|p=55}}{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1989|p=67}}

Nikuala, following his victories, moved to Bungzung in 1882 and granted Tlaikuang to his relative Khawtinpara. However, Nikuala's absence encouraged the Halka Lai chief Vancheuva to raid Tlaikuang.{{sfn|Sailo|2010|p=55}} Nikuala chased the war party up to the Tiau river and shot them from behind. One bullet wounded Vancheuva, the chief, in the thigh and broke the bone, allowing for his capture. In 1887, Nikuala shifted his village from Bungzung to Buang and continued the war with the Chins and Lai. Following Buang, he migrated to Chawngtlai in 1887-1890. Due to his many victories, the Chinese attempted to retaliate strongly. Their pasalṭhas Ralbilha and Chalnaka formed a war party to take vengeance on Nikuala. The party marched to Chawngtlai and crossed the Tiau river at Darzo. They crossed Muallianpui and went to north Vanlaiphai. As these villages were ruled by Fânai chiefs, Nikuala was warned of the impending war party and raid. Nikuala constructed a defensive plan with his pasalṭhas: Chawngluta, Lalbawnga and Aichhunga.{{sfn|Sailo|2010|p=56}}{{sfn|Pachuau}}{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1989|p=67}}

Nikuala planned to launch an ambush at Khawkai. While waiting for the war party, Chawngluta became restless and stood in the middle of the road disguised behind the branch of a tree. Ralbilha was spotted and attacked by Chawnluta who shot him at point blank range. Ralbilha following the honour code of warriors demanded Chawngluta to use his {{lang|lus|dao}} to kill him and take his head. Chawngluta obliged and the rest of the war party was killed and massacred.{{sfn|Sailo|2010|p=50}}{{sfn|Pachuau}}

Sometimes, the war Chin warriors marched towards Chawngtlai directly. The pasalṭhas formed a watchtower on Selawn Hill. Chhunkhuma and Lalbawnga were on duty in the pitch darkness of night. The Halkha Lai fired upon them but failed to kill anyone. The two warriors fired back in the dark of the night and killed the son of the chief leading the war party.{{sfn|Sailo|2010|p=57}}{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1989|p=71}} Hranghleia pursued the party who tried to drag the body of their chief's son with them. He routed the enemies and struck down a warrior and took his head. However, the Halkha Lai warriors yelled back at them that his victim was of his own blood. The corpse examined proved to be his nephew, the son of his sister who married a Halkha Lai and lived in the Chin Hills.{{sfn|Sailo|2010|p=58}}{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1989|p=71}}

Nikuala's continuous victories made Mizoram safe from the incursions of the Chins and the Lai. Taxation by the Falam chiefs ceased entirely.{{sfn|Sailo|2010|p=58}} Nikuala also rescued the sons of Vanhnuailiana from Hmars who were attacking them.{{sfn|Sailo|2010|p=59}}{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1989|p=72}}
===Anglo-Lushai relations===
Following the [[Chin-Lushai Expedition]], the Chin Hills and the Lushai Hills were annexed by the British. Chiefs loyal to the British government used the power of the British to their advantage. Many rival chiefs of Nikuala made false charges of murder, plunder, pillaging. These charged levied were taken on by the British and a warrant was sent out for himi. Nikuala evaded the British until January 1892. He escaped once more in February but was betrayed by a British interpreter who made him leave his hideout. Nikuala was arrested and sent to Rangoon. At Rangoon his relatives visited him.{{sfn|Sailo|2010|p=60}}{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1989|p=75}}

==Later life==
Nikuala, who was betrayed, expressed his frustration by protesting the food in prison. He was forcefully fed by the prison guards and bit their hands in the process. Nikuala's term was extended to 20 years but then shortened. Before Nikuala was released, he killed the jail cook known as Saw Muang to wash off the burden of imprisonment. His term was further extended once more. Nikuala was sent to Calcutta and then Sylhet. He died of cholera in prison in 1896.{{sfn|Sailo|2010|p=61}}{{sfn|Lalthangliana|1989|p=77}} Nikuala had two sons. His elder son, Dokhama, occupied Tualte while Liannawla became Chief of [[Kelkang]]. {{sfn|Sailo|2010|p=61}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
==Sources==
*{{cite book |last=Lalthangliana |first=B. |date=1989 |title=Mizo Lal Ropuite |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.467582/mode/2up |location=Aizawl |publisher=R.T.M Press|language=Mizo|trans-title=Great Mizo Kings}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Sailo |first1=Ngurthankima |title=Nikaual (c 1939-1896) |journal=Historical Journal of Mizoram |date=2010 |volume=X |issue=1 |url=https://historicaljournalmizoram.in/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/historical-journal-mizoram-volume-XI-NOV-2010.pdf |access-date=31 August 2025}}
*{{cite web |last1=Pachuau |first1=Johntea |title=Lal Ropui Nikuala |url=https://www.timesofmizoram.com/2018/09/lal-ropui-nikuala-lusei-lal-ropui-ber.html |website=Times of Mizoram |access-date=31 August 2025|trans-title=Great King Nikuala|language=Mizo}}
{{Lushai frontier}}

[[Category:Eastern Lushai chiefs]]
[[Category:1839 births]]
[[Category:1896 deaths]]

Shenbaga

2026-02-23T20:58:50Z

GreggNfb8421: quick fix

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shenbaga
| image =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Tuticorin]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| occupation = [[Actress|Film actress]]
| other_names = Shenbagam
| parents =
| spouse =
| years_active = 1991-1996
}}
'''Shenbaga''' also known as '''Shenbagam''' is an Indian actress in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and Malayalam films.<ref>[https://archive.today/20141208135015/http://paaru.in/actors/chembakam-shenbaga Unknown]</ref> She was one of the prominent lead and supporting actress in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] films from 1991 to 1996.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=actors&artist=Chembakam&limit=2|title = Profile of Malayalam Actor Chembakam}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-11 |title='பாட்ஷா'வில் ரஜினியின் தங்கையாக நடித்தவர்... இப்போ எப்படி இருக்கிறார் தெரியுமா? |url=https://tamil.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/cinema-rajini-starrer-baashha-movie-sister-character-shenbagam-latest-photo-kls-ws-l-1885484.html |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=tamil.news18.com |language=ta}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Thoothu Po Chella Kiliye]]'' || Kasthuri || rowspan="4" | [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Kalikaalam (1992 film)|Kalikaalam]]'' || Mary ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1993 || ''[[Ulle Veliye]]'' || Shenbagam ||
|-
| ''[[Udan Pirappu]]'' || || Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Pravachakan]]'' || Deepthi || [[Malayalam]] ||
|-
| ''[[I Love India]]'' || Anu || rowspan="7" | Tamil ||
|-
| ''Muthupandi''|| Suguna ||
|-
|''[[Sabash Babu]]''
|
|
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Jallikattu Kaalai]]'' || Poovatha ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1995 || ''[[Baashha]]'' || Kavitha ||
|-
| ''[[Pasumpon]]'' || Paramakudiya ||
|-
| ''[[Thirumoorthy]]'' || Geetha ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1996 || ''Sulthan Hyderali'' || Mehrunnisa || rowspan="3" | Malayalam ||
|-
| ''Ammuvinte Aangalamar''|| ||
|-
| ''Nandagopaalante Kusruthikal'' || Radhika ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0031674}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shenbaga}}
[[Category:Actresses from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Thoothukudi district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]

Archdiocese of Calcutta

2026-02-21T13:56:02Z

GreggNfb8421: Creating New Details

{{Short description|Roman Catholic archdiocese in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2013}}
{{Infobox diocese
| jurisdiction = Archdiocese
| name = Calcutta
| latin = Archidioecesis Calcuttensis কলকাতার বিশপের এলাকা
| local =
| image = Calcutta, Cathedral of the Most Holy Rosary-2.jpg
| image_size = 230px
| image_alt =
| caption = [[Cathedral of the Most Holy Rosary]]

| country = India
| territory =
| province = Calcutta
| metropolitan =
| archdeaconries =
| deaneries =
| subdivisions =
| coordinates = 

| area_sqmi = 11,532
| area_footnotes =
| population = 49,010,000
| population_as_of = 2023
| catholics = 177,354
| catholics_percent = 0.4
| parishes = 55
| churches = 
| congregations = 
| schools = 
| members = 

| denomination = [[Catholic]]
| sui_iuris_church = [[Latin Church]]
| rite = [[Roman Rite]]
| established = {{start date and age|18 April 1834}}
| cathedral = [[Cathedral of the Most Holy Rosary]]
| cocathedral =
| patron = [[St Francis Xavier]],<ref name=nvpavq>{{cite web |url=http://www.catholicculture.org/news/headlines/index.cfm?storyid=32646 |title=Mother Teresa named co-patron of Calcutta archdiocese | News Headlines |publisher=Catholic Culture |date= |accessdate=2020-02-26 |archive-date=5 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905211133/http://www.catholicculture.org/news/headlines/index.cfm?storyid=32646 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Mother Teresa|St Teresa of Calcutta]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/vatican-declares-mother-teresa-patron-saint-calcutta-49651357|title=Vatican declares Mother Teresa a patron saint of Calcutta|author=Manik Banerjee|date=6 September 2017|publisher=Associated Press, ABC News.com|accessdate=6 September 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906160015/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/vatican-declares-mother-teresa-patron-saint-calcutta-49651357|archivedate=6 September 2017}}</ref>
| patron_title = 
| priests = 

| pope = {{Incumbent pope}} 
| patriarch =
| bishop_title = Archbishop
| metro_archbishop = [[Elias Frank]]
| suffragans =
| auxiliary_bishops = 
| apostolic_admin =
| vicar_general =
| episcopal_vicar =
| archdeacons = 
| emeritus_bishops = [[Thomas D'Souza]]

| map =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =

| website = [http://www.archdioceseofcalcutta.in/ Website of the Archdiocese]
| footnotes =
}}
The '''Roman Catholic Metropolitan Archdiocese of Calcutta''' ({{langx|la|Archidioecesis Calcuttensis}}) is an ecclesiastical [[Latin Church]] territory of the [[Catholic Church]] in [[India]].

==History==
The archdiocese was originally erected as the '''[[Apostolic vicariate|Apostolic Vicariate]] of [[Bengal]]''' in 1834 by [[Pope Gregory XVI]], and renamed as the '''Apostolic Vicariate of [[West Bengal|Western Bengal]]''' in 1850 by Gregory's successor, [[Pope Pius IX]].

On 1 September 1886, when the Catholic hierarchy was created in British India by Pope [[Leo XIII]], the vicariate was elevated to the rank of [[Metropolitan bishop|metropolitan archdiocese]] and renamed as the "Archdiocese of Calcutta".

Over the course of times the archdiocese was frequently divided and new metropolitan provinces were created: [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ranchi|Ranchi]], [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Guwahati|Guwahati]] and [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Patna|Patna]]. {{As of|2020|}}, the metropolitan province of Calcutta covers the state of [[West Bengal]]. The [[Suffragan bishop|suffragan sees]] are: [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Asansol|Asansol]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Bagdogra|Bagdogra]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Baruipur|Baruipur]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Darjeeling|Darjeeling]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jalpaiguri|Jalpaiguri]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Krishnagar|Krishnagar]] and [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Raiganj|Raiganj]].

The archdiocese's [[cathedral]], the seat of its archbishop, is the [[Cathedral of the Most Holy Rosary]], commonly called the "Portuguese Church". Calcutta also houses the oldest Catholic church in the area, the [[Bandel Church|Basilica of the Holy Rosary]], in [[Bandel]] - a former Portuguese settlement - some 40 kilometers (25 miles) north of the city of [[Kolkata]].

The current archbishop of Calcutta is [[Elias Frank]], having been appointed by [[Pope Leo XIV]] on 20 September 2025.

==Territory==
The archdiocese of Calcutta currently covers the Districts of [[Bankura district|Bankura]], [[Howrah district|Howrah]], [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]], [[Kolkata district|Kolkata]], [[Paschim Medinipur district|Paschim Medinipur]], [[Purba Medinipur district|Purba Medinipur]] and [[North 24 Parganas]] in the state of [[West Bengal]].

==List of Ordinaries of Calcutta==

===Apostolic vicars of Bengal===
* 1834 - 1838 : Robert Saint–Leger
* 1838 - 1840 : [[Jean-Louis Taberd]]
* 1840 - 1850 : [[Patrick Joseph Carew]]

===Apostolic vicars of West Bengal===
Source:<ref name=catholic-hierarchy>(en) [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dcalc.html "Past and Present Ordinaries"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328191417/http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dcalc.html |date=28 March 2019 }}, Archdiocese of Calcutta, ''Catholic Hierarchy''. Retrieved 2 February 2012</ref>
* 1850 - 1855 : Patrick Joseph Carew
* 1855 - 1859 : Marc-Thomas Olliffe
* 1858 - 1864 : ''Sede vacante'' (''Auguste Goiran, Administrator'')
* 1864 - 1865 : Augustus van Heule
* 1865 - 1867 : ''Sede vacante'' (''Honoré van der Stuyft,'' ''Administrator'')
* 1867 - 1877 : [[Walter Steins|Walter Herman Jacobus Steins]]
* 1877 - 1886 : [[Paul Goethals|Paul François Marie Goethals]]

===Archbishops of Calcutta===
Source:<ref name=catholic-hierarchy/>
* 1886 - 1901 : [[Paul Goethals|Paul François Marie Goethals]]
* 1902 - 1924 : [[Brice Meuleman]]
* 1924 - 1960 : [[Ferdinand Perier]]
* 1960 - 1962 : Vivian Anthony Dyer
* 1962 - 1969 : Albert Vincent D'Souza
* 1969 - 1986 : [[Lawrence Picachy|Lawrence Trevor Cardinal Picachy]]
* 1986 - 2002 : [[Henry Sebastian D'Souza]]
* 2002 - 2012 : [[Lucas Sirkar]]
* 2012 - 2025 : [[Thomas D'Souza]]
* 2025 - Pres : [[Elias Frank]]

==Saints and causes for canonisation==
* St. [[Teresa of Calcutta]] lived and served in Calcutta.<ref name="CCBI">{{cite web|url=http://ccbi.in/saints-blessed/|title=Saints & Blessed – CCBI|accessdate=Oct 17, 2019|archive-date=18 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218103142/http://ccbi.in/saints-blessed/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Catholic Ecclesiastical Provinces in India]]
*[[Diocese of Calcutta of the Church of North India]]
*[[Roman Catholicism in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.archdioceseofcalcutta.in/deaneries-kol.html Archdiocese of Calcutta]
*[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dcalc.html Catholic-Hierarchy]
*[http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/calc0.htm GCatholic.org]
*{{CathEncy|wstitle=Archdiocese of Calcutta}}

{{coord|22|34|N|88|21|E|type:city_source:kolossus-plwiki|display=title}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Christianity in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in 1834|Calcutta]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in India|Calcutta]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 19th century|Calcutta]]
[[Category:1834 establishments in India]]

Chakisain

2026-02-08T05:10:22Z

GreggNfb8421: article - done

{{Short description|Administrative division in India}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chakisain
| pushpin_map = India Uttarakhand
| coordinates = {{coord|30.1492|78.982|display=inline, title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| native_name_lang = gbm
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttarakhand, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttarakhand]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pauri Garhwal district|Pauri Garhwal]]
| established_title = 
| unit_pref = Metric
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 246275
| registration_plate = UK-12
| website = {{URL|pauri.gov.in}}
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
}}
'''Chakisain''' tehsil is a [[tehsil]] (administrative division) in [[Pauri Garhwal district]], [[Uttarakhand]], India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pauri.nic.in/tehsil/ |title=Tehsil | District Pauri Garhwal, Government of Uttarakhand | India |publisher=Pauri.nic.in |date= |accessdate=2022-12-30}}</ref> Chakisain tehsil was carved out in 2013 out of [[Thalisain]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2013/state-editions/new-tehsil-likely-at-chakisain-of-pauri-dist.html|title=New Tehsil likely at Chakisain of Pauri dist|first=The|last=Pioneer|website=The Pioneer}}</ref> and has 115 villages.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttarakhand/pauri/Pauri-70696-13|title=राठ क्षेत्र का चाकीसैण भी बना तहसील|website=Amar Ujala}}</ref>

The tehsil is primarily rural and main economic activities in the region include agriculture, forestry, and tourism. It has many schools and one Atal Utkrisht Vidyalay.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://educationportal.uk.gov.in/SchoolWebsite?action=schoolAboutUs&schoolId=105089|title=Website|website=educationportal.uk.gov.in}}</ref> Located in Rath area of Pauri, this is part of the [[Srinagar Assembly constituency]] and is negatively affected by the migration of people due to lack of economic opportunities.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tehsils of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Pauri Garhwal district]]

Ravi Varma (East Godavari actor)

2026-01-30T10:30:02Z

GreggNfb8421:

{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1975)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ravi Varma
| image = Rakhi Ravi Varma.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1975|09|29}}
| birth_name = Ravi Varma Rudraraju<ref>''Inkosaari'' (DVD). End credits from 2:11:04 to 2:13:06</ref>
| birth_place = [[East Godavari District]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| alma mater = [[Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology]] [[New York Film Academy]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Actor
| yearsactive = 2005–⁠present
| othername = Vennela Ravi Varma, Rakhi Ravi Varma
| children =
}}
'''Ravi Varma''' (born 29 September 1975) is an Indian actor who appears in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu films]]. Known for playing supporting roles, he debuted as an actor with ''[[Vennela]]'' (2005), directed by [[Deva Katta]].<ref name=Vennela>{{cite news|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/preview/7720.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051203062443/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/preview/7720.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 December 2005|title=Vennela Telugu Movie Preview|date=10 September 2005|work=IndiaGlitz|accessdate=28 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.telugucinemas.in/2015/03/actor-ravi-varma-interview.html|title=Actor Ravi Varma interview}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
Varma was born in [[East Godavari District]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India and brought up in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], since 2 years of age.<ref name="I1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/chitchat-ravivarma.html|title=Ravi Varma interview - chitchat - Telugu film actor|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> After high school, he studied engineering at [[Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology|CBIT]] in Hyderabad and went to [[New York City]] to finish his master's degree and found a job at [[Rediff]].<ref name="I1" /> Varma enrolled in a 3-month course at [[New York Film Academy]].<ref name="I1"/> Later, he was offered the role of Syed in ''Vennela'' in 2005.<ref name="I2">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/ravi-varma-to-debut-in-kollywood-with-remake-of-telugu-hit-kshanam-4430012/|title=Ravi Varma to debut in Kollywood with remake of Telugu hit Kshanam|date=16 December 2016|work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> He debuted in Tamil with ''[[Sathya (2017 Tamil film)|Sathya]]'', which was a remake of ''[[Kshanam]]''.<ref name="I2" />

==Filmography==
{{colbegin}}
* ''[[Vennela]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Rakhi (2006 film)|Rakhi]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Sainikudu]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Bommarillu]]'' (2006)
* ''Nuvve'' (2006)
* ''[[Classmates (2007 film)|Classmates]]'' (2007)
* ''Naa Manasukemaindi'' (2007)
* ''Bhadradri'' (2008)
* ''[[Nagaram (2008 film)|Nagaram]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Ready (2008 film)|Ready]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Jalsa]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Inkosaari]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Virodhi (2011 film)|Virodhi]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Chinna Cinema]]'' (2013)
* ''[[1 (2014 film)|1]]'' (2014)
* ''Weekend Love'' (2014)
* ''[[Boochamma Boochodu]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Ala Ela]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Tungabhadra]]'' (2015)
* ''Calling Bell'' (2015)
* ''[[Asura (2015 film)|Asura]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Srimanthudu]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Dying to Be Me]]'' (2015) (short film)
* ''[[Kshanam]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Terror (2016 film)|Terror]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Raja Cheyyi Vesthe]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Jayammu Nischayammu Raa (2016 film)|Jayammu Nischayammu Raa]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Appatlo Okadundevadu]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Ghazi (film)|Ghazi]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Fashion Designer s/o Ladies Tailor]]'' (2017)
* ''[[PSV Garuda Vega]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Balakrishnudu]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Napoleon (2017 film)|Napoleon]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Sathya (2017 Tamil film)|Sathya]]'' (2017) (Tamil)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2021/Jul/29/telugu-actor-ravi-varma-is-looking-forward-to-making-his-kannada-debut-2336857.html|title=Telugu actor Ravi Varma is looking forward to making his Kannada debut|date=29 July 201|work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>
* ''[[Pantham]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Taxiwaala]]'' (2018)
*''Kartha Karma Kriya'' (2018)
*''[[24 Kisses]]'' (2018)
*''[[Vinaya Vidheya Rama]]'' (2019)
*''[[Mithai (film)|Mithai]]'' (2019)
*''Udyama Simham'' (2019)
*''[[Nuvvu Thopu Raa]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Rajdooth]]'' (2019)
*''[[Saaho]]'' (2019)
*''[[Raagala 24 Gantallo]]'' (2019)
*''[[Entha Manchivaadavuraa]]'' (2020)
*''[[Pressure Cooker (2020 film)|Pressure Cooker]]'' (2020)
* ''[[HIT: The First Case]]'' (2020)
* ''[[47 Days]]'' (2020)
* ''[[Valayam (film)|Valayam]]'' (2020)
* ''[[Uppena]]'' (2021)
* ''[[Thellavarithe Guruvaram]]'' (2021)
* ''[[Mosagallu]]'' (2021)
* ''[[Pachchis]]'' (2021)
* ''[[Kanabadutaledu]]'' (2021)
* ''[[Ichata Vahanamulu Niluparadu]]'' (2021)
* ''[[Republic (film)|Republic]]'' (2021)
* ''[[Maa Oori Polimera]]'' (2021)
* ''[[Alanti Sitralu]]'' (2021)
* ''[[Bheemla Nayak]]'' (2022)
* ''[[Bhala Thandanana]]'' (2022)
* ''[[The Ghost (2022 film)|The Ghost]]'' (2022)
* ''[[Neetho (2022 film)|Neetho]]'' (2022)
* ''[[Valentine's Night (2023 film)|Valentine's Night]]'' (2023)
* ''[[Michael (2023 film)|Michael]]'' (2023)
* ''[[Spy (2023 film)|Spy]]'' (2023)
* ''[[Gandeevadhari Arjuna]]'' (2023)
*''[[Prema Vimanam]]'' (2023)
* ''[[Maa Oori Polimera 2]]'' (2023)
* ''[[Krishna Rama]]'' (2023)
* ''[[Extra Ordinary Man]]'' (2023)
* ''[[RAM (Rapid Action Mission)]]'' (2024)
* ''[[Inti No. 13]]'' (2024)
* ''[[Satyabhama (2024 film)|Satyabhama]]'' (2024)
* ''[[Honeymoon Express (2024 film)|Honeymoon Express]]'' (2024) as Vineeth Sharma
* ''[[Hathya]]'' (2025) as J. C. Dharmendra Reddy
* ''Pourusham'' (2025)
* ''[[Blind Spot (2025 film)|Blind Spot]]'' (2025) as Jayaram
* ''[[Eleven (film)|Eleven]]'' (2025)
* ''[[Constable (film)|Constable]]'' (2025)
* ''[[Paanch Minar]]'' (2025)
* ''[[Cheekatilo]]'' (2026)
{{colend}}

=== Television ===
* ''SIN'' (2020); [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]
*''[[11th Hour (web series)|11th Hour]]'' (2021); [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]
*[[Loser (web series)|''Loser'']] (2021); [[ZEE5]]
*''[[9 Hours]]'' (2022); [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
*[[Hello World (web series)|''Hello World'']] (2022); [[ZEE5]]
*''Bad Trip'' (2023); [[SonyLIV]]
*[[Parampara (Indian TV series)|''Parampara'']] (Season 2); Disney+ Hotstar
*[[Athidhi (TV series)|''Athidhi'']] (2023); Disney+ Hotstar
*''[[Maya Bazaar For Sale]]'' (2023); [[ZEE5]]
*''[[Arabia Kadali]]'' (2025); [[Amazon Prime Video]]
*''[[The Family Man (Indian TV series)|The Family Man]]'' (2025); Amazon Prime Video

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|5624098}}
*{{Instagram|therealravivarma}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Varma, Ravi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:New York Film Academy alumni]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actors from East Godavari district]]
[[Category:Male actors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

Bikashrai Debbarma

2026-01-30T09:06:43Z

GreggNfb8421: stub - done

{{Short description|Indian poet, author and composer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Bikashrai Debbarma
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1960|05|22}}
| notable_works = {{Unbulleted list
|''Tutankhamun ni Pyramid'' (2022)
|''Chirik Morok'' (2022)}}
| awards = Doulat Ahmed Award
| image = [[File:Bikashrai Debbarma.jpg|250px]]
| caption = Debbarma in 2023
| occupation = {{hlist|Poet|composer}}
}}

'''Bikashrai Debbarma''' (born 22 May 1960) is an Indian poet, author and composer from the state of Tripura. The majority of his writings in [[Kokborok]] are based in the lived realities of the people in [[Tripura]] in north-east India. His 2021 poetry {{'}}''Tutankhamun ni Pyramid''{{'}} won the Doulat Ahmed Award for best publication in the year 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-11 |title=Kokborok Koklopni Hayung by Ashit Debbarma – Kokborok Kokrwbai |url=https://kokborokkokrwbai.in/2024/04/kokborok-koklopni-hayung-by-ashit-debbarma/#google_vignette |access-date=2024-10-29 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Debbarma and playwright [[Nanda Kumar Deb Barma|Nanda Kumar Debbarma]] recently compiled {{'}}''Chirik Morok''{{'}},<ref>{{Cite book |title=Chirik-morok |date=2022 |publisher=Nihārikā |isbn=978-93-86781-09-3 |editor-last=Roy Debbarma |editor-first=Bikash |location=Agaratala |editor-last2=Debbarma |editor-first2=Nandakumar}}</ref> an anthology of Kokborok poetry.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Support |date=2024-10-18 |title=Bikashrai Debbarma |url=https://shillonglitfest.com/bikashrai-debbarma/ |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=shillonglitfest.com |language=en-US}}</ref> He is also the president Kokborok Sahitya Sabha (KBSS) and of the confederation RSKC (Roman Script for Kokborok Choba).{{cn|date=March 2025}} In 2023, he was nominated as member of the General Council (2023–2027) of the [[Sahitya Akademi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=..:: Welcome to Sahitya Akademi ::.. |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/aboutus/general_council.jsp |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref>

== Works ==
Know mostly for his poetry, Bikashrai Debbarma is considered among the widely known 'Kokborok Modernist'.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Debbarma |first=Khapang |date=2022-01-19 |title=Will Places And Rivers Of Tripura Ever Be Restored Back To Their Kokborok Names? |url=https://www.adivasilivesmatter.com/post/will-places-and-rivers-of-tripura-ever-be-restored-back-to-their-kokborok-names |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=Adivasi Lives Matter |language=en}}</ref>

== Language advocacy ==
As president of the Roman Script for Kokborok Choba (RSKC),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roman Script for Kokborok: 56 organizations jointly stage protest {{!}} tripuratimes |url=https://tripuratimes.com/ttimes/roman-script-for-kokborok-56-organizations-jointly-stage-protest-7999.html/ |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=Roman Script for Kokborok: 56 organizations jointly stage protest {{!}} tripuratimes |language=English}}</ref> Debbarma has been active in advocating for the upliftment of Kokborok language. RSKC led by veteran Kokborok literary activists have demanded Roman Script to included as official script for Kokborok.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-30 |title=Tripura indigenous bodies seek Roman script for Kokborok |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/tripura-indigenous-bodies-seek-roman-script-for-kokborok-101651329916718.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020072716/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/tripura-indigenous-bodies-seek-roman-script-for-kokborok-101651329916718.html |archive-date=20 October 2022 |access-date=2024-12-25 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Impact and legacy ==
Debbarma was a major influence and inspiration to the Kokborok Indie-folk band Koloma and its singer Rumio Debbarma's songwriting. In an interview with ''[https://rootsandleisure.com/ Roots and Leisure]'', the frontman Rumio said: "Seeing how our traditional folk culture is dying among the current and younger generations, I wanted to preserve it by writing songs that blend our traditional style with modern genres. We started making our own blend of folk fusion music to grasp their interest. I have also always been very inspired by the local legend Bikash Rai Debbarma."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rootsandleisure.com/koloma-folk-band-from-tripura|title="We Want to Preserve Our Folk Songs and Native Language 'Kok Borok' Through Our Music" – Meet Folk-Fusion Band KOLOMA from Tripura|last1=Vilina|date=2018-08-28|website=Roots and Leisure|language=en-in|access-date=2024-10-29}}</ref>

== Selected published works ==
*''Chirik Morok (2022)''
*''Tutankhamun ni Pyramid (2022)''
*''Text Message''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review Article: The Fragrant Joom Revisited: A Translation of Kokborok Poetry in English by Ashes Gupta – Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities |url=https://rupkatha.com/v9n136/ |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=rupkatha.com |language=en-US |quote=The translations of the ‘modernist poets’, especially the poetry of Bikash Roy Debbarma and Kishore Murasingh make one come to terms with the harsh and painful truth of the never ending conflict between the indigenous folks and the Bengalis (non-tribal population) of the state.}}</ref>

== Awards ==

* Doulat Ahmed Prize, 2022<ref>{{Cite web |last=Support |date=2024-10-18 |title=Bikashrai Debbarma |url=https://shillonglitfest.com/bikashrai-debbarma/ |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=shillonglitfest.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Debbarma, Bikashrai}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category: Tripuri people]]
[[Category:People from Tripura]]
[[Category:People from Agartala]]
[[Category:Writers from Tripura]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]

Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan (soundtrack)

2026-01-23T02:45:05Z

GreggNfb8421: starting entry

{{Short description|2023 soundtrack album}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Himesh Reshammiya]], [[Devi Sri Prasad]], [[Ravi Basrur]], [[Sajid–Wajid|Sajid Khan]], [[Sukhbir (musician)|Sukhbir]], [[Payal Dev]], and [[Amaal Mallik]]
| cover = Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan album cover.jpg
| caption = Soundtrack album cover
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|04|20}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack |date=18 April 2023 |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan/MBf5fKyNXlY_ |access-date=20 April 2023 |publisher=Jio Saavn |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419214710/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan/MBf5fKyNXlY_ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| recorded = 2022
| venue =
| studio = YRF Studios, Mumbai
*HR Musik Studio, Mumbai
*DSP Studio, Chennai
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 27:42
| language = Hindi
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| producer = DJ Dips Supernova Muzic [[Ravi Basrur]] Bharath VM Sachin Basrur
| misc =
}}

'''''Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan''''' is the [[soundtrack album]] to the 2023 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action comedy film]] [[Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan|of the same name]], directed by [[Farhad Samji]], starring [[Salman Khan]] and [[Pooja Hegde]] in the lead roles. The film was produced by [[Salman Khan Films]]. The soundtrack composed by [[Himesh Reshammiya]], [[Devi Sri Prasad]], [[Ravi Basrur]], [[Sajid–Wajid|Sajid Khan]], [[Sukhbir (musician)|Sukhbir]], [[Payal Dev]], and [[Amaal Mallik]].

The film featured eight tracks with lyrics written by [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]], [[Kumaar]], [[Devi Sri Prasad]], [[Sajid–Wajid|Sajid KhanSajid Khan]], [[Ravi Basrur]], Vicky Sandhu, Kinnal Raj and Harini Ivaturi. The album was released by [[Zee Music Company]] on 20 April 2023, a day before the film's release.

The music received positive reception from critics and audience. The track "[[Naiyo Lagda]]" and "[[Billi Billi]]" created the record for reaching 40 million views, within 24 hours of its release. The tracks "Naiyo Lagda", "Billi Billi" and "[[Yentamma]]", topped the national charts, in all music and video platforms.

== Background ==
The film reportedly had multiple music composers for composing the songs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/breaking-dsp-aka-devi-sri-prasad-salman-khan-part-ways-bhaijaan-salman-rope-multiple-composers-movie/|title=BREAKING: DSP aka Devi Sri Prasad and Salman Khan part ways on Bhaijaan; Salman to rope in multiple composers for the movie : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=27 June 2022|access-date=6 April 2024|archive-date=4 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404051619/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/breaking-dsp-aka-devi-sri-prasad-salman-khan-part-ways-bhaijaan-salman-rope-multiple-composers-movie/|url-status=live}}</ref>
In April 2022, it was reported that [[Devi Sri Prasad]] was hired to compose song a song for the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/kabhi-eid-kabhi-diwali-salman-khan-gets-pushpas-music-director-devi-sri-prasad-on-board-reports-5007745.html|title=Kabhi Eid Kabhi Diwali: Salman Khan gets Pushpa's Music Director Devi Sri Prasad On Board- Reports|date=18 April 2022|website=News18|access-date=6 April 2024|archive-date=30 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630103716/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/kabhi-eid-kabhi-diwali-salman-khan-gets-pushpas-music-director-devi-sri-prasad-on-board-reports-5007745.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He was earlier collaborated with Khan for ''[[Ready (2011 film)|Ready]]'' (2011) and ''[[Radhe (2021 film)|Radhe]]'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/salman-khan-ropes-in-devi-sri-prasad-to-compose-music-for-kabhi-eid-kabhi-diwali/|title=Salman Khan ropes in Devi Sri Prasad to compose music for Kabhi Eid Kabhi Diwali : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=16 April 2022|access-date=6 April 2024|archive-date=26 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426220111/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/salman-khan-ropes-in-devi-sri-prasad-to-compose-music-for-kabhi-eid-kabhi-diwali/|url-status=live}}</ref> Prasanth composed a song in June which didn't impressed the Khan and he reportedly exited from the film.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/has-telugu-music-composer-devi-sri-prasad-walked-out-of-salman-khans-kabhi-eid-kabhi-diwali-/articleshow/92570078.cms|title=Has Telugu music composer Devi Sri Prasad walked out of Salman Khan's 'Kabhi Eid Kabhi Diwali' ?|date=30 June 2022|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=6 April 2024|archive-date=12 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712214441/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/has-telugu-music-composer-devi-sri-prasad-walked-out-of-salman-khans-kabhi-eid-kabhi-diwali-/articleshow/92570078.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Ravi Basrur]], who impressed Khan by his composition in ''[[KGF: Chapter 2]]'' (2022) roped in to the project to score background score and to compose a song.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/salman-khan-parts-ways-with-dsp-on-kabhi-eid-kabhi-diwali-ropes-in-kgfs-ravi-basrur-for-bgm-report-5458591.html|title=Salman Khan Parts Ways With DSP On Kabhi Eid Kabhi Diwali, Ropes In KGF's Ravi Basrur for BGM: Report|date=29 June 2022|website=News18|access-date=6 April 2024|archive-date=1 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701195142/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/salman-khan-parts-ways-with-dsp-on-kabhi-eid-kabhi-diwali-ropes-in-kgfs-ravi-basrur-for-bgm-report-5458591.html|url-status=live}}</ref> This marks his second collaboration with Khan after ''[[Antim: The Final Truth]]'' (2021) and Basrur started composing the score in late June 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-parting-ways-dsp-aka-devi-sri-prasad-salman-khan-ropes-kgf-fame-ravi-basrur-background-score-special-track-bhaijaan/|title=EXCLUSIVE: After parting ways with DSP aka Devi Sri Prasad, Salman Khan ropes in KGF fame Ravi Basrur for background score & a special track for Bhaijaan : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=27 June 2022|access-date=6 April 2024|archive-date=28 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628124634/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-parting-ways-dsp-aka-devi-sri-prasad-salman-khan-ropes-kgf-fame-ravi-basrur-background-score-special-track-bhaijaan/|url-status=live}}</ref> Prasad, however, denied the rumors, saying that he had already composed a dance number for the film.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Devi Sri Prasad: I can sense the vibe of a younger Salman Khan in Varun Dhawan - Exclusive - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/devi-sri-prasad-i-can-sense-the-vibe-of-a-younger-salman-khan-in-varun-dhawan-exclusive/articleshow/92975387.cms |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=The Times of India |language= |last1=Bhopatkar |first1=Tejashree |archive-date=19 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719185611/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/devi-sri-prasad-i-can-sense-the-vibe-of-a-younger-salman-khan-in-varun-dhawan-exclusive/articleshow/92975387.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In July 2022, rapper [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]] and Prasad collaborated for a song, marking their first collaboration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/musician-dsp-aka-devi-sri-prasad-yo-yo-honey-singh-collaborate-first-time-song-salman-khans-next/|title=BREAKING: Musician DSP aka Devi Sri Prasad & Yo Yo Honey Singh to collaborate for the first time for the song in Salman Khan starrer Bhaijaan : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=2 July 2022|access-date=6 April 2024|archive-date=9 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209181857/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/musician-dsp-aka-devi-sri-prasad-yo-yo-honey-singh-collaborate-first-time-song-salman-khans-next/|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=Actually, I had already cleared this confusion but it was never the whole album. It was never supposed to be mine because by the time they approached me, they already done couple of songs. But Farhad Samji told me the entire script for me to know because I want to know the vibe of like ‘what they have done’, ‘what they didn't do’, ‘which part should I do?’ But when he narrated, they were like a little more number of songs. But finally, because of the length of the film and all that, what he told me is the number of songs itself have been reduced.|author=|title=|source=[[Devi Sri Prasad]], on his composition in an interview with ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-music-composer-devi-sri-prasad-clarifies-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-controversy-around-parting-ways-salman-khan/|title=EXCLUSIVE: Music composer Devi Sri Prasad clarifies on Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan controversy around parting ways with Salman Khan : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=6 October 2022|access-date=6 April 2024|archive-date=30 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130183318/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-music-composer-devi-sri-prasad-clarifies-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-controversy-around-parting-ways-salman-khan/|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

[[Sukhbir (musician)|Sukhbir]] revealed that Khan met him at [[Abu Dhabi]] and asked for a wedding song. When Sukhbir sent him "[[Billi Billi]]" which was written completely in Punjabi, Khan insisted him to use some Hindi lyrics and compose.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/watch-exclusive-video-sukhbir-salman-khan-discussed-billi-billi-from-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-for-27-minutes-over-a-call-23279915|title=Watch exclusive video! Sukhbir: Salman Khan discussed 'Billi Billi' from 'Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan' for 27 minutes over a call|date=8 April 2023|website=Mid-day|access-date=6 April 2024|archive-date=15 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415170857/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/watch-exclusive-video-sukhbir-salman-khan-discussed-billi-billi-from-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-for-27-minutes-over-a-call-23279915|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Himesh Reshammiya]], [[Sajid–Wajid|Sajid Khan]], [[Payal Dev]] and [[Amaal Mallik]] have been signed to compose songs as well.

[[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]], [[Kumaar]], [[Devi Sri Prasad]], [[Sajid Khan]], [[Ravi Basrur]], Vicky Sandhu, Kinnal Raj and Harini Ivaturi were signed to write lyrics for the songs. The music rights were acquired by [[Zee Music Company]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan/cast/|title=Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan Cast List | Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan Movie Star Cast | Release Date | Movie Trailer | Review- Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=21 April 2023|access-date=6 April 2024|archive-date=16 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816124906/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan/cast/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Composition ==
The first single, titled "[[Naiyo Lagda]]" composed by [[Himesh Reshammiya]] was sung by Kamaal Khan and [[Palak Muchhal]], and written by [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/naiyo-lagda-song-from-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-out-salman-khan-and-pooja-hegde-display-chemistry-in-this-romantic-number/articleshow/97847090.cms|title='Naiyo Lagda' song from 'Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan' out: Salman Khan and Pooja Hegde display chemistry in this romantic number|newspaper=The Times of India |date=13 February 2023|access-date=6 April 2024|archive-date=19 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319092916/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/naiyo-lagda-song-from-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-out-salman-khan-and-pooja-hegde-display-chemistry-in-this-romantic-number/articleshow/97847090.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Reshammiya earlier collaborated with Khan in several projects.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.siasat.com/salman-himesh-reunite-for-naiyo-lagda-from-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-2524313/|title=Salman, Himesh reunite for 'Naiyo Lagda' from 'Kisi ka Bhai Kisi ki Jaan'|first=Indo-Asian News|last=Service|date=11 February 2023|website=The Siasat Daily|access-date=6 April 2024|archive-date=12 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212064634/https://www.siasat.com/salman-himesh-reunite-for-naiyo-lagda-from-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-2524313/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The second single titled "[[Billi Billi]]" was composed and recorded by Punjabi musician [[Sukhbir (musician)|Sukhbir]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-song-billi-billi-out-salman-khan-is-back-with-his-trademark-dance-1585636|title=Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan Song 'Billi Billi' Out: Salman Khan Is Back With His Trademark Dance Moves|first=ABP News|last=Bureau|date=2 March 2023|website=news.abplive.com|access-date=6 April 2024|archive-date=6 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306223737/https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-song-billi-billi-out-salman-khan-is-back-with-his-trademark-dance-1585636|url-status=live}}</ref> The song was written by [[Kumaar]] and Punjabi lyrics penned by Vicky Sandhu, and produced by DJ Dips and Supernova Muzic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/sukhbir-reveals-how-he-salman-khan-came-up-with-billi-billi-akh--news-266598|title=Sukhbir Reveals How He, Salman Khan Came Up With 'Billi Billi Akh'|date=2 March 2023|website=Outlook India|access-date=6 April 2024|archive-date=12 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412015720/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/sukhbir-reveals-how-he-salman-khan-came-up-with-billi-billi-akh--news-266598|url-status=live}}</ref>

The film's third single "Jee Rahe The Hum (Falling in Love)" was sung by Salman Khan himself.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/music/jee-rahe-the-hum-salman-khan-woos-audience-with-soulful-track-after-main-hoon-hero-tera-pooja-hegde-2023-03-21-856293|title=Jee Rahe The Hum: Salman Khan woos audience with soulful track after 'Main Hoon Hero Tera'|first1=Ridhi|last1=Suri|date=21 March 2023|website=www.indiatvnews.com|access-date=6 April 2024|archive-date=3 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603072735/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/music/jee-rahe-the-hum-salman-khan-woos-audience-with-soulful-track-after-main-hoon-hero-tera-pooja-hegde-2023-03-21-856293|url-status=live}}</ref> This marks his return as a singer after eight years, following singing "Main Hoon Hero Tera" in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-song-jee-rahe-the-hum-out-salman-khan-is-back-as-a-singer-2349527-2023-03-21|title=Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan song Jee Rahe The Hum out. Salman Khan is back as a singer!|website=India Today|date=21 March 2023 |access-date=6 April 2024|archive-date=23 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323004807/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-song-jee-rahe-the-hum-out-salman-khan-is-back-as-a-singer-2349527-2023-03-21|url-status=live}}</ref> The song composed by [[Amaal Malik]] had the lyrics penned by [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/jee-rahe-the-hum-song-salman-khan-falling-in-love-with-pooja-hegde-in-romantic-track-from-kkbkkj-7345375.html|title=Jee Rahe The Hum Song: Salman Khan Falling in Love With Pooja Hegde in Romantic Track from KKBKKJ|date=21 March 2023|website=News18|access-date=6 April 2024|archive-date=21 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321232528/https://www.news18.com/movies/jee-rahe-the-hum-song-salman-khan-falling-in-love-with-pooja-hegde-in-romantic-track-from-kkbkkj-7345375.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The track was produced by Aditya Dev and Amaal Malik.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/videos/movie-songs/jee-rahe-the-hum-falling-in-love-teaser-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-salman-khan-pooja-hegde/|title=Jee Rahe The Hum (Falling in Love) Teaser | Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan | Salman Khan, Pooja Hegde - Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 April 2024|archive-date=3 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603143850/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/videos/movie-songs/jee-rahe-the-hum-falling-in-love-teaser-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-salman-khan-pooja-hegde/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The fourth single "Bathukamma" was ode to the Telangana flower festival [[Bathukamma]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-salman-khan-and-pooja-hegde-pay-ode-to-telanganas-flower-festival-with-the-latest-song-bathukamma-watch/articleshow/99137157.cms|title='Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan': Salman Khan and Pooja Hegde pay ode to Telangana's flower festival with the latest song 'Bathukamma' – WATCH|newspaper=The Times of India |date=31 March 2023|access-date=6 April 2024|archive-date=1 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401061250/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-salman-khan-and-pooja-hegde-pay-ode-to-telanganas-flower-festival-with-the-latest-song-bathukamma-watch/articleshow/99137157.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> It was composed by [[Ravi Basrur]], who also produced the song along with Bharath VM and Sachin Basrur.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/videos/making-of-the-music/bathukamma-making-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-salman-khan-pooja-hegde-venkatesh-daggubati/|title=Bathukamma - Making | Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan | Salman Khan, Pooja Hegde, Venkatesh Daggubati - Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 April 2024|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410190838/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/videos/making-of-the-music/bathukamma-making-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-salman-khan-pooja-hegde-venkatesh-daggubati/|url-status=live}}</ref> The song's Hindi lyrics were penned by Shabbir Ahmed and Ravi Basrur, and Telugu lyrics were provided by Kinnal Raj and Harini Ivaturi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-song-bathukamma-salman-khan-and-pooja-hegdes-multilingual-track-is-colourful-and-happy/9b550207676|title=Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan song Bathukamma: Salman Khan and Pooja Hegde's multilingual track is colourful and happy|website=OTTPlay|access-date=6 April 2024|archive-date=5 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605090630/https://www.ottplay.com/news/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-song-bathukamma-salman-khan-and-pooja-hegdes-multilingual-track-is-colourful-and-happy/9b550207676|url-status=live}}</ref> Vocals were provided by Santhosh Venky, Ravi Basrur, Aira Udupi, Harini Ivaturi, Suchetha Basrur and Vijayalaxmi Mettinahole.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-salman-khan-and-pooja-hegde-sizzle-in-bathukamma-song-from-upcoming-film/articleshow/99168870.cms?from=mdr|title='Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan': Salman Khan and Pooja Hegde sizzle in Bathukamma song from upcoming film|newspaper=The Economic Times |date=1 April 2023|access-date=6 April 2024|archive-date=1 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401223641/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-salman-khan-and-pooja-hegde-sizzle-in-bathukamma-song-from-upcoming-film/articleshow/99168870.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>
Manish Dinakar, Ravi Basrur, Ashok Sharma, Sai Charan Bhaskaruni, Lokeshwar Edara, Shrinath Komanduri, Saketh Komanduri provided, Supriya Ram, Arpitha Venu, Sony Komanduri, MI Gayatri, Abhikya, Shruthika Samudrala, Sangeetha Ravindra, Anvitha G Murthy, Akshatha Gangolli, Spoorthi Kundapura and Shreya Kanchugodu provided the additional vocals for the track.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/videos/movie-songs/bathukamma-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-salman-khan-pooja-hegde-venkatesh-daggubati/|title=Bathukamma - Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan | Salman Khan, Pooja Hegde, Venkatesh Daggubati - Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 April 2024|archive-date=3 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603152058/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/videos/movie-songs/bathukamma-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-salman-khan-pooja-hegde-venkatesh-daggubati/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The fifth single "[[Yentamma]]" composed by [[Payal Dev]] had lyrics written by Shabbir Ahmed and sung by [[Vishal Dadlani]] and Payal Dev.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/salman-khan-and-venkatesh-do-lungi-dance-in-teaser-of-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-song-yentamma-8535846/|title=Salman Khan and Venkatesh do lungi dance in teaser of Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan song Yentamma. Watch|date=3 April 2023|access-date=6 April 2024|archive-date=1 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601140205/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/salman-khan-and-venkatesh-do-lungi-dance-in-teaser-of-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-song-yentamma-8535846/|url-status=live}}</ref> It has rap written and performed by [[Raftaar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/yentamma-song-out-ram-charan-joins-salman-khan-venkatesh-dagubbati-for-lungi-dance-7462891.html|title=Yentamma Song Out: Ram Charan Joins Salman Khan, Venkatesh Dagubbati For Lungi Dance|date=4 April 2023|website=News18|access-date=6 April 2024|archive-date=6 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406055806/https://www.news18.com/movies/yentamma-song-out-ram-charan-joins-salman-khan-venkatesh-dagubbati-for-lungi-dance-7462891.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Aditya Dev produced and provided additional lyrics and vocals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/31908/yentamma---the-new-lungi-dance-from-bollywood|title=Yentamma - The new Lungi Dance from Bollywood|website=www.moviecrow.com|access-date=6 April 2024|archive-date=22 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922081906/https://www.moviecrow.com/News/31908/yentamma---the-new-lungi-dance-from-bollywood|url-status=live}}</ref>

The sixth single "O Balle Balle" was composed, recorded and produced by Sukhbir himself while the additional music was produced by DJ Harshit Shah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-o-balle-balle-salman-khan-brings-his-swag-to-sukhbir-s-iconic-punjabi-track-in-season-s-new-party-anthem-3037028|title=O Balle Balle: Salman Khan brings his swag to Sukhbir's iconic Punjabi track in season's new party anthem from KKBKKJ|website=DNA India|access-date=6 April 2024|archive-date=24 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424163347/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-o-balle-balle-salman-khan-brings-his-swag-to-sukhbir-s-iconic-punjabi-track-in-season-s-new-party-anthem-3037028|url-status=live}}</ref> The lyrics of the Punjabi song was penned by Kumaar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/o-balle-balle-salman-khan-flaunts-new-hook-steps-in-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaans-new-song/cid/1930510 |title=O Balle Balle: Salman Khan flaunts new hook steps in Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan's new song |access-date=6 April 2024 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418050635/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/o-balle-balle-salman-khan-flaunts-new-hook-steps-in-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaans-new-song/cid/1930510 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sukhbir revealed that Salman Khan write the additional lyrics of the song.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/o-balle-balle-salman-khan-grooves-to-punjabi-beats-of-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-song-creates-new-hook-steps-101681740983363.html|title=O Balle Balle: Salman Khan grooves to Punjabi beats of Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan song, creates new hook steps|date=17 April 2023|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=6 April 2024|archive-date=12 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612213541/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/o-balle-balle-salman-khan-grooves-to-punjabi-beats-of-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-song-creates-new-hook-steps-101681740983363.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The seventh single "Lets Dance Chotu Motu" was composed and penned by [[Devi Sri Prasad]], who also sang the song with Khan and [[Neha Bhasin]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/salman-khan-personally-called-me-for-fun-song-in-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-says-dsp-exclusive-7582441.html|title=Salman Khan 'Personally Called' DSP for Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan; Latter Recalls 'He Said, Devi...'|date=19 April 2023|website=News18|access-date=6 April 2024|archive-date=7 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507002613/https://www.news18.com/movies/salman-khan-personally-called-me-for-fun-song-in-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-says-dsp-exclusive-7582441.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The tracks which used nursery rhymes had rap written and performed by [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/honey-singh-joins-salman-khan-in-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-for-the-kids-anthem-lets-dance-chotu-motu-12476282.html|title=Honey Singh joins Salman Khan in Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan for the kids anthem 'Let's Dance Chotu Motu'|date=19 April 2023|website=Firstpost|access-date=6 April 2024|archive-date=20 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420134828/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/honey-singh-joins-salman-khan-in-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-for-the-kids-anthem-lets-dance-chotu-motu-12476282.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The eighth single composed and penned by [[Sajid–Wajid|Sajid Khan]] and sung by [[Sajid–Wajid]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/salman-khan-told-sajid-khan-to-do-anything-keep-wajid-s-portion-in-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-song-tere-bina-101682485465584.html|title=Sajid Khan says Salman Khan told him to 'do anything, keep Wajid's portion' in Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan song Tere Bina|date=26 April 2023|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=6 April 2024|archive-date=7 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207005105/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/salman-khan-told-sajid-khan-to-do-anything-keep-wajid-s-portion-in-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-song-tere-bina-101682485465584.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Marketing and release ==
The first single, titled "[[Naiyo Lagda]]"'s teaser was unveiled on 11 February 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/naiyo-lagda-teaser-out-salman-khan-and-pooja-hegde-to-romance-in-a-new-love-ballad-from-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-2333425-2023-02-11|title=Naiyo Lagda teaser out. Salman Khan and Pooja Hegde to romance in a new love ballad from Kisi ka Bhai Kisi ki Jaan|website=India Today|date=11 February 2023 |access-date=6 April 2024|archive-date=13 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213064342/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/naiyo-lagda-teaser-out-salman-khan-and-pooja-hegde-to-romance-in-a-new-love-ballad-from-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-2333425-2023-02-11|url-status=live}}</ref> The song was launched during the grand finale of [[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 16|Bigg Boss 16]] on 12 February, and later on music platforms, coinciding [[Valentine's Day]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/naiyo-lagda-out-salman-khan-releases-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-song-during-bigg-boss-16-finale-2333864-2023-02-12|title=Naiyo Lagda out. Salman Khan releases Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan song during Bigg Boss 16 finale|website=India Today|date=12 February 2023 |access-date=6 April 2024|archive-date=18 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318215952/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/naiyo-lagda-out-salman-khan-releases-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-song-during-bigg-boss-16-finale-2333864-2023-02-12|url-status=live}}</ref>

The second single's teaser was released on 1 March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/billi-billi-teaser-salman-khan-shows-his-bhangra-moves-alongside-pooja-hegde-watch-101677650763554.html|title=Billi Billi teaser: Salman Khan shows his bhangra moves alongside Pooja Hegde. Watch|date=1 March 2023|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=6 April 2024|archive-date=25 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425180042/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/billi-billi-teaser-salman-khan-shows-his-bhangra-moves-alongside-pooja-hegde-watch-101677650763554.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The song "[[Billi Billi]]" was released on 2 March.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/salman-khans-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-second-song-billi-billi-released-57231.html|title=Salman Khan's Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan second song Billi Billi released|website=filmfare.com|access-date=6 April 2024|archive-date=29 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329152641/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/salman-khans-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-second-song-billi-billi-released-57231.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The third song "Jee Rahe The Hum"'s teaser was unveiled on 20 March,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-song-jee-rahe-the-hum-teaser-salman-khan-and-pooja-hegde-discover-magic-of-love-3876430|title=Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan Song Jee Rahe The Hum Teaser: Salman Khan-Pooja Hegde Discover Magic Of Love|website=NDTV.com|access-date=6 April 2024|archive-date=30 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530173349/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-song-jee-rahe-the-hum-teaser-salman-khan-and-pooja-hegde-discover-magic-of-love-3876430|url-status=live}}</ref> and song was released on 21 March, before the 30 days of the film's release.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/salman-khan-sings-jee-rahe-the-hum-romances-pooja-hegde-in-the-new-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-song/cid/1924003 |title=Salman Khan | Salman Khan sings Jee Rahe the Hum, romances Pooja Hegde in the new Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan song - Telegraph India |access-date=6 April 2024 |archive-date=3 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603175825/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/salman-khan-sings-jee-rahe-the-hum-romances-pooja-hegde-in-the-new-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-song/cid/1924003 |url-status=live }}</ref> The next track "Bathukamma" was released on 31 March.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bathukamma-song-out-salman-khan-and-pooja-hegdes-chemistry-is-super-hit-7434091.html|title=Bathukamma Song Out: Salman Khan And Pooja Hegde's Chemistry Is Super Hit|date=31 March 2023|website=News18|access-date=6 April 2024|archive-date=7 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407133949/https://www.news18.com/movies/bathukamma-song-out-salman-khan-and-pooja-hegdes-chemistry-is-super-hit-7434091.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

"[[Yentamma]]"'s teaser was released on 3 April 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/salman-khan-shares-glimpse-of-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-song-yentamma-teaser-101680518135537.html|title=Salman Khan shares glimpse of Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan song Yentamma teaser.|date=3 April 2023|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=6 April 2024|archive-date=26 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526032834/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/salman-khan-shares-glimpse-of-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-song-yentamma-teaser-101680518135537.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The song was released on 4 April.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ram-charan-joining-salman-and-venkateshs-yentamma-song-wins-hearts-on-social-media/articleshow/99233537.cms|title='Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan's most awaited song 'Yentamma' is here! Witness the coolest swag song of the year, well-studded with whistle-worthy moves|newspaper=The Times of India |date=4 April 2023|access-date=6 April 2024|archive-date=11 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411071532/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ram-charan-joining-salman-and-venkateshs-yentamma-song-wins-hearts-on-social-media/articleshow/99233537.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> "O Balle Balle" was released on 17 April.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/o-balle-balle-song-out-salman-khans-recreation-is-nothing-next-to-og-daler-mehndis-version-bollywood-news-article-99562725|title=O Balle Balle Song Out! Salman Khan's Hilarious Dance Steps Are Enough To Wipe Off Your Monday Blues|date=17 April 2023|website=TimesNow|access-date=6 April 2024|archive-date=21 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421005913/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/o-balle-balle-song-out-salman-khans-recreation-is-nothing-next-to-og-daler-mehndis-version-bollywood-news-article-99562725|url-status=live}}</ref> "Lets Dance Chotu Motu" was unveiled on 18 April.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-song-lets-dance-chotu-motu-salman-khans-track-is-the-ultimate-dance-number-3959313|title=Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan Song Let's Dance Chotu Motu: Salman Khan's Track Is The Ultimate Dance Number|website=NDTV.com|access-date=6 April 2024|archive-date=21 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921095048/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-song-lets-dance-chotu-motu-salman-khans-track-is-the-ultimate-dance-number-3959313|url-status=live}}</ref> The eighth single "Tere Bina" was released on 19 April 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-song-tere-bina-talks-of-love-relationships-and-an-unbreakable-bond-8565601/|title=Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan song Tere Bina is easy on the ears|date=19 April 2023|access-date=6 April 2024|archive-date=2 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602170625/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-song-tere-bina-talks-of-love-relationships-and-an-unbreakable-bond-8565601/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reception ==
The film's music received positive reviews from critics. Critics at the board of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' wrote "The Music is of the chartbuster variety. Though there are 8 songs in the film, it doesn’t cause inconvenience and are well-tuned. '[[Naiyo Lagda]]' is the best of the lot followed by '[[Yentamma]]' and 'Bathukamma'. 'Jee Rahe The Hum' is cute while 'Tere Bina' is touching. 'O Balle Balle' is okay while '[[Billi Billi]]' is catchy. 'Let’s Dance Chotu Motu' is the only track that fails to entice. Ravi Basrur's background score is terrific and massy."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan/critic-review/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-movie-review/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-is-a-perfect-eid-gift-for-salman-khans-fans/|title=Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan Movie Review: KISI KA BHAI KISI KI JAAN is a perfect Eid gift for Salman Khan's fans|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=21 April 2023|access-date=6 April 2024|archive-date=22 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422224503/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan/critic-review/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-movie-review/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-is-a-perfect-eid-gift-for-salman-khans-fans/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Reviewing the soundtrack, ''[[ZEE5]]'' wrote "These tracks are game changers, meticulously constructed by a team of musical geniuses. Each song is a masterpiece, loaded with addictive beats, captivating melodies, and lyrics that hit you directly in the feels. Whether you want high-energy songs that make you want to hit the dance floor or sad songs that make you ponder life, this movie’s soundtracks have it all. Every song in this film is a welcome surprise, from foot-tapping beats to sad melodies. The music will have you humming, thumping your feet, and perhaps even crying. The music will have you humming, thumping your feet, and perhaps even crying. It’s the type of music that strikes your soul and elicits a wide range of feelings. The fantastic musicians and lyricists behind these songs have poured their all into producing a really unique musical experience. Their attention to detail and love of their profession is evident in every note and every lyrical phrase. The songs not only complement the film, but they also have the ability to take you to new realms of feelings and sensations. They become the soundtrack of your life, resonating with your journey. They connect you deeper to the people and the stories they tell. Whether you’re a Salman Khan superfan or enjoy great music, “Kisi Ka Bhai, Kisi Ki Jaan” is an auditory feast that will leave you wanting more. But be warned. It will make you a fanatic of the soundtracks and make you listen to these songs on repeat. So prepare to be immersed in these songs’ enchantment, sing your heart out, and allow the music to lead you on a beautiful journey.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.zee5.com/articles/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaans-songs-list-fills-you-with-different-emotions | title=Kisi ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan's Songs List fills you with Different Emotions - Articles | date=20 June 2023 }}</ref>

Simran Singh of ''[[DNA India]]'' wrote "KKBKKJ has decent music, and the eight songs are well-placed. Billi Billi, Yentamma, and Balle Balle look visually appealing, and it best enjoyed on the big screen."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-movie-review-salman-khan-s-stardom-drives-this-mass-entertainer-in-his-perfect-eidi-3037680|title=Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan movie review: Salman Khan's stardom drives this mass entertainer in his perfect Eidi to fans|website=DNA India|access-date=6 April 2024|archive-date=21 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421135348/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-movie-review-salman-khan-s-stardom-drives-this-mass-entertainer-in-his-perfect-eidi-3037680|url-status=live}}</ref> In her review for ''[[India TV News]]'', Joyeeta Mitra Suvarna wrote "From Balle Balle to Billi Billi, all the songs are catchy."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/movie-review/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-movie-review-salman-khan-film-family-entertainer-perfect-eidi-for-fans-imdb-rating-743|title=Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan Movie Review: Salman Khan starrer is a family entertainer; perfect Eidi for fans|website=www.indiatvnews.com|date=21 April 2023 |access-date=6 April 2024|archive-date=21 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421072403/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/movie-review/kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-movie-review-salman-khan-film-family-entertainer-perfect-eidi-for-fans-imdb-rating-743|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Track listing ==
{{Track listing
| headline = Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
| total_length = 27:42
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title3 = [[Naiyo Lagda]]
| extra3 = Kamaal Khan, [[Palak Muchhal]]
| music3 = [[Himesh Reshammiya]]
| lyrics3 = [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]]
| length3 = 5:20
| title2 = [[Billi Billi]]
| extra2 = Sukhbir
| music2 = [[Sukhbir (musician)|Sukhbir]]
| lyrics2 = [[Kumaar]], Vicky Sandhu
| length2 = 2:54
| title5 = Jee Rahe The Hum (Falling in Love)
| extra5 = [[Salman Khan]]
| music5 = [[Amaal Malik]]
| lyrics5 = [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]]
| length5 = 3:11
| title8 = Bathukamma
| extra8 = [[Santhosh Venky]], Aira Udupi, Harini Ivaturi, Sucheta Basrur, Vijaylaxmi Mettinahole
| music8 = Ravi Basrur
| lyrics8 = Shabbir Ahmed, [[Ravi Basrur]], Kinnal Raj, Harini Ivaturi
| length8 = 3:31
| title1 = [[Yentamma]]
| extra1 = [[Vishal Dadlani]], Payal Dev, [[MC Stan]], [[Raftaar (rapper)|Raftaar]]
| music1 = [[Payal Dev]]
| lyrics1 = [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]]
| length1 = 2:56
| title4 = O Balle Balle
| extra4 = Sukhbir, Kiran, Kabir, Dimpy
| music4 = Sukhbir, DJ Harshit Shah
| lyrics4 = [[Kumaar]]
| length4 = 3:13
| title6 = Lets Dance Chotu Motu
| extra6 = Salman Khan, Devi Sri Prasad, [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]], [[Neha Bhasin]], [[Nakash Aziz]]
| music6 = Devi Sri Prasad
| lyrics6= [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| length6 = 3:20
| title7 = Tere Bina
| extra7 = [[Sajid–Wajid]]
| music7 = [[Sajid–Wajid|Sajid Khan]]
| lyrics7 = [[Sajid–Wajid|Sajid Khan]]
| length7 = 3:17
}}

{{track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = '''Extended Soundtrack'''
| total_length = 4:06
| title1 = Jee Rahe The Hum (Falling in Love)
| music1 = [[Amaal Malik]]
| lyrics1 = [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]]
| extra1 = Sakshi Holkar
| length1 = 2:36
| title2 = Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan - Theme Song
| lyrics2 = [[Ravi Basrur]]
| music2 = [[Ravi Basrur]]
| extra2 = Santhosh Venky, [[Ravi Basrur]], Sachin Basrur, Manish Dinakar
| length2 = 1:30
}}

== Chart performance ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!Chart
!Song
!Peak position
!{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
! scope="row"; rowspan="3" |[[Billboard India Songs|India]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')
|"[[Naiyo Lagda]]"
|7
|<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/india-songs-hotw/2023-03-06/|title=India Songs|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=6 March 2023}}</ref>
|-
|"[[Billi Billi]]"
|9
|<ref>{{cite magazine | url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/india-songs-hotw/ | title=India Songs | magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] }}</ref>
|-
|"[[Yentamma]]"
|17
|<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/india-songs-hotw/2023-04-09|title=India Songs|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=9 April 2023}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"; rowspan="3" |[[Hot Trending Songs]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')
|"[[Jee Rahe The Hum (Falling in Love)]]"
|2
|<ref>{{cite magazine | url=https://www.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/feid-remix-exclusivo-number-one-hot-trending-songs-chart-1235294118/ | title=Feid Rules Hot Trending Songs Chart with 'Remix Exclusivo' | magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] }}</ref>
|-
|"[[Yentamma]]"
|3
|<ref>{{cite magazine | url=https://www.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/tyler-the-creator-hot-trending-songs-chart-number-one-second-week-1235301180/ | title=Tyler, the Creator Rules Hot Trending Songs Chart for Second Straight Week | magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] }}</ref>
|-
|"Lets Dance Chotu Motu"
|4
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/rockstar-dsps-lets-dance-chotu-motu-from-salman-khans-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-rules-international-billboard-charts-12523802.html | title=Rockstar DSP's Let's Dance Chotu Motu from Salman Khan's Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan rules International Billboard Charts | date=29 April 2023 }}</ref>
|}

== Impact ==
The track "[[Naiyo Lagda]]" created a record for reaching 40 million views, within 24 hours of its release.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uniindia.com/kkbkkj-naiyo-lagda-crosses-40-mn-views-across-all-platforms/entertainment/news/2916274.html|title=KKBKKJ: 'Naiyo Lagda' crosses 40 mn views across all platforms|first=Uniindia News|last=Service|website=United News of India|access-date=6 April 2024|archive-date=6 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406095206/https://www.uniindia.com/kkbkkj-naiyo-lagda-crosses-40-mn-views-across-all-platforms/entertainment/news/2916274.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The song has also become the fastest Hindi film song to reach 2 million [[Reels]] on [[Instagram]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/salman-khan-introduces-fun-hook-step-with-billi-billi-from-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-full-song-out-tomorrow-7191325.html|title=Salman Khan Introduces Fun Hook Step with Billi Billi from Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan, Full Song Out Tomorrow|date=1 March 2023|website=News18|access-date=6 April 2024|archive-date=9 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309000258/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/salman-khan-introduces-fun-hook-step-with-billi-billi-from-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-full-song-out-tomorrow-7191325.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The song was one of the most viewed music videos on YouTube in 2023.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/what-india-watched-most-on-youtube-in-the-year-2023/articleshow/105958624.cms|title=What India watched most on YouTube in the year 2023|newspaper=The Times of India |date=13 December 2023|access-date=6 April 2024|archive-date=17 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217022440/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/what-india-watched-most-on-youtube-in-the-year-2023/articleshow/105958624.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The second song "[[Billi Billi]]" also garnered over 40 million views, within 24 hours of its release.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.adgully.com/naiyo-lagda-becomes-the-most-viewed-song-129028.html|title=â€˜Naiyo Lagda' becomes the most-viewed song|first=Adgully|last=Bureau|date=28 February 2023|website=www.adgully.com|access-date=6 April 2024|archive-date=28 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228060719/https://www.adgully.com/naiyo-lagda-becomes-the-most-viewed-song-129028.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

After the song "[[Billi Billi]]" was released in March 2023, the hook step choreographed by [[Jani Master]] and performed by Khan and Hegde in the music video, quickly went viral, adding to the song's popularity and becoming a social media sensation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/salman-khan-is-back-with-yet-another-fun-hookstep-with-billi-billi-from-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-watch-23272957|title=Salman Khan is back with yet another fun hookstep with 'Billi Billi' from 'Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan', watch!|date=1 March 2023|website=Mid-day|access-date=6 April 2024|archive-date=4 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404055946/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/salman-khan-is-back-with-yet-another-fun-hookstep-with-billi-billi-from-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-watch-23272957|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/from-butta-bomma-to-billi-billi-a-look-at-pooja-hegde-s-foot-topping-dance-numbers-1605853|title=From Butta Bomma To Billi Billi: A Look At Pooja Hegde's Foot-Topping Dance Numbers|first=ABP News|last=Bureau|date=31 May 2023|website=news.abplive.com|access-date=6 April 2024|archive-date=4 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404055945/https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/from-butta-bomma-to-billi-billi-a-look-at-pooja-hegde-s-foot-topping-dance-numbers-1605853|url-status=live}}</ref> Many people have recreated the hook step (signature step) by recording their own dance performances to the song and sharing these videos across social media platforms.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/salman-khan-pooja-hegdes-chemistry-in-billi-billi-takes-the-internet-by-storm-2579532.html|title=Salman Khan-Pooja Hegdes Chemistry In Billi Billi Takes The Internet By Storm|website=Zee News|access-date=6 April 2024|archive-date=4 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404055950/https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/salman-khan-pooja-hegdes-chemistry-in-billi-billi-takes-the-internet-by-storm-2579532.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Later, other songs followed this trend.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ram-charan-recreate-naatu-naatu-with-salman-venkatesh-in-yentamma-598242.html|title=Ram Charan Recreates Naatu Naatu With Salman Khan And Venkatesh; Internet Is Screaming With Joy|date=4 April 2023|website=IndiaTimes|access-date=6 April 2024|archive-date=3 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403012646/https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ram-charan-recreate-naatu-naatu-with-salman-venkatesh-in-yentamma-598242.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Himesh Reshammiya}}
{{Devi Sri Prasad}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2023 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:2020s film soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Himesh Reshammiya albums]]
[[Category:Devi Sri Prasad soundtracks]]
[[Category:Yo Yo Honey Singh albums]]
[[Category:Songs from Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan]]
[[Category:Hindi film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Action film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Comedy film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Romance film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Drama film soundtracks]]

Kanyakumari–Pune Express

2025-12-20T14:52:50Z

GreggNfb8421: creating first biography w/ infobox

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Kanyakumari-Pune Junction Jayanthi Janata Express
| image = 16381 Mumbai CST Kanyakumari Express - Train Board 1.jpg
| caption = Kanyakumari - Pune Junction Jayanthi Janatha Express
| type = [[Express train|Express]]
| status = Operating under a different schedule
| locale = [[Maharashtra]], [[Karnataka]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]] & [[Kerala]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1973|01|26}}<ref name="24 coaches">{{cite web|url=https://24coaches.com/tamil-nadu-andhra-pradesh-kk-express-history/|title=The Story of the Legendary Big Four of the South|publisher=24 Coaches|date=23 December 2014|accessdate=23 August 2017}}</ref>
| last = 2020( Then Replaced with Kanyakumari - Pune express)
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]
| ridership = Southern railway, Thiruvananthapuram Division
| start = {{rws|Kanniyakumari}} (CAPE)
| stops = 61
| end = {{rws|Pune Junction}} (PUNE)
| distance = {{convert|2135|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 44 hours (approx.)
| frequency = Daily
| class = AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved, AC 3 Tier Economy (3E)
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack = Yes
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment = No
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm|allk=on}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 16381 / 16382
| speed = {{convert|47|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map = [[File:(Mumbai - Kanyakumari) Express route map.png|250px|(Mumbai - Kanyakumari) Express route map]]
| map_state =
}}

The 16381 / 16382 '''Kanniyakumari-Pune Express''' or '''Jayanti Janata Express''' is an [[Express train|Express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] that runs between [[Kanyakumari railway station|Kanyakumari]] and [[Pune Junction]], [[Pune]] in India. It was the first and oldest train service from [[Mumbai]] to [[South India]]. Initially the service was from Victoria Terminus, Bombay (modern day Mumbai CST) to [[Cochin Harbour Terminus]], later it was extended to Trivandrum, 81/82 Bombay-
Cochin Jayanti Janata Express has been extended up to Trivandrum with effect from 1-4-1978. Then to Nagercoil then to Kanyakumari.<ref>https://164.100.77.150/bitstream/123456789/420755/1/PQ_105_24041978_U31_p68_p68.pdf{{Dead link | date=December 2025 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

From 2020 onwards, according to zero-based timetable, it runs only till Pune. The train made its first run to Pune on 31 March 2022, after services were halted during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|pandemic]]. The train ran with the Linke Hoffman Busch (LHB) coaches instead of those built by the [[Integral Coach Factory]]. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=After 2 years, Jayanti Janata Express resumes operation, to terminate at Pune |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/jayanti-janata-express-resumes-operation-after-covid-break-and-revamp-but-short-terminates-at-pune-1.7395855 |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>

It operates as train number 16382 from [[Kanyakumari Terminus railway station|Kanyakumari]] to Pune Junction and as train number 16381 in the reverse direction.

==Traction==
As the entire route is fully electrified, the train is hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Kalyan|Kalyan Loco Shed]] / [[Electric Loco Shed, Erode|Erode Loco Shed]] based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive on its entire journey.

==Service==
The 16382 '''Kanyakumari -Pune Express''' covers the distance of 2135 kilometres in 47 hours 05 mins (45.35 km/h) and in 44 hours 30 mins (47.98 km/h) as 16381 '''PUNE- Kanyakumari Express'''.

==Routing==
The service runs from {{rws|Kanyakumari}} via {{rws|Nagercoil Junction}},Thiruvananthapuram Central, {{rws|Kollam Junction}}, {{rws|Kayamkulam Junction}},
{{rws|Tiruvalla}},
{{stnlnk|Kottayam}},
{{rws|Ernakulam Town}},
{{rws|Thrissur}},
{{rws|Palakkad Junction}}, {{rws|Coimbatore Junction}}, {{rws|Erode Junction}}, {{rws|Salem Junction}}, {{rws|Jolarpettai Junction}}, {{rws|Katpadi Junction}}, {{rws|Pakala Junction}}, {{rws|Tirupati}}, {{rws|Renigunta Junction}}, {{rws|Yerraguntla Junction}}, {{rws|Gooty Junction}}, {{rws|Guntakal Junction}}, {{rws|Raichur Junction}}, {{rws|Wadi Junction}}, {{rws|Kalaburagi Junction}}, {{rws|Kurduvadi Junction}}, {{rws|Daund Junction}}, {{rws|Pune Junction}}.

On the journey to Kanyakumari, the train will have additional stops at [[Chalakudi railway station|Chalakudy]], [[Irinjalakuda railway station|Irinjalakuda]], [[Wadakkanchery railway station|Wadakkanchery]] and [[Ottapalam railway station|Ottapalam]]. The trains will not stop in these stations on the return journey. On the return journey to Pune, the train will have additional stops at [[Tripunithura railway station|Tripunithura]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram Pettah railway station|Thiruvananthapuram Pettah]].<ref name=":0" />

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.indianrail.gov.in}}
{{commons category}}

{{Express trains running through Kerala}}
{{Railways in Southern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kanyakumari-Mumbai Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Kanyakumari]]
[[Category:Transport in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Kerala]]

Thakurdwara

2025-12-12T02:45:02Z

GreggNfb8421: creating new data.

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Thakurdwara
| other_name =
| nickname = Thakragarh
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|29.19|N|78.86|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Moradabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 1945
| founder = Thakur Sahab{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}
| named_for =
| leader_title = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
| leader_name = [[Nawab Jan|Nawab Jaan Khan]]
| government_type = Indian
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank = 14
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latlong.net/place/thakurdwara-uttar-pradesh-india-13763.html|title=Thakurdwara, UttarPradesh, India Map Lat Long Coordinates}}</ref>
| elevation_m = 315
| population_total = 4875
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=131220|title= Census of India 2011: Data from the 2011 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2017-11-04|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kauravi dialect|Khariboli]], [[Haryanvi]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Urdu]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 244 601
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0591
| registration_plate = UP 21, UK 06, HT 12
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Thakurdwara''' is a town in [[Moradabad district]] in the [[States and territories of India|indian state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].

==Location==
Thakurdwara is 15 km from Kashipur. The township has been very large part of erstwhile UP and now a thriving in the north of [[Uttar Pradesh]].

==Geography==
Thakurdwara is located at {{Coord|29.19|N|78.86|E|}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latlong.net/place/thakurdwara-uttar-pradesh-india-13763.html/|title=Thakurdwara, Uttar Pradesh, India Map Lat Long Coordinates}}</ref> The city is situated on [[Ramnagar, Nainital|Ramnagar]]-[[Kashipur, Uttarakhand|Kashipur]]-[[Moradabad]] Road. Thakurdwara is at just 12 km distance from [[Kashipur, Uttarakhand|Kashipur]], 48 km distance from its District Main City [[Moradabad]], 218 km distance from National Capital [[New Delhi]] and 411 km distance from Awadh Capital [[Lucknow]].

==Tourism==
The world famous [[Jim Corbett National Park]] is just 52 km away from it. The [[Ramganga Dam]](Kalagarh Dam) is 46 km away.

==Infrastructure and Transport==
The town's nearest Railway Station is [[Kashipur, Uttarakhand|Kashipur]], [[Uttarakhand]] (12 km). The nearest International Airport is [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]], New Delhi, 218 km away. Another near Airport is 72 km away at [[Pantnagar]]. But the airport has only single flight on Fri, Sat, Sun, Wed for [[New Delhi]] operated by [[Alliance Air (India)]].{{citation needed|date=November 2017}}

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]],<ref name="auto"/> Thakurdwara had a population of 4875. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Thakurdwara has an average literacy rate of 78%, higher than the national average of 85%: male literacy is 89%, and female literacy is 80%. In Thakurdwara, 11% of the population is under 6 years of age .

==Industry==
Major sources of income of Thakurdwara are -
* [[Agriculture]],
* [[Handloom]].

Pasupati Acrylon Limited is spread over an area of approximately 90 acres. Pasupati Acrylon has a manufacturing capacity of 42000 MT/Annum of [[Acrylic fibre]]. Pasupati Acrylon supplies its [[Acrylic fiber]] under the brand name ‘ACRYLON'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pasupatiacrylon.com/plant/|title= Plant, Pasupati Acrylon}}</ref>

== Notable people ==


* [[Nawab Jan]] is an Indian politician and a member of the 16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh and 17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh, India. He represents the Thakurdwara constituency of Uttar Pradesh and is a member of the Samajwadi Party political party.
* [[Ajay Pratap Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Ajay Pratap Singh]] - 2022 Assembly-26 MLA candidate, has held the post of BJYM District Vice President.
* [[Kunwar Sarvesh Kumar Singh]] (also known as Rakesh Singh, 22 December 1952 – 20 April 2024), was an Indian businessman who served as the Member of Parliament from Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh. He was a five-term MLA from Thakurdwara from 1991 to 2007 and 2012 to 2014 till he was elected as MP from Moradabad Lok Sabha General Election in 2014

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Moradabad district]]

Howrah–Jamalpur Express

2025-12-07T03:28:34Z

GreggNfb8421:

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Howrah–Jamalpur Express
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1984|10|02}}
| last =
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Howrah}} (HWH)
| stops = 19
| end = {{stnlnk|Jamalpur}} (JMP)
| distance = {{convert|467|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 9 hrs 35 mins
| frequency = Daily {{efn|Runs seven days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC First, AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 13071 / 13072
| speed = {{convert|49|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map =
| map_state =
}}
The 13071 / 13072 '''Howrah–Jamalpur Express (Super Express)''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[Eastern Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Howrah Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Jamalpur Junction}} in India via [[Rampurhat Junction railway station|Rampurhat]] , [[Bhagalpur Junction railway station|Bhagalpur]].It is currently being operated with 13071/13072 train numbers on a daily basis.<ref>[http://bigwire.in/2016/04/02/blast-past-indian-flyovers-collapsed/ Indian flyovers that collapsed]</ref><ref>[http://zeenews.india.com/business/budget-2013/railway-budget-2013-full-text_70954.html Railway Budget 2013: Full text]</ref><ref>[http://www.topnews.in/lalu-offers-11-new-trains-rail-division-bihar-interim-rail-budget-200910-2124624 Lalu offers 11 new trains, a rail division to Bihar in Interim Rail Budget 2009–10]</ref>

== Service==

The 13071/Howrah–Jamalpur Super Express has an average speed of 49 km/h and covers 467 km in 9h 35m. The 13072/Jamalpur–Howrah Super Express has an average speed of 47 km/h and covers 467 km in 10h.

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* '''{{stnlnk|Howrah Junction}}'''
* '''{{stnlnk|Barddhaman Junction}}'''
* {{stnlnk|Bolpur Shantiniketan}}
* {{stnlnk|Sainthia Junction}}
* '''{{stnlnk|Rampurhat Junction}}'''
* {{stnlnk|Barharwa Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Tinpahar Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Sahibganj Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Kahalgaon}}
* '''{{stnlnk|Bhagalpur Junction}}'''
* '''{{stnlnk|Jamalpur Junction}}'''
Note: Bold letters indicates Major Railway Stations/Major Cities.

==Schedule==

13071/72

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Train number !! Station code !! Departure station !! Departure time !! Arrival station !! Arrival time
|-
| 13071 || HWH || Howrah Junction || 9:35 PM || Jamalpur Junction || 7:25 AM (next day)
|-
| 13072 || JMP || Jamalpur Junction || 7:30 PM || Howrah Junction || 5:45 AM (next day)
|}

==Coach composition==

The train has standard LHB rakes with max speed of 130 kmph. The train consists of 21 coaches:

* 1 AC first-class
* 3 AC II tier
* 2 AC III tier
* 3 AC III tier economy
* 7 sleeper
* 3 general
* 2 guard, second sitting cum luggage/parcel van

==Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Howrah|Howrah Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-5]] / [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive from Howrah to Jamalpur and vice versa.

== See also ==

* [[Howrah Junction railway station]]
* [[Jamalpur Junction railway station]]
* [[Vikramshila Express]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/howrah-jamalpur-super-express-13071/786/1/1155 13023/Howrah–Gaya Express]
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/656 13072/Jamalpur–Howrah Super Express]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Railways in Eastern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Howrah-Jamalpur Express}}
[[Category:Rail transport in Howrah]]
[[Category:Jamalpur, Bihar]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Hindoo Patriot

2025-12-06T08:52:35Z

GreggNfb8421: refined references as per guidelines

{{Short description|English weekly newspaper in Calcutta, British India}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Hindoo Patriot হিন্দু প্যাট্রিয়ট
| image =
| caption =
| type = Weekly (1853–1892) Daily (1892–)
| format =
| founded = {{start date and age|1853}}
| owners = {{ubl|Madhusudhan Ray (1853–54)|[[Girish Chandra Ghosh]] (1854–56) (1856–61)|[[Kaliprasanna Singha]] (1861)|[[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar]] (1861–62)|Board of Trustees (1862–)}}
| publisher =
| editor = {{ubl|Girish Chandra Ghosh (1853–55)|[[Harish Chandra Mukherjee]] (1855–61)|[[Girish Chandra Ghosh]] (1861)|[[Kristo Das Pal|Krishnadas Pal]] (1861–1884)|Rajkumar Sarbadhikari (1884–1911)}}
| language = English
| headquarters = [[Kolkata]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| circulation = {{circa|200}} (pre-1857)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Malini |date=22 April 2007 |title=1857 And The Hindoo Patriot |journal=People's Democracy |volume=XXXI |issue=16 |publisher=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |url=http://pd.cpim.org/2007/0422/04152007_1857.htm |access-date=5 April 2011 |archive-date=15 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315132013/http://pd.cpim.org/2007/0422/04152007_1857.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| ceased_publication = 
| political_position =
| sister_newspapers =
}}

The '''''Hindoo Patriot''''' ({{langx|bn|হিন্দু প্যাট্রিয়ট}}) was an English weekly published from [[Calcutta]] in the later half of the nineteenth century in [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]].

== History ==
[[File:Grish Chunder Ghose.png|thumb|150px|left|Girish Chandra Ghosh, the first editor of ''Hindoo Patriot''.]]
In 1853, one Madhusudan Ray, a Burabazar banker approached Sreenath Ghosh, the founder editor of ''Bengal Recorder'', and his brother Girish Chandra Ghosh to start an English newspaper. It was agreed that ''Bengal Recorder'' would be discontinued and ''Hindoo Patriot'' was chosen as the name for the new paper. The name is said to have been given by Girish Chandra Ghosh; although, according to the ''Reis and Rayyet'', the name was given by Kshetra Chandra Ghosh, the youngest of the Ghosh brothers. [[Kristo Das Pal]] believed that the name was given by [[Harish Chandra Mukherjee]]. Manmathanath Ghosh, the grandson and biographer of Girish Chandra Ghosh, however, has refuted the latter claim and on the authority of Madhusudan Ray concluded that the name Hindoo Patriot was given by Girish Chandra Ghosh himself, citing that Harish Chandra Mukherjee had joined the ''Hindoo Patriot'' later and held a subordinate position in the initial years.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/cu31924097526119|title=The life of Grish Chunder Ghose, the founder and first editor of "The Hindoo patriot" and "The Bengalee,"|last=Ghosha|first=Manmathanātha|date=1911|publisher=R. Cambray|others=Cornell University Library|location=Calcutta|pages=78–80}}</ref>

The ''Hindoo Patriot'' was first published on 6 January 1853 by Madhusudan Ray, under the editorship of Girish Chandra Ghosh. It began to be published every Thursday from Kalakar Street where Madhusudan Ray's press was located.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Venkatesan |first1=V. |date=14 August 2010 |title=India & two revolts |journal=Frontline |volume=27 |issue=17 |publisher=The Hindu Group |url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2717/stories/20100827271708000.htm |access-date=5 April 2011}}</ref> In 1854, it was printed for some time from Cossitollah. Harish Chandra Mukherjee, the promising correspondent of ''Bengal Recorder'', had joined ''Hindoo Patriot'' and gradually rose to the editorial board. In 1855, he became the chief editor of ''Hindu Patriot''. A year later he bought the newspaper from Girish Chandra Ghosh in the name of his elder brother Haran Chandra Mukherjee. Girish Chandra Ghosh continued to write till 1858, when he left ''Hindoo Patriot'' to start another English newspaper named [[The Bengalee|the ''Bengalee'']].<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/cu31924097526119|title=The life of Grish Chunder Ghose, the founder and first editor of "The Hindoo patriot" and "The Bengalee,"|last=Ghosha|first=Manmathanātha|date=1911|publisher=R. Cambray|others=Cornell University Library|location=Calcutta|pages=85–88}}</ref>

[[File:Kali-prasanna-sinha.png|thumb|150px|right|Kaliprasanna Sinha saved ''Hindoo Patriot'' from a financial ruin in 1861.]]
After the untimely death of Harish Chandra Mukherjee, The ''Hindoo Patriot'' was facing the grim prospect of a financial disaster. At that time [[Kaliprasanna Singha]] provided the necessary financial support and saved the paper from ruin.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Bengalees: Glimpses of History and Culture |last=Roy |first=Samaren |year=1999 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=81-7023-981-8 |page=179 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p_EaPju60k0C |access-date=5 April 2011}}</ref> Girish Chandra Ghosh who had severed all ties with ''Hindoo Patriot'' three years ago, was moved by the plight of Harish Chandra Mukherjee's bereaved mother and helpless widow and took up the editorship again. After he left ''Hindoo Patriot'' again in November that year, the paper was bought over by [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar]].{{citation needed|date=August 2025}} Krishnadas Pal became its new editor.<ref name="sbc104">{{cite encyclopedia |editor1-last=Sengupta |editor1-first=Subodh Chandra |editor2-last=Basu |editor2-first=Anjali |year=2002 |orig-year=First published 1976 |script-title=bn:কৃষ্ণদাস পাল |trans-title=Krishnadas Pal |script-encyclopedia=bn:সংসদ বাঙালি চরিতাভিধান |encyclopedia=Saṃsada bāṅāli caritābhidhāna |trans-encyclopedia=Parliament Bengali Biographical Dictionary |language=bn |volume=1 |edition=4th |location=Kolkata |publisher=Sahitya Samsad |isbn=81-85626-65-0 |page=104 |script-quote=bn:১৮৬১ শ্রী 'হিন্দু প্যাটিরট' পত্রিকার সম্পাদক হন। একাদিক্রমে ২৩ বছর সম্পাদনায় তৎকালীন রাজনীতিতে তার প্রভাব বিস্তারলাভ করে। 'ইলবার্ট বিল', 'ইমিগ্রেশন বিল', ভার্নাকুলার প্রেস অ্যাক্ট ইত্যাদি আইন প্রণয়নের সময় নিজ সংবাদপত্রে চা-শ্রমিকদের পক্ষে, সংবাদপ্রের স্বাধীনতার বিষয়ে ও দেশীয় ডেপুটি ম্যাজিস্টেটদের সপক্ষে প্রবন্ধ রচনা করে চা-শ্রমিকদের নির্যাতন-ব্যবস্থার প্রতিবাদে ক্ণদাস এই বিলকে 'The Slave Law of India' |trans-quote=In 1861, he became the editor of the newspaper 'Hindu Patriot'. He gained influence in the politics of the time by editing it for 23 years. During the enactment of the 'Ilbert Bill', 'Immigration Bill', Vernacular Press Act etc., he wrote articles in his newspaper in favor of the tea workers, freedom of the press and in favor of the native deputy magistrates. In protest against the oppression of the tea workers, Kandas called this bill 'The Slave Law of India'}}</ref>

In 1865, the ''Indian Field'' an Indian-owned English weekly newspaper founded by [[Kishori Chand Mitra]] in 1859, merged with the ''Hindoo Patriot''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Islam |first=Sirajul |year=2012 |chapter=Mitra, Kishori Chand |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mitra,_Kishori_Chand |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> After the death of Krishnadas Pal in 1884, Rajukumar Sarbadhikari became the new editor. It was largely due to his efforts that the ''Hindoo Patriot'' became a daily from 16 March 1892.<ref name="sbc466">{{cite encyclopedia |editor1-last=Sengupta |editor1-first=Subodh Chandra |editor2-last=Basu |editor2-first=Anjali |year=2002 |orig-year=First published 1976 |script-title=bn:রাজকুমার সর্বাধিকরী |trans-title=Rajkumar Sarbadhikari |script-encyclopedia=bn:সংসদ বাঙালি চরিতাভিধান |encyclopedia=Saṃsada bāṅāli caritābhidhāna |trans-encyclopedia=Parliament Bengali Biographical Dictionary |language=bn |volume=1 |edition=4th |location=Kolkata |publisher=Sahitya Samsad |isbn=81-85626-65-0 |page=466 |script-quote=bn:কৃষ্ণদাস পালের মৃত্যুর পর 'হিন্দু প্যাট্রিয়ট' পত্রিকার সম্পাদক হন। ... তাঁর চেষ্টায় 'হিন্দু প্যাট্রিয়ট' ১৬-৩-১৮৯২ খ্রী থেকে দৈনিক পত্রে রূপান্তরিত হয়। |trans-quote=After the death of Krishnadas Pal, he became the editor of the 'Hindu Patriot' newspaper. ... Due to his efforts, 'Hindu Patriot' was converted into a daily newspaper from 16-3-1892 AD.}}</ref>

== Activism ==

=== 1857 revolt ===
During the revolt of 1857, the ''Hindoo Patriot'' used to publish stories of the revolt as the lead articles. He believed that the rebels had harmed their own cause by placing their trust in the leadership of [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]], whom he described as the rotten house of Tamerlane. In 1859, when [[Tatya Tope]] was hanged, the ''Hindoo Patriot'' saluted his martyrdom and recognized the efforts of [[Rani Lakshmibai|Lakshmi Bai]] and [[Babu Kunwar Singh|Kunwar Singh]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sHEeAAAAMAAJ|title=Petition to Agitation, Bengal, 1857–1885|last=Chattopadhyay|first=Manju|date=1985|publisher=K.P. Bagchi|language=en}}</ref>

=== Indigo revolt ===
The ''Hindoo Patriot'', under the able editorship of Harish Chandra Mukherjee became the mouthpiece of protest against imperial injustices. In the late fifties, the ''Hindoo Patriot'' began to expose the oppression and atrocities on Indian peasants by the indigo planters. The latter used to force the peasants into cultivating indigo.

In the late 1875, when one Jagadananda Mukherjee invited the Prince of Wales to his residence and zenana, the ''Hindoo Patriot'' commented that the national feeling had been outraged.<ref>{{cite book |title=Acts of Authority/Acts of Resistance: Theater and Politics in Colonial and Postcolonial India |last=Bhatia |first=Nandi |year=2004 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=0-472-11263-5 |page=41 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIr2TX3NiAwC |access-date=5 April 2011}}</ref>

After the initial editorship of Girish Chandra Ghosh and Harish Chandra Mukherjee, Krishnadas Pal was the editor of the paper for 23 years. During this period he opposed the imperial laws like the Immigration Bill, the Vernacular Press Act and the [[Ilbert Bill]] through the columns of the ''Hindoo Patriot''. He protested against the oppression of tea workers and termed the Immigration Bill as 'The Slave Law of India'.<ref name="sbc104"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* Dr. Dilip Majumdar's Bengali Book 'Harish Mukherjee : Yug—o--Jivan'

[[Category:Daily newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Defunct newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:English-language newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1853]]
[[Category:1853 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Year of disestablishment missing]]
[[Category:Defunct daily newspapers]]

Ganeshprasad Varni

2025-11-27T17:02:40Z

GreggNfb8421: fix information for accuracy and corrected details

{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| honorific-prefix = Kshullak
| image = Varnimuralkatni.jpg
| alt = Ganeshprasad Varni
| religion = [[Jainism]]
| rank = [[Kshullak]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1874|09|29}}<ref>Meri Jivan Gatha, Ganeshprasad Varni, 1949, Shri Ganeshprasad Varni Jain Granthmala, Varanasi.</ref>
| birth_place = Hansera, [[Lalitpur District, Uttar Pradesh|Lalitpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh|U.P.]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1961|09|5|1874|1|1}}<ref>Meri Jivan Gatha, Dvitiya Bhag, Ganeshprasad Varni, 1960, Shri Ganeshprasad Varni Jain Granthmala, Varanasi.</ref>
| death_place = [[Isri]], [[Jharkhand]]
| teacher = Shiksha-Guru Gopaldas Bariaya, Ambadas Shahsti
| works = ''Meri Jivan Gatha'' (1945), Jain philosophy based on Acharya [[Kundakunda]]'s [[Samayasar]]
}}
{{Jainism}}
'''Kshullak Ganeshprasad Varni''' ([[Hindi]]:पूज्य 105 श्री गणेश प्रसाद वर्णी, [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]: શ્રી ૧૦૫ ક્ષુલ્લક ગણેશપ્રસાદ વર્ણી [[Kannada language|Kannada]]:ಶ್ರೀ ೧೦೫ ಕ್ಷುಲ್ಲಕ ಗಣೆಶಪ್ರಸಾದ ವರ್ಣೀ; 29 September, 1874 – 5 September 1961) was one of the foundational figures<ref>John E. Cort</ref> of the modern Indian [[Digambara]] intellectual tradition during the early 20th century.<ref name="ravindra" /> He was the founder of several schools and institutions of advanced learning including Syadvad Mahavidyalaya at [[Varanasi]] in 1905,<ref name="jinvaani" /> Varanasi and Satark-Sudhataringini Digamber Jain Pathshala,<ref name="varanasi" /> now Ganesh Digamber Jain Sanskrit Vidyalaya at Sagar.

Many of the Jain scholars today are products of the institutions found by Ganeshprasad Varni. Sahajananda Varni was one of his disciples.<ref name="sahjana" /> While Jinendra Varni never heard him speaking, he was deeply influenced by him<ref name="jin" /> and had compiled a volume "Varni Darshan" to commemorate Ganeshprasad Varni's birth centenary in 1975.

== Early life ==
Ganesh Prasad Ji Varni was born to Hira Lal and Ujyari Devi in village Hansera in district Lalitpur (U.P.), who belonged to the [[Asati]] community. While the Asatis are mostly Vaishnava, his father had a deep faith in the [[Namokar Mantra]].<ref>Meri Jivangatha</ref> He used to live in a Jain neighbourhood and visit the Jain temple near his house in Mandawara. Influenced by lectures there, at the age of ten, he took a vow to take meals before sunset throughout his life.{{citation needed|date=June 2013}} During his [[yajnopavita]] ceremony, he had an argument with the priest and his mother, and declared that he will be a Jain henceforth. He passed the middle examination at the age of fifteen years. He did not have any aptitude for shop-keeping, his father's profession, and became a school teacher.
<ref name="autobio" />

He came into contact with a religious minded lady Chironjabai mata ji of Simra khurd (m.p.) through Karorelal Bhaiji, a spiritual man of Jatara.<ref>[http://golalariya.com/pdf/sep,2011/Sept,2011.pdf Samaj Ratna Shrimati Chironjabai Jain, PC Jain, Golalariya Darshan, Sept. 2011]</ref> She developed much affection for him and treated him like her son. She supported his desire of obtaining advanced religious education spiritual development.<ref name="autobio" />

== Education ==
At that time there were no advanced scholars in the [[Bundelkhand]] region. He studied at Jaipur, Khurja, Bombay, Mathura, Varanasi and other places with great difficulty. Because of his lack of funds, he occasionally had to starve accept humiliations. he studied with Pt. Panna Lal Backliwal and Baba Gurdayal at Bombay to pass [[Ratnakarand Shravakachar]] and [[Aindra School of Grammar|Katantra]]-panchsanndhiki examinations.{{citation needed|date=June 2013}} There he also met Pt. [[Gopaldas Baraiya]], with whom he studied Nyayadipika and Sarvarthsidhi after he had studied of Nyaya (logic) and grammar at Khurja. He was sometimes turned down by reputed Brahmin teachers. He studied under Pt. Ambadas Shastri at [[Varanasi]]. He then studied at Chakauti and [[Nabadwip|Navadweep]] to acquire the Nyayacharya degree.<ref name="autobio" />

== Establishment of Educational Institutions ==
Based on his experience of encountering the difficulties in obtaining advanced Jain education, he strongly felt the need for establishing Jain educational institution at Varanasi. He received a donation of one rupee from someone. He used it to by sixty-four postcards, and sent them to some potential Jain donors. With the assistance of prominent Jain philanthropists like [[Chandabai|Babu Devkumar]] of Arrah, Seth Manek Chand, J.P. of Bombay etc. he established the famous Syadwad Mahavidyalaya at Varanasi in 1905. Baba Bhagirath Varni served as the superintendent (supervisor) of the institution. Even though Ganeshprasad was a founder of the Syadvad Mahavidyalaya, he accepted the rules imposed by Bhagirath Varni.<ref name="yahoonews" /> A number of influential Jain scholars have been a product of this institution. With the help of Pt. [[Motilal Nehru]], he was able to get Jain studies introduced at [[Banaras Hindu University]].{{citation needed|date=June 2013}}

Later with encouragement of Balchand Savalnavis, and the support of Kandya, Malaiya, and other families and Singhai Kundanlal etc. he helped establish the Satark-Sudhataringini Jain Pathshala which is now the well known Ganesh Digamber Jain Sanskrit Vidyalaya at Sagar.<ref>Sarvodayi Deshna, Suvrata Sagar Muni, 2011, p. 5</ref>

He also helped in establishing various institutions. After inspiring and helping establish these institutions, he left the administration to local volunteers, without bothering to remain in control, and moved on. Some of these institutions are:

* Swadvada Mahavidyalaya Banares,<ref>[https://www.bhaskar.com/news/MP-SAG-MAT-latest-sagar-news-050502-26452-NOR.html जन्मोत्सव में बधाइयां, क्षमावाणी में केश लोंच, Bhaskar News Network, Sep 11, 2017]</ref>
* Sri Kund Kund Jain (P-G) College, Khatauli, 1926.<ref name="kkjain" />
* Jain Higher Secondary School Sagar.<ref name="dailynews" /><ref name="swadesh" />
* Mahavira Jain Sanskrit Uchchatar Madhamik Vidyalaya, Lalitpur, 1917.<ref name="amarujala" />
* Varni Jain Inter College, Lalitpur.<ref name="amarnews" />
* Shri Ganesh Prasad Varni Snatak Mahavidyalaya, Ghuwara.{{citation needed|date=June 2013}}
* Varni Jain Gurugul, Jabalpur.<ref name="mpinfo" />
* Shri Parshwanath Brahmacharya Ashram Jain Gurukul, Khurai, 1944.<ref name="gurukulkhurai" />
* Pathshalas at Baruasagar, Dronagiri.{{citation needed|date=June 2013}}
* Digambar Jain mahila Ashram, Sagar <ref>[https://www.patrika.com/news/sagar/the-ashram-is-the-daughter-of-a-judge-take-any-take-any-government-officer-begins-on-1500946/ इस आश्रम की बेटी काेई जज है ताे काेई आर्यिका, Patrika, Feb 2, 2017 ]</ref><ref>[https://www.bhaskar.com/news/MP-SAG-MAT-latest-sagar-news-120007-3443132-NOR.html श्री दिगंबर जैन महिलाश्रम में 76 वर्ष से दी जा रही बारहवीं तक मुफ्त शिक्षा, Bhaskar News Network, Jan 18, 2016]</ref>
* Digambar Jain Udasin Ashram, Isri,<ref>[https://www.bhaskar.com/news/JHA-MAT-latest-dumri-news-023502-17720-NOR.html जयंती पर स्कूली बच्चों ने निकाली प्रभातफेरी, Bhaskar News Network, Sep 10, 2017 ]</ref>

As a result of the establishment of these institutions, the Bundelkhand started producing highly regarded Jain scholars such that Bundelkhand is now regarded to be a bastion of Jain learning.<ref>Varni Vani, Vidyarthi Narendra Jain, Sam. 2004 (1947 AD), p. 25-26</ref>

== Spiritual Passage ==
He led a simple and aesthetic life and dedicated himself to the study and teaching of Jain philosophy. He gradually adopted a life of renunciation. At [[Kundalpur]], he took the [[brahmacharya]] vrata (celibacy), i.e. 7th [[Pratima (Jainism)|pratima]] from Baba Gokuldas and thus came to be called a Varni in 1913. In 1936, he gave up travelling by buses or trains. He took 10th [[Pratima (Jainism)|pratima]] in 1944, and became a [[kshullak]] in 1947. He travelled extensively in India. He had donated his only wearing apparel, the Chadar, at a public meeting held in connection with Azad Hind Army at Jabalpur in 1945. It was immediately auctioned for Rs. 3000/- for raising the funds for the army.<ref>Varni Vani, Vidyarthi Narendra Jain, Sam. 2004 (1947 AD), p. 23-24</ref>

At the age of 87, sensing his impending end, he retired to [[Isri]] Udasin Ashram, near [[Sammet Shikhar]] which he had himself helped establish. He took the vows of a Jain Muni with the name Muni 108 Ganeshkirti. He died in his final meditation (Samadhi-maran) on 5 December 1961.<ref>Progressive Jains, Satish Kumar Jain</ref>

== Works ==
His two-volume autobiography Meri Jevan Gatha<ref name="autobio" /> has become a major source of information about the Jain society of his time.<ref name="ravindra" /> It is written in a fluid and very readable style.<ref name="encyclo" /> The recordings of his lectures on the [[Samayasar]] have been re-discovered and digitised.<ref name="libjain-dev" /> They have also been published as a book.<ref name="samaysarapra" /> A publishing house named Shri Ganeshprasad Varni Jain Granthmala, Varanasi, named after him has published a number of important Jain texts.{{citation needed|date=June 2013}}

==See also==
* [[Niraj Jain]]
* [[Pannalal Jain|Pandit Pannalal Jain, Sahityacharya]]
* [[Phoolchandra Shastri]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="ravindra">{{cite book|last=Jain|first=Ravindra K.|title=The universe as audience: metaphor and community among the Jains of North India|year=1999|publisher=Indian Institute of Advance Study}}</ref>
<ref name="jinvaani">{{cite web|title=Ganesh Prasad Varni Ji (1874 to 1961)|url=http://www.jinvaani.org/ganesh-prasad-varni-ji.html}}</ref>
<ref name="varanasi">{{cite book|last=Varni|first=Ganeshprasad|title=Meri Jeevan Gatha|year=1960|publisher=Shri Ganesh Varni Digambar Jain Sansthan|location=Varanasi}}</ref>
<ref name="sahjana">क्षु. मनोहर जी वर्णी सहजानंद महाराज का संक्षिप्त जीवन परिचय http://sahjanandvarnishastra.org/index.php/about {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323184537/http://sahjanandvarnishastra.org/index.php/about |date=23 March 2016 }}</ref>
<ref name="jin">पूज्य जिनेन्द्र वर्णी जी http://www.jinvaani.org/pujya-jinendra-varni-ji.html</ref>
<ref name="yahoonews">गुरु की महिमा, डॉ. राष्ट्रबंधु http://in.jagran.yahoo.com/news/opinion/general/6_3_6595625.html</ref>
<ref name="kkjain">Sri Kund Kund Jain (P-G) College, Khatauli http://kkjaincollege.org/introduction.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120408014035/http://kkjaincollege.org/introduction.html |date=8 April 2012 }}</ref>
<ref name="dailynews">वर्णी जयंती पर जैन स्कूल में हुआ कार्यक्रम 16 September 2011 http://sagarcity.dailyhindinews.com/2011/09/16/daily-hindi-news-varni-jayanti-celebration/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234504/http://sagarcity.dailyhindinews.com/2011/09/16/daily-hindi-news-varni-jayanti-celebration/ |date=3 March 2016 }}</ref>
<ref name="swadesh">वर्णीजी के आदर्शों का करें पालन http://swadesh.in/default_view_pradesh_news.php?ct_id=16&limit=10&pradesh_id=2433&font=12 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426010912/http://swadesh.in/default_view_pradesh_news.php?ct_id=16&limit=10&pradesh_id=2433&font=12 |date=26 April 2012 }}</ref>
<ref name="amarujala">स्नातकाें का सम्मान किया http://www.amarujala.com/city/lalitpur/Lalitpur-4325-25.html {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120720184252/http://www.amarujala.com/city/lalitpur/Lalitpur-4325-25.html |date=20 July 2012 }}</ref>
<ref name="amarnews">हर्षोल्लास से मनाया वर्णी जी का जन्मोत्सव 28 September 2010 http://www.amarujala.com/city/lalitpur/Lalitpur-2874-25.html {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120718001553/http://www.amarujala.com/city/lalitpur/Lalitpur-2874-25.html |date=18 July 2012 }}</ref>
<ref name="mpinfo">श्री गणेश प्रसाद वर्णी जी के कार्य युवा पीढ़ी के लिये आदर्श व प्रेरक-विधानसभा अध्यक्ष श्री रोहाणी http://www.mpinfo.org/mpinfonew/NewsDetails.aspx?newsid=100927N68&flag1= {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415044106/http://www.mpinfo.org/mpinfonew/NewsDetails.aspx?newsid=100927N68&flag1= |date=15 April 2012 }}</ref>
<ref name="gurukulkhurai">{{Cite web |url=http://www.gurukulkhurai.com/gurukul_hss/history.html |title=Welcome to Shri Parshwanath Brahmacharya Ashram --- Khurai |access-date=30 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405101500/http://www.gurukulkhurai.com/gurukul_hss/history.html |archive-date=5 April 2012 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>
<ref name="autobio">Meri Jivan Gatha, Ganeshprasad Varni, 1949, Shri Ganeshprasad Varni Jain Granthmala, Varanasi. Meri Jivan Gatha, Dvitiya Bhag, Ganeshprasad Varni, 1960, Shri Ganeshprasad Varni Jain Granthmala, Varanasi.</ref>
<ref name="encyclo">The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature (Volume One (A To Devo), Amaresh Datta,Sahitya Akademi, 1 January 2006</ref>
<ref name="libjain-dev">Pravachan Saint GaneshPrasad Varni Ji
http://library.jain.org/1.Pravachan/Saint_GaneshPrasadVarniJi/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402065547/http://library.jain.org/1.pravachan/saint_ganeshprasadvarniji/ |date=2 April 2016 }}</ref>
<ref name="samaysarapra">Samaysar (Prakrit – Hindi) By Acharya Kund Kund, Hindi Exposition by Kshullak Ganeshprasad Varni, Shri Ganesh Varni Digamber Jain Sansthan, Varanasi; Ist edition 1969, 470 pages</ref>
}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.jinvaani.org/ganesh-prasad-varni-ji.html Ganesh Prasad Varni Ji (1874–1961) Founder Syadwad Mahavidyalaya at Varanasi in 1905]

{{Modern Jain writers}}
{{Jain Gurus}}
{{Jainism topics}}
{{Portal bar|Religion|India}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Varni, Ganeshprasad}}
[[Category:1874 births]]
[[Category:1949 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Indian autobiographers]]
[[Category:Indian Jain monks]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Jain writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Jain monks]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian monks]]
[[Category:People from Lalitpur, India]]

Indian Institute of Toxicology Research

2025-11-05T15:46:18Z

GreggNfb8421: minor add content after review and fixed typos as per guidelines

{{multiple issues|
{{One source|date=May 2022}}
{{Third-party|date=December 2022}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}

{{Infobox laboratory
| name = Indian Institute of Toxicology Research
| image = Indian_Institute_of_Toxicology_Research_Logo.png
| former_name = Industrial Toxicology Research Centre
| motto = ''Transforming Lives through Research & Innovation''
| established = 1965
| type = Toxicology Research
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| affiliations = [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]]; [[Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research|AcSIR]]
| director = Dr. Bhaskar Narayan <ref>{{Cite web|title=CSIR – Indian Institute of Toxicology Research|url=http://iitrindia.org/En/DirectorDesk.aspx|last=|first=|date=8 Dec 2022|website=iitrindia.org|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=4 Feb 2019}}</ref>
| city = [[Lucknow]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
| coor = {{coord|23.8594|N|80.9306|E|type:edu_region:IN|display=inline, title}}
| website = [http://iitrindia.org// iitrindia.org]
}}
The '''Indian Institute of Toxicology Research''' (previously the '''Industrial Toxicology Research Centre''') is a laboratory run under the aegis of [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]]. It was established in 1965 by [[Sibte Hasan Zaidi]] and has its main campus in [[Lucknow]] with a satellite campus at Gheru. The research is centered in the Asia-Pacific region.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bhattacharji |first1=B. D. |last2=Das |first2=Mukul |date=2015 |title=CSIR–Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24905566 |journal=Current Science |volume=108 |issue=11 |pages=2003–2006 |jstor=24905566 |issn=0011-3891}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://iitrindia.org//}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130115030611/http://www.csir.res.in/External/Heads/aboutcsir/lab_directory.htm List of CSIR Laboratories]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100812093903/http://rdpp.csir.res.in/csir_acsir/Home.aspx CSIR homepage]

{{CSIR Labs}}
{{Education in Lucknow}}
{{Lucknow}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Toxicology organizations]]
[[Category:Environmental organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Lucknow]]
[[Category:Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]]
[[Category:Environmental research institutes]]
[[Category:Research institutes established in 1965]]
[[Category:1965 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Muthani railway station

2025-11-04T08:37:05Z

GreggNfb8421: adding some info basic info - done

{{Short description|Railway station in Bihar}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Muthani
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Muthani railway station DSCN1727.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = Muthani, Pakrihar, [[Kaimur district]], [[Bihar]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|25.1420|N|83.6613|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|83|m|ft}}
| line = [[Gaya–Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction section]]
| other =
| structure = Standard on ground
| platform = 2
| tracks =
| entrances =
| parking = Yes
| bicycle = No
| opened = 1906
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 1961–63
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = MTGE
| zone =
| division = {{rwd|Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India Bihar
| map_dot_label = Muthani railway station
| map_size = 300
| map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=East Central Railway zone|left=Pusauli|right=Bhabua Road|type=Mughalsarai–Dhanbad section}}
}}
'''Muthani railway station''' is a railway station situated on the [[Gaya–Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction section]] under [[East Central Railway zone]]. It is located at Muthani, Pakrihar in [[Kaimur district]] in the Indian state of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muthani Railway Station Map/Atlas ECR/East Central Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/muthani-mtge/4378 |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

==History==
The [[East Indian Railway Company]] started connecting Delhi and Howrah from the mid nineteenth century. In 1862, the railway tracks crossed Mughalsarai and reached the western bank of the [[Yamuna]]. The through link to Delhi was established in 1866.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[IRFCA] Indian Railways FAQ - IR History - Early Days |url=https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-hist.html |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=www.irfca.org}}</ref>

==Electrification==
The Mughalsarai–Howrah sector was electrified in 1961–63.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[IRFCA] Electrification History from CORE |url=https://www.irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=www.irfca.org}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Railway stations in Bihar}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Kaimur district]]
[[Category:Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya railway division]]

Saccidānanda

2025-10-26T21:12:14Z

GreggNfb8421: creating data.

{{Short description|Hindu concept of the Ultimate Reality}}
{{italic title}}
{{Hinduism}}
'''''Saccidānanda''''' ({{langx|sa|सच्चिदानन्द}}; also '''Sat-cit-ānanda'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sat-cit-ananda definition and meaning|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/sat-cit-ananda|access-date=2021-04-16|website=Collins English Dictionary|language=en}}</ref>) is an epithet and description for the subjective experience of the ultimate unchanging reality, called [[Brahman]],<ref name="Devadutta Kali 2005 page 365">Devadutta Kali (2005), Devimahatmyam: In Praise of the Goddess, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120829534}}, page 365, Quote: "Saccidananda, being-consciousness-bliss, a threefold epithet attempting to describe the unitary, indescribable Brahman".</ref>{{Sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=388}}{{refn|group=note|Brahman is "the unchanging reality amidst and beyond the world",{{sfn|Puligandla|1997|p=222}} which "cannot be exactly defined", but is being-consciousness-bliss{{sfn|Raju|2013|p=228}} and the highest reality.{{sfn|Potter|2008|p=6-7}}}} in certain branches of [[Hindu philosophy]], especially [[Vedanta]]. It represents "existence, consciousness, and bliss"{{sfn|Raju|2013|p=228}}{{sfn|Werner|2004|p=88}} or "truth, consciousness, bliss".<ref name=gsmurty303/>

==Etymology==
{{Transliteration|sa|Saccidānanda}} ({{lang|sa|सच्चिदानन्द}}; pre-[[sandhi]] form sat-cit-ānanda) is a compounded Sanskrit word consisting of "sat", "cit", and "ānanda", all three considered as inseparable from the nature of ultimate reality called Brahman in Hinduism.<ref name=jameslochtefeldsca578>James Lochtefeld (2002), "Satchidananda" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N-Z, Rosen Publishing, {{ISBN|0-8239-2287-1}}, page 578</ref> The different forms of spelling is driven by euphonic (sandhi) rules of Sanskrit, useful in different contexts.<ref name=jameslochtefeldsca578/>

* '''[[Sat (Sanskrit)|sat]]''' ({{lang|sa|सत्}}):<ref name=mmwsat1134/> In Sanskrit, ''sat'' means "being, existence", "real, actual", "true, good, right", or "that which really is, existence, essence, true being, really existent, good, true".<ref name=mmwsat1134>Sir Monier Monier-Williams, [http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/1100/mw__1167.html Sat], A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages, Oxford University Press (Reprinted: Motilal Banarsidass), {{ISBN|978-8120831056}}, page 1134</ref>{{refn|group=note|Another translation is offered by Sugirtharajah, who suggests a "''palpable force of virtue and truth''".{{sfn|Sugirtharajah|2004|p=115}}}}
* '''[[Cit (consciousness)|cit]]''' ({{lang|sa|चित्}}):<ref name=mmwsat395>Sir Monier Monier-Williams, [http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/0400/mw__0428.html Cit], A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages, Oxford University Press (Reprinted: Motilal Banarsidass), {{ISBN|978-8120831056}}, page 395</ref> means "consciousness" or "spirit".<ref name="James Lochtefeld 2002 page 35">James Lochtefeld (2002), "Ananda" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A-M, Rosen Publishing, {{ISBN|0-8239-2287-1}}, page 35</ref><ref name="Encyclopedia of Hinduism">{{cite book|author1=Constance Jones |author2=James D. Ryan |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC |year=2006|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5 |page=28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=van Buitenen |first=J. A. B. |date=1979 |title="Ānanda", or All Desires Fulfilled |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1062420 |journal=History of Religions |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=28 |jstor=1062420 |issn=0018-2710}}</ref>
* '''[[Ānanda (Hindu philosophy)|ānanda]]''' ({{lang|sa|आनन्द}}):<ref name=mmwsat139/> means "happiness, joy, bliss", "pure happiness, one of three attributes of Atman or Brahman in the Vedanta philosophy".<ref name=mmwsat139>Sir Monier Monier-Williams, [http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/0100/mw__0172.html Ananda], A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages, Oxford University Press (Reprinted: Motilal Banarsidass), {{ISBN|978-8120831056}}, page 139</ref> Loctefeld and other scholars translate ''ananda'' as "bliss".<ref name="James Lochtefeld 2002 page 35"/><ref name="Encyclopedia of Hinduism"/>

{{Transliteration|sa|Satcitananda}} is therefore translated as "truth consciousness bliss",<ref name=gsmurty303>Gurajada Suryanarayana Murty (2002), Paratattvaganṇitadarśanam, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120818217}}, page 303</ref><ref>Vasant Merchant (2000), Savitri: A Legend & a Symbol-Sri Aurobindo's Modern Epic, International Journal of Humanities and Peace, vol. 16, no. 1, pages 29-34</ref><ref>Jean Holm and John Bowker (1998), Hinduism, in ''Picturing God'', Bloomsbury Academic, {{ISBN|978-1855671010}}, page 71</ref> "reality consciousness bliss",<ref>Julian Woods (2001), Destiny and Human Initiative in the Mahabharata, State University of New York, {{ISBN|978-0791449820}}, page 201</ref><ref>Adrian Hastings et al (2000), The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0198600244}}, page 324</ref> or "Existence Consciousness Bliss".{{sfn|Werner|2004|p=88}}

==Discussion==
The term is contextually related to "the ultimate reality" in various schools of Hindu traditions.<ref name=jameslochtefeldsca578/> In theistic traditions, {{Transliteration|sa|satcitananda}} is the same as God such as [[Vishnu]],<ref>Klaus Klostermair (2007), A Survey of Hinduism, 3rd Edition, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791470817}}, page 246</ref> Shiva<ref>Hilko Wiardo Schomerus and Humphrey Palmer (2000), Śaiva Siddhānta, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120815698}}, page 44</ref> or Goddess in [[Shakti]] traditions.<ref>{{Citation | last=Sherma | first=Rita | year=1998 | editor-last=Lance E. Nelson | title=Purifying the Earthly Body of God: Religion and Ecology in Hindu India | publisher=State University of New York Press | page=116 | isbn=978-0791439241}}</ref> In monist traditions, {{Transliteration|sa|satcitananda}} is considered directly inseparable from {{Transliteration|sa|nirguna}} (attributeless) Brahman or the "universal ground of all beings", wherein the Brahman is identical with Atman, the true individual self.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Holdrege|first1=Barbara|editor1-last=Mittal|editor1-first=S|editor2-last=Thursby|editor2-first=G|title=The Hindu World|date=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0415215277|pages=241–242|quote=Shankara philosophical system is based on a monistic ontology in which brahman, the universal wholeness of existence, is alone declared to be real. In its essential nature as nirguna (without attributes), brahman is pure being (Sat), consciousness (Cit), and bliss (Ananda) and is completely formless, distinctionless, nonchanging, and unbounded. As saguna (with attributes), brahman assumes the form of Ishvara, the lord, [...] Moksha is attained through knowledge (jñåna, vidyå) alone, for when knowledge dawns the individual self awakens to its true nature as Atman, the universal Self, which is identical with Brahman.}}</ref>{{Sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=388}} A [[Jiva]] is instructed to identify themselves with the [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Atman]], which is the [[Brahman]] in a being, thus the purpose of human birth is to realize "I am Brahman" (''[[Mahāvākyas#Aham Brahma Asmi|Aham Brahmasmi]]'') through [[Prajna (Hinduism)|Prajna]] which leads to the state of "ultimate consciousness" referred as ''sat-chit-ananda'' and subsequently [[Moksha]], however as long as a being identifies with [[Maya (religion)|Maya]] which is finite, material and tangible, they will continue to gather [[Karma]] and remain in [[Saṃsāra]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.37052/ml.24(2)no3|journal= Malay Literature |date=7 March 2019|first=Lalita|last=Sinha|publisher=[[Wawasan Open University]]|issn= 2682-8030|title= Way of the Warrior: Battling Issues of Interlok with the Sword of Wisdom |volume=22|number=2|pages= 198–230 |url= http://jurnal.dbp.my/index.php/MalayLiterature/article/view/571|access-date=8 November 2021|doi-access=free}}</ref> {{Transliteration|sa|Satcitananda}} or Brahman is held to be the source of all reality, source of all conscious thought, and source of all perfection-bliss.<ref name=jameslochtefeldsca578/> It is the ultimate, the complete, the destination of spiritual pursuit in Hinduism.<ref name=jameslochtefeldsca578/>{{Sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=388}}<ref>Christopher Key Chapple (2010), The Bhagavad Gita: Twenty-fifth–Anniversary Edition, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-1438428420}}, page xviii</ref>

===Textual references===
The [[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]] ({{circa|800–600 BCE}}) is among the earliest Hindu texts which links and then discusses [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Atman]] (Self), Brahman (ultimate reality), awareness, joy and bliss such as in sections 2.4, 3.9 and 4.3.<ref>Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814684}}, pages 433-437, 464-475, 484-493</ref><ref name=rambachantaw41>Anantanand Rambachan (2006), The Advaita Worldview: God, World, and Humanity, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791468517}}, pages 40-43</ref><ref name=dhavamony69>Mariasusai Dhavamony (2002), Hindu-Christian Dialogue: Theological Soundings and Perspectives, Rodopi, {{ISBN|978-9042015104}}, pages 68-70</ref> The [[Chandogya Upanishad]] ({{circa|800-600 BCE}}), in section 3.14 to 3.18, discusses Atman and Brahman, these being identical to "that which shines and glows both inside and outside", "dear", "pure knowing, awareness", "one's innermost being", "highest light", "luminous".<ref>Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814684}}, pages 110-117</ref><ref>Klaus Witz (1998), The Supreme Wisdom of the Upaniṣads: An Introduction, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120815735}}, pages 227-228</ref> Other 1st-millennium BCE texts, such as the [[Taittiriya Upanishad]] in section 2.1, as well as minor Upanishads, discuss Atman and Brahman in saccidananda-related terminology.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dhavamony|first1=Mariasusai|title=Hindu-Christian Dialogue: Theological Soundings and Perspectives|date=2002|publisher=Rodopi|isbn=9789042015104|pages=68–70|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=poUxxH4fPwwC&q=Hindu-Christian%20Dialogue%3A%20Theological%20Soundings%20and%20Perspectives&pg=PP1}}</ref>

An early mention of the compound word {{Transliteration|sa|satcitananda}} is in verse 3.11 of Tejobindu Upanishad,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/tejobindu.pdf |title=Tejobindu Upanishad |access-date=12 January 2016| language = sa|last= Hattangadi| first= Sunder| year= 2015 | page = 8}}; Quote: {{lang|sa|नित्यशुद्धचिदानन्दसत्तामात्रोऽहमव्ययः । नित्यबुद्धविशुद्धैक'''सच्चिदानन्द'''मस्म्यहम् ॥}}</ref> composed before the 4th-century CE.<ref name=eliadeyif128>Mircea Eliade (1970), Yoga: Immortality and Freedom, Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|0-691017646}}, pages 128-129</ref><ref>{{Citation | last =Flood | first =Gavin D. | author-link =Gavin Flood | year =1996 | title =An Introduction to Hinduism | publisher =Cambridge University Press | isbn =978-0521438780 | page =[https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo/page/96 96] | url =https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo/page/96 }}</ref> The context of {{Transliteration|sa|satcitananda}} is explained in the Upanishad as follows:<ref name=ayyangartbu7/>
{{Blockquote|'''The realization of Atman.'''
<poem>
(...) I am of the nature of consciousness.
I am made of consciousness and bliss.
I am nondual, pure in form, absolute knowledge, absolute love.
I am changeless, devoid of desire or anger, I am detached.
I am One Essence, unlimitedness, utter consciousness.
I am boundless Bliss, existence and transcendent Bliss.
I am the Atman, that revels in itself.
I am the Sacchidananda that is eternal, enlightened and pure.
</poem>
|[[Tejobindu Upanishad]]|3.1-3.12 (Abridged)<ref name=ayyangartbu7>{{cite book|last= Ayyangar |first=TR Srinivasa |title=The Yoga Upanishads |url=https://archive.org/stream/TheYogaUpanishads/TheYogaUpanisadsSanskritEngish1938#page/n85/mode/2up |year=1938 |publisher=The Adyar Library |pages=42–43}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/tejobindu.pdf |title=Tejobindu Upanishad |access-date=12 January 2016| language = sa|last= Hattangadi| first= Sunder| year= 2015 | pages = 7–8}}</ref>}}

=== Vedanta philosophy ===
{{Main|Vedanta}}
The [[Vedantic]] philosophy understands {{IAST|saccidānanda}} as a synonym of the three fundamental attributes of Brahman. In [[Advaita Vedanta]], states Werner, it is the sublimely blissful experience of the boundless, pure consciousness and represents the unity of spiritual essence of ultimate reality.{{sfn|Werner|2004|p=88}}

{{Transliteration|sa|Satcitananda}} is an epithet for [[Brahman]], considered indescribable, unitary, ultimate, unchanging reality in Hinduism.<ref name="Devadutta Kali 2005 page 365"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Lochtefeld|first1=James G.|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M|date=2002|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=9780823931798|pages=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/593 593], 578, 604|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>Eliot Deutsch (1980), Advaita Vedanta : A Philosophical Reconstruction, University of Hawaii Press, {{ISBN|978-0824802714}}, Chapter 1</ref>

===Vaishnava philosophy===
{{main|Vaishnavism}}
Tulsidas identifies [[Rama]] as {{Transliteration|sa|Satcitananda}}.{{sfn|MacFie|2004|p=26}}

==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Ajativada]]
* [[Journey in Satchidananda]]
* [[Luminous mind]]
* [[Mahāvākyas]]
* [[Prajnaparamita]]
* [[Sahaja]]
* [[Satchidananda Saraswati|Swami Satchidananda]]
* [[Siddha]]
* [[Turiya]]
}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}

==References==
{{reflist|33em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Citation | last =MacFie | first =J.M. | year =2004 | title =The Ramayan of Tulsidas or the Bible of Northern India | publisher =Kessinger Publishing}}
* {{Citation | last =Potter | first =Karl H. | year =2008 | title =The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Advaita Vedānta Up to Śaṃkara and His Pupils | place =Delhi | publisher = Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited}}
* {{Citation | last =Puligandla | first =Ramakrishna | year =1997 | title =Fundamentals of Indian Philosophy | place =New Delhi | publisher =D.K. Printworld (P) Ltd.}}
* {{Citation | last1 =Raju | first1= P. T. | title =The Philosophical Traditions of India | date =2013 | publisher= Routledge | isbn =9781135029425 | page =228 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=jSz87aR-z7cC|access-date=8 June 2015}}
* {{Citation | first1 =Constance | last1 =Jones | last2 =Ryan | first2 =James D. | title =Encyclopedia of Hinduism | date =2006 | publisher =Infobase Publishing | isbn =9780816075645 | page=388 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC}}
* {{Citation | last =Sugirtharajah | first =Sharada | year =2004 | title =Imagining Hinduism: A Postcolonial Perspective| publisher =Routledge | isbn =9781134517206 | page =115 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=jRiCAgAAQBAJ&q=%22a%20palpable%20force%20of%20virtue%20and%20truth%22%20Sugirtharajah&pg=PA115}}
* {{Citation | last =Werner | first =Karel | year =2004 | title =A Popular Dictionary of Hinduism | publisher =Routledge | isbn =9781135797539 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HvuQAgAAQBAJ}}

[[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Kashmir Shaivism]]
[[Category:Advaita Vedanta]]
[[Category:Advaita Shaivism]]
[[Category:Nonduality]]
[[Category:Sanskrit words and phrases]]

Nalini Sengupta

2025-10-25T17:37:11Z

GreggNfb8421:

{{Short description|Indian educationist and mountaineer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox climber
| name = Nalini Sengupta
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Pune]], Maharashtra, India
| knownfor=
| education =
| occupation= [[Mountaineer]]
| nationality={{IND}}
}}
'''Nalini Sengupta''' is an Indian educationist and [[mountaineer]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Windie |first1=Anil |title=The Exalting Heights |date=24 December 2022 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=979-8-88869-031-4 |page=87 |language=en}}</ref> best known for serving as the founder and [[Head teacher|principal]] of Vidya Valley School since 2001, and being the namesake of Mount Nalini in the [[Himalayas]], after it was first summited in 2015.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mehta |first1=Anvi |title=Principal of Vidya Valley school in Pune has a mountain named after her in Himalayas |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/pune/report-principal-of-vidya-valley-school-in-pune-has-a-mountain-named-after-her-in-himalayas-2105184 |access-date=2 November 2023 |work=[[DNA India]] |date=16 July 2015 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Motorwala |first1=Zahra |title=This Pune-based school principal has a Himalayan mountain named after her |url=https://www.idiva.com/career/advice/we-are-applauding-this-pune-based-schoool-principal-who-has-a-mountain-in-the-himalayas-named-after-her/1507244 |access-date=2 November 2023 |work=iDiva |date=24 July 2015 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

In 1970, Sengupta graduated as a [[mountaineering]] coach of the first mountaineering course for women offered by the [[National Institute of Mountaineering and Allied Sports]]. In July 2015, a team of 40 mountaineers from the Guardian Giripremi Institute of Mountaineering summited peak 5260 in the [[Himalayas]], near the [[Hamta Pass]] region of [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Mount Nalini, in honour of her Himalayan efforts |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/mount-nalini-in-honour-of-her-himalayan-efforts/article7465256.ece |access-date=2 November 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |date=25 July 2015 |location=[[Pune]] |language=en-IN}}</ref> Being the first summiteers of the peak, the institute was given the honour to name the peak by the [[Indian Mountaineering Foundation]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Himalayan peak 5260 named after Nalini Sengupta |url=https://www.ap7am.com/en/14104/himalayan-peak-5260-named-after-nalini-sengupta |access-date=2 November 2023 |work=ap7am.com |date=25 July 2015 |location=[[Hyderabad]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Himalayan peak 5260 set to be named after mountaineer Nalini Sengupta |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/himalayan-peak-5260-set-to-be-named-after-mountaineer-nalini-sengupta/articleshow/48213222.cms |access-date=2 November 2023 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |date=25 July 2015 |location=[[Pune]]}}</ref> The peak was named after Sengupta, making her the first resident of [[Pune]] to have a Himalayan peak named after them.<ref>{{cite news |title=Himalayan peak 5260 set to be named after Nalini Sengupta |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/himalayan-peak-5260-set-to-be-named-after-nalini-sengupta-52990.html |access-date=2 November 2023 |work=[[India TV News]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |date=25 July 2015 |location=[[Pune]] |language=en}}</ref> In July 2016, she led a team of 16 to trek to the base camp of [[Hamta Pass|Shia Goru]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Vidya Valley principal treks to Shia Goru |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/vidya-valley-principal-treks-to-shia-goru/articleshow/53309468.cms |access-date=2 November 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=[[Times News Network|TNN]] |date=21 July 2016 |location=[[Pune]]}}</ref>

In 2001, Sengupta founded Vidya Valley School in [[Aundh, Pune]].<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=https://vidyavalley.com/the-school/history/ |website=Vidya Valley School |access-date=2 November 2023}}</ref> As principal, she has advocated for [[environmentalism]] in education, specifically against the bursting of [[firecrackers in India]] during [[Diwali]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shetty |first1=Anjali |title='Children should save money used to buy crackers for better causes' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/children-should-save-money-used-to-buy-crackers-for-better-causes/story-zMBWNiCWcHcFvKCzy7hsFI.html |access-date=2 November 2023 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=11 October 2017 |location=[[Pune]] |language=en}}</ref> and the promotion of [[eco-friendly]] [[sewage treatment]] and [[water harvesting]] which have been implemented at her school.<ref>{{cite news |title=School principals share success stories of eco-friendly ideas |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/school-principals-share-success-stories-of-eco-friendly-ideas/articleshow/54023164.cms |access-date=2 November 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=[[Times News Network|TNN]] |date=6 September 2016 |location=[[Pune]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sengupta, Nalini}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Pune]]
[[Category:Indian mountain climbers]]
[[Category:Indian female mountain climbers]]
[[Category:Mountain climbers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian educators]]
[[Category:Indian schoolteachers]]
[[Category:Heads of schools in India]]
[[Category:Educators from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Women educators from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women educators]]

Sailabala Das

2025-10-18T15:50:28Z

GreggNfb8421: minor changes

{{Short description|Indian social worker and politician}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2014}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Sailabala Das
|image = Sailabala Das.jpg
|caption =
|imagesize =
|alt = Sailabala Das
|birth_name = Shoila Bala Hazra
|birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1875|03|25}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=National Informatics |title=Digital Sansad |url=https://sansad.in/rs |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=Digital Sansad |language=en}}</ref>
| birth_place = Chakraberia Road, [[Bhowanipore]], Calcutta
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1968|04|29|1875|03|25}}
| death_place =
|restingplace =
|residence =
| office = Member: [[Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency = Odisha
| term_start = 03 April 1952
| term_end = 02 April 1954
|party = [[Indian National Congress]]
|otherparty =
|alma_mater =[[Bethune School|Bethune College]], [[Maria Grey Training College]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=Karlekar|first1=Malavika|title=A VOYAGE OUT – How Sailabala Das discovers that the Red Sea is not red|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090809/jsp/opinion/story_11332838.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141025155952/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090809/jsp/opinion/story_11332838.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 October 2014|publisher=The Telegraph|access-date=25 October 2014}}</ref>{{Use Indian English|date=October 2013}}
|profession = Educationist, Social Worker, Politician
|education =
|website =
|footnotes =
|date=
|year =
|source =
|signature =
}}

'''Sailabala Das''' (25 March 1875 – 29 April 1968) was a social worker and politician. She was the first woman from Odisha to go to England for higher studies.<ref name="Mohanty2005">{{cite book|author=Sachidananda Mohanty|title=Early Women's Writings in Orissa, 1898–1950: A Lost Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WAicQsB1jkgC&pg=PA45|year=2005|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-0-7619-3308-3|pages=45–}}</ref>

==Life==

Sailabala Das, eldest child of Ambica Charan Hazra and Prosannamayee, was born on 25 March 1875 at the [[Bhowanipore]] (Calcutta) house of [[Madhusudan Das]]. She had five siblings.{{citation needed|date= August 2022}} Following her mother's death, she was adopted by Madhusudan Das.{{citation needed|date= August 2022}}

In 1903, she formed the Utkal Young Men's Association and managed the Utkal Young Women's Association.{{citation needed|date= August 2022}} She was instrumental in creation of the first women's college in Odisha, the main building of which was gifted by her.{{citation needed|date= August 2022}} She started a Hindu widows' training school to train widows to become high school teachers. On the political front, she started several branches of All-India Women's Conference. She established Orissa Nari Seba Sangha in 1941 for social welfare of women. Indian National Council for Women held its biennial conference in Cuttack, under her leadership.{{citation needed|date= August 2022}}

She extended her reach to Bihar, where she became the first woman inspector of prison cells in Patna, first woman to join the management committee of the [[Patna Medical College and Hospital|Prince of Wales Medical College]] and a Syndicate member of Patna University. Sailabala became the first woman Honorary Magistrate of India, adjudicating over 600 cases a year.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pattanayak|first1=Saswat|title=Sailabala Das: The Dissent|date=14 March 2012 |url=http://kindlemag.in/sailabala-das-the-dissent/|publisher=Ink Publications|access-date=25 October 2014}}</ref>

In recognition of her contribution to education, Sir [[Edward Albert Gait]], the last [[List of Governors of Bihar and Orissa|Lieutenant Governor of Orissa and Bihar]], wanted to confer the [[Kaisar-i-Hind Medal|Kaisar-i-Hind gold medal]] to her but she declined it.<ref name="Mohanty2006">{{cite book|author=Sachidananda Mohanty|title=Literature and Social Reform in Colonial Orissa: The Legacy of Sailabala Das (1875–1968)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zAsTQCTCoZMC&pg=PR9|date=1 January 2006|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-2298-4|pages=9–}}</ref>

Shailabala Women's College, Cuttack is named after her.<ref>{{cite web|title=SB women's college Centenary Celebration begins in the presence of Vice President Hamid Ansari|url=http://discoverodisha.in/news/10/Event|publisher=Discover Odisha|access-date=25 October 2014|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090025/http://discoverodisha.in/news/10/Event|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Literary works==
* A look After and Before – autobiography (1956)<ref>{{cite web|last1=Karlekar|first1=Malavika|title=WONDER AND MELANCHOLY – Railway tales and travails from colonial India|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100104/jsp/opinion/story_11935106.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150423131141/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100104/jsp/opinion/story_11935106.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 April 2015|publisher=The Telegraph|access-date=26 October 2014}}</ref>
* Tribute of a Daughter to Her Father (2008)<ref name="Tribute of a Daughter to Her Father">{{cite book | title=Tribute of a Daughter to Her Father | publisher=Bona | author=Shailabala Das | year=2008 | pages=192 | isbn=978-8187493280}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Social Work}}
{{Padma Award winners of Odisha}}
{{Rajya Sabha Members from Odisha}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Sailabala}}
[[Category:1875 births]]
[[Category:1968 deaths]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Odisha]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Women in Odisha politics]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Scholars from Odisha]]
[[Category:Social workers from Odisha]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:Women members of the Rajya Sabha]]

{{Odisha-INC-politician-stub}}

Jodhpur–Sabarmati (Ahmedabad) Vande Bharat Express

2025-10-14T14:15:53Z

GreggNfb8421:

{{Italic title}}{{Short description|Mini Vande Bharat Express train route in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = 28457D
| name = Jodhpur - Sabarmati (Ahmedabad) ''Vande Bharat Express''
| logo = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| logo_width =
| image =
| image_width = 300px
| image_alt =
| alt =
| caption = This Mini Vande Bharat Express train on standby at {{stnlnk|Jodhpur}} railway station
| type = [[Vande Bharat Express]]
| locale = [[Rajasthan]] and [[Gujarat]]
| first = {{start date|2023|07|7|df=yes}} (Inaugural run) {{start date and age|9 July 2023|df=yes}} (Commercial run)
| last =
| operator = [[North Western Railway zone|North Western Railways (NWR)]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Jodhpur}} '''(JU)'''
| stops = 5
| end = {{stnlnk|Sabarmati Junction}} '''(SBIB)'''
| distance = {{convert|449|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 06 hrs 10 mins
| frequency = Six days a week {{efn|Except Tuesdays}}
| trainnumber = 12461 / 12462
| line_used = *[[Jodhpur–Luni line]]
*[[Marwar Junction–Munabao line|Munabao–Marwar line]]
*[[Jaipur–Ahmedabad line]]
| class = AC Chair Car, AC Executive Chair Car
| seating = {{Hlist|Airline style|Rotatable seats}}
| sleeping = No
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering
| observation = Large windows in all coaches
| entertainment = {{Hlist|[[Wi-Fi|On-board WiFi]]|Infotainment System|[[AC power plugs and sockets: British and related types#Indian IS 1293|Electric outlets]]|Reading light|Seat Pockets|Bottle Holder|Tray Table}}
| baggage = Overhead racks
| otherfacilities = [[Kavach (train protection system)|Kavach]]
| stock = [[Vande Bharat Express#Mini Vande Bharat Express|Mini Vande Bharat 2.0]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-06-15|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=Vande Bharat Express#Mini Vande Bharat Express|reason= The anchor (Mini Vande Bharat Express) [[Special:Diff/1183623994|has been deleted]].}}
| gauge = [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|Indian gauge]] {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| el =
| speed = {{cvt|73|km/h|0|abbr=on}} (Avg.)
| trainlength = {{convert|192|m|ft}} (08 coaches)
| owners = [[Indian Railways]]
| maintenance = '''''(TBC)'''''
| map = {{Jodhpur-Sabarmati (Ahmedabad) VB Express Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| electrification = [[25 kV 50 Hz AC]] Overhead line
}}

The 12461/12462 '''Jodhpur - Sabarmati (Ahmedabad) ''Vande Bharat Express''''' is India's 24th [[Vande Bharat Express]] train, connecting the city of [[Jodhpur]] in [[Rajasthan]] with [[Sabarmati Junction railway station|Sabarmati]] in [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2023 |title=Jodhpur-Sabarmati Vande Bharat Express: Check route, fares and timings–What we know so far |url=https://www.news9live.com/business/rajasthan-sabarmati-vande-bharat-express-check-route-fares-and-timings-what-we-know-so-far-2199874 |access-date=3 July 2023 |website=News9live |language=en}}</ref> The train was inaugurated by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] via [[Videotelephony|video conference]] from [[Gorakhpur Junction railway station|Gorakhpur Junction]] on 7 July 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan: 7 जुलाई को पीएम मोदी राजस्थान को देंगे दूसरी वंदे भारत, जोधपुर से साबरमती के बीच चलेगी ट्रेन |url=https://www.amarujala.com/rajasthan/rajasthan-pm-modi-will-innograte-rajasthan-second-vande-bharat-train-on-july-7-for-jodhpur-sabarmati-route-2023-07-01 |access-date=3 July 2023 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2023 |title=Live: PM Modi flags off Ahmedabad (Sabarmati) – Jodhpur Vande Bharat Express |url=https://www.deshgujarat.com/2023/07/07/live-pm-modi-flags-off-ahmedabad-sabarmati-jodhpur-vande-bharat-express/ |access-date=7 July 2023 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Overview==
This train is operated by [[Indian Railways]], connecting [[Jodhpur Junction railway station|Jodhpur]], [[Pali Marwar railway station|Pali Marwar]], [[Falna railway station|Falna]], [[Abu Road railway station|Abu Road]], [[Palanpur Junction railway station|Palanpur Jn]], [[Mahesana Junction railway station|Mahesana Jn]] and [[Sabarmati Junction railway station|Sabarmati Jn]]. It is currently operated with train numbers 12461/12462 on 6 days a week basis.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi To Flag Off Jodhpur-Sabarmati Vande Bharat Express On July 7: Check Details |url=https://zeenews.india.com/railways/pm-modi-to-flag-off-jodhpur-sabarmati-vande-bharat-express-on-july-7-check-details-2630982.html |access-date=5 July 2023 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>

==Rakes==
It is the twenty-second [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation (Vande Bharat 2.0)|2nd Generation]] and tenth [[Vande Bharat Express#Mini Vande Bharat Express|'''Mini Vande Bharat 2.0 Express train''']] which was designed and manufactured by the [[Integral Coach Factory]] at [[Perambur]], [[Chennai]] under the [[Make in India]] Initiative.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Train 18, India's Fastest, Named "Vande Bharat Express": Piyush Goyal |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/train-18-indias-fastest-named-vande-bharat-express-piyush-goyal-1983965 |access-date=19 April 2023 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

== Service ==

The 12461/12462 Jodhpur - Sabarmati BG Vande Bharat Express operates six days a week except Tuesdays, covering a distance of {{cvt|451|km}} in a travel time of 6 hours with an average speed of {{cvt|75|km/h}}. The service has 5 intermediate stops. The Maximum Permissible Speed is {{cvt|130|km/h}}.

== See also ==
* [[Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[Gatimaan Express]]
* [[Tejas Express]]
* [[Jodhpur Junction railway station]]
* [[Sabarmati Junction railway station]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Vande Bharat Express}}

[[Category:Vande Bharat Express trains]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Higher-speed rail]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Electric multiple units of India]]

Media in Thiruvananthapuram

2025-09-16T17:52:30Z

GreggNfb8421: adding basic stub with sources - done

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}

'''[[Thiruvananthapuram]]''' has long been a center of media. ''Kerala Chandrika'', the first newspaper of the state, was published from Thiruvananthapuram in 1789. The media also enjoyed the patronage of the [[Travancore]] kings. In 1836, [[Swathi Thirunal]], the Travancore king, organized a government press in the city.<ref>[http://www.swathithirunal.in/rlinsti/press.htm History of medea in Thiruvananthapuram]</ref> The first Superintendent of the Press was the Rev. Sperschneider. The press was under Samathanam Maistry, one of the first batch of workmen trained in the Nagercoil Press.

==Print==
More than 30 dailies are currently published from Thiruvananthapuram, including prominent dailies ''[[The Hindu]]'', ''[[The New Indian Express]]'', ''[[Desabhimani]]'', ''[[Malayala Manorama]]'', ''[[Mathrubhumi]]'', ''[[Udaya keralam]]'', ''[[Kerala Kaumudi]]'', ''Janayugom'', ''[[Deepika (newspaper)|Deepika]]'', [[Mangalam Publications|''Mangalam'']], ''Madhyamom'', ''Rashtradeepika'', ''Keralakaumudi Flash'' and ''[[Janmabhoomi (Gujarati newspaper)|Janmabhoomi]]''. Among English newspapers, 'The Hindu' tops the circulation chart in Thiruvananthapuram with a circulation of 29328, followed by The New Indian Express with a circulation of 26784..<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.afaqs.com/perl/media/story.html?sid=27032_IRS+2010+Q1:+Dailies+in+Kerala+lose+readers+after+gaining+in+the+last+round |title=News Dailies in Kerala lose readers after gaining in the last round |access-date=1 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100511090638/http://www.afaqs.com/perl/media/story.html?sid=27032_IRS+2010+Q1:+Dailies+in+Kerala+lose+readers+after+gaining+in+the+last+round |archive-date=11 May 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Readership surveys indicated that there was a decline in the readership of all the major dailies in the first quarter of 2010 when compared to 2009.

Several weeklies, fortnightlies, monthlies, bi-monthlies and quarterlies are published from various parts of the city. Government departments and public sector undertakings also publish fortnightlies and monthlies such as ''Janapadham'', ''Kerala Calling'', ''Vikasana Samanwayam'', ''Kerala Interface'', ''Kerala Karshakan'', ''Punarjani'', ''Vyavasaya Keralam'', ''Grama Deepam'', ''Gramabhoomi'', ''Sahakarana Veedhi'', ''Vidyaarangam'', and ''Panchayat Raj''.

The Information and Public Relations Department is the main agency of the government to disseminate information to the public and to provide feedback. At the Government Secretariat, the Department of Information and Public Relations has provided a press room for accredited correspondents. The Tagore Theatre provides both public and private cultural performances and screening of films.

== Electronic ==

===Radio===
'''All India Radio''' 
The Thiruvananthapuram station of [[All India Radio]] (AIR) broadcasts and relays daily programs from 5:55 a.m. to 11:05 p.m. FM broadcasting (101.9 MHz), [[Ananthapuri FM|<nowiki>[[Ananthapuri FM</nowiki>]], started from Thiruvananthapuram in 1999.

'''Private FM Stations''' 
Apart from the AIR owned FMs, there are many private FM stations on air in the capital city. On 28 January 2008, [[92.7 BIG FM]] ([[Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group]]) and [[Radio Mirchi]] 98.3 FM (from The Times Group) started its operation. [[Mathrubhumi]] launched its [[Club FM 94.3]] the next day. [[Red FM (India)|Red FM]] 93.5 are also on air as of 29 January 2008.

===Television===
[[File:DDMalayalam.png|120px|right|Doordarshan Logo ]]
'''Doordarshan''' 
Thiruvananthapuram [[Doordarshan]] (DD) Kendra started functioning from the Tagore theatre with a small transmission unit in the latter half of 1982. Later, a full-fledged centre with a high power transmitter was installed at Kudappanakunnu, eight kilometres from the city. Now it covers the entire state, with channel 4 available across Southeast Asia, [[Africa]], [[Europe]], [[Australia]] and the [[United States|America]]. The DD studios were also set up at [[Trichur]] and [[Kozhikode]].

[[File:Asianet logo9.png|120px|right|The Asianet logo]]
'''Asianet''' 
[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] is the first and biggest private television channel in the state. It started functioning from Thiruvananthapuram in 1993. Today, it has two more channels, Asianet News and Asianet Plus, and is the private television channel which has an uplinking facility in the city. The Global channel came into being first as a segment catering to the Gulf viewers and grew into a 24-hour channel in 2001. The channel was relaunched as Asianet News on 1 May 2003, signifying an increased stress on news and current affairs in deference to viewers' demands. On 23 July 2005 Asianet launched its third channel, Asianet Plus, a complete entertainment channel for the youth. The signals of Asianet cover the entire Indian sub-continent, Sri Lanka, China, South East Asia, the Persian Gulf, the UK, Europe, USA and the lower half of the former Soviet Union. This is virtually half the globe, reaching sixty-odd countries.

'''Surya TV'''
[[Surya TV|Surya]] Television started operation from Thiruvananthapuram in 1998 as the second private channel of the state. Though Surya has a production facility in Thiruvananthapuram, telecasting is done from [[Chennai]].

'''Kairali TV''' 
[[Kairali TV|Kairali Television]], which went on air in 2000, also has its studio and production facilities in Thiruvananthapuram. The telecasting is from Ernakulam. This channel is known for its support to a major political party in Kerala - the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI(M)). Currently [[Mammootty]], a major actor in Malayalam, holds the post of MD at Kairali. They are planning to build a new state-of-the art building as their headquarters.<ref>[http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/Business/20060925/460353.html Kairali] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312012021/http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/Business/20060925/460353.html |date=2007-03-12 }}</ref> Now Kairali has launched two more channels : Kairali WE (youth channel) and Kairali News.

'''Amrita TV''' 
[[Amrita TV|Amrita Television]] launched in 2005 as a 24-hour Malayalam, general entertainment and news satellite channel.<ref>[http://www.amritatv.com Amritha TV official website]</ref>

'''JaiHind TV''' 
JaiHind TVl is based on [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. Programs on the channel are a mix of news and entertainment. The channel is backed by the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party of Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tvguide.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1382948.cms |title=Jaihnd Programs |access-date=25 September 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312204750/http://tvguide.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1382948.cms |archive-date=12 March 2007 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The channel is headed by prominent personalities in the field of journalism.

'''Mathrubhumi News''' 
[[Mathrubhumi News]] launched in 2012 as a 24-hour general entertainment and news satellite channel with a global footprint.

'''Flowers TV''' 
[[Flowers (TV channel) | Flowers TV]] Flowers TV is an Indian Malayalam language general entertainment pay television channel owned by Insight Media City. The channel was launched on 12 April 2015.

'''FUNTV ''' 
[[FUNTV]], the first interactive gaming channel in India, started operating in Trivandrum from May 2006 through the major cable TV networks SITI Cable and TCN.

'''Kappa TV''' 
[[Kappa TV]] launched in 2013 as a 24-hour entertainment channel. Studio Complex is at Vanchiyoor. Kappa TV is owned by the Mathrubhumi group.

'''News 18 Kerala ''' 
[[News 18 Kerala]] is a Malayalam language news television channel It is owned by Network 18. It was launched in 2016 as part of recent expansion plan of News 18 franchise in Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Assam-North East. The channel Headquarters is situated at Akkalum, Trivandrum.

'''Kaumudy TV ''' 
[[Kaumudy TV]] is a Malayalam television channel owned by the owners of the Malayalam daily newspaper Kerala Kaumudi. The channel was officially launched on 5 May 2013. Prime Minister Manmohan Singh had already unveiled the logo of the channel a year earlier during the centenary celebrations of Kerala Kaumudi. The programme menu comprises news, talks, interviews and entertainment. The studio complex is situated at Pettah, Trivandrum.

'''Sakhi TV ''' 
[[Sakhi TV]] is a complete women's Malayalam language GEC television channel based on Karamana, Trivandrum.

'''Janam TV ''' 
[[Janam TV]] is an Indian television channel based in Trivandrum which broadcasts news and entertainment programmes in Malayalam. It is operated by Janam Multimedia Ltd. For the Time being Studio Complex is at Chakka, Trivandrum and new complex is being constructed at Sreevaraham, Trivandrum.

'''Other channels''' 
[[Kiran TV]] (youth channel of Surya TV), Asianet Plus (youth channel of Asianet), and People TV (news and current affairs channel of Kairali TV) also have production facilities and studios in the city.

Jeevan TV, ZeeTV, NDTV, ANI, ETV, and JAYA TV have their bureaus in Thiruvananthapuram. ACV and SITI Cable are cable channels which operate from the city.

== Film ==
{{see also| Cinema halls in Trivandrum| Culture of Thiruvananthapuram}}

'''Film Studios in Trivandrum'''

[[Chitranjali Studio|Chitranjali Film City]] 
[[Kinfra Film and Video Park]] 
Aries Vismaya Max 
Accel Studios 
Aries Epica 
PANACHI Studios

Dolby Atmos Mixing Lab

Toonz Animation

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Thiruvananthapuram}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Media In Trivandrum}}
[[Category:Lists of mass media by city in India|Trivandrum]]
[[Category:Mass media in Thiruvananthapuram]]

Kalyanamam Kalyanam (TV series)

2025-08-28T08:00:45Z

GreggNfb8421: starting a post

{{for|the film|Kalyanamam Kalyanam (film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Kalyanamam Kalyanam.jpg
| caption =
| alt_name =
| native_name =
| genre = Soap opera [[Family film|Family]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| writer = Jama Piraven Raj
| director = Bramma G. Dev (episodes 1–170) & (241-307) R. Ganesh (episodes 171-240)
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Sreethu Krishnan]]
* Tejas Gowda
* [[Pragya Nagra]]
* [[Subramanian Gopalakrishnan]]
* [[Srithika Saneesh|Srithika]]
* [[T. S. B. K. Moulee]]
* [[R. Sundarrajan]]
}}
| theme_music_composer = N. Kannan
| opentheme =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 500+
| list_episodes =
| producer = V. K. Amirtharaj (episodes 1–200) S. Anand Babu (episodes 200–307)
| cinematography =
| editor = P. Arunkumar
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = approx. 22–24 minutes per episode
| company =
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2018|1|29}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2019|2|23|df=y}}
| related =
| screenplay =
| network = [[Vijay TV]]
}}

'''''Kalyanamam Kalyanam''''' (lit. ''Marriage Like Marriage'') is a [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language family soap opera initially started with [[Sreethu Krishnan]] and Tejas Gowda in the lead but later replaced by [[Pragya Nagra]] and [[Subramanian Gopalakrishnan]]. Whilst [[Srithika Saneesh|Srithika]], [[T. S. B. K. Moulee]] and [[R. Sundarrajan]] in the supporting roles. It started airing on 29 January 2018 on [[Vijay TV]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tvnews4u.com/vijay-tv-launch-new-fiction-show-kalyanamamkalyanam-9-pm-starting-29th-jan/|title=Vijay TV to launch new fiction show 'Kalyanamam Kalyanam' at 9 PM starting from 29th Jan|date=24 January 2018 |publisher=tvnews4u.com|access-date=2018-01-24|language=en}}</ref> The show is directed by Bramma.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-tv-serials/66417/Chinna-thirai-Television-News/kalyanamam-kalyanam-new-serial-in-Vijay-TV.htm|title='கல்யாணமாம் கல்யாணம்' விஜய் டிவியின் புதிய சீரியல்|date=30 January 2018 |publisher=[[Dinamalar]]|access-date=2018-01-30|language=ta}}</ref> The plot and names were partly inspired from the Tamil movie ''[[Kadhal Kottai]]''. A sequel series named ''[[Anjali (2019 TV series)|Anjali]]'' premiered on 25 February 2019, replacing this series.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tv-serial-kalyanamam-kalyanam-season-2-to-launch-as-anjali-soon/articleshow/68123258.cms|title=Kalyanamam Kalyanam season 2 to launch as Anjali|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=23 February 2019 }}</ref>

==Plot==
The story starts with introduction of Kamali and Suriya. They both have two different worlds. Kamali living in [[Kothagiri]], wants to get married and live her life happily with her husband full of love just like her parents, while Suriya in Chennai thinks marriage is just one more burden in life which will only hurt people's life based on his experience in his parents' divorced life. Suriya's grandfather Siva wants him to marry and looks for alliance and wants him and his parents to meet Kamali. Suriya and his parents arrive at Kamali's home. Suriya asks Kamali about divorce in their first talk. This creates bad impression of Suriya among her family members.

==Cast==
===Main===
* Tejas Gowda (Ep: 1-301) / [[Subramanian Gopalakrishnan]] (Ep: 302-307) as Suriya
* [[Sreethu Krishnan]] (Ep: 1-301) / [[Pragya Nagra]] (Ep: 302-307) as Kamali
* Niharika (Ep: 1-68) / Sri Rithika (Ep: 69-210) / Sailatha (Ep: 211-307) as Akhila, Suriya's mother

===Supporting===
* [[T. S. B. K. Moulee]] as Sivaprakasham - Surya and Madhan's grandfather and Akhila, Jagadish and Sandhya's father
* [[R. Sundarrajan]] as Kamali's grandfather
* [[Jeeva Ravi]] / Prakash Rajan as Dr. Chandrasekhar, Suriya's father
* Shabnam as Priya, Kamali's cousin
* Premi Venkat as Priya's mother in law
*[[VJ Vishal]] as Gaurav
* Baby George as Kalyani (Priya's mother, Kamali's aunt)
* Sai Priyanka Ruth as Sandhya. Akhila's sister and Surya's aunt
* Jeevitha as Nirmala Jagadish
* --- as Jagadish (Nirmala's husband)
* Gokul Menon as Madhan (Nirmala's son)
* Aishwarya Salimath as Swetha Madhan (Madhan's wife)
* Uma Rani as 'Pookadai' Bhuvana (Swetha's mother)
* Ravikumar
* Sripriya as Thenmozhi (Kamali's mother)
* Bharathi Mohan as Kamali's uncle
* Mridhula Sree

==Casting==
The series is a family story. [[Sreethu Krishnan]], formerly of the series [[7C (TV series)|7C]] and [[Mella Thirandhathu Kadhavu (TV series)|Mella Thirandhathu Kadhavu]] played the lead female role but later [[Pragya Nagra]] replaced her for its sequel series. Teja who made his debut in the Kannada film ''One Time'', played the male lead role of Suriya, later to be replaced by [[Subramanian Gopalakrishnan]] for its sequel series. Tamil Film director and Actors [[T. S. B. K. Moulee]] and [[R. Sundarrajan]] are also part of the serial and play important roles.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/a-new-family-drama-kalyanamam-kalyanam-to-be-aired-from-january-29/articleshow/62634272.cms|title=A new family drama 'Kalyanamam Kalyanam' to be aired from January 29|work=The Times of India |date=24 January 2018 |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=2018-01-24|language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=https://www.ietamil.com/entertainment/kalyanamam-kalyanam-new-serial-in-vijay-tv/|title=விஜய் டிவியின் புதிய சீரியல் 'கல்யாணமாம் கல்யாணம்'|publisher=www.ietamil.com|access-date=2018-01-24|language=ta}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{cite web|url=http://bestmediainfo.com/2018/01/vijay-television-comes-up-with-a-new-serial-kalyanamam-kalyanam/|title=Vijay Television comes up with a new serial Kalyanamam Kalyanam|publisher=bestmediainfo.com|access-date=2018-01-25|language=en}}</ref>

==Title song==
===Soundtrack===
{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Thulli Thulli (துள்ளி துள்ளி) Title Song
| lyrics1 =
| extra1 =
| music1 = N. Kannan
| length1 = 2:16
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.vijaytv.in Official website] at [[Hotstar]]

{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}

[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romance television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2018 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:2019 Tamil-language television series endings]]

Girish Luthra

2025-08-27T10:52:38Z

GreggNfb8421: slightly enhance article per sources

{{Short description|Officer of the Indian Navy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]]
| name = Girish Luthra
| honorific_suffix = [[PVSM]], [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]], [[Aide-de-camp|ADC]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Vice Admital Girish Luthra.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| alt =
| caption = Vice Admiral Girish Luthra
| birth_date = 
| death_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_place =
| placeofburial =
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial_coordinates = 
| nickname =
| birth_name =
| allegiance = {{IND}}
| branch = {{navy|India}}
| serviceyears = June 1979 - January 2019
| rank = [[File:IN_Vice_Admiral_Shoulder_curl.png|20px]] [[File:13-Indian Navy-VADM.svg|20px]] [[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]]
| servicenumber = 
| unit =
| commands = {{plainlist |
*[[Western Naval Command]]
*[[Southern Naval Command]]
*[[INS Viraat (R22)|INS Viraat]]
*[[INS Talwar (F40)|INS Talwar]]
*{{INS|Khukri|F149|6}}
}}
| battles =
| battles_label =
| awards = {{plainlist|
* [[File:Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
* [[File:Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Ati Vishist Seva Medal]]
* [[File:Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Vishisht Seva Medal]]
}}
| memorials =
| spouse = 
| relations =
| laterwork =
| signature =
| website = 
| module =
}}

[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] '''Girish Luthra''', [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]], [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]], [[Aide-de-camp|ADC]] is a retired officer of [[Indian Navy]] who served as [[Flag Officer Commanding|Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief]] (FOC-in-C), [[Western Naval Command]] from 1 June 2016 to 30 January 2019. He took over the position from Admiral [[Sunil Lanba]] who was promoted to [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of Naval Staff]], and was succeeded by Vice Admiral [[Ajit Kumar P|Ajit Kumar]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/vice-admiral-girish-luthra-takes-over-western-naval-command | title=Vice Admiral Girish Luthra takes over Western Naval Command | date=30 May 2016 | publisher=Indian Navy | accessdate=19 January 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/node/386|title=Flag Officer Commanding in Chief, Western Naval Command {{!}} Indian Navy|website=www.indiannavy.nic.in|language=en|access-date=2018-05-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/girish-luthra-take-chief-western-naval-command/|title=Girish Luthra to take over as chief of Western Naval Command|date=2016-05-27|work=Jammu Kashmir Latest News {{!}} Tourism {{!}} Breaking News J&K|access-date=2018-05-13|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=187888|title=Vice Admiral Ajit Kumar P takes over as Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Naval Command|accessdate=2019-01-31|date=2019-01-31|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|user=indiannavy|number=1090817788447518720|date=2019-01-31|title=VAdm P Ajit Kumar PVSM, AVSM, VSM takes over as Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Western Naval Command, the premier Command of #IndianNavy in an impressive ceremony at Mumbai. Returns where he has commanded two frontline Destroyers + stealth frigate & was Chief Staff Offr (Ops)}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Luthra has attended the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]], Pune; [[Defence Services Staff College]], Wellington; and [[Naval War College]], [[Newport, Rhode Island|Newport]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/vice-admiral-girish-luthra-named-flag-officer-commanding-in-chief-of-western-naval-command/articleshow/52500482.cms|title=Vice Admiral Girish Luthra named Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief of Western Naval Command|date=2016-05-30|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-05-13}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Luthra was commissioned into the executive branch of the Navy in July 1979. He has commanded three warships including, [[INS Khukri (P49)|INS ''Khukri'']], [[INS Talwar (F40)|INS ''Talwar'']] and [[INS Viraat (R22)|INS ''Viraat'']]. He has also served as the Navigation officer of many warships including [[INS Betwa (F39)|INS Betwa]], {{ship|INS|Dunagiri|F36|6}}, [[INS Gomati (F21)|INS Gomati]] and [[INS Viraat]]. His staff appointments include Deputy Naval Attaché at [[High Commission of India, London|High Commission of India]], London; Fleet Navigating Officer of [[Western Fleet (India)|Western Fleet]]; Command Plans Officer at HQ, Eastern Naval Command; Principal Director Naval Plans; [[Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Assistant Chief of Naval Staff]] (Policy & Plans); [[Flag Officer Commanding Western Fleet]]; [[Director General Naval Operations]]; and Deputy Chief of Integrated Defence Staff (Operations). He was the FOC-in-C of [[Southern Naval Command]] before being appointed as FOC-in-C of Western Naval Command.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="Mathrubhumi">{{cite web | url=http://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/vice-admiral-girish-luthra-takes-charge-of-southern-naval-command-english-news-1.832520 | title=Vice Admiral Girish Luthra takes charge of Southern Naval Command | date=30 January 2016 | accessdate=26 February 2016}}</ref><ref name="SCommand">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/vice-admiral-girish-luthra-assumes-command-southern-naval-command-0|title=Vice Admiral Girish Luthra assumes Command of Southern Naval Command|publisher=Indian Navy|accessdate=26 February 2016}}</ref>

During his career of almost four decades, he has been was awarded the Param Vishisht Seva Medal (2017), Ati Vishisht Seva Medal, and the Vishisht Seva Medal for his service.

Luthra is known to be a gifted singer as well. He rendered the new version of the famous song "Ghar Se Nikalte Hi" (original artist: Amaal Malik,Arman Malik), a remake of the same from film "Papa Kehte Hain" as originally crooned by Udit Narayan, live at Western Command Golden Jubilee ceremony, garnering many views on YouTube. He has also released videos on Youtube for songs, [[Soch Na Sake]] from Airlift (original artists: Arijit Singh and Tulsi Kumar) and Nazm Nazm (original artists: Arko/Ayushmann Khurrana).

==Awards and decorations==


{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Samanya Seva medal.svg|width=106}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Operation Vijay medal.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Sainya Seva Medal Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 50th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 30 Years Long Service Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|-
|
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}}
|
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|[[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|[[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|[[Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Samanya Seva Medal]]
|-
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Operation Vijay Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Sainya Seva Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|50th Anniversary of Independence Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|30 Years Long Service Medal]]
|-
|colspan="2"|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|20 Years Long Service Medal]]
|colspan="2"|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|9 Years Long Service Medal]]
|}

==References==
{{commonscat}}
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef| rows=2| before = [[Sunil Lanba]]}}
{{s-ttl| title = [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Naval Command]]| years = 31 May 2016 – 30 January 2019}}
{{s-aft| after = [[Ajit Kumar P]]}}
{{s-ttl| title = [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Southern Naval Command]]| years = 2016 - 29 May 2016}}
{{s-aft| after = [[AR Karve]]}}
{{s-non | reason = New appointment}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Director General Naval Operations]]|years=April 2013 - December 2014}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Anil Kumar Chawla]]}}
{{s-bef| before = [[Rama Kant Pattanaik]]}}
{{s-ttl| title = [[Flag Officer Commanding Western Fleet]]| years = 18 January 2011 - 25 May 2012}}
{{s-aft| after = [[AR Karve]]}}
{{s-bef | before = [[Surinder Pal Singh Cheema]]}}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Commanding Officer]] [[INS Viraat]] | years = 15 May 2006 - 11 August 2007}}
{{s-aft | after = [[Abhay Raghunath Karve]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Ati Vishisht Seva Medal recipients}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Luthra, Girish}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Navy vice admirals]]
[[Category:Flag Officers Commanding Western Fleet]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Naval War College alumni]]
[[Category:Directors General Naval Operations]]

Dariyabad Assembly constituency

2025-08-08T04:56:21Z

GreggNfb8421: starting

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dariyabad
| map_image = 270-Dariyabad.svg
| mla = [[Satish Chandra Sharma (politician)|Satish Chandra Sharma]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Barabanki district|Barabanki]]
| reservation = None
| type = SLA
| electors = 4,12,472
| constituency_no = 270
}}
'''Dariyabad''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the town of [[Dariyabad, Barabanki|Dariyabad]] in the [[Barabanki district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> Dariyabad is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Faizabad Lok Sabha constituency|Ayodhya Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 270 amongst 403 constituencies.<ref>[http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/270_AC_Statistics_English.aspx Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh > Information and Statistics > AC's,PC's Booths>Assembly Constituencies > 270-Dariyabad]</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|1985<ref name="election1985">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3255-uttar-pradesh-1985/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
|rowspan=2| [[Rajeev Kumar Singh (Dariyabad politician)|Rajiv Kumar Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|1989<ref name="election1989">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3256-uttar-pradesh-1989/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
|1991
|rowspan=2| Radhey Shyam
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|1993
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|1996<ref name="election1996">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3259-uttar-pradesh-1996/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=18 March 2024}}</ref>
|rowspan=4| [[Rajeev Kumar Singh (Dariyabad politician)|Rajiv Kumar Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|2002<ref name="election2002">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3260-uttar-pradesh-2002/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2007<ref name="election2007">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3261-uttar-pradesh-2007/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=20 April 2023}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]<ref name="election2012">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3262-uttar-pradesh-2012/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=20 April 2023}}</ref>
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2017 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|[[Satish Chandra Sharma (politician)|Satish Chandra Sharma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<ref name="election2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Results ==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Dariyabad, Barabanki|Dariyabad]]<ref name="election2022"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Satish Chandra Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:128219}}
|percentage = 46.87
|change = +0.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Arvind Kumar Singh Gope
|votes = {{formatnum:95817}}
|percentage = 35.03
|change = +8.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Jagprasad Rawat
|votes = {{formatnum:28361}}
|percentage = 10.37
|change = -11.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ritesh Kumar Singh
|party = Independent
|votes = {{formatnum:9378}}
|percentage = 3.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Mubashshir Ahmad
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|votes = {{formatnum:2642}}
|percentage = 0.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2363}}
|percentage = 0.86
|change = -0.34
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:32402}}
|percentage = 11.84
|change = -8.07
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:273557}}
|percentage = 66.32
|change = +0.62
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Dariyabad, Barabanki|Dariyabad]]<ref name="election2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Satish Chandra Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:119173}}
|percentage = 46.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Rajeev Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:68487}}
|percentage = 26.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mohd Mubassir
|votes = {{formatnum:54512}}
|percentage = 21.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3013}}
|percentage = 1.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:50686}}
|percentage = 19.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:254570}}
|percentage = 65.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Dariyabad (disambiguation)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|26.89|81.56|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Barabanki district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]

Saiju Sreedharan

2025-07-21T05:56:19Z

GreggNfb8421: creating new page.

{{Short description|Indian film director and editor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox director
| name = Saiju Sreedharan
| birth_name = Saiju Sreedharan
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1981|2|17}}
| birth_place = [[Ernakulam]], Kerala
| occupation = [[Film director]], [[Film editor|Editor]]
| years_active = 2014-present
}}

'''Saiju Sreedharan''' is an Indian film director and editor who primarily works in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film industry]]. He is well known for his works in ''[[Maheshinte Prathikaaram|Maheshinte Prathikaram]]'' (2016), ''[[Mayaanadhi]]'' (2017), ''[[Kumbalangi Nights]]'' (2019), ''[[Virus (2019 film)|Virus]]'' (2019), ''[[Android Kunjappan Version 5.25|Android Kunjappan version 5.25]]'' (2019), and ''[[Anjaam Pathiraa|Anjaam Paathira]]'' (2020).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Arjun |date=2024-08-06 |title=EXCLUSIVE: 'Footage' will offer a different film-viewing experience, says director Saiju Sreedharan |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/malayalam/exclusive-footage-will-offer-a-different-film-viewing-experience-says-director-saiju-sreedharan/ |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=The South First |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-24 |title=Editor Saiju Sreedharan turns director |url=https://www.nowrunning.com/editor-saiju-sreedharan-turns-director/144001/story.htm |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=NOWRUNNING |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Sreedharan was born on 17 February 1981. He started his career as a movie poster designer at Papaya Media with his friends. He edited the promotional video of the film "''[[Da Thadiya]]''". In 2014, he made his editorial debut for the film [[Gangster (2014 film)|''Gangstar'']], a [[neo-noir]] [[action thriller film]] starring [[Mammootty]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Neelima |date=2019-11-08 |title=The shape of a film, according to Malayalam editor Saiju Sreedharan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/editor-saiju-sreedharan-on-what-goes-into-giving-a-film-its-form/article29921330.ece |access-date=2024-08-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

He directed the first upcoming-[[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] [[Found footage (film technique)|Found footage]] film titled "[[Footage (film)|Footage]]", inspired from ''[[The Blair Witch Project|Blair Witch Project]]'' and ''[[Cloverfield]].'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Arjun |date=2024-08-06 |title=EXCLUSIVE: 'Footage' will offer a different film-viewing experience, says director Saiju Sreedharan |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/malayalam/exclusive-footage-will-offer-a-different-film-viewing-experience-says-director-saiju-sreedharan/ |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=The South First |language=en}}</ref>

In 2024, He announced his second directorial debut with [[Tovino Thomas]] as main lead on an upcoming film titled, "Munpe". The movie is still in production.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-21 |title=Tovino Thomas' next titled 'Munpe'; motion poster out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tovino-thomas-next-titled-munpe-motion-poster-out/article67762087.ece |access-date=2024-08-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
'''As Director'''
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Ref
|-
|2024
|Munpe
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tovino Thomas and Saiju Sreedharan team up for Munpe; here's the first-look poster |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/tovino-thomas-and-saiju-sreedharan-team-up-for-munpe-first-look-poster-is-out/010bfd7425649 |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|[[Footage (film)|''Footage'']]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-02-15 |title=Saiju Sreedharan's directorial debut 'Footage' gets first look |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2024/Feb/15/saiju-sreedharans-directorial-debut-footage-gets-first-look |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}
'''As Editor'''
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Ref
|-
|2024
|''[[Nadanna Sambhavam]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-07-29 |title=Nadanna Sambhavam gets an OTT release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jul/29/nadanna-sambhavam-gets-an-ott-release-date |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Anweshippin Kandethum]]''
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-29 |title='Anweshippin Kandethum' trailer: Tovino Thomas reopens a cold murder case |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/anweshippin-kandethum-trailer-tovino-thomas-reopens-a-cold-murder-case/article67788286.ece |access-date=2024-08-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Abraham Ozler]]''
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-25 |title=Jayaram starrer 'Ozler' aims a Christmas release |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/jayaram-starrer-ozler-aims-a-christmas-release/articleshow/103936842.cms |access-date=2024-08-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Naradan]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2021-01-26 |title=Aashiq Abu starts filming for Tovino Thomas-starrer Naradan |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/Jan/26/aashiq-abu-starts-filmingfor-tovino-thomas-starrer-naradan-2255004.html |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''[[Aanum Pennum]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malayalam Anthology movie 'Aanum Pennum' to stream on OTT |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2021/06/29/anthology-movie-aanum-pennum-amazon-prime-release.html |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''[[Halal Love Story]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Native |first=Digital |date=2020-03-01 |title='Halal Love Story' gets a new release date |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/halal-love-story-gets-new-release-date-119232 |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''[[Anjaam Pathiraa]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anjaam Pathiraa makers announce sequel titled Aaram Pathiraa |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2021/01/11/anjaam-pathiraa-makers-announce-sequel-titled-aaram-pathiraa.html |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''[[Android Kunjappan Version 5.25|Android Kunjappan Ver 5.25]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Native |first=Digital |date=2019-10-30 |title=Watch: 'Android Kunjappan Version 5.25' trailer with Suraj, Soubin and a robot looks fun |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/watch-android-kunjappan-version-525-trailer-suraj-soubin-and-robot-looks-fun-111415 |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''[[Virus (2019 film)|Virus]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=G |first=Gokul M. |date=2019-06-08 |title=Virus movie review: A cinematic tribute |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/080619/virus-movie-review-a-cinematic-tribute.html |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''[[Kumbalangi Nights]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shriijth |first=Sajin |date=2019-02-13 |title='Compared to other Malayalam films, the number of scenes are less in Kumbalangi Nights' |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2019/Feb/13/compared-to-other-malayalam-films-the-number-of-scenes-are-less-in-kumbalangi-nights-10110.html |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|[[Maradona (2018 film)|''Maradona'']]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Native |first=Digital |date=2018-04-13 |title=Tovino Thomas starrer 'Maradona' to release next month |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/tovino-thomas-starrer-maradona-release-next-month-79527 |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''[[Mayaanadhi]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title='Mayaanadhi' review: flows slowly, but intensely |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2017/12/22/mayanadhi-a-slow-paced-movie-review.html |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|''[[Maheshinte Prathikaaram]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=James |first=Anu |date=2016-02-05 |title=Fahadh Faasil's 'Maheshinte Prathikaaram' movie review: Live audience response |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/fahadh-faasils-maheshinte-prathikaaram-movie-review-live-audience-response-665773 |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=www.ibtimes.co.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2015
|[[Rani Padmini (film)|''Rani Padmini'']]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=V.P |first=Nicy |date=2015-04-29 |title='Rani Padmini': First Schedule of Manju Warrier-Rima Kallingal Movie Wrapped up |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rani-padmini-first-schedule-manju-warrier-rima-kallingal-movie-wrapped-630724 |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=www.ibtimes.co.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2014
|[[Gangster (2014 film)|''Gangster'']]
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Neelima |date=2019-11-08 |title=The shape of a film, according to Malayalam editor Saiju Sreedharan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/editor-saiju-sreedharan-on-what-goes-into-giving-a-film-its-form/article29921330.ece |access-date=2024-08-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kerala]]
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple, Lucknow

2025-07-16T14:12:59Z

GreggNfb8421: creating location

{{Short description|Hindu Temple in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}

{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = 
| map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh
| coordinates =
| native_name = संकट मोचन हनुमान मंदिर
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Lucknow district]]
| location = [[Lucknow]]
| elevation_m = 123
| deity = [[Hanuman]]
| festivals =
| architecture = [[Hindu architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| established =
| creator =
| website = {{URL|http://sankatmochan.org/}}
}}
'''Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple''' is a sacred temple of the Hindu god [[Hanuman]] in the city of [[Lucknow]], in Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = Temples in Lucknow - Historical and most important temples in Lucknow City and nearby areas - Lucknow Travel Guide -Pahleaap|url = https://sites.google.com/site/pahleaap/lucknow-temples|website = sites.google.com|accessdate = 2015-12-27|archive-date = 11 May 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160511193831/https://sites.google.com/site/pahleaap/lucknow-temples|url-status = dead}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Bruce's Bridge, Lucknow, ca end 1860s.jpg|thumb|A view of Bruce's Bridge from the site of the temple, ca 1868.jpg]]
The temple was developed by a Hindu saint [[Neem Karoli Baba]] who started by building a small temple on the banks of [[Gomti River]] in [[Lucknow]]. However, in 1960, a [[Floods in Lucknow|huge flood swept most of Lucknow]] along with the old bridge near the temple and the old temple. Only the statue was left untouched from the floods. [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|The Government of Uttar Pradesh]] allotted a plot of land near a newly constructed bridge for the temple's construction.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Temples in Lucknow, Mandir in Lucknow, List of Temples in Lucknow|url = http://www.lucknowonline.in/city-guide/temples-in-lucknow|website = www.lucknowonline.in|accessdate = 2015-12-27}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amazing Temple Hanumant Dham In Lucknow |url=https://inlucknow.org/post/hanumant-dham-lucknow-amazing-temple-in-lucknow-2923 |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=In Lucknow}}</ref>
{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Hanuman temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Temples in Lucknow]]

Taramati (mountain peak)

2025-06-29T14:38:29Z

GreggNfb8421: new redirect

#REDIRECT[[Harishchandragad#Taramati peak]]

Dilip Chenoy

2025-06-01T00:22:57Z

GreggNfb8421: stub

{{Short description|Indian businessman (born 1958)}}
{{BLP more footnotes needed|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dilip Chenoy
| image = Dilip Chenoy.jpg
| caption = Chenoy in 2013
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1958|6|22|df=y}}
| birth_place = India
| death_place =
| employer = FICCI
| alma_mater = [[Delhi University]]
| occupation = Secretary General of FICCI
}}

'''Dilip Harel Mitra Chenoy''' (born 22 June 1958) is an Indian businessman. In April 2018, he was appointed Secretary General of FICCI, a leading industry body in India. He was earlier the Managing Director & CEO of [[National Skill Development Agency NSDA|National Skill Development Corporation]] (NSDC), a public-private partnership formed under Section 25 of the Companies Act 1956, from 7 May 2010 to 8 October 2015.

== Early life and education ==
Chenoy was born on 22 June 1958, in India. He completed his schooling (Indian School Certificate) from Hyderabad Public School and graduated with a degree in science (hons.) with a major in chemistry from [[Delhi University]] in 1980.{{citation needed|date=February 2015}}

== Career ==
Chenoy spearheaded NSDC for 5 years which aims to skill 150 million Indians by 2022 and hence contributed in harnessing India's demographic dividend.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.apnnews.com/2014/07/10/mr-dilip-chenoy-managing-director-and-ceo-national-skill-development-corporation-nsdc/ |title=Mr. Dilip Chenoy, Managing Director and CEO, National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC). | APN News |access-date=14 July 2014 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714145459/http://www.apnnews.com/2014/07/10/mr-dilip-chenoy-managing-director-and-ceo-national-skill-development-corporation-nsdc/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Prior to NSDC, he was associated with [[Confederation of Indian Industry]] (CII) for 19 years and served as the Regional Director for Southern region.{{citation needed|date=February 2015}} In 2004, he joined [[Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers]] (SIAM) as Director General.{{citation needed|date=February 2015}}

== Personal life ==
In 1983, Cheony married Shama Mitra Chenoy, who is a graduate of the Hindu College and completed her doctorate from [[Delhi University]], with a specialization on [[Shahjahanabad]].{{citation needed|date=February 2015}} Shama is currently working as an associate professor at Delhi University.{{citation needed|date=February 2015}}

==Publications==
Cheonyhas authored numerous articles in journals on environment, automotive industry as well as several newspaper articles on industry and skill development.
# Chapter on Education and Health, a special focus addition on Uttar Pradesh – Leveraging the Demographic Dividend in Uttar Pradesh
# [http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/479/chp%253A10.1007%252F978-94-007-5937-4_10.pdf?auth66=1400915957_a3745a9268fdcd2aaeee78d517982d83&ext=.pdf Public-Private Partnerships to Meet the Skills challenges in India, in Skills Development for Inclusive and Sustainable Growth in Developing Asia-Pacific (181 – 194). Asian Development Bank/Springer – 2013]{{Dead link|date=July 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
# [http://www.slideshare.net/CorporateShiksha/workplace2020-ceo-dialogue-on-future-of-workplace Skill Development in India - A Transformation in the Making, in India Infrastructure Report 2012 (pp 199-207), Routledge – 2012]
# Skill Development in India: Moving from a supply-side model to Demand led interventions, in IILM Management Review Vol 1, Issue 1 – 2012
# [http://adbskillsdevelopment.wordpress.com/2012/12/07/skill-development-coming-of-age-in-india-dilip-chenoy-ceo-managing-director-of-the-national-skill-development-corporation/ Skill development coming of age in India on 7 December 2012 on adbskilldevelopment.wordpress.com]
# [http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/union-budget-2013-skill-development-dilip-chenoy/1/192958.html Business Today: 'Skills training will become more affordable and accessible' on 28 February 2013]
# [http://www.peoplematters.in/article/2012/06/04/c-suite/industry-support-is-critical/1873 Industry support is critical on Peoplematters.in]
# [http://www.peoplematters.in/article/2012/01/04/skilling/talent-crunch-and-skill-gap/1475 Top 12 trends : Talent crunch & skill gap on Peoplematters.in]
# [http://www.peoplematters.in/article/2011/10/03/outsourcing/hr-transformation-industry-view-dilip-chenoy-ce0-and-md-nsdc/1213 The strategic shift required is on thinking of tomorrow on Peoplematters.in]
# [http://www.peoplematters.in/article/2011/06/01/skilling/cover-story-interview-dilip-chenoy-ceo-and-md-nsdc/1028 It costs about 9000 to skill a person on Peoplematter.in]

== References ==
# [http://www.nsdcindia.org/news-events/nsdc-appoints-dilip-chenoy.aspx NSDC appoints Dilip Chenoy as CEO & MD]
# [http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/we-need-big-companies-to-invest-in-this-skilling-space-dilip-chenoy-114022500149_1.html We need big companies to invest in this (skilling) space: Dilip Chenoy]
# [https://web.archive.org/web/20140521161042/http://www.salwanmedia.com/dilip-chenoy-one-globe-2014-speaker.htm Dilip Chenoy one globe 2014 speaker]
# [https://web.archive.org/web/20131129073435/http://www.ippairetreat.com/rpr2012/Speaker-Bios.aspx?id=70 Dilip, one of the speaker at The 15th Regulators & Policymakers Retreat 2014]
# [http://zeenews.india.com/videos/skill-enhancement-is-required-for-employability-dilip-chenoy_24129.html Skill enhancement is required for employability: Dilip Chenoy]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chenoy, Dilip}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian chief executives]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

M. Farooqui

2024-11-10T05:03:09Z

GreggNfb8421: adding first stub initial version - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Short description|Indian politician (1920–1997)}}
'''Muqimuddin Farooqui''' (25 March 1920 – 3 September 1997) was an Indian politician. He was a key leader of the students movement during the [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence struggle]]. As a leader of the [[Communist Party of India]] he headed the Delhi unit of the party 1944-1971, and from 1971 onwards he was a national-level leader of the party.

==Student movement==

Muqimuddin Farooqui was born on 15 March 1920 in [[Ambehta]], [[Saharanpur district]] into a modest [[Islam in India|Muslim family]].<ref name=red>Rediff On The Net. ''[http://www.rediff.com/news/sep/03farooq.htm CPI leader Farooqui dead]''</ref><ref name=con/><ref name=inde/> He hailed from a lineage of ''[[Pir (Sufism)|pirs]]'' who used to serve as tutors for the [[Mughal emperors]].<ref name=bslg/> His ancestor Hasan Askari, an advisor to [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]], was hanged by the British for his involvement in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].<ref name="Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India1997">{{cite book | date = 1997 | title = Freedom Fighters Remember | publisher = Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India | pages = 87–88 | isbn = 9788123005751 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3ghuAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA87}}</ref>

He moved to Delhi in 1930 to attend school there.<ref name=red/> His elder brother took part in the [[Indian independence movement]], and was twice jailed by the [[British Raj|British colonial authorities]].<ref name="Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India1997"/> In 1936, whilst a student at [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi|St. Stephen's College]], Farooqui too became involved in the independence movement.<ref name=red/><ref name=con/><ref name="Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India1997"/> Farooqui attended the first meeting of the [[All India Students Federation]] (AISF), along with [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]].<ref name=con/> During his student days he came in contact with Bahal Singh, under whose influence Farooqui became a Marxist.<ref name=bslg/> He joined the [[Communist Party of India]] in 1940.<ref name=bslg/> In 1940 he organized a strike at St. Stephen's College in protest against the arrest of Nehru.<ref name=red/> Following the strike he was expelled from the College by [[Delhi University]] Vice-Chancellor [[Maurice Gwyer]].<ref name=red/><ref name="Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India1997"/><ref name=bslg>''Business Standard''. ''[https://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/last-of-the-gandhians-197090601194_1.html Last Of The Gandhians]''</ref> He would be later be issued a ''[[tamrapatra|Tamra Patra]]'' award for his role in the independence movement.<ref name=red/> His Delhi University Master's Degree was restored to him in 1989 at a special convocation chaired by [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]].<ref name=con/><ref name=inde/>

Farooqui was elected general secretary of AISF in 1941.<ref name=red/> In 1941 he was arrested for the first time, for a speech he had given in [[Calcutta]].<ref name="Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India1997"/> He was arrested again during the [[Quit India movement]]:<ref name="Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India1997"/> In 1946 he was arrested for having called for a boycott of the Victory Parade (held to celebrate [[Allies (World War II)|Allied]] victory in [[World War II]]).<ref name="Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India1997"/>

==Communist Party leader==
The first CPI Delhi party conference held in 1944 elected Farooqui as the secretary of the Delhi party unit.<ref name=mw>''Mainstream Weekly''. ''[https://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article1036.html Birth and Growth of Communist Party in Delhi]''</ref> He served in this position until 1971, when he switched to work at the national CPI Party Centre.<ref name=mw/> He was elected to the CPI National Council in 1958.<ref name=inde>''The Independent''. ''[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-muqimuddin-farooqi-1235268.html Obituary: Muqimuddin Farooqi]''</ref> He joined the CPI National Executive in 1974, and the CPI National Secretariat in 1982.<ref name=mw/>

He became a member of the interim Metropolitan Council of Delhi in 1966. In 1990 he was included in the National Integration Council of the Government of India.<ref name="Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India1997"/>

==Family and friendships==

Married to Vimla Kapoor (who took the name Vimla Farooqui), a fellow activist in AISF and who later became a leader of the [[National Federation of Indian Women]] (NFIW).<ref name=inde/><ref>Ajīta Kaura, Arpana Caur. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=PAkuAAAAYAAJ Directory of Indian Women Today, 1976]''. India International Publications, 1976. p. 587</ref> The couple had one son.<ref name=inde/> Farooqui was noted for humble life-style, living in a one-room apartment near [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid]] from 1952 onwards and travelling to work by public transport until 1988.<ref name=bslg/> He would always dress in simple garb (white homespun pyjama, kurta).<ref name=inde/> In early 1997 Prime Minister [[H. D. Dewe Gowda]] offered him to become Governor of an Indian state of his choosing, but M. Farooqui declined the offer.<ref name=bslg/>

As an AISF leader he befriended [[I. K. Gujral]], who led the AISF Punjab unit, and the two would form a life-long friendship.<ref name=con/> Farooqui was noted for fostering strong relations with a wide array of political leaders; such as [[V.P. Singh]], [[G.K. Moopanar]], [[Farooq Abdullah]], [[Madan Lal Khurana]] and [[Murli Manohar Joshi]].<ref name=bslg/> He was the political mentor of future Afghan President [[Mohammad Najibullah]], during the latter's stay for medical studies in India.<ref name=bslg/>

==Death==
On 3 September 1997 he suffered a heart attack whilst delivering a speech at a seminar of the Rajiv Gandhi Foundation in Delhi.<ref name=red/><ref name=con>''Business Standard''. ''[https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/farooqui-remained-a-critic-of-congress-till-the-last-197090401244_1.html Farooqui Remained A Critic Of Congress Till The Last]''</ref> He died shortly thereafter at the [[Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital]].<ref name=red/>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Farooqui, Muqimuddin}}
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:1997 deaths]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:People from Saharanpur district]]

History of Islam in India

2024-09-10T11:12:12Z

GreggNfb8421: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[Islam_in_India#History]] {{Redirect category shell|
{{R with possibilities}}
}}

[[Category:History of Islam in India| ]]

Komorakata

2024-06-06T13:50:53Z

GreggNfb8421: starting a stub

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=June 2024}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2021}}
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Komorakata
| official_name = Komorakata
| other_name =
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hojai district]]
| coordinates = {{coord|26.0|N|92.87|E|display=inline,title}}
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Dimasa language|Dimasa]]
| demographics1_info2 = [[Dimasa language|Dimasa]]
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics_type2 =
| governing_body = Gram panchayat
| postal_code = 782435
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 3357
| settlement_type = Village
}}
'''Komorakata''' (alternative spelling includes '''Kumurakata''') is a village situated in [[Hojai district]] (formerly in [[Nagaon district]]) state of [[Assam]], India. According to the 2011 Census of India, it has a population of 3,357. Komorakata village, most of the village population is from [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Schedule Tribe]] (ST). It is 6 km away from [[West Karbi Anglong district]]. Its PIN code is 782435.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Handbook|first=Nagaon|title=Census of India 2011: Nagaon district Census Handbook|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/18/1806_PART_A_DCHB_NAGAON.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Census of 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/Religion_pca/RL-1800.xlsx}}</ref>

== Education ==

=== School ===

* Komorakata Hing School
* Komorakata Tribal LP School
* Pandit Jivan Ram Barman MV School

=== College ===

* Komorakata Higher Secondary

== See also ==

* [[Hojai district]]
* [[Doboka]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Hojai district]]

{{Assam-geo-stub}}

Tatparya

2024-04-07T18:27:51Z

GreggNfb8421:

'''Tatparya''' is a [[Sanskrit]] word which means "intention". This is most often used in the context of written material and is used to indicate the original intention of the author in putting down a certain statement. The innate possibility of multiple interpretations that the Sanskrit language allows for makes obtaining the "Tatparya" an involved subject.

Many Hindu scholars and philosophers have, over the years, written their decisions (Nirnaya in Sanskrit) on the Tatparya of various scripts such as the [[Mahabharata]], [[Bhagavadgita]], etc. The [[Mahabharata Tatparya Nirnaya]] by Sri [[Madhvacharya]] is one such work.

== See also ==

* [[Bhashya]]

== References ==
* [http://www.bu.edu/wcp/Papers/Asia/AsiaGhos.htm Tatparya and its role in verbal understanding]

[[Category:Sanskrit words and phrases]]

{{IndoAryan-lang-stub}}

My understanding of the word tatparya is "the meaning as per our traditional guidelines "