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Cricket in India

2023-10-13T21:16:17Z

Gopisainii: /* Role of the IPL */ Impact of IPL on Indian Cricket added

{{Short description|Overview of cricket in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}} {{Multiple issues|
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{{Essay|date=November 2022}}
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{{Infobox sport overview
| boxwidth = Star Cricketer of Indian Team
| title = Cricket in India
| image =
| imagesize = 220px
| image_alt =
| caption =
| union = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI)
| country = [[India]]
| sport = [[Cricket]]
| noncountry = 
| teamlabel1 = 
| nationalteam = [[India national cricket team|Men]] [[India women's national cricket team|Women]] [[India national under-19 cricket team|U-19 Men]] [[India women's national under-19 cricket team|U-19 Women]]
| teamlabel2 = 
| repteam = 
| nickname = 
| first = 1721<ref>{{Cite book|last= Downing|first= Clement|title= A History of the Indian Wars|year= 1737|editor= William Foster|location= London}}</ref>
| registered = 
| clubs = 38 ([[First-class cricket|First class]]) 12 ([[Indian Premier League|IPL]], [[Women's Premier League (cricket)|WPL]])
| national_list = {{collapsible list|
First Class Cricket
* [[Ranji Trophy]]
*[[Duleep Trophy]]
*[[Irani Trophy]]
List A Cricket
*[[Vijay Hazare Trophy]]
*[[Women's Senior One Day Trophy]]
*[[Deodhar Trophy]]
T20 Cricket
*[[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]]
*[[Women's Senior T20 Trophy]]}}
| club_list = * [[Indian Premier League]]
*[[Women's Indian Premier League]]
| intl_list = {{collapsible list|
*[[ICC World Test Championship]]
*[[ICC Cricket World Cup]]
*[[ICC World Twenty20]]
*[[ICC Champions Trophy]]
*[[Asia Cup]]
*[[Women's Cricket World Cup]]
*[[ICC Women's World Twenty20]]
*[[Women's Asia Cup]]
*[[Under-19 Cricket World Cup]]
*[[Under-19 Women's T20 World Cup]]
}}
| match = 465,000 (Five-day Test) India v. Pakistan at [[Eden Gardens]], Kolkata, 16–20 February 1999<ref>{{cite web |title=Largest attendance at a five-day Test match |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-attendance-at-a-five-day-test-match |website=Guinness World Records |access-date=9 July 2018}}</ref>
| league = 1,592,543 (Total) 26,528 per match [[2017 IPL]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.totalsportek.com/list/sports-league-with-highest-average-attendance/|title=Top 10 Sports Leagues With Highest Average Attendance|date=11 February 2016|access-date=12 July 2016}}</ref>{{Unreliable source|date=February 2023}}
| fan_org = 
}}

[[Cricket]] is one of the most popular sports in [[India]]. It is played almost everywhere in the country<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.synovate.com/news/article/2003/11/study-finds-india-sports-a-high-awareness-of-celebrity-brand-endorsements-and-sachin-is-number-one.html |title=Ipsos – Nobody's unpredictable |publisher=Synovate.com |access-date=2012-06-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414120435/http://www.synovate.com/news/article/2003/11/study-finds-india-sports-a-high-awareness-of-celebrity-brand-endorsements-and-sachin-is-number-one.html |archive-date=14 April 2012}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=February 2023}}. The [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) is the governing body of Indian cricket and conduct all domestic tournaments and select the players for [[India national cricket team]] and [[India women's national cricket team]].

Domestic competitions in India annually organized by BCCI include the [[Ranji Trophy]], the [[Duleep Trophy]], the [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]], the [[Deodhar Trophy]], the [[Irani Trophy]] and the [[NKP Salve Challenger Trophy]]. The [[Indian Premier League]], a Twenty20 tournament where various city-based franchises compete in a style similar to [[American football]], is one of the biggest sporting leagues and the biggest cricketing league in the world. In 2023 it launched a similar league for females, the [[Women's Premier League (cricket)|Women's Premier League]] (WPL).

Cricket is generally viewed as favourite sport of Indians. Sports broadcasters, national-international news media frequently claim that "cricket is like religion in India", people are crazy for the sport there, but the truth is far from it, Indians don't show up at the stadiums to witness domestic (except IPL) tournament (such as [[Ranji Trophy|Ranji]], [[Vijay Hazare Trophy|Vijay Hazare trophy]], [[Irani Cup]] etc), non-India international matches and stadium remain empty, reason for this according to a senior figure in Indian broadcasting, "Indians don’t love cricket", "Indians love Indian cricket."<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Wigmore |first=Tim |date=2023-10-05 |title=Cricket World Cup embarrassment as England v New Zealand played in empty 134,000-seat stadium |language=en-GB |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/cricket/2023/10/05/cricket-world-cup-2023-empty-stadium-england-v-new-zealand/ |access-date=2023-10-08 |issn=0307-1235}}</ref>

International cricket in India does not follow a consistent pattern, unlike other cricketing teams such as [[England cricket team|England]], who tour other countries during the winter and play at home during the summer. The Indian cricket team is one of the most successful cricket teams in the world, having won 2 [[Cricket World Cup|ICC World Cups]], 1 [[ICC Men's T20 World Cup|ICC World Twenty20]], 2 [[ICC Men's Champions Trophy|ICC Champion's Trophies]] and finished runners up in the [[ICC World Test Championship|inaugural edition of the ICC World Test Championship]]. The [[2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup]], was initially meant to be hosted by India. However, after the escalation of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 Pandemic in India]], the tournament was moved by the [[International Cricket Council|ICC]] to the [[United Arab Emirates]]. The [[2023 Cricket World Cup]] will be hosted by India.

Indian cricketers association is the country's retired cricketer's union. It is recognized by BCCI, but the latter do not allow any active player to be part of it or any other players union. BCCI keep ICA's representative in its and IPL's apex council.

Cricket is an important part of [[Culture of India|Indian culture]]<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Nair |first=Nisha |date=2011-06-01 |title=Cricket obsession in India: through the lens of identity theory |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2011.574351 |journal=Sport in Society |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=569–580 |doi=10.1080/17430437.2011.574351 |issn=1743-0437}}</ref> and top players, like [[Sachin Tendulkar]], [[Sourav Ganguly]], [[Virat Kohli]], [[MS Dhoni]] and [[Rohit Sharma]] often attain celebrity status and are some of the most influential figures in the country. Cricket is often portrayed patriotically in popular Indian films, including the Academy Award-nominated film, ''[[Lagaan]]'', and [[83 (film)|''83'']], the 2021 sports drama film about India's [[Cricket World Cup]] victory in 1983. The Indian cricket team [[India–Pakistan cricket rivalry|shares a long-standing rivalry]] with the [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistani cricket team]], and India-Pakistan matches are some of the most anticipated matches in the world, and one of the [[List of most watched television broadcasts|most watched television broadcasts]] in the world.

== History ==
The British brought cricket to the [[Indian subcontinent]] in the early 1700s, with the first documented instance of cricket being played is in 1721. It was played and adopted by [[Koli people|Kolis]] of [[Gujarat]] because they were sea [[Piracy|pirates]] and [[Outlaw|outlaws]] who used to loot the [[British Raj|British]] ships. [[East India Company]] tried to manage the [[Koli people|Kolis]] using cricket and were successful.<ref>{{Cite book|last= Downing|first= Clement|title= A History of the Indian Wars|year= 1978|page=189|oclc=5905776}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Drew|first=John|date=2021-12-06|title=The Christmas the Kolis took to cricket|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/views/in-focus/news/the-christmas-the-kolis-took-cricket-2910376|access-date=2021-12-05|website=The Daily Star|language=en}}</ref>

=== 1800s to 1918 ===
{{Main|History of cricket in India to 1918}}
[[File:Ranjitsinhji_c1900.jpg|thumb|[[Ranjitsinhji]] was regarded as one of the best batsmen of his time.|237x237px]]
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2023}}
The first ever match of first-class cricket played in India was in 1864 between Calcutta and Madras. Not many records exist from the match. The entire history of cricket in India and the sub-continent as a whole is based on the existence and development of the [[British Raj]] via the [[Honourable East India Company|East India Company]].

=== 1918 to 1945 ===
{{Main|History of cricket in India from 1918–19 to 1945}}
{{See also | Retrievers cricket team | Freelooters Cricket Team |Moin-ud-Dowlah Gold Cup Tournament}}
India became a member of the 'elite club' joining Australia, England, South Africa, New Zealand and the West Indies in June 1932. India's first match in Lord's against England attracted a massive crowd of 24,000 people as well as the King of the United Kingdom.<ref name="autogenerated6">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1157_cricket_history/page6.shtml |title=BBC World Service | Story of Cricket |publisher=BBC |access-date=2012-06-16}}</ref>

=== 1945 to 1960 ===
{{Main|History of cricket in India from 1945–46 to 1960}}
The major and defining event in the history of Indian cricket during this period was the [[Partition of India]] following full independence from the [[British Raj]] in 1947.

An early casualty of change was the [[Bombay Quadrangular]] tournament, which had been a focal point of Indian cricket for over 50 years. The new India had no place for teams based on ethnic origin. As a result, the Ranji Trophy came into its own as the national championship. The last Bombay Pentangular, as it had become, was won by the Hindus in 1945–46.

India also recorded its first Test victory in 1952, beating England by an innings in Madras.<ref name="autogenerated6"/>

=== 1960 to 1970 ===
{{Main|History of cricket in India from 1960–61 to 1970}}
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2023}}
One team totally dominated Indian cricket in the 1960s. As part of 14 consecutive victories in the Ranji Trophy from 1958–59 to 1972–73, Bombay won the title in all ten seasons of the period under review. Among its players were [[Farokh Engineer]], [[Dilip Sardesai]], [[Bapu Nadkarni]], [[Ramakant Desai]], [[Baloo Gupte]], [[Ashok Mankad]] and [[Ajit Wadekar]]. In the 1961–1962 season, the [[Duleep Trophy]] was inaugurated as a zonal competition. It was named after Ranji's nephew, Kumar Shri Duleepsinhji (1905–59). With Bombay in its catchment, it is not surprising that the West Zone won six of the first nine titles.

=== 1970 to 1985 ===
{{Main|History of cricket in India from 1970–71 to 1985}}
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2023}}
Bombay continued to dominate Indian domestic cricket, with only Karnataka, Delhi, and a few other teams able to mount any kind of challenge during this period.

India enjoyed two international highlights. In 1971, they won a Test series in England for the first time ever, surprisingly defeating Ray Illingworth's Ashes winners. In 1983, again in England, India were surprise winners of the [[1983 Cricket World Cup]] under the captaincy of Kapil Dev.

During the 1970s, the Indian cricket team began to see success overseas beating New Zealand, and holding Australia, South Africa and England to a draw. The backbone of the team was the Indian spin quartet – [[Bishen Bedi]], [[E. A. S. Prasanna]], [[B. S. Chandrasekhar]] and [[Srinivas Venkataraghavan]], giving rise to what would later be called the Golden Era of Indian cricket history. This decade also saw the emergence of two of India's best ever batsmen, Sunil Gavaskar and Gundappa Vishwanath responsible for the back-to-back series wins in 1971 in the West Indies and in England, under the captaincy of Ajit Wadekar.

The [[India women's national cricket team|Indian women's team]] made its test debut in 1976, becoming the third nation to do so. It made its [[One Day International|ODI]] debut on 1st January 1978.

=== 1985 to 2000 ===
{{Main|History of cricket in India from 1985–86 to 2000}}

==Globalization==
In the late 1980s, continuous live coverage of overseas matches was broadcast by British networks. This was a major factor in shaping what was now becoming the modern game of cricket. Modern technology and the establishment of specialized television networks set a global interest for the sport. ESPN and Star Sports added cricket to part of the 24 hours of continuous live coverage that they were needed to produce. Global popularity increased among the Eastern world. Soon after a domestic league (the Indian Premier League) was established.

Several team names and spellings were altered during the 1990s when traditional Indian names were introduced to replace those that were associated with the British Raj. Most notably, Bombay became Mumbai and the venue of Calcutta became Kolkata, both where the main places where the British did all their business''.''

During the 1980s, India developed a more attack-focused batting line-up with talented batsmen such as [[Mohammad Azharuddin]], [[Dilip Vengsarkar]] and [[Ravi Shastri]] prominent during this decade. Despite India's victory in the Cricket World Cup in 1983, the team performed poorly in the Test arena, including 28 consecutive Test matches without a victory. However, India won the Asia Cup in 1984 and won the World Championship of Cricket in Australia in 1985. The 1987 Cricket World Cup was held in India.

From the 1993–94 season, the Duleep Trophy was converted from a knockout competition to a league format.

=== 21st century ===
{{Main|History of cricket in India from 2000–01}}
{{Refimprove section|date=October 2023}}
[[File:Sachin Tendulkar at MRF Promotion Event.jpg|thumb|[[Sachin Tendulkar]] is one of the greatest cricketers of all time. He is known as the 'God of Cricket'.|199x199px]]

Sachin Tendulkar was one of the key members during 1989–2013 for Team India in multiple formats.

Since 2000, the Indian team underwent major improvements with the appointment of John Wright, India's first ever foreign coach. This appointment met success internationally as India maintained their unbeaten home record against Australia in Test series after defeating them in 2001 and won the inaugural ICC World Twenty20 in 2007. India was also the first sub-continental team to win at the WACA in January 2008 against Australia.

India's victory against the Australians in 2001 marked the beginning of a dream era for the team under the captainship of [[Sourav Ganguly]], winning Test matches in Zimbabwe, Sri Lanka, West Indies and England. India also shared a joint victory with Sri Lanka in the ICC Champions Trophy and went on to the finals in the 2003 Cricket World Cup only to be beaten by Australia.

In September 2007, India won the first ever [[ICC World Twenty20|Twenty20 World Cup]] held in South Africa, beating their arch-rivals Pakistan by 5 runs in a thrilling final.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/twenty20wc/engine/match/287879.html |title=Final: India v Pakistan at Johannesburg, Sep 24, 2007 | Cricket Scorecard |publisher=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=2013-10-21}}</ref>

India won the [[Cricket World Cup]] in 2011 under the captainship of Mahendra Singh Dhoni,<ref name="autogenerated6"/> the first time since 1983 (28 years) – they beat [[Sri Lanka]] in the final held in Mumbai's Wankhede Stadium.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricketworldcupinformation.com/2014/08/team-india-at-cricket-world-cup.html|title=Team India at T20 Cricket World Cup|website=www.cricketworldcupinformation.com|access-date=6 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307022723/http://www.cricketworldcupinformation.com/2014/08/team-india-at-cricket-world-cup.html|archive-date=7 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

India played its 500th Test match against New Zealand led by [[Kane Williamson]] at Kanpur from 22 - 26 September 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Full Scorecard of India vs New Zealand 1st Test 2016/17 - Score Report {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nz-tour-of-india-2016-17-1030193/india-vs-new-zealand-1st-test-1030213/full-scorecard|access-date=2021-08-10|website=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref> India won this match by 197 runs. This test was played under the captaincy of [[Virat Kohli]].

Currently, they are first in the [[2019-21 ICC World Test Championship]] with 490 points and a [[Percentage|PCT]] (percentage of points) of 71.They will play their final test in the 2019-21 ICC World Test Championship (which is also the final test in the [[English cricket team in India in 2020–21|2021 Anthony De Mello Trophy]]) They played in their first series of the [[2020-22 ICC Cricket World Cup Super League]] against the [[Australia national cricket team]] winning only one match and being fined 1 point for a [[Over rate|slow over rate]] having only 9 points and being seventh in the league.

== Commercialization==

=== Role of the IPL ===
Over the past decade, cricket has undergone a significant transformation; becoming extremely commercialized. The [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL) is a professional [[Twenty20]] cricket league that has transformed cricket into a year-round spectacle. Launched in 2008, the IPL quickly became the most lucrative and popular domestic cricket league in the world, attracting the best players from around the globe. The league's immense popularity has made it extremely profitable, with companies competing fiercely to invest in the league and enhance their brand visibility.

Cricket has over one billion fans globally, with 90% of them coming from India. An amazing example of increased commercialization is how from 2014 to 2016, there was a 14% growth in ads across all cricket content.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2019-07-12 |title=Is the 'Game' in Cricket Still the Centre of the Sport? |url=https://www.epw.in/engage/article/game-cricket-still-centre-sport |language=en|website=Economic and Political Weekly}}</ref> However Indians only love to watch India cricket (IPL and matches of team India), they don't show up at the stadium when team India don't play and other foreign teams are playing, they also don't watch domestic cricket match in stadium except IPL. It debunks the myth that Indians are crazy about cricket and "the sport is like a religion for them", the lines often broadcasters, and national-international media use while claiming popularity of cricket in the country.<ref name=":4" /> The [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI), paid Star India an astounding 38.5 billion rupees to broadcast India's domestic matches, demonstrating the IPL's enormous popularity and lucrative business potential.<ref name=":0" /> Each IPL team has an owner, who is typically a business, as well as numerous sponsors displayed on their uniforms. The league renews and adds new teams every year, giving businesses a fresh source of income. The [[Gujarat Titans]] and [[Lucknow Super Giants]] were added as two new teams for the 2022 campaign.

Due to its popularity, the IPL has become a frequent subject of allegations of match-fixing and corruption, which has generated controversy. Despite the BCCI's efforts, these problems still exist. Five players were suspended for spot-fixing in the IPL's fifth season, exposing the league's susceptibility to corruption.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2012-11-05 |title=Commercialization of Cricket |url=https://www.focusglobalreporter.org/commercialization-of-cricket/ |access-date=2023-04-28 |website=Focus Global Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref> Due to his suspected involvement in an altercation with a security guard, [[Shah Rukh Khan]], the Bollywood celebrity and owner of the [[Kolkata Knight Riders]], was barred from the [[Wankhede Stadium]] for five years.<ref name=":1" /> The [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]'s Australian player [[Luke Pomersbach]] was detained for molesting children, severely damaging the league's reputation.<ref name=":1" />

=== Is IPL dstroying the soul of Indian Cricket ===
The IPL's impact on cricket in India, marked by its emphasis on T20 cricket, commercialization, and a shift away from traditional values, has raised concerns about the transformation of the sport. There's a fear that if these trends continue, the traditional essence of Indian cricket may be lost, giving way to a more superficial and entertainment-driven version. This flashy tournament has taken over the hearts and minds of cricket fans, leaving little room for the traditional form of the game to survive.

'''Cricket as Entertainment:''' The IPL has transformed cricket into a form of entertainment, prioritizing spectacular elements like cheerleaders, music, and light shows. This emphasis on entertainment often overshadows the fundamental aspects of the sport, diluting its essence.

'''The T20 Takeover:''' The IPL's focus on Twenty20 (T20) cricket, with its emphasis on fast-paced and entertaining play, has overshadowed longer formats like Test cricket. Young players now lean towards T20 cricket, neglecting the development of the skills required for the longer and more strategic forms of the game.

'''The Commercialization Menace:''' The IPL's commercialization has turned cricket into a profit-driven spectacle. The league's emphasis on big names, celebrity endorsements, and corporate sponsorships has shifted the game's focus from its pure essence to making money and attracting advertisers.

'''The Nation vs. the Franchise:''' The IPL has created a conflict of interest among players, as their dedication to their franchises can sometimes surpass their commitment to the national team. The allure of lucrative contracts and fame in the IPL has led some players to prioritize it over representing their country, even opting for early retirement in favor of IPL commitments.

'''Neglecting the Grassroots:''' The IPL's influence has led young talents to gravitate towards the T20 path, neglecting the fundamental skills and longer formats of the game. This shift raises concerns about the future of Indian cricket, as traditional values and techniques are slowly eroding.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-11 |title=Discover Is IPL Killing Cricket in India? Has the IPL destroyed the soul of Indian cricket? |url=https://www.inmyview.in/ipl-killing-cricket-in-india-facts/ |access-date=2023-10-13 |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Role of the BCCI & ICC ===
{{Refimprove section|date=October 2023}}
The Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) is the richest and most powerful cricket board in the world, with an estimated net worth of over $300 million.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=The Politics of Cricket: BCCI’s Chokehold Over the Sport and the Fate of Many Nations |url=https://www.irreview.org/articles/the-politics-of-cricket-bccis-chokehold-over-the-sport-and-the-fate-of-many-nations |access-date=2023-04-28 |website=International Relations Review |language=en-US}}</ref> The success of the Indian Premier League (IPL), which has become one of the most lucrative and popular cricket leagues in the world, has brought the spotlight on the role of the ICC and BCCI in the commercialization of cricket.

The BCCI threatened to cancel a tour of South Africa in 2014 if the South African board didn't agree to a changed itinerary and a bigger income share.<ref name=":2" /> This episode stirred debate and revealed the BCCI's influence over other cricket-playing countries. Additionally, their opposition to the purpose of the Decision Review System (DRS), which the ICC introduced in 2008, demonstrates their influence over the ICC. In response to the BCCI's opposition, the ICC made its use voluntary.<ref name=":2" />

==Organisation of cricket in modern India ==
{{Further|Category:Cricket administration in India|label1=Cricket administration in India}}

===International cricket===
{{Main|India national cricket team|India women's national cricket team}}
{{Refimprove section|date=October 2023}}

[[File:Mithali Raj Truro 2012.jpg|thumb|233x233px|[[Mithali Raj]] is the highest run-scorer in women's international cricket.<ref name="Raj-leading">{{cite web |title=Record-setting Raj top of the women's charts |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-womens-world-cup-2017/content/story/1110610.html |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=12 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713013557/http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-womens-world-cup-2017/content/story/1110610.html |archive-date=13 July 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Raj-6000">{{cite web |title=Mithali Raj becomes leading run-scorer in women's ODI cricket; surpasses England's Charlotte Edwards |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/mithali-raj-becomes-leading-run-scorer-in-womens-odi-cricket-surpasses-englands-charlotte-edwards-4747402/ |work=Indian Express |date=12 July 2017 |access-date=12 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713204545/http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/mithali-raj-becomes-leading-run-scorer-in-womens-odi-cricket-surpasses-englands-charlotte-edwards-4747402/ |archive-date=13 July 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]

International cricket in India generally does not follow a fixed pattern. For example, the English schedule under which the nation tours other countries during the winter and plays at home during the summer. Generally, there has recently been a tendency to play more [[one-day cricket|one-day matches]] than [[Test cricket|Test matches]]. Cricket in India is managed by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI), the richest cricket board in the cricket world.<ref>{{cite news|title=Complimentary passes restricted for Delhi Test|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/942807.html|access-date=12 December 2015|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=21 November 2015}}</ref> The Indian national cricket team has also provided some of the greatest players to the world, the biggest example of which is Sachin Tendulkar. Indian cricket has a rich history. The Indian national team is currently ranked No. 1 in Tests, No. 2 in ODIs and at 2nd position in T20Is. India won two World Championship cups in 1983 under the captaincy of Kapil Dev and recently won in the year 2011 under the captaincy of Mahendra Singh Dhoni, which was won after a span of 28 years. They also won the World Championship of Cricket in 1985.

===First class competitions===
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2023}}
* '''[[Ranji Trophy]]''' – It was founded as the 'Cricket Championship of India' at a meeting of the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] in July 1934. The first Ranji Trophy fixtures took place in the 1934–35 season. Syed Mohammed Hadi of Hyderabad was the first batsman to score a century in the tournament. The Trophy was donated by H. H. Sir Bhupendra Singh Mahinder Baha-dur, Maharajah of Patiala in memory of his late Highness Sir Ranjitsinhji Vibhaji of Nawanagar, affectionately called [[Ranjitsinhji]]. In the main, the Ranji Trophy is composed of teams representing the states that makeup India. The number of competing teams has increased over the years. Some states have more than one cricket team, e.g., Maharashtra and Gujarat. There are also teams for [[Railways cricket team|Railways]] and [[Services cricket team|Services]] representing the armed forces. The various teams used to be grouped into zones – North, West, East, Central and South – and the initial matches were played on a league basis within the zones. The top two teams until 1991–92 and then the top three teams in the subsequent years from each zone then played in a national knock-out competition. Starting with the 2002–03 season, the zonal system was abandoned and a two-division structure was adopted with two teams being promoted from the plate league and two relegated from the elite league. If the knockout matches are not finished, they are decided on the first-inning lead.
*'''[[Duleep Trophy]]''' – Named after [[Duleepsinhji]], the Duleep Trophy competition, which is a first-class competition, was started by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] in 1961–62 with the aim of providing a greater competitive edge in domestic cricket, because apart from the knock-out stages of the Ranji Trophy, that competition proved to be highly predictable, with Bombay winning the Ranji Trophy for fifteen consecutive years. The Duleep Trophy was also meant to help the selectors to assess the form of top cricketers playing against each other. The original format had five teams, which were drawn from the five zones (i.e. North, South, East, West and central) and played each other on a knock-out basis. From the 1993–94 season, the competition has been converted to a league format.
*'''[[Irani Trophy]]''' – The Irani Trophy tournament was conceived during the 1959–60 season to mark the completion of 25 years of the Ranji Trophy championship and was named after the late Z. R. Irani, who was associated with the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] ([[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]) from its inception in 1928, till his death in 1970 and a keen patron of the game. The first match, played between the Ranji Trophy champions and the Rest of India was played in 1959–60. For the first few years, it was played at the tail end of the season. Realising the importance of the fixture, the BCCI moved it to the beginning of the season. Since 1965–66, it has traditionally heralded the start of the new domestic season. The Irani Trophy game ranks high in popularity and importance. It is one of the few domestic matches followed with keen interest by cricket lovers in the country. Leading players take part in the game, which has often been a sort of selection trial to pick the Indian team for foreign tours.

===Limited overs competitions===
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2023}}
*'''[[Deodhar Trophy]]''' – Started in 1973–74 by [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]], it is a one-day cricket competition in Indian domestic cricket. It was formerly contested by 5 zonal teams – North zone, South zone, East zone, West zone and Central zone. From 2015–16 to 2017–18, it was contested by the winners of the [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]], [[India A cricket team|India A]] and [[India B cricket team|India B]]. Starting in 2018–19 it has featured India A, India B and [[India C cricket team|India C]].
*'''[[NKP Salve Challenger Trophy]]''' – It was started as the Challenger series by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] in 1994–95 and later named as NKP Salve Challenger Trophy in 1998–99. This tournament featured 3 teams: India senior, India A and India B playing each other in a round robin format. They were later renamed India Blue, India Red and India Green respectively. The tournament featured the top 36 players from across [[India]]. It was last contested in 2013–14.
*'''[[Vijay Hazare Trophy]]''' – Named after the prolific Indian cricketer [[Vijay Hazare]], the Trophy was started in 2002–03 as an attempt to bring the limited-overs game among a greater audience. The competition involves the state (and other) teams from the Ranji Trophy battling in a 50-over format. Since its conception, Tamil Nadu and Mumbai have won the trophy the most times (5). It is also dubbed as the Premier Cup by BCCI.
*'''[[BCCI Corporate Trophy]]''' – BCCI have set up a 12 team inter-corporate tournament in 2009 that involves all top Indian cricketers. The tournament involves 50-over-a-side matches with the winner picking up Rs 1 crore and the runner up getting Rs 50 lakh. It was abolished after a few years.
*Vijay Merchant Trophy - Under 16 youth State wise tournament.

===Twenty20 competitions===

*'''[[Indian Premier League]]''' – In response to the rival [[Indian Cricket League|ICL]], the BCCI started the [[Twenty20]] competition known as the Indian Premier League (IPL), which is regarded as the brainchild of [[Lalit Modi]]. This League was launched by BCCI in 2007–08 and received widespread recognition from around the country. The players were selected via the auctions and drafted into the city-based franchises. The first IPL season was held from 18 April 2008 to 1 June 2008 where underdogs Rajasthan Royals, led by Shane Warne, won the first title at the DY Patil Stadium in Navi Mumbai<ref name="cricketnext1">{{cite web|url=http://cricketnext.in.com/foxhistory/t20_history.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100407104821/http://cricketnext.in.com/foxhistory/t20_history.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2010-04-07 |title=T20 History: History of T20 Cricket |publisher=Cricketnext.in.com |access-date=2012-06-16}}</ref> Based on regional loyalties, the eight-team tournament brings a unique and popular team and player auction system hand-picking some of the best international players in the world and teaming them with Indian players, both domestic and international, in one arena. The total prize money for the IPL was $3 million.<ref name="cricketnext1"/> The IPL is one of the most-attended cricket leagues in the world and ranks sixth among all sports leagues.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/slideshow/top-10-most-watched-sports-leagues-world|title=Top 10 most watched sports leagues in the world|date=2016-01-11|website=www.sportskeeda.com|language=en|access-date=2019-04-07}}</ref> The IPL has also Americanized cricket by adding [[Cheerleading|cheerleaders]] and creating a setting of non stop action similar to sporting events in the [[United States|USA]]. The IPL tournament consists of 10 different city based franchises.<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 19, 2022 |author=Shankar Raghuraman |title=IPL Playoffs 2022: KKR knocked out, who will join GT and LSG in the final four? - All playoffs possibilities in 6 points |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/ipl-2022-kkr-knocked-out-who-will-join-gt-in-the-final-four-all-playoffs-possibilities-in-6-points/articleshow/91653975.cms |access-date=2022-05-23 |newspaper=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
*'''[[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]]''' – After India became another member of the ICC Twenty20 and played its first international T20 against South Africa, the BCCI launched its own state structure in 2006–07 season, with 27 Ranji teams divided in 5 Zones. The final was played between Punjab and Tamil Nadu, which the latter won by 2 wickets with 2 balls remaining, thereby becoming the only ever winner of this series. In this series, [[Rohit Sharma]] also became the only ever Indian to register a T20 century for Mumbai against Gujarat. The competition was later replaced by the franchise-based IPL. Played for the first time in the 2008–09 season, this is the first of its kind zonal T20 championship and the third overall in the Indian cricket season, which would see Ranji teams divided along zonal lines into two groups with the tournament culminating in the All India T20 final between the winners of the two groups for the Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy. It was launched after the success of the IPL and the need of the BCCI to search for more talent in the growing regions of cricket.

In Twenty20, stronger crowd participation was seen than in other forms of the game. It has been greatly acknowledged by people and has made huge profits.

===Youth competitions===
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2023}}
*'''[[Vinoo Mankad Trophy]]''' – A trophy tournament for under-19, in memories of famous cricketer [[Vinoo Mankad]].
*'''Yagnik Trophy''' – A tournament for inter-college, under the university level student, named after Dr. Yagnik, Gandhian and famous figure in Saurashtra.
*'''[[Cooch Behar Trophy]]''' – An inter-state U-19 4-day matches tournament.

=== Women's domestic competitions ===
* '''[[Women's Senior One Day Trophy]]''' – Started in season 2006–07, it is the women's List-A cricket tournament. Railways women has been the most dominant team, winning 10 out of the 11 tournaments. It was played in round-robin format at zonal level and the top performing team then playing in the super league. The format was changed in season 2013–14, since then it is played in 2 tiers, with states being divided in 5 groups, 2 in elite group and 3 in plate group. Finalists in the plate group, at the end of season are promoted to the elite group and 2 bottom most performing teams in the elite group are relegated to the plate group.
* '''[[Women's Senior T20 Trophy]]''' – It is a [[Women's cricket|women's]] [[Twenty20]] competition. It is played between full members of BCCI. The inaugural tournament was held in the 2008–09 season. Since then it has taken place every year with 2015–16 being the 8th edition.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/IND.html|title = The Home of CricketArchive}}</ref>

=== List of domestic cricket leagues ===
{{Unsourced section|date=October 2023}}
[[File:Cricket being played on a Summer Morning in India.jpg|thumb|Cricket is the staple game in India for several people of all ages. Here, young boys are seen playing a friendly game.]]

* [[T20 Mumbai League]]
* [[Maharashtra Premier League]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.maharashtracricketassociation.com|website=Maharashtra cricket association}}</ref>
* [[Karnataka Premier League]]
* [[Tamil Nadu Premier League]]
* [[Saurashtra Premier League]]
* [[Odisha Premier League]]
* [[Rajwada Cricket League]]

====Defunct leagues====
* [[Indian Cricket League]]

== Facilities ==
{{Further information|List of cricket grounds in India}}
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2023}}
India has a plethora of international standards Cricket stadiums. The world's largest stadium, [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], is located in India. [[Eden Gardens]] of Kolkata, the 3rd largest cricket stadium in the world, is situated in [[West Bengal]]. The domestic cricket governing bodies such as the Mumbai Cricket Association and the Maharashtra Cricket Association control cricket related activities and sanctioned tournaments in their respective regions. Each of a domestic cricket board that administrator cricket in that state. Also, regions, cities and [[Union territory|Union Territories]] (UT) such as [[Vidarbha region|Vidharbha]], Saurashtra and (former [[Princely state]]) Vadodara, Hyderabad and UT [[Pondicherry]], [[Chandigarh]] respectively have cricket boards. The domestic boards are affiliated to BCCI, while district cricket boards in the country are affiliated to state boards. The country has lots of private cricket academies and clubs. The world's 3rd largest cricket [[Rajasthan Cricket Association stadium|arena]] being built in Jaipur.{{cn|date=May 2022}} [[MRF Pace Foundation]] provide facilities to fast ballers.

==In popular culture ==
Cricket is portrayed in Indian popular culture as an extremely important part of India's national identity.<ref name=":3" /> It is frequently associated with a strong sense of patriotism and nationalism.<ref name=":3" />

=== Films ===
Cricket has been portrayed many times in various [[Cinema of India|Indian films]]. One such popular film is ''[[83 (film)|83]]'', a film produced by Reliance Entertainment and directed by [[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]]. It stars actor [[Ranveer Singh]] as India national team captain [[Kapil Dev]], known as one of India's greatest bowlers in cricketing history. The film is of the historical genre of Indian films and covers the Indian national team's underdog victory in the [[1983 Cricket World Cup]]. ''[[83 (film)|83]]'' was received well by audiences and critics alike, scoring 80% on Rotten Tomatoes<ref>{{Cite web |title=83 - Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/83 |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref> and 7.5 on IMDb.<ref name=":03">{{Citation |title='83 (2021) - IMDb |url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt7518786/reviews |access-date=2023-05-13}}</ref> {{unreliable source|date=October 2023}} Many reviews appreciated the film's emphasis on national pride and dramatic storytelling of India's famous victory in 1983, although some criticized the film for unnecessarily over-dramatizing parts of the story.<ref name=":03" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Verma |first=Amit |last2=Sharma |first2=Abhishika |last3=Srivastava |first3=Amitabh |date=2023-01-02 |title=Making Indian cricket history: review of the film 83 (2021) |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/01296612.2022.2099637 |journal=Media Asia |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=141–144 |doi=10.1080/01296612.2022.2099637 |issn=0129-6612}}</ref>

=== Celebrities ===
Indian national cricket players are viewed as some of the highest-profile celebrities in India, especially [[Sachin Tendulkar]], who some attribute god-like status to.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Nalapat |first=Abilash |last2=Parker |first2=Andrew |date=December 2005 |title=Sport, Celebrity and Popular Culture: Sachin Tendulkar, Cricket and Indian Nationalisms |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1012690205065750 |journal=International Review for the Sociology of Sport |language=en |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=433–446 |doi=10.1177/1012690205065750 |issn=1012-6902}}</ref> Towards the end of his sporting career, Tendulkar began to pursue a political career, being sworn in as an MP to [[Rajya Sabha]], India's upper house of Parliament in 2012,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sachin Tendulkar sworn in as MP |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/413892/amp |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref> one year before retiring officially in 2013. While Tendulkar has not officially associated himself with any political party, various literature have claimed that he started to become a Hindu-centric role model after the turn of the 21st century during his cricketing career,<ref name=":13" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kavoori |first=Anandam |title=Cricket, Media and the Nation: An Autoethnographic Exploration of Three Mediated Moments in Indian Cricket |url=https://amityuniversity.ae/gmj-ae/journals/2021/1%20Anandam%20Kavoori.pdf |journal=Global Media Journal - Arabian Edition |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=1-14 |via=Amity University Dubai}}</ref> promoting similar messages as the BJP, India's political party that is associated strongly with Hindu nationalism.

==See also==

*Indian cricketers association, union of retired players
*[[Lists of cricket records|List of cricket records]]
*[[List of India national cricket captains]]
*[[List of India Test cricketers]]
*[[List of India ODI cricketers]]
*[[List of India Twenty20 International cricketers]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* ''[[A Corner of a Foreign Field]]'' by [[Ramachandra Guha]]
*{{cite book |last1=Majumdar |first1=Boria |author-link=Boria Majumdar |title=Eleven Gods and a Billion Indians: The On and Off the Field Story of Cricket in India and Beyond |date=2018 |publisher=Simon & Schuster India |location=Noida |isbn=9789386797186}}
* [https://theprobe.in/virat-kohli-walked-into-a-trap-laid-by-the-bcci-president/ "Has Virat Kohli walked into a trap laid by the BCCI president?"] ''The Probe'', 17 December 2021.

{{Navboxes
|list1 =
{{Cricket by country}}
{{Cricket in India}}
{{Sport in India}}}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cricket in India}}
[[Category:Cricket in India| ]]
[[Category:Sport in India]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian cricket records and statistics]]

PrepInsta Technologies

2023-10-04T18:28:01Z

Gopisainii: -- Draft creation using the BP:Article wizard --

{{Infobox company
| name = PrepInsta Technologies
| logo = [[File:PrepInsta.png|PrepInsta]]
| logo_upright = 
| logo_alt = PrepInsta Logo
| image =
| image_caption = PrepInsta Main HQ, [[Noida]]
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| industry = [[Educational technology|Ed-tech]]
| founded = 20th April, 2017; [[Bangalore]], India
| founder = 
Atulya Kaushik
Aashay Mishra
Manish Agarwal
| hq_location_city = [[Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| hq_location_country = [[India]]
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = Atulya Kaushik (CEO)
Manish Agarwal (CMO)
Aashay Mishra (COO)
| products = [https://prepinsta.com/ PrepInsta] &
[https://prepinstaprime.com/ PrepInsta Prime]
| owner = 
| num_employees = 400
| website = [https://prepinsta.com/ prepinsta.com]
}}

== PrepInsta Technologies ==
PrepInsta Technologies Pvt. Ltd<ref>{{Cite web |title=PrepInsta Forbes Profile Ed-Tech Startup of the year |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/prepinsta/ |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian [[Educational technology|Ed-tech]] startup company, headquartered in [[Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India, specifically catering to the [[engineering]] students.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-19 |title=Moneycontrol - Upskilling platforms witness spike in enrolment as IT firms delay onboarding |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/upskilling-platforms-witness-spike-in-enrolment-as-it-firms-delay-onboarding-10988841.html |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref> It was founded in 2017 by three students from [[Vellore Institute of Technology|VIT]] - Atulya Kaushik <ref>{{Cite web |title=मेरठ: फोर्ब्स-30 की सूची में मेरठ के उद्यमी अतुल्य कौशिक शामिल |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/meerut/story-meerut-meerut-39-s-entrepreneur-atulya-kaushik-included-in-forbes-30-list-7728050.html |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=Hindustan |language=hindi}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=99 रुपये से 200 करोड़ Online Business से बनाए🔥👆 {{!}} Atulya Kaushik {{!}} @PrepInsta {{!}} Josh Talks Hindi |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RkYjxJGDImc |access-date=2023-06-07 |language=en}}</ref>, Aashay Mishra <ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet Ashay Mishra, COO whose Rs 99 investment in firm has turned into Rs 200 crore behemoth |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-meet-ashay-mishra-coo-whose-rs-99-investment-in-firm-has-turned-into-rs-200-crore-behemoth-prepinsta-3037987 |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> and Manish Agarwal. In March 2023, PrepInsta's valuation stood at US$10 [[million]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Economic Times - PrepInsta elevates Vaibhav Jain as chief of staff- marketing & strategy - ET BrandEquity |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/the-people-report/prepinsta-elevates-vaibhav-jain-as-chief-of-staff-marketing-strategy/95225743 |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=ETBrandEquity.com |language=en}}</ref>

PrepInsta Technologies runs two vertical products; PrepInsta and PrepInsta Prime. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Forbes India- Aashay Mishra, Atulya Kaushik, Manish Agarwal: Upskilling Without The Hassle Of Costs |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/30-under-30-2023/aashay-mishra-atulya-kaushik-manish-agarwal-upskilling-without-the-hassle-of-costs/83059/1 |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Idea and Concept ===
PrepInsta was founded in 2017 which started from Bengaluru, Karnataka and later shifted its Headquarters to Noida, Uttar Pradesh. The idea was to close the emerging gap between the student world and the Indian [[Technology company|Tech Industry.]] Later Aashay Mishra, and Manish Agarwal joined the startup as COO and CMO respectively. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-15 |title=CNBC - Here’s how generative artificial intelligence can disrupt the edtech sector |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/technology/heres-how-generative-artificial-intelligence-can-disrupt-the-edtech-sector-16671841.htm |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=cnbctv18.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Vertical Expansion ===
By 2021, in the post [[COVID-19|Covid]] era PrepInsta launched its new vertical, PrepInsta Prime, labeled as an OTT platform for learning.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 18, 2022 |title=Edtech startup PrepInsta launches new OTT learning platform- PrepInsta Prime |url=https://www.apnnews.com/edtech-startup-prepinsta-launches-new-ott-learning-platform-prepinsta-prime/ |access-date= |website=APN News}}</ref> PrepInsta also partnered with [[Tata Consultancy Services|TCS]] for up-skilling, hiring and certifications in the same year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhushan |first=Kul |date=2023-04-04 |title=PrepInsta empowers tier 2, 3 college students for job-readiness |url=https://entrackr.com/2023/04/prepinsta-empowers-tier-2-3-college-students-for-job-readiness/ |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=Entrackr |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== B2B Ventures ===
Between 2020 - 2023, PrepInsta has joined hands with multiple companies, colleges <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-17 |title=PrepInsta Partners With Over 300 Colleges To Offer Its Sought After Placement And Upskilling Courses |url=https://startup.outlookindia.com/sector/ed-tech/prepinsta-partners-with-300-colleges-to-offer-its-sought-after-placement-and-upskilling-courses-news-8460 |access-date= |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref>and [[assessment]] platforms.

PrepInsta collaborated with TCS (Tata Consultancy Services), India to provide the TCS iON Rio Certifications along with their PrepInsta Prime Subscription.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-12-22 |title=The Hindu - Edtech platform PrepInsta records 18,716 placements in November 2022 |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/education/edtech-platform-prepinsta-records-18716-placements-in-november-2022/article66291870.ece |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

in 2023, PrepInsta initiated a Hackathon named PrepSAT<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=March 28, 2023 |title=Business World - 1.4 Lakh Candidates Register For PrepSAT Test |url=https://bweducation.businessworld.in/article/1-4-Lakh-Candidates-Register-For-PrepSAT-Test/28-03-2023-470818/ |website=BW Education}}</ref> in collaboration with WeCP (We Create Problems) which targeted to provide jobs and [[internship]] opportunities to more than 100,000 students who participated in the job-a-thon (PrepSAT).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Release |first=Press |title=PrepInsta along with WeCP announces PrepSAT, its first-ever Jobathon- hiring Hackathon |url=https://www.siliconindia.com/news/general/www.siliconindia.com/news/general/prepinsta-along-with-wecp-announces-prepsat-its-firstever-jobathon-hiring-hackathon-nid-221419-cid-1.html |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=siliconindia |language=en}}</ref>

PrepInsta also ventured into B2B during 2022 and 2023 with [[Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management|GITAM]] [[Visakhapatnam|Vishakhapatnam]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-08 |title=Financial Express PrepInsta partners with GITAM Visakhapatnam |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/education-2/prepinsta-partners-with-gitam-visakhapatnam-aims-to-prepare-next-gen-engineers/3078503/ |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>, KL University, SNS Coimbatore, VIT Vellore.

== Products and Services ==
PrepInsta has two vertical [[Website|websites]] - PrepInsta which is a free resources website and PrepInsta Prime launched as a paid OTT learning platform.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-06 |title=PrepInsta promotes Vibudh Upadhyay to head of growth strategy |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/jobs-career/education/prepinsta-promotes-vibudh-upadhyay-to-head-of-growth-strategy/3235012/ |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

=== PrepInsta ===
PrepInsta is a content heavy website<ref>{{Cite web |title=PrepInsta : Prepare for Placements Instantly |url=https://prepinsta.com/ |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=PREP INSTA |language=en}}</ref> that provides placement related articles in the form of [[Blog|blogs]]. The subject of the blogs cover topics such as Recruitment Process, Syllabus, Test Pattern, Assessment Analysis, Eligibility Criteria along with mocks and quizzes for practice which are company specific. PrepInsta also provides interview preparation resources which are universal to students of all fields.
[[File:PrepInsta 3.png|thumb|PrepInsta Prime Logo]]

=== PrepInsta Prime ===
PrepInsta Prime is a platform for learning and up-skilling in an OTT format. PrepInsta Prime was launched in 2021. PrepInsta Prime follows a [[Netflix]] or [[Amazon Prime]] like subscription model for the students. The subscription plan starts from 3 months and extends upto 48 months. PrepInsta Prime provides multiple courses in the tech field to help students get placed in [[Product (business)|Product based]] and [[Service (business)|Service based Companies]]

=== Optimus ===
Optimus by PrepInsta Prime is an assessment tool and a student performance dashboard that the company has launched to provide mock assessments and student performance index specifically for the partnered colleges.

== Controversy ==
In 2022, PrepInsta's website was down and subsequently hacked. While the company denied any leak of confidential user data, there was a turmoil on social media surrounding the issue.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Is Prepinsta royal pass worth buying for placement preparation? |url=https://www.quora.com/Is-Prepinsta-royal-pass-worth-buying-for-placement-preparation/answer/Mudita-Saha |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=Quora |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Computer programming]]
[[Category:Indian educational websites]]

Chandrasekhar–Eddington dispute

2023-10-02T20:45:11Z

Gopisainii: List of physics conferences: creating list article

{{Short description|History article about the disagreements between Arthur Eddington and S. Chandraskhar}}
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Arthur Stanley Eddington.jpg
| image2 = Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (cropped).gif
| direction = horizontal
| total_width = 350
| caption1 = [[Arthur Eddington]] (1882–1944)
| caption2 = [[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]] (1910–1995)
}}

In the '''Chandrasekhar–Eddington dispute''' of the early 20th century, English astronomer [[Arthur Eddington]] and the Indian astronomer [[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]] disagreed over the correct theory to describe the final stages of a [[star]]'s lifecycle. During the dispute, Chandrasekhar was at the beginning of his career and Eddington was a renowned physicist of the time. Chandrasekhar had proposed a limit, now known as [[Chandrasekhar limit]], indicating a maximum limit for the mass of a star. In a series of conferences and encounters Eddington advocated for an alternative theory and openly criticized and made fun of Chandrasekhar's models.

Chandrasekhar's theories ended up being successful in astronomy; he would receive the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] in 1983, for his stellar models. Chandrasekhar's limit became a supporting theoretical evidence for the existence of [[Black hole|black holes]].

== Background ==
{{See also|Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar|Arthur Eddington}}
Arthur Eddington became a very famous and established scientist for the 1919 [[Eddington experiment]], in which he demonstrated [[Albert Einstein]]'s [[general relativity]] by measuring the deviation of light by the sun during an eclipse in [[Príncipe]] island in Africa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Miller |first=Arthur I. |date=2017-10-19 |title=S Chandrasekhar: the student who took on the world's top astrophysicist |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2005/mar/31/research.highereducation |access-date=2023-09-22 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

In the early 1920s, three candidates for [[White dwarf|white dwarfs]] were known.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Wali |first=Kameshwar C. |date=1982-10-01 |title=Chandrasekhar vs. Eddington—an unanticipated confrontation |url=https://pubs.aip.org/physicstoday/article/35/10/33/433732/Chandrasekhar-vs-Eddington-an-unanticipated |journal=Physics Today |language=en |volume=35 |issue=10 |pages=33–40 |doi=10.1063/1.2914790 |bibcode=1982PhT....35j..33W |issn=0031-9228}}</ref> These stars were suggested to appear at the end of the star life cycle when the stars collapse under their own weight. The remaining material forms a star in a very dense state.<ref name=":3" /> One of the three white dwarfs, Sirius B, a companion to [[Sirius]], was discovered by [[Walter Sydney Adams]] after a suggestion by Arthur Eddington to use the [[relativistic Doppler effect]] as predicted by [[special relativity]].<ref name=":3" /> In 1926, Eddington pointed out a problem with the models at the time which considered such dense matter as the lowest energy state. Eddington suggested that it could not be the case as stars radiate and cool down.<ref name=":3" /> [[Ralph H. Fowler]] solved this issue by considering that the white dwarf is held for collapsing further due to [[electron degeneracy pressure]].<ref name=":3" />

In 1929, by suggestion [[James Jeans]] stellar models, [[Edmund Clifton Stoner]] working in collaboration with [[Wilhelm Anderson]], investigated the mass limits of [[White dwarf|white dwarfs]], modelling them as homogenous spherical stars governed by quantum [[Fermi–Dirac statistics]].<ref name=":0" />

Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar had recently graduated from [[Presidency College, Madras]], India, and was accepted for as scholarship at [[University of Cambridge]]. During his boat trip to England, without knowing of Stoner and Anderson's work, worked a more sophisticated stellar model based on [[Ralph H. Fowler]] work, in which he also noticed that due to relativistic constraints a white dwarf could not surpass a certain mass. He published his model in 1930.<ref name=":0" />

During Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar studies at Cambridge, Fowler, Eddington and [[Edward Arthur Milne]], remained skeptical of Chandrasekhar's limit because the theory did not explain what happened after a star goes beyond the limit.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /> However Milne and Eddington, which became the examiners of Chandrasekhar's 1933 PhD thesis, appreciated Chandrasekhar's work on white dwarfs because it could help solve some discrepancies between the two. Chandrasekhar's model supported Eddington's idea that a star over the critical mass would act as a perfect gas, however according to Chandrasekhar not all stars became white dwarfs in direct conflict with Eddington's theories.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /> Soon after, the same year, Chandrasekhar was elected fellow of the [[Royal Astronomical Society]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" />

After leaving Cambridge, Chandrasekhar resumed his work on the mass limit of stars in 1934, in Russia, working with [[Viktor Ambartsumian]] and [[Lev Landau]].<ref name=":0" />

== Diputes ==
In 1935, Chandrasekhar was in close contact with Eddington, who was aware of his recent works. In preparation for a meeting of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1935, Chandrasekhar noticed that Eddington had booked a talk right after him but was unaware of its contents and Eddington did not disclose it during their conversations.<ref name=":3" /> During the meeting, Chandrasekhar presented a full solution to his stellar equation. Eddington followed up with a presentation on similar topic, titled "Relativistic Degeneracy''"'' in which he directly criticized Chandrasekhar's theory for what he considered lacked physical meaning.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /> Eddington critics focus on the upper limit for a white dwarf's mass and disapproved of Chandrasekhar use of relativity in along with non-relativistic quantum theory.<ref name=":3" /> Milne was supportive of Eddington's arguments.<ref name=":3" /> Chandrasekhar left the conference depressed.<ref name=":3" />

Later the same year, during the general assembly of the [[International Astronomical Union]] in Paris, Eddington continued his critics against Chandrasekhar's theory. Chandrasekhar would later comment in an interview that Eddington made fun of his theory during the conference. Chandrasekhar appealed to [[Henry Norris Russell]], the president of the assembly, but he convinced Chandrasekhar to not reply to Eddington's remarks.<ref name=":0" /> At the end of the meeting Eddington went to say "I am sorry if I hurt you" to Chandrasekhar.<ref name=":2" />

Chandrasekhar decided to write about the controversy to [[Léon Rosenfeld]] who was working with [[Niels Bohr]]. Bohr and Rosenfeld responded that they were "absolutely unable to see any meaning in Eddington's statements." Bohr, Rosenfeld and [[Wolfgang Pauli]] (by suggestion of the other two) received Chandrasekhar's paper but said that they were too busy to deal with the controversy, yet approved Chandrasekhar's methodology.<ref name=":3" />

Chandrasekhar wrote a couple of papers in collaboration with [[Christian Møller]], to refute and point out contradictions in Eddington's theory.<ref name=":0" />

In 1936, [[Rudolf Peierls]] published a paper that proved a relation between pressure and volume of a relativistic gas that was against Eddington's theory. The same year, during a meeting at [[Harvard University]], Eddington qualified Chandrasekhar's theory of "stellar buffoonery".<ref name=":0" />

In 1937, Chandrasekhar met again with Eddington in the England on his way to the International Astrophysical Colloquium in Paris. Eddington, Chandrasekhar, [[Paul Dirac]] and [[Maurice Pryce]] met. Their discussion ended when Eddington left after a dispute. Chandrasekhar recorded in his version of the event:<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Miller |first=Arthur I. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MoAU1Ut1QnQC |title=Empire of the Stars: Obsession, Friendship, and Betrayal in the Quest for Black Holes |date=2005 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=978-0-618-34151-1 |language=en}}</ref>

{{Quote|text=Pryce expressed surprise at seeing me and asked me whether I would join them in discussion with Eddington after Hall on the matter of relativistic degeneracy. After Hall, we adjourned to Pryce's room in Neville's Court. The discussion began with Pryce trying to tell Eddington his version of Eddington's arguments against relativistic degeneracy, so that Eddington could be satisfied that he, Pryce, understood Eddington's arguments. After Pryce had completed his narration, Eddington remarked that Pryce's account was entirely fair and accurate, and asked, "What was the argument about?" Pryce turned to Dirac and asked him, "Did you agree with any of the things I have said?" Dirac said, "No." Pryce added, "I do not either." Eddington became very angry - in fact, it was the only occasion when I saw him really angry. He got up from his chair, walked back and forth, and said, "This matter is not for joking!" He went on finding fault with Pryce's argument even though he had agreed with it a moment earlier and, for the next hour of so, it was Eddington's monologue. Next day, after Hall, Eddington came up to me and said that he was very disappointed that Dirac did not seem to understand the implications of his own relativity theory of the electron. I did not assent or dissent with Eddington's remark but asked instead, "How much of you fundament theory depends on your ideas on relativistic degeneracy?" He replied, "Why, all of it!". Since I did not react to that remark, he asked me why I had asked the question. My response was, "I am only sorry" - not a polite remark to have made but by that time I was really enraged with Eddington's supreme confidence in himself and his own ideas.}}

In 1939, Chandrasekhar finished his theory of white dwarfs which was quickly praised by [[Bengt Strömgren]] and [[Paul Ledoux]]. The latter said in his introductory book of astronomy that Chandrasekhar's theory deserved to be compared to the works of Eddington, Jeans and [[Svein Rosseland]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last1=Mena and |first1=J. G. |last2=Peres |first2=T. S. C. |date=2018 |title=Chandrasekhar-Eddington dispute |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/Chandrasekhar_Eddington/ |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=Maths History |language=en}}</ref> In a conference in Paris in the same year, was the first time that Chandrasekhar openly said that Eddington theory was wrong.<ref name=":3" />

Peierls, Dirac and Pryce in a paper in 1941 pointed out Eddington's misunderstandings of the theory of relativity in conjunction to quantum theory.<ref name=":0" />

Eddington died in 1944 and never retracted on his attacks to Chandrasekhar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Radio 4 - Test Tubes and Tantrums, Arthur Stanley Eddington and Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00ksc3v |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref> Nevertheless, Chandrasekhar maintained correspondency with Eddington at the end of his life and held admiration for him. In an obituary speech for Eddington, Chandrasekhar ranked Eddington next to [[Karl Schwarzschild]], as the greatest astronomer of our time.<ref name=":3" />

The discovery of [[Cygnus X-1]] in 1972, the first detection of a black hole, demonstrating that a star beyond Chandrasekhar limit collapsed into something different than a white dwarf.<ref name=":2" />

In 1983, Chandrasekhar received the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]], alongside [[William Alfred Fowler]], for their "theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars."<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1983 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1983/chandrasekhar/facts/ |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=NobelPrize.org |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> For the Nobel biography, Chandrasekhar listed Eddington as his friend.<ref name=":1" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}{{History of physics}}

[[Category:Scientific rivalry]]
[[Category:Scientific debates]]
[[Category:History of physics]]

Monima Chadha

2023-09-28T01:26:18Z

Gopisainii: Created page with '{{short description|Indian philosopher}} {{Infobox philosopher |region = Western philosophy |era= 21st-century philosophy |color = |image = |name = Monima Chadha |birth_date = |birth_place = |death_date = |death_place = |school_tradition = | institutions = Monash University |main_interests = Indian philosophy | thesis_title = | thesis_url= | thesis_year = | doctoral_advisor = |academic_advisors=...'

{{short description|Indian philosopher}}
{{Infobox philosopher
|region = [[Western philosophy]], [[Indian philosophy]]
|era= [[Contemporary philosophy|21st-century philosophy]]
|color =
|image =
|name = Monima Chadha
|birth_date =
|birth_place =
|death_date =
|death_place =
|school_tradition =
| institutions = [[Monash University]]
|main_interests = [[Buddhist philosophy]], [[philosophy of mind]]
| thesis_title =
| thesis_url=
| thesis_year =
| doctoral_advisor =
|academic_advisors=
| doctoral_students =
|notable_ideas=
|parents =
| spouse=
| education = [[Monash University]] (PhD), [[University of Delhi]] (BA, MA)
| alma_mater=
|influences =
|influenced =
|awards = Annette Baier Prize
|website =
}}
'''Monima Chadha''' is an Indian philosopher and Professor of Philosophy at [[Monash University]]. She is also Visiting Karp Fellow at the Sage School of Philosophy, [[Cornell University]].<ref>{{cite web |date=18 May 2022 |title=Dr. Monima Chadha ~ Inaugural Karp Fellow |url=https://philosophy.cornell.edu/news/dr-monima-chadha-inaugural-karp-fellow |access-date=27 September 2023 |website=Sage School of Philosophy |publisher=[[Cornell University]] |language=en}}</ref> Chadha is known for her works on [[philosophy of mind]] and [[Indian philosophy]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Monima Chadha |url=https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/people/monima-chadha |access-date=27 September 2023 |website=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PWNP - Monima Chadha (Monash) |url=https://philosophy.princeton.edu/events/pwnp-monima-chadha-monash |access-date=27 September 2023 |website=Department of Philosophy |publisher=[[Princeton University]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Global Philosophy Research Interest Group Talk (Monima Chadha, Monash) |url=https://philosophy.utoronto.ca/event/global-philosophy-research-interest-group-monima-chadha-monash/ |access-date=27 September 2023 |website=Department of Philosophy |publisher=[[University of Toronto]]}}</ref> She won the Annette Baier Prize for her paper on [[Buddhist Abhidharma]] theory of experience.<ref>{{cite web |title=Annette Baier Prize |url=https://aap.org.au/Annette-Baier-Prize |access-date=27 September 2023 |website=Australasian Association of Philosophy}}</ref>

==Books==
* ''Science and Tradition'', Indian Institute of Advanced Studies, 2000
* ''Selfless Minds: A Contemporary Perspective on Vasubandhu’s Metaphysics'', Oxford University Press, 2023<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Garfield |first1=Jay L. |date=3 September 2023 |title=Review of Selfless Minds: A Contemporary Perspective on Vasubandhu’s Metaphysics |url=https://ndpr.nd.edu/reviews/selfless-minds-a-contemporary-perspective-on-vasubandhus-metaphysics/ |journal=NDPR |language=en |issn=1538-1617}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web |title=Monima Chadha |url=https://research.monash.edu/en/persons/monima-chadha |website=Monash University}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chadha, Monima}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Indian women philosophers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Monash University]]
[[Category:Philosophers of mind]]
[[Category:Monash University alumni]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Scholars of Buddhism]]

{{India-philosopher-stub}}

Palpimanus godawan

2023-09-10T19:30:11Z

Gopisainii: Added a new contribution to the website.

{{Short description|Species of spider}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| taxon = Palpimanus godawan
| authority = Tripathi & Sankaran, 2023
}}

'''''Palpimanus godawan''''' is a spider species of the family [[Palpimanidae]] that is endemic to [[India]]. It was first discovered in 2023 by Tripathi et al.<ref>Tripathi, R., Sankaran, P. M., Kuni, N., & Sudhikumar, A. V. (2023). New species of Palpimanus Dufour, 1820 from India (Araneae: Palpimanidae, Palpimaninae), with a catalogue of the Indian palpimanid fauna. European Journal of Taxonomy, 891(1), 26-50. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2023.891.2265</ref> The specific epithet ‘Godawan’ is the vernacular name of the [[Great Indian bustard|Great Indian Bustard]] (''Ardeotis nigriceps'') which is state bird [[Rajasthan]], an Indian State. It is reported from Rajashthan only and also found under rocks or occasionally under cattle dung.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PFLUGHOEFT |first=ASPEN |title=‘Shy’ eight-eyed creature found hiding under cow poop. It’s a hairy new species |url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/article279108869.html |access-date=10 September 2023 |website=Miami Herald}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Palpimanidae]]
[[Category:Spiders described in 2023]]
{{Araneomorphae-stub}}

Jyoti Chhatri

2023-09-10T09:08:31Z

Gopisainii: Added a new addition to the platform.

{{Short description|Indian women hockey player}}

'''Jyoti Chhatri''' (born 8 March 2003)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jyoti Chhatri Profile |url=https://www.hockeyindia.org/players/jyoti-chhatri-profile-3702 |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=Hockey India |language=en}}</ref> is an [[Indian people|Indian]] field hockey player and member of [[India women's national field hockey team|Indian women's hockey team]]. She hails from [[Panposh]] in Odisha. She is a product of [[Odisha Naval Tata Hockey High Performance Centre]]. She plays as a midfielder. She is selected in the Senior Indian squad for the 2023 Asian Games.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Razzaqui |first=Samreen |title=Hockey: Jyoti Chhatri’s quiet, confident approach to reaching new heights |url=https://scroll.in/field/1052627/hockey-jyoti-chhatris-quiet-confident-approach-to-reaching-new-heights |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Born to Bhim Singh Chhatri and Suman Singh Chhatri,<ref name=":0" /> Jyoti has two elder brothers, Santosh Kumar and Suraj Kumar. She did her matriculation at the [[Birsa Munda Vidhyapitha]], Panposh, Rourkela and completed her Class 12 at the Hrushikesh Ray Mahavidyalaya, Rourkela. His brother Suraj Singh Chhatri, who was a National-level goalkeeper, initiated her into hockey in 2014<ref>{{Cite web |last=News |first=ANI |title=Getting picked for Senior Women's National Camp is an incredible opportunity: Jyoti Chhatri |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/hockey/getting-picked-for-senior-womens-national-camp-is-an-incredible-opportunity-jyoti-chhatri20230414141231/?amp=1 |url-status=live |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=www.aninews.in}}</ref> and the same year she joined the Sports Hostel Panposh. His father works as a mason. He moved the family from Darjeeling to Odisha in 2013 and the family struggled to meet both ends meet. She joined the Panposh hostel where the food and accommodation are free and she can also train.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Undaunted by adversities Jyoti Chhatri is 'fulfilling papa's dream' on the hockey field |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/undaunted-by-adversities-jyoti-chhatri-is-fulfilling-papas-dream-on-the-hockey-field/articleshow/101690385.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-07 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Hockey career ==

* In 2014, Jyoti began playing hockey and joined Panposh Sports Hostel in Rourkela.
* Her first coaches at the hostel were Florencia Ekka and Amulyananda Bihari.
* In 2016, she won a gold medal with the Odisha team in the National School Games and followed it with another silver medal in the next edition in December.
* In the same year, they also secured a silver medal in a different national tournament.
* Jyoti participated in the 6th Sub-Junior Women National Hockey Championship in Rohtak in 2016.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Orisports.com |url=https://www.orisports.com/PersonDetails.aspx?pId=MTkzMA==#google_vignette |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=www.orisports.com}}</ref>
* In 2017, she played for Hockey Gangpur-Odisha team at the 7th Sub-Junior Women National Hockey Championship.<ref name=":1" />
* Jyoti captained the Hockey Gangpur-Odisha team that won bronze in the 8th Sub-Junior Women National Hockey Championship in 2018.<ref name=":1" />
* She also won bronze in the 8th Hockey India Junior Women National Championship in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Release |first=Press |title=Jharkhand crowned champions of 8th Hockey India Junior Women National Championship 2018 |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/hockey/jharkhand-crowned-champions-of-8th-hockey-india-junior-women-national-championship-2018 |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=www.sportskeeda.com |language=en-us}}</ref>
* Jyoti made her senior India debut in April 2019 during the Malaysia Tour.
* She captained the U-17 Odisha hockey team to a bronze medal at the Khelo India Youth Games in January 2020.
* In 2021, she joined<ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |title=Getting picked for Senior Women's National Camp is an incredible opportunity: Jyoti Chhatri |url=https://theprint.in/sport/getting-picked-for-senior-womens-national-camp-is-an-incredible-opportunity-jyoti-chhatri/1518186/ |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> and led the Odisha Naval Tata Hockey High Performance Centre to a bronze medal at the Hockey India Junior Women Academy National Championship.
* Jyoti captained the Hockey Association of Odisha team to bronze at the 12th Hockey India Junior Women National Championship in 2022.
* She made her Junior India debut in June 2022, winning silver in the Uniphar U-23 Five-Nations Tournament in Dublin, Ireland.
* In April 2023, Jyoti was included in the Senior India camp at SAI, Bengaluru.<ref>{{Cite web |title=5 from Odisha named in 33-member Indian Women's Hockey core group ahead of Asian Games |url=https://argusenglish.in/article/odisha/5-from-odisha-named-in-33member-indian-womens-hockey-core-group-ahead-of-asian-games |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=Argus News |language=en}}</ref>
* In 2023, Jyoti earned her first Senior India cap against Germany<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rourkela girl Jyoti Chhatri aims to make her mark in senior women's hockey side |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/rourkela-girl-jyoti-chhatri-aims-to-make-her-mark-in-senior-womens-hockey-side/articleshow/101553115.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-07 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and played matches against Germany and China during the tour.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Preview: India (W) gear up for crucial European tour ahead of Asian Games |url=https://www.espn.in/field-hockey/story/_/id/38013667/india-women-hockey-team-european-tour-ahead-asian-games-preview |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=ESPN |language=en}}</ref>
* She was part of the gold medal-winning Indian team at the Women Junior Asia Cup Hockey Tournament in Japan in June 2023.
* In February 2023, she was also part<ref>{{Cite news |last=ANI |title=Hockey India announces 18-member Indian junior women’s team for Women’s Junior Asia Cup 2023 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/hockey/hockey-india-announces-18-member-indian-junior-womens-team-for-womens-junior-asia-cup-2023/article66834220.ece |access-date=2023-09-07 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> of the Indian Junior team's successful tour of South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |title=Hockey India names junior women's team for South Africa tour |url=https://www.dtnext.in/sports/2023/01/31/hockey-india-names-junior-womens-team-for-south-africa-tour |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref>
* On August 12, she was selected for he final Asian Games camp.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Release |first=Press |title=Hockey India announces 34-member women's team core group for Asian Games |url=https://thebridge.in/hockey/hockey-india-announce-34-member-women-team-core-group-asian-games-43392 |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chhatri, Jyoti}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2003 births]]
[[Category:Indian field hockey players]]
[[Category:Indian female field hockey players]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Odisha]]

Thorat Koli

2023-07-12T17:34:37Z

Gopisainii: Created an inspiring work.

{{Short description|Clan of Koli caste}}

{{Orphan}}
The '''Thorat'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Verma |first=Balraj |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=53owAQAAIAAJ |title=The Beautiful India - Daman & Diu |publisher=Reference Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-81-8405-022-6 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=10: This prince lost his patrimony in [[Udaipur]] during a [[Muslim]] conquest and moved to the southern direction and , in the process , defeated the [[Koli]] Chief Natort of the Thorat clan of Kolis ) ; in doing so , he conquered a hilly area at ... |language=en}}</ref> ([[Marathi language|Marathi]]: थोरात कोली) is a [[List of Koli states and clans|clan]] ([[Gotra]]) of [[Koli people|Koli]] caste found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]] and [[Union territory]] of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhatt |first=S. C. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=3IWXh-6zDe8C&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA48&dq=Thorat+Koli&hl=en&redir_esc=y |title=Land and people of Indian states and union territories : (in 36 volumes) |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |year=2005 |isbn=978-81-7835-356-2 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=48 |language=en}}</ref>

{{Infobox tribe|name=Thorat Koli|local name=थोरात कोळी|type=[[Gotra]] of the [[Koli people|Koli]] caste|ethnicity=[[Koli people]]|location=*[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
*[[Maharashtra]]
*[[Goa]]|varna=Warrior|parent_tribe=Mahadev Kolis|demonym=[[Koli people|Koli]]|language=*[[Koli language|Koli]]
*[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
*[[Hindi]]
*[[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|surnames=*[[Deshmukh]]
*[[Patil (title)|Patil]]
*[[Nayak (title)|Nayak]]
*[[Bandkari]]}}

The Thorat Kolis ruled over [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] till 1262.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gajrani |first=S. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=33LiAAAAMAAJ |title=History, Religion and Culture of India |publisher=Isha Books |year=2004 |isbn=978-81-8205-062-4 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=33 |language=en}}</ref> but in 1262, Koli king Nag Thorat was defeated by Ramsing who was a [[Rajput]] from [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lele |first=Purushottam Shripad |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=L0MeAAAAMAAJ |title=Dadra and Nagar Haveli: Past and Present |publisher=Usha P. Lele |year=1987 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=4 |language=en}}</ref> later, Thorat Kolis lived by plundering.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=_wB_aqQ5ZrAC |title=History and Administration of Dharampur State (Prant Ramnagar): From 1262 to 1937 |publisher=President, State Council |year=1939 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=9 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Koli people]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Thorat}}
[[Category:Koli clans]]

Gurmukhi script

2023-04-23T04:21:33Z

Gopisainii: Contributed a new addition to the platform.

#REDIRECT [[Gurmukhi]]

{{R from move}}

Medieval Cholas

2023-04-14T14:31:58Z

Gopisainii:

{{Short description|Medieval Indian Empire (848 CE–1070 CE)}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Medieval Cholas
| common_name = Medieval Cholas
| era = Middle Ages
| status =
| event_start =
| year_start = 848 CE
| date_start =
| event1 = Empire at its greatest extent
| date_event1 = 1030 CE
| event_end =
| year_end = 1070 CE
| date_end =
| image_map = Chola Dynastry (1).png
| image_map_caption = Map showing the extent of the Chola empire
| capital = [[Pazhaiyaarai]], [[Thanjavur]], [[Gangaikonda Cholapuram]]
| official_languages = [[Middle Tamil]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]
| leader1 = [[Vijayalaya Chola]] (first)
| year_leader1 = 848–871
| leader2 = [[Athirajendra Chola]] (last)
| year_leader2 = 1067–1070
| title_leader = [[King]]
| legislature =
| image_coat = Chola Kings. Rajaraja I. 985-1014 CE Uncertain Tamilnadu mint (AV). Chola, conqueror of the Gangas in Tamil, seated tiger with two fish.jpg
| coa_size = 300px
| symbol_type = Coinage of Chola King [[Rajaraja I]] (985–1014 CE). Uncertain Tamilnadu mint. Legend "Chola, conqueror of the Gangas" in Tamil, seated tiger with two fish.
}}

'''Medieval Cholas''' or '''Imperial Cholas'''<ref name="sastri5">[[K. A. Nilakanta Sastri]], ''A History of South India'', p 157</ref> are part of [[Chola dynasty]] that rose to prominence during the middle of the 9th century CE in Southern India and established one of the [[Thalassocracy|greatest maritime empire]]s of the world.<ref name="sastri158">[[K. A. Nilakanta Sastri]], ''A History of South India'', p. 158</ref> They successfully united South India under their rule and through their [[Chola Navy|naval strength]] extended their influence in [[Southeast Asia]], [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Maldives]]. They had trade contacts with the Arabs in the west and with the Chinese in the east.

Rulers of Medieval Cholas and [[Chalukyas]] were continuously in conflict over the control of [[Vengi]] and the conflict eventually exhausted both the empires and led to their decline. The Chola dynasty merged into the Eastern Chalukyan dynasty of Vengi through decades of alliances and later united under the [[Later Cholas]].<ref name=sastri195>[[K. A. Nilakanta Sastri]], ''A History of South India'', p. 195–196</ref>

==Early history==
[[Vijayalaya Chola]] was probably a [[Pallavas|Pallava]] vassal. Vijayalaya captured [[Thanjavur]] in 848, making use of the opportunity during a war between [[Pandyas]] and [[Pallavas]]. The Cholas under [[Aditya I]] captured the Pallavas in the north (c. 869) and subdued the Pandayas and Cheras in the south (c. 903). [[Parantaka I]] drove the Pandayas out of their territories and captured [[Sri Lanka]] in 910. [[Rashtrakutas]] and [[Gangas]] in the north posed the biggest threat to the nascent Chola Empire and the Chola prince [[Rajaditya]] was killed in the battle of Thakkolam in 949. Parantaka had a long reign, and when he died in 950 his second son [[Gandaraditya]] became king. The Chola throne went to Gandaraditya's younger brother [[Arinjaya]] briefly before Arinjaya's son [[Parantaka Chola II|Sundara Chola]] took the reins of the kingdom overlooking the claims of [[Uttama Chola]], son of Gandaraditya.

The Chola power recovered during Sundara Chola's reign. The Chola army under the command of the crown prince [[Aaditha Karikala]] defeated the [[Pandyas]] and invaded up to Tondaimandalam in the north. Aaditha Karikala was assassinated in a political plot suspected to be enacted by [[Uttama Chola]]. Uttama forced{{Citation needed|reason=This sentence suggests finality and needs to be supported by primary sources. According to the page on Uttama Chola this is not the case. Only the complicity in the assassination of Karikala is presumed which itself is contested by other historians.}} Sundara Chola to declare him as heir apparent and took over the reins in 970.

==Golden Era==
[[Raja Raja Chola|Raja Raja]], the son of Sundara Chola, succeeded Uttama in 985. During the reign of Raja Raja and his son [[Rajendra Chola]], the Chola influence spread across [[South East Asia]]. Rajaraja consolidated the Chola defences in the north by eliminating the last remnants of the [[Rashtrakutas]]. The Rashtrakutas were replaced by the [[Chalukyas]], who were in constant conflict with the Cholas. Rajaraja soon extended his kingdom overseas to Lanka and the Chola army occupied northern portion of the island in 993. Rajaraja also invaded Vengi to restore the throne to his nephew Saktivarman. Rajendra Chola extended the empire by completing the conquest of [[Sri Lanka]] in 1018.

Rajendra marched up to the river [[Ganges]] in 1019, defeating the [[Pala Empire|Pala]] king [[Mahipala]]. Rajendra also fought the Western Chalukyas in 1021 and invaded Vengi to sustain the Chola influence in 1031. The Chola navy attacked and conquered the kingdom of [[Srivijaya]] to secure Chola strategic interests. There was no permanent territorial gain and the kingdom was returned to the Srivijaya king for recognition of Chola superiority and the payment of periodic tributes.

===Chola Chalukya Wars===
The history of Cholas from the period of Rajaraja was tinged with a series of conflicts with the [[Western Chalukyas]]. The Old Chalukya dynasty had split into two sibling dynasties of the Western and [[Eastern Chalukyas]]. Rajaraja's daughter Kundavai was married to the Eastern Chalukya prince Vimaladitya, who ruled from Vengi. Western Chalukyas felt that the Vengi kingdom was under their natural sphere of influence. Cholas inflicted several defeats on the Western Chalukyas. For the most part, the frontier remained at the Tungabhadra River for both kingdoms and resulted in the death of king [[Rajadhiraja Chola]].

==Decline and fall==
Rajendra's reign was followed by three of his sons in succession: [[Rajadhiraja Chola I]], [[Rajendra Chola II]] and [[Virarajendra Chola]]. After Rajadhiraja died in 1054, Rajendra Chola II crowned himself on the battlefield. Later, Virarajendra succeeded in 1063 and managed to split the Western Chalukya kingdom by convincing Vikramaditya IV to an alliance. When Virarajendra died, Vikramaditya VI tried to prevent [[Kulothunga Chola I|Rajendra Chalukya]], an Eastern Chalukyan prince of Chola descent, from ascending the throne of Vengi. According to the [[Kalingathuparani]] when the king, that is Virarajendra died, the empire was thrown into a disarray and chaos prevailed until Anabhaya ([[Kulottunga I]]) returned home from his northern campaign and restored order. Thus began the period of [[Later Cholas]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Madras Government Oriental Series, Issue 157|author=Government Oriental Manuscripts Library (Tamil Nadu, India)|page=729}}</ref>

==Society and culture==
The medieval Cholas under Rajaraja and his successors developed a highly organized administrative structure with central control and autonomous village assemblies. The system of government was a hereditary monarchy and the coronation of the king was an impressive ceremony. The royal household had numerous servants of varied descriptions. For the purpose of administration the empire was divided into convenient areas such as ''valanadu'', ''mandalam'', ''nadu'', etc. Land revenue was the mainstay of public finance and great care was undertaken to recording land rights and revenue dues. Justice was administered by regularly constituted royal courts in addition to village courts. Crimes of the state, such as treason, were dealt with by the king himself. The most striking feature of the Chola period was the unusual vigour and efficiency of the autonomous rural institutions.

This period of the Chola rule saw the maturity of the Tamil Temple architecture. Rajaraja built the great [[Brihadisvara Temple]] in Thanjavur. His son Rajendra imitated this effort by building the temple at his new capital [[Gangaikonda Cholapuram]]. This age also saw the Hindu religious revival in both [[Shaivism|Saiva]] and [[Vaishnava]] traditions. The Saiva and Vishnava canons were collected and categorized during this period.

{{chart top|Medieval Cholas}}
{{chart/start|align=center}}
{{chart|||||king||||king=[[Vijayalaya Chola|Vijayalaya]] 848-881 }}
{{chart||||||!}}
{{chart|||||king||||king=[[Aditya I]] 871-907 }}
{{chart||||||!}}
{{chart|||||king||||king=[[Parantaka I]] 907-954 }}
{{chart||,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.}}
{{chart|king1||king2||king3|king1=[[Rajaditya]]|king2=[[Gandaraditya]] 950-957|king3=[[Arinjaya]] 956-957}}
{{chart||||||!||||!}}
{{chart|||||king1||king2|king1=[[Uththama Chola|Uththama]] 971-987|king2=[[Parantaka Chola II|Parantaka II]] 957-970}}
{{chart|||||||,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.}}
{{chart||||||king1||king2||queen1|king1=[[Aditya II]]|king2=[[Raja Raja Chola|Raja Raja I]] 985-1014|queen1=[[Kundavai Pirāttiyār|Kundavai]]}}
{{chart|||||||||||!}}
{{chart||||||||||king|||king=[[Rajendra Chola I|Rajendra I]] 1012-1044}}
{{chart|||||||,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.}}
{{chart||||||king1||king2||king3|king1=[[Rajadhiraja Chola I|Rajadhiraja I]] 1018-1054|king2=[[Rajendra Chola II|Rajendra II]] 1051-1063|king3=[[Virarajendra Chola|Virarajendra]] 1063-1070}}
{{chart|||||||||||||||!}}
{{chart||||||||||||||king|||king=[[Athirajendra Chola|Athirajendra]] 1067-1070}}
{{chart/end}}
{{chart bottom}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
* Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1955). ''A History of South India'', OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002).

{{s-start|noclear=y}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Chola dynasty|Chola empire]]: Medieval Cholas
| years =
| before = [[Early Cholas]]
| after = [[Later Cholas]]
}}
{{s-end}}
{{Middle kingdoms of India}}

[[Category:Dynasties of India]]
[[Category:Chola dynasty]]
[[Category:Medieval India]]
[[Category:History of Tiruchirappalli]]

Muslim Personal Law

2022-04-05T14:24:59Z

Gopisainii: Just finished drafting a new article.

#REDIRECT [[Muslim personal law]]