Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

President's Medal for Gallantry (India)

2026-05-07T19:45:13Z

Gopalpurpp: created a details w/ refs

{{Short description|President's Medal for Gallantry (India)}}
{{Infobox military award
| name = President's Medal for Gallantryराष्ट्रपति का वीरता पदक
| image = File:President's Medal for Gallantry (India).png
| type = [[Police Medal]]
| country = {{IND}}
| established = 1973, awards backdated to 15 August 1947
| firstawarded =
| lastawarded =
| total_awarded =
| presenter = [[Government of India]]
| awarded_for =
| ribbon = [[File:IND President's Police Medal for Gallantry.svg|100px]]
| higher = [[File:Shaurya Chakra ribbon.svg|35px]] [[Shaurya Chakra]]<ref name="Precedence Of Medals">{{cite web|title=Precedence Of Medals|url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=BXcX5hxppEZqCOXb6hqedA==&ParentID=4KygHdsq1A/bXA7u5dbrJQ==|publisher=Indian Army|access-date=16 September 2014}}</ref>
| lower = [[File:IND Police Medal for Gallantry (2023).png|35px]] [[General Service Medal (India)|Police Medal for Gallantry]]<ref name="Precedence Of Medals"/>
}}
The '''President's Medal for Gallantry''' is an Indian Police and Civil Defence award given "to recognize rare conspicuous gallant act."

The medal is announced on the occassion of [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]]<nowiki/>and [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]].

==Criteria==
As per the [[Government of India]], the medal is awarded to only those who has done rare conspicuous gallant act of exceptional courage & skill in saving life and property, or in preventing crime or arresting criminals, apprehending a prisoner or in preventing their escape, the risk incurred being estimated with due regard to the obligations and duties of the officer concerned as a member of Police, Fire, Correctional and Home Gaurd & Civil Defence Service.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Awardpedia {{!}} Awards |url=https://awards.gov.in/Home/Awardpedia |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=awards.gov.in}}</ref>

==Eligibility==
The award is conferred on the members of recognized: -

* Police Forces of States and Union Territories
* Central Police Organizations (CPOs)
* Central Armed Police Forces (CAPFs)
* Fire Service (organized and administered by the Central Ministries or Departments, State Governments, Union Territory Administrations, Municipal and other Autonomous Bodies, and Public Sector Undertakings)
* Prison Administration
* Home Guards and Civil Defence

==Appearance==
[[File:Specifications President's Medal for Gallantry (India).png|thumb|389x389px|Specifications of the President's Medal for Gallantry]]
'''Obverse:''' The Medal shall be circular in shape, made of silver with gold gilt, one and three eighth inches in diameter, 3 mm in thickness and shall have embossed on the obverse the State Emblem, with its motto “सत्यमेव जयते” in the Centre and shall have engraved on the upper edge, the words “राष्ट्रपति का वीरता पदक” and the words “President’s Medal for Gallantry” inscribed on the lower edge thereof. Hindi and English inscription shall be separated by a small Star appearing on either side.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=16 October 2023 |title=General procedures and Guidelines governing "President's Medal for Gallantry" & "Medal for Gallantry" and "President's Medal for Distinguished Service" & "Medal for Meritorious Service" |url=https://ips.gov.in/PDFS/Notification_22022024.pdf |access-date=2 May 2026 |website=ips.gov.in |publisher=Police Medal and Award Cell, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}{{source-attribution}}</ref>

'''Reverse:''' it shall have embossed the “Ashok Chakra” in the centre and the words “राष्ट्रपति का वीरता पदक” and the words “President’s Medal for Gallantry” on the upper and lower edge respectively. Hindi and English inscription shall be separated by a small Star appearing on either side.<ref name=":2"/>

'''Riband:''' Each medal shall be suspended from the left breast and the riband, of an inch and three eighth in width, shall be half blue and half silver white, the two colours being separated by a vertical red line 1/8” in width.<ref name=":2"/>

'''Bar:''' For every such additional act, an additional Bar may be added and for each Bar awarded, a small silver rose with gold gilt shall be added to the riband when worn alone.<ref name=":2"/>

==Selection process==

* A Committee of Senior Officers: For examination and selection of nominees at Central/ State/UT Agency Level, constituted by the head of the Organizations. Thereafter, the respective Organization will submit the nominations of the same to this Ministry after completing all the codal formalities.
* A Sub-Committee: It is formed with the approval of Union Home Secretary at the level of Ministry of Home Affairs to scrutinize the nominations and assist the Central Awards Committee.
* A Central Awards Committee : Compositions of following members will make the final recommendations.<ref name=":2" />

{| class="wikitable"
|+Central Awards Committee
!Member
!Designation
|-
|Home Secretary
|Chairman
|-
|Special/ Additional Secretary
''(In charge of Police-I Division, MHA)''
|Member
|-
|Secretary(R), Cabinet Secretary
|Member
|-
|Director, Intelligence Bureau
|Member
|-
|Director, Central Bureau of Investigation
|Member
|-
|Directors General of 2 CAPFs (by rotation)
|Member
|-
|Directors General of 2 States (by rotation)
|Member
|-
|Joint Secretary (Policed)
|Member Secretary
|}

==See also==
* [[Medals of Indian Police and Civil Forces]]
*[[Orders, decorations, and medals of India]]
*[[Orders, decorations, and medals of British India]]
*[[State Armed Police Forces]]
*[[Paramilitary forces of India]]
*[[Law enforcement in India]]
*[[Indian Armed Forces]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Medals of Indian Police and Civil Forces}}
{{Awards and decorations of the Indian Armed Forces}}

[[Category:Military awards and decorations of India]]

Jigra

2026-05-05T23:21:16Z

Gopalpurpp: Put Up A Data...

{{Short description|2024 Indian film by Vasan Bala}}
{{distinguish|Jigar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Jigra film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Vasan Bala]]
| writer = {{Plain list|
* Debashish Irengbam
* Vasan Bala
}}
| producer = {{Plain list|
* [[Karan Johar]]
* [[Apoorva Mehta]]
* [[Alia Bhatt]]
* Shaheen Bhatt
* Soumen Mishra
}}
| starring = {{Plain list|
* [[Alia Bhatt]]
* [[Vedang Raina]]
}}
| cinematography = Swapnil S. Sonawane
| editing = Prerna Saigal
| music = '''Songs:''' [[R. D. Burman]] [[Achint Thakkar]] Manpreet Singh '''Background Score:''' Achint Thakkar
| studio = [[Viacom18 Studios]] [[Dharma Productions]] Eternal Sunshine Productions
| distributor = [[Viacom18 Studios]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|10|11}}
| runtime = 153 minutes<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/jigra-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdi0nziw |title=''Jigra'' (15) |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |date=8 October 2024 |access-date=9 October 2024}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{estimation}} {{INR|80}} crore<ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Sakshi |date=23 December 2024 |title=Yearender 2024: Jigra to Maidaan, 5 films that bombed at box office despite having potential |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/news/yearender-2024-films-that-bombed-at-box-office-despite-having-potential-jigra-maidaan-sarfira-chandu-champion-alia-bhatt-kartik-aaryan-ajay-devgn-2024-12-23-967561 |access-date=23 December 2024 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref>
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR|55.05 crore}}<ref name="boc">{{Cite news |title=Jigra Box Office |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/jigra/box-office/ |access-date=25 October 2024 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
}}

'''''Jigra''''' ({{Translation|Courage}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Action film|action]] [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]] film directed by [[Vasan Bala]], who co-wrote it with Debashish Irengbam. It is produced by [[Karan Johar]], Apoorva Mehta, [[Alia Bhatt]], Shaheen Bhatt and Soumen Mishra under [[Viacom18 Studios]], [[Dharma Productions]] and Eternal Sunshine Productions. It stars Alia Bhatt as a troubled young woman who must rescue her brother (played by [[Vedang Raina]]) from a foreign prison, after he is incarcerated for a crime he did not commit.

[[Principal photography]] took place in [[Mumbai]] and [[Singapore]] from October 2023 to February 2024. ''Jigra'' was theatrically released worldwide on 11 October 2024, coinciding with [[Vijayadashami]], to mixed-to-positive reviews from critics, with praise directed towards Bhatt's performance and music.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alia Bhatt's 'Jigra,' directed by Vasan Bala, gets a new release date |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/alia-bhatts-jigra-directed-by-vasan-bala-gets-a-new-release-date/article68285150.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=13 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vasan Bala Says Karan Johar Has His Back Amid Jigra Controversies: 'Ye Sab Jo Jaawe, No Matter. |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/vasan-bala-says-karan-johar-has-his-back-amid-jigra-controversies-ye-sab-jo-jaawe-no-matter-9087978.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250209072849/https://www.news18.com/movies/vasan-bala-says-karan-johar-has-his-back-amid-jigra-controversies-ye-sab-jo-jaawe-no-matter-9087978.html |archive-date=9 February 2025 |access-date=9 February 2025 |website=[[News18 India]]}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The film did not perform well financially,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/vasan-bala-says-jigras-box-office-performance-was-his-responsibility-alia-bhatt-trusted-me-with-that-choice-101729482941307.html |title=Vasan Bala says Jigra's box office performance was his responsibility: 'Alia Bhatt trusted me with that choice' |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=21 October 2024 |access-date=21 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/jigra-director-vasan-bala-holds-himself-responsible-for-the-films-failure-at-the-box-office-read-here/articleshow/114419695.cms |title='Jigra' director Vasan Bala holds himself responsible for the film's failure at the box office; Read here |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=21 October 2024 |access-date=21 October 2024}}</ref> though at the [[70th Filmfare Awards]], it received four nominations and won two awards – [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] (Bhatt) and [[Filmfare R. D. Burman Award|R. D. Burman Award]] ([[Achint Thakkar]]).<ref name="won"/>

==Plot==
Satya is a young woman who has faced more than her fair share of struggles. At a young age, she witnesses her father committing suicide and prevents her younger brother Ankur from seeing it. After being orphaned, the siblings are brought under the charge of rich, distant relatives. Satya never forgets that they are under obligation and works as a house staff manager. She knows the family's secrets and does everything she can to protect them. She becomes extremely protective of Ankur, bordering on paranoia. Ankur grows to be a bright, rule-abiding engineer. Satya, on the other hand, has no such inhibition, especially regarding her brother.

This quiet life takes a dramatic turn when Kabir, the son of the family, enters their life. He is a drug addict and is known to have been expelled from many universities. Satya views him with great trepidation but Ankur finds a friend in him and trusts him. Ankur develops computer software and needs a sponsor, which Kabir's father happily provides, hoping that it will change his son's life and his ways. The boys are sent on a business trip to a fictional country Hanshi Dao, where the laws are very strict. The country is also facing a revolution due to this. Its drug laws show no mercy, and for possession, a person is charged with death by electrocution. Kabir and Ankur are not aware of the laws, and they work and party. At one such party, Kabir buys drugs, unknown to Ankur. On the way, they are arrested for possession. Ankur calls his sister and tells her that he did not possess drugs, but Kabir did. Satya understands from her past dealings with her uncle that he will do anything to get his son out, leaving her brother in potential danger. A family lawyer convinces Ankur to save his cousin's life by lying that it was he who possessed the drugs. He conveniently mislays the fact that Ankur will be in jail only for three months, after that, he will be free. What he doesn't say is that after three months, Ankur will be executed for a crime that he did not commit.

Satya is devastated upon learning this. Determined to rescue her brother, she travels to Hanshi Dao, where Ankur is imprisoned, but only after burning her uncle's office. At Hanshi Dao, Satya finds herself entangled in a complex legal and social landscape. The only choice left to her is to break into the prison and rescue her brother. Ankur, on the other hand, manages to make an enemy out of warden Hansraj Landa because of his attitude to sticking to the rules. He, however, makes friends with three other inmates who are wrongly charged, just like him. They have been planning to escape through the sewage channel.

Meanwhile, Satya enlists the help of two unlikely allies: Bhatia, a former gangster whose son faces a similar predicament, and Muthu, an ex-policeman who deeply regrets his role in a previous wrongful conviction. Initially, Muthu does not agree with the plan but eventually gives in after a forceful persuasion by Satya. Coincidentally, Ankur has become friends with Bhatia's son Tony and Muthu's wrongfully convicted prisoner Chandan.

The rescue mission is meticulously planned with the help of Muthu, who knows the intricate layout of the prison due to his position as a warden in his pre-retirement days. The plan is to be carried out on a coast festival day when it is believed that the spirits come alive and no crime is committed. Unfortunately, on the same day, unbeknownst to them, the boys too, plan their escape. The boys poison their food to get admitted to the infirmary from where they plan to escape. Satya’s group, on the other hand, tries to get them assigned to kitchen duties. Landa becomes suspicious when he sees that two duties are assigned to the same three people. He intercepts the plans, and the boys are caught trying to escape. This pushes their date of execution ahead of schedule.

Satya gets anxious and decides to tamper with the prison’s power grid, aiming to disable the security system so all prisoners can escape. Muthu does not agree to this and tries to stop Satya, who kills him. Shutting the power grid off, however, proves useless as the prison's generators remain functional. Satya adopts a bolder approach, resorting to explosives to create chaos within the prison. The desperate plan culminates in a thrilling escape scene where prisoners flood the corridors amid the power outage. While escaping, Bhatia gets killed by a bullet.

Satya and the boys flee by boat disguised as [[Médecins Sans Frontières|Doctors Without Borders]] but are pursued by prison guards led by the menacing Landa, who nearly captures them. Just as it seems all is lost, Malaysian authorities intercept as arranged by Muthu earlier, killing Landa. This finally allows Satya and the boys to return to India.

Back home, Satya and Ankur revisit the house where they last saw their parents, closing a traumatic chapter. The film ends on a haunting note as Satya, now victorious, confronts her memories and the lengths she was willing to go to protect her brother.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Alia Bhatt]] as Satyabhama "Satya" Anand
** Aashna Vaishnav as young Satya
* [[Vedang Raina]] as Ankur Anand
** Ayaansh Kireet Solanki as young Ankur
* [[Manoj Pahwa]] as Shekhar Bhatia
* [[Rahul Ravindran]] as Karthik "Muthu" Muthuraman<ref>{{cite web |date=26 September 2023 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2023/Sep/26/rahul-ravindran-onboards-the-cast-of-alia-bhatt-vasan-balas-jigra-48034.html |title=Rahul Ravindran onboards the cast of Alia Bhatt, Vasan Bala's Jigra |access-date=7 September 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=27 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927070054/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2023/Sep/26/rahul-ravindran-onboards-the-cast-of-alia-bhatt-vasan-balas-jigra-48034.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
* Aditya Nanda as Kabir Mehtani
* [[Harssh A. Singh]] as Jaswant
* Ankur Khanna as Rayyan Diaz
* [[Vivek Gomber]] as OIC Hansraj Landa
* Srishti Wadhwani as Ratna
* Akashdeep Sabir as Mr. Mehtani
* [[Sheeba Akashdeep Sabir|Sheeba Sabir]] as Mrs. Mehtani
* Yuvraj Vijjan as Tony Bhatia
* Dheer Hira as Chandan Kumar
* [[Jason Shah]] as Matthew
* Jesse Lim as a detective
* Pranav Brara as Anupam Anand, Satya and Ankur's late father (cameo appearance)
* [[Akansha Ranjan Kapoor]] as a flight attendant (cameo appearance)
* [[Sikandar Kher]] (cameo appearance)
* [[Radhika Madan]] (cameo appearance)
* [[Abhimanyu Dassani]] (cameo appearance)
* [[Diljit Dosanjh]] (special appearance in the song "Chal Kudiye")
}}

== Production ==

=== Casting ===
The film was announced in September 2023.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 September 2023 |title=Alia Bhatt announces her next film Jigra, to co-produce the action movie with Karan Johar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/alia-bhatt-announces-her-next-film-jigra-to-co-produce-the-action-movie-with-karan-johar-8956582/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> [[Alia Bhatt]] and [[Vedang Raina]] were cast as the leads.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}} In November 2023, Aditya Nanda and [[Sobhita Dhulipala]] joined the cast of the film.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 November 2023 |title=Aditya Nanda is shooting for Alia Bhatt-starrer 'Jigra' |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/aditya-nanda-is-shooting-for-alia-bhatt-starrer-jigra-745933 |website=dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Sharma |first1=Bhavana |date=27 November 2023 |title=Sobhita Dhulipala comes on board for Alia Bhatt's next |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/271123/sobhita-dhulipala-comes-on-board-for-alia-bhatts-next.html |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>

The character of Hansraj Landa was loosely inspired by the character [[Hans Landa]] from [[Quentin Tarantino]]'s film ''[[Inglourious Basterds]]''. According to actor [[Bijou Thaangjam]], he was cast for a role by the film producers but was dropped without notice; which he attributed to [[Racism in India|racism towards people from northeast India]].<ref>{{cite web |date=14 October 2024 |title=Bijou ThaangJam accuses team Jigra of discrimination against actors from Northeast India: 'Deeply unprofessional' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/bijou-thaangjam-accuses-team-jigra-of-discrimination-against-actors-from-northeast-india-9619940/ |work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] commenced by October 2023.<ref>{{cite web |date=5 October 2023 |title=Alia Bhatt commences shoot for Vasan Bala's 'Jigra' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/alia-bhatt-commences-shoot-for-vasan-balas-jigra/article67383205.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref> The film was mainly shot in [[Mumbai]],<ref>{{cite web |date=15 November 2023 |title=Alia Bhatt Teases Look from Upcoming Film 'Jigra' |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/alia-bhatt-teases-look-from-upcoming-film-jigra-1503240956.html |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref> [[Thailand]] and [[Singapore]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=MOVIES |first1=REDIFF |title=Alia, Vedang Wrap Up Jigra In Singapore |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/alia-vedang-wrap-up-jigra-in-singapore/20240224.htm |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref> before wrapping in February 2024.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 February 2024 |title=Alia Bhatt wraps up Vasan Bala's Jigra, drops pics with on-screen brother Vedang Raina |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/alia-bhatt-wraps-up-vasan-balas-jigra-drops-pics-with-on-screen-brother-vedang-raina-101708609342178.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> These locations were chosen to portray the [[fictional country]] of Hanshi Dao in the film (which loosely resembles Singapore).<ref name=":0">[https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/art-and-culture/jigra-review-film-alia-bhatt-vedang-raina-vasan-bala-11728643802874.html ‘Jigra’ review: The great escape]. [[livemint.com]]</ref>

== Music ==

{{Infobox album
| name = Jigra
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Achint Thakkar and Manpreet Singh
| released = 15 October 2024
| recorded = 2023
| studio = YRF Studios & Bombay Live Studio
| genre = [[Soundtrack#Film and television soundtracks|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 21:31
| language = Hindi
| label = [[Saregama]]
| producer =
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube|T_lDkgKdTD8&pp|Jigra – Full Album}}
}}
}}

The film's music album, including background scores, is composed by [[Achint Thakkar]] with lyrics by [[Varun Grover (writer)|Varun Grover]]. The song "Phoolon Ka Taaro Ka," originally composed by [[R. D. Burman]] and sung by [[Kishore Kumar]] in the film ''[[Haré Rama Haré Krishna]]'' (1971), is recreated for the film. It features the original lyrics by Burman and [[Anand Bakshi]], with additional lyrics by Grover, and is sung by [[Vedang Raina]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Devansh Sharma |date=8 September 2024 |title=Jigra teaser: Alia Bhatt vows to become Amitabh Bachchan to protect her brother Vedang Raina. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/jigra-teaser-alia-bhatt-vows-to-become-amitabh-bachchan-to-protect-her-brother-vedang-raina-watch-101725772988471.html |access-date=8 September 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

The first single titled "Chal Kudiye" was released on 17 September 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2024 |title=Chal Kudiye: Diljit Dosanjh, Alia Bhatt reunite for inspiring Jigra song |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/chal-kudiye-diljit-dosanjh-alia-bhatt-reunite-for-inspiring-jigra-song-2601249-2024-09-17 |access-date=17 September 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The second single titled "Tenu Sang Rakhna" was released on 3 October 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |access-date=3 October 2024 |title=Jigra song Tenu Sang Rakhna: Arijit Singh, Anumita Nadesan and Achint Thakkar deliver a soulful track |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/jigra-song-tenu-sang-rakhna-arijit-singh-anumita-nadesan-and-achint-thakkar-deliver-a-soulful-track-9602133/ |work=The Indian Express |date=3 October 2024}}</ref> The third single titled "Jigra Title Track" was released on 7 October 2024.

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer
| total_length = 21:31
| title1 = Tenu Sang Rakhna
| extra1 = [[Arijit Singh]], Anumita Nadesan, [[Achint Thakkar]]
| lyrics1 = [[Varun Grover (writer)|Varun Grover]]
| music1 = [[Achint Thakkar]]
| length1 = 4:09
| title2 = Phoolon Ka Taaro Ka
| extra2 = Vedang Raina
| lyrics2 = [[Anand Bakshi]], Varun Grover
| music2 = [[R. D. Burman]], [[Achint Thakkar]]
| length2 = 2:28
| title3 = Jiya
| extra3 = Shaheen Bhatt
| lyrics3 = Varun Grover
| music3 = [[Achint Thakkar]]
| length3 = 2:53
| title4 = Jigra Title Track
| extra4 = [[Vedang Raina]]
| lyrics4 = Varun Grover
| music4 = [[Achint Thakkar]]
| length4 = 3:14
| title5 = Jigra
| note5 = Acoustic Version
| extra5 = Vedang Raina
| lyrics5 = Varun Grover
| music5 = [[Achint Thakkar]]
| length5 = 3:09
| title6 = Pan India Area King
| extra6 = [[Paal Dabba]], [[Achint Thakkar]]
| lyrics6 = [[Achint Thakkar]], Varun Grover
| music6 = [[Achint Thakkar]]
| length6 = 2:33
| title7 = Chal Kudiye
| extra7 = [[Diljit Dosanjh]], [[Alia Bhatt]]
| lyrics7 = [[Harmanjeet Singh]]
| music7 = Manpreet Singh
| length7 = 3:02
}}

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
The film was initially scheduled to release on 27 September 2024,<ref>{{cite web |title=Alia Bhatt's next with Vasan Bala titled 'Jigra', release date announced |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/alia-bhatts-next-with-vasan-bala-titled-jigra-release-date-announced/article67347680.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=26 September 2023}}</ref> but was later moved to 11 October 2024, to be nearer to [[Vijayadashami]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |title=Alia Bhatt's Jigra and Jr NTR, Janhvi Kapoor's Devara: Part 1 swap release dates |website=Hindustan Times |date=13 June 2024 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/alia-bhatt-jigra-jr-ntr-janhvi-kapoor-devara-part-1-swap-release-dates-karan-johar-101718280225374.html}}</ref> The release was marred by accusations of plagiarism by actress [[Divya Khosla Kumar]], who stated that ''Jigra'' was an unauthorized adaptation of her film [[Savi (film)|''Savi'']] which had released less than five months prior, though some viewed this as a publicity stunt since the film's release clashed with that of her husband's production of ''[[Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video]]''.<ref>{{cite web |date=12 October 2024 |title=Divya Khossla accuses Alia Bhatt of rigging Jigra box office |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/divya-khossla-kumar-alia-bhatt-jigra-accuses-makers-savi-fake-box-office-numbers-karan-johar-2615893-2024-10-12 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The film began streaming on [[Netflix]] from 6 December 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Suksham |title=Jigra OTT release: Where to watch Alia Bhatt's upcoming film after its theatrical run |date=25 September 2024 |website=The Times of India |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/binge/jigra-ott-release-where-to-watch-alia-bhatts-film-after-its-theatrical-run-641291.html |access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Critical response===

''Jigra'' received mixed-to-positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jigra OTT release date confirmed: Watch Alia Bhatt's sibling-thriller's online. Check date, plot, cast |url=https://m.economictimes.com/magazines/panache/jigra-ott-release-date-confirmed-watch-alia-bhatts-sibling-thrillers-online-check-date-plot-cast/articleshow/116013555.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250208100129/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/jigra-ott-release-date-confirmed-watch-alia-bhatts-sibling-thrillers-online-check-date-plot-cast/articleshow/116013555.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=8 February 2025 |access-date=8 February 2025 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |quote=Despite receiving mixed reviews and a poor theatrical opening, the film is now hoping for renewed attention on the streaming platform.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Jigra on OTT verdict: Hansal Mehta calls it better than 'trash peddled as blockbusters'; Twitter praises Alia Bhatt |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/jigra-on-ott-verdict-hansal-mehta-calls-it-better-than-trash-peddled-as-blockbusters-twitter-praises-alia-bhatt-101733575514821.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250209070457/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/jigra-on-ott-verdict-hansal-mehta-calls-it-better-than-trash-peddled-as-blockbusters-twitter-praises-alia-bhatt-101733575514821.html |archive-date=9 February 2025 |access-date=9 February 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |quote=Alia Bhatt's latest movie Jigra did not get a lot of love in theatres despite positive reviews.}}</ref> {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=71|count=17|average=5.5|consensus=|ref=yes |access-date=28 October 2024}}

''[[News18]]'' gave 4.5/5 and wrote "Despite being a narrative high on drama, Jigra never once felt theatrical. And the credit for the same goes to both the director and his actors. Jigra is audacious, trailblazing, sugar, spice, and everything nice and is a must-watch. Don’t miss this one."<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2024 |title=Jigra Review: Alia Bhatt Deserves Loudest Cheers, Vedang Raina Stands Out in This Extraordinary Film |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/jigra-review-alia-bhatt-deserves-loudest-cheers-vedang-raina-stands-out-in-this-extraordinary-film-9083001.html |access-date=14 October 2024 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Filmfare]]'' gave 4/5 and wrote "With its strong performances and intricate storytelling, Jigra promises to keep audiences on the edge of their seats while delving into the powerful connections between family, justice, and the fight against oppression. Watch it for its realistic action scenes, its strong emotional core and for Vedang and Alia’s on point performances."<ref>[http://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/jigra-movie-review-68984.amp Jigra Movie Review]. ''[[Filmfare]]''.</ref> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' gave 3/5 and wrote "It goes without saying that Alia Bhatt does full justice to Jigra. The question is: does Jigra do justice to the quiet, measured flair that she brings to the role? Just about. And that, by all reckoning, is no mean feat."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jigra Review: Alia Bhatt Does Full Justice To The Film |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/jigra-review-alia-bhatt-does-full-justice-to-the-film-3-stars-6767891/ |access-date=14 October 2024 |website=[[ndtv.com]] |language=en}}</ref>

Terming the film "dull", [[Tushar Joshi]] of ''[[India Today]]'' rated with 2.5/5 stars and wrote "''Jigra'' could have been a much better film if the story wasn’t so linear."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Joshi |first1=Tushar |title=Jigra review: Alia Bhatt's sparkle can't save this dull film, Rotten Tomatoes 67% on 12 Reviews |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/jigra-review-alia-bhatt-sparkle-cannot-save-this-dull-film-vedang-raina-vasan-bala-2615216-2024-10-11 |access-date=11 October 2024 |website=India Today |date=11 October 2024}}</ref> Eshita Bhargava of ''[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]'' rated 2.5/5 stars and wrote "‘Jigra’ failed to ignite the fervour it promised, primarily due to its stumbling script."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bhargava |first1=Eshita |title=Jigra Movie Review: A lackluster performance by Alia Bhatt fails to salvage a mediocre plot |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/entertainment-jigra-movie-review-a-lackluster-performance-by-alia-bhatt-fails-to-salvage-a-mediocre-plot-3636817/ |access-date=11 October 2024 |website=The Financial Express}}</ref> Dhaval Roy of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "its chaotic narrative and focus on style over substance hinder its overall impact. A more streamlined narrative and stronger premise would have elevated this film greatly."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Roy |first1=Dhaval |title=Jigra Movie Review : Alia delivers a solid performance, but the thriller falls short of its potential |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/jigra/movie-review/114146219.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=11 October 2024}}</ref>

[[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated with 2/5 stars and wrote "''Jigra'' becomes a stretch, of both patience and credulity."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gupta |first1=Shubhra |title=Jigra movie review: Alia Bhatt film is a stretch of both patience and credulity |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/jigra-movie-review-alia-bhatt-film-is-a-stretch-of-both-patience-and-credulity-9615126/ |website=The Indian Express |date=11 October 2024 |access-date=11 October 2024}}</ref> ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]'' rated the film 2 stars, noting that it struggles to break away from its conventional path. Alia Bhatt’s character is solely motivated by her desire to save her brother, which leads to a predictable storyline that feels stretched and ultimately dull.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 October 2024 |title=Jigra review: Love, loyalty, misfire |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/jigra-review-love-loyalty-misfire-1503352807.html |access-date=15 October 2024 |website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |language=en}}</ref>

===Box office===
''Jigra'' grossed ₹55.05 crore worldwide. It underperformed at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2024 |title=6 Possible Reasons Why Alia Bhatt's Jigra Failed at the Box Office |url=https://www.herzindagi.com/movies/alia-bhatt-jigra-box-office-failure-reasons-article-1004699 |access-date=23 March 2025 |website=HerZindagi English |language=en}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Award
!Date of the ceremony
!Category
!Nominee/Work
!Result
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
| rowspan="3" |[[25th IIFA Awards|9 March 2025]]
|[[IIFA Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|[[Alia Bhatt]]
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Awasthi |first=Pragati |date=7 March 2025 |title=IIFA Awards 2025: Date, time, host, venue, nominees list and more |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/iifa-awards-2025-date-time-host-venue-nominees-list-and-more-8831806 |access-date=11 March 2025 |website=Wion |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IIFA Awards 2025: Laapataa Ladies Sweeps 10 Awards. Kartik Aaryan Named Best Actor. Check Full List Of Winners |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/iifa-awards-2025-laapataa-ladies-sweeps-with-10-awards-kartik-aaryan-named-best-actor-check-full-list-of-winners-7888397 |access-date=11 March 2025 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|[[Manoj Pahwa]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Performance in a Negative Role]]
|[[Vivek Gomber]]
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Filmfare Awards]]
| rowspan="5" |[[70th Filmfare Awards|11 October 2025]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Alia Bhatt]]
|{{won}}
| rowspan="5" |<ref name="won">{{cite news |title=Winners of the 70th Hyundai Filmfare Awards 2025 With Gujarat Tourism: Full List Out |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-70th-hyundai-filmfare-awards-2025-with-gujarat-tourism-full-list-out-78383.html |publisher=Filmfare |date=12 October 2025 |access-date=12 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations for The 70th Hyundai Filmfare Awards 2025 With Gujarat Tourism: Full List Out |website=Filmfare |date=26 September 2025 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-70th-hyundai-filmfare-awards-2025-with-gujarat-tourism-full-list-out-78037.html |access-date=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress|Best Actress (Critics)]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|Anumita Nadesan {{small|(for "Tenu Sang Rakhna")}}
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Action|Best Action]]
|Vikram Dahiya
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare R. D. Burman Award|R. D. Burman Award]]
|[[Achint Thakkar]]
|{{won}}
|}

==See also==
*[[Capital punishment in Singapore]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt26733317}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes | jigra }}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|Jigra}}

{{Karan Johar}}
{{Dharma Productions}}
{{Portal bar|Film|India|Bollywood}}

[[Category:2024 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2024 controversies]]
[[Category:Fictional siblings]]
[[Category:Films about dysfunctional families]]
[[Category:Films about miscarriage of justice]]
[[Category:Films about orphans]]
[[Category:Films about prison escapes]]
[[Category:Films about siblings]]
[[Category:Films about the illegal drug trade]]
[[Category:Films about torture]]
[[Category:Films involved in plagiarism controversies]]
[[Category:Films set in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films set in Singapore]]
[[Category:Films set in Southeast Asia]]
[[Category:Films set in fictional countries]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Singapore]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thailand]]
[[Category:Hindi-language action films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Japan in non-Japanese culture]]
[[Category:Viacom18 Studios films]]
[[Category:Indian chase films]]
[[Category:Films about capital punishment]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Mandarin-language films]]
[[Category:Singlish]]
[[Category:English-language Indian films]]
[[Category:English-language Singaporean films]]
[[Category:Films about suicide]]
[[Category:Films set in the Indian Ocean]]
[[Category:Films set on boats]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]

Raghunandan Yandamuri

2026-05-05T17:05:10Z

Gopalpurpp: created a post v1

{{short description|Indian citizen on death row in Pennsylvania, U.S.}}
{{use mdy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox criminal
| name = Raghunandan Yandamuri
| image = Raghunandan Yandamuri.jpg
| caption = Mugshot of Yandamuri on May 12, 2023
| alt =
| birth_name = Raghunandan Yandamuri
| alias = Raghu Yandamuri Raghunadan Yandamuri<ref name="PDOC"/>
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1986|2|21|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| citizenship = Indian
| motive = Ransom Robbery
| conviction = [[Murder in Pennsylvania law#Degrees|First degree murder]]{{Broken anchor|date=2025-07-24|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=Murder in Pennsylvania law#Degrees|reason= }} (two counts) [[Kidnapping]]
| criminal_status = Incarcerated on [[death row]]
| sentence = [[Capital punishment in Pennsylvania|Death]] (November 20, 2014)
| victims = Satyavathi Venna, 61 Saanvi Venna, 10-months-old
| date = October 22, 2012
| country = United States
| states = [[Pennsylvania]]
| weapons = {{Hlist|[[Knife]]|[[Handkerchief]]|[[Towel]]|[[Suitcase]]}}
| apprehended = October 26, 2012
| imprisoned = [[State Correctional Institution – Somerset|SCI Somerset]] (2024)
}}

'''Raghunandan Yandamuri''' (born February 21, 1986)<ref name="PDOC">{{Cite web|url=https://inmatelocator.cor.pa.gov/|title=Inmate Search Results|website=[[Pennsylvania Department of Corrections]]|access-date=April 6, 2024}}</ref> is an Indian murderer, and kidnapper, who is currently awaiting execution on [[death row]] in the [[Commonwealth (U.S. state)|U.S. Commonwealth]] of [[Pennsylvania]], at [[State Correctional Institution – Somerset|SCI Somerset]], as of 2024.<ref name="PDOC"/> On November 20, 2014, he was sentenced to death for the October 22, 2012, murder of 61-year-old Satyavathi Venna and the kidnapping-murder of her 10-month-old granddaughter, Saanvi Venna, at an [[Upper Merion Township, Pennsylvania|Upper Merion Township]] apartment in [[Montgomery County, Pennsylvania|Montgomery County]].<ref name="Murders">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wfmz.com/news/jury-finds-raghunandan-yandamuri-guilty-of-double-murder/article_8acd57ba-8f7c-5749-ad29-a2ea1a7b3bcc.html#:~:text=Police%20said%20Yandamuri%20planned%20to,slashed%20her%20throat%2C%20killing%20her.|title=Jury finds Raghunandan Yandamuri guilty of double murder|agency=WFMZ|access-date=April 6, 2024}}</ref><ref name="Court case">{{Cite web|url=https://caselaw.findlaw.com/court/pa-supreme-court/1858071.html#:~:text=Appellant%20Raghunandan%20Yandamuri%2C%20acting%20pro,the%20baby%20and%20her%20grandmother.|title=COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA v. RAGHUNANDAN YANDAMURI (2017)|website=FindLaw|access-date=April 6, 2024}}</ref><ref name="Old execution list"/> He was previously scheduled for execution by [[lethal injection]] on February 23, 2018, at age 32, but it was halted due to the [[Capital punishment in Pennsylvania#2015 moratorium|2015 moratorium]] of the death penalty in Pennsylvania.<ref name="Old execution list">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cor.pa.gov/General%20Information/Documents/Death%20Penalty/Current%20Execution%20list.pdf|title=Current Execution list|website=[[Pennsylvania Department of Corrections]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222050641/http://www.cor.pa.gov/General%20Information/Documents/Death%20Penalty/Current%20Execution%20list.pdf|archive-date=February 22, 2018|access-date=April 6, 2024}}</ref><ref name="Previous date">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/who-is/who-is-raghunandan-yandamuri-death-sentence-us-california-moratorium-murder-5032559/|title=Who is Raghunandan Yandamuri?|agency=[[The Indian Express]]|date=January 20, 2018|access-date=April 6, 2024}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
According to Yandamuri's mother, his father was a police officer who was murdered in a terrorist attack while on duty. Yandamuri, who was 11 years old when his father died, was contemplating killing himself because he could not cope with the loss.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2014 |title=శాన్వి హత్యకేసులో రఘునందన్ దోషి: కోర్టు |url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/international/american-court-finds-raghunandan-guilty-in-saanvi-murder-case-174416 |access-date=12 April 2025 |website=Sakshi |language=te}}</ref>

Not much is known about Yandamuri's personal life. He is a citizen of India and from the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He has an advanced degree in electrical and computer science engineering.<ref name="Previous date"/><ref name="Court case"/>

== Background ==
Two days prior to the murders and kidnapping, Yandamuri attended a next-door birthday party along with his wife, at the Marquis Apartments in [[King of Prussia, Pennsylvania|King of Prussia]]. One of the murder victims, 10-month-old Saanvi Venna, along with her parents, Chenchu and Venkata Venna were also present at the party. At some point during the party, Saanvi's mother, Chenchu, was reported to have spoken about the gold jewelry that Saanvi was wearing and her being babysat by her grandparents. Yandamuri was also reported to have held Saanvi during the party.<ref name="Court case"/> Prior to the crime, Yandamuri had lost $15,000 at a casino.<ref name="Motive">{{Cite web|url=https://www.patriotledger.com/story/news/courts/2012/11/28/man-who-lost-15-000/37950333007/|title=Man who lost $15,000 at casino says he killed baby, grandmother|agency=[[The Patriot Ledger]]|date=November 28, 2012|access-date=April 6, 2024}}</ref>

== Crime ==
On October 22, 2012, Yandamuri arrived at the Vennas’ apartment suite at Marquis, while wearing a black hoodie. Yandamuri proceeded to knock on the Vennas’ door, leading to 61-year-old Satyavathi Venna, Saanvi's grandmother, answering. Yandamuri then brandished a four-inch [[knife]], in an attempt to abduct Saanvi.<ref name="Court case"/> Satyavathi attempted to back away, into the kitchen where she would later die, as Yandamuri continued to brandish his knife and follow her. Yandamuri then picked up Saanvi, as he was still brandishing his knife towards Satyavathi. An altercation soon ensued, where Yandamuri allegedly fell down while holding Saanvi, causing him to slit Satyavathi's throat and fall down atop Saanvi.<ref name="Hold">{{Cite web|url=https://www.inquirer.com/philly/news/breaking/20121128_Man_charged_in_baby_kidnapping__killing__held_for_trial.html|title=Prosecutors: Man charged in baby killing had gambling debts|agency=[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]|date=November 28, 2012|access-date=April 6, 2024}}</ref> This was later proven false, as Satyavathi's autopsy show that she had died from three deep "chopping wounds" to her neck area, with some of them striking bone,<ref name="Court case"/> as well as three [[stab wound]]s to her chest. She had also lost fingers in the altercation, as she had tried to guard her neck. After the altercation, Saanvi began to cry, due to Yandamuri falling on top of her. To muffle Saanvi's cries, Yandamuri placed a [[handkerchief]] in her mouth and later fastened a [[towel]] around the handkerchief to secure it. This later caused Saanvi to die from [[Asphyxia#Smothering|suffocation]].<ref name="Autopsy">{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesherald.com/2014/10/02/autopsy-reports-presented-in-raghunandan-yandamuris-upper-merion-murder-trial/|url-access=subscription|title=Autopsy reports presented in Raghunandan Yandamuri's Upper Merion murder trial|agency=[[The Times Herald]]|date=October 2, 2014|access-date=April 6, 2024}}</ref><ref name="Hold"/><ref name="Court case"/>

Yandamuri then proceeded to rummage through suitcases, finding Saanvi's jewellery in a blue suitcase. After this, Yandamuri placed Saanvi inside of the suitcase, half-zipped it, and left the suitcase inside the men's sauna of the apartment's gym. Yandamuri then went to his own apartment to take a shower, returning afterwards to discard the suitcase in a dumpster. Yandamuri also discarded some of the jewellery into the [[Schuylkill River]] and kept the remainder in a bag, concealed behind a vending machine inside of his office building. A [[ransom]] note for $50,000 was also left at the scene by Yandamuri, intended for Saanvi's parents.<ref name="Scene">{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/world/nicknames-in-ransom-note-help-police-nab-baby-saanvis-killer-279740.html|title=Nicknames in ransom note help police nab baby Saanvi's killer|agency=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=October 27, 2012|access-date=April 6, 2024}}</ref><ref name="Court case"/> The note, with many spelling errors stated:

<blockquote>''shiva''[,] [''[[sic]]''; Venkata Venna] your daughter has been kidnapped[.] if [''sic''] you report this to cops[,] your daughter will be cut into pieces and found dead[.] if [''sic''] you inform this to anyone[,] you will find your daughter body parts [''sic''] thrown into your apartments[.] our [''sic''] prople [''sic''] are monitoring all your moves all the time[,] your emails & phones are being traced[.]

if [''sic''] you want your daughter alive and safe , [''sic''] follow our instructions carefully.
we [''sic''] want '''$50,000.00''' by end of the day[.]
your [''sic''] wife[,] ''lata'' [Chenchu Venna] have [''sic''] to bring money to the location alone.
if [''sic''] we see you or your wife accompanied with (or) informed to anyone (cop/human), you will find your daughter dead. This is very serious.
Its [''sic''] up to you to decide, you want your fyr [''sic''] old daughter Smonths [''sic''] of your income.

By 8PM today, ''lata'' [Chenchu Venna] alone should get $50,000.00 cash and come to baha fresh at acme store complex. [''sic'']
once [''sic''] our person receives money from her at baha fresh, we will
call you and tell the address where to pick your baby home.
Any cunning act from anyone of you [''sic''] will lead to your daughter's death.

Be prepared by 8PM today with cash. we [''sic''] dont want any excuses. Remember that your baby is starving since morning[.]<ref name="Ransom note">{{Cite web|url=https://www.princeysjagan.com/2014/10/yandamuri-raghunandan-first-indian-to.html|title=Yandamuri Raghunandan - The First Indian To Be Punished With Death Penalty On The American Soil|website=YS JAGAN|access-date=April 7, 2024}}</ref></blockquote>

== Investigation, interrogation and arrest ==
The investigation into Yandamuri started when detectives from the Upper Merion police were alerted to the murder of Satyavathi, the disappearance of Saanvi from an apartment suite, and the [[ransom]] note left behind by Yandamuri. As days elapsed without any hint of a perpetrator, suspicion curved towards Yandamuri, a neighbor of the Vennas, who had shown an odd interest in Saanvi, days prior to her vanishing.<ref name="Neighbour">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thereporteronline.com/2012/11/28/suspect-confesses-to-murder-of-baby-grandmother/|title=Suspect confesses to murder of baby, grandmother|website=thereporteronline.com|date=November 28, 2014|access-date=April 6, 2024}}</ref><ref name="Court case"/> After he was brought in for questioning, Yandamuri was initially defiant towards disclosing his actions, but as the evidence mounted against him, his attitude switched from defiance to desperation. Through hours of continuous interrogation, detectives were able to obtain proclamations from Yandamuri, exposing the details of the crime he had committed, leading to his arrest four days after the crime.<ref name="Interrogation">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thereporteronline.com/2014/10/01/jurors-see-raghunandan-yandamuris-video-confession-in-upper-merion-murder-trial/#:~:text=Montgomery%20County%20Detective%20Paul%20Bradbury,26%2C%202012.|title=Jurors see Raghunandan Yandamuri's video confession in Upper Merion murder trial|website=thereporteronline.com|date=October 1, 2014|access-date=April 6, 2024}}</ref><ref name="Court case"/>

== Trial ==
Yandamuri's trial began on September 25, 2014 and was highly publicized and controversial, due to the nature of his crime and his Indian citizenship.<ref name="Begin">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thereporteronline.com/2014/09/26/victims-parents-testify-at-trial-of-accused-upper-merion-child-killer/#:~:text=Raghunandan%20Yandamuri%20is%20walked%20back,25%2C%202014.|title=Victim's parents testify at trial of accused Upper Merion child killer|website=thereporteronline.com|date=September 26, 2014|access-date=April 6, 2024}}</ref> The jury selection took several weeks due to the high-profile nature of his case.<ref name="Jury">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pottsmerc.com/2014/09/23/jury-selection-continues-for-alleged-upper-merion-baby-killers-trial/|title=Jury selection continues for alleged Upper Merion baby killer's trial|website=pottsmerc.com|date=September 23, 2014|access-date=April 6, 2024}}</ref> The prosecution presented many pieces of physical evidence connecting Yandamuri to the crime scene, including fingerprints, DNA samples and surveillance footage. Witnesses further testified that they saw Yandamuri near the victims’ apartment suite on the day of the crime.

Yandamuri's defence team provided a vigorous defence, arguing that their client had been coerced into confessing his role, by the detectives. They likewise questioned the reliability of the material evidence, suggesting that it may have been tampered with.<ref name="Jury"/><ref name="Yandamuri's defence">{{Cite web|url=https://casetext.com/case/commonwealth-v-yandamuri|title=Commonwealth v. Yandamuri, 159 A.3d 503|website=Casetext|date=April 26, 2017|access-date=April 6, 2024}}{{dead link|date=August 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Throughout the trial, Yandamuri maintained innocence, claiming that he had been framed for the murders. Nevertheless, his account was weakened by the overwhelming amount of evidence presented by the prosecutor, leaving little doubt in the minds of the jury about his guilt.<ref name="Innocence">{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/death-for-us-baby-killer/cid/1574254|title=Death for US baby killer|agency=[[The Telegraph (India)]]|date=October 16, 2014|access-date=April 6, 2024}}</ref><ref name="Autopsy"/> At the end of his trial, Yandamuri was found guilty on all counts and officially sentenced to death on November 20, 2014, after he decided to give up on finding more arguments.<ref name="Court case"/>

== Incarceration ==
As of 2024, Yandamuri is incarcerated on [[death row]] at [[State Correctional Institution – Somerset|SCI Somerset]]. He was previously incarcerated at [[State Correctional Institution – Greene|SCI Greene]] and [[State Correctional Institution – Phoenix|SCI Phoenix]], until he was finally moved to SCI Somerset.<ref name="Phoenix">{{Cite web|url=https://murderdb.com/raghunandan-yandamuri-murders-2-in-pa/|title=Raghunandan Yandamuri Murders 2 In PA|website=murderdb.com|date=August 6, 2023|access-date=April 8, 2024}}</ref><ref name="PDOC"/><ref name="Previous date"/>

=== Postponed execution ===
On January 8, 2018, Yandamuri's [[execution warrant]] was signed.<ref name="Signed">{{Cite web|url=https://www.media.pa.gov/pages/corrections_details.aspx?newsid=310|title=Notice Of Execution Signed For Raghunandan Yandamuri|website=Pennsylvania Pressroom|date=January 8, 2018|access-date=April 6, 2024}}</ref> He was scheduled to be executed by [[lethal injection]] on February 23, 2018, at age 32, but it was halted due to the [[Capital punishment in Pennsylvania#2015 moratorium|2015 moratorium]] of the death penalty in [[Pennsylvania]].<ref name="Old execution list"/><ref name="Previous date"/>

== See also ==
* [[Capital punishment in Pennsylvania]]
* [[Capital punishment in the United States]]
* [[List of death row inmates in the United States]]
* [[State Correctional Institution – Somerset]]
* [[Mir Aimal Kansi]] (another South [[Asia]]n who was previously on death row in the United States, before his 2002 execution)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{India–United States relations}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yandamuri, Raghunandan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Indian kidnappers]]
[[Category:Indian murderers of children]]
[[Category:Indian people convicted of murder]]
[[Category:Indian people imprisoned in the United States]]
[[Category:Indian prisoners sentenced to death]]
[[Category:People convicted of murder by Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Prisoners sentenced to death by Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian murderers]]

2023 World Test Championship final

2026-05-03T17:21:01Z

Gopalpurpp: added a data

{{short description|Cricket match}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox cricket final
| title = 2023 ICC World Test Championship final
| image = 2023 World Test Championship Official Logo.jpeg
|imagesize =
| event = [[2021–2023 World Test Championship|2021–2023 ICC World Test Championship]]
| team1 = [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]]
| team1flag = {{flagicon|AUS|size=40px}}
| team2 = [[India national cricket team|India]]
| team2flag = {{flagicon|IND|size=40px}}
| details = Australia won by 209 runs
| team1score1 = 469
| team1overs1 = 
| team1score2 = 270/8[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]]
| team1overs2 = 
| team2score1 = 296
| team2overs1 = 
| team2score2 = 234
| team2overs2 = 
| date = 7–11 June 2023
| stadium = [[The Oval]]
| city = [[London]]
| man_of_the_match = [[Travis Head]] (Aus)
| umpires ={{plainlist|
*[[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ)
*[[Richard Illingworth]] (Eng)}}
| previous = [[2021 World Test Championship final|2021 Southampton]]
| next = [[2025 World Test Championship final | London (Lord's) 2025]]
}}
The final of the [[2021–2023 World Test Championship|2021–2023 ICC World Test Championship]], a [[Test cricket|Test cricket match]], was played from 7 to 11 June 2023 at [[The Oval]], London, between [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] and [[India national cricket team|India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/3053783 |title=The Ultimate Test confirmed for 7–11 June at The Oval |access-date=8 February 2023 |work=International Cricket Council}}</ref> Australia won the match by 209 runs to win the second edition of the [[World Test Championship|ICC World Test Championship]]. This marked Australia's maiden win of the Championship. As winners, they received a cash prize of US$1.6 million, while the Indian team received a cash prize of US$800,000.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=11 June 2023 |title=Australia crowned World Test Champions after comprehensive win in The Ultimate Test |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/3534455 |website=International Cricket Council}}</ref> The victory in the final established Australia as the first team to have won all ICC tournaments across all three [[cricket format]]s.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=11 June 2023 |title=Australia crowned ICC World Test Champions with win over India |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/3534406 |website=International Cricket Council}}</ref>

== Background ==
[[File:The Kia Oval - Aug 2011 - Panorama of the New Stand (6012296933).jpg|thumb|250px|Panorama view of Kia Oval, London, The venue for Final]]

The World Test Championship league standings were determined based on percentage of matches won by each of the teams during the league stages of the tournament. [[Geoff Allardice]], then acting chief executive of the [[International Cricket Council|ICC]], explained that this adjustment was made to simplify the calculation process and create a more accurate representation of the teams' achievements.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ICC confirms points structure for 2021–23 WTC cycle |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/wtc-2021-23-icc-confirms-points-structure-for-upcoming-cycle-1269601 |access-date=2023-06-09 |work=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> In September 2022, the ICC announced that [[The Oval]] in London would host the 2023 ICC World Test Championship Final, the second consecutive time the final was taking place in England.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2785808| title=Host venues for World Test Championship 2023 and 2025 Finals confirmed| publisher=[[International Cricket Council]]| date=21 September 2022| access-date=12 June 2023}}</ref> In February 2023, the ICC confirmed that the final would take place from 7 to 11 June 2023, with a reserve day on 12 June.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/3053786| title=Dates confirmed for ICC World Test Championship 2023 final| publisher=[[International Cricket Council]]| date=8 February 2023| access-date=12 June 2023}}</ref>

During the [[2021–2023 World Test Championship|2021–2023 ICC World Test Championship]], both [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] and [[India national cricket team|India]] emerged as the leading teams in terms of points.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India qualify for WTC final after New Zealand beat Sri Lanka in Christchurch |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-in-wtc-final-after-new-zealand-vs-sri-lanka-test-in-christchurch-ends-in-a-draw-1363322 |access-date=2023-06-12 |work=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Standings. ICC World Test Championship. ICC |url=https://www.worldtestchampionship.com/standings |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=www.worldtestchampionship.com |language=en}}</ref> Going into the final India held the top position in the [[ICC Men's Test Team Rankings]] while Australia secured the second spot. Australia made their first-ever appearance in the WTC final, whereas India had previously suffered a defeat against [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]] in the [[2021 ICC World Test Championship final|2021 final]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Lemon |first=Geoff |date=2023-06-06 |title=Reward or redemption? World Test Championship final looks entirely different for Australia and India |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2023/jun/07/cricket-world-test-championship-final-australia-india |access-date=2023-06-09 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Their most recent test series, the [[Australian cricket team in India in 2022–23|2022-23 Border-Gavaskar Trophy]], was the last encounter between the two teams.<ref name=":0" /> On past performances, Australia had recorded only seven wins out of the 38 Test matches played at [[The Oval]], while India had managed just two victories.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sankar |first=Rohit |date=10 May 2023 |title=India and Australia out to improve record at The Oval during WTC final |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/3330488 |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=[[International Cricket Council|ICC]] |language=en}}</ref>

It is only the second instance of these two teams clashing in a final of a major ICC Event, the first being 20 years back in [[2003 Cricket World Cup final|2003 World Cup final]] at [[Wanderers Stadium|Johannesburg, South Africa]] where the [[Ricky Ponting]]-led mighty Australian team bamboozled a spirited Indian side led by [[Sourav Ganguly]] by a huge margin of 125 runs to successfully defend their title and win it for the third time.

Just weeks before the final, ICC made a change to the "[[Decision Review System#Umpire reviews|soft signal rule]]", an umpire's input to the decision review system, stating that the rule would not be in effect starting from the World Test Championship final.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agarwal |first=Naman |date=2023-05-15 |title=Soft Signal Rule To Be Abolished In International Cricket, Starting World Test Championship Final |url=https://www.wisden.com/cricket-news/soft-signal-rule-abolished-international-cricket-starting-world-test-championship-wtc-final |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=[[Wisden]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> On 7 June 2023, on the eve of the first day's play, ICC took measures to address potential disruptions from the intervention of [[Just Stop Oil]] protesters. Precautionary measures included preparation of a backup [[Cricket pitch|pitch]] for the final.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ICC preps back-up pitch for WTC final in case of protestor disruption |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/icc-back-up-pitch-the-oval-wtc-final-protestor-disruption-1380159 |access-date=2023-06-07 |work=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Macpherson |first=Will |date=2023-06-06 |title=Reserve pitch prepared for World Test Championship final amid protest fears |language=en-GB |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/cricket/2023/06/06/reserve-pitch-world-test-championship-just-stop-oil-icc/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=2023-06-07 |issn=0307-1235}}</ref>

==Route to the final==
{{main|2021–2023 ICC World Test Championship#League stage}}

===League table===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:80%; font-size:95%; text-align:center;"
|-
! style="width:2%;" rowspan="2"| {{abbr|Pos.|Position}}
! style="width:15%;" rowspan="2"| Team
! colspan="4" style="width:5%;" | Matches
! style="width:3%;" rowspan="2"| {{Tooltip| Ded. |Point deductions}}
! style="width:3%;" rowspan="2"| {{Tooltip| Con. |Points contested}}
! style="width:3%;" rowspan="2"| {{Tooltip| Pts. |Points}}
! style="width:3%;" rowspan="2"| {{Tooltip| Pct. |Percentage of points won out of points contested}}
|-
! style="width:3%;"| {{Tooltip| P |Played}}
! style="width:3%;"| {{Tooltip| W |Won}}
! style="width:3%;"| {{Tooltip| L |Lost}}
! style="width:3%;"| {{Tooltip| D |Drawn}}
|- style="font-weight:bold; background:#cfc;"
| 1 || style="text-align:left;" | {{Cr|Australia}} ||19||11||3||5||0||228||152||66.7
|- style="font-weight:bold; background:#cfc;"
| 2 || style="text-align:left;" | {{Cr|India}}
||18||10||5||3||5||216||127||58.8
|-
| 3 || style="text-align:left;" | {{Cr|South Africa}}
||15||8||6||1||0||180|| 100||55.6
|-
| 4 || style="text-align:left;" | {{Cr|England}}
||22||10||8||4||12||264||124||47
|-
| 5 || style="text-align:left;" | {{Cr|Sri Lanka}}
||12||5||6||1||0||144||64||44.44
|-
| 6 || style="text-align:left;" | {{Cr|New Zealand}} ||13||4||6||3||0||156||60||38.46
|-
| 7 || style="text-align:left;" | {{Cr|Pakistan}} ||14||4||6||4||0||168||64||38.1
|-
| 8 || style="text-align:left;" | {{Cr|WIN}} ||13||4||7||2||2||156||54||34.6
|-
| 9 || style="text-align:left;" | {{Cr|Bangladesh}} ||12||1||10||1||0||144||16||11.1
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan="10" style="text-align:left;" |''Source: [[International Cricket Council]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/world-test-championship/standings |title=ICC World Test Championship 2021–2023 Standings |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=8 December 2021 |archive-date=1 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801071654/https://www.icc-cricket.com/world-test-championship/standings |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2987322 |title=World Test Championship: How your team can reach the final |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=11 February 2023 |archive-date=19 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219032724/https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2987322 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[ESPNcricinfo]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-test-championship-2021-2023-1268315/points-table-standings|title=ICC World Test Championship 2021–2023 Table|access-date=11 February 2023 |work=ESPNcricinfo|archive-date=3 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203141908/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-test-championship-2021-2023-1268315/points-table-standings|url-status=live}}</ref> Last updated: 20 March 2023''
|}

===Results===
{| style="width:100%;text-align:center"
|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#9cf"
!colspan=2 style="width:1*"|{{cr|AUS}}
!Round
!colspan=2 style="width:1*"|{{cr|IND}}
|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#c1e0ff"
|Opponent
|Result
|[[2021–2023 World Test Championship#League stage|League stage]]
|Opponent
|Result
|-
|{{cr|ENG}} (H)
|[[English cricket team in Australia in 2021–22#Test series|Australia 4 – 0 England]]
|style="background:#c1e0ff"|Series 1
|{{cr|ENG}} (A)
|[[Indian cricket team in England in 2021#Test series|India 2 – 2 England]]
|-
|{{cr|PAK}} (A)
|[[Australian cricket team in Pakistan in 2021–22#Test series|Australia 1 – 0 Pakistan]]
|style="background:#c1e0ff"|Series 2
|{{cr|NZ}} (H)
|[[New Zealand cricket team in India in 2021–22#Test series|India 1 – 0 New Zealand]]
|-
|{{cr|SL}} (A)
|[[Australian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2022#Test series|Australia 1 – 1 Sri Lanka]]
|style="background:#c1e0ff"|Series 3
|{{cr|SA}} (A)
|[[Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2021–22#Test series|India 1 – 2]] [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]]
|-
|{{cr|WIN}} (H)
|[[West Indian cricket team in Australia in 2022–23#Test series|Australia 2 – 0 West Indies]]
|style="background:#c1e0ff"|Series 4
|{{cr|SL}} (H)
|[[Sri Lankan cricket team in India in 2021–22#Test series|India 2 – 0 Sri Lanka]]
|-
|{{cr|SA}} (H)
|[[South African cricket team in Australia in 2022–23#Test series|Australia 2 – 0 South Africa]]
|style="background:#c1e0ff"|Series 5
|{{cr|BAN}} (A)
|[[Indian cricket team in Bangladesh in 2022–23#Test series|India 2 – 0 Bangladesh]]
|-
|{{cr|IND}} (A)
|[[Australian cricket team in India in 2022–23#Test series|Australia 1 – 2 India]]
|style="background:#c1e0ff"|Series 6
|{{cr|AUS}} (H)
|[[Australian cricket team in India in 2022–23#Test series|India 2 – 1 Australia]]
|}
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Results. ICC World Test Championship. ICC |author= |work=icc-cricket.com |date= |access-date=11 June 2023 |url= https://www.icc-cricket.com/world-test-championship/results}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Test Championship points table: India qualifies for WTC final after NZ beats SL, faces Australia in June final |author= |work=sportstar.thehindu.com |date=13 March 2023 |access-date=11 June 2023 |url= https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/international/icc-world-test-championship-points-table-update-india-vs-australia-wtc-final-2021-23-qualification/article66613186.ece}}</ref>

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto"
|-
! {{cr|AUS}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/josh-hazlewood-neser-harris-renshaw-marsh-australia-squad-world-test-championship-final/2023-05-29 |title=Hazlewood in as Aussies trim WTC final squad |access-date=29 May 2023 |work=Cricket Australia}}</ref>
! {{cr|IND}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2023/news/55556001/india-squad-for-icc-world-test-championship-2023-final |title=India squad for ICC World Test Championship 2023 Final|work=Board of Control for Cricket in India |access-date=25 April 2023}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Pat Cummins]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]] ([[captain (cricket)#Vice captain|vc]])
* [[Scott Boland]]
* [[Alex Carey]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Cameron Green]]
* [[Marcus Harris (cricketer)|Marcus Harris]]
* <s>[[Josh Hazlewood]]</s>
* [[Travis Head]]
* [[Josh Inglis]]
* [[Usman Khawaja]]
* [[Marnus Labuschagne]]
* [[Nathan Lyon]]
* [[Todd Murphy]]
* [[Michael Neser]]
* [[Mitchell Starc]]
* [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]]
|
* [[Rohit Sharma]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Ravichandran Ashwin]]
* [[K. S. Bharat]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Shubman Gill]]
* [[Ravindra Jadeja]]
* [[Ishan Kishan]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Virat Kohli]]
* [[Axar Patel]]
* [[Cheteshwar Pujara]]
* [[Ajinkya Rahane]]
* <s>[[K. L. Rahul]]</s>
* [[Mohammed Shami]]
* [[Mohammed Siraj]]
* [[Shardul Thakur]]
* [[Jaydev Unadkat]]
* [[Umesh Yadav]]
|}

=== Changes ===

* On 5 May 2023, [[K. L. Rahul]] was ruled out due to a thigh injury and on 8 May 2023, [[Ishan Kishan]] was announced as his replacement.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=8 May 2023 |title=India name KL Rahul's replacement for WTC final |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/3326464 |website=International Cricket Council}}</ref>
* On 4 June 2023, [[Josh Hazlewood]] was ruled out due to an Achilles and side issue, with [[Michael Neser]] was named as his replacement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Injury forces Australia into late change to World Test Championship Final squad |url=https://icc-cricket.com/news/3529185 |access-date=4 June 2023 |work=International Cricket Council}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/josh-hazlewood-injury-update-wtc-final-australia-squad-change-michael-neser/2023-06-04 |title=Hazlewood ruled out of WTC Final, Neser joins squad |access-date=4 June 2023 |work=Cricket Australia}}</ref>

== Match ==

===Match officials===
On 29 May 2023, the ICC announced the match officials for the final.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=29 May 2023 |title=Match officials for World Test Championship Final revealed |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/match-officials-for-world-test-championship-final-revealed |work=International Cricket Council}}</ref>

* '''On-field [[umpire (cricket)|umpires]]''': [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ) and [[Richard Illingworth]] (Eng)
* '''[[Third umpire]]''': [[Richard Kettleborough]] (Eng)
* '''[[Fourth umpire|Reserve umpire]]''': [[Kumar Dharmasena]] (SL)
* '''[[Match referee]]''': [[Richie Richardson]] (WI)

=== Match details and scorecard ===

{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 7–11 June 2023
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 469 (121.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Travis Head]] 163 (174)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Mohammed Siraj]] 4/108 (28.3 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 296 (69.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Ajinkya Rahane]] 89 (129)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Pat Cummins]] 3/84 (20 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 270/8[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (84.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Alex Carey]] 66[[not out|*]] (105)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] 3/58 (23 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 234 (63.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Virat Kohli]] 49 (78)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Nathan Lyon]] 4/41 (15.3 overs)

| result = Australia won by 209 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1358412.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[The Oval]], [[London]]
| umpires = [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ) and [[Richard Illingworth]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Travis Head]] (Aus)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Rohit Sharma]] (Ind) and [[Pat Cummins]] (Aus) both played their 50th Test.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/wtc-final-rohit-sharma-pat-cummins-50th-test-ind-vs-aus-oval-world-test-championship-2023/article66940965.ece/ |title=WTC Final 2023: Rohit Sharma, Pat Cummins feature in their 50th Tests at Oval |work=Sportstar |date=7 June 2023 |access-date=7 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/cricket/rohit-sharma-pat-cummins-to-reach-milestone-in-wtc-final-50th-test-match-for-both-captains20230607144022/ |title=Rohit Sharma, Pat Cummins to reach milestone in WTC final, 50th Test match for both captains |work=ANI News |access-date=7 June 2023}}</ref>
* [[Mohammed Siraj]] (Ind) took his 50th wicket in Tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/wtc-final-2023-india-australia-mohammad-siraj-pacer-50-test-wickets/article66945764.ece/ |title=WTC Final, IND vs AUS: Siraj reaches 50 Test wickets |work=Sportstar |date=8 June 2023 |access-date=8 June 2023}}</ref>
* [[Ajinkya Rahane]] (Ind) scored his 5000th run in Test cricket.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/icc-world-test-championship/ajinkya-rahane-completes-5000-runs-in-test-cricket-becomes-13th-indian-to-achieve-the-feat/articleshow/100877399.cms |title=Ajinkya Rahane completes 5000 runs in Test cricket, becomes 13th Indian to achieve the feat |access-date=10 June 2023 |work=Times of India|date=9 June 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/wtc-final-ajinkya-rahane-completes-5000-runs-in-his-83rd-test-match-2390914-2023-06-09 |title=WTC Final: Ajinkya Rahane completes 5000 runs in his 83rd Test match |access-date=10 June 2023 |work=India Today|date=9 June 2023 }}</ref>
* [[Cheteshwar Pujara]] (Ind) played in his last Test match.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=24 August 2025 |title='All good things must come to an end' - Pujara retires from all Indian cricket|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/cheteshwar-pujara-retires-from-all-forms-of-indian-cricket-1500232 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
* With this victory, Australia became the first team to win all major ICC titles.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=11 June 2023 |title=WTC Final: Australia beats India by 209 runs to win World Test Championship, first team to win all ICC titles |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/australia-wins-wtc-final-202-india-ind-vs-aus-win-all-icc-titles-oval-london-pat-cummins/article66957498.ece |website=SportStar|date=11 June 2023 }}</ref>
}}

=== Summary ===
==== Day 1 ====
Australian opener [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] made a steady start for his team, while his partner [[Usman Khawaja]] fell for a duck to [[Mohammed Siraj|Mohammad Siraj]]'s delivery.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bull |first=Andy |date=2023-06-07 |title=Cricket's absurd championship climax perfect for brilliantly silly Test game |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2023/jun/07/crickets-absurd-championship-climax-perfect-for-brilliantly-silly-test-game |access-date=2023-06-09 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> By the lunch break, Australia had reached a score of 73/2. Shortly after lunch, [[Marnus Labuschagne]] was dismissed by [[Mohammed Shami]]. [[Travis Head]], batting at number five, adopted an aggressive approach and scored runs quickly, surpassing the fifty-run mark before tea. At that stage, Australia's total stood at 170/3. Following tea, Head and [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]] formed a valuable partnership, reaching the milestone of a hundred runs together. Smith also completed his fifty during the course of their partnership. In the 66th over, Head achieved the significant feat of scoring a [[Century (cricket)|century]], marking his first century outside of Australia.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lemon |first=Geoff |date=2023-06-07 |title=Australia's Head-start changes emphasis and puts India to the sword |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2023/jun/07/australia-travis-head-india-world-test-championship-final-cricket |access-date=2023-06-09 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> By the end of the day's play, the partnership between Smith and Head had reached 251 runs, with Australia finishing strongly at 327/3. Head's individual score stood at 146, while Smith remained unbeaten on 95.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Burnton |first=Simon |date=2023-06-07 |title=Travis Head's fluent 146 not out against India turns WTC final Australia's way |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2023/jun/07/cricket-australia-india-world-test-championship-final-day-one-match-report |access-date=2023-06-10 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

==== Day 2 ====
On the second day of the match, Smith also reached the milestone of scoring a century for the thirty-first time in Test cricket.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lemon |first=Geoff |date=2023-06-08 |title=Beware, England: Steve Smith looks like a batting immortal again |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2023/jun/08/cricket-england-australia-ashes-steve-smith-batting-immortal |access-date=2023-06-09 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> However, the Indian pacers soon started taking wickets. Travis Head was dismissed by Siraj, followed by a quick succession of wickets with [[Cameron Green]] and Smith both falling, the latter being bowled by [[Shardul Thakur]]. By lunchtime, Australia's score stood at 422/7. After the break, the wickets continued to tumble at one end while [[Alex Carey]] showed resilience with a knock of 48 before being adjudged [[Leg before wicket|lbw]] to [[Ravindra Jadeja]]. At a total of 469, the last tailender and captain [[Pat Cummins]] departed after being caught by [[Ajinkya Rahane]] at the [[Cover (cricket)|covers]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Burnton |first=Simon |date=2023-06-08 |title=Australia take control of WTC final as India contribute to own downfall |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2023/jun/08/cricket-australia-india-world-test-championship-final-day-two-match-report |access-date=2023-06-09 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

It was then time for the Indian openers, [[Shubman Gill]] and captain [[Rohit Sharma]], to take the field. However, Sharma was dismissed by opposition skipper Cummins, and shortly after, Gill made a judgment error and was bowled. As tea approached, India found themselves at 30/2, with [[Virat Kohli]] and [[Cheteshwar Pujara]] at the crease. In the last session of the day, India continued to lose wickets, with Kohli and Pujara being dismissed by [[Mitchell Starc]] and Cameron Green, respectively. Jadeja increased the scoring rate for the team before being caught by Smith off the bowling of [[Nathan Lyon]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Macpherson |first=Will |date=2023-06-08 |title=Australia's relentless five-man attack in ominously fine fettle |language=en-GB |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/cricket/2023/06/08/australia-india-wtc-final-day-two-cameron-green/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=2023-06-09 |issn=0307-1235}}</ref> As the day concluded, India were on 151/5, with Rahane on 29, accompanied by wicketkeeper-batsman [[K. S. Bharat]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Australia vs India Scorecard 2021–2023. Cricket Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-test-championship-2021-2023-1268315/australia-vs-india-final-1358412/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-06-11 |work=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>

==== Day 3 ====
At the beginning of the third day, Bharat fell swiftly to [[Scott Boland]]'s bowling, while Thakur survived a dropped catch in the slips. Rahane eventually reached the fifty with a [[Six (cricket)|six]], albeit being given another lifeline when Warner dropped him. Cummins appeared to have Thakur dismissed lbw, but the decision was overturned due to a [[no-ball]], similar to what happened with Rahane the previous day.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lemon |first=Geoff |date=2023-06-09 |title=Pat Cummins loses cool but not threat as Australia's attack excels again |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2023/jun/09/pat-cummins-lose-cool-but-not-threat-as-australias-attack-excels-again |access-date=2023-06-11 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Approaching the lunch break, India's score reached 260/6. Shortly after lunch, Rahane's [[innings]] came to an end as he was caught by Green while on 89.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wigmore |first=Tim |date=2023-06-09 |title=Pat Cummins' bowling has one flaw: no-balls |language=en-GB |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/cricket/2023/06/09/pat-cummins-bowling-has-one-flaw-no-balls/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=2023-06-11 |issn=0307-1235}}</ref> Thakur managed to complete his fifty, but his dismissal triggered a collapse in India's score, concluding at 296 and trailing by 173 runs.

Australia's second innings commenced with an early setback, as Warner was caught behind off Siraj's bowling. By tea, Australia had reached 23/1. However, in the post-tea session, Khawaja also fell victim to a catch behind off [[Umesh Yadav]]'s delivery. Labuschagne and Smith then formed a fifty partnership, but their progress was halted when Smith's aggressive shot was caught off Jadeja's bowling. Head, who had displayed exceptional form in the previous innings, entered the crease but soon fell prey to a [[caught and bowled]] off Jadeja's delivery, two balls after Yadav's fumble resulted in an unintended six.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Burnton |first=Simon |date=2023-06-09 |title=Labuschagne and Smith keep Australia in control of final after India fightback |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2023/jun/09/world-test-championship-australia-india-cricket-day-three-report |access-date=2023-06-11 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Australia concluded the day at 123/4, holding a lead of 296 runs.<ref name=":1" />

==== Day 4 ====
On the fourth day's commencement, Labuschagne was caught in the [[Slip (cricket)|slip]] cordon by Pujara. Green and Carey displayed determined batting, forging a partnership that approached the fifty-run mark until Green's dismissal, wherein the ball dislodged the [[Bail (cricket)|bails]] in an unconventional manner. By lunchtime, Australia's score stood at 201/6. As play resumed, Carey reached his half-century after previously missing out, while Starc exhibited quick scoring at the other end. By the 79th over, Australia's lead exceeded 400 runs. Following Starc's departure on 41, Cummins was soon caught, prompting the [[Declare (cricket)|declaration of the innings]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bull |first=Andy |date=2023-06-10 |title=Cummins' lack of intent shows sharp contrast of styles before Ashes duel |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2023/jun/10/cummins-lack-of-intent-shows-sharp-contrast-of-styles-before-ashes-duel |access-date=2023-06-10 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

With a target of 444 runs, India faced the task of chasing down what would have been a record-breaking chase in Test cricket. The openers adopted an aggressive approach, scoring at a run-a-ball rate, until a contentious slip catch was claimed by Green off the bat of Gill.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wigmore |first=Tim |date=2023-06-10 |title=Disputed Cameron Green catch overshadows Australia dominance over India |language=en-GB |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/cricket/2023/06/10/cameron-green-catch-overshadows-australia-dominance-india/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=2023-06-11 |issn=0307-1235}}</ref> Before tea, India had reached 41/1 in 7 overs of their innings. Upon resumption, Pujara and Sharma constructed a fifty-run partnership, but Sharma fell victim to an lbw decision while attempting a lap-[[Sweep shot|sweep]] off Lyon's bowling. Soon after, Pujara also departed. However, Kohli and Rahane formed a seventy-run partnership, with Kohli on 44[[Not out|*]] and Rahane on 20*. As on the final day, India had to chase down a target of 280 runs.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Burnton |first=Simon |date=2023-06-10 |title=Virat Kohli gives India a glimmer of hope after Australia set daunting target |language=en-GB |work=[[The Observer]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2023/jun/10/virat-kohli-gives-india-a-glimmer-of-hope-after-australia-set-daunting-target |access-date=2023-06-11 |issn=0029-7712}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Kohli stands between Australia and Test title |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC Sport]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/65867736 |access-date=2023-06-11}}</ref>

==== Day 5 ====
On the final day of the game, the momentum shifted in favour of Australia as Kohli, batting at 49, edged a delivery that was caught by Smith, diving to his right to collect it two-handed. Two balls later, Jadeja fell victim to Boland's delivery, departing the field without adding any runs to the scoreboard. For India, the wickets continued to tumble, and they were eventually bowled out for a total of 234 runs.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Burnton |first=Simon |date=2023-06-11 |title=Kohli exposed as Australia beat India to win World Test Championship final |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2023/jun/11/kohli-exposed-cricket-australia-beat-india-to-win-world-test-championship-final |access-date=2023-06-11 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> With this result, Australia emerged victorious in the [[2021–2023 World Test Championship|2021–2023 ICC World Test Championship]], securing a 209-run win.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Australia crowned World Test Championship winners |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC Sport]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/65867740 |access-date=2023-06-11}}</ref> Travis Head, who made significant contributions, received player of the match award. This achievement established Australia as the first and, thus far, the only team to have won all ICC tournaments.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Conn |first=Malcolm |date=2023-06-11 |title=Australia claim World Test Championship title with emphatic victory |url=https://www.smh.com.au/sport/cricket/australia-claim-world-test-championship-title-with-emphatic-victory-20230611-p5dfqh.html |url-access=registration |access-date=2023-06-11 |website=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |language=en}}</ref>

Scorecard Source:<ref name=finalscorecard>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1358412.html |title=Final: Final, ICC World Test Championship at The Oval, June 7–11, 2023 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=8 June 2023 |date=8 June 2023}}</ref>
;Australia 1st innings
{{Cricket match batting box begin|title={{cr|AUS}} batting}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] |status=c †Bharat b Thakur|runs=43|balls=60|4s=8|6s=0|strike_rate=71.66}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Usman Khawaja]] |status=c †Bharat b Siraj|runs=0|balls=10|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=0.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Marnus Labuschagne]] |status=b Shami|runs=26|balls=62|4s=3|6s=0|strike_rate=41.93}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]] |status=b Thakur|runs=121|balls=268|4s=19|6s=0|strike_rate=45.14}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Travis Head]] |status=c †Bharat b Siraj|runs=163|balls=174|4s=25|6s=1|strike_rate=93.67}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Cameron Green]] |status=c Gill b Shami|runs=6|balls=7|4s=1|6s=0|strike_rate=85.71}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Alex Carey]]
|status=lbw b Jadeja|runs=48|balls=69|4s=7|6s=1|strike_rate=69.56}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Mitchell Starc]] |status=run out (sub [Patel])|runs=5|balls=20|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=25.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Pat Cummins]] |status=c Rahane b Siraj|runs=9|balls=34|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=26.47}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Nathan Lyon]] |status=b Siraj|runs=9|balls=25|4s=1|6s=0|strike_rate=36.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Scott Boland]] |status=not out|runs=1|balls=7|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=14.28}}

{{Cricket match batsman status|player=Extras|status=(b 13, lb 10, nb 7, w 8)|runs=38|balls=|4s=|6s=|strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player='''Total'''|status=(10 wickets; 121.3 overs)|runs='''469'''|balls=|4s=64|6s=2|strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match box end}}

Fall of wickets: 1–2 (Khawaja, 3.4 ov), 2–71 (Warner, 21.4 ov), 3–76 (Labuschagne, 24.1 ov), 4–361 (Head, 91.1 ov), 5–376 (Green, 94.2 ov), 6–387 (Smith, 98.1 ov), 7–402 (Starc, 103.5 ov), 8–453 (Carey, 114.4 ov), 9–468 (Lyon, 119.5 ov), 10–469 (Cummins, 121.3 ov)

{{Cricket match bowling box begin|title={{cr|IND}} bowling}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Mohammed Shami]]|overs=29|maiden=4|runs=122|wickets=2|econ=4.20|wides=1|no-balls=2}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Mohammed Siraj]]|overs=28.3|maiden=4|runs=108|wickets=4|econ=3.78|wides=3|no-balls=1}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Umesh Yadav]]|overs=23|maiden=5|runs=77|wickets=0|econ=3.34|wides=0|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Shardul Thakur]]|overs=23|maiden=4|runs=83|wickets=2|econ=3.60|wides=0|no-balls=4}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Ravindra Jadeja]]|overs=18|maiden=2|runs=56|wickets=1|econ=3.11|wides=0|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match box end}}

;India 1st innings
{{Cricket match batting box begin|title={{cr|IND}} batting}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Rohit Sharma]] |status=lbw b Cummins|runs=15|balls=26|4s=2|6s=0|strike_rate=57.69}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Shubman Gill]] |status=b Boland|runs=13|balls=15|4s=2|6s=0|strike_rate=86.66}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Cheteshwar Pujara]] |status=b Green|runs=14|balls=25|4s=2|6s=0|strike_rate=56.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Virat Kohli]] |status=c Smith b Starc|runs=14|balls=31|4s=2|6s=0|strike_rate=45.16}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Ajinkya Rahane]] |status=c Green b Cummins|runs=89|balls=129|4s=11|6s=1|strike_rate=68.99}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Ravindra Jadeja]] |status=c Smith b Lyon|runs=48|balls=51|4s=7|6s=1|strike_rate=94.11}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[K. S. Bharat]] |status=b Boland|runs=5|balls=15|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=33.33}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Shardul Thakur]] |status= c †Carey b Green|runs=51|balls=109|4s=6|6s=0|strike_rate=46.78}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Umesh Yadav]] |status=b Cummins|runs=5|balls=11|4s=1|6s=0|strike_rate=45.45}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Mohammed Shami]] |status=c †Carey b Starc|runs=13|balls=11|4s=2|6s=0|strike_rate=118.18}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Mohammed Siraj]] |status=not out|runs=0|balls=3|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=0.00}}

{{Cricket match batsman status|player=Extras|status=(b 10, lb 10, nb 8, w 1)|runs=29|balls=|4s=|6s=|strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player='''Total'''|status=(10 wickets; 69.4 overs)|runs='''296'''|balls=|4s=35|6s=2|strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match box end}}

Fall of wickets: 1–30 (Rohit, 5.6 ov), 2–30 (Gill, 6.4 ov), 3–50 (Pujara, 13.5 ov), 4–71 (Kohli, 18.2 ov), 5–142 (Jadeja, 34.3 ov), 6–152 (Bharat, 38.2 ov), 7–261 (Rahane, 61.6 ov), 8–271 (Yadav, 65.5 ov), 9–294 (Thakur, 68.3 ov), 10–296 (Shami, 69.4 ov)

{{Cricket match bowling box begin|title={{cr|AUS}} bowling}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Mitchell Starc]]|overs=13.4|maiden=0|runs=71|wickets=2|econ=5.19|wides=0|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Pat Cummins]]|overs=20|maiden=2|runs=83|wickets=3|econ=4.15|wides=0|no-balls=6}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Scott Boland]]|overs=20|maiden=6|runs=59|wickets=2|econ=2.95|wides=0|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Cameron Green]]|overs=12|maiden=1|runs=44|wickets=2|econ=3.66|wides=1|no-balls=2}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Nathan Lyon]]|overs=4|maiden=0|runs=19|wickets=1|econ=4.75|wides=0|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match box end}}

;Australia 2nd innings
{{Cricket match batting box begin|title={{cr|AUS}} batting}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Usman Khawaja]] |status=c †Bharat b Yadav|runs=13|balls=39|4s=2|6s=0|strike_rate=33.33}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] |status=c †Bharat b Siraj|runs=1|balls=8|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=12.50}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Marnus Labuschagne]] |status=c Pujara b Yadav|runs=41|balls=126|4s=4|6s=0|strike_rate=32.53}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]] |status=c Thakur b Jadeja|runs=34|balls=47|4s=3|6s=0|strike_rate=72.34}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Travis Head]] |status=c & b Jadeja|runs=18|balls=27|4s=0|6s=2|strike_rate=66.66}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Cameron Green]] |status=b Jadeja|runs=25|balls=95|4s=4|6s=0|strike_rate=26.31}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Alex Carey]]
|status=not out|runs=66|balls=105|4s=8|6s=0|strike_rate=62.85}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Mitchell Starc]] |status=c Kohli b Shami|runs=41|balls=57|4s=7|6s=0|strike_rate=71.92}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Pat Cummins]] |status=c sub (Patel) b Shami|runs=5|balls=5|4s=1|6s=0|strike_rate=100.00}}

{{Cricket match batsman status|player=Extras|status=(b 9, lb 9, nb 2, w 6)|runs=26|balls=|4s=|6s=|strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player='''Total'''|status=(8 wickets; 84.3 overs)|runs='''270/8[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]]'''|balls=|4s=29|6s=2|strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match box end}}

Fall of wickets: 1–2 (Warner, 3.3 ov), 2–24 (Khawaja, 14.1 ov), 3–86 (Smith, 30.1 ov), 4–111 (Head, 36.3 ov), 5–124 (Labuschagne, 46.4 ov), 6–167 (Green, 62.6 ov), 7–260 (Starc, 82.6 ov), 8–270 (Cummins, 84.3 ov)

{{Cricket match bowling box begin|title={{cr|IND}} bowling}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Mohammed Shami]]|overs=16.3|maiden=6|runs=39|wickets=2|econ=2.36|wides=1|no-balls=1}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Mohammed Siraj]]|overs=20|maiden=2|runs=80|wickets=1|econ=4.00|wides=1|no-balls=1}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Shardul Thakur]]|overs=8|maiden=1|runs=21|wickets=0|econ=2.62|wides=0|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Umesh Yadav]]|overs=17|maiden=1|runs=54|wickets=2|econ=3.17|wides=0|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Ravindra Jadeja]]|overs=23|maiden=4|runs=58|wickets=3|econ=2.52|wides=0|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match box end}}

;India 2nd innings
{{Cricket match batting box begin|title={{cr|IND}} batting}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Rohit Sharma]] |status=lbw b Lyon|runs=43|balls=60|4s=7|6s=1|strike_rate=71.66}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Shubman Gill]] |status=c Green b Boland|runs=18|balls=19|4s=2|6s=0|strike_rate=94.73}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Cheteshwar Pujara]] |status=c †Carey b Cummins|runs=27|balls=47|4s=5|6s=0|strike_rate=57.44}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Virat Kohli]] |status=c Smith b Boland|runs=49|balls=78|4s=7|6s=0|strike_rate=62.82}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Ajinkya Rahane]] |status=c †Carey b Starc|runs=46|balls=108|4s=7|6s=0|strike_rate=42.59}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Ravindra Jadeja]] |status=c †Carey b Boland|runs=0|balls=2|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=0.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[K. S. Bharat]] |status=c & b Lyon|runs=23|balls=41|4s=2|6s=0|strike_rate=56.09}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Shardul Thakur]] |status=lbw b Lyon|runs=0|balls=5|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=0.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Umesh Yadav]] |status=c †Carey b Starc|runs=1|balls=12|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=8.33}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Mohammed Shami]] |status=not out|runs=13|balls=8|4s=3|6s=0|strike_rate=162.50}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Mohammed Siraj]] |status=c Boland b Lyon|runs=1|balls=6|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=16.66}}

{{Cricket match batsman status|player=Extras|status=(lb 2, nb 5, w 6)|runs=13|balls=|4s=|6s=|strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player='''Total'''|status=(10 wickets; 63.3 overs)|runs='''234'''|balls=|4s=33|6s=1|strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match box end}}

Fall of wickets: 1–41 (Gill, 7.1 ov), 2–92 (Rohit, 19.5 ov), 3–93 (Pujara, 20.4 ov), 4–179 (Kohli, 46.3 ov), 5–179 (Jadeja, 46.5 ov), 6–212 (Rahane, 56.2 ov), 7–213 (Thakur, 57.4 ov), 8–220 (Yadav, 60.2 ov), 9–224 (Bharat, 61.5 ov), 10–234 (Siraj, 63.3 ov)

{{Cricket match bowling box begin|title={{cr|AUS}} bowling}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Pat Cummins]]|overs=13|maiden=1|runs=55|wickets=1|econ=4.23|wides=1|no-balls=4}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Scott Boland]]|overs=16|maiden=2|runs=46|wickets=3|econ=2.87|wides=0|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Mitchell Starc]]|overs=14|maiden=1|runs=77|wickets=2|econ=5.50|wides=0|no-balls=1}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Cameron Green]]|overs=5|maiden=0|runs=13|wickets=0|econ=2.60|wides=1|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Nathan Lyon]]|overs=15.3|maiden=2|runs=41|wickets=4|econ=2.64|wides=0|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match box end}}

==Broadcasting==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ List of broadcasters<ref>{{Cite web |title=Broadcasters. ICC World Test Championship. ICC |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/world-test-championship/broadcasters |access-date=2023-06-06 |work=International Cricket Council}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=WTC 2023. Official Broadcasters |url=https://www.worldtestchampionship.com/official-broadcasters |access-date=2023-06-07 |work=World Test Championship}}</ref>
! Country !! Television broadcaster(s)
! Radio
! Digital streaming
|-
|Afghanistan
|[[Ariana Television Network|Ariana Television]] Ariana News
|
|Ariana Television Ariana News
|-
|Australia
|[[Seven Network]]
|[[Sports Entertainment Network|SEN]]
|[[7plus]]
|-
|Bangladesh
|[[GTV (Bangladeshi TV channel)|GTV]] [[T Sports]]
|
|Rabbithole, Toffee
|-
|United Kingdom Ireland
|[[Sky Sports]]
|[[BBC iPlayer|BBC]]
|[[Sky Go]] [[Now (Sky)|NOW]]
|-
|All [[Caribbean islands]]
|Sportsmax
|
|Sportsmax App
|-
|USA and Canada
|[[Willow (TV channel)|Willow]]
|
|[[Willow (TV channel)|Willow TV]]
|-
|India || [[Star Sports (Indian TV network)|Star Sports]]
|[[All India Radio]]
|[[Disney+ Hotstar]]
|-
|New Zealand
|[[Sky Sport (New Zealand)|Sky Sports]]
|NZME Radio
|[[Sky Go]] [[Sky Sport (New Zealand)|Sky Sports Now]]
|-
|[[MENA]]
|CricLife Starzplay
|
|
|-
|Sri Lanka
|Maharaja TV [[TV One (Sri Lankan TV channel)|TV One]]
|
|
|-
|Sub Saharan Africa
|[[SuperSport (South African broadcaster)|Supersport]]
|
|DSTV App
|-
|Pacific Islands
|[[Digicel]] TVWan Sports 2 TVWan Sports 3
|
|
|-
|Rest of the World
|
|
|ICC.tv
|}

The ICC also named the following panel of commentators for the final:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/video/3531172|title=Commentators' curse: WTC Final commentators on what to expect from an all-star cast|work=International Cricket Council|access-date=7 June 2023}}</ref>
* [[Harsha Bhogle]]
* [[Sunil Gavaskar]]
* [[Matthew Hayden]]
* [[Nasser Hussain]]
* [[Dinesh Karthik]]
* [[Justin Langer]]
* [[Alison Mitchell]]
* [[Ricky Ponting]]
* [[Kumar Sangakkara]]
* [[Ravi Shastri]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{2021–2023 ICC World Test Championship}}
{{International cricket in 2023}}

[[Category:ICC World Test Championship|*]]
[[Category:June 2023 sports events in the United Kingdom|ICC]]
[[Category:2023 in sport in London|ICC]]
[[Category:Australia in international cricket]]
[[Category:India in international cricket]]
[[Category:2023 in Australian cricket|ICC]]
[[Category:2023 in Indian cricket|ICC]]
[[Category:Australia–India sports relations|2023]]

Tarazuea

2026-05-01T00:13:49Z

Gopalpurpp: Added new article

{{Short description|Village in Jammu and Kashmir, India}}
{{Orphan|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tarazuea
| official_name = Tarazuea
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| motto =
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Map of Jammu and Kashmir
| coordinates = {{coord|34.2511|74.5500|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of subdistricts in India|Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Baramulla district|Baramulla]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Sopore]]
| area_total_km2 =
| area_total_acre =
| population_total = 6910
| demographics1_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]<ref>{{cite news | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | work=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=23 July 2022 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Spoken
| demographics1_info2 =
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 193202
| postal2_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone Code
| area_code = 01954
| registration_plate = JK-05
| blank_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank_info_sec1 = 53.01%
| blank_name_sec2 = Village Code
| blank_info_sec2 = 193202
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| website = {{URL|barammulla.nic.in}}
| area_total_ha = 681.9
}}
'''Tarazuea''' is a census village in the Sopore tehsil of [[Baramulla district]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=India |title=Census of India, 1971. Series 8, Series 8, |last2=Office of the Registrar General |last3=Zutshi |first3=J. N |last4=India |last5=Director of Census Operations |first5=Jammu and Kashmir |publisher=Manager of Publications |year=1972 |location=Delhi |pages=390 |language=English}}</ref> As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Tarazuea has a total population of 6,910 people including 3,504 males and 3,406 with a literacy rate of 53.01%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Primary census abstract data for scheduled tribes, Jammu and Kashmir - District Baramula - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/6199/download/9276/DDW_PCA0108_2011_MDDS%20with%20UI.xlsx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723112553/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/41906/download/45537/PCA_ST0108_2011_MDDS_DDW.xlsx |archive-date=23 July 2022 |access-date=26 July 2022 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Baramulla district]]

{{JammuKashmir-geo-stub}}

Tirupati Assembly constituency

2026-04-30T10:25:53Z

Gopalpurpp: Added post

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tirupati
| type = SLA
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (167-Tirupati highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Tirupati Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| map_alt =
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Tirupati Lok Sabha constituency|Tirupati]]
| constituency_no = 167
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| abolished =
| mla = [[Arani Srinivasulu]]
| party = {{Party index link|Janasena Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = {{formatnum:270762}}
}}

'''Tirupati Assembly constituency''' is a constituency
in [[Tirupati district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{Cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Tirupati Lok Sabha constituency]].

[[Arani Srinivasulu]] is the current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Janasena Party]]. As of 2019, there are a total of 270,762 electors in the constituency.{{update after|2024|7}} The constituency was established in 1951, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1951)''.

== Mandals ==

Tirupati Assembly constituency consists of two mandals.

{{Srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
! Mandals
|-
| [[Tirupati Urban mandal]]
|-
| [[Tirupati Rural mandal]]
|}

<mapframe text="Mandals in Tirupati Assembly Constituency" width=300 height=300 align=center >{ "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q7809385,Q7809384"}</mapframe>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| rowspan=2 |[[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| [[Kidambi Varadachari]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| M. Dorai Kannu
|-
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
| Reddyvari Nathamuni Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Reddyvari Nathamuni Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[Agarala Eswara Reddi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Vijaya Sikhamani
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| [[Agarala Eswara Reddi]]
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| [[N. T. Rama Rao]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 1983 by-election
| Dr. Kathula Syamala
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<ref name=election1985>{{Cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4049-andhra-pradesh-1985/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 1985 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 18 May 2022}}</ref>
| rowspan=2 | Mabbu Rami Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| Antharaji Mohan
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| [[Chadalavada Krishna Murthy]]<ref name=election1999>{{Cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4052-andhra-pradesh-1999/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 1999 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 18 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| M. Venkataramana
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Konidala Chiranjeevi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Rajyam Party}}
|-
| 2012 by-election
| [[Bhumana Karunakar Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| M. Venkataramana
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 2015 by-election
| [[M. Suguna]]
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Bhumana Karunakar Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Arani Srinivasulu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janasena Party}}
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2004 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tirupati<ref name=election2004>{{Cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4053-andhra-pradesh-2004/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2004 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = M Venkataramana
|votes = 91,863
|percentage = 61.78
|change = +19.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = N V Prasad
|votes = 52,768
|percentage = 35.49
|change = -16.42
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 39,095
|percentage = 26.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 148,685
|percentage = 50.94
|change = -2.50
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tirupati<ref name=election2009>{{Cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4054-andhra-pradesh-2009/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Praja Rajyam Party
|candidate = [[Chiranjeevi]]
|votes = 56,309
|percentage = 44.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Bhumana Karunakar Reddy]]
|votes = 40,379
|percentage = 31.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = K Sankara Reddy
|votes = 21,307
|percentage = 16.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 15930
|percentage = 12.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 127,627
|percentage = 51.64
|change = +0.70
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Praja Rajyam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2012 by-election ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[2012 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election]]: [[Tirupati]]
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Bhumana Karunakar Reddy]]
|votes = 59,195
|percentage = 45.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = M Venkataramana
|votes = 41,280
|percentage = 31.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Chadalavada Krishnamurthy
|votes = 30,453
|percentage = 23.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 17,975
|percentage = 13.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 130,928
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Praja Rajyam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tirupati<ref name=election2014>{{Cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4055-andhra-pradesh-2014/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>[[Category:Tirupati]]
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = M Venkataramana
|votes = 99,313
|percentage = 57.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Bhumana Karunakar Reddy]]
|votes = 57,774
|percentage = 33.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 41,539
|percentage = 24.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 172,525
|percentage = 59.51
|change = +7.87
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 by-election ===

{{Election box begin
| title = 2015 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election: Tirupati}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[M. Suguna]]
|votes = 126,162
|percentage = 85.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=R Sreedevi|votes=9,628|percentage=6.65|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=116,524|percentage=79.15|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=147,216|percentage=50.78|change=-8.73}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing = {{profit}}28.13
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tirupati<ref name=election2019>{{Cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11673-andhra-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Bhumana Karunakar Reddy]]
|votes = 80544
|percentage = 44.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[M. Suguna]]|votes=79,836|percentage=44.25|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Janasena Party|candidate=Chadalavada Krishnamurthy|votes=12,315|percentage=6.83|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Prameela Kidambi|votes=2,725|percentage=1.51|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=708|percentage=0.39|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,80,429|percentage=66.62|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tirupati}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Janasena Party
|candidate = [[Arani Srinivasulu]]
|votes = 1,24,107
|percentage = 64.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = Bhumana Abhinay Reddy
|votes = 62,151
|percentage = 32.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = P. Murali
|votes = 608
|percentage = 0.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 1,281
|percentage = 0.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 61,956
|percentage = 31.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,93,742
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Janasena Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==

* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Coord|13.63|79.42|display=title}}
{{Tirupati district}}
{{Tirupati topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tirupati district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Salliyargal

2026-04-30T02:18:55Z

Gopalpurpp: Added a entry

{{Short description|2026 Tamil-language independent drama film by T.Kittu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Salliyargal.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = T. Kittu
| writer = T. Kittu
| producer = [[Karunas|S. Karunaas]] P. Karikalan
| starring = {{ubl
|Karunas
|Sathya Devi
|[[Thirumurugan (actor)|Thirumurugan]]
}}
| music = {{ubl
|[[Ken Karunas]]
|Easwar
}}
| studio = Indian Cineway
| distributor = [[Suresh Kamatchi|V House Productions]]
| released = {{Film date|2026|01|01|df=y}}
| runtime = 107 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Salliyargal''''' is a 2026 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[war film]] directed by T. Kittu of ''[[Methagu]]'' (2021) fame and starring Sathyadevi, [[Karunas]], and [[Thirumurugan (actor)|Thirumurugan]]. The film was released on 1 January 2026, after three year of struggle in securing screens in theaters.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-08 |title=Karthik Subbaraj says it's "tough times for cinema" as he cites examples of Jana Nayagan and Salliyargal: 'Save art and cinema' |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jan/08/karthik-subbaraj-says-its-tough-times-for-cinema-as-he-cites-examples-of-jana-nayagan-and-salliyargal-save-art-and-cinema |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The story is based on Tamil battle field doctors during the [[Sri Lankan civil war]].

==Plot==
Amidst the Sri Lankan civil war, heroic doctors toil in a hideout to treat both allies and foes. Despite facing peril, ethical quandaries and constant turmoil, their altruism remains steadfast.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*Sathyadevi
*[[Karunas]]
*[[Thirumurugan (actor)|Thirumurugan]] as army commander
*Janaki
*Mahendran as Dr. Sembian
*Nagaraj
*Priya
*Anand Sounderarajan
*Mohan
*Santhosh
}}

== Production ==
Production had started by January 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-02 |title=சல்லியர்கள் படம் 3 ஆண்டுக்கு பின் திரையரங்கில் அல்லாமல் நேரடியாக ஒடிடியில் வெளியானது ஏன்? தமிழ் சினிமாவில் என்ன நடக்கிறது? |url=https://www.bbc.com/tamil/articles/cvgdlzy7edro |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=BBC News தமிழ் |language=ta |archive-date=2026-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106040205/https://www.bbc.com/tamil/articles/cvgdlzy7edro |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-15 |title=T Kittu's next is titled 'Salliyarkal', here's the first look poster |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/t-kittus-next-is-titled-salliyarkal-heres-the-first-look-poster/articleshow/88916055.cms |access-date=2026-01-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film stars [[Karunas]] but faced difficulties with distribution in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='Salliyargal' Released on OTT in Protest Against Theatres |url=http://www.indiaherald.com/Breaking/Read/994871826/Salliyargal-Released-on-OTT-in-Protest-Against-Theatres |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=indiaherald.com |language=en}}</ref> Its producer [[Suresh Kamatchi]] expressed his frustration about [[PVR INOX|PVR]] ignoring this film by not allocating a single screen from its cluster of theaters in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Salliyars: "PVR is ignoring stories rooted in Tamil culture" - Producer Suresh Kamatchi – Vikatan |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/producer-suresh-kamatchi-talk-about-salliyargal-could-not-get-a-theatre-release |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=vikatan.com |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-02 |title=Suresh Kamatchi hits back at PVR after being denied screens for Salliyargal: 'Who are they to decide?...' |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jan/02/suresh-kamatchi-hits-back-at-pvr-after-being-denied-screens-for-salliyargal-who-are-they-to-decide |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=2026-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260108165629/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jan/02/suresh-kamatchi-hits-back-at-pvr-after-being-denied-screens-for-salliyargal-who-are-they-to-decide |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Release ==
''Salliyargal'' was digitally released on ''OTT Plus'' platform on 1 January 2026<ref>{{Cite web |title=தியேட்டர் தராததால் ஆத்திரம்... சல்லியர்கள் படத்தை ஓடிடி-யில் நேரடியாக ரிலீஸ் செய்தார் சுரேஷ் காமாட்சி |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/salliyargal-movie-skip-theatres-and-directly-release-on-ott-yuua41z |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=[[Asianet News]] |language=ta}}</ref> and later on [[Aha (streaming service)|''Aha Tamil'']] platform.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-20 |title=Suresh Kamatchi-backed Salliyargal premieres on OTT after missing theatrical release |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jan/20/suresh-kamatchi-backed-salliyargal-premieres-on-ott-after-missing-theatrical-release |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
A reviewer from ''[[News Today]]'' found it was "a heartfelt tribute to the doctors who chose humanity over hatred. With its emotionally rich writing and poetic dialogues".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-02 |title=Salliyargal – Review |url=https://newstodaynet.com/2026/01/02/salliyargal-review/ |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=News Today |language=en |archive-date=2026-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260103214442/https://newstodaynet.com/2026/01/02/salliyargal-review/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A critic of ''[[Daily Thanthi]]'' praised the film for its screenplay despite having predictable scenes and lauded director Kittu for capturing the hearts and minds of the Sri Lankan war and the struggle of the activists who provided medical treatment there, beyond the battlefields.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 2, 2026 |title="சல்லியர்கள்" திரைப்பட விமர்சனம் |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/movie-review/salliyargal-movie-review-in-tamil-1198286 |website=www.dailythanthi.com |access-date=January 15, 2026 |archive-date=January 6, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106215205/https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/movie-review/salliyargal-movie-review-in-tamil-1198286 |url-status=live }}</ref> Abhisudha of ''[[Indian Express]]'' described the film as an emotional journey that touches the heart without being dramatic and praised the attempt to bring the reality to screen.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OTT: பதுங்கு குழிகளில் மருத்துவ சிகிச்சை... போராட்டக்காரர்களின் வாழ்க்கை; ‘சல்லியர்கள்' படத்தை எந்த ஓ.டி.டி-யில் பார்க்கலாம்? |url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/salliyargal-movie-review-eelam-war-t-kittu-thirumurugan-sathya-devi-karunaas-ott-plus-10965163 |website=tamil.indianexpress.com}}</ref> RK Spark of ''[[Zee Hindustan|Zee Hindustan Tamil]]'' praised the director for bringing to screen, the brave story of doctors - the forgotten heroes of Sri Lanka's Eelam War.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 2, 2026 |title=சல்லியர்கள் படத்தின் திரை விமர்சனம்! படம் எப்படி உள்ளது? |url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/salliyarkal-movie-review-in-tamil-released-on-ott-plus-suresh-kamatchi-631873 |website=Zee Hindustan Tamil}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2026 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2020s war films]]
[[Category:2026 films]]
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about the Sri Lankan civil war]]
[[Category:Films produced by Suresh Kamatchi]]
[[Category:Films set in Sri Lanka (1948–present)]]
[[Category:Indian war films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language war films]]

TIDEL Park

2026-04-24T21:27:46Z

Gopalpurpp: Added new article

{{Short description|Tech Park in Chennai, India}}
{{About|the building in Taramani, Chennai|its eponymous building|TIDEL Park, Pattabiram}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox building
| name = TIDEL Park
| native_name =
| image = Tidel Park.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Front facade
| alternate_names =
| location = [[Taramani]], [[Chennai]], India
| address = 4, [[Rajiv Gandhi Salai]]
| coordinates = {{coord|12.9896946|80.2487258|display=title}}
| construction_start_date = 1998
| completion_date = 2000
| inauguration_date = 4 July 2000
| building_type = [[Information Technology|IT]] [[Special Economic Zone]]
| roof = {{cvt|169.55|ft}}
| top_floor = 12
| floor_count = 15
| elevator_count = 19
| architectural_style =
| cost = {{INRconvert|3.2|b|year=1999}}
| floor_area = {{cvt|1280000|ft2}}
| architect = CRN Architects
| structural_engineer =
| main_contractor = [[Hyundai Engineering]]
| developer = [[TIDCO]] and [[ELCOT]]
| owner = TIDEL Park Limited
| operator =
| references = <ref name="Emporis">{{cite web|title=Tidel Park|work= [[Emporis]]|url=http://www.emporis.com/building/tidelpark-chennai-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228071542/http://www.emporis.com/building/tidelpark-chennai-india|archive-date=28 December 2013|access-date = 18 Dec 2011}}</ref><ref name="Tidel">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tidel-parks-journey-from-chennai-to-smaller-towns-across-tamil-nadu/article67868563.ece|title=TIDEL Parks: journey from Chennai to smaller towns across Tamil Nadu|date=21 February 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref name="CIOL">{{cite news|url=https://www.ciol.com/pm-asias-largest-it-park-chennai/|title=PM opens Asia's largest IT park in Chennai|date=4 July 2000|access-date=1 June 2024|work=CIOL}}</ref><ref name="Info">{{cite web|url=https://properties.cityinfoservices.com/tidel-park-south-a-tharamani-chennai/la29asw/pjd|title=Tidel park|work=City info|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="ET">{{cite web|url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/news.nsf/(docid)/3FFA0B782058088965256941003F73BD|title=Chennai Tidel park to be ready by 2000|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=11 February 1999|issn=0013-0389|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=5 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405022453/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/news.nsf/(docid)/3FFA0B782058088965256941003F73BD|url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}

'''TIDEL Park''' is an [[information technology]] (IT) park in [[Chennai]], India. It is located on [[Rajiv Gandhi Salai]] in the southern suburb of [[Taramani]]. The building was developed by the [[Tamil Nadu government]] agencies [[TIDCO]] and [[ELCOT]]. It was opened in 2000, and was amongst the first and largest IT parks in South Asia.

== Location ==
TIDEL Park is located along the [[Rajiv Gandhi Salai]] in the southern suburb of [[Taramani]] in [[Chennai]]. It is located close to the high traffic junction of the road connecting [[Thiruvanmiyur]], opposite to [[Thiruvanmiyur railway station]] on the [[Chennai MRTS]] line.<ref>{{cite news|title=Relief in sight near Tidel Park|date=30 June 2011|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/06/30/stories/2011063064330200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110704184208/http://www.hindu.com/2011/06/30/stories/2011063064330200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 July 2011|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=26 Oct 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2024/Jul/13/u-shaped-flyover-near-tidel-park-signal-to-be-ready-in-two-weeks|title=U-shaped flyover near Tidel Park signal to be ready in two weeks|date=13 July 2024|access-date=1 August 2024|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Planning and construction ==
The [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] planned to establish an [[Information technology]] (IT) [[Special Economic Zone]] in the late 1990s to cater to the growth of the industry. The government assigned [[TIDCO]] and [[ELCOT]] for the planning of the project.<ref name="Tidel"/> In 1996, suitable locations were scoured and plans were made to utilise eight acres of state land in Taramani. The foundation stone for the construction was laid on 21 August 1998.<ref name="Tidel"/> The building was constructed by [[Hyundai Engineering]].<ref name="ET"/> It was inaugurated by then [[Prime Minister of India|Indian prime minister]] [[Vajpayee]] on 4 July 2000.<ref name="Tidel"/>

== Financials ==
The project was built at an estimated cost of {{INRconvert|3.2|b|year=1998}}.<ref name="CIOL"/><ref name="ET"/> The project had an [[Equity (finance)|equity]] share of {{INRconvert|0.94|b}}, of which {{INRconvert|0.4|b}} was held by the state government. The project has a [[debt to equity ratio]] of 2.4:1 and the remaining cost was financed through [[debt]].<ref name="ET"/>

== Design ==
The building has a built up area of {{cvt|1280000|ft2}} including about {{cvt|850000|ft2}} of office space.<ref name="ET"/> The park was amongst the first and largest IT parks in South Asia.<ref name="CIOL"/> The building is divided into eight sections, four each on north and south sides of the structure. The front and back sections are separated by an [[Atrium (architecture)|atria]] in the middle.<ref name="Info"/> The building has 13 floors including the ground floor and two additional basement floors. It is equipped with 19 elevators and 2 escalators.<ref name="Emporis"/> The design of the building provides office space of various sizes ranging from {{cvt|4000-9000|ft2}}.<ref>{{cite news|title=Chennai Tidel Park to float global tender for O&M|newspaper=[[Business Line]]|date=3 April 2000|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2000/04/03/stories/140360a4.htm|access-date=26 Oct 2011}}</ref>

The building has a 650-seat [[auditorium]], a 130-seat [[conference hall]], and a {{cvt|16000|ft2}} [[food court]]. There is a parking space for 4,000 two-wheeler and 1,200 cars in the basement.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tidel Park cuts rental by 13% |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tidel-park-cuts-rental-by-13chennai/articleshow/5870211.cms|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 April 2010|access-date=1 June 2014}}</ref> The building is equipped with [[central air conditioning]], a [[telephone exchange]], and dedicated [[internet]] lines.<ref name="CIOL"/> An integrated building management system is used for the management of the building.<ref>{{cite web|last=Krithika Reddy|first=T.|title=Architect of change|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai|date=25 April 2011|url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/money-and-careers/article1766383.ece|access-date=25 Oct 2011}}</ref> Electricity is provided by the [[Tamil Nadu Electricity Board]] through a dedicated substation.<ref name="ET"/>

== Other projects ==
Several other TIDEL Parks have been established across the state. In 2010, a TIDEL park was established in [[Coimbatore]]. Spanning {{cvt|914000|ft2}}, it was built at a cost of {{INRconvert|4.07|b|year=2010}}.<ref name="Tidel"/> The park was built on a {{cvt|9.5|acre}} plot near arterial [[Avinashi Road, Coimbatore|Avinashi road]] in [[Peelamedu]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Pradeep Kumar Singh|title=One more firm takes space at the TIDEL Park|date=19 July 2011|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-19/coimbatore/29790713_1_tidel-park-tidel-park-space|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405193945/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-19/coimbatore/29790713_1_tidel-park-tidel-park-space|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 April 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=26 October 2011}}</ref> Conceived in August 2006, foundation stone for the Park was laid in February 2007, and the construction began in September 2008. The park has five floors apart from three underground floors.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sujatha|first=S.|title=Tidel Park Coimbatore to start functioning from Jan 2010|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=2 March 2009|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-03-02/news/27659540_1_elcot-56-acre-it-sez-sq-ft|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603131842/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-03-02/news/27659540_1_elcot-56-acre-it-sez-sq-ft|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 June 2012|access-date=26 Oct 2011}}</ref> In 2024, a new [[TIDEL Park, Pattabiram|TIDEL Park]] complex was opened in the western suburb of [[Pattabiram]] in Chennai. The 21-storey building spanning across {{cvt|557000|ft2}} was constructed at an estimated cost of {{INRconvert|2.85|b}}.<ref>{{cite news|title=TN to set up TIDEL-III Park Pattabiram|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 September 2016|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Tidel-Park-to-come-up-in-Pattabiram/articleshow/54570113.cms|access-date=28 September 2016}}</ref>

The state government has planned to expand the existing TIDEL Park in Coimbatore on an adjoining {{cvt|9|acre}} plot at a cost of {{INRconvert|2.5|b}}.<ref>{{cite news|date=24 July 2021|title=2nd Tidel Park in the Coimbatore district strengthens the hope of unemployed youths - YourCoimbatore.com|url=https://yourcoimbatore.com/tidel-park-coimbatore/|access-date=3 December 2024|work=Your Coimbatore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Preetha|first=M. Soundariya|date=26 November 2017|title=IT parks on an expansion mode in Coimbatore|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/it-parks-on-an-expansion-mode-in-coimbatore/article20943373.ece|access-date=3 December 2024|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Parks have also been planned at other cities such as [[Madurai]], [[Tiruchirappalli]].<ref>{{cite news|date=17 September 2022|title=CM Stalin Announces Third Tidel Park For Madurai City|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/cm-stalin-announces-third-tidel-park-for-madurai-city/articleshow/94258649.cms|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> Smaller neo parks have also been planned in [[Tiruppur]], [[Vellore]], [[Salem, India|Salem]], [[Thanjavur]], [[Thoothukudi]], and [[Sivagangai]] with the first such park inaugurated in [[Villupuram]] in 2024.<ref name="Tidel"/>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Architecture}}
* [[List of tallest buildings in Chennai]]
* [[Architecture of Chennai]]
* [[Software industry in Chennai]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|TIDEL Park}}
*[https://www.tidelpark.com/ Official homepage]

{{Chennai Topics}}
{{High-technology business districts in Chennai}}

[[Category:Software technology parks in Chennai]]
[[Category:Office highrises in Chennai]]

Mata Prasad

2026-04-24T14:10:20Z

Gopalpurpp: put up new info w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian Administrative Service Officer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mata Prasad
| image = [[File:Mata prasad ias.jpg|mata prasad ias|250x350px]]
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1925
| birth_place = [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| death_date = 19 January 2021
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = [[Indian Administrative Service|Retired IAS Officer]]
| yearsactive =
| known for =
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| signature =
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]]
}}

'''Mata Prasad''' was an [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer. He was one of the first people from the [[Scheduled Castes]] to become an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]].<ref name="Pulled about">{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19940115-ias-officer-mata-prasad-discovers-the-dilemma-of-being-too-desirable-808711-1994-01-14 | title=Pulled about | publisher=India Today | date=15 January 1994 | access-date=3 July 2016}}</ref> He is a former chairman of the [[Union Public Service Commission]] of India.<ref name="Mata Prasad takes over as UPSC chairman">{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Mata-Prasad-takes-over-as-UPSC-chairman/articleshow/173304.cms | title=Mata Prasad takes over as UPSC chairman | publisher=Times of India | date=9 September 2003 | access-date=3 July 2016}}</ref> He served as the chief secretary of the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]] from June 1995 to October 1996, thus becoming the first Scheduled Caste officer to head the state bureaucracy. The Government of India awarded him the third highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Bhushan]], in 2012, for his contributions to civil service.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2016 |access-date=3 January 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>

== Biography ==
Born in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], Mata Prasad secured his master's degree in first class from [[Allahabad University]] and started his career as an assistant professor in October 1960 at the department of economics of the university.<ref name="Profiles of Hon’ble Chairman and Members of the Commission">{{cite web | url=http://www.upsc.gov.in/general/rti/Annualr54/Pro_Chairman_members.doc | title=Profiles of Hon'ble Chairman and Members of the Commission | publisher=Union Public Service Commission | date=2016 | access-date=3 July 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070710081508/http://www.upsc.gov.in/general/rti/Annualr54/Pro_Chairman_members.doc | archive-date=10 July 2007 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He resigned from the academic post when he was selected to the [[Indian Administrative Service]] in 1962<ref>{{cite book|title=From Powerless Village to Union Power Secretary: Memoirs of an IAS Officer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fermnQunyX4C&pg=PA287|year=2009|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-555-1|pages=287–}}</ref> and served the civil service for over 35 years till his superannuation as the secretary of Water Resources of the Government of India. In between he held several positions such as [[District Collector]] of the districts of [[Almora district|Almora]], [[Etah district|Etah]], [[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]] and [[Bareilly district|Bareilly]] as well as the Divisional Commissioner of [[Agra district]]. Subsequently, he served as the Managing Director of the Cement Corporation of Uttar Pradesh before returning to revenue department posts as the secretary to the Government of Uttar Pradesh and headed various departments including Public Enterprises, Administrative Reforms, Planning, Home, Jail, Home Guards, Civil Defence, Political Pensions and Official Language. Moving to the Union Government as a [[Joint Secretary to Government of India|Joint Secretary]] at the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development]], he headed the Department of Youth Affairs and served as a Joint Secretary, Additional Secretary and later, as a Secretary at the Ministry of Welfare, in charge of the Department of Personnel Training.<ref name="Profiles of Hon’ble Chairman and Members of the Commission" />

It was during his tenure as the Secretary, he made news by becoming the subject of a power struggle between [[Sitaram Kesari]], the then Minister of Welfare who wanted Prasad to stay at his ministry, and [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]], chief minister of Uttar Pradesh during that time, who invited Prasad to head the state bureaucracy.<ref name="Pulled about" /> Prasad, eventually, decided to accept the latter post and became the first [[dalit]] chief secretary of the state,<ref name="Policy pariahs">{{cite web | url=http://www.governancenow.com/news/regular-story/policy-pariahs-why-there-are-so-few-scst-officers-top-echelons | title=Policy pariahs | publisher=Governance Now | date=15 October 2013 | access-date=3 July 2016}}</ref> starting his stint in June 1995 during [[Mayawati]]'s first incumbency as the state chief minister, holding the post till October 1996.<ref name="Mata Prasad takes over as UPSC chairman" /> His tenancy as the chief secretary or his relationship with Mayawati were not reported to have been smooth.<ref name="Singh 2015">{{cite web | last=Singh | first=Anand Raj | title=Mayawati may create new district to tame old foe | work=The New Indian Express | date=12 March 2015 | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/article398789.ece | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604045449/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/article398789.ece | url-status=dead | archive-date=4 June 2016 | access-date=14 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Democracy in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cFs0YSkA4ckC&pg=PA413|year=2000|publisher=Sanbun Publishers|isbn=978-3-473-47305-2|pages=413–}}</ref> He returned to central government service in 1996 as the secretary at the Ministry of Water Resources and retired from civil service in February 1999, after getting a one-year extension of service.<ref name="Mata Prasad Gets 1-Yr Extension">{{cite web | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/mata-prasad-gets-1-yr-extension-198010601012_1.html | title=Mata Prasad Gets 1-Yr Extension | publisher=Business Standard | date=6 January 1998 | access-date=3 July 2016}}</ref> It was reported that he was a candidate to become a cabinet secretary, supposedly the first dalit to get to the rank, but his candidature was overlooked.<ref name="With a Dalit yet to make it to the top of civil service, can Tina Dabi break the glass ceiling?">{{cite web | url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/dalit-top-civil-service-tina-dabi-break-the-glass-ceiling-2796854.html | title=With a Dalit yet to make it to the top of civil service, can Tina Dabi break the glass ceiling? | publisher=First Post | date=24 May 2016 | access-date=3 July 2016}}</ref> However, he was appointed a member of the [[Union Public Service Commission]] on 23 April 1998 and, after a stint of five years, he became the chairman of the agency on 8 September 2003.<ref name="Profiles of Hon’ble Chairman and Members of the Commission" /> He retired from the position on 4 January 2005, succeeded by S. R. Hashim.<ref name="List of Former Chairmen of the Commission (since 1926)">{{cite web | url=http://www.upsc.gov.in/general/rti/57report/annualreport/Appendix%2042.doc | title=List of Former Chairmen of the Commission (since 1926) | publisher=Union Public Service Commission | date=2016 | access-date=3 July 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725064053/http://www.upsc.gov.in/general/rti/57report/annualreport/Appendix%2042.doc | archive-date=25 July 2011 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He is associated with Sitapur Shiksha Sansthan, a Lucknow-based educational organization, as a member of its Board of Advisors.<ref name="Board of Advisors">{{cite web | url=http://www.sitapurshikshasansthangi.org.in/manag.html | title=Board of Advisors | publisher=Sitapur Shiksha Sansthan | date=2016 | access-date=3 July 2016}}</ref> The Government of India included him in the [[Indian honours system|Republic Day Honors]] list for the civilian award of the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 2012.<ref name="Padma Awards" />

== See also ==
{{portal|India}}
*[[K. R. Narayanan]]
*[[K. G. Balakrishnan]]
*[[Dalit]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{cite news | url=http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main11.asp?filename=ts042305Taint_at_the.asp | title=Taint at the Top | work=News report | date=23 April 2005 | agency=Tehelka | access-date=3 July 2016 | author=Ashish Khetan | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315124257/http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main11.asp?filename=ts042305Taint_at_the.asp | archive-date=15 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2010–19}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prasad, Mata}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in civil service]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Allahabad]]
[[Category:Chairmen of Union Public Service Commission]]
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]

Chittoor Assembly constituency

2026-04-24T09:38:06Z

Gopalpurpp: Adding A Data

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chittoor
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (172-Chittoor highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Chittoor Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[Gurajala Jagan Mohan|Gurajala Jagan Mohan Naidu]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Chittoor district|Chittoor]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Chittoor Lok Sabha constituency|Chittoor]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 193,089
| established = 1951
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 172
}}

'''Chittoor Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Chittoor district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]]. It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Chittoor Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=21, 31|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

Gurajala Jagan Mohan is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=K. Umashanker |date=12 September 2022 |title=Andhra Pradesh: Chittoor Kannan school celebrates diamond jubilee |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-chittoor-kannan-school-celebrates-diamond-jubilee/article65882446.ece |access-date=23 November 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Assembly Election 2019 |url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/may/25/nine-lost-polls-by-narrow-margin-as--jana-sena-front-bjp-play-spoilsport-1981501.html|title=Nine lost polls by narrow margin as Jana Sena front, BJP play spoilsport|date=25 May 2019|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=28 May 2019}}</ref> As of 2019, there are a total of 193,089 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|format=PDF|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|7}} The constituency was established in 1951, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1951)''.

== Mandals{{srn}} ==
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| Chittoor
|-
| Gudipala
|}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| [[Chinnama Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1953 by-election
| Srungaram
| {{Full party name with color|Krishikar Lok Party}}
|-
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
| Chinnama Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| C. D. Naidu
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| D. A. Naidu
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| D. Anianeyulu Naidu
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| N. P. Venkateswara Choudary
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| [[N. P. Jhansi Lakshmi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| R. Gopinathan
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| rowspan=3 |C.K. Jayachandra Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| A.S. Manohar
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| C.K. Jayachandra Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[D. A. Sathya Prabha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Arani Srinivasulu]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Gurajala Jagan Mohan|Gurajala Jagan Mohan Naidu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Chittoor<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Chinama Reddi |party=Independent politician |votes=41,659 |percentage=38.61% |change= }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=N. P. Chengalraya Naidu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=33,171 |percentage=30.74% |change=30.74% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Rajagopala Naidu |party=Krishikar Lok Party |votes=33,080 |percentage=30.66% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sreegaram |party=Krishikar Lok Party |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,488 |percentage=7.87% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,07,910 |percentage=66.64% |change=
}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,61,933 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chittoor}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=C.K. Jayachandra Reddy|votes=46,094|percentage=36.29|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Praja Rajyam Party|candidate=[[Arani Srinivasulu]]|votes=44,384|percentage=34.94|change=}} {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[P. Balaji]]|votes=30,790|percentage=24.24|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,710|percentage=1.34|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,27,000|percentage=70.88|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chittoor}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[D. A. Sathya Prabha]]|votes=73,430|percentage=50.50|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Arani Srinivasulu]]|votes=66,631|percentage=45.82|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=6,799|percentage=4.67|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,45,409|percentage=75.52|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chittoor}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Arani Srinivasulu]]
|votes = 91,206
|percentage = 60.18
|change = +14.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=A.S.Manohar|votes=51,238|percentage=33.81|change=-16.69}}
{{Election box majority||votes=39,968|percentage=26.37|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,51,550|percentage=78.12|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chittoor}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Gurajala Jagan Mohan]]
|votes = 88,066
|percentage = 52.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = M.C Vijayananda Reddy
|votes = 73,462
|percentage = 43.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = G Tikaraam
|votes = 3,264
|percentage = 1.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = None Of The Above
|votes = 1,096
|percentage = 0.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 14,604
|percentage = 8.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 167,789
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==

* [[Chittoor]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{coord|13.22|79.10|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Chittoor]]
[[Category:Chittoor district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Prashant Yadaorao Padole

2026-04-20T08:41:06Z

Gopalpurpp: created basic bio nd citations

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dr. Prashant Yadaorao Padole
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 24 Sept 1978
| birth_place = [[Bhandara, India|Bhandara]], [[Maharashtra]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Bhandara–Gondiya Lok Sabha constituency|Bhandara–Gondiya]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = [[Sunil Baburao Mendhe]]
| successor =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse =
| father =
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''Dr. Prashant Yadaorao Padole''' is an Indian politician. He is a member of [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Prashant Yadaorao Padole |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/maharashtra/bhandara-gondiya/candidateshow/prashant-yadaorao-padole-1342 |access-date=2024-07-04 |newspaper=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Padole was elected in 2024 as a Member of Parliament from the [[Bhandara–Gondiya Lok Sabha constituency|Bhandara-Gondiya Lok Sabha constitutency]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Bhandara-Gondiya Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Lok Sabha Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MP, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/bhandara-gondiya-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-lok-sabha-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mp-margin-8918534.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He defeated [[Sunil Baburao Mendhe]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] by a margin of 37,380 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Bhandara-Gondiya, Maharashtra Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 Highlights: Prashant Yadaorao Padole Wins with 37380 Votes Lead |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/bhandara-gondiya-maharashtra-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-live-updates-clse-2547817-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Doctors {{!}} Healthy corps">{{cite news|last1=India Today|title=Doctors {{!}} Healthy corps|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-doctors-healthy-corps-2565856-2024-07-13|accessdate=9 November 2024|date=13 July 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241109153202/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-doctors-healthy-corps-2565856-2024-07-13|archivedate=9 November 2024|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Padole, Prashant Yadaorao}}
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]
[[Category:1978 births]]

Devgadhbariya Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:21:35Z

Gopalpurpp: Adding New Details.

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Devgadhbariya
| mla = [[Bachubhai Khabad|Khabad Bachubhai Maganbhai]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Dahod district|Dahod]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Dahod Lok Sabha constituency|Dahod]]
| established = 2007
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:266264}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 134
}}

'''Devgadhbariya''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Dahod district|Dahod]] district.

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=dead|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>

# Devgadh Baria Taluka – Entire taluka except village – Gamdi.

# Dhanpur Taluka (Part) Villages – Ghodajar, Umariya, Budhpur, Bor, Mahunala, Surpur (Umariya), Mandav, Dolariya, Kanzar, Agasvani, Pipodra, Chorbariya, Bedat, Bogadva, Nakti, Bhorva, Sajoi, Kaliyavad, Undar, Dudhamali, Adalwada, Kothariya, Rampur, Modhva, Nalu, Pav, Raiyavan, Khokhbed, Ved, Ghada, Khokhra, Lukhadiya, Pipearo, Singawali, Dhanpur (To), Simamoi, Vakasiya, Kundawada, Taramkach, Dabhava, Lakhana Gojiya, Tokarva, Dungarpur (To), Nan Salai, Chari, Limdi Medhari, Pipariya (To), Gadvel, Andarpura, Gumli (To), Udhal Mahuda.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|Tusharsinh Maharaul<ref name=election2017/> ||
|{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
|[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|rowspan=3| [[Bachubhai Khabad]]<ref name=election2017/> ||rowspan=3|
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
|[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

==Election candidate==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]:Devgadhbariya Assembly constituency }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Bachubhai Khabad|Khabad Bachubhai Maganbhai]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=113,527|percentage=58.27|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Vakhala Bharatsinh Pratapbhai <ref>{{cite news |title=AAP releases second list of 9 candidates for Gujarat Assembly polls |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2022/08/18/bom12-gj-aap-candidates.html |access-date=18 August 2022 |work=The Week |date=18 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref>|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=69,326|percentage=35.58|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Chauhan Samatsinh Mansukhbhai|party=Praja Vijay Paksh|votes=5,181|percentage=2.66|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=4,821|percentage=2.47|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=44,201|percentage=22.69|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:260,757}}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022" />

==Election results==
===2017===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2017]]: Devgadhbariya<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Bachubhai Khabad|Khabad Bachubhai Maganbhai]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 1,03,873
|percentage = 59.26
|change = -11.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Bharatsinh Vakhala
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 58,179
|percentage = 33.19
|change = ''New''
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dolatsinh Ranjitsinh Chauhan
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|votes = 3,529
|percentage = 2.01
|change = -16.53
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 45,694
|percentage = 26.07
|change = -25.97
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,75,290
|percentage = 78.82
|change = -1.56
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:222384}}
|ref= <ref name=election2017/>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat |access-date=28 October 2014 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126215052/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Bachubhai Khabad]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=113,582|percentage=70.58|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Bhupendrasinh Chauhan|party=Nationalist Congress Party|votes=29,829|percentage=18.54|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=83,753|percentage=52.04|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=160,930|percentage=8038|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|

|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Nationalist Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Dahod district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|22.7|73.91|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Dahod district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2007]]

Abul Hasnat (Magrahat Paschim politician)

2026-04-18T19:46:57Z

Gopalpurpp: added data

{{Short description|Indian physician and politician (c.1955–2019)}}
{{other people||Abul Hasnat (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Abul Hasnat
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 13 March 1951
| birth_place = Diamond Harbour
| death_date = 11 June 2019 (aged 68)
| death_place =
| office1 = [[Member of West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Magrahat Paschim]]
| term_start1 = 2006
| term_end1 = 2011
| predecessor1 = Noorur Rahman
| successor1 = [[Giyas Uddin Molla]]
| office2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| alma_mater =
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
}}
'''Abul Hasnat''' ({{circa|1951}} – 11 June 2019) was an Indian physician and politician. He was elected to the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] in 2006 as [[Magrahat Paschim|MLA of Magrahat Paschim Vidhan Sabha constituency]] representing the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]. He also contested from [[Diamond Harbour (Lok Sabha constituency)|Diamond Harbour]] in 2014, but lost to [[Abhishek Banerjee (politician)|Abhishek Banerjee]] of [[All India Trinamool Congress]].<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web | url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf | title =General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work =Constituency-wise Data | publisher =Election Commission | accessdate =1 November 2014 | archive-date =6 October 2014 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20141006185506/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref>

==Biography==
Hasnat received an MBBS degree from [[University of Calcutta]] in 1976 and an MS degree from [[Patna University]] in 1981.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://myneta.info/ls2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=9349
|title=DR. ABUL HASNAT
|accessdate=29 December 2019|website=www.myneta.info
}}</ref> He was elected as a member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Magrahat Paschim]] in 2006.

Hasnat died on 11 June 2019 at the age of 64.<ref>{{cite web|date=12 June 2019|accessdate=17 August 2019|website=Natun Gati|url=http://www.natungati.com/latest/no-more-former-mla-of-magrahhat-west/|title=মগারহাট পশ্চিমের প্রাক্তন বিধায়ক প্রয়াত|language=bn
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tdnbangla.com/news/state/diamond-harbor-femus-doctor-abul-hasnat-is-no-more/|title=ডায়মন্ড হারবারের বিশিষ্ট চিকিৎসক ড. আবুল হাসনাত আর নেই|date=13 June 2019|accessdate=17 August 2019|website=TDN Bangla|language=bn|archive-date=17 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817174133/https://www.tdnbangla.com/news/state/diamond-harbor-femus-doctor-abul-hasnat-is-no-more/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hasnat, Abul}}
[[Category:1950s births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from West Bengal]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Patna University alumni]]
[[Category:People from South 24 Parganas district]]

{{WestBengal-CPIndiaMarxist-politician-stub}}

Bamhori, Madhya Pradesh

2026-04-18T18:01:14Z

Gopalpurpp: added data

{{Short description|Town in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bamhori
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.20|N|78.29|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raisen District|Raisen]]
| government_type = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| population_total = 5,177
| population_as_of = 2011
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|MP 38]]
}}
'''Bamhori''' is a [[village]] in [[Raisen district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]].

==Geography==
Bamhori is located at 23.20°N, 78.29°E. It has an average elevation of {{convert|352|m|ft}}, and is located in the [[Vindhya Range]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Bamori3.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Bamori, India|website=www.fallingrain.com}}</ref>

==Population==
As of the 2011 census, Bamhori had 1,135 households and population of 5,177: 2,664 ({{percentage|2664|5177|1}}) were male, while 2,513 ({{percentage|2513|5177|1}}) were female. 75.79% of its residents were literate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bamhori Kasba Village Population - Silwani - Raisen, Madhya Pradesh |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/484753-bamhori-kasba-madhya-pradesh.html |access-date=2026-04-18 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web |title=Bamhori Pin Code {{!}} Postal Code (Zip Code) of Bamhori, Raisen, Madhya Pradesh, India |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/madhya-pradesh/raisen/bamhori |website=www.indiatvnews.com |access-date=16 March 2024}}

{{Bhopal Division}}
{{Raisen district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Raisen district]]
[[Category:Raisen]]

{{Bhopal-geo-stub}}

GST (film)

2026-04-07T20:28:13Z

Gopalpurpp:

{{short description|Indian Kannada-language comedy horror film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = GST
| image = Ghosts in Trouble.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Srujan Lokesh]]
| writer =
| screenplay = Srujan Lokesh
| story = Srujan Lokesh
| producer = N. Sandesh
| starring = [[Srujan Lokesh]] Rajani Bharadwaj
| narrator =
| cinematography = Gundlupete Suresh
| editing = Ganesh Mallaiah
| music = [[Chandan Shetty]]
| studio = Sandesh Productions Lokesh Productions
| distributor = [[Jayanna Films]]
| released = {{Film date|2025|11|28|df=y|ref1=}}
| runtime = 132 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''GST''''', marketed as '''''GST (Ghosts in Trouble)''''' is a 2025 [[Kannada|Indian Kannada-language]] [[comedy horror]] film written and directed by [[Srujan Lokesh]] in his feature directorial debut.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Nov/25/kannadainterviews2025nov24srujan-lokesh-cinema-has-kept-our-family-alive-for-decades#:~:text=Srujan%27s%20upcoming%20venture%2C%20GST%2C%20produced,also%20marks%20his%20directorial%20debut.|title=Srujan Lokesh: Cinema has kept our family alive for decades|work=The New Indian Express|date=25 November 2025}}</ref> Produced under Lokesh Productions and Sandesh Productions by N. Sandesh, the film stars Srujan Lokesh and Rajani Bharadwaj in the lead,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/rajani-bharadwaj-gst-is-a-horror-comedy-but-its-more-about-laughs-than-scares/0957e3fc6b631|title=Rajani Bharadwaj: GST is a horror comedy, but it’s more about laughs than scares|work=OTTplay.com|date=26 November 2025}}</ref> with an ensemble that includes [[Girija Lokesh]], [[Sharath Lohitashwa]], [[Vinaya Prasad]], [[Shobaraj]], [[Tabla Nani]], [[Ravishankar Gowda]], Girish Shivanna, and Niveditha Gowda.

Music is composed by [[Chandan Shetty]], with cinematography by Gundlupete Suresh and editing by Ganesh Mallaiah. The film received a U/A certificate and released theatrically across Karnataka on 28 November 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Nov/11/srujan-lokeshs-directorial-debut-gst-gets-a-release-date|title=Srujan Lokesh's directorial debut, GST, gets a release date|work=Cinema Express|date=11 November 2025}}</ref>

== Premises ==
Lucky (Srujan Lokesh), branded the "unluckiest man alive," spirals after his mother's death and attempts suicide—only to discover that a group of quirky, friendly ghosts keep saving him for a reason: they need help attaining salvation by completing their unfinished business. As Lucky begins to see (and be guided by) the ghosts, he finds unexpected love with Nidhi (Rajani Bharadwaj). Learning that the ghosts perished in a prior financial crisis, Lucky teams up with them to plan a chaotic, comedic bank heist aimed at setting things right and giving them peace. Whether Lucky can turn lifelong misfortune into a miracle forms the heart of the story.

== Cast ==
{{Castlist|
* [[Srujan Lokesh]] as Lucky
* Rajani Bharadwaj as Nidhi
* [[Girija Lokesh]]
* [[Vinaya Prasad]]
* [[Ashok (Kannada actor)|Ashok]]
* [[Shobaraj]]
* [[Tabla Nani]]
* [[Ravishankar Gowda]]
* [[Samhita Vinya]]
* [[Sharath Lohitashwa]]
* Sundar Veena
* [[Veena Sundar]]
* Girish Shivanna
* Vishal Hegde
* Aravind Rao
* Vinod Gobbragala
* Niveditha Gowda
* Sukruth Srujan Lokesh
* Nishitha Gowda
* Rajath Kishan
* Hanumanthe Gowda
* Roopashree
* Mahanthesh Hiremath
* Sriharsha Gobhatt
* Arun Ramadas
* Ramya
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
Srujan Lokesh, widely known for ''[[Majaa Talkies]]'', announced ''GST'' as his directorial debut in late 2025, positioning it as a family-friendly comedy-thriller with a playful twist on the ghost genre ("ghosts in trouble rather than humans"). The film is produced by N. Sandesh under Sandesh Productions with Lokesh Productions as co-banner.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sstvmedia.in/en/trending-news/gst-to-hit-screens-soon|title=Produced by Sandesh Productions and directed by Srujan Lokesh GST to hit screens soon|work=SSTV Media|date=6 June 2025}}</ref>

Lokesh leads the ensemble as Lucky, pairing with Rajani Bharadwaj. The supporting cast includes veteran Girija Lokesh, Sharath Lohitashwa, Vinaya Prasad, Shobhraj, Tabla Nani, Ravishankar Gowda, Girish Shivanna, and social-media personality Niveditha Gowda. Notably, three generations of the Lokesh family — Girija Lokesh, Srujan, and Sukruth Srujan Lokesh—appear in the film, which Srujan highlighted as a personal milestone.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/movies/gst.html|title=GST Kannada Movie: Release Date, Cast, Story, Ott|work=Filmibeat.com|date=27 November 2025}}</ref>

=== Marketing ===
The official trailer was launched mid-November 2025, with Real Star [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] unveiling the trailer and [[Priyanka Upendra]] releasing a song promo at a high-profile event.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/kn/entertainment/real-star-upendra-unveils-srujan-lokesh-rajani-bharadwajs-gst-trailer-karnataka-news-kas25111201125| title=ಸೃಜನ್ ಲೋಕೇಶ್ 'GST'ಗೆ ಉಪ್ಪಿ ಸಾಥ್: ಬ್ಯಾಟ್ ನೀಡಿ ಸಚಿನ್ ಹರಸಿದ ಚಿತ್ರದ ಫುಲ್ ಫಾರ್ಮ್ ಏನು?|work=ETV Bharat|date=12 November 2025|language=kn}}</ref> Public TV segments promoted the film's family-friendly angle, and Times of India's ETimes carried the trailer. The film's tagline "Ghost in Trouble" was prominently used across digital campaigns.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Nov/14/girija-lokesh-as-a-director-i-want-srujan-to-grow-to-the-level-of-upendra|title=Girija Lokesh: As a director, I want Srujan to grow to the level of Upendra|work=Cinema Express|date=14 November 2025}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
The movie's shooting was completed by August 2024, as confirmed by production updates.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2024/Aug/12/srujan-lokesh-wraps-up-shooting-for-his-directorial-debut-gst|title=Srujan Lokesh wraps up shooting for his directorial debut GST|work=CinemaExpress.com|date=12 August 2024}}</ref> Key filming locations included [[Kabini]], specifically at a new resort owned by producer Sandesh, where a major song featuring Srujan Lokesh and Rajani Bharadwaj was shot. [[Mysore]] where another song sequence was filmed with Srujan Lokesh, Tabla Nani, Girish Shivanna, and Vinod Gobbargal. The final schedule involved shooting two songs choreographed by Muruganand, marking the wrap-up of principal photography.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/its-a-wrap-for-actor-srujan-lokeshs-directorial-debut-titled-gst-9014446.html|title=It's A Wrap For Actor Srujan Lokesh's Directorial Debut titled GST|work=News18.com|date=13 August 2024}}</ref>

== Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = GST
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Chandan Shetty
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2025
| recorded = 2024
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 11:30
| language = Kannada
| label =
| producer = Chandan Shetty
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The soundtrack and background score are composed by [[Chandan Shetty]]. In promotional interviews and event coverage, Srujan Lokesh announced launching Lokesh Music to release songs from GST. A preview for the single "Chameli" was highlighted during the trailer event (promoted to release on 14 November 2025).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Nov/17/chameli-chal-sets-a-festive-tone-for-srujan-lokeshs-gst|title='Chameli Chal' sets a festive tone for Srujan Lokesh's GST|work=CinemaExpress.com|date=17 November 2025}}</ref>. Further song details were teased across social posts and coverage leading to release.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Chameli Chal
| length1 = 4:05
| lyrics1 = Vijay Eshwar
| extra1 = [[Chandan Shetty]], Anitha Sara Mahesh
| title2 = Thaayi Devare
| length2 = 3:25
| lyrics2 = [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
| extra2 = [[Sadhu Kokila]]
| title3 = GST Theme Anthem
| length3 = 3:25
| lyrics3 = Vijay Eshwar
| extra3 = Chandan Shetty
| total_length = 11:30
}}

== Release ==
GST (Ghosts in Trouble) was certified U/A and released in theatres on 28 November 2025, with a listed runtime of approximately 2 hours 11 minutes (131 minutes).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/srujan-lokeshs-directorial-debut-gst-censored-eyes-this-release-window/8dabb18aec384|title=Srujan Lokesh's directorial debut, GST, censored|work=OTTPlay.com|date=3 June 2025}}</ref> Major listings and ticketing platforms featured the synopsis and cast ahead of the opening.

== Critical reviews ==
Early reviews were mixed. [[OTTplay]] rated the film 2/5, calling it "an extended version of Majaa Talkies," appreciating some gags but finding many others uneven, while noting the friendly-ghost premise and questioning the narrative logic of how ghosts interact with the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/gst-ghosts-in-trouble-movie-review-srujan-lokesh-presents-extended-version-of-majaa-talkies/522e11644d466|title=Srujan Lokesh presents extended version of Majaa Talkies|work=OTTPlay.com|date=28 November 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
<references responsive="1"></references>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt28718800}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:GST}}
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:Comedy horror films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy horror films]]
[[Category:2025 comedy films]]
[[Category:2025 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]

Aagadu

2026-04-05T21:39:57Z

Gopalpurpp: added new stub

{{short description|2014 film by Srinu Vaitla}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aagadu
| image = Aagadu poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Srinu Vaitla]]
| producer = {{plainlist|
* Ram Achanta
* Gopichand Achanta
* [[Anil Sunkara]]}}
| screenplay = {{plainlist|
* Srinu Vaitla
* [[Anil Ravipudi]]
* [[Upendra Madhav]]
* Praveen Varma}}
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = Srinu Vaitla
}}
| story = {{plainlist|
* Srinu Vaitla
* Upendra Madhav}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Mahesh Babu]]
* [[Tamannaah Bhatia]]
* [[Sonu Sood]]}}
| music = [[Thaman S]]
| cinematography = [[K. V. Guhan]]
| editing = M. R. Varma
| studio = 14 Reels Entertainment
| distributor = [[Eros International]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2014|09|19}}
| runtime = 165 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2020 |title=Release Date, Cast, Trailer, Songs, Streaming Online at Prime Video, MX Player |url=https://www.digit.in/digit-binge/movies/aagadu-67451.html |access-date=1 August 2024 |website=Digit}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INR|65 crore}}<ref name="budget" />
| gross =
}}
'''''Aagadu''''' ({{translation|''He won’t stop''}}) is a 2014 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Action comedy|action comedy film]] directed by [[Srinu Vaitla]]. Written by [[Anil Ravipudi]], [[Upendra Madhav]] and Praveen Varma, the film was jointly produced by Ram Achanta, Gopi Achanta and Anil Sunkara under their banner 14 Reels Entertainment. It stars [[Mahesh Babu]], [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] and [[Sonu Sood]] in lead roles while [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Ashish Vidyarthi]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], and [[Brahmanandam]] play supporting roles.

''Aagadu'' was [[Thaman S]]{{'s}} 50th film as a music composer, with [[K. V. Guhan]] as the cinematographer and M. R. Varma as the editor. Mahesh played Shankar, an encounter specialist who becomes the circle inspector of police in Bukkapatnam. He is tasked with stopping the power plant construction by Damodar (Sonu Sood), a crime boss, due to its environmental impact. Shankar later learns that Damodar is responsible for his brother Bharath's death, leading him to seek revenge.

[[Principal photography]] for ''Aagadu'' began on 28 November 2013 and concluded on 5 September 2014. Most of the film was shot in and around [[Hyderabad]], with additional locations including [[Mumbai]], [[Gujarat]], [[Ballari]] and [[Kerala]]. Some song sequences were filmed in [[Ladakh]], [[Switzerland]] and [[Ooty]], in addition to Hyderabad and Bellary. The post-production phase lasted for 50 days and was completed on 16 September 2014. ''Aagadu'' was theatrically released worldwide on 19 September 2014. The film received mixed reviews and was a [[Box-office bomb|box office bomb]].<ref name="budget">{{Cite web |title=Directors & actors must pay us back |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140924/entertainment-tollywood/article/%E2%80%98directors-actors-must-pay-us-back%E2%80%99 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123023805/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140924/entertainment-tollywood/article/%E2%80%98directors-actors-must-pay-us-back%E2%80%99 |archive-date=23 November 2015 |access-date=15 January 2022 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Shankar, an orphan is raised by a sincere police officer Raja Ram. When Raja's son Bharath accidentally kills a kid, Shankar takes the blame for him. Shankar is imprisoned, and Raja warns him not to meet him again. After graduating, Shankar is employed as a circle inspector of police. He is popularly referred to as "Encounter" Shankar because of his track record as an encounter specialist.

Shankar is transferred to [[Bukkapatnam]] town in [[Tadipatri]], [[Anantapur district]]. He is assigned the task of halting the illegal businesses of Damodar, an influential crime boss whose dream project is to build a power plant. Using his wits, Shankar destroys all the three main businesses of Damodar by befriending and trapping their respective in-charges: Lion Seenu, Ferocious Firangee and Super Sampangi. The three become Shankar's allies in the aftermath. He brings a stay on the power project by bringing a few vital witnesses before the court of law, thereby earning Damodar's ire. On a parallel note, Shankar loves a sweet shop owner named Saroja who reciprocates his feelings at a later point of time.

A person named Shekhar approaches Shankar, and through him, he informs Mallikarjuna Rao, the local Superintendent of Police, that he is the witness of the murder of environmentalist Prakash by Damodar. Damodar influences all the witnesses including Shekhar before Shankar could arrest him. He later learns that Raja's son Bharath, the previous district collector, killed himself and his wife, who was a friend of Prakash, because of defamation and personal attacks when Bharath tried to stop the power project.

Damodar held half of the share in the project whilst Mallikarjuna and central minister Nagaraju held the remaining half share. Before committing suicide, Bharath revealed the truth behind Shankar's imprisonment to Raja and unites them. Shankar seeks revenge, and with the help of a lawyer named Database Donayya, he gathers information regarding the power broker of this project named Delhi Suri, Mallikarjuna and Damodar's conservative girlfriend named Sukanya, who actually was an actress working in risqué films in the past.

By trapping initially and blackmailing later, Shankar gets hold of Delhi Suri with whose help, he creates a rift between Damodar and Nagaraju which leads to the latter's murder. By blackmailing Sukanya, they trap Mallikarjuna with her help and accuse him of attempting sexual assault on Sukanya. However, Mallikarjuna comes out of the closet and reveals that he is gay and was believed by none. He is murdered by poisoning.

Damodar's brother Durga is killed by Damodar himself after Shankar pollutes his mind accusing Durga for an attack on Damodar's life. Meanwhile, Shankar and Saroja get engaged. Delhi Suri learns about Donayya and destroys his office. Donayya takes revenge by revealing Delhi Suri's role in the murders of the three people to Damodar. When Damodar tries to kill Delhi Suri, he is confronted by Shankar who kills him after a duel. Bharath receives posthumous recognition for his honesty, while Delhi Suri turns a police informer working under Shankar.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Mahesh Babu]] as [[Inspector#India|CI]] G. Shankar alias "Encounter" Shankar
* [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] as Saroja
* [[Sonu Sood]] as Damodar
* [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] as CI G. Raja Ram
* [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as [[Superintendent (police)|SP]] Mallikarjuna Rao [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] D. Dakshina Murthy
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Delhi Suri
* [[M. S. Narayana]] as Adv. Database Donayya
* [[Posani Krishna Murali]] as Super Sampangi
* [[Raghu Babu]] as Ferocious Firangee
* [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] as [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] Bharath
* [[Vennela Kishore]] as T. Prabakar
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Adi Keshava, Saroja's father
* [[Rao Ramesh]] as [[police commissioner]]
*[[Sameer Hasan]] As Ram Prasad
* [[Brahmaji]] as Constable Chandra Sekhar
* [[Vineet Kumar]] as Minister Nagaraju
* [[Prakash]] as Bharath's brother-in-law
* [[Shatru (actor)|Shatru]] as Durga, Damodar's brother
* [[Saptagiri (actor)|Saptagiri]] as Indian Raju
* [[Chatrapathi Sekhar]] as Shekhar
* [[Prabhas Sreenu]] as Lion Seenu
* [[Mumtaj]] as Sukanya / Belly Lilly
* Karuna Bhushan as Rekha, Bharath's wife
* [[Bharath Reddy (actor)|Bharath Reddy]] as Prakash, human rights officer
* [[Prudhvi Raj]] as Veera Keshava, Saroja's uncle
* [[Harsha Vardhan]] as Channa Keshava, Saroja's uncle
* Sravan as undercover police officer
* [[Raghu Karumanchi]] as Constable Biriyani Raju
* [[Satyam Rajesh]] as doctor
* [[Chitram Srinu]] as thief
* [[Prabhakar (actor)|Prabhakar]] as Bihar goon
* [[Besant Ravi]] as Tiger David
* [[Gautam Raju]] as Groom's father
* [[Rajitha]] as Groom's mother
* [[Shakalaka Shankar]] as thief
;Cameo appearance
* [[Shruti Haasan]] in the song "Junction Lo"
}}

== Production ==
=== Origin and casting ===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| footer = [[Prakash Raj]] (''left'') was initially signed as the film's antagonist. He was replaced with [[Sonu Sood]] (''right'') due to his creative differences with Vaitla.
| width =
| image1 = Prakash Raj at Entertainment trailer launch.jpg
| width1 = 185
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = SonuSood.jpg
| width2 = 150
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
}}

On the first anniversary of ''[[Dookudu]]'' (2011), its producers Ram Achanta, Gopi Achanta and Anil Sunkara announced on 23 September 2012 that they would bankroll a film featuring [[Mahesh Babu]] as the protagonist and directed by [[Srinu Vaitla]] under their banner 14 Reels Entertainment.{{cn needed|date=September 2025}} [[Gopimohan]] chose to work with new writers for developing the film's script further. Mahesh supported his decision, stating that this change would make the audience experience freshness and discover something new.<ref name="Mahesh int">{{Cite news |last=Chowdary |first=Y. Sunita |date=16 September 2014 |title=No stopping him |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/on-the-eve-of-aagadus-release-actor-mahesh-babu-is-a-picture-of-calm-and-confidence/article6416000.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114095449/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/on-the-eve-of-aagadus-release-actor-mahesh-babu-is-a-picture-of-calm-and-confidence/article6416000.ece |archive-date=14 November 2015 |access-date=14 November 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Vaitla wanted to narrate a character-driven story with entertainment as priority.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S. |first=Rajitha |date=6 October 2014 |title=Of a Formula that Flopped |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/Of-a-Formula-that-Flopped/2014/10/04/article2461044.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114095840/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/Of-a-Formula-that-Flopped/2014/10/04/article2461044.ece |archive-date=14 November 2015 |access-date=14 November 2015 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> ''Aagadu'' was confirmed as the film's title in July 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Srinu Vaitla confirms Mahesh Babu's Aagadu |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Srinu-Vaitla-confirms-Mahesh-Babus-Aagadu/articleshow/20943069.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114095941/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Srinu-Vaitla-confirms-Mahesh-Babus-Aagadu/articleshow/20943069.cms |archive-date=14 November 2015 |access-date=14 November 2015 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

The core technical crew of ''Dookudu'' were retained for ''Aagadu'' as well. [[Thaman S]] was signed to compose the music, which marked his 50th film as a music composer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2013 |title=Sreenu Vaitla, Thaman get busy with Aagadu |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Sreenu-Vaitla-Thaman-get-busy-with-Aagadu/articleshow/21396405.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114100430/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Sreenu-Vaitla-Thaman-get-busy-with-Aagadu/articleshow/21396405.cms |archive-date=14 November 2015 |access-date=14 November 2015 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> [[K. V. Guhan]] and A. S. Prakash were chosen as the film's director of photography and art director respectively. M. R. Varma edited the film. The official launch ceremony of the film, initially planned on 16 October 2013, was postponed to 25 October 2013 by paying respect to [[Srihari]] who succumbed to [[liver cancer]] on 9 October 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2013 |title=Aagadu muhurtham ceremony postponed |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/iaagadui-muhurtham-ceremony-postponed-news-telugu-nksqm7fjhdgsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114100427/http://www.sify.com/movies/iaagadui-muhurtham-ceremony-postponed-news-telugu-nksqm7fjhdgsi.html |archive-date=14 November 2015 |access-date=14 November 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film was officially launched at [[Suresh Productions|Ramanaidu Studios]] with filmmakers [[D. Ramanaidu]] and [[Shyam Prasad Reddy]] attending the ceremony as the guests of honour.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2013 |title=Mahesh Babu's Aagadu launched |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babus-Aagadu-launched/articleshow/24694512.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114100615/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babus-Aagadu-launched/articleshow/24694512.cms |archive-date=14 November 2015 |access-date=14 November 2015 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

Mahesh played the role of Shankar, an encounter specialist similar to the one he played in ''Dookudu''. This was the third time Mahesh played the role of a police officer in his career after ''[[Pokiri]]'' and ''Dookudu''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2013 |title=Mahesh Babu to play a cop again? |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babu-to-play-a-cop-again/articleshow/23603393.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114144151/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babu-to-play-a-cop-again/articleshow/23603393.cms |archive-date=14 November 2015 |access-date=24 October 2013 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] was signed as the female lead, and she played the role of a local sweet shop owner.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2014 |title=Tamannaah to play a village belle in Aagadu |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Tamannaah-to-play-a-village-belle-in-Aagadu/articleshow/39610326.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114144149/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Tamannaah-to-play-a-village-belle-in-Aagadu/articleshow/39610326.cms |archive-date=14 November 2015 |access-date=4 August 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> She sported a traditional attire for her look in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2014 |title=Tamannaah's traditional avatar in Aagadu |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Tamannaahs-traditional-avatar-in-Aagadu/articleshow/34973375.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114144147/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Tamannaahs-traditional-avatar-in-Aagadu/articleshow/34973375.cms |archive-date=14 November 2015 |access-date=12 May 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] was chosen to play Mahesh's father in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2013 |title=Rajendra Prasad to be seen as Mahesh's father? |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Rajendra-Prasad-to-be-seen-as-Maheshs-father/articleshow/25178522.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114144356/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Rajendra-Prasad-to-be-seen-as-Maheshs-father/articleshow/25178522.cms |archive-date=14 November 2015 |access-date=14 November 2015 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Prakash Raj]] was selected to play a negative role in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2014 |title=Prakash Raj clarifies wrong report doing the rounds in media |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Prakash-Raj-clarifies-wrong-report-doing-the-rounds-in-media/articleshow/29660594.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114144403/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Prakash-Raj-clarifies-wrong-report-doing-the-rounds-in-media/articleshow/29660594.cms |archive-date=14 November 2015 |access-date=1 February 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> He was later replaced with [[Sonu Sood]] due to his creative differences with Vaitla.<ref>{{Cite web |last=King |first=Vincent |date=7 April 2014 |title=All work and no sleep for Sonu |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140407/entertainment-tollywood/article/all-work-and-no-sleep-sonu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114144409/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140407/entertainment-tollywood/article/all-work-and-no-sleep-sonu |archive-date=14 November 2015 |access-date=8 April 2014 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kotwani |first=Hiren |date=14 April 2014 |title=Prakash Raj made to exit project over creative differences |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Prakash-Raj-made-to-exit-project-over-creative-differences/articleshow/33701943.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114144630/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Prakash-Raj-made-to-exit-project-over-creative-differences/articleshow/33701943.cms |archive-date=14 November 2015 |access-date=14 April 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Brahmaji]] played the role of an honest police constable.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2014 |title=Brahmaji is now a Busy man |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140425/entertainment-tollywood/article/brahmaji-now-busy-man |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114144629/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140425/entertainment-tollywood/article/brahmaji-now-busy-man |archive-date=14 November 2015 |access-date=25 April 2014 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> [[Shruti Haasan]] performed an [[item number]] in the film which was the first of her other similar special appearances.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Hemanth |date=6 June 2014 |title=Shruti Haasan to groove with Mahesh Babu |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Shruti-Haasan-to-groove-with-Mahesh-Babu/articleshow/36139083.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114144627/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Shruti-Haasan-to-groove-with-Mahesh-Babu/articleshow/36139083.cms |archive-date=14 November 2015 |access-date=9 June 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Brahmanandam]] was signed to play a supporting role. He performed a spoof of ''[[Yamadonga]]'' (2007), ''[[Racha (film)|Racha]]'' (2012), ''[[Legend (2014 film)|Legend]]'' (2014) and ''[[Race Gurram]]'' (2014).<ref name="Brahmanandam spoof">{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=3 August 2014 |title=The spoof specialist |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140803/entertainment-tollywood/article/spoof-specialist |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626122225/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140803/entertainment-tollywood/article/spoof-specialist |archive-date=26 June 2015 |access-date=3 August 2014 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> Mahesh performed a spoof on the game show [[Evaru Meelo Koteeswarulu|''Meelo Evaru Koteeswarudu'']].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 2014 |title=Real life to reel life |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140903/entertainment-tollywood/article/real-life-reel-life |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114144822/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140903/entertainment-tollywood/article/real-life-reel-life |archive-date=14 November 2015 |access-date=4 September 2014 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] commenced on 28 November 2013 at [[Hyderabad]]. Tamannaah joined the film's sets on 12 December 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2013 |title=Tamannaah to join Mahesh Babu's Aagadu |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Tamannaah-to-join-Mahesh-Babus-Aagadu/articleshow/27277570.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213062300/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Tamannaah-to-join-Mahesh-Babus-Aagadu/articleshow/27277570.cms |archive-date=13 December 2013 |access-date=31 December 2013 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> A village set resembling [[Tadipatri]] was erected in [[Gujarat]] for the film's shoot to avoid local interference from crowds that would ensue if shot in [[Andhra Pradesh]], where Mahesh is a star.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2014 |title=Tollywood shoots in Gujarat |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140105/entertainment-tollywood/article/tollywood-shoots-gujarat |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924073850/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140105/entertainment-tollywood/article/tollywood-shoots-gujarat |archive-date=24 September 2014 |access-date=8 January 2014 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> Few key scenes including a fight sequence were shot at [[Nanakramguda]] in a large set.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pasupulate |first=Karthik |date=29 January 2014 |title=Mahesh's Aagadu for Kirshna's birthday? |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Maheshs-Aagadu-for-Kirshnas-birthday/articleshow/29561527.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114154829/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Maheshs-Aagadu-for-Kirshnas-birthday/articleshow/29561527.cms |archive-date=14 November 2015 |access-date=5 February 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The next schedule stated at [[Ballari]] from 23 February 2014.<ref name="title track">{{Cite web |date=27 February 2014 |title=Mahesh Babu starrer Aagadu's song leaks online? |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babu-starrer-Aagadus-song-leaks-online/articleshow/31116339.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114154847/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babu-starrer-Aagadus-song-leaks-online/articleshow/31116339.cms |archive-date=14 November 2015 |access-date=1 March 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Mahesh did not suffer any injuries during the film's shoot at Bellary, but took rest due to the stress he underwent.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Hemanth |date=6 March 2014 |title=Mahesh Babu is stressed, not injured |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babu-is-stressed-not-injured/articleshow/31546255.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114154902/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babu-is-stressed-not-injured/articleshow/31546255.cms |archive-date=14 November 2015 |access-date=7 March 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Filming continued at Hyderabad from 10 March 2014.{{cn needed|date=September 2025}} Some comedy scenes were filmed on the principal cast.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 March 2014 |title=Sreenu Vaitla banks on his trade mark scene for Aagadu |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Sreenu-Vaitla-banks-on-his-trade-mark-scene-for-Aagadu/articleshow/32365607.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114155110/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Sreenu-Vaitla-banks-on-his-trade-mark-scene-for-Aagadu/articleshow/32365607.cms |archive-date=14 November 2015 |access-date=21 March 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Few scenes were filmed at the Mount Opera in Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2014 |title=Mahesh Babu's Aagadu progressing briskly |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babus-Aagadu-progressing-briskly/articleshow/32784926.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114155215/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babus-Aagadu-progressing-briskly/articleshow/32784926.cms |archive-date=14 November 2015 |access-date=27 March 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Scenes featuring Mahesh, Prasad and Sood were filmed in early April 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=4 April 2014 |title=Prakash Raj 'thrown out' |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140403/entertainment-tollywood/article/prakash-raj-%E2%80%98thrown-out%E2%80%99 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406070912/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140403/entertainment-tollywood/article/prakash-raj-%E2%80%98thrown-out%E2%80%99 |archive-date=6 April 2014 |access-date=4 April 2014 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

The film's flashback scenes were being shot at Chiran Fort Club in Hyderabad till 11 April 2014.{{cn needed|date=September 2025}} The makers preferred Hyderabad to [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Rajasthan]] for the remaining portions and 70% of the shoot was completed by late April 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2014 |title=Shooting of Aagadu starts again |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140428/entertainment-tollywood/article/shooting-aagadu-starts-again |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140430203904/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140428/entertainment-tollywood/article/shooting-aagadu-starts-again |archive-date=30 April 2014 |access-date=3 May 2014 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> After filming few portions at [[Ramoji Film City]], the next schedule commenced at [[Ladakh]] on 20 May 2014. On its completion, majority of the film's shoot was wrapped up.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2014 |title=Mahesh Babu to shoot in Ladakh |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140516/entertainment-tollywood/article/mahesh-babu-shoot-ladakh |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140624052154/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140516/entertainment-tollywood/article/mahesh-babu-shoot-ladakh |archive-date=24 June 2014 |access-date=17 May 2014 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> After completion of the shoot there, filming continued at Ramoji Film City and [[Mumbai]] in June 2014. Some crucial scenes on Mahesh, Sood, and others were filmed there.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2014 |title=Mahesh Babu's Aagadu wraps up Mumbai schedule |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Telugu/Movies/News-Interviews/Mahesh-Babus-Aagadu-wraps-up-Mumbai-schedule/articleshow/36721240.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622085947/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Mahesh-Babus-Aagadu-wraps-up-Mumbai-schedule/articleshow/36721240.cms |archive-date=22 June 2014 |access-date=18 June 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The next schedule was planned in Bellary and [[Kerala]] from 22 June 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2014 |title=Mahesh Babu's Aagadu to be shot in Bellary |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babus-Aagadu-to-be-shot-in-Bellary/articleshow/36823097.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114160918/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babus-Aagadu-to-be-shot-in-Bellary/articleshow/36823097.cms |archive-date=14 November 2015 |access-date=19 June 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> After its completion, the next schedule commenced in Hyderabad from 6 July 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 2014 |title=Aagadu's new schedule begins in Hyderabad |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Aagadus-new-schedule-begins-in-Hyderabad/articleshow/38014016.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713075956/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Aagadus-new-schedule-begins-in-Hyderabad/articleshow/38014016.cms |archive-date=13 July 2014 |access-date=9 July 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

Some key scenes were filmed on Mahesh, Tamannaah, Sood and Brahmanandam in Hyderabad till 18 July 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2014 |title=Aagadu to be shot in Norway |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Aagadu-to-be-shot-in-Norway/articleshow/38144531.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714194252/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Aagadu-to-be-shot-in-Norway/articleshow/38144531.cms |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=10 July 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The intermission action sequences featuring Mahesh, Sood and others were filmed at Ramoji Film City from the next day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2014 |title=Mahesh Babu gets into action mode for Aagadu in RFC |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babu-gets-into-action-mode-for-Aagadu-in-RFC/articleshow/38616163.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018153716/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babu-gets-into-action-mode-for-Aagadu-in-RFC/articleshow/38616163.cms |archive-date=18 October 2014 |access-date=18 July 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2014 |title=Mahesh-Shruti item number to be shot soon |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Telugu/Movies/News/Mahesh-Shruti-item-number-to-be-shot-soon/articleshow/38674764.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711144342/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Shruti-item-number-to-be-shot-soon/articleshow/38674764.cms |archive-date=11 July 2015 |access-date=19 July 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The climax sequences were shot in August 2014 on Mahesh and other supporting cast at [[Rachakonda Fort|Rachakonda]] near Ramoji Film City. The remaining part of the climax sequences, including an action sequence on Mahesh and Sood, was filmed at the hilly areas in Ramoji Film City.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2014 |title=Mahesh Babu's Aagadu in last leg of production |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Telugu/Movies/News/Mahesh-Babus-Aagadu-in-last-leg-of-production/articleshow/39488430.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913072622/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Telugu/Movies/News/Mahesh-Babus-Aagadu-in-last-leg-of-production/articleshow/39488430.cms |archive-date=13 September 2015 |access-date=2 August 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ram Reddy |first=L. Venkat |date=4 August 2014 |title=Rachakonda 'ideal' for cinema city of Telangana |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140804/nation-current-affairs/article/rachakonda-%E2%80%98ideal%E2%80%99-cinema-city-telangana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016200836/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140804/nation-current-affairs/article/rachakonda-%E2%80%98ideal%E2%80%99-cinema-city-telangana |archive-date=16 October 2014 |access-date=4 August 2014 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> After completing the schedule at [[Europe]] on 25 August 2014,<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2014 |title=Mahesh's Aagadu wraps up Europe schedule |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Maheshs-Aagadu-wraps-up-Europe-schedule/articleshow/40868675.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018060042/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Maheshs-Aagadu-wraps-up-Europe-schedule/articleshow/40868675.cms |archive-date=18 October 2015 |access-date=25 August 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> the unit returned to Hyderabad three days later.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=28 August 2014 |title=Mahesh Babu and Tamanna bhatia are back |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140827/entertainment-tollywood/article/mahesh-babu-and-tamanna-bhatia-are-back |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016200650/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140827/entertainment-tollywood/article/mahesh-babu-and-tamanna-bhatia-are-back |archive-date=16 October 2014 |access-date=28 August 2014 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> Principal photography ended on 5 September 2014 at [[Ooty]].<ref name="Ooty">{{Cite web |date=6 September 2014 |title=It's a wrap for Mahesh Babu's Aagadu |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Its-a-wrap-for-Mahesh-Babus-Aagadu/articleshow/41855845.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909045121/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Its-a-wrap-for-Mahesh-Babus-Aagadu/articleshow/41855845.cms |archive-date=9 September 2014 |access-date=6 September 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

=== Song sequences ===
The song "Aagadu" was filmed on Mahesh and few dancers at the Jindal Steel Factory, Bellary in October 2013.<ref name="title track" /> This became the first Telugu film to be shot there and also made the factory a notable location for the song shoots of Kannada films such as ''[[Rana Vikrama]]'' (2015), ''[[Ranna (film)|Ranna]]'' (2015), and ''[[Mr. Airavata]]'' (2015).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suresh |first=Sunayana |date=13 November 2014 |title=Who was the first to shoot at the Jindal factory? |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Who-was-the-first-to-shoot-at-the-Jindal-factory/articleshow/45121509.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115112020/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Who-was-the-first-to-shoot-at-the-Jindal-factory/articleshow/45121509.cms |archive-date=15 November 2015 |access-date=15 November 2015 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Both the song and fight sequences were filmed in 23 days. Mahesh and the members of the film's unit had fallen sick and continued work using antibiotics. Mahesh called it the "most strenuous schedule I went through in my life", and added, "For every shot, they had to get the dust up to get the right visual. ''Room kocchi snanam chesthe'' ({{langx|en|After bathing in the room|italic=yes}}) I would see only mud. It’s very dangerous".<ref name="Mahesh int" />

The song "Bhelpuri" was filmed on the lead pair near [[Pangong Tso]], Ladakh in May 2014 under the supervision of choreographer [[Dinesh (choreographer)|Dinesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2014 |title=Aagadu's team gets busy in Ladakh |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Aagadus-team-gets-busy-in-Ladakh/articleshow/35510550.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140526164323/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Aagadus-team-gets-busy-in-Ladakh/articleshow/35510550.cms |archive-date=26 May 2014 |access-date=25 May 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2014 |title=Aagadu to be shot near Pangong lake |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Aagadu-to-be-shot-near-Pangong-lake/articleshow/35600650.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529072135/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Aagadu-to-be-shot-near-Pangong-lake/articleshow/35600650.cms |archive-date=29 May 2014 |access-date=25 May 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Few portions were filmed at [[Leh]] for ten days with great difficulty under the supervision of choreographer [[Prem Rakshith]]. Tamannaah called it "one of the most difficult songs I have ever done", adding that it is a "full on dance number, unlike a song in which you are walking away and looking pretty".<ref name="Leh">{{Cite web |last=K. R. |first=Manigandan |date=2 June 2014 |title=Aagadu team shoots a song in Leh |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Aagadu-team-shoots-a-song-in-Leh/articleshow/35907431.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114161425/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Aagadu-team-shoots-a-song-in-Leh/articleshow/35907431.cms |archive-date=14 November 2015 |access-date=2 June 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> During the shoot, the car used by Vaitla and his team got stuck in the [[Nubra]] for seven hours. The manager lost his voice and the others developed severe headaches. The song was filmed for ten days at that altitude and Vaitla flew 300 people in a flight for the same.<ref name="songs">{{Cite news |date=20 September 2014 |title=Mission possible |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/mission-possible/article6427898.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115113905/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/mission-possible/article6427898.ece |archive-date=15 November 2015 |access-date=15 November 2015 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

The song "Junction Lo" was filmed on Mahesh and Haasan in a specially erected set at Ramoji Film City. It was choreographed by Rakshith and was wrapped up on 31 July 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2014 |title=Shruti Haasan in Aagadu special song |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/shrutihassan-aagadu-special-song.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315191636/http://idlebrain.com/news/today/shrutihassan-aagadu-special-song.html |archive-date=15 March 2015 |access-date=30 July 2014 |publisher=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> Apart from Brahmanandam,<ref name="Brahmanandam spoof" /> 60 background dancers participated in the song's shoot.<ref name="songs" /> The song "Nari Nari" and a part of the song "Aaja Saroja" were filmed on Mahesh and Tamannaah at [[Switzerland]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 August 2014 |title=Aagadu song shoot progressing in Swiss |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Aagadu-song-shoot-progressing-in-Swiss/articleshow/40318474.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114165657/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Aagadu-song-shoot-progressing-in-Swiss/articleshow/40318474.cms |archive-date=14 November 2015 |access-date=19 August 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2014 |title=Mahesh Babu, Tamannaah shake a leg in Switzerland |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Telugu/Movies/News/Mahesh-Babu-Tamannaah-shake-a-leg-in-Switzerland/articleshow/40516158.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017071659/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Telugu/Movies/News/Mahesh-Babu-Tamannaah-shake-a-leg-in-Switzerland/articleshow/40516158.cms |archive-date=17 October 2015 |access-date=21 August 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2014 |title=Tamannaah sizzles in Aagadu |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Telugu/Movies/News/Tamannaah-sizzles-in-Aagadu/articleshow/40930435.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023094056/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Telugu/Movies/News/Tamannaah-sizzles-in-Aagadu/articleshow/40930435.cms |archive-date=23 October 2015 |access-date=27 August 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> A motion control equipment weighing 800 kilograms was transported from Amsterdam to Switzerland for the shoot of the latter. When the Italian crew refused to come because of the weather in Switzerland, Vaitla filmed parts of the song at the hills and the waterfalls.<ref name="songs" /> The remaining portion of the song "Aaja Saroja" was filmed at Ooty, on whose completion the film's principal photography was wrapped up.<ref name="Ooty" />

=== Post-production ===
[[Post-production]] phase was scheduled to be wrapped up in 50 days.<ref name="post prod">{{Cite web |last=King |first=Vincent |date=18 August 2014 |title=New release dates are the most sought after thing in Tollywood |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140818/entertainment-tollywood/article/new-release-dates-are-most-sought-after-thing-tollywood |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819051936/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140818/entertainment-tollywood/article/new-release-dates-are-most-sought-after-thing-tollywood |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=18 August 2014 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> On 19 May 2014, a ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' commemorated the beginning of the film's dubbing at Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2014 |title=Dubbing for Mahesh Babu's Aagadu kick starts |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Dubbing-for-Mahesh-Babus-Aagadu-kickstarts/articleshow/35342169.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117092158/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Dubbing-for-Mahesh-Babus-Aagadu-kick-starts/articleshow/35342169.cms |archive-date=17 November 2015 |access-date=12 August 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The supporting cast of the film completed dubbing for their parts in late August 2014, and Mahesh began dubbing for his role after returning from Europe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2014 |title=Mahesh Babu dubs for Aagadu |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babu-dubs-for-Aagadu/articleshow/41259376.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029150754/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babu-dubs-for-Aagadu/articleshow/41259376.cms |archive-date=29 October 2015 |access-date=31 August 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The dubbing was completed on 10 September 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pasupulate |first=Karthik |date=10 September 2014 |title=Mahesh's dialogues to rock in Aagadu |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Maheshs-dialogues-to-rock-in-Aagadu/articleshow/42159078.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109221923/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Maheshs-dialogues-to-rock-in-Aagadu/articleshow/42159078.cms |archive-date=9 November 2015 |access-date=10 September 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> ''Aagadu'' was passed with an 'U/A' certificate by the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] in mid September 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pasupulate |first=Karthik |date=15 September 2014 |title=Mahesh Babu's Aagadu gets a UA certificate |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babus-Aagadu-gets-a-UA-certificate/articleshow/42542912.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810120345/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babus-Aagadu-gets-a-UA-certificate/articleshow/42542912.cms |archive-date=10 August 2015 |access-date=17 September 2015 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> All the remaining post-production activities, including the final mixing, were wrapped up by 16 September 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2014 |title=Thaman completes final mixing of Aagadu |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Telugu/Music/Thaman-completes-final-mixing-of-Aagadu/articleshow/42646708.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140919040549/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Thaman-completes-final-mixing-of-Aagadu/articleshow/42646708.cms |archive-date=19 September 2014 |access-date=17 September 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Main|Aagadu (soundtrack)}}
[[Thaman S]] composed the film's music, which marked his 50th film as a music director.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2013 |title=Aagadu will be Thaman's 50th film |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Aagadu-will-be-Thamans-50th-film/articleshow/20643130.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117115321/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Aagadu-will-be-Thamans-50th-film/articleshow/20643130.cms |archive-date=17 November 2015 |access-date=28 October 2013 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Bhaskarabhatla penned the lyrics for four of the six songs in the soundtrack album,<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2014 |title=Aaja Saroja in Aagadu to surpass Businessman's Sir Osthara |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Aaja-Saroja-in-Aagadu-to-surpass-Businessmans-Sir-Osthara/articleshow/40995073.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109085618/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Aaja-Saroja-in-Aagadu-to-surpass-Businessmans-Sir-Osthara/articleshow/40995073.cms |archive-date=9 November 2015 |access-date=27 August 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> with [[Sri Mani]] penning the lyrics for one song and another one being a mashup of the film's dialogues.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2014 |title=Music review: Aagadu |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Music-review-Aagadu/articleshow/41710235.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908074544/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Music-review-Aagadu/articleshow/41710235.cms |archive-date=8 September 2014 |access-date=20 August 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Haasan provided vocals for the song "Junction Lo" which happens to be the item number she performed in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2014 |title=Shruti Haasan croons a mass number for Aagadu |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Telugu/Music/Shruti-Haasan-croons-a-mass-number-for-Aagadu/articleshow/39047212.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831074121/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Telugu/Music/Shruti-Haasan-croons-a-mass-number-for-Aagadu/articleshow/39047212.cms |archive-date=31 August 2015 |access-date=27 July 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Lahari Music]] marketed the film's soundtrack.{{cn needed|date=September 2025}} Director [[S. Shankar]] unveiled the soundtrack album of the film on 15 August 2014 at [[Shilpakala Vedika]] in Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2014 |title=Aagadu audio to release on Aug 15 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Aagadu-audio-to-release-on-Aug-30/articleshow/40778476.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018035935/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Aagadu-audio-to-release-on-Aug-30/articleshow/40778476.cms |archive-date=18 October 2015 |access-date=8 August 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2014 |title=Shankar unveils Aagadu audio |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Shankar-unveils-Aagadu-audio/articleshow/41341593.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151030015830/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Shankar-unveils-Aagadu-audio/articleshow/41341593.cms |archive-date=30 October 2015 |access-date=16 August 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The soundtrack opened to positive reception from critics as well as audience and was commercially successful.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2014 |title=Aagadu audio gets superb response |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Telugu/Music/Aagadu-audio-gets-suerb-response/articleshow/41850544.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106225513/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Telugu/Music/Aagadu-audio-gets-suerb-response/articleshow/41850544.cms |archive-date=6 November 2015 |access-date=21 August 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Marketing ==
The [[prologue]] of the film was criticised by [[Pawan Kalyan]]{{'s}} fans for its similarities with ''[[Gabbar Singh (film)|Gabbar Singh]]'' (2012). Also, the dialogue, "Prathodu pululu, simhalu, enugulu, elakalatho yedhava comparisons. Elaparam ochestundi" ({{langx|en|Everyone is comparing themselves to tigers, lions, elephants and rats. It's quite irritating}}) was considered by a section of the audience as a satire on the popular dialogues of other films. After the teaser's release, the fans of Mahesh and Kalyan had a verbal fight on the social platforms, with the latter calling it a "sequel to ''Gabbar Singh''".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Hemanth |date=1 June 2014 |title=Aagadu's teaser irks Pawan Kalyan's fans |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Aagadus-teaser-irks-Pawan-Kalyans-fans/articleshow/35902869.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117112019/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Aagadus-teaser-irks-Pawan-Kalyans-fans/articleshow/35902869.cms |archive-date=17 November 2015 |access-date=17 November 2015 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Addressing the controversy, Mahesh later clarified that it is not personal in any way and is the "attitude of the character that is being portrayed on screen".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Neha |date=4 June 2014 |title=Mahesh Babu: Man of Peace! |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140604/lifestyle-health-and-wellbeing/article/mahesh-babu-man-peace |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607080330/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140604/lifestyle-health-and-wellbeing/article/mahesh-babu-man-peace |archive-date=7 June 2014 |access-date=17 November 2015 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

As a part of the film's promotion, a statewide contest named "Meelo Evaru Superstar SUPER SuperFan" was launched on 25 August 2014. Few Mahesh's fans were selected from [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Vijayawada]], [[Khammam]], [[Warangal]], [[Tirupati]] and [[Kurnool]] from 25{{mdash}}27 August. They played a specially designed game on Mahesh and his films and the one who answered most of the answers correctly was identified and shortlisted in each centre. Twelve people selected in this way were invited to the audio launch. These twelve played a game there and the winner was crowned by Mahesh himself as the "Superstar SUPER Superfan" with a special gift. A special train named "Superstar Express" was decorated with the film's posters. It travelled from [[Secunderabad]] to Vishakhapatnam.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pasupulate |first=Karthik |date=14 September 2014 |title=Mahesh's Aagadu superstar express launched |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Telugu/Movies/News/Maheshs-Aagadu-superstar-express-launched/articleshow/42460452.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140917044315/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Telugu/Movies/News/Maheshs-Aagadu-superstar-express-launched/articleshow/42460452.cms |archive-date=17 September 2014 |access-date=15 September 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

The makers unfolded "The Aagadu belt" on 17 September 2014 at Vishakhapatnam in the presence of Mahesh's fans, important dignitaries, officials from local police and people who held the belt to create a record for the world's longest police belt. Few specially created promotional kits were distributed to Mahesh's fans there.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pasupulate |first=Karthik |date=17 September 2014 |title=World's longest Aagadu Police Belt unvieled |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Worlds-longest-Aagadu-Police-Belt-unvieled/articleshow/42726433.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813141942/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Worlds-longest-Aagadu-Police-Belt-unvieled/articleshow/42726433.cms |archive-date=13 August 2015 |access-date=18 September 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Release ==
=== Theatrical===
''Aagadu'' was released on 19 September 2014 in 2000 screens across the globe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] |date=11 September 2014 |title=Mahesh Babu's Aagadu to release in 2000 screens |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Telugu/Movies/News/Mahesh-Babus-Aagadu-to-release-in-2000-screens/articleshow/42282590.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151111133856/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Telugu/Movies/News/Mahesh-Babus-Aagadu-to-release-in-2000-screens/articleshow/42282590.cms |archive-date=11 November 2015 |access-date=11 September 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Eros International]] acquired the film's global distribution rights.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 June 2014 |title=Eros International Plc Reports Fourth Quarter & Fiscal Year 2014 Results |url=https://www.wsj.com/article/PR-CO-20140612-905045.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715023131/http://online.wsj.com/article/PR-CO-20140612-905045.html |archive-date=15 July 2014 |access-date=13 June 2014 |website=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref> Owing to Mahesh's popularity there, the makers offered to screen ''Aagadu'' in every university there and in other countries, if there are more than 100 students willing to watch the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2014 |title=Aagadu set for a record overseas release |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Aagadu-set-for-a-record-overseas-release/articleshow/41420643.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031154301/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Aagadu-set-for-a-record-overseas-release/articleshow/41420643.cms |archive-date=31 October 2015 |access-date=1 September 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Efforts were made to release the film across the United States with subtitles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2014 |title=Aagadu to release with subtitles in US |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Aagadu-to-release-with-subtitles-in-US/articleshow/41874588.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151111135454/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Aagadu-to-release-with-subtitles-in-US/articleshow/41874588.cms |archive-date=11 November 2015 |access-date=7 September 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

''Aagadu'' was released in 100 screens across countries like [[Australia]], [[United Kingdom]], [[Switzerland]], [[United Arab Emirates]], etc. The premieres in United States were held on 18 September 2014.{{cn needed|date=September 2025}} It had a record release of 110 screens across North India,{{cn needed|date=September 2025}} and was screened at 6:00 AM in fifteen selected screens across Hyderabad on the release day.{{cn needed|date=September 2025}} The [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-dubbed version, ''Idhu Dhaanda Police'', was released on 15 December 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 December 2015 |title=Aagadu to be Released in Tamil Too! |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Aagadu-to-be-Released-in-Tamil-Too/2015/12/16/article3179400.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231075911/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Aagadu-to-be-Released-in-Tamil-Too/2015/12/16/article3179400.ece |archive-date=31 December 2015 |access-date=31 December 2015 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> While, the [[Malayalam]] - dubbed version, ''Pokkiri Police,'' was released on 29 January 2016''.'' It was later dubbed into [[Hindi]] as ''Encounter Shankar''.

=== Home media ===
After the release of the prologue, [[Gemini TV]] acquired the satellite rights for {{INR}} 97.5 million, one of the highest amount ever paid for a Telugu film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2014 |title=Aagadu satellite rights fetch 9.75 cr |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/tv/Aagadu-satellite-rights-fetch-9-75-cr/articleshow/36138218.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140609023814/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/tv/Aagadu-satellite-rights-fetch-9-75-cr/articleshow/36138218.cms |archive-date=9 June 2014 |access-date=7 June 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The film had its global television premiere on 14 January 2015 on the eve of [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] festival.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2015 |title=Aagadu's TV premiere on Sankranthi? |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/telugu/Aagadus-TV-premiere-on-Sankranthi/articleshow/45741173.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111191458/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/telugu/Aagadus-TV-premiere-on-Sankranthi/articleshow/45741173.cms |archive-date=11 January 2015 |access-date=17 November 2015 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> It managed to get a TRP rating of 12.24, performing better than Mahesh's previous film ''[[1: Nenokkadine]]'' on television.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2015 |title=Loukyam pips Aagadu yet again! |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/telugu/Loukyam-pips-Aagadu-yet-again/articleshow/45991200.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117105738/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/telugu/Loukyam-pips-Aagadu-yet-again/articleshow/45991200.cms |archive-date=17 November 2015 |access-date=17 November 2015 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
The film received mixed response from critics.

Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' called ''Aagadu'' a "simple, oft-repeated cop vs. don story", and added, "The difference here is the don is reduced to a cardboard. For a mind game to be interesting, both players need to be smart and second guess the opponent’s next move, which doesn’t happen here. If one is looking for gags, ''Aagadu'' offers them in plenty. But try an overdose of this formula and it could be tiring."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Devi Dundoo |first=Sangeetha |date=19 September 2014 |title=Aagadu review: Without a pause |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/aagadu-review/article6426456.ece |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141012055417/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/aagadu-review/article6426456.ece |archive-date=12 October 2014 |access-date=12 October 2014 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> Suresh Kavirayani of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave the film three-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote, "Though this film has many similarities of Srinu Vaitla’s earlier films, but it’s Mahesh Babu who has the audience’s attention throughout. Watch it for him and more rely on him".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=20 September 2014 |title=Movie review 'Aagadu': It's Mahesh Babu all the way |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140919/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-aagadu-its-mahesh-all-way |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140920020632/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140919/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-aagadu-its-mahesh-all-way |archive-date=20 September 2014 |access-date=13 October 2014 |website=Deccan Chronicle}} {{rating|3.5|5}}</ref>

Karthik Pasupulate of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film three out of five stars and called ''Aagadu'' "Dookudu 2.0" in operating system parlance. Pasupulate added that it seems more like a remake of ''Dookudu'' with a "much louder Mahesh Babu, more banal jokes, and a few superficial twists in the screenplay", and that the end product is "more slapstick than funny".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pasupulate |first=Karthik |date=19 September 2014 |title=Aagadu Movie Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/Aagadu/movie-review/42891219.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924140413/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/aagadu/movie-review/42891219.cms |archive-date=24 September 2014 |access-date=13 October 2014 |website=The Times of India}} {{rating|3|5}}</ref>

Rajitha S. of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote, "In spite of an entertaining first half, ''Aagadu'' fizzles out in the second half and makes for an ordinary affair".<ref>{{Cite web |last=S. |first=Rajitha |date=20 September 2014 |title=Watch it Only for Mahesh Babu |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/Watch-it-Only-for-Mahesh-Babu/2014/09/20/article2439737.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140920042320/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/Watch-it-Only-for-Mahesh-Babu/2014/09/20/article2439737.ece |archive-date=20 September 2014 |access-date=14 October 2014 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' commented that Vaitla "has thrown the script of this film to the winds" and "relies on comedy, but at times it's too much", concluding that ''Aagadu'' "doesn't pass the muster" and is "definitely not a heavy weight film".<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2014 |title=Review: Aagadu |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/review-aagadu-review-telugu-15058301.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030161410/http://www.sify.com/movies/review-aagadu-review-telugu-15058301.html |archive-date=30 October 2014 |access-date=13 October 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
''Aagadu'' grossed ₹18.02 crore within its first two days.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=Mahesh Babu hits the bull’s eye with ‘Aagadu’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/mahesh-babu-hits-the-bulls-eye-with-aagadu/ |access-date=1 August 2024 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> However, it underperformed at the box office, failing to recover its budget of ₹65 crore during its theatrical run. The film's failure was primarily attributed to its similarities with ''[[Dookudu]]'' and other successful Telugu films.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Devulapalli |first=Rahul |last2=Krishnamoorthy |first2=Suresh |date=26 September 2014 |title=Many advantages in doing a villain role |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/many-advantages-in-doing-a-villain-role/article6446681.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108132707/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/many-advantages-in-doing-a-villain-role/article6446681.ece |archive-date=8 January 2015 |access-date=14 October 2014 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2014 |title=Mahesh Babu and director Srinu Vaitla are looking at a possible nightmare |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140924/entertainment-tollywood/article/mahesh-babu-and-director-srinu-vaitla-are-looking-possible |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017190208/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140924/entertainment-tollywood/article/mahesh-babu-and-director-srinu-vaitla-are-looking-possible |archive-date=17 October 2014 |access-date=14 October 2014 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> The increased budget also contributed to its downfall, with Mahesh and Vaitla receiving remunerations of ₹18 crore and ₹12 crore respectively.<ref name="budget" /> Mahesh later acknowledged the film's failure and called it a "mistake". He added, "We were very excited during the scripting stage, and had envisioned it very differently. But unfortunately, things panned out differently. Perhaps, it's an error of judgement".<ref>{{Cite web |last=A. S. |first=Sashidhar |date=30 November 2014 |title=Aagadu was a failure: Mahesh Babu |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Aagadu-was-a-failure-Mahesh-Babu/articleshow/45326005.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707020422/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Aagadu-was-a-failure-Mahesh-Babu/articleshow/45326005.cms |archive-date=7 July 2015 |access-date=30 December 2015 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|2988020}}

{{Srinu Vaitla}}
{{good article}}

[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:2014 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 masala films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Srinu Vaitla]]
[[Category:Films scored by Thaman S]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Andhra Pradesh Police]]
[[Category:2014 action comedy films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:Films shot in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ladakh]]
[[Category:Films shot at Ramoji Film City]]
[[Category:2014 comedy films]]

Lucky Baskhar

2026-04-03T09:36:19Z

Gopalpurpp:

{{Short description|2024 Telugu film by Venky Alturi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Lucky Baskhar
| image = Lucky Baskhar film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Venky Atluri]]
| writer = Venky Atluri
| producer = {{Plain list|
* Suryadevara Naga Vamsi
* Sai Soujanya
}}
| starring = {{Plain list|
* [[Dulquer Salmaan]]
* [[Meenakshi Chaudhary]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Nimish Ravi]]
| editing = [[Naveen Nooli]]
| music = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| studio = {{Plain list|
* Sithara Entertainments
* Fortune Four Cinemas
* Srikara Studios
}}
| released = {{Film date|2024|10|31|df=yes}}
| runtime = 151 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INR}}50 [[crore]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Dulquer Salman's Lucky Bashkar A Success In Tamil Nadu And Andhra, Not So Much In Kerala |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/dulquer-salmans-lucky-bashkar-a-success-in-tamil-nadu-and-andhra-not-so-much-in-kerala-9109946.html |website=News18 |access-date=10 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ബജറ്റ് 100 കോടി, ലക്കി ഭാസ്കറുമായി തിരിച്ചുവരവിനൊരുങ്ങി ദുൽഖർ }}</ref>
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR}}111 crore<ref name="bo">{{cite web |title=Lucky Baskhar Collections: ఆ మార్క్‌ దాటిన ‘లక్కీ భాస్కర్‌’.. కలెక్షన్స్‌ ఎంతంటే? |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/lucky-baskhar-world-wide-collections-dulquer-salmaan/0205/124207629 |website=[[Eenadu]] |language=te |date=2025-11-28 |trans-title=Lucky Baskhar Collections: 'Lucky Baskhar' crosses that mark... How much are the collections?}}</ref>
}}

'''''Lucky Baskhar''''' (stylised as '''''LUCKY BASKHA[[Indian rupee sign|₹]]''''') is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[black comedy]] [[Heist film|heist drama film]] written and directed by [[Venky Atluri]]. Produced by Sithara Entertainments, Fortune Four Cinema and Srikara Studios, the film stars [[Dulquer Salmaan]] in the titular role, alongside [[Meenakshi Chaudhary]], [[Tinnu Anand]], [[P. Sai Kumar]], [[Ramki]], [[Raghu Babu]], [[Sarvadaman D. Banerjee]], [[Sachin Khedekar]] and [[Y. Kasi Viswanath]]. The story follows a lower-middle-class man who begins engaging in financial scams after struggling to support his family while battling debt and humiliation.

The film was officially announced in May 2023 and its title followed in July. [[Principal photography]] commenced in October, predominantly in [[Hyderabad]]. The film has music composed by [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], cinematography handled by [[Nimish Ravi]] and editing by [[Naveen Nooli]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=9 July 2024 |title=Dulquer Salmaan's 'Lucky Baskhar' preponed, film to release on September 7 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/dulquer-salmaan-lucky-baskhar-preponed-film-to-release-on-september-7-on-ganesh-chaturthi-directed-by-venky-atluri-2564206-2024-07-09 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 2024 |title=Dulquer Salmaan, Meenakshi Chaudhary's Lucky Baskhar gets a new release date for Ganesh Chaturthi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/dulquer-salmaan-meenakshi-chaudharys-lucky-baskhar-gets-a-new-release-date-for-ganesh-chaturthi-101720443536492.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709233632/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/dulquer-salmaan-meenakshi-chaudharys-lucky-baskhar-gets-a-new-release-date-for-ganesh-chaturthi-101720443536492.html |archive-date=9 July 2024 |access-date=10 July 2024 |website=Hindustan times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=9 July 2024 |title=Dulquer Salmaan, Meenakshi Chaudhary's Lucky Baskhar To Now Release On This Date |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/dulquer-salmaan-meenakshi-chaudharys-lucky-baskhar-to-now-release-on-this-date-8959207.html |url-status=live |work=News18 |access-date=10 July 2024 |archive-date=10 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710110006/https://www.news18.com/movies/dulquer-salmaan-meenakshi-chaudharys-lucky-baskhar-to-now-release-on-this-date-8959207.html }}</ref>

''Lucky Baskhar'' released worldwide on 31 October 2024, coinciding with [[Diwali]], to critical acclaim. It emerged as the most successful film of Salman's career, grossing {{INR}}111 [[crore]] at the box office.<ref name="bo" /> It also won the state Gaddar Award for Third Best Feature Film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/gaddar-telangana-film-awards-adivi-sesh-thanks-telangana-government-for-honouring-major-expresses-gratitude-to-mahesh-babu-article-151755732|title=Gaddar Telangana Film Awards: Adivi Sesh Thanks Telangana Government For Honouring Major, Expresses Gratitude To Mahesh Babu|date=May 30, 2025|website=Times Now}}</ref>

== Plot ==
In 1992 Bombay, Baskhar Kumar is suddenly taken by [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] officials to the [[Colaba]] branch of Magadha Bank for interrogation about his alleged embezzlement of its funds during his employment to conduct [[securities fraud]]. The real story is revealed through various flashbacks featuring Baskhar breaking the fourth wall regularly to provide additional commentary.

Three years earlier, Baskhar is a cashier in Magadha Bank, one of the few remaining private banks in India following [[nationalisation]]. On the side, he helps uneducated people write cheques and banking forms for a minimal fee. He lives with his wife Sumathi, who left her rich family to be with him and aspires to start a home food business, their young son Karthik, and Prahalad, Baskhar's father, a former [[chartered accountant]] who was paralyzed and became voluntarily mute after being scammed into a bad business deal. Their finances are strained and Baskhar owes many creditors money.

One day, his biggest creditor takes his scooter and the promotion he had always hoped for is given to someone else. Humiliated and desperate, Baskhar steals two lakh rupee from the bank's deposits and gives it to Anthony, a smuggler, to release illegally imported televisions at the port after his previous financiers backed out. Bashkar and Samba, a peon at the same bank, release the TVs and earn double the money, allowing them to replace the stolen cash and make a profit. More shipments arrive over the next few months, enabling Baskhar to pay off his debts and improve his family's lives.

Anthony plans one last shipment before leaving the trade and joining his son in [[United States|USA]], this time of three foreign cars, upping the stakes with a payment of ten lakhs. Baskhar initially hesitates, but his son's happiness from their new lifestyle changes his mind. A raid on the original buyer scuttles their initial plans, and they have to go to a dealer in [[Goa]] instead over the weekend. By masquerading as government cars and using fake politicians played by beggars and an exotic dancer, they evade government checkpoints and succeed. Baskhar manages to return the money again but learns that the managers in the bank have been arrested for their own fraudulent activity, bringing more scrutiny. However, their removal paves the way for Baskhar to get the promotion, increasing his salary. Samba continues in the smuggling business while Baskhar stops.

As assistant general manager, Baskhar learns that businessman [[Harshad Mehta|Harsha Mehra]] uses the money to manipulate the share market and paid off the bank to keep quiet. He makes a deal with Katari Bank's broker and Mehra's aide Suraj to clear the receipts in exchange for a cut and stock tips. Using the stock gains and an unscrupulous hawala agent, he is able to legitimise his income, first through a winning [[Lottery|lottery ticket]] and afterwards by setting up Sumathi's home foods business. This scheme enriches Baskhar, making his family rich but also turning him into an arrogant, cold man, distancing him from Sumathi, who eventually destroys the business in anger. Prahalad breaks his silence and reveals he knew of the scam, warning him of the perils of greed. Sumathi learns the business is a front when she overhears him, making her shut him completely; Baskhar changes and wins her back after he becomes more humble. He further rethinks his life after bailing out Samba, who was caught and arrested, losing all his earnings.

Baskhar discovers that Harsha had forged bank letters from Katari Bank to receive higher amounts, causing their general manager of Katari Bank Hariharan to die of a [[Myocardial infarction|heart attack]] in his office. This prompts Baskhar to halt cooperation with Suraj, despite pressure from his superiors who wish to keep him as a customer, and report the fraud to the [[Reserve Bank of India]]. After the general manager threatens Baskhar over his refusal to sign, he resigns. It turns out that the CBI officers are actually in the employ of the GM and chairman of Magadha, who took a larger share from Harsha Mehra to perpetuate the fraud. Threatening his family's peace, they coax him to sign off on the remaining transfers using his bank account before an audit the next day.

On that day, however, they learn that Baskhar had previously closed his account, rendering the transfers invalid and his tip triggers an investigation by RBI agents that topples Mehra's empire and leads to the arrests of the Magadha leadership. Meanwhile, Baskhar and his family leave the country, having previously bought a hotel in [[Boston]] to obtain an American investment visa with the help of Anthony and Prahalad's contacts, and continue to live luxuriously.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Dulquer Salmaan]] as Baskhar Kumar, cashier and later Assistant General Manager of Magadha Bank, Colaba. He later becomes the owner of Hotel Bhaskar International, America
* [[Meenakshi Chaudhary]] as Sumathi, Baskhar's wife
* [[Tinnu Anand]] as Rajbir Lokhande, Chairman of Magadha Bank
* [[P. Sai Kumar]] as [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] Officer Laxman Rao
* [[Ramki]] as Anthony, Import dealer
* [[Raghu Babu]] as beggar
* Maanasa Choudhary as Mona, a dancer (cameo)
* [[Sarvadaman D. Banerjee]] as Prahalad Kumar, Baskhar's father
* Kalyani as Ramya Dikshit, RBI Director
* [[Sachin Khedekar]] as Vinod Bhosle, General Manager of Magadha Bank, Colaba
* [[Y. Kasi Viswanath|Kasi Viswanath]] as Athish Kulkarni, ex-Assistant Regional Manager of Magadha Bank, Colaba
* [[Sudha (actress)|Sudha]] as Sumathi's mother and Baskhar's mother-in-law
* [[Rajkumar Kasireddy]] as Samba, Bhaskar's best friend
* [[Prabhas Sreenu]] as a visa consultant
* [[Hyper Aadi]] as a Stock Market Broker
* [[Sivannarayana Naripeddi]] as Narayanan, Vault Manager of Magadha Bank, Colaba
* Gayatri Bhargavi as Latha K, Baskhar's colleague at Magadha Bank, Colaba
* Mathew Varghese as S. Hariharan, General Manager of Katari Bank
* Srinath Maganti as Suraj
* Micky Makhija as Himanshu Roy, Regional Manager of Magadha Bank, Colaba
* Srikanth Reddy
* Manava Koteshwar Rao
* Lab Sharath
* Ram Sandeep Varma Jampana
* Anji Chodapaneedi
* Rahul
* Mahesh Achanta as a stock market analyst
* Manik Reddy as Patel Bhai
* Mukhtar Khan as Captain George
* S. P. Prabhu
* Kishore Raju Vasistha AGM
* Krishna Kamal as Anwar, Accountant of Sumathi Home Foods
* Shashidhar as Sumathi's elder brother
* Ananya Sharma as Baskhar's younger sister
* [[Rithvik Jothi Raj|Rithvik]] as Karthik, Baskhar and Sumathi's son
* Charan Lakkaraju as Baskhar's younger brother
* [[Surya Sreenivas]] as Sandeep, Baskhar's brother-in-law
* Jayasri Rachakonda
* Pravalika Chukkala as Sumathi's Sister-in-Law}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
After the success of ''[[Vaathi]]'' in early 2023, it was reported that [[Venky Atluri]] had narrated a script to [[Dulquer Salmaan]] which impressed him and the project would be funded by S. Naga Vamsi and Sai Soujanya's Sithara Entertainment, Fortune Four Cinemas and Sithara Studios.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2023 |title=Dulquer Salmaan's film with Venky Atluri touted to be pan-Indian action drama |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/king-of-kotha-dulquer-salmaans-film-with-venky-atluri-touted-to-be-pan-indian-action-drama-2379923-2023-05-16 |access-date=5 August 2024 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=5 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805104554/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/king-of-kotha-dulquer-salmaans-film-with-venky-atluri-touted-to-be-pan-indian-action-drama-2379923-2023-05-16 |url-status=live }}</ref> The company made a public announcement on 15 May 2023, confirming the project,<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=15 May 2023 |title=Dulquer Salmaan to star in 'Vaathi' director Venky Atluri's next |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dulquer-salmaan-to-star-in-vaathi-director-venky-atluris-next/article66852606.ece |access-date=5 August 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and also stating that filming would begin the following October and would be released in the Summer (June–August 2024).<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2023 |title=Dulquer Salmaan signs his next Telugu film with Venky Atluri |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/dulquer-salmaan-signs-next-telugu-film-venky-atluri-read-details/ |access-date=5 August 2024 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref> The film's official title, ''Lucky Bashkar'', was announced on 28 July 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 2023 |title=Dulquer Salmaan's next with Venky Atluri titled Lucky Baskhar |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/dulquer-salmaans-next-with-venky-atluri-titled-lucky-baskhar-726909 |access-date=5 August 2024 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en |archive-date=5 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805104554/https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/dulquer-salmaans-next-with-venky-atluri-titled-lucky-baskhar-726909 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] began with the first schedule on 4 October 2023 in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=MAD {{!}} Dulquer Salmaan remembers his early days in cinema: We looked like.. |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/mad-dulquer-salmaan-remembers-his-early-days-in-cinema-we-looked-like/62f24d5c6a668 |access-date=5 August 2024 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=5 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805104555/https://www.ottplay.com/news/mad-dulquer-salmaan-remembers-his-early-days-in-cinema-we-looked-like/62f24d5c6a668 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Main article|Lucky Baskhar (soundtrack)}}

The music of the film was composed by [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2024 |title=ബാങ്ക് മോഷണവുമായി ദുൽഖർ; 'ലക്കി ഭാസ്കർ' ടീസർ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2024/04/11/watch-lucky-baskhar-teaser.html |website=Manoramaonline |access-date=10 July 2024 |archive-date=10 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710104710/https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2024/04/11/watch-lucky-baskhar-teaser.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The audio rights were acquired by [[Aditya Music]].

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
''Lucky Baskhar'' was released worldwide on 31 October 2024, coinciding [[Diwali]] along with dubbed versions in Tamil, Malayalam and Hindi languages.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2024 |title=Dulquer Salmaan's Lucky Baskhar gets a new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Aug/20/dulquer-salmaans-lucky-baskhar-gets-a-new-release-date-2 |access-date=21 October 2024 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> It was initially scheduled to be released in the month of July 2024<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2024 |title=Dulquer Salmaan starrer Lucky Baskhar set to release in July |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Apr/11/dulquer-salmaan-starrer-lucky-baskhar-set-to-release-in-july |access-date=21 October 2024 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> but was postponed to release on 27 September 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2024 |title=Dulquer Salmaan's Lucky Baskhar gets a new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/May/29/dulquer-salmaans-lucky-baskhar-gets-a-new-release-date |access-date=21 October 2024 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> Furthur, it was preponed to 7 September 2024 coinciding with [[Vinayaka chavithi|Vinayaka Chavithi]] but was again postponed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 2024 |title=Lucky Baskhar's release date moved up |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Jul/08/lucky-baskhars-release-date-moved-up |access-date=21 October 2024 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The film began streaming on [[Netflix]] from 28 November 2024 in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and dubbed versions of Tamil, Malayalam, Kannada and Hindi languages.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-28 |title='Lucky Baskhar' OTT: Dulquer Salmaan starrer starts streaming |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/lucky-baskhar-ott-dulquer-salmaan-starrer-starts-streaming/articleshow/115757377.cms |access-date=2024-11-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=25 November 2024 |title=Lucky Baskhar OTT release date: When and where to watch Dulquer Salmaan film |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/lucky-baskhar-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-dulquer-salmaan-film-101732535021147.html |publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref> [[Star Maa]] acquired Telecasting rights.

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
''Lucky Baskhar'' received critical acclaim from critics. On the [[review aggregator]] website [[Rotten Tomatoes]], 96% of 9 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 8/10.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mamitha Baiju lands dream role opposite Suriya in Venky Atluri’s next |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/05/19/mamitha-baiju-lands-role-suriya-movie-venky-atluri.html |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=Mamitha Baiju lands dream role opposite Suriya in Venky Atluri’s next |language=en}}</ref>

Paul Nicodemus of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "''Lucky Baskhar'' emerges as a captivating period crime thriller, blending a nostalgic backdrop with a tale of human ambition and resilience."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Lucky Baskhar Movie Review : Dulquer Salmaan Anchors Atluri's Engaging Retro Crime Drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/lucky-baskhar/movie-review/114803404.cms |access-date=31 October 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Sashidhar Adivi of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "''Lucky Bhaskar'' is a perfect blend of emotions and clever financial themes. It is tough to craft this kind of drama."<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 October 2024 |title=Lucky Baskhar Movie Review: Dulquer Salmaan's Film Is A Fascinating Ride |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/lucky-baskhar-review-dulquer-salmaans-film-is-a-fascinating-ride-review-114813011 |access-date=31 October 2024 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "''Lucky Baskhar'' works for the major part because of Venky Atluri’s attention to detail and superlative performances."<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2024 |title=Lucky Baskhar review: Dulquer Salmaan is terrific in film on banking, share market |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/lucky-baskhar-movie-review-dulquer-salmaan-terrific-in-venky-atluri-film-on-banking-share-market-2625893-2024-10-30 |access-date=31 October 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "Director [[Venky Atluri]] strikes a fine balance between exploring financial scam and relationships in ''Lucky Baskhar'', headlined by a superb Dulquer Salmaan."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2024-10-31 |title='Lucky Baskhar' movie review: An entertaining drama from Venky Atluri and Dulquer Salmaan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/lucky-baskhar-movie-review-an-entertaining-drama-from-venky-atluri-and-dulquer-salmaan/article68813439.ece |access-date=2024-11-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
''Lucky Baskhar'' became Dulquer's first film to reach the {{INRConvert|100|c}} mark.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-29 |title=Top take on south Indian cinema news - EasternEye |url=https://www.easterneye.biz/top-take-on-south-indian-cinema-news/ |access-date=2024-11-29 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{Venky Atluri}}
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2024 crime drama films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:Films about banking]]
[[Category:Films about con artists]]
[[Category:Films about father–son relationships]]
[[Category:Films directed by Venky Atluri]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1980s]]
[[Category:Films set in 1989]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1990s]]
[[Category:Films set in 1992]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Foreign films set in the United States]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Stock trading films]]
[[Category:Fictional characters who break the fourth wall]]

Bayana Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-02T14:57:35Z

Gopalpurpp:

{{Short description|Former Lok Sabha Constituency in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bayana
| type = LS
| constituency_no =
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = Rajasthan
| established = 1961
| abolished = 2008
| assembly_cons =
| reservation = SC
}}
'''Bayana''' was a [[Lok Sabha]] constituency in [[Rajasthan]] state in western [[India]] till 2008. This constituency was reserved for the [[Dalit|Scheduled caste]] candidates.<ref name=delimitation1976>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3939-dpaco-1976/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=1 December 1976 |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>

==Assembly segments==
Bayana Lok Sabha constituency comprised the following eight [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] segments:
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!width="50px" style="font-size:75%"|Constituency number
!width="100px"|Name
!width="100px"|District
|-
|73
|[[Rupbas Assembly constituency|Rupbas]] (SC)
| rowspan="4" |[[Bharatpur district|Bharatpur]]
|-
|74
|[[Nadbai Assembly constituency|Nadbai]]
|-
|75
|[[Weir Assembly constituency|Weir]] (SC)
|-
|76
|[[Bayana Assembly constituency|Bayana]]
|-
|77
|[[Rajakhera Assembly constituency|Rajakhera]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Dholpur district|Dholpur]]
|-
|78
|[[Dholpur Assembly constituency|Dholpur]]
|-
|79
|[[Bari, Rajasthan Assembly constituency|Bari]]
|-
|87
|[[Mahuwa Assembly constituency|Mahuwa]]
|[[Dausa district|Dausa]]
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{|class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"| Party
|-
|colspan="4"|{{center|''1952-61 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[Tika Ram Paliwal]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Jagannath Pahadia]]
|rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|rowspan="2 |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|Shyam Sunder Lal
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|[[Jagannath Pahadia]]
|rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[Lala Ram Ken]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Than Singh Jatav]]
|rowspan="6" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|rowspan="6" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|rowspan="3" |[[Ganga Ram Koli]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[Bahadur Singh Koli]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Ramswaroop Koli]]
|-
|colspan="4"|{{center|''2008 onwards : [[Karauli–Dholpur Lok Sabha constituency|Karauli–Dholpur]]''}}
|}
<ref name=election1977>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4116-general-election-1977-vol-i-ii/ |title=General Election, 1977 (Vol I, II) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref><ref name=election1999>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4125-general-election-1999-vol-i-ii-iii/ |title=General Election, 1999 (Vol I, II, III) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref><ref name=election2004/>

==Election results==
===2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: Bayana<ref name=election2004>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/4126-general-election-2004-vol-i-ii-iii/ |title=General Election 2004 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ramswaroop Koli]]
|votes = 265,051
|percentage = 54.02
|change = -1.94
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Mahendra Singh Mewar|Mahendra Singh]]
|votes = 205,427
|percentage = 41.87
|change = +3.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Shakuntala Padam Singh
|votes = 11,642
|percentage = 2.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Lakkheeram
|votes = 3,226
|percentage = 0.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Mool Chand KOli
|votes = 1,790
|percentage = 3.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Mahant Ajay Balmiki
|votes = 1,555
|percentage = 3.17
|change = +2.92
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = Lakan Singh Mourya
|votes = 1,313
|percentage = 2.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Janki Devi Koli
|votes = 623
|percentage = 1.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 59,624
|percentage = 12.15
|change = +5.88
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 490,633
|percentage = 46.45
|change = +5.43
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = -1.94
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Bharatpur district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|26.92|77.29|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bayana (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]

Government General Degree College, Khumulwng

2026-03-27T18:33:41Z

Gopalpurpp: reworked formatting also and updated info per standard format

{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Government General Degree College, Khumulwng|timestamp=20260327183341|year=2026|month=March|day=27|substed=yes|help=off}}


{{Infobox university
| name = Government General Degree College, Khumulwng
| image =
| image_name =
| established = 2007
| principal = Dr. Bhupendra Debbarma
| dean =
| director =
| head_label =
| head =
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| type = Undergraduate college
| city = [[Khumulwng]]
| state = [[Tripura]]
| country = [[India]]
| postcode = [[799035]]
| coordinates = {{coord|23.789950|N|91.455334|E|display=inline,title}}
| campus = Urban
| affiliations = [[Tripura University]]
| language =
| free_label =
| free =
| free_label2 =
| free2 =
| colors = Brown,white and black {{color box|brown}}{{color box|white}}{{color box|black}}
| athletics =
| sports =
| athletics_nickname = 
| sporting_affiliations =
| mascot = 
| sports_free_label =
| sports_free =
| sports_free_label2 =
| sports_free2 =
| website = http://khumulwngcollege.in/
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Government General Degree College, Khumulwng''', established in 2007, is a general degree college in [[Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council|TTAADC]] HQ [[Khumulwng]], [[Tripura]]. It offers undergraduate courses in arts and sciences. It is affiliated to [[Tripura University]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Affiliated College of Tripura University |url=https://www.tripurauniv.ac.in/Page/affiliatedCollege1 |access-date=2020-02-20 |archive-date=2020-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814111933/https://www.tripurauniv.ac.in/Page/affiliatedCollege1 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Departments==
===Science===
*Information Technology

===Arts===
*Kokborok
*English
*Bengali
*Sanskrit
*Political Science
*Philosophy
*Education

==Accreditation==
The college is recognized by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC).

==See also==
*[[Education in India]]
*[[Education in Tripura]]
*[[Tripura University]]
*[[Literacy in India]]
*[[List of institutions of higher education in Tripura]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*http://khumulwngcollege.in/
{{Portal bar|Education}}
{{Tripura University}}

[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Tripura University]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2007]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Tripura]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Tripura]]
[[Category:Colleges in Tripura]]

{{tripura-university-stub}}

Bangladesh genocide

2026-03-25T11:05:27Z

Gopalpurpp:

{{Short description|1971 genocide of Bengalis in East Pakistan}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Bangladesh genocide
| partof = the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]
| image = Dead bodies of Bengali intellectuals, 14 December 1971.jpg
| image_size = 220px
| alt =
| caption = Corpses of [[1971 killing of Bengali intellectuals|Bengali nationalist intellectuals]] killed in [[Dhaka]] in December 1971, photographed by [[Rashid Talukdar]]
| map =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| native_name = {{lang|bn|একাত্তরের গণহত্যা}} {{lang|bn|বাঙালি গণহত্যা}}
| native_name_lang = bn
| location = [[East Pakistan]] (now [[Bangladesh]])
| target = [[Bengalis]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pai |first1=Nitin |title=The 1971 East Pakistan Genocide – A Realist Perspective |url=https://www.genocidebangladesh.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/eastpakistangenocide1971-realistperspective1.pdf |website=Bangladesh Genocide Archive |publisher=International Crimes Strategy Forum |access-date=21 September 2023 |archive-date=7 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107015512/https://www.genocidebangladesh.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/eastpakistangenocide1971-realistperspective1.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
| coordinates =
| motive = [[Anti-Hindu sentiment]], [[Racism in Asia#Pakistan|anti-Bengali racism]]
| date = 25 March 1971 – 16 December 1971 ({{Age in months, weeks and days|month1=03|day1=26|year1=1971|month2=12|day2=16|year2=1971}})
| type = [[Ethnic cleansing]] through [[mass killing]] and [[genocidal rape]]
| fatalities = 300,000–3,000,000
| victims = {{bulletedlist
| 200,000–400,000 [[Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War|women raped]]
| 30,000,000 displaced}}
| perpetrator = {{PAK}}
| assailants = {{bulletedlist
| [[Pakistan Army]]
| [[Razakar (Pakistan)|Razakars]]
| [[Al-Badr (East Pakistan)|Al-Badr]]
| [[Al-Shams (East Pakistan)|Al-Shams]]
| [[East Pakistan Central Peace Committee|Central Peace Committee]]
| [[East Pakistan Civil Armed Force|Civil Armed Force]]
| [[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan]]
| [[Mujahid Bahini (East Pakistan)|Mujahid Bahini]]
}}
| accused = {{flagicon image|Flag of the President of Pakistan.svg}} [[Yahya Khan]] {{flagicon image|Flag of the Chief of the Army Staff (Pakistan).svg}} [[Abdul Hamid Khan (general)|Hamid Khan]] {{flagicon image|Flag of the Pakistani Army.svg}} [[Tikka Khan]] {{flagicon image|Flag of the Pakistani Army.svg}} [[A. A. K. Niazi|A.A.K. Niazi]] {{flagicon image|Flag of the Pakistani Army.svg}} [[Khadim Hussain Raja|Khadim Hussain]] {{flagicon image|Flag of the Pakistani Army.svg}} [[Rao Farman Ali]]
}}
{{Campaignbox Bangladesh Liberation War}}{{History of Bangladesh}}
The '''Bangladesh genocide'''{{efn|{{langx|bn|একাত্তরের গণহত্যা|Ēkātturēr Gôṇôhôtyā|71's genocide}} or {{langx|bn|বাঙালি গণহত্যা|Bāṅāli Gôṇôhôtyā|Bengali genocide|label=none}}}} was the ethnic cleansing of [[Bengalis]] residing in [[East Pakistan]] (now [[Bangladesh]]) during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]], perpetrated by the [[Pakistan Army]] and the [[Razakars (Pakistan)|Razakars]] militia.{{sfn|Bass|2013a|p=198|ps=:"The Nixon administration had ample evidence not just of the scale of the massacres, but also of their ethnic targeting of the Hindu minority—what Blood had condemned as genocide. This was common knowledge throughout the Nixon administration."}} It began on 25 March 1971, as [[Operation Searchlight]] was launched by [[West Pakistan]] (now [[Pakistan]]) to militarily subdue the Bengali population of East Pakistan; the Bengalis comprised the demographic majority and had been calling for independence from the Pakistani state. Seeking to curtail the Bengali self-determination movement, erstwhile Pakistani president [[Yahya Khan]] approved a large-scale military deployment, and in the nine-month-long conflict that ensued, Pakistani soldiers and local pro-Pakistan militias killed between 300,000 and 3,000,000 Bengalis and [[Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War|raped between 200,000 and 400,000 Bengali women]] in a systematic campaign of [[mass killing]] and [[Genocidal rape|genocidal sexual violence]].<ref>{{bulleted list|
|{{harvnb|Dummett|2011}}
|{{harvnb|Boissoneault|2016}}
|{{cite news |last=Bergman |first=David |title=The Politics of Bangladesh's Genocide Debate |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=5 April 2016 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/06/opinion/the-politics-of-bangladeshs-genocide-debate.html |access-date=25 October 2024}}
|{{cite book |last=Mookherjee |first=Nayanika |editor1-first=Raphaelle |editor1-last=Branche |editor2-first=Fabrice |editor2-last=Virgili |title=Rape in Wartime |chapter=Mass rape and the inscription of gendered and racial domination during the Bangladesh War of 1971 |year=2012 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |isbn=978-0-230-36399-1}}
}}</ref>

West Pakistanis in particular were shown by the news that the operation was carried out because of the 'rebellion by the East Pakistanis' and many activities at the time were hidden from them, including rape and ethnic cleansing of East Pakistanis by the Pakistani military. Although the majority of the victims were [[Bengali Muslims]], [[Bengali Hindus|Hindus]] were especially targeted.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jahan |first=Rounaq |editor1-last=Totten |editor1-first=Samuel |editor2-last=Parsons |editor2-first=William S. |editor3-last=Charney |editor3-first=Israel W. |chapter=Genocide in Bangladesh |title=Centuries of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts |chapter-url=https://sai.columbia.edu/sites/sai.columbia.edu/files/content/docs/1971%20Genocide%20in%20Bangladesh.pdf |year=2013 |orig-year=First published 1995 |edition=4th |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-87192-1}}</ref> In their investigation of the genocide, the [[Geneva]]-based [[International Commission of Jurists]] concluded that Pakistan's campaign also involved the attempt to exterminate or forcibly remove a significant portion of the country's Hindu populace.<ref>{{cite web |last1=MacDermot |first1=Niall |date=June 1972 |title=The Review |url=https://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/ICJ-Review-8-1972-eng.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327213117/https://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/ICJ-Review-8-1972-eng.pdf |archive-date=27 March 2022 |access-date=29 November 2023 |publisher=[[International Commission of Jurists]] |page=34 |quote=As far as the other three groups are concerned, namely members of the Awami League, students and Hindus, only Hindus would seem to fall within the definition of 'a national, ethnical, racial or religious group'. There is overwhelming evidence that Hindus were slaughtered and their houses and villages destroyed simply because they were Hindus. The oft repeated phrase 'Hindus are enemies of the state' as a justification for the killing does not gainsay the intent to commit genocide; rather does it confirm the intention. The Nazis regarded the Jews as enemies of the state and killed them as such. In our view there is a strong prima facie case that the crime of genocide was committed against the group comprising the Hindu population of East Bengal.}}</ref> The West Pakistani government, which had implemented discriminatory legislation in East Pakistan,<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2023 |title=The Past has yet to Leave the Present: Genocide in Bangladesh |url=https://hir.harvard.edu/the-past-has-yet-to-leave-the-present-genocide-in-bangladesh/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630102543/https://hir.harvard.edu/the-past-has-yet-to-leave-the-present-genocide-in-bangladesh/ |archive-date=30 June 2023 |access-date=16 October 2023 |website=[[Harvard International Review]] |language=en}}</ref> asserted that Hindus were behind the [[Mukti Bahini]] (Bengali resistance fighters) revolt and that resolving the local "Hindu problem" would end the conflict—Khan's government and the Pakistani elite thus regarded the crackdown as a strategic policy.{{sfn|D'Costa|2011|p=101}} Genocidal rhetoric accompanied the campaign: Pakistani men believed that the sacrifice of Hindus was needed to fix the national malaise.{{sfn|Saikia|2011|p=52}} In the countryside, Pakistan Army moved through villages and specifically asked for places where Hindus lived before burning them down.{{sfn|Bass|2013a|p=119|ps=:"Despite ongoing reports of unprovoked killing by soldiers, Blood saw the army launching a military campaign to take control of the countryside. Still, he thought, genocide was the right description for what was happening to the Hindus. So the consulate "began to focus our 'genocidal' reporting on the Hindus." The military crackdown, he cabled, "fully meets criteria of term 'genocide.'"49 Over and over, Blood tried to alarm his superiors in Washington. "'Genocide' applies fully to naked, calculated and widespread selection of Hindus for special treatment," he wrote. "From outset various members of American community have witnessed either burning down of Hindu villages, Hindu enclaves in Dacca and shooting of Hindus attempting [to] escape carnage, or have witnessed after-effects which [are] visible throughout Dacca today. Gunning down of Professor Dev of Dacca University philosophy department is one graphic example."50 He explained that the Pakistani military evidently did not "make distinctions between Indians and Pakistan Hindus, treating both as enemies." Such anti-Hindu sentiments were lingering and widespread, Blood wrote. He and his staff tenaciously kept up their reporting of anti-Hindu atrocities, telling how the Pakistan army would move into a village, ask where the Hindus lived, and then kill the Hindu men."}} Hindus were identified by checking circumcision or by demanding the recitation of Muslim prayers.{{sfn|Bass|2013a|p=120|ps=:"Desaix Myers remembers, "We were aware the Hindu markets had been attacked. The villages that we visited were Hindu. We were aware that Hindus specically were being attacked." In a letter at the time, he wrote, "The Army continues to check, lifting lungis [a kind of sarong worn by Bengalis], checking circumcision, demanding recitation of Muslim prayers. Hindus flee or are shot." He recalls that on one trip out of Dacca, "I was convinced I saw people wearing pieces of cloth identifying themselves as Hindus." Butcher says, "You heard stories of men having to pull down their lungis. If they were circumcised, they were let go. If they were not, they were killed. It was singling out the Hindus for especially bad treatment, burning Hindu villages, it was like a pogrom. It was ridding the province of these people.""}} This also resulted in the migration of around eight million East Pakistani refugees into India, 80–90% of whom were Hindus.{{sfn|Bass|2013a|p=302|ps=:"The CIA had a blunt explanation for this "incredible" migration: "many if not most of the Hindus fled for fear of their lives." Lieutenant General Tikka Khan, Yahya's military governor, evidently thought he could quickly frighten the Bengalis into submission. The Pakistan army, the CIA noted, seemed to have singled out Hindus as targets. Although the CIA refrained from crying genocide, it did insist this was an ethnic campaign, with 80 percent—or possibly even 90 percent— of the refugees being Hindus. So far, out of eight million refugees, over six million were Hindus, and many more might follow—ending perhaps only when East Pakistan had no more Hindus left.... This was confirmed by Sydney Schanberg of the New York Times, who, interviewing refugees in India, found that almost all of them were Hindus, who said that they were still specially hounded by the Pakistan army."}}

Both Muslim and Hindu women were targeted for rape.{{sfn|Mookherjee|2021|p=594}} West Pakistani men wanted to cleanse a nation corrupted by the presence of Hindus and believed that the sacrifice of Hindu women was needed; Bengali women were thus viewed as Hindu or Hindu-like.{{sfn|Saikia|2011|p=52}}

Pakistan's activities during the Bangladesh Liberation War served as a catalyst for India's military intervention in support of the Mukti Bahini, triggering the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|Indo-Pakistani War that began on December 3, 1971]]. The conflict and the genocide formally ended on 16 December 1971, when the joint forces of Bangladesh and India received the [[Pakistani Instrument of Surrender]]. As a result of the conflict, approximately 10 million [[East Bengali refugees]] fled to Indian territory while up to 30 million people were internally displaced out of the 70 million total population of East Pakistan. There was also ethnic violence between the Bengali majority and the [[Biharis|Bihari]] minority during the conflict; between 1,000 and 150,000 Biharis were killed in reprisal attacks by Bengali militias and mobs, as Bihari collaboration with the West Pakistani campaign had led to further [[Persecution of Biharis in Bangladesh|anti-Bihari sentiment]]. Since Pakistan's defeat and Bangladesh's independence, the title "[[Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh]]" has commonly been used to refer to the Bihari community, which was denied the right to hold Bangladeshi citizenship until 2008.

Allegations of a genocide in Bangladesh were rejected by most [[UN member states]] at the time and rarely appear in textbooks and academic sources on [[genocide studies]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Moses |first1=A. Dirk |author-link=A. Dirk Moses |title=The Problems of Genocide: Permanent Security and the Language of Transgression |date=2021 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-009-02832-5 |language=en |pages=8, 395}}</ref>

== Background ==
[[File:21 Feb 1953 Dhaka University female students procession.png|thumb|Female students of [[Dhaka|Dacca]] university marching on Language Movement Day, 21 February 1953.]]

=== West Pakistan and East Pakistan ===
Following the [[Partition of India]], the new state of Pakistan represented a geographical anomaly, with two wings separated by {{convert|1000|mi|km|order=flip}} of Indian territory.{{sfn|Brecher|2008|p=169}} The wings were not only separated geographically, but also [[Culture of Bengal|culturally]]. The authorities of the West viewed the Bengali Muslims in the East as "too 'Bengali'" and their application of Islam as "inferior and impure", believing this made the Bengalis unreliable "co-religionists". The Pakistani leadership perceived elements of Hindu influence within Bengali language and culture. As a result, they made repeated efforts to mitigate or eradicate these perceived Hindu influences.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Totten |first1=Samuel |author1-link=Samuel Totten |editor1-first=Samuel |editor1-last=Totten |editor1-link=Samuel Totten |editor2-first=William S. |editor2-last=Parsons |title=Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts |date=2008 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-203-89043-1 |page=246 |doi=10.4324/9780203890431 |edition=3rd |url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203890431 |access-date=21 September 2023 |archive-date=8 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808140556/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9780203890431/century-genocide-samuel-totten-william-parsons |url-status=live}}</ref> Politicians in West Pakistan began a strategy to forcibly assimilate the Bengalis culturally and religiously.{{sfn|Mookherjee|2009|p=51}} The ruling class of [[West Pakistan]] held political power over and looked down on Bengali Muslims from East Pakistan due to the influence of colonialism a colorist obsession for light skin led to viewing East Pakistanis as [[Discrimination based on skin tone|darker skinned]] compared to West Pakistanis.<ref>''Visibilities and Invisibilities of Race and Racism: Toward a New Global Dialogue'' (2025) Faye V. Harrison, Yasuko I. Takezawa, Akio Tanabe</ref>

The Bengali people were the demographic majority in Pakistan, making up an estimated 75 million in [[East Pakistan]], compared with 55 million in the predominantly [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]-speaking [[West Pakistan]].{{sfn|Jones|2010|p=340}} The majority in the East were Muslim, with large minorities of Hindus, Buddhists and Christians.

=== Discriminatory policies against Bengalis ===
In 1948, a few months after the creation of Pakistan, [[Governor-General of Pakistan|Governor-General]] [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] declared [[Urdu]] as the national language of the newly formed state,{{sfn|Thompson|2007|p=42}} although only four per cent of Pakistan's population spoke Urdu at that time.{{sfn|Shah|1997|p=51}} He mentioned that the people of [[East Bengal]] could choose what would be its provincial language, and branded those who were against the use of [[Urdu]] as the national language of Pakistan as [[Communism|communists]], [[Treason|traitors]] and enemies of the state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=txt_jinnah_dacca_1948 |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_jinnah_dacca_1948.html |access-date=24 January 2022 |website=[[Columbia University]] |archive-date=22 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022093628/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_jinnah_dacca_1948.html |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Hossain|Tollefson|2006|p=245}} The refusal by successive governments to recognise [[Bengali language|Bengali]] as the second national language culminated in the [[Bengali language movement]] and strengthened support for the newly formed [[Awami League]], which was founded in the East as an alternative to the ruling [[Muslim League (Pakistan)|Muslim League]].{{sfn|Molla|2004|p=217}} A 1952 protest in [[Dhaka]], the capital of East Pakistan, was forcibly broken up, resulting in the deaths of several protesters. Bengali nationalists viewed those who had died as martyrs for their cause, and the violence led to calls for secession.{{sfn|Harder|2010|p=351}} The [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]] caused further grievances, as the military had assigned no extra units to the defence of the East.{{sfn|Haggett|2001|p=2716}} This was a matter of concern to the Bengalis who saw their nation undefended in case of Indian attack during the conflict of 1965,{{sfn|Hagerty|Ganguly|2005|p=31}}{{sfn|Midlarsky|2011|p=257}} and that [[Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)|Ayub Khan]], the [[President of Pakistan]], was willing to lose the [[East Pakistan|East]] if it meant gaining [[Kashmir]].{{sfn|Riedel|2011|p=9}}

The slow response to the [[1970 Bhola cyclone|Bhola cyclone]] which struck on 12 November 1970 is widely seen as a contributing factor in the December 1970 [[1970 Pakistani general election|general election]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Biswas |first1=Sravani |last2=Daly |first2=Patrick |title=Cyclone Not Above Politics': East Pakistan, disaster politics, and the 1970 Bhola Cyclone |journal=[[Modern Asian Studies]] |doi=10.1017/S0026749X20000293 |date=July 2021 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=1382–1410 |s2cid=224892294 |hdl=10356/154579 |hdl-access=free |issn=0026-749X}}</ref> The East Pakistan-based Awami League, headed by [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]], won a national majority in the first democratic election since the creation of Pakistan, sweeping East Pakistan. But, the West Pakistani establishment prevented them from forming a government.{{sfn|Roy|2010|p=102}} President [[Yahya Khan]], encouraged by [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]],<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/29/books/review/the-blood-telegram-by-gary-j-bass.html |title='The Blood Telegram,' by Gary J. Bass |last=Filkins |first=Dexter |date=27 September 2013 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |issn=0362-4331 |access-date=31 March 2016 |archive-date=11 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611054151/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/29/books/review/the-blood-telegram-by-gary-j-bass.html |url-status=live}}</ref> banned the Awami League and declared [[martial law]].{{sfn|Sisson|Rose|1992|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=y85KOHHVT5oC&pg=PA141 141]}} The Pakistani Army demolished [[Ramna Kali Mandir]] (temple) and killed 85 Hindus.{{sfn|Dasgupta|Togawa|Barkat|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VdqGAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA147 147]}} On 22 February 1971, General Yahya Khan is reported to have said "Kill three million of them, and the rest will eat out of our hands."<ref name=":3">{{cite news |last=Hensher |first=Philip |date=19 February 2013 |title=The war Bangladesh can never forget |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/the-war-bangladesh-can-never-forget-8501636.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012649/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/war-bangladesh-can-never-forget-8501636.html |archive-date=28 December 2020 |access-date=31 March 2016 |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g0N8hOgFz3QC |title=Poisoning the Press: Richard Nixon, Jack Anderson, and the Rise of Washington's Scandal Culture |last=Feldstein |first=Mark |year=2010 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=9781429978972 |page=8 |access-date=5 April 2016 |archive-date=8 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808150551/https://books.google.com/books?id=g0N8hOgFz3QC |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hewitt |first=William L. |year=2004 |title=Defining the Horrific: Readings on Genocide and Holocaust in the 20th Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5qZIAAAAYAAJ |publisher=Pearson Education |page=287 |isbn=978-0-13-110084-8 |access-date=5 April 2016 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317194232/https://books.google.com/books?id=5qZIAAAAYAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Bengali independence movement ===
Some Bengalis supported a united Pakistan and opposed secession from it.<ref>{{cite book |last=Baxter |first=Craig |author-link=Craig Baxter |year=1997 |title=Bangladesh: From A Nation To A State |publisher=[[Westview Press]] |page=88 |isbn=978-0-813-33632-9 |quote=The Pakistanis had armed some groups, Bihari and Bengali, that opposed separation.}}</ref> According to Indian academic Sarmila Bose, these pro-Pakistan Bengalis constituted a significant minority, and included the Islamic parties. Moreover, many Awami League voters who hoped to achieve provincial autonomy may not have desired secession.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bose |first=Sarmila |date=8 October 2005 |title=Anatomy of Violence: Analysis of Civil War in East Pakistan in 1971 |url=http://www.politics.ox.ac.uk/materials/profile_materials/sbose-anatomy_of_violence-epw_v_40_no_41_2005.pdf |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=40 |issue=41 |pages=4463–4471 |jstor=4417267 |access-date=26 March 2016 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012627/https://www.politics.ox.ac.uk/materials/profile_materials/sbose-anatomy_of_violence-epw_v_40_no_41_2005.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Additionally, some Bengali officers and soldiers remained loyal to the Pakistani Army and were taken as prisoners of war by India along with other West Pakistani soldiers.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Bose |first=Sarmila |date=November 2011 |title=The question of genocide and the quest for justice in the 1971 war |url=http://www.politics.ox.ac.uk/materials/profile_materials/jgr%20vol%2013%20no%204%202011.pdf |journal=[[Journal of Genocide Research]] |volume=13 |issue=4 |page=398 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2011.625750 |s2cid=38668401 |access-date=18 March 2016 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010075759/https://www.politics.ox.ac.uk/materials/profile_materials/jgr%20vol%2013%20no%204%202011.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Thus, according to Sarmila Bose, there were many pro-regime Bengalis who killed and persecuted the pro-liberation fighters.<ref name=":1" /> [[Sydney Schanberg]] reported the formation of armed civilian units by the Pakistani Army in June 1971. Only a minority of the recruits were Bengali, while most were Biharis and Urdu speakers. The units with local knowledge played an important role in the implementation of the Pakistani Army's genocide.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Demolition of Ramna Kali Temple in March 1971 |url=http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2009/09/21/demolition-ramna-kali-temple-march-1971-part-ii |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923175041/http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2009/09/21/demolition-ramna-kali-temple-march-1971-part-ii |archive-date=23 September 2009 |access-date=31 March 2016 |work=[[Asian Tribune]]}}</ref> American writer Gary J. Bass believes that the breakup of Pakistan was not inevitable, identifying 25 March 1971 as the point where the idea of a united Pakistan ended for Bengalis with the start of military operations.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://newsweekpakistan.com/gary-bass/ |title=Last Word: Gary J. Bass |website=Newsweek Pakistan |access-date=1 April 2016 |date=17 December 2013 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012659/https://www.newsweekpakistan.com/gary-bass/ |url-status=live}}</ref> According to John H. Gill, since there was widespread polarisation between pro-Pakistan Bengalis and pro-liberation Bengalis during the war, those internal battles are still playing out in the domestic politics of modern-day Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite book |title=An Atlas of 1971 Indian-Pakistan war-the Creation of Bangladesh |last=Gill |first=John H. |publisher=NESA |year=1994 |pages=66}}</ref>

==Operation Searchlight==
[[Operation Searchlight]] was a planned military operation carried out by the Pakistani Army to curb elements of the separatist Bengali nationalist movement in East Pakistan in March 1971.<ref name="BoseAoV">{{cite journal |last=Bose |first=Sarmila |date=8 October 2005 |title=Anatomy of Violence: Analysis of Civil War in East Pakistan in 1971 |url=http://www.epw.org.in/showArticles.php?root=2005&leaf=10&filename=9223&filetype=html |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070301084941/http://www.epw.org.in/showArticles.php?root=2005&leaf=10&filename=9223&filetype=html |archive-date=1 March 2007}}</ref>{{sfn|Spencer|2012|p=63}}{{sfn|Ganguly|2002|p=60}} The Pakistani state justified commencing Operation Searchlight on the basis of anti-Bihari violence by Bengalis in early March.<ref name="D' Costa 2011 103">{{Cite book |last=D' Costa |first=Bina |title=Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2011 |isbn=9780415565660 |pages=103}}</ref> Ordered by the government in West Pakistan, this was seen as the sequel to Operation Blitz which had been launched in November 1970. On 1 March 1971, East Pakistan governor Admiral [[Syed Mohammad Ahsan|Syed Mohammed Ahsan]] was replaced after disagreeing with military action in East Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1072331/gen-agha-mohammad-yahya-khan-4 |title=Gen Agha Mohammad Yahya Khan – 4 |last=Cowasjee |first=Ardeshir |date=17 September 2000 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |access-date=31 March 2016 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061014/http://www.dawn.com/news/1072331/gen-agha-mohammad-yahya-khan-4 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Ahsan,_Vice_Admiral_Syed_Muhammad |title=Ahsan, Vice Admiral Syed Muhammad |website=Banglapedia |access-date=31 March 2016 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012613/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Ahsan%2C_Vice_Admiral_Syed_Muhammad |url-status=live}}</ref> His successor [[Sahabzada Yaqub Khan|Sahibzada Yaqub Khan]] resigned after refusing to use soldiers to quell a mutiny and disagreement with military action in East Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/29/world/asia/sahabzada-yaqub-khan-dies-at-95-pakistani-diplomat-obituary.html |title=Sahabzada Yaqub Khan, Pakistani Diplomat, Dies at 95 |last=Roberts |first=Sam |date=28 January 2016 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |issn=0362-4331 |access-date=31 March 2016 |archive-date=11 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211120817/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/29/world/asia/sahabzada-yaqub-khan-dies-at-95-pakistani-diplomat-obituary.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1235591 |title=Sahibzada Yaqub Khan |last=Editorial |date=27 January 2016 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |access-date=31 March 2016 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012638/https://www.dawn.com/news/1235591 |url-status=live}}</ref>

According to Indian academic<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sarmilabose.com/bio-2/ |website=Sarmila Bose |title=Bio – Sarmila Bose |access-date=25 September 2016 |date=8 February 2015 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012656/https://sarmilabose.com/bio-2/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=This account of the Bangladesh war should not be seen as unbiased |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/jun/08/bangladesh-liberation-war-sarmila-bose |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=8 June 2011 |last1=Mookherjee |first1=Nayanika |access-date=10 August 2016 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012613/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/jun/08/bangladesh-liberation-war-sarmila-bose |url-status=live}}</ref> Sarmila Bose, the postponement of the National Assembly on 1 March led to widespread lawlessness spread by Bengali protesters during the period of 1–25 March, in which the Pakistani government lost control over much of the province. Bose asserts that during this 25-day period of lawlessness, attacks by Bengalis on non-Bengalis were common as well as attacks by Bengalis on Pakistani military personnel who, according to Bose and Anthony Mascarenhas, showed great restraint until 25 March, when Operation Searchlight began.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bose |first=Sarmila |date=8 October 2005 |title=Anatomy of Violence: Analysis of Civil War in East Pakistan in 1971 |url=http://www.politics.ox.ac.uk/materials/profile_materials/sbose-anatomy_of_violence-epw_v_40_no_41_2005.pdf |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |pages=4464–4465 |access-date=26 March 2016 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012627/https://www.politics.ox.ac.uk/materials/profile_materials/sbose-anatomy_of_violence-epw_v_40_no_41_2005.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Bose also described the atrocities committed by the Pakistani Army in her book.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://scroll.in/article/804314/smriti-irani-misrepresented-my-work-in-her-speech-oxford-researcher-sarmila-bose |title='Smriti Irani misrepresented my work in her speech': Oxford researcher Sarmila Bose |last=Bose |first=Sarmila |work=Scroll.in |access-date=1 April 2016 |archive-date=4 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404135141/http://scroll.in/article/804314/smriti-irani-misrepresented-my-work-in-her-speech-oxford-researcher-sarmila-bose |url-status=live}}</ref> According to Anthony Mascarenhas, the actions of the Pakistani Army compared to the violence by Bengalis was "altogether worse and on a grander scale."{{sfn|Dummett|2011}}

On the night of 25 March 1971, the Pakistani Army launched Operation Searchlight. ''Time'' magazine dubbed General [[Tikka Khan]] the "Butcher of Bengal" for his role in Operation Searchlight.<ref name=":2">{{cite news |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/307080/no-lessons-learnt-in-forty-years/ |title=No lessons learnt in forty years |newspaper=[[The Express Tribune]] |access-date=31 March 2016 |archive-date=24 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024093415/http://tribune.com.pk/story/307080/no-lessons-learnt-in-forty-years/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Targets of the operation included [[Jagannath Hall]] which was a dormitory for non-Muslim students of Dhaka University, Rajarbagh Police Lines, and [[Pilkhana, Bangladesh|Pilkhana]], which is the headquarters of [[East Pakistan Rifles]]. About 34 students were killed in the dormitories of Dhaka University. Neighbourhoods of old Dhaka which had a majority Hindu population were also attacked. Robert Payne, an American journalist, estimated that 7,000 people had been killed and 3,000 arrested in that night.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Black Night that still haunts the nation |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/the-black-night-still-haunts-the-nation-1199260 |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=25 March 2016 |access-date=30 March 2016 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012616/https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/the-black-night-still-haunts-the-nation-1199260 |url-status=live}}</ref> Teachers of Dhaka University were killed in the operation by the Pakistani Army.<ref>{{cite news |last=Chandan |first=Md Shahnawaz Khan |date=8 March 2015 |title=The Heroes of a Forgetful Nation |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/the-heroes-of-a-forgetful-nation-55177 |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=30 March 2016 |archive-date=10 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410205814/http://www.thedailystar.net/the-heroes-of-a-forgetful-nation-55177 |url-status=live}}</ref> Sheikh Mujib was arrested by the Pakistani Army on 25 March.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UOJxCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA219 |title=The Middle East and South Asia 2015–2016 |last=Russell |first=Malcolm |year=2015 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn=978-1-4758-1879-6 |page=219 |access-date=21 August 2017 |archive-date=8 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808140548/https://books.google.co.id/books?id=UOJxCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA219&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Ramna Kali Mandir]] was demolished by the Pakistani Army in March 1971.{{sfn|Dasgupta|Togawa|Barkat|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VdqGAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA147 147]}}

The original plan envisioned taking control of the major cities on 26 March 1971, and then eliminating all opposition, political or military,<ref>{{cite book |last=Sālik |first=Ṣiddīq |title=Witness To Surrender |pages=63, 228–229 |location=Dhaka |publisher=University Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-984-05-1373-4}}</ref> within one month. The prolonged Bengali resistance was not anticipated by Pakistani planners.<ref>Pakistan Defence Journal, 1977, Vol 2, p2-3</ref> The main phase of Operation Searchlight ended with the fall of the last major town in Bengali hands in mid May. The countryside still remained almost evenly contested.{{sfn|Jones|2002|p=169}}

The first report of the Bangladesh genocide was published by West Pakistani journalist [[Anthony Mascarenhas]] in ''The Sunday Times'', London on 13 June 1971 titled "Genocide". He wrote: "I saw Hindus, hunted from village to village and door to door, shot off-hand after a cursory '[[short-arm inspection]]' showed they were uncircumcised. I have heard the screams of men bludgeoned to death in the compound of the Circuit House (civil administrative headquarters) in Comilla. I have seen truckloads of other human targets and those who had the humanity to try to help them hauled off 'for disposal' under the cover of darkness and curfew."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/27/opinion/anam-pakistans-overdue-apology.html |title=Pakistan's State of Denial |last=Anam |first=Tahmima |date=26 December 2013 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |issn=0362-4331 |access-date=31 March 2016 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012615/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/27/opinion/anam-pakistans-overdue-apology.html |url-status=live}}</ref> This article helped turn world opinion against Pakistan and decisively encouraged the Government of India to intervene.{{sfn|Dummett|2011}} On 2 August 1971, ''Time'' magazine correspondent sent a dispatch that provided detailed description of the Pakistani army-led destruction in East Pakistan. It wrote that cities have whole sections damaged from shelling and aerial bombardments. The dispatch wrote: "In Dhaka, where soldiers set sections of the Old City ablaze with flamethrowers and then machine-gunned thousands as they tried to escape the cordon of fire, nearly 25 blocks have been bulldozed clear, leaving open areas set incongruously amid jam-packed slums." It quoted a senior US official as saying "It is the most incredible, calculated thing since the days of the Nazis in Poland."<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=http://world.time.com/2011/12/16/forty-years-after-its-bloody-independence-bangladesh-looks-to-its-past-to-redeem-its-future/ |title=Forty Years After Its Bloody Independence, Bangladesh Looks to Its Past to Redeem Its Future |last=Tharoor |first=Ishaan |newspaper=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |issn=0040-781X |access-date=31 March 2016 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012700/https://world.time.com/2011/12/16/forty-years-after-its-bloody-independence-bangladesh-looks-to-its-past-to-redeem-its-future/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="time2Aug1971" />

=== The Blood Telegram ===
[[Archer Blood|Archer K. Blood]], American diplomat, wrote on 28 March 1971 in the Blood Telegram addressing [[Richard Nixon]] administration's disregard for the situation: "with support of the Pak military, non-Bengali Muslims are systematically attacking poor people's quarters and murdering Bengalis and Hindus."<ref>{{cite news |last=Mahtab |first=Moyukh |date=23 December 2015 |title=The burden of remembrance |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/supplements/the-burden-remembrance-188032 |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=31 March 2016 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012617/https://www.thedailystar.net/supplements/the-burden-remembrance-188032 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="usconsulate_cable_march31">U.S. Consulate (Dacca) Cable, Sitrep: [http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/BEBB6.pdf Army Terror Campaign Continues in Dacca; Evidence Military Faces Some Difficulties Elsewhere] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111221082405/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/BEBB6.pdf |date=21 December 2011 }}, 31 March 1971, Confidential, 3 pp</ref>

== Estimated death toll ==
[[File:Human Remains and War Materiel from 1971 Genocide - Liberation War Museum - Dhaka - Bangladesh (12826731774).jpg|thumb|Human remains and war materiel from 1971 genocide in [[Liberation War Museum]]]]
On the high end, Bangladeshi authorities claim that as many as 3 million people were killed; the lowest estimate comes from the controversial [[Hamoodur Rahman Commission]], the official Pakistani government investigation, which claimed the figure was 26,000 civilian casualties.{{sfn|van Schendel|2009|p=173}}<ref name="deathcount-pakistani">{{cite web |url=http://www.bangla2000.com/Bangladesh/Independence-War/Report-Hamoodur-Rahman/chapter2.shtm |title=Alleged atrocities by the Pakistan Army (paragraph 33) |work=Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report |date=23 October 1974 |access-date=13 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012130637/http://www.bangla2000.com/Bangladesh/Independence-War/Report-Hamoodur-Rahman/chapter2.shtm |archive-date=12 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The figure of 3 million has become embedded in [[Bangladeshi culture]] and [[Bengali literature|literature]].<ref name=":7">{{cite news |last1=Bergman |first1=David |title=Questioning an iconic number |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/questioning-an-iconic-number/article5940833.ece |access-date=28 September 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 April 2014 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012642/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/questioning-an-iconic-number/article5940833.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> Sayyid A. Karim, Bangladesh's first [[Foreign Secretary (Bangladesh)|foreign secretary]] alleges that the source of the figure was ''[[Pravda]]'', the news-arm of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]].<ref name=":7" /> Independent researchers have estimated the death toll to be around 300,000 to 500,000 people while others estimate the casualty figure to be 3 million.<ref>{{bulleted list|
|{{harvnb|Alston|2015|p=40}}
|{{harvnb|Dummett|2011}}
|{{cite book |last=Myers |title=Exploring Social Psychology |edition=4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X3fdaGkEy6MC&pg=PA269 |year=2004 |publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education |isbn=978-0-07-070062-8 |page=269 |access-date=17 May 2016 |archive-date=8 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808141620/https://books.google.com/books?id=X3fdaGkEy6MC&pg=PA269 |url-status=live}}
}}</ref><ref name="Plight and Fate of Women During and Following Genocide">{{cite book |last=Debnath |first=Angela |year=2012 |orig-year=First published 2009 |chapter=The Bangladesh Genocide: The Plight of Women |editor1-last=Totten |editor1-first=Samuel |editor1-link=Samuel Totten |title=Plight and Fate of Women During and Following Genocide |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=crJ7ai7GJH0C&pg=PA55 |publisher=Transaction Publishers |page=55 |isbn=978-1-4128-4759-9 |access-date=14 March 2018 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012658/https://books.google.com/books?id=crJ7ai7GJH0C&pg=PA55 |url-status=live |quote=estimates of the death toll vary between 1-3 million victims.}}</ref> Midway through the genocide, the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] and the [[State Department]] conservatively estimated that 200,000 people had been killed.<ref>{{harvnb|Boissoneault|2016}}: "By halfway through the nine-month genocide, the U.S Central Intelligence Agency gave a conservative estimate of 200,000 Bangladeshis murdered."</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/30/opinion/nixon-and-kissingers-forgotten-shame.html |last=Bass |first=Gary J. |title=Nixon and Kissinger's Forgotten Shame |date=29 September 2013 |access-date=18 June 2022 |work=[[The New York Times]] |quote=Midway through the bloodshed, both the C.I.A. and the State Department conservatively estimated that about 200,000 people had died (the Bangladeshi government figure is much higher, at three million). |archive-date=30 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930015644/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/30/opinion/nixon-and-kissingers-forgotten-shame.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The estimate of 3 million has come under strict scrutiny.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chowdhury |first=Abdul Mu'min |author-link=Abdul Momin Chowdhury |url=https://sanipanhwar.com/Behind%20The%20Myth%20Of%20Three%20Million.pdf |title=Behind the Myth of Three Million |publisher=Al-Hilal Publishers |year=1996 |pages=1–3 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822060106/http://sanipanhwar.com/Behind%20The%20Myth%20Of%20Three%20Million.pdf |archive-date=2018-08-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Jalal |date=4 October 2020 |title=Controversy over Bangladesh's War Dead: 3 lakh (300,000) or 30 lakh (3 million)? |url=https://cafedissensuseveryday.com/2020/10/04/controversy-over-bangladeshs-war-dead-3-lakh-300000-or-30-lakh-3-million/ |access-date=21 April 2024 |website=Cafe Dissensus Everyday |language=en |archive-date=13 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313102356/https://cafedissensuseveryday.com/2020/10/04/controversy-over-bangladeshs-war-dead-3-lakh-300000-or-30-lakh-3-million/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Bones of Victims of 1971 Genocide - Liberation War Museum - Dhaka - Bangladesh (12826761704).jpg|thumb|Pile of bones of those killed in the Bangladesh Genocide]]
According to [[Sarmila Bose]]'s controversial book ''[[Dead Reckoning: Memories of the 1971 Bangladesh War]]'', the number lies somewhere between 50,000 and 100,000.<ref name="bbc16Jun2011">{{cite news |title=Controversial book accuses Bengalis of 1971 war crimes |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-13417170 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=16 June 2011 |access-date=9 December 2013 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012618/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-13417170 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Jack |first=Ian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/may/21/ian-jack-bangladesh-war-genocide |title=It's not the arithmetic of genocide that's important. It's that we pay attention |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=20 May 2011 |access-date=10 December 2016 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224231312/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/may/21/ian-jack-bangladesh-war-genocide |url-status=live}}</ref> However, her book was the subject of strong criticism by journalists; writer and visual artist [[Naeem Mohaiemen]]; Nayanika Mookherjee, an anthropologist at [[Durham University]]; and others.<ref name="bbc16Jun2011" /><ref>{{bulleted list|
|{{cite news |title=Bose is more Pakistani than Jinnah the Quaid |url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/analysis/bose-is-more-pakistani-than-jinnah-the-quaid |access-date=9 December 2013 |newspaper=The Sunday Guardian |archive-date=12 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212073930/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/analysis/bose-is-more-pakistani-than-jinnah-the-quaid |url-status=live}}
|{{cite news |last=Mohaiemen |first=Naeem |date=3 October 2011 |title=Flying Blind: Waiting for a Real Reckoning on 1971 |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=205005 |newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |access-date=9 December 2013 |archive-date=13 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213210628/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=205005 |url-status=live}}
|{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/jun/08/bangladesh-liberation-war-sarmila-bose |title=This account of the Bangladesh war should not be seen as unbiased |date=8 June 2011 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |issn=0261-3077 |access-date=31 March 2016 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012641/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/jun/08/bangladesh-liberation-war-sarmila-bose |url-status=live}}
}}</ref>

In 1976, the [[International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh]] undertook a comprehensive population survey in [[Matlab (Bangladesh)|Matlab, Noakhali]] where a total of 868 excess wartime deaths were recorded; this led to an estimated overall excess number of deaths in the whole of Bangladesh of nearly 500,000.<ref name=":7" /> Based on this study, the ''[[British Medical Journal]]'' in 2008, conducted a study by Ziad Obermeyer, Christopher J. L. Murray, and Emmanuela Gakidou which estimated that 125,000–505,000 civilians died as a result of the conflict;<ref name=":7" /> the authors note that this is far higher than a previous estimate of 58,000 by Uppsala University and the Peace Research Institute, Oslo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Obermeyer |first=Ziad |date=June 2008 |title=Fifty years of violent war deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia: analysis of data from the world health survey programme |journal=[[British Medical Journal]] |volume=336 |issue=7659 |pages=1482–1486 |display-authors=etal |doi=10.1136/bmj.a137 |pmid=18566045 |pmc=2440905}}</ref> This figure is supported by the statements of Bangladeshi author [[Ahmed Sharif]] in 1996, who added that "they kept the truth hidden for getting political advantages."<ref name=":8">{{cite web |url=http://www.bangladesh-web.com/view.php?hidRecord=44486 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204080757/http://www.bangladesh-web.com/view.php?hidRecord=44486 |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 February 2015 |title=An interview with prof. Ahmed sharif |date=13 May 2005 |website=News from Bangladesh |publisher=Daily News Monitoring Service |last1=Mukhopadhay |first1=Keshab |access-date=14 January 2015}}</ref> American political scientists Richard Sisson and Leo E. Rose give a low-end estimate of 300,000 dead, killed by all parties, and they deny that a genocide occurred, while American political scientist [[Rudolph Rummel|R. J. Rummel]] estimated that about 1.5 million people were killed in Bangladesh.{{sfn|Beachler |2011 |p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XeDHAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA16 16]}} Indian journalist Nirmal Sen claims that the total number killed was about 250,000 and among them, about 100,000 were [[Bengalis]] and the rest were [[Biharis in Bangladesh|Biharis]].<ref name=":8" />

A 2018 paper by Christian Gerlach concluded that overall deaths due to the war in East Pakistan slightly exceeded half a million and could not have exceeded 1 million,<ref name="gerlach2018">{{cite journal |last1=Gerlach |first1=Christian |title=East Pakistan/Bangladesh 1971–1972: How Many Victims, Who, and Why? |journal=The Civilianization of War the Changing Civil–Military Divide, 1914–2014 |date=20 July 2018 |pages=116–140 |doi=10.1017/9781108643542.007 |isbn=9781108643542}}</ref> adding that the majority of the dead were rural dwellers who died of "hunger, want, and exhaustion" with many deaths occurring in the year following the conflict.<ref name="gerlach2018"/> Out of 200,000 members of the Awami League, the paper states that, 17,000 were killed with the leaders of the league experiencing a death ratio of 15 to 20 out of 167.<ref name="gerlach2018"/> The paper also denies based on statistical evidence that there was a coordinated attempt to exterminate the Bengali intelligentsia stating: "if one accepts the data published by the Bangladesh propaganda ministry, 4.2 per cent of all university professors were killed, along with 1.4 per cent of all college teachers, 0.6 per cent of all secondary and primary school teachers, and 0.6 per cent of all teaching personnel. On the basis of the aforementioned Ministry of Education data, 1.2 per cent of all teaching personnel were killed. This is hardly proof of an extermination campaign."<ref name="gerlach2018"/>

Many of those killed were the victims of radical religious paramilitary militias formed by the West Pakistani Army, including the [[Razakars (Pakistan)|Razakars]], [[Al-Shams (Bangladesh)|Al-Shams]] and [[Al-Badr (East Pakistan)|Al-Badr]] forces.<ref name="2006-06-18">Many of the eyewitness accounts of relations that were picked up by "Al Badr" forces describe them as Bengali men. The only survivor of the Rayerbazar killings describes the captors and killers of Bengali professionals as fellow Bengalis. See 37 Dilawar Hossain, account reproduced in 'Ekattorer Ghatok-dalalera ke Kothay' (Muktijuddha Chetona Bikash Kendro, Dhaka, 1989)</ref><ref name="2005-12-14">{{cite news |first=Asadullah |last=Khan |date=14 December 2005 |title=The loss continues to haunt us |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/2005/12/14/d512141501115.htm |newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |type=Point-Counterpoint |access-date=5 April 2006 |archive-date=5 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130305011706/http://www.thedailystar.net/2005/12/14/d512141501115.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> There are many mass graves in Bangladesh,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/feb/13/shahbag-protest-bangladesh-quader-mollah |title=Shahbag protesters versus the Butcher of Mirpur |first=Tahmima |last=Anam |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=15 January 2016 |date=13 February 2013 |archive-date=6 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206145334/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/feb/13/shahbag-protest-bangladesh-quader-mollah |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crimesofwar.org/commentary/bangladesh-a-free-and-fair-war-crimes-tribunal/ |title=Crimes of War – Bangladesh: A Free and Fair War Crimes Tribunal? |work=crimesofwar.org |access-date=15 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120222424/http://www.crimesofwar.org/commentary/bangladesh-a-free-and-fair-war-crimes-tribunal/ |archive-date=20 January 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and more are continually being discovered (such as one in an old well near a mosque in Dhaka, located in the [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur region]] of the city, which was discovered in August 1999).<ref>{{cite news |author=[[Deutsche Presse Agentur|DPA]] report |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99aug08/world.htm#7 |title=Mass grave found in Bangladesh |newspaper=The Tribune |location=India |date=8 August 1999 |access-date=5 April 2006 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012627/https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99aug08/world.htm#7 |url-status=live}}</ref> The first night of war on Bengalis, which is documented in telegrams from the American Consulate in Dhaka to the United States State Department, saw indiscriminate killings of students of Dhaka University and other civilians.<ref name="TheTilt">{{cite web |url=https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/ |title=The Tilt: The U.S. and the South Asian Crisis of 1971 |editor-first=Sajit |editor-last=Gandhi |work=National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 79 |date=16 December 2002 |access-date=13 June 2014 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012644/https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 16 December 2002, the [[George Washington University]]'s [[National Security Archive]] published a collection of declassified documents, consisting mostly of communications between US embassy officials and [[United States Information Service|USIS]] centres in Dhaka and India, and officials in Washington, D.C.<ref name="TheTilt" /> These documents show that US officials working in diplomatic institutions within Bangladesh used the terms ''selective genocide''<ref name="SelectiveGenocide">{{cite web |title=Cable from U.S. Consulate in Dacca: Selective Genocide |url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/BEBB1.pdf |work=National Security Archive |date=27 March 1971 |access-date=25 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612052659/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/ |archive-date=12 June 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://2001-2009.state.gov/documents/organization/48048.pdf Telegram 959 From the US Consulate General in Dacca to the Department of State, 28 March 1971, 0540Z] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012617/https://2001-2009.state.gov/documents/organization/48048.pdf |date=28 December 2020 }} ("Selective Genocide")</ref> and ''genocide'' (see [[Blood telegram]]) to describe events they had knowledge of at the time. The complete chronology of events as reported to the [[Nixon administration]] can be found on the Department of State website.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/nixon/e7/48213.htm |title=Office of the Historian |access-date=10 February 2015 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012643/https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/nixon/e7/48213.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Pro-Pakistan Islamist militias ==
The [[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami|Jamaat-e-Islami]] party<ref>{{cite book |last=Baxter |first=Craig |author-link=Craig Baxter |year=1997 |title=Bangladesh: From A Nation To A State |publisher=[[Westview Press]] |page=123 |isbn=978-0-813-33632-9}}</ref> as well as some other pro-Pakistani Islamists opposed the Bangladeshi independence struggle and collaborated with the Pakistani state and armed forces out of Islamic solidarity.<ref>Sources:
* {{Cite web |url=http://apcss.org/Publications/Edited%20Volumes/ReligiousRadicalism/PagesfromReligiousRadicalismandSecurityinSouthAsiach17.pdf |title=Religious Extremism and Nationalism in Bangladesh |last=Lintner |first=Bertil |year=2004 |page=418 |access-date=19 March 2017 |archive-date=11 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411211447/https://apcss.org/Publications/Edited |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Grare |first=Frederic |editor-last=Kalia |editor-first=Ravi |chapter=Pakistan's Pursuit of Democracy |title=Pakistan: From the Rhetoric of Democracy to the Rise of Militancy |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NsrfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA168 |year=2012 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-136-51641-2 |pages=168 |access-date=19 March 2017 |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207214843/https://books.google.com/books?id=NsrfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA168 |url-status=live}}
* {{harvnb|Bass|2013b}}
* {{cite book |last1=Totten |first1=Samuel |author1-link=Samuel Totten |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EDZa0zZ-XCAC&pg=PA263 |title=Centuries of Genocide: Essays and Eyewitness Accounts |last2=Parsons |first2=William S. |year=2012 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-135-24550-4 |access-date=21 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012704/https://books.google.com/books?id=EDZa0zZ-XCAC&pg=PA263 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Al Jazeera">{{cite news |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia/2010/03/2010325151839747356.html |title=Bangladesh sets up war crimes court – Central & South Asia |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=25 March 2010 |access-date=23 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605014512/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia/2010/03/2010325151839747356.html |archive-date=5 June 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Alston|2015|p=40}} According to political scientist [[Peter Tomsen]], Pakistan's [[Inter-Services Intelligence|secret service]], in conjunction with the political party Jamaat-e-Islami, formed militias such as Al-Badr ("the moon") and the Al-Shams ("the sun") to conduct operations against the nationalist movement.{{sfn|Schmid|2011|p=600}}{{sfn|Tomsen|2011|p=240}} These militias targeted noncombatants and committed rapes as well as other crimes.{{sfn|Saikia|2011|p=3}} Local [[Wartime collaboration|collaborators]] known as [[Razakars (Pakistan)|Razakars]] also took part in the atrocities. The term has since become a [[pejorative]] akin to the western term "[[Judas Iscariot|Judas]]".{{sfn|Mookherjee|2009|p=49}}

Members of the [[Muslim League (1947–1958)|Muslim League]], [[Nizam-e-Islam]], Jamaat-e-Islami and Jamiat Ulema Pakistan, who had lost the election, collaborated with the military and acted as an intelligence organisation for them.{{sfn|Ḥaqqānī|2005|p=77}} Jamaat-e-Islami members and some of its leaders collaborated with the Pakistani forces in rapes and targeted killings.{{sfn|Shehabuddin|2010|p=93}} The atrocities by Al-Badr and the Al-Shams garnered worldwide attention from news agencies; accounts of massacres and rapes were widely reported.{{sfn|Tomsen|2011|p=240}}{{sfn|D'Costa|2011|p=108}}<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |title=History (from Bangladesh) |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/51736/Bangladesh/277584/The-Pakistani-period-1947-71 |access-date=11 June 2013 |last=Tinker |first=Hugh Russell |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029185936/http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/51736/Bangladesh/277584/The-Pakistani-period-1947-71 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Killing of Bengali intellectuals ==
{{Main|1971 killing of Bengali intellectuals}}

During the war, the Pakistani Army and its local collaborators, mainly [[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami|Jamaat e Islami]] carried out a systematic execution of the leading Bengali intellectuals. A number of professors from Dhaka University were killed during the first few days of the war.<ref name="Blood9782">{{cite web |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve07/d126 |title=Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume E–7, Documents on South Asia, 1969–1972 – Office of the Historian |website=history.state.gov |access-date=24 September 2016 |archive-date=26 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526180019/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve07/d126 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="roy02homage">[[Ajoy Roy]], [http://www.mukto-mona.com/Articles/ajoy/martyr_intellectual.htm "Homage to my martyr colleagues"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161015022357/https://mukto-mona.com/Articles/ajoy/martyr_intellectual.htm |date=15 October 2016 }}, 2002</ref> However, the most extreme cases of [[targeted killing]] of intellectuals took place during the last few days of the war. Professors, journalists, doctors, artists, engineers and writers were rounded up by the Pakistani Army and the Razakar militia in Dhaka, blindfolded, taken to torture cells in Mirpur, [[Mohammadpur Thana|Mohammadpur]], [[Nakhalpara]], Rajarbagh and other locations in different sections of the city to be executed en masse, most notably at Rayerbazar and Mirpur.<ref name="nyt12-19-1971">{{cite news |title=125 Slain in Dacca Area, Believed Elite of Bengal |url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50C13F83C5E127A93CBA81789D95F458785F9 |work=[[The New York Times]] |location=New York, NY, USA |page=1 |date=19 December 1971 |access-date=4 January 2008 |quote=At least 125 persons, believed to be physicians, professors, writers and teachers were found murdered today in a field outside Dacca. All the victims' hands were tied behind their backs and they had been bayoneted, garroted or shot. They were among an estimated 300 Bengali intellectuals who had been seized by West Pakistani soldiers and locally recruited |archive-date=28 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328143516/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50C13F83C5E127A93CBA81789D95F458785F9 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="massacre-intel">{{cite journal |last=Murshid |first=Tazeen M. |year=1997 |title=State, nation, identity: The quest for legitimacy in Bangladesh |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=1–34 |issn=1479-0270 |doi=10.1080/00856409708723294}}</ref><ref name=BangInt>{{cite book |last=Khan |first=Muazzam Hussain |year=2012 |chapter=Killing of Intellectuals |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Killing_of_Intellectuals |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |access-date=4 December 2015 |archive-date=26 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526180022/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Killing_of_Intellectuals |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Shaiduzzaman (14 December 2005), [http://www.newagebd.com/2005/dec/15/murdered/murdered.html "Martyred intellectuals: martyred history"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201162513/http://www.newagebd.com/2005/dec/15/murdered/murdered.html |date=1 December 2010 }}, ''The Daily New Age'', Bangladesh</ref> Allegedly, the Pakistani Army and its paramilitary arm, the Al-Badr and Al-Shams forces created a list of doctors, teachers, poets, and scholars.<ref name="askari05star">{{cite news |last=Askari |first=Rashid |date=14 December 2005 |title=Our martyerd intellectuals |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/2005/12/14/d51214020321.htm |newspaper=The Daily Star |type=Editorial |access-date=25 December 2016 |archive-date=23 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170723161252/http://archive.thedailystar.net/2005/12/14/d51214020321.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="hasan01onneshon">Dr. M.A. Hasan, ''Juddhaporadh, Gonohatya o bicharer anneshan'', War Crimes Fact Finding Committee and Genocide archive & Human Studies Centre, Dhaka, 2001</ref>

During the nine-month duration of the war the Pakistani Army, with the assistance of local collaborators, systematically executed an estimated 991 teachers, 13 journalists, 49 physicians, 42 lawyers, and 16 writers, artists and engineers.<ref name=BangInt/> Even after the official ending of the war on 16 December there were reports of killings being committed by either the armed Pakistani soldiers or by their collaborators. In one such incident, notable filmmaker [[Jahir Raihan]] was killed on 30 January 1972 in Mirpur, allegedly by armed Beharis. In memory of the people who were killed, 14 December is observed in Bangladesh as Shaheed Buddhijibi Dibosh ("Day of the Martyred Intellectuals").<ref name="2005-12-14" /><ref name=BangInt/><ref>Shahiduzzaman ''[http://www.newagebd.com/2005/dec/15/murdered/murdered.html No count of the nation's intellectual loss] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201162513/http://www.newagebd.com/2005/dec/15/murdered/murdered.html |date=1 December 2010 }}'' The New Age, 15 December 2005</ref>

Notable intellectuals who were killed from the time period of 25 March to 16 December 1971 in different parts of the country include Dhaka University professors Dr. [[Govinda Chandra Dev]] (philosophy), Dr. [[Munier Chowdhury]] (Bengali literature), Dr. [[Mufazzal Haider Chaudhury]] (Bengali Literature), Dr. [[Anwar Pasha]] (Bengali Literature), [[Dr Abul Khair|Dr M Abul Khair]] (history), Dr. [[Jyotirmoy Guhathakurta]] (English literature), Humayun Kabir (English literature), [[Rashidul Hasan]] (English literature), [[Ghyasuddin Ahmed]], [[Sirajul Haque Khan]], [[Faizul Mahi]], Dr [[Santosh Chandra Bhattacharyya]]<ref name=Gallows>{{cite news |title=Gallows for Mueen, Ashraf |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/gallows-for-mueen-ashraf/ |newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |date=3 November 2013 |access-date=10 December 2013 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012709/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/gallows-for-mueen-ashraf |url-status=live}}</ref> and Saidul Hassan (physics), Rajshahi University professors Dr. Hobibur Rahman (mathematics), Prof Sukhranjan Somaddar (Sanskrit), Prof Mir Abdul Quaiyum (psychology) as well as Dr. [[Mohammed Fazle Rabbee]] (cardiologist), Dr. [[AFM Alim Chowdhury]] (ophthalmologist), [[Shahidullah Kaiser]] (journalist), [[Nizamuddin Ahmed]] (journalist),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://adnan.quaium.com/blog/56 |title=Story of a Martyred Intellectual of 71's war |work=Adnan's Den |access-date=10 February 2015 |date=13 December 2007 |archive-date=9 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209232606/http://adnan.quaium.com/blog/56 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Selina Parvin]] (journalist), [[Altaf Mahmud]] (lyricist and musician), [[Dhirendranath Datta]] (politician), [[Jahir Raihan]] (novelist, journalist, film director) and [[Ranadaprasad Saha]] (philanthropist).<ref name="daily-sun2">{{cite news |url=http://www.daily-sun.com/details_yes_03-05-2013_ICT-issues-arrest-order-against-Mueen,-Ashrafuzzaman_485_1_2_1_0.html |title=ICT issues arrest order against Mueen, Ashrafuzzaman |work=[[Daily Sun (Bangladesh)|Daily Sun]] |date=3 May 2013 |access-date=3 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104105107/http://www.daily-sun.com/details_yes_03-05-2013_ICT-issues-arrest-order-against-Mueen%2C-Ashrafuzzaman_485_1_2_1_0.html |archive-date=4 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="DS-Tamanna">{{cite news |last=Khan |first=Tamanna |date=4 November 2013 |title=It was matricide |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/it-was-matricide/ |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=7 November 2013 |archive-date=6 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106200142/http://www.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/it-was-matricide/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Violence ==

=== Rape of Bengali women ===
{{main|Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War}}

The generally accepted figure for the mass rapes during the nine-month long conflict is between 200,000 and 400,000.<ref>{{bulleted list|
|{{harvnb|Alston|2015|p=40}}
|{{harvnb|D'Costa|2011|p=120}}
|{{cite journal |last=Islam |first=Kajalie Shehreen |year=2012 |title=Breaking Down the ''Birangona'': Examining the (Divided) Media Discourse on the War Heroines of Bangladesh's Independence Movement |url=http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/viewFile/874/787 |journal=[[International Journal of Communication]] |volume=6 |page=2131 |access-date=5 April 2016 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012704/https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/viewFile/874/787 |url-status=live}}
|{{harvnb|Sharlach|2000|pp=92–93}}
|{{harvnb|Sajjad|2012|p=225}}
|{{cite news |date=19 December 2016 |title=Birth of Bangladesh: When raped women and war babies paid the price of a new nation |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/research/birth-of-bangladesh-when-raped-women-and-war-babies-paid-the-price-of-a-new-nation-victory-day-4430420/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406193430/https://indianexpress.com/article/research/birth-of-bangladesh-when-raped-women-and-war-babies-paid-the-price-of-a-new-nation-victory-day-4430420/ |archive-date=6 April 2019 |access-date=17 December 2016}}
|{{harvnb|Sisson|Rose|1992|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=y85KOHHVT5oC&pg=PA306 306]}}
}}</ref> Both Muslim and Hindu women were targeted for rape.{{sfn|Mookherjee|2021|p=594}} West Pakistani men wanted to cleanse a nation corrupted by the presence of Hindus and believed that the sacrifice of Hindu women was needed; Bengali women were thus viewed as Hindu or Hindu-like.{{sfn|Saikia|2011|p=52}} Imams, mullahs, and a fatwa from West Pakistan declared that Bengali women could be handled as {{translit|bn|gonimoter maal}} ("war booty" or "public property").{{sfn|Siddiqi|1998|pp=208–209}}{{sfn|D'Costa|2011|p=108}}

Bangladeshi sources cite a figure of 200,000 women raped, giving birth to thousands of [[war-babies]]. The soldiers of the [[Pakistan Army]] and [[Razakar (Pakistan)|razakars]] also kept Bengali women as sex-slaves inside the Pakistani Army's camps, and many became pregnant.{{sfn|Alston|2015|p=40}}<ref name="time.oct25-1971">{{Cite magazine |title=East Pakistan: Even the Skies Weep |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,877316,00.html |url-access=subscription |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=25 October 1971 |access-date=26 March 2007 |archive-date=8 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091008112352/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,877316,00.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> The perpetrators also included Mukti Bahini and the Indian Army, which targeted noncombatants and committed rapes, as well as other crimes.{{sfn|Saikia|2011|p=3}} Among other sources, [[Susan Brownmiller]] refers to an estimated 200,000 to 400,000 women raped.<ref name="susanbrownmiller">{{cite book |last=Brownmiller |first=Susan |author-link=Susan Brownmiller |year=1993 |orig-year=First published 1975 |title=Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape |publisher=Ballantine Books |page=81 |isbn=0-449-90820-8}}</ref> Pakistani sources claim the number is much lower, though they have not denied that rape incidents occurred.<ref>[http://www.bangla2000.com/Bangladesh/Independence-War/Report-Hamoodur-Rahman/default.shtm Hamoodur Rahman Commission] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816211333/http://www.bangla2000.com/bangladesh/Independence-War/Report-Hamoodur-Rahman/default.shtm |date=16 August 2016 }}, [http://www.bangla2000.com/Bangladesh/Independence-War/Report-Hamoodur-Rahman/chapter2.shtm Chapter 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012130637/http://www.bangla2000.com/Bangladesh/Independence-War/Report-Hamoodur-Rahman/chapter2.shtm |date=12 October 2014 }}, Paragraphs 32,34</ref> Brownmiller writes:<ref name="BrownmillerExtract">{{cite book |last=Brownmiller |first=Susan |author-link=Susan Brownmiller |year=1993 |orig-year=First published 1975 |title=Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape |publisher=Ballantine Books |pages=82–83 |isbn=0-449-90820-8}}</ref>
{{blockquote|text=Khadiga, thirteen years old, was interviewed by a photojournalist in Dacca. She was walking to school with four other girls when they were kidnapped by a gang of Pakistani soldiers. All five were put in a military brothel in Mohammedpur and held captive for six months until the end of the war.}}

In a ''New York Times'' report named 'Horrors of East Pakistan Turning Hope into Despair', Malcolm W. Browne<ref name="NYTimes.oct10-1971">{{cite news |last=Browne |first=Malcolm W. |title=Horrors of East Pakistan Turning Hope into Despair |url=http://www.docstrangelove.com/uploads/1971/foreign/19711014_nyt_horrors_of_east_pakistan_turning_hope_into_despair.pdf |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=14 October 1971 |access-date=13 June 2014 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012656/http://www.docstrangelove.com/uploads/1971/foreign/19711014_nyt_horrors_of_east_pakistan_turning_hope_into_despair.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> wrote:

{{blockquote|text=One tale that is widely believed and seems to come from many different sources is that 563 women picked up by the army in March and April and held in military brothels are not being released because they are pregnant beyond the point at which abortions are possible.}}

The licentious attitude of the soldiers, although generally supported by their superiors, alarmed the regional high command of the Pakistani Army. On 15 April 1971, in a secret memorandum to the divisional commanders, Niazi complained,
{{blockquote|text=Since my arrival, I have heard numerous reports of troops indulging in loot and arson, killing people at random and without reasons in areas cleared of the anti state elements; of late there have been reports of rape and even the West Pakistanis are not being spared; on 12 April two West Pakistani women were raped, and an attempt was made on two others.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mamoon |first=Muntassir |author-link=Muntassir Mamoon |translator-last=Ibrahim |translator-first=Kushal |title=The Vanquished Generals and the Liberation War of Bangladesh |publisher=Somoy Prokashon |date=June 2000 |isbn=978-984-458-210-1 |page=30}}</ref>}}

Anthony Mascarenhas published a newspaper article titled 'Genocide in June 1971' in which he also wrote about violence perpetrated by Bengalis against Biharis.<ref>Anthony Mascarenhas, Sunday Times, 13 June 1971</ref><blockquote>First it was the massacre of the non-Bengalis in a savage outburst of Bengali hatred. Now it was massacre deliberately carried out by the West Pakistan army ... The West Pakistani soldiers are not the only ones who have been killing in East Bengal, of course. On the night of 25 March... the Bengali troops and paramilitary units stationed in East Pakistan mutinied and attacked non-Bengalis with atrocious savagery. Thousands of families of unfortunate Muslims, many of them refugees from Bihar who chose Pakistan at the time of the partition riots in 1947, were mercilessly wiped out. Women were raped, or had their breasts torn out with specially-fashioned knives. Children did not escape the horror; the lucky ones were killed with their parents...</blockquote>

Pakistani Major General [[Khadim Hussain Raja]] wrote in his book that Niazi, in presence of Bengali officers would say '''Main iss haramzadi qom ki nasal badal doonga'' (I will change the race of the Bengalis)'. A witness statement to the commission read "The troops used to say that when the Commander (Lt Gen Niazi) was himself a raper (sic), how could they be stopped?"<ref name="Genocide they wrote">{{cite news |title=Genocide they wrote |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/genocide-they-wrote-180955 |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=2 December 2015 |access-date=1 April 2016 |archive-date=6 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306172005/http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/genocide-they-wrote-180955 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Another work that has included direct experiences from the women raped is ''Ami Birangona Bolchhi'' ("I, the heroine, speak") by [[Nilima Ibrahim]]. The work includes in its name from the word ''Birangona'' (Heroine), given by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman after the war, to the raped and tortured women during the war. This was a conscious effort to alleviate any [[social stigma]] the women might face in the society.{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}}

There are eyewitness reports of the "rape camps" established by the Pakistani Army.<ref name=":3" /> The US based [[Women Under Siege Project]] of the [[Women's Media Center]] have reported the girls as young as 8 and women as old as 75 were detained in Pakistan military barracks, and where they were victims of mass rape which sometimes culminated in mass murder. The report was based on interview with survivors.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://nytlive.nytimes.com/womenintheworld/2016/03/25/why-is-the-mass-sexualized-violence-of-bangladeshs-liberation-war-being-ignored/ |title=Why is the mass sexualized violence of Bangladesh's Liberation War being ignored? |website=Women in the World in Association with The New York Times – WITW |access-date=31 March 2016 |date=25 March 2016 |archive-date=29 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329090337/http://nytlive.nytimes.com/womenintheworld/2016/03/25/why-is-the-mass-sexualized-violence-of-bangladeshs-liberation-war-being-ignored/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Australian Doctor Geoffrey Davis was brought to Bangladesh by the United Nation and [[International Planned Parenthood Federation]] to carry out late term abortions on rape victims. He was of the opinion that the 200,000 to 400,000 rape victims were an underestimation. On the actions of Pakistan army he said "They'd keep the infantry back and put artillery ahead and they would shell the hospitals and schools. And that caused absolute chaos in the town. And then the infantry would go in and begin to segregate the women. Apart from little children, all those were (sic) sexually matured would be segregated..And then the women would be put in the compound under guard and made available to the troops ... Some of the stories they told were appalling. Being raped again and again and again. A lot of them died in those [rape] camps. There was an air of disbelief about the whole thing. Nobody could credit that it really happened! But the evidence clearly showed that it did happen."<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Hossain |first1=Anushay |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/worldviews/2012/05/21/1971-rapes-bangladesh-cannot-hide-history/ |title=1971 Rapes: Bangladesh Cannot Hide History |website=Forbes |access-date=1 April 2016 |archive-date=24 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724122219/https://www.forbes.com/sites/worldviews/2012/05/21/1971-rapes-bangladesh-cannot-hide-history/ |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=Forbes sites by contributors are blogs, not reliable sources for facts. It claims D'Costa's interview of Dr. Davis was published in "a Bangladeshi publication". Identify and cite that instead, if it's reliable.|date=June 2020}}

In October 2005, [[Sarmila Bose]] published a paper suggesting that the casualties and rape allegations in the war have been greatly exaggerated for political purposes.<ref name="BoseAoV" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=New impartial evidence debunks 1971 rape allegations against groups working for Pakistan and also some members of the Pakistani Army |date=2 July 2005 |work=[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]]}}</ref> Whilst she received praise from many quarters,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/jul/01/dead-reckoning-sarmila-bose-review |title=Dead Reckoning by Sarmila Bose – review |last=Woollacott |first=Martin |date=1 July 2011 |newspaper=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077 |access-date=10 October 2016 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012648/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/jul/01/dead-reckoning-sarmila-bose-review |url-status=live}}</ref> a number of researchers have shown inaccuracies in Bose's work, including flawed methodology of statistical analysis, misrepresentation of referenced sources, and disproportionate weight to Pakistani Army testimonies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://drishtipat.org/sarmila/sarmila.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707053235/http://drishtipat.org/sarmila/sarmila.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 July 2007 |title=Sarmila Bose rewrites history |last=Khatun |first=Salma |work=Drishtipat}}</ref>


Historian [[Christian Gerlach]] states that "a systematic collection of statistical data was aborted, possibly because the tentative data did not substantiate the claim that three million had died and at least 200,000 women had been raped."{{sfn|Gerlach|2010|p=262}}

=== Mass murder of Hindus ===
An article in [[Time (magazine)|''Time'' magazine]], dated 2 August 1971, stated "The Hindus, who account for three-fourths of the refugees and a majority of the dead, have borne the brunt of the Muslim military hatred."<ref name="time2Aug1971">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,878408,00.html |title=Pakistan: The Ravaging of Golden Bengal |magazine=Time |date=2 August 1971 |access-date=25 October 2013 |archive-date=11 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311141813/http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,878408,00.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Pakistan army eastern command headquarters officials in Dhaka made clear the government's policy on East Bengal. After the elimination or exile of Hindus, their property was going to be shared among middle class Muslims.<ref name="Beachler, Donald 2007">Beachler, Donald (2007) 'The politics of genocide scholarship:the case of Bangladesh', Patterns of Prejudice, 41:5, 467 – 492</ref> According to Colonel Naim, Hindus "undermined the Muslim masses." He said Bengali culture to a great extent was Hindu culture, and "We have to sort them out to restore the land to the people."{{sfn|Gerlach|2010|pp=144–145}} In April 1971 at Comilla, Major Rathore said to Anthony Mascarenhas, regarding Hindus: "Now under the cover of fighting we have an excellent opportunity of finishing them off. [...] Of course [...], we are only killing the Hindu men. We are soldiers, not cowards like the rebels."{{sfn|Gerlach|2010|p=144}}

Hindus were alleged to have corrupted the Awami League. Pakistani soldiers repeatedly boasted to US Consul Archer Blood that they came "to kill Hindus." A witness heard an officer shouting to soldiers: "Why you have killed Muslims [sic]. We ordered you to kill only Hindus."{{sfn|Gerlach|2010|pp=144–145}} US government cables noted that the minorities of Bangladesh, especially the [[Hindus]], were specific targets of the Pakistani Army.<ref name="usconsulate_cable_march31" /><ref name="Blood9782"/> US consulates reported methodical slaughter of Hindu men in cities starting in the first 24 hours of the crackdown. Army units entered villages asking where Hindus live; it was "common pattern" to kill Hindu males. Hindus were identified because they were not circumcised. There were barely any areas where no Hindu was killed.{{sfn|Gerlach|2010|p=145–146}} Sometimes the military also massacred Hindu women. There was widespread killing of Hindu males, and rapes of women. Documented incidents in which Hindus were massacred in large numbers include the [[Jathibhanga massacre]],<ref name="shakeel">{{cite news |script-title=bn:ঠাকুরগাওয়ের জাঠিভাঙ্গা গণহত্যা দিবস উদ্‌যাপন |title=Ṭhākuragā'ōẏēra jāṭhibhāṅgā gaṇahatyā dibasa ud‌yāpana |trans-title=Thakurgao's Jathibhanga Genocide Day celebrations |first=Mohammad Shakeel |last=Ahammed |url=http://www.bdreport24.com/archives/19653 |language=bn |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130118000209/http://www.bdreport24.com/archives/19653 |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 January 2013 |newspaper=bdreport24.com |date=23 April 2011 |access-date=20 January 2012}}</ref><ref name="karatoa">{{cite news |script-title=bn:ঠাকুরগাঁওয়ের জাঠিভাঙ্গা গণহত্যা দিবস পালিত |title=Ṭhākuragām̐ōẏēra jāṭhibhāṅgā gaṇahatyā dibasa pālita |trans-title=Thakurgaon Jathibhanga Genocide Day celebrated |url=http://www.karatoa.com.bd/details.php?pub_no=546&menu_id=15&val=63463 |newspaper=Dainik Karatoa |language=bn |access-date=22 January 2012 |archive-date=28 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928123440/http://www.karatoa.com.bd/details.php?pub_no=546&menu_id=15&val=63463 |url-status=dead}}</ref> the [[Chuknagar massacre]], and the [[Shankharipara massacre]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bose |first=Sarmila |author-link=Sarmila Bose |title=Dead Reckoning: Memories of the 1971 Bangladesh War |publisher=Hurst and Co. |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-84904-049-5 |location=London |pages=73, 122}}</ref>

Senator [[Ted Kennedy|Edward Kennedy]] wrote in a report that was part of [[United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations]] testimony, dated 1 November 1971, "Hardest hit have been members of the Hindu community who have been robbed of their lands and shops, systematically slaughtered, and in some places, painted with yellow patches marked "H". All of this has been officially sanctioned, ordered and implemented under martial law from [[Islamabad]]." More than 60% of the Bengali refugees who fled to India were Hindus.<ref name="usstatedept_south_asia_crisis">U.S. State Department, ''Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976'', Volume XI, "South Asia Crisis, 1971", page 165</ref><ref name="kennedy">Kennedy, Senator Edward, "Crisis in South Asia – A report to the Subcommittee investigating the Problem of Refugees and Their Settlement, Submitted to U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee", 1 November 1971, U.S. Govt. Press, page 66. Sen. Kennedy wrote, "Field reports to the U.S. Government, countless eye-witness journalistic accounts, reports of International agencies such as World Bank and additional information available to the subcommittee document the reign of terror which grips East Bengal (East Pakistan). Hardest hit have been members of the Hindu community who have been robbed of their lands and shops, systematically slaughtered, and in some places, painted with yellow patches marked 'H'. All of this has been officially sanctioned, ordered and implemented under martial law from Islamabad."</ref> It has been alleged that this widespread violence against Hindus was motivated by a policy to purge East Pakistan of what was seen as Hindu and Indian influences.<ref name="sundaytimes6_13_71">{{cite news |last=Mascarenhas |first=Anthony |author-link=Anthony Mascarenhas |date=13 June 1971 |title=Genocide |newspaper=[[The Times]] |location=London |quote=The Government's policy for East Bengal was spelled out to me in the Eastern Command headquarters at Dacca. It has three elements: 1. The Bengalis have proved themselves unreliable and must be ruled by West Pakistanis; 2. The Bengalis will have to be re-educated along proper Islamic lines. The – Islamization of the masses – this is the official jargon – is intended to eliminate secessionist tendencies and provide a strong religious bond with West Pakistan; 3. When the Hindus have been eliminated by death and flight, their property will be used as a golden carrot to win over the under privileged Muslim middle-class. This will provide the base for erecting administrative and political structures in the future.}}</ref> [[Buddhist]] temples and Buddhist monks were also attacked throughout the course of the year.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/papers3/paper232.html |title=Bangladesh: A Bengali Abbasi Lurking Somewhere? |work=South Asia Analysis Group |date=23 April 2001 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613152129/http://southasiaanalysis.org/papers3/paper232.html |archive-date=13 June 2010}}</ref> Lt. Colonel Aziz Ahmed Khan reported that in May 1971 there was a written order to kill Hindus, and that General Niazi would ask troops how many Hindus they had killed.{{sfn|Jones|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=t8iYEgPYG_EC&pg=PA170 170]}}

The genocide and gendercidal atrocities were also perpetrated by lower-ranking officers and ordinary soldiers. These "willing executioners" were fueled by an abiding anti-Bengali racism, especially against the Hindu minority.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}} According to R. J. Rummel, professor of [[political science]] at the [[University of Hawaii]],
{{blockquote|text=Bengalis were often compared with monkeys and chickens. Said Pakistan General Niazi, "It was a low lying land of low lying people." The Hindus among the Bengalis were as Jews to the Nazis: scum and vermin that [should] best be exterminated. As to the Moslem Bengalis, they were to live only on the sufferance of the soldiers: any infraction, any suspicion cast on them, any need for reprisal, could mean their death. And the soldiers were free to kill at will. The journalist Dan Coggin quoted one Punjabi [Pakistani] captain as telling him, "We can kill anyone for anything. We are accountable to no one." This is the arrogance of Power.{{sfn|Rummel|1994|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kPdKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PG335 335]}}}}

The [[Pulitzer Prize]]–winning journalist [[Sydney Schanberg]] covered the start of the war and wrote extensively on the suffering of the East Bengalis, including the Hindus both during and after the conflict. In a syndicated column "The Pakistani Slaughter That Nixon Ignored", he wrote about his return to liberated Bangladesh in 1972. "Other reminders were the yellow "H"s the Pakistanis had painted on the homes of Hindus, particular targets of the Muslim army" (by "Muslim army", meaning the [[Pakistan Army]], which had targeted Bengali Muslims as well).{{citation needed|date=June 2022}} Missionaries in Bangladesh reported to Schanberg that massacres occurred on a nearly daily basis. One reported the slaughter of over a thousand Hindus in the southern district of Barisal in a single day. According to another, a [[East Pakistan Central Peace Committee|Peace Committee]] in northeastern Sylhet district called residents together. Troops arrived and from the gathered crowd selected 300 Hindus and shot them dead.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Schanberg |first1=Sydney H. |title=West Pakistan Pursues Subjugation of Bengalis |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/07/14/archives/west-pakistan-pursues-subjugation-of-bengalis-west-pakistan-pursues.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=14 July 1971 |access-date=22 January 2023 |archive-date=22 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122061834/https://www.nytimes.com/1971/07/14/archives/west-pakistan-pursues-subjugation-of-bengalis-west-pakistan-pursues.html |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Beachler|2007|p=478}}

== Bengali attacks on Biharis ==
{{Main|Persecution of Biharis in Bangladesh}}

In 1947, at the time of partition and the establishment of the state of Pakistan, Bihari Muslims, many of whom were fleeing the violence that took place during partition, migrated from India to the newly independent East Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2014/03/pictures-plight-biharis-bangla-2014325152839952229.html |title=In Pictures: Plight of Biharis in Bangladesh |last1=Das |first1=Bijoyeta |last2=Hasan |first2=Khaled |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=1 April 2016 |archive-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524210015/https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2014/03/pictures-plight-biharis-bangla-2014325152839952229.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Khan 2010 p101">{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Borhan Uddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yKCKe7J9Uq4C |title=Minority Rights in South Asia |first2=Muhammad Mahbubur |last2=Rahman |year=2010 |publisher=[[Peter Lang (publisher)|Peter Lang]] |isbn=978-3631609163 |editor1-first=Rainer |editor1-last=Hofmann |editor2-last=Ugo |editor2-first=Caruso |page=101 |access-date=5 September 2017 |archive-date=8 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808142243/https://books.google.com/books?id=yKCKe7J9Uq4C |url-status=live}}</ref> These Urdu-speaking people were averse to the Bengali language movement and the subsequent nationalist movements because they maintained allegiance toward West Pakistani rulers, causing anti-Bihari sentiments among local nationalist Bengalis. After the convening of the National Assembly was postponed by Yahya Khan on 1 March 1971, the dissidents in East Pakistan began targeting the ethnic Bihari community which had supported West Pakistan.<ref>{{bulleted list|
|{{harvnb|D'Costa|2011|p=103}}
|{{harvnb|Fink|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=rOq4XV94wLsC&pg=PA292 292]}}
|{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TG2kN033mDkC&pg=PA64 |title=Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace and Conflict: Po – Z, index. 3 |year=1999 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-227010-9 |pages=64 |access-date=4 September 2017 |archive-date=8 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808142248/https://books.google.com/books?id=TG2kN033mDkC&pg=PA64#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}
}}</ref><ref name="MAR-1" />

In early March 1971, 300 Biharis were slaughtered in rioting by Bengali mobs in Chittagong alone.{{sfn|D'Costa|2011|p=103}} The Government of Pakistan used the 'Bihari massacre' to justify its deployment of the military in East Pakistan on 25 March,{{sfn|D'Costa|2011|p=103}} when it initiated its infamous Operation Searchlight. When the war broke out in 1971, the Biharis sided with the Pakistani Army. Some of them joined Razakar and Al-Shams militia groups and participated in the persecution and genocide of their Bengali countrymen, in retaliation for atrocities committed against them by Bengalis,{{sfn|D'Costa|2011|p=103}} including the widespread looting of Bengali properties and abetting other criminal activities.<ref name="Blood9782"/> When the war finished Biharis faced severe retaliation, resulting in a counter-genocide and the displacement of over a million non-Bengalis.{{sfn|van Schendel|2009|p=173}}

According to the [[Minorities at Risk]] project, the number of Biharis killed by Bengalis was reportedly about 1,000.<ref name="MAR-1">{{cite web |url=http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/mar/chronology.asp?groupId=77103 |title=Chronology for Biharis in Bangladesh |work=The Minorities at Risk (MAR) Project |access-date=27 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100602055513/http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/mar/chronology.asp?groupId=77103 |archive-date=2 June 2010}}</ref> [[Rudolph Rummel]] gives an estimate of 150,000 killed.{{sfn|Rummel|1997|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=aYBrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA334 334]}} International estimates vary, while some have put the deaths as several thousands; Biharis faced reprisals from the Mukti Bahini and militias,{{sfn|van Schendel|2009|p=173}}<ref name="Khan 2010 p101" /> and from 1,000<ref name="MAR-1" /> to 150,000{{sfn|Fink|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=rOq4XV94wLsC&pg=PA292 292]}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace and Conflict: Po – Z, index. 3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TG2kN033mDkC&pg=PA64 |year=1999 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-227010-9 |page=64 |access-date=4 September 2017 |archive-date=8 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808142248/https://books.google.com/books?id=TG2kN033mDkC&pg=PA64#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref> were killed.
Bihari representatives claim a figure of 500,000 Biharis killed.{{sfn|Gerlach|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=48N-XbOltMEC&pg=PA148 148]}}{{sfn|Rummel|1997|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=aYBrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA334 334]}}

After the war the government of Bangladesh confiscated the properties of the Bihari population.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} There are many reports of attacks on Biharis and alleged collaborators that took place in the period following the surrender of the Pakistani Army on 16 December 1971.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Linton |first1=Suzannah |author1-link=Suzannah Linton |title=Completing the Circle: Accountability for the Crimes of the 1971 Bangladesh War of Liberation |journal=[[Criminal Law Forum]] |date=June 2010 |volume=21 |issue=2 |page=200 |doi=10.1007/s10609-010-9119-8}}</ref> In an incident on 18 December 1971, captured on camera and attended by members of the foreign press, [[Abdul Kader Siddiqui]], together with [[Kader Bahini|Kaderia Bahini]] guerrillas under his command and named after him,<ref>{{cite news |last=Ahsan |first=Syed Badrul |author-link=Syed Badrul Ahsan |date=28 March 2012 |title=Old images from a long-ago war |newspaper=The Daily Star |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-227960 |url-status=live |access-date=1 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012705/https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-227960 |archive-date=28 December 2020}}</ref> bayoneted and shot to death a group of prisoners of war who were accused of belonging to the Razakar paramilitary forces.<ref>{{cite news |last=Stanhope |first=Henry |date=20 December 1971 |title=Mukti Bahini Bayonet Prisoners After Prayers |newspaper=The Times |location=London |page=4 |quote=[Dateline: Dec 19] Four ''Razakar'' prisoners, who were bayoneted publicly after a rally yesterday ... The leader of the Mukti Bahini ... took part, casually beating the prisoners with has swagger stick before borrowing a bayonet to lunge at one of the trussed-up men. The leader, Mr Abdul Qader Siddiqui, the Mukti commander-in-chief for Dacca, Tangail, Mymensingh and Pusur, whose 'troops' are known as the ''Qaderi'' ... Mr Saddiqui's Mukti guards ... fixed bayonets and charged at the prisoners ... They stabed [sic] them through the neck, the chest, the stomach. One of the guards, dismayed at having no bayonet, shot one of the prisoners in the stomach with his sten gun. The crowd watched with interest and the photographers snapped away.}}</ref><ref>International Commission of Jurists, the Events in Pakistan: A Legal Study by the Secretariat of the International Commission of Jurists 9 (1972)</ref>

==International reactions==
''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' reported a high US official as saying of the slaughter of the East Pakistanis by their West Pakistani enemies, "It is the most incredible, calculated thing since the days of the Nazis in Poland".<ref name="time2Aug1971" /><ref>{{bulleted list|
|{{cite web |title=World Population Prostpects 2017 |url=http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506065230/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm |archive-date=6 May 2011 |access-date=30 October 2011 |website=Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat}}
|{{harvnb|Saikia|2011|p=3}}
|{{harvnb|Alston|2015|p=40}}
}}</ref> [[Genocide]] is the term that is used to describe the event in almost every major publication and newspaper in Bangladesh;<ref name="Dr. N.Rabbee">{{cite news |last=Rabbee |first=N. |date=16 December 2005 |title=Remembering a Martyr |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/magazine/2005/12/03/remembrance.htm |work=Star Weekend Magazine |access-date=25 May 2009 |archive-date=27 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131027095320/http://archive.thedailystar.net/magazine/2005/12/03/remembrance.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="bangladeshobserver">{{cite news |title=The Jamaat Talks Back |url=http://www.bangladeshobserveronline.com/new/2005/12/30/editorial.htm |newspaper=[[The Bangladesh Observer]] |type=Editorial |date=30 December 2005 |access-date=25 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070123033307/http://www.bangladeshobserveronline.com/new/2005/12/30/editorial.htm |archive-date=23 January 2007 |url-status=usurped}}</ref> the term is defined as "the deliberate and systematic destruction, in whole or in part, of an ethnic, racial, religious, or national group"<ref>{{cite book |last=Funk |first=T. Marcus |title=Victims' Rights and Advocacy at the International Criminal Court |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford, England |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-19-973747-5 |url=http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Law/PublicInternationalLaw/InternationalCriminalandHumanita/?view=usa&ci=9780199737475 |access-date=13 May 2012 |archive-date=22 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022045912/http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Law/PublicInternationalLaw/InternationalCriminalandHumanita/?view=usa |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== International Commission of Jurists ===
A 1972 report by the [[International Commission of Jurists]] (ICJ) noted that both sides in the conflict accused each other of perpetrating genocide. The report observed that it may be difficult to substantiate claims that the "whole of the military action and repressive measures taken by the Pakistani Army and their auxiliary forces constituted genocide' that was intended to destroy the Bengali people in whole or in part, and that 'preventing a nation from attaining political autonomy does not constitute genocide: the intention must be to destroy in whole or in part the people as such." The difficulty of proving intent was considered to be further complicated by the fact that three specific sections of the Bengali people were targeted in killings committed by the Pakistani Army and their collaborators: members of the [[Awami League]], students, and East Pakistani citizens of the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] religion. The report observed, however, that there is a strong ''prima facie'' case that particular acts of genocide were committed, especially towards the end of the war, when Bengalis were targeted indiscriminately. Similarly, it was felt that there is a strong ''prima facie'' case that crimes of genocide were committed against the Hindu population of East Pakistan.<ref name=ICJ>International Commission of Jurists, "The Events in Pakistan: A Legal Study By The Secretariat Of The International Commission Of Jurists" 9 (1972), p. 56–57., cited in S. Linton, "Completing the Circle: Accountability for the Crimes of the 1971 Bangladesh War of Liberation," Criminal Law Forum (2010) 21:191–311, p. 243.</ref>

As regards the massacres of non-Bengalis by Bengalis during and after the Liberation War, the ICJ report argued that it is improbable that "spontaneous and frenzied mob violence against a particular section of the community from whom the mob senses danger and hostility is to be regarded as possessing the necessary element of conscious intent to constitute the crime of genocide," but that, if the ''[[dolus specialis]]'' were to be proved in particular cases, these would have constituted acts of genocide against non-Bengalis.<ref name=ICJ/>

After the minimum 20 countries became parties to the [[Genocide Convention]], it came into force as [[international law]] on 12 January 1951. At that time however, only two of the five [[Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council|permanent members]] of the [[UN Security Council]] were parties to the treaty, and it was not until after the last of the five permanent members ratified the treaty in 1988, and the [[Cold War]] came to an end, that the international law on the crime of genocide began to be enforced. As such, the allegation that genocide took place during the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971 was never investigated by an international tribunal set up under the auspices of the United Nations.{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}}

Rudolph Rummel wrote, "In 1971, the self-appointed president of Pakistan and commander-in-chief of the army General Agha Mohammed Yahya Khan and his top generals prepared a careful and systematic military, economic, and political operation against East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). They planned to murder that country's Bengali intellectual, cultural, and political elite. They planned to indiscriminately murder hundreds of thousands of its Hindus and drive the rest into India. And they planned to destroy its economic base to insure that it would be subordinate to West Pakistan for at least a generation to come. This despicable and cutthroat plan was outright genocide."{{sfn|Rummel|1994|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kPdKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PG315 315]}}

The genocide is also mentioned in some publications outside the subcontinent; for example, ''[[The Guinness Book of Records]]'' lists the atrocities as one of the largest five genocides in the twentieth century.<ref name="Guinness genocide">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j1YnAAAACAAJ |title=Guinness World Records 2007 |last=[[Guinness World Records]] |publisher=Guinness World Records Ltd. |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-904994-12-1 |location=London |pages=118–119 |access-date=19 May 2020 |archive-date=8 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808142245/https://books.google.com/books?id=j1YnAAAACAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref>

===U.S. complicity===
[[File:Yahya and Nixon.jpg|thumb|200px|President of Pakistan Yahya Khan with United States President Richard Nixon, 1970.]]
President [[Richard Nixon]] viewed Pakistan as a [[Cold War]] ally and refused to condemn its actions. From the White House tapes: "The President seems to be making sure that the distrusted [[U.S. Department of State|State Department]] would not, on its own, condemn [[Yahya Khan|Yahya]] for killing [[Bengal]]is."{{sfn|Bass|2013b}} Nixon and China tried to suppress reports of genocide emanating from East Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/north-east/us-china-suppressed-genocide-reports-during-bangladesh-liberation-war_1567599.html |title=US, China suppressed genocide reports during Bangladesh liberation war |work=Zee News |access-date=31 March 2016 |date=25 March 2015 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012623/https://zeenews.india.com/news/north-east/us-china-suppressed-genocide-reports-during-bangladesh-liberation-war_1567599.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Nixon also relied on Americans not paying close attention to events in Asia, comparing it to reactions over the atrocities in [[Biafra]] during the [[Nigerian Civil War]]: "Biafra stirred up a few Catholics. But you know, I think Biafra stirred people up more than Pakistan, because Pakistan they're just a bunch of brown goddamn Moslems."<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/09/23/unholy-alliances-3 |title=Unholy Alliances |last=Mishra |first=Pankaj |date=23 September 2013 |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |issn=0028-792X |access-date=31 March 2016 |archive-date=19 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319161402/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/09/23/unholy-alliances-3 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The US government secretly encouraged the shipment of weapons from [[Iran]], [[Turkey]], and [[Jordan]] to Pakistan, and reimbursed those countries for them<ref name="cb756">Black, Conrad, "Richard Nixon: A Life in Full" (New York City: [[PublicAffairs]], 2007), p. 756.</ref> despite Congressional objections.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rao |first=P. V. |title=The US Congress and the 1971 Crisis in East Pakistan |journal=International Studies |volume=43 |issue=1 |date=1 January 2006 |doi=10.1177/002088170504300104 |pages=73–91 |s2cid=154328910 |quote=The US government's continued shipping of arms to Pakistan, despite suspension, angered the Congress and India.}}</ref>

A collection of declassified US government documents, mostly consisting of communications between US officials in Washington, D.C., and in embassies and USIS centers in [[Dhaka]] and in India, show that US officials knew about these mass killings at the time and, in fact, used the terms "genocide" and "selective genocide", for example, in the "[[Blood Telegram]]".<ref name="TheTilt" /> They also show that President Nixon, advised by [[Henry Kissinger]], decided to downplay this secret internal advice, because he wanted to protect the interests of Pakistan as he was apprehensive of India's friendship with the [[USSR]], and he was seeking a closer relationship with China, which supported Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/BEBB21.pdf |title=Memorandam for the Record |date=11 August 1971 |access-date=25 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612052659/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/ |archive-date=12 June 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In his book ''[[The Trial of Henry Kissinger]]'', [[Christopher Hitchens]] elaborates on what he saw as the efforts of Kissinger to subvert the aspirations of independence on the part of the Bengalis.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://theweek.com/articles/452419/toxic-cult-americas-national-interest |title=The toxic cult of America's national interest |website=The Week |access-date=1 April 2016 |date=23 January 2014 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012652/https://theweek.com/articles/452419/toxic-cult-americas-national-interest |url-status=live}}</ref> Hitchens not only claims that the term genocide is appropriate to describe the results of the struggle, but also points to the efforts of Henry Kissinger in undermining others who condemned the then-ongoing atrocities as being a genocide. Hitchens concluded, "Kissinger was responsible for the killing of thousands of people, including [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]".<ref>{{cite news |last=Nabi |first=Waheed |date=21 October 2013 |title=America's role in Mujib murder |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news/americas-role-in-mujib-murder |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=1 April 2016 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012625/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/americas-role-in-mujib-murder |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=December 1, 2023 |title=The Bengali blood on Henry Kissinger's hands |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/12/01/bangladesh-kissinger-henry-genocide-pakistan-east-legacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613120603/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/12/01/bangladesh-kissinger-henry-genocide-pakistan-east-legacy/ |archive-date=June 13, 2024 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kissinger-nixon-broke-us-rule-to-help-pakistan-sent-aircraft-from-third-countries-as-they-feared-india-was-about-to-attack-west-pakistan/article67591823.ece |title=Kissinger, Nixon 'helped' Pakistan in 1971, documents from U.S. Archive reveal |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=30 November 2023 |last1=Bhattacherjee |first1=Kallol |access-date=1 December 2023 |archive-date=1 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201212100/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kissinger-nixon-broke-us-rule-to-help-pakistan-sent-aircraft-from-third-countries-as-they-feared-india-was-about-to-attack-west-pakistan/article67591823.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

Some American politicians did speak out. Senator [[Ted Kennedy]] charged Pakistan with committing genocide, and called for a complete cut-off of American military and economic aid to Pakistan.<ref>{{bulleted list|
|{{Cite news |title=Kennedy Charges Genocide in Pakistan, Urges Aid Cutoff |url=http://www.docstrangelove.com/uploads/1971/foreign/19710817_wp_kennedy_charges_genocide_in_Pakistan.pdf |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=17 August 1971 |access-date=7 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822192747/http://www.docstrangelove.com/uploads/1971/foreign/19710817_wp_kennedy_charges_genocide_in_Pakistan.pdf |archive-date=22 August 2011}} [http://december71.wordpress.com/2011/12/16/newspaper-reports-1971/ Alt URL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012658/https://december71.wordpress.com/2011/12/16/newspaper-reports-1971/ |date=28 December 2020}}
|{{cite journal |last=Chowdhury |first=Shahid Kader |date=January–June 2021 |title=Age, Gender and Religion of the Victims of the Bangladesh Genocide: A Case Study |url=https://jnu.ac.bd/journal/assets/pdf/11_1_399.pdf |journal=Jagannath University Journal of Arts |location=Dhaka |publisher=[[Jagannath University]] |volume=11 |access-date=18 June 2022 |quote=The intensity of genocide, i.e. persecuting 3 million within just nine months on such a small geographical area, is unprecedented in history. The intensity is comparable to the Holocaust during World War II. |number=1 |archive-date=10 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810112754/https://jnu.ac.bd/journal/assets/pdf/11_1_399.pdf |url-status=live}}
|{{cite journal |last=Mookherjee |first=Nayanika |year=2011 |title='Never again': aesthetics of 'genocidal' cosmopolitanism and the Bangladesh Liberation War Museum |journal=[[Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute]] |publisher=[[Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland]] |volume=17 |issue=s1 |pages=S71–S91 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9655.2011.01690.x |jstor=23011426 |url=https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1505962}}
|{{cite news |date=27 March 2022 |title=Discussion in UN: Recognition of 1971 genocide sought |url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/national/discussion-in-un-recognition-of-1971-genocide-sought-1648355940 |access-date=18 June 2022 |work=[[The Financial Express (Bangladesh)|The Financial Express]] |quote=Ambassador Sovaan Ke termed the 1971 genocide as the second largest genocide in the history after the holocaust. |archive-date=27 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327050406/https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/national/discussion-in-un-recognition-of-1971-genocide-sought-1648355940 |url-status=live}}
}}</ref>

==Attempted trials for Pakistani war crimes==
As early as 22 December 1971, the [[Indian Army]] was conducting investigations of senior Pakistani Army officers connected to the massacre of intellectuals in Dhaka, with the aim of collecting sufficient evidence to have them tried as war criminals. They produced a list of officers who were in positions of command at the time, or were connected to the Inter-Services Screening Committee.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dring |first=S. |date=23 December 1971 |title=Pakistani officers on list for war crimes trials |newspaper=The Times |location=London |page=5}}</ref>

===1972–1975===
On 24 December 1971, Home minister of Bangladesh [[A. H. M. Qamaruzzaman]] said, "war criminals will not survive from the hands of law. Pakistani military personnel who were involved with killing and raping have to face tribunal." In a joint statement after a meeting between Sheikh Mujib and [[Indira Gandhi]], the Indian government assured that it would give all necessary assistance for bringing war criminals into justice. In February 1972, the government of Bangladesh announced plans to put 100 senior Pakistani officers and officials on trial for crimes of genocide. The list included General [[Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi|A. K. Niazi]] and four other generals.<ref>{{cite news |title=100 face genocide charges |newspaper=The Times |location=London |date=23 February 1972 |page=7}}</ref>

After the war, the Indian Army held 92,000 Pakistani prisoners of war,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/60/10697.pdf |title=Case Concerning Trial of Pakistani Prisoners of War (Pakistan v. India): Request for the Indication of Interim Measures of Protection |first=J. G. |last=Kharas |date=11 May 1973 |work=[[International Court of Justice]] |access-date=13 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502182659/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/60/10697.pdf |archive-date=2 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> 195 of whom were suspected of committing war crimes. All 195 were released in April 1974 following the tripartite [[Delhi Agreement]] between Bangladesh, Pakistan and India, and repatriated to Pakistan, in return for Pakistan's recognition of Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Linton |first=Suzannah |year=2010 |title=Completing the circle: accountability for the crimes of the 1971 Bangladesh war of liberation |journal=[[Criminal Law Forum]] |volume=21 |issue=2 |page=203 |doi=10.1007/s10609-010-9119-8 |ssrn=2036374 |hdl=10722/124770 |s2cid=143939929 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Pakistan expressed interest in performing a trial against those 195 officials. Fearing for the fate of 400,000 Bengalis trapped in Pakistan, Bangladesh agreed to hand them over to Pakistani authorities.<ref name=BangInt/>

The Bangladeshi Collaborators (Special Tribunals) Order of 1972 was promulgated to bring to trial those Bangladeshis who collaborated with and aided the Pakistani Armed forces during the Liberation War of 1971.<ref>President's Order No. 8 of 1972 (1972) (Bangl.); Collaborators (Special Tribunals) Order (1972) (Bangl.).</ref> There are conflicting accounts of the number of persons brought to trial under the 1972 Collaborators Order, ranging between 10,000 and 40,000.<ref name="S. Linton 2010 p. 205">S. Linton, Criminal Law Forum (2010), p. 205.</ref> At the time, the trials were considered problematic by local and external observers, because they appear to have been used for carrying out political vendettas. R. MacLennan, a British MP who was an observer at the trials stated that 'In the dock, the defendants are scarcely more pitiable than the succession of confused prosecution witnesses driven (by the 88-year-old defence counsel) to admit that they, too, served the Pakistani government but are now ready to swear blindly that their real loyalty was to the government of Bangladesh in exile.'<ref>A. Mascarenhas, 'Bangladesh: A Legacy of Blood', Hodder and Stoughton, 1986, p. 25.</ref> In May 1973, the Pakistani government detained Bengali civil servants stranded in Pakistan, as well as their family members, in response to Bangladesh's attempt to try POWs for genocide.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |url=http://newsweekpakistan.com/how-we-shortchanged-bangladesh/ |title=How We Shortchanged Bangladesh |website=Newsweek Pakistan |access-date=31 March 2016 |date=4 August 2013 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012704/https://www.newsweekpakistan.com/how-we-shortchanged-bangladesh/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Pakistan unsuccessfully pleaded five times to the International Court of Justice to contest Bangladesh's application of the term "genocide".<ref name=":4" />

The government of Bangladesh issued a general amnesty on 30 November 1973, applying it to all persons except those who were punished or accused of rape, murder, attempted murder or arson.<ref name="S. Linton 2010 p. 205"/> The Collaborators Order of 1972 was revoked in 1975.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-15426 |title=Existing evidence enough to try killers |date=14 December 2007 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |last1=Ahsan |first1=Zayadul |last2=Liton |first2=Shakawat |access-date=18 June 2022 |quote=To resume the trial process, the jurists said, the government could enact a new law, or revive the Bangladesh Collaborators (Special Tribunals) Order, 1972, which was revoked on December 31, 1975, burying the process of trial of the killers. |archive-date=18 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618140006/https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-15426 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The International Crimes (Tribunals) Act of 1973 was promulgated to prosecute any persons, irrespective of nationality, who were accused of committing crimes against peace, crimes against humanity, war crimes, "violations of any humanitarian rules applicable in armed conflicts laid out in the Geneva Conventions of 1949" and "any other crimes under international law".<ref>S. Linton, Criminal Law Forum (2010), p. 206.</ref> Detainees held under the 1972 Collaborators Order who were not released by the general amnesty of 1973 were going to be tried under this Act. However, no trials were held, and all activities related to the Act ceased after the [[assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] in 1975.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.straight.com/news/402371/gwynne-dyer-genocide-trials-bangladesh |title=Gwynne Dyer: Genocide trials in Bangladesh |website=Georgia Straight Vancouver's News & Entertainment Weekly |access-date=1 April 2016 |date=18 July 2013 |archive-date=14 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414143821/http://www.straight.com/news/402371/gwynne-dyer-genocide-trials-bangladesh |url-status=live}}</ref>

There are no known instances of criminal investigations or trials outside Bangladesh of alleged perpetrators of war crimes during the 1971 war. Initial steps were taken by the [[Metropolitan Police]] to investigate individuals resident in the United Kingdom who were alleged to have committed war crimes according to a [[Channel 4]] documentary film aired in 1995. To date, no charges have been brought against these individuals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Torture in Bangladesh 1971–2004: Making International Commitments a Reality and Providing Justice and Reparations to Victims |publisher=[[Redress (charitable organisation)|REDRESS]] |date=August 2004 |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4bf3a6e92.html |access-date=4 February 2012 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012628/https://www.refworld.org/docid/4bf3a6e92.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

===1991–2006===
[[File:Sculpture of Refugees from 1971 Genocide - Liberation War Museum - Dhaka - Bangladesh (12826707374).jpg|thumb|Memorial of clay commemorating refugees from the Bangladesh genocide.]]
On 29 December 1991, [[Ghulam Azam]], who was accused of being a collaborator with Pakistan in the war of 1971, became the chairman or Ameer of the political party [[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami|Jamaat-e-Islami]] of Bangladesh, which caused controversy. This incident prompted the creation of a 'National Committee for Resisting the Killers and Collaborators of 1971', in the footsteps of a proposal by writer and political activist [[Jahanara Imam]]. A mock people's court was formed, which on 26 March 1992 found Ghulam Azam guilty in a widely criticised trial, which sentenced him to death; he ultimately died in prison in 2014.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/ghulam-azam-dies-in-prison-47115 |title=Ghulam Azam dies in prison |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |date=24 October 2014 |access-date=18 June 2022 |last1=Adhikary |first1=Tuhin Shubhra |last2=Khan |first2=Mahbubur Rahman |archive-date=18 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618140856/https://www.thedailystar.net/ghulam-azam-dies-in-prison-47115 |url-status=live}}</ref>

A case was filed in the Federal Court of Australia on 20 September 2006 for alleged crimes of genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity during 1971 by the Pakistani Armed Forces and its collaborators. Raymond Solaiman & Associates, acting for the plaintiff Mr. Solaiman, released a press statement which among other things said:<ref name="SYG_2672_2006">[http://www.rayimmigration.com.au/pressrelease.htm Raymond Faisal Solaiman v People's Republic of Bangladesh & Ors] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091214084924/http://www.rayimmigration.com.au/pressrelease.htm |date=14 December 2009 }} In The Federal Magistrates Court of Australia at Sydney.</ref>
{{blockquote|text=We are glad to announce that a case has been filed in the Federal Magistrate's Court of Australia today under the Genocide Conventions Act 1949 and War Crimes Act. This is the first time in history that someone is attending a court proceeding in relation to the [alleged] crimes of Genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity during 1971 by the Pakistani Armed Forces and its collaborators. The Proceeding number is SYG 2672 of 2006. On 25 October 2006, a direction hearing will take place in the Federal Magistrates Court of Australia, Sydney registry before Federal Magistrate His Honor Nicholls.}}

On 21 May 2007, at the request of the applicant leave was granted to the applicant to discontinue his application filed on 20 September 2006.<ref>This judgement can be found via the [http://esearch.fedcourt.gov.au/ Federal Court of Australia home page] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070903215345/http://esearch.fedcourt.gov.au/ |date=3 September 2007 }} by following the links and using SYG/2672/2006 as the key for the database</ref>

===2007–present===
[[File:Protesters at Shahbag with candle.JPG|thumb|Demonstrators hold a candles for a commemoration of the Bangladesh genocide]]
On 30 July 2009, the Minister of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs of Bangladesh stated that no Pakistanis would be tried under the International Crimes (Tribunals) Act of 1973.<ref name="S. Linton, Criminal Law Forum 2010 p. 228">S. Linton, Criminal Law Forum (2010), p. 228.</ref> This decision has drawn criticism from international jurists, because it effectively gives immunity to the commanders of the Pakistani Army who are generally considered to be ultimately responsible for the majority of the crimes that were committed in 1971.<ref name="S. Linton, Criminal Law Forum 2010 p. 228"/>

[[File:Shahbag Projonmo Square Uprising Demanding Death Penalty of the War Criminals of 1971 in Bangladesh 05.jpg|thumb|Demonstrators hold torches for a commemoration of the Bangladesh genocide]]
The [[International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)|International Crimes Tribunal]] (ICT) is a war crimes tribunal in Bangladesh set up in 2009 to investigate and prosecute suspects for the genocide committed in 1971 by the [[Pakistan Army]] and their local collaborators, Razakars, Al-Badr and Al-Shams during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]].<ref name="Wierda">{{cite book |last=Wierda |first=Marieke |title=International Prosecutors |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0199554294 |author2=Anthony Triolo |editor=[[Luc Reydams]] |editor2=Jan Wouters |editor3=Cedric Ryngaert |page=169 |year=2012}}</ref> During the [[2008 Bangladeshi general election|2008 general election]], the [[Awami League]] (AL) pledged to try war criminals.<ref name="Kibria">{{cite book |last=Kibria |first=Nazli |year=2011 |title=Muslims in Motion: Islam and National Identity in the Bangladeshi Diaspora |publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]] |page=19 |isbn=978-0813550565 |quote=The landslide victory of the Awami League in the 2008 election included a manifesto pledge to prosecute the war criminals of 1971.}}</ref>

The government set up the tribunal after the Awami League won the general election in December 2008 with more than two-thirds majority in parliament. The [[War Crimes Fact Finding Committee]], tasked to investigate and find evidence, completed its report in 2008, identifying 1600 suspects.<ref name="Rahman">{{cite book |last=Rahman |first=Syedur |title=Historical dictionary of Bangladesh |year=2010 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-8108-6766-6 |page=289 |edition=4th |author2=Craig Baxter}}</ref><ref name="Montero">{{cite news |last=Montero |first=David |title=Bangladesh arrests are opening act of war crimes tribunal |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-South-Central/2010/0714/Bangladesh-arrests-are-opening-act-of-war-crimes-tribunal |newspaper=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |date=14 July 2010 |access-date=27 March 2013 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012638/https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-South-Central/2010/0714/Bangladesh-arrests-are-opening-act-of-war-crimes-tribunal |url-status=live}}</ref> Prior to the formation of the ICT, the [[United Nations Development Programme]] offered assistance in 2009 on the tribunal's formation.{{sfn|D'Costa|2011|p=144}} In 2009 the parliament amended the 1973 act that authorised such a tribunal to update it.<ref name=dwonparty>{{cite news |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=18 February 2013 |access-date=28 February 2012 |url=http://www.dw.de/will-ban-on-islamic-party-heal-wounds/a-16607674 |title=Will ban on Islamic party heal wounds? |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012717/https://www.dw.com/en/will-ban-on-islamic-party-heal-wounds/a-16607674 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Throughout the years, tens of thousands of mostly young demonstrators, including women, have called for the death penalty for those convicted of war crimes. Non-violent protests supporting this position have occurred in other cities as the country closely follows the trials. The first indictments were issued in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ipcs.org/comm_select.php?articleNo=4276 |title=Bangladesh: Implications of Jamaat-e-Islami's Indictment |last=Bhattacharjee |first=Rupak |date=30 January 2014 |website=Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies |location=New Delhi |access-date=24 June 2022 |archive-date=21 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521022545/http://www.ipcs.org/comm_select.php?articleNo=4276 |url-status=live}}</ref>

By 2012, nine leaders of Jamaat-e-Islami, the largest Islamist party in the nation, and two of the [[Bangladesh National Party]], had been indicted as suspects in war crimes.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/bangladesh-islamic-party-leaders-indicted-on-war-crimes-charges-1.1228678 |title=Bangladesh Islamic party leaders indicted on war crimes charges |date=28 May 2012 |publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] |access-date=30 July 2019 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012710/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/bangladesh-islamic-party-leaders-indicted-on-war-crimes-charges-1.1228678 |url-status=live}}</ref> Three leaders of Jamaat were the first tried; each were convicted of several charges of war crimes. The first person convicted was [[Abul Kalam Azad (Bachchu)|Abul Kalam Azad]], who was [[trial in absentia|tried ''in absentia'']] as he had left the country; he was sentenced to death in January 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-21118998 |title=Bangladesh cleric Abul Kalam Azad sentenced to die for war crimes |last=Mustafa |first=Sabir |year=2013 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=29 December 2019 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012711/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-21118998 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Protest against War Crimes at Shahabag Square (8459696133).jpg|thumb|240px|[[2013 Shahbag protests]] demanding the death penalty for the war criminals of the 1971 war]]
While human rights groups<ref name="Adams">{{cite news |last=Adams |first=Brad |title=Letter to the Bangladesh Prime Minister regarding the International Crimes (Tribunals) Act |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2011/05/18/letter-bangladesh-prime-minister-regarding-international-crimes-tribunals-act |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |date=18 May 2011 |access-date=2 December 2016 |archive-date=2 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402111542/https://www.hrw.org/news/2011/05/18/letter-bangladesh-prime-minister-regarding-international-crimes-tribunals-act |url-status=live}}</ref> and various political entities<ref name="Haq">{{cite book |last=Haq |first=M. Zahurul |title=Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law – 2010 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-9067048101 |edition=1st |editor1-first=M. N. |editor1-last=Schmitt |editor2-first=Louise |editor2-last=Arimatsu |editor3-first=T. |editor3-last=McCormack |page=463 |year=2011}}</ref><ref name="Ullah">{{cite news |last=Ullah |first=Ansar Ahmed |date=3 February 2012 |title=Vote of trust for war trial |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-221052 |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=25 December 2016 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012711/https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-221052 |url-status=live}}</ref> initially supported the establishment of the tribunal, they have since criticised it on issues of fairness and transparency, as well as reported harassment of lawyers and witnesses representing the accused.<ref name="Adams" /><ref name="Adams2">{{cite news |last=Adams |first=Brad |title=Bangladesh: Stop Harassment of Defense at War Tribunal |url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/bangladesh-stop-harassment-of-defense-at-war-tribunal |publisher=Thomson Reuters Foundation |date=2 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415235147/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/bangladesh-stop-harassment-of-defense-at-war-tribunal |archive-date=15 April 2013}}</ref><ref name="Karim">{{cite book |last1=Karim |first1=Bianca |title=International Law and Domestic Legal Systems: Incorporation, Transformation, and Persuasion |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0199694907 |first2=Tirza |last2=Theunissen |editor-first=Dinah |editor-last=Shelton |page=114 |year=2011}}</ref><ref name="Ghafour">{{cite news |last=Ghafour |first=Abdul |title=International community urged to stop 'summary executions' in Bangladesh |newspaper=Arab News |date=31 October 2012}}</ref> Jamaat-e-Islami supporters and their student wing, Islami Chhatra Shibir, called a general strike nationwide on 4 December 2012 in protest against the tribunals. The protest leaders demanded that the tribunal be scrapped permanently and their leaders released immediately.<ref name="Attack_star-1">{{cite news |title=Jamaat, Shibir go berserk |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=257274 |newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |date=13 November 2012 |access-date=26 January 2013 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012632/https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-257274 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="attack_newage-1">{{cite news |title=Jamaat-Shibir men run amok |url=http://newagebd.com/detail.php?date=2012-11-14&nid=30049 |access-date=26 January 2013 |newspaper=New Age |date=14 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927041249/http://newagebd.com/detail.php?date=2012-11-14&nid=30049#.UQPTkPJ5eSq |archive-date=27 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="attack_sun-1">{{cite news |title=Jamaat desperately on the offensive |url=http://www.daily-sun.com/details_yes_09-11-2012_Jamaat-desperately-on-the-offensive_314_1_1_1_7.html |access-date=26 January 2013 |newspaper=Daily Sun |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515115950/http://www.daily-sun.com/details_yes_09-11-2012_Jamaat-desperately-on-the-offensive_314_1_1_1_7.html |archive-date=15 May 2013}}</ref>

One of the most high profile verdicts was of [[Abdul Quader Molla]]h, assistant secretary general of Jamaat, who was convicted in February 2013 and sentenced to life imprisonment, which culminated in the massive [[2013 Shahbag protests|Shahbag protests]]. The government, although initially reluctant, eventually appealed the verdict in the Supreme Court, which then sentenced Mollah to death. Abdul Quader Mollah was subsequently executed on Thursday 12 December 2013, amidst controversies on the legitimacy of the war tribunal hearings, drawing wide criticisms from countries such as the US, UK and Turkey, as well as from the UN. A period of unrest ensued. The majority of the population, however, was found to be in favour of the execution.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mollah Execution: Social sites explode, global media abuzz |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/debate-over-quader-mollah-execution/ |newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |date=14 December 2013 |access-date=13 June 2014 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012713/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/debate-over-quader-mollah-execution |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Delwar Hossain Sayeedi]] was convicted of war crimes due to his involvement in mass killings, rape, arson, looting and forced conversion of [[Hindus]] to Islam. He was sentenced to death by hanging;<ref>{{cite news |date=28 February 2013 |title=Bangladesh war crimes trial: Delwar Hossain Sayeedi to die |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-21611769 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=28 March 2021 |archive-date=16 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416214938/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-21611769 |url-status=live}}</ref> his sentence, however, was later commuted to life imprisonment.<ref>{{cite news |first=Haroon |last=Habib |date=17 September 2014 |title=Top Jamaat leader Sayedee to be in prison until death |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/south-asia/bangladesh-supreme-court-commutes-death-sentence-of-jamaat-leader-delwar-sayedee/article6418811.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=19 September 2014 |archive-date=15 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915190713/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/south-asia/bangladesh-supreme-court-commutes-death-sentence-of-jamaat-leader-delwar-sayedee/article6418811.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Motiur Rahman Nizami]] was hanged on 11 May 2015 for 16 charges of genocide, rape and torture.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/bangladesh-hangs-another-islamist-leader/#:~:text=Nizami%2C%20formerly%20the%20head%20of%20Jammat-e-Islami%2C%20the%20country%E2%80%99s,from%20President%20Abdul%20Hamid%20against%20his%20death%20sentence. |title=Bangladesh Hangs Another Islamist Leader |first=Roshni |last=Kapur |newspaper=The Diplomat |access-date=28 March 2021 |date=15 May 2012 |archive-date=29 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129082100/https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/bangladesh-hangs-another-islamist-leader/#:~:text=Nizami%2C%20formerly%20the%20head%20of%20Jammat-e-Islami%2C%20the%20country%E2%80%99s,from%20President%20Abdul%20Hamid%20against%20his%20death%20sentence. |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Salahuddin Quader Chowdhury]] and [[Ali Ahsan Mohammad Mujahid]], both of whom had been convicted of genocide and rape, were hanged in Dhaka Central Jail shortly after midnight on 22 November 2015.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/two-top-bangladesh-war-criminals-hanged/article7904194.ece |title=Two top Bangladesh war criminals hanged |first=Haroon |last=Habib |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=15 January 2016 |date=21 November 2015 |archive-date=28 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128041343/http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/two-top-bangladesh-war-criminals-hanged/article7904194.ece |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/22/world/asia/bangladesh-hangs-2-leaders-convicted-of-war-crimes.html |title=Bangladesh Hangs 2 Leaders Convicted of War Crimes |date=22 November 2015 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=15 January 2016 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012631/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/22/world/asia/bangladesh-hangs-2-leaders-convicted-of-war-crimes.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 3 December 2016, business tycoon [[Mir Quasem Ali]], convicted of crimes against humanity for torturing and killing suspected Bangladeshi liberationists, was hanged at Kashimpur Prison.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh executes last prominent Jamaat leader |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/09/bangladesh-executes-prominent-jamaat-leader-160903135231345.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304142819/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/09/bangladesh-executes-prominent-jamaat-leader-160903135231345.html |archive-date=4 March 2020 |access-date=9 August 2021 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]]}}</ref>

In 2016, a draft of the Digital Security Act was finalized and placed for cabinet approval. The law proposed to declare any propaganda against the War of Liberation as cognizable and non-bailable.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://futrlaw.org/the-digital-security-act-2016-draft-a-sneak-peek/ |title=The Digital Security Act, 2016 (Draft) : A Sneak Peek |website=The FutureLaw Initiative |access-date=17 October 2016 |date=7 May 2016 |archive-date=19 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019033240/http://futrlaw.org/the-digital-security-act-2016-draft-a-sneak-peek/ |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Beachler |2011 |p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XeDHAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA11 11]}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bloxham |first1=Donald |author1-link=Donald Bloxham |url= |title=The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies |last2=Moses |first2=A. Dirk |author2-link=A. Dirk Moses |year=2010 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-157260-9 |page=468 |language=en}}</ref>

==Views in Pakistan==
{{Denial of Mass Killings}}

=== Atrocities ===
The [[Hamoodur Rahman Commission]] set up by the Pakistani government following the war noted various atrocities committed by the Pakistani military, including: Widespread arson and killings in the countryside; killing of intellectuals and professionals; killing of Bengali military officers and soldiers on the pretence of mutiny; killing Bengali civilian officials, businessmen and industrialists; raping numerous Bengali women as a deliberate act of revenge, retaliation and torture; deliberate killing of members of the Bengali Hindu minority; and the creation of [[mass grave]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://storyofpakistan.com/the-hamood-ur-rahman-commission-report |title=The Hamood-ur-Rahman Commission Report |work=Story of Pakistan |access-date=15 January 2016 |date=June 2003 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012634/http://storyofpakistan.com/the-hamood-ur-rahman-commission-report/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The Hamoodur Rahman Commission wrote: "[I]ndiscriminate killing and looting could only serve the cause of the enemies of Pakistan. In the harshness, we lost the support of the silent majority of the people of East Pakistan.... The [[Comilla Cantonment massacre]] (on 27th/28th of March, 1971) under the orders of CO 53 Field Regiment, Lt. Gen. Yakub Malik, in which 17 Bengali Officers and 915 men were just slain by a flick of one Officer's fingers should suffice as an example".<ref name="Genocide they wrote"/> The commission's report and findings were suppressed by the Pakistani government for more than 30 years, but were leaked to the Indian and Pakistani media in 2000. However, the commission's lowly death toll of 26,000 was criticised as an attempt to whitewash the war.<ref name="bbc16Jun2011" /><ref>{{harvnb|Beachler|2007|p=}}: "Some scholars and other writers have denied that what took place in Bangladesh was a genocide."</ref>{{sfn|Payaslian}}

Several former West Pakistani Army officers who served in Bangladesh during the 1971 war have admitted to large-scale atrocities by their forces.<ref name="Genocide they wrote" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ahmed |first1=Inam |last2=Liton |first2=Shakhawat |date=6 December 2015 |title=The blueprint for massacre |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/the-blueprint-massacre-183016 |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=15 January 2016 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012702/https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/the-blueprint-massacre-183016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ahmed |first1=Inam |last2=Liton |first2=Shakhawat |date=7 December 2015 |title=Partners in the genocide |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/partners-the-genocide-183616 |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=15 January 2016 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012719/https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/partners-the-genocide-183616 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Denial ===
The government of Pakistan continues to deny that the 1971 Bangladesh genocide took place under Pakistan's rule of [[Bangladesh]] ([[East Pakistan]]) during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] of 1971. They typically accuse Pakistani reporters (such as [[Anthony Mascarenhas]]) who reported on the genocide of being "enemy agents".<ref>{{harvnb|Dummett|2011}}: "His article was – from Pakistan's point of view – a huge betrayal and he was accused of being an enemy agent. It still denies its forces were behind such atrocities as those described by Mascarenhas, and blames Indian propaganda."</ref> According to Donald W. Beachler, professor of [[political science]] at [[Ithaca College]]:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.instituteforthestudyofgenocide.org/events/2005iagsconference/abstracts/IAGS%202005.proposal.doc |title=Genocide Denial; The Case of Bangladesh |first=Donald W. |last=Beachler |website=Institute for the Study of Genocide |access-date=28 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426074152/http://www.instituteforthestudyofgenocide.org/events/2005iagsconference/abstracts/IAGS%202005.proposal.doc |archive-date=26 April 2012}}</ref>
{{blockquote|The government of Pakistan explicitly denied that there was genocide. By their refusal to characterise the mass-killings as genocide or to condemn and restrain the Pakistani government, the US and Chinese governments implied that they did not consider it so.}}
Similarly, in the wake of the [[2013 Shahbag protests]] against [[war criminals]] who were complicit in the genocide, English journalist [[Philip Hensher]] wrote:<ref>{{cite news |title=The war Bangladesh can never forget |first=Philip |last=Hensher |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/the-war-bangladesh-can-never-forget-8501636.html# |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |date=19 February 2013 |access-date=26 February 2013 |author-link=Philip Hensher |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012642/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/war-bangladesh-can-never-forget-8501636.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{blockquote|The genocide is still too little known about in the West. It is, moreover, the subject of shocking degrees of denial among partisan polemicists and manipulative historians.}}

In the 1974 [[Delhi Agreement]], Bangladesh called on Pakistan to prosecute 195 military officers for [[war crime]]s, [[crimes against humanity]], and genocide under relevant provisions of [[international law]]. Pakistan responded that it "deeply regretted any crimes that may have been committed".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.genocidebangladesh.org/text-of-the-tri-patriate-agreement-of-bangladesh-pakistan-india/ |title=Text of the tri-patriate agreement of Bangladesh-Pakistan-India |work=Bangladesh Genocide Archive |date=2 March 2008 |access-date=15 January 2016 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012708/http://www.genocidebangladesh.org/text-of-the-tri-patriate-agreement-of-bangladesh-pakistan-india/ |url-status=live}}</ref> It failed to bring the perpetrators to account on its own soil, as requested by Bangladesh. The position taken by Pakistan was reiterated by [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] in 1974, when he simply expressed "regret" for 1971, and former Pakistani President [[Pervez Musharraf]] in 2002, when he expressed regret for the "excesses" committed in 1971.<ref>{{cite news |title=Musharraf boosts Bangladesh ties |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2157891.stm |work=[[BBC News]] |date=30 July 2002 |access-date=15 January 2016 |archive-date=6 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306053830/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2157891.stm |url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)|International Crimes Tribunal]] set up by Bangladesh in 2009 to prosecute surviving collaborators of the pro-Pakistani militias in 1971 has been the subject of strong criticism in Pakistani political and military circles. On 30 November 2015, the government of Prime Minister [[Nawaz Sharif]] retreated from earlier positions and said that it denies any role by Pakistan in atrocities in Bangladesh.<ref name="thedailystar.net">{{cite news |last1=Karim |first1=Rezaul |last2=Adhikary |first2=Tuhin Shubhra |date=1 December 2015 |title=Pakistan denies committing war crimes in 1971 |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/pak-statement-creates-outrage-180628 |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=15 January 2016 |archive-date=5 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151205151039/http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/pak-statement-creates-outrage-180628 |url-status=live}}</ref> A statement of the Pakistani Foreign Ministry, after summoning the Acting Bangladeshi High Commissioner, said that "Pakistan also rejected insinuation of complicity in committing crimes or war atrocities. Nothing could be further from the truth".<ref name="thedailystar.net"/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.arabnews.com/world/news/843926 |title=Pakistan denies war crimes in Bangladesh |work=Arab News |date=December 2015 |access-date=15 January 2016 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012637/https://www.arabnews.com/world/news/843926 |url-status=live}}</ref> The statement marked a growing trend of [[genocide denial]] in Pakistan, which picked up pace after controversial Indian academic [[Sarmila Bose]] accused the [[Mukti Bahini]] of war crimes. Bose asserts that there is greater denial in Bangladesh of war crimes which were committed by Bengalis against Biharis.<ref name="bbc16Jun2011" />

Many in Pakistan's [[civil society]] have called for an unconditional apology to Bangladesh and an acknowledgement of the genocide, including former Pakistan Air Force chief [[Asghar Khan]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalwebpost.com/genocide1971/docs/hamoodur/articles/akhtar_apology.htm |title=[Genocide/1971] Hasan Akhtar: "Pakistan should apologize to BD for '71 tragedy" |work=globalwebpost.com |access-date=15 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061021023532/http://www.globalwebpost.com/genocide1971/docs/hamoodur/articles/akhtar_apology.htm |archive-date=21 October 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref> former [[Prime Minister Imran Khan]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=37808&Cat=2 |title=Imran demands apology from Pakistan to Bangladesh |date=24 March 2011 |work=[[The News International]] |access-date=1 July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006205350/http://www.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=37808&Cat=2 |archive-date=6 October 2013}}</ref> noted journalist [[Hamid Mir]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Tusher |first=Hasan Jahid |date=26 March 2013 |title=Pakistan must offer unconditional apology |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/pakistan-must-offer-unconditional-apology/ |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=15 January 2016 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093936/http://archive.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/pakistan-must-offer-unconditional-apology/ |url-status=live}}</ref> former Pakistani ambassador to the United States [[Husain Haqqani]],<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/bangladesh/news/former-pakistani-diplomat-calls-official-apology-bangladesh-1971-genocide-2069089 |title=Former Pakistani diplomat calls for official apology to Bangladesh for 1971 genocide |date=30 March 2021 |access-date=24 August 2021 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |archive-date=28 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728094106/https://www.thedailystar.net/bangladesh/news/former-pakistani-diplomat-calls-official-apology-bangladesh-1971-genocide-2069089 |url-status=live}}</ref> human rights activist [[Asma Jahangir]],<ref name="thedailystar.net1">{{cite news |last=Tusher |first=Hasan Jahid |date=30 March 2013 |title=Genocide 1971 – Apology not made due to army factor |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/apology-not-made-due-to-army-factor/ |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=15 January 2016 |archive-date=2 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302143504/http://archive.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/apology-not-made-due-to-army-factor/ |url-status=live}}</ref> cultural activist [[Salima Hashmi]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://new-pakistan.com/2013/04/01/pakistan-should-apologize-to-bangladesh-salima-hashmi/ |title=Pakistan should apologize to Bangladesh: Salima Hashmi |work=new-pakistan.com |date=April 2013 |access-date=15 January 2016 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012721/http://new-pakistan.com/2013/04/01/pakistan-should-apologize-to-bangladesh-salima-hashmi/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and defence analyst Muhammad Ali Ehsan.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/471715/why-pakistan-should-apologise-to-bangladesh/ |title=Why Pakistan should apologise to Bangladesh |date=27 November 2012 |work=[[The Express Tribune]] |access-date=15 January 2016 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012736/https://tribune.com.pk/story/471715/why-pakistan-should-apologise-to-bangladesh |url-status=live}}</ref> Asma Jahangir has called for an independent United Nations inquiry to investigate the atrocities. Jahangir also described Pakistan's reluctance to acknowledge the genocide a result of the Pakistani Army's dominant influence on foreign policy.<ref name="thedailystar.net1"/> She spoke of the need for closure on the 1971 genocide.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/bangladesh-others/115007/asma-jahangir-for-un-body-to-investigate-genocide |title=Asma Jahangir for UN body to investigate genocide in 1971 |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |access-date=15 January 2016 |archive-date=21 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821234023/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/bangladesh-others/115007/asma-jahangir-for-un-body-to-investigate-genocide |url-status=live}}</ref> Pakistani historian Yaqoob Khan Bangash described the actions of the Pakistani Army during the Bangladesh Liberation war as a "rampage".<ref name=":2" />

==Documentaries and films==
* ''[[Stop Genocide]]'' (1971)—documentary film<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eIK_mi-SJT4 |title=Stop Genocide, Documentary film by Zahir Raihan |date=3 May 2018 |via=YouTube |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012646/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eIK_mi-SJT4 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=19 December 2008 |title=The making of Stop Genocide and disappearance of Zahir Raihan |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-67680 |newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012650/https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-67680 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''Major Khaled's war'' (1971)—documentary film<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tsjTQLtIHEI |title=Khaled's war – English (Full) |date=4 November 2014 |via=YouTube |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012724/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tsjTQLtIHEI |url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''Nine Months to Freedom: The Story of Bangladesh'' (1972)—documentary film<ref>{{cite news |last=Dey |first=Saurav |date=26 March 2013 |title=9 Months to Freedom |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/9-months-to-freedom |newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608061231/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/9-months-to-freedom |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indiancine.ma/AKDE/info |title=Nine Months To Freedom: The Story of Bangladesh |publisher=Indian Cine |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012653/https://indiancine.ma/AKDE/info |url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Children of War (2014 film)|Children of War]]'' (2014)—a film portraying the atrocities in the 1971 Bangladesh genocide
* ''Merciless Mayhem: The Bangladesh Genocide Through Pakistani Eyes'' (2018)—TV movie<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=voT8MPAQyh0 |title=Merciless Mayhem: The Bangladesh Genocide Through Pakistani Eyes |date=29 March 2019 |via=YouTube |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012715/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=voT8MPAQyh0 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[1971 Dhaka University massacre]]
* [[Akhira massacre]]
* [[Bakhrabad massacre]]
* [[Bangladesh Liberation War Library and Research Centre]], a digital library, working to "preserve and publicly distribute" the historical documents regarding the Liberation War of Bangladesh and genocide
* [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]
* [[Burunga massacre]]
* [[Chuknagar massacre]]
* [[The Concert for Bangladesh]], the first major [[benefit concert]]
* [[Genocide Remembrance Day (Bangladesh)|Genocide Remembrance Day]]
* [[Jinjira massacre]]
* [[Movement demanding trial of war criminals (Bangladesh)]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin|20em}}
* {{cite book |last1=Alston |first1=Margaret |title=Women and Climate Change in Bangladesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WMSgBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA40 |year=2015 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-317-68486-2 |access-date=14 March 2018 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012615/https://books.google.com/books?id=WMSgBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA40 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Bass |first=Gary J. |title=The Blood Telegram: Nixon, Kissinger, and a Forgotten Genocide |year=2013a |publisher=[[Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group]] |isbn=978-0385350471}}
* {{Cite magazine |last=Bass |first=Gary |date=19 November 2013b |url=http://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/looking-away-from-genocide |title=Looking Away from Genocide |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |issn=0028-792X |access-date=31 March 2016 |archive-date=14 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214121105/https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/looking-away-from-genocide |url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal |last=Beachler |first=Donald |date=1 December 2007 |title=The politics of genocide scholarship: the case of Bangladesh |journal=[[Patterns of Prejudice]] |volume=41 |issue=5 |pages=467–492 |doi=10.1080/00313220701657286 |s2cid=220344166}}
* {{cite book |last=Beachler |first=Donald W. |title=The Genocide Debate: Politicians, Academics, and Victims |year=2011 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-230-11414-2 |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XeDHAAAAQBAJ |access-date=21 August 2017}}
* {{cite book |last=Brecher |first=Michael |title=International political earthquakes |year=2008 |publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]] |isbn=978-0472070015}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bodman |first1=Herbert L. |last2=Tohidi |first2=Nayereh Esfahlani |year=1998 |title=Women in Muslim societies: diversity within unity |publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers |isbn=1555875785}}
* {{cite magazine |last=Boissoneault |first=Lorraine |date=16 December 2016 |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/genocide-us-cant-remember-bangladesh-cant-forget-180961490/ |title=The Genocide the U.S. Can't Remember, But Bangladesh Can't Forget |magazine=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian Magazine]] |access-date=18 June 2022 |archive-date=17 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217125201/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/genocide-us-cant-remember-bangladesh-cant-forget-180961490/ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last1=Dasgupta |first1=Abhijit |last2=Togawa |first2=Masahiko |last3=Barkat |first3=Abul |title=Minorities and the State: Changing Social and Political Landscape of Bengal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VdqGAwAAQBAJ |year=2011 |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |isbn=978-81-321-0766-8 |access-date=10 October 2016 |archive-date=8 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808140607/https://books.google.com/books?id=VdqGAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA147 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=D'Costa |first=Bina |title=Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia |year=2011 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-56566-0}}
* {{cite news |last=Dummett |first=Mark |author-link=Mark Dummett |date=16 December 2011 |title=Bangladesh war: The article that changed history |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-16207201 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=31 March 2016 |archive-date=8 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508091712/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-16207201 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Fink |first=George |title=Stress of War, Conflict and Disaster |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rOq4XV94wLsC |year=2010 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-381382-4 |access-date=4 September 2017 |archive-date=8 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808142138/https://books.google.com/books?id=rOq4XV94wLsC&pg=PA292#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Ganguly |first=Sumit |title=Conflict Unending: India-Pakistan Tensions Since 1947 |year=2002 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=978-0231123693 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/conflictunending0000gang}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gerlach |first=Christian |year=2010 |title=Extremely Violent Societies: Mass Violence in the Twentieth-Century World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=48N-XbOltMEC&pg=PA144 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-70681-0 |access-date=7 October 2021 |archive-date=8 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808142247/https://books.google.com/books?id=48N-XbOltMEC&pg=PA144#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hagerty |first1=Devin T. |last2=Ganguly |first2=Šumit |title=Fearful Symmetry: India-Pakistan Crises In The Shadow Of Nuclear Weapons |year=2005 |publisher=[[University of Washington Press]] |isbn=978-0-295-98635-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Haggett |first=Peter |title=Encyclopedia of World Geography: The Indian subcontinent |year=2001 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |isbn=978-0-7614-7289-6 |edition=2nd}}
* {{cite book |last=Harder |first=Hans |title=Islam in the World Today: A Handbook of Politics, Religion, Culture, and Society |year=2010 |publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8014-4571-2 |editor1-first=Werner |editor1-last=Ende |editor2-first=Udo |editor2-last=Steinbac |url=https://archive.org/details/islaminworldtoda00unse}}
* {{cite book |last=Ḥaqqānī |first=Ḥusain |title=Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military |year=2005 |publisher=Carnegie |isbn=978-0-87003-214-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/pakistanbetweenm00haqq}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hossain |first1=Tania |last2=Tollefson |first2=James W. |title=Language Policy, Culture, and Identity in Asian Contexts |chapter=Language Policy in Education in Bangladesh |year=2006 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-8058-5693-4 |editor1-first=Amy |editor1-last=Tsui |editor2-first=James W. |editor2-last=Tollefson}}
* {{cite book |last=Islam |first=M. Rafiqul |title=National Trials of International Crimes in Bangladesh: Transitional Justice as Reflected in Judgments |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V8KODwAAQBAJ&pg=PA175 |year=2019 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|BRILL]] |pages=175– |isbn=978-90-04-38938-0 |access-date=4 June 2023 |archive-date=8 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808142248/https://books.google.com/books?id=V8KODwAAQBAJ&pg=PA175#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Jones |first=Adam |author-link=Adam Jones (Canadian scholar) |title=Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction |year=2010 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-0-415-48618-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Jones |first=Owen Bennett |author-link=Owen Bennett-Jones |year=2002 |title=Pakistan: Eye of the Storm |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t8iYEgPYG_EC |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=978-0-300-10147-8 |access-date=1 April 2016 |archive-date=8 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808140612/https://books.google.com/books?id=t8iYEgPYG_EC |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Midlarsky |first=Manus I. |title=Origins of Political Extremism: Mass Violence in the Twentieth Century and Beyond |year=2011 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-87708-4}}
* {{cite book |last1=Molla |first1=Gyasuddin |editor1-last=Mitra |editor1-first=Subrata K. |editor2-last=Enskat |editor2-first=Mike |editor3-last=Spiess |editor3-first=Clement |year=2004 |chapter=The Awami League: From Charismatic Leadership to Political Party |title=Political Parties in South Asia |publisher=Praeger |isbn=978-0-275-96832-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Mookherjee |first=Nayanika |title=Traitors: Suspicion, Intimacy, and the Ethics of State-Building |editor1-first=Sharika |editor1-last=Thiranagama |editor2-first=Tobias |editor2-last=Kelly |chapter=Denunciatory practices and the constitutive role of collaboration in the Bangladesh War |year=2009 |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]] |isbn=978-0-8122-4213-3}}
* {{cite journal |last=Mookherjee |first=Nayanika |date=2021-11-02 |title=Historicising the Birangona : Interrogating the Politics of Commemorating the Wartime Rape of 1971 in the Context of the 50 th Anniversary of Bangladesh |journal=Strategic Analysis |volume=45 |issue=6 |pages=588–597 |doi=10.1080/09700161.2021.2009663 |issn=0970-0161 |s2cid=246760529 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite web |last=Payaslian |first=Simon |author-link=Simon Payaslian |title=20th Century Genocides |url=http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199743292/obo-9780199743292-0105.xml |publisher=Oxford bibliographies |access-date=27 October 2013 |archive-date=16 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516233147/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199743292/obo-9780199743292-0105.xml |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Rummel |first=R. J. |author-link=Rudolph Rummel |year=1994 |title=Death by Government: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kPdKDwAAQBAJ |location=New Brunswick, New Jersey |publisher=Transaction Publishers |isbn=978-1-56000-145-4 |access-date=17 March 2019 |archive-date=8 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808142244/https://books.google.com/books?id=kPdKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PG315#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rummel |first=R. J. |author-link=Rudolph Rummel |year=1997 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aYBrAgAAQBAJ |title=Death by Government: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900 |publisher=Transaction Publishers |isbn=978-1-56000-927-6 |access-date=7 March 2017 |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207214903/https://books.google.com/books?id=aYBrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA334 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Saikia |first=Yasmin |author-link=Yasmin Saikia |year=2011 |title=Women, War, and the Making of Bangladesh: Remembering 1971 |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8223-5038-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Sajjad |first=Tazreena |year=2012 |orig-year=First published 2009 |chapter=The Post-Genocidal Period and Its Impact on Women |editor-last=Totten |editor-first=Samuel |editor-link=Samuel Totten |title=Plight and Fate of Women During and Following Genocide |publisher=Transaction |pages=219–248 |isbn=978-1-4128-4759-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Riedel |first=Bruce O. |title=Deadly Embrace: Pakistan, America, and the Future of the Global Jihad |year=2011 |publisher=[[Brookings Institution]] |isbn=978-0-8157-0557-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Roy |first=Rituparna |title=South Asian Partition Fiction in English: From Khushwant Singh to Amitav Ghosh |year=2010 |publisher=[[Amsterdam University Press]] |isbn=978-90-8964-245-5 |edition=1st}}
* {{cite book |last=van Schendel |first=Willem |title=A History of Bangladesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Y2bBQAAQBAJ |year=2009 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-316-26497-3 |access-date=4 December 2018 |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207214523/https://books.google.com/books?id=7Y2bBQAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Schmid |editor-first=Alex |title=The Routledge Handbook of Terrorism Research |year=2011 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-41157-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Shah |first=Mehtab Ali |title=The Foreign Policy of Pakistan: Ethnic Impacts on Diplomacy, 1971–1994 |year=1997 |publisher=[[I.B. Tauris]] |isbn=978-1-86064-169-5}}
* {{cite journal |last=Sharlach |first=Lisa |title=Rape as Genocide: Bangladesh, the Former Yugoslavia, and Rwanda |journal=New Political Science |year=2000 |volume=1 |issue=22 |pages=89–102 |doi=10.1080/713687893 |s2cid=144966485}}
* {{cite book |last=Shehabuddin |first=Elora |editor1-last=Riaz |editor1-first=Ali |editor1-link=Ali Riaz |editor2-last=Fair |editor2-first=C. Christine |title=Political Islam and Governance in Bangladesh |chapter=Bangladeshi civil society and Islamist politics |year=2010 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-57673-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Siddiqi |first=Dina M. |title=Women in Muslim Societies: Diversity Within Unity |year=1998 |publisher=Lynne Rienner |isbn=978-1-55587-578-7 |editor1=Herbert L. Bodman |editor2=Nayereh Esfahlani Tohidi |chapter=Taslima Nasreen and Others: The Contest over Gender in Bangladesh |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/womeninmuslimsoc0000unse}}
* {{cite book |last1=Sisson |first1=Richard |last2=Rose |first2=Leo E. |title=War and Secession: Pakistan, India, and the Creation of Bangladesh |year=1992 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=978-0-520-07665-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y85KOHHVT5oC |access-date=27 February 2017 |archive-date=8 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808141629/https://books.google.com/books?id=y85KOHHVT5oC&pg=PA306#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Spencer |first=Philip |title=Genocide Since 1945 |year=2012 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0415606349}}
* {{cite book |last=Thompson |first=H. R. |title=Language and National Identity in Asia |year=2007 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-926748-4 |editor-first=Andrew |editor-last=Simpson}}
* {{cite book |last=Tomsen |first=Peter |title=The Wars of Afghanistan: Messianic Terrorism, Tribal Conflicts, and the Failures of Great Powers |year=2011 |publisher=Public Affairs |isbn=978-1-58648-763-8}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* [[Abul Barkat (economist)|Abul Barkat]], An Inquiry into Causes and Consequences of Deprivation of Hindu Minorities in Bangladesh through the Vested Property Act: Framework for a Realistic Solution Publisher: PRIP Trust (2001) ASIN: B005PWD15O
* Abul Barkat, Deprivation of Hindu Minority in Bangladesh: Living with Vested Property (Published English and Bengali languages 2008, 2009)
* [http://www.gendercide.org/case_bangladesh.html Genocide in Bangladesh, 1971], A Gendercide Watch case study
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150402164154/http://indiafacts.co.in/infographic-state-hindus-bangladesh/ State of Hindus in Bangladesh]

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100308004522/http://www.genocidebangladesh.org/ Bangladesh Genocide Archive]
* [http://www.newagebd.net/article/11145/articlelist/323/Cartoon Whole nation should observe National Genocide Day], ''[[New Age (Bangladesh)|New Age]]'', 14 March 2017
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170316113441/http://gbnews24.com/breaking-news/article/call-for-international-recognitio/ Call for international recognition and observance of genocide day] by Delwar Jahid
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170323200927/http://www.bssnews.net/newsDetails.php?cat=0&id=651764&date=2017-03-23 Bangladesh to seek UN recognition of 1971 genocide]
* [http://www.newstoday.com.bd/index.php?option=details&news_id=2467591&date=2017-03-25 Genocide Day today] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224192304/http://www.newstoday.com.bd/index.php?option=details&news_id=2467591&date=2017-03-25 |date=24 February 2021 }}
* [http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/bangladesh-wants-un-to-declare-march-25-as-genocide-day-in-remembrance-of-1971/story-sC2eS7cCnpLLhbGTC6cUSN.html Bangladesh wants UN to declare March 25 as Genocide Day in remembrance of 1971], ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', 23 March 2017
* [http://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/looking-back-at-1971-how-india-s-intervention-in-bangladesh-shaped-south-asia/story-bpHKfX4ou3TErdfazvE8yO.html How India's intervention in Bangladesh shaped south Asia], ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', 22 September 2016
* [https://scroll.in/article/832420/by-marking-genocide-day-bangladesh-seeks-to-remember-what-pakistan-wants-to-forget By marking Genocide Day, Bangladesh seeks to remember what Pakistan wants to forget], Scroll.in, 25 March 2017

{{Bangladesh liberation}}
{{1971 Bangladesh genocide}}
{{Bangladesh topics}}
{{Genocide topics}}
{{Religious persecution}}
{{Bangladesh–Pakistan relations}}
{{Pakistan Armed Forces}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bangladesh Genocide, 1971}}
[[Category:Bangladesh genocide| ]]
[[Category:1971 murders in Bangladesh|Genocide]]
[[Category:20th-century mass murders in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Liberation War]]
[[Category:Bangladesh–Pakistan relations]]
[[Category:Genocides in Asia]]
[[Category:1971 mass murders]]
[[Category:Massacres in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Pakistani war crimes]]
[[Category:Rebellions in Pakistan]]
[[Category:War crimes in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Massacres committed by Pakistan in East Pakistan]]
[[Category:Persecution of Hindus by Muslims]]
[[Category:Massacres in 1971]]
[[Category:Persecution of Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Massacres of Bengali Hindus in East Pakistan]]

Super League Kerala

2026-03-23T09:00:46Z

Gopalpurpp:

{{Short description|Association football league in Kerala, India}}
{{Distinguish|Kerala Premier League}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox football league
| name = Super League Kerala
| logo = Kerala Super League.svg
| pixels = 300
| organiser = [[Kerala Football Association]] Unifed Football Sports Development Pvt Ltd
| director and ceo = <ref>Mathew Joseph</ref>https://themalabarjournal.com/tmj-global-mahindra-becomes-title-sponsor-for-super-leagu-football-in-kerala-kp-sethunath; https://www.thehindu.com/sport/sportscom-signs-five-year-100-crore-deal-with-super-league-kerala-for-streaming-rights/article69839158.ece
| country = India
| founded = {{Start date and age|2023}}
| teams = 6
| promotion =
| relegation =
| levels =
| domest_cup =
| league cup =
| champions = [[Kannur Warriors FC|Kannur Warriors]]
| most_successful_club = [[Calicut FC|Calicut]] [[Kannur Warriors FC|Kannur Warriors]] (1 title)
| tv = [[Sony Sports Network#Sony Sports Ten 2|Sony Sports Ten 2]] [[DD Malayalam]] [[Etisalat|TV by e&]] [[Sports.com]]
| current = [[2025 Super League Kerala]]
| sponsor = [[Sports.com]] [[Amul]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.superleaguekerala.com/|superleaguekerala.com}}
|Promoters/ Directors=Mathew Joseph
Group Meeran}}

The '''Super League Kerala (SLK)''', also known as the '''[[Sports.com]] Super League Kerala powered by [[Amul]]''', is a men's professional [[sports league|franchise]] [[association football|football]] league in the state of [[Kerala]], [[India]], organised by the [[Kerala Football Association]] and Scoreline Sports.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala Super League launched |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/2023/04/05/kerala-super-league-launched.html |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=onmanorama.com |archive-date=14 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714115029/https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/2023/04/05/kerala-super-league-launched.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/hoping-for-the-start-of-a-revolution-says-kochi-owner-prithvirajsreejesh-launches-kochi-teams-jersey/article68569904.ece|title=Hoping for the start of a revolution, says Kochi owner Prithviraj/Sreejesh launches Kochi team's jersey|work=The Hindu|date=26 August 2024 }}</ref> The league currently operates outside the [[Indian football league system]] and does not follow [[promotion and relegation]].

== History ==
=== Formation and launch ===
The Super League Kerala (SLK) was established in 2024 as a franchise-based football competition jointly organised by the Kerala Football Association (KFA) and Scoreline Sports Private Limited. Conceived as an ambitious initiative to develop football at the grassroots level, the league aimed to professionalise the state’s football ecosystem and provide a platform for young players to compete alongside experienced professionals.

The six franchises of the inaugural edition were unveiled at a grand launch event held at the Grand Hyatt, [[Mulavukad|Bolgatty]], [[Kochi]], in May 2024. The event was attended by several prominent figures from Indian football and sports administration, including former India internationals [[I. M. Vijayan]], Bhaichung Bhutia, and Jo Paul Ancheri, along with commentator Charu Sharma, actress Mandira Bedi, and officials from the All India Football Federation (AIFF) and the Kerala Sports Council.<ref>{{Cite web |title=With six teams in fray, Super League Kerala to commence in September |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/2024/05/11/super-league-kerala-september-clubs.html |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=With six teams in fray, Super League Kerala to commence in September |language=en}}</ref>

=== Inaugural franchises and ownership ===
The inaugural edition featured six regional franchises representing key footballing centres of Kerala:

* [[Thiruvananthapuram Kombans FC]] – owned by Gowri Lakshmi Bayi (of the Travancore royal family), Dr Mohamed Ilyas Sahadulla (KIMS Hospital), K C Chandrahasan (Kerala Travels), and T J Mathews (Kovalam FC).
* Forca Kochi FC – initially owned by tennis legend [[Mahesh Bhupathi]], CEO of SGSE.
* Thrissur Magic FC – co-owned by Kaz Patafta (Chairman & CEO, Brisbane Roar FC), Benoit Joseph (Magnus Sports), and Mohammed Rafeeq (Nusym Technologies).
* [[Calicut FC]] – owned by tech entrepreneur V. K. Mathews, Chairman of the IBS Group.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2024-06-15 |title=Kozhikode team for Super League Kerala launched |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/kozhikode-team-for-super-league-kerala-launched/article68293466.ece |access-date=2025-10-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* [[Malappuram FC]] – co-owned by V. A. Ajmal (Bismi Group), Dr Anvar Ameen Chelat (SAT Tirur FC, Grand Hypermarkets), and Baby Neelambra (Saudi Indian Football Forum).
* Kannur Warriors FC – co-owned by M. P. Hassan Kunhi (Kannur International Airport Ltd), Mibu Jose Nettikadan (Castle Group, Doha), Praveesh Kuzhuppilly (Asset Homes), and Shameem Backer (Wayanad FC).

=== Ownership transitions and rebranding ===
Following the initial announcement, several franchises underwent ownership changes and rebranding ahead of the inaugural season.

* The Kochi franchise was taken over by a consortium led by Malayalam actor [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]], Supriya Menon, Nasly Mohammed, Shameem Backer C. K., Mohammed Shyjal K., and Praveesh Kuzhipally. The team was subsequently renamed [[Forca Kochi FC]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-11 |title=Forca Kochi FC: Prithviraj unveils name of his 'Super League Kerala' team |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/sports/football/prithviraj-reveals-name-of-his-super-league-kerala-team-as-forca-kochi-fc-64d2b5ae |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
* The Thrissur franchise was acquired by film producer Listin Stephen, owner of the production house Magic Frames, and rebranded as [[Thrissur Magic FC]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=ചന്ദ്രൻ |first=നീതു |date=2024-08-10 |title=തൃശൂർ മാജിക് എഫ് സി ഇനി ലിസ്റ്റിൻ സ്റ്റീഫന്‍റെ ടീം |url=https://www.metrovaartha.com/sports/listin-stephen-owns-thrissur-magic-fc |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=Metro Vaartha |language=ml}}</ref>
* The Kannur franchise, initially known as Kannur Squad FC, was later renamed [[Kannur Warriors FC]].

=== Objectives and vision ===
The SLK was envisioned to serve as a bridge between Kerala’s local football circuits and India’s premier competitions such as the Indian Super League and I-League. By partnering with investors, sports entrepreneurs, and global stakeholders, the league aimed to elevate the state’s footballing infrastructure, coaching quality, and player professionalism. The organisers projected that the SLK would create new career pathways for Kerala’s players and coaches, attract regional fan communities, and position the state as a key hub in Indian football’s development pipeline.

== Competition format ==
Super League Kerala features six franchise-based clubs representing different regions of the state. The league follows a double round-robin format, in which each club plays the other twice. At the end of the league stage, the top four clubs advance to the semi-finals, which are played as single-leg knockout fixtures. The winners of the semi-finals meet in the final, where the champion of Super League Kerala is decided.

== Clubs ==
{{Location map+|Kerala
|float=right|width=300
|caption=Clubs locations
|places=
{{Location map~ |Kerala |lat=11.0645 |long=76.0656 |label_size=90 |label={{nowrap|[[Malappuram FC|Malappuram]]}} |position=right}}


{{Location map~ |Kerala |lat=11.2588 |long=75.7804 |label_size=90 |label={{nowrap|[[Calicut FC|Calicut]]}} |position=left}}


{{Location map~ |Kerala |lat=8.5241 |long=76.9366 |label_size=90 |label={{nowrap|[[Thiruvananthapuram Kombans FC|Thiruvananthapuram Kombans]]}} |position=left}}


{{Location map~ |Kerala |lat=10.5276 |long=76.2144 |label_size=90 |label={{nowrap|[[Thrissur Magic FC|Thrissur Magic]]}} |position=left}}


{{Location map~ |Kerala |lat=11.8745 |long=75.3704 |label_size=90 |label={{nowrap|[[Kannur Warriors FC|Kannur Warriors]]}} |position=right}}


{{Location map~ |Kerala |lat=9.9312 |long=76.2673 |label_size=90 |label={{nowrap|[[Forca Kochi FC|Forca Kochi]]}} |position=left}}}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Club
!City
|-
|[[Calicut FC|Calicut]]
|[[Kozhikode]]
|-
|[[Forca Kochi FC|Forca Kochi]]
|[[Kochi]]
|-
|[[Kannur Warriors FC|Kannur Warriors]]
|[[Kannur]]
|-
|[[Malappuram FC|Malappuram]]
|[[Malappuram]]
|-
|[[Thiruvananthapuram Kombans FC|Thiruvananthapuram Kombans]]
|[[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|-
|[[Thrissur Magic FC|Thrissur Magic]]
|[[Thrissur]]
|}

== Stadiums ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%;"
![[Calicut FC]]
![[Forca Kochi FC|Forca Kochi]]
![[Kannur Warriors FC|Kannur Warriors]]
|-
|[[Kozhikode Corporation EMS Stadium|EMS Corporation Stadium]]
|[[Maharaja's College, Kochi#Sport facilities|Maharaja's College Stadium]]
|[[Jawahar Municipal Stadium]]
|-
|Capacity: '''50,000'''
|Capacity: '''15,000'''
|Capacity: '''30,000'''
|-
|[[File:Kozhikode EMS Stadium.jpg|150x150px]]
|[[File:Maharajas college, Ernakulam 2023.jpg|150x150px]]
|[[File:Nehru Stadium, Kannur.jpg|150x150px]]
|-
![[Malappuram FC]]
![[Thiruvananthapuram Kombans FC|Thiruvananthapuram Kombans]]
![[Thrissur Magic FC|Thrissur Magic]]
|-
|[[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|Payyanad Stadium]]
|[[Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium]]
|[[Thrissur Municipal Corporation Stadium|TMC Stadium]]
|-
|Capacity: '''30,000'''
|Capacity: '''30,000'''
|Capacity: '''15,000'''
|-
|[[File:MDSC Stadium Manjeri.jpg|150x150px]]
|[[File:Chandrashekharan Nair Stadium 2.jpg|150x150px]]
|[[File:Corporation Stadium 222.jpg|150x150px]]
|}

== Broadcasters ==
The first season of the Super League Kerala aired on [[Star Sports (India)|Star Sports First]] ([[Malayalam]]) and streamed on [[Disney+ Hotstar|Hotstar]] and [[ManoramaMAX]] (for [[Gulf]] viewers). On July 21, 2025, the Super League Kerala signed 5 year contract with Sports.com (SEGG media) for broadcasting rights for a record $11.6 M.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Super League Kerala: Where can GCC viewers watch the football matches online? |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/super-league-kerala-on-ott-where-can-gcc-viewers-watch-the-football-matches-online-manorama-max/7084694da3654 |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

== Results ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin-left:1em;font-size:100%;float:center"
! width="75" |Season
! width="125" style="background:gold" |Champions
! width="125" style="background:silver" |Runners-up
!No. of clubs
|-
| align="center" |[[2024 Super League Kerala|2024]]
|[[Calicut FC|Calicut]]
|[[Forca Kochi FC|Forca Kochi]]
|6
|-
| align="center" |[[2025 Super League Kerala|2025]]
|[[Kannur Warriors FC|Kannur Warriors]]
|[[Thrissur Magic FC|Thrissur Magic]]
|6
|}

== See also ==
* [[Football in Kerala]]
* [[Kerala State Club Football Championship]]
* [[Malabar Premier League]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Super League Kerala}}
{{Football in Kerala}}
{{Football in India}}
{{Sports leagues of India}}
{{Portal bar|India|Association football|Sports}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Super League Kerala| ]]
[[Category:Football competitions in Kerala]]
[[Category:Regional football leagues in India]]
[[Category:Professional sports leagues in India]]
[[Category:2024 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Sports leagues established in 2024]]
[[Category:Star Sports]]

National Highway 32 (India)

2026-03-21T19:39:34Z

Gopalpurpp: General cleanup and content improvements

{{Short description|National highway in India}}
{{For | the old National Highway 32|National Highway 18 (India)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{infobox road
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route= 32
|length_km=657
| ahn = {{Jct|country=IND|AH|20}}
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=line|stroke-width=3
| id= Q25351521|title=National Highway 32|zoom = 6 |frame-lat=10.95|frame-long=79.168|text= Map of National Highway '''32''' in red }}
| map_custom = yes
|direction=
|direction_a= North
|terminus_a= [[Chennai]]
|destinations= [[Tambaram]], [[Perungalathur]], [[Chengalpattu]], [[Tindivanam]], [[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]], [[Cuddalore]], [[Chidambaram]], [[Sirkali]], [[Akkur, Mayiladuthurai|Akkur]], [[Tharangambadi]], [[Karaikal]], [[Nagapattinam]], [[Velankanni]], [[Thiruthuraipoondi]], [[Muthupet]], [[Adirampattinam]], [[Manamelkudi]], [[Mimisal]], [[Thondi]], [[Devipattinam]], [[Ramanathapuram]], [[Thoothukudi]], [[Tiruchendur]], [[Kanyakumari]]
|direction_b= South
|terminus_b= [[Kanyakumari]]
|junction=
|states= [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
| previous_type = NH
| next_type = NH
| previous_route = 31
| next_route = 33
}}

'''National Highway 32''' ('''NH 32''') is a [[National Highway (India)|National Highway]] in [[India]]. It starts from Chennai and terminates at Kanyakumari.<ref>[https://sansad.in/getFile/annex/259/AU2476.pdf?source=pqars MINISTRY OF ROAD TRANSPORT AND HIGHWAYS] (PDF) on 22 March 2023</ref> It is also known as [[East Coast Road]].

==History==
Originally, the highway terminated at Nagapattinam. The highway was extended up to Thoothukudi as per a notification issued by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways on 5 December 2017.<ref name="NH32_2017">{{cite web |url=http://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/2017/180664.pdf
|title=Notification regarding National Highway 32 |publisher=Government of India |access-date=16 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317035736/https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/2017/180664.pdf
|archive-date=17 March 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The highway was further extended up to Kanyakumari in July 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sansad.in/getFile/annex/259/AU2476.pdf?source=pqars
|title=Details of National Highways in Tamil Nadu |publisher=Ministry of Road Transport and Highways |date=22 March 2023 |access-date=19 March 2026}}</ref>

==Route==
The highway starting from its junction with [[National Highway 48 (India)|NH-48]] near [[Chennai]] connecting [[Chengalpattu]], [[Tindivanam]], [[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]], [[Cuddalore]], [[Chidambaram]], [[Karaikal]], [[Nagapattinam]], [[Velankanni]], [[Thiruthuraipoondi]], [[Muthupet]]tai, [[Adirampattinam]], [[Manamelkudi]], [[Thondi]], [[Devipattinam]], [[Ramanathapuram]] bypass, [[Thiruppullani]], [[Keelakarai]], [[Ervadi]], [[Valinokkam]], [[Sayalgudi]], [[Vembar]], [[Vaippar]], Kulathur, Veppalodai, [[Pattina]], [[Maruthur]], [[Thoothukudi]], Mudivaithanendal, [[Tiruchendur]], [[Kulasekharapatnam]], [[Uvari]], [[Kudankulam]], [[Anjugramam]] and terminating at its junction with [[National Highway 44 (India)|NH-44]] near Karungulam .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/over-700-acres-to-be-acquired-for-new-four-lane-road-connecting-thoothukudi-tiruchendur-and-kanniyakumari/article70624182.ece|title=Over 700 acres to be acquired for new four lane road connecting Thoothukudi, Tiruchendur and Kanniyakumari - The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/route-map-released-for-new-four-lane-highway-linking-thoothukudi-tiruchendur-and-kannyakumari|title=Route map released for new four-lane highway linking Thoothukudi, Tiruchendur and Kannyakumari|date=15 February 2026|website=DT Next}}</ref>

==Junctions==
{{Cleanup road junction list|date=November 2021}}
: {{jct|country=IND|NH|48}} Terminal near Chennai.
: {{jct|country=IND|NH|132B}} near Chengalpattu
: {{jct|country=IND|NH|132}} near Tindivanam
: {{jct|country=IND|NH|77}} near Tindivanam
: {{jct|country=IND|NH|332}} near Puducherry
: {{jct|country=IND|NH|332A}} near Puducherry
: {{jct|country=IND|NH|532}} near Cuddalore
: {{jct|country=IND|NH|81}} near Chidambaram
: {{jct|country=IND|NH|136B}} near Sirkazhi
: {{jct|country=IND|NH|83}} near Nagapattinam
: {{jct|country=IND|NH|83}} near Thiruthuraipoondi
: {{jct|country=IND|NH|85}} near Tondi
: {{jct|country=IND|NH|536}} near Devipattinam
: {{jct|country=IND|NH|87}} near Ramanathapuram
: {{jct|country=IND|NH|38}} near Thoothukudi
: {{jct|country=IND|NH|138}} near Thoothukudi
: {{jct|country=IND|NH|44}} Near Anjukaramam (Karungulam)

==Four-laning==
National Highway 32 is being developed as a four-lane highway in multiple contract packages, including the Puducherry–Nagapattinam, Nagapattinam–Thoothukudi and Thoothukudi–Tiruchendur-Kanyakumari stretches, as part of phased corridor development along the East Coast Road to improve freight movement and regional connectivity.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cabinet approves four-laning of Marakkanam–Puducherry highway |work=The Economic Times |date=8 August 2025 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/infrastructure/cabinet-approves-four-laning-of-nh-in-tamil-nadu/articleshow/123190222.cms
|access-date=19 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Route map released for new four-lane highway linking Thoothukudi, Tiruchendur and Kanyakumari |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/route-map-released-for-new-four-lane-highway-linking-thoothukudi-tiruchendur-and-kannyakumari
|work=DT Next |date=15 February 2026 |access-date=19 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/four-laning-of-road-from-villupuram-to-nagapattinam-via-puducherry-to-be-completed-by-2025-nitin-gadkari/article67130725.ece|title=Four-laning of road from Villupuram to Nagapattinam via Puducherry to be completed by 2025: Nitin Gadkari - The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/land-acquisition-delay-hits-ecr-widening-799122|title=No, ECR widening won't finish on time. This is why|date=12 August 2024|website=DT Next}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[List of national highways in India by state]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/11560751 NH 32 on OpenStreetMap]

{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH32 sr}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Transport in Chennai]]
[[Category:Transport in Thoothukudi]]
[[Category:National highways in Puducherry]]

{{India-NH-stub}}

Phyllocnistis helicodes

2026-03-21T00:41:44Z

Gopalpurpp: created new article first draft

{{Short description|Species of moth}}

{{Speciesbox
| image = Phyllocnistis_helicodes_life_cycle_Fletcher_1920.png
| image_caption =
| taxon = Phyllocnistis helicodes
| authority = [[Edward Meyrick|Meyrick]], 1916<ref name="GTD">[https://www.gracillariidae.net/species_by_code/PHYLHELC Phyllocnistis helicodes Meyrick, 1916] at the Global Taxonomic Database of Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera).</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Meyrick|first1=Edward|title=Exotic Microlepidoptera|date=1916|publisher=Taylor & Francis|location=London|page=618|chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/10440546|chapter=''Phyllocnistis helicodes'', n. sp.|volume='''1''' (20)}}</ref>
| synonyms =
}}

'''''Phyllocnistis helicodes''''' is a [[moth]] of the family [[Gracillariidae]], known from [[Bihar]], [[India]].<ref name="GTD"/> The hostplant for the species is ''[[Polyalthia longifolia]]''.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{cite journal|last1=Fletcher|first1=T. Bainbrigge|author-link=Thomas Bainbrigge Fletcher|title=Life-histories of Indian Insects Microlepidoptera. VII. Epermeniadæ, Plutellidæ and Lyonetiadæ|journal=Memoirs of the Department of Agriculture in India|date=1920|volume=6|issue=7|pages=172–173|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11511640|series=Entomologial Series}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11511646 Pl. 50], Fig. 1.

{{Taxonbar|from=Q7188717}}

[[Category:Phyllocnistis]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Moths of Asia]]
[[Category:Moths described in 1916]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Edward Meyrick]]

{{Phyllocnistis-stub}}

Mining

2026-03-20T00:40:18Z

Gopalpurpp: minor corrected page for consistency further and updated info for accuracy

{{Short description|Extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the Earth}}
{{redirect|Underground mining|other uses|Underground soft-rock mining|and|Underground hard-rock mining}}
{{Other uses}}
[[File:Sulphur Mining at Kawah Ijen 3.jpg|upright=1.5|thumb|alt=Person stabbing a yellow mineral block|Mining of [[sulfur]] from a [[Deposition (geology)|deposit]] at the edge of [[Ijen]]'s crater lake, Indonesia]]

'''Mining''' is the [[Resource extraction|extraction]] of geological materials and minerals from the surface of the [[Earth]]. Mining is required to obtain most materials that cannot be grown through [[agriculture|agricultural processes]], or feasibly created [[Chemical synthesis|artificially]] in a [[laboratory]] or factory. [[Ore]]s recovered by mining include [[Metal#Extraction|metals]], [[coal]], [[oil shale]], [[gemstone]]s, [[limestone]], [[chalk mining|chalk]], [[dimension stone]], [[rock salt]], [[potash]], [[gravel]], and [[clay]]. The ore must be a rock or [[mineral]] that contains a valuable constituent, can be extracted or mined, and sold for profit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of ORE |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ore |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=Merriam-Webster |language=en |archive-date=2023-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210194323/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ore |url-status=live }}</ref> Mining in a wider sense includes extraction of any [[non-renewable resource]] such as [[petroleum]], [[natural gas]], or even [[fossil water|water]].

Modern mining processes involve [[prospecting]] for ore bodies, analysis of the profit potential of a proposed mine, extraction of the desired materials, and final [[mine reclamation|reclamation]] or restoration of the land after the mine is closed.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/deremetallica50agri|title=De re metallica|last1=Agricola|first1=Georg|last2=Hoover|first2=Herbert|date=1950|publisher=New York, Dover Publications|others=MBLWHOI Library}}</ref> Mining materials are often obtained from ore bodies, [[lode]]s, [[vein (geology)|veins]], [[coal mining|seams]], [[quartz reef mining|reefs]], or [[placer deposit]]s. The exploitation of these deposits for [[raw material]]s is dependent on investment, labor, energy, refining, and transportation costs.

Mining operations can have negative environmental impacts, both during mining and after the mine closes. Hence, most of the world's nations have enacted regulations to reduce the impact; however, the outsized role of mining in generating business for often rural, remote, or economically depressed communities means that governments frequently fail to enforce them fully. [[Mine safety|Work safety]] has long been a concern as well, and where enforced, modern practices have significantly improved safety in mines. Unregulated, poorly regulated or [[illegal mining]], especially in [[developing economies]], frequently contributes to local [[human rights]] violations and [[environmental conflict]]s. Mining can also perpetuate political instability through [[Conflict resource|resource conflicts]].

==History==
===Prehistory===

Since the beginning of [[civilization]], people have used [[Rock (geology)|stone]], [[clay]], and, later, [[metal]]s found near the Earth's surface. These were used to make early tools and weapons; for example, high-quality [[flint]] found in northern [[France]], southern [[England]], and [[Poland]] was used to create [[Flint (tool)|flint tools]].<ref>Hartman, Howard L. ''SME Mining Engineering Handbook'', Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration Inc, 1992, p. 3.</ref> [[Flint]] mines have been found in [[chalk]] areas where seams of the stone were followed underground by [[Shaft sinking|shafts]] and galleries. The mines at [[Grimes Graves]] and [[Krzemionki]] are especially famous, and like most other flint mines, are [[Neolithic]] in origin (c. 4000–3000 BC). Other hard rocks mined or collected for axes included the [[Greenschist|greenstone]] of the [[Langdale axe industry]] based in the [[English Lake District]].<ref name="KloproggePonceLoomis2020">{{cite book | author1 = J. Theo Kloprogge | author2 = Concepcion P. Ponce | author3 = Tom Loomis | date = 18 November 2020 | title = The Periodic Table: Nature's Building Blocks: An Introduction to the Naturally Occurring Elements, Their Origins and Their Uses | publisher = Elsevier | page =54 | isbn = 978-0-12-821538-8 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hGa8DwAAQBAJ}}</ref>
The oldest-known mine in the archaeological record is the [[Ngwenya Mine]] in [[Eswatini (Swaziland)]], which [[radiocarbon dating]] indicates is about 43,000 years old. At this site [[Paleolithic]] humans mined [[hematite]] to make the red [[pigment]] [[ochre]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Cultural Resources – Malolotja Archaeology, Lion Cavern |url=http://www.sntc.org.sz/cultural/malarch.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221001/http://www.sntc.org.sz/cultural/malarch.asp |archive-date=2016-03-03 |access-date=August 27, 2007 |website=Swaziland National Trust Commission}}</ref><ref>[http://www.peaceparks.org/story.php?mid=168&pid=148 Peace Parks Foundation, "Major Features: Cultural Importance." Republic of South Africa: Author. Retrieved August 27, 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207102130/http://www.peaceparks.org/story.php?mid=168&pid=148|date=2008-12-07}}</ref> Mines of a similar age in [[Hungary]] are believed to be sites where [[Neanderthal]]s may have mined flint for weapons and tools.<ref>{{cite web|title = ASA – October 1996: Mining and Religion in Ancient Man|url = http://www2.asa3.org/archive/asa/199610/0067.html|website = www2.asa3.org|access-date = 2015-06-11|archive-date = 2018-10-02|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181002182555/http://www2.asa3.org/archive/asa/199610/0067.html}}</ref>

===Ancient Egypt===
[[File:Malachite, Zaire.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Malachite]]
[[Ancient Egypt]]ians mined [[malachite]] at [[Maadi]].<ref>Shaw, I. (2000). ''The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt''. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 57–59.</ref> At first, [[Egyptians]] used the bright green malachite stones for ornamentations and [[pottery]]. Later, between 2613 and 2494 BC, large building projects required expeditions abroad to the [[Wadi Maghareh]] region to secure minerals and other resources not available in Egypt itself.<ref name="Shaw">Shaw, I. (2000). ''The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt''. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 108.</ref> Quarries for [[turquoise]] and [[copper]] were also found at [[Wadi Hammamat]], [[Tura, Egypt|Tura]], [[Aswan]] and various other [[Nubia]]n sites, on the [[Sinai Peninsula]], and at [[Timna Valley|Timna]].<ref name="Shaw"/> Quarries for [[gypsum]] were found at the Umm el-Sawwan site; gypsum was used to make funerary items for private tombs. Other minerals mined in Egypt from the Old Kingdom (2649–2134 BC) until the Roman Period (30 BC-AD 395) including [[granite]], [[sandstone]], [[limestone]], [[basalt]], [[travertine]], [[gneiss]], [[galena]], and [[amethyst]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shaw |first=Ian |date=March 1994 |title=Pharaonic quarrying and mining: settlement and procurement in Egypt's marginal regions |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/abs/pharaonic-quarrying-and-mining-settlement-and-procurement-in-egypts-marginal-regions/B141EC0C2080C7FFEE5D6D8E995EDC08 |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=68 |issue=258 |pages=108–119 |doi=10.1017/S0003598X0004624X |s2cid=127791320 |issn=0003-598X|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

[[Mining in Egypt]] occurred in the earliest dynasties. The [[Nubia#Kerma|gold mines of Nubia]] were among the most extensive of any in Ancient Egypt. These mines are described by the [[Greeks|Greek]] author [[Diodorus Siculus]], who mentions [[fire-setting]] as one method used to break down the hard rock holding the [[gold]]. One of the complexes is shown in one of the earliest known mining maps.<ref>{{cite journal| doi=10.1007/s00531-019-01811-w| title=Al Fawakhir Gold mine as a Geosite, Eastern Desert, Egypt| year=2020| last1=Abdelmaksoud| first1=Kholoud M.| journal=International Journal of Earth Sciences| volume=109| issue=1| pages=197–199| bibcode=2020IJEaS.109..197A| s2cid=210715910}}</ref> The miners crushed the ore and ground it to a fine powder before washing the powder for the gold dust known as the dry and wet attachment processes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Neesse |first=Thomas |date=April 2014 |title=Selective attachment processes in ancient gold ore beneficiation |journal=Minerals Engineering |language=en |volume=58 |pages=52–63 |doi=10.1016/j.mineng.2014.01.009|bibcode=2014MiEng..58...52N |doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Ancient Greece and Rome===
{{Further|Mining in Roman Britain}}
[[File:Dolaucothimap4.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Ancient Roman development of the [[Dolaucothi Gold Mines]], Wales]]
Mining in Europe has a very long history. Examples include the silver mines of [[Laurium]], which helped support the Greek [[City-state|city state]] of [[Athens]]. Although they had over 20,000 [[slaves]] working them, their technology was essentially identical to their [[Bronze Age]] predecessors.<ref>{{cite web|title = Mining greece ancient mines|url = http://www.miningreece.com/mining-greece/mining-history/ancient-mines/|website = www.miningreece.com|access-date = 2015-06-11|date = 2014-12-10|archive-date = 2015-06-12|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150612161354/http://www.miningreece.com/mining-greece/mining-history/ancient-mines/|url-status = live}}</ref> At other mines, such as on the island of [[Thasos|Thassos]], marble was quarried by the [[Paros|Parians]] after they arrived in the 7th century BC.<ref>{{cite web|title = Mining Greece Ancient Quarries in Thassos|url = http://www.miningreece.com/mining-greece/ancient-quarries-in-thassos/|website = www.miningreece.com|access-date = 2015-06-11|date = 2014-12-10|archive-date = 2015-06-12|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150612161350/http://www.miningreece.com/mining-greece/ancient-quarries-in-thassos/|url-status = live}}</ref> The marble was shipped away and was later found by [[archaeologists]] to have been used in buildings including the tomb of Amphipolis. [[Philip II of Macedon]], the father of [[Alexander the Great]], captured the gold mines of Mount Pangeo in 357 BC to fund his military campaigns.<ref>{{cite web|title = Mining Greece the Goldmines of Alexander the Great|url = http://www.miningreece.com/mining-greece/mining-history/the-goldmines-of-alexander-the-great/|website = www.miningreece.com|access-date = 2015-06-11|date = 2014-12-10}}</ref> He also captured gold mines in [[Eastern Macedonia and Thrace|Thrace]] for minting coinage, eventually producing 26 [[ton]]s per year.

However, it was the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] who developed large-scale mining methods, especially the use of large volumes of water brought to the minehead by numerous [[aqueduct (watercourse)|aqueducts]]. The water was used for a variety of purposes, including removing overburden and rock debris (a process called [[hydraulic mining]]), washing [[comminution|comminuted]] (or crushed) ores, and driving simple machinery.

The Romans used hydraulic mining methods on a large scale to prospect for the [[vein (geology)|veins]] of ore, especially using a now-obsolete form of mining known as [[hushing]]. They built numerous aqueducts to supply water to the minehead, where the water was stored in large [[reservoirs]] and tanks. When a full tank was opened, the flood of water [[sluice]]d away the [[overburden]] to expose the [[bedrock]] underneath and any gold-bearing veins. The rock was then worked by [[fire-setting]], heating it and then quenching it with a stream of water. The resulting [[thermal shock]] cracked the rock, enabling it to be removed by further streams of water from the overhead tanks. The Roman miners used similar methods to work [[cassiterite]] deposits in [[Cornwall]] and [[lead]] ore in the [[Pennines]].

Sluicing methods were developed by the Romans in [[Spain]] in 25 AD to exploit large [[alluvial]] gold deposits, the largest site being at [[Las Medulas]], where seven long aqueducts tapped local rivers and sluiced the deposits. The Romans also exploited the silver present in the [[Galena|argentiferous galena]] in the [[mines of Cartagena]] (''[[Cartago Nova]]''), [[Linares, Jaén|Linares]] (''Castulo''), [[Plasenzuela]] and [[Azuaga]], among many others.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Minerales y Minas de España. Vol. II. Sulfuros y sulfosales|last=Calvo|first=Miguel|publisher=Museo de Ciencias Naturales de Alava|year=2003|isbn=84-7821-543-3|location=Vitoria, Spain|pages=205–335}}</ref> [[Spain]] was one of the most important mining regions, but all regions of the [[Roman Empire]] were exploited. In [[Great Britain]] the natives had mined minerals for [[millennia]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/this_britain/article2169254.ece |title=The Independent, 20 Jan. 2007: ''The end of a Celtic tradition: the last gold miner in Wales'' |publisher=News.independent.co.uk |date=2007-01-20 |access-date=2013-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706035317/http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/this_britain/article2169254.ece |archive-date=July 6, 2008 }}</ref> but after the [[Roman conquest of Britain|Roman conquest]], the scale of the operations increased dramatically, as the Romans needed [[Britannia]]'s resources, especially [[gold]], [[silver]], [[tin]], and [[lead]].

Roman techniques were not limited to surface mining. They followed the ore veins underground once opencast mining was no longer feasible. At [[Dolaucothi]] they [[stoping|stoped]] out the veins and drove [[adit]]s through bare rock to drain the stopes. The same adits were also used to ventilate the workings, especially important when [[fire-setting]] was used. At other parts of the site, they penetrated the [[water table]] and dewatered the mines using several kinds of machines, especially [[reverse overshot water-wheel]]s. These were used extensively in the [[copper]] mines at [[Rio Tinto (river)|Rio Tinto]] in Spain, where one sequence comprised 16 such wheels arranged in pairs, and lifting water about {{convert|24|m|ft}}. They worked as treadmills with miners standing on the top slats. Many examples of such devices have been found in old Roman mines, and some examples are now preserved in the [[British Museum]] and the [[National Museum of Wales]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://romans-in-britain.org.uk/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100720073131/http://www.romans-in-britain.org.uk/raw_mining.htm|title=Web Hosting, Reseller Hosting & Domain Names from Heart Internet|archive-date=July 20, 2010|website=romans-in-britain.org.uk}}</ref>

===Medieval Europe===
{{main|Mining and metallurgy in medieval Europe}}

[[File:Georgius Agricola.jpg|thumb|upright|Agricola, author of ''[[De Re Metallica]]'']]
[[File:Gallery medieval silver mine Germany southern Black Forest 12th century.jpg|thumb|upright|Gallery, 12th to 13th century, Germany]]
Mining as an industry underwent dramatic changes in [[Middle Ages|medieval Europe]]. The mining industry in the early [[Middle Ages]] was primarily focused on extracting [[copper]] and [[iron]]. Other [[precious metal]]s were also used, mainly for gilding or coinage. Initially, many metals were obtained through [[open-pit mining]], and [[ore]] was primarily extracted from shallow depths, rather than through deep mine shafts. Around the [[14th century]], the growing use of [[weapon]]s, [[armour]], [[stirrup]]s, and [[horseshoe]]s greatly increased the demand for iron. Medieval [[knight]]s, for example, were often laden with up to {{convert|100|lb}} of plate or [[Chain mail|chain link armour]] in addition to [[sword]]s, [[lances]] and other weapons.<ref>A culture of Improvement. Robert Friedel. MIT Press. 2007. p. 81</ref> The overwhelming dependency on iron for military purposes spurred iron production and extraction processes.

The silver crisis of 1465 occurred when all mines had reached depths at which the shafts could no longer be pumped dry with the available technology.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mygeologypage.ucdavis.edu/cowen/~GEL115/115CH7.html |title=Chapter 7: Medieval Silver and Gold |publisher=Mygeologypage.ucdavis.edu |access-date=2013-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130714062613/http://mygeologypage.ucdavis.edu/cowen/~GEL115/115ch7.html |archive-date=2013-07-14 }}</ref> Although an increased use of [[banknote]]s, credit and [[copper]] [[coin]]s during this period did decrease the value of, and dependence on, [[precious metal]]s, [[gold]] and [[silver]] remained vital to the story of medieval mining.

Due to differences in social structure, the increasing extraction of mineral deposits spread from [[central Europe]] to England in the mid-sixteenth century. On the continent, mineral deposits belonged to the crown, and this regalian right was stoutly maintained. But in England, royal mining rights were restricted to [[gold]] and [[silver]] (of which England had virtually no deposits) by a judicial decision of 1568 and a law in 1688. [[England]] had [[iron]], [[zinc]], [[copper]], [[lead]], and [[tin]] ores. [[Landlords]] who owned the base metals and coal under their estates had a strong incentive to extract these metals or lease the deposits and collect royalties from mine operators. English, [[Germany|German]], and [[Netherlands|Dutch]] [[Capital (economics)|capital]] combined to finance extraction and [[refining]]. Hundreds of German [[technicians]] and skilled workers were brought over; in 1642, a colony of 4,000 foreigners was mining and smelting copper at [[Keswick, Cumbria|Keswick]] in the northwestern mountains.<ref>Heaton Herbert (1948) ''Economic History of Europe.'' A Harper International Edition. Fifth printing. February 1968. p. 316</ref>

Use of water power in the form of [[water mill]]s was extensive. The water mills were employed to crush ore, raise ore from shafts, and ventilate galleries by powering giant [[bellows]]. [[gun powder|Black powder]] was first used in mining in [[Banská Štiavnica|Selmecbánya]], [[Kingdom of Hungary]] (now [[Banská Štiavnica]], Slovakia) in 1627.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1007/s00334-007-0096-8|title = Analysis of the fuel wood used in Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age copper mining sites of the Schwaz and Brixlegg area (Tyrol, Austria)| journal=Vegetation History and Archaeobotany| volume=17| issue=2| pages=211–21|year = 2008|last1 = Heiss|first1 = Andreas G.| last2=Oeggl| first2=Klaus| bibcode=2008VegHA..17..211H | citeseerx=10.1.1.156.1683|s2cid = 15636432}}</ref> Black powder allowed blasting of rock and earth to loosen and reveal ore veins. Blasting was much faster than [[fire-setting]] and allowed the mining of previously impenetrable metals and ores.<ref>The use of Firesetting in the Granite Quarries of South India Paul T. Craddock The Bulletin of the Peak District Mines Historical Society, Vol. 13 Number 1. 1996</ref> In 1762, one of the world's first mining academies was established in the same town.

The widespread adoption of agricultural innovations such as the iron [[plowshare]], as well as the growing use of metal as a building material, was also a driving force in the tremendous growth of the iron industry during this period. The Spanish often used inventions such as the [[arrastra]] to pulverize ore after mining. This device was powered by animals and employed the same principles as grain [[threshing]].<ref>"The Spanish Tradition in Gold and Silver Mining." Otis E. Young ''[[Arizona and the West]]'', Vol. 7, No. 4 (Winter, 1965), pp. 299–314 (''Journal of the Southwest'') {{JSTOR|40167137}}.</ref>

Much of the knowledge of medieval mining techniques comes from books such as [[Biringuccio]]'s ''[[De la pirotechnia]]'' and, probably most importantly, from [[Georg Agricola]]'s ''[[De re metallica]]'' (1556). These books detail many different mining methods used in German and Saxon mines. A prime issue in medieval mines, which [[Georgius Agricola|Agricola]] explains in detail, was the removal of water from mining shafts. As miners dug deeper to access new veins, flooding became a very real obstacle. The mining industry became dramatically more efficient and prosperous with the invention of mechanically- and animal-driven pumps.

===Africa===
[[Iron metallurgy in Africa]] dates back over four thousand years. Gold became an important commodity for Africa during the [[trans-Saharan gold trade]] from the 7th century to the 14th century. Gold was often traded to Mediterranean economies that demanded gold and could supply [[salt]], even though much of Africa was abundant with salt due to the mines and resources in the [[Sahara desert|Sahara]]. The trade of gold for salt was primarily used to promote trade between different economies.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/gold/hd_gold.htm |title=The Trans-Saharan Gold Trade (7th–14th Century) |publisher=The Metropolitan Museum |date=October 2000 |access-date=7 July 2022 |archive-date=25 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625205507/https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/gold/hd_gold.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Since the [[Great Trek]] in the 19th century, after, gold and diamond mining in [[Mining industry of South Africa|Southern Africa]] has had major political and economic impacts. The [[Democratic Republic of Congo]] is the largest producer of diamonds in Africa, with an estimated 12 million carats in 2019. Other types of mining reserves in Africa include [[cobalt]], [[bauxite]], [[iron ore]], coal, and [[copper]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Published by M. Garside |url=https://www.statista.com/topics/7205/mining-industry-in-africa/#topicHeader__wrapper |title=Mining industry in Africa - statistics & facts |publisher=Statista |date=2021-10-20 |access-date=2022-03-19}}</ref>

=== Oceania ===
Gold and coal mining started in Australia and New Zealand in the 19th century. [[Nickel mining in New Caledonia|Nickel]] has become important in the economy of [[New Caledonia]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

In [[Fiji]], in 1934, the Emperor Gold Mining Company Ltd. established operations at [[Vatukoula]], followed in 1935 by the Loloma Gold Mines, N.L., and then by Fiji Mines Development Ltd. (aka Dolphin Mines Ltd.). These developments ushered in a "mining boom", with gold production rising more than a hundred-fold, from 931.4 oz in 1934 to 107,788.5 oz in 1939, an order of magnitude then comparable to the combined output of New Zealand and Australia's eastern states.<ref>Fiji through the Prism of Geology and Mines Inspection. Chapter 5 in: White F. (2020). Miner with a Heart of Gold: biography of a mineral science and engineering educator. Friesen Press, Victoria. ISBN 978-1-5255-7765-9 (Hardcover) 978-1-5255-7766-6 (Paperback) 978-1-5255-7767-3 (eBook)</ref>

===Americas===
[[File:Lead mining Barber 1865p321cropped.jpg|thumb|[[Lead]] mining in the upper [[Mississippi River]] region of the U.S., 1865]]
During prehistoric times, early Americans mined large quantities of [[copper]] along [[Lake Superior]]'s [[Keweenaw Peninsula]] and on nearby [[Isle Royale]]; metallic copper remained near the surface into colonial times.<ref name="Lankton91">Lankton, L. (1991). ''Cradle to Grave: Life, Work, and Death at the Lake Superior Copper Mines''. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 5–6.</ref><ref name="west70">West, G.A. (1970). ''Copper: its mining and use by the aborigines of the Lake Superior Region''. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press.</ref><ref name="Ricard32">Ricard, T. A. (1932), ''A History of American Mining'', McGraw-Hill Book Company.</ref> Indigenous peoples used Lake Superior copper from at least 5,000 years ago;<ref name="Lankton91"/> copper tools, arrowheads, and other [[Cultural artifact|artifacts]] that were part of an extensive native trade-network have been discovered. In addition, [[obsidian]], [[flint]], and other minerals were mined, worked, and traded.<ref name="west70"/> Early French explorers who encountered the sites{{clarify|date= December 2013}} made no use of the metals due to the difficulties of transporting them,<ref name="west70"/> but the copper was eventually{{when|date=April 2021}} traded throughout the continent along major river routes.{{Citation needed|date= January 2021}} [[File:TamarackMiners CopperCountryMI sepia.jpg|thumb|left|[[Miners]] at the [[Tamarack mine|Tamarack Mine]] in [[Copper Country]], Michigan, U.S., in 1905]]

[[File:Mining factory - DPLA - cc85a73449447a67878caac4f19a23d2.jpg|left|thumb|Mining factory, {{Circa}} 1880–1885. Photographs of the American West, Boston Public Library]]
In the early colonial history of the Americas, "native gold and silver was quickly expropriated and sent back to Spain in fleets of gold- and silver-laden galleons",<ref>Vaden, H.E. & Prevost. G. (2002). ''Politics of Latin America: The Power Game''. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 34.</ref> the gold and silver originating mostly from mines in Central and South America. [[Turquoise]] dated at 700 AD was mined in [[pre-Columbian]] America; in the Cerillos Mining District in [[New Mexico]], an estimate of "about 15,000 tons of rock had been removed from Mt. Chalchihuitl using [[stone tool]]s before 1700."<ref>Maynard, S.R., Lisenbee, A.L. & Rogers, J. (2002). Preliminary Geologic Map of the Picture Rock 7.5 – Minute Quadrangle, Santa Fe County, Central New Mexico. New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, Open-File Report DM-49.</ref><ref>The Cerrillos Hills Park Coalition, (2000). Cerrillos Hills Historic Park Vision Statement. Public documents: Author. Retrieved August 27, 2007, [http://www.cerrilloshills.org/Coalition/document.html]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801011021/http://www.cerrilloshills.org/Coalition/document.html|date=August 1, 2012}}</ref>

In 1727 Louis Denys (Denis) (1675–1741), sieur de La Ronde – brother of [[Simon-Pierre Denys de Bonaventure]] and the son-in-law of [[René-Louis Chartier de Lotbinière|René Chartier]] – took command of [[La Pointe, Wisconsin|Fort La Pointe]] at [[Chequamegon Bay]]; where natives informed him of an island of copper. La Ronde obtained permission from the French crown to operate mines in 1733, becoming "the first practical miner on Lake Superior"; seven years later, mining was halted by an outbreak between [[Sioux]] and [[Chippewa]] tribes.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=jLTpCAAAQBAJ&q=la+ronde ''The WPA Guide to Wisconsin: The Badger State''], Federal Writers' Project, Trinity University Press, Wisconsin, USA, 2013, p. 451. Retrieved November 15, 2018.</ref>

[[Mining in the United States]] became widespread in the 19th century, and the United States Congress passed the [[General Mining Act of 1872]] to encourage mining of federal lands.<ref>McClure R, Schneider A. [http://www.seattlepi.com/specials/mining/26875_mine11.shtml The General Mining Act of 1872 has left a legacy of riches and ruin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205011349/http://www.seattlepi.com/specials/mining/26875_mine11.shtml |date=2010-12-05 }}. ''Seattle PI''.</ref> As with the [[California Gold Rush]] in the mid-19th century, mining for minerals and precious metals, along with [[ranching]], became a driving factor in the U.S. [[Westward Expansion]] to the Pacific coast. With the exploration of the West, mining camps sprang up and "expressed a distinctive spirit, an enduring legacy to the new nation"; Gold Rushers would experience the same problems as the Land Rushers of the transient West that preceded them.<ref>Boorstin, D.J. (1965). ''The Americans: The National Experience''. New York: Vintage Books, pp. 78–81.</ref> Aided by railroads, many people traveled West for work opportunities in mining. Western cities such as [[Denver, Colorado|Denver]] and [[Sacramento, California|Sacramento]] originated as mining towns.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mining in the West Development Articles and Essays Meeting of Frontiers Digital Collections Library of Congress |url=https://www.loc.gov/collections/meeting-of-frontiers/articles-and-essays/development/mining-in-the-west/ |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA |access-date=27 September 2022}}</ref>

When new areas were explored, it was usually the gold ([[placer gold|placer]] and then [[lode gold|lode]]) and then silver that were taken into possession and extracted first. Other metals would often wait for railroads or canals, as coarse gold dust and nuggets do not require smelting and are easy to identify and transport.<ref name="Ricard32"/>

===Modernity===
[[File:View showing miners’ clothes.jpg|thumb|View showing miners' clothes suspended by pulleys, also wash basins and ventilation system, Kirkland Lake, Ontario, 1936]] [[File:Pyhasalmi mine.jpg|thumb|The [[Pyhäsalmi Mine]], a metal mine in [[Pyhäjärvi]], Finland|left]]In the early 20th century, the gold and silver rush to the western United States also stimulated mining for coal as well as [[base metal]]s such as copper, lead, and iron. Areas in modern Montana, Utah, Arizona, and later Alaska became major suppliers of copper to the world, which was increasingly in demand for electrical and household goods.<ref name="miller">Miller C. (2013). ''Atlas of US and Canadian Environmental History'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=QD0LTYaBjKEC&pg=PA65 p. 64] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928225836/https://books.google.com/books?id=QD0LTYaBjKEC&pg=PA65 |date=2023-09-28 }}. ''Taylor & Francis''.</ref> Canada's mining industry grew more slowly than did the United States due to limitations in transportation, capital, and U.S. competition; Ontario was the major producer of the early 20th century with nickel, copper, and gold.<ref name="miller" />

Meanwhile, Australia experienced the [[Australian gold rushes]] and by the 1850s was producing 40% of the world's gold, followed by the establishment of large mines such as the [[Mount Morgan Mine]], which ran for nearly a hundred years, [[Broken Hill ore deposit]] (one of the largest zinc-lead ore deposits), and the iron ore mines at [[Iron Knob]]. After declines in production, another boom in mining occurred in the 1960s. In the early 21st century, Australia remains a major world mineral producer.<ref>[http://www.australianminesatlas.gov.au/history/index.html#1900 History of Australia's Minerals Industry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711145023/http://www.australianminesatlas.gov.au/history/index.html#1900 |date=2017-07-11 }}. Australian Atlas of Minerals Processing, Mines, and & Processing Centres.</ref>

As the 21st century begins, a globalized [[#Industry|mining industry]] dominated by large multinational corporations has emerged. [[Peak minerals]] and [[#Environmental effects|environmental impacts]] have also become a concern. Different elements, particularly [[rare-earth mineral]]s, have begun to increase in demand as a result of new technologies.<ref name="Geosciences LibreTexts-2017"/>

In 2023, 8.5 billion metric tons of coal were extracted from the Earth's crust. However, as the global economy transitions away from fossil fuels and toward a more sustainable future, the demand for metals is set to skyrocket. Between 2022 and 2050, an estimated 7 billion metric tons of metals will need to be extracted. Steel will account for the largest portion of this total at 5 billion tons, followed by aluminum at 950 million tons, copper at 650 million tons, graphite at 170 million tons, nickel at 100 million tons, and other metals. Notably, the energy expenditure required to extract these metals will soon surpass that of coal mining, highlighting the growing importance of sustainable metal extraction practices.<ref>{{cite web | last=Rathi | first=Akshat | title=Net Zero Needs More Metals, But Less Extraction From the Earth | website=Bloomberg.com | date=2024-09-10 | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-09-10/net-zero-needs-more-metals-but-less-extraction-from-the-earth | access-date=2024-09-15}}</ref>

== Mine development and life cycle ==
{{More citations needed section|date=March 2024}}
[[File:Cut and fill schematic.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Schematic of a [[Underground mining (hard rock)|cut and fill mining operation in hard rock]]]]
The process of mining, from the discovery of an ore body through mineral extraction to the final return of the land to its natural state, consists of several distinct steps. The first is the discovery of the ore body, carried out through [[prospecting]] or [[Mineral exploration|exploration]] to identify and define its extent, location, and value. This leads to a mathematical [[mineral resource classification|resource estimation]] of the deposit's size and [[ore grade|grade]].<ref>Martins-Ferreira, M. A. C., Campos, J. E. G., & Pires, A. C. B. (2017). "Near-mine exploration via soil geochemistry multivariate analysis at the Almas gold province, Central Brazil: A study case." ''Journal of Geochemical Exploration'', 173, 52–63.</ref>

This estimation is used to conduct a pre-feasibility study to determine the theoretical economics of the ore deposit. This identifies early on whether further investment in estimation and engineering studies is warranted and highlights key risks and areas for further work. The next step is to conduct a [[mining feasibility study|feasibility study]] to evaluate the project's financial viability, technical and financial risks, and robustness.<ref>O'Hara, T. Alan and Stanley C. Suboleski, SME: ''Mining Engineering Handbook'', 2nd ed., Vol. 1, 1992, "Costs and Cost Estimation", pp. 405–408, {{ISBN|0-87335-100-2}}</ref>

This is when the mining company decides whether to develop the mine or walk away from the project. This includes mine planning to evaluate the economically recoverable portion of the deposit, the [[metallurgy]] and ore recoverability, marketability and payability of the ore concentrates, engineering concerns, milling and infrastructure costs, finance and equity requirements, and an analysis of the proposed mine from the initial excavation all the way through to reclamation. The proportion of a deposit that is economically recoverable is dependent on the [[enrichment factor]] of the ore in the area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Child Labor in Congo, Democratic Republic of the (DRC): Findings from the U.S. Department of Labor |url=https://www.dol.gov/agencies/ilab/resources/reports/child-labor/congo-democratic-republic-drc |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=DOL |language=en}}</ref>

To gain access to the mineral deposit within an area, it is often necessary to mine through or remove [[Overburden|waste material]], which is not of immediate interest to the miner. The total movement of ore and waste constitutes the mining process. Often, more waste than ore is mined during the life of a mine, depending on the nature and location of the ore body. Waste removal and placement are major costs to the mining operator, so a detailed characterization of the waste material forms an essential part of the geological exploration program for a mining operation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Agboola |first1=Oluranti |last2=Babatunde |first2=Damilola E. |last3=Isaac Fayomi |first3=Ojo Sunday |last4=Sadiku |first4=Emmanuel Rotimi |last5=Popoola |first5=Patricia |last6=Moropeng |first6=Lucey |last7=Yahaya |first7=Abdulrazaq |last8=Mamudu |first8=Onose Angela |date=December 2020 |title=A review on the impact of mining operation: Monitoring, assessment and management |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S259012302030089X |journal=Results in Engineering |language=en |volume=8 |article-number=100181 |doi=10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100181}}</ref>

Once the analysis determines that a given ore body is worth recovering, development begins to provide access to it. The mine buildings and processing plants are built, and any necessary equipment is obtained. The operation of the mine to recover the ore begins and continues as long as the company operating the mine finds it economical to do so. Once all the ore that the mine can produce profitably is recovered, [[Land rehabilitation|reclamation]] can begin, to make the land used by the mine suitable for future use.{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

Technical and economic challenges notwithstanding, successful mine development must also address human factors. Working conditions are paramount to success, especially with respect to exposure to dust, radiation, noise, explosive hazards, and vibration, as well as illumination standards. Mining today increasingly must address environmental and community impacts, including psychological and sociological dimensions. Thus, mining educator [[Frank T. M. White]] (1909–1971) broadened the focus to the "total environment of mining", including reference to community development around mining, and how mining is portrayed to an urban society, which depends on the industry, although seemingly unaware of this dependency. He stated, "[I]n the past, mining engineers have not been called upon to study the psychological, sociological, and personal problems of their own industry – aspects that nowadays are assuming tremendous importance. The mining engineer must rapidly expand his knowledge and his influence into these newer fields."<ref>McGill University. Sunset of a Transformational Career. Chapter 16 in: White F. Miner with a Heart of Gold: biography of a mineral science and engineering educator. Friesen Press, Victoria. 2020. ISBN 978-1-5255-7765-9 (Hardcover) 978-1-5255-7766-6 (Paperback) 978-1-5255-7767-3 (eBook)</ref>

== Techniques ==
Mining techniques can be divided into two common [[Earthworks (engineering)|excavation]] types: [[surface mining]] and [[#Underground mining|sub-surface (underground) mining]]. Today, surface mining is much more common and produces, for example, 85% of minerals (excluding petroleum and natural gas) in the United States, including 98% of metallic ores.<ref>Hartmann HL. ''Introductory Mining Engineering'', p. 11. [http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/11/04713485/0471348511.pdf First chapter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415175613/http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/11/04713485/0471348511.pdf |date=2016-04-15 }}.</ref>

Targets are divided into two general categories of materials: ''placer deposits'', consisting of valuable minerals contained within river gravels, beach sands, and other [[alluvium|unconsolidated materials]]; and ''lode deposits'', where valuable minerals are found in veins, in layers, or in mineral grains generally distributed throughout a mass of actual rock. Both types of ore deposit, placer or lode, are mined by both surface and underground methods.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

Some mining, including much of the rare earth element and [[uranium mining]], is done by less common methods, such as [[in-situ leach]]ing. This technique involves neither digging at the surface nor underground. The extraction of target minerals by this technique requires that they be soluble, e.g., [[potash]], [[potassium chloride]], [[sodium chloride]], [[sodium sulfate]], which dissolve in water. Some minerals, such as copper minerals and [[uranium oxide]], require acid or carbonate solutions to dissolve.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://world-nuclear.org/info/inf27.html |title=In Situ Leach Mining (ISL) of Uranium |publisher=World-nuclear.org |access-date=2013-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100817042715/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf27.html |archive-date=2010-08-17 }}</ref>

===Explosives in mining===

Explosives have been used in [[surface mining]] and [[Underground hard-rock mining|sub-surface mining]] to blast out rock and ore intended for processing. The most common explosive used in mining is [[ammonium nitrate]].<ref name="Bajpayee-2004">{{Cite journal |last1=Bajpayee |first1=T.S. |last2=Rehak |first2=T.R. |last3=Mowrey |first3=G.L. |last4=Ingram |first4=D.K. |date=January 2004 |title=Blasting injuries in surface mining with emphasis on flyrock and blast area security |journal=Journal of Safety Research |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=47–57 |doi=10.1016/j.jsr.2003.07.003 |pmid=14992846 |issn=0022-4375}}</ref> Between 1870 and 1920, in Queensland, Australia, an increase in mining accidents led to more safety measures surrounding the use of explosives for mining.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wegner |first=Jan Helen |date=2010-06-22 |title=BLASTING OUT: EXPLOSIVES PRACTICES IN QUEENSLAND METALLIFEROUS MINES, 1870-1920: Blasting out |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-8446.2010.00301.x |journal=Australian Economic History Review |language=en |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=193–208 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8446.2010.00301.x |access-date=2023-04-03 |archive-date=2023-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221022152/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-8446.2010.00301.x |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> In the United States of America, between 1990 and 1999, about 22.3 billion kilograms of explosives were used in mining quarrying and other industries; Moreover "[[coal mining]] used 66.4%, nonmetal mining and quarrying 13.5%, metal mining 10.4%, [[construction]] 7.1%, and all other users 2.6%".<ref name="Bajpayee-2004" />

=== Artisanal ===
{{Excerpt|Artisanal mining}}

=== Surface ===
{{main|Surface mining}}

[[Surface mining]] is done by removing surface vegetation, dirt, and bedrock to reach buried ore deposits. Techniques of surface mining include: [[open-pit mining]], which is the recovery of materials from an open pit in the ground; [[quarry]]ing, identical to open-pit mining except that it refers to sand, stone and clay; [[strip mining]], which consists of stripping surface layers off to reveal ore underneath; and [[Mountaintop removal mining|mountaintop removal]], commonly associated with coal mining, which involves taking the top of a mountain off to reach ore deposits at depth. Most placer deposits, because they are shallowly buried, are mined by surface methods. Finally, [[landfill mining]] involves excavating and processing [[landfill]] sites.<ref>[http://www.enviroalternatives.com/landfill.html Landfill Mining] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523045629/http://www.enviroalternatives.com/landfill.html |date=2017-05-23 }} Landfill Mining, Preserving Resources through Integrated Sustainable Management of Waste, Technical Brief from the World Resource Foundation</ref> Landfill mining has been thought of as a long-term solution to [[methane emissions]] and local pollution.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2012-03-01|title=Landfill mining: A critical review of two decades of research|journal=Waste Management|volume=32|issue=3|pages=513–20|doi=10.1016/j.wasman.2011.10.015|pmid=22083108|issn=0956-053X|last1=Krook|first1=Joakim|last2=Svensson|first2=Niclas|last3=Eklund|first3=Mats|bibcode=2012WaMan..32..513K }}</ref>

{{wide image|Tagebau_Garzweiler_Panorama_2005.jpg|1000px|[[Garzweiler surface mine]], [[Germany]]}}

=== High wall ===
[[File:Mega HIghwall Mining ADDCAR 16.jpg|thumb|Coalburg Seam highwall mining at ADDCAR 16 Logan County WV]]
High-wall mining, which evolved from auger mining, is another form of surface mining. In high wall mining, the remaining part of a coal seam previously exploited by other surface-mining techniques has too much overburden to be removed but can still be profitably exploited from the side of the artificial cliff made by previous mining.<ref>{{Citation|url=https://oilprice.com/Energy/Coal/Coal-Mining-And-The-Highwall-Method.html|title=Coal Mining and the Highwall Method|last1=Drum|first1=The Oil|date=November 26, 2010|publisher=A Media Solutions|access-date=September 6, 2021|archive-date=September 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906001207/https://oilprice.com/Energy/Coal/Coal-Mining-And-The-Highwall-Method.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A typical cycle alternates sumping, which undercuts the seam, and shearing, which raises and lowers the cutter-head boom to cut the entire height of the coal seam. As the coal recovery cycle continues, the cutter head is progressively advanced further into the coal seam. High wall mining can produce thousands of tons of coal in contour-strip operations with narrow benches, previously mined areas, trench mine applications, and steep-dip seams.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}
[[File:Myslowice kopalnia Myslowice 07.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Mysłowice]] coal mine shaft tower, [[Upper Silesian Coal Basin]]]]

=== Underground mining ===
{{anchor|Underground Mining}}
{{main|Underground mining (hard rock)|Underground mining (soft rock)}}

[[File:Kilianstollen Zug.jpg|thumb|[[Mantrip]] used for transporting miners within an underground mine]]
[[File:Caterpillar Highwall Mine HW300.jpg|thumb|Caterpillar Highwall Miner HW300 – Technology Bridging Underground and Open Pit Mining]]
Subsurface mining involves digging tunnels or shafts into the earth to access buried ore deposits. Ore for processing and waste rock for disposal are brought to the surface through the tunnels and shafts. Subsurface mining can be classified by the type of access shafts used, the extraction method, or the technique for reaching the mineral deposit. [[Drift mining]] uses horizontal access tunnels, [[slope mining]] uses diagonally sloping access shafts, and [[shaft mining]] uses vertical access shafts. Mining in [[Underground mining (hard rock)|hard]] and [[Underground mining (soft rock)|soft]] rock formations requires different techniques.<ref>{{Cite conference |last=Harraz |first=Hassan Z. |date=2010 |title=Underground mining Methods |url=http://rgdoi.net/10.13140/RG.2.1.2881.1124 |doi=10.13140/RG.2.1.2881.1124}}</ref>

Other methods include [[shrinkage stope mining]], which is mining upward, creating a sloping underground room, [[long wall mining]], which is grinding a long ore surface underground, and [[room and pillar]] mining, which is removing ore from rooms while leaving pillars in place to support the roof of the room. Room-and-pillar mining often leads to [[retreat mining]], in which supporting pillars are removed as miners retreat, allowing the room to cave in and thereby loosening more ore. Additional sub-surface mining methods include [[underground mining (hard rock)|hard rock mining]], borehole mining, drift and fill mining, long hole slope mining, sub-level caving, and [[block caving]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

== Machines ==
[[File:Bagger-garzweiler.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|The [[Bagger 288]] is a [[bucket-wheel excavator]] used in [[strip mining]]. It is also one of the largest land vehicles of all time.]]
[[File:Coal Haul Truck at North Antelope Rochelle.png|thumb|A Bucyrus Erie 2570 dragline and [[Caterpillar 797|CAT 797]] haul truck at the North Antelope Rochelle opencut coal mine]]
[[Heavy machinery]] is used in mining to explore and develop sites, to remove and stockpile overburden, to break and remove rocks of various hardness and toughness, to process the ore, and to carry out reclamation projects after the mine is closed. Bulldozers, drills, explosives, and trucks are all necessary for excavating the land. In the case of [[placer mining]], unconsolidated gravel, or [[alluvium]], is fed into machinery consisting of a hopper and a shaking screen or [[trommel]], which frees the desired minerals from the waste gravel. The minerals are then concentrated using [[sluices]] or jigs.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

Large [[diamond drilling|drills]] are used to sink shafts, excavate stopes, and obtain samples for analysis, and to extract natural gas (see [[Fracking]]). [[Tram]]s are used to transport miners, minerals, and waste. Lifts carry miners into and out of mines, move rock and ore out, and move machinery in and out of underground mines. Huge trucks, shovels, and cranes are employed in surface mining to move large quantities of overburden and ore. Processing plants use large crushers, mills, reactors, roasters, and other equipment to consolidate the mineral-rich material and extract the desired compounds and metals from the ore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-28 |title=12.9: Mining |url=https://geo.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Geology/Fundamentals_of_Geology_(Schulte)/12%3A_Geological_Implications/12.09%3A_Mining |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=Geosciences LibreTexts |language=en}}</ref>

== Processing ==
{{Main|Mineral processing|Extractive metallurgy}}

Once the mineral is extracted, it is often then processed. The science of [[extractive metallurgy]] is a specialized branch of metallurgy that studies the extraction of valuable metals from ores, particularly by chemical or mechanical means.<ref>{{cite web|title=Metallurgy - Extractive metallurgy|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/metallurgy|access-date=2021-06-04|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|archive-date=2021-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602104136/https://www.britannica.com/science/metallurgy|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mining Concentrate Thickener|url=https://redmeters.com/mining-concentrate-thickener/|access-date=2021-03-29|website=Red Meters|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625080319/https://redmeters.com/mining-concentrate-thickener/}}</ref>

[[Mineral processing]] (or mineral dressing) is a specialized area in the science of metallurgy that studies the mechanical means of crushing, grinding, and washing that enable the separation (extractive metallurgy) of valuable metals or minerals from their [[gangue]] (waste material). Processing of placer ore material consists of gravity-based separation methods, such as [[Sluice box]]es. Only minor shaking or washing may be necessary to disaggregate (unclump) the sands or gravels before processing. Processing ore from a lode mine, whether surface or subsurface, requires crushing and pulverizing the ore before extraction of the valuable minerals begins. After the ore is crushed, the valuable minerals are recovered using one or a combination of mechanical and chemical techniques.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minerals Mining Conveyors {{!}} Mineral Mining Conveyor Products |url=https://www.asgco.com/products/industry/minerals-mining/ |access-date=2023-04-03 |website=ASGCO |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126230134/https://www.asgco.com/products/industry/minerals-mining/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Since most metals are present in ores as oxides or sulfides, the metal needs to be [[Redox|reduced]] to its metallic form. This can be accomplished through chemical means such as [[smelting]] or through electrolytic reduction, as in the case of [[aluminium]]. [[Geometallurgy]] combines the geologic sciences with extractive metallurgy and mining.<ref name="Geosciences LibreTexts-2017">{{Cite web |date=2017-01-28 |title=12.9: Mining |url=https://geo.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Geology/Fundamentals_of_Geology_(Schulte)/12%3A_Geological_Implications/12.09%3A_Mining |access-date=2023-04-03 |website=Geosciences LibreTexts |language=en |archive-date=2023-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402063622/https://geo.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Geology/Fundamentals_of_Geology_(Schulte)/12%3A_Geological_Implications/12.09%3A_Mining |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2018, led by Chemistry and Biochemistry professor Bradley D. Smith, [[University of Notre Dame]] researchers "invented a new class of molecules whose shape and size enable them to capture and contain precious metal ions," reported in a study published by the [[Journal of the American Chemical Society]]. The new method "converts gold-containing ore into [[chloroauric acid]] and extracts it using an industrial solvent. The container molecules are able to selectively separate the gold from the solvent without the use of water stripping." The newly developed molecules can eliminate water stripping, whereas mining traditionally "relies on a 125-year-old method that treats gold-containing ore with large quantities of poisonous [[sodium cyanide]]... this new process has a milder environmental impact and that, besides gold, it can be used for capturing other metals such as platinum and palladium," and could also be used in urban mining processes that remove precious metals from wastewater streams.<ref>[http://www.mining.com/scientists-develop-technique-reduce-cost-environmental-impact-mining-precious-metal/ Leotaud, V. R.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143920/http://www.mining.com/scientists-develop-technique-reduce-cost-environmental-impact-mining-precious-metal/ |date=2018-06-12 }} "Scientists develop technique to reduce cost, environmental impact of mining precious metal", by Valentina Ruiz Leotaud''Mining.com'', June 10, 2018.</ref>

==Industry==
{{Main|List of mines|List of mining companies|:Category:Mining companies|:Category:Mining by country}}

[[File:Siilinjärvi Särkijärvi pit.jpg|thumb|The Särkijärvi pit of the [[Siilinjärvi carbonatite|apatite mine]] in [[Siilinjärvi]], [[Finland]]]]

Mining exists in many countries. [[London]] is the headquarters of [[Anglo American plc|Anglo American]]. [[Melbourne]] is the headquarters of the world's two largest mining companies [[BHP]] and [[Rio Tinto (corporation)|Rio Tinto]].<ref name=NAIndustryProfile>MacDonald A. (2002). [http://www.iisd.org/publications/pub.aspx?id=448 Industry in Transition: A Profile of the North American Mining Sector] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728143932/http://www.iisd.org/publications/pub.aspx?id=448 |date=2011-07-28 }}. [http://www.iisd.org/pdf/2001/mmsd_na_mining_profile.pdf Free full-text] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915070428/http://www.iisd.org/pdf/2001/mmsd_na_mining_profile.pdf |date=2013-09-15 }}</ref> The US mining industry is also large and dominated by extraction of coal and other nonmetal minerals (e.g., rock and sand), and various regulations have worked to reduce the significance of mining in the United States.<ref name=NAIndustryProfile/> In 2007, the total [[market capitalization]] of mining companies was reported at US$962 billion, which compares to a total global market cap of publicly traded companies of about US$50 trillion in 2007.<ref>Reuters. [https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL2144839620070321 Global stock values top $50 trln: industry data].</ref> In 2002, Chile and Peru were reportedly the major mining countries of [[South America]].<ref>[http://www.oecd.org/env/1819617.pdf Environmental Effects of Foreign Investment Versus Domestic Investment in the Mining Sector In Latin-America] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231144208/http://www.oecd.org/env/1819617.pdf |date=2016-12-31 }}. OECD.</ref> The [[mineral industry of Africa]] includes the mining of various minerals; it produces relatively little of the industrial metals [[copper]], [[lead]], and [[zinc]], but according to one estimate has as a percent of world reserves 40% of [[gold]], 60% of [[cobalt]], and 90% of the world's [[platinum group]] metals.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20010108000000/http://www.mbendi.com/indy/ming/af/p0005.htm Mining in Africa – Overview]. Mbendi.</ref> [[Mining in India]] is a significant part of that country's economy. In the developed world, [[mining in Australia]], with BHP founded and headquartered in the country, and mining in Canada, are particularly significant. For [[rare earth mineral]]s mining, [[China]] reportedly controlled 95% of production in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nesbit |first=Jeff |date=April 2, 2013 |title=China's Continuing Monopoly Over Rare Earth Minerals |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/at-the-edge/2013/04/02/chinas-continuing-monopoly-over-rare-earth-minerals |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403093320/https://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/at-the-edge/2013/04/02/chinas-continuing-monopoly-over-rare-earth-minerals |archive-date=Apr 3, 2023 |website=[[U.S. News & World Report]]}}</ref>
[[File:Bingham Canyon April 2005.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Bingham Canyon Mine]] of Rio Tinto's subsidiary, Kennecott Utah Copper]]
While individual entrepreneurs or small businesses can conduct exploration and mining, most modern-day mines are large enterprises that require substantial capital to establish. Consequently, the mining sector of the industry is dominated by large, often multinational companies, most of which are [[publicly listed]]. It can be argued that what is referred to as the 'mining industry' comprises two sectors: one specializing in the exploration of new resources and the other in mining those resources. The exploration sector is typically made up of individuals and small mineral resource companies, called "juniors", that depend on [[venture capital]]. The mining sector comprises large multinational companies that are sustained by production from their operations. Various other industries, such as equipment manufacturing, environmental testing, and metallurgical analysis, rely on and support the mining industry worldwide. Canadian stock exchanges have a particular focus on mining companies, particularly junior exploration companies, through Toronto's [[TSX Venture Exchange]]; Canadian companies raise capital on these exchanges and then invest the money in exploration globally.<ref name=NAIndustryProfile/> Some have argued that below juniors, there exists a substantial sector of illegitimate companies primarily focused on manipulating stock prices.<ref name=NAIndustryProfile/>

Mining operations can be grouped into five major categories based on the resources they exploit. These are [[Extraction of petroleum|oil and gas extraction]], [[coal mining]], metal ore mining, nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying, and mining support activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/cgi-bin/sssd/naics/naicsrch?chart_code=21&search=2017%20NAICS%20Search|title=2017 North American Industry Classification System Definition 21 |website=US Census Bureau |access-date=2018-07-19}}</ref> Of all of these categories, [[oil and gas extraction]] remains one of the largest in terms of its global economic importance. Prospecting potential mining sites, a vital area of concern for the mining industry, is now done using sophisticated new technologies such as seismic prospecting and [[Remote sensing|remote-sensing satellites]]. Mining is heavily affected by the prices of the [[commodity]] minerals, which are often volatile. The [[2000s commodities boom]] ("commodities supercycle") increased commodity prices, driving aggressive mining. In addition, the price of gold increased dramatically in the 2000s, which increased [[gold mining]]; for example, one study found that conversion of forest in the Amazon increased six-fold from the period 2003–2006 (292 ha/yr) to the period 2006–2009 (1,915 ha/yr), largely due to artisanal mining.<ref>Swenson JJ, Carter CE, Domec J-C, Delgado CI (2011) [http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0018875 Gold Mining in the Peruvian Amazon: Global Prices, Deforestation, and Mercury Imports] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921014850/http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0018875 |date=2013-09-21 }}. PLoS ONE 6(4): e18875. {{doi|10.1371/journal.pone.0018875|doi-access=free}}. Lay summary: [http://www.nicholas.duke.edu/dukenvironment/f11/amazon-gold-fever-comes-with-a-high-environmental-cost Amazon Gold Fever Comes with a High Environmental Cost] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309181431/http://www.nicholas.duke.edu/dukenvironment/f11/amazon-gold-fever-comes-with-a-high-environmental-cost |date=2013-03-09 }}</ref>

===Corporate classifications===
Mining companies can be classified based on their size and financial capabilities:
* ''Major'' companies are considered to have an adjusted annual mining-related revenue of more than US$500 million, with the financial capability to develop a major mine on its own.
* ''Intermediate'' companies have at least $50 million in annual revenue but less than $500 million.
* ''Junior'' companies rely on [[equity (economics)|equity]] financing as their principal means of funding exploration. Juniors are mainly pure exploration companies, but may also produce minimally, and do not have a revenue exceeding US$50 million.<ref name=MEG-CorpClass>{{cite web|url=http://www.metalseconomics.com/pdf/PDAC%202009%20World%20Exploration%20Trends.pdf|title=Metals Economics Group World Exploration Trends Report|access-date=2009-05-05|publisher=Metals Economics Group Inc.|archive-date=2012-08-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803095004/http://www.metalseconomics.com/pdf/PDAC}}</ref>
Regarding their valuation and stock market characteristics, see {{section link|Valuation (finance)|Valuation of mining projects}}.

===World Bank===
[[File:World Bank logo.svg|thumb|upright|World Bank logo]]
The [[World Bank]] has been involved in mining since 1955, mainly through grants from its [[International Bank for Reconstruction and Development]], with the Bank's [[Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency]] offering [[political risk]] insurance.<ref>For an overview of the Bank and mining, see [http://www.pdac.ca/pdac/publications/papers/2001/pdf/Weber-Fahr(T-8).pdf Mining, Sustainability and Risk:World Bank Group Experiences] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929090158/http://www.pdac.ca/pdac/publications/papers/2001/pdf/Weber-Fahr(T-8).pdf |date=2011-09-29 }}</ref> Between 1955 and 1990 it provided about $2 billion to fifty mining projects, broadly categorized as reform and rehabilitation, greenfield mine construction, mineral processing, technical assistance, and engineering. These projects have been criticized, particularly the [[Carajás Mine|Ferro Carajas project]] of Brazil, begun in 1981.<ref>See the 1995 ''World Development'' '''23'''(3) pp. 385–400.</ref> The World Bank established mining codes intended to increase foreign investment; in 1988, it solicited feedback from 45 mining companies on how to increase their involvement.<ref name="RocksHardPlaces" />{{rp|20}}

In 1992, the World Bank began to push for privatization of [[government-owned corporation|government-owned mining companies]] with a new set of codes, beginning with its report ''The Strategy for African Mining''. In 1997, Latin America's largest miner [[Vale (mining company)|Companhia Vale do Rio Doce]] (CVRD) was privatized. These and other developments, such as the Philippines 1995 Mining Act, led the bank to publish a third report (''Assistance for Minerals Sector Development and Reform in Member Countries''), which endorsed mandatory environmental impact assessments and attention to the concerns of the local population. The codes based on this report are influential in the legislation of developing nations. The new codes are intended to encourage development through tax holidays, zero customs duties, reduced income taxes, and related measures.<ref name="RocksHardPlaces" />{{rp|22}} The results of these codes were analyzed by a group from the University of Quebec, which concluded that the codes promote foreign investment but "fall very short of permitting sustainable development".<ref>GRAMA. (2003). [http://migs.concordia.ca/documents/MIGS_Campbell_Feb07.pdf The Challenges of Development, Mining Codes in Africa And Corporate Responsibility] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101075848/http://migs.concordia.ca/documents/MIGS_Campbell_Feb07.pdf |date=2016-01-01 }}. In: ''International and Comparative Mineral Law and Policy: Trends and Prospects''. Summarized in the [http://www.unites.uqam.ca/grama/pdf/AfricaCodes-Mining_Journal.pdf African Mining Codes Questioned].</ref> The observed negative correlation between natural resources and economic development is known as the [[resource curse]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

==Safety==
[[File:Transporte por cable de minerales, Devnya, Bulgaria, 2016-05-27, DD 65.jpg|thumb|Mining transport in Devnya, Bulgaria]]

[[File:Coal miner spraying rock dust.jpg|thumb|right|A coal miner in [[West Virginia]] spraying rock dust to reduce the combustible fraction of coal dust in the air]]

{{Main|Mine safety}}

Safety has long been a concern in the mining business, especially in sub-surface mining. The [[Courrières mine disaster]], Europe's worst [[mining accident]], involved the death of 1,099 miners in Northern [[France]] on March 10, 1906. This disaster was surpassed only by the [[Benxihu Colliery]] accident in [[China]] on April 26, 1942, which killed 1,549 miners.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3226,36-749532,0.html|title=Marcel Barrois|date=March 10, 2006|newspaper=Le Monde|language=fr|archive-date=April 9, 2023|access-date=September 11, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409151935/https://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3226,36-749532,0.html}}</ref> Although mining today is substantially safer than it was in previous decades, [[mining accident]]s still occur.

Government figures indicate that around 5,000 Chinese miners die in accidents each year, while other reports have suggested a figure as high as 20,000.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20070305132334/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1595235,00.html Where The Coal Is Stained With Blood]". ''Time''. March 2, 2007</ref>

Between 1870 and 1920 in Queensland, Australia, an increase in mining accidents led to more safety measures regarding the use of explosives in mining.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wegner |first=Jan Helen |date=2010-06-22 |title=BLASTING OUT: EXPLOSIVES PRACTICES IN QUEENSLAND METALLIFEROUS MINES, 1870-1920: Blasting out |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-8446.2010.00301.x |journal=Australian Economic History Review |language=en |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=193–208 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8446.2010.00301.x|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

In the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), safety concerns have been raised for both those who work in the mines and those who live in the surrounding areas. Workers are usually seen with a mustard-colored powder that turned out to be "...dried sulfuric acid, [which] they use in the mine to process the [mineral] ores.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=Saloni |last2=Gupta |first2=Jyoti |date=2025-10-01 |title=Cobalt Red: How The Blood Of The Congo Powers Our Lives, by Siddarth Kara |journal=Africa Review |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=449–452 |doi=10.1163/09744061-bja10313 |issn=0974-4053}}</ref> Surrounding the mine, there is a "small stream of foul, sludgy water that passes beneath a bridge next to the fence."<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=Saloni |last2=Gupta |first2=Jyoti |date=2025-10-01 |title=Cobalt Red: How The Blood Of The Congo Powers Our Lives, by Siddarth Kara |journal=Africa Review |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=449–452 |doi=10.1163/09744061-bja10313 |issn=0974-4053}}</ref> Around the mine, biomonitoring studies of metal exposure show that "The levels found in Kinshasa remain above the CDC reference value (>5 μg/dL) and constitute a public health concern," and that subjects living close (< 3 km) to mines or metal-processing industries have higher urinary concentrations of various metals (p < 0.01) than those living further away (3-10 km)," revealing an "... absence of a national policy to control and prevent exposure to harmful chemicals."<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kabamba |first1=Martin M. |last2=Mata |first2=Honoré N. |last3=Mulaji |first3=Crispin K. |last4=Mbuyi |first4=François B. |last5=Elongi |first5=Jean-Pierre M. |last6=Tuakuila |first6=Joel K. |date=September 2021 |title=Human biomonitoring in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC): A systematic review |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2468227621002106 |journal=Scientific African |language=en |volume=13 |article-number=e00906 |doi=10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e00906 |bibcode=2021SciAf..1300906K }}</ref> In the mines, specifically at the Tenke Fungurume mine, there were hundreds of thousands of people [who] engaged in the feverish excavation of cobalt in medieval conditions." These workers were locals who worked for "two dollars (roughly one day's income)."<ref name=":1" /> In addition, the rates of schistosomiasis, a mining related disease endemic to DRC, were found to be "higher among mining workers (27%) than in the total population (<13 %),"<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Madinga |first1=Joule |last2=Linsuke |first2=Sylvie |last3=Mpabanzi |first3=Liliane |last4=Meurs |first4=Lynn |last5=Kanobana |first5=Kirezi |last6=Speybroeck |first6=Niko |last7=Lutumba |first7=Pascal |last8=Polman |first8=Katja |date=December 2015 |title=Schistosomiasis in the Democratic Republic of Congo: a literature review |journal=Parasites & Vectors |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |article-number=601 |doi=10.1186/s13071-015-1206-6 |doi-access=free |issn=1756-3305 |pmc=4653854 |pmid=26586232}}</ref> indicating harmful long-term impacts for the workers.

In South Africa, issues are similar to those in the DRC. Miners are exposed to silica dust, which "increases the risk of pulmonary tuberculosis,"<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Basu |first1=Sanjay |last2=Stuckler |first2=David |last3=Gonsalves |first3=Gregg |last4=Lurie |first4=Mark |date=2009 |title=The production of consumption: addressing the impact of mineral mining on tuberculosis in southern Africa |journal=Globalization and Health |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=11 |doi=10.1186/1744-8603-5-11 |doi-access=free |pmid=19785769 |issn=1744-8603}}</ref> with a tuberculosis rate of "over 1,000 per 100,000."<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Leonard |first=Llewellyn |date=2024-10-01 |title=Socio-environmental impacts of mineral mining and conflicts in Southern and West Africa: navigating reflexive governance for environmental justice |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ad7047 |journal=Environmental Research Letters |volume=19 |issue=10 |page=104013 |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/ad7047 |bibcode=2024ERL....19j4013L |issn=1748-9326}}</ref> "Mine shafts themselves are crowded and poorly-ventilated, but so are hostels where over a dozen men can share a small room. These conditions are highly conducive to infection; the rate of recurrent tuberculosis in a recent South African prospective cohort of 600 miners was about 8 per 100 person-years," which increases the risk of tuberculosis spreading in both mining and living locations. Past the mines, the "extraction of minerals often leads to the disruption of ecosystems, polluting water sources, and degrading habitats including cultural heritage critical for the livelihoods of people."<ref name=":2" />

Mining accidents continue worldwide, including incidents that have caused dozens of fatalities at a time, such as the 2007 [[Ulyanovskaya Mine disaster]] in Russia, the [[2009 Heilongjiang mine explosion]] in China, and the 2010 [[Upper Big Branch Mine disaster]] in the United States. Mining has been identified by the [[National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health]] (NIOSH) as a priority industry sector in the [[National Occupational Research Agenda]] (NORA) to identify and provide intervention strategies regarding occupational health and safety issues.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nora/councils/mining/default.html|title=NORA Mining Sector Council {{!}} NIOSH {{!}} CDC|date=2017-10-24|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=2018-02-22|archive-date=2019-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616143603/https://www.cdc.gov/nora/councils/mining/default.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Mine Safety and Health Administration|Mining Safety and Health Administration]] (MSHA) was established in 1978 to "work to prevent death, illness, and injury from mining and promote safe and healthful workplaces for US miners."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.msha.gov/about/mission|title=Mission {{!}} Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA)|website=www.msha.gov|access-date=2018-07-19|archive-date=2018-06-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614050520/https://www.msha.gov/about/mission|url-status=live}}</ref> Since its implementation in 1978, the number of miner fatalities has decreased from 242 miners in 1978 to 24 miners in 2019.<ref>{{Citation |title=Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) |date=2008 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Global Health |place=2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks California 91320 United States |publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc. |doi=10.4135/9781412963855.n781 |isbn=978-1-4129-4186-0}}</ref>

There are numerous [[occupational hazard]]s associated with mining, including exposure to [[rockdust]], which can lead to diseases such as [[silicosis]], [[asbestosis]], and [[pneumoconiosis]]. Gases in the mine can lead to [[asphyxia]]tion and have a risk of ignition. Mining equipment can generate considerable noise, putting workers at risk for [[hearing loss]]. [[Cave-in]]s, [[Rockfall|rock falls]], and exposure to excess heat are also known hazards. The current NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limit (REL) of noise is 85 dBA with a 3 dBA exchange rate, and the MSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) is 90 dBA with a 5 dBA exchange rate as an 8-hour time-weighted average. NIOSH has found that 25% of noise-exposed workers in Mining, Quarrying, and Oil and Gas Extraction have hearing impairment.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Masterson|first1=Elizabeth A.|last2=Deddens|first2=James A.|last3=Themann|first3=Christa L.|last4=Bertke|first4=Stephen|last5=Calvert|first5=Geoffrey M.|date=April 2015|title=Trends in worker hearing loss by industry sector, 1981–2010|journal=American Journal of Industrial Medicine|volume=58|issue=4|pages=392–401|doi=10.1002/ajim.22429|issn=1097-0274|pmc=4557728|pmid=25690583}}</ref> The prevalence of hearing loss increased by 1% from 1991 to 2001 within these workers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lawson |first1=Sean M. |last2=Masterson |first2=Elizabeth A. |last3=Azman |first3=Amanda S. |date=October 2019 |title=Prevalence of hearing loss among noise-exposed workers within the Mining and Oil and Gas Extraction sectors, 2006-2015 |journal=American Journal of Industrial Medicine |language=en |volume=62 |issue=10 |pages=826–837 |doi=10.1002/ajim.23031 |issn=0271-3586 |pmc=8797162 |pmid=31347715}}</ref>

Noise studies have been conducted in several mining environments. Stageloaders (84-102 dBA), shearers (85-99 dBA), auxiliary fans (84–120 dBA), continuous mining machines (78–109 dBA), and roof bolters (92–103 dBA) represent some of the noisiest equipment in underground [[Coal mining|coal mines]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/mining/works/coversheet1107.html|title=Summary of Longwall and Continuous Miner Section Noise Studies in Underground Coal Mines|website=www.cdc.gov|date=25 October 2016|access-date=2018-07-19|archive-date=2018-06-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627020721/https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/mining/works/coversheet1107.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Dragline excavator|Dragline]] oilers, dozer operators, and welders using air arcing were occupations with the highest noise exposures among surface coal miners.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/nioshtic-2/20025335.html|title=Worker exposure and equipment noise in large surface coal mines.|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=2018-07-19|archive-date=2018-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719054647/https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/nioshtic-2/20025335.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Coal mines had the highest hearing loss injury likelihood.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sun|first1=Kan|last2=Azman|first2=Amanda S.|date=March 2018|title=Evaluating hearing loss risks in the mining industry through MSHA citations|journal=Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene|volume=15|issue=3|pages=246–62|doi=10.1080/15459624.2017.1412584|issn=1545-9632|pmc=5848488|pmid=29200378|bibcode=2018JOEH...15..246S }}</ref>

==Environmental effects==
{{Excerpt|Environmental effects of mining}}

=== Environmental regulation ===
[[File:Iron hydroxide precipitate in stream.jpg|thumb|upright|Iron hydroxide precipitate stains a stream receiving acid drainage from surface coal mining.]]
Countries with strongly enforced mining regulations commonly require [[environmental impact assessment]], development of [[environmental management]] plans, and [[mine closure planning]] before beginning mine operations. [[Environmental monitoring]] during operation and after closure may also be required. Government regulations may not be well enforced, especially in the developing world.<ref name="Geosciences LibreTexts-2017" />

For major mining companies and any company seeking international financing, there are some other mechanisms to enforce environmental standards. These generally relate to financing standards such as the [[Equator Principles]], [[International Finance Corporation|IFC]] environmental standards, and criteria for [[Socially responsible investing]]. Mining companies have used this oversight from the financial sector to argue for some level of [[industry self-regulation]].<ref name="RocksHardPlaces">Moody R. (2007). ''Rocks and Hard Places''. Zed Books.</ref> In 1992, a Draft Code of Conduct for Transnational Corporations was proposed at the [[Earth Summit (1992)|Rio Earth Summit]] by the UN Centre for Transnational Corporations (UNCTC), but the Business Council for Sustainable Development (BCSD) together with the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) argued successfully for self-regulation instead.<ref>Abrahams D. (2005). [http://www.business-humanrights.org/Links/Repository/276544/link_page_view Regulations for Corporations: A historical account of TNC regulation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001000506/http://www.business-humanrights.org/Links/Repository/276544/link_page_view |date=2011-10-01 }}, p. 6. UNRISD.</ref>

This was followed by the Global Mining Initiative which was begun by nine of the largest metals and mining companies and which led to the formation of the [[International Council on Mining and Metals]], whose purpose was to "act as a catalyst" in an effort to improve social and environmental performance in the mining and metals industry internationally.<ref name="RocksHardPlaces" /> The mining industry has provided funding to various conservation groups, some of which have been working with conservation agendas that are at odds with an emerging acceptance of the rights of indigenous people – particularly the right to make land-use decisions.<ref>{{cite journal |title=A Challenge to Conservationists: Can we protect natural habitats without abusing the people who live in them? |url=http://www.worldwatch.org/node/565 |first=Mac |last=Chapin |date=2004-10-15 |access-date=2010-02-18 |journal=World Watch Magazine |series=6 |volume=17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100802101924/http://www.worldwatch.org/node/565 |archive-date=2010-08-02 }}</ref>

Certification of [[Mineral industry of Peru|mines with good practices]] is issued by the [[International Organization for Standardization]] (ISO). For example, [[ISO 9000]] and [[ISO 14001]], which certify an "auditable environmental management system", involve brief inspections, although they have been criticized for lacking rigor.{{clarify|date=December 2013}}<ref name="RocksHardPlaces" />{{rp|183–84}} Certification is also available through [[Ceres (organization)|Ceres]]' [[Global Reporting Initiative]], but these reports are voluntary and unverified. Miscellaneous other certification programs exist for various projects, typically through nonprofit groups.<ref name="RocksHardPlaces" />{{rp|185–86}}

The purpose of a 2012 EPS PEAKS paper<ref>Bloom, M.J. & Denison, M. (2012) Environmental management for extractives, Professional Evidence and Applied Knowledge Services http://partnerplatform.org/?zl177g4a {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923085737/https://partnerplatform.org/unknown_code/zl177g4a/ |date=2020-09-23 }}</ref> was to provide evidence on policies managing [[Environmental economics|ecological costs]] and maximize [[Socioeconomics|socio-economic]] benefits of mining using host country regulatory initiatives. It found existing literature suggesting that donors encourage developing countries to:
* Make the environment-poverty link and introduce cutting-edge wealth measures and [[natural capital]] accounts.
* Reform old taxes in line with more recent financial innovation, engage directly with the companies, enact land use and impact assessments, and incorporate specialized support and standards agencies.
* Set in play transparency and community participation initiatives using the wealth accrued.

===Waste===
{{Further|Tailings}}[[File:Teghut Mine - waste rock storage.jpg|thumb|right| Location of waste rock storage (center) at Teghut (village) Copper-Molybdenum Mine in [[Armenia]]'s northern Lori province]]
Ore mills generate large amounts of waste, called [[tailings]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zvereva |first1=V. P. |last2=Frolov |first2=K. R. |last3=Lysenko |first3=A. I. |date=2021-10-13 |title=Chemical reactions and conditions of mineral formation at tailings storage facilities of the Russian Far East |url=https://mst.misis.ru/jour/article/view/289 |journal=Gornye Nauki I Tekhnologii = Mining Science and Technology (Russia) |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=181–191 |doi=10.17073/2500-0632-2021-3-181-191 |s2cid=243263530 |issn=2500-0632 |doi-access=free |access-date=2022-11-03 |archive-date=2022-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708171644/https://mst.misis.ru/jour/article/view/289 |url-status=live }}</ref> For example, 99 tons of waste is generated per ton of [[copper]], with even higher ratios in [[gold mining]] – because only 5.3 g of gold is extracted per ton of ore, a ton of gold produces 200,000 tons of tailings.<ref>{{cite web|title = What is the Cost of Mining Gold?|url = http://www.visualcapitalist.com/what-is-the-cost-of-mining-gold/|website = Visual Capitalist|access-date = 2015-06-11|date = 2013-05-21|archive-date = 2015-06-12|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150612164752/http://www.visualcapitalist.com/what-is-the-cost-of-mining-gold/|url-status = live}}</ref> (As time goes on and richer deposits are exhausted – and technology improves – this number is going down to .5 g and less.) These tailings can be toxic. Tailings, which are usually produced as a [[slurry]], are most commonly dumped into ponds made from naturally existing valleys.<ref name="EPADesignDams">US EPA. (1994). [https://www.epa.gov/osw/nonhaz/industrial/special/mining/.../tailings.pdf Technical Report: Design and Evaluation of Tailings Dams].</ref> These ponds are secured by impoundments ([[dam]]s or [[embankment dam]]s).<ref name="EPADesignDams" /> In 2000, it was estimated that 3,500 tailings impoundments existed, and that every year, 2 to 5 major [[Tailings dam failure|failures]] and 35 minor failures occurred.<ref name="StewardDams" /> For example, in the [[Marcopper mining disaster]] at least 2 million tons of tailings were released into a local river.<ref name="StewardDams">TE Martin, MP Davies. (2000). [http://www.infomine.com/publications/docs/Martin2000.pdf Trends in the stewardship of tailings dams] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303193659/http://www.infomine.com/publications/docs/Martin2000.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }}.</ref> In 2015, [[Barrick Gold]] Corporation spilled over 1 million liters of [[cyanide]] into a total of five rivers in Argentina near their [[Veladero mine]].<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-barrick-gold-mine-argentina-exclusive/exclusive-barrick-faces-sanctions-for-argentina-cyanide-spills-judge-says-idUSKBN1841BK|title = Exclusive: Barrick faces sanctions for Argentina cyanide spills|newspaper = Reuters|date = 2017-05-08|access-date = 2019-06-21|archive-date = 2021-10-09|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211009182319/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-barrick-gold-mine-argentina-exclusive/exclusive-barrick-faces-sanctions-for-argentina-cyanide-spills-judge-says-idUSKBN1841BK|url-status = live}}</ref> Since 2007 in central Finland, the Talvivaara Terrafame polymetal mine's waste effluent and leaks of saline mine water have resulted in ecological collapse of a nearby lake.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Leppänen|first1=Jaakko Johannes|last2=Weckström|first2=Jan|last3=Korhola|first3=Atte|date=2017-09-05|title=Multiple mining impacts induce widespread changes in ecosystem dynamics in a boreal lake|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=7|issue=1|page=10581|doi=10.1038/s41598-017-11421-8|pmid=28874843|pmc=5585241|issn=2045-2322|bibcode=2017NatSR...710581L}}</ref> Subaqueous tailings disposal is another option.<ref name="EPADesignDams" /> The mining industry has argued that submarine tailings disposal (STD), which disposes of tailings in the sea, is ideal because it avoids the risks of tailings ponds. The practice is illegal in the [[United States]] and [[Canada]], but it is used in the developing world.<ref>Coumans C. (2002). [http://www.bostgroup.com.au/images/mining/Submarine-Tailings-Disposal-Toolkit.pdf Mining's Problem with Waste] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706213221/https://www.bostgroup.com.au/images/mining/Submarine-Tailings-Disposal-Toolkit.pdf |date=2017-07-06 }}. MiningWatch Canada.</ref>

The waste is classified as either sterile or mineralized, with acid-generating potential, and the movement and storage of this material form a major part of the mine planning process. When an economic cut-off determines the mineralised package, the near-grade mineralised waste is usually dumped separately, with a view to later treatment should market conditions change, and it becomes economically viable. [[Civil engineering]] design parameters are used for waste dump design, with special conditions applying to high-rainfall and seismically active areas. Waste dump designs must meet all regulatory requirements of the country in whose jurisdiction the mine is located. It is also common practice to rehabilitate dumps to an internationally acceptable standard, which, in some cases, means applying higher standards than the local regulatory standard.<ref name="StewardDams" />

==Human Rights and Environmental Justice==
In addition to the [[environmental impacts]] of mining processes, a prominent criticism of this form of extractive practice and of mining companies concerns the [[human rights]] abuses occurring at mining sites and in [[communities]] near them.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Spohr |first1=Maximilian |title=Human Rights Risks in Mining - A Baseline Study |date=January 2016 |publisher=BGR |page=10 |url=https://www.bmz.de/rue/includes/downloads/BGR_MPFPR__2016__Human_Rights_Risks_in_Mining.pdf |access-date=28 December 2020 |archive-date=31 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031165150/http://www.bmz.de/rue/includes/downloads/BGR_MPFPR__2016__Human_Rights_Risks_in_Mining.pdf }}</ref> Frequently, despite being protected by International [[Labor rights]], miners are not given appropriate equipment to provide them with protection from possible mine collapse or from harmful [[pollutants]] and [[chemicals]] expelled during the mining process, work in inhumane conditions spending numerous hours working in extreme heat, darkness and 14 hour workdays with no allocated time for breaks.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tamufor |first1=Lindlyn |title=Human Rights Violations in Africa's Mining Sector |publisher=Third World Network - Africa |location=Ghana |page=9 |url=http://twnafrica.org/twnaf_humanrights-compilation.pdf |access-date=28 December 2020 |archive-date=18 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818134145/http://twnafrica.org/twnaf_humanrights-compilation.pdf }}</ref> In addition, many of these legal structures disproportionally harm indigenous communities.

===Regulation and governance===
[[File:EITI Global Conference 2016.jpg|thumb|right|[[EITI]] Global Conference 2016]]
New regulations and a process of legislative reforms aim to improve the harmonization and stability of the mining sector in mineral-rich countries.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Cambell |first=Bonnie |year=2008 |title=Regulation & Legitimacy in the Mining Industry in Africa: Where does |url=http://docserver.ingentaconnect.com/deliver/connect/routledg/03056244/v35n3/s2.pdf?expires=1302287825&id=62185656&titleid=10738&accname=The+John+Rylands+University+Library%2C+The+University+of+Manchester&checksum=6F04E83AFE9F7C22DFB0A7848C306CC6 |url-status=live |journal=Review of African Political Economy |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=367–89 |doi=10.1080/03056240802410984 |s2cid=154670334 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331130216/http://docserver.ingentaconnect.com/deliver/connect/routledg/03056244/v35n3/s2.pdf?expires=1302287825&id=62185656&titleid=10738&accname=The+John+Rylands+University+Library%2C+The+University+of+Manchester&checksum=6F04E83AFE9F7C22DFB0A7848C306CC6 |archive-date=31 March 2020 |access-date=7 April 2011}}</ref> New legislation for mining industry in African countries still appears to be an issue, but has the potential to be solved, when a consensus is reached on the best approach.<ref name="Lucia">
{{cite web |title=The World Bank's Evolutionary Approach to Mining Sector Reform |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTOGMC/Resources/336099-1288881181404/7530465-1288881207444/eifd19_mining_sector_reform.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417054540/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTOGMC/Resources/336099-1288881181404/7530465-1288881207444/eifd19_mining_sector_reform.pdf |archive-date=2014-04-17 |access-date=4 April 2011 |website=The World Bank}}
</ref> By the beginning of the 21st century, the booming and increasingly complex mining sector in mineral-rich countries was providing only slight benefits to local communities, especially given the sustainability issues. Increasing debate and influence by [[NGOs]] and local communities called for new approaches which would also include disadvantaged communities, and work towards [[sustainable development]] even after [[mine closure]] (including transparency and revenue management). By the early 2000s, community development issues and resettlement had become mainstream concerns in World Bank mining projects.<ref name="Lucia" /> Mining-industry expansion after mineral prices increased in 2003, and also potential fiscal revenues in those countries created an omission in the other economic sectors in terms of finances and development. Furthermore, this highlighted the regional and local demand for mining revenues and the inability of sub-national governments to use them effectively. The [[Fraser Institute]] (a Canadian think tank) has highlighted{{clarify|date=December 2016}} the environmental protection laws in developing countries, as well as voluntary efforts by mining companies to improve their environmental impact.<ref>[http://www.miningfacts.org/Environment/Do-Canadian-mining-companies-operating-abroad-face-weaker-environmental-regulations/ Do Canadian mining companies operating abroad face weaker environmental regulations?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706030924/http://www.miningfacts.org/Environment/Do-Canadian-mining-companies-operating-abroad-face-weaker-environmental-regulations/|date=2018-07-06}}. MiningFacts.org. [[Fraser Institute]].</ref>

In 2007, the [[Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative]] (EITI) was mainstreamed{{clarify|date=December 2016}} in all countries cooperating with the World Bank in mining industry reform.<ref name="Lucia" /> The EITI operates and was implemented with the support of the EITI multi-donor trust fund, managed by the World Bank.<ref>{{cite web |last=Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative |title=Governance Structure |url=http://eiti.org/about/governance |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110413135638/http://eiti.org/about/governance |archive-date=13 April 2011 |access-date=4 April 2011}}</ref> The EITI aims to increase transparency in transactions between governments and companies in extractive industries<ref>{{cite web |title=Principles: Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) |url=http://www.business-humanrights.org/Categories/Principles/ExtractiveIndustriesTransparencyInitiativeEITI |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408081137/http://www.business-humanrights.org/Categories/Principles/ExtractiveIndustriesTransparencyInitiativeEITI |archive-date=8 April 2011 |access-date=6 April 2011 |publisher=Business and Human Right Resource Centre (2009)}}</ref> by monitoring the revenues and benefits between industries and recipient governments. The entrance process is voluntary for each country and is monitored by multiple stakeholders, including governments, private companies, and civil society representatives, responsible for disclosure and dissemination of the reconciliation report;<ref name="Lucia" /> however, the competitive disadvantage of company-by-company public report is, for some of the businesses in Ghana at least, the main constraint.<ref>{{cite web |last=The Ghanaian Journal |title=At the Fifth EITI Global Conference |url=http://www.theghanaianjournal.com/2011/03/16/at-the-fifth-eiti-global-conference/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101075848/http://www.theghanaianjournal.com/2011/03/16/at-the-fifth-eiti-global-conference/ |archive-date=1 January 2016 |access-date=3 April 2011}}</ref> Therefore, the outcome assessment in terms of failure or success of the new EITI regulation does not only "rest on the government's shoulders" but also on civil society and companies.<ref name="Owona, S.O.">{{cite web |last=Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative |title=Report of 5th EITI Global Conference in Paris, 2011 |url=http://eiti.org/files/Report_of_5th_EITI_Global_Conference.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726083709/http://eiti.org/files/Report_of_5th_EITI_Global_Conference.pdf |archive-date=26 July 2011 |access-date=4 April 2011}}</ref>

However, implementation has issues; inclusion or exclusion of [[artisanal mining]] and small-scale mining (ASM) from the EITI, and how to deal with "non-cash" payments made by companies to subnational governments. Furthermore, the disproportionate revenues the mining industry can bring to the comparatively small number of people that it employs,<ref name="Lulu">{{cite web |title=Advancing the EITI in the Mining Sector: Implementation Issues |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTOGMC/Resources/advancing_eiti_mining.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703183803/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTOGMC/Resources/advancing_eiti_mining.pdf |archive-date=3 July 2014 |access-date=6 April 2011 |publisher=World Bank's Oil, Gas and Mining Policy and Operations Unit (COCPO)}}</ref> causes other problems, like a lack of investment in other less lucrative sectors, leading to swings in government revenue because of volatility in the oil markets. Artisanal mining is clearly an issue in EITI Countries such as the Central African Republic, D.R. Congo, Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone – i.e., almost half of the mining countries implementing the EITI.<ref name="Lulu" /> Among other things, the limited scope of the EITI involving disparity in terms of knowledge of the industry and negotiation skills, thus far, flexibility of the policy (e.g., liberty of the countries to expand beyond the minimum requirements and adapt it to their needs), creates another risk of unsuccessful implementation. Increased public awareness, with the government acting as a bridge between the public and the initiative to ensure a successful policy outcome, is an important element to consider.<ref>{{cite web |last=Revenue Watch Institute |date=20 April 2010 |title=Promoting Transparency in the Extractive Sectors: An EITI Training for Tanzania Legislators |url=http://www.revenuewatch.org/news/news-article/tanzania/promoting-transparency-extractive-sectors-eiti-training-tanzania-legislat |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720234318/http://www.revenuewatch.org/news/news-article/tanzania/promoting-transparency-extractive-sectors-eiti-training-tanzania-legislat |archive-date=July 20, 2011 |access-date=6 April 2011}}</ref>

===Child labor===
[[File:Breaker Boys 1.jpg|thumb|right|[[Breaker boys]]: child workers who broke down coal at a mine in South [[Pittston]], [[Pennsylvania]], United States in the early 20th century]]
Included within the human rights abuses that occur during mining processes are instances of [[Child labour|child labor]]. These instances have sparked widespread criticism of mining [[cobalt]], a mineral essential for powering modern technologies such as [[laptops]], [[smartphones]], and [[electric vehicles]]. Many of these cases of child laborers are found in locations such as the [[Democratic Republic of Congo]], South Africa, the Philippines, Australia, and Brazil. Reports have risen of children carrying sacks of cobalt weighing 25 kg from small mines to local traders<ref>{{cite news |last1=Financial Times |title=Congo, Child Labor and Your Electric Car |url=https://www.ft.com/content/c6909812-9ce4-11e9-9c06-a4640c9feebb |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/c6909812-9ce4-11e9-9c06-a4640c9feebb |archive-date=2022-12-10 |url-access=subscription |newspaper=Financial Times |date=7 July 2019 }}</ref> being paid for their work only in food and accommodation. Many companies, such as [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], [[Google]], [[Microsoft]], and [[Tesla, Inc.|Tesla]] have been implicated in lawsuits brought by families whose children were severely injured or killed during mining activities in Congo.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kelly |first1=Annie |title=Apple and Google named in US lawsuit over Congolese child cobalt mining deaths |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2019/dec/16/apple-and-google-named-in-us-lawsuit-over-congolese-child-cobalt-mining-deaths |work=The Guardian |access-date=18 January 2021 |date=16 December 2019}}</ref> In December 2019, 14 Congolese families filed a lawsuit against [[Glencore]], a mining company which supplies the essential cobalt to these multinational corporations with allegations of negligence that led to the deaths of children or injuries such as broken spines, emotional distress and forced labor.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Deberdt |first1=Raphael |last2=Le Billon |first2=Philippe |date=2022-03-14 |title=The Green Transition in Context—Cobalt Responsible Sourcing for Battery Manufacturing |journal=Society & Natural Resources |volume=35 |issue=7 |pages=784–803 |doi=10.1080/08941920.2022.2049410 |bibcode=2022SNatR..35..784D |issn=0894-1920}}</ref>

=== Indigenous peoples ===
There have also been instances of killings and evictions attributed to conflicts with mining companies. Almost a third of 227 murders in 2020 were of Indigenous peoples rights activists on the frontlines of [[Individual action on climate change|climate change activism]] linked to [[logging]], mining, large-scale [[agribusiness]], hydroelectric dams, and other infrastructure, according to [[Global Witness]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Marshall|first=Claire|date=2021-09-13|title=Record number of environmental activists murdered|url=https://news.yahoo.com/more-220-environment-land-rights-000300439.html|access-date=2021-09-13|website=BBC via Yahoo News|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913042253/https://news.yahoo.com/more-220-environment-land-rights-000300439.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Struggles over access to land define the relationship between indigenous peoples and mining.

In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, there are issues with both evictions and a lack of compensation. There are "forced evictions taking place as companies that seek to expand industrial-scale copper and cobalt mining projects are wrecking lives" and "following protests, in 2019 Chemaf, the company responsible for the industrial mining projects, agreed to pay via the local authority US$1.5 million, but some former residents received as little as US$300."<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Democratic Republic of the Congo |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2025-trafficking-in-persons-report/democratic-republic-of-the-congo/ |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> According to the US government report, "Corruption and official complicity in trafficking crimes remained significant concerns, impeding law enforcement and judicial action. Sources reported widespread complicity, including allegations that government officials directly engaged in trafficking, helped facilitate the crime, and obstructed justice. Government officials accepted bribes to overlook labor abuses, including forced labor and the worst forms of child labor, in the mining sector. Perpetrators of sexual violence, including sex trafficking, were rarely held accountable, and security forces continued to sexually abuse and exploit victims, including children, with impunity."<ref name=":3" /> There is little information about what citizens of DRC are doing in retaliation.

In South Africa, according to health scientist Brad Kistanasamy and their peers, their "mineral resources have produced, and continue to produce, enormous economic wealth; yet decades of colonialism, apartheid, capital flight, and challenges in the neoliberal post-apartheid era have resulted in high rates of occupational lung disease and low rates of compensation for ex-miners and their families."<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kistnasamy |first1=Barry |last2=Yassi |first2=Annalee |last3=Yu |first3=Jessica |last4=Spiegel |first4=Samuel J. |last5=Fourie |first5=Andre |last6=Barker |first6=Stephen |last7=Spiegel |first7=Jerry M. |date=December 2018 |title=Tackling injustices of occupational lung disease acquired in South African mines: recent developments and ongoing challenges |journal=Globalization and Health |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |article-number=60 |doi=10.1186/s12992-018-0376-3 |pmid=29954399 |pmc=6022447 |doi-access=free |issn=1744-8603}}</ref> According to Amnesty International, "By the end of 2017, 111,166 miners had received compensation (of which 55,864 were for permanent lung impairment, and another 52,473 for tuberculosis), however 107,714 compensable claims remained unpaid." To address current lead poisoning, there is a current class action "by residents of Kabwe (Zambia) against the mining company Anglo American in South Africa. The claimants allege severe lead poisoning caused by mining operations in Kabwe. SALC and Amnesty International submit that the case represents a pivotal moment for corporate accountability and the rights of communities affected by transnational and transgenerational harm."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-03 |title=The Southern Africa Litigation Centre (SALC) and Amnesty International have submitted a joint amicus curiae submission |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2025/11/amnesty-international-and-salc-intervene-on-landmark-multinational-mining-case-at-south-africas-supreme-court-of-appeal/ |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref>

In Australia, the Aboriginal [[Bininj]] said mining posed a threat to their living culture and could damage sacred heritage sites.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Behrendt|first1=Larissa|last2=Strelein|first2=Lisa|date=March 2001|title=Old Habits Die Hard: Indigenous Land Rights and Mining in Australia|url=http://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/old-habits-die-hard-indigenous-land-rights-and-mining|access-date=2021-09-13|website=Cultural Survival|language=en|archive-date=2021-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913042257/https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/old-habits-die-hard-indigenous-land-rights-and-mining|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Uranium Mining – The Gundjeihmi Aboriginal Corporation|url=https://www.mirarr.net/pages/uranium-mining|access-date=2021-09-13|website=Mirarr}}</ref> Although Australia is one of the most profitable mining countries, "Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders (henceforward referred to as Indigenous Australians) have not shared in this bounty equitably, with social and economic disadvantage exacerbated where mining activity is the greatest.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Urzedo |first1=Danilo |last2=Pedrini |first2=Simone |last3=Hearps |first3=Clancy |last4=Dixon |first4=Kingsley |last5=van Leeuwen |first5=Stephen |date=October 2022 |title=Indigenous environmental justice through coproduction of mining restoration supply chains in Australia |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/rec.13748 |journal=Restoration Ecology |language=en |volume=30 |issue=S1 |article-number=e13748 |doi=10.1111/rec.13748 |bibcode=2022ResEc..3013748U |issn=1061-2971}}</ref> As of now, "Australian restoration networks are still poorly articulated and not in the position to stimulate an inclusive sector aligned with democratic and participatory engagements with Indigenous Australians."<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gibson-Roy |first1=Paul |last2=Hancock |first2=Nola |last3=Broadhurst |first3=Linda |last4=Driver |first4=Martin |date=September 2021 |title=Australian native seed sector characteristics and perceptions indicate low capacity for upscaled ecological restoration: insights from the Australian Native Seed Report |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/rec.13428 |journal=Restoration Ecology |language=en |volume=29 |issue=7 |article-number=e13428 |doi=10.1111/rec.13428 |bibcode=2021ResEc..2913428G |issn=1061-2971}}</ref>

In the Philippines, an anti-mining movement has raised concerns regarding "the total disregard for [Indigenous communities'] ancestral land rights."<ref name="Tartlet-2001">{{cite web|last=Tartlet|first=R.K.|date=March 2001|title=The Cordillera People's Alliance: Mining and Indigenous Rights in the Luzon Highlands|url=http://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/cordillera-peoples-alliance-mining-and-indigenous-rights|access-date=2021-09-13|website=Cultural Survival|language=en}}</ref> According to Geographic Scientist William Holden and their peers, "Those unfamiliar with indigenous culture may mistakenly believe that mining poses minimal risks, since indigenous peoples have little income or wealth to lose and [suffer from] high unemployment,"<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Holden |first1=William |last2=Nadeau |first2=Kathleen |last3=Jacobson |first3=R. Daniel |date=June 2011 |title=Exemplifying accumulation by dispossession: mining and indigenous peoples in the philippines |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1468-0467.2011.00366.x |journal=Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography |language=en |volume=93 |issue=2 |pages=141–161 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0467.2011.00366.x |issn=0435-3684}}</ref> when in reality "such a view is incorrect because 'the wealth that supports the sustainability of their culture is found in institutions, environmental knowledge, local resources, and especially in land embellished with cultural meaning."<ref name=":4" /> [[Igorot people|Ifugao peoples]]' opposition to mining led a governor to proclaim a ban on mining operations in Mountain Province, Philippines.<ref name="Tartlet-2001" />

In Brazil, more than 170 tribes organized a march to oppose controversial attempts to strip back indigenous land rights and open their territories to mining operations.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Phillips|first1=Tom|last2=Milhorance|first2=Flávia|date=2021-09-10|title=Indigenous warrior women take fight to save ancestral lands to Brazilian capital|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/sep/10/indigenous-warrior-women-brazil-ancestral-lands-protest|access-date=2021-09-13|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> The [[United Nations Commission on Human Rights]] has called on Brazil's Supreme Court to uphold Indigenous land rights to prevent exploitation by mining groups and industrial agriculture.<ref>{{cite web|date=2021-08-23|title=Brazil: Supreme Court must uphold indigenous land rights – UN expert|url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=27400|access-date=2021-09-13|website=UN OHCHR|archive-date=2021-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913042253/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=27400|url-status=live}}</ref> For issues such as gold mining and illegal mining, " uniform law enforcement is required to prevent the waterbed effect (when fighting miners somewhere, they pop up elsewhere); the unhinged miners have not been hinged yet. In addition, gold trading laws need to be strengthened to ensure accountability for the illegal gold trade in the Amazon.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Verstegen |first1=Judith A |last2=Rorato |first2=Ana C |date=2023-10-01 |title=Mining requests in Brazil's indigenous lands finally removed, but the battle continues |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/acf9b7 |journal=Environmental Research Letters |volume=18 |issue=10 |page=101003 |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/acf9b7 |bibcode=2023ERL....18j1003V |issn=1748-9326}}</ref>

=== Lack of Safety Enforcement ===
There is a lack of law enforcement in various countries. For example, "although South Africa has strong regulations to avoid potential mining impacts, lack of enforcement and corruption have been barriers to combating social and environmental injustices,"<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Leonard |first=Llewellyn |date=2024-10-01 |title=Socio-environmental impacts of mineral mining and conflicts in Southern and West Africa: navigating reflexive governance for environmental justice |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ad7047 |journal=Environmental Research Letters |volume=19 |issue=10 |page=104013 |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/ad7047 |bibcode=2024ERL....19j4013L |issn=1748-9326}}</ref> leading to unsafe working conditions for many miners (see Safety Section). In the DRC, "more than half of the DRC's natural resource exports are not officially recorded because of tax evasion and state institutions' lack of governance capacity," and "90% of minerals come from artisanal miners,"<ref>{{Citation |last=Taka |first=Miho |title=A Critical Analysis of Human Rights Due Diligence Frameworks for Conflict Minerals. Challenges for the Electronics Industries |work=Duties Across Borders |date=2016 |pages=183–208 |publisher=Intersentia |doi=10.1017/9781780687421.010 |isbn=978-1-78068-742-1 }}</ref> which are indigenous people. In Ghana, similar safety issues exist. This is because "inadequate monitoring of the operations and lack of regulatory enforcement by the Minerals Commission of Ghana are major contributing factors to the environmental, safety, and national security issues of the operations,"<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bansah |first1=K.J. |last2=Yalley |first2=A.B. |last3=Dumakor-Dupey |first3=N. |date=2016 |title=The hazardous nature of small scale underground mining in Ghana |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2300396016300039 |journal=Journal of Sustainable Mining |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=8–25 |doi=10.1016/j.jsm.2016.04.004 |bibcode=2016JSMin..15....8B }}</ref> implying a failure of enforcement from local authorities, similar to these other countries.

=== Corporate Negligence and Lack of Regulation Towards Indigenous Peoples ===
There have already been international loopholes that threaten the safety of indigenous miners (see safety regulations). These often exist due to "multiple factors such as colonial legacies, economic inequalities, global power imbalances, inadequate governance, regulatory weaknesses, and insufficient community participation."<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Mangani |first1=Paikene |last2=Khan |first2=Ghulam Dastgir |last3=Ahmad |first3=Naseer |date=December 2025 |title=Sustainable governance, conflict and environmental justice in critical mineral extraction in Latin America and Africa |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2950642525000176 |journal=Peace and Sustainability |language=en |volume=1 |issue=3 |article-number=100017 |doi=10.1016/j.nerpsj.2025.100017}}</ref> In these countries, mining legislation and regulations either don't include the scope of compensation for indigenous populations, or aren't enforced. For example, the Mines and Minerals Act in Zimbabwe "does not provide for direct compensation to inhabitants of Communal Lands, making them particularly vulnerable."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Manduna |first=Kennedy |date=September 2023 |title=Are mining-induced displacement and resettlement losses compensable? Evidence and lessons from mining communities in Zimbabwe |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2214790X23000710 |journal=The Extractive Industries and Society |language=en |volume=15 |article-number=101281 |doi=10.1016/j.exis.2023.101281 |bibcode=2023ExIS...1501281M }}</ref> Although there are laws against child labor in the DRC,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Child Labor in Congo, Democratic Republic of the (DRC): Findings from the U.S. Department of Labor |url=https://www.dol.gov/agencies/ilab/resources/reports/child-labor/congo-democratic-republic-drc |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=DOL |language=en}}</ref> "In the DRC cobalt belt, field research describes 'subterranean slavery' in which children descend 10–30m pits to fill sacks of ore for as little as US $1–2 per day. Violence has intensified rather than fallen since U.S. conflict-mineral legislation, with statistically significant spikes in armed incidents around mine sites,"<ref name=":5" /> which is most likely not enforced due to financial benefit. For justice to be secured, laws need to both encapsulate justice for indigenous communities and enforce them, despite any financial incentives to do otherwise.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=van Uhm |first1=Daan P. |last2=Grigore |first2=Ana G. |date=September 2021 |title=Indigenous People, Organized Crime and Natural Resources: Borders, Incentives and Relations |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10612-021-09585-x |journal=Critical Criminology |language=en |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=487–503 |doi=10.1007/s10612-021-09585-x |issn=1205-8629}}</ref>

== Mining and Land Rights ==
Mining operations often intersect with land rights in complex and sometimes contentious ways. In many countries, land ownership and mineral resource ownership are legally separated, with mineral rights usually vested in the state, while individuals or communities may own land.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Adjei |first1=Bridget |last2=Tudzi |first2=Eric Paul |last3=Owusu-Ansah |first3=Anthony |last4=Kidido |first4=Joseph Kwaku |last5=Durán-Díaz |first5=Pamela |title=The Impacts of Mining Industries on Land Tenure in Ghana: A Comprehensive Systematic Literature Review |journal= Land|date=2024 |volume=13 |issue=9 |page=11 |doi=10.3390/land13091386 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024Land...13.1386A }}</ref>

This creates a situation in which communities may have legal ownership of the surface land but limited control over mineral extraction beneath it.

Customary land tenure, prevalent in many rural areas, often governs land use and inheritance.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Odhiambo Konguka |first=George |date=November 2022 |title=Formalization of Mining Rights in the East African Community; Cadastre perspective on artisanal mining rights |journal=African Journal on Land Policy and Geospatial Sciences |volume=5 |issue=5 |page=5 |doi=10.48346/IMIST.PRSM/ajlp-gs.v5i5.32600 }}</ref>

Mining in these areas can disrupt farming, grazing, and culturally significant sites, and communities without formal titles may be vulnerable to displacement or inadequate compensation.<ref name=":0" />

==Records==
{{update|part=article|date=July 2022|updated=9th July 2022|inaccurate=yes|reason=Deepest mine record was just changed and might need more detail}}
{{See also|Extremes on Earth#Subterranean}}
[[File:Chuquicamata-002.jpg|thumb|right|[[Chuquicamata]], [[Chile]], site of the largest circumference and second deepest [[open-pit mining|open pit]] [[copper]] mine in the world]]
As of 2019, [[Mponeng Gold Mine|Mponeng]] is the world's second deepest mine from ground level, reaching a depth of 4 km (2.5 mi) below ground level. The trip from the surface to the bottom of the mine takes over an hour. It is a [[gold mine]] in [[South Africa]]'s [[Gauteng]] province. Previously known as [[Western Deep Levels]] #1 Shaft, the underground and surface works were commissioned in 1987. The mine is considered one of the largest gold mines in the world.

The Moab Khutsong gold mine in [[North West Province (South Africa)]] has the world's longest winding steel wire rope, which can lower workers to {{convert|3054|m|ft}} in a single uninterrupted four-minute journey.<ref name="Mining and minerals in South Africa">{{cite web
| title = Mining and minerals in South Africa
| url = http://www.southafrica.info/business/economy/sectors/mining.htm
| date = 8 August 2012
| publisher = SouthAfrica.info
| access-date = 13 August 2012
| archive-date = 1 December 2016
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161201180059/http://www.southafrica.info/business/economy/sectors/mining.htm
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

The deepest mine in Europe is the 16th shaft of the uranium mines in [[Příbram]], [[Czech Republic]], at {{convert|1838|m|ft}}.<ref name="DeepestEurope">{{cite news |title=Mineral deposits: from their origin to their environmental impacts |date = January 1995|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o-WkCSk4jbkC&q=uranium+mines+in+P%C5%99%C3%ADbram+1838&pg=PA400 |publisher= Taylor & Francis|isbn = 978-90-5410-550-3}}</ref> Second is [[Bergwerk Saar]] in [[Saarland]], [[Germany]], at {{convert|1750|m|ft}}. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=1997-07-01 |title=Ensdorf |url=https://www.yumpu.com/de/document/view/6946024/maschinen-deilmann-haniel-shaft-sinking/7 |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=yumpu.com |language=de}}</ref>

The deepest open-pit mine in the world is [[Bingham Canyon Mine]] in [[Bingham Canyon]], [[Utah]], United States, at over {{convert|1200|m|ft}}. The largest and second-deepest open-pit copper mine in the world is [[Chuquicamata]] in northern [[Chile]], at {{convert|900|m|ft}}, which annually produces 443,000 tons of copper and 20,000 tons of molybdenum.<ref>{{cite web|title = Chuquicamata {{!}} MINING.com|url = http://www.mining.com/chuquicamata/|access-date = 2015-06-11|date = 2012-07-17|archive-date = 2019-03-28|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190328043745/http://www.mining.com/chuquicamata/|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Chuquicamata's Life Underground Will Cost a Fortune, but is Likely to Pay Off for Codelco {{!}} Copper Investing News |url=http://copperinvestingnews.com/12788-chuquicamata-underground-mining-codelco-chile-open-pit.html |date=2015-04-06 |access-date=2015-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406022110/http://copperinvestingnews.com/12788-chuquicamata-underground-mining-codelco-chile-open-pit.html |archive-date=April 6, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = The TEX Report Ltd.|url = http://www.texreport.co.jp/xenglish/eng-genryou/201211/201211121319Mon-4.html|website = www.texreport.co.jp|access-date = 2015-06-11|archive-date = 2016-03-03|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214112/http://www.texreport.co.jp/xenglish/eng-genryou/201211/201211121319Mon-4.html}}</ref> 

The deepest open-pit mine with respect to [[sea level]] is [[Tagebau Hambach]] in Germany, where the base of the pit is {{convert|299|m|ft}} below sea level.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nordrhein-Westfalen in Zahlen und Geodaten|url=https://www.bezreg-koeln.nrw.de/brk_internet/publikationen/abteilung07/pub_geobasis_nrw.pdf|access-date=2021-05-04|archive-date=2021-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428084204/https://www.bezreg-koeln.nrw.de/brk_internet/publikationen/abteilung07/pub_geobasis_nrw.pdf}}</ref>

The largest underground mine is [[Kiruna Mine|Kiirunavaara Mine]] in [[Kiruna]], [[Sweden]]. With {{convert|450|km|miles}} of roads, 40 million tonnes of annually produced ore, and a depth of {{convert|1270|m|ft}}, it is also one of the most modern underground mines. The deepest borehole in the world is [[Kola Superdeep Borehole]] at {{convert|12262|m|ft}}, but this is connected to [[scientific drilling]], not mining.<ref>{{cite web|last=Piesing|first=Mark|title=The deepest hole we have ever dug|url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20190503-the-deepest-hole-we-have-ever-dug|access-date=2021-05-04|website=www.bbc.com|date=6 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

==Metal reserves and recycling==
[[File:NatCopper.jpg|thumb|right|Macro of [[native copper]] about {{frac|1|1|2}} inches (4 cm) in size]]

{{main|Landfill mining|Recycling}}

{{see also|Conflict resource|List of critical mineral raw materials}}

During the 20th century, the variety of [[metals]] used in society increased. Today, the development of major nations such as China and India, along with technological advances, fuels an ever-greater demand. The result is that metal mining activities are expanding, and more and more of the world's metal stocks are above ground in use rather than below ground as unused reserves. An example is the in-use stock of [[copper]]. Between 1932 and 1999, copper in use in the US rose from {{convert|73|kg|lb}} to {{convert|238|kg|lb}} per person.<ref name="unep">[https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20111223004208/http://www.unep.org/resourcepanel/Publications/MetalStocks/tabid/56054/Default.aspx ''The Recycling Rates of Metals: A Status Report''] 2010, [[International Resource Panel]], [[United Nations Environment Programme]]</ref>
[[File:Abandoned Metal Recycling Plant.png|thumb| A former metal recycling plant in [[South Carolina]].]]

95% of the energy used to make aluminium from [[bauxite]] ore is saved by using recycled material.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/feb/22/pledges.waste ''Tread lightly: Aluminium attack''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510190347/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/feb/22/pledges.waste |date=2017-05-10 }} Carolyn Fry, Guardian.co.uk, 22 February 2008.</ref> However, levels of metal recycling are generally low. In 2010, the [[International Resource Panel]], hosted by the [[United Nations Environment Programme]] (UNEP), published reports on metal stocks that exist within society<ref name="metal_stocks">[https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20111223004208/http://www.unep.org/resourcepanel/Publications/MetalStocks/tabid/56054/Default.aspx ''Metal Stocks in Society: Scientific Synthesis''] 2010, [[International Resource Panel]], [[United Nations Environment Programme]]</ref> and their recycling rates.<ref name="unep" />

The report's authors observed that the metal stocks in society can serve as substantial anthropogenic mines above ground.<ref name="metal_stocks" /> However, they warned that the recycling rates of some rare metals used in applications such as mobile phones, battery packs for hybrid cars, and fuel cells are so low that unless future end-of-life recycling rates are dramatically stepped up these critical metals will become unavailable for use in modern technology.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

As recycling rates are low and so much metal has already been extracted, some [[landfill]] now contain higher concentrations of metal than the mines themselves.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Landfill mining: new opportunities ahead?
|url=http://www.macfarlanes.com/media/1467/landfill-mining-new-opportunities-ahead.pdf
|website=MacFarlanes
|access-date=2015-06-11
|archive-date=2015-06-13
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613034513/http://www.macfarlanes.com/media/1467/landfill-mining-new-opportunities-ahead.pdf
}}</ref> This is especially true of [[Aluminium|aluminum]], used in cans, and [[precious metal]]s, found in discarded electronics.<ref>{{cite web|title = Landfill Mining|url = http://www.enviroalternatives.com/landfill.html|website = www.enviroalternatives.com|access-date = 2015-06-11|archive-date = 2017-05-23|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170523045629/http://www.enviroalternatives.com/landfill.html|url-status = live}}</ref> Furthermore, waste after 15 years has still not broken down, so less processing would be required when compared to mining ores. A study undertaken by [[Cranfield University]] has found £360 million of metals could be mined from just four [[Landfill|landfill sites.]]<ref>{{cite web|title = Study shows around £360 million of metals could be mined from just four landfill sites|url = http://www.rebnews.com/news/resource_efficiency/study_shows_around_p360_million_metals_mined_just_four_landfill_sites.html|website = www.rebnews.com|access-date = 2015-06-11|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150612193519/http://www.rebnews.com/news/resource_efficiency/study_shows_around_p360_million_metals_mined_just_four_landfill_sites.html|archive-date = 2015-06-12}}</ref> There is also up to 20 MJ/kg of energy in waste, potentially making the re-extraction more profitable.<ref>{{cite web|title =Enhanced Landfill Mining: Material recovery, energy utilisation and economics in the EU (Directive) perspective |url=http://www.elfm.eu/Uploads/ELFM/FILE_79F81D49-34DC-4B5B-9BFC-5E5101CE7520.PDF |website=Enhanced Landfill Mining |access-date = 2015-06-11 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150612103124/http://www.elfm.eu/Uploads/ELFM/FILE_79F81D49-34DC-4B5B-9BFC-5E5101CE7520.PDF|archive-date = 2015-06-12}}</ref> However, although the first landfill mine opened in [[Tel Aviv]], Israel in 1953, little work has followed due to the abundance of accessible ores.<ref>{{cite web|title = Assessing the opportunities of landfill mining|publisher = Research database – University of Groningen|url = https://www.rug.nl/research/portal/publications/pub(e2682e00-9881-4bac-ad4e-a4deb0dd4f1e).html|website = www.rug.nl|access-date = 2015-06-11|archive-date = 2019-01-27|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190127094229/https://www.rug.nl/research/portal/publications/pub(e2682e00-9881-4bac-ad4e-a4deb0dd4f1e).html|url-status = live}}</ref>

==See also==
{{columns-list|
* {{annotated link|Asteroid mining}}
* {{annotated link|Automated mining}}
* {{annotated link|Blood diamond}}
* {{annotated link|Conflict resource}}
* [[Deep sea mining]]
* {{annotated link|Environmental effects of mining}}
* {{annotated link|Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative}}
* {{annotated link|Geological engineering}}
* {{annotated link|Kimberley Process Certification Scheme}}
* {{annotated link|List of critical mineral raw materials}}
* {{annotated link|List of mining companies}}
* [[List of mining journals]]
* {{annotated link|Mining engineering}}
* {{annotated link|Outline of mining}}
* {{annotated link|Peak minerals}}
* {{annotated link|Resource curse}}
* {{annotated link|Resource extraction}}
* {{annotated link|Stone industry}}
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Woytinsky, W.S., and E.S. Woytinsky (1953). ''World Population and Production Trends and Outlooks'', pp. 749–881; with many tables and maps on the worldwide mining industry in 1950, including coal, metals, and minerals
* Ali, Saleem H. (2003). ''Mining, the Environment and Indigenous Development Conflicts''. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press. {{ISBN?}}
* Ali, Saleem H. (2009). ''Treasures of the Earth: need, greed and a sustainable future''. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. {{ISBN?}}
* {{cite book |title=From Mine to Mistress: Corporate Strategies and Government Policies in the International Diamond Industry |last=Even-Zohar |first=Chaim |year=2002 |publisher=Mining Journal Books |isbn=978-0-9537336-1-3 |page=555}}
* Geobacter Project: [https://web.archive.org/web/20170308175324/http://www.geobacter.org/press/2001-07-21-economist.pdf Gold mines may owe their origins to bacteria] (in [[Portable Document Format|PDF]] format)
* Garrett, Dennis. ''Alaska Placer Mining''. {{ISBN?}}
* {{cite book |title=Principles of Mine Planning|edition=2nd |last=Jayanta |first=Bhattacharya |year=2007 |publisher=Wide Publishing |isbn=978-81-7764-480-7 |page=505}}
* Morrison, Tom (1992). ''Hardrock Gold: a miner's tale''. {{ISBN|0-8061-2442-3}}
* John Milne. ''The Miner's Handbook: A Handy Reference on the subjects of Mineral Deposits (1894) Mining operations in the 19th century.'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=ty0LAQAAIAAJ&dq=waterways+john+milne&pg=PA95 The Miner's Handbook: A Handy Book of Reference on the Subjects of Mineral Deposits, Mining Operations, Ore Dressing, Etc. For the Use of Students and Others Interested in Mining Matters] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103190333/https://books.google.com/books?id=ty0LAQAAIAAJ&dq=waterways%20john%20milne&pg=PA95 |date=2023-11-03 }}.
* Aryee, B., Ntibery, B., Atorkui, E. (2003). "Trends in the small-scale mining of precious minerals in Ghana: a perspective on its environmental impact", ''Journal of Cleaner Production'' 11: 131–40.
* Temple, John (1972). ''[https://archive.org/details/miningjohntemple Mining: An International History]''. Ernest Benn Limited.
* The Oil, Gas, and Mining Sustainable Community Development Fund (2009). ''Social Mine Closure Strategy, Mali'' (in [https://web.archive.org/web/20111007165012/http://commdev.org/section/projects/sadiola CommDev: Projects: Social Mine Closure Strategy, Mali]).
* White F. (2020). ''Miner with a Heart of Gold: biography of a mineral science and engineering educator.'' Friesen Press, Victoria. ISBN 978-1-5255-7765-9 (Hardcover), 978-1-5255-7766-6 (Paperback), 978-1-5255-7767-3 (eBook).

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|mining}}
{{Commons category|Mining}}
{{wikiquote}}
{{Wikivoyage|Mining tourism}}
* [http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/11/04713485/0471348511.pdf First chapter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415175613/http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/11/04713485/0471348511.pdf |date=2016-04-15 }} of [https://books.google.com/books?id=gi2sfYQIqPgC Introductory Mining Engineering] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103190331/https://books.google.com/books?id=gi2sfYQIqPgC |date=2023-11-03 }}
* [http://rmmlf.org/SciTech/Lacy/Introduction-to-Geology-and-Hard-Rock-Mining-2015.pdf An introduction to geology and hard rock mining] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160813182207/http://rmmlf.org/SciTech/Lacy/Introduction-to-Geology-and-Hard-Rock-Mining-2015.pdf (archived 13 August 2016)]
* {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Mining|short=x}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Mining|volume=18 |pages=528–542|short=x |first=Henry Smith |last=Munroe}}



{{Mining techniques}}
{{Natural resources}}
{{Industries}}
{{Continent topic
| title = [[Mining]] articles by [[continent]]
| prefix = Mining in | state = expanded }}
{{World topic|Mining in}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Mining| ]]
[[Category:Occupational safety and health]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

Nibir Mandal

2026-03-07T23:30:05Z

Gopalpurpp: created some entry needs work

{{short description|Indian geologist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Nibir Mandal
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1963|11|6}}
| birth_place = [[Jangipur, West Bengal|Raghunathganj, Jangipur]], [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]], [[West Bengal]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Tectonics]] | [[Structural geology]] | [[Geodynamics]]}}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Jadavpur University]] | [http://jugeodynamics.org/] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[Jadavpur University]] | [[Hokkaido University]] | [[ETH Zurich]] }}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on the evolution of geological structures
| awards = {{ublist|1992 [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] Young Scientist Medal | 2005 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize|S. S. Bhatnagar Prize]] | 2013 [[G. D. Birla Award for Scientific Research|G. D. Birla Award]] }}
}}
'''Nibir Mandal''' (born 1963) is an Indian [[Structural geology|structural geologist]] and a professor of Geological Sciences at [[Jadavpur University]].<ref name="Department :: Geological Sciences">{{Cite web |url=http://jugeodynamics.org/ |title=Department :: Geological Sciences |date=2016 |publisher=Jadavpur University}}</ref> He is known for his studies on the evolution of geological structures<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=240 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2016 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> and is an elected fellow of [[Indian Academy of Sciences]],<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Mandal,_Prof._Nibir |title=Fellow profile |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> and the [[Indian National Science Academy]].<ref name="Indian fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=P10-1518 |title=Indian fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=5 January 2017 |archive-date=5 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705085618/https://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=P10-1518 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean and Planetary Sciences in 2005.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Long link - please select award year to see details}}

== Biography ==
[[File:Jadavpur University Gate No. 4.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Jadavpur University]]
Nibir Mandal, born on 6 November 1963 at [[Jangipur, West Bengal|Jangipur]] in the [[Murshidabad district]] of the Indian state of [[West Bengal]] to Mahadev Mandal and Renuka, completed his graduate studies in science at [[Jadavpur University]] in 1984 and obtained a master's degree from the same university in 1987.<ref name="Faculty profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.jaduniv.edu.in/profile.php?uid=250 |title=Faculty profile |date=2016 |publisher=Jadavpur University}}</ref> He continued at the university for his doctoral studies as a [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]] research fellow, and after securing a PhD in 1991, joined [[Allahabad University]] in 1992 as a lecturer but moved back to his alma mater as a lecturer the same year. He has been serving the university since then, holding the positions of senior lecturer and reader before becoming a professor of the Department of Geology, a position he holds to date. In between, he did his post-doctoral studies at [[Hokkaido University]] as a [[Japan Society for the Promotion of Science|JSPS]] visiting scientist and at [[ETH Zurich]] as a post-doctoral fellow. He also serves as an adjunct professor at the department of earth sciences of the [[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur]].<ref name="Adjunct professor">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iitk.ac.in/es/faculty |title=Adjunct professor |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Mandal is known to have done researches on the evolution of geological structures.<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee" /> Through his experimental and theoretical work, he is reported to have proposed a theory of ''particle motion associated with faults undergoing both translational and rotational movement''. His studies have been documented in several peer-reviewed articles;<ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Mandal=3ANibir=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} [[ResearchGate]], an online repository of scientific articles, has listed 74 of them.<ref name="On ResearchGate">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/researcher/73099176_Nibir_Mandal |title=On ResearchGate |date=2016 }}</ref> Besides, he has also contributed chapters to books edited by others.<ref name="Gupta2011">{{cite book|author=Alok Krishna Gupta|title=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior: Crust, Mantle and Core|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UeLhV-Dj6i0C&pg=PA41|date=6 October 2011|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4419-0346-4|pages=41–}}</ref><ref name="Sengupta2012">{{cite book|author=S. Sengupta|title=Evolution of Geological Structures in Micro- to Macro-scales|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-sl9CAAAQBAJ&pg=PT19|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-011-5870-1|pages=19–}}</ref><ref name="MukherjeeMulchrone2015">{{cite book|author1=Soumyajit Mukherjee|author2=Kieran F. Mulchrone|title=Ductile Shear Zones: From Micro- to Macro-scales|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1gBCgAAQBAJ&pg=PP5|date=21 December 2015|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-84496-0|pages=5–}}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
Mandal received the Young Scientist Medal of the [[Indian National Science Academy]] in 1992.<ref name="Young Scientist Medal">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/youngmedal.php |title=Young Scientist Medal |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=5 January 2017 |archive-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511084357/https://www.insaindia.res.in/youngmedal.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 2005.<ref name="Earth Sciences">{{Cite web |url=http://www.csir.res.in/External/Heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Earth_SCIENCES.htm |title=Earth Sciences |date=2016 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200915/http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Earth_SCIENCES.htm |archivedate=2016-03-03 }}</ref> He was elected as a fellow by the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] also in 2006<ref name="Fellow profile" /> and he became a fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]] in 2010.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> Three years later, he received the 2012 [[G. D. Birla Award for Scientific Research]] of the [[K. K. Birla Foundation]].<ref name="Jadavpur varsity prof wins GD Birla award">{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/jadavpur-varsity-prof-wins-gd-birla-award/story-GguNr490DUqhpFYZVn2beM.html |title=Jadavpur varsity prof wins GD Birla award |date=23 March 2013 |publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==

=== Chapters in books ===
* {{cite book |author=Alok Krishna Gupta, Nibir Mandal |title=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior: Crust, Mantle and Core |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UeLhV-Dj6i0C&pg=PA41 |date=6 October 2011 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-1-4419-0346-4 |pages=41–}}
* {{cite book |author=S. Sengupta, Nibir Mandal |title=Evolution of Geological Structures in Micro- to Macro-scales |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-sl9CAAAQBAJ&pg=PT19 |date=6 December 2012 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-94-011-5870-1 |pages=19–}}
* {{cite book |author1=Soumyajit Mukherjee |author2=Kieran F. Mulchrone |title=Ductile Shear Zones: From Micro- to Macro-scales |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1gBCgAAQBAJ&pg=PP5 |date=21 December 2015 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-84496-0 |pages=5–}}

=== Articles ===
* {{Cite journal |last=Nibir Mandal, Atin Kumar Mitra, Santanu Misra, Chandan Chakraborty |title=Is the outcrop topology of dolerite dikes of the Precambrian Singhbhum Craton fractal? |journal=Journal of Earth System Science |publication-date=December 2006 |volume=115 |issue=6 |pages=643–660 |doi=10.1007/s12040-006-0002-2|year=2006 |bibcode=2006JESS..115..643M |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Nishant Kumar, Shamik Sarkar, Nibir Mandal |title=Numerical modeling of flow patterns around subducting slabs in a viscoelastic medium and its implications in the lithospheric stress analysis |journal=Journal of the Geological Society of India |publication-date=January 2010 |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=98–109 |doi=10.1007/s12594-010-0027-7|year=2010 |bibcode=2010JGSI...75...98K |s2cid=73619587 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Nibir Mandal, Krishna Hara Chakravarty, Kajaljyoti Borah, S. S. Rai |title=Is a cation ordering transition of the Mg-Fe olivine phase in the mantle responsible for the shallow mantle seismic discontinuity beneath the Indian Craton? |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |publication-date=December 2012 |volume=117 |issue=B12 |page=a |doi=10.1029/2012JB009225|year=2012 |bibcode=2012JGRB..11712304M |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Fernando O. Marques, Nibir Mandal, Rui Taborda, José V. Antunes, Santanu Bose |title=The behaviour of deformable and non-deformable inclusions in viscous flow |journal=Earth-Science Reviews |publication-date=July 2014 |volume=134 |pages=16–69 |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.03.007|year=2014 |bibcode=2014ESRv..134...16M }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Urmi Dutta, Amiya Baruah1, Nibir Mandal |title=Role of source-layer tilts in the axi-asymmetric growth of diapirs triggered by a Rayleigh-Taylor instability |journal=Geophys. J. Int. |publication-date=July 2016 |volume=208 |issue=2 |pages=1814–1830 |doi=10.1093/gji/ggw244|year=2016 |doi-access=free }}
* Ritabrata Dasgupta, Nibir Mandal (2022). "Role of double-subduction dynamics in the topographic evolution of the Sunda Plate". ''Geophys. J. Int.'' (published July 2022). 230 (1): 696-713. [[doi:10.1093/gji/ggac025|doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggac025]]
* Uddalak Biswas, Manaska Mukhopadhyay, & Nibir Mandal (2023). Fractal analysis of anisotropic shear-fracture roughness from rocks and analogue laboratory models: A new approach for heterogeneous-slip characterization. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 169, 105432.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2023.105432

== See also ==
* [[Indian Shield]]
* [[Diapir]]
{{portal|India|Geology}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note|50em}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.pubfacts.com/author/Nibir+Mandal |title=On PubFacts |date=2016 |publisher= |work=List of publications}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/php/auth.php?authid=41182&author=Mandal,%20Nibir |title=On Current Science |date=2016 |publisher= |work=List of publications}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/listing/bibliography/jess/Nibir_Mandal |title=On Indian Academy of Sciences |date=2016 |publisher= |work=List of publications}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.geosocindia.org/index.php/jgsi/search/authors/view?firstName=Nibir&middleName=&lastName=Mandal&affiliation=Indian%20Institute%20of%20Science%20Education%20and%20Research,%20HC%207,%20Salt%20Lake%20City,%20Kolkata%20-%20700%20106&country=IN |title=On Geological Society of India |date=2016 |publisher= |work=List of publications}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean & Planetary Sciences}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mandal, Nibir}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean & Planetary Sciences]]
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian geologists]]
[[Category:People from Murshidabad district]]
[[Category:Bengali scientists]]
[[Category:Jadavpur University alumni]]
[[Category:Hokkaido University alumni]]
[[Category:ETH Zurich alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Allahabad]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Jadavpur University]]
[[Category:Academic staff of IIT Kanpur]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Scientists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian earth scientists]]

C. K. Birla

2026-03-04T15:59:10Z

Gopalpurpp: Adding Pg.

{{Short description|Indian industrialist and philanthropist (born 1955)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = C. K. Birla
| birth_name = Chandra Kant Birla
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1955}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| other_names =
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[La Martinière Calcutta|La Martiniere]] [[St. Xavier's College, Kolkata]]
| occupation = [[Industrialist]]
| television =
| title = Chairman, [[CKA Birla Group]] (Formerly [[CK Birla Group]])
| term =
| predecessor = [[Ganga Prasad Birla]]
| successor =
| boards =
| spouse = Amita Birla
| children = 2
| parents = [[Ganga Prasad Birla]] Nirmala Devi
| relatives = See [[Birla family]]
}}
'''Chandra Kant Birla''' (born 1955) is an Indian industrialist and philanthropist. He is the chairman of the [[CKA Birla Group]] (Formerly [[CK Birla Group]]).<ref name="0:1">{{cite news |title=Who is C K Birla? |url=https://www.business-standard.com/about/who-is-c-k-birla |access-date=17 November 2023 |publisher=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Birla was born in 1955 in [[Kolkata]]. He completed his schooling at [[La Martinière Calcutta|La Martiniere for Boys]], [[Calcutta]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mitra |first1=Sumit |last2=Malik |first2=Ashok |title=Ambassador Retro triggers nostalgia, Hindustan Motors hopes to revive the car |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/economy/story/20020211-ambassador-retro-triggers-nostalgia-hindustan-motors-hopes-to-revive-the-car-795834-2002-02-10 |publisher=[[India Today]] |date=February 11, 2002}}</ref> and later he graduated with a degree in economics from [[St. Xavier's College, Kolkata]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Aprakash Chandra Bose |author2=Rupa K. Bose |title=Choosing an Indian Associate How to Evaluate Partnerships for Profit |date=1989 |publisher=Business International Asia/Pacific Limited |pages=48 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F1jwAAAAMAAJ&q=Chandrakant+Birla}}</ref> He is the son of industrialist [[Ganga Prasad Birla]] and the grandson of [[Braj Mohan Birla]].<ref>{{cite news |title=GP Birla dies at 87 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/gp-birla-dies-at-87-110030700014_1.html |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |date=January 21, 2013}}</ref> He gained business expertise under the guidance of his grandfather, B. M. Birla, regarding him as his mentor.<ref name=Marwariheritage>{{cite book |author1=D. K. Taknet |author-link=D. K. Taknet |title=The Marwari Heritage |date=2016 |publisher=IntegralDMS |isbn=9781942322061 |page=409 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kXS2DAAAQBAJ&dq=Chandra+Kant+Birla&pg=PA409}}</ref>

==Career==
Birla is chairman of the [[CKA Birla Group]] (Formerly [[CK Birla Group]]), overseeing its diversified operations across the country.<ref name="0:1"/>

He is the chairman for various companies under the group umbrella. These include AVTEC, a manufacturer of auto parts, BirlaNu (Formerly HIL Limited), Neosym, National Engineering Industries Limited (manufacturer of [[NBC Bearings]]), [[Orient Electric]], and [[Orient Paper Mills|Orient Paper & Industries]].<ref name="0:1"/> He is on the board of directors at [[Birlasoft]].

He is a member of the board of directors of the [[Commonwealth Business Council]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cbcglobal.org/about/board-of-directors/mr-ck-birla |title=Commonwealth Business Council |access-date=17 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418220901/http://www.cbcglobal.org/about/board-of-directors/mr-ck-birla |archive-date=18 April 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> chairman of the board of governors of the [[Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra|Birla Institute of Technology, Ranchi]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bitmesra.ac.in/cms-aboutus.aspx?this=1&mid=1 |title=BIT Mesra |access-date=30 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502010211/https://www.bitmesra.ac.in/cms-aboutus.aspx?this=1&mid=1 |archive-date=2 May 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and a trustee of The Calcutta Medical Research Institute.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ckbirlagroup.com/mr-ck-birla.htm |title=About Chairman on CK Birla Group website |access-date=17 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418234029/http://www.ckbirlagroup.com/mr-ck-birla.htm |archive-date=18 April 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Birla is a member of the National Committee of the [[Confederation of Indian Industry]] (CII).<ref>{{cite news |title=High level CII Delegation to accompany Finance Minister to Japan |url=https://www.cii.in/CS_PressreleasesDetail.aspx?enc=KWp+jfoXo8xr51j1tHBRWCOp10z1Yu8pwkrQXUvjK7UoAT/Av490+L5cDJ3UOX2hFGo4VQdU2OrMQZ4qyA+UXEOXt1yLBRz2uvuNwz0HnAXMyjDAl8biTBbkeMEQCDmApxmFZ4X7YXJOB7fCyB5i6SpEne4AFPIfWT2JUYXXVlzpBiChI33Mtx+r74RrUkLbfo4NVGZ5sKON8c7LV6TVdAumcFtyehMFuPnVftle4cQamU0CCZ4Yjlb/LpZVzflKyddgLe2xzYxZslktsgScwQ== |publisher=CII |date=January 1, 2016}}</ref> He was also the chairman of the board of governors at the [[Indian Institute of Management Udaipur|Indian Institute of Management, Udaipur]].<ref>{{cite news |title=IIM-A to be mentor to Udaipur |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/iim-a-to-be-mentor-to-udaipur/story-IlOobrNdIrJpuC5EJ16f7O.html |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=June 24, 2010}}</ref>

Birla was on the board of Century Textile and Industries through his shareholding at Pilani Investment and Industries Corporation, a Birla family holding company.<ref name=NYtimes>{{cite news |last1=Chowdhury |first1=Neel |title=The Divided Birla Clan Aims for Compromise : India's Troubled Empire |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/05/15/business/worldbusiness/IHT-the-divided-birla-clan-aims-for-compromise-indias.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=May 15, 1996}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=C K Birla To Skip Century Tex Agm |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/c-k-birla-to-skip-century-tex-agm-197072201092_1.html |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |date=July 22, 1997}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=S K Birla, C K Birla resign from board of Century Textiles |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/s-k-birla-c-k-birla-resign-from-board-of-century-textiles-106022300031_1.html |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |date=February 23, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Birla duo exits Century board |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/birla-duo-exits-century-board/cid/817333 |publisher=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=February 23, 2006}}</ref>

He was appointed as the chairman of [[Hindustan Motors]] in November 1997 and resigned from the chairmanship and directorship in December 2013.<ref>{{cite news |title=C.K. Birla steps down as chairman of Hindustan Motors |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/jack-ma-loses-usd-683-million-on-alibaba-after-its-shares-drop-by-9-per-cent-11700215873383.html |publisher=[[Livemint]] |date=December 23, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dutt |first1=Ishita Ayan |title=What next for CK Birla after Hindustan Motors? |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/what-next-for-ck-birla-after-hindustan-motors-114061101349_1.html |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |date=June 11, 2014}}</ref>

== Philanthropy ==
In healthcare and education, their major initiatives comprise the B.M. Birla Heart Research Centre in [[Kolkata]], Calcutta Medical Research Institute, a hospital in Kolkata, [[Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra]] in [[Ranchi]], Modern High School for Girls in [[Kolkata]], and the Rukmani Birla Modern High School in [[Jaipur]].<ref name=Marwariheritage/>

He oversees the G. P. Birla Archaeological Astronomical and Scientific Research Institute (GPBAASRI), [[Birla Science Museum|BM Birla Science Centre]], and Space Museum in Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite news |title=Space Museum opened at Hyderabad with ISRO Collaboration |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Space%20Museum%20opened.html |publisher=[[ISRO]] |date=2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=City welcomes India's first private space museum |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/city-welcomes-indias-first-private-space-museum/articleshow/70402881.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=July 27, 2019}}</ref>

In April 2020, Birla, his wife Amita Birla, and the [[CKA Birla Group]] (Formerly [[CK Birla Group]]) jointly committed a sum of {{INR}}35 crores to support the government's efforts against the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. Of this, {{INR}}25 crores were directed to the [[PM CARES Fund]], with the remaining funds allocated to state government initiatives for the procurement of equipment.<ref>{{cite news |title=CK Birla Group commits Rs 35 crore to PM-CARES Fund |url=https://realty.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/allied-industries/ck-birla-group-commits-rs-35-crore-to-pm-cares-fund/74985920 |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=April 4, 2020}}</ref>

==Personal life==
In 1975, Birla married Amita Birla, the daughter of [[Raj Bagri, Baron Bagri|Raj Kumar Bagri]], a co-founder of the London-based [[London Metal Exchange]] and his wife Usha Maheshwary.<ref name=Debrett>{{cite book |author1=Susan Morris |title=Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage 2019 |date=2020 |publisher=eBook Partnership |isbn=9781999767051 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=99tHEAAAQBAJ&dq=Chandra+Kant+Birla+wife+Amita+Birla&pg=PA1644}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Meet the Titans of the Metal and Steel Industry |url=http://www.indianmetals.com/news/portraits.php |publisher=Indianmetals.com}}</ref> The couple has two daughters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Birla Family Tree: The journey of the Birla legacy from Shiv Narain Birla to Ananya and Vedant Birla |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/lifestyle-birla-family-tree-the-journey-of-the-birla-legacy-from-shiv-narain-to-nirvan-and-vedant-birla-3409662/#:~:text=CK%20Birla%20has%20two%20daughter,President%2C%20Strategy%20at%20HIL%20Limited. |website=Financialexpress |language=en |date=18 June 2024}}</ref>

== Recognition ==
The [[World Economic Forum]] in [[Davos]], Switzerland, honored Birla as a Global Leader for Tomorrow, recognizing him among a select group of industrialists.<ref name=Marwariheritage/> The [[Rajasthan Foundation]], under the [[Government of Rajasthan]], has listed him among the "Legends of Rajasthan" in the business category.<ref>{{cite web |title=Legends of Rajasthan |url=https://foundation.rajasthan.gov.in/LegendsOfRajathan.aspx |website=foundation.rajasthan.gov.in |publisher=[[Rajasthan Foundation]] |access-date=17 November 2023}}</ref>
*
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Birla family}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Birla, Chandra Kant}}
[[Category:Businesspeople from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian billionaires]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Birla family|Chandra Kant]]
[[Category:Rajasthani people]]
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:La Martiniere Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:St. Xavier's College, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:CK Birla Group]]

Love Story (1981 film)

2026-03-03T23:59:17Z

Gopalpurpp: put up initial post first draft

{{More citations needed|date=November 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Love Story
| image = Love Story 1981 film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Rahul Rawail]]
| producer = [[Rajendra Kumar]]
| writer = Mirza Brothers
| narrator =
| starring = [[Rajendra Kumar]] [[Kumar Gaurav]] [[Vijayta Pandit]] [[Danny Denzongpa]] [[Vidya Sinha]]
| music = [[R. D. Burman]]
| cinematography = [[Radhu Karmakar]]
| editing = [[David Dhawan]]
| distributor = Aryan Films
| released = {{Film date|1981|02|27|df=yes}}
| runtime = 165 min
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}

'''''Love Story''''' is a 1981 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic film]] directed by [[Rahul Rawail]]. The film stars [[Rajendra Kumar]] alongside his son [[Kumar Gaurav]] and [[Vijayta Pandit]], both making their film debuts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-11 |title=When Sanjay Dutt had said he can 'shed blood' for Kumar Gaurav: 'Love him immensely' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sanjay-dutt-shed-his-blood-for-kumar-gaurav-mahesh-bhatt-naam-movie-8012091/ |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> [[Danny Denzongpa]], [[Vidya Sinha]], [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]] and [[Aruna Irani]] appear in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2021/feb/27/28914/40-years-of-love-story-1981-the-flash-in-the-pan-stardom-of-kumar-gaurav|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228054116/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2021/feb/27/28914/40-years-of-love-story-1981-the-flash-in-the-pan-stardom-of-kumar-gaurav|url-status=live|archive-date=28 February 2021|title=40 years of Love Story (1981): The flash-in-the-pan stardom of Kumar Gaurav|first=Sukhpreet|last=Kahlon|website=Cinestaan}}</ref>

[[Box Office India]] declared it a ''blockbuster''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=187&catName=MTk4MQ==|title=Boxofficeindia.com|date=22 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922024540/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=187&catName=MTk4MQ==|access-date=17 November 2021|archive-date=22 September 2012}}</ref>

==Plot==
Vijay Mehra is a wealthy builder and loves Suman, who also loves Vijay. Ram Dogra is a civil engineer who loves Suman. Ram and Suman were friends in college.

But Vijay leaves Suman because he feels jealous of Ram and Suman's friendship and marries another girl, and Suman marries Ram, but Vijay's wife dies after giving birth to a baby boy, Bunty, while Suman and Ram welcome a baby girl, Pinky.

Years later, Bunty and Pinky meet as strangers, Vijay wants Bunty to become a builder with him, but Bunty wants to become a pilot, due to this reason, Bunty leaves home, and Pinky also leaves the home because her father wants her to marry.

Bunty and Pinky meet again, but Hawaldar Sher Singh, who is assigned the job of finding the missing boy and girl, handcuffs them together, after some the good and bad circumstances, both fall in love with each other, they go somewhere unknown place and build a small cottage and live happily.

But, not ever after. Ram enters the scene and forcibly takes away Pinky. Now, Vijay is ready to accept his son's love, but Ram plans to get his daughter married against her wishes.

Bunty and Pinky run away from home again, but a gang of robbers follow them, suddenly, Vijay and Ram come to save their children and Bunty saves Ram's life. Ram changes his mind, and in the end Bunty and Pinky marry.

==Cast==
* [[Rajendra Kumar]] as Vijay Mehra
* [[Kumar Gaurav]] as Bunty Mehra
* [[Vijayta Pandit]] as Pinky Dogra
* [[Danny Denzongpa]] as Ram Dogra
* [[Vidya Sinha]] as Suman Dogra
* [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]] as Constable Sher Singh
* [[Aruna Irani]] as Dancer
* [[Beena Banerjee]] as Sushma Mehra; Vijay's Wife
* [[Bharat Kapoor]] as Basheera

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[R. D. Burman]], with lyrics by [[Anand Bakshi]].

[[Amit Kumar]] performed vocals for Kumar Gaurav.

{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Kaisa Tera Pyar, Kaisa Gussa Hai Tera, Tauba Sanam"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Amit Kumar (singer)|Amit Kumar]]
|-
| "Dekho Maine Dekha Hai Yeh Ek Sapna"
| Lata Mangeshkar, Amit Kumar
|-
| "Teri Yaad Aa Rahi Hai" (Duet)
| Lata Mangeshkar, Amit Kumar
|-
| "Teri Yaad Aa Rahi Hai" (Solo)
| Amit Kumar
|-
| "Yeh Ladki Zara Si Deewani Lagti Hai"
| [[Asha Bhosle]], Amit Kumar
|-
| "Kya Ghazab Karte Ho Ji"
| Asha Bhosle
|}

==Awards==

; [[29th Filmfare Awards]]<nowiki>:</nowiki>

'''Won'''

* [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]] – [[Amit Kumar]] for "Teri Yaad Aa Rahi Hai"

'''Nominated'''

* [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] – [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] – [[R. D. Burman]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]] – [[Anand Bakshi]] for "Teri Yaad Aa Rahi Hai"

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0234141|Love Story}}

{{Rahul Rawail}}

[[Category:1981 films]]
[[Category:1981 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1981 Indian films]]
[[Category:1980s teen romance films]]
[[Category:1980s romantic musical films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic musical films]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. D. Burman]]
[[Category:Indian teen romance films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rahul Rawail]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Indian pregnancy films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:1981 musical films]]

{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Madhubana Kadai

2026-03-03T03:25:12Z

Gopalpurpp: put up the entry w/ sources

{{Short description|2012 Indian film by Kamalakannan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Madhubaanakadai
| image =
| caption =
| director = Kamalakannan
| producer = Montage Media Production
| screenplay =Ayyappan
| starring = Rafeeq Iswarya Karthi Vel Dhyana Arvind Annamalai N. D. Rajkumar
| music = [[Ved Shankar]]
| cinematography = Sumee Baskaran
| editing = Sudhi Sasidhar
| studio = Montage Media Production
| distributor =
Montage Media Production - Sumee Baskaran
| runtime = 112 minutes
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|08|02}}
| country = India
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
}}

'''''Madhubana Kadai''''' ({{translation|Alcohol store}}) is a 2012 [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[sociopolitical]] [[satire film]], directed by debutant director Kamalakannan and produced by Montage Media Productions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhubana Kadai Review |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/aug-12-01/madhubana-kadai-review.html |access-date=2012-08-18 |publisher=Behindwoods}}</ref> The story of the movie is based on the [[TASMAC]] shop, which has real-life drunkards in leading roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil film 'Madhubaanakadai' to feature real-life drunkyards |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-01-31/news/31010444_1_tasmac-wine-shops-movie-crew |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614041925/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-01-31/news/31010444_1_tasmac-wine-shops-movie-crew |archive-date=14 June 2012 |access-date=29 August 2012 |publisher=Economic Times}}</ref> Actor Rafeeq played the male lead role and Ishwarya played the female lead and both are new faces to [[Tamil cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhubana Kadai Preview, Story & Synopsis |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/movies/madhubana-kadai/story.html |access-date=2013-05-15 |website=OneIndia}}</ref> The film was released on 2 August 2012<ref>{{Cite web |title=Friday Fury-August 3 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-august-3-news-tamil-midleKagheb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804230443/http://www.sify.com/movies/Friday-Fury-August-3-news-tamil-midleKagheb.html |archive-date=4 August 2012 |access-date=29 August 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> and received mixed reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madubanakadai |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/madubanakadai-review-tamil-15004590.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317020827/http://www.sify.com/movies/madubanakadai-review-tamil-15004590.html |archive-date=17 March 2014 |access-date=29 August 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Madhubaanakadai |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/movie-reviews/Madhubaanakadai/movie-review/15362187.cms |access-date=29 August 2012 |work=Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhubaanakadai Review {{!}} |url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/10252/tamil/madhubaanakadai/3823/review.htm |access-date=29 August 2012 |publisher=nowrunning.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Madhubaanakadai' (Tamil) |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2012/aug/05/madhubaanakadai-tamil-394038.html}}</ref>

==Cast==
*Rafeeq
*Iswarya
* Karthi Vel
* Dhyana
* Arvind Annamalai
* [[Poo Ramu]]
* N. T. Rajkumar as Mani
* Ravi
* Paruthi
* Rajan Bala

==Production==
This movie is a story of [[liquor]] shop with bar attached. Feelings will be before going to the Liquor shop and after consuming coming out of the bar and its in & out matters. A film is not encouraging to have drinks and not to have drinks and no lesson out of it. It is only in and outs of the liquor shop according to the Director Kamalakannan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-03-14 |title=MADHUBANA KADAI _stop_motion_trailer_xvid.avi |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=48xpQk6Mqkw |access-date=2012-08-18 |publisher=YouTube}}</ref>

A small village and a Kalyana Mantap was made as a liquor shop attached with a bar and local peoples been engaged in that and asked them to stay there for twenty days and all shots taken there and night itself editing ad shown to them with the training given to them as per Kamlakannan, director of the Movie. Cameraman Sumee Baskaran handled canon 7D camera and shots has come out excellent as per his speeches.

==Soundtrack==

{{Infobox album
| name = Madhubana Kadai
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Ved Shankar]]
| cover =
| released = 24 January 2012
| recorded = 2012
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 28:29
| label = [[Times Music|Junglee Music]]
| producer = Ved Shankar
| prev_title = [[Paalai]]
| prev_year = 2011
| next_title = [[Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom]]
| next_year = 2012
}}

The Music was composed by [[Ved Shankar]] and Released on [[Times Music|Junglee Music]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2012 |title=Madhubaanakadai - All Songs - Download or Listen Free - Saavn |url=https://www.saavn.com/album/madhubaanakadai/DBU2O1LWEsE_ |access-date=14 November 2018}}</ref>

{{tracklist|
|extra_column=Singer(s)
|headline = Track-List
|total_length= 28:29
| all_writing = N. D. Rajkumar
|title1=Samarasam Ulavum|extra1=[[Palakkad Sreeram]]|length1= 5:39
|title2=Manjal Nira Bodhai|extra2=N. D. Rajkumar|length2=4:49
|title3=Kallu Kollamvetti|extra3=N. D. Rajkumar|length3=5:20
|title4=Kallamillathae (Kodikkal Boodhamada)|extra4=Ved Shankar, Gowtham Bharadwaj, Abinav, Preeti Pratap |length4=4:56
|title5=Polladha Kudhirai|extra5=Gowtham Bharadwaj, [[Vandana Srinivasan]]|length5= 2:48
|title6=Kallamillathae |note6 = Version 2 |extra6=Jayamoorthy, Gowtham Bharadwaj, Abinav, Preeti Pratap|length6=4:57
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|2356688|Madhubaanakadai}}

[[Category:2012 comedy films]]
[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]
[[Category:2012 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ved Shankar]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Birla Planetarium, Chennai

2026-02-27T04:07:19Z

Gopalpurpp: Adding A Pg

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox museum
|name = Birla Planetarium
|image = Periyar Science and Technology Centre and Birla Planetarium, Chennai 46.jpg
|image_upright =
|caption =
|map_type =
|map_caption =
|coordinates = {{coord|13.012|80.2437|display=inline}}
|established = {{start date and age|1988|05|11|df=y}}
|dissolved =
|location = No. 4, Gandhi Mandapam Road, [[Kotturpuram]], [[Chennai]], [[India]]
|type = Planetarium museum
|visitors =
|director = I.K.Lenin Tamilkovan
|curator =
|publictransit = [[Kasturba Nagar railway station|Kasturba Nagar MRTS station]]
|website = {{url|http://tnstc.gov.in/index.htm}}
}}

'''B. M. Birla Planetarium''' is a large [[planetarium]] in [[Chennai]], [[India]]. The fifth B. M. Birla planetarium in the country, it is located at [[Kotturpuram]] in the ''' [[Tamilnadu Science and Technology Center|Periyar Science and Technology Centre]]''' campus which houses eight galleries, namely, Physical Science, Electronics and Communication, Energy, Life Science, Innovation, Transport, International Dolls and Children and Materials Science, with over 500 exhibits.<ref name="Muthiah_2014">{{cite book | last = Muthiah| first = S. | author-link = S. Muthiah | title = Madras Rediscovered| publisher = EastWest | date = 2014 | location = Chennai | pages = 282 | isbn = 978-93-84030-28-5}}</ref> Built in 1988 in the memory of the great industrialist and visionary of India [[Birla family|B. M. Birla]], it is considered the most modern planetarium in [[India]], providing a virtual tour of the [[night sky]] and holding cosmic shows on a specially perforated hemispherical [[aluminium]] inner dome. Other Birla planetariums in India include the [[Birla Planetarium, Kolkata|M. P. Birla Planetarium]] in [[Kolkata]], the [[Birla Planetarium, Hyderabad|Birla Planetarium]] in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], and the planetariums in [[Tiruchirapalli]] and [[Coimbatore]].

==Location==
[[File:ChennaiBMBirlaPlanetariumMainEntrance.jpg|thumb|left|Main entrance of the planetarium]]
[[File:Periyar Science and Technology Centre and Birla Planetarium, Chennai 43.jpg|thumb|Periyar Science and Technology Centre and Birla Planetarium, Chennai]]
The planetarium is located in the Tamil Nadu Science and Technology Centre's (TNSTC) Periyar Science and Technology Centre campus on the Gandhi Mandapam Road in Kotturpuram abutting the [[Central Leather Research Institute]] campus. It lies close to the [[Guindy National Park]] in the predominantly wooded [[Adyar (Chennai)|Adyar]]-[[Guindy]] region known as the ''Green Lungs of Chennai'', enabling it to conduct night-sky observation comparatively easily which is otherwise difficult amidst the glaring city lights in the night. Other nearby landmarks include the [[IIT Madras]], [[Adyar Cancer Institute]], [[Anna University]], [[University of Madras]]–Guindy campus and the [[Anna Centenary Library]]. The nearest railway stations are [[Kotturpuram]] MRTS in the northeast and [[Kasturba Nagar railway station|Kasturba Nagar MRTS]] in the southeast, both located at a distance of 1 km from the planetarium.<ref>{{cite web
| title = Birla Planetarium
| url = http://in.pagenation.com/maa/Birla%20Planetarium_80.2437_13.012.map
| access-date = 16 Oct 2011}}</ref> The Kotturpuram bus stop lies 2 km to the north.

==History==
[[File:ChennaiBMBIrlaPlanetariumPortico.jpg|thumb|left|Portico of the main building]]
[[File:ChennaiBMBirlaPlanetariumTheatreHouse.jpg|thumb|left|Planetarium theatre house]]

The Tamil Nadu Science and Technology Centre (TNSTC) was established in 1983 and is functioning with the financial assistance of the Government
of Tamil Nadu. The centre started its operations in 1988 with the setting up of Periyar Science and Technology Centre and the functioning of the Birla Planetarium. The centre functions under the chairmanship of the minister of education. The planetarium was inaugurated on 11 May 1988 by the then [[President of India]] [[R. Venkataraman]].

In April 2013, the state government upgraded the planetarium into a digital one at a cost of {{INR}} 100 million. The 3D theatre in the complex was also upgraded.<ref>{{cite news| title =சென்னை கோளரங்கம் டிஜிட்டல் மயமாகிறது: சட்டசபையில் அமைச்சர் தகவல்| newspaper =Maalai Malar| location =Chennai| publisher =Maalaimalar.com| date =4 April 2013| url =http://www.maalaimalar.com/2013/04/04134827/Chennai-science-centre-digital.html| access-date =6 Apr 2013| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130408035329/http://www.maalaimalar.com/2013/04/04134827/Chennai-science-centre-digital.html| archive-date =8 April 2013}}</ref>

In April 2013, the Tamil Nadu Science and Technology Centre (TNSTC) announced its plan of setting up a 'Space Gallery' at a cost of {{INR}} 6 million in collaboration with the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). The gallery showcases the development of space technology in India. There are plans to showcase models of satellite launch vehicle (SLV), polar satellite launch vehicle (PSLV), and geosynchronous satellite launch vehicle (GSLV) in the gallery, in addition to a 10-m long scale-down model of SLV 1.6, kept in a horizontal position, to explain the first, second and third stage of a rocket. A mock-up control room will also be established to explain about how a rocket is launched into the space and the ways to observe the trajectory of the rocket.<ref name="Hindu_SpaceGallery">{{cite news
| last = Swaminathan
| first = T. S. Atul
| title = Space gallery at Birla Planetarium
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 29 April 2013
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-downtown/space-gallery-at-birla-planetarium/article4666482.ece
| access-date = 30 Apr 2013}}</ref>

There are about 8 staff at the planetarium.<ref>Andre Heck (2004). ''StarGuides Plus: A World-Wide Directory of Organizations in Astronomy and Related Space Sciences (Developments in Hydrobiology)'', Springer</ref> The centre has branches in [[Coimbatore]], [[Vellore]] and [[Trichy]].

==Planetarium features==
[[File:ChennaiBMBirlaPlanetariumEntranceHall.jpg|thumb|Entrance hall to the planetarium theatre]]
[[File:ChennaiBMBirlaPlanetariumProjectorOnDisplay.jpg|thumb|Projector on display at the planetarium]]

The planetarium is equipped with a versatile opto-mechanical GOTO GM II starfield [[Image projector|projector]],<ref name="GMII">
{{Cite web
|url=http://www.chennai.fm/online/tamilnadu-science-and-technology-centre/1124/
|title=Tamilnadu Science and Technology Centre
|work=chennai.fm
|access-date=26 Oct 2010}}</ref> an accompanying special-effects projector and an X-Y table system for simulating various celestial phenomena. The GM II projector has the provision to execute the diurnal, annual, latitudinal, and precessional motions. The pierced hemispherical inner dome of the planetarium, made of [[aluminium]], is 15 m in diameter. The air-conditioned theatre has a seating capacity of 236.

The total outlay proposed for the Tenth Five-Year Plan (2002–2007) for the Periyar Science and Technology Centre and B. M. Birla Planetarium was {{INR}} 6.4 million, including {{INR}} 2.6 million for the X-Y table system at the planetarium.<ref>{{cite web
| title = Chapter 14, Science and Technology
| publisher = Government of Tamil Nadu
| url = http://www.tn.gov.in/spc/tenthplan/CH_14.PDF
| access-date = 16 Oct 2011}}</ref>

In 2009, the planetarium established the 360-degree sky theatre, the first in India,<ref>{{cite news
| last = TNN
| title = New image projector for Birla Planetarium
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| location = Chennai
| publisher = [[The Times Group]]
| date = 26 April 2009
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-04-26/chennai/28029603_1_projector-birla-planetarium-p-iyamperumal
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120915015257/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-04-26/chennai/28029603_1_projector-birla-planetarium-p-iyamperumal
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 15 September 2012
| access-date = 16 Oct 2011}}</ref> with the installation of a full-dome mirror projection system with a DLP projector.<ref>{{cite web
| title = Tender document for the supply, installation, testing and commissioning of full-dome mirror projection system
| publisher = Tamilnadu Science and Technology Centre
| url = http://tnstc.gov.in/Tender-document.pdf
| access-date = 16 Oct 2011}}</ref> The 360-degree effect is created with the help of Wrap, a special software that takes care of curvature correction. The projector was installed at a cost of {{INR}} 2.1 million.

The planetarium building features a circumferential hall of fame around the main theatre with portraits and statues of scientists and photographs and models of various heavenly bodies, celestial phenomena and space missions. In 2009, the [[Consulate General of the United States, Chennai|U.S. Consulate at Chennai]] donated portraits of [[Neil Armstrong]], [[Sunita Williams]] and [[Kalpana Chawla]] for display in the hall of fame to commemorate increasing Indo-U.S. space ties.<ref>{{cite web
|title = American Space Icons on the Walls of The Birla Planetarium
|publisher = Consulate General of the United States
|url = http://chennai.usconsulate.gov/birla20oct2.html
|access-date = 16 Oct 2011
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111015055207/http://chennai.usconsulate.gov/birla20oct2.html
|archive-date = 15 October 2011
|url-status = dead
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>

The planetarium also offers courses in [[astronomy]] and night-sky observations. There is a seminar hall and a classroom studio at the planetarium, where discussions and workshops are conducted by eminent personalities in the field of astronomy. The planetarium organises a special show on every second Saturday of month to view the night sky from 7:00 pm to 9:00 pm.

Under Part II Scheme for the year 2011–2012, the state government has sanctioned an amount of {{INR}} 1.5 million for the modernisation of the planetarium by providing six-segment multimedia projection system.<ref>{{cite web| title =G.O.(2D).No. 27| publisher =Government of Tamil Nadu| date =24 October 2011| url =http://www.tn.gov.in/gosdb/gorders/hedu/hedu_e_27_2011_2D.pdf| access-date =30 Oct 2011| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20111125093331/http://www.tn.gov.in/gosdb/gorders/hedu/hedu_e_27_2011_2D.pdf| archive-date =25 November 2011}}</ref>

==Shows==
[[File:ChennaiBMBirlaPlanetariumSeats.jpg|thumb|The main 236-seated planetarium theatre]]
The planetarium conducts sky shows every day at different times in different languages. The shows include the [[Solar System]], sky and seasons, [[eclipses]], [[Earth]], [[Moon landing|Man on Moon]], [[comets]], [[meteoroids|shooting meteoroids]], [[Stellar evolution|stellar cycle]] and the [[Deep-sky object|deep sky]]. As of 2007, since its inception, the planetarium has introduced 35 programmes on these topics. Audio-visual programs on various aspects of astronomy and different cosmic phenomena are also shown. Program themes are changed every 3 months.<ref>{{cite web
| title = Birla Planetarium
| publisher = ChennaiNetwork.com
| url = http://www.chennainetwork.com/chennai/birlaplanetarium.html
| access-date = 16 Oct 2011
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111015231358/http://www.chennainetwork.com/chennai/birlaplanetarium.html
| archive-date = 15 October 2011
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> Shows are conducted in [[English language|English]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]]. The planetarium and the Science and Technology Centre is open on all days except on national holidays from 10:00 am to 5:45 pm.

The Science and Technology Centre, however, receives complaints on lack of maintenance of the scientific displays at the science park.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Ramkumar
| first = Pratiksha
| title = Birla planetarium no longer a popular haunt
| location = Chennai
| date = 28 January 2012
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-28/chennai/30673616_1_periscope-birla-planetarium-submarine
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130113003211/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-28/chennai/30673616_1_periscope-birla-planetarium-submarine
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 13 January 2013
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 21 Jul 2012}}</ref>

==Other exhibits==
[[File:ChennaiBMBirlaPlanetariumScienceParkRocket.jpg|thumb|180px|left|A rocket model at the Science Park]]
===DRDO Pavilion===
In 2013, the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) began setting up a DRDO pavilion on the planetarium campus in collaboration with Tamil Nadu Science and Technology Centre (TNSTC). The DRDO gallery will have a covered area of 5,000 sq ft built in the existing building, with additional open space made available for large life-size models and exhibits. The pavilion, being constructed at a cost of {{INR}} 8.5 million, is aimed to showcase the works undertaken by the DRDO in its 50 laboratories across the nation in the fields of aeronautics, electronics, armaments, engineering systems, instrumentation, missiles, combat vehicles, advanced computing and stimulation, naval systems, special materials, training, information systems, life sciences, and agriculture.<ref name="Hindu_SpaceGallery"/><ref name="Hindu_DRDOPavilion"/> The exhibit will showcase various models of gun, including the advanced machine guns and AK47s, historical developments of gun, construction of cut-section of gun, scale-down model of Brahmos 1.3, a supersonic cruise missile, Prithvi, a tactical surface-to-surface short-range ballistic missile, Agni, a family of medium to intercontinental range ballistic missiles, electronic equipments, electronic radars, electronic and communication systems, and life-supporting devices. It was also exhibit a model of a specialised clothing designed by DRDO, used by the Indian soldiers deployed at [[Siachen Glacier]] as protection against freezing temperatures.<ref name="Hindu_DRDOPavilion">{{cite news
| title = DRDO Pavilion at Birla Planetarium
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| location = Chennai
| publisher = The Hindu
| date = 19 January 2013
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-downtown/drdo-pavilion-at-birla-planetarium/article4322819.ece
| access-date = 24 Jan 2013}}</ref>

==Renovation==
The planetarium was renovated beginning around May 2018 and was reopened after 18 months in November 2019. The mechanical projector was replaced by hybrid digital opto-mechanical projector that offers a 360-degree immersive video effect creating high-definition images of the simulated night sky and celestial objects. The decommissioned mechanical projector is named “The Resting Giant” and has been kept on exhibit within the campus. The project which served the planetarium ever since its inception was a slide projector made in Japan that uses 35-mm film rolls. Its show has been viewed by an estimated 6 million visitors.<ref name="TH_WelcomingFuture">{{cite news
| last = Kanthimathi
| first = L.
| title = Welcoming the future, honouring the past
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 7 December 2019
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/welcoming-the-future-honouring-the-past/article30230605.ece
| access-date = 1 October 2020}}</ref>

The hybrid projector is capable of projecting the Sun, Moon, more than 18 bright stars, 12 zodiacal constellations, 26 constellations, Jovian planets and satellites and the rings and two satellites of the Saturn.<ref name="DT_Makeover">{{cite news
| title = Birla Planetarium gets a makeover
| newspaper = DT Next
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Daily Thanthi Press
| date = 8 April 2018
| url = https://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2018/04/08031109/1068124/Birla-Planetarium-gets-a-makeover.vpf
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201023112055/https://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2018/04/08031109/1068124/Birla-Planetarium-gets-a-makeover.vpf
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 23 October 2020
| access-date = 1 October 2020}}</ref> The renovation also includes an increase in the seating capacity from 236 to 250.<ref name="DT_Makeover"/>

In 2019, a center established a new facility named “Science on a Sphere” (SOS), developed by the [[National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA) of the [[United States]], to serve as an educational tool to illustrate the [[Earth]] from various perspectives such as agriculture, forest, ocean temperature, and climate.<ref name="TH_WelcomingFuture"/>

==See also==
{{Portal bar|India|Astronomy|Science}}
* [[Indian Astronomical Observatory#Astrotourism|Astrotourism in India]]
* [[M. P. Birla Institute of Fundamental Research]]
* [[List of astronomical societies]]
* [[List of planetariums|List of Planetariums]]
* [[List of science centers#Asia]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Birla Planetarium, Chennai}}
*[http://tnstc.gov.in/ B.M. Birla Planetarium, Chennai] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721161937/http://tnstc.gov.in/ |date=21 July 2011 }}
*[http://www.birlasciencecentre.org/ B.M. Birla Science Centre, Hyderabad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212130659/http://birlasciencecentre.org/ |date=12 February 2009 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070414212605/http://education.vsnl.com/planetarium/ M.P. Birla Planetarium, Kolkata]

{{Chennai Topics}}

[[Category:1988 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Chennai]]
[[Category:Museums in Chennai]]
[[Category:Planetaria in India]]
[[Category:Science museums in India]]
[[Category:Museums established in 1988]]

Chaturdasa Devata

2026-02-21T04:02:51Z

Gopalpurpp:

{{Short description|Shaivite Hindu pantheon}}
[[Image:CHATURDASH DEVTA TEMPLE,TRIPURA.jpg|thumb|240px|The [[Chaturdasha Temple|Chaturdasa Temple]] in Agartala]]

The '''Chaturdasa Devata''' or '''Fourteen Gods''' is the [[Shaivism|Shaivite]] [[Hinduism|Hindu]] pantheon worshipped in the [[India]]n state of [[Tripura]].

==Overview==
According to their traditions, the origin for the worship of these deities was contemporary to the setting of the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', during the reign of [[Yudhishthira]]. They state that the god [[Shiva]], after the death of Tripur (one of Tripura's legendary ancient kings), promised to grant a son and heir to his widow. However, the god stipulated that worship of the Chaturdasa Devata be duly and regularly observed in the kingdom in return.<ref name="SharmaSharma2015">{{cite book|last1=Sharma|first1=Suresh Kant|last2=Sharma|first2=Usha|title=Discovery of North-East India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q8Mq1NU9Ml4C&pg=PA3|volume=11|year=2015|publisher=Mittal Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-8324-045-1|page=3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Saigal|first=Omesh|title=Tripura|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NGlHnr4j9IMC&pg=PA31|year=1978|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|location=Delhi|page=31}}</ref> Historically, it is believed that the indigenous [[Tripuri people]] of Tripura had adjusted their native culture and religious with that of Hinduism when the latter's influence reached the region. The non-[[Brahman]] high priests, the ''Chantai'', continued to minister their rites and rituals, but absorbed the important Hindu deities, resulting in their national pantheon transforming into the Chaturdasa Devata, with the deities being identified with a corresponding Brahmanical name.<ref name="Session1985">{{cite book|last=Bhattacharjee|first=Priyabrata|title=The Religious History of the Tipras on the Background of Karchipuja|url=http://14.139.207.116/bitstream/123456789/13017/1/The%20religious%20history%20%28P%20Bhattacharjee%29.pdf|series=Proceedings of North East India History Association|year=1985|publisher=North East India History Association|location=Agartala|pages=100–05}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

They became the family deities of the [[Manikya dynasty]], the former rulers of Tripura.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Deb|first1=Soma|last2=Sinha|first2=B.|title=Encyclopaedia of Fairs & Festivals in India: With Select Rituals, Vows, Holy Cities, Temples and Pilgrim Centers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XSATAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Chaturdash+Devatas+were+the+family+deities+of+the+Manikya+dynasty%22|year=2001|publisher=Raj Publications|isbn=978-81-86208-14-4|page=122}}</ref> Human sacrifices were made in their honour under monarchs such as [[Deva Manikya]] and his son [[Vijaya Manikya]],<ref>{{cite journal|last=Gait|first=Edward Albert|author-link=Edward Albert Gait|title=Human sacrifices in ancient Assam|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=UR1CAQAAMAAJ&q=%22It+is+there+related+that+Deva+Manikya,+who+reigned+from+1522+to+1535+A.+D.,+offered+up+some+slaves+as+a+sacrifice+to+%E2%80%9C+the+fourteen+gods,%E2%80%9D%22|journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal|volume=LXVII|issue=III|year=1898|publisher=Asiatic Society of Bengal|location=Calcutta|page=59}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Chib|first=Sukhdev Singh|title=Tripura|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YMItAAAAMAAJ&q=%22One+thousand+Pathan+horsemen+in+his+cavalry+revolted+and+marched+towards+Chittagong.+They+were,+however,+captured+and+sacrificed+at+the+altar+of+fourteen+gods.%22|year=1988|page=9|publisher=Ess Ess Publications|isbn=978-81-7000-039-6}}</ref> though this practice had died out by the latter half of the 1600s. The following century, [[Chaturdasha Temple|the present temple]] dedicated to the deities was built in [[Agartala]] by [[Krishna Manikya]], though an earlier structure had existed in the old capital [[Udaipur, Tripura|Udaipur]].{{CN|date=October 2022}}

Worship of the Chatursasa Devata still continues in Tripura.{{CN|date=October 2022}} Their festival, the [[Kharchi puja]], is among the most prominent in the state, taking place over the course of a week in July. The first day of the celebration is declared a holiday by the government.{{cn|date=October 2020}}

==List of deities==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|colspan="10" align=center style="background-color:skyblue" |'''Deities of the Chatursasa Devata'''<ref>{{cite book|last=Bera|first=Gautam Kumar|title=The Land of Fourteen Gods: Ethno-cultural Profile of Tripura|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=US7S9h2psRcC&pg=PA36|year=2010|publisher=Mittal Publications|location=Delhi|isbn=978-81-8324-333-9|pages=36–37}}</ref>
|-
! style="width: 40px;"|
! Name
! Brahmanic equivalent
! Role
|-
| align=center | 1.
| rowspan=1 align=center | '''Hara'''
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Shiva]]
| rowspan=1 align=center | the Destroyer
|-
| align=center | 2.
| rowspan=1 align=center | '''Uma'''
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Durga]]
| rowspan=1 align=center | Shiva's consort
|-
| align=center | 3.
| rowspan=1 align=center | '''Hari'''
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Vishnu]]
| rowspan=1 align=center | the Preserver
|-
| align=center | 4.
| rowspan=1 align=center | '''Ma'''
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Lakshmi]]
| rowspan=1 align=center | Vishnu's consort and the Goddess of prosperity
|-
| align=center | 5.
| rowspan=1 align=center | '''Bani'''
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Sarasvati]]
| rowspan=1 align=center | Goddess of knowledge
|-
| align=center | 6.
| rowspan=1 align=center | '''Kumara'''
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Kartikeya]]
| rowspan=1 align=center | God of war
|-
| align=center | 7.
| rowspan=1 align=center | '''Ganapa'''
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Ganesha]]
| rowspan=1 align=center | God of wisdom
|-
| align=center | 8.
| rowspan=1 align=center | '''Biddhu'''
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Chandra]]
| rowspan=1 align=center | the Moon
|-
| align=center | 9.
| rowspan=1 align=center | '''Ka'''
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Brahma]]
| rowspan=1 align=center | the Creator
|-
| align=center | 10.
| rowspan=1 align=center | '''Abdhi'''
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Samudra]]
| rowspan=1 align=center | God of the ocean
|-
| align=center | 11.
| rowspan=1 align=center | '''Ganga'''
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Ganga in Hinduism|Ganga]]
| rowspan=1 align=center | the river [[Ganges]]
|-
| align=center | 12.
| rowspan=1 align=center | '''Sekhi'''
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Agni]]
| rowspan=1 align=center | God of fire
|-

| align=center | 13.
| rowspan=1 align=center | '''Kama'''
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Kamadeva]]
| rowspan=1 align=center | God of love
|-
| align=center | 14.
| rowspan=1 align=center | '''Himadri'''
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Himavat]]
| rowspan=1 align=center | the [[Himalayan mountains]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaturdasa Devata}}
[[Category:Regional Hindu deities]]
[[Category:Shaivism]]
[[Category:Religion in Tripura]]

2025 ISL Cup final

2026-02-20T14:27:39Z

Gopalpurpp:

{{short description|2025 edition of the ISL Cup Final}}
{{Main|2024–25 Indian Super League|2025 ISL Cup playoffs}}
{{Infobox football match
| title = ISL Cup Final 2025
| image = Yuva Bharati Krirangan.png
| image_size = 260px
| caption = [[Salt Lake Stadium|Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]] in [[Kolkata]], the host venue of the 2025 ISL Cup Final
| event = [[2024–25 Indian Super League]]
| team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
| team1score = 2
| team2 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| team2score = 1
| details = After extra time
| date = {{Start date|2025|04|12}}
| stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium|Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
| city = [[Kolkata]]
| man_of_the_match1aname = Player of the Match
| man_of_the_match1a = [[Jamie Maclaren]] (Mohun Bagan)
| referee = Senthil Nathan S
| attendance = 59,112
| weather =
| previous = [[2024 ISL Cup final|2024]]
| next = [[2025–26 Indian Super League#2026 ISL Cup final|2026]]
}}

'''2025 Indian Super League Cup final''' was the final match of the [[2025 ISL Cup playoffs]]. It was played on 12 April 2025 between [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]] and [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] at [[Salt Lake Stadium|Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]] in [[Kolkata]].

Both Mohun Bagan and Bengaluru were appearing in their fourth ISL Cup Final. Mohun Bagan won 2–1 after extra time to clinch their second ISL Cup title and complete a league and cup double. [[Jamie Maclaren]] was named the Player of the Match for his performance.<ref>{{cite news |title=Report: Mohun Bagan Super Giant pip Bengaluru FC to win the ISL Cup |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/report-mohun-bagan-super-giant-pip-bengaluru-fc-to-win-the-isl-cup |publisher=Indian Super League |access-date=12 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=AIFF Competitions Calendar for 2024–25 season released |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/aiff-competitions-calendar-for-2024-25-season-released |publisher=[[All India Football Federation]] |date=6 February 2024 |access-date=6 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=ISL 2024–25 Playoffs: Dates for Knockouts, semi-finals and final announced |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/isl-2024-25-playoffs-dates-for-knockouts-semi-finals-and-final-announced |publisher=[[Indian Super League]] |access-date=15 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==
[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] finished first in the [[2024–25 Indian Super League#Regular season|regular season]] table and won 3–2 aggregate against [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]] in the [[2025 ISL Cup playoffs#Semi-finals|playoff semi-final]] to qualify for the final.<ref>{{cite web |title=Petratos nets late winner as Mohun Bagan Super Giant retain ISL Shield|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/report-petratos-nets-late-winner-as-mohun-bagan-sg-retainislshield |website=Indian Super League |access-date=23 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Apuia's late stunner helps Mohun Bagan SG rally past Jamshedpur FC|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/apuias-late-stunner-helps-mohun-bagan-sg-rally-past-jamshedpur-fc |website=AIFF |access-date=8 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Report: Apuia reflects on his stunning goal, half-time pep talk and ISL Cup final|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/apuia-reflects-on-his-stunning-goal-half-time-pep-talk-and-isl-cup-final |website=Indian Super League |access-date=8 April 2025}}</ref>

[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] finished fourth in the regular season table and won 5–0 in the [[2025 ISL Cup playoffs#Knockout play-offs|playoff knockout]] against [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Bengaluru FC put five past Mumbai City, book semi-finals spot |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/bengaluru-fc-put-five-past-mumbai-city-book-semi-finals-spot |website=AIFF |access-date=30 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Report: Ruthless Bengaluru FC thump Mumbai City FC to reach the semi-finals|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/report-ruthless-bengaluru-fc-thump-mumbai-city-fc-to-reach-the-semi-finals |website=Indian Super League |access-date=29 March 2025}}</ref> They then went on to win 3–2 aggregate against table second place [[FC Goa]] in the playoff semi-final to qualify for the final.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sunil Chhetri’s last-gasp goal breaks FC Goa hearts, Bengaluru FC enter ISL 2024–25 Final|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/sunil-chhetris-last-gasp-goal-breaks-fc-goa-hearts-bengaluru-fc-enter-isl-2024-25-final |website=AIFF |access-date=6 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Report: Late Chhetri header fires Bengaluru FC into final past FC Goa|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/report-late-chhetri-header-fires-bengaluru-fc-into-finalpastfcgoa |website=Indian Super League |access-date=6 April 2025}}</ref>

;Points table
{{2024–25 Indian Super League points table |only_pld_pts=y|stack_footer=y
|show_matches=n}}

== Venues ==
The final match of the competition will be held at the [[Salt Lake Stadium|Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]] in [[West Bengal]].
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="4" |{{Location map+|West Bengal
|border=
|caption=The final match will be held at this stadium.
|float=right
|width=200
|places={{Location map~ |West Bengal|lat=22.57 |long=88.36 |label='''[[Kolkata]]''' |position=left}}}}
! [[Kolkata]]
|-
|{{nowrap|[[Salt Lake Stadium|Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]}}
|-
|Capacity: '''66,600'''
|-
|[[File:Saltlake stadium kolkata.jpg|200x200px]]
|}

==Match==
<section begin=Final />
{{football box
| id = Final
| date = 12 April 2025
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
| score1 = 2
| aet = y
| score2 = 1
| team2 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| goals1 = *[[Jason Cummings|Cummings]] {{goal|72|pen.}}
*[[Jamie Maclaren|Maclaren]] {{goal|96}}
| goals2 = *[[Alberto Rodríguez (footballer, born 1992)|Alberto]] {{goal|49|o.g.}}
| stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium|Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| attendance = 59,112
| referee = Senthil Nathan Sekaran
| report = [https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/69309 ISL] [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/49176 AIFF] [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=49176 I-League]
| event =
| round =
}}
<section end=Final/>

{|width=92%
|-
|{{Football kit
| pattern_la = _mbsg2023h
| pattern_b = _mbsg2023h
| pattern_ra = _mbsg2024h
| pattern_sh =
| pattern_so = _mbsg2023h
| leftarm =
| body =
| rightarm =
| shorts = 7A1024
| socks =
| title = Mohun Bagan
}}
|{{Football kit
| pattern_la = _redborder
| pattern_b = _bengalurufc_home_2024_25
| pattern_ra = _redborder
| pattern_sh = _whitesides
| pattern_so = _whiteline
| leftarm = 273496
| body = 273496
| rightarm = 273496
| shorts1 = 273496
| socks = 273496
| title = Bengaluru
}}
|}

{| style="width:100%; font-size:90%;"
|-
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top;"|
'''Player of the Match'''
* [[Jamie Maclaren]] (Mohun Bagan)
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top;"|
'''Match rules'''
*90 minutes.
*30 minutes of extra time if necessary.
*Penalty shoot-out if scores still level.
*Nine named substitutes.
*Maximum of five substitutions.
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.indiansuperleague.com/ Indian Super League Official Website]
{{Indian Super League}}
{{2024–25 in Indian football}}

[[Category:Indian Super League finals]]
[[Category:2024–25 Indian Super League season]]
[[Category:2024–25 in Indian football]]
{{India-footy-competition-stub}}

2026 Kothagudem Municipal Corporation election

2026-02-14T13:27:08Z

Gopalpurpp:

#REDIRECT [[2026 Telangana local elections]]

Vicky Ratnani

2026-02-12T03:25:54Z

Gopalpurpp: Added info

{{short description|Indian chef (born 1968)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vicky Ratnani
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}
| alma_mater = IHM, Mumbai{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}
| occupation = [[Chef]]
| spouse = Piya Ratnani{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}
| children = Tanisha Ratnani{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}
| relatives = [[Dabboo Ratnani]] (brother){{citation needed|date=August 2023}}
| website =
}}
'''Vicky Ratnani''' is an Indian chef.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/column-vicky-ratnani-is-the-chef-for-all-seasons-1908922 | title=Vicky Ratnani is the Chef for all seasons | work=dnaindia.com | accessdate=23 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/the-vicky-factor/812051 | title=The Vicky Factor | work=freepressjournal.in | accessdate=24 April 2016}}</ref> He has a cooking show on [[NDTV]] called ''Vicky Goes Veg'',<ref>{{cite web | url=http://food.ndtv.com/opinions/people-have-forgotten-real-food-chef-vicky-ratnani-1269797 | title=NDTV show Vicky Goes NonVeg | work=ndtv.com | accessdate=24 April 2016}}</ref> as well as a cookbook by the same name.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/Vicky-Ratnanis-book-Gourmand-World-Cookbook-Awards/articleshow/46107499.cms | title=Vicky Ratnani's book Gourmand World Cookbook Awards | work=timesofindia.indiatimes.com | accessdate=23 April 2016}}</ref> He also has a cooking show on LivingFoodz called "vickypedia". He won the best Indian Chef of the Year 2015.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/vicky-ratnani-gets-the-chef-of-the-year-award/articleshow/48898688.cms | title=Vicky Ratnani gets the 'Chef of the Year' award | work=economictimes.indiatimes.com | accessdate=24 April 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ratnani, Vicky}}
[[Category:Indian chefs]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Phiroze Sethna

2026-02-09T06:09:08Z

Gopalpurpp: created basic details w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian politician (1866–1938)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sir Phiroze Cursetjee Sethna
| birth_date = 8 October 1866
| death_date = 16 September 1938
| occupation = [[Businessperson|Businessman]]
}}
'''Sir Phiroze Cursetjee Sethna''', OBE, JP (8 October 1866 – 16 September 1938), also spelled '''Pheroze''', was an Indian businessman and political figure. He was a member of the [[Imperial Legislative Council]] and later a member of the [[Central Legislative Assembly]] and [[Council of State (India)|Council of State]].

== References ==

* {{Who's Who|id=216888|title=Sethna, Hon. Sir Phiroze|type=was}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sethna, Pheroze}}
[[Category:Members of the Imperial Legislative Council of India]]
[[Category:Members of the Council of State (India)]]
[[Category:Parsi people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Mumbai]]
[[Category:1938 deaths]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Indian Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Indian justices of the peace]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:1866 births]]

{{Maharashtra-politician-stub}}

Zaheerabad

2026-02-06T07:50:27Z

Gopalpurpp: minor updated section based on references and added references for clarity

{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Zaheerabad
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Telugu
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| pushpin_map = India Telangana #India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.68|N|77.62|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Telangana|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sangareddy district|Sangareddy]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituency]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Zahirabad Lok Sabha constituency|Zahirabad]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[List of constituencies of the Telangana Legislative Assembly|Assembly constituency]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Zahirabad Assembly constituency|Zahirabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for = Mohammad Zaheeruddin Khan (Nawab Zaheer Yar Jung Bahadur)
| government_type = [[Municipal Council]]
| governing_body = Zaheerabad Municipal Council
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="civicbody">{{cite web|title=Urban Local Body Information|url=http://www.dtcp.telangana.gov.in/ULBs-List-68.pdf|website=Directorate of Town and Country Planning|publisher=Government of Telangana|access-date=28 June 2016|archive-date=15 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615135503/http://dtcp.telangana.gov.in/ULBs-List-68.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 21.78
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 622
| population_total = 71166
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = [[List of cities in Telangana by population|23rd in Telangana]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Zaheerabadi
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=611012|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=25 July 2014}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = {{unbulleted list|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]|[[Urdu language|Urdu]]}}
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 502220
| registration_plate = TG–15
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-TG]]
| footnotes =
| official_name = '''Zaheerabad'''
| population_metro = 82442
}}

'''Zaheerabad''' (also spelled as '''Zahirabad'''), is an industrial city and [[Municipal council (India)|Municipal council]] in [[Sangareddy district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Telangana]].<ref>{{cite web |title=District Level Mandal wise list of villages in Medak district|url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/medak.pdf |website=Chief Commissioner of Land Administration|publisher=National Informatics Centre|access-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402094713/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/medak.pdf|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref>

Zahirabad is also the base for visitors of ancient sacred places, Ketaki Sangameshwara Swamy Devasthanam at Jharasangam,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.telanganatourism.gov.in/partials/destinations/divine-destinations.html|title=Divine Destinations in Telangana :: Telangana Tourism|website=telanganatourism|access-date=8 May 2023|archive-date=10 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310044103/https://www.telanganatourism.gov.in/partials/destinations/divine-destinations.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Siddhhi Vinayaka Temple at Rejinthal<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/rejinthal-temple-to-witness-huge-crowd|title=Rejinthal Temple to witness huge crowd|first=T. Karnakar|last=Reddy|website=Telangana Today}}</ref> and Hazrath Multani Baba Dargah at Metalkunta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/taj-lookalike-dargah-turns-tourist-attraction-569117|title=Taj lookalike dargah turns tourist attraction|first=The Hans|last=India|date=2 October 2019|website=www.thehansindia.com}}</ref> 500

==Location==
Zahirabad lies {{convert|100|km|mi}} northwest of [[Hyderabad]] on the Mumbai highway (National highway 65).

==Town name==
Zahirabad - The name of the city was coined by a [[Paigah family|Paigah]] noble called Nawab Mohammad Zaheeruddin Khan (Nawab Zaheer Yar Jung Bahadur). He was the first born son of Nawab [[Moin-Ud-Dowlah Bahadur Asman Jah]]. The Paigah family or clan were a [[Sufism|Sufi]] [[Islamic]] [[aristocracy|aristocratic]] family of [[Hyderabad state]].

==History==
Important points in the history of Zaheerabad include the drought of 1972 and the Hyderabad Police Action of 1949.<ref>Chevalier J. M. and Buckles D. J. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8GsSQaResmIC&q=zaheerabad "Participatory action research - theory and methods for engaged enquiry."] Routledge, 2013. {{ISBN|0415540313}}, 9780415540315. p207. Accessed at Google Books 8 December 2013.</ref>

There is Huge big Methodist Church Located in Prime area church was named in Memory of GARDEN DORA Rev.G B Garden Memorial Methodist Church who was a Missionary from America. He served all downtrodden and poor people of Zaheerabad Village. He primarily focused on providing good education to the villagers.At Present there are several people residing out of India in notable positions and are also holding good position in state and central government there are plenty of people a positions in Govt.sector who all studied in this Methodist School.

==Demographics==
In 2001, the census population of Zaheerabad was 140,160. Sixteen percent of people were under six years of age. The rate of literacy was 59.5 percent, higher than the national average. Women were less literate than men (55 percent to 69 percent).

The common languages spoken are Telugu, Urdu, Kannada and Marathi.

{{As of|2011}} [[census of India]], the [[urban agglomeration]] population of the city was 71,166.<ref name=census>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook - Karimnagar|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2804_PART_B_DCHB_MEDAK.pdf|website=Census of India|access-date=22 September 2015|page=44}}</ref>

==Government and politics==
Zaheerabad Municipality was constituted in 1952 and is classified as a ''third grade municipality'' with 24 election wards. The jurisdiction of the civic body is spread over an area of {{convert|21.78|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.<ref name="civicbody" /> The [[urban agglomeration]] includes the municipality of Zahirabad, the [[census town]] of Allipur, [[out growth]]s of Pastapur, Tamadpalle, Hyderabad, Hothi (K) and part of the out growths of Buchnelli village.<ref name=census />{{rp|13,44}}

==Economy==
Zaheerabad is an agricultural area. Farming has struggled due to dry lands becoming fallow and the loss of a variety of crop types such as cereals, pulses and oilseeds. The Deccan Development Society (DDS) has assisted local women to become empowered in the economy and in society. In small groups called ''sangams'', they have succeeded in developing food security and making charity endeavours.<ref>Energy and Resources Institute. [https://books.google.com/books?id=hiqWftzCh7cC&q=zaheerabad "Environment Chronicles: the best of TerraGreen."] TERI Press, 2011. {{ISBN|817993358X}}, 9788179933589 p162. Accessed at Google Books 8 December 2013.</ref><ref>Apte T. [https://books.google.com/books?id=XkU_u_jRXQgC&q=zaheerabad "An Activist Approach to Biodiversity Planning: A Handbook of Participatory Tools Used to Prepare India's National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan."] International Institute for Environment and Development 2005. {{ISBN|1843695480}}, 9781843695486. p77. Accessed at Google Books 8 December 2013.</ref>

In March 2013, a tractor manufacturer [[Mahindra & Mahindra|M&M]] opened near Zahirabad providing employment. Other industries include sugar refining, rubber manufacturing and chemical manufacturing. Mahindra & Mahindra, through its multiple plants in Zaheerabad, provides employment to many young engineers in Zaheerabad and its suburbs.

==Jharasangam==
In the vicinity of Zahirabad, there is an ancient temple of Lord Shiva, called "Jharasangam ".This is an old Shiva temple known as Kethaki Sangameshwara Swamy situated at Jharasangam village and Mandal, Sangareddy District. The Shiva Lingam is said to have been established by Lord Brahma. It is said that Raja Kupendra, king of Surya Vamsha during Krutha Yug was ailing from skin disease and had not found any remedies. One day in his routine hunting it happened to reach the Kethaki Vanam and found a stream, where he washed his body. After reaching home he found that the skin disease was completely cured and in the same night Lord Sangameshwara appeared in a dream, asked the Raja to construct a sanitorium over Shiva Lingam. The Raja Kupendra constructed the temple over Shiva Lingam and converted the stream into a pushkarini and it is also called as Astha Theertha Amrutha Gundam. It is also called as Dakshina Kasi.

Due to historical and religious importance, the people from Karnataka, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh (Telangana areas) visit the temple and pay homage to Lord, and perform Gunda Pooja.

It is also said that Brahma after creating the world came to the spot for meditation. Since the existing Bhanakara Lingam has been installed by Brahma, Pujas are being performed by Kethaki flowers (generally Kethaki flowers are not used for puja), and also the Pushkarini which is consisting of eight theerthas (Narayana, Dharna, rushi, Varuna, Soma, Rudra, Indira and Datha) the Lord is called as “Kethaki Sangameshwara.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://temple.org.in/history.html |title=Kethaki Sangameshwara temple |access-date=24 February 2014 |archive-date=21 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221190025/http://temple.org.in/history.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Transport==

===RTC buses===
ZAHIRABAD - ZHB Tgsrtc bus depot runs buses to various places in the state. KSRTC buses also runs from Zahirabad bus station to various parts of the states of Telangana, AP, Maharashtra and Karnataka.

===Trains===
Trains run from (Zahirabad) to [[Bangalore]], Mangalore, Nanded, Shirdi, [[Pune]], Visakhapatnam, Vijayawada, Machlipatnam and Warangal, Hyderabad

==Amenities==
Typical of an Indian town of its size, Zahirabad has a number of banks, public and independent schools and colleges, shops, hotels, hospitals and other services.

==See also==
* [[Zahirabad (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Sangareddy district|state=expanded}}
{{Neighborhoods of Hyderabad|state=collapsed}}
{{Municipalities of Telangana}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Sangareddy district]]

Bihar School of Yoga

2026-01-11T17:10:25Z

Gopalpurpp: updated

{{Short description|Modern school of yoga}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Bihar International School of Yoga
| image =
| type = [[Yoga]]
| established = 1963
| city = [[Munger]]
| state = [[Bihar]]
| country = [[India]] and international
| website = [http://www.biharyoga.net biharyoga.net]
}}

The '''Bihar School of Yoga''' is a modern school of [[yoga]] founded and developed by Sri Swami [[Satyananda Saraswati]] in [[Munger]], [[Bihar]], India, in 1963.<ref name="aveling">{{cite book |first=Harry |last=Aveling |title=The Laughing Swamis: Australian Sannyasin Disciples of Swami Satyananda Saraswati and Osho Rajneesh |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1994 |isbn=978-8-12081-118-8 |page=61 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ehB5Gt2qE8C&pg=PA61}}</ref> The system of yoga taught at the school is recognised worldwide as Bihar Yoga or the Satyananda Yoga tradition.<ref name="History Niranjan 2013" group=B>{{harvnb|TheHistory|1995|page=7}}</ref> In 2019, the school was awarded the Prime Minister’s Award for Outstanding Contribution Towards Promotion and Development of Yoga.<ref name="award">{{cite news |title=Prime Minister Narendra Modi confers Yoga Awards 2019 |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/prime-minister-confers-yoga-awards-2019-1567241410-1 |publisher=Jagranjosh |date=September 1, 2019}}</ref>

==History==

[[Swami Satyananda]] inaugurated the Bihar School of Yoga (BSY) on 19 January 1964, [[Vasant Panchami]], by lighting the akhanda jyoti (eternal flame) as a dedication to his guru, Swami [[Sivananda Saraswati]].<ref name="Vision Niranjan 2013" group=B>{{cite book |last=Saraswati |first=Niranjanananda |title=The Vision of a Sage |publisher=Yoga Publications Trust, Munger, Bihar |year=2013 |isbn=978-93-81620-97-7 |pages=45, 50, 60, 75, 93-113}}</ref> The school became a centre of Yoga training from the mid-1960s: Regular fifteen-day and one-month courses were conducted in Munger, as well as a six-month sadhana course<ref name="History Niranjan 2013" group=B/> and a nine-month International Teacher Training course in 1967.<ref name="Vision Niranjan 2013" group=B/><ref group=B>{{cite book |title=My Spiritual Journey with Swami Satyananda |first=Vishwaprem |last=Prema Baxi |publisher=Yoga Publications Trust, Munger, Bihar |year=2013 |isbn=978-93-81620-90-8 |page=79}}</ref> In 1968, to propagate the school's teachings, Swami Satyananda went on his first world tour to Malaysia, Singapore, Australia, Japan, USA, Canada, England, France, Holland, Sweden, Austria and Italy.<ref name="Shore to Shore" group=B>{{cite book |first=Satyananda |last=Saraswati |title=Yoga from Shore to Shore |publisher=Yoga Publications Trust, Munger, Bihar |year=2013 |isbn=978-81-85787-19-0}}</ref> There, he presented yoga as a science for balancing the physical, emotional and spiritual aspects of the personality, suitable for every walk of life.<ref name="Sanchez 2015">{{cite book |title=Daoist Meridian Yoga: Activating the Twelve Pathways for Energy Balance and Healing |first=Camilo |last=Sanchez |publisher=Singing Dragon |year=2015 |isbn=978-1848192850 |page=10}}</ref> Between 1969 and 1985, he traveled throughout India and the world many times, propagating yoga from "door to door and shore to shore".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Persson |first=A. |title=Intimate Immensity: Phenomenology of Place and Space in an Australian Yoga Community |journal=[[American Ethnologist]] |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=46 |year=2007 |doi=10.1525/ae.2007.34.1.44 |jstor=4496784}}</ref><ref name="Shore to Shore" group=B/>

The gatherings and conventions became a regular feature in many countries and he was recognised as a teacher, inspirer and yogi and yoga became a household name.<ref group=B>{{cite book |title=Satyananda Yoga in Europe, Volume 2 |first=Satyananda |last=Saraswati |publisher=Yoga Publications Trust, Munger, Bihar |year=2013 |isbn=978-8186921913}}</ref><ref name="aveling"/> In 1973, the Bihar School of Yoga hosted the Golden Jubilee Yoga Convention to celebrate the 50th year of renunciation of Sri Swami Sivananda, and the 50th birth anniversary of Swami Satyananda.<ref name="Vision Niranjan 2013" group=B/> Eminent speakers were H.H. Jagadguru Swami Shantananda Shankaracharya of Dwarakapeeth; Sri [[B. K. S. Iyengar]], [[Chidananda Saraswati|Swami Chidananda]] of the Divine Life Society, Rishikesh; [[Sivananda Saraswati|Swami Sivananda]], Assam; and Kaviyoga [[Shuddhananda Bharati]] of Madras.<ref group=B>{{harvnb |History |1995}}</ref>

In 1983, Swami Niranjanananda Saraswati, spiritual successor to Swami Satyananda Saraswati, took over the presidency of Bihar School of Yoga. In 1988, Swami Satyananda Saraswati left Bihar School of Yoga and settled in the small hamlet of Rikhia, Jharkhand, to pursue higher sadhana and work for the upliftment of the deprived and neglected section of society.<ref>{{cite book |title=Shakti Manifest |first=Barbara |last=Pidgeon |publisher=Westland |year=2014 |isbn=978-93-84030-29-2 |page=15}}</ref> Following the mandate of his Guru, in 2009 Swami Niranjanananda, relinquished and renounced all institutional responsibilities.<ref group=B>{{harvnb |TheHistory |1995 |p=39}}</ref> He now lives as an independent sannyasin, following the lifestyle and sadhanas of a paramahansa sannyasin.

An institute of Yogic studies was created in 1994.<ref name=center group=B>{{cite journal |title=Bihar School of Yoga |url=http://www.satyanandayogacenter.com/id1.html |website=satyanandayogacenter.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721233536/http://www.satyanandayogacenter.com/id1.html |archive-date=2015-07-21 }}</ref> The school publishes ''Yoga Magazine''.<ref group=B>{{cite web |title=Welcome to Satyananda Yoga - Bihar Yoga |url=https://www.biharyoga.net/ |publisher=Bihar School of Yoga |access-date=24 May 2019 |quote=Yoga Magazine}}</ref>

=== Research and social application ===

In the 1970s and 1980s the Bihar School of Yoga propagated its yoga practices. One of its founding principles was to 'impart yogic training to householders and sannyasins alike'.<ref group=B>{{harvnb |TheHistory |1995 |page=23}}</ref> In medical centres in India and around the world and at the school, research was conducted to establish the effects of yogic practices and a yogic lifestyle on diseases such as asthma, diabetes, and heart disease. A 40-day diabetes camp was conducted in Bilaspur in 1971, and a therapy program for diabetes in Sambalpur, Odisha, in 1978.<ref group=B>{{harvnb |History |1995 |pages=58, 89-92}}</ref> In 1977, the Yoga Research Centre was established at Bihar School of Yoga<ref group=B>{{cite book |title=Mere Aradhya, My Beloved Guru |first=Dharmashakti |last=Saraswati |publisher=Yoga Publications Trust, Munger, Bihar |year=2011 |isbn=978-93-81620-06-9 |page=273}}</ref> which expanded and grew into the Yoga Research Foundation founded in 1984.<ref name="Vision Niranjan 2013" group=B/> In 1982, the BSY assisted in the yoga and research program conducted by Dr Hiroshi Motoyama.<ref group=B>{{harvnb |History |1995 |page=152}}</ref>

The school was called to teach yoga in the coal and steel industries such as the Bhilai Steel Plant, Tisco Jamshedpur and subsequent years,<ref group=B>{{harvnb |History |1995 |pages=96, 130}}</ref> Hindustan Copper Ltd in Ghatsila, at Barauni Refinery Officer’s Club, the [[Indian Oil Corporation]] in Assam, the Indian Oil Refinery in Haldia, West Bengal, at BARC, Trombay and BHEL, Bhopal,<ref group=B>{{harvnb |History |1995 |pages=12, 32, 48, 49}}</ref> and paper industries, the Indian railways and government undertakings such as the Indian Chamber of Commerce, Kolkata, the Bhopal Management and Training Institute.<ref group=B>{{harvnb |History |1995 |page=104}}</ref> Participants were able to increase efficiency at work and thereby the output. Besides the corporate section, Swami Satyananda introduced the teachings in schools, prisons and as a therapy.<ref group=B>{{harvnb |TheHistory |1995 |page=25}}</ref>

Research in yoga was initiated in India at the K.E.M. Hospital, Bombay, by K. K. Datey and at the Burla Medical College, Orissa by Dr Panda. Further research was conducted In Australia on the management of cancer and the increase of melatonin, in the USA on cardiac disorders, addiction, biofeedback and alpha waves.<ref group=B>{{cite book |title=Yoga Sadhana Panorama Vol. 7 |first=Niranjanananda |last=Saraswati |publisher=Yoga Publications Trust, Munger, Bihar |year=2018 |isbn=978-81-938420-0-3 |page=208}}</ref>

In 1987, 300 school teachers received yoga training at Ganga Darshan, according to a new education policy of the Department of Education, Government of Bihar, introducing yoga in all government schools.<ref group=B>{{cite book |title=Bhakti Yoga Sagar Vol. 1 |first=Satyananda |last=Saraswati |publisher=Yoga Publications Trust, Munger, Bihar |year=2009 |isbn=978-81-86336-74-8 |page=208}}</ref>

=== The next generation ===

From 1983, Swami Niranjanananda introduced the Satyananda Yoga–Bihar Yoga tradition in society through practical and social application. Business interests, medical practitioners, educational institutions, government bodies and spiritual organisations requested seminars, workshops and classes.<ref group=B>{{cite book |title=Yoga Sadhana Panorama Vol. 7 |first=Niranjanananda |last=Saraswati |publisher=Yoga Publications Trust, Munger, Bihar |year=2018 |isbn=978-81-938420-0-3}}</ref> Yoga Research Foundation held Yoga Asthma Study Camps internationally; research was conducted in England on AIDS, and on addiction in various countries of Europe.<ref group=B>{{harvnb |History |1995 |page=74}}</ref> A yoga in prisons project ran in the state of [[Bihar]]. The Indian army also requested to learn and apply yoga. The school conducted yoga camps for army personnel in the desert at [[Bikaner]], in [[Ladakh]], and at the [[Siachen Glacier]] base camp.<ref group=B>{{cite book |title=Yoga Sadhana Panorama Vol. 7 |first=Niranjanananda |last=Saraswati |publisher=Yoga Publications Trust, Munger, Bihar |year=2018 |isbn=978-81-938420-0-3 |page=208}}</ref>

In November 1993, Swami Niranjanananda hosted the Tyag Golden Jubilee World Yoga Convention at the BSY to celebrate Swami Satyananda’s 50 years of renunciation.<ref group=B>{{harvnb |History |1995 |page=121}}</ref> Swami Chidananda Saraswati of the Divine Life Society, Rishikesh, gave the inaugural speech to a gathering of about 16,000 people from India and abroad. Many eminent scholars, spiritual personalities and artists took part.<ref group=B>{{cite book |title=Yoga Sagar Commemorative Volume |publisher=Yoga Publications Trust, Munger, Bihar |year=1994}}</ref>

In 2013, yoga shivirs, programs and conventions were conducted throughout India, by senior teachers of Bihar School of Yoga and trainees of the next generation.<ref group=B>{{cite book |title=Yogayatra 2013, World Yoga Convention 2013 |publisher=Yoga Publications Trust, Munger, Bihar |year=2014}}</ref> In October 2013, the World Yoga Convention and Golden Jubilee of Bihar School of Yoga took place in Munger. Over 50,000 yoga practitioners, teachers, students and aspirants participated in this historic event either in person or through the internet. The Convention marked the completion of fifty years of yoga propagation by the Bihar School of Yoga.<ref group=B>{{cite book |title=Experience of Yoga, World Yoga Convention 2013 |publisher=Yoga Publications Trust, Munger, Bihar |year=2014}}</ref>

In 2015, the school embarked on its "Second Chapter of Yoga", exploring the depth of yoga vidya, the science of yoga, to attain an understanding and experience of the aim of yoga.<ref group=B>{{cite book |title=The Second Chapter of Yoga |first=Niranjanananda |last=Saraswati |publisher=Yoga Publications Trust, Munger, Bihar |year=2016}}</ref> The focus of the second chapter is yoga vidya and a yogic lifestyle which can be developed by applying it in one’s day-to-day life. Teacher training courses were discontinued and yoga capsules for health and sequential yoga yatras for hatha yoga, raja yoga and kriya yoga began.<ref name="Hatha Yoga Yatra 1 2017" group=B>{{cite book |title=Hatha Yoga Yatra 1, Understanding Shatkarmas |first=Niranjanananda |last=Saraswati |publisher=Yoga Publications Trust, Munger, Bihar |year=2017 |isbn=978-93-84753-35-1 |page=208}}</ref> An annual one-month training, Progressive Yoga Vidya Training is offered to sincere and committed aspirants.<ref name="Progressive Niranjan 2016" group=B>{{cite book |title=Progressive Yoga Vidya Training Series 1 |first=Niranjanananda |last=Saraswati |publisher=Yoga Publications Trust, Munger, Bihar |year=2016 |isbn=978-93-84753-52-8}}</ref> In 2018, the Munger Yoga Symposium officially launched the Second Chapter in which over 1,000 yogacharyas and yoga teachers from around the world participated.<ref group=B>{{cite book |title=Yoga Chakrodaya, Munger Yoga Symposium 2018, Books 3/3 |publisher=Yoga Publications Trust, Munger, Bihar |year=2019 |isbn=978-81-940805-1-0}}</ref> Since 2020, Bihar School of Yoga offered online presentations for the management of health and stress-related imbalances. The school remains an independent institution, without any branches.<ref group=B>{{cite web |title=About Bihar School of Yoga |url=https://www.biharyoga.net/bihar-school-of-yoga.php}}</ref>

==Teachings==

Bihar School of Yoga teaches yoga practices including [[asana]], [[pranayama]], [[pratyahara]], [[dharana]], and [[Dhyana in Hinduism|dhyana]].<ref name="History Niranjan 2013" group=B/>{{rp|p=11,20}}<ref name="Vision Niranjan 2013" group=B/><ref group=B>{{cite book |title=Meditations from the Tantras |first=Satyananda |last=Saraswati |publisher=Yoga Publications Trust, Munger, Bihar| orig-date=1st pub. 1974 |year=2012 |isbn=978-81-85787-11-4}}</ref><ref name="Patel Application">{{cite journal |author1=Patel, D. |title=Application of Yogic Techniques in the Psychological Well Being of the Individuals | journal=International Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences | volume=2|issue=6|page=4|year=2014| url=https://www.raijmr.com/ijrhs/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/IJRHS_2014_vol02_issue_06_09.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Prime Minister's Awards for Outstanding Contribution for Promotion and Development of Yoga -2019|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=190546|publisher=Government of India AYUSH |date=June 20, 2019}}</ref> It presents [[Kriya Yoga school|kriya yoga]], [[kundalini yoga]], [[nada yoga]] and [[laya yoga]] in a step by step system, and teaches the philosophies of [[raja yoga]], [[jnana yoga]], [[bhakti yoga]], [[karma yoga]], [[tantra]], [[Samkhya]] and [[Vedanta]].<ref name="Patel Application"/><ref group=B>{{cite book |title=Yoga & Kriya|first=Satyananda |last=Saraswati |publisher=Yoga Publications Trust, Munger, Bihar| year=2013 | pages=329, 359, 445, 471, 499, 525, 516, 538, 698, 724, 771-113}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Bhavnani |first=A.|title=A Brief Geographical History of Yoga in Modern India| journal=International Journal of Yoga and Allied Sciences | volume=1|issue=2|page=163|year=2013| issn=2278-5159|url=https://indianyoga.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/v1-issue2-article11.pdf}}</ref><ref group=B>{{cite book |title=Dynamics of Yoga|first=Satyananda |last=Saraswati |publisher=Yoga Publications Trust, Munger, Bihar| orig-date=1st pub. 1966 |year=2015 |isbn=978-81-85787-14-5}}</ref> Yoga is presented as a lifestyle, meant to enhance the quality of life, including daily activities, interactions, thoughts and emotions.<ref group=B>{{cite book |title=Yoga in Daily Life|first= Niranjanananda |last=Saraswati |publisher=Yoga Publications Trust, Munger, Bihar| year=2012 |isbn= 978-93-81620-23-6}}</ref>{{r|Sanchez 2015|p=9}} The [[hatha yoga]] techniques ([[Shatkarma]], Asana, Pranayama, [[Mudra]], [[Bandha_(yoga)|Bandha]]) are combined.<ref name="Gourley 2014">{{cite web |last=Gourley |first=Bernie |title=Book Review: Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha by Swami Satyananda Saraswati|date=June 2014 |url=https://berniegourley.com/2014/06/01/book-review-asana-pranayama-mudra-bandha-by-swami-satyananda-saraswati/}}</ref><ref name="Yogapedia 2023">{{cite web |title=Satyananda Yoga|date=December 2023 |author=Yogapedia |url=https://www.yogapedia.com/definition/9379/satyananda-yoga}}</ref>


== Alleged abuse ==

{{Further|Sexual abuse by yoga gurus| Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse#Mangrove Yoga Ashram}}

An Australian Royal Commission investigated allegations of child sexual abuse at the Satyananda Yoga Ashram at Mangrove Mountain, New South Wales, Australia during the 1970s and 1980s. Alleged abuses by and against multiple individuals took place between 1974 and 1989, with eleven witnesses alleging abuses in Australia, and two witnesses alleging abuses in both Australia and India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Report of Case Study No. 21 |date=April 2016 |author=Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse |page=9 |url=https://www.childabuseroyalcommission.gov.au/sites/default/files/file-list/Case%20Study%2021%20-%20Findings%20Report%20-%20Satyananda%20Yoga%20Ashram.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Report of Case Study No. 21 |date=April 2016 |author=Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse |page=29 |url=https://www.childabuseroyalcommission.gov.au/sites/default/files/file-list/Case%20Study%2021%20-%20Findings%20Report%20-%20Satyananda%20Yoga%20Ashram.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Report of Case Study No. 21 |date=April 2016 |author=Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse |page=31 |url=https://www.childabuseroyalcommission.gov.au/sites/default/files/file-list/Case%20Study%2021%20-%20Findings%20Report%20-%20Satyananda%20Yoga%20Ashram.pdf}}</ref> Two witnesses alleged that Satyananda, who was no longer alive at the time of the Royal Commission, had sexually abused them; this evidence was deemed "out of scope" and "untested", and accordingly no finding was made against Satyananda in the Australian Royal Commission's final report.<ref>{{cite web |title=Report of Case Study No. 21 |date=April 2016 |author=Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse |page=31 |url=https://www.childabuseroyalcommission.gov.au/sites/default/files/file-list/Case%20Study%2021%20-%20Findings%20Report%20-%20Satyananda%20Yoga%20Ashram.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2014/dec/04/yoga-ashram-didnt-consider-sex-abuse-crime-royal-commission |title=Yoga Ashram didn't Consider Sexual Abuse as a Crime |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=4 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="Paikhana Hargreaves 2017">{{cite web |last1=Pankhania |first1=Josna |last2=Hargreaves |first2=Jacqueline |url=https://www.theluminescent.org/2017/12/a-culture-of-silence-satyananda-yoga.html |title=Culture of Silence |website=The Luminescent |date=December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Browne |first=Rachel |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/paradise-lost-satyananda-yoga-ashram-is-the-subject-of-royal-commission-hearing-20141127-11v3rl.html |title=Satyananda Yoga Ashram is the subject of royal commission hearing |work=The [[Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=28 November 2014}}</ref>

The psychotherapist Josna Pakhana and the yoga teacher and researcher [[Jacqueline Hargreaves]] write that "shocking levels of abuse were deeply entrenched"<ref name="Paikhana Hargreaves 2017"/> in Satyananda's Mangrove Mountain ashram in Australia in the 1970s.<ref name="Paikhana Hargreaves 2017"/> They state that the Royal Commission "concluded that Swami Satyananda Saraswati (b. 1923, d. 2009), the founding guru, had overarching authority at the Mangrove Mountain ashram (and its centres) in his role as head of Satyananda Yoga worldwide."<ref name="Paikhana Hargreaves 2017"/>

== Awards ==

The [[Prime Minister of India]] conferred the National Yoga Award 2019 on the Bihar School of Yoga for outstanding contributions to the promotion and development of yoga.<ref name="award"/>

==References==

=== Primary ===

{{reflist|group=B}} 

=== Secondary ===

{{reflist}}

== Sources ==

* {{cite book |title=Past, Present & Future, Consolidated History of Bihar School of Yoga 1963-1994 |publisher=Yoga Publications Trust, Munger, Bihar |year=1995 |isbn=81-86336-02-8 |ref={{harvid|History|1995}} }} 
* {{cite book |title=The History of Bihar School of Yoga|first=Niranjanananda |last=Saraswati |publisher=Yoga Publications Trust, Munger, Bihar |year=2013 |isbn=978-93-81620-41-0 |ref={{harvid|TheHistory|1995}} }} 

== External links ==

* {{Official website|http://www.biharyoga.net}}
* [http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/trends/rediscovering-yoga/605859.html Rediscovering yoga]

{{Yoga as exercise}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1963 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Yoga schools]]

Chail Assembly constituency

2026-01-11T14:02:24Z

Gopalpurpp:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chail
| map_image = 253-Chail.svg
| mla = [[Pooja Pal]]
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]] (BJP supported)
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Kaushambi district|Kaushambi]]
| reservation = None
| type = SLA
| electors = 3,87,838
| constituency_no = 253
}}

'''Chail''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Chail in the [[Kaushambi district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

Chail is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Kaushambi Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 253 amongst 403 constituencies.<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2017 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|[[Sanjay Kumar (politician)|Sanjay Kumar]]<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2017 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Pooja Pal]]<ref name="election2022"/>
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}{{efn|Expelled from [[Samajwadi Party]] in 2025.}}
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chail<ref name="election2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Pooja Pal
|votes = {{formatnum:88,818}}
|percentage = 39.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Apna Dal (Sonelal)
|candidate = Nagendra Pratap Singh Patel
|votes = {{formatnum:75609}}
|percentage = 33.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Atul Kumar Dwivedi
|votes = {{formatnum:31362}}
|percentage = 14.0
|change = -7.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jansatta Dal (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Anil Kumar Kesharwani
|votes = {{formatnum:5089}}
|percentage = 2.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Talat Azim
|votes = {{formatnum:4055}}
|percentage = 1.81
|change = -20.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|candidate = Mohibbul Haque
|votes = {{formatnum:3208}}
|percentage = 1.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Amrawati
|votes = {{formatnum:2869}}
|percentage = 1.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Mukti Party
|candidate = Danish Ali
|votes = {{formatnum:2795}}
|percentage = 1.25
|change = +0.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1960}}
|percentage = 0.88
|change = +0.21
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:13209}}
|percentage = 5.89
|change = -13.84
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:223984}}
|percentage = 57.75
|change = +2.09
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Chail<ref name="election2017"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sanjay Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:85713}}
|percentage = 42.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Talat Azim
|votes = {{formatnum:45597}}
|percentage = 22.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mohd Asif Jafri
|votes = {{formatnum:43776}}
|percentage = 21.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shikha Saroj
|votes = {{formatnum:6260}}
|percentage = 3.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Subhash Chandra
|votes = {{formatnum:4557}}
|percentage = 2.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Roopchand
|votes = {{formatnum:2625}}
|percentage = 1.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Mukti Party
|candidate = Narendra Kumar Maurya
|votes = {{formatnum:2432}}
|percentage = 1.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1352}}
|percentage = 0.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:40116}}
|percentage = 19.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:203355}}
|percentage = 55.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|25.43|81.63|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kaushambi district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]

Bar Council of Telangana

2026-01-10T14:20:38Z

Gopalpurpp: added a post

{{Short description|Indian legal regulatory body}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Bar Council of Telangana
| type = Statutory body
| nativename_r =
| formed = {{start date and age|1961}}
| headquarters = Hyderabad, Telangana
| chief1_name = Sri Nrasimha Reddy A.
| chief1_position = Chairman
| chief2_name = Sri Sunil Goud K.
| chief2_position = Vice Chairman
| website = https://www.telanganabarcouncil.org/
}}

'''Bar Council of Telangana''' is the regulatory and statutorily representative body for [[lawyers]] practicing law in [[Telangana]] state. It was constituted as per the mandatory requirement as per [[Advocates Act, 1961]] and [[Bar Council of India]]. In March 1953, the 'All India Bar Committee', headed by S. R. Das, submitted a report which proposed bar council creation for each state and an all-India bar council as an apex body. Members of Bar Council are elected from among members enrolled and practicing as lawyers in the state of Telangana and they represent the state in Bar Council of India meetings. Bar Council of a place designs standards of [[professional conduct]] to be followed by members, and designs [[etiquette]]s and has power to enforce disciplinary guidelines over the members of bar council.

== History ==

Bar Council of Telangana was formed as per the requirement of Section 3 of Advocates Act, 1961<ref name="Telang Bar Ref6">{{cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.telanganabarcouncil.org/ |website=Bar Council |access-date=8 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> which mandates for each state of India to have its Bar Council. Accordingly, in July 2018, the Bar Council for the state of Telangana was formed.<ref name="Telag Bar Ref3">{{cite news |last1=Ishaqui |first1=S. A. |title=Telangana, Andhra Pradesh to have new Bar Councils in July |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/210518/telangana-andhra-pradesh-to-have-new-bar-councils-in-july.html |access-date=3 September 2021 |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=21 May 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Telangana Bar Ref13">{{cite news |title=Telangana to get separate bar council soon |url=https://newsd.in/telangana-to-get-separate-bar-council-soon/ |access-date=9 September 2021 |publisher=Newsd.in |language=en}}</ref> As per the guidelines the legal profession in India and the standards of legal education would be regulated by All India Bar Council. The [[Law Commission of India]] was assigned the job of assembling a report on judicial administration reforms.

In July 2021, the state Bar Council along with Bar Councils of other Southern states of India had requested the Vice-president [[M. Venkaiah Naidu]] and Supreme Court Chief Justice [[N. V. Ramana]] for the setting up of separate bench for Southern India.<ref name="Telang Bar Ref7">{{cite news |title=Plea to set up SC bench in south |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/plea-to-set-up-sc-bench-in-south/article35550291.ece |access-date=3 September 2021 |publisher=The Hindu |date=26 July 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Telang Bar Ref8">{{cite news |last1=Mutha |first1=Sagar Kumar |title=Bar councils of five states call for an SC bench in south India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bar-councils-of-five-states-call-for-an-sc-bench-in-south-india/articleshow/80440609.cms |access-date=3 September 2021 |publisher=The Times of India |date=25 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== Functions ==

Section 7 of the Advocates Act, 1961 lays down the Bar Council's regulatory and representative mandate.<ref name="Telag Bar Ref3" /> The functions of the Bar Council are to:<ref name="Telag Bar Ref2" />

#Facilitating the election with rules for members to get elected and manage the Bar Council.
#Designing the professional behaviours and code to be followed by advocates who are its members.<ref name="Telangana Bar Ref9">{{cite news |last1=Mathur New |first1=Aneesha |title=Supreme Court comes to the rescue of 2 judge hopefuls |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/law/story/supreme-court-comes-to-the-rescue-of-2-judge-hopefuls-1849755-2021-09-06 |access-date=9 September 2021 |publisher=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Telangana Bar Ref11">{{cite news |title=Appointment Of HC Judges Is Made After Considering Seniority, Merit: SC |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/appointment-of-hc-judges-is-made-after-considering-seniority-merit-sc-7431531.html |access-date=9 September 2021 |publisher=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref>
#Lay down guidelines for disciplinary committees and other committees formed by it.
#Supporting with financial aid in case of need.<ref name="Telag Bar Ref1">{{cite news |last1=Mutha |first1=Sagar Kumar |title=Telangana Bar Council says advocates are suffering, seeks Rs 25 crore as immediate assistance |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/telangana-bar-council-says-advocates-are-suffering-seeks-rs-25-crore-as-immediate-assistance/articleshow/82748461.cms |access-date=8 September 2021 |publisher=The Times of India |date=18 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
#Protecting the advocate members rights, benefits and safeguarding their interests.<ref name="Telanga Bar Ref10">{{cite news |title=Allow lawyers at revenue tribunals: Bar council to CM |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/allow-lawyers-at-revenue-tribunals-bar-council-to-cm/articleshow/80696943.cms |access-date=9 September 2021 |publisher=The Times of India |date=5 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Telangana Bar Ref12">{{cite news |title=Row over transfer of senior Telangana HC judge: State Bar Council flays 'unjust' move |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/row-over-transfer-senior-telangana-hc-judge-state-bar-council-flays-unjust-move-108590 |access-date=9 September 2021 |publisher=The News Minute |date=9 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
#Designing, promoting and supporting [[law reform]] as per changing circumstances.
#Handle and resolve other issues or any matter placed before it by its members in ad hoc situations.<ref name="Telanga Bar Ref14">{{cite news |title=Telangana Bar Council urges Governor to hold a meeting of the two chief ministers |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/telangana-bar-council-urges-governor-to-hold-a-meeting-of-the-two-chief-ministers-116071400720_1.html |access-date=9 September 2021 |publisher=Business Standard India |date=14 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="Telanga Bar Ref15">{{cite news |last1=Kumar Mutha |first1=Sagar |title=Telangana HC seeks bar council view on reopening courts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/hc-seeks-bar-council-view-on-reopening-courts/articleshow/84807082.cms |access-date=9 September 2021 |publisher=The Times of India |date=28 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
#Designing and promoting legal education in countries and states.
#Design and organise seminars on wide legal topics in the interest of members by reputed jurists and publishing them in journals and magazines of legal circles and other sources of media.
#Facilitating [[legal aid]] to those who can't afford it.
#Ensuring that guidelines laid in various legal forums are followed by members.

== Constitution ==

The council elects its own chairman and vice-chairman for a period of two years from amongst its members.<ref name="Telag Bar Ref4">{{cite news |last1=Suryam |first1=Areeb Uddin Ahmed, Shagun |title=Men's clubs that decide for everybody? Only 2.04% of State Bar Council representatives across India are women |url=https://www.barandbench.com/columns/only-204-of-state-bar-council-representatives-across-india-are-women |access-date=6 September 2021 |publisher=Bar and Bench |date=21 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Assisted by the various committees of the council, the chairman acts as the chief executive and director of the council. Voting rights in elections are available only for advocates having a Certificate of Practice. Till year 2018, there were around enrolled as members of the State Bar Council. As per the Advocates Act, the state bar council should have 25 members in case the members on roll exceeds 10000, the same has been followed by Andhra Pradesh Bar Council.<ref name="Telag Bar Ref2">{{cite web |title=Welcome to Bar Council of India |url=http://103.25.172.19/bar-council/statebarcouncil-ap.php |website=103.25.172.19 |access-date=6 September 2021}}</ref>

==Enrollment of advocates==

Graduates having a law degree from recognised universities permitted to impart legal education are admitted as advocates in Telangana state Bar Council.<ref name="Telag Bar Ref5">{{cite news |title=Any procedure in place for online enrollment of law grads, Delhi HC asks Bar Council of Delhi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/any-procedure-in-place-for-online-enrollment-of-law-grads-hc-asks-bcd/story-7g6f5reL3joGTgT9fhTU0J.html |access-date=3 September 2021 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=4 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Law graduates can enroll online for Telangana Bar Council. The Advocates Act, 1961 empowers state bar councils to frame their own rules regarding enrollment of advocates. The enrollment committee formed by Councils will scrutinise a prospective member's application. Enrolled advocates of any bar council in state are considered as eligible to write the All India Bar Examination conducted by the Bar Council of India. After clearing the exam, he is certified by the Bar Council of India and issued 'Certificate of Enrolment', which facilitates him to practice the profession of law in any High Court based in India and lower courts of the country, as an advocate. Advocates are required to qualify in the exam known as "Supreme Court Advocate on Record Examination" which is conducted by the Supreme Court exclusively to practice in the Supreme Court of Country.

==See also==
* [[Bar Council of India]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://barcouncilap.org// official website]


[[Category:Law of India]]
[[Category:Bar associations of Asia]]
[[Category:Regulatory agencies of India]]
[[Category:Legal organisations based in India]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in India]]

List of legendary creatures in Hindu mythology

2025-12-17T23:31:46Z

Gopalpurpp: basic enhanced page additionally to improve readability

{{Short description|none}}
{{multiple issues|{{more citations needed|date=January 2017}}
{{too many sections|date=March 2023}}
{{context|date=March 2023|reason=Section headers need to be followed by brief explanatory or introductory material that gives a basic overview of each category, otherwise why list at all? Those headers without links provide no information; and without context what's the purpose of listing here those WITH links?}}
}}
This is a list of [[legendary creature]]s from Indian folklore, including those from [[Vedic mythology|Vedic]] and [[Hindu mythology]], sorted by their classification or affiliation.
{{Incomplete list|date=April 2015}}
{{TOC limit}}

==Creatures associated with animals==
===Insects===

====Bees====
* [[Bhramari]] is 'the Goddess of bees' or 'the Goddess of black bees'. She is associated with bees, hornets and wasps, which cling to her body.

====Scorpions====

* [[Chelamma]], a Scorpion Goddess, native to southern Karnataka.

===Matsya===
{{main|Matsya}}
[[File:Matsya avatara, first incarnation of Vishnu.jpg|thumb|left|Matsya avatara, first incarnation of Vishnu]]
* '''Matsya''' is the first avatar of the Hindu god Vishnu in the form of a fish.<ref>[http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/mysore/kes09.html Hindu Temple, Somnathpur]</ref>
* Timingila is a huge aquatic creature that can swallow whole whales in one bite.

====Matsyāṅganā====
{{main|Mermaid|Merman}}
* [[Suvannamaccha]] is a daughter of Tosakanth (Ravana) appearing in the Thai and other Southeast Asian versions of Ramayana.<ref name="Satyavrat2006">{{cite book | author=Satyavrat Sastri | title=Discovery of Sanskrit Treasures: Epics and Puranas | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=seljAAAAMAAJ | accessdate=2012-07-24 | year=2006 | publisher=Yash Publications | isbn=978-81-89537-04-3 | page = 77}}</ref> She is a mermaid princess who tries to spoil Hanuman's plans to build a bridge to Lanka but falls in love with him instead.<ref name="Desai2005">{{cite book | author=S.N. Desai | title=Hinduism in Thai Life | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VmsKr7lqTjwC&pg=PA135 | accessdate=2012-07-24 | year = 2005 | publisher=Popular Prakashan | isbn=978-81-7154-189-8 | page=135 }}</ref>
* [[Macchanu]] is the son of Hanuman in the Cambodian, Thai and other versions of the Ramayana, and who looked like a vanara from the waist-up but had the tail of a fish.

===Frog===
*[[Bheki]] is the name given to a frog that symbolizes the sun on the horizon in Hindu legend.

===Reptiles===
====Kūrma====
{{main|Kūrma}}{{further|Makara (Hindu mythology)}}
[[File:The Second Incarnation of Vishnu as Kurma 'The Tortoise' The Churning of the Ocean (paint on paper).jpg|thumb|The Second Incarnation of Vishnu as Kurma 'The Tortoise' The Churning of the Ocean (paint on paper)]]
* In Hinduism, '''Kurma''' is the second Avatar of Vishnu, in the form of a turtle.<ref>
{{cite web
|title=Shiva Parvati |series=Hinduism |website=msu.edu
|publisher=[[Michigan State University]] |place=East Lansing, MI
|url=https://www.msu.edu/~muneran2/hinduism.htm |access-date=5 October 2015
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928002849/https://www.msu.edu/~muneran2/hinduism.htm
|archive-date=28 September 2012
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite book
|last=Gopal |first=Madan
|year=1990
|title=India through the Ages
|editor-last=Gautam |editor-first=K.S.
|page=74
|series=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting
|publisher=Government of India
}}
</ref>
* The [[World Turtle]] in Hindu belief is known as '''Akupāra''', or sometimes Chukwa, a chiranjeevi.<ref>{{cite web |first=Toke L. |last=Knudsen |title=Indology mailing list |at=1,612 |url=http://listserv.liv.ac.uk/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind1004&L=indology&D=1&O=D&F=PP&P=1612 |via=listserv.liv.ac.uk }}

</ref>
*'''Bedawang''' or '''Bedawang Nala''' is a giant turtle in [[Balinese mythology]] who brought the whole world on his back. In the creation mythology of the world, it represents a change from [[Antaboga]]. He along with two dragons support the human world. If he moves, there will be earthquakes and volcanic eruptions on earth.
[[File:Varunadeva.jpg|thumb|left| [[Varuna]]-[[Deva (Hinduism)|deva]] mounted on [[Makara]].]]
* '''Makara''' is a water monster (often depicted as a [[crocodile]]) that appears as the [[vahana]] (mount) of several water deities, among them the river goddesses [[Ganga]] and [[Narmada River#Deity|Narmada]], and [[Varuna]] when shown as [[sea god]].
* '''Huhu''' is the crocodile in the legend of [[Gajendra Moksha]].
{{clear}}

====Sarpa====
{{see also|Serpent (symbolism)}}
[[File:Vritra try to eat indra.jpg|thumb|left|Vritra try to eat indra]]
* [[Antaboga]] is the [[Serpent (symbolism)#Cosmic serpents|world serpent]] of traditional [[Mythology of Indonesia#Java|Javanese mythology]]. It is a derivative from the Hindu [[Shesha|Ananta Shesha]] combined with Javanese animism.
* [[Gogaji]] also known as Jahar Veer Gogga is a folk deity, worshiped in the northern states of India. He is a warrior-hero of the region, venerated as a saint and a 'snake-god'. He is worshiped as a veer amongst Hindus.
* [[Ketu (mythology)|Ketu]] is an Asura who has the lower parts of a snake and said to have four arms.
* [[Nagnechiya Maa]] (Nagnechi Ma, Nagnechia Ma), a snake goddess, is the kuldevi of Rathore, a Suryavanshi Rajput clan of India, as well as Brahmbhatts (who are also Vaitalik Kaumudik Bramhins),
* [[Patanjali]] is a snake footed rishi considered to be an incarnation of [[Shesha]]
* [[Rahu]] is the severed head of an asura called Svarbhānu, that swallows the sun causing eclipses. He is depicted in art as a serpent with no body riding a chariot drawn by eight black horses.
* [[Vritra]] or '''Ahi''' is a serpent or dragon, the personification of drought and adversary of Indra.

====Nāgas====
{{main|Nāga}}{{see also|Snake worship#India}}
[[File:Sagar Manthan.jpg|thumb|Vasuki in Sagar Manthan]]
* The '''Naga''' is an entity or being, taking the form of a very great snake — specifically the king cobra. A female nāga is a nāgī or nāgiṇī. Notable nagas.
** [[Astika (Hinduism)|Astika]] is half [[Brahmin]] and half naga, son of Manasa.
** [[Kaliya]], a snake conquered by [[Krishna]].
** [[Karkotaka]] controls weather
** [[Manasa|Manasā]], also Mansa Devi, is a Hindu folk goddess of snakes, sister of Vasuki and wife of sage Jagatkāru (Jaratkāru).
** '''Paravataksha''', his sword causes earthquakes and his roar caused thunder.
** [[Surasa]] is a Hindu goddess, who is described as the mother of the uragas (serpents).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Abel|first=Ernest L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PZe2BQAAQBAJ&q=Susna+demon&pg=PA18|title=Intoxication in Mythology: A Worldwide Dictionary of Gods, Rites, Intoxicants and Places|date=2014-12-09|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-1-4766-0637-8|language=en}}</ref>
** [[Susna]] is a horned serpent-demon who aids the Asuras in their war against the Deva. The serpent also guards the essence of ''[[Amrita]]'' in its stomach. Susna is also associated with drought.
** [[Shesha]] is the nagaraja or king of all nāgas. The snake on whom [[Vishnu]] is in [[yoga nidra]] (Ananta shayana).<ref>Bhāgavata Purāṇa 10.1.24</ref>
** [[Takshaka]] is mentioned as a King of the Nagas.
** [[Ulupi]], a companion of [[Arjuna]] in the [[Indian epic poetry|epic]] ''[[Mahabharata]]''
** [[Vasuki (snake)|Vasuki]] is a nagaraja, one of the King serpents, who coils over [[Shiva]]'s neck.<ref>Bhāgavata Purāṇa 3.26.25</ref>

====Pannaga====
{{further|Naga Kingdom#Naga races}}
A race related to the Nagas and Uragas, born of [[Kadru]], sister of [[Surasa]].

====Uraga====
{{further|Naga Kingdom#Naga races}}
A race related to the Nagas and Pannagas, born of [[Surasa]], sister of [[kadru]].

=== Pakshin ===
[[File:Karura of Kofukuji.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Karura of Kofukuji]]
* [[Byangoma]] (feminine '''Byangomi''') are legendary birds of [[Bengali mythology]], appearing most notably in the fairytales of [[Thakurmar Jhuli]], where they are portrayed as wise, fortune-telling birds that help the deserving.
* [[Gandabherunda]] (also known as the Bherunda) is a two-headed mythological bird of Hindu beliefs thought to possess magical strength.
* '''Homa Pakshi''' (a Vedic bird). It lays eggs while flying in the sky and then the egg will fall. As it is falling, a bird will hatch from the egg. The hatchling then learns how to fly without touching the earth.
[[File:The death of Bakasura the crane (6124594523).jpg|thumb|The death of Bakasura the crane (6124594523)]]
* The [[Karura]] is a divine creature with human torso and birdlike head in Japanese Hindu-Buddhist faith.

====Baka====
*'''Bagala''' - A crane-headed god in Hindu legend, Bagala controls black magic, poisons and disguised forms of death.
*'''Krauncha''' - A crane mentioned in the [[Ramayana]].
*'''Nadijangha''' - The name of a crane, who was liked by [[Brahma]] very much. His story was told by [[Bhishma]] to [[Dharmaraja (Buddhism)|Dharmaraja]].
[[File:Kalighat_pictures_Indian_gods_f.23.jpg|thumb|[[Garuda]] (Vishnu's bird mount) with Krishna and [[Balarama]].]]Gṛdha
[[File:Sampati's Find.jpg|thumb|Sampati's found by Vanaras]]
* '''Vultures''' who were the sons of [[Aruṇa|Aruna]], brother of [[Garuda]].
** [[Sampati]], the King of Vultures, was the oldest son of Aruṇa and a brother of Jatayu.
** [[Jatayu]] is the youngest son of Aruna, brother of Sampati.

====Haṁsa====
{{main|Hamsa (bird)}}
* The '''hamsa''' (Sanskrit: हंस, haṃsa or hansa) is an aquatic bird of passage, such as a goose or a swan. Its icon is used in Indian and Southeast Asian culture as a spiritual symbol and a decorative element. Hamsa is a part of the mythical love story of Nala and Damayanti. The hamsa is the vahana of [[Brahma]] & [[Saraswathi]].
** '''Arayanna''', or heavenly hamsa (swans), are said to live in Manasasaras in the Himalayas.

====Kāka====
* '''Chanda''', a crow, is the father of Bhusunda and his twenty brothers (Bhusunda and his brothers were born from the union of Chanda and the seven swans of the Goddess [[Brahmani (Matrika)|Brahmi]]).
* [[Kagapujandar|Bhusunda]] or Kakabhushundi is a very old sage, in the form of a crow. In the Story of Bhusunda, a chapter of the [[Yoga Vasistha]], Bhusunda recalls a succession of epochs in the earth's history, as described in Hindu cosmology. He survived several destructions, living on a wish-fulfilling tree on Mount Meru.

====Kukkuṭaśāva====
*'''Krichi''' is the rooster of [[Murugan]], depicted on his war flag, the [[Dhwaja#In Hinduism|Seval Kodi]].

====Mayura====
{{main|Mayura (mythology)}}
[[File:Raja Ravi Varma, Goddess Saraswati.jpg|thumb|Saraswati with Citramekhala|left]]
* '''Citramekhala''' is the mayura of [[Saraswathi]], Goddess of learning and wisdom.
* '''Paravani''' is the mayura vahana of [[Murugan]], the God of War.

====Sarngika====
* [[Jarita]] was a certain female bird of the species called Sarngika. She was wife of saint Mandapala.

====Shuka====
*'''Suka''' - The parrot vahana of [[Kamadeva]]
*'''Shuka''' - The parrot of [[Kalki]]

====Shyena====
{{main|Shyena (Hinduism)}}
* '''Shyena''' (Sanskrit: श्येन ) is the divine hawk identified with [[Agni]], who ascends to heaven for bringing [[soma (drink)|soma]] (nectar) to earth with the intention of rejuvenating and revitalizing of all things that exist on earth.

====Suparna====
[[File:Raja Ravi Varma, Lord Garuda.jpg|thumb|Raja Ravi Varma, Lord Garuda]]
The [[Garuda]] is a large bird-like creature, or humanoid bird. Garuda is the mount (vahana) of the Lord Vishnu. According to the Mahabharata, Garuda had six sons from whom were descended the race of birds.
* '''Sumukha'''
* '''Suvarna'''
* '''Subala'''
* '''Sunaama'''
* '''Sunethra'''
* '''Suvarcha'''

====Tittiri====
* [[Chakora (mythology)|Chakora]], a kind of partridge, is a legendary bird described in Hindu faiths. It is believed to reside upon the beams of the moon, that is, the [[Chandra]].
* '''Kapinjala''', a partridge associated with [[Indra]], or a form of [[Indra]].

====Uluka====
* '''Pravirakarna''' - Is a chiranjeevi owl who lives in the Himalayas.
* '''Uluka''' - The owl of [[Lakshmi]].

=== Mushika ===
*'''Mushika''' - the rat mount of [[Ganesha]]. Ganesha is very careful about his mount Mushika and also his safety
[[File:Ganesh on his vahana, a mouse or rat.jpg|thumb|Ganesh on his vahana, a mouse or rat]]

=== Gaja or Hastin ===
{{main|Gaja|Hastin}}
* [[Airavata#Erawan|Erawan]] (Thai: เอราวัณ, from Pāḷi Erāvana, or Sanskrit Airāvana) is the Thai version of [[Airavata]]. He is depicted as a huge elephant with either three or sometimes thirty-three heads which are often shown with more than two tusks.
* [[Gajamina]] Gadjamina, Gaja minah, or Eon is an elephant headed mythical figure with the body of a fish used for patulangan sarcophagi in Bali,
*The [[Gajasimha]] is a mythical animal with the body of a lion and the head of an elephant. At Angkor, it is portrayed as a guardian of temples and as a mount for some warriors.
* [[Gajasurasamhara|Gajasura]] is an elephant demon killed by [[Shiva]], in his ''Gajasurasamhara'' form.
* [[Gajendra Moksha|Gajendra]] the elephant, was rescued by [[Vishnu]] from the clutches of Huhu, the Crocodile in the legend of Gajendra Moksha.
* [[Ganesha]] also known as Ganapati and Vinayaka, the elephant headed God.
* [[Iravati]] is a daughter of [[Kadru]] and [[Kasyapa]]. She is the mother of [[Airavata]], the mount of [[Indra]]. She is also associated with a sacred river.
* In a tale about Ganesha's birth, the elephant-headed demoness [[Malini (deity)|Malini]] gives birth to [[Ganesha]] after drinking the bath-water of [[Parvati]], Ganesha's mother.
* In Hindu beliefs there were three elephants by the name [[Supratika]]. The foremost among them is listed as one of the [[World-elephants|Diggajas]], each representing the eight quarters. The Hindu epic [[Mahabharata]] describes two more elephants by the same name – a mythical elephant that was an incarnation of a sage, and the one that belonged to [[Bhagadatta]], the king of [[Pragjyotisha]].
* [[Vinayaki]] is an elephant-headed Hindu goddess, a [[Matrika]]. The goddess is generally associated with the elephant-headed god of wisdom, [[Ganesha]].

====Diggajas====
{{main|World-elephants}}
{{see also|Dikpala}}
[[File:Indradeva.jpg|thumb|Indradeva on Airavata]]
* The [[Amarakosha]], a thesaurus of Sanskrit, mentions the names of eight male elephants, and their respective consorts, that bear the world together.
** '''[[Airavata]]''' is a mythological white elephant who carries the Hindu God [[Indra]]. He also represents the ''Eastern'' direction, the quarter of [[Indra]]. '''Abhramu''' is the consort of [[Airavata]].
** '''Pundarika''', carries the Hindu god [[Yama]]. He represents the ''Southeast''. '''Kapila''' is the consort of '''Pundarika'''.
** '''Vamana''' and his mate '''Pingala''' guard the ''South'' with an unspecified god.
** '''Kumunda''' (''Southwest'') and his mate '''Anupama''', with the god [[Surya]].
** '''Anjana''' and his mate '''Añjanā''' guards the ''West'' with the god [[Varuna]].
** '''Pushpa-danta''' and his mate '''Subhadanti''' guards the ''Northwest'' with the god [[Vayu]].
** '''Sarva-bhauma''' represents the ''North'', the quarter of [[Kubera]]. His mate is '''Tāmrakarna'''.
** '''[[Supratika#Supratika (Diggaja)|Supratika]]''' represents the ''North-east'' direction, the quarter of [[Soma (deity)|Soma]]. '''Anjanavati''' is believed to be the wife of '''Supratika'''.
* Four names are given in the Ramayana 1.41:
** '''Viru-paksha''' - ''East''
** '''[[World-elephant|Maha-padma]]''' - ''South''
** '''Saumanas''' - ''West''
** '''Bhadra''' - ''North''

=== Kapi ===
*'''Kapi''' is a form of monkey, especially used to represent Hanuman, as may be seen in the lines of the devotional hymn ''[[Hanuman Chalisa]]'': "{{Transliteration|awa|jaya '''kapīsa''' tihun loka ujāgara}}" ("Victory to the Lord who is supreme among the '''monkeys''', The light of the three worlds ..."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lutgendorf |first1=Philip |title=Hanuman's Tale: The messages of a divine monkey |date=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford; New York |isbn=978-0-19-530921-8 |pages=397–401 |url=https://archive.org/details/hanumanstalemess0000lutg |chapter=Appendix: Two Poems in Praise of Hanuman}}</ref>) [Emphasis added.]
[[File:Building a Bridge to Sri Lanka.jpg|thumb|Vanaras Building a Bridge to the Mythical Kingdom of Lanka]]

==== Vanara ====
* The [[Vanaras]] are the monkey race in the Ramayana. The following are notable vanaras.
** [[Angada]], son of vali, helped Rama find his wife [[Sita]]
** [[Añjanā|Anjana]], Hanuman's mother.
** [[Hanuman]] is a monkey God and an ardent devotee of the God Rama.
** [[Kesari (Ramayana)|Kesari]], Hanuman's foster father.
** [[Makardhwaja]] is the son of Hanuman as per the Valmiki Ramayana.
** [[Nala (Ramayana)|Nala]], son of [[Vishwakarma]].
** [[Nila (Ramayana)|Nila]], son of [[Agni]].
** [[Rumā]] was the wife of Sugrīva.
** [[Sugriva]], king of [[Kishkindha]], son of [[Surya]].
** [[Tara (Ramayana)|Tara]], wife of vali.
** [[Vali (Ramayana)|Vali]], Sugriva's brother, and a son of [[Indra]]

===Varāha===
{{main|Varāha}}
[[File:Varaha avtar, killing a demon to protect Bhu, c1740.jpg|thumb|[[Varaha|Varaha Avatar]] of Vishnu kills [[Hiranyaksha]]n.]]
* '''Emūsha''' - In the Brāhmana, a boar which raised up the earth, represented as black and with a hundred arms (probably the germ of the [[Varaha]] avatara).
* [[Varaha]] is the third avatar of the Hindu god Vishnu in the form of a boar.
* [[Varahi]] is one of the Matrikas. With the head of a sow, Varahi is the consort of Varaha.

=== Hariṇa ===
* [[Pashupati]] (Sanskrit Paśupati) is an incarnation of the Hindu god [[Shiva]] as ''"lord of the animals"''.
* [[Rishyasringa]] was a boy born with the horns of a deer in Hindu-Buddhist faiths, who became a seer.

=== Gō ===
{{further|Cattle in religion and mythology#In Indian religions}}

==== Paśu ====
{{see also|Pashupati}}

* [[Ushas]] are associated with the reddish cows, and are released by Indra from the Vala cave at the beginning of time.
* '''Vrishabha''' - A cow-headed [[Yogini]], who is considered to be the mother of [[Ganesha]].

====Kamadhenu====
{{main|Kamadhenu}}
[[File:Kamadhenu, the cow of plenty.jpg|thumb|Kamadhenu, the cow of plenty]]
* '''Kamadhenu''' also known as ''Surabhi'', is a bovine-goddess described in Hinduism as the mother of all cows. She is a miraculous "cow of plenty" who provides her owner whatever he desires and is often portrayed as the mother of other cattle as well as the eleven [[Rudras]]. The following are the offspring of Kamadhenu.
** [[Kamadhenu#Jamadagni's cow|Kapila]] cows (the golden cows), are the children of [[Kamadhenu]], who were also called the mothers of the world (according to the [[Anushasana Parva]], the thirteenth book of the Mahabharata).
** [[Kamadhenu#Birth and children|Manoratha]], a calf, created by Krishna (along with its mother, [[Kamadhenu]]) from the left side of his body (according to the [[Devi Bhagavata Purana]])
** [[Kamadhenu#Vashista's cow|Nandini]] (sometimes referred to as '''Sabala'''), the cow of Vashistha, the daughter of Indra's cow [[Kamadhenu]].
** [[Kamadhenu#Birth and children|Rohini]], daughter of '''Surabhi''', who is said to be the mother of cows (according to the ''Ramayana'')
** [[Kamadhenu#Jamadagni's cow|Sushila]], a daughter of [[Kamadhenu]] in the [[Brahmanda Purana]]
** [[Kamadhenu#Birth and children|Yogishvari]], a cow, daughter of [[Kamadhenu]] (according to the [[Matsya Purana]])

====Dikpalis====
{{see also|Kamadhenu#Abodes}}
The guardian cow goddesses of the heavenly quarters (they are the 4 daughters of [[Kamadhenu]] according to the [[Udyoga Parva]], fifth book of the Mahabharata):
# '''Dhenu''' in the ''north''
# '''Harhsika''' in the ''south''
# '''Saurabhi''' in the ''east''
# '''Subhadra''' in the ''west''

==== Vṛṣabha ====

* [[Bir Kuar]] or Birkuar, also known as '''Birnath''', is a Hindu cattle-god worshipped by the herder-class of Ahirs of western Bihar in India. He is considered to be a form of the god, Krishna.
* [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]], or '''Nandikeshvara''' is the name for the bull which serves as the mount of the god Shiva and as the gatekeeper of Shiva and Parvati.

==== Mahiṣa ====
[[File:Unknown (Indian) - Durga in Combat with the Bull, Mahishasura - 69.428 - Detroit Institute of Arts.jpg|thumb|Unknown (Indian) - Durga in Combat with the Bull, Mahishasuras]]
* [[Mahishasura]]; According to Hindu beliefs, Mahishasura was a combination of both an Asura and a mahisha ("water buffalo"), with a trident.
* [[Mahishi (Mahishasur's Sister)|Mahishi]] - The sister of [[Mahishasura]]. After the death of Mahishasura, Mahishi continued the war against Devas.
* [[Mhasoba]], is a horned buffalo deity of pastoral tribes in Western and Southern India.
* '''Paundraka''' is the name of the buffalo of Yama.

=== Aja ===
{{see also|Markandeya}}
*'''Aja''' - A "He-goat" sacred to Pushan. Holds a prominent position in death rites; it shows the path to the dead.
* '''Ajaikapala''' - A boy, whom was begotten by the grace of Shankara. He had one foot of a man and the other of a goat. He overcame death as a child and is known as 'Mrityunjya'.
*[[Daksha]] - His head was replaced by a goat's after a beheading.
*[[Naigamesha]] also known as Harinegameshi, is a goat-headed or deer-headed deity (associated with the war-god [[Kartikeya]]).
*[[Pushan|Pūṣan]] - a Vedic guardian of flocks and herds.

=== Ashva ===
{{main|Ashva}}
{{further|History of the horse in South Asia}}
* The [[Ashvins]], in Hindu belief, are two Vedic gods, divine twin horsemen in the Rigveda, sons of [[Saranyu]], a goddess of the clouds and wife of [[Surya]] in his form as Vivasvant. They are represented as humans with the heads of horses.
* '''Badavā''' - 'A mare, the submarine fire.' In belief, it is a flame with the head of a horse, called also '''Haya-siras'''.
* [[Dadhikra|Dadhi-krā]] is the name of a divine horse or bird, personification of the morning Sun.
* '''Devadatta''' - The white horse of [[Kalki]].
* [[Kamadhenu#Birth and children|Gandharvi]], daughter of [[Kamadhenu]], and is the mother of horses (according to the [[Ramayana]]).
* '''Farasi Bahari''' - These are magical green ''Water Horses'' that live at the bottom of the Indian Ocean. They are depicted as a horse in its forepart, with a coiling, scaly, fish-like hindquarter.
* [[Hayagriva]], also spelt Hayagreeva, is a horse-headed avatar of the Lord Vishnu in Hinduism.
* [[Keshi (demon)|Keshi]] is the horse-demon, healed by Krishna.
* [[Kinnara#India|Kinnara]] In Hindu faith, a kinnara is a paradigmatic lover, a celestial musician, half-human and half-horse.
* [[Tarkshya|Tārkṣya]] is the name of a mythical being in the Rigveda, described as a horse with the epithet áriṣṭa-nemi "with intact wheel-rims".
* [[Tumburu]] is a horse faced Ghandarva, a celestial musician.
* [[Uchchaihshravas]] is a seven-headed flying horse, that was obtained during the churning of the milk ocean. Uchchaihshravas is often described as a vahana ("vehicle") of Indra - the god-king of heaven, but is also recorded to be the horse of Bali, the king of demons.
* [[White horse (mythology)#Hindu|White horse (mythology)]] White horses appear many times in Hindu faith.

===Khaḍgin===
[[File:Thomas-de-Kent-Bnf-fr24364-fol54v-dent tyrant.jpg|thumb|Macedonians are attacked by Odontotyrannos in India]]
* The [[Karkadann]] (from kargadan, Persian: كرگدن "Lord of the Desert") was a mythical creature said to live on the grassy plains of India and Persia. The word kargadan also means rhinoceros in Persian and Arabic.
* [[Odontotyrannos]] ("tooth-tyrant") is a three horned beast said to have attacked Alexander the Great and his men at their camp in India. It had a black, horse-like head, with three horns protruding from its forehead, and exceeded the size of an elephant.
* The [[Unicorn]] is a legendary creature that has been described since antiquity as a beast with a large, pointed, spiraling horn projecting from its forehead. The unicorn was depicted in ancient seals of the Indus Valley Civilization and was mentioned by the ancient Greeks in accounts of natural history by various writers, including Ctesias, Strabo, Pliny the Younger, and Aelian. The Bible also describes an animal, the [[re'em]], which some versions translate as unicorn.

===Shvan===
{{main|Shvan}}
[[File:Rakta Bhairava.jpg|thumb|Rakta Bhairava]]
* [[Ashta Bhairava#Sri Ruru Bhairava|Ruru]] - a dog; one of the [[Bhairava]]s, a manifestation of [[Shiva]].
* In Hindu faith, [[Sarama]] is a mythological being referred to as the dog of the gods, or Deva-shuni.
* [[Sarama#Parentage and children|Sarameya]] (literally, "sons of Sarama") are the children of [[Sarama]], whose names are '''Shyama''' and '''Sabala'''.
* [[Sharvara]] is an ancient Hindu mythical dog belonging to Yama.
* '''Sisara''' is the husband of [[Sarama]], father of the '''Sarameya'''.

=== Mahabidala ===
[[File:Ishnu's half-man half-tiger avatar, Narasimha.jpg|thumb|Vishnu's half-man half-lion avatar, Narasimha]]
* [[Budhi Pallien]] is a fearsome goddess of forests and jungles, who roams northern India, particularly Assam, in the form of a tiger.
* [[Kimpurusha Kingdom|Kimpurusha]] were described to be lion-headed beings.
* [[Narasiṃha]] is an avatar of the Hindu god [[Vishnu]], and is often visualised as having a human torso and lower body, with a lion face and claws.
*[[Dawon]] is a sacred tiger (sometimes drawn as a lion), it was offered by gods to serve goddess [[Durga]] or [[Parvati]] as mount for rewarding her victory.
* [[Matrikas#Iconography|Narasimhi]] (Sanskrit: नारसिंहीं, Nārasiṃhī), power of [[Narasimha]] (lion-man form of Vishnu), is a woman-lion and throws the stars into disarray by shaking her lion mane.
* '''Manasthala''' is the lion vahana of [[Durga]] who was known as the asura Simhamukha in his previous life.
* [[Pratyangira]] or sometimes called '''Prathyangira''', '''Narasimhi''' or '''Narashimhika''', is a Hindu Goddess described with a lioness's face and a human body.
* [[Surapadman|Simhamukha]] is a lion faced demon, brother of [[Surapadman]] who later was transformed into the vahana of Durga due to his bravery in fighting the god, Muruga.
* [[Vyaghrapada]], that is, one having the feet like a tiger, was one of the mythical rishis (sage) of ancient India.

=== Bidala ===

* '''Mārjāra''' - The cat vahana of [[Shashthi]], a Hindu folk Goddess ([[Shashthi]] is associated with the war-god [[Kartikeya]]).

===Bhallūka===
[[File:Jambavan.jpg|thumb|left|Jambavan]]
The '''Rikṣā''' are described as something like Vanaras but in later versions of Ramayana, Rikṣā are described as bears. Notable Rikṣās are as follows:
*[[Jambavan]] (or Jamvanta) is a character originating in Indian epic poetry. The King of the Bears, he is an Asiatic or sloth bear in Indian epic tradition.
*[[Jambavati]] is the daughter of Jambavan, King of the Bears, and the third wife of Krishna.

===Yuyukkhura===

* The [[Crocotta]] (or corocotta, crocuta, or leucrocotta), is a mythical dog-wolf of India or Ethiopia, linked to the hyena and said to be a deadly enemy of men and dogs.

===Therianthropes===
{{see also|Shapeshifting}}
* [[Ichchhadhari Nag]] or Naagin is a mythical shape-shifting cobra in Indian folklore.
* Ailuranthropes (werecats), the [[Werecat#Asia|weretiger]] - In India, the weretiger is often a dangerous sorcerer, portrayed as a menace to livestock, who might at any time turn to man-eating. These tales travelled through the rest of India and into Persia through travellers who encountered the royal Bengal tigers of India and then further west.
*[[Hemaraj]] - The hemaraj is a creature found in Thai and possibly South Asian(Indian) faith. It is said to be the combination of a hem (an ill-defined creature in and of itself; usually likened to a swan but sometimes depicted more like a crocodilian) and a [[lion]].
*[[Makara (Hindu mythology)|Makara]] is a sea-creature in Hindu faith. Makara is the vahana (vehicle) of Ganga - the goddess of the river Ganges and the sea god Varuna.<ref name="Beer2003">{{cite book|author=Robert Beer|title=The handbook of Tibetan Buddhist symbols|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3804Ud9-4IC&pg=PA77|accessdate=17 January 2011|date=10 September 2003|publisher=Serindia Publications, Inc.|isbn=978-1-932476-03-3|pages=77–}}</ref><ref name="Williams2003">{{cite book|author=George Mason Williams|title=Handbook of Hindu mythology|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9791576071068|url-access=registration|accessdate=17 January 2011|year=2003|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-106-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9791576071068/page/294 294]–}}</ref> It is also the insignia of the love god Kamadeva.
In the epic [[Ramayana]], the Makara is responsible for the birth of [[Hanuman|Lord Hanuman]]'s son, [[Makardhwaja]].
*[[Navagunjara]] is a creature composed of nine different animals. The beast is considered a form of the Hindu god Vishnu, or of Krishna, who is considered an Avatar (incarnation) of Vishnu.
*[[Hanuman#Worship|Panchamukhi Hanuman]] Hanuman assumed the Panchamukhi or five-faced form to kill Ahiravana. He assumes a [[vanara]]'s head, a [[lion]]'s head, an [[eagle]]'s head, a [[boar]]'s head and a [[horse]]'s head.
*[[Khmer architecture#Motifs#|Reachisey]] is a mythical animal, with the head of a lion, a short [[elephant]]ine trunk, and the scaly body of a [[dragon]]. It occurs at Angkor Wat in the epic bas reliefs of the outer gallery.
*[[Rompo]] is a mythological beast with the head of a [[hare]], the ears of a [[human]], a mane, a slender body, the front arms of a [[badger]], and the rear legs of a [[bear]]. It feeds only on human corpses and it is said to croon softly as it eats.
*[[Vaikuntha Chaturmurti]] or Vaikuntha Vishnu is a four-headed aspect of the Hindu god Vishnu, mostly found in Kashmir (northern part of the Indian subcontinent). He has a [[human]] head, a [[lion]] head, a [[boar]] head and a fierce head
*[[Yali (mythology)|Yali]] also known as Vyala or Vidala in Sanskrit) is a mythical creature seen in many Hindu temples, often sculpted onto the pillars. It may be portrayed as part-[[lion]], part-[[elephant]] and part-[[horse]], and in similar shapes
*[[Sharabha]] is a part-[[lion]] and part-[[bird]] beast in [[Hindu mythology]], who, according to [[Sanskrit literature]], is eight-legged and more powerful than a lion or an elephant, possessing the ability to clear a valley in one jump.

== Devas, Adaityas and Spirits ==

===Abhutarajas===
*A class of 10 gods of the Raivata Manvantara, the 5th. It is also called Abhutarayas.

===Adyas===
* One of the 5 classes of gods in the 6th [[Manvantara]], of which '''[[Chakshusha|Caksusa]]''' was the [[Manu (Hinduism)|Manu]].

===Angiris===
{{main|Angiris}}
*The '''Angiris''' (or '''Angiras''') are a group of celestial beings who are descendants of the Fire God [[Agni]] and the Goddess [[Svaha|Agnayi]], and responsible for watching over humans performing [[Yagna]] (sacrifices) and protecting the sacrificial fires
[[File:Arjuna and Urvasee (Urvashi).jpg|thumb|Arjuna and Urvasee (Urvashi)]]

===Apsara===
{{main|Apsara}}
* An '''Apsara''' (also spelled as '''Apsarasa''') is a female spirit of the clouds and waters in Hindu and [[Buddhist mythology]]. They are often wives of the Gandharvas. Notable apsarases:
**[[Menaka]]
**[[Pramlocha]]
**[[Rambha (apsara)|Rambha]]
**[[Tara (Ramayana)|Tara]]
**[[Tilottama]]
**[[Urvashi]]
**[[Satyavati|Adrika]]

===Asura===
{{main|Asura}}
* The '''Asuras''' are mythological lord beings in Indian texts who compete for power with the more benevolent devas.
** [[Daityas]] - In Hinduism, they are a clan or race of Asura as are the Danavas. Daityas were the children of Diti and the sage Kashyapa. The following are notable Daityas.
*** [[Hiranyaksha]] - eldest son of [[Kashyapa]] and [[Diti]]
*** [[Hiranyakashipu]] - second son of [[Kashyapa]] and [[Diti]]
*** [[Holika]] or Sinhika - daughter of [[Kashyapa]] and [[Diti]]
*** [[Prahlada]] - son of [[Hiranyakashipu]]
*** [[Virochana]] - son of Prahlada, father of Bali
*** '''Devamba''' - mother of Bali
*** [[Bali (Daitya)|Bali]] - son of Virochana
*** [[Banasura]] - son of Bali
** [[Danavas]] - In Hinduism,they were a clan or race of Asuras descending from Danu and the sage Kashyapa
*** The [[Kalakeyas]] or Kalakanjas were a powerful, ferocious and cruel clan of Danavas.
** [[Nivatakavachas]]
*** The '''Nivatakavachas''' are a supernatural race of Asura demons, living deep under the oceans.

===Bhuta===
{{main|Bhoot (ghost)}}
[[File:Folk-tales of bengal, illustration by W. Goble 1912.jpg|thumb|A benevolent Brahmadaitya saving a poor Brahmin man from a group of Bhoot' (ghosts)]]
* [[Acheri]] is the ghost or spirit of a little girl who was either murdered or abused and left to die.
* [[Will-o'-the-wisp#Asia|Aleya]] (or marsh ghost-light) is the name given to an unexplained strange light phenomena occurring over the marshes as observed in Bengal.
* [[Chir Batti]], Chhir Batti or Cheer batti is a ghost light reported in the Banni grasslands, a seasonal marshy wetlands and adjoining desert of the marshy salt flats of the Rann of Kutch.

===Dakini===
{{main|Dakini}}
{{see also|Daayan}}
* The '''dakini''' appeared in medieval legends in India (such as in the Bhagavata Purana, Brahma Purana, Markandeya Purana and Kathasaritsagara) as a demoness in the train of [[Kali]] who feeds on human flesh. The masculine form is known as '''Daka'''.

===Gana===
{{main|Gana}}
[[File:The wife of one of the vasus is tempted to steal the wish-bearing cow.jpg|thumb|The wife of one of the vasus is tempted to steal the wish-bearing cow]]
* The '''Ganas''' or '''Gana-Devatas''' are the troops of deities, attendants of [[Shiva]] and live on '''Gana-parvata''' i.e., [[Kailasa]]. [[Ganesha]] was chosen as their leader by Shiva, hence Ganesha's title gaṇeśa or gaṇapati, ''"lord or leader of the ganas"''. The nine classes of Ganas are:
** [[Adityas]]
** [[Visvedevas|Viswe-devas]]
** [[Vasus]]
** '''Tushitas''' (also '''Ája''')
** [[Abhaswaras]]; The "Shining Ones". A class of deities, 64 in number. They inhabit an ethereal world and preside over spiritual enlightenment.
** '''Anila'''
** '''Maharajikas'''; a class of subordinate deities in the order of 220 or 236.
** '''Sadhyas'''; a class of minor Hindu gods who guard the rites and prayers of the greater gods.
** [[Rudras]]

===Gandharva===
{{main|Gandharva}}
[[File:Kabandha tells Rama and Laksmana how he came to have his hideous form.jpg|thumb|Kabandha tells Rama and Laksmana how he came to have his hideous form]]
* The '''Gandharvas''' are male nature spirits, husbands of the Apsaras. Some are part animal, usually a bird or horse.
**[[Chitrasena (Mahabharata)|Chitrasena]], a character in the Indian epic Mahabharata, was a Gandharva king who taught song and dance to Arjuna.
**[[Kabandha]] was a gandharva named Vishvavasu or Danu, who was cursed and made into an ugly, carnivorous demon by Indra, and was killed and liberated by Rama.
**[[Tumburu]], a well-known Gandharva.

===Guhyaka===
{{main|Guhyaka}}
* '''Guhyaka(s)''' (गुह्यक, literally "hidden ones") is a class of supernatural beings in Hindu faith. Like Yakshas (nature-spirits), they are often described as attendants of Kubera.

===Kimpurusha===
{{main|Kimpurusha Kingdom}}
* '''Kimpurusha''' were described to be lion-headed beings.

===Kindeva===
{{main|Kindeva}}
* '''Kindeva''' are a race of human-like beings mentioned in the Hindu Puranas. They are said to have a human-like appearance, but also deva-like qualities, hence the term kindeva.

===Kinnara===
{{main|Kinnara}}
*In [[Hindu mythology]] and [[Buddhist mythology]], a '''kinnara''' is a paradigmatic lover, a celestial musician, half-human, half-horse/half-bird. The '''Kinnaris''' are the female counterpart of Kinnaras.
[[File:La légende de Sisouthone et Manola (Vat That, Luang Prabang) (4337938986).jpg|thumb|Kinnaras]]
;Kumbhanda
{{main|Kumbhanda}}
*A '''Kumbhāṇḍa''' (Sanskrit) or '''Kumbhaṇḍa''' (Pāli) is one of a group of dwarfish, misshapen spirits among the lesser deities of [[Buddhist mythology]].

===Naga===
{{main|Nāga}}

===Panis===
* The '''Panis''' are a class of demons in the Rigveda. The Panis appear in RV 10.108 as watchers over stolen cows.

===Pishacha===
{{main|Pishachas}}
* The '''Pishachas''' are flesh-eating demons according to Hindu faith.

===Preta===
{{main|Preta}}

* '''Preta''' is the Sanskrit name for a type of supernatural being described in some Indian religions as undergoing suffering greater than that of humans, particularly an extreme level of hunger and thirst.

===Rakshasa===
{{main|Rakshasas}}
[[File:Kumbhakarna yawns as he is roused from sleep;.jpg|thumb|Kumbhakarna yawns as he is roused from sleep;]]
*The '''rakshasas''' are demonic beings from Hindu faith. Rakshasas are also called maneaters (Nri-chakshas, Kravyads). A female rakshasa is known as a '''Rakshasi'''.
** [[Brahmarakshasa]] are fierce demon spirits in Hindu faith.
**[[Bhima#Searching for Saugandhika flower|Krodhavasas]] are a race of rakshasas in the Mahabharata.
* The following are notable rakshasas:
** [[Akshayakumara]] was the youngest son of [[Ravana]].
** [[Atikaya]] was the son of [[Ravana]] and his wife ''Danyamalini'' in the Ramayana epic.
** [[Hidimba]] is the brother of [[Hidimbi]] and a forest dweller.
** [[Hidimbi]] is the wife of [[Bhima]] and mother of [[Ghatotkacha]] in the Mahābhārata.
** [[Indrajit]] or Meghanada was a prince of Lanka and a conqueror of Indra Loka. He is the son of king [[Ravana]].
** [[Kumbhakarna]] is the third brother of [[Ravana]].
** [[Mandodari]] was the queen consort of [[Ravana]].
** [[Maricha]] is the uncle of [[Ravana]], who aided in the abduction of [[Sita]].
** [[Nikumbha]] is the Lord of the [[Pisachas]], son of [[Kumbhakarna]].
** [[Prahasta]] is the chief commander of [[Ravana]]'s army of Lanka and son of Ravana.
** [[Ravana]], king of [[Lanka]], brother of [[Kubera]].
** [[Shurpanakha]] is the youngest sister of [[Ravana]], King of Lanka.
** [[Subahu]], son of [[Tataka]].
** [[Tataka]], mother of [[Subahu]]
** [[Vibhishana]] is the second brother of [[Ravana]].

===Riksha===
{{main|Jambavan}}

===Suparna===
{{main|Garuda}}

===Vanara===
{{main|Vanara}}

===Vetala===
{{main|Vetala}}
[[File:Vetal.jpg|thumb|Vetal]]
* [[Chedipe]] is a witch-vampire in the folklore of the region around the Godavari River in India. They are associated with the devadasis, girls who were dedicated to a Hindu temple god and were often treated as temple prostitutes.
* [[Churel]] is a female ghost of South Asian folklore. The word "churel" is also used colloquially for a witch. Women who die in childbirth or pregnancy due to the negligence of her in-laws or relatives are often described turning into churels, who return to seek their vendetta and suck the blood of their male relatives.
* [[Pichal Peri]] (Persian: پیچھل‌ پری) or churail (Urdu: چڑیل) (meaning back footed in Urdu language) is an unexplained entity that is a popular topic for ghost stories in Central and South Asia.

===Vidyadhara===
{{main|Vidyadhara}}
[[File:Vidyadhara.jpg|thumb|Vidyadhara]]
* '''Vidyadhara''' are a group of supernatural beings in Indian religions who possess magical powers. They are considered as Upadevas, semi- gods, and essentially spirits of the air. A female Vidyadhara is known as a '''Vidyadhari'''.

===Vinayakas===
{{main|Vinayakas}}
*The '''Vinayakas''' were a group of four troublesome demons who created obstacles and difficulties in Hindu faith, but who were easily propitiated.

===Yaksha===
{{main|Yaksha}}
[[File:Kubera, the Divinity of Wealth with Eight Horsemen.jpg|thumb|Kubera, Lord of Yakshas]]
* '''Yaksha''' is the name of a broad class of nature-spirits, usually benevolent, who are caretakers of the natural treasures hidden in the earth and tree roots. They appear in Hindu, Jain and Buddhist texts. The feminine form of the word is [[List of legendary creatures in Hindu Mythology#Yakshini|yakṣī]].
**[[Kubera]], king of the Yakshas.
**[[Manibhadra]]
**[[Nalakuvara]]

===Yakshini===
{{main|Yakshini}}
* '''Yakshini (Yakshi)''' is the female counterpart of the male [[List of legendary creatures in Hindu Mythology#Yaksha|Yaksha]], and they are attendees of [[Kubera]]. Although Yakshinis are usually benevolent, there are also yakshinis with malevolent characteristics in Indian folklore.
** '''Kalliyankattu Neeli''', a powerful demoness who was finally destroyed by Suryakaladi nambudiri.
** [[Kanjirottu Yakshi]] (Chiruthevi) is a folkloric vampire. She was born into an affluent Padamangalam Nair tharavad by name Mangalathu at Kanjiracode in Southern Travancore (now in Tamil Nadu). She was a ravishingly beautiful courtesan who had an intimate relationship with Raman Thampi, son of King Rama Varma.
** [[Tataka|Tatakā]] or Taraka (ताड़का) was a Yaksha princess-turned-demoness in the epic [[Ramayana]].

===Yogini===
{{main|Yogini}}
* In Sanskrit literature, the '''yoginis''' have been represented as the attendants or various manifestations of [[Durga]] engaged in fighting with the demons [[Shumbha]] and [[Nishumbha]], and the principal yoginis are identified with the [[Matrikas]]. There are sixty-four or eighty-one [[Matrikas#Yoginis|Yoginis]] (Tantric goddesses).

===Others===
[[File:Nam Mahatya - Vishnu rescues Azamila.jpg|thumb|Nam Mahatya - Vishnu rescues Azamila]]
* [[Chiranjivi]] are seven immortal living beings in Hinduism who are to remain alive on Earth until the end of the current [[Kali Yuga]].
* [[Dvarapala]] is a door or gate guardian often portrayed as a warrior or fearsome giant, usually armed with a weapon - the most common being the gadha mace.
* '''Nairrata''' are demon soldiers of [[Kubera]]'s army, described to have defeated king Mucukunda.
* '''Vālakhilyas''' were great sages, 60,000 in number, born of the parents '''Kratu''' and '''Kriyādevī'''. They were of the size of a thumb.
* '''Vishnuduta''' are the messengers of [[Vishnu]].
* [[Yamaduta]] are the messengers of Death.

==Human races==
[[File:Tiruchchirappalli painting Indra.jpg|thumb|Indra, The king of Devas]]
* The [[Astomi]] are an ancient legendary race of people who had no need to eat or drink anything at all. They survived by smelling apples and flowers. Megasthenes and Pliny the Elder (quoting Megasthenes) mentioned these people in his Indica. Megasthenes located them at the mouth of the river Ganges.
* The [[Calingae]] or Calingi, according to ancient accounts, were a race of extremely short-lived people in India. According to Pliny the Elder they had a lifespan of only eight years.
* The [[Deva people|Deva]] are a mythical people of Sri Lanka according to the Sanskrit epics. According to the Mahavamsa and Ramayana they lived among the Naga, Yakkha and Raskha. They ousted their arch enemies the Raskha from Sri Lanka, with the help of Lord Vishnu. They were then subsequently conquered by King Ravana of the Raskha.
* '''Eka-pāda''' 'One-footed' A fabulous race of men spoken of in the puranas.
* The [[Macrocephali]] in Medieval bestiaries were a race of humanoids with large heads. Some sources indicate that they may have come from India.
* [[Mandi (legendary creature)|Mandi]], The Mandi, according to Pliny the Elder, are a short-lived people from India.
* [[Monopod (creature)|Monopods]] are mythological human creatures with a single, large foot extending from a leg centered in the middle of their bodies. They are described by Pliny the Elder in his Natural History, where he reports travelers' stories from encounters or sightings of Monopods in India. Pliny remarks that they are first mentioned by Ctesias in his book Indika (India).

==Monsters==

* '''Ihamrga''' is the representation of fabulous creatures in Hindu faith.
* [[Kāla (time)|Kala]] is a ferocious monster symbolic of time in its all-devouring aspect and associated with the destructive side of the god Shiva.
* [[Kirtimukha]] is the name of a swallowing fierce monster face with huge fangs, and gaping mouth, quite common in the iconography of Indian and Southeast Asian temple architecture.

==See also==
* [[List of legendary creatures by type]]
* [[List of mythical creatures]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Legendary creatures in Hindu mythology}}
[[Category:Legendary creatures in Hindu mythology| ]]
[[Category:Lists of legendary creatures|Hindu mythology]]
[[Category:Hinduism-related lists|legendary]]

Munroe Island

2025-12-14T09:07:39Z

Gopalpurpp:

{{short description|Inland island group in Kollam}}
{{for|an Island with same name from Philippines|Munroe Island (Philippines)}}
{{redirect|Mundrothuruth|the 2016 film|Mundrothuruth (film)}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox islands
| name = Munroe Island
| native_name =
| image_name = Beautiful Munroe Island , kollam district , kerala.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = [[Lake Ashtamudi]] at Munroe Island
| image_alt =
| map = India Kerala
| map_alt =
| map_width =
| map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| label = Munroe Island
| label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|9|0|0|N|76|37|0|E|region:KL|display=inline,title}}
| etymology = In honour of [[John Munro, 9th of Teaninich|Col. John Munro]]
| location = [[Ashtamudi Lake]] in [[India]]
| GridReference = 
| archipelago = [[Islands of Kollam]]
| waterbody = [[Ashtamudi Lake|Lake Ashtamudi]]
| total_islands = 8
| major_islands = Munroe Island, Perungalam, Pattamthuruth, Pezhumthuruth
| area_km2 = 13.37
| area_footnotes =
| rank =
| length_km = 
| length_footnotes =
| width_km = 
| width_footnotes =
| coastline_km = 
| coastline_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_footnotes =
| highest_mount =
| country = [[India]]
| country_capital_type =
| country_largest_city_type = [[Metropolis]]
| country_largest_city = [[Kollam|Kollam (Quilon)]]
| country_capital_and_largest_city =
| country_largest_city_population = 397419
| demonym = 
| population = 9054
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_rank =
| population_rank_max =
| density_km2 = 776
| density_rank =
| density_footnotes =
| ethnic_groups = [[Malayali]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5.30
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| website = {{URL|www.munroeisland.co.in}}
| additional_info = The nearest Railway Station is [[Munroturuttu railway station]].
}}

'''Munroe Island''' is an [[Lake island|inland]] [[Archipelago|island group]] located at the [[Confluence (geography)|confluence]] of [[Ashtamudi Lake]] and the [[Kallada River]], in [[Kollam district]], [[Kerala]], [[South India]]. It is a group of eight small islets comprising a total area of about 13.4 km2.<ref>{{cite news|title=Floating houses at Munroe Thuruthu? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/floating-houses-at-munroe-thuruthu/articleshow/69335001.cms |newspaper=Times Of India |access-date=15 May 2019 |date=15 May 2019 }}</ref> The island, accessible by road, rail and inland water navigation, is about {{convert|25|km}} from [[Kollam]] by road, {{convert|38|km}} north from [[Paravur, Kollam|Paravur]], {{convert|12|km}} west from [[Kundara]] and about {{convert|25|km}} from [[Karunagapally]]. {{As of|2011|alt=As of the 2011 Indian census}}, the administrative village of Mundrothuruth (which includes nearby small villages as well) has a total population of 9054, consisting of 4318 males and 4736 females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mundrothuruth Village Population - Kollam - Kollam, Kerala |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/628431-mundrothuruth-kerala.html |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> This island is also known as "Sinking Island of Kerala".

The place is named in honour of [[Resident (title)|Resident]] Colonel [[John Munro, 9th of Teaninich|John Munro]] of the former Princely State of [[Travancore]]. The islands measure {{convert|13.4|km2}} in area.

== History ==

In 1795 the British established their supremacy in South India and the princely state of [[Travancore]] came under their governance. From 1800 onwards, a [[Resident (title)|Resident]] was appointed by East India Company as administrative head of [[Travancore]]. The first Resident was Colonel [[Colin Macaulay]], followed by [[John Munro, 9th of Teaninich|Colonel John Munro]]. During his tenure Munro oversaw the land reclamation efforts in the delta where Kallada River joins Ashtamudi Lake and the reclaimed island was named after him as Munroe Island. The [[Dutch Church, Munroe Island|Dutch Church]] here in Munroe Island is one of the ancient churches in [[Kerala]]. It was built by [[Dutch People|the Dutch]] in 1878. The red brick church is a blend of [[Architecture of the Netherlands|Dutch]]-[[Architecture of Kerala|Kerala]] architecture on the scenic banks of [[Ashtamudi Lake|Lake Ashtamudi]].<ref>{{cite news|title=The emerald isle |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/travel/the-emerald-isle/article4316024.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=14 December 2015 }}</ref>

The villagers depended on coconut coir manufacturing as livelihood, however, post Indian Ocean tsunami, things have changed.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}

==Tourism==
{{wide image|Mundro Island.jpg|400px|Panoramic view of Mundro Island}}
The island village is a tourism destination where one can see the [[coir]] retting process, coir weaving, fishing, prawns feeding, migratory bird watch, narrow canals and waterways, coconut farms on the lake shore, lagoons, [[mangrove]] plants and the beautiful tiny islands of Pathupara.

[[Kallada Boat Race]], which is one of the famous boat races in Kerala, is at Karuvathrakadavu- Muthiraparambu nettayam in Munroe Island.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}

==Threat of submergence==
Low-lying areas of the Island are reportedly under a threat of submerging in high tides. In 2016, an expert team from the [[Thangal Kunju Musaliar College of Engineering, Kollam]] had started a study into the phenomena at the request of the Munroethuruthu [[Gram panchayat|grama panchayat]]. The team headed by Prof. Gouri Antharjanam, Head, Department of Civil Engineering, visited the Island.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Special Correspondent |date=6 Jan 2016 |title=TKM team starts study on fast-submerging Munroe islands |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/TKM-team-starts-study-on-fast-submerging-Munroe-islands/article13983844.ece |access-date=2 Apr 2022}}</ref> Subsequently, geo-scientists from the [[National Centre for Earth Science Studies]] (NCESS) conducted a two-year study from 2017 to 2019. They used observations from the [[Interferometric synthetic-aperture radar|satellite microwave interferometric technique]] and from an array of local [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] stations. They tentatively concluded that the Island is not subsiding. They found that only very heavy buildings that do not follow proper design standards have subsided up to {{Convert|1.5|ft|m|abbr=on}}. The double railway line, with up to 150 trains per day, and station platforms are also subsiding. The NCESS scientists found that a tide of {{Convert|1|m|ft|abbr=on}} at the coast translates to less than {{Convert|0.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} at Munroe Island. Hence, [[Climate change|global warming]] is also not a key problem.<ref name=IE_Not_Sinking>{{Cite news |last=Varma |first=Vishnu |date=2 Jul 2019 |title=No, Munroe Island is not sinking; but that does not stop the sinking feeling |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/no-munroe-island-is-not-sinking-but-that-does-not-stop-the-sinking-feeling-5811035/ |access-date=2 Apr 2022}}</ref> In 2022, a team from [https://www.snpskollam.org/ Sree Narayana Public School, Vadakkevila, Kollam] had conducted a preliminary study on the impact of [[Thenmala Dam|Kallada Dam]] on the ecology of Munroe Island. The team conducted a survey among the residents of Munroe island and handed over the report to the District Collector of [[Kollam district]].

The island's population has been steadily declining due to an exodus of people unable to cope with the living conditions. The death of [[Lance naik|Lance Naik]] B. Sudheesh of this island in the Border area at [[Siachen Glacier]] spurred interest of the outer world in the problems of this place.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/videos/2016/11/06/munroe-islanders-of-kerala-battle-the-rising-seas-kollada-river |title=Munroe Islanders of Kerala Battle the Rising Seas |publisher=The Quint |date=6 November 2016 |access-date=7 November 2016}}</ref> Villagers fear subsiding of the land, and they suffer due to the lack of transport and other amenities. Land prices have fallen as they migrate elsewhere for better opportunities. The problems may have been exacerbated by the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami|Indian Ocean tsunami]] in 2004 that changed the backwater system and resulted in increased salinity of the soil.<ref name=IE_Not_Sinking /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/the-sinking-island-of-kerala/article25803641.ece|title=The Sinking Island of Kerala|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Munroe Island in Kerala 3.jpg|Saambranikkodi of Munroe Island
File:Munroe island.jpg|Munroe island in [[Ashtamudi Lake]]
File:Munroe Island in Kerala01 2.jpg|Munroe island railway station
File:Munroe Island in Kerala01.jpg|Saambranikkodi boat jetty
File:Munroe Island in Kerala 5.jpg|Saambranikkodi at Munroe Island
File:Night view of the lake.jpg
File:Small boat near the bank.jpg
File:UninhabitedIslandinMunroe.JPG|Uninhabited island in Munroe
File:Munroe Island Tourism.jpg|Tourism in Munroe Island
File:Mundro Island Way.jpg|Evening View of Mundro Island
File:BoatService.jpg|Boat Service of Mundro Island
File: Street View Mundro Island.jpg| Street View of Mundro Island
File:Boat Service Mundro.jpg|Boat Service of Mundro Island

</gallery>

==See also==
{{portal|Islands}}
* [[Mundrothuruth (Movie)]]
* [[Kakkathuruth]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Munroe Island}}
* [http://www.munroeisland.co.in Official site]

{{Kollam district}}
{{Tourism in Kerala}}

[[Category:Islands of Kollam]]
[[Category:River islands of India]]
[[Category:Villages in Kollam district]]
[[Category:Islands of India]]
[[Category:Populated places in India]]

Dino Martelli

2025-11-21T19:34:56Z

Gopalpurpp: Adding New Details

{{Short description|Indian entrepreneur}}{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Dino Martelli
| image = 
| caption = Dino Martelli (formerly Deepak Malhotra)
| birth_name = Deepak Malhotra
| birth_date = 1964
| birth_place = Bangalore, India
| other_names = Dino Malhotra Martelli
| occupation = Model, actor, entrepreneur
| years_active = 1980s–present
}}

'''Dino Martelli''', previously known as '''Deepak Malhotra''' (born 1964), is a former Indian model and actor, who now runs an [[apparel]] company.

== Early life ==
Deepak lived in [[Bangalore]], where he studied in [[Christ University]] from 1982 to 1985.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Dino Martelli Email & Phone Number {{!}} NYC Made Apparel – ContactOut |url=https://contactout.com/dino-martelli-27953 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416214627/https://contactout.com/dino-martelli-27953 |archive-date=2024-04-16 |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=contactout.com |language=en}}</ref>

He was a member of [[Bangalore Club]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-10-22 |title=Who is Dino Martelli? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bangalore-times/who-is-dino-martelli/articleshow/58788369.cms |access-date=2024-04-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and was also a national-level [[Gymnastics|gymnast]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Vasudev |first=Shefalee |date=2013-11-08 |title=Male Models {{!}} An overdue obituary |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/PgNcXqfu5tTIO6Dpo2Iu5N/Male-Models--An-overdue-obituary.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112043919/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/PgNcXqfu5tTIO6Dpo2Iu5N/Male-Models--An-overdue-obituary.html |archive-date=2013-11-12 |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== Modelling ===
One of the earliest finds of Design and Print Group, Malhotra began his career modelling for a menswear line in Bangalore, and soon became one of the most sought after models during the late 1980s and the early 1990s.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2001-03-22 |title=Gone like froth and bubble |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gone-like-froth-and-bubble/articleshow/35047151.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516021447/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/Gone-like-froth-and-bubble/articleshow/35047151.cms |archive-date=2012-05-16 |access-date=2024-04-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

He was the face of Vimal, a major textile brand of [[Reliance Industries]], for many years;<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Vohra |first=Anupama |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K0-TAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Deepak+Malhotra+of+Vimal+fame%22 |title=Advertising on TV |date=2005 |publisher=S. Wadhwa & Company |isbn=978-81-902286-4-0 |pages=116 |language=en}}</ref> and reportedly had a contract of ₹150,000 in 1987, which was unprecedented at that time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1987-07-31 |title=Now, Mithun Chakraborty 'disco-dances' his way to Russian hearts |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19870731-now-mithun-chakraborty-disco-dances-his-way-to-russian-hearts-799106-1987-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416214308/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19870731-now-mithun-chakraborty-disco-dances-his-way-to-russian-hearts-799106-1987-07-30 |archive-date=2024-04-16 |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He gained further popularity with his TV advertisement for Aramusk, a soap that was promoted as being for the "extravagantly male".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Abramson |first1=Paul R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5SUFxfft7zMC&dq=%22extravagantly+male%22&pg=PA292 |title=Sexual Nature/Sexual Culture |last2=Pinkerton |first2=Steven D. |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-226-00182-1 |pages=292 |language=en}}</ref> He also appeared in advertisements for [[Kwality Wall's|Kwality]] and Garware Video Cassette.{{cn|date=August 2025}}

=== Acting ===
[[File:Lamhe poster 2.jpg|thumb|Deepak Malhotra and [[Sridevi]] in the poster of ''[[Lamhe]]'' (1991)]]
After his success as a model, he started getting movie offers, and moved to [[Mumbai]]. In 1991, he made his film debut with [[Yash Chopra]]'s ''[[Lamhe]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deepak Malhotra – Yash Raj Films |url=https://www.yashrajfilms.com/yrf-alumni/deepak-malhotra |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=www.yashrajfilms.com}}</ref> starring alongside [[Sridevi]] and [[Anil Kapoor]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XZilHnWjxqYC&q=%22now+he's+all+set+to+appear+in+Yash+Chopra's+Lamhe+with+Anil+Kapoor+and+Sridevi+.+With+all+the+Adonises+strutting+about+,+we+wonder+if+Deepak+will+be+able+to+muscle+his+way+to+the+top%22 |title=Times of India Illustrated Weekly |date=1991 |publisher=Published for the proprietors, Bennett, Coleman & Company, Limited, at the Times of India Press |volume=112 |language=en |issue=1–10}}</ref> The film did poorly at the box office and Martelli received backlash for his role, particularly for a single scene.<ref name="Htimes">{{cite news |last1=Mathur |first1=Abhimanyu |title=How an actor's career was ruined by one line: Once rival to Shah Rukh, Aamir Khan, he changed his name, left India |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/how-actor-deepak-malhotra-career-was-ruined-pallo-dialogue-lamhe-shah-rukh-khan-aamir-khan-changed-name-dino-martelli-101746768077937.html |access-date=20 August 2025 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=9 May 2025}}</ref> Martelli was also cast for the 1993 film ''[[Darr]]'', but he was replaced by [[Sunny Deol]] due to the backlash he received for his performance in Lamhe. He got his second and last film role in the 1994 action film ''Tejasvini'', where he appeared opposite [[Vijayshanti]]. By 1994 he had stopped receiving offers as an actor and moved to the United States to continue his modeling career.<ref name="Htimes"/>

=== Entrepreneurship ===
Malhotra moved to New York City and changed his name to Dino Martelli.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-04-20 |title=Missing |url=https://news.yahoo.com/missing.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113083049/https://news.yahoo.com/missing.html |archive-date=2022-11-13 |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=Yahoo News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=নামী মডেল থেকে শ্রীদেবীর সহ-অভিনেতা, এখন নাম পাল্টে থাকেন বিদেশে |trans-title=Famous model to Sridevi's co-star, now lives abroad under a changed name |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/once-popular-model-and-lamhe-fame-deepak-malhotra-now-maintains-a-self-imposed-silence-dgtl-1.1147735 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416221216/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/once-popular-model-and-lamhe-fame-deepak-malhotra-now-maintains-a-self-imposed-silence-dgtl-1.1147735 |archive-date=2024-04-16 |website=Anandabazar Patrika |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-06-20 |title=Class of 1991: Celebrating 25 years of Urmila, Akshay, Raveena |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/class-of-1991-celebrating-25-years-of-urmila-akshay-raveena/20160620.htm |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref> There he studied industrial engineering and designing,<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title='It Takes 2 To Run A Restaurant' |url=https://www.uppercrustindia.com/oldsite/21crust/twentyone/people1.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418174459/https://www.uppercrustindia.com/oldsite/21crust/twentyone/people1.htm |archive-date=2024-04-18 |access-date=2024-04-18 |website=Upper Crust ::: India's food, wine and style magazine}}</ref> and started working in the field of apparels. He is currently the principal at NYC Made Apparel, which he co-founded in 2018.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=NYC MADE APPAREL – New York, NY |url=https://www.alignable.com/new-york-ny/nyc-made-apparel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417055830/https://www.alignable.com/new-york-ny/nyc-made-apparel |archive-date=2024-04-17 |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=Alignable |language=en}}</ref>

In 2003,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2003-11-05 |title=Celebrities don their chef hats |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bombay-times/celebrities-don-their-chef-hats/articleshow/267624.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418180333/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bombay-times/celebrities-don-their-chef-hats/articleshow/267624.cms |archive-date=2024-04-18 |access-date=2024-04-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> he opened Café Sesso in The Courtyard in [[Colaba]], [[Mumbai]] with his friend and business partner, socialite Sabina Chopra.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=South Asian Indian restaurant owner and socialite Sabina Chopra at Race Course ; Bombay Mumbai ; Maharashtra ; India NO MR {{!}} Dinodia Photo Library |url=https://dinodia.photoshelter.com/image/I0000eXIs9tHd4GI |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=dinodia.photoshelter.com}}</ref> It shut down over a year later,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-UiAQAAMAAJ&q=deepak+malhotra |title=Business India |date=2005 |publisher=A. H. Advani |pages=12 |language=en |issue=706–712}}</ref> and they took up the management of the restaurant at [[Breach Candy]]'s Moksh gym and leisure club, naming it Spring.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-UiAQAAMAAJ&q=%22She+and+business+partner+Dino+have+decided+to+call+the+place+Spring+.%22 |title=Business India |date=2005 |publisher=A. H. Advani |pages=12 |language=en |issue=706–712}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Dino Martelli / Deepak Malhotra
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Lamhe]]'' || Lead actor || Debut film; starred opposite Sridevi and [[Anil Kapoor]]
|-
| 1994 || ''Tejasvini'' || Lead actor || Final film role; starred opposite [[Vijayshanti]]
|}

== Personal life ==
In 1998, Dino married model-turned-fashion choreographer Lubna Adam,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-DIqAAAAYAAJ&q=deepak+malhotra |title=Cine Blitz |date=1998 |publisher=Blitz Publications |pages=21 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-07-26 |title=Where have all the supermodels gone? |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/where-have-all-the-supermodels-gone--15480196 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808215640/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/where-have-all-the-supermodels-gone--15480196 |archive-date=2022-08-08 |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> who is notable for opening India's first fashion model training school 'Catwalk' in Bombay in 1990.<ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cUHqEAAAQBAJ&dq=limca+book+of+records+lubna+adam&pg=PT179 |title=Limca Book of Records 2024 |date=2024-01-24 |publisher=Hachette India |isbn=978-93-5731-765-8 |language=en}}</ref> They were in a relationship for 11 years before their marriage, and after getting married moved to New York where they lived in [[Upper West Side]].<ref name=":2" />

They have two sons<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bollywood Movie Actor Deepak Malhotra Biography, News, Photos, Videos |url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/hindi/movie-actor/deepak-malhotra |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418183208/https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/hindi/movie-actor/deepak-malhotra |archive-date=2024-04-18 |access-date=2024-04-18 |website=nettv4u |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-01-24 |title=Lubna Adams with kids at 'Mijwan Show' at Trident, Bandra on January 23, 2011 – Photogallery |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/events/mumbai/celebs-at-mijwan-show/lubna-adams/articleshow/7351592.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121226050954/http://photogallery.indiatimes.com:80/events/mumbai/celebs-at-mijwan-show/Lubna-Adams/articleshow/7351592.cms |archive-date=2012-12-26 |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=photogallery.indiatimes.com}}</ref>— Kian Martelli, who was a decorated athlete in [[Riverhead High School]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-10 |title=Top 25 boys indoor track athletes to watch in 2018–19 |url=https://www.newsday.com/news/top-25-boys-indoor-track-athletes-to-watch-in-2018-19-m78018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609085807/https://www.newsday.com/news/top-25-boys-indoor-track-athletes-to-watch-in-2018-19-m78018 |archive-date=2023-06-09 |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=Newsday |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kian Martelli Archives |url=https://riverheadnewsreview.timesreview.com/tag/kian-martelli/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810223554/https://riverheadnewsreview.timesreview.com/tag/kian-martelli/ |archive-date=2020-08-10 |access-date=2024-04-18 |website=Riverhead News Review |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kian Martelli |url=https://www.athletic.net/athlete/9013876/track-and-field/high-school |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240419044555/https://www.athletic.net/athlete/9013876/track-and-field/high-school |archive-date=2024-04-19 |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=Athletic.net |language=en}}</ref> and is a designated partner in Lubna Adams Luxury Lifestyle Llp;<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-18 |title=LUBNA ADAMS LUXURY LIFESTYLE LLP |url=https://www.zaubacorp.com/company/LUBNA-ADAMS-LUXURY-LIFESTYLE-LLP/ABA-1177 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419012525/https://www.zaubacorp.com/company/LUBNA-ADAMS-LUXURY-LIFESTYLE-LLP/ABA-1177 |archive-date=2024-04-19 |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=Zauba Corp}}</ref> and Kyle Martelli, [[salutatorian]] of Riverhead High's graduating Class of 2021,<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-06-26 |title=Photos: Riverhead High School Class of 2021 celebrates graduation |url=https://riverheadnewsreview.timesreview.com/2021/06/105788/photos-riverhead-high-school-class-of-2021-celebrates-graduation/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418191209/https://riverheadnewsreview.timesreview.com/2021/06/105788/photos-riverhead-high-school-class-of-2021-celebrates-graduation/ |archive-date=2024-04-18 |access-date=2024-04-18 |website=Riverhead News Review |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2021-03-28 |title=Meet the Class of 2021's top 20 |url=https://riverheadlocal.com/2021/03/28/congratulations-to-the-class-of-2021s-top-20/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412165621/https://riverheadlocal.com/2021/03/28/congratulations-to-the-class-of-2021s-top-20/ |archive-date=2021-04-12 |access-date=2024-04-18 |website=RiverheadLOCAL |language=en-US}}</ref> who is currently a student at [[Boston University Questrom School of Business]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Warmington |first=Jada |date=2022-12-16 |title=25 Tuesdays, 25 Terriers, 25 Inspiring Pieces of Advice {{!}} Hey BU Blog |url=https://www.bu.edu/articles/2022/25-tuesdays-25-terriers-25-inspiring-pieces-of-advice/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216154156/https://www.bu.edu/articles/2022/25-tuesdays-25-terriers-25-inspiring-pieces-of-advice/ |archive-date=2022-12-16 |access-date=2024-04-18 |website=Boston University |language=en}}</ref> The Martelli brothers have also modelled for [[Manish Malhotra]]'s fashion collection.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-23 |title=Bringing back the bygone era |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/fashion-and-trends/bringing-back-the-bygone-era/story-oIwOY1555I9fAqz8NxdZoK.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924144525/https://www.hindustantimes.com/fashion-and-trends/bringing-back-the-bygone-era/story-oIwOY1555I9fAqz8NxdZoK.html |archive-date=2020-09-24 |access-date=2024-04-18 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

The couple have separated; and in 2014, Dino married Erika Falconeri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Falconeri Family History |url=https://sortedbyname.com/letter_f/falconeri/index_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250914063321/https://sortedbyname.com/letter_f/falconeri/index_1.html |archive-date=2025-09-14 |access-date=2025-08-09 |website=sortedbyname.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{imdbname|0539490|name=Deepak Malhotra}}

* [https://nycmadeapparel.com NYC Made Apparel]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Martelli, Dino}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Indian male models]]
[[Category:Christ University alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Harcharan Singh (writer)

2025-11-14T20:16:33Z

Gopalpurpp: adjust layout for clarity and corrected details for clarity

{{Short description|Indian dramatist and writer (1914–2006)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox
|name = Harcharan Singh
|abovestyle = background:#cfc;
|title = Harcharan Singh
|above = Punjabi Playwright
|subheader = 10 December 1914 - 12 April 2006 (age 92)
| image = [[File:Dr. Harcharan Singh.jpg|200px|alt=Dr. Harcharan Singh]]
|caption = ''The Man Of All Seasons''
|headerstyle = background:#ccf;
|labelstyle = background:#ddf;
|datastyle =
|header1 = Books written
| label1 =
| data1 =
|header2 =
| label 2 =
| data2 = Kal Ajj Te Bhalak (1971)
|header3 =
| label 3 =
| data3 = Ratta Sallu (1953)
|header4 =
| label 4 =
| data4 = Shobha Shakti (1961)
| header5 =
| label5 =
| data5 = Chamkaur Di Garhi (1966)
| header6 =
| label6 =
| data6 = Hind Di Chaddar (1975)
| header7 = Married
| label7 =
| data7 =
| header8 =
| label8 =
| data8 = Dharam Kaur in 1938
| header9 = Children<ref name="lifehistory">{{cite book|editor1-last=Singh Ghuman|editor1-first=Kapoor|editor2-last=Singh Kasail|editor2-first=Kirpal|editor3-last=Singh Lamba|editor3-first=Gobind|title=Life History of Dr. Harcharan Singh|publisher=Language Dept. Govt. of Punjab|location=India|language=Punjabi|chapter=Introduction}}</ref>
| data10 = Dr. Amarjit Singh Banwatt
| data11 = Jasbir Kaur Gahunia
| data12 = Jagbir Kaur Vaid
| data13 = Amrit Kaur Gahunia
| data14 = Harbux Singh Latta
}}
'''Dr. Harcharan Singh''' (1914–2006) was an Indian dramatist and writer in the [[Punjabi language]]. He dedicated 69 years of his life to Punjabi theater, in which he authored 51 books and staged numerous plays all over the world.<ref name="monograph" />

==Life==
Singh was born in 1914 at Chak # 576, near Nankana Sahib (now in Pakistan) to father, Kirpa Singh, and mother, Rakkhi.<ref name="lifehistory" /> He was sent to his ancestral village, Urapar in [[Jalandhar district|Jalandhar District]], for education. After passing class 8th from the Govt. School, Chakdanna, Singh was sent to Khalsa School, Jalandhar, for Matric (Class 10). Singh enrolled in B.A. at [[Khalsa College, Amritsar]] in 1933. Then he obtained his master's degree in Punjabi and history from [[Forman Christian College|FC College Lahore]]. Moreover, he earned his Ph.D. degree in orientalism and oriental history, with particular emphasis on classical, pre-[[Maurya Empire|Maurya]] Indo-Aryan dynasties of the Punjab and Himalayas for his thesis "Theatre Traditions in Punjab" from [[Delhi University]] in 1943.<ref name=sikhencyclopedia>{{cite encyclopedia | url=https://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/famous-sikh-personalities/singh-harcharan-1915 | title=Singh, Harcharan (1915-) | encyclopedia=The Sikh Encyclopedia | date=19 December 2000 | accessdate=6 April 2018 }}</ref>

He was the head of Punjabi Dept., [[Punjabi University]], Patiala, for 10 years, from 1965 to 1975. He held the post of chairman at the Punjab Sangeet Natak Academy from 1982 to 1991 and again from 1994 to 1997. He was then appointed the chairman of Punjab Arts Council, Chandigarh, from 1999 to 2002.<ref name="George1992">{{cite book|author=K. M. George|title=Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology: Surveys and poems|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1R2Pa3f7r0C&pg=PA330|year=1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-7201-324-0|pages=330–}}</ref>

==Writing==
Singh wrote his first play, ''Kamla Kumari'', in 1937, which was first staged in Amritsar on 21 January 1938.<ref name="lifehistory"/> He established the Punjab Art Theatre at Lahore in 1939 and popularized theatrical activities in Punjab.<ref name="monograph">{{cite book|author1=Satish Kumar Verma|title=A Monograph on Punjabi Playwright Dr Harcharan Singh|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-4593-8|page=35|language=Punjabi}}</ref> He initiated a trend in Punjabi theatre with his wife Dharam Kaur, who dared to act female role in his play Anjorh, staged at YMCA Hall Lahore in 1939. This paved the way for women on Punjabi stage.<ref name="Datta1988">{{cite book|author=Amaresh Datta|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1097|year=1988|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1194-0|pages=1097–}}</ref>

[[File:Anjorh 1949.jpg|thumbnail|Anjorh 1941]]

Singh authored 51 books in Punjabi.<ref name="monograph" /> He was an authority on Sikh historical plays.<ref name="Tribunenonika">{{cite news|author1=Nonika Singh|title=Interview with Dr. Harcharan Singh|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98oct04/sunday/view.htm|accessdate=14 March 2016|issue=Sunday Review|publisher=The Tribune India|date=4 October 1998|language=English}}</ref> His well-known historical plays are ''Chamkaur Di Garhi'', ''Punian Da Chan'', ''Miti Dhundh Jag Chanan Hoa'', ''Jafarnama'', ''Sarhand Di Kandh'', ''Hind Di Chadar'', ''Rani Jindan'', ''Kama Gata Maru'' and ''Shubh Karman Te Kabh Hoon Na Taron''. The play ''Chamkaur Di Garhi'' was first staged on the occasion of the tercentenary birth celebration of Shri [[Guru Gobind Singh]] at famous Sunmukh Nanda Auditorium, Bombay, in December 1966. For the last 38 years, different theatrical groups have been staging this play in India and abroad. Six of his plays have been translated into Hindi and one into Russian.

About a dozen of his books have won awards.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sahitya Akademi Award Winners|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp#PUNJABI|website=Sahitya-Akademi.gov.in|accessdate=14 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084937/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp#PUNJABI|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was given the prestigious [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Punjabi|Sahitya Academy Award]] in 1973 for his play ''Kal Aj Te Bhalak'' (Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow). He was honored by Punjab Govt. as Shromani Sahitkar in 1974. Besides these decorations he was honored by more than a dozen national and international institutions. The feature film ''Sarbansdani Guru Gobind Singh'' was based on his famous play ''Chamkaur Di Garhi''.<ref name="Sarbansdani Film">{{cite web|title=Sarbans Dani Film|url=https://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php?title=Guru_Gobind_Singh_(Film)&oldid=93606|website=Sikhi Wiki}}</ref> His historical play ''Rani Jindan'' was performed by Punjabi Kala Kendra Chandigarh in 20 big cities of Canada and the US in 1981.

Singh wrote the scripts of Bole So Nihal, (a world-famous multimedia Sight & Sound Panorama on 500 years of Sikh History, specially produced for the Birth of Khalsa celebrations,) Sher-e-Punjab (a multimedia Sight & Sound Panorama on 40 glorious years of Khalsa Raj) and Guru Maneo Granth, (another mega multi-media sight & sound panorama dedicated to the 400th centenary of the Prakash of [[Sri Guru Granth Sahib]]). These shows have been shown in 50 cities of [[Punjab]] and India besides in 54 major cities of the US, Canada and UK since 1999.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Prashar|first1=A.S.|title=Sight, sound, royalty relived|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011012/art-trib.htm#1|accessdate=14 March 2016|issue=Arts Tribune|publisher=Tribune India|date=12 October 2001|archive-date=3 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103071847/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011012/art-trib.htm#1|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Sight and Sound Shows">{{cite web|title=Sight and Sound Shows|url=http://lattaproductions.com/w/sight-and-sound-shows/|website=Latta Productions}}</ref>

==List of books==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! No.<ref name="List of books">{{cite book|author1=Satish Kumar Verma|title=Monograph on Dr. Harcharan Singh|date=2014|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-260-4593-8|pages=36–39|edition=1st|language=Punjabi|chapter=List of Books}}</ref><ref name="List of Books - Upto 1974">{{cite book|editor1-last=Singh Ghuman|editor1-first=Kapoor|editor2-last=Singh Kasail|editor2-first=Kirpal|editor3-last=Singh Lamba|editor3-first=Gobind|title=Dr. Harcharan Singh - Life History|date=1974|publisher=Language Dept. Govt. of Punjab|location=Bhasha Bhavan Patial India|pages=1–2|language=Punjabi|chapter=List of Books - Old}}</ref> !! First published in !! Book title !! Publisher !! ISBN
|-
| 1 || 1937 || Kamla Kumari || Self Published || NA
|-
| 2 || 1938 || Raja Porus || Self Published ||NA
|-
| 3 || 1939 || Dur Durade Shahron || Lahore Book Shop, Ludhiana || NA
|-
| 4 || 1941 || Anjorh || NA || NA
|-
| 5 || 1943 || Khedan De Din Chaar || NA || NA
|-
| 6 || 1949 || Dosh || Punjabi Publisher, New Delhi || NA
|-
| 7 || 1953 || Ratta Sallu || Aarsi Publishers, New Delhi || NA
|-
| 8 || 1954 || Tera Ghar So Mera Ghar || Sundar Pustak Bhandhar, New Delhi || NA
|-
| 9 || 1955 || Punia Da Chan || Punjabi Publishers, New Delhi || NA
|-
| 10 || 1961 || Shobha Shakti || Aarsi Publishers, New Delhi || NA
|-
| 11 || 1966 || Chamkaur Di Garhi || Singh Brothers, Amritsar || NA
|-
| 12 || 1969 || Mitti Dhundh Jag Chanan Hoa || Singh Brothers, Amritsar || NA
|-
| 13 || 1971 || Kal Ajj Te Bhalak || Navyug Publishers, New Delhi || NA
|-
| 14 || 1973 || Lehande Da Noor (Poetic Drama) || Punjabi Pyare Publisher, Chandigarh ||NA
|-
| 15 || 1974 || Samaaj De Tham || NA || NA
|-
| 16 || 1975 || Hind Di Chaddar || Lahore Book Shop, Ludhiana || NA
|-
| 17 || 1977 || Dekh Kabira Roya || Singh Brothers, Amritsar || NA
|-
| 18 || 1979 || Sahit Te Sabhyachar De Ambar Tare || Aarsi Publishers, New Delhi || NA
|-
| 19 || 1980 || Maseeha Suli Te Muskuraya || Lahore Book Shop, Ludhiana || NA
|-
| 20 || 1981 || Rani Jindhan || Aarsi Publishers, New Delhi || NA
|-
| 21 || 1983 || Kamagata Maru || Raghbir Rachna Publishers, Chandigarh || NA
|-
| 22 || 1984 || Ambar Kala || NA || NA
|-
| 23 || 1989 || Aag Bujao || Singh Brothers, Amritsar || NA
|-
| 24 || 1992 || Shubh Karman Te Kabhu Na Tro || Singh Brothers, Amritsar || 81-7205-090-9
|-
| 25 || 1995 || Mitti Puche Ghumiar Toh || Navyug Publishers, New Delhi ||81-86216-70-7
|-
| 26 || 2004 || Guru Maneo Granth || NA || NA
|-
| 27 || 2005 || Jene Lahor Nahin Dekhea (Stories) || Tarlochan Publishers, Chandigarh || 81-7914-120-9
|-
| 28 || 2006 || Udhala (Stories) || Tarlochan Publishers, Chandigarh || 81-7914-135-7
|-
| 29 || 1960 || Murkhe Di Khusboo (One Act Play) || Ludhiana Book Shop, Ludhiana || NA
|-
| 30 || NA || Marhian Di Puja || NA || NA
|-
| 31 || NA || Khet De Baney || NA || NA
|-
| 32 || 1997 || Baapu Di Ghorhi || Punjabi University, Patiala || 81-7380-262-9
|-
| 33 || NA || Kanchan Matti || NA || NA
|-
| 34 || 1972 || Zafarnama (One Act Play) || Singh Brothers, Amritsar || 81-7205-104-2
|-
| 35 || NA || Sirhand Di Kand || NA || NA
|-
| 36 || 1940 || Jeevan Leela || Lahore Book Shop, Ludhiana || NA
|-
| 37 || 1943 || Sipiyan (Stories) || Punjabi Publishers, New Delhi || NA
|-
| 38 || 1957 || Meri Chonvi Ikangi || Sundar Pustak Bhandar, New Delhi || NA
|-
| 39 || 1979 || Che Rang (Collection of One Act Plays) || Singh Brothers, Amritsar || NA
|-
| 40 || 1944 || Panj Geetrha || P.S. Datta, Lahore || NA
|-
| 41 || 1942 || Sapt Rishi (Collection of One Act Plays) || Lahore Book Shop, Lahore || NA
|-
| 42 || 1989 || Meri Pratinidh Rachna || Punjabi University, Patiala || NA
|-
| 43 || 1988 || Meri Sahitik Save-Keevni || Punjabi University, Patiala || NA
|-
| 44 || 1979 || Natak Kala Te Mera Anubhav || Language Dept. Govt of Punjab || NA
|-
| 45 || 1964 || Punjabi Sahit Dhara || Surjit Book Depot, New Delhi || NA
|-
| 46 || 1977 || Meri Chonvi Kahaniyan || Lahore Book Shop, Ludhiana || NA
|-
| 47 || NA || Naat Kala Te Hor Lekh || Pepsu Book Depot, Patiala || NA
|-
| 48 || 1971 || Eshwar Chandan Nanda || Punjabi University, Patiala || NA
|-
| 49 || 1972 || Punjabi Vartak Da Janam Te Vikas || Pepsu Book Depot, Patiala || NA
|-
| 50 || 1949 || Sanjha Raaj (Collection of One Act Plays) || Lahore Book Shop, Ludhiana || NA
|-
| 51 || 1955 || Navi Saver || Punjabi Publishers, New Delhi || NA
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Harcharan}}
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language writers]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Punjabi]]
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Punjabi University]]
[[Category:Sangeet Natak Akademi]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

Association of Kannada Kootas of America

2025-11-12T23:27:48Z

Gopalpurpp: adjusted structure based on references

{{short description|Non-profit organization}}
{{Redirect|AKKA||Akka (disambiguation){{!}}Akka}}
{{Notability|Organizations|date=October 2012}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Association of Kannada Kootas of America
| image = Akka logo.jpg
| type = Organization for networking of [[Kannadigas]] in North America
| founded_date = 
| tax_id =
| registration_id =
| founder =
| location =
| coordinates = 
| origins = [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|NRI]] Kannadiga population in the United States
| key_people =
| area_served = United States and Canada
| product =
| focus =
| method =
| revenue =
| endowment =
| num_volunteers =
| num_employees =
| num_members =
| subsid =
| owner =
| former name =
| homepage = 
| dissolved =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Association of Kannada Kootas of America''' ({{langx|kn|ಅಮೇರಿಕದ ಕನ್ನಡ ಕೂಟಗಳ ಒಕ್ಕೂಟ}}, also referred to as '''AKKA''') is a non-profit organization primarily aimed at networking for [[Kannadiga]]s in the United States and Canada. It is incorporated in [[Florida]].<ref name=aboutus>{{cite web|title=About us |url=http://www.akkaonline.org/akka_about.shtml |publisher=Association of Kannada Kootas of America |accessdate=20 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001011010/http://www.akkaonline.org/akka_about.shtml |archivedate=1 October 2011 }}</ref> AKKA was founded in February 1998, after the World Kannada Sammelana in [[Phoenix, Arizona]], where officebearers were elected.<ref name=aboutus /> The organization organizes Kannada sammelanas (conferences) in the continent, the most recent one being held in [[Richmond, VA]].

==Advocacy and opinion==
At the recent conference in Edison, the [[Puttige Matha Guru Parampara|Putthige matha seer]] Sugunendrateertha Swamiji has praised AKKA for its efforts in maintaining the [[Kannada]] language in the American continent.<ref>{{cite web|title=Take Pride to be Kannadiga, Says Puttige Seer at AKKA Convention|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=84981&n_tit=Take+Pride+to+be+Kannadiga%2C+Says+Puttige+Seer+at+AKKA+Convention|publisher=Daiji world|accessdate=20 September 2011}}</ref> However, at the same conference, some Kannada artistes and litterateurs were unhappy with basic facilities provided. and criticized the organizers.<ref>{{cite news|title=Akka leaves delegates disappointed|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/94588/akka-leaves-delegates-disappointed.html|accessdate=20 September 2011|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=6 September 2010}}</ref> Following this reaction, the [[Government of Karnataka]], which financially aids AKKA contemplated withdrawing aid.<ref>{{cite news|title=Government may stop funding AKKA |url=http://174.133.94.26/content/100768/government-may-stop-funding-akka.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708102013/http://174.133.94.26/content/100768/government-may-stop-funding-akka.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 July 2012 |accessdate=20 September 2011 |newspaper=Deccan Herald |date=29 September 2010 }}</ref>

==Split==
In 2009, 7 founder members of AKKA and others decided to break away from the organization and formed the [[North America Vishwa Kannada Association]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Kannada Kootas association splits in US|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-03-31/bangalore/28054803_1_akka-kannada-kootas-split|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811044848/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-03-31/bangalore/28054803_1_akka-kannada-kootas-split|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 August 2011|accessdate=7 September 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 March 2009}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://akkaonline.org/ AKKA website]

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Association Of Kannada Kootas Of America}}
[[Category:Society of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Kannada organizations in North America]]
[[Category:1998 establishments in the United States]]

List of Dalit works

2025-11-07T20:39:17Z

Gopalpurpp: put up some bio initial version

{{Short description|none}}
{{Main|Dalit literature}}

{{More citations needed|date=September 2025}}
Dalit literature refers to a body of writing across [[Indian languages (India)|Indian languages]] that centers the lived experiences of [[Dalit]] communities, confronting [[Caste|caste-based discrimination]] and social exclusion. It spans genres ranging from autobiography and poetry to short stories and novels. Its modern articulation gained momentum in the mid-20th century, drawing on earlier anti-caste thought such as [[Jyotirao Phule]]’s ''Gulamgiri'' (1873) and the writings of [[B. R. Ambedkar]], and was galvanized by the Dalit Panthers movement in the 1970s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Constable |first=Philip |date=1997-01-01 |title=Early Dalit Literature and Culture in Late Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Western India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/313032 |journal=Modern Asian Studies}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Deo |first=Veena |last2=Zelliot |first2=Eleanor |date=1994-01-01 |title=Dalit Literature - Twenty-Five Years of Protest? Of Progress? |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25797513 |journal=Journal of South Asian Literature}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gajarawala |first=Toral Jatin |date=2011-01-01 |title=Some Time between Revisionist and Revolutionary: Unreading History in Dalit Literature |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41414131 |journal=PMLA}}</ref>

This list collects notable works that have defined and advanced Dalit literature’s themes, aesthetics, and public impact.
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Title (including translated titles)
!Author
|-
|''[[Becoming Babasaheb: The Life]] and Times of Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (Volume 1)''
|Aakash Singh Rathore
|-
|''Fakira''
|[[Annabhau Sathe]]
|-
|''Unclaimed Terrain''
|[[Ajay Navaria]]
|-
|''[[Dalit Kitchens of Marathwada]]''
|Shahu Patole
|-
|''Bheda''
|Akhila Naik
|-
|''Republic of Caste: Thinking Equality in the Time of Neoliberal Hindutva''
| rowspan="3" |[[Anand Teltumbde]]
|-
|''The Persistence of Caste: The Khairlanji Murders and India's Hidden Apartheid''
|-
|''Khairlanji: A Strange And Bitter Crop''
|-
|''Karya''
|[[Aravind Malagatti]]
|-
|''Poisoned Bread: Translations from Modern Marathi Dalit Literature''
| rowspan="3" |Arjun Dangle
|-
|''Homeless in my Land: Translations from Modern Marathi Dalit Short Stories''
|-
|''No entry for the new Sun: Translations from modern Marathi Dalit poetry''
|-
|[[Annihilation of Caste|''Annihilation of Caste'']]
| rowspan="4" |[[B. R. Ambedkar|B.R. Ambedkar]]
|-
|[[Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis and Development|''Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis and Development'']]
|-
|[[Who Were the Shudras?|''Who were the Shudras?'']]
|-
|''Buddha or Karl Marx''
|-
|''When I Hid My Caste: Stories (जेव्हा मी जात चोरली होती)''
|[[Baburao Bagul]]
|-
|''The Prisons We Broke''
|[[Babytai Kamble|Baby Kamble]]
|-
|''Kanshiram: Leader of the Dalits''
|Badri Narayan
|-
|''Karukku''
| rowspan="6" |[[Bama (writer)|Bama]]
|-
|''Harum-Scarum Saar & Other Stories''
|-
|''Sangati: Events''
|-
|''VANMAM: Vendetta''
|-
|''Just One Word: Short Stories''
|-
|''The Ichi Tree Monkey: New and Selected Stories''
|-
|''Translating Caste''
|Basu Tapan
|-
|''One Hundred Poems of Chokha Mela''
|[[Chokhamela]], Chandrakant Kaluram Mhatre
|-
|''Letters to Namdeo Dhasal''
|[[Chandramohan S]]
|-
|''Vultures''
| rowspan="2" |Dalpat Chauhan
|-
|''Fear and Other Stories''
|-
|[[Baluta (autobiography)|''Baluta'']]
|[[Daya Pawar]]
|-
|''Under My Dark Skin Flows A Red River''
|Debi Chatterjee
|-
|''Kusumabale''
|[[Devanur Mahadeva|Devanura Mahadeva]]
|-
|''Defying the Odds: The Rise of Dalit Entrepreneurs''
|Devesh Kapur
|-
|''Ambedkar's World: The Making of Babasaheb and the Dalit Movement''
|[[Eleanor Zelliot]]
|-
|''Untouchable Spring''
|G. Kalyana Rao
|-
|''Understanding Caste: From Buddha To Ambedkar And Beyond''
| rowspan="4" |[[Gail Omvedt]]
|-
|''Seeking Begumpura''
|-
|''Dalit Visions (Tracts for the Times)''
|-
|''Ambedkar: Towards an Enlightened India''
|-
|''Father May Be an Elephant and Mother Only a Small Basket, But...''
|[[Gogu Shyamala]]
|-
|''Gabbilam: A Dalit Epic''
|[[Gurram Jashuva]]
|-
|[[The Adivasi Will Not Dance: Stories|''The Adivasi Will Not Dance'']]
|[[Hansda Sowvendra Shekhar]]
|-
|''Pethavan: The Begetter''
| rowspan="3" |[[Imayam (writer)|Imaiyam]]
|-
|''If There is a God and Other Stories: Short Stories''
|-
|''An Order from the Sky and Other Stories''
|-
|''Stories of Social Awakening: Reflections of Dalit Refugee Lives of Bengal''
|[[Jatin Bala]]
|-
|''Gulamgiri''
|[[Jyotirao Phule]]
|-
|''How Are You Veg? Dalit Stories from Telugu''
|[[Joopaka Subhadra]]
|-
|''Dalit Literatures in India''
|Joshil K. Abraham
|-
|''Dalit Text: Aesthetics and Politics Re-imagined''
|Judith Misrahi-barak
|-
|''Concealing Caste: Narratives of Passing and Personhood in Dalit Literature''
|[[K. Satyanarayana (academic)|K. Satyanarayana]]
|-
|''An Introduction to Tamil Dalit Literature''
|K.A. Geetha
|-
|''The Scar''
|K.A. Gunasekaran
|-
|''Murder in Mudukulathur: Caste and Electoral Politics in Tamil Nadu''
|K.A. Manikumar
|-
|''Dalit Lekhika: Women's Writings from Bengal''
|[[Kalyani Thakur Charal]]
|-
|''Days Will Come Back''
|Kamal Dev Pall
|-
|''Why I Am Not a Hindu''
|[[Kancha Ilaiah]]
|-
|''Writing Resistance: The Rhetorical Imagination of Hindi Dalit Literature''
|Laura R. Brueck
|-
|''The Branded''
|[[Laxman Gaikwad]]
|-
|''Broken Man: In Search Of Homeland''
|Loknath Yashwant
|-
|''The Oxford India Anthology of Malayalam Dalit Writing''
|M. Dasan
|-
|''Don’t Want Caste''
|[[M. R. Renukumar|M.R. Renukumar]]
|-
|''City, Slum and the Marginalised: Dalits and Muslims in Delhi Slums''
|M.V. Bijulal
|-
|''Interrogating My Chandal Life: An Autobiography of a Dalit''
| rowspan="2" |[[Manoranjan Byapari]]
|-
|''The Runaway Boy''
|-
|''A Dalit History''
| rowspan="3" |[[Meena Kandasamy]]
|-
|''Ms Militancy''
|-
|''The Gypsy Goddess''
|-
|''Before It Rains Again''
|[[Mudnakudu Chinnaswamy]]
|-
|''Untouchable''
| rowspan="2" |[[Mulk Raj Anand]]
|-
|''An Anthology Of Dalit Literature''
|-
|''Critical Essays on Dalit Literature''
|Murali Manohar
|-
|''Give Us This Day A Feast Of Flesh''
|N.D. Rajkumar
|-
|''उन्हाच्या कटाविरुद्ध''
|[[Nagraj Manjule]]
|-
|''A Current of Blood''
| rowspan="2" |[[Namdeo Dhasal]]
|-
|''Namdeo Dhasal: Poet of the Underground Poems 1972-2006''
|-
|''Untouchables: My Family’s Triumphant Journey Out of the Caste System in Modern India''
|Dr. Narendra Jadhav
|-
|''To Be Cared For: The Power of Conversion and Foreignness of Belonging in an Indian Slum''
|Nathaniel Roberts
|-
|''[[Joothan: An Untouchable's Life]]''
| rowspan="3" |[[Om Prakash Valmiki|Omprakash Valmiki]]
|-
|''Salaam''
|-
|''Ghuspaithiye''
|-
|''The Grip of Change''
|P. Sivakami
|-
|''The Taming of Women''
|P. Sivakami & Pritham K. Chakravarthy (Tr.)
|-
|''Black Coffee in a Coconut Shell: Caste as Lived Experience''
|[[Perumal Murugan]]
|-
|''Let The Rumours Be True''
|[[Pradnya Daya Pawar]]
|-
|''The Dalit Brahmin And Other Stories''
|Priya Adarkar (tr.) [[Sharankumar Limbale]]
|-
|''Anthology of Telugu Dalit Writing''
|Purushotham
|-
|''Dalit Personal Narratives: Reading Caste, Nation and Identity''
| rowspan="2" |Raj Kumar
|-
|''Dalit Literature and Criticism''
|-
|''Thunderstorm: Dalit Stories''
|Ratan Kumar Sambharia
|-
|''Anthology of Tamil Dalit Writing''
|Ravikumar
|-
|''On the Threshold: Songs of Chokhamela (Sacred Literature Series)''
|Rohini Mokashi-Punekar
|-
|''Touchable Tales: Publishing And Reading Dalit Literature''
|[[S. Anand]]
|-
|''Dalit Voices in Indian Poetry: A Study of Malayalam and Marathi Poems''
|Sakunthala A.I.
|-
|''Collected Plays of Sanjay Jiwane: a saga of dalit-ism''
|Sanjay Jiwane
|-
|[[Dalit Kitchens of Marathwada|''Dalit Kitchens of Marathwada'']]
|[[Shahu Patole]] (tr.) Bhushan Korgaonkar
|-
|[[Majya Jalmachi Chittarkatha|''Majya Jalmachi Chittarkatha'']]
|[[Shantabai Kamble]]
|-
|''Survival and Other Stories: Bangla Dalit Fiction in Translation''
|Sankar Prasad Singha
|-
|''The Outcaste (Akkarmashi)''
| rowspan="3" |[[Sharankumar Limbale]]
|-
|''Hindu: A Novel''
|-
|''Towards An Aesthetic Of Dalit Literature: History, Controversies And Considerations''
|-
|''Writing Caste/Writing Gender: Reading Dalit Women's Testimonials''
|[[Sharmila Rege]]
|-
|''Ooru Keri''
| rowspan="2" |Siddalingaiah
|-
|''A Word With You, World: The Autobiography of a Poet''
|-
|''Ants Among Elephants: An Untouchable Family and the Making of Modern India''
|Sujatha Gidla
|-
|''Affairs of Caste: a Young Diary''
|[[Sumeet Samos]]
|-
|''Dalit Feminist Theory: A Reader''
|Sunaina Arya
|-
|''Caste Matters''
|[[Suraj Yengde]]
|-
|''No Alphabet in Sight: New Dalit Writing from South India''
| rowspan="3" |[[Susie Tharu|Susie J. Tharu]]
|-
|''Steel Nibs are Sprouting: New Dalit Writing from South India Dossier 2''
|-
|''The Exercise of Freedom: An Introduction to Dalit Writing''
|-
|''Hindi Dalit Literature in the United Provinces: Swami Acchutanand and Chandrika Prasad Jigyasu, 1900-1930''
| rowspan="2" |Tapan Basu
|-
|''Listen to the Flames: Texts and Readings from the Margins''
|-
|''Untouchable Fictions: Literary Realism and the Crisis of Caste''
|Toral Jatin Gajarawala
|-
|''Manikarnika''
|Tulsiram
|-
|''Motherwit''
| rowspan="2" |[[Urmila Pawar]]
|-
|''[[The Weave of My Life: A Dalit Woman's Memoirs]] (Aaydan)''
|-
|''Growing Up Untouchable in India: A Dalit Autobiography''
|Vasant Moon
|-
|''Kakka: a Dalit Novel''
|Vemula Yellaiah
|-
|''Coming Out as Dalit: A Memoir''
|[[Yashica Dutt]]
|-
|''Water in a Broken Pot''
| rowspan="4" |Yogesh Maitreya
|-
|''Singing/Thinking Anti Caste: Essays on Anti Caste Music and Text''
|-
|''The Bridge of Migration''
|-
|''Blues from Bhimnagar''
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Dalit literature]]

Nizam Sagar Dam

2025-11-07T00:10:29Z

Gopalpurpp: created basic stub w/ sources

{{cleanup rewrite|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = Nizam Sagar
| image = Nizam Sagar,Nizamabad.jpg
| image_caption =
| name_official =
| dam_crosses = [[Manjira River]]
| res_name =
| location = [[Kamareddy]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]
| dam_length = 3 km
| dam_height = 95.72 m
| dam_width_base =
| construction_began = 1923
| opening = {{start date and age|1931}}
| cost =
| res_capacity_total = 29.72 tmc ft (<ref>National register of large dams, Central water commission, Govt. of India, 2019 Ed</ref>)
| res_catchment =
| res_surface =
| location_map = India Telangana#India
| location_map_size =
| location_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|18|12|09|N|77|55|26|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
}}

'''Nizam Sagar Dam '''is an Indian dam named after the [[Nizam]] of Hyderabad. It is a [[reservoir (water)|reservoir]] constructed across the [[Manjira River]], a tributary of the [[Godavari River]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kgbo-cwc.ap.nic.in/About%20Basins/Godavari.pdf |title=Godavari river basin map |access-date=30 January 2012 |archive-date=12 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012032632/http://www.kgbo-cwc.ap.nic.in/About%20Basins/Godavari.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> between [[Achampet, Nizamabad|Achampet]] and BanjePally villages of the [[Kamareddy district]] in [[Telangana]], [[India]]. It is located at about {{convert|144|km|abbr=on}} north-west of [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]. Nizam Sagar is the oldest dam in the state of [[Telangana]].

==History==
Nizamsagar dam was constructed in 1923 by [[Mir Osman Ali Khan]] - the 7th [[Nizam]] of the erstwhile [[Hyderabad State]]. It was made by emptying over 40 villages length:{{convert|3|km|abbr=on}}.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}. The dam has an effective storage capacity of 724.9 Mcm (million cubic meters) or 25.6 tmc ft <ref>National Register of large dams, Central Water commission, Govt of India, 2019 Ed</ref>

==The dam==
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2014}}

Before Nizam Sagar was built, the Manjira River was not properly harnessed and little water was being used by diverting water at Ghanpur Anicut for Irrigating about {{convert|5000|acre}} and an open Channel called Mahaboob Nagar (Right Canal) in Medak District. The Ghanpur Anicut was the first scheme constructed across Manjira river in 1904 at a cost of Rs.18.00 Lakhs. Some years later, Nawab Ali Nawaj Jung Bahadur as Superintending Engineer added Fatch Nahar (Left canal) to increase the utility of the river later. The ayacut of {{convert|17308|acre}} was being irrigated under this Ghanpur Anicut that subsequently increased to {{convert|30000|acre}} as per actuals.<ref name="nizam-project">{{cite web |title=Nizam Sagar Project – Irrigation Dept, Telangana |url=https://irrigation.telangana.gov.in/img/projectspdf/nizamsagar.pdf |access-date=2025-06-11 |publisher=Government of Telangana}}</ref>

Nizam sagar Project is the second irrigation scheme on Manjira river and the largest in the then Hyderabad state taken up during the year 1923 and completed by the year 1931. This Project was originally contemplated for utilization of 58.00 TMC of water to irrigate{{convert|275000|acre}} acres in Banswada, Bodhan, Nizamabad and Armoor Taluks of Nizamabad District. After reorganization of States in 1956, the Manjira basin was distributed among the three states viz., Maharashtra, Karnataka and Telangana.<ref name="ghanpur-anicut">{{cite web |title=Ghanpur Anicut Project |url=https://irrigation.telangana.gov.in/img/projectspdf/ghanpur.pdf |access-date=2025-06-11 |publisher=Irrigation Dept, Telangana}}</ref>

Different irrigation schemes have come up in above three states. Some of them to mention are:

Manjira Barrage and [[Singur Dam|Singur Project]] in Telangana to meet the drinking water needs of twin cities of Hyderabad and [[Secunderabad]] in Telangana.

Karanja Project, Choukinala Project in Karnataka, Lower Tiruna Project, Manjira Project in Maharashtra State. Therefore, the inflows into Nizamsagar Project and as well as the low flows at Ghanpur Anicut during lean periods have dwindled considerably. Added to this the silting of reservoir has been at greater pace than designed for. From the investigation conducted by the A,.P.E.R.L. (Andhra Pradesh Engineering and Research Laboratories) Hyderabad in 1973, it was shown that the capacity of 29.7 TMC at original FRL of RL + {{convert|1400.50|ft|abbr=on}} has been reduced to 11.8 TMC. In the remodeling proposals F.R.L. has been raised from +{{convert|1400.50|ft|abbr=on}} to +{{convert|1405.00|ft|abbr=on}} and the capacity at this new FRL of + {{convert|1405.00|ft|abbr=on}} is 17.80 TMC.

Apart from the above changes, out of the total localized ayacut of {{convert|275000|acre}}, {{convert|28085|acre}} have come under submergence of Sreeramsagar Project, {{convert|8296|acre}} have come in the command of Lakshmi canal and Kakatiya Canal of Sreeramsagar Project, and {{convert|7260|acre}} ayacut has not been getting water since inception of Nizamsagar Project. Thus, the settled ayacut of {{convert|275000|acre}} has come down to {{convert|231339|acre}}.

The local people believe that everyone should visit this place at least once in whole life to make it complete.

In view of the above enumerated facts, the inflows into Nizamsagar Project not only reduced but also delayed resulting in not only in the delayed commencement of agricultural operations in the ayacut but also some times loss of crop due to insufficient water supply. The problem has become more acute during the years 1972–73, 1993–94 and 1994–95.Babli dam

==Salient features==
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2014}}Location: Achampet (Vill), Nizamsagar (Mandal) Kamareddy Dist. (Telangana)

Longitude: 76° –56’ East
Latitude: 18° – 10’ North
River/Basin: Manjira / Godavari 21,694 km (8376 Sq.Miles.)

i) Maharashtra: {{convert|10474|km|abbr=on}}

ii)Karnataka: {{convert|4015|km|abbr=on}}

ii)Andhra Pradesh: {{convert|7205|km|abbr=on}}

Water spreads:

a) At MWL: 146.36 km (56.51 Sq.Miles)

b) At FRL: 129.50 km (50.00 Sq.Miles)

RESERVOIR DATA OLD NEW
A) F.R.L. : +1400.50 +1405.00
B) M.W.L. : +1405.00 +1405.00
C)MDDL : +1376.00
D)Sill of regulator : +1364.00
E) TBL : +1412.00
1) ORIGINAL DESIGNED M.F.D.
1) Computed M.F.D. from C.A.: 5,25,000 C/s.
2) Proposed disposal: 4,73,577 C/s.

Area Irrigated:

i) Cultivatable command area: 2.75 Lakhs Acres.

ii) Area localized: 2.31 Lakhs Acres.

CAPACITY OF THE RESERVOIR.
A) Gross: 29,716 Mcft.
B) Live: 25,600 Mcft.
C) Present capacity at +1405’: 17,803 Mcft.
D) Present capacity @MDDL +1376’: 786 Mcft.
Height of dam above River Bed: 115.50 ft.
Top width of dam: 14’-0"
i) Gravity: 10,100 ft.
ii)Composite: 5,200 ft
Scouring sluice: 9 V. 8’x12’
Regulator sluices: 11 V.8’x10.5’
Main Canal: Off tae at R/F. Saddla Power House

==Interstate Dispute==
The water use entitlement of this project is 58 thousand million cubic feet (tmc) at 75% dependability (i.e. sufficient water is available in 3 out of 4 years) under [[Godavari Water Disputes Tribunal]] (GWDT). However the water dependability has reduced to 33% (i.e. sufficient water is available only once in 3 years) in last decade due to more water utilization by Maharashtra and Karnataka by developing excessive water use potential<ref>{{cite web|url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpapp.html?show=JI00410|title=Dams & barrages location map in India|access-date=2012-12-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060209/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpapp.html?show=JI00410|archive-date=21 September 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> beyond their water use entitlements given by GWDT. Karnataka has constructed four barrages across the Manjira river and three more are under construction. Similarly, Maharashtra state constructed at least 30 barrages on main tributaries of Manjira river downstream of major dams for recharging ground water, drinking water and irrigation purposes. This very old major irrigation project has become unproductive for want of water inflows. Also the water quality / salinity & [[Alkali soil|alkalinity]] of inflows into this reservoir is becoming unsafe for irrigation use and human & cattle consumption. The ground water is also turning into high [[Soil salinity control|salinity]] & alkalinity water.

Recently, the [[water scarcity]] problem of [[Sriram Sagar Project|Pochampadu]] irrigation system is some extent resolved by supreme court but acute water scarcity faced by Nizam sagar irrigation project is not yet addressed. Supreme court verdict (section 83 ii b) on [[Babli Project]] dispute stipulated that the gates of Babhali barrage remain lifted during the monsoon season, i.e., 1 July to 28 October and there is no obstruction to the natural flow of Godavari river during monsoon season below the three dams (Paithan, Siddheshwar & Nizamsagar dams) mentioned in Clause II (i) of the agreement dated 06.10.1975 towards Pochampad dam.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/160288133/|title= Supreme Court verdict on Babhali project dispute |date=February 2013|access-date=21 March 2013}}</ref> Thus Pochampadu reservoir is accorded first priority over any other reservoir (major, medium, minor, barrage, etc.) to receive the water generated from the Godavari basin area located below these three dams. As stipulated by Supreme court, central government has set up monitoring committee to implement / supervise the water sharing as per agreement dated 06.10.1975 and supreme court verdict.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://newindianexpress.com/nation/Centre-sets-up-panel-on-Babli/2013/10/18/article1841969.ece |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131024045413/http://newindianexpress.com/nation/Centre-sets-up-panel-on-Babli/2013/10/18/article1841969.ece |url-status= dead |archive-date= 24 October 2013 |title= Centre sets up panel on Babli|access-date=19 October 2013}}</ref> Telangana government shall take the dispute to supreme court to resolve the water scarcity problem of Nizam sagar irrigation project at the earliest as Maharashtra and Karnataka states are using in excess of permitted water by building new projects and the water availability is becoming more and more grim in the downstream Telangana state.

==See also==
*[[Godavari River Basin Irrigation Projects]]
*[[List of dams and reservoirs in India]]
*[[Sriram Sagar Project]]
*[[Icchampally Project]]
*[[Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal]]

==External links==
*[http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=18.166667&lon=77.916667&z=11&l=0&m=h Wikimapia map]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Godavari basin}}
{{Hydrography of Telangana}}
{{Waters of South Asia}}
{{Dams and reservoirs in India}}
{{Dams and Reservoirs}}

[[Category:Dams on the Godavari River]]
[[Category:Dams in Telangana]]
[[Category:Reservoirs in Telangana]]
[[Category:Godavari basin]]
[[Category:Hyderabad State]]
[[Category:Inter-state disputes in India]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 1931]]
[[Category:Establishments in Hyderabad State]]
[[Category:Kamareddy district]]
[[Category:1923 establishments in India]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Rajan Shahi

2025-08-24T14:54:28Z

Gopalpurpp: Created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Director's Kut Productions]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Thongtsuo

2025-08-16T20:52:58Z

Gopalpurpp: Added entry

{{Short description|Village in Nagaland, India}}
{{orphan|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Thongtsuo
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Nagaland
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Nagaland, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.036251|94.933231|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Nagaland]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Noklak district|Noklak]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 239
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Patsho Khiamniungan]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| registration_plate = NL
| website = 
| footnotes =
}}
'''Thongtsuo''' village is located in [[Thuonoknyu]] circle of [[Noklak]] district in [[Nagaland]], India. It is situated 17 km away from sub-district headquarter Thonoknyu (tehsildar office) and 79 km away from district headquarter Tuensang.

Thongtsuo has a total population of 239 peoples, out of which male population is 131 while female population is 108. Literacy rate of Thongtsuo village is 65.69% out of which 68.70% males and 62.04% females are literate. There are about 48 houses in thongtsou village. According to the 2011 census, the location code of the village code is 268026.

Tuensang is nearest town to Thongtsuo for all major economic activities, which is approximately 79 km away.<ref>Indian village directory - Village info about Thongtsuo Village</ref><ref>[https://morungexpress.com/thongtso-village-incident-dgp-nagaland-monitoring-situation-orders-sit-probe/ Thongtso village incident: DGP Nagaland monitoring situation, orders SIT probe]</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Noklak district]]

{{Nagaland-geo-stub}}

Dementia 10/66

2025-08-11T05:42:45Z

Gopalpurpp: Adding Info.

{{short description|Dementia research group}}
The '''10/66 Dementia research group''' was founded in the year 1998 at the [[Alzheimer's Disease International]] Annual Conference in [[Cochin]], India. The premise of the research group was that only less than 10% of the population based studies on [[dementia]] were being performed in developing countries where about 66% of population with dementia lived. The 10/66 Dementia Research Group aimed to address this imbalance of researches and to encourage collaborations between research centers in various developing nations and between developed nations and developing nations. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Prince |first=Martin J. |date=January 2009 |title=The 10/66 dementia research group - 10 years on |journal=Indian Journal of Psychiatry |volume=51 |issue=Suppl1 |pages=S8–S15 |issn=0019-5545 |pmc=3038536 |pmid=21416024}}</ref>

== Key findings ==

=== Dementia epidemiology ===
The prevalence of dementia varied across different settings. It ranged from 4.8% in rural China to 12.6% in Cuba. Such wide variation was attributed to underreporting in less developed settings. In research settings like rural China care givers were less likely to report the social and functional impairment which formed the basis of diagnosis as per DSM - IV.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rodriguez |first1=Juan J Llibre |last2=Ferri |first2=Cleusa P |last3=Acosta |first3=Daisy |last4=Guerra |first4=Mariella |last5=Huang |first5=Yueqin |last6=Jacob |first6=Ks |last7=Krishnamoorthy |first7=Es |last8=Salas |first8=Aquiles |last9=Sosa |first9=Ana Luisa |last10=Acosta |first10=Isaac |last11=Dewey |first11=Michael E |date=August 2008 |title=Prevalence of dementia in Latin America, India, and China: a population-based cross-sectional survey |journal=The Lancet |language=en |volume=372 |issue=9637 |pages=464–474 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61002-8 |pmc=2854470 |pmid=18657855}}</ref> The incidence rate of 10/66 dementia varied between 18.2 per 1000 person-years in Peru to 30.4 per 1000 person-years in Mexico. This was found to be 1.4–2.7 times higher than the incidence reported in DSM-IV dementia. Male sex, higher educational achievement were revealed to be protective factors for dementia. This gave even more supporting evidence for the cognitive reserve hypothesis. <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=At |first1=Jotheeswaran |last2=Bryce |first2=Renata |last3=Prina |first3=Matthew |last4=Acosta |first4=Daisy |last5=Ferri |first5=Cleusa P |last6=Guerra |first6=Mariella |last7=Huang |first7=Yueqin |last8=Rodriguez |first8=Juan J. Llibre |last9=Salas |first9=Aquiles |last10=Sosa |first10=Ana Luisa |last11=Williams |first11=Joseph D. |date=December 2015 |title=Frailty and the prediction of dependence and mortality in low- and middle-income countries: a 10/66 population-based cohort study |journal=BMC Medicine |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=138 |doi=10.1186/s12916-015-0378-4 |issn=1741-7015 |pmc=4481121 |pmid=26063168 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Prince |first1=Martin |last2=Acosta |first2=Daisy |last3=Ferri |first3=Cleusa P |last4=Guerra |first4=Mariella |last5=Huang |first5=Yueqin |last6=Rodriguez |first6=Juan J Llibre |last7=Salas |first7=Aquiles |last8=Sosa |first8=Ana Luisa |last9=Williams |first9=Joseph D |last10=Dewey |first10=Michael E |last11=Acosta |first11=Isaac |date=July 2012 |title=Dementia incidence and mortality in middle-income countries, and associations with indicators of cognitive reserve: a 10/66 Dementia Research Group population-based cohort study |journal=The Lancet |language=en |volume=380 |issue=9836 |pages=50–58 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60399-7 |pmc=3525981 |pmid=22626851}}</ref>

=== Mental health ===
Evidence on the prevalence of various Mental health disorders like [[Anxiety disorder|anxiety]] and [[Major depressive disorder|depressive disorders]] among older adults living in low- and middle-income countries was also very limited. The prevalence of depression was reported to vary from a 0.3% to 13.8%.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Castro-Costa |first1=Erico |last2=Dewey |first2=Michael |last3=Stewart |first3=Robert |last4=Banerjee |first4=Sube |author-link4=Sube Banerjee |last5=Huppert |first5=Felicia |last6=Mendonca-Lima |first6=Carlos |last7=Bula |first7=Christophe |last8=Reisches |first8=Friedel |last9=Wancata |first9=Johannes |last10=Ritchie |first10=Karen |last11=Tsolaki |first11=Magda |date=November 2007 |title=Prevalence of depressive symptoms and syndromes in later life in ten European countries: The SHARE study |journal=British Journal of Psychiatry |language=en |volume=191 |issue=5 |pages=393–401 |doi=10.1192/bjp.bp.107.036772 |issn=0007-1250 |pmid=17978318 |s2cid=36676042 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The prevalence of anxiety was similar to ICD-10 depression estimates. <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Prina |first1=A. Matthew |last2=Ferri |first2=Cleusa P. |last3=Guerra |first3=Mariella |last4=Brayne |first4=Carol |last5=Prince |first5=Martin |date=December 2011 |title=Prevalence of anxiety and its correlates among older adults in Latin America, India and China: cross-cultural study |journal=British Journal of Psychiatry |language=en |volume=199 |issue=6 |pages=485–491 |doi=10.1192/bjp.bp.110.083915 |issn=0007-1250 |pmc=3227807 |pmid=22016438}}</ref>

=== Non‑communicable diseases ===
[[Hypertension]] was the most common diagnosis (63.6% overall), followed by frailty (15.2%), dementia (8.7%), [[stroke]] (7.1%), depression (4.7%) and [[Ischaemic Heart Disease|ischaemic heart disease]] (4.4%) <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sousa |first1=Renata M |last2=Ferri |first2=Cleusa P |last3=Acosta |first3=Daisy |last4=Guerra |first4=Mariella |last5=Huang |first5=Yueqin |last6=Jacob |first6=Ks |last7=Jotheeswaran |first7=At |last8=Hernandez |first8=Milagros A Guerra |last9=Liu |first9=Zhaorui |last10=Pichardo |first10=Guillermina Rodriguez |last11=Rodriguez |first11=Juan J Llibre |date=December 2010 |title="The contribution of chronic diseases to the prevalence of dependence among older people in Latin America, China and India: a 10/66 Dementia Research Group population-based survey" |journal=BMC Geriatrics |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=53 |doi=10.1186/1471-2318-10-53 |issn=1471-2318 |pmc=2923155 |pmid=20691064 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Alzheimer's and dementia organizations]]

Varaha Purana

2025-08-10T12:37:22Z

Gopalpurpp: corrected references and added references

{{Short description|Sanskrit text from the Puranas genre of literature in Hinduism}}
{{italic title}}
[[File:Varaha Purana, Sanskrit, Devanagari.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|A page from the ''Varaha Purana'' (Sanskrit, Devanagari)]]
{{Hindu scriptures}}
The '''''Varaha Purana''''' ({{langx|sa|वराह पुराण}}, {{IAST|Varāha Purāṇa}}) is a Sanskrit text from the [[Purana]]s genre of literature in [[Hinduism]].{{Sfn|Dalal|2014|p=444}} It belongs to the [[Vaishnavism]] literature corpus praising [[Narayana]] ([[Vishnu]]), but includes chapters dedicated to praising and centered on [[Shiva]] and [[Shakti]].{{Sfn|Dalal|2014|p=444}}{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=241–242}}

The text exists in many versions, with major sections lost to history.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=241–242}} The text has been estimated to have been first completed between the 10th and 12th centuries, and continuously revised thereafter.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=241–242}}{{Sfn|Hazra|1940|p=96}} The surviving manuscripts of this text are notable, like ''[[Linga Purana]]'', because they do not cover the required ''Panchalakshana'' (five characteristics) expected in a Purana.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=241–242}} Scholars have questioned whether it really qualifies as a Purana, and whether the extant manuscripts are merely a religious manual largely focussed on Vaishnava practices,{{Sfn|Hazra|1940|p=96}}{{Sfn|Winternitz|1922|p=544}} with sections that also praise Shiva, Shakti and other gods in a secular way.{{Sfn|Dalal|2014|p=444}}{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=241–242}}

The ''Varaha Purana'' includes mythology, particularly of the [[Varaha]] incarnation ([[avatar]]) of Vishnu rescuing the earth ([[Prithvi]]) at the time of a great flood.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=241–242}}{{Sfn|K P Gietz|1992|pp=29–31 with notes 148 and 152}} The text also includes mythology of goddesses and Shiva,{{Sfn|Winternitz|1922|p=544}} and a discussion of [[Karma]] and [[Dharma]] called ''Dharmasamhita''.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=242}} A large portion of the text is dedicated to medieval geographic ''Mahatmya'' (tourist guides){{Sfn|Ariel Glucklich|2008|p=146, '''Quote''': The earliest promotional works aimed at tourists from that era were called ''mahatmyas''}} to temples and sites in [[Mathura]] and [[Nepal]], but it lacks adoring [[Krishna]] in Mathura-related section of the type found in other Puranas.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=242}}{{Sfn|Wilson|1864|p=74}}

==History==
The century in which ''Varaha Purana'' was composed is unknown. Wilson suggested 12th-century, during the period of [[Ramanuja]] influence.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=242}} Most scholars concur that this is a relatively late Purana,{{Sfn|Hazra|1940|p=96}} and a few suggest that the first version of this text was complete by the 10th century.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=242}} The text is named after the [[Varaha]] (boar) avatar of Vishnu, wherein he rescues goddess earth.{{Sfn|Winternitz|1922|p=544}}

The text is mentioned and summarized in the manuscripts of the ''Matsya Purana'', ''Skanda Purana'' and the ''Agni Purana'', but the description of this text in those documents suggests that surviving manuscripts of ''Varaha Purana'' are entirely different from what it once was.{{Sfn|Hazra|1940|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Jar4V3piCeQC&pg=PA96 96–97]}}{{Sfn|Wilson|1864|p=73}} The text exists in many versions, with significant variations.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=241–242}}{{Sfn|K P Gietz|1992|p=981 with note 5694}}

The ''[[Padma Purana]]'' categorizes ''Varaha Purana'' as a [[Sattva]] Purana.{{Sfn|Wilson|1864|p=12}} Scholars consider the ''Sattva-Rajas-Tamas'' classification as "entirely fanciful" and there is nothing in this text that actually justifies this classification.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=21}}

==Contents==
[[File:Varaha avtar, killing a demon to protect Bhu, c1740.jpg|thumb|Varaha killing Hiranyaksha and saving Bhumi, 1740 CE, [[Chamba, Himachal Pradesh|Chamba]] painting]]
The printed editions of this work, depending on the version, has 217 or 218 ''adhyāya''s (chapters).{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=241}} The [[critical edition]] (edited by Anand Swarup Gupta, and published by the All-India Kashiraj Trust, Varanasi) has 215 chapters.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=241}} The Hindu tradition and other Puranas claim that this text had 24,000 verses;{{Sfn|Hazra|1940|p=7 with footnote 42}} however, surviving manuscripts have less than half that number.{{Sfn|Wilson|1864|pp=73–74}}

According to the [[Narada Purana]], this text has two parts: ''purvabhaga'' and ''uttarabhaga''. While the contents of the ''purvabhaga'' summarized in the Narada text generally correspond to the extant manuscripts of the ''Varaha Purana'', the ''uttarabhaga'' summarized in the Narada text is not found in surviving Varaha manuscripts, and presumed lost to history.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=241}}

According to Rajendra Hazra, the extant text has four distinct sections, differing in interlocutors and general characteristics.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=241–242}} These sections were likely composed in different time periods, by different authors.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=241}}{{Sfn|Hazra|1940|p=97}}

In the first section (chapters 1 to 112), [[Ugrasrava Sauti|Suta]] is the narrator and [[Varaha]] and [[Prithvi]] are the interlocutors. In the second section (chapters 113 to 192), Suta narrates what was told by Prithvi to [[Sanatkumara]] about the dialogue between Varaha and herself. In the third section (chapters 193 to 212), Suta describes the conversation between the king [[Janamejaya II|Janamejaya]] and the sage [[Vaishampayana]]. This section is also known as the ''Dharma Samhita''. In the final section (chapters 213 to end), Suta narrates the conversation between [[Brahma]] and Sanatkumara.{{Sfn|Hazra|1940|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Jar4V3piCeQC&pg=PA96 96–97]}}

==See also==
*''[[Bhagavata Purana]]''
*''[[Vishnu Purana]]''
*''[[Shiva Purana]]''
*''[[Markandeya Purana]]''

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite book|author=Gregory Bailey|editor=Arvind Sharma|title=The Study of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=npCKSUUQYEIC|year=2003|publisher=University of South Carolina Press|isbn=978-1-57003-449-7}}
*{{cite book|first = Rosen|last= Dalal|year= 2014|title= Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide| publisher= Penguin|isbn= 978-8184752779| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Dimmitt | first1 = Cornelia | first2 = J. A. B. |last2 = van Buitenen | title = Classical Hindu Mythology: A Reader in the Sanskrit Puranas | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=re7CR2jKn3QC| publisher = Temple University Press (1st Edition: 1977) | year = 2012 | isbn =978-1-4399-0464-0 }}
*{{cite book |last=Doniger |first=Wendy|author-link=Wendy Doniger |title={{IAST|Purāṇa Perennis}}: Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts |year=1993 |publisher=State University of New York |location=Albany, New York |isbn= 0-7914-1382-9}}
*{{cite book|author=K P Gietz|display-authors=etal|title=Epic and Puranic Bibliography (Up to 1985) Annoted and with Indexes: Part I: A - R, Part II: S - Z, Indexes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kgpLBpUCufwC&pg=PA870|year= 1992|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-03028-1}}
*{{cite book|author=Ariel Glucklich|title=The Strides of Vishnu : Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KtLScrjrWiAC| year=2008| publisher=Oxford University Press| isbn=978-0-19-971825-2 }}
*{{cite book| first=Rajendra Chandra| last= Hazra|title=Studies in the Puranic Records on Hindu Rites and Customs| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Jar4V3piCeQC| year=1940| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (1987 Reprint) |isbn=978-81-208-0422-7}}
*{{Cite book|first=Ludo |last=Rocher| year= 1986| author-link= Ludo Rocher| chapter= The Puranas| editor=Jan Gonda| title=A History of Indian Literature. Vol. II, Epics and Sanskrit religious literature, Fasc.3| location=Wiesbaden| publisher= Otto Harrassowitz Verlag| isbn= 978-3-447-02522-5}}
*{{cite book |last= Wilson |first=H. H. |author-link= Horace Hayman Wilson|title=The Vishnu Purana: A System of Hindu Mythology and Tradition (Volume 1: Introduction, Book I) |year=1864 | url=https://archive.org/stream/vishnupurnsyst01wils#page/n3/mode/2up | publisher=Read Country Books (reprinted in 2006) |isbn=1-84664-664-2}}
*{{cite book |last=Winternitz |first=Maurice |author-link= Moriz Winternitz |title=History of Indian Literature Vol 1 (Original in German, translated into English by VS Sarma, 1981) |year=1922 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (Reprint 2010) |location=New Delhi |isbn= 978-8120802643 }}

==External links==
*[http://texts.00.gs/Varaha_Purana.htm Contents of one manuscript of the ''Varāha Purāṇa''], S. V. Iyer (1985)
*[https://archive.org/details/VarahaPurana ''Varaha Purana''] by [[Vyas]]. Published by: [[Sri Venkateswar Steam Press|Venkateshwar Steam Press]], Bombay (lg. [[Sanskrit]])

{{Puranas}}{{Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala}}
[[Category:Puranas]]

Ngangbam Sweety Devi

2025-07-15T10:19:12Z

Gopalpurpp: small improved citations for clarity additionally and added references per sources

#REDIRECT [[Sweety Devi Ngangbam]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}