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Aadu Puli Attam (1977 film)

2026-05-07T00:08:48Z

Good Life Financial: Starting New Entry - done

{{short description|1977 film by S. P. Muthuraman}}
{{distinguish|Aadupuliyattam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aadu Puli Aattam
| image = Aadu Puli Attam 1977 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[S. P. Muthuraman]]
| screenplay = S. P. Muthuraman
| story = [[Mahendran (filmmaker)|Mahendran]]
| producer = M. Santhinarayanan
| starring = [[Kamal Haasan]] [[Sripriya]] [[Rajinikanth]] [[Sangeeta (Telugu actress)|Sangeetha]]
| cinematography = Babu
| editing = R. Vittal N. Damodaran
| music = [[Vijaya Bhaskar]]
| studio = Swarnambika Productions
| released = {{film date|1977|9|30|df=y}}
| runtime = 137 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Aadu Puli Aattam''''' ({{translation|The [[lambs and tigers]] game}}) is a 1977 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action film]] directed by [[S. P. Muthuraman]], starring [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Rajinikanth]], [[Sangeeta (Telugu actress)|Sangeetha]] and [[Sripriya]]. Later in 1978, S. P. Muthuraman remade the film in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Yetthuku Pai Yetthu''. A few scenes were remade in Telugu with actors like [[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]] and [[Allu Ramalingaiah]] and the rest of the film was dubbed.<ref name="indianexpress">{{Cite web |date=7 January 2020 |title=Movies that define 'the actor' Rajinikanth |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/films-that-define-the-actor-rajinikanth-6202142/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626122308/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/films-that-define-the-actor-rajinikanth-6202142/ |archive-date=26 June 2021 |access-date=26 June 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=September 2021}}
The film starts with Kamal and Rajini, close associates, playing a game{{Clarification|reason=Is it [[lambs and tigers]] game?|date=December 2024}} in a bar. When the game is finished, the couple, along with their gang ransack the bar and loot the money. In brief, this is the story of a young man who dreams of becoming a policeman, but decides to oppose the police and heads a gang of thieves. When he discovers that his associates are much worse than thieves, he joins the police and nabs the criminals.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Kamal Haasan]] as Madhan{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=69}}
*[[Rajinikanth]] as Rajini{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=69}}
*[[Sripriya]] as Hema
*[[Sangeeta (Telugu actress)|Sangeetha]] as Mary
*[[Major Sundarrajan]] as Inspector of police
*[[Thengai Srinivasan]] as Krishnamoorthy Iyer
*Jayachandran as Balu
*[[K. Natraj]] as Natraj<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2018 |title=கமல் பேரு கமல்; ரஜினி பேரு ரஜினி! கேரக்டர்களுக்கும் அவங்க பெயர்! |url=https://www.kamadenu.in/news/cinema/3420-kamal-peru-kamal-rajini-peru-rajini-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121342/https://www.kamadenu.in/news/cinema/3420-kamal-peru-kamal-rajini-peru-rajini-1.html |archive-date=19 January 2019 |access-date=18 January 2019 |website=[[Kamadenu (magazine)|Kamadenu]] |language=ta}}</ref>
*Muthaiah as Muthaiah
*Aparna
*Aanandhi
*M. S. Draupadi
*[[T. K. S. Natarajan]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2021 |title=Veteran actor T K S Natarajan no more |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/veteran-actor-t-k-s-natarajan-no-more-982534.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514141950/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/veteran-actor-t-k-s-natarajan-no-more-982534.html |archive-date=14 May 2021 |access-date=14 May 2021 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>
*[[Nanjil Nalini]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2020 |title=Nanjil Nalini's lifelong commitment to acting |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/nanjil-nalinis-lifelong-commitment-to-acting/article30691945.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626155847/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/nanjil-nalinis-lifelong-commitment-to-acting/article30691945.ece |archive-date=26 June 2021 |access-date=26 June 2021 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
}}

== Production ==
The film was directed by [[S. P. Muthuraman]], written by [[Mahendran (filmmaker)|Mahendran]] and produced by M. Santhinarayanan, who began life as a costume-maker before rising to become a film producer. The song "Uravo Pudumai", picturised on Kamal Haasan and Sangeeta, was filmed on the area of [[Kundrathur]] and [[Thiruneermalai]] near Chennai.<ref name="hindutamil">{{Cite news |last=Muthuraman |first=S. P. |author-link=S. P. Muthuraman |date=20 January 2016 |title=சினிமா எடுத்துப் பார் 42: ஆடு புலி ஆட்டம் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/183923-42.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202070824/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/183923-42.html |archive-date=2 December 2019 |access-date=19 May 2021 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> During a fight scene on [[Anna Salai|Mount Road]], Kamal Haasan was injured on set. Haasan fixed his shoulder dislocation with a turkey towel and an iron rod on the sets. He returned to the shot after taking just a 10-minute break.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 November 2019 |title=There is no other actor who is as accomplished as Kamal Haasan: Rajinikanth |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/kamal-haasan-rajinikanth-ungal-naan-6125585/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626174301/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/kamal-haasan-rajinikanth-ungal-naan-6125585/ |archive-date=26 June 2021 |access-date=26 June 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> The film is noted for Rajinikanth's famous phrase "Idhu thaan Rajini style" (This is Rajini Style), which he says several times throughout the film.<ref name="indianexpress" /> This film was shot in black-and-white. It was given an [[U certificate (India)|"U" (unrestricted) certificate]] by the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] after eight cuts. The final length of the film was {{Convert|3947.05|metres|feet}}.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=24 June 1978 |title='Aadu Puli Aattam' (Tamil) 35 mm. B&W India |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.csl_weekly.1978-06-24.O-1111-1978-0025-48514/page/n21/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240409120032/https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.csl_weekly.1978-06-24.O-1111-1978-0025-48514/page/n21/mode/2up |archive-date=2024-04-09 |access-date=2024-04-09 |magazine=[[The Gazette of India]] |page=1260 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
All songs composed by [[Vijaya Bhaskar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aadu Puliyattam Tamil Film Ep Vinyl Record by Vijayabhaskar |url=https://mossymart.com/product/aadu-puliyattam-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-vijayabhaskar/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920222236/https://mossymart.com/product/aadu-puliyattam-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-vijayabhaskar/ |archive-date=20 September 2021 |access-date=20 September 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 1977 |title=Aadupuli Aattam (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/aadupuli-aattam-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1725106594 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240409120348/https://music.apple.com/us/album/aadupuli-aattam-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1725106594 |archive-date=2024-04-09 |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 15:54
| title1 = Vaanukku Thanthai
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], L. R. Anjali
| lyrics1 = [[Kannadasan]]
| length1 = 4:22
| title2 = Maname Solaiyam
| extra2 = [[Vani Jairam]]
| lyrics2 = [[Panchu Arunachalam]]
| length2 = 4:21
| title3 = Poonguyil Paadudhu
| extra3 = Vani Jairam
| lyrics3 = Poovai Senguttuvan
| length3 = 2:58
| title4 = Uravo Pudumai
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| lyrics4 = Panchu Arunachalam
| length4 = 4:13
}}

== Release ==
''Aadu Puli Attam'' was released on 30 September 1977,<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2020 |title=எஸ்.பி.முத்துரான், மகேந்திரன், கமல், ரஜினியின் 'ஆடுபுலி ஆட்டம்'; 'வானுக்கு தந்தை எவனோ', 'உறவோ புதுமை நினைவோ இனிமை' பாடல்கள்; அற்புதப் பாடல்களைத் தந்த இசையமைப்பாளர் விஜயபாஸ்கர் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/585389-43-years-of-aadu-puli-aattam.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315043619/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/585389-43-years-of-aadu-puli-aattam.html |archive-date=15 March 2022 |access-date=5 October 2020 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> and became a commercial success.<ref name="hindutamil" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |title=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |title-link=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-14-342111-5 |location=New Delhi |orig-date=2012}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{S. P. Muthuraman}}

[[Category:1977 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1977 action films]]
[[Category:1977 films]]
[[Category:1977 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. P. Muthuraman]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vijaya Bhaskar]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Apar Gupta

2026-05-05T09:54:55Z

Good Life Financial: Starting Article - done

{{Short description|Indian lawyer and digital rights activist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Apar Gupta
| image = Apar-Gupta.webp
| alma_mater = Amity Law School, Columbia Law School
| occupation = Lawyer, Writer
| awards = Ashoka Fellowship
}}

'''Apar Gupta''' is a lawyer, founder and writer on democracy and technology from India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-07 |title=Rhodes scholar to Carnatic singer, meet 4 young lawyers in privacy fight |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rhodes-scholar-to-carnatic-singer-meet-4-young-lawyers-in-privacy-fight-4785544/ |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In 2019 he was elected as an Ashoka Fellow for, "creating a model for digital rights advocacy in the country that is driven by the public, for the public," as the co-founder of the [[Internet Freedom Foundation]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apar Gupta {{!}} Ashoka {{!}} Everyone a Changemaker |url=https://www.ashoka.org/en-us/fellow/apar-gupta |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=www.ashoka.org |language=en-us}}</ref>

== Education ==

Gupta was born and raised in New Delhi, India. He attended [[Mount St Mary's School (New Delhi)|Mount St Mary's School]], obtained his B.A. (LLB) (Hons) degree from Amity Law School, and a postgraduate degree from the [[Columbia Law School|Columbia University School of Law]].<ref name="education">{{cite web|title=India's Justice League: Young Guns Behind The Right to Privacy Win|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/right-to-privacy-verdict-people-behind-the-movement|access-date=July 8, 2020|website=thequint.com|date=24 August 2017|publisher=The Quint}}</ref>

== Law Practice ==

Gupta started out as a commercial litigator at Karanjawala & Co., and later merged his own firm Accendo Law Partners with Advani & Co. in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chauhan |first=Neha |title=Bombay's Advani & Co merges with Delhi start-up Accendo, aims for multiple best friends |url=https://www.legallyindia.com/law-firms/bombays-advani-a-co-merges-with-delhi-start-up-accendo-aims-for-multiple-best-friends-20110603-2130 |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=www.legallyindia.com |language=en-gb}}</ref> He was included in the [[Forbes India]] [[Forbes 30 Under 30|30 under 30]] list in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Forbes India – Apar Gupta: Emerging Voice In Media Laws |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/30-under-30/apar-gupta-emerging-voice-in-media-laws/37171/1 |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref>

Gupta resigned in 2015 to start his own law chamber<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saluja |first=Pallavi |title=Advani & Co Partner, Forbes India's 30 under 30 Apar Gupta resigns to go independent |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/advani-co-partner-forbes-indias-30-under-30-apar-gupta |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=Bar and Bench – Indian Legal news |date=10 March 2015 |language=en}}</ref> where he represented parties in notable civil liberties and constitutional cases that have digital or technology issues including [[Shreya Singhal v. Union of India]] (Section 66A),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shrivastava |first=Prachi |date=2015-03-30 |title=Behind the scenes of the fight against Section 66A |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/VDznbaFeNxSGnLfrYwOBcM/Behind-the-scenes-of-the-fight-against-Section-66A.html |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> [[Subramanian Swamy|Subramanium Swamy]] v. Union of India ([[criminal defamation]]),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shrivastava |first=Prachi |title=5 lawyers, 10+ hacks file SC criminal defamation & journo rights challenge wider than Swamy's [READ ORDER] |url=https://www.legallyindia.com/the-bench-and-the-bar/5-lawyers-criminal-defamation-challenge-supreme-court-20150709-6258 |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=www.legallyindia.com |language=en-gb}}</ref> Gaurav Sureshbhai Vyas v. State of Gujarat (Internet Shutdowns),<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rautray |first=Samanwaya |title=State, DM can ban mobile internet to maintain law: Supreme Court |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/state-dm-can-ban-mobile-internet-to-maintain-law-supreme-court/articleshow/50954378.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-05-25}}</ref> Justice Puttaswamy v. Union of India ([[Right to Privacy verdict|Right to Privacy]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-07 |title=Rhodes scholar to Carnatic singer, meet 4 young lawyers in privacy fight |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rhodes-scholar-to-carnatic-singer-meet-4-young-lawyers-in-privacy-fight-4785544/ |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and [[Aadhaar Act, 2016|Aadhaar]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-28 |title=Message from a verdict |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/message-from-a-verdict-aadhaar-verdict-supreme-court-5377388/ |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>), PUCL v. Union of India ([[Surveillance]] Reforms),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Going Beyond Telephone tapping to Electronic Communication Surveillance: What are the safeguards for citizens? {{!}} PUCL |url=https://www.pucl.org/press-statements/going-beyond-telephone-tapping-electronic-communication-surveillance-what-are |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=www.pucl.org |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404024209/https://www.pucl.org/press-statements/going-beyond-telephone-tapping-electronic-communication-surveillance-what-are |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Anuradha Bhasin]] v. Union of India [[Internet shutdown in Jammu and Kashmir|(Internet Shutdowns]]),<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-09 |title=Supreme Court Hears PIL on Restoration of 4G Internet in J&K |url=https://lexinsider.com/supreme-court-hears-pil-on-restoration-of-4g-internet-in-jk/ |access-date=2022-04-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Indian Kanoon]] v. Karthik Theodore ([[Right to be forgotten|Right to be Forgotten]])<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-25 |title=Top court to address right to be forgotten in judicial orders |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/top-court-to-address-right-to-be-forgotten-in-judicial-orders-101721878221078.html |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Choudhury |first=Ritwik |date=2026-02-06 |title=Can persons discharged from criminal case seek deletion of past news reports? Supreme Court to examine |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/can-persons-discharged-from-criminal-case-seek-deletion-of-past-news-reports-supreme-court-to-examine |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref> and [[X Corp.]] v. Union of India (Sahyog Censorship Portal).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Kamya |date=2025-06-26 |title=DigiPub to Join X's Lawsuit Against Sahyog Portal |url=https://www.medianama.com/2025/06/223-digipub-newslaundry-x-legal-battle-against-sahyog-portal/ |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=MEDIANAMA |language=en-US}}</ref>

He has represented the India Chapter of [[Fridays For Future|Friday's for Future]] when their website was blocked under terrorism charges.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Citing Anti-Terror Law, Delhi Police Block Global Youth Climate Activism Website |url=https://thewire.in/environment/fridays-for-future-website-block-eia-prakash-javadekar-uapa |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=The Wire}}</ref> His representations for journalists include [[Paranjoy Guha Thakurta]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-26 |title=Paranjoy Guha Thakurta not liable to follow gag order on Adani reports till further order: Court |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/paranjoy-guha-thakurta-not-liable-to-follow-gag-order-on-adani-reports-till-further-order-court-10271762/ |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and [[Sucheta Dalal]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sucheta Dalal Moves Court Against Ban on Reporting Sterling Biotech Fraud Case |url=https://dailypioneer.com/news/sucheta-dalal-moves-delhi-court-against-ban-on-media-reports-linked-to-sandesara |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=dailypioneer.com |language=en}}</ref> against large corporations in cases of defamation. In April 2026, he was a counsel in a case in which the Delhi High Court directed the restoration of a political satirist's suspended social media account.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-06 |title=Delhi HC orders restoration of two X accounts, permits temporary blocking of ‘objectionable posts’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/legal-news/delhi-hc-restore-x-accounts-drnimoyadav-nher-meity-blocking-order-10622060/ |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Digital Rights Advocacy ==
He is a co-founder of the [[SaveTheInternet.in]] campaign on [[Net neutrality in India|net neutrality]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Ashish K. |date=2015-05-09 |title=India's Net neutrality crusaders |url=https://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/FJQWrDereqsC3zGIEspGqI/The-people-who-want-to-save-the-Internet.html |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> and SaveOurPrivacy.in campaign for data protection and surveillance reforms.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-08 |title=Citizens' draft law on data privacy to be unveiled today |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/citizens-draft-law-on-data-privacy-to-be-unveiled-5208914/ |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> After his work on the Section 66A case,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-07-01 |title=Outside The Frame {{!}} Pragya Singh |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/article/Outside-The-Frame/291178 |access-date=2022-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701073803/https://www.outlookindia.com/article/Outside-The-Frame/291178 |archive-date=2014-07-01 }}</ref> he co-authored a study to document compliance with the judgement to discover ongoing cases which continued unconstitutionally against the Supreme Court judgement. This was called, "shocking" by the Supreme Court.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Shocking": Supreme Court Notice To Centre On Cases Under Scrapped Law |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/shocking-supreme-court-notice-to-centre-over-filing-of-more-than-1-000-cases-under-section-66a-of-it-act-scrapped-by-it-in-2015-2479445 |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> Gupta is the co-founder of the [[Internet Freedom Foundation]] (IFF) and was appointed its first executive director from 2018<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-27 |title=Looking towards the future |url=https://internetfreedom.in/looking-towards-the-future/ |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=Internet Freedom Foundation}}</ref> till November, 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-18 |title=Transitions and achieving our true potential |url=https://internetfreedom.in/transitions-our-true-potential/ |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=Internet Freedom Foundation |language=en}}</ref> He resumed the role of IFF's Founder Director in November, 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-02 |title=Thank you Prateek! |url=https://internetfreedom.in/thank-you-prateek/ |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=Internet Freedom Foundation |language=en}}</ref> For his work at IFF he was awarded the [[Ashoka Fellowship]] in 2019<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bench |first=Bar & |title=Apar Gupta wins Ashoka Fellowship for work with Internet Freedom Foundation |url=https://www.barandbench.com/interviews/apar-gupta-wins-ashoka-fellowship-for-work-with-internet-freedom-foundation |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=Bar and Bench – Indian Legal news |date=15 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref> and the Next Now Fellowship.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apar Gupta {{!}} Next Now |url=https://www.next-now.org/fellows/apar-gupta |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=www.next-now.org}}</ref> Gupta also filed a case as a petitioner against the Ministry of Home Affairs for disclosure of statistical data on surveillance in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi HC seeks Centre's stand on statistical information on e-surveillance |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/story/delhi-hc-seeks-centres-stand-on-statistical-information-on-e-surveillance-328731-2022-04-05 |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=Business Today |date=5 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref> He has deposed before a parliamentary committee on the DNA Bill<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajya Sabha, Report on DNA Technology (Use And Application) Regulation Bill, 2019 |url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/Committee_site/Committee_File/ReportFile/19/147/340_2021_2_17.pdf}}</ref> and before a commission inquiring into the use of [[Pegasus (spyware)|Pegasus]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2022-01-13 |title=Those 'Directly Affected' By Pegasus Row To Soon Depose Before WB Govt-Formed Panel |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/those-directly-affected-by-pegasus-row-to-soon-depose-before-wb-govt-formed-panel/403568 |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=outlookindia.com |language=en}}</ref> On May 31, 2023, he presented Item #7 at the Annual meeting of shareholders of [[Meta Platforms|META Platforms]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1326801/000121465923007846/z525230px14a6g.htm |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=www.sec.gov}}</ref> titled as, ''"Shareholder Proposal Regarding Report on Allegations of Political Entanglement and Content Management Biases in India''"<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-27 |title=Meta recommends shareholders vote against proposal on rights impact in India |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/companies/meta-recommends-shareholders-vote-against-proposal-on-rights-impact-in-india-8631220/ |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> that was defeated with 5% votes in its favour.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meta shareholders snub proposal to assess hate speech, political bias in India |url=https://themorningcontext.com/internet/meta-shareholders-snub-proposal-to-assess-hate-speech-political-bias-in-india |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=The Morning Context}}</ref> He frequently works on areas of personal autonomy and rights and has advocated against directive on the mandatory installation of the [[Sanchar Saathi]] App<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reuters |date=2026-04-18 |title=India drops proposal to mandate national ID app Aadhaar on smartphones after pushback |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/india-drops-proposal-to-mandate-national-id-app-aadhaar-on-smartphones-after-pushback/article70876405.ece |access-date=2026-04-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and the [[Broadcasting Services (Regulation) Bill, 2023|Broadcasting Bill, 2024]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Apar |date=2023-11-27 |title=Old censorship on a new medium |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/old-censorship-on-a-new-medium/article67576676.ece |access-date=2026-04-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> which were rolled back by the Government of India.

== Writing and Lectures ==
Gupta authored the Commentary on the Information Technology Act which is published by [[LexisNexis]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bench |first=Bar & |title=Book Review Commentary on Information Technology Act by Apar Gupta 2nd Edition 2011 Lexis Nexis |url=https://www.barandbench.com/columns/book-review-commentary-information-technology-act-apar-gupta-2nd-edition-2011-lexis |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=Bar and Bench – Indian Legal news |date=23 August 2011 |language=en}}</ref> He writes regularly on digital and democratic rights in leading newspapers and is quoted as an expert in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Author Page for Apar Gupta |url=https://muckrack.com/apar-gupta |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=muckrack.com}}</ref> Gupta is published in reviewed journals like the [[Indian Journal of Law and Technology]], Seminar and the [[India International Centre|India International Center Quarterly]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Author Page for Apar Gupta :: SSRN |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=1545272 |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=papers.ssrn.com}}</ref> He has delivered the 11th [[Krishna Raj]] Memorial Lecture<ref>{{Cite web |title=11th Krishna Raj Memorial Lecture |url=https://ilslaw.edu/announcement/11th-krishna-raj-memorial-lecture/ |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=ILS Law College |language=en-US}}</ref> at the 37th Annual Dr. Ramanatham Memorial Meeting (with Jinee Lokaneeta) and also started a [[YouTube]] channel, 1984 to take forward the discourse on digital policy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How 'Digital India' Has Transformed the Landscape of Policing and Criminal Justice in Delhi |url=https://thewire.in/tech/digital-india-police-democracy-freedom |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=The Wire}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==

* Forbes India : 30 under 30 (2014)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Forbes India – Apar Gupta: Emerging Voice In Media Laws |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/30-under-30/apar-gupta-emerging-voice-in-media-laws/37171/1 |access-date=2022-05-19 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref>
* Ashoka Fellowship (2019)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bench |first=Bar & |title=Apar Gupta wins Ashoka Fellowship for work with Internet Freedom Foundation |url=https://www.barandbench.com/interviews/apar-gupta-wins-ashoka-fellowship-for-work-with-internet-freedom-foundation |access-date=2022-05-19 |website=Bar and Bench – Indian Legal news |date=15 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
* Agami [[Shamnad Basheer]] Citizenship Prize : Special Mention (2020)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bench |first=Bar & |title=Winners of second edition of Agami Prize declared |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/winner-agami-prize-2020 |access-date=2022-05-19 |website=Bar and Bench – Indian Legal news |date=21 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
* ROW 100 : Global Tech's Changemakers (2022)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-11 |title=Apar Gupta – Executive Director at Internet Freedom Foundation |url=https://restofworld.org/profile/apar-gupta/ |access-date=2022-05-19 |website=Rest of World |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Global Privacy Assembly, [https://www.priv.gc.ca/en/opc-news/news-and-announcements/2025/nr-c_250225/ Privacy and Human Rights Award] (2025)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-25 |title=IFF Wins the Global Privacy and Human Rights Award! |url=https://internetfreedom.in/iff-wins-the-global-privacy-and-human-rights-award-2/ |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=Internet Freedom Foundation |language=en}}</ref>
* Tech Policy Press Fellowship (2026)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hendrix |first=Ramsha Jahangir, Justin |date=2026-01-20 |title=Tech Policy Press Announces 2026 Fellows |url=https://techpolicy.press/tech-policy-press-announces-2026-fellows |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=Tech Policy Press |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [https://muckrack.com/apar-gupta/articles Articles by Apar Gupta]
* [https://seenunseen.in/episodes/2023/10/30/episode-353-apar-gupta-fights-the-good-fight/ The Seen and the Unseen : Apar Gupta Fights the Good Fight]
* [https://www.youtube.com/@AparGupta1984 1984 by Apar Gupta]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta, Apar}}
[[Category:Indian social entrepreneurs]]
[[Category:Columbia Law School alumni]]
[[Category:People from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Indian male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Sannyasa yoga

2026-04-28T08:09:41Z

Good Life Financial:

{{Short description|Aspect of Hindu astrology}}
{{astrology}}
'''Sanyasa yoga''' in [[Hindu astrology]] are the peculiar planetary situations or combinations seen in certain horoscopes that indicate [[Sanyasa]] i.e. renunciation of worldly material life by persons born with those yogas. Sanyasa yogas are also known as ''Pravrajya yogas''.

==Sanyasa==

The concept of ''sanyasa'' is first mentioned in the [[Mundaka Upanishad]]; it denotes renunciation. A ''Sanyasi'' is one who has risen above the mundane ambitions of a householder and has chosen the silence and penance of a recluse.<ref>{{cite book|title=Life in The Upanishads|author=Subhra Sharma|year=1985|publisher=Abhinav Publications|page=97|isbn=9788170172024|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Gqmy7FdD_XUC&q=Pravrajya+yoga&pg=PA97}}</ref> According to the [[Bhagavad Gita]], ''Sanyasa'' means the relinquishing of actions arising from desires, and ''[[Tyāga|Tyaga]]'' means relinquishing of the fruits of all actions.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Essence of Bhagavad Gita|author=Braja Dulal Mookherjee|publisher=Academic Publishers|page=428|isbn=9788187504405|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=9YeZMP9WRdcC&q=Pravrajya+yoga&pg=PA454}}</ref> It is said that sanyasis are eligible to pursue the path of knowledge ([[jnana yoga]]); they have no need to perform Vedic rituals or tend the sacred fire (([[Brahma Sutra]] III.iv.25).<ref>{{cite book|title=Brahma Sutra Bhasya of Sankaracarya|author=Swami Gambhirananda|publisher=Advaita Ashrama|page=782|id={{ASIN|8175051051|country=in}}}}</ref>

==Sanyasa yogas==

Sanyasa yogas in [[Hindu astrology]] are the planetary situations or combinations in certain nativities (horoscopes) indicating [[Sanyasa]]. Sanyasa yogas are also known as ''Pravrajya yogas''. They are auspicious yogas.

The authentic Sanyasa yogas are very rare. Sanyasa yoga arises when four or more strong planets combine in one house or sign. The nature or kind of Sanyasa adopted depends upon the strongest planet in that particular group of planets. If the [[Sun (astrology)|Sun]] is the strongest planet in the chart, the person is of high morals and intellectual prowess, and will choose severe and austere practices in remote places; if it is the [[Moon (astrology)|Moon]], then the practice is in seclusion, and more in the study of scriptures; if it is [[Mercury (astrology)|Mercury]], one is easily influenced by philosophy of others; if it is [[Mars (astrology)|Mars]], one chooses to wear red-coloured clothes and struggles to control his temper; if it is [[Jupiter (astrology)|Jupiter]], one has complete control over his senses and sense-organs; if it is [[Venus (astrology)|Venus]], a wandering mendicant, and if the strongest planet is [[Saturn (astrology)|Saturn]] it makes one adopt exceedingly severe practices. The involvement of the lord of the 10th house in this conjunction of four or more planets is the stronger indicator of Sanyasa. If those four or more planets happen to conjoin in a ''kendra'' or in a ''[[Trikonasthanas|trikona]]'', then the person attains [[Moksha]] but if they conjoin in the 8th house there will be ''Yogabhrashta'' i.e. there will be break in yoga-operation, and fall from the final state of emancipation. If strongest of the conjoining planets is combust then there will be no sanyasa and if it is defeated in planetary warfare one returns to worldly life after taking sanyasa. Sanyasa is also indicated when the Moon is in a drekkena of Saturn and is aspected by Mars and Saturn, or is in a ''[[Navamsa (astrology)|navamsa]]'' of Mars aspected by Saturn. A person takes to sanyasa if the dispositor of the Moon is aspected by Saturn and not by any other planet or if aspected by all planets occupying a single house or sign or if Jupiter is in the 9th house and Saturn aspects the lagna (Ascendant), the Moon and Jupiter, such a person will write on ''Shastras'' and found a school of philosophy, and in case Saturn not aspected by any planet is in the 9th house then one born a king will take to sanyasa.<ref>{{cite book|title=Yogas in Astrology|author=K.S.Charak|year=2003|publisher=Institute of Vedic Astrology|page=198|isbn=9788190100847|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ac28DogcQVgC&q=Sanyasa+yoga&pg=PA198}}</ref>

==Sanyasa yoga – Implications of==

Sanyasa yogas formed by benefic planets in dignity bless a person with an evolutionary elevation of the total personality and sublimation of primeval urges. When four or more planets combine in one house Sanyasa yoga does arise, ([[Buddha]] had, at the time of his birth, five planets situated in the 10th house which included a weak Saturn occupying its sign of debilitation), or when the Ascendant lord is aspected by Saturn alone or Saturn aspects a weak lagna lord or when the Moon in a drekkena of Saturn occupies a navamsa of Mars or Saturn and is aspected by Saturn in which situation according to [[Phaladeepika]] if the lord of lagna aspects a weak Moon the ''sanyasi'' will lead a very miserable life but if there be a [[Raja yoga (Hindu astrology)|Raja yoga]] obtaining he will be venerated by rulers of the world. If the Sanyasa yoga is afflicted by malefic influences then the person with that Sanyasa yoga will take up sanyasa but prove a shame to that order being vulnerable to baser instincts and lowly conduct and acts.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Art of Prediction in Astrology|author=Gayatri Devi Vasudev|year=2008|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|page=126|isbn=9788120832299|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HjGSHKl8fKwC&q=Sanyasa+yoga&pg=PA126}}</ref>

Four planets conjoining in the 10th house from the lagna or four planets aspecting the 10th house or if the lord of the lagna and the lord of the 10th join with any three planets anywhere, give sanyasa but if Saturn joins, there will be no sanyasa. And, in case the Moon and Jupiter join Mercury and Mars in the 10th or in Pisces sign, then [[Moksha]] becomes assured.<ref>{{cite book|title=Astrology and your future|author=Y.Krishna Murthy|publisher=Sura Books|page=64|isbn=9788174782427|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TNkhATDDotgC&q=sanyasa+yoga&pg=PA64}}</ref>
If more than one planet is powerful out of four there will be no sanyasa yoga, when two planets are powerful then one takes sanyasa of the kind indicated by the more powerful one only to discard it to take up sanyasa of the kind indicated by the less powerful. One of the four or more planets conjoining must be very strong to confer sanyasa but if the sanyasa causing planet is combust or if it is defeated in ''Grahayuddha'' (planetary warfare) and aspected by other planets there will be no sanyasa but the person will worship ''sanyasis'' i.e. those who have taken up sanyasa.<ref>{{cite book|title=Sree Varaha Mihira's Brihat Jataka|author=Varaha Mihira|year=1986|publisher=Motilal Banarsidasss|page=389|isbn=9788120813953|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Qw1Tio9jPwC&q=Sanyasa+yoga&pg=PA389}}</ref>

==Sanyasa yogas – their significance==

Sanyasa yogas compel a person to give up all wealth and material possessions; he then becomes a mendicant and begs for alms. These yogas are a class apart, they are ''Shubha-yogas'' (auspicious yogas) and are not ''ava-yogas'' (evil yogas) indicating poverty. They compel a person to renounce the world and seek the Ultimate Truth. [[Raja yoga (Hindu astrology)|Raja yoga]]s obtaining along with Sanyasa yogas make a person a world-renowned ''Dikshita'' and may be a pious ruler who is widely worshipped. A weak Saturn casting its aspect on the weak lord of the Ascendant generally makes one take to the path of renunciation. If the lord of the bhava in which the Sanyasa yoga occurs is associated with [[Rahu]] or combines with ''Gulika'' in a cruel amsa, or if benefics do not aspect the said lord, then that Sanyasa yoga will be defunct.<ref>{{cite book|title=Planets And Their Yoga Formations|author=Ravinder Kumar Soni|publisher=Pigeon Books India|place=New Delhi|page=57|url=http://www.pigeonbooks.in/product_info.php?products_id=33|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130209161543/http://www.pigeonbooks.in/product_info.php?products_id=33|archivedate=2013-02-09}}</ref> [[Chengiz Khan]], the mighty [[Mongol]] warrior, was born at 1.30 A.M on 16/09/1186 A.D.with six planets combining in one sign and house i.e. in Virgo in the 3rd house from the lagna which grouping included a strong ''Uchhabhilashi'' Saturn, he did not take to the path of renunciation. He was a ruthless warrior and a wandering conqueror as foretold by [[Saravali]] for this conjunction and a powerful ruler as ordained by Laghu Jataka Sarwaswa vide Verse 537 which states that if all planets are in the 12th from the Moon and aspect the 6th house from the Moon then a Raja yoga is caused and the person lives for 68 years; Chengiz Khan lived for 68 years.<ref>{{cite book|title=Notable Horoscopes|author=Bangalore Venkata Raman|year=1991|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|page=62|isbn=9788120809000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sXJ02csFd5kC&q=Notable+Horoscopes}}</ref>

[[Varahamihira]] states that if the Lagna falls in an even sign, and the three natural benefics along with Mars are all powerful to do good then a woman becomes a famous ''Vedantin'', and if the 7th house is tenanted by a cruel planet and the 9th by mild benefics then she will embrace the kind of Sanyasa as is indicated by the planet occupying the 9th house. In a Capricorn Lagna nativity that had Rahu in the 5th, Mars in the 6th, Saturn in the 7th, the Sun and the Moon in the 8th, Venus and Mercury in the 9th, Jupiter and Ketu in the 11th despite a powerful ''Bhagya Yoga'' obtaining and all three natural benefics being placed ahead of the Sun and the Moon the lady did not receive ''Diksha'' because Saturn did not aspect the Moon or its [[dispositor]], and Mars did not aspect the 9th house.<ref>{{cite book|title=Planets And Their Yoga Formations|author=Ravinder Kumar Soni|publisher=Pigeon Books India|place=New Delhi|page=349|url=http://www.pigeonbooks.in/product_info.php?products_id=33|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130209161543/http://www.pigeonbooks.in/product_info.php?products_id=33|archivedate=2013-02-09}}</ref>

Jataka Bharanam reiterates that if Jupiter is either in the 5th house or in the Lagna and the Moon is situated in the 10th house then the person will be a ''Tapasavi'' i.e. the one who has conquered his senses and who possesses the finest of intelligence, is persevering, hardworking and successful. This is a yoga of a very high order and gives excellent results provided both Jupiter and the Moon gain favourable [[Varga (astrology)|varga]]s and [[nakshatra]]s.<ref>{{cite book|title=Planets And Their Yoga Formations|author=Ravinder Kumar Soni|publisher=Pigeon Books India|place=New Delhi|page=287|url=http://www.pigeonbooks.in/product_info.php?products_id=33|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130209161543/http://www.pigeonbooks.in/product_info.php?products_id=33|archivedate=2013-02-09}}</ref> The significant factor in this yoga-formation is the lord of the sign of exaltation for ''Devaguru'' (Jupiter) occupying the all-important ''[[Karmasthana (astrology)|Karmasthana]]'' (house of action).

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Jyotish Vidya|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Yogas]]

Sharat Chandra Srivastava

2026-04-21T12:02:07Z

Good Life Financial: Created basic pg w/ refs.

{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Sharat Chandra Srivastava
| birth_name =
| alias =
| image = Sharat Chandra Srivastava.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1971|10|17}}
| birth_place = New Delhi
| death_date =
| instrument = Violin
| genre = [[Hindustani classical music]]
| occupation = Violinist, composer
| years_active =
| website = http://www.sharatraag.com
}}

'''Sharat Chandra Srivastava''' (born 17 October 1971) is a [[North Indian classical music|North Indian classical]] violinist and music composer. He represents the [[Senia gharana]].

== Early life and training ==
Srivastava was born in New Delhi on 17 October 1971. He started learning violin at the age of 7 from his grandfather, the renowned North Indian violinist [[Joi Srivastava|Pt Joi Srivastava]].

== Career ==
He has been performing [[Hindustani classical music]] for over 25 years.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} He was part of India's premier rock band [[Parikrama (band)|Parikrama]] for 12 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://parikrama.com/sharat.html|work=Band website|publisher=Parikrama|accessdate=12 November 2013|title=Sharat Chandra Srivastava}}</ref> He left Parikrama in 1999 and started the Delhi-based fusion band called [[Mrigya (band)|Mrigya]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Kanth|first=Aman|title='Rock the Raag' with Mrigya!|url=http://zeenews.india.com/zee-exclusive/2010-02-16/602991news.html|accessdate=12 November 2013|newspaper=Zee News|date=3 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Music sans boundaries|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/music-sans-boundaries/article2255529.ece|accessdate=13 November 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=15 November 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=On a Musical Quest|url=http://hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2004/05/17/stories/2004051700680300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040707001925/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2004/05/17/stories/2004051700680300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 July 2004|accessdate=14 November 2013|date=17 May 2004|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|first=Atika|last=Rao}}</ref> He is also a member of the world music quartet India Alba.<ref>{{cite web|title=India Alba|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/events/e8mhzc/acts/a94hzc#p014vfwm|work=BBC Radio Scotland|accessdate=13 November 2013}}</ref>

He is a recipient of the National Scholarship from the Ministry of Human Resources and Development, Government of India.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}

In 1998, he performed with [[Sting (musician)|Sting]] in an all acoustic set at the Channel V awards held at New Delhi.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} He has also performed with Ustad [[Amjad Ali Khan]], Pt. [[Hari Prasad Chaurasia]], Pt. [[Birju Maharaj]] and many other stalwarts.

=== As a teacher ===
Sharat has taught Indian classical violin at the [[Gandharva Mahavidyalaya]], New Delhi from 1999 to 2007.
He has conducted masterclasses at the University of Edinburgh, Royal Scotland Academy of Music and Drama, University of Stratclythe, Glasgow, Scotland. Additionally, he has conducted workshops in Winterthur University, Switzerland and Casa de la India, Valladolid, Spain.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}

=== Performance in music festivals ===
* Yuva Mahotsava by Sahitya Kala Parishad
* Little Chilli Festival (London)
* Singapore Arts Festival
* [[Druga Godba]] Festival
* Canada National Day (Toronto)
* Edinburgh Fringe Festival
* Dubai Jazz Festival
* Khajuraho Millennium Festival (India)
* The Great Arc Festival
* New Zealand Arts Festival, 2004
* India Meets Spain, 2006
* Tansen Sangeet Samaroh, Gwalior, India (2016)<ref>{{cite news|title=सुर सम्राट तानसेन की धरती पर फैले विश्व संगीत के राग, श्रोता सुधबुध खो बैठे|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/c-6-mild-wintry-weather-beauty-of-melody-in-tansen-music-festival-gw0227-NOR.html?ref=srh|agency=Dainik Bhaskar|date=18 December 2016}}</ref>

=== As a composer/conductor ===
* Music composer for the documentary ''Lime Buildings Breathe'' by Satyen Wanchoo.
* Music composer for the dance drama ''Game of Dice'' by Sadhya<ref>{{cite web|title=Game of Dice|url=http://www.sadhya.com/game-of-dice.html|work=Sadhya website|accessdate=13 November 2013}}</ref>
* Music composer for the dance drama ''Natraj – the Lord of Dance'' by Sadhya<ref>{{cite web|title=Natraj – the Lord of Dance|url=http://www.sadhya.com/nataraj-the-lord-of-dance.html|work=Sadhya website|accessdate=13 November 2013}}</ref>
* Music composer for [[UNDP]]'s ''Stand Up, Make Noise'' programme on 18 September 2010 featuring a 100-piece Indian instrumental orchestra<ref>{{cite news|title=A musical reminder for a dignified life|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/09/18/stories/2010091850980200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923003122/http://www.hindu.com/2010/09/18/stories/2010091850980200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 September 2010|accessdate=13 November 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 September 2010}}</ref>
* Music composer for [[ICCR]] website<ref>{{cite web|title=Acknowledgements page|url=http://www.iccrindia.net/acknowledgements.html|work=ICCR site|accessdate=19 November 2013}}</ref>
* Music composer for the dance drama ''Maharaas'' by Lokchhanda<ref>{{cite web|title=Maharaas|url=http://www.sehernow.in/ananya2013htmls/maitreyee-pahari.html|work=Seher website|accessdate=13 November 2013}}</ref>
* Music composer for the television serial 'Ek Tha Rusty' telecast on Doordarshan National
* Music composer and conductor for the cultural programme of the [[India-Africa Forum Summit|India Africa Summit]] 2015<ref>{{cite web|title=Cultural showcase by Teamwork Arts at India Africa Summit '15|url=http://everythingexperiential.com/cultural-showcase-by-teamwork-arts-at-india-africa-summit-15/|website=Everything Experiential|accessdate=31 October 2015}}</ref> held on 29 October 2015 at Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi
* Music composer for the Jai Hind light and sound show at [[Red Fort|Red Fort, New Delhi]]<ref name="T2">{{cite news |title=t2 experiences the untold history of the Red Fort like never before with the Jai Hind Light And Sound Show |url=https://t2online.in/events/events-1/t2-experiences-the-untold-history-of-the-red-fort-like-never-before-with-the-jai-hind-light-and-sound-show/375747 |access-date=24 June 2023 |date=5 April 2023}}</ref>
* Music composer and conductor for the first ever BIMSTEC Traditional Music Festival held at [[Bharat Mandapam]] on August 4 2025 <ref>{{cite web |title=ICCR Press Release |url=https://iccr.gov.in/sites/default/files/2025-07/BIMSTEC%20PRESS%20RELEASE.pdf |website=ICCR India |access-date=4 September 2025 |date=30 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=EAM inaugurates first BIMSTEC Traditional Music Festival, hails cultural unity among member nations |url=https://aninews.in/news/world/asia/eam-inaugurates-first-bimstec-traditional-music-festival-hails-cultural-unity-among-member-nations20250804231704/ |access-date=4 September 2025 |agency=ANI |date=4 August 2025}}</ref>

=== Strings of the World ===
Sharat is the festival director of [[Strings of the World (music festival)|Strings of the World]] — a world music festival dedicated to string instruments.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Strings of the World|url=http://www.stringsoftheworld.com/about.html|accessdate=13 November 2013}}</ref> It was held in New Delhi in the month of November from 2012 till 2015, and featured award-winning string players from Norway and Scotland.<ref>{{cite web|title=Strings of the World|url=http://www.stringsoftheworld.com/musicians.html|accessdate=13 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Strings of the World Music Festival's merging of Western and Eastern tones a success|url=http://www.norwayemb.org.in/News_and_events/Bilateral-Relations/Culture/Strings-of-the-World-Music-Festivals-merging-of-Western-and-Eastern-tones-a-success-/#.UqF_92cswlA|work=Norway Embassy India website|accessdate=6 December 2013}}</ref> The fifth edition of Strings of the World was held at NCPA in Mumbai in October 2019 <ref>{{cite news |title=Gig Review: Strings of the World, Mumbai |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/gig-review-strings-world-mumbai/ |access-date=25 December 2020 |work=Rolling Stone India}}</ref>

=== Discography ===
* [https://www.amazon.com/Reels-Ragas-India-Alba/dp/B007V2NM8W/ref=sr_1_2?s=music&ie=UTF8&qid=1385388609&sr=1-2&keywords=india+alba Reels and Ragas], India Alba
* [https://www.amazon.com/High-Beyond-India-Alba/dp/B007V2NLKQ/ref=sr_1_3?s=music&ie=UTF8&qid=1385388609&sr=1-3&keywords=india+alba High Beyond], India Alba
* [https://www.amazon.com/East-Blends-West-Western-Classical/dp/B0064CRINA/ref=sr_1_3?s=dmusic&ie=UTF8&sr=1-3&keywords=east+blends+west East Blends West], Various artists, Virgin Music India, 2011
* [https://www.fortytwotradingco.com/no-passport-control-digital-album/ No Passport Control], [[Perseverance Records]], 2021 <ref>{{cite news |title=Review: Sharat Chandra Shrivastava Fusion Effort 'No Passport Control' |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/review-sharat-chandra-shrivastava-fusion-effort-no-passport-control/ |work=Rolling Stone India |date=2 November 2021}}</ref>

=== Collaborations with other musicians ===
* [[:sl:Igor Bezget|Igor Bezget]]
* [[Trondheim Soloists]]
* [[Vinnie Colaiuta]] (on the track 'No Passport Control')

== Style ==
Sharat's training under his guru/grandfather, the renowned violinist [[Joi Srivastava|Pandit Joi Srivastava]], has made him proficient in the 'Dhrupad-Ang', a style unique to this Gharana under the Guru-Shishya Parampara.<ref name=hindu>{{cite news|last=Tankha|first=Madhur|title=A musical reminder for a dignified life|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/09/18/stories/2010091850980200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923003122/http://www.hindu.com/2010/09/18/stories/2010091850980200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 September 2010|accessdate=12 November 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 September 2010}}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==

* Nomination for best music debut at [[Global Indian Music Academy Awards|GIMA Music Awards]] 2012 <ref>{{cite web |title=GiMA Music Awards 2012 – Complete Nominations and Winners List |url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/gima-music-awards-complete-nominations-and-winners-list/ |website=www.koimoi.com |date=2 October 2012 |access-date=13 March 2022}}</ref>

== Interviews ==
* [[Washington Bangla Radio on Internet|Washington Bangla Radio]], 06/12/2012 <ref>{{cite web |title=Up Close with Sharat Chandra Srivastava of Renowned Indian World Music / Raaga Fusion Band MRIGYA |url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/64401612-interview-close-sharat-chandra-srivastava-renowned-indian-world-music-raaga-fusion- |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814124944/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/64401612-interview-close-sharat-chandra-srivastava-renowned-indian-world-music-raaga-fusion- |url-status=usurped |archive-date=14 August 2017 |website=www.washingtonbanglaradio.com |access-date=10 January 2021}}</ref>

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.sharatraag.com/ official site]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dSIAupxJi7g Lime Buildings Breathe]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPexgWgQ3qM UNDP Concert at Purana Quila on 18 September 2010]
* [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL-mNo635VDDhFGQFTL0uMei4f6wBgFI2a Maharaas by Lokchhanda]
*[https://www.careerahead.in/post/a-musical-journey A Musical]
* [https://www.careerahead.in/post/a-musical-journey Journey on Career Ahead Magazine]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Srivastava, Sharat Chandra}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Hindustani musicians]]
[[Category:Hindustani violinists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian violinists]]

Andheri West Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:23:08Z

Good Life Financial: Starting New Post - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Andheri West
| map_image = 165-Andheri West.svg
| map_caption = Ameet Satam, present MLA of Andheri west
| mla = [[Ameet Bhaskar Satam]]
| party = [[BJP]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district = [[Mumbai Suburban district|Mumbai Suburban]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mumbai North West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai North West]]
| electors = 288,139
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Ameet-satam.png
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 165
}}

'''Andheri West Assembly constituency''' is one of the 26 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in the [[Mumbai Suburban district]].<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |accessdate=5 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225084439/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archivedate=25 February 2009 }}</ref>

==Overview==
Andheri West is part of the [[Mumbai North West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai North West Lok Sabha constituency]] along with five other Vidhan Sabha segments, namely [[Goregaon Assembly constituency|Goregaon]], [[Versova Assembly constituency|Versova]], [[Jogeshwari East Assembly constituency|Jogeshwari East]], [[Andheri East Assembly constituency|Andheri East]] and [[Dindoshi Assembly constituency|Dindoshi]] in [[Mumbai Suburban district]].<ref name=ceo/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|colspan=4|{{center|''Till 2009 : See [[Andheri Assembly constituency|Andheri]]''}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Ashok Jadhav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Ameet Bhaskar Satam|Ameet Satam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Andheri West<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Andheri West">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Andheri West |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13165.htm |access-date=16 December 2024 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216164403/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13165.htm |archive-date=16 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ameet Satam]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 84,981 |percentage = 55.40% |change={{increase}}4.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ashok Jadhav]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 65,382 |percentage = 42.62% |change={{increase}}6.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,822 |percentage = 1.19% |change={{decrease}}1.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Arif Moinuddin Shaikh |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,527 |percentage = 1.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,599 |percentage = 12.78% |change= {{decrease}}1.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,55,224 |percentage = 53.87% |change= {{increase}}10.73 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,53,402}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,88,139|ref = |change= {{decrease}}5.91 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}4.99 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Andheri West<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|title=General Election to Vidhan Sabha Trends & Results Oct-2019|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121065754/http://results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|archive-date=21 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ameet Satam]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 65,615 |percentage = 50.40% |change={{increase}}8.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ashok Jadhav]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 46,653 |percentage = 35.84% |change={{increase}}11.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Arif Moinuddin Shaikh |party=All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes = 7,038 |percentage = 5.41% |change={{increase}}2.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kishor Vishnu Rane |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 6,891 |percentage = 5.29% |change={{decrease}}3.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 3,103 |percentage = 2.38% |change={{increase}}1.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Narayanan Keshav Kidappil |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 2,772 |percentage = 2.13% |change={{increase}}0.63 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,962 |percentage = 14.57% |change= {{decrease}}2.34 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,33,299 |percentage = 43.53% |change= {{decrease}}3.40 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,30,176}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,06,222|ref = |change= {{decrease}}1.15 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}8.91 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Andheri West<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ameet Satam]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 59,022 |percentage = 41.50% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ashok Jadhav]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 34,982 |percentage = 24.60% |change={{decrease}}24.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jaywant Mahadev Parab |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 26,721 |percentage = 18.79% |change={{decrease}}4.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Raiees Lashkaria |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 12,970 |percentage = 9.12% |change={{decrease}}5.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=M. A. Hussain |party=All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes = 3,821 |percentage = 2.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Narayan Bhai |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 2,138 |percentage = 1.50% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,467 |percentage = 1.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Alpana Dipak Painter |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 904 |percentage = 0.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 24,040 |percentage = 16.90% |change= {{decrease}}9.57 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,43,711 |percentage = 46.39% |change= {{increase}}3.59 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,42,229}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,09,772|ref = |change= {{increase}}7.93 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}7.81 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Andheri West<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ashok Jadhav]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 59,899 |percentage = 49.30% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vishnu V. Korgaonkar (Maharaj) |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 27,741 |percentage = 22.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Raiees Lashkaria |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 18,236 |percentage = 15.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Hansel D'Souza |party=Independent politician |votes = 10,564 |percentage = 8.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chunawala Habib Abdul Latif |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 2,253 |percentage = 1.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 32,158 |percentage = 26.47% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,21,495 |percentage = 42.33% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,21,489}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,87,021|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|19.13|72.84|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Mumbai Suburban district]]
[[Category:Andheri]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Mewar family dispute

2026-03-29T21:19:01Z

Good Life Financial: starting new data from scratch

{{Short description|Succession and property dispute in House of Mewar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
The ongoing dispute within the [[List of Ranas of Mewar|House of Mewar]] concerns succession rights and property ownership in [[Udaipur]], [[Rajasthan]].

==Background==
[[File:Maharana of Udaipur Bhagwat Singh at Lake Palace on Lake Pichola in India.jpg|thumb|[[Bhagwat Singh of Mewar|Bhagwat Singh Mewar]]|left]]
The [[Sisodia dynasty|Sisodia]] clan of [[Rajput]]s, to which the members of the [[House of Mewar]] belong, claims descent from [[Rama]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bayley |first=C. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7nwUqnwj4h4C |title=Chiefs and Leading Families in Rajputana |date=2004 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1066-8 |pages=21–27 |language=en}}</ref> Its head, the [[Maharana]], formerly ruled [[Kingdom of Mewar|Mewar]] as the [[Dewan|Diwan]] of [[Eklingji]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bahadur) |first=Har Bilas Sarda (Diwan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DXIdAAAAMAAJ |title=Maharana Sāngā; the Hindupat, the Last Great Leader of the Rajput Race |date=1918 |publisher=Scottish Mission Industries |pages=36 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bahadur) |first=Har Bilas Sarda (Diwan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WKyu03L4F10C |title=Recollections and Reminiscences: Memoirs |date=1951 |publisher=Vedic Yantralaya |pages=63 |language=en}}</ref> [[Eklingji]] is regarded as an incarnation of [[Shiva]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Crump |first1=Vivien |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_BuAAAAMAAJ |title=Rajasthan |last2=Toh |first2=Irene |date=1996 |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf, Incorporated |isbn=978-0-679-76591-2 |pages=256 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Bhupal Singh]], the [[Maharana]] of [[Kingdom of Mewar|Mewar]], having no issue of his own, adopted [[Bhagwat Singh of Mewar|Bhagwat Singh Mewar]] as his son and successor.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khosla K. R. |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.1706 |title=The States Estates and Who's Who In India and Burma |date=1942 |publisher=The Imperial Publishing Co., Railway Road, Lahore |pages=79–80}}</ref> [[Bhagwat Singh of Mewar|Bhagwat Singh Mewar]] was married on 24 February 1940 to Sushila Kumari, a daughter of [[Sadul Singh of Bikaner|Sadul Singh]], the [[Maharaja]] of [[Bikaner State|Bikaner]], by his wife Sudarshan Kumari, a [[princess]] of [[Rewa (princely state)|Rewa]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rathore |first=L. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9EluAAAAMAAJ |title=Maharaja Sadul Singh of Bikaner: A Biography of the Co-architect of India's Unity |date=2005 |publisher=Books Treasure |isbn=978-81-900422-0-8 |pages=viii |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Pratap Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IVs1DwAAQBAJ |title=Guns and Glories: Rajputana Chronicles |date=2017-09-13 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-93-5206-601-8 |pages=200 |language=en}}</ref> They had three children: [[Mahendra Singh Mewar]], Yogeshwari Kumari, and [[Arvind Singh Mewar]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rāṇāvata |first=Manoharasiṃha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3XsMAQAAMAAJ |title=Princely Historian: Commemoration Volume of Maharajkumar Dr. Raghubir Sinh |date=1994 |publisher=Shri Natnagar Shodh-Samsthan, Sitamau, and Publication Scheme |isbn=978-81-85263-88-5 |pages=9 |language=hi}}</ref> Upon [[Bhupal Singh]]’s death in 1955, [[Bhagwat Singh of Mewar|Bhagwat Singh Mewar]] succeeded to his title, rank, and dignity.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=C. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WHgo_xlOqaQC |title=Ruling Elites of Rajasthan: A Changing Profile |date=1993 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-85880-13-6 |pages=94–95 |language=en}}</ref> His succession was recognised by the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sabha |first=India Parliament Lok |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JWnVAAAAMAAJ |title=Lok Sabha Debates |date=1955 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat. |pages=3653 |language=en}}</ref> His adoptive father received a privy purse of Rs 2,500,000, along with an additional Rs 400,000 due to his [[physical disability]].<ref name=":0" /> However, his own [[Privy purse in India|privy purse]] was reduced to Rs 10,00,000.<ref name=":0" /> Within five years, he converted the Jag Niwas Palace, his summer residence, into a heritage hotel named [[Lake Palace]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brockway |first=Cosmo |date=2024-03-10 |title=Udaipur's floating Lake Palace is a marvel in white marble |url=https://www.worldofinteriors.com/story/lake-palace-udaipur-india |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=The World Of Interiors |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jhala |first=Angma Dey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WGpECgAAQBAJ |title=Royal Patronage, Power and Aesthetics in Princely India |date=2015-10-06 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-31657-2 |pages=124–125 |language=en}}</ref> In 1971, when [[Indira Gandhi]] abolished [[Privy purse in India|privy purses]] and princely privileges, [[Bhagwat Singh of Mewar|Bhagwat Singh Mewar]] wrote to her: "I cannot accept being instrumental in the derogation of the institution to which I belong," and established the [[Maharana of Mewar Charitable Foundation]] (MMCF).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mankekar |first=D. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e5E9AAAAMAAJ |title=Mewar Saga: The Sisodias' Role in Indian History |date=1976 |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |isbn=978-0-7069-0416-1 |pages=180 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Khera |first1=Dipti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nt3VAAAAMAAJ |title=Jagmandir on Lake Pichola |last2=Mansukhami |first2=Raju |last3=Topsfield |first3=Andrew |date=2002 |publisher=Penguin Enterprise |isbn=978-0-670-04923-3 |pages=11 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=When Indira Gandhi Pulled the Strings of Nizam, Other Princely State Rulers over 'Privy Purses' |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/when-indira-gandhi-pulled-the-strings-of-nizam-other-princely-state-rulers-over-privy-purses-6273661.html |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

During [[Bhagwat Singh of Mewar|Bhagwat Singh Mewar]] lifetime, his eldest son, [[Mahendra Singh Mewar]], filed court cases against him.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Behind Udaipur Royal Family Feud, A Will By Maharana That Dates Back To 1984 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/behind-udaipur-family-feud-a-will-by-maharana-that-dates-back-to-1984-7108544 |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2024-11-26 |title=After clash at Udaipur palace, government appoints receiver for disputed portion |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rajasthan/after-clash-at-udaipur-palace-government-appoints-receiver-for-disputed-portion/article68915140.ece |access-date=2025-05-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> [[Mahendra Singh Mewar]] accused [[Bhagwat Singh of Mewar|Bhagwat Singh Mewar]] of wasteful expenditure and asked for division of the property.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=The BuckStopper |date=2023-11-26 |title=Not in palace, erstwhile Princes of Mewar - Vishwaraj Singh and Lakshyaraj Singh meet at polling booth |url=https://www.thebuckstopper.com/not-in-palace-erstwhile-princes-of-mewar-vishwaraj-singh-and-lakshyaraj-singh-meets-at-polling-booth/ |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=The BuckStopper |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> In a fit of anger, [[Bhagwat Singh of Mewar|Bhagwat Singh Mewar]] disinherited [[Mahendra Singh Mewar]].<ref name=":1" /> At the same time, [[Bhagwat Singh of Mewar|Bhagwat Singh Mewar]] gave the responsibility of managing the family’s properties to his younger son, [[Arvind Singh Mewar]].<ref name=":1" /> In 1984, [[Bhagwat Singh of Mewar|Bhagwat Singh Mewar]], in his final will and testament, bequeathed his entire property to his son, [[Arvind Singh Mewar]], through a trust.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2000-01-24 |title=Feud between scions of Maharanas of Mewar may bury their glorious past |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/20000124-feud-between-scions-of-maharanas-of-mewar-may-bury-their-glorious-past-776963-2000-01-23 |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vkIWAQAAMAAJ |title=India Today International |date=2000 |publisher=Living Media India Limited |pages=28 |language=en}}</ref> He included Yogeshwari Kumari as a trustee in it.<ref name=":2" /> He excluded his eldest son, [[Mahendra Singh Mewar]], on the grounds that he was incapable of managing the family legacy.<ref name=":3" /> He excluded his first wife, Sushila Kumari, from the will and named Annabella Parker, his second wife, as a beneficiary.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan Revisited / Telegraph Magazine |url=https://www.martinanthonyfletcher.com/rajasthan-revisited-telegraph |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=Martin Fletcher |language=en-US}}</ref><gallery mode="packed">
File:Coat of arms of Udaipur State.png|[[Coat of arms|CoA]] of [[Kingdom of Mewar|Mewar]]
File:In mewar-state.png|[[Flag]] of [[Kingdom of Mewar|Mewar]]
</gallery>

== Developments ==
Following the death of [[Bhagwat Singh of Mewar|Bhagwat Singh Mewar]] in 1984, [[Arvind Singh Mewar]], his younger son, assumed the headship of the [[House of Mewar]] with the title of Shriji Hazur, in accordance with his father's will.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Meininger |first=Irmgard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j_cSAQAAMAAJ |title=City Palace of Udaipur: Historical View and a Guide |date=2000 |publisher=D.K. Printworld |isbn=978-81-246-0149-5 |pages=39, 84 |language=en}}</ref> However, at the same time, his eldest son, [[Mahendra Singh Mewar]], was crowned [[Maharana]] of [[Kingdom of Mewar|Mewar]] at Tripolia inside the [[City Palace, Udaipur|City Palace]] by the Rawat of [[Salumbar|Salumber]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Meininger |first=Irmgard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lC1uAAAAMAAJ |title=The Kingdom of Mewar: Great Struggles and Glory of the World's Oldest Ruling Dynasty |date=2000 |publisher=D.K. Printworld |isbn=978-81-246-0144-0 |pages=164 |language=en}}</ref><gallery mode="packed">
File:Maharana of Udaipur Arvind Singh Mewar.jpg|[[Arvind Singh Mewar]]
File:The 76th Maharana of Mewar, Shri Mahendra Singh Mewar.jpg|[[Mahendra Singh Mewar]]
</gallery>[[Mahendra Singh Mewar]] died on 10 November 2024.<ref name=":10">{{Cite news |date=2025-03-16 |title=Maharana Pratap's descendant, member of erstwhile royal family, Arvind Singh Mewar dies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/udaipur/member-of-the-erstwhile-royal-family-arvind-singh-mewar-passes-away/articleshow/119065551.cms |access-date=2025-05-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2024-11-11 |title=Mahendra Singh Mewar, descendant of Maharana Pratap, dies at 83 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/mahendra-singh-mewar-of-erstwhile-mewar-royal-family-dies-at-83/article68854334.ece |access-date=2025-05-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Following this, on 25 November 2024, his son, [[Vishvaraj Singh Mewar]], was installed as the [[Maharana]] of [[Kingdom of Mewar|Mewar]] at the Fateh Prakash Palace within [[Chittor Fort|Chittorgarh Fort]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-27 |title=Behind violence, drama at Mewar dynasty coronation, a battle royale for property |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/behind-violence-drama-at-mewar-dynasty-coronation-a-battle-royale-for-property-2641025-2024-11-27 |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The Rawat of [[Salumbar|Salumber]], Devrat Singh, performed his [[Tilaka|tilak]] using blood drawn from his thumb.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch: A Coronation With Swords And Blood Before Udaipur Royal Family Feud |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/a-coronation-with-swords-and-blood-before-udaipur-royal-family-feud-7109238 |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> He then proceeded to the [[City Palace, Udaipur|City Palace]] to seek [[Darshan (Indian religions)|darshan]] of the Dhuni there, but was refused entry.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=26 November 2024 |title=Coronation of new Mewar 'maharana' highlights power struggle in erstwhile royal family |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/coronation-of-new-mewar-maharana-highlights-power-struggle-in-erstwhile-royal-family/cid/2066222 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=26 November 2024 |title=Coronation of new Mewar 'maharana' highlights power struggle in erstwhile royal family |url=https://theprint.in/india/coronation-of-new-mewar-maharana-highlights-power-struggle-in-erstwhile-royal-family/2374965/ |website=ThePrint}}</ref> Earlier that day, his uncle, [[Arvind Singh Mewar]], had published public notices warning of legal action against [[trespassing]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Receiver to oversee Udaipur City Palace's disputed portion after new titular royal head denied entry |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/rajasthan/receiver-to-oversee-udaipur-city-palaces-disputed-portion-after-new-titular-royal-head-denied-entry-3292064 |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=2024-11-26 |title=Family feud turns violent after BJP MLA Vishvaraj Singh anointed 77th Maharana of Mewar - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/family-feud-turns-violent-after-bjp-mla-vishvaraj-singh-anointed-77th-maharana-of-mewar-19514730.htm |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref> A large number of police officers were deployed to prevent any untoward incidents.<ref name=":1" /> The streets surrounding the [[City Palace, Udaipur|City Palace]] were cleared of tourists, and the shops had closed their shutters.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Baruah |first=Antara |date=2024-11-28 |title=A royal mess spilled onto Udaipur streets. Vishvaraj vs Lakshyaraj is a 40-yr-old rivalry |url=https://theprint.in/ground-reports/a-royal-mess-spilled-on-to-udaipur-streets-vishvaraj-vs-lakshyaraj-is-a-40-yr-old-rivalry/2378841/ |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> His supporters attempted to cross the police barricades but were unsuccessful.<ref name=":6" /> [[Vishvaraj Singh Mewar]] himself waited for several hours at Jagdish Chowk.<ref name=":6" /> The local authorities then intervened and held separate talks with him and his cousin, [[Lakshyaraj Singh Mewar]], in an attempt to prevent the situation from escalating further.<ref name=":6" /> However, the talks proved unproductive.<ref name=":6" /> That night, both parties threw stones at each other.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /> After this, the local authorities took possession of the part of the [[City Palace, Udaipur|City Palace]] where [[Vishvaraj Singh Mewar]] was to seek [[Darshan (Indian religions)|darshan]] and escorted him there to complete the ritual.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2024-11-28 |title=Deadlock Ends, Vishvaraj Singh Mewar, His Men Allowed For Dhuni Darshan Inside Udaipur Palace |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!state/dead-lock-ends-vishvaraj-singh-mewar-his-men-allowed-for-dhuni-darshan-inside-udaipur-palace-enn24112800832 |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref> This was 48 hours after he was crowned.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Vishvaraj performs Dhuni Darshan amid tight security |url=https://firstindia.co.in/news/india/vishvaraj-performs-dhuni-darshan-amid-tight-security |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=firstindia.co.in |language=en}}</ref> After this, he paid his respects to [[Eklingji]] and departed for his residence the Samore Bagh.<ref name=":9" /><gallery mode="packed">
File:Vishvaraj Singh Mewar (cropped).jpg|[[Vishvaraj Singh Mewar]]
File:Lakshyaraj Singh Mewar.jpg|[[Lakshyaraj Singh Mewar]]
</gallery>[[Arvind Singh Mewar]] died on 16 March 2025.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11">{{Cite news |date=2025-03-17 |title=Udaipur mourns death of tourism stalwart |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/udaipur-mourns-death-of-tourism-stalwart/articleshow/119086106.cms |access-date=2025-05-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> On account of his death, the [[City Palace, Udaipur|City Palace]] was closed until after his funeral.<ref name=":11" /> His funeral rites were performed by his son, [[Lakshyaraj Singh Mewar]], on 17 March 2025 at [[Ahar Cenotaphs|Mahasati]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharana Pratap descendant Arvind Singh Mewar cremated in Udaipur |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2025/03/17/des39-rj-arvind-singh-cremation.html |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref> A few days after his father's demise, on 2 April 2025, [[Lakshyaraj Singh Mewar]] held his Gaddi Utsav ({{Translation|coronation ceremony}}) and Rang ka Dastur ({{Translation|ceremony of changing the turban to a colored one}}).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan: लक्ष्यराज सिंह मेवाड़ का राजतिलक कल, गद्दी महोत्सव में जुटेंगे देशभर के गणमान्य लोग |url=https://rajasthan.ndtv.in/rajasthan-news/udaipur-coronation-of-lakshyaraj-singh-mewar-tomorrow-dignitaries-from-across-country-will-gather-at-gaddi-mahotsav-8059738 |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=rajasthan.ndtv.in |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lakshyaraj Singh Mewar's coronation takes place at Udaipur City Palace |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/lakshyaraj-singh-mewars-coronation-takes-place-at-udaipur-city-palace20250402163842/ |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>

A dispute arose between [[Lakshyaraj Singh Mewar|Lakshyaraj]] and his sister, Padmaja Kumari Parmar, following their father’s death regarding the rights to the [[City Palace, Udaipur|City Palace]], [[HRH Group of Hotels]], and other properties that were self-acquired by [[Arvind Singh Mewar]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-18 |title=Mewar royal family inheritance battle heads to Supreme Court: Will of Arvind Singh Mewar challenged, cases transferred to Delhi High Court - Rajasthan News |url=https://www.bhaskarenglish.in/local/rajasthan/news/udaipur-royal-family-property-dispute-reaches-supreme-court-over-arvind-singh-mewar-will-136706081.html |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=Bhaskar English |language=en}}</ref> In this matter, [[Lakshyaraj Singh Mewar|Lakshyaraj]] wanted the proceedings to be held in the [[Rajasthan High Court]], while Padmaja preferred them to be held in the [[Bombay High Court]].<ref name=":12" /> [[Supreme Court of India]] intervened and ordered that all these cases between the two be transferred to the [[Delhi High Court]], where they will be heard on 11 January 2026.<ref name=":12" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=The BuckStopper |date=2025-12-18 |title=Property dispute of Udaipur royal family intensifies, reaches apex court |url=https://www.thebuckstopper.com/property-dispute-of-udaipur-royal-family-intensifies-reaches-apex-court/ |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=The BuckStopper |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Legal status ==
The legal proceedings concerning the Mewar family's assets have continued for decades.<ref name="bhaskarenglish.in">{{Cite web |date=2024-11-27 |title=Mewar Dynasty battle: What is Udaipur Royal Family's Rajtilak Dispute? how are they related to Maharana Pratap? |url=https://www.bhaskarenglish.in/originals/news/what-is-the-rajtilak-ceremony-dispute-in-udaipurs-royal-family-how-are-they-related-to-maharana-pratap-134026051.html |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=Bhaskar English |language=en}}</ref> In 2020, the Udaipur District Court issued a ruling that divided key properties, namely [[Shambhu Niwas|Shambhu Niwas Palace]], Badi Pal, and Ghas Ghar, equally among the three children of [[Bhagwat Singh of Mewar|Bhagwat Singh Mewar]].<ref name="bhaskarenglish.in"/> A fourth share was retained under his name.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |title=Bitter succession row between Indian royals spills over into public eye |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/udaipur-city-palace-maharana-vishvaraj-arvind-singh-mewar-b2653831.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250503022412/https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/udaipur-city-palace-maharana-vishvaraj-arvind-singh-mewar-b2653831.html |archive-date=2025-05-03 |access-date=2025-05-13 |work=The Independent |language=en-GB}}</ref> The court further declared that the three children would be permitted to use the properties on a rotational basis.<ref name=":4" /> However, [[Arvind Singh Mewar]] appealed the decision at the [[Rajasthan High Court]], which subsequently stayed the district court's order and maintained the [[status quo]] until a final verdict is reached.<ref name=":5" /> [[Lakshyaraj Singh Mewar]] has been looking after the properties following his father’s death and functions as the managing trustee of the [[Maharana of Mewar Charitable Foundation]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhandari |first=Prakash |date=2024-12-01 |title=People cheer battle between huzoor and hukum for the ‘throne’ |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/national/people-cheer-battle-between-huzoor-and-hukum-for-the-throne |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=National Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Kingdom of Mewar]]
[[Category:Udaipur]]
[[Category:Mewar]]
[[Category:Sisodia dynasty]]

Shanghai Cooperation Organisation

2026-03-28T07:47:54Z

Good Life Financial: improved structure after review per sources

{{Short description|Eurasian multilateral security organization}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Shanghai Cooperation Organization
| native name = {{lang-zh|s=上海合作组织}} {{langx|ru|Шанхайская Организация Сотрудничества}}
| image =
| caption =
| logo = SCO logo.svg
| logo_size =
| map = Shanghai Cooperation Organization (orthographic projection).svg
| msize =
| map_caption = {{legend2|#316730|Members}} {{legend2|#309d9b|Partners}} {{legend2|#00FF00|Disputed territories}}
| abbreviation = SCO
| motto =
| predecessor = Shanghai Five
| formation = {{start date and age|2001|06|15|df=yes}}
| extinction =
| type = Mutual security, political, and economic cooperation
| status = Regional cooperation forum<ref>{{cite web |author1=Lars Erslev Andersen |title=Shanghai Cooperation Organization |date=4 November 2022 |url=https://www.diis.dk/en/research/shanghai-cooperation-organisation#:~:text=The%20Shanghai%20Cooperation%20Organisation%20has%20been%20described%20in,forum%20for%20cooperation%20that%20includes%20security%20policy%20issues. |publisher=Danish Institute for International Studies |access-date=4 November 2022 |quote=However, it is not an alliance but rather a forum for cooperation that includes security policy issues.}}</ref>
| purpose =
| headquarters = [[Beijing]], China (Secretariat) [[Tashkent]], Uzbekistan (RATS Executive Committee)
| location =
| membership = {{collapsible list
|titlestyle = text-align:left; font-weight:bold;
|title = Member states
|{{flag|Belarus}}
|{{flag|China}}
|{{flag|India}}
|{{flag|Iran}}
|{{flag|Kazakhstan}}
|{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}
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{{collapsible list
|titlestyle =text-align:left;font-weight:bold;
|title = SCO partners
|{{flag|Afghanistan}}{{efn|Inactive since September 2021 following the aftermath of the [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|Taliban takeover of Afghanistan]].}}|
|{{flag|Armenia}}
|{{flag|Azerbaijan}}
|{{flag|Bahrain}}
|{{flag|Cambodia}}
|{{flag|Egypt}}
|{{flag|Kuwait}}
|{{flag|Laos}}
|{{flag|Maldives}}
|{{flag|Mongolia}}
|{{flag|Myanmar}}
|{{flag|Nepal}}
|{{flag|Qatar}}
|{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
|{{flag|Sri Lanka}}
|{{flag|Turkiye}}
|{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}}}
{{collapsible list
|titlestyle = text-align:left; font-weight:bold;
|title = Guest attendees
|{{flag|ASEAN}}
|{{flag|CIS}}
|{{flag|Turkmenistan}}
|{{flag|UN}}}}
| language = {{hlist|[[Standard Chinese|Chinese]]|[[Russian language|Russian]]<ref name="about-sco" />}}
| leader_title = Secretary-General
| leader_name = [[Nurlan Yermekbayev]]
| leader_title2 = Deputy Secretaries-General
| leader_name2 = {{ubl|Ahmad Saidmurodzoda|{{ill|Batir Tursunov|uz|Botir Tursunov}}|Oleg Kopylov|{{ill|Piao Yangfan|zh|朴扬帆}}|Shri Janesh Kain|Sohail Khan}}
| leader_title3 = RATS Executive Committee Director
| leader_name3 = [[Ularbek Sharsheev]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ecrats.org/en/about/management/ |title=ABOUT SCO RATS - MANAGEMENT |access-date=2 August 2025}}</ref>
| main_organ =
| parent_organization =
| affiliations =
| budget =
| staff =
| staff_year =
| volunteers =
| volunteers_year =
| website = {{official URL}}
| remarks =
}}

The '''Shanghai Cooperation Organization''' ('''SCO''') is a [[Eurasia]]n [[politics|political]], [[economy|economic]] and [[international security]] organisation of ten member states. It focuses on political, economic, security and counter-terrorism cooperation.

It is the world's largest [[regional organization|regional organisation]] in terms of [[geography|geographic scope]] and [[world population|population]], covering at least 24% of the world's total area (65% of Eurasia)<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13567888.2018.1495424 | doi=10.1080/13567888.2018.1495424 | title=The evolution of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation | journal=Strategic Comments | date=2018 | volume=24 | issue=5 | pages=vii-ix | s2cid=219696506 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> and 42% of the world population. As of 2024, its combined nominal [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] accounts for around 23%, while its [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] based on [[Purchasing power parity|PPP]] comprises approximately 36% of the world's total.

The SCO is the successor to the Shanghai Five, formed in 1996 between [[China]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Russia]], and [[Tajikistan]]. In June 2001, the leaders of these nations and [[Uzbekistan]] met in [[Shanghai]] to announce the SCO, a new organisation with deeper political and economic cooperation. In June 2017, it expanded to eight states, with [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]. [[Iran]] joined the group in July 2023, and [[Belarus]] in July 2024. Several countries are engaged as observers or dialogue partners. Its most recent meeting was held in [[2025 Tianjin SCO summit|September 2025]] in [[Tianjin, China]].

The SCO is governed by the Heads of State Council (HSC), its supreme decision-making body, which meets once a year. The organisation also contains the [[Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure]] (RATS).

==Origins==

=== The Shanghai Five ===
The Shanghai Five group was created on 26 April 1996 when the heads of states of China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan signed the Treaty on Deepening Military Trust in Border Regions in [[Shanghai]].<ref name="cfr">{{Cite web |last=Albert |first=Eleanor |date=14 October 2015 |title=The Shanghai Cooperation Organization |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/shanghai-cooperation-organization |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016032848/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/shanghai-cooperation-organization |archive-date=16 October 2018 |access-date=15 October 2018 |website=Council on Foreign Relations}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

On 24 April 1997 the same countries signed the Treaty on Reduction of Military Forces in Border Regions in a meeting in [[Moscow]], Russia.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Al-Qahtani|first=Mutlaq|title=The Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the Law of International Organizations|journal=Chinese Journal of International Law|year=2006|volume=5|issue=1|page=130|publisher=Oxford University Press|issn=1540-1650|doi=10.1093/chinesejil/jml012}}</ref> On 20 May 1997, [[President of Russia|Russian President]] [[Boris Yeltsin]] and [[Paramount leader|Chinese leader]] [[Jiang Zemin]] signed a declaration on a "[[Polarity (international relations)|multipolar world]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.un.org/documents/ga/docs/52/plenary/a52-153.htm|title=Russian-Chinese Joint Declaration on a Multipolar World and the Establishment of a New International Order|website=United Nations General Assembly|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623154322/http://www.un.org/documents/ga/docs/52/plenary/a52-153.htm|archive-date=23 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

Subsequent annual summits of the Shanghai Five group occurred in [[Almaty]], Kazakhstan in 1998, in [[Bishkek]], Kyrgyzstan in 1999, and in [[Dushanbe]], Tajikistan in 2000. At the Dushanbe summit, members agreed to "oppose intervention in other countries' internal affairs on the reason of 'humanitarianism' and 'protecting human rights;' and support the efforts of one another in safeguarding the five countries' national independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity, and social stability."<ref name=":1">{{cite web |last1=Gill |first1=Bates |date=30 November 2001 |title=Shanghai Five: An Attempt to Counter U.S. Influence in Asia? |url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2001/05/04china-gill |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503173641/http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2001/05/04china-gill |archive-date=3 May 2015 |access-date=26 April 2015 |publisher=Brookings}}</ref> The Shanghai Five structure helped speed up the members' resolution of border disputes, agree on military deployments in border areas, and address security threats.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Proń |first=Elżbieta |url= |title=China and Eurasian Powers in a Multipolar World Order 2.0: Security, Diplomacy, Economy and Cyberspace |date=2023 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |others=Mher Sahakyan |isbn=978-1-003-35258-7 |edition= |location=New York |chapter=China in Central Asia: New Developments in 2013-2021 |doi=10.4324/9781003352587-11 |oclc=1353290533}}</ref>{{Rp|page=95}}

=== Developing institutional forms ===

In 2001, the annual summit returned to Shanghai and the group was institutionalised.<ref name=":7" />{{Rp|page=95}} The five member nations first admitted [[Uzbekistan]] in the Shanghai Five mechanism.<ref name=":7" />{{Rp|page=95}} On 15 June 2001, all six heads of state signed the ''Declaration of Shanghai Cooperation Organisation'', praising the role played thus far by the Shanghai Five mechanism and aiming to transform it to a higher level of cooperation.<ref name="about-sco" /> From 2001 to 2008, the SCO developed rapidly, establishing a number of permanent bodies and ''ad hoc'' initiatives dealing with economic and security matters.<ref name=":7" />{{Rp|page=95}}

In June 2002, the heads of the SCO member states met in [[Saint Petersburg]], Russia and signed the ''SCO Charter'' which expounded on the organisation's purposes, principles, structures and forms of operation. It entered into force on 19 September 2003.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation |url=http://eng.sectsco.org/about_sco/20170109/190857.html |publisher=Shanghai Cooperation Organization Secretariat. |access-date=5 July 2023 |archive-date=5 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705162001/http://eng.sectsco.org/about_sco/20170109/190857.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> By 2003, a Council of Heads of State, a Council of Heads of Government and a Council of Foreign Ministers, as well as a permanent Secretariat based in Beijing was formed.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Snow |first=Philip |title=China and Russia: Four Centuries of Conflict and Concord |date=2023 |isbn=978-0300166651 |location=New Haven}}</ref>{{Rp|page=500}}

In July 2005, at the summit in [[Astana]], Kazakhstan, with representatives of India, Iran, [[Mongolia]] and Pakistan attending an SCO summit for the first time, [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]], the president of the Kazakhstan, greeted the guests in words that had never been used before in any context: "The leaders of the states sitting at this negotiation table are representatives of half of humanity".<ref>Kazinform, 5 July 2005.</ref> By 2007, the SCO had initiated over twenty large-scale projects related to transportation, energy and telecommunications and held regular meetings of security, military, defence, foreign affairs, economic, cultural, banking, and other officials from its member states.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Agostinis|first1=Giovanni|last2=Urdinez|first2=Francisco|date=20 October 2021|title=The Nexus between Authoritarian and Environmental Regionalism: An Analysis of China's Driving Role in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2021.1974887|journal=Problems of Post-Communism|volume=69 |issue=4–5 |pages=330–344|doi=10.1080/10758216.2021.1974887|s2cid=239486136|issn=1075-8216|hdl=11585/909383|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

In July 2015, in [[Ufa]], Russia, the SCO decided to admit India and Pakistan as full members. In June 2016 in [[Tashkent]], both signed the memorandum of obligations, thereby starting the process of joining the SCO.<ref name=IndPakMemo>{{cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1129533/india-pakistan-edge-closer-joining-sco-security-bloc/|title=India, Pakistan edge closer to joining SCO security bloc|date=24 June 2016|access-date=24 June 2016|agency=Agence France-Presse|via=[[The Express Tribune]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625124459/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1129533/india-pakistan-edge-closer-joining-sco-security-bloc/|archive-date=25 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2017, at a summit in Kazakhstan, India and Pakistan officially joined SCO as full members.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhattacherjee |first=Kallol |date=9 June 2017 |title=India, Pakistan become full members of SCO |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-pakistan-become-full-members-of-shanghai-cooperation-organisation-sco/article62067467.ece |access-date=11 April 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan's Membership of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) – Ministry of Foreign Affairs |date=9 June 2017 |url=https://mofa.gov.pk/pakistans-membership-of-the-shanghai-cooperation-organization-sco/ |access-date=11 April 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2004, the SCO established relations with the [[United Nations]] (where it is an observer in the [[United Nations General Assembly|General Assembly]]), the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] in 2005, the [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN) in 2005, the [[Collective Security Treaty Organization]] in 2007, the [[Economic Cooperation Organization]] in 2007, the [[United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime]] in 2011, the [[Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia]] (CICA) in 2014, and the [[United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific]] (ESCAP) in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eng.sectsco.org/cooperation/|title=External communication|publisher=Shanghai Cooperation Organisation|access-date=9 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605174306/http://eng.sectsco.org/cooperation/|archive-date=5 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> in 2018, SCO [[Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure]] (RATS) has established relations with the [[African Union]]'s African Centre for the Study and Research on Terrorism (ACSRT).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofislamabad.com/12-Dec-2018/au-sco-anti-terror-organs-sign-cooperation-deal-on-fighting-terrorism|title=AU, SCO anti-terror organs sign cooperation deal on fighting terrorism|work=Times of Islamabad|access-date=16 December 2018|date=12 December 2018}}</ref>

== Organisational structure ==
[[File:Structure of the SCO.png|center|550px]]

As of 2020, the Council of Heads of State was the top decision-making body in the SCO, meeting at the annual SCO summits in one of the member states' capital cities. Because of their government structure, the prime ministers of the parliamentary democracies of India and Pakistan attend the SCO Council of Heads of State summits, as their responsibilities are similar to the presidents of other SCO nations.<ref name="thehindu28nov20">{{cite news |last1=Haidar |first1=Suhasani |title=India to host SCO Heads of Government meet; Modi, Imran to skip |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/six-pms-to-attend-sco-heads-of-government-summit-hosted-by-india/article33201037.ece |website=The Hindu |publisher=THG PUBLISHING PVT LTD. |access-date=15 June 2021 |date=28 November 2020}}</ref>

As of the 1 September 2025 meeting, the Council of Heads of State consists of:
* [[Aleksandr Lukashenko]] (Belarus)
* [[Xi Jinping]] (China)
* [[Narendra Modi]] (India)
* [[Masoud Pezeshkian]] (Iran)
* [[Kassym-Jomart Tokayev]] (Kazakhstan)
* [[Sadyr Japarov]] (Kyrgyzstan)
* [[Shehbaz Sharif]] (Pakistan)
* [[Vladimir Putin]] (Russia)
* [[Emomali Rahmon]] (Tajikistan)
* [[Shavkat Mirziyoyev]] (Uzbekistan)

The Council of Heads of Government is the second-highest council in the organisation. This council also holds annual summits, at which time members discuss issues of multilateral cooperation and approves the organisation's budget.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Council of Heads of Government (Prime Ministers) |url=http://eng.sectsco.org/about_sco/20220810/909124.html |publisher=Shanghai Cooperation Organization Secretariat |access-date=5 July 2023 |archive-date=5 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705163130/http://eng.sectsco.org/about_sco/20220810/909124.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> As of the 1 November 2022 meeting, Council of Heads of Government consists of:<ref>{{cite web |title=21st SCO Heads of Government Council meeting |url=http://eng.sectsco.org/economy/20221101/921909/21st-SCO-Heads-of-Government-Council-meeting-.html |publisher=Shanghai Cooperation Organization Secretariat |access-date=5 July 2023 |archive-date=5 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705163130/http://eng.sectsco.org/economy/20221101/921909/21st-SCO-Heads-of-Government-Council-meeting-.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Aleksandr Turchin]] (Belarus)
* [[Li Qiang]] (China)
* [[Narendra Modi]] (India) (usually sends a deputy, such as [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|EAM]] [[Subrahmanyam Jaishankar]] at the 2021 summit)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/eam-s-jaishankar-to-represent-india-at-sco-heads-of-govt-meeting-121112401424_1.html | title=EAM S Jaishankar to represent India at SCO heads of govt meeting | date=25 November 2021 }}</ref>
* [[Alihan Smaiylov]] (Kazakhstan)
* [[Akylbek Japarov]] (Kyrgyzstan)
* [[Shehbaz Sharif]] (Pakistan) (usually sends a deputy, such as Parliamentary Secretary for Foreign Affairs [[Andleeb Abbas]] at the 2020 summit)<ref name="thehindu28nov20" />
* [[Mikhail Mishustin]] (Russia)
* [[Kokhir Rasulzoda|Qohir Rasulzoda]] (Tajikistan)
* [[Abdulla Aripov]] (Uzbekistan)

As of 2007, the Council of Foreign Ministers also held regular meetings, where they discussed the current international situation and interaction with other international organisations.<ref>{{cite press release | url = http://www.malaysia.mid.ru/press2007/e_22.html | title = Session of the Council of Foreign Ministers from Member States of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation | publisher = Embassy of the Russian Federation in Malaysia | location = Kuala Lumpur | date = 9 July 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120208154821/http://www.malaysia.mid.ru/press2007/e_22.html | archive-date = 8 February 2012}}</ref> As of 2021, the Council of National Coordinators coordinated the multilateral cooperation of member states within the framework of the SCO's charter.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Embassy of the Republic of Tajikistan in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan |title=The First SCO Council of National Coordinators Meeting Chaired by Tajikistan |url=https://mfa.tj/en/islamabad/view/7076/the-first-sco-council-of-national-coordinators-meeting-chaired-by-tajikistan |website=mfa.tj |publisher=Embassy of the Republic of Tajikistan in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan |access-date=15 June 2021 |date=29 January 2021}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable floatright" style="margin-left:1em; margin-top:0"
|+ Directors of SCO RATS Executive Committee
! Years in office !! Name
|-
| 15 June 2004 – 2006 || {{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} Vyacheslav Kasymov
|-
| 2007–2009 || {{flagicon|Kyrgyzstan}} [[Myrzakan Subanov]]
|-
| 2010–2012 || {{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} Dzhenisbek Dzhumanbekov
|-
| 2013–2015 || {{flagicon|China}} [[Zhang Xinfeng]]
|-
| 2016–2018 || {{flagicon|Russia}} Yevgeniy Sysoev
|-
| 2019–2021 || {{flagicon|Tajikistan}} Jumakhon Giyosov
|-
| 2022–2024 || {{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} Ruslan Mirzaev
|-
| 2025–present || {{flagicon|Kyrgyzstan}} [[Ularbek Sharsheev]]
|}

{| class="wikitable floatright" style="clear:none; margin-left:1em"
|+ Heads of SCO Secretariat
! Years in office !! Name
|-
| colspan=2 | '''Executive Secretary'''
|-
| 15 January 2004 – 2006 || {{flagicon|China}} [[Zhang Deguang]]
|-
| colspan=2 | '''Secretaries-General'''
|-
| 2007–2009 || {{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[Bolat Nurgaliyev]]
|-
| 2010–2012 || {{flagicon|Kyrgyzstan}} [[Muratbek Imanaliyev]]
|-
| 2013–2015 || {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Dmitry Mezentsev]]
|-
| 2016–2018 || {{flagicon|Tajikistan}} [[Rashid Alimov]]
|-
| 2019–2021 || {{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} [[Vladimir Norov]]
|-
| 2022–2024 || {{flagicon|China}} [[Zhang Ming]]
|-
| 2025–present || {{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[Nurlan Yermekbayev]]
|}

The Secretariat of the SCO, headquartered in [[Beijing]], China, is the primary executive body of the organisation. It serves to implement organisational decisions and decrees, drafts proposed documents (such as declarations and agendas), function as a document depository for the organisation, arranges specific activities within the SCO framework, and promotes and disseminates information about the SCO. The SCO secretary-general is elected to a three-year term.<ref name="FreshMCQs">{{Cite web |author1=Freshmcqs |title=Who is the current Secretary General SCO? |url=https://freshmcqs.com/secretary-general-sco/ |access-date=28 July 2023 |website=Fresh MCQs|date=11 December 2022 }}</ref> [[Nurlan Yermekbayev]] of Kazakhstan became the current secretary-general on 1 January 2025.

The [[Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure]] (RATS) Executive Committee, headquartered in [[Tashkent]], Uzbekistan, is a permanent organ of the SCO which serves to promote cooperation of member states against the [[three evils]] of [[terrorism]], [[separatism]] and [[extremism]]. The Director of SCO RATS Executive Committee is elected to a three-year term. [[Ularbek Sharsheev]] of Kyrgyzstan became the current Director on 1 January 2025. Each member state also sends a permanent representative to RATS.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sectsco.org/fk-03.html | title = Information on Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure of Shanghai Cooperation Organisation | publisher = Shanghai Cooperation Organisation | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081211154326/http://www.sectsco.org/fk-03.html | archive-date = 11 December 2008}}</ref>

The official languages of the SCO are [[Standard Chinese|Chinese]] and [[Russian language|Russian]].<ref name="about-sco"/>

The SCO has a youth group, which is entitled the '''Score Foundation'''.<ref name="ig1">{{cite news |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DCUHCy2Iaug/?api=毛里求斯路易港怎么找小姐服务v信8764603▷毛里求斯路易港怎么找小姐全套特殊服务▷毛里求斯路易港怎么找小姐上门服务▷毛里求斯路易港怎么找小姐联系方式▷毛里求斯路易港怎么找小姐上课约服务.ghkj&hl=kn | title=Instagram }}</ref>

== Membership ==
{{Main|Member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation}}
{{Horizontal timeline
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|to=2026
|inc=2
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|axis-1994= 
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|row1-1-text=Establishment of S5

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|row5-2-to=2001.45
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|row12-1-to=2004.54
|row12-2-to=2026
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|row13-1-to=2010.35
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|row17-2-to=2026
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|row18-1-to=2016.29
|row18-2-to=2026
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|row19-1-to=2022.70
|row19-2-to=2026
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|row22-style=styleDefault
|row22-1-text=Kuwait
|row22-1-to=2023.40
|row22-2-to=2026
|row22-2-style=styleDialoguePartner

|row23=timeline
|row23-style=styleDefault
|row23-1-text=Maldives
|row23-1-to=2023.40
|row23-2-to=2026
|row23-2-style=styleDialoguePartner

|row24=timeline
|row24-style=styleDefault
|row24-1-text=Myanmar
|row24-1-to=2023.40
|row24-2-to=2026
|row24-2-style=styleDialoguePartner

|row25=timeline
|row25-style=styleDefault
|row25-1-text=UAE
|row25-1-to=2023.40
|row25-2-to=2026
|row25-2-style=styleDialoguePartner

|row26=timeline
|row26-style=styleDefault
|row26-1-text=Bahrain
|row26-1-to=2023.55
|row26-2-to=2026
|row26-2-style=styleDialoguePartner

|row27=timeline
|row27-style=styleDefault
|row27-1-text=Laos
|row27-1-to=2025.67
|row27-2-to=2026
|row27-2-style=styleDialoguePartner

|row28=timeline
|row28-style=styleDefault
|row28-1-text=Afghanistan (Islamic Republic)
|row28-1-to=2012.43
|row28-2-to=2021.62
|row28-2-style=styleObserver
|row28-3-to=2026
|row28-3-style=styleDefault

|row29=scale
|caption={{small|{{legend inline|#346733|Member}}{{quad}}{{legend inline|#00FF00|Observer}}{{quad}}{{legend inline|#FFFF00|Dialogue partner}}}}
}}

=== Member states ===
{{Supranational Asian Bodies|align=right|size=380px}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Country !! Accession started !! Member since
|-
| {{flag|China}} || rowspan=6 | — || rowspan=6 | 15 June 2001{{efn|China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan were members of the Shanghai Five mechanism since 26 April 1996. Uzbekistan was included in the Shanghai Five mechanism on 14 June 2001.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kremlin.ru/supplement/3404 |script-title=ru:Совместное заявление глав государств Республики Казахстан, Китайской Народной Республики, Кыргызской Республики, Российской Федерации, Республики Таджикистан, Республики Узбекистан |trans-title=Joint statement of heads of state of Republic of Kazakhstan, People's Republic of China, Kyrgyz Republic, Russian Federation, Republic of Tajikistan, Republic of Uzbekistan |date=14 June 2001 |website=President of Russia |language=Russian}}</ref> The six states then signed a declaration establishing the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation on 15 June 2001.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/41570 |script-title=ru:Главы государств «Шанхайского форума» приняли Декларацию о создании нового объединения – Шанхайской организации сотрудничества |trans-title="Shanghai Forum" heads of state have adopted the Declaration on creation of a new association – the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation |date=15 June 2001 |website=President of Russia |language=Russian}}</ref>}}
|-
| {{flag|Kazakhstan}}
|-
| {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}
|-
| {{flag|Russia}}
|-
| {{flag|Tajikistan}}
|-
| {{flag|Uzbekistan}}
|-
| {{flag|India}} || rowspan=2 | 10 June 2015 || rowspan=2 | 9 June 2017
|-
| {{flag|Pakistan}}
|-
|{{flag|Iran}}
|17 September 2021
|4 July 2023<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-07-04/iran-joins-sco-the-china-founded-regional-security-grouping|title=Iran Joins SCO, the China-Founded Regional Security Grouping|newspaper=Bloomberg |date=4 July 2023 }}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Belarus}}
|16 September 2022
| 4 July 2024<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.btimesonline.com/articles/167333/20240703/china-and-russia-lead-efforts-to-expand-influence-with-belarus-addition-to-sco.htm|title=China and Russia Lead Efforts to Expand Influence with Belarus' Addition to SCO|first=Larry|last=Lee|date=3 July 2024|website=Business Times}}</ref>
|}

=== SCO partners ===
{| class=wikitable
! Country !! Former status !! Date of older status !! Date of new status
|-
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| Observer
| 2004
| 1 September 2025
|-
| {{flag|Sri Lanka}}
| Dialogue Partner
| 6 May 2010
| 1 September 2025
|-
| {{flag|Afghanistan}}
| Observer
| 7 June 2012
| 1 September 2025
|-
| {{flag|Turkey}}
| Dialogue Partner
| 26 April 2013
| 1 September 2025
|-
| {{flag|Cambodia}}
| Dialogue Partner
| 24 September 2015
| 1 September 2025
|-
| {{flag|Azerbaijan}}
| Dialogue Partner
| 14 March 2016
| 1 September 2025
|-
| {{flag|Nepal}}
| Dialogue Partner
| 22 March 2016
| 1 September 2025
|-
| {{flag|Armenia}}
| Dialogue Partner
| 16 April 2016
| 1 September 2025
|-
| {{flag|Egypt}}
| Dialogue Partner
| 14 September 2022
| 1 September 2025
|-
| {{flag|Qatar}}
| Dialogue Partner
| 14 September 2022
| 1 September 2025
|-
| {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
| Dialogue Partner
| 14 September 2022
| 1 September 2025
|-
| {{flag|Kuwait}}
| Dialogue Partner
| 5 May 2023
| 1 September 2025
|-
| {{flag|Maldives}}
| Dialogue Partner
| 5 May 2023
| 1 September 2025
|-
| {{flag|Myanmar}}
| Dialogue Partner
| 5 May 2023
| 1 September 2025
|-
| {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
| Dialogue Partner
| 5 May 2023
| 1 September 2025
|-
| {{flag|Bahrain}}
| Dialogue Partner
| 15 July 2023
| 1 September 2025
|-
| {{flag|Laos}}
| Dialogue Partner
| 1 September 2025
| 1 September 2025
|}

=== Current and former observer states ===
{| class=wikitable
! Country !! Status granted
|-
| {{flag|Mongolia}}
| 2004<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Zhao |first=Suisheng |title=The dragon roars back : transformational leaders and dynamics of Chinese foreign policy |date=2023 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-1-5036-3415-2 |location=Stanford, California |pages=70 |oclc=1332788951}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Afghanistan|}}{{efn|Since the overthrow of the [[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan]] and the reinstatement of the [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan]] on 15 August 2021, [[Taliban]] representatives have not been participating in SCO meetings.<ref name="Taliban">{{cite web |first=Eva |last=Seiwert |title=The Shanghai Cooperation Organization Will Not Fill Any Vacuum in Afghanistan |url=https://www.fpri.org/article/2021/09/the-shanghai-cooperation-organization-will-not-fill-any-vacuum-in-afghanistan/ |website=[[Foreign Policy Research Institute]] |access-date=24 July 2022 |date=30 September 2021 |quote=So far, the SCO has not officially recognized the Taliban regime and did not invite its representatives to the summit in Dushanbe in mid-September.}}</ref>}} || 7 June 2012<ref name="AFGTUR" /> (inactive September 2021–1 September 2025)
|-
| colspan="2" |'''Former observers'''
|-
| {{flag|India}} || rowspan=3 | 5 July 2005<ref name=":0" />
|-
| {{flag|Pakistan}}
|-
| {{flag|Iran}}
|-
| {{flag|Belarus}} || 2015<ref name=":0" />
|}

=== Current and former dialogue partners ===
The status of dialogue partner was created in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sectsco.org/EN/show.asp?id=64 |title=Regulations on the Status of Dialogue Partner of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation |date=28 August 2008 |publisher=The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation |access-date=11 June 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214203708/http://www.sectsco.org/EN/show.asp?id=64 |archive-date=14 February 2012}}</ref>

{| class=wikitable
! Country !! Status approved !! Status granted{{efn|A country officially becomes a SCO dialogue partner after its minister of foreign affairs and SCO Secretary-General sign a memorandum granting the status.}}
|-
| {{flag|Sri Lanka}} || 15 or 16 June 2009<ref name="defence.lk">{{cite news |url=http://defence.lk/new.asp?fname=20090618_05 |title=Sri Lanka gains partnership in SCO members welcome end to terror in country |date=30 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083026/http://defence.lk/new.asp?fname=20090618_05 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |publisher=Ministry of Defence, Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka}}</ref><ref name="IANS1">{{cite news |url=http://www.indianmuslims.info/news/2007/jun/02/sri_lanka_turns_pakistan_china_military_needs.html |first=Rahul |last=Bedi |title=Sri Lanka turns to Pakistan, China for military needs |date=2 June 2007 |publisher=Urdustan.com Network |work=IANS |access-date=2 June 2007 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070604170848/http://www.indianmuslims.info/news/2007/jun/02/sri_lanka_turns_pakistan_china_military_needs.html |archive-date=4 June 2007}}</ref> || 6 May 2010<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/250874 |title=Russian MFA Spokesman Andrei Nesterenko Response to Media Question about the Signing of a Memorandum Granting the Status of SCO Dialogue Partner to Sri Lanka |date=12 May 2010 |work=Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Turkey}} || 7 June 2012<ref name="AFGTUR">{{cite news |url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90883/7839137.html |title=SCO accepts Afghanistan as observer, Turkey dialogue partner |agency=[[Xinhua News Agency]] |via=''People's Daily'' |date=7 June 2012 |access-date=7 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128073821/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90883/7839137.html |archive-date=28 November 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> || 26 April 2013<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mfa.gov.tr/no_-123_-26-april_-2013_-press-release-concerning-the-signing-of-a-memorandum-with-the-shanghai-cooperation-organization.en.mfa |title=No: 123, 26 April 2013, Press Release Concerning the Signing of a Memorandum with the Shanghai Cooperation Organization |date=26 April 2013 |work=Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Turkey)}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Cambodia}} || rowspan=4 | 10 July 2015<ref>{{cite web|last=Kucera|first=Joshua|date=10 July 2015|title=SCO Summit Provides Few Concrete Results, But More Ambitious Goals|url=https://eurasianet.org/sco-summit-provides-few-concrete-results-but-more-ambitious-goals|access-date=16 October 2021|website=[[Eurasianet]]}}</ref>|| 24 September 2015<ref>{{cite news |url=https://tass.com/economy/823294 |title=Cambodia becomes dialogue partner in SCO |date=24 September 2015 |work=TASS}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Azerbaijan}} || 14 March 2016<ref>{{cite news |url=https://mfa.gov.az/en/news/xarici-isler-naziri-elmar-memmedyarov-cin-xalq-respublikasina-isguzar-seferi-cercivesinde-sanxay-emekdasliq-teskilatinin-bas-katibi-resid-alimov-ile-gorusub |title=Foreign Minister Elmar Mammadyarov met with Rashid Alimov, Secretary General of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization within his working visit to the People's Republic of China |date=14 March 2016 |work=Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Azerbaijan)}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Nepal}} || 22 March 2016<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mofa.gov.np/press-release-issued-embassy-nepal-beijing/ |title=Press Release issued by Embassy of Nepal, Beijing on Nepal officially joined the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) as a dialogue partner. |date=22 March 2016 |publisher=Government of Nepal – Ministry of Foreign Affairs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804103547/https://mofa.gov.np/press-release-issued-embassy-nepal-beijing/ |archive-date=4 August 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=4 August 2018 |ref=44}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Armenia}} || 16 April 2016<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mfa.am/en/press-releases/2016/04/16/sco-dial-part/6038 |title=Armenia was granted a status of dialogue partner in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation |date=16 April 2016 |work=Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Armenia)}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Egypt}} || rowspan=3 | 16 September 2021 || rowspan=3 | 14 September 2022<ref>{{cite web |title=SCO member states signed memorandums on granting SCO dialogue partner status to the Arab Republic of Egypt and the State of Qatar |url=http://eng.sectsco.org/politics/20220916/912890/SCO-member-states-signed-memorandums-on-granting-SCO-dialogue-partner-status-to-the-Arab-Republic.html |website=Shanghai Cooperation Organization |access-date=16 September 2022 |archive-date=29 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929072943/http://eng.sectsco.org/politics/20220916/912890/SCO-member-states-signed-memorandums-on-granting-SCO-dialogue-partner-status-to-the-Arab-Republic.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Xi2022Meeting"/>
|-
| {{flag|Qatar}}
|-
| {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
|-
| {{flag|Kuwait}}|| rowspan=5 | 16 September 2022<ref name="Xi2022Meeting">{{cite web |title=President Xi Jinping Attends the 22nd Meeting of the SCO Council of Heads of State and Delivers Important Remarks|url=https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/zxxx_662805/202209/t20220916_10767162.html |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, PRC|access-date=16 September 2022}}</ref>|| rowspan="4" | 5 May 2023<ref name="New SCO dialogue partners">{{cite web|title=New SCO dialogue partners|url=http://eng.sectsco.org/politics/20230506/942021/-New-SCO-dialogue-partners.html|website=Shanghai Cooperation Organization Secretariat|access-date=6 May 2023|archive-date=22 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522162243/http://eng.sectsco.org/politics/20230506/942021/-New-SCO-dialogue-partners.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Maldives}}
|-
| {{flag|Myanmar}}
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}}}
|-
| {{flag|Bahrain}} ||15 July 2023<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bna.bh/en/BahraingrantedthestatusofSCOdialoguepartner.aspx|title=Bahrain granted the status of SCO dialogue partner|website=www.bna.bh}}{{dead link|date=July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://eng.sectsco.org/politics/20230718/951659/The-SCO-signs-a-memorandum-on-granting-the-Kingdom-of-Bahrain-the-status-of-dialogue-partner.html | title=Shanghai Cooperation Organisation | SCO | access-date=23 August 2023 | archive-date=16 August 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816191931/http://eng.sectsco.org/politics/20230718/951659/The-SCO-signs-a-memorandum-on-granting-the-Kingdom-of-Bahrain-the-status-of-dialogue-partner.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Laos}}|| | 1 September 2025<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/laos-accepted-as-dialogue-partner-of-the-sco/article69999119.ece|title=Laos accepted as dialogue partner of the SCO|publisher=The Hindu Bureau|date=1 September 2025|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>||
|-
| colspan=3 |'''Former dialogue partners'''
|-
| {{flag|Belarus}} || 15 or 16 June 2009 || 28 April 2010
|}

=== Guest attendees ===
{{Expand section|dates of first meeting attended of all organisations/countries in lists below|date=September 2025}}
Multiple international organisations and one country are guest attendances to SCO summits.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Organisation guest attendees
!Organisation
!Organisation Type
!First Meeting Attended
|-
|{{Flag|Association of Southeast Asian Nations}}
|[[International organization|International union]]
|1 September 2025<ref>[https://asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Overview-of-ASEAN-SCO-as-of-Jan-2024.pdf Overview of ASEAN-SCO Relations]. ''[[ASEAN|Association of Southeast Asian Nations]]'' (January 2024). Accessed 20 September 2025.</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1 September 2025 |title=Secretary-General of ASEAN participates in the SCO Plus Meeting 2025 in Tianjin, China |url=https://asean.org/secretary-general-of-asean-participates-in-the-sco-plus-meeting-2025-in-tianjin-china/ |access-date=20 September 2025 |work=[[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]]}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Commonwealth of Independent States}}
|[[International organization|International union]]
|
|-
|{{Flag|United Nations}}
|[[International organization|International union]]
|
|-
|[[Collective Security Treaty Organization]]
|[[Military alliance]]
|
|-
|[[Eurasian Economic Union]]
|[[Economic union]]
|
|-
|[[Economic Cooperation Organization]]
|[[Economic union]]
|
|-
|[[Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia]]
|[[International organization|International union]]
|
|-
|[[Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank]]
|[[International banking|International bank]]
|
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Country guest attendees
!Country
!First Meeting Attended
|-
|{{Flag|Turkmenistan}}
|
|}
[[Turkmenistan]] has previously declared itself a permanently [[neutral country]], which was recognised by a resolution adopted by the [[United Nations General Assembly]] in 1995,<ref>{{UN doc |docid=A/RES/50/80 |body=A |session=90 |type=R |resolution_number=50/80 |title=Maintenance of international security |date=12 December 1995 |access-date=26 September 2024}}</ref> thus ostensibly precluding its membership in the SCO.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/feature/sco-summit-2018-why-turkmenistan-is-not-part-of-the-eurasia-security-bloc-2711428.html|title=SCO Summit 2018: Why Turkmenistan is not part of the Eurasia security bloc|last=Shubham|date=7 June 2018|website=oneindia.com|access-date=19 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220002956/https://www.oneindia.com/feature/sco-summit-2018-why-turkmenistan-is-not-part-of-the-eurasia-security-bloc-2711428.html|archive-date=20 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> At the same time, Turkmenistan is a member of the [[Economic Cooperation Organization]] since 1992 and an observer of the [[Organization of Turkic States]] since 2021. Turkmenistan's head of state has been attending SCO summits since 2007 as a guest attendee.

=== Future membership possibilities ===
Suspected fears about new members weaking the organisation have stalled the addition of members over its existence. Instead, countries are added to various categories{{Em dash}}observers, guests, and dialogue partners{{Em dash}}to allow them to participate at summits.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bosco |first=David |date=2025-10-02 |title=The Shanghai Cooperation Organization's expansion dilemma |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2011/11/15/the-shanghai-cooperation-organizations-expansion-dilemma/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230802090821/https://foreignpolicy.com/2011/11/15/the-shanghai-cooperation-organizations-expansion-dilemma/ |archive-date=2 August 2023 |access-date=20 September 2025 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== List of potential observers, guests, or dialogue partners ====
{| class=wikitable
! Country !! Status applied for !! Date
|-
| {{flag|Bangladesh}}
| Observer
| 2012<ref name="AzeriDaily">{{cite web |url=http://azeridaily.com/politics/957 |title=Azerbaijan asks to join a new alliance of China and Russia |work=Azeri Daily |date=15 September 2012 |author=Moskovskij Komsomolets |access-date=22 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222201738/http://azeridaily.com/politics/957 |archive-date=22 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-21 |title=Why the Shanghai Cooperation Organization matters |url=https://arab.news/5c83v |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Syria
| Dialogue partner{{efn|Syria has initially applied for observer status, but "it was explained that first it is necessary to become a dialogue partner of the organization".<ref name="Interfax" />}}
| 2015<ref name="Interfax">{{cite news|date=23 June 2016 |url=http://www.interfax.com/newsinf.asp?id=683491 |title=Syria, Israel, Egypt willing to join SCO's activity – president's special envoy |agency=[[Interfax]] |access-date=23 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816144553/http://www.interfax.com/newsinf.asp?id=683491 |archive-date=16 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://tass.ru/en/world/806320|title=Egypt applies to become dialogue partner of Shanghai security bloc – Kremlin aide|date=6 July 2015|access-date=15 August 2015|agency=[[TASS]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820191812/http://tass.ru/en/world/806320|archive-date=20 August 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Israel}}
| Dialogue partner
| 2016<ref name="Interfax" />
|-
| {{flag|Iraq}}
| Dialogue partner
| 2019<ref>{{cite news |date=5 September 2019 |title='SCO family' widening? Many candidates share 'Shanghai spirit', but expansion not a goal |url=https://tass.com/world/1076750 |work=[[TASS]] |access-date=6 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906165359/https://tass.com/world/1076750 |archive-date=6 September 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Algeria}}
| Observer
| July 2023<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 June 2023 |title=Algeria Submits an Application to Join the SCO |work=Echorouk |url=https://www.echoroukonline.com/algeria-submits-an-application-to-join-the-sco}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 June 2023 |title=L'Algérie veut intégrer le capital de la banque des BRICS et l'organisation de Shanghai |work=L'Algérie Audjourd'hui |url=https://lalgerieaujourdhui.dz/lalgerie-veut-integrer-le-capital-de-la-banque-des-brics-et-lorganisation-de-shanghai/}}</ref>
|-
|}

==== Countries showing interest in joining the SCO ====

===== Turkey =====
In 2010, the SCO approved a procedure for admitting new members.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mfa.gov.cn/eng/wjdt_665385/2649_665393/201006/t20100625_679309.html|website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the People's Republic of China|title=Declaration of the 10th Meeting of The Council of Heads of State of the SCO Member States Tashkent, 10-11 June 2010|date=11 June 2010|access-date=7 July 2024}}</ref> In 2011, [[Turkey]] applied for dialogue partner status,<ref name="TheHindu">{{cite news |last=Radyuhin |first=Vladimir |date=2 December 2011 |title=Vietnam bids to join SCO |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/vietnam-bids-to-join-sco/article2681358.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Moscow |access-date=6 August 2022}}</ref> which it obtained in 2013. At the same time, Turkey is a [[NATO]] member and the [[European Union]] candidate country. Turkish prime minister [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] has stated that he has discussed the possibility of abandoning Turkey's candidacy of [[Accession of Turkey to the European Union|accession to the]] [[European Union]] in return for full membership in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.thenewturkey.org/turkey-between-shanghai-and-brussels |title = Turkey between Shanghai and Brussels|date = 14 May 2013|website = The New Turkey|last=Dalay|first= Galip|translator-last=Öz|translator-first=Handan|access-date = 1 July 2013|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160206085447/http://www.thenewturkey.org/turkey-between-shanghai-and-brussels/|archive-date = 6 February 2016}}</ref> This was reinforced again on 21 November 2016, after the [[European Parliament]] voted unanimously to suspend accession negotiations with Turkey.<ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-europe-erdogan-idUSKBN13F0CY| title = Fed up with EU, Erdogan says Turkey could join Shanghai Group| date = 21 November 2016| work = Reuters| last = Butler| first = Daren| access-date = 21 November 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170621032937/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-europe-erdogan-idUSKBN13F0CY| archive-date = 21 June 2017| url-status = live}}</ref> Two days later, on 23 November 2016, Turkey was granted the chairmanship of SCO energy club for the 2017 period. That made Turkey the first country to chair a club in the organisation without full membership status. In 2022, at the 22nd summit of the SCO, the Turkish president said that Turkey would seek full SCO membership status.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Turkey Seeks to Be First NATO Member to Join China-Led SCO |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-09-17/turkey-seeks-china-led-bloc-membership-in-threat-to-nato-allies?srnd=fixed-income |access-date=17 September 2022 |newspaper=Bloomberg.com| date=17 September 2022 }}</ref> On 11 July 2024, Turkish president [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] stated in a statement to the U.S. ''[[Newsweek]]'' magazine that they did not consider Turkey's membership in NATO as an alternative to the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and [[BRICS]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-11 |title=Exclusive: Why Turkey's Erdogan Is Breaking With Biden on Ukraine and Gaza |url=https://www.newsweek.com/exclusive-why-turkeys-erdogan-breaking-biden-ukraine-gaza-1923595 |website=Newsweek |language=en-US}}</ref>

===== Vietnam =====
In 2011, [[Vietnam]] expressed interest in obtaining observer status (but has not applied for it).<ref name="TheHindu" /> Vietnamese PM Pham Minh Chinh attended the largest-ever Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) summit in history in Tianjian from August 31 to September 1, 2025.<ref name="VietnamNews" />

===== Ukraine =====
In 2012, [[Ukraine]] expressed interest in obtaining observer status. However, since the deposition of President [[Viktor Yanukovych]] and [[Russo-Ukrainian War|increased tensions with Russia]], no application has been submitted and there are no current plans to incorporate Ukraine into the organisation.<ref>{{cite news |date=25 August 2012 |title=Yanukovych Tells Putin Kyiv Wants SCO Observer Status |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/yanukovych-tells-putin-kyiv-wants-sco-observer-status/24687868.html |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |access-date=6 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://infoshos.ru/en/?idn=10558 |title=Why Ukraine wants to become SCO's partner |last=Grigoryan |first=Gurgen |date=8 October 2012 |website=InfoSCO |access-date=6 August 2022}}</ref>

===== Azerbaijan =====
[[Azerbaijan]] expects to receive observer status according to Azerbaijani Foreign Ministry spokesperson Aykhan Hajizada. Azerbaijan will probably become a full member of the SCO in a little while, President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev said during his meeting with President of the Republic of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev on 3 July 2024 in Astana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://interfax.com/newsroom/top-stories/104014/|title=Azerbaijan expects to become SCO observer - Foreign Ministry|website=interfax.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://en.apa.az/foreign-policy/kazakh-president-azerbaijan-will-probably-become-a-full-member-of-the-sco-in-a-little-while-441777 | title=Kazakh President: Azerbaijan will probably become a full member of the SCO in a little while }}</ref>

===== Myanmar =====
During [[2025 Tianjin SCO summit]], [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party|CCP general secretary]] [[Xi Jinping]] met [[State Security and Peace Commission|Burmese military ruler]] [[Min Aung Hlaing]] to express his support to promote [[Myanmar]] to be a full member.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Xi Offers Backing for Myanmar's SCO Membership Bid |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-08-30/china-s-xi-offers-backing-for-myanmar-s-sco-membership-bid |website=Bloomberg.com |date=2025-08-30 |last=Kyaw |first=Khine Lin |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250830172613/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-08-30/china-s-xi-offers-backing-for-myanmar-s-sco-membership-bid |archive-date=2025-08-30 |access-date=2025-08-31}}</ref>

== Activities ==
===Cooperation on security===
As of 2023, the SCO is primarily centred on security-related concerns, describing the main threats it confronts as being [[terrorism]], [[separatism]] and [[extremism]]. It has addressed regional [[human trafficking]] and [[Arms trafficking|weapons trafficking]] and created terrorist blacklists.<ref name=":7" />{{Rp|page=96}}

At SCO summit, held in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, on 16–17 June 2004, the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) was established. On 21 April 2006, the SCO announced plans to fight cross-border drug crimes under the counter-terrorism rubric.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-04/22/content_4459199.htm | title = SCO to intensify fight against cross-border drug crimes | date = 22 April 2006 | location = Beijing | editor-last= Luan |editor-first=Shanglin | agency = [[Xinhua News Agency]] | access-date = 11 June 2016 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150515211539/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-04/22/content_4459199.htm | archive-date = 15 May 2015}}</ref>

In October 2007, the SCO signed an agreement with the [[Collective Security Treaty Organization]] (CSTO), in the Tajik capital of Dushanbe, to broaden cooperation on issues such as security, crime, and drug trafficking.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://fp.brecorder.com/2007/10/20071006634365/ | title = Security alliances led by Russia, China link up | date = 6 October 2007 | work = Business Recorder | location = Dushanbe | access-date = 4 August 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180804170100/http://fp.brecorder.com/2007/10/20071006634365/ | archive-date = 4 August 2018 | url-status = live }}</ref>

As of 2010, the organisation was opposing [[cyberwarfare]], saying that the dissemination of information "harmful to the spiritual, moral and cultural spheres of other states" should be considered a "security threat". An accord adopted in 2009 defined "[[information warfare|information war]]", in part, as an effort by a state to undermine another's "political, economic, and social systems".<ref>{{cite news
| url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=130052701
| title=Seeing The Internet As An 'Information Weapon'
| work=National Public Radio
| first=Tom
| last=Gjelten
| date=23 September 2010
| access-date=23 September 2010
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100924110725/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=130052701
| archive-date=24 September 2010
| url-status=live
}}</ref> ''[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]'' reported in 2017 that SCO has foiled 600 terror plots and extradited 500 terrorists through RATS.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Desai|first=Suyash|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/12/indias-sco-challenge/|title=India's SCO Challenge|work=The Diplomat|date=5 December 2017|access-date=16 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406230817/https://thediplomat.com/2017/12/indias-sco-challenge/|archive-date=6 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The 36th meeting of the Council of the RATS decided to hold a joint anti-terror exercise, Pabbi-Antiterror-2021, in Pakistan in 2021.<ref>{{cite web|last=PTI|date=21 March 2021|title=India, Pakistan, China to participate in SCO joint anti-terrorism exercise|url=https://theprint.in/diplomacy/india-pakistan-china-to-participate-in-sco-joint-anti-terrorism-exercise/625869/|access-date=27 March 2021|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref>

At the summit in [[Astana]], Kazakhstan, in July 2024, the SCO called for the creation of a fair, multipolar world order based on the key role of the United Nations, international law and the aspiration of sovereign states towards a mutually beneficial partnership.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Putin: Treba stvoriti multipolarni svjetski poredak |url=https://www.index.hr/clanak.aspx?id=2579497 |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=www.index.hr |language=hr}}</ref>

===Military activities===
[[File:Putin and Hu JintaoPeace Mission 2007.jpg|thumb|left|SCO leaders at Peace Mission 2007. [[Hu Jintao]], [[Vladimir Putin]], [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] and [[Islam Karimov]]]]

As of 2009, the organisation's activities expanded to include increased military cooperation, [[intelligence sharing]], and [[counterterrorism]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/10883/|title=The Shanghai Cooperation Organization|publisher=Council on Foreign Relations|last=Scheineson|first=Andrew |date=24 March 2009|access-date=21 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100511042105/http://www.cfr.org/publication/10883/|archive-date=11 May 2010}}</ref> At the same time, leaders of SCO states repeatedly stated that the SCO was not a military alliance.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Tugsbilguun |first=Tumurkhuleg |date=2008–2009 |title=Does the Shanghai Cooperation Represent an Example of a Military Alliance? |url=https://www.mongoliajol.info/index.php/MJIA/article/download/32/32 |journal=The Mongolian Journal of International Affairs |volume=15–16 |pages=59–107 |access-date=6 August 2022 |quote=In contrast, the political leaders and most analysts in the SCO member states, especially those in its two most influential members, Russia and China, have repeatedly emphasized that the SCO is not a military alliance, since it is not directed against a third party and is only interested in combating threats posed by terrorism, separatism and extremism.}}</ref>

As of 2023, the SCO had not provided military support in any actual conflicts.<ref name=":7" />{{Rp|page=100}} However, as of 2017, military exercises have regularly been conducted among members to promote cooperation and coordination against terrorism and other external threats, and to maintain regional peace and stability.<ref name="about-sco">{{cite web|url=http://eng.sectsco.org/about_sco/|title=About SCO|publisher=Shanghai Cooperation Organisation|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028182720/http://eng.sectsco.org/about_sco/|archive-date=28 October 2017|access-date=9 June 2017}}</ref> There have been a number of SCO joint military exercises. The first of these was held in 2003, with the first phase taking place in Kazakhstan and the second in China. Since then China and Russia have teamed up for large-scale war games in [[Peace Mission 2005]], Peace Mission 2007 and Peace Mission 2009, under the auspices of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. More than 4,000 soldiers participated at the joint military exercises in Peace Mission 2007, which took place in [[Chelyabinsk]], Russia near the [[Ural Mountains]], as was agreed upon in April 2006 at a meeting of SCO defence ministers.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hutzler|first=Charles|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-122597957.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904133349/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-122597957.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 September 2015|title=China, Russia, Others to Hold Joint Drills|agency=Associated Press|date=26 April 2006|access-date=12 June 2015|url-access=subscription |via=[[HighBeam Research]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Yu|first=Bin|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/17/opinion/17iht-edbin.1.7927841.html?_r=0|title=Common exercise, different goals|newspaper=The New York Times|date=17 October 2007|access-date=12 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614172225/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/17/opinion/17iht-edbin.1.7927841.html?_r=0|archive-date=14 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2010, Russian defence minister [[Sergei Ivanov]] said that the exercises would be transparent and open to media and the public. Following the war games' successful completion, Russian officials began speaking of India joining such exercises in the future and the SCO taking on a military role. Peace Mission 2010, conducted 9–25 September at Kazakhstan's Matybulak training area, saw over 5,000 personnel from China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan conduct joint planning and operational maneuvers.<ref>{{citation | last = Boland | first = Julie | url = http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2010/1029_asia_war_games_boland.aspx | title = Learning From The Shanghai Cooperation Organization's 'Peace Mission-2010' Exercise" | publisher = [[The Brookings Institution]] | date = 29 October 2010 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110628085252/http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2010/1029_asia_war_games_boland.aspx | archive-date = 28 June 2011}}</ref>

The SCO has served as a platform for larger military announcements by members. During the 2007 war games in Russia, with leaders of SCO member states in attendance including Chinese leader [[Hu Jintao]], Russia's president [[Vladimir Putin]] used the occasion to take advantage of a captive audience. Russian strategic bombers, he said, would resume regular long-range patrols for the first time since the [[Cold War]]. "Starting today, such tours of duty will be conducted regularly and on the strategic scale", Putin said. "Our pilots have been grounded for too long. They are happy to start a new life".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-08-17 |title=Russia to revive long-range bomber patrols |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna20318458 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129114325/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna20318458 |archive-date=January 29, 2023 |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=[[NBC News]] |language=en |agency=Associated Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-08-17 |title=Russia To Resume Long-Range Bomber Patrols |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/russia-to-resume-long-range-bomber-patrols/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807105608/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/russia-to-resume-long-range-bomber-patrols/ |archive-date=August 7, 2024 |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=[[CBS News]] |language=en-US |agency=Associated Press}}</ref>

In June 2014, in the Tajik capital Dushanbe, the idea was brought up to merge the SCO with the [[Collective Security Treaty Organization]]. However, as of late 2022, in the wake of [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] in 2022, many SCO and even CSTO members had distanced themselves from military cooperation with Russia.<ref name="alj">{{Cite news |last=Hess |first=Maximilian |date=9 October 2022 |title=Putin is fighting alone |language=en |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2022/10/9/putin-is-increasingly-fighting-alone |access-date=5 July 2023}}</ref>

===Economic cooperation===
In September 2003, a Framework Agreement to enhance economic cooperation was signed by the SCO member states. At the same meeting the [[Premier of the People's Republic of China|premier of China]], [[Wen Jiabao]], proposed a long-term objective to establish a [[free trade area]] in the SCO, while other more immediate measures would be taken to improve the flow of goods in the region.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.thefreelibrary.com/LEAD%3A+Central+Asian+powers+agree+to+pursue+free-trade+zone.-a0108316611 | title = LEAD: Central Asian powers agree to pursue free-trade zone. | date = 23 September 2003 | location = Beijing | author = Kyodo News | publisher = Kyodo News International, Inc. | access-date = 21 July 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150717215118/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/LEAD%3a+Central+Asian+powers+agree+to+pursue+free-trade+zone.-a0108316611 | archive-date = 17 July 2015 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ictsd.org/weekly/03-10-01/story3.htm |title= China Intensifies Regional Trade Talks |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024121832/http://www.ictsd.org/weekly/03-10-01/story3.htm |archive-date=24 October 2007 }} International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD)</ref> A follow-up plan with 100 specific actions was signed one year later, on 23 September 2004.<ref>{{cite press release | url = http://www.shaps.hawaii.edu/fp/russia/2004/20040923_sco_jc.html | title = Joint Communique of the Council of the Governmental Heads (Prime Ministers) of Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Member States | date = 23 September 2004 | author = China Foreign Ministry | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090330053454/http://www.shaps.hawaii.edu/fp/russia/2004/20040923_sco_jc.html | archive-date = 30 March 2009}}</ref>

In October 2005, during the Moscow Summit of the SCO, the Secretary General of the Organisation said that the SCO would prioritise joint energy projects; including in the oil and gas sector, the exploration of new [[hydrocarbon]] reserves, and joint use of water resources. The creation of the [[SCO Interbank Consortium]] was also agreed upon in order to fund future joint projects. In February 2006, the first meeting of the SCO Interbank Association was held in Beijing.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2370411 | title = Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Eyes Economic, Security Cooperation | work = Eurasia Daily Monitor | publisher = The Jamestown Foundation | first = Sergei | last = Blagov | date = 31 October 2005 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071101021114/http://www.jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2370411 | archive-date = 1 November 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eng.nbu.com/news/read.php?id=421 |title=SCO Ministers of Foreign Economic Activity and Trade to meet in Tashkent |publisher=National Bank of Uzbekistan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815171922/http://eng.nbu.com/news/read.php?id=421 |archive-date=15 August 2011 }}</ref> In November 2006, at ''The SCO: Results and Perspectives'', an international conference held in Almaty, the representative of the [[Russian Foreign Ministry]] announced that Russia was developing plans for an SCO "Energy Club".<ref>{{cite news | url = http://eng.gazeta.kz/art.asp?aid=84086 | title = Russia's Foreign Ministry develops concept of SCO Energy Club | work = Kazakhstan Today | publisher = Gazeta.kz Internet Agency | date = 1 December 2006 | location = [[Almaty]], Kazakhstan | access-date = 3 December 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071007075148/http://eng.gazeta.kz/art.asp?aid=84086 | archive-date = 7 October 2007 | url-status = live }}</ref> in November 2007, Moscow reiterated the need for this "energy club" at an SCO summit. Other SCO members, however, did not commit themselves to the idea.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav110707a.shtml | title = Russia Urges Formation of Central Asian Energy Club | work = Eurasianet | date = 6 November 2007 | first = Sergei | last = Blagov | publisher = The Open Society Institute | access-date = 11 June 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063714/http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav110707a.shtml | archive-date = 4 March 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref> During the 2008 summit it was stated that "Against the backdrop of a slowdown in the growth of world economy pursuing a responsible currency and financial policy, control over the capital flowing, ensuring food and [[energy security]] have been gaining special significance".<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sectsco.org/html/00030.html | title = Chronicle of Main Events of 'Shanghai Five' and Shanghai Cooperation Organisation | publisher = The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation | year = 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081014132514/http://www.sectsco.org/html/00030.html | archive-date = 14 October 2008}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=June 2016}}

At the 2007 SCO summit, Iranian vice president [[Parviz Davoodi]] addressed an initiative that had been garnering greater interest when he said, "The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation is a good venue for designing a new banking system which is independent from international banking systems".<ref>Mehr News Agency, 31 October 2008.</ref>{{better source needed|date=July 2023}}

President Putin included these comments:
<blockquote>
We now clearly see the defectiveness of the monopoly in world finance and the policy of economic selfishness. To solve the current problem Russia will take part in changing the global financial structure so that it will be able to guarantee stability and prosperity in the world and to ensure progress.
 
The world is seeing the emergence of a qualitatively different [[geo-political]] situation, with the emergence of new centers of economic growth and political influence.
 
We will witness and take part in the transformation of the global and regional security and development architectures adapted to new realities of the 21st century, when stability and prosperity are becoming inseparable notions.<ref>''Russia Today'', 30 October 2008</ref>
</blockquote>

[[File:SCO Summit Ekaterinburg 2009.jpg|thumb|Leaders present at the SCO summit in [[Yekaterinburg]], Russia in 2009]]

In June 2009, at the Yekaterinburg Summit, China announced plans to provide a US$10 billion loan to other SCO member states to shore up the struggling economies of its members affected by the [[2008 financial crisis]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-06/16/content_11552439.htm | title=China to provide 10-billion-dollar loan to SCO members | editor-last=Deng |editor-first=Shasha | date=16 June 2009 | location=[[Yekaterinburg, Russia]] | agency=[[Xinhua News Agency]] | access-date=21 July 2015 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073311/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-06/16/content_11552439.htm | archive-date = 4 March 2016}}</ref> The summit was held together with the [[1st BRIC summit|first BRIC summit]], and the China–Russia joint statement said that they want a bigger quota in the [[International Monetary Fund]].<ref>{{cite news |editor=Yan |title=China, Russia sign five-point joint statement |date=18 June 2009 |access-date=23 June 2009 |quote=They also said that a new round of the IMF quota formula review and the reform schemes of the World Bank should be completed on time and that the emerging markets and developing countries should have a bigger say and broader representation in the international financial institutions. |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-06/18/content_11558133.htm |agency=[[Xinhua News Agency]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090620111314/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-06/18/content_11558133.htm |archive-date=20 June 2009}}</ref>

In 2014, the [[Eurasian Economic Union]] was founded in which Russia, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan are members.

During the 2019 Bishkek summit, [[Pakistani Prime Minister]] [[Imran Khan]] suggested taking steps to trade in local currencies instead of U.S. dollars and setting up financial institutions including an SCO bank.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/shanghai-cooperation-organization-summit-kicks-off-in-bishkek/1504148|title=Shanghai Cooperation Organization summit kicks off in Bishkek|website=www.aa.com.tr|access-date=29 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929213418/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/shanghai-cooperation-organization-summit-kicks-off-in-bishkek/1504148|archive-date=29 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

In June 2022, Iran's Deputy Foreign Minister for Economic Diplomacy Mehdi Safari suggested creating a single SCO currency to facilitate trade and financial transactions among SCO members.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tabnak.ir/fa/news/1122205 |language=fa |script-title=fa:پیشنهاد ایران به سازمان شانگهای برای ایجاد پول واحد
|trans-title=Iran's proposal to the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation to create a single currency |date=2 June 2022 |website=TABNAK |access-date=12 July 2022}}</ref>

As part of the SCO's economic agenda, it has established a relatively successful student exchange program called the SCO University.<ref name=":7" />{{Rp|page=95}}

=== Cultural cooperation ===
Culture ministers of the SCO met for the first time in Beijing on 12 April 2002, signing a joint statement for continued cooperation. The third meeting of the Culture Ministers took place in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, on 27–28 April 2006.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://english.people.com.cn/200204/13/eng20020413_93954.shtml |title = Culture Ministers of SCO Member States Meet in Beijing |date = 13 April 2002 |newspaper = People's Daily |publisher = People's Daily Online |access-date = 11 June 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130426094709/http://english.people.com.cn/200204/13/eng20020413_93954.shtml |archive-date = 26 April 2013 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = http://eng.gazeta.kz/art.asp?aid=74059 |title = SCO Culture Ministers to Meet in Tashkent | work = Kazakhstan Today | publisher = Gazeta.kz Internet Agency |date = 17 April 2006 |location = [[Almaty]], Kazakhstan |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090418125956/http://eng.gazeta.kz/art.asp?aid=74059 |archive-date = 18 April 2009}}</ref>

An SCO Arts Festival and Exhibition was held for the first time during the Astana Summit in 2005. Kazakhstan suggested an SCO [[folk dance]] festival to take place in 2008, in Astana.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.inform.kz/eng/article/2141605 |title = Kazakhstan Backs Promotion of SCO Cultural Ties |work = KazInform |agency = [[Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union|KazInform]] International News Agency |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195124/http://www.inform.kz/eng/article/2141605 |archive-date = 3 March 2016 }}</ref>

===SCO+===
The SCO+ forum format was initiated by the [[United Russia]] party in October 2020. This format includes inter-party interaction not only of the countries of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (members, observers, candidates) but also of the [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]] and [[BRICS]] countries.

It was first used during the SCO+ international inter-party forum "Economy for People" on 22–23 October 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://iiip.online/shos.html |title=Официальный сайт форума ШОС+ |trans-title=Official website of the SCO+ forum |access-date=2020-11-04 |archive-date=2020-11-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123161140/https://iiip.online/shos.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The forum was attended by speakers from 25 countries, including the chairman of the United Russia party, [[Dmitry Medvedev]], ministers of the SCO countries, Serbian president [[Aleksandar Vučić]], and ambassadors and diplomats of the CIS and BRICS countries. Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] sent greetings to the forum participants.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://rg.ru/2020/10/22/putin-napravil-privetstvie-uchastnikam-mezhpartijnogo-foruma-shos.html |title=Путин направил приветствие участникам межпартийного форума ШОС+ |trans-title=Putin sent a greeting to the participants of the SCO+ inter-party forum |website=Rossiyskaya Gazeta |date=22 October 2020 |accessdate=2020-11-04 |archive-date=2020-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101113858/https://rg.ru/2020/10/22/putin-napravil-privetstvie-uchastnikam-mezhpartijnogo-foruma-shos.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

==RATS Military exercises==
In December 2025 for the first time ever Iran held its first military excerises with 6 other member states nations on Iranian soil post-war of Israel-Iran dubbed Sahand 2025 drills.<ref>{{cite web|title=Iran's First SCO Military Exercise Solidifies Ties with China and Russia |url=https://thediplomat.com/2025/12/irans-first-sco-military-exercise-solidifies-ties-with-china-and-russia/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=تهران زیر چتر پکن و مسکو؛ تحلیل نشریه ژاپنی از حضور نظامیان چینی و روسی در ایران |date=19 December 2025 |url=https://parsi.euronews.com/2025/12/19/irans-first-sco-military-exercise-solidifies-ties-with-china-and-russia}}</ref>

==Summits==
According to the Charter of the SCO, summits of the Council of Heads of State shall be held annually at alternating venues. The locations of these summits follow the alphabetical order of the member state's name in Russian.<ref name=charter>{{cite web|url=http://www.sectsco.org/html/00096.html |title=Charter of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation |publisher=Shanghai Cooperation Organisation |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713224811/http://www.sectsco.org/html/00096.html |archive-date=13 July 2014 }}</ref> The charter also dictates that the Council of Heads of Government (that is, the Prime Ministers) shall meet annually in a place decided upon by the council members. The Council of Foreign Ministers is supposed to hold a summit one month before the annual summit of Heads of State. Extraordinary meetings of the Council of Foreign Ministers can be called by any two member states.<ref name=charter/>
{{clear}}

{{Multiple image
| align = center
| direction = horizontal
| total_width = 720
| image1 = Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Summit Bishkek 2007.jpg
| caption1 = Summit of [[Bishkek]] ([[Kyrgyzstan]]) in 2007
| image2 = SCO summit (2018-06-10) 1.jpg
| caption2 = Heads of state of member states at the 2018 summit in [[Qingdao]], [[Shandong]], China
| image3 = Meeting of SCO leaders - 20190614 - 01.jpg
| caption3 = Heads of states and governments of the member states at the 2019 summit
| image4 = SCO meeting (2022-09-16).jpg
| caption4 = Heads of states and governments of the member states at the [[2022 SCO summit|2022 summit]] in [[Samarkand]], Uzbekistan
}}

===List of summits===
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left; margin-right:1em"
|+ Summits of heads of state
|-
! scope="col" | Date !! scope="col" | Country !! scope="col" | Location
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 14–15 June 2001 || {{CHN}} || [[Shanghai]]
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 7 June 2002 || {{RUS}} || [[Saint Petersburg]]
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 29 May 2003 || {{RUS}} || [[Moscow]]
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 17 June 2004 || {{UZB}} || [[Tashkent]]
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 5 July 2005 || {{KAZ}} || [[Astana]]
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 15 June 2006 || {{CHN}} || [[Shanghai]]
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 16 August 2007 || {{KGZ}} || [[Bishkek]]
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 28 August 2008 || {{TJK}} || [[Dushanbe]]
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 15–16 June 2009 || {{RUS}} || [[Yekaterinburg]]
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 10–11 June 2010 || {{UZB}} || [[Tashkent]]<ref name="yekat">{{Cite web |title=Joint Communiqué of Meeting of the Council of the Heads of the Member States of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation |url=http://www.sectsco.org/EN/show.asp?id=88 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140710232015/http://www.sectsco.org/EN/show.asp?id=88 |archive-date=10 July 2014 |publisher=Shanghai Cooperation Organisation}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 14–15 June 2011 || {{KAZ}} || [[Astana]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 June 2010 |title=SCO vows to strengthen cooperation with its observers, dialogue partners |agency=[[Xinhua News Agency]] |location=[[Tashkent]], Uzbekistan |editor-last=Tang |editor-first=Danlu |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2010-06/11/c_13345841.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=11 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106123408/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2010-06/11/c_13345841.htm |archive-date=6 November 2012}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:right" | [[2012 Beijing SCO summit|6–7 June 2012]] || {{CHN}} || [[Beijing]]
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 13 September 2013 || {{KGZ}} || [[Bishkek]]
|-
| style="text-align:right" | [[2014 Dushanbe SCO summit|11–12 September 2014]] || {{TJK}} || [[Dushanbe]]
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 9–10 July 2015 || {{RUS}} || [[Ufa]]
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 23–24 June 2016 || {{UZB}} || [[Tashkent]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Song Miou |date=10 July 2015 |title=Uzbekistan to host 16th SCO summit in 2016 |agency=[[Xinhua News Agency]] |location=[[Ufa]], Russia |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-07/10/c_134401944.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=11 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003103344/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-07/10/c_134401944.htm |archive-date=3 October 2015}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:right" | [[2017 Astana SCO summit|8–9 June 2017]] || {{KAZ}} || [[Astana]]
|-
| style="text-align:right" | [[2018 Qingdao SCO summit|9–10 June 2018]]|| {{CHN}} || [[Qingdao]]
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 14–15 June 2019 || {{KGZ}} || [[Bishkek]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 January 2019 |title=Kyrgyzstan to host SCO summit in June 2019 |publisher=AKIpress News Agency |url=https://akipress.com/news:615057/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=24 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424151843/https://akipress.com/news:615057/ |archive-date=24 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 10 November 2020 || {{RUS}} || ''Video conference''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Заседание Совета глав государств – членов ШОС |date=10 November 2020 |url=http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/64385 |website=kremlin.ru |access-date=10 November 2020}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 16–17 September 2021 || {{TJK}} || [[Dushanbe]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2021 |title=PM to attend SCO head of states meeting in Dushanbe |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40115796 |website=Business Recorder }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:right" | [[2022 Samarkand SCO summit|15–16 September 2022]]|| {{UZB}} || [[Samarkand]]
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 4 July 2023 || {{IND}} || ''Video conference''<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=Indian Ministry of External Affairs |type=press release |date=30 May 2023 |title=SCO Summit under India's Chairmanship |url=https://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/36622/SCO_Summit_under_Indias_Chairmanship |access-date=5 July 2023 |language=english}}</ref><ref name="nyt">{{Cite news |last1=Pierson |first1=David |last2=Kurmanaev |first2=Anatoly |last3=Yasir |first3=Sameer |date=4 July 2023 |title=Putin, Xi and Modi Meet on Camera, but With No Signs of Greater Unity |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/04/world/asia/putin-xi-modi-shanghai-summit.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=5 July 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705021029/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/04/world/asia/putin-xi-modi-shanghai-summit.html |archive-date=5 July 2023 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:right" | [[2024 Astana SCO summit|3–4 July 2024]] || {{KAZ}} || [[Astana]]
|-
| style="text-align:right" | [[2025 Tianjin SCO summit|31 August – 1 September 2025]] || {{CHN}} || [[Tianjin]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2025 |title=Wang: China to help SCO embark on a new journey |url=https://en.tj.gov.cn/Updates/News/202503/t20250307_6876940.html |website=Tianjin Municipal People's Government}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 2026 || {{KGZ}} || [[Bishkek]]
|-
| style="text-align: right;" |2027 || {{PAK}} || [[Islamabad]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=SCO Summit Highlights: PM Modi Returns To Delhi After Concluding Summit In China |url=https://www.news18.com/world/pm-modi-sco-summit-2025-live-updates-narendra-modi-china-visit-today-xi-jinping-vladimir-putin-tianjin-trump-tariffs-india-latest-news-liveblog-9540313.html |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="float:left"
|+ Summits of heads of government
|-
! scope="col" | Date !! scope="col" | Country !! scope="col" | Location
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 14 September 2001 || {{KAZ}} || [[Almaty]]
|-
| style="text-align:right" | — || — || —
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 23 September 2003 || {{CHN}} || [[Beijing]]
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 23 September 2004 || {{KGZ}} || [[Bishkek]]
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 26 October 2005 || {{RUS}} || [[Moscow]]
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 15 September 2006 || {{TJK}} || [[Dushanbe]]
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 2 November 2007 || {{UZB}} || [[Tashkent]]
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 30 October 2008 || {{KAZ}} || [[Astana]]
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 14 October 2009 || {{CHN}} || [[Beijing]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ho |first=Stephanie |date=14 October 2009 |title=Shanghai Cooperation Organization Summit Concludes in Beijing |publisher=[[Voice of America]] |location=Beijing |url=http://www.voanews.com/english/2009-10-14-voa14.cfm |access-date=11 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091026210050/http://www.voanews.com/english/2009-10-14-voa14.cfm |archive-date=26 October 2009}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 25 November 2010 || {{TJK}} || [[Dushanbe]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 November 2010 |title=Wen arrives in Tajikistan for SCO meeting |work=[[China Daily]] |agency=Xinhua News Agency |location=Dushanbe, Tajikistan |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2010-11/25/content_11607534.htm |url-status=live |access-date=11 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807200114/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2010-11/25/content_11607534.htm |archive-date=7 August 2016}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 7 November 2011 || {{RUS}} || [[Saint Petersburg]]
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 5 December 2012 || {{KGZ}} || [[Bishkek]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 December 2012 |title=SCO Meeting Expected to Boost Cooperation Among Members |work=The Gazette of Central Asia |publisher=Satrapia |url=http://www.satrapia.com/news/article/sco-meeting-expected-to-boost-cooperation-among-members/}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 29 November 2013 || {{UZB}} || [[Tashkent]]
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 14–15 December 2014 || {{KAZ}} || [[Astana]]
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 14–15 December 2015 || {{CHN}} || [[Zhengzhou]]
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 2–3 November 2016 || {{KGZ}} || [[Bishkek]]
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 30 November 2017 || {{RUS}} || [[Sochi]]
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 11–12 October 2018 || {{TJK}} || [[Dushanbe]]
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 1–2 November 2019 || {{UZB}} || [[Tashkent]]
|-
|style="text-align:right" | 30 November 2020 || {{IND}} || ''Video conference''
|-
|style="text-align:right" | 25 November 2021 || {{KAZ}} || ''Video conference''
|-
|style="text-align:right" | 1 November 2022 || {{CHN}} || ''Video conference''
|-
|style="text-align:right" | 26 Oсtober 2023 || {{KGZ}} || [[Bishkek]]
|-
|style="text-align:right" | [[2024 Islamabad SCO summit|15–16 October 2024]]|| {{PAK}}|| [[Islamabad]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Sajjad |first=Baqir |date=5 July 2024 |title=Pakistan to host SCO leaders in October |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1843888/pakistan-to-host-sco-leaders-in-october |access-date=5 July 2024 |website=Dawn}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:right" | 18 November 2025 || {{RUS}} || [[Moscow]]
|-
|style="text-align:right" | 2026 || {{TJK}}||TBD<ref>{{cite web | title=On the Meeting of the Council of Heads of Government of the SCO Member States | date=18 November 2025 | url=https://eng.sectsco.org/20251118/2057714.html }}</ref>
|}

{{clear left}}

==Analysis==
===Relations with the West===

The [[United States]] applied for observer status in the SCO, but was rejected in 2005.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2006/jun/16/shanghaisurprise | title = Shanghai surprise: The summit of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation reveals how power is shifting in the world | first = Dilip | last = Hiro | date = 16 June 2006 | website = The Guardian | access-date = 19 June 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140923025607/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2006/jun/16/shanghaisurprise | archive-date = 23 September 2014 | url-status = live }}</ref>

At the Astana summit in July 2005, with the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq foreshadowing an indefinite presence of U.S. forces in Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan, the SCO requested the U.S. to set a clear timetable for withdrawing its troops from SCO member states. Shortly afterwards, Uzbekistan requested the U.S. leave the [[Karshi-Khanabad Air Base|K2 air base]].<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/08/stories/2005070800711400.htm | title = Central Asia: China and Russia up the ante | first = Siddharth | last = Varadarajan | date = 8 July 2005 | access-date = 13 December 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090529184633/http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/08/stories/2005070800711400.htm | archive-date = 29 May 2009 | website = [[The Hindu]] | url-status = dead }}</ref>

A report in 2007 noted that the SCO has made no direct comments against the U.S. or its military presence in the region; however, some indirect statements at the past summits have been viewed by Western media outlets as "thinly veiled swipes at Washington".<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav082007a.shtml | title = Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Summiteers Take Shots at US Presence in Central Asia | website = Eurasianet | date = 19 August 2007 | first = Joshua | last = Kucera | publisher = The Open Society Institute | access-date = 11 June 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083232/http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav082007a.shtml | archive-date = 4 March 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

From 2001 to 2008, the Western reaction to the SCO was generally skepticism of the organisation's goals.<ref name=":7" />{{Rp|page=95}} By the 2010s, however, the West increasingly began to view the SCO as a potential contributor to stability in the region, particularly with regards to Afghanistan.<ref name=":7" />{{Rp|page=96}}

In September 2023, the [[United Nations]] approved United Nations resolution A/77/L.107, titled "Cooperation between the United Nations and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization." The result of the vote was 80 in favour to 2 against with 47 abstentions.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://press.un.org/en/2023/ga12523.doc.htm | title=General Assembly Adopts 5 Resolutions, 3 Decisions, including Text Urging States to Consider Need for Woman Secretary-General | UN Press }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://media.un.org/en/asset/k1y/k1y1t01783 | title=General Assembly: 99th Plenary Meeting, 77th session | UN Web TV | date=September 2023 | access-date=2 September 2023 | archive-date=2 September 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902184815/https://media.un.org/en/asset/k1y/k1y1t01783 | url-status=dead }}</ref> The United States and Israel were the only countries to vote against the resolution.

Although the [[European Council on Foreign Relations]] dubbed the SCO an "anti NATO alliance" in 2022,<ref name=ecfr>{{Cite web |last1=Aydıntaşbaş |first1=Aslı |last2=Dumoulin |first2=Marie |last3=Geranmayeh |first3=Ellie |last4=Oertel |first4=Janka |date=16 September 2022 |title=Rogue NATO: The new face of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation |url=https://ecfr.eu/article/rogue-nato-the-new-face-of-the-shanghai-cooperation-organisation/ |access-date=4 July 2023 |website=ECFR |language=en-GB}}</ref> apparent inconsistencies among its member states have prevented it from becoming an effective geopolitical alliance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaleji |first=Vali |date=13 November 2021 |title=The Shanghai Cooperation Organization Is No 'New Warsaw' or 'Eastern NATO' |url=https://nationalinterest.org/feature/shanghai-cooperation-organization-no-%E2%80%98new-warsaw%E2%80%99-or-%E2%80%98eastern-nato%E2%80%99-196138 |access-date=4 July 2023 |website=The National Interest |language=en}}</ref> As of July 2023, India and Central Asian countries maintained friendly cooperation with both the West and Russia, India has had fierce conflicts with Pakistan and its ally China at the same time, which has been limiting the possibility of China and Russia forming the group into an anti-Western bloc.<ref name="nikkei">{{Cite news |last1=SHARMA |first1=KIRAN |last2=TAN |first2=CK |date=4 July 2023 |title=Putin claims unity, Xi slams decoupling at India-hosted SCO talks |language=en-GB |work=Nikkei Asia |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/Putin-claims-unity-Xi-slams-decoupling-at-India-hosted-SCO-talks |access-date=5 July 2023}}</ref> Academics Simon Curtis and Ian Klaus write that although SCO has sometimes been compared to NATO, unlike NATO, SCO does not create a collective security alliance.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last1=Curtis |first1=Simon |title=The Belt and Road City: Geopolitics, Urbanization, and China's Search for a New International Order |last2=Klaus |first2=Ian |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=9780300266900 |location=New Haven and London |publication-date=2024 |pages=167 |doi=10.2307/jj.11589102 |jstor=jj.11589102}}</ref>

===Geopolitical aspects===
[[File:2015 Summit of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization 05.jpg|thumb|SCO summit in [[Ufa]], Russia in 2015]]
[[File:SCO and NATO.svg|thumb|right|SCO and NATO Member States]]

At a 2005 summit in Kazakhstan the SCO issued a Declaration of Heads of Member States of the SCO which said: "The heads of the member states point out that, against the backdrop of a contradictory process of [[Globalization|globalisation]], multilateral cooperation, which is based on the principles of equal right and mutual respect, non-intervention in internal affairs of sovereign states, non-confrontational way of thinking and consecutive movement towards democratisation of international relations, contributes to overall peace and security, and call upon the international community, irrespective of its differences in ideology and social structure, to form a new concept of security based on mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality and interaction."<ref>{{cite web|title=The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation |date=13 July 2005 |url=http://www.sectsco.org/news_detail.asp?id=407&LanguageID=2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804191808/http://www.sectsco.org/news_detail.asp?id=407&LanguageID=2 |archive-date=4 August 2014 }}</ref>

In November 2005 Russian Foreign Minister [[Sergey Lavrov]] reiterated that the "Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) is working to establish a rational and just world order" and that "The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation provides us with a unique opportunity to take part in the process of forming a fundamentally new model of geopolitical integration".<ref>UzReport, 28 November 2005</ref>

In 2007, Matthew Brummer tracked the implications of SCO expansion into the [[Persian Gulf]].<ref>Journal of International Affairs. 2007. The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and Iran: A Power-full Union. Matthew Brummer</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=July 2023}} In 2008, one aim of SCO was to ensure that [[liberal democracy]] could not gain ground in these countries, according to political scientist [[Thomas Ambrosio]].<ref>{{cite journal|date=October 2008|title=Catching the 'Shanghai Spirit': How the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Promotes Authoritarian Norms in Central Asia|journal=Europe-Asia Studies|volume=60|issue=8|last1=Ambrosio|pages=1321–1344| doi=10.1080/09668130802292143|s2cid=153557248}}</ref> In 2016, political scientist Thomas Fingar wrote that China took the lead in establishing the Shanghai Five primarily to limit Russia's ability to reassert its influence in Central Asia.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fingar |first=Thomas |url= |title=The new great game : China and South and Central Asia in the era of reform |date=2016 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |others=Thomas Fingar |isbn=978-0-8047-9764-1 |location=Stanford, California |pages=41 |chapter=China's Goals in South Asia |oclc=939553543 |author-link=Thomas Fingar}}</ref>

During the [[Russo-Georgian War|2008 Russo-Georgian war]], China opposed Russia's infringement on Georgia's sovereignty.<ref name=":05">{{Cite book |last=Lampton |first=David M. |title=Living U.S.-China Relations: From Cold War to Cold War |date=2024 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn=978-1-5381-8725-8 |location=Lanham, MD |pages= |author-link=David M. Lampton}}</ref>{{Rp|page=347}} Citing principles of sovereignty, territorial integrity, and global order, China used its influence in the SCO to prevent the organisation from supporting Russia.<ref name=":05" />{{Rp|page=347}}

In 2008, Iranian writer [[Hamid Golpira]] had this to say on the topic: "According to [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]]'s theory, control of the [[Eurasia]]n landmass is the key to global domination and control of [[Central Asia]] is the key to control of the Eurasian landmass....Russia and China have been paying attention to Brzezinski's theory, since they formed the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation in 2001, ostensibly to curb extremism in the region and enhance border security, but most probably with the real objective of counterbalancing the activities of the United States and the rest of the [[NATO]] alliance in [[Central Asia]]".<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.tehrantimes.com/news/182891/Iraq-smoke-screen |title=Iraq smoke screen |last=Golpira |first=Hamid |date=20 November 2008 |work=Tehran Times |access-date=4 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804105127/http://www.tehrantimes.com/news/182891/Iraq-smoke-screen |archive-date=4 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2008, the ''[[People's Daily]]'' wrote: "The Declaration points out that the SCO member countries have the ability and responsibility to safeguard the security of the Central Asian region, and calls on Western countries to leave Central Asia. That is the most noticeable signal given by the Summit to the world".<ref>{{citation | url = http://en.people.cn/200507/08/eng20050708_194907.html | title = Opinion: SCO sends strong signals for West to leave Central Asia | work = People's Daily | date = 8 July 2008 | author = People's Daily Online | access-date = 11 June 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160809060939/http://en.people.cn/200507/08/eng20050708_194907.html | archive-date = 9 August 2016 | url-status = live }}</ref>

In January 2023, India as SCO chair, invited Pakistan's Foreign Affairs Minister and Chief justice to attend a meeting in Goa in May 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2023 |title=India invites Pak FM Bilawal Bhutto, Chief Justice for SCO meet |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-invites-pak-fm-bilawal-bhutto-chief-justice-for-sco-meet-101674629291592.html |access-date=26 January 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> As of May 2023, [[India–Pakistan relations|India and Pakistan]] continued to spar over terrorism,<ref>{{Cite web |title=India sends Pakistan a message, Russia slams West at SCO meeting |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/India-sends-Pakistan-a-message-Russia-slams-West-at-SCO-meeting |access-date=9 May 2023 |website=Nikkei Asia |language=en-GB}}</ref> while Central Asian members [[2022 Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes|Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan have erupted in armed conflict]] over border disputes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Clash erupts between Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan border guards |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/9/14/clash-erupts-between-kyrgyzstan-and-tajikistan-border-guards |access-date=4 July 2023 |website=Al jazeera |language=en}}</ref> The SCO was not a platform for resolving bilateral issues, and its members were also reluctant to mediate disputes multilaterally.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Shanghai Cooperation Organization's Limited Role In Easing Tensions Between China and India |language=en-US |work=Jamestown |url=https://jamestown.org/program/the-shanghai-cooperation-organizations-limited-role-in-easing-tensions-between-china-and-india/ |access-date=5 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Alexei |first=Kupriyanov |date=8 December 2020 |title=The SCO and the conflict between India and Pakistan |url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/sco-conflict-between-india-pakistan/?amp |publisher=ORF}}</ref> Due to the widely divergent agendas among member states, Indian commentators even called it the "Shanghai Contradiction Organisation".<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Shanghai Contradiction Organisation – Let's call it what it is |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/europe/news/opinion/sco-shanghai-contradiction-organisation-lets-call-it-what-it-is-10913571.html |access-date=7 July 2023 |website=Moneycontrol}}</ref>

Members of the SCO remained neutral in the [[Russo-Ukrainian war]], they also strengthened cooperation with the Russian Federation.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Krzysztof Strachota |author2=Katarzyna Chawryło |author3=Michał Bogusz |author4=Marek Menkiszak |title=Against the backdrop of war. The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation summit in Samarkand |date=20 September 2022 |url=https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/analyses/2022-09-20/against-backdrop-war-shanghai-cooperation-organisation-summit |publisher=Centre for Eastern Studies |access-date=2022-09-20}}</ref> Analysis in 2024 points out that the SCO has generally facilitated amicable [[China–Russia relations|China-Russia relations]].<ref name=":13">{{Cite book |last=Garlick |first=Jeremy |title=Advantage China: Agent of Change in an Era of Global Disruption |date=2024 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Academic]] |isbn=978-1-350-25231-8}}</ref>{{Rp|page=82}}

In June 2025, India refused to endorse a joint statement at the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) defence ministers’ meeting in [[Qingdao]], China, citing concerns that it did not reflect its position on terrorism. India objected to the omission of the 22 April [[2025 Pahalgam attack]], in which 26 Indian tourists were killed, while the statement referenced militant activity in Balochistan. Defence Minister [[Rajnath Singh]] argued that the statement aligned with Pakistan's narrative and urged the SCO to hold accountable those who use “cross-border terrorism as an instrument of policy.” India maintained that such omissions made the statement unacceptable.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-27 |title=SCO: India refuses to sign joint statement at the summit |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/czxe48njkxwo |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-26 |title=India refuses to sign SCO statement over claims of pro-Pakistan bias |url=https://www.euronews.com/2025/06/26/india-rejects-shanghai-cooperation-organisation-statement-over-claims-it-favoured-pakistan |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=euronews |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2025-06-26 |title=India rejects signing Shanghai Cooperation Organization statement seen as pro-Pakistan |url=https://apnews.com/article/china-india-meeting-statement-refusal-67bfc09a329e93b9c721029c36e31176 |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> India's foreign ministry spokesman [[Randhir Jaiswal]] expressed that India wanted “concerns on terrorism to be reflected in the SCO document, which was not acceptable to one particular country, and therefore the statement was not adopted.”<ref name=":2" /> Subsequently, at the SCO Council of Foreign Ministers’ Meeting on 15 July 2025, India's External Affairs Minister [[S. Jaishankar]] described the Pahalgam attack as a deliberate attempt to undermine Jammu and Kashmir's tourism and incite religious division. He emphasised the need for the SCO to uphold its founding principles by maintaining an uncompromising stance against terrorism, separatism, and extremism.<ref>{{Cite web |title=S Jaishankar's Sharp Message On Terrorism In First China Visit In 5 Years |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/pahalgam-attack-deliberate-s-jaishankar-at-key-sco-meet-8879173 |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref>

In July 2025, Minister Jaishankar also raised concerns over China's construction of the [[Medog Hydropower Station]] on the Yarlung Tsangpo River. He emphasised the potential downstream impacts on water security and ecological stability, and called for greater transparency, meaningful consultation with affected countries, and the resumption of suspended hydrological data sharing.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-11 |title=India voices concern over China's mega dam project on Yarlung Tsangpo in Tibet |url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/india-voices-concern-over-chinas-mega-dam-project-on-yarlung-tsangpo-in-tibet-13923209.html |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>

=== Other analysis ===
A 2015 [[European Parliamentary Research Service]] paper concludes, "The SCO's main achievement thus far is to have offered its members a cooperative forum to balance their conflicting interests and to ease bilateral tensions. It has built up joint capabilities and has agreed on common approaches in the fight against terrorism, separatism and extremism. However, major shortcomings, such as institutional weaknesses, a lack of common financial funds for the implementation of joint projects and conflicting national interests have prevented the SCO from achieving a higher level of regional cooperation in other areas."<ref>{{cite web |last=Grieger |first=Gisela |date=26 June 2015 |title=The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2015/564368/EPRS_BRI(2015)564368_EN.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527103951/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2015/564368/EPRS_BRI(2015)564368_EN.pdf |archive-date=27 May 2019 |access-date=14 January 2018 |website=European Parliament Think Tank |page=1}}</ref>

== Gallery of heads of state (members) ==


<gallery class="center" widths="150" classes="center">
File:Александр Лукашенко - 08 (14-03-2025).jpg|{{flagicon|BLR}} '''[[Belarus|Republic of Belarus]]''' [[Alexander Lukashenko]] [[President of Belarus]]
File:Xi Jinping meets Keir Starmer Jan 2026.jpg|{{flagicon|PRC}} '''[[China|People's Republic of China]]''' [[Xi Jinping]] [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party|CCP General Secretary]] and [[President of China]]{{efn|name="chinaleader"|The ''de jure'' [[head of government]] of China is the [[Premier of the People's Republic of China|premier]]. The [[President of the People's Republic of China|president of China]] is legally a [[figurehead|ceremonial office]] and has no real power in China's [[Politics of China|political system]]. However, the [[general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party]] (''de facto'' leader) has always held this office since 1993 except for the months of [[Succession of power in China|transition]], and the [[paramount leader]] is [[Xi Jinping]].}}
File:Droupadi Murmu POI official portrait.jpg|{{flagicon|IND}} '''[[India|Republic of India]]''' [[Droupadi Murmu]] [[President of India]]
File:Mojtaba Khamenei 2024.jpg|{{flagicon|IRN}} '''[[Iran|Islamic Republic of Iran]]''' [[Mojtaba Khamenei]] [[Supreme Leader of Iran]]
File:WIPO Director General Meets President of Kazakhstan Kassym Jomart Tokayev 2025 (cropped).jpg|{{flagicon|KAZ}} '''[[Kazakhstan|Republic of Kazakhstan]]''' [[Kassym-Jomart Tokayev]] [[President of Kazakhstan]]
File:Official Photo of the President of the Kyrgyz Republic H.E. Mr. Sadyr Zhaparov.jpg|{{flagicon|KGZ}} '''[[Kyrgyzstan|Kyrgyz Republic]]''' [[Sadyr Japarov]] [[President of Kyrgyzstan]]
File:Asif Ali Zardari - 2024 (3x4 cropped).jpg|'''{{Flag|Islamic Republic of Pakistan}}''' [[Asif Ali Zardari]] [[President of Pakistan]]|alt=Islamic Republic of Pakistan Asif Ali Zardari President of Pakistan
File:Владимир Путин (08-03-2024) (cropped) (higher res).jpg|{{flagicon|RUS}} '''[[Russia|Russian Federation]]''' [[Vladimir Putin]] [[President of Russia]]
File:Vladimir Putin and Emomali Rahmon made statements for the press (cropped).jpg|{{flagicon|TJK}} '''[[Tajikistan|Republic of Tajikistan]]''' [[Emomali Rahmon]] [[President of Tajikistan]]
File:Shavkat Mirziyoyev official portrait (cropped 2).jpg|{{flagicon|UZB}} '''[[Uzbekistan|Republic of Uzbekistan]]''' [[Shavkat Mirziyoyev]] [[President of Uzbekistan]]
</gallery>

== Gallery of Heads of Government members) ==


<gallery class="center" widths="150" classes="center">
File:Александр Турчин (07-04-2025).jpg|{{flagicon|BLR}} '''[[Belarus|Republic of Belarus]]''' [[Aleksandr Turchin]] [[Prime Minister of Belarus]]
File:Li Qiang meets Keir Starmer Jan 2026.jpg|{{flagicon|PRC}} '''[[China|People's Republic of China]]''' [[Li Qiang]] [[Premier of China|Premier]]
File:The official portrait of Shri Narendra Modi, the Prime Minister of the Republic of India.jpg|{{flagicon|IND}} '''[[India|Republic of India]]''' [[Narendra Modi]] [[Prime Minister of India]]
File:Masoud Pezeshkian 2025 (cropped).jpg|{{flagicon|IRN}} '''[[Iran|Islamic Republic of Iran]]''' [[Masoud Pezeshkian]] [[President of Iran]]
File:Olzhas Bektenov (cropped).jpg|{{flagicon|KAZ}} '''[[Kazakhstan|Republic of Kazakhstan]]''' [[Oljas Bektenov]] [[Prime Minister of Kazakhstan]]
File:Adylbek Kasymaliev (2024-14-05).jpg|{{flagicon|KGZ}} '''[[Kyrgyzstan|Kyrgyz Republic]]''' [[Adylbek Kasymaliev]] [[Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers of Kyrgyzstan]]
File:Shehbaz Sharif in 2024.jpg|alt=IslamicRepublicofPakistanShehbaz SharifPrime Minister of Pakistan|'''{{Flag|Islamic Republic of Pakistan}}''' [[Shehbaz Sharif]] [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]]
File:Mikhail Mishustin (2026-02-25).jpg|{{flagicon|RUS}} '''[[Russia|Russian Federation]]''' [[Mikhail Mishustin]] [[Prime Minister of Russia]]
File:Кохир Расулзада (17-05-2023).jpg|{{flagicon|TJK}} '''[[Tajikistan|Republic of Tajikistan]]''' [[Kokhir Rasulzoda]] [[Prime Minister of Tajikistan]]
File:Abdulla Aripov (2021) (cropped).jpg|{{flagicon|UZB}} '''[[Uzbekistan|Republic of Uzbekistan]]''' [[Abdulla Aripov]] [[Prime Minister of Uzbekistan]]
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Politics|Asia|Europe}}
* {{anl|Asia Cooperation Dialogue}}
* {{anl|Asia–Europe Meeting}}
* {{anl|Association of Southeast Asian Nations}}
* {{anl|Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation}}
* {{anl|Belt and Road Initiative}}
* {{anl|Collective Security Treaty Organization}}
* {{anl|Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia}}
* {{anl|Continental union}}
* {{anl|Eurasian Economic Union}}
* {{anl|Eurasianism}}
* {{anl|Global East}}
* {{anl|South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* Adıbelli, Barış (2006). "Greater Eurasia Project". Istanbul: IQ Publishing House.
* Adıbelli, Barış (2007). ''Turkey–China Relations since the Ottoman Period''. Istanbul: IQ Publishing House.
* Adıbelli, Barış (2007). ''The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Dream of Turkey''. Istanbul: Cumhuriyet Strateji.
* Adıbelli, Barış (2007). [http://www.barisadibelli.com/ ''The Eurasia Strategy of China'']. Istanbul: IQ Publishing House.
* Adıbelli, Barış (2008). ''The Great Game in Eurasian Geopolitics''. Istanbul: IQ Publishing House.
* Chabal, Pierre (2019), La coopération de Shanghai : conceptualiser la nouvelle Asie, Presses de l'Université de Liège, 308 p; 2019 – [https://pressesuniversitairesdeliege.be/produit/la-cooperation-de-shanghai/ La coopération de Shanghai]
* Chabal, Pierre (2016), [https://web.archive.org/web/20160205211755/http://www.peterlang.com/download/datasheet/90256/datasheet_574297.pdf L'Organisation de Coopération de Shanghai et la construction de "la nouvelle Asie"], Brussels: Peter Lang, 492 p.
* Chabal, Pierre (2015), [https://web.archive.org/web/20160205210548/http://www.peterlang.com/download/datasheet/89167/datasheet_574277.pdf Concurrences Interrégionales Europe-Asie au 21ème siècle], Brussels: Peter Lang, 388 p.
* Cohen, Dr. Ariel. (18 July 2001). {{unfit|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100307024438/http://www.heritage.org/research/russiaandeurasia/bg1459.cfm "The Russia-China Friendship and Cooperation Treaty: A Strategic Shift in Eurasia?"]}}. [[The Heritage Foundation]].
* Cohen, Dr. Ariel. (24 October 2005). {{unfit|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100302231849/http://www.heritage.org/Research/RussiaandEurasia/hl901.cfm "Competition over Eurasia: Are the U.S. and Russia on a Collision Course?"]}}. The Heritage Foundation.
* Colson, Charles. (5 August 2003). [http://www.rferl.org/features/2003/08/05082003154708.asp "Central Asia: Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Makes Military Debut"]. ''[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]''.
* Daly, John. (19 July 2001). [http://www.janes.com/security/international_security/news/jtsm/jtsm010719_1_n.shtml "'Shanghai Five' expands to combat Islamic radicals"]. ''[[Jane's Information Group|Jane's]] Terrorism & Security Monitor''.
* Douglas, John Keefer; Matthew B. Nelson, and Kevin Schwartz; {{cite web |url=http://www.uscc.gov/researchpapers/2006/China_ME_FINAL.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121212004708/http://www.uscc.gov/researchpapers/2006/China_ME_FINAL.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 December 2012 |title="Fueling the Dragon's Flame: How China's Energy Demands Affect its Relationships in the Middle East".}} {{small|(162 [[Kibibyte|KiB]])}}, United States–China Economic and Security Review Commission, October 2006.
* Fels, Enrico (2009), ''Assessing Eurasia's Powerhouse. An Inquiry into the Nature of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation'', Winkler Verlag: Bochum. {{ISBN|978-1-5292-4692-6}}
* Gill, Bates and Oresman, Matthew. [https://web.archive.org/web/20061129202941/http://www.csis.org/component/option,com_csis_pubs/task,view/id,15/ "China's New Journey to the West: Report on China's Emergence in Central Asia and Implications for U.S. Interests"], CSIS Press, August 2003
* Kalra, Prajakti and Saxena, Siddharth [https://web.archive.org/web/20150716174240/http://www.turkishpolicy.com/images/stories/2007-02-centraleurasia/TPQ2007-2-kalra%2Bsaxena.pdf "Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and Prospects of Development in Eurasia Region"] Turkish Policy Quarterly, Vol 6. No. 2, 2007
* Plater-Zyberk, Henry; Monaghan, Andrew (2014). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep11392 ''Strategic Implications of the Evolving Shanghai Cooperation Organization'']. Strategic Studies Institute and U.S. Army War College Press.
* Oresman, Matthew, {{cite web |url=http://www.ndu.edu/ctnsp/tamerlane/Tamerlane-Chapter19.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326123906/http://www.ndu.edu/ctnsp/tamerlane/Tamerlane-Chapter19.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 March 2010 |title=Beyond the Battle of Talas: China's Re-emergence in Central Asia}} {{small|(4.74 [[Mebibyte|MiB]])}}, National Defence University Press, August 2004
* Seiwert, Eva (2025). ''The Shanghai Cooperation Organization and China’s Vision of International Relations''. Bristol: Bristol University Press, ISBN 978-1-5292-4692-6.
* Sznajder, Ariel Pablo, [https://web.archive.org/web/20150615224847/http://irps.ucsd.edu/assets/004/5367.pdf "China's Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Strategy"], [[University of California Press]], May 2006
* Yom, Sean L. (2002). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053738/http://www.asiaquarterly.com/content/view/129/5 "Power Politics in Central Asia: The Future of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation"]. ''Harvard Asia Quarterly'' '''6''' (4) 48–54.
{{refend}}

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Krishna (Kannada actor)

2026-03-24T18:51:52Z

Good Life Financial: corrected formatting after review for clarity

{{Short description|Indian actor and director (born 1985)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Krishna
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1985|06|12|df=y}}<ref name="HBDK" />
| birthname = Sunil Kumar N.
| birth_place = [[Mysuru]], [[Karnataka]], India
| yearsactive = 2009–present
| other_names = Darling Krishna
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Milana Nagaraj]]|2021}}
| children = 1
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|director|producer|writer}}
}}

'''Nagappa Sunil Kumar''' (born 12 June 1985), known professionally as '''Darling Krishna''', is an Indian actor who primarily works in [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] films.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/darling-krishna-is-here-to-stay-1085244.html |title=Darling Krishna is here to stay! |access-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219101018/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/darling-krishna-is-here-to-stay-1085244.html |archive-date=19 December 2023 |url-status=live |work=Deccan Herald}}</ref> Krishna is a recipient of several accolades including two [[Karnataka State Film Awards]], a [[Filmfare Awards South]] and a [[South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Award]].<ref name="Darling" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/48806/sandalwood/krishna-new-hero-arrives-news-details |title=Krishna new hero arrives! |access-date=29 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111101018/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/48806/sandalwood/krishna-new-hero-arrives-news-details |archive-date=11 November 2014 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

Krishna made his film debut with ''[[Jackie (2010 film)|Jackie]]'' (2010) in a minor role, For his performance in the 2013 film ''[[Madarangi]]'', he received the [[SIIMA Award for Best Male Debut – Kannada]] nomination.<ref name="Darling">{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Kannada-stars-take-on-their-character-names/articleshow/46475532.cms | title=Kannada stars take on their character names | publisher=Times of India |access-date=12 September 2015}}</ref> Post his debut, Krishna starred in the Kannada soap-opera ''Krishna Rukmini''. Krishna's career marked a turning point with his directorial debut ''[[Love Mocktail]]'' (2020) and its sequel ''[[Love Mocktail 2]]'' (2022).<ref name="The New Indian Express">{{cite news |title=Krishna wears multiple hats for love mocktail – The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/oct/21/krishna-wears-multiple-hats-for-love-mocktail-2050745.html |accessdate=7 January 2020 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=21 October 2019}}</ref> He won the [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Kannada]] and [[SIIMA Award for Best Film – Kannada]], for the former. Further success came with ''[[Lucky Man (2022 film)|Lucky Man]]'' (2022) and ''[[Kousalya Supraja Rama (2023 film)|Kousalya Supraja Rama]]'' (2023).

Apart from acting, Krishna established the production house Krishna Talkies. He is married to the actress [[Milana Nagaraj]] with whom he has a daughter.<ref name="DKSK" />

==Early life==
Darling Krishna was born as Sunil Kumar N. on 12 June 1985 in [[Mysore]], [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Darling Krishna Birthday: Darling Krishna's Birthday Celebration, Special Gift from Dil Pasand Film Team |url=https://kannada-news18-com.translate.goog/photogallery/entertainment/happy-birthday-darling-krishna-know-more-about-your-favorite-actor-of-sandalwood-ssd-781579.html?_x_tr_sl=kn&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc |work=News18 Kannada |access-date=12 June 2022}}</ref><ref name="HBDK">{{cite news |title=Happy Birthday Darling Krishna: From 'Madarangi' to 'Love Mocktail', a look at the best movies in the actor's career |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/happy-birthday-darling-krishna-from-madarangi-to-love-mocktail-a-look-at-the-best-movies-in-the-actors-career/photostory/76341906.cms |accessdate=12 June 2022 |work=Times of India}}</ref> His father Nagappa, is a retired police officer. He completed his [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]] from [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Vivek M.V. |last=DNHS |title=Darling Krishna is here to stay! |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/darling-krishna-is-here-to-stay-1085244.html |access-date=30 December 2022 |work=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== Debut and early work (2010–2019) ===
Darling Krishna started his career as an assistant director for [[Duniya Soori]] in ''[[Jackie (2010 film)|Jackie]]'' in 2010. He also played a CID officer in the film.<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_sandalwoods-super-run_1510427 Sandalwood’s super run – Jackie]. DNA India (20 February 2011). Retrieved on 2014-03-08.</ref> He then did a special role in ''[[Hudugaru]]'' in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/2011-success-rate-of-kannada-films-increased-432387.html |title=2011: Success rate of Kannada films increased |website=News18 |date=29 December 2011 |location=India |access-date=2019-05-17}}</ref> Darling Krishna then portrayed the titular role in the Kannada soap-opera "Krishna Rukmini".<ref name="DKKR" />

Darling Krishna's first lead role came in 2013, with ''[[Madarangi]]'' opposite [[Sushma Raj]]. It was a box office success.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sunil-excited-about-madarangi/articleshow/19967734.cms|title=Sunil Kumar is excited about Madarangi |last=Lokesh|first=Vinay|access-date=19 May 2013|work=The Times of India}}</ref> B.S. Srivani of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' noted, "Krishna manages to hold his own but a smug smile or a fixed grimace won’t carry the day for long."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/331885/love-friendship-dangerous-tangle.html|title=Love and friendship in a dangerous tangle|access-date=11 May 2013|website=Deccan Herald|first=B. S.|last=Srivani}}</ref>

He had two releases in 2015. He first appeared in ''[[Rudra Tandava]]''. ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' stated, "Krishna is placed well in his role."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2015/Feb/28/rudratandavas-magic-lies-in-its-many-twists-723005.html|title=Rudratandava's Magic Lies in its Many Twists|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=28 February 2015}}</ref> He next portrayed the titular role opposite [[Vaishali Deepak]] in ''[[Charlie (2015 Kannada film)|Charlie]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/4141-madarangi-krishna-is-now-charlie.html |title=Madarangi fame Krishna is now Charlie – Exclusive |work=Chitraloka |accessdate=16 September 2015 |archive-date=6 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106060016/http://www.chitraloka.com/news/4141-madarangi-krishna-is-now-charlie.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Krishna had two releases in 2016 too. He first appeared in ''[[Doddmane Hudga]]'', a commercial success.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/127182.html|title='Dodmane Hudga' Launched|work=Indiaglitz|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624053941/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/127182.html|archivedate=24 June 2017|date=6 March 2015 |accessdate=10 March 2015}}</ref> ''[[Times of India]]''{{'}}s Sunayana Suresh mentioned, "Darling Krishna has a role that is pivotal to the film's plot and delivers."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/doddmane-huduga/movie-review/54602797.cms |title=Doddmane Hudga Movie Review |author=Sunayana Suresh |work=Times of India |access-date=25 September 2017}}</ref> He next portrayed John in ''[[John Jani Janardhan (2016 film)|John Jani Janardhan]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Meet-John-Jani-Janardhan-/articleshow/51724719.cms|title=Meet John Jani Janardhan...|work=Times of India|date=7 April 2016|first=Pratibha|last=Joy|accessdate=28 March 2019}}</ref>

In 2017, he portrayed a bar accountant opposite Teju in ''[[Mumbai (film)|Mumbai]]''. ''[[Times of India]]'' said, "Darling Krishna has all the qualities of a good commercial hero, but the film fails him despite him putting his all."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/mumbai/movie-review/56797371.cms |title=Darling Krishna's Mumbai Movie Review |author=Sunayana Suresh |work=Times of India |access-date=25 November 2018}}</ref> He next portrayed a MLA aspirant in ''[[Jaali Baaru Mattu Poli Hudugaru]]'' opposite Mansi Vasudeva, which had a delayed release later that year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JAALI BAARU MATTU POLI HUDUGARU MOVIE REVIEW |access-date=22 April 2015 |work=Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/jaali-baaru-mattu-poli-hudugaru/movie-review/61483502.cms}}</ref> In 2018, he portrayed Raam opposite Shravya Rao in ''Huccha 2''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/huchcha-2-cast-and-crew-finalized-news-kannada-omerwWfeahagh.html |title=Huchcha-2 cast and crew finalized |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208085203/http://www.sify.com/movies/huchcha-2-cast-and-crew-finalized-news-kannada-omerwWfeahagh.html |archive-date=8 December 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ''[[Times of India]]'' mentioned, "Darling Krishna is earnest as Raam and has done a good job."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/huccha-2/amp_movie_review/63644034.cms |title=Darling Krishna's Huccha 2 Movie Review |author=Sunayana Suresh |work=Times of India |access-date=25 December 2018}}</ref>

=== Directorial debut, success and acclaim (2020–2022) ===
Krishna ventured into direction and production in 2020 with ''[[Love Mocktail]]'', which proved as a major turning point in his career. He portrayed a software engineer opposite [[Milana Nagaraj]], who co-produced the film.<ref>{{Cite web|title=I was inspired by the Tamil film '96' to make 'Love Mocktail': Director Krishna|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/jan/30/i-was-inspired-by-the-tamil-film-96-to-make-love-mocktail-director-krishna-2096341.html|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=10 March 2020}}</ref> It became a critical and commercial success. Aravind Shwetha of ''[[The News Minute]]'' noted, "Darling Krishna has managed both acting and direction with responsibility. His performance is up to the mark, especially as a doting husband."<ref>{{Cite web|title='Love Mocktail' review: This pleasant romcom strikes all the right notes|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/love-mocktail-review-pleasant-romcom-strikes-all-right-notes-117215?amp|website=The News Minute|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref> ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' stated, "Krishna's role as Adi, who comes in different shades, is done with perfection."<ref>{{Cite web|title='Love Mocktail' Movie Review: Mocktail of emotions with a musical hangover |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2020/Feb/01/love-mocktail-review-mocktail-of-emotions-with-a-musical-hangover--2097232.html|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=22 March 2020}}</ref>

In 2021, he appeared in a special song in ''[[Kotigobba 3]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Grand sets built for Sudeep's 'Kotigobba 3' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/grand-sets-built-sudeep-s-kotigobba-3-106051 |accessdate=26 February 2020 |work=The News Minute}}</ref> He portrayed a steward in ''[[SriKrishna@gmail.com]]'' opposite [[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Actor Krishna to play steward in Nagashekar's 'Srikrishna@gmail.com'|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/sep/14/actor-krishna-to-play-steward-in-nagashekars-srikrishnagmailcom-2196407.html|access-date=2021-11-05|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Vivek M V of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' stated, "Darling Krishna's easy-style acting is likebale."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-16|title=Shrikrishna@gmail.com: A middling romantic drama|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/dh-talkies/shrikrishnagmailcom-a-middling-romantic-drama-1041097.html|access-date=2021-11-05|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref>

Krishna had four releases in 2022. He first reprised his role in ''[[Love Mocktail 2]]'' opposite Milana Nagaraj. It became a box office success.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Darling Krishna: Love Mocktail has allowed me to win many hearts|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2021/jun/11/krishna-love-mocktail-has-allowed-me-to-win-many-hearts-24961.html|access-date=11 June 2021|website=Cinema Express|language=en}}</ref> ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' stated, "Krishna sticks to the strengths of the much-loved 2020 romantic drama and does his part well."<ref>{{Cite web|title='Love Mocktail 2' Movie Review: The magic is still intact|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/love-mocktail-2-review-the-magic-is-still-intact-1080423.html|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=11 February 2022}}</ref> ''[[Times of India]]'' stated that Krishna is "endearing and entertaining".<ref>{{Cite web|access-date=11 February 2022|title=Love Mocktail 2 Movie Review : A heart-warming journey, filled with loads of laughter|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/love-mocktail-2/movie-review/89495305.cms|website=The Times of India}}</ref> He next appeared opposite Meenakshi Dixit in the much delayed film ''Local Train''.<ref>{{Cite web|access-date=15 April 2022|title=Local Train Movie Review: This Darling Krishna-starrer train goes nowhere|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/local-train/amp_movie_review/90589113.cms|website=The Times of India}}</ref> Krishna appeared opposite [[Sangeetha Sringeri]] and [[Roshni Prakash]] in ''[[Lucky Man (2022 film)|Lucky Man]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-25 |title=Luckyman teaser: Late Kannada superstar Puneeth Rajkumar plays God in romantic drama |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/luckyman-teaser-puneeth-rajkumar-8050559/ |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> ''[[Cinema Express]]'' mentioned, "Krishna delivers a complete performance. He fits perfectly into all phases of the character."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lucky Man Movie Review: Appu as Paramathma strikes an emotional chord |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2022/sep/10/lucky-man-movie-reviewappu-as-paramathmastrikes-an-emotional-chord-34549.html |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=Cinema Express}}</ref> In his last film of the year, he portrayed a IT engineer opposite [[Nishvika Naidu]] and Megha Shetty.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dilpasand Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-details/dilpasand/movieshow/95020336.cms |access-date=2022-11-21 |work=Times of India}}</ref> ''[[News18]]'' wrote, "Darling Krishna’s performance will keep you glued to your seats."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dil Pasand Review: Darling Krishna Shines In This Otherwise Average Kannada Film |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/dil-pasand-review-darling-krishna-shines-in-this-otherwise-average-kannada-film-6363589.html |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Career progression (2023–present) ===
In 2023, Krishna first appeared opposite Nimika Ratnakar in ''Mr. Bachelor''. ''[[Cinema Express]]'' stated, "Krishna brings in all-around entertainment and gets to showcase a bit of his dancing skills."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://m.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2023/jan/07/mr-bachelor-movie-review-an-effective-timepass-entertainer-38492.amp|title=Mr. Bachelor Movie Review: An effective timepass entertainer|work=Cinema Express|access-date=25 January 2023}}</ref> He then portrayed a software engineer opposite Milana Nagaraj in ''Love Birds''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/kannada-love-birds-movie-lyrical-song-released-rvj-dvp-955832.html|title=Darling Krishna-Milana Nagaraj: ಲವ್ ಬರ್ಡ್ಸ್ ಚಿತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ ಪಳ ಪಳ ಹಾಡು!|work=News18 Kannada|access-date=5 February 2023}}</ref> ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' found his performance to be "natural and poignant". While ''[[Times of India]]'' wrote, "Krishna and Milana impress with their performance as a couple that is very much in love, but are unable to see through their differences."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2023/Feb/20/love-birds-movie-review-a-mature-take-on-the-highs-and-lows-of-marriage-2548961.html|title=Love Birds Movie Review: A mature take on the highs and lows of marriage|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=20 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/love-birds/amp_movie_review/97999835.cms|title=Love Birds Movie Review: Love Birds is a warm take on what comes after happily ever after|work=Times of India|access-date=17 February 2023}}</ref> Krishna later portrayed a chauvinist in ''[[Kousalya Supraja Rama (2023 film)|Kousalya Supraja Rama]]'' opposite Milana Nagaraj and [[Brinda Acharya]]. The film became a critical and commercial success.<ref>{{cite news|title= Darling Krishna's 'Kousalya Supraja Rama' gets a release date|url=https://thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/darling-krishnas-kousalya-supraja-rama-gets-a-release-date/article67030785.ece|date= 1 July 2023|accessdate=22 August 2023|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hostel Hudugaru, Kousalya Supraja Rama & Aachar & Co: Encouraging box office weekend for Kannada cinema |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/hostel-hudugaru-kousalya-supraja-rama-aachar-co-encouraging-box-office-weekend-for-kannada-cinema/789db29eba520 |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> A. Sharadhaa of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' noted, "Krishna’s portrayal of his character in two shades mirrors the reality of many households in society and his performance adds depth to the movie."<ref>{{Cite news |title='Kousalya Supraja Rama' review: A refreshing take on ‘real men’ and women’s Resilience |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=2 August 2023 |date=28 July 2023 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2023/Jul/29/kousalya-supraja-rama-review-a-refreshing-take-onreal-men-and-womensresilience-2599668.html}}</ref> In his last release of the year, Krishna played a wedding planner in love in, ''[[Sugar Factory (film)|Sugar Factory]]'' opposite [[Sonal Monteiro]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/feb/15/pub-background-tells-the-story-of-sugar-factory-deepak-aras-2264061.html|title=Pub background tells the story of Sugar Factory: Deepak Aras|website=The New Indian Express|accessdate=19 November 2023}}</ref> Y Maheswara Reddy of ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' stated, "Krishna, excels as a lover boy. He remains convincing as a casual as well as a true lover."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/sugar-factory-movie-review-a-cautionary-tale/articleshow/105482890.cms|title=Sugar Factory Movie Review: A Cautionary Tale|website=Bangalore Mirror|accessdate=28 November 2023}}</ref>

With no release in 2024, Krishna played a gambler in the 2025 film ''[[Brat (2025 film)|Brat]]'' opposite Manisha Kandkur.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/darling-krishna-shashank-to-reunite-for-an-action-thriller-article-110443779|title=Darling Krishna, Shashank To Reunite For An Action Thriller|work=TimesNow News|accessdate=26 May 2024}}</ref> Krishna will next appear in ''Love Me Or Hate Me'' opposite [[Rachita Ram]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Darling Krishna and Rachita Ram team up for the first time, for a romantic caper |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/darling-krishna-and-rachita-ram-team-up-for-a-romantic-caper/articleshow/83141730.cms|access-date=2021-09-15|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Sunil Kumar changed his name to Krishna, after the success of his first Kannada serial, ''Krishna Rukmini'' (2011).<ref name="DKKR">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/tuesday-trivia-heres-how-actor-sunil-kumar-who-debuted-with-krishna-rukmini-became-darling-krishna/articleshow/83539716.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615130831/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/tuesday-trivia-heres-how-actor-sunil-kumar-who-debuted-with-krishna-rukmini-became-darling-krishna/articleshow/83539716.cms|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 June 2021|title=How actor Sunil Kumar, who debuted with Krishna Rukmini, became Darling Krishna|work=The Times Of India|access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref>

Krishna met actress [[Milana Nagaraj]] on the sets of the film ''[[Nam Duniya Nam Style]]''. They eventually started dating in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/real-life-couple-krishna-and-milana-open-working-together-love-mocktail-119840%3famp|title=Real life couple Krishna and Milana open up on working together for 'Love Mocktail'|work=The News Minute|accessdate=14 September 2020|archive-date=5 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405093058/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/real-life-couple-krishna-and-milana-open-working-together-love-mocktail-119840?amp|url-status=dead}}</ref> Krishna married Milana on 14 February 2021, in a private traditional ceremony on the outskirts of [[Bengaluru]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/love-mocktail-movie-fame-darling-krishna-and-milana-nagaraj-wedding-photos/articleshow/80906066.cms|title=ವೈವಾಹಿಕ ಜೀವನಕ್ಕೆ ಕಾಲಿಟ್ಟ ನಟ ಡಾರ್ಲಿಂಗ್ ಕೃಷ್ಣ, ಮಿಲನಾ ನಾಗರಾಜ್!|work= Vijay Karnataka|author=Padmashree Bhat|accessdate=15 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="KrissMi Wedding">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/krissmi-wedding-darling-krishna-and-milana-nagaraj-tie-the-knot/articleshow/80906159.cms|title=KrissMi Wedding: Kannada stars Darling Krishna and Milana Nagaraj tie the knot!|work=The Times Of India|accessdate=14 February 2021}}</ref> On 5 September 2024, Milana gave birth to their daughter Pari.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2024/Sep/11/love-mocktail-stars-milana-nagaraj-and-darling-krishna-blessed-with-a-baby-girl |title=Love Mocktail stars Milana Nagaraj and Darling Krishna blessed with a baby girl |work=Cinema Express |accessdate=11 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/darling-krishna-milana-nagaraj-had-a-strong-feeling-that-they-would-have-a-daughter-101725631547627-amp.html |title=Darling Krishna, Milana Nagaraj ‘had a strong feeling’ that they would have a daughter |work=Hindustan Times |accessdate=12 September 2024}}</ref>

== Other work and media image ==
Krishna is one of the most promising actor in the [[Kannada cinema]].<ref name="DKSK">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/meet-5-actors-who-have-promising-futures-in-kannada-cinema/etphotostory/97876683.cms|title=Exclusive: Meet 5 Actors Who Have Promising Futures In Kannada Cinema|website= The Times of India|access-date=13 February 2023}}</ref> His first film as the lead, ''[[Madarangi]]'', earned him the title "Darling Krishna".<ref name="Darling" /> In 2020, Krishna was placed 12th in [[Times of India|Bangalore Times' 30 Most Desirable Men]] list.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/presenting-the-30-hunks-who-made-it-to-the-bangalore-times-most-desirable-men-of-2020-list/articleshow/83086173.cms|title=Presenting the 30 hunks who made it to the Bangalore Times' Most Desirable Men of 2020 list|website= The Times of India|access-date=14 August 2021}}</ref>

Darling Krishna started his own production house "Krishna Talkies" in 2020. He has co-produced ''[[Love Mocktail]]'' (2020) and ''[[Love Mocktail 2]]'' (2022) under the same.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 December 2021|title=Team 'Love Mocktail 2' sets up a valentine's date with fans|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/team-love-mocktail-2-sets-up-a-valentines-date-with-fans/articleshow/88385679.cms|website=The Times of India}}</ref> He won [[SIIMA Award for Best Film – Kannada]] for the former. He next produced ''[[Kousalya Supraja Rama (2023 film)|Kousalya Supraja Rama]]'' (2023), a commercial success.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/siima-2020-mahesh-babu-and-rashmika-mandanna-win-big-for-maharshi-and-dear-comrade-full-winners-list-7518519/ |title= SIIMA 2021: Mahesh Babu and Rashmika Mandanna win big for Maharshi and Dear Comrade, check out full winners list|website= The Indian Express |access-date=19 September 2021}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"|Notes
! class="unsortable"|Ref.
|-
| 2010
! scope="row"| ''[[Jackie (2010 film)|Jackie]]''
| CID Officer
| Uncredited
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2011
! scope="row"| ''[[Dandam Dashagunam]]''
| Police officer
| credited as Sunil
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Hudugaru]]''
| Prabhu's friend
| Uncredited
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2013
! scope="row"| ''[[Madarangi]]''
| Manu
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Nam Duniya Nam Style]]''
| Yogi
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2015
! scope="row"| ''[[Rudra Tandava]]''
| Kumar
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Charlie (2015 Kannada film)|Charlie]]''
| Cheluvanarayana Swamy
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2016
! scope="row"| ''[[Doddmane Hudga]]''
| Krishna
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[John Jani Janardhan (2016 film)|John Jani Janardhan]]''
| John
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2017
! scope="row"| ''[[Mumbai (film)|Mumbai]]''
| Jakathi
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Jaali Baaru Mattu Poli Hudugaru]]''
| Santhosh Kumar
|
|
|-
| 2018
! scope="row"| ''[[Huccha 2]]''
| Raam
|
|
|-
| 2020
! scope="row"| ''[[Love Mocktail]]''
| Aditya "Adi"
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2021
! scope="row"| ''[[Kotigobba 3]]''
| Himself
| Special appearance in song "Akashane Adarisuva"
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[SriKrishna@gmail.com]]''
| Sathya
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Darling Krishna starrer 'Srikrishna@gmail.com' enters last leg of shoot – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/darling-krishna-starrer-srikrishnagmail-com-enters-last-leg-of-shoot/articleshow/84464763.cms|access-date=2021-09-15|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=EXCLUSIVE! Bhavana to be paired alongside Darling Krishna in srikrishna@gmail.com – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/exclusive-bhavana-to-be-paired-alongside-darling-krishna-in-srikrishnagmail-com/articleshow/77296415.cms|access-date=2021-09-15|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4"|2022
! scope="row"| ''[[Love Mocktail 2]]''
| Aditya "Adi"
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''Local Train''
| Santhosh
|
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Local Train Movie Review: This Darling Krishna-starrer train goes nowhere |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/local-train/movie-review/90589113.cms |access-date=2022-04-04}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Lucky Man (2022 film)|Lucky Man]]''
| Arjun Nagappa
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Darling Krishna shoots for Nagendra Prasad's directorial project post wedding – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/darling-krishna-shoots-for-nagendra-prasads-directorial-project-post-wedding/articleshow/81410577.cms|access-date=2021-09-15|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Darling Krishna to share screen space with Puneeth Rajkumar in Nagendra Prasad's directorial debut? – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/darling-krishna-to-share-screen-space-with-puneeth-rajkumar-in-nagendra-prasads-directorial-debut/articleshow/80447090.cms|access-date=2021-09-15|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Dilpasand (2022 film)|Dilpasand]]''
| Santosh
|
|<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/Sep/25/nishvika-naidumegha-shetty-to-star-alongside-krishna-in-shiva-tejass-directorial-2363309.html| title = Nishvika Naidu, Megha Shetty to star alongside Krishna in Shiva Tejass' directorial – The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2023
! scope="row"| ''[[Mr. Bachelor]]''
| Karthik
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Darling Krishna teams up with Nimika Ratnakar for his next – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/darling-krishna-teams-up-with-nimika-ratnakar-for-his-next/articleshow/80102578.cms|access-date=2021-09-15|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Darling Krishna forges on with an array of exciting projects – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/darling-krishna-forges-on-with-an-array-of-exciting-projects/articleshow/84472868.cms|access-date=2021-09-15|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Love Birds (2023 film)|Love Birds]]''
| Deepak
|
|
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Kousalya Supraja Rama (2023 film)|Kousalya Supraja Rama]]''
| Ram Siddegowda
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kannada.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/darling-krishna-and-shashank-new-movie-announced-title-kousalya-supraja-rama-181665928875443.html|title=Kousalya Supraja Rama: 'ಇಂಗ್ಲಿಷ್‌ ಸಾಕಾಗಿತ್ತು 'ಕೌಸಲ್ಯಾ ಸುಪ್ರಜಾ ರಾಮ'ದಿಂದ ಕನ್ನಡ ಸಿಕ್ತು'; ಶಶಾಂಕ್‌ ಜತೆ ಕೈ ಜೋಡಿಸಿದ ಕೃಷ್ಣ..|work=Hindustan Times Kannada|access-date=6 January 2023}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Sugar Factory (film)|Sugar Factory]]''
| Arya
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2025
! scope="row" | ''[[Brat (2025 film)|Brat]]''
| Kristy
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 August 2025|title=Krishna-Shashank's Brat aims for October release|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Aug/03/kannadanews2025jul29krishna-shashanks-brat-aims-for-october-release|access-date=24 September 2021|website=TheNewIndianExpress|language=En}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2026
! scope="row" | ''[[Love Mocktail 3]]''
| Aditya "Adi"
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Love Mocktail 3: Darling Krishna-Milana Nagaraj film locks release date |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/love-mocktail-3-release-date-love-mocktail-darling-krishna-milana-nagaraj-nakul-abhayankar-april-2026/article70481308.ece/ |access-date=19 January 2026 |website=The Hindu |date=7 January 2026}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:#FFFFCC;" | ''Father'' {{Dagger|alt=Films that has not yet been released}}
| {{TableTBA}}
| Completed
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 July 2024|title=Sandalwood Shoots: Darling Krishna and Prakash Raj commence Father's shoot|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/prakash-raj-and-darling-krishna-star-in-father-movie/articleshow/111737114.cms|access-date=18 July 2024|website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:#FFFFCC;" | ''Love Me Or Hate Me'' {{Dagger|alt=Films that has not yet been released}}
| {{TableTBA}}
| Completed
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 September 2021|title=Love Me Or Hate Me Movie: ಡಾರ್ಲಿಂಗ್ ಕೃಷ್ಣ-ರಚಿತಾ ರಾಮ್ ಅಭಿನಯದ ಸಿನಿಮಾಗೆ ಕ್ಲ್ಯಾಪ್ ಮಾಡಿದ ಮಿಲನಾ ನಾಗರಾಜ್|url=https://kannada.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/darling-krishna-and-rachita-ram-starrer-movie-love-me-or-hate-me-shooting-started-ae-624305.html|access-date=24 September 2021|website=News18 Kannada|language=kn}}</ref>
|}

===Other crew positions===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"|Ref.
|-
| 2010
! scope="row"| ''[[Jackie (2010 film)|Jackie]]''
| rowspan="3"|Assistant director
|rowspan="3"|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-10-07 |title=Krishna's second film is Jolly Baru |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/krishnas-second-film-is-jolly-baru/articleshow/23632428.cms |access-date=2023-07-31 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2011
! scope="row"| ''[[Dandam Dashagunam]]''
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Hudugaru]]''
|-
| 2020
! scope="row"| ''[[Love Mocktail]]''
| rowspan="2"|Director, Writer and Producer
|
|-
| 2022
! scope="row"| ''[[Love Mocktail 2]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Darling Krishna and Co. wrap up 'Love Mocktail 2' – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/darling-krishna-and-co-wrap-up-love-mocktail-2/articleshow/85173516.cms|access-date=2021-09-15|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
! scope="row" |''[[Kousalya Supraja Rama (2023)|Kousalya Supraja Rama]]''
| Producer
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Darling Krishna's 'Golden Opportunity' For New Talents To Star In Kousalya Supraja Rama |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/darling-krishnas-golden-opportunity-for-new-talents-to-star-in-kousalya-supraja-rama-6651715.html |access-date=19 December 2022 |website=News18 India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2026
! scope="row"| ''[[Love Mocktail 3]]''
| rowspan="1"|Director, Writer and Producer
|
|-
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"|Ref.
|-
| 2011–2012
! scope="row"| ''Krishna Rukmini''
| Krishna
|<ref name="DKKR" />
|}

==Accolades==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Film
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| 2014
| [[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Male Debut – Kannada|Best Male Debut – Kannada]]
| ''[[Madarangi]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news|last1=Seshagiri |first1=Sangeetha |title=SIIMA 2014 Telugu Nominations: Pawan Kalyan's 'Attarintiki Daredi' Nominated in 12 categories |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-2014-telugu-nominations-pawan-kalyans-attarintiki-daredi-nominated-12-categories-list-604920 |access-date=July 22, 2014 |publisher=IB Times |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150125160946/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-2014-telugu-nominations-pawan-kalyans-attarintiki-daredi-nominated-12-categories-list-604920 |archive-date=January 25, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="8"|2021
| rowspan="5"|[[Kannada cinema#State Recognition|Chandanavana Film Critics Academy Awards]]
| Best Film
| rowspan="12"|''[[Love Mocktail]]''
| {{nom}}
|rowspan="5"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/chandanavana-film-critics-academy-awards-love-mocktail-dia-gentleman-dominate-nomination-list-833168|title= Chandanavana Film Critics Academy Awards: Love Mocktail, Dia, Gentleman Dominate Nomination List|date=13 February 2021|work=IB Times|access-date=12 June 2021}}</ref>
|-
| Best Director
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Actor
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Screenplay
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Dialogue Writer
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="3"|[[9th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Film – Kannada|Best Film – Kannada]]
| {{won}}
|rowspan="3"|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-21|title=Manju Warrier, Suriya, Krishna, others win at SIIMA Awards: Full list of winners|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/manju-warrier-suriya-others-win-siima-awards-full-list-winners-155560|url-status=live|website=The News Minute|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921174049/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/manju-warrier-suriya-others-win-siima-awards-full-list-winners-155560 |archive-date=21 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Director – Kannada|Best Director – Kannada]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Actor – Kannada|Best Actor – Kannada]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="4"|2022
| rowspan="3"|[[67th Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Kannada|Best Director – Kannada]]
| {{nom}}
|rowspan="3"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2022/kannada/nominations|title=67th Parle Filmfare Awards South 2022 with Kamar Film Factory |website=Filmfare.com|access-date=18 October 2022}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada|Best Actor – Kannada]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Kannada|Best Actor Critics – Kannada]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Kannada cinema#Chittara Star Awards|Chittara Star Awards]]
| Star Award
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://awards.chittaranews.com/winners-2022/|title=Chittara Star Awards 2022 Winners |website=Chittara Star Awards|access-date=12 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"|2023
| rowspan="2"|[[11th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Film – Kannada|Best Film – Kannada]]
| rowspan="3"|''[[Love Mocktail 2]]''
| {{nom}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=2023-08-02 |title=SIIMA 2023 nomination out. 'PS 1', 'RRR', 'KGF 2' and 'Kantara' bag top spots |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/siima-2023-nomination-list-out-ps-1-rrr-kantara-bag-top-spots-2415011-2023-08-02 |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Director – Kannada|Best Director – Kannada]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Kannada cinema#State Recognition|Chandanavana Film Critics Academy Awards]]
| Best Screenplay
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/kannada/entertainment/chandanavana-film-critics-academy-awards-2023-winner-list-121100/amp|title= CFC Academy Awards 2023 : ಚಂದನವನ ಫಿಲ್ಮ್ ಕ್ರಿಟಿಕ್ಸ್ ಅಕಾಡೆಮಿ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ.. ಅತ್ಯುತ್ತಮ ನಟ ರಿಷಬ್, ನಟಿ ಶರ್ಮಿಳಾ|date=6 March 2023|work=Zee News Kannada|access-date=12 November 2023}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"|2024
| [[3rd IIFA Utsavam|IIFA Utsavam]]
| Best Actor – Kannada
| rowspan="3"|''[[Kousalya Supraja Rama (2023 film)|Kousalya Supraja Rama]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2024 |title=IIFA 2024 Utsavam unveils nominations, honouring the diversity of South Indian cinema |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/iifa-2024-utsavam-unveils-nominations-honouring-the-diversity-of-south-indian-cinema-13806739.html |access-date=11 September 2024 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[Kannada cinema#Chittara Star Awards|Chittara Star Awards]]
| Best Actor
| {{nom}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://awards.chittaranews.com/2024-3/|title=Chittara Star Awards 2024 Winners |website=Chittara Star Awards|access-date=16 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| Best Actor – Critics
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="3"|2025
| rowspan="2"|[[2019 Karnataka State Film Awards|Karnataka State Film Awards]]
| [[Karnataka State Film Award for Second Best Film|Second Best Film]]
| rowspan="2"|''[[Love Mocktail]]''
| {{won}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/karnataka-state-film-awards-2019-sudeep-anupama-gowda-adjudged-best-actors/article69127605.ece/ |title=Karnataka State Film Awards 2019: Sudeep, Anupama Gowda adjudged best actors |accessdate=16 February 2025 |date=22 January 2025 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>
|-
| [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Kannada cinema#Chittara Star Awards|Chittara Star Awards]]
| Youth Icon – Male
| {{N/A}}
| {{pending}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://awards.chittaranews.com/nominees/ |title=Chittara Star Awards 2025 Nominations |website=Chittara Star Awards|access-date=21 January 2025}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Indian male film actors|List of Indian film actors]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|9135703}}
* {{Instagram|darling_krishnaa}}

{{Portal bar|India|Films|Television}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishna}}
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mysore]]

Snisha Chandran

2026-03-21T09:34:01Z

Good Life Financial:

{{Short description|Indian television actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Indian name|Snisha|Chandran}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Snisha Chandran
| image =
| caption =
| birthname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1998|5|3|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Manjeri]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| nationality =
| education =
| known for = [[Neelakkuyil (TV series)]]
| height =
| years active = 2018–present
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| parents =
| relatives =
}}

'''Snisha Chandran''' is an Indian television actress who primarily works in [[Malayalam]] television.

==Career==
Snisha made her television debut through the show ''[[Neelakkuyil (TV series)|Neelakkuyil]]'' in 2018. She played the lead role of Kasthoori, a tribal girl.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/neelakkuyil-actress-snisha-chandran-shares-a-fangirl-moment-with-singer-k-j-yesudas/articleshow/69024351.cms |title=Neelakkuyil actress Snisha Chandran shares a fangirl moment with Singer K J Yesudas |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The show ran successfully until 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/neelakkuyil-becomes-the-most-watched-malayalam-tv-show-vanambadi-slips-to-4th-position/articleshow/70189556.cms|title=Neelakkuyil becomes the most-watched Malayalam TV show, Vanambadi slips to 4th position|work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/neelakkuyil-serial-to-conclude-soon/articleshow/74656576.cms|title=Neelakkuyil serial to conclude soon|work=The Times of India}}</ref> She got Prem Nazir Award for Best Serial Actress for her performance in the series.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/snisha-chandran-got-best-serial-actress-award-q49il7|title=നാടന്‍ പെണ്‍കുട്ടിയായെത്തി പ്രിയങ്കരിയായി; പുരസ്കാരത്തിളക്കത്തില്‍ മലയാളികളുടെ 'കസ്തൂരി'|website=Asianet News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2024/03/18/snisha-chandran-dedicates-new-tattoo-to-her-pet-dog.html|title=വളർത്തു നായയുടെ ചിത്രം പിൻ കഴുത്തിൽ പച്ചകുത്തി നടി സ്നിഷ ചന്ദ്രൻ|website=Manorama Online}}</ref> She reprised her role in the show's [[Tamil language|Tamil]] remake ''[[Neelakuyil (TV series)|Neelakuyil]]'' from 2018 to 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actor-sathya-makes-his-tv-debut-with-neela-kuyil/articleshow/67141695.cms |title=Actor Sathya makes his TV debut with Neela Kuyil |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

From 2020 to 2022, Snisha played Karthika in ''[[Karthika Deepam (Malayalam TV series)|Karthika Deepam]]'' opposite [[Vivek Gopan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title="Playing Karthika is a complete change over for me," actress Snisha Chandran on Karthikadeepam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/playing-karthika-is-a-complete-change-over-for-me-actress-snisha-chandran-on-karthika-deepam/articleshow/76687415.cms |website=The Times of India }}</ref>

== In the media ==

She was ranked 9th among the ''Kochi Times Most Desirable Women on Television 2018'' by [[The Times of India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Kochi Times Most Desirable Women on Television 2018|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/kochi-times-most-desirable-women-on-television-2018/articleshow/67807504.cms|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Television===
{|class="wikitable"
|+ List of Snisha Chandran television credits
! style="background:LightBlue; width:20%;"| Year
! style="background:LightBlue; width:24%;"| Title
! style="background:LightBlue; width:13%;"| Role
! style="background:LightBlue; width:16%;"| Channel
! style="background:LightBlue; width:16%;"| Notes
|-
|-
| 2018{{endash}}2020
| ''[[Neelakkuyil (TV series)|Neelakkuyil]]''
| Dr. Kasthoori
| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/spice-entertainment/neelakkuyil-malayalam-serial-actress-snisha-chandran-shared-old-location-memories-quzzcs|title='നീലക്കുയില്‍ മിസ് ചെയ്യുന്നു' : ലൊക്കേഷന്‍ ഓര്‍മ്മചിത്രങ്ങള്‍ പങ്കുവച്ച് 'കസ്തൂരി'|website=Asianet News}}</ref>
|-
| 2018{{endash}}2019
| ''[[Neelakuyil (TV series)|Neelakuyil]]''
| Chittu
| [[Star Vijay]]
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]] TV series<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/serials/neelakkuyil-serial-actress-snisha-chandran-latest-images-goes-viral/articleshow/73298998.cms|title='നീലക്കുയിലി'ലെ തൊട്ടാവാടി പെണ്ണ്, 'കസ്തൂരി' ആള് പുലിയാണ്!|website=Samayam Malayalam}}</ref>
|-
| 2020{{endash}}2022
| ''[[Karthika Deepam (Malayalam TV series)|Karthika Deepam]]''
| Karthika
| [[Zee Keralam]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/serials/actress-snisha-chandran-starrer-karthika-deepam-tv-serial-to-start-telecast-from-13th-july-monday/articleshow/76942653.cms|title='ഇവൾ ആൾക്കൂട്ടത്തിലെ ഏകാന്തനാളം'; കാർത്തിക ഇന്നു മുതൽ നിങ്ങളുടെ വീട്ടിലെ പെൺകുട്ടി!|website=Samayam Malayalam}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Sita Ramam (TV series)|Sita Ramam]]''
| Seetha Lakshmi
| [[Sun Surya]]
|<ref name="toi.sita.ramam.2023.03.14">{{Cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/vivek-gopan-and-snisha-chandran-starrer-sita-ramam-gains-attention/articleshow/98635076.cms|title=Vivek Gopan and Snisha Chandran starrer 'Sita Ramam' gains attention|date=14 March 2023|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=15 March 2023|quote=New show, 'Sita Ramam' is gaining attention with its interesting storyline. The Vivek Gopan and Snisha Chandran starrer portrays the life of a naive wife and her loving hubby.}}</ref>
|-
|2023- 2024||''Subhadram''||Subhadra/ Anjali||Zee Keralam||[[Dual role]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/snisha-chandrans-subhadram-to-have-its-premiere-on-this-date/articleshow/105957125.cms|title=Snisha Chandran's Subhadram to have its premiere on THIS date|date=13 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=13 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2024 || |''[[Kudumbashree Sharada]]''||Anjali||Zee Keralam||Mahasangamam episodes
|-
| ''Chandrikayilaliyunna Chandrakantham''|| Captain Akhila/ Abhirami|| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
|''Kodeeshwaran''||Chandana||[[Pocket FM]]||
|-
|''Mangalyam''||Subhadra||Zee Keralam||Guest appearance
|-
| rowspan='1' | 2025||''Veettile Vilakku''||Vismaya||[[Flowers TV]]||
|-
|2025 - present||''[[Kudumbashree Sharada]]''||Reshma||Zee Keralam||
|-
| 2026-present
| ''Anju Sundarikal''
| Vridha
| [[Sun Surya]]
|Replaced Diya Chity
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|10625394}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandran, Snisha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:1998 births]]

Darr

2026-03-19T18:40:09Z

Good Life Financial: refine information additionally and improved wording as per guidelines

{{Short description|1993 Bollywood film}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Darr: A Violent Love Story
| image = Darr poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Yash Chopra]]
| writer = [[Honey Irani]] {{infobox|decat=yes|child=yes|label1= Dialogues by|data1= [[Javed Siddiqui]]}}
| screenplay =
| story =
| producer = Yash Chopra
| starring = {{plainlist|

* [[Sunny Deol]]
* [[Juhi Chawla]]
* [[Shah Rukh Khan]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Manmohan Singh (film director)|Manmohan Singh]]
| editing = Keshav Naidu
| music = [[Shiv–Hari]]
| studio = [[Yash Raj Films]]
| distributor = Yash Raj Films
| released = {{film date|1993|12|24|df=yes}}
| runtime = 177 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|3.25 crore}}<ref name="boxofficeindia1">{{cite web | title = Darr – Movie – Box Office India | work = boxofficeindia.com | access-date = 2016-08-11 | url = http://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3320 }}</ref>
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|21.3 crore}}<ref name="boxofficeindia1" />
}}

'''''Darr: A Violent Love Story''''' ({{IPA|hi|ɖər}}; {{lit.}} ''Fear'') is a 1993 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[psychological thriller]] film directed and produced by [[Yash Chopra]] under his banner [[Yash Raj Films]]. It stars [[Sunny Deol]], [[Juhi Chawla]] and [[Shah Rukh Khan]] in the lead roles, along with [[Anupam Kher]], [[Tanvi Azmi]], [[Annu Kapoor]], and [[Dalip Tahil]] in supporting roles.

''Darr'' released on 24 December 1993, coinciding with the [[Christmas]] weekend, and emerged as a major commercial success. It was declared a blockbuster at the box-office and went on to become the [[List of Hindi films of 1993|third highest-grossing Hindi film of the year]] and the highest-grossing Indian film of the year. It received widespread critical acclaim upon release, with praise towards the direction, story, screenplay, soundtrack, cinematography, costumes and the performances of the cast.

''Darr'' proved to be a milestone for both Chawla and Khan's careers, catapulting them to stardom. The film emerged as Chawla's third consecutive commercial success that year, following ''[[Lootere]]'' and ''[[Hum Hain Rahi Pyaar Ke]]'', thus solidifying her career as a leading lady in the 1990s, while Khan's portrayal of an obsessive lover was widely appreciated by critics and audiences alike. The film marked the first of Khan's collaborations with Chopra and the Yash Raj Films banner.

The film received two nominations at the [[39th Filmfare Awards]] for [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] (Chopra) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Villain]] (Khan), and won two awards: [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role|Best Comedian]] (Kher) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]] (Manmohan Singh). At the [[41st National Film Awards]], the film won the award for [[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment|Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]].

== Plot ==
Kiran Awasthi, a beautiful college student, visits her brother Vijay and his wife Poonam upon her return home. Rahul Mehra, her classmate who is in love with her, is relentlessly following her. An [[MARCOS|SF officer]] in the [[Indian Navy]], [[Lieutenant (navy)|Lieutenant]] Sunil Malhotra is Kiran's boyfriend. His [[Commanding officer|Commanding Officer]] [[Indian Navy ranks and insignia#Commissioned officers|Captain]] Avinash Mehra, is Rahul's father.

Rahul makes an effort to be friendly with Sunil in order to be near Kiran. Rahul keeps calling her when she gets home and asks her to avoid Sunil, but despite her fear, she rejects Rahul's authority over her. She and her family are frightened when he visits her on both her birthday and [[Holi]]. Kiran and Sunil become engaged thanks to Vijay and Poonam, who think the stalker would never bother Kiran again.

Upon learning this, a furious Rahul attempts to murder Sunil but is unsuccessful. When Sunil is chasing Rahul, he doesn't know that the stalker is Rahul, he has an accident and is taken to the hospital. Kiran chooses to flee the city so that the stalker won't harm her beloved any longer but is apprehended by Sunil, who marries her that very night. Rahul is attacked by this and vows to take Kiran for himself. He kills the police officers sent to protect the couple and vandalizes their new home with graffiti reading "{{IAST|Śādī Mubārāka Kiraṇa}}" (Congrats on your marriage, Kiran) and "''{{IAST|Tuma mērī hō Kiraṇa}}''" (You are mine, Kiran).

This horrifies Kiran, who worries that she might lose her mind. Sunil decides to take Kiran on a surprise honeymoon to [[Switzerland]] while booking extra tickets to [[Goa]], so that the stalker goes away by misunderstanding that the couple is in Goa. Rahul falls for the trick and looks everywhere for Kiran in Goa in vain, but couldn't find her. Instead, he meets Vikram "Vicky" Oberoi, a friend from college, who is ill. Rahul then makes an effort to get to know Kiran's brother and sister-in-law by paying them daily visits to learn about Kiran's location.

Vicky calls Rahul and invites him to meet him. When he does, he discovers him on his deathbed, pleading with Rahul to kill him since he can no longer bear the anguish. After a brief pause, he kills his companion while creating the illusion that Vicky was the stalker. Kiran's family believes the stalker killed himself after failing to find Kiran and relax. Rahul is informed of her true whereabouts, and he shows up at her hotel.

He is acknowledged by Kiran and Sunil, who invite him to join their celebrations. However, Sunil learns that Rahul was Kiran's stalker when Vijay calls him and says that Rahul had been visiting him and Poonam but not mentioned he was going to Switzerland. Sunil sends Kiran to wait for him at a boat, before luring Rahul to the forest and attacking him. Rahul begs for mercy, stabs Sunil and then abandons him to perish. Later, as Rahul arrives at the boat, he tries to marry Kiran without her will and informs her that Sunil has died. Despite her pleading and begging, he hands her his mother's old saree and orders her to wear it.

Kiran locks herself in a room in the boat. When the boat's door is smashed and Kiran is yanked back out by Rahul and pretends to agree to marry Rahul, then it is discovered that Sunil didn't actually die and he returns to save Kiran bloodies. Enraged, Sunil brutally fights Rahul and ends up shooting him thrice. Dying, Rahul expresses shame for his actions and begs Kiran to not hate him. Kiran and Sunil return to [[India]] and visit their relatives once again.

== Cast ==

*[[Sunny Deol]] as [[Lieutenant]] Sunil Malhotra, Kiran’s husband
*[[Juhi Chawla]] as Kiran Malhotra, Sunil’s wife
*[[Shahrukh Khan]] as Rahul Mehra, Kiran's obsessive unrequited lover and stalker
*[[Anupam Kher]] as Vijay Awasthi, Kiran's brother
*[[Tanvi Azmi]] as Poonam Awasthi, Vijay’s wife; Kiran’s sister-in-law
*[[Dalip Tahil]] as [[Captain]] Avinash Mehra, Rahul's father; Sunil's superior in the Indian Navy
*[[Annu Kapoor]] as Vikram "Vicky" Oberoi, Rahul's friend
*Piloo J. Wadia as the hotel manager
*[[Vikas Anand]] as the psychiatrist

== Production ==

=== Development ===
[[Aditya Chopra]] wanted to make a film similar to the Hollywood film ''[[Cape Fear (1991 film)|Cape Fear]]'' (1991) starring [[Robert De Niro]]. The film was to be directed by Naresh Malhotra, an assistant of [[Yash Chopra]], with [[Raveena Tandon]], [[Dino Martelli|Deepak Malhotra]], and Saahil Chaddha in the lead roles. However, Yash decided to take over the project, and eventually changed the casting.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 2023 |title=Saahil Chadha recalls being replaced from Darr after Yash Chopra took over the film, says Aditya Chopra offered him Shah Rukh Khan's part |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/saahil-chadha-replaced-darr-after-yash-chopra-aditya-chopra-offered-him-shah-rukh-khan-part-8849950/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> The film's title ''Darr'' was suggested to Chopra by his other son [[Uday Chopra]] (who worked as an assistant director in the film) and [[Hrithik Roshan]].<ref name="indiatv">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood-darr-shah-rukh-khan-lesser-known-facts-418621|title=24 years of Darr: We bet you didn't know these 7 unknown facts about Shah Rukh Khan's film|date=24 December 2017|agency=[[India TV]]|access-date=10 November 2018|archive-date=22 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922153031/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood-darr-shah-rukh-khan-lesser-known-facts-418621|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
[[Sridevi]], who had previously collaborated with Chopra in ''[[Chandni (1989 film)|Chandni]]'' (1989) and ''[[Lamhe]]'' (1991), was first offered the role of Kiran. The role was planned much like her previous roles in ''Chandni'' and ''Lamhe''. However, she wanted Kiran to be the obsessed lover instead of the victim; Chopra refused this change of plot, causing Sridevi to opt out.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-08-29 |title='Baahubali' to 'Baghban': Films rejected by Sridevi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/baahubali-to-baghban-films-rejected-by-sridevi/photostory/63109441.cms |access-date=2026-03-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[Madhuri Dixit]] was offered the role next, but she refused due to scheduling conflicts. [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan|Aishwarya Rai]] was [[Screen test|screen tested]] for the role, but ultimately could do not the film as she competing for the [[Miss World Pageant]] at the time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-25 |title=‘Yash Chopra wanted to cast Aishwarya Rai for Darr, didn’t work out because of Miss World pageant,’ recalls Neeta Lulla |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/yash-chopra-wanted-aishwarya-rai-for-darr-didnt-work-out-8859672/ |access-date=2025-10-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> [[Divya Bharti]] was then signed, however, she was replaced with [[Juhi Chawla]] at [[Aamir Khan]]'s request.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2020 |title=Did You Know: Aamir Khan got Divya Bharti replaced with Juhi Chawla in Darr due to THIS reason? |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/nostalgia/did-you-know-aamir-khan-got-divya-bharti-replaced-juhi-chawla-darr-due-reason-523740 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412115556/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/nostalgia/did-you-know-aamir-khan-got-divya-bharti-replaced-juhi-chawla-darr-due-reason-523740 |archive-date=12 April 2020|website=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref>

[[Sanjay Dutt]] was the original choice for the antagonist Rahul Mehra, however was unable to sign the film due to his conviction of illegal possession of arms. [[Sudesh Berry]] was considered for the role, but was rejected after a screen test.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Not Shah Rukh Khan, this actor was first choice of Yash Chopra for Darr, rejected the role due to..., name is... |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/not-shah-rukh-khan-this-border-actor-was-first-choice-of-yash-chopra-for-darr-rejected-the-role-due-to-this-reason-name-is-sudesh-berry-7967660/ |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=[[India.com]] |language=en}}</ref> The role was then offered to [[Ajay Devgn]], who declined as he was uncomfortable playing a negative character at that stage of his career.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-01 |title=Movies that Ajay Devgn rejected |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/movies-that-ajay-devgn-rejected/photostory/120533031.cms?picid=120533100 |access-date=2026-03-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[Aamir Khan]], who had worked with Chopra in ''[[Parampara (1993 film)|Parampara]]'' the same year, was signed. However, he was removed from the project after he asked for a joint narration with [[Sunny Deol]]. Khan's reasoning for this was that since he and Deol were two leading actors, they could hear their roles and if they were both satisfied, no ego hassles would happen henceforth. Furthermore, Khan was also unhappy with the way Deol's character beat Rahul up in the climax.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=12 June 2025 |title=Aamir Khan BREAKS SILENCE on losing Darr to Shah Rukh Khan: “I said yes, but I was fired from the film because…” : |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/aamir-khan-breaks-silence-losing-darr-shah-rukh-khan-said-yes-fired-film/ |access-date=5 March 2026 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref> Following Aamir's exit, [[Shah Rukh Khan]] was cast as Rahul after Chopra's son Aditya had watched his debut performance in ''[[Deewana (1992 film)|Deewana]]'' and suggested his name. ''Darr'' ended up capulating Khan to stardom and he went to star in all of Yash's future directorial ventures.

[[Rishi Kapoor]], [[Mithun Chakraborty]], and [[Jackie Shroff]] were all offered the role of Sunil, however all three of them refused.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-05-12 |title=Did you know Rishi Kapoor had turned down ‘Darr’ and suggested Shah Rukh Khan’s name? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/did-you-know-rishi-kapoor-had-turned-down-darr-and-suggested-shah-rukh-khans-name/articleshow/75692647.cms |access-date=2026-03-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[Nitish Bharadwaj]] was also approached for the role of Sunil, due to his popularity as [[Krishna|Lord Krishna]] in [[B. R. Chopra]]'s [[Mahabharat (1988 TV series)|''Mahabharat'']], but declined as he felt the role was not challenging enough. [[Sunny Deol]] had been given the choice of playing Sunil or the antagonist Rahul. Deol chose to play Sunil, believing that a negative role would harm his career.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-03 |title=Honey Irani revisits Shah Rukh Khan–Sunny Deol fallout; reveals Sunny was first offered SRK’s iconic role in Darr but he declined |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/honey-irani-revisits-shah-rukh-khansunny-deol-fallout-reveals-sunny-was-first-offered-srks-iconic-role-in-darr-but-he-declined/articleshow/127888211.cms |access-date=2026-03-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by the duo [[Shiv–Hari]], with the lyrics written by [[Anand Bakshi]].

It was the second best-selling [[Bollywood soundtrack]] album of the year, being surpassed only by ''[[Baazigar]]'' (which also starred Shah Rukh Khan).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=284&catName=MTk5MC0xOTk5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215081552/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=284&catName=MTk5MC0xOTk5&PHPSESSID=108b9056cd4ca14236f9c6119d34dcce |archive-date=15 February 2008 |title=Music Hits 1990–1999 (Figures in Units) |publisher=Box Office India |date=22 January 2009 |access-date=9 May 2012}}</ref> The soundtrack album sold about 4.5{{nbsp}}million units in India,<ref name="Outlook">{{cite magazine|title=Making Music Like Ne'er Before|magazine=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|date=13 March 1996|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/making-music-like-neer-before/200987|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210071742/http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/making-music-like-neer-before/200987|archive-date=2017-12-10|access-date=25 March 2022}}</ref> earning at least {{INRConvert|10.8|c|year=1993}}.<ref>{{cite journal|title=India Today|journal=[[India Today]]|date=1994|volume=19|page=iv|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LHEZAQAAMAAJ|language=en|quote=DARR Music Director: Shiv-Harl Lyricist: Anand Bakshi Sales: 40 lakh tapes Value: Rs 10.8 crore}}</ref> Rakesh Budhu of ''Planet Bollywood'' in his review gave the album 8.5 stars out of 10.<ref name="pb" />

''Darr'''s soundtrack marked one of the earliest instances of [[Udit Narayan]] supplying his voice for Shah Rukh Khan. Narayan's voice went on to be featured in the soundtracks of every single one of Khan's collaborations with Yash Raj Films until ''[[Veer-Zaara]]'' (2004).

{{Infobox album
| name = Darr
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Shiv-Hari]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1993
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = 42:12
| label = [[Saregama]]
| producer = [[Shiv-Hari]]
| prev_title = [[Sahibaan]]
| prev_year = 1993
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{{Music ratings
| rev1 = Planet Bollywood
| rev1Score = {{Rating|8.5|10}}<ref name="pb">{{cite web|title=Darr Music Review|url=http://www.planetbollywood.com/displayReview.php?id=042106034653|access-date=30 March 2018}}</ref>
}}
{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics = Anand Bakshi
| all_music =
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Jaadu Teri Nazar
| length1 = 4:41
| extra1 = [[Udit Narayan]]
| title2 = Darwaaza Band Karlo
| length2 = 6:05
| extra2 = [[Lata Mangeshkar]] & [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]]
| title3 = Tu Mere Saamne
| length3 = 6:07
| extra3 = Lata Mangeshkar & Udit Narayan
| title4 = Ishq Da Bura Rog (not in the film)
| length4 = 5:43
| extra4 = Lata Mangeshkar & [[Vinod Rathod]]
| title5 = Solah Button
| length5 = 7:35
| extra5 = Lata Mangeshkar, [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]] & [[Pamela Chopra]]
| title6 = Likha Hai Ye In Hawaaon Pe
| length6 = 5:12
| extra6 = Lata Mangeshkar & [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
| title7 = Ang Se Ang Lagana
| length7 = 6:49
| extra7 = [[Vinod Rathod]], [[Sudesh Bhosle]], [[Alka Yagnik]] & [[Devaki Pandit]]
| title8 = Obsession (Dance Music)
| length8 = 2:18
| extra8 = Instrumental
}}

== Box office ==
At the domestic Indian box office, ''Darr'' became the third highest-grossing film of 1993, after ''[[Aankhen (1993 film)|Aankhen]]'' and ''[[Khalnayak]]'', and was declared a blockbuster.<ref name="boxofficeindia2">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=199&catName= |title=Box Office 1993 |publisher=Boxofficeindia.com |access-date=14 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814154929/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=199&catName= |archive-date=14 August 2013 }}</ref> In India, it was released on 190 screens, with 19.96{{nbsp}}million tickets sold. Its domestic gross was {{INR|link=yes}}15.73{{nbsp}}[[crore]], including a [[net income]] of {{INR}}10.74{{nbsp}}crore, which is equivalent to {{INRConvert|184.4|c|year=2017|mode=historical}} when adjusted for inflation {{as of|2017|lc=y}}.<ref name="boxofficeindia1" /> Its domestic gross is equivalent to {{INRConvert|339|c|year=2017|mode=historical}} when adjusted for inflation {{as of|2017|lc=y}}.{{efn|name=Inflation|Inflation rate of 17.17 times: {{INR}}10.74{{nbsp}}crore domestic net equivalent to {{INRConvert|184.4|c|year=2017|mode=historical}}.<ref name="boxofficeindia1" />}}

At the overseas box office, ''Darr'' was the year's highest-grossing Indian film of 1993, grossing $500,000 ({{INR}}5.58{{nbsp}}crore).<ref>{{cite web|title=Top Overseas Grossers 1993|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/overseas-total-gross.php?year=1993|website=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=3 December 2017}}</ref> Worldwide, it grossed {{INRConvert|21.31|c|year=1993|mode=historical}},<ref name="boxofficeindia1" /> equivalent to {{INRConvert|366|c|year=2017|mode=historical}} when adjusted for inflation {{as of|2017|lc=y}}.{{efn|name=Inflation}}

== Awards and nominations ==
{{Anchor|Awards|Accolades}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Award !! Category !! Nominee !! Result !! References
|-
|[[41st National Film Awards]] || [[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment|Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]] || [[Yash Chopra]] || {{won}} || <ref>{{cite book|last1=Gopalakrishnan|first1=K.|last2=Aggarwal|first2=Semugha|title=41st National Film Festival|publisher=Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|pages=18–19|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/41st_nff_1994.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="9" |[[39th Filmfare Awards]] || [[Filmfare Best Comedian Award|Best Comedian]] || [[Anupam Kher]] || {{won}} || rowspan="11" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare Awards Winners 1994: Complete list of winners of Filmfare Awards 1994 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1994/101 |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]|| [[Manmohan Singh (film director)|Manmohan Singh]] || {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Best Director Award|Best Director]] || Yash Chopra || {{Nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Villain]] || [[Shah Rukh Khan]] || {{Nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Best Music Director Award|Best Music Director]] || [[Shiv-Hari]] || {{Nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]] || [[Anand Bakshi]] for "Jaadu Teri Nazar" || {{Nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]] || [[Udit Narayan]] for "Jaadu Teri Nazar" || {{Nom}}
|}

== Remakes ==
It was remade in Kannada as ''[[Preethse]]'', starring [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] as Chandu (Rahul), [[Shiva Rajkumar]] as Surya (Sunil) and [[Sonali Bendre]] playing Kiran.<ref>{{Cite web
| author= Rajitha
| date = 8 December 1999
| title= Sonali takes over from Juhi
|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/1999/dec/08spice.htm|access-date=2023-01-04|website=m.rediff.com}}</ref> The film also partially inspired the 2005 Tamil film ''[[Chinna (2005 film)|Chinna]]''. The Telugu film ''Tapassu'' also borrowed some scenes from ''Darr''.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

The teaser trailer for an intended five-part web series ''Darr 2.0'' was released on [[YouTube]] on August 30, 2016. It was set to be a retelling of the film in a contemporary setting, portraying cyber-stalking and digital crimes. The web series was set to be produced by Ashish Chopra under the banner of [[Y-Films]] and directed by Vikash Chandra. Screenplay and dialogues are by Nikhil Taneja and Shubham Yogi.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Dixit|first1=Mini|title=Shah Rukh's Darr is getting a creepy, stalker-ish, web series makeover|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/what-s-hot/story/darr-reboot-yashraj-shah-rukh-khan-juhi-chawla-internet-stalker-lifest-338220-2016-08-31|access-date=12 September 2016|website=India Today|date=31 August 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ramachandran |first1=Nama |author-link1=Naman Ramachandran |date=30 August 2016 |title=Early Shah Rukh Khan Film 'Darr' Revived as Indian Web Series |url=https://variety.com/2016/digital/asia/shah-rukh-khan-film-darr-indian-web-series-1201847582/ |access-date=21 August 2017 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> The series was shelved.

==Legacy==
Audience and the critics appreciated Shah Rukh Khan's dialogue: "I love you, K-k-k- Kiran" which still remains iconic.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Himanshu |date=2023-01-02 |title=Favourite Villains: When Shah Rukh Khan Made Us Weep For The Anti-Hero In Darr |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/readers-articles/darr-amazon-prime-video-favourite-villains-when-shah-rukh-khan-made-us-weep-for-the-anti-hero-in-darr-juhi-chawla-sunny-deol |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=www.filmcompanion.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite book |last=Chowdhury |first=Purna |editor1-last=Mehta |editor1-first=Rini Bhattacharya |editor2-last=Pandharipande |editor2-first=Rajeshwari V. |title=Bollywood and Globalization: Indian Popular Cinema, Nation, and Diaspora |year=2010 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-84331-833-0 |pages=56–60 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p3OqmW_tQYIC&pg=PA56 |chapter=Bollywood Babes: Body and Female Desire in the Bombay Films Since the Nineties and ''Darr'', ''Mohra'' and ''Aitraaz'': A Tropic Discourse}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0109555}}

{{National Film Award Wholesome Entertainment}}
{{Yash Chopra}}

[[Category:1993 films]]
[[Category:1993 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Hindustani-language films]]
[[Category:1993 psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:1990s chase films]]
[[Category:1990s romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shiv-Hari]]
[[Category:Films directed by Yash Chopra]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian chase films]]
[[Category:Yash Raj Films films]]
[[Category:Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films shot in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Films about fear]]
[[Category:Films about stalking]]
[[Category:Films about home invasion]]
[[Category:Films set in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Indian Navy in films]]
[[Category:Films set in Goa]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Films set on boats]]
[[Category:Hindi-language romantic thriller films]]

Jagannath Temple, Hyderabad

2026-03-16T23:23:17Z

Good Life Financial: refined lead based on references and improved wording after review

{{Short description|Hindu Jagannath temple in Hyderabad, India}}
{{other uses| Jagannath Temple (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
|name = Jagannath Temple, Hyderabad
|image = ଜଗନ୍ନାଥ ମନ୍ଦିର, ହାଇଦ୍ରାବାଦ.jpg
|caption =
|coordinates = {{coord| 17.415148| 78.426232}}
|coordinates_footnotes =
|map_size = 250
|map_caption =
|country = India
|state = [[Telangana]]
|district = Hyderabad
|locale = Road 12, [[Banjara Hills]]
|elevation_m =
|elevation_footnotes =
|deity = [[Jagannath]]
|festivals = [[Rath Yatra]]
|temple_quantity = Five
|monument_quantity =
|inscriptions =
|year_completed = 2009
|creator =
|temple_board = Kalinga Cultural Trust, Hyderabad
|website = http://shrijagannathtemplehyderabad.com
}}
The '''Jagannath Temple''' in Hyderabad, India, Telangana, is a modern temple built by the [[Odia people|Odia]] community of the city of Hyderabad dedicated to the [[Hindu]] God [[Jagannath]]. The temple located near [[Banjara hills]] Road no.12 (twelve) in Hyderabad is famous for its annual [[Rathyatra]] festival attended by thousands of devotees.<ref>{{cite news|title=Over 6,000 devotees attend Jagannath Rath Yatra|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/article548055.ece|access-date=29 July 2014|publisher=The New Indian Express|date=22 June 2012|archive-date=14 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814143652/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/article548055.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref> Jagannath means ''Lord of the Universe''. The temple which was constructed during 2009 recently lies in Center of Hyderabad City.

==Features==
It is said that this is a replica of original Jagannath Temple of [[Puri]] (Odisha) in context of design. The most attracting portion of this temple is its "Shikhara" (the peak/top) measuring around 70 feet in height. The red color of the temple is due to the usage of sandstone (around 600 tonnes were brought from Odisha which is being used to build this whole architecture) and around 60 stone carvers got the blessing to carve this temple. There are shrines dedicated to [[Lakshmi]], along with [[Shiva]], [[Ganesh]], [[Hanuman]] and [[Navagraha]]s. The amorous sculptures are also found outside the temple to ward off evil spirits. The sanctum sanctorum houses Lord [[Jagannath]] along with his siblings, Lord [[Balabhadra]] and Devi [[Subhadra]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Commons category|Jagannath Temple, Hyderabad}}
*[https://shekharstravel.blogspot.com/2009/11/jagannath-temple-hyderabad.html Jagannath in Andhra Pradesh]
*[http://wikimapia.org/13700706/Jagannath-Temple Jagannath temple at hyderabad]

{{Jagannath}}
{{Vishnu temples}}
{{Krishna|state=collapsed}}
{{Hindu Temples in Telangana}}

{{Hyderabad topics}}

[[Category:Jagannath temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Hyderabad, India]]

{{india-hindu-temple-stub}}

[[bn:জগন্নাথ মন্দির (দিল্লি)]]
[[ru:Храм Джаганнатхи в Дели]]

Sonia Vihar

2026-03-10T04:55:46Z

Good Life Financial: added info

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sonia Vihar
| settlement_type = [[neighbourhoods of Delhi|Neighbourhood of Delhi]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| header = '''Landmarks of Sonia Vihar'''
| border = infobox
| total_width = 260
| perrow = 2
| image8 = Sonia Vihar Metro Station, Delhi.jpg
| caption8 = Sonia Vihar Metro Station, Delhi
| image_size = 120
}}
| pushpin_map = India Delhi
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Delhi, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.70743|77.25993|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Delhi]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[North East Delhi]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 1980
| founder = Ch. Dheer Singh
| named_for = [[Sonia Gandhi]]
| government_type = Elected Representative
| governing_body = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| leader_title = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| leader_name = [[Kapil Mishra]]
| leader_title1 = [[Member of Parliament]]
| leader_name1 = [[Manoj Tiwari (Delhi politician)|Manoj Tiwari]]
| leader_title2 = [[Councillor]]
| leader_name2 = Soni Anupam Pandey
| area_total_km2 = 5
| elevation_m = 200
| population_total = ~700,000
| population_as_of = 2011 Census of India (estimated higher in 2024)
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Local Fact
| demographics1_title1 = Known Languages
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]], [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 110090
| registration_plate = DL-5
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Tronica City, Ghaziabad (UP)
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Police Station]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = Sonia Vihar
| blank2_name_sec1 = Civic Agency
| blank2_info_sec1 = East Delhi Municipal Corporation
| blank2_name_sec2 = Lok Sabha Constituency
| blank2_info_sec2 = [[North East Delhi]]
| blank3_name_sec2 = Vidhan Sabha Constituency
| blank3_info_sec2 = [[Karawal Nagar]]
| blank4_name_sec2 = Metro Station
| blank4_info_sec2 = [[Sonia Vihar metro station]] (under construction, Phase IV)
| blank5_name_sec2 = Water Supply
| blank5_info_sec2 = Sonia Vihar Water Treatment Plant (operational since 2006, capacity 635 MLD)
| website = [http://soniavihar.com www.Soniavihar.com]
}}

'''Sonia Vihar''' is a residential neighbourhood in the North East district of Delhi, India, situated on the eastern bank of the Yamuna River. The locality is divided into several phases and blocks and is bordered by [[Bhajanpura]], Khajuri Khas, Wazirabad and Yamuna Vihar, with other nearby areas including Maujpur, Seelampur and Shahdara. Sonia Vihar lies approximately 9 km from Kashmiri Gate ISBT, 12 km from Anand Vihar ISBT, 10 km from the University of Delhi (North Campus), and about 14 km from Connaught Place, while the Indira Gandhi International Airport is located around 32 km from the area.<ref>Government of Delhi. ''North East Delhi District Profile''. Official website.</ref> The neighbourhood is notable for the Sonia Vihar Water Treatment Plant, a major facility in Delhi’s water supply system, and is connected to other parts of the city by road and the nearby Maujpur–Babarpur metro station on the Pink Line of the Delhi Metro.<ref>Delhi Metro Rail Corporation. ''Pink Line Route and Stations''. DMRC.</ref>

==Geography and divisions==
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2024}}
[[File:3rd Pusta Main Market.jpg|thumb|3rd Pusta Main Market]]
Sonia Vihar is organized into several Blocks, labeled A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. The G Block is further subdivided into G-1, G-2, G-3, and G-4. Additionally, the area is divided by the embankments, or Pustas, that run parallel to the Yamuna River. These are referred to as Zero Pusta, 1st Pusta, 2nd Pusta, 3rd Pusta, 4th Pusta, and 5th Pusta.
It is located on the banks of the Yamuna River, which plays a vital role in the area’s water supply and ecological landscape.

==Demographics==
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2024}}
Sonia Vihar is home to a diverse population, with residents hailing from various parts of India. A large proportion of the population comes from Uttarakhand, Bihar and eastern Uttar Pradesh, and the area has a mix of merchants, laborers, and clerks, along with professionals working in various sectors.

== Banking and postal services ==
Sonia Vihar has two nationalised bank branches: a branch of Punjab National Bank and a branch of Indian Bank. Several ATMs operated by these banks and other providers are available locally for cash withdrawals and basic banking services. Postal services are handled by a single India Post office in Sonia Vihar, which provides regular mail, Speed Post and parcel services to residents.

==Landmarks==
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2024}}
The area is home to several noteworthy spots for leisure, shopping, and spirituality:

*Shyam Vatika and Rati Ram Vatika: Popular venues for weddings and events.

*Temples: Annapurna Temple, Balaji Mandir, Shri Aadi Shakti Balaji Sai Mandir, and Radha Swami Satsang Vyash are among the beloved spiritual places.
[[File:Radha-Swami Satsang Vyas, Sonia Vihar.jpg|thumb|Radha-Swami Satsang Vyas, Sonia Vihar]]
[[File:Maa Annapurna Mandir, Sonia Vihar.jpg|thumb|Maa Annapurna Mandir, Sonia Vihar]]

===Parks and Recreation===
[[File:Panorama view of 3.5 Pusta Park, Sonia Vihar.jpg|thumb|Panorama view of 3.5 Pusta Park, Sonia Vihar]]
[[File:Sonia Vihar Park 2nd Pusta Park.jpg|thumb|2nd Pusta Park, Sonia Vihar]]
Each Pusta in Sonia Vihar features parks that offer green spaces for leisure and community events. These parks serve as important recreational areas for residents.

===Festivals===
The residents of Sonia Vihar celebrate a wide variety of festivals throughout the year, reflecting the cultural diversity of the area. One of the most significant celebrations is Chhath Pooja, which takes place near the Yamuna River. Other religious and cultural festivals from various communities are also celebrated, contributing to the vibrant cultural fabric of the neighborhood.
[[File:Dussehra Fair, Sonia Vihar.jpg|thumb|Dussehra Fair, Sonia Vihar]]
[[File:Market geathring in Navratri.jpg|thumb|People Shopping for Navratri, Sonia Vihar]]

===Marriage venues===
Shyam Vatika, Rati Ram Vatika and Sundara Dharamshala are well-known marriage venues in the area, frequently used for weddings and other large social gatherings.

===Sonia Vihar Police Station===

Sonia Vihar Police Station serves the local community by handling law enforcement, managing public safety, and addressing local grievances. You can contact or visit the police station for assistance with legal issues, complaints, or emergencies in the Sonia Vihar locality.
[[File:Police Station, Sonia Vihar.jpg|thumb|Police Station, Sonia Vihar]]

== Infrastructure ==
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2024}}

===Water treatment plant===
Sonia Vihar Water Treatment Plant is a crucial facility operated by the Delhi Jal Board located in the Sonia Vihar area of northeast Delhi. Established in 2006, the plant processes 80 cusecs of water sourced from the Upper Ganga Canal. The facility plays a significant role in supplying potable water to various parts of Delhi, helping to meet the city's growing demand for clean drinking water. The treatment process ensures that the water is safe for consumption, contributing to public health and sanitation in the densely populated region.
[[File:Embankment Of Yamuna River in Sonia Vihar.jpg|thumb|Embankment of River Yamuna in Sonia Vihar]]
== Sonia Vihar Metro Station ==
{{Infobox station
| style = Delhi Metro
| name = [[File:Delhi Metro logo.svg|20px]]Sonia Vihar
| type = [[File:Delhi Metro logo.svg|20px]]'''Delhi Metro Station'''
| address = Sonia Vihar, North East Delhi, Delhi-110090
| coordinates = 
| structure = Elevated
| platform = 2 (Side platforms)
| levels = 2
| tracks = 2
| opened = Expected 2025
| electrified = through overhead catenary
| owned = [[File:Delhi Metro logo.svg|20px]]Delhi Metro
| operator = Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC)
| map_state = collapsed
| image = Sonia Vihar Metro Station, Delhi.jpg
}}

'''Sonia Vihar metro station''' on the [[Pink Line (Delhi Metro)|Pink Line]] of the [[Delhi Metro]], is located in Sonia Vihar, North East Delhi. It is being constructed as part of the Delhi Metro [[Delhi Metro|Phase IV]] expansion and will lie on the Majlis Park–Maujpur corridor. The station is expected to open in 2025.<ref>[https://www.financialexpress.com/business/sonia-vihar-delhi-metro-pink-line-expansion-2025 Financial Express – Delhi Metro Phase IV expansion to Sonia Vihar (2025)]</ref><ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-metro-phase-iv-update Times of India – Delhi Metro Phase IV update]</ref>
=== Station layout ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Level !! Layout
|-
| Street level || Station entrance/exit
|-
| Concourse || Ticket counters, Customer care, Security
|-
| Platform || Side platforms for Pink Line trains
|}

=== Station information ===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Pink}}; color:white;" | Pink Line
|-
! English !! Hindi
|-
| Sonia Vihar || सोनिया विहार
|-
! Phase || Opening || Interchange || Structure || Platform
|-
| IV || 2025 (expected) || None || Elevated || Side
|}

Sonia Vihar Metro Station is an upcoming elevated station on Delhi Metro’s Pink Line, forming part of the 12.318 km Majlis Park–Maujpur corridor under Phase IV. The corridor adds eight new stations and will complete India’s first ring-shaped metro, doubling the system’s operational efficiency.<ref>{{cite news |title=DMRC’s Majlis Park–Maujpur corridor to be India’s first ring metro corridor |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/dmrcs-majlis-park-maujpur-corridor-to-be-indias-first-ring-metro-corridor/article66752718.ece |work=The Hindu |date=22 April 2023 |access-date=25 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Closing the ring: Pink Line’s extension nears completion |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/closing-the-ring-pink-lines-extension-nears-completion/articleshow/122422417.cms |work=The Times of India |date=3 March 2025 |access-date=25 August 2025}}</ref>

'''Corridor and Station List'''
The extension includes eight elevated stations: Burari, Jharoda Majra, Jagatpur Village, Soorghat, Sonia Vihar, Khajuri Khas, Bhajanpura, and Yamuna Vihar.<ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi Metro Majlis Park–Maujpur corridor will introduce 8 new stations |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/delhi-metro-majlis-park-maujpur-corridor-will-introduce-8-new-stations-to-benefit-commuters-of-noida-gurgaon-11686626143192.html |work=Mint |date=24 February 2024 |access-date=25 August 2025}}</ref>
[[File:Delhi Metro Pink Line Route.png|thumb|Delhi Metro Pink Line Route]]

'''Key Infrastructure'''
* A 560 m balanced-cantilever bridge across the Yamuna connects Soorghat and Sonia Vihar. It is the fifth Delhi Metro bridge over the river.<ref>{{cite news |title=Metro to cross Yamuna for fifth time |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/metro-to-cross-yamuna-for-fifth-time/articleshow/121445910.cms |work=The Times of India |date=14 February 2025 |access-date=25 August 2025}}</ref>
* A 1.4 km double-decker viaduct between Bhajanpura and Yamuna Vihar carries metro tracks on the upper deck and a road flyover on the lower deck.<ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi Metro Pink Line extension to feature double-decker viaduct |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/infrastructure/delhi-metro-pink-line-extension-double-decker-viaduct-to-be-constructed-between-majlis-park-maujpur-corridor/1671849/ |work=The Financial Express |date=9 August 2019 |access-date=25 August 2025}}</ref>

'''Progress and Timeline'''
* As of mid-2025, the corridor is about 80–100% complete, with trial runs underway on the Majlis Park–Jagatpur Village stretch.<ref>{{cite news |title=Closing the ring: Pink Line’s extension nears completion |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/closing-the-ring-pink-lines-extension-nears-completion/articleshow/122422417.cms |work=The Times of India |date=3 March 2025 |access-date=25 August 2025}}</ref>
* The double-decker viaduct is structurally ready but awaits activation of its road-level ramp due to pending permissions.<ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi’s first double-decker viaduct is ready, but isn’t operational yet |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhis-first-double-decker-viaduct-is-ready-but-isnt/articleshow/121275062.cms |work=The Times of India |date=12 February 2025 |access-date=25 August 2025}}</ref>

Once operational, the Pink Line will be the first circular metro corridor in India, enabling uninterrupted travel across Delhi without interchanges.<ref>{{cite news |title=DMRC’s Majlis Park–Maujpur corridor to be India’s first ring metro corridor |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/dmrcs-majlis-park-maujpur-corridor-to-be-indias-first-ring-metro-corridor/article66752718.ece |work=The Hindu |date=22 April 2023 |access-date=25 August 2025}}</ref>

=== Transport ===
Sonia Vihar is well-connected by road, and public transport services, including buses operated by the Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC), facilitate commuting to other parts of Delhi. A new Delhi Metro project is underway, with plans to connect Sonia Vihar to the broader metro network, enhancing accessibility and convenience for residents.
[[File:Sonia Vihar Main Road Connecting Ghaziabad.jpg|thumb|Sonia Vihar Main Road Connecting Ghaziabad]]

== Sonia Vihar Elevated Corridor ==
Sonia Vihar Elevated Corridor is a proposed elevated road infrastructure project located in the northeastern part of Delhi, India. The corridor is planned to decongest the heavily trafficked Pusta Road near Sonia Vihar and aims to improve connectivity between Delhi and the Uttar Pradesh border at Tronica City.

The project is being developed by the Public Works Department (PWD) of Delhi. It involves the construction of a 5.5 to 6 km long elevated road, starting from the Nanaksar Gurudwara T‑Point and terminating at the Delhi–UP border near Tronica City.

The corridor is estimated to cost approximately ₹500 crore (US$60 million), and it has received approval from the Delhi government as part of an urban decongestion and infrastructure improvement initiative.<ref name="ET500">[https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/roads-highways/delhi-govt-unveils-500-crore-elevated-road-project-to-ease-traffic-in-pushta-sonia-vihar/119975703 Delhi govt unveils ₹500 crore elevated road project to ease traffic in Pushta, Sonia Vihar], ''The Economic Times'', April 2025.</ref><ref name="MPApproval">[https://www.millenniumpost.in/delhi/delhi-govt-clears-500-crore-elevated-road-for-sonia-vihar-605602 Delhi cabinet clears ₹500 crore corridor in Sonia Vihar], ''Millennium Post'', April 2025.</ref>

'''Project Details'''

{| class="wikitable"
! Feature !! Specification
|-
| Project Name || Sonia Vihar Corridor
|-
| Location || Sonia Vihar, North East Delhi, India
|-
| Length || Approx. 5.5–6 km
|-
| Route || Nanaksar Gurudwara T‑Point to Delhi–UP Border (Tronica City)
|-
| Type || Elevated Road Corridor
|-
| Estimated Cost || ₹500 crore (US$60 million)
|-
| Executing Agency || Public Works Department (PWD), Delhi
|-
| Status || Feasibility study initiated
|-
| Expected Benefits || Reduced traffic congestion, preservation of green cover, improved regional connectivity
|}

'''Background'''

The existing Pusta Road in Sonia Vihar is a narrow and congested artery flanked by dense green cover and infrastructure such as pipelines operated by the Delhi Jal Board (DJB). Due to the limited availability of land and environmental sensitivities, traditional road widening has not been feasible. As a solution, the Delhi government proposed constructing an elevated corridor along the central verge of the existing road, supported by pillars to avoid land acquisition and ecological disruption.<ref name="TOITraffic">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/elevated-corridor-planned-to-free-up-traffic-in-sonia-vihar-in-northeast-delhi/articleshow/121854442.cms Elevated corridor planned to free up traffic in Sonia Vihar in northeast Delhi], ''Times of India'', June 2025.</ref><ref name="HTPWD">[https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/pwd-set-to-make-6km-long-elevated-road-in-sonia-vihar-101743789637628.html PWD set to make 6-km-long corridor in Sonia Vihar], ''Hindustan Times'', June 2025.</ref>

'''Development Status'''

In 2025, the Delhi cabinet approved the project budget, and a feasibility study tender was floated to evaluate:
* Traffic patterns and congestion levels
* Environmental impact (especially related to green cover and underground utilities)
* Structural requirements and road design
* Right-of-way constraints

PWD engineers are also evaluating the existing infrastructure at the project’s entry point, where six feeder roads converge with the Pusta Road. This includes proximity to critical facilities such as the Delhi Jal Board water treatment plant.<ref name="TheWeekPWD">[https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2025/06/13/des43-dl-pwd-flyover.html Delhi PWD floats tender for Sonia Vihar corridor], ''The Week'', June 2025.</ref>

'''Political and Administrative Support'''

The Sonia Vihar Corridor project has received backing from local residents and political representatives, including MLA Kapil Mishra. It was formally announced by PWD Minister Parvesh Verma during a site visit in April 2025. The initiative is supported under the administration of Delhi Chief Minister Rekha Gupta.<ref name="TribuneParvesh">[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/delhi/minister-parvesh-announces-500-cr-elevated-road-project/ Minister Parvesh announces ₹500 cr elevated road project], ''The Tribune'', April 2025.</ref><ref name="KapilSupport">[https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/roads-highways/pwd-floats-tender-for-500-crore-sonia-vihar-elevated-corridor/121860826 PWD floats tender for Sonia Vihar corridor], ''Infra Economic Times'', April 2025.</ref>

'''Environmental and Technical Considerations'''

The design of the corridor is tailored to minimize ecological and infrastructural disruptions. By constructing the corridor along the central verge of the existing road and raising it on pillars, the project will preserve surrounding tree cover and avoid interference with DJB pipelines.<ref name="TOITraffic" /><ref name="HTPWD" />

Delhi PWD initiated a ₹500 crore project in 2025 for an elevated corridor (5.5-6 km) along Pusta Road, from Nanaksar Gurudwara to the Tronica City border. This aims to relieve traffic congestion across Sonia Vihar and adjoining areas.<ref name="toi">{{Cite news |title=Elevated corridor planned to free up traffic in Sonia Vihar | newspaper=The Times of India |date=15 June 2025|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/elevated-corridor-planned-to-free-up-traffic-in-sonia-vihar-in-northeast-delhi/articleshow/121854442.cms}}</ref><ref name="etin">{{Cite news |title=PWD floats tender for ₹500 crore elevated corridor |newspaper=ET Infra | date=15 June 2025|url=https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/roads-highways/pwd-floats-tender-for-500-crore-sonia-vihar-elevated-corridor/121860826}} </ref>

== Sonia Vihar Circular Road ==
[[File:Sonia Vihar Circular Road Connectivity Diagram.png|thumb|Sonia Vihar Circular Road Connectivity Diagram]]
{{Infobox road

| country = IND
| name = Sonia Vihar Circular Road
| alternate_name = Circular Road, Sonia Vihar Ring Road
| length_km = 2.5
| location = [[Sonia Vihar]], [[North East Delhi]], [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| termini = [[Khajoori Khas]], [[Shri Ram Colony]] – [[Pusta Road]], Sonia Vihar
| junction = [[Khajoori Khas]], [[Shri Ram Colony]],[[Pusta No. 0]],[[Pusta No. 1]], [[Pusta No. 2]], [[Pusta No. 3]], [[Pusta No. 4]]
| direction_a = West
| direction_b = East
| type = Internal/Local
| maintenance = [[Public Works Department, Delhi|PWD Delhi]]
| map =
| map_notes = Sonia Vihar Circular Road in North East Delhi
| status = Operational
}}

Sonia Vihar Circular Road is one of the major internal roads within the A-block of Sonia Vihar, a densely populated area in North East Delhi. It forms a curved or loop-shaped route that connects several key lanes, residential plots, and local marketplaces, serving as a vital lifeline for daily movement within the colony. It also connects Khajoori Khas and Shri Ram Colony to all Pusta areas of Sonia Vihar in a single stretch, enhancing interlocal access and traffic movement.

=== Geography and Layout ===
The road encircles much of the A-block region and intersects with several inner gali networks. It links important segments like:
* [[Pusta Road]] (including Pusta No. 2, 3, and 4)
* Sonia Vihar Main Market
* Service lanes and narrow bylanes leading to schools and temples

It connects Khajoori Khas and Shri Ram Colony to all Pusta areas of Sonia Vihar in one continuous stretch, acting as a vital link for residents commuting between eastern and western parts of the locality.

The Khajoori Khas Police Station is situated nearby, providing law enforcement services to both Khajoori and Sonia Vihar regions.

Despite its local character, the road plays a disproportionately large role in day-to-day transport for residents and businesses. It is especially active during morning and evening hours due to school and shop activities.

=== Landmarks and Institutions ===
Key institutions and landmarks along Sonia Vihar Circular Road include:
* [[The Child World Public School]]
* [[Sai International Public School]]
* [[SD Public School]]
* [[Sonia Vihar Shiv Mandir]]
* [[Ayush Clinic]] and various general medical stores
* Local grocery shops, stationery vendors, and mobile recharge kiosks

The area hosts small-scale commercial activity, with homes often having built-in ground-floor shops or rental spaces.

=== Traffic and Connectivity ===

Public transport options include:
* E-rickshaws and auto-rickshaws
* Nearby DTC bus stops on Pusta Road
* Proposed [[Sonia Vihar Metro Station]] under [[Delhi Metro Phase IV]], expected to significantly improve connectivity once operational

The road is also used as a bypass route for local vehicles avoiding traffic on Pusta Road.

=== Infrastructure Projects ===
The Delhi Public Works Department (PWD) has issued tenders for a 6-km long elevated corridor from Nanaksar Gurudwara to the UP border, intended to relieve congestion on Pusta Road. Though Circular Road is not directly part of the corridor, traffic decongestion will benefit nearby routes including Sonia Vihar Circular Road.

== Economy and Real Estate ==
Most properties consist of small builder floors and plots (30–100 gaz). Prices range from ₹20 lakh to ₹80 lakh, based on legal status and proximity to Pusta and Circular Road. The locality is expected to see price appreciation with new connectivity projects.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Housing.com – Sonia Vihar Plot Rates |url=https://housing.com/ |access-date=23 July 2025}}</ref>

In addition, the expected extension of the Delhi Metro’s Pink Line to Sonia Vihar will bring added value to the surrounding areas and reduce travel times to the rest of Delhi.

<ref>{{Cite web |title=PWD floats tender for elevated corridor in North East Delhi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/pwd-tender-sonia-vihar-elevated-road.html |publisher=Hindustan Times |access-date=2025-07-23}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Metro Phase IV |url=https://www.delhimetrorail.com |access-date=2025-07-23}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Transport in Delhi]]
* [[Delhi Jal Board]]

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |title=Sonia Vihar Demographics – Census 2001 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in |website=Census of India |access-date=2025-07-23}}

* {{Cite web |title=Delhi Jal Board – Sonia Vihar Water Plant |url=https://www.delhijalboard.nic.in |website=Delhi Jal Board |access-date=2025-07-23}}

* {{Cite news |last=Sinha |first=Snehil |title=PWD to check feasibility of flyover from Sonia Vihar to Delhi–U.P. border |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=15 June 2025 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/pwd-to-check-feasibility-of-flyover-from-sonia-vihar-to-delhi-u-p-border-101749926227371.html |access-date=2025-07-23}}

* {{Cite news |last=Sinha |first=Snehil |title=PWD set to make 6 km-long elevated road in Sonia Vihar |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=5 April 2025 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/pwd-set-to-make-6km-long-elevated-road-in-sonia-vihar-101743789637628.html |access-date=2025-07-23}}

* {{Cite news |title=Elevated corridor planned to free up traffic in Sonia Vihar in northeast Delhi |newspaper=The Times of India |date=15 June 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/elevated-corridor-planned-to-free-up-traffic-in-sonia-vihar-in-northeast-delhi/articleshow/121854442.cms |access-date=2025-07-23}}

* {{Cite news |title=Flyover connecting North Delhi and Ghaziabad: PWD to carry out feasibility study |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=14 June 2025 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/flyover-connecting-north-delhi-and-ghaziabad-pwd-to-carry-out-feasibility-study-10065766/ |access-date=2025-07-23}}

* {{Cite news |title=PWD floats tender for ₹500 crore Sonia Vihar elevated corridor |newspaper=ET Infra |date=15 June 2025 |url=https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/roads-highways/pwd-floats-tender-for-500-crore-sonia-vihar-elevated-corridor/121860826 |access-date=2025-07-23}}

* {{Cite web |title=Delhi Education Directory – Sonia Vihar schools |url=https://edudel.nic.in |website=Directorate of Education, Delhi |access-date=2025-07-23}}

* {{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India – Sonia Vihar Area |url=https://eci.gov.in |website=ECI |access-date=2025-07-23}}

* {{Cite web |title=Delhi Police Stations List |url=https://delhipolice.gov.in |website=Delhi Police |access-date=2025-07-23}}

*[https://www.google.com/maps/place/Sonia+Vihar,+New+Delhi,+Delhi/@28.7373356,77.244862,13z/data=!4m6!3m5!1s0x390cfc284966f25d:0x477cc99414d04083!8m2!3d28.7332472!4d77.2495891!16s%2Fm%2F0rpg9v7 Sonia Vihar Google Map]

* [https://dmnortheast.delhi.gov.in/police-directory-north-east Police Directory North-East]

[[Category:Geography of Delhi]]

Vasco da Gama–Patna Superfast Express

2026-03-05T18:14:47Z

Good Life Financial:

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Vasco da Gama–Patna Superfast Express
| logo = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2008|12|24}}
| last =
| operator = [[South Western Railway zone|South Western Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Vasco da Gama}} (VSG)
| stops = 16
| end = {{stnlnk|Patna Junction}} (PNBE)
| distance = {{convert|2229|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 39 hrs 05 mins
| frequency = Weekly {{efn|Runs one day in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 12741 / 12742
| speed = {{convert|57|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 12741 / 12742 '''Vasco da Gama–Patna Superfast Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]] train belonging to [[South Western Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Vasco da Gama}} and {{stnlnk|Patna Junction}} in India. It is currently being operated with 12741/12742 train numbers on a weekly basis.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://konkanrailway.com/press/details/409 |title=SAWANTWADI TERMINUS - A BOON TO THE PEOPLE OF KONKAN REGION |access-date=31 July 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801005237/http://konkanrailway.com/press/details/409 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://konkanrailway.com/press/details/86 |title="Monsoon Time Table on Konkan Rly from 10th June 2016" |access-date=31 July 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801005748/http://konkanrailway.com/press/details/86 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.swr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=1175&did=1446540919356242D3E6AD5EEBF74AC0A725E47D4D4CD.web91 SOUTH {{sic|nolink=y|reason=error in source|WESTERM}} RAILWAY AUGMENTS TRAINS WITH ADDITIONAL COACHES TO CLEAR RUSH OF WAITLIST PASSENGERS DURING DEEPAVALI FESTIVAL]</ref><ref>[http://www.uniindia.com/sw-railway-adds-additional-coaches-to-clear-festival-rush/others/news/256732.html SW Railway adds additional coaches to clear festival rush]</ref>

== Service==

The 12741/Vasco da Gama–Patna SF Express has an average speed of 57 km/h and covers 2229 km in 39h 05m. The 12742/Patna–Vasco da Gama SF Express has an average speed of 58 km/h and covers 2229 km in 38h 15m.

== Route and halts ==
The important halts of the train are:

* '''{{stnlnk|Vasco da Gama}}'''
* {{stnlnk|Madgaon Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Thivim}}
* {{stnlnk|Sawantwadi Road}}
* {{stnlnk|Ratnagiri}}
* {{stnlnk|Chiplun}}
* {{stnlnk|Panvel}}
* {{stnlnk|Kalyan Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Nasik Road}}
* {{stnlnk|Manmad Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Bhusaval Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Khandwa Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Itarsi Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Jabalpur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Katni Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Satna Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Prayagraj Chheoki Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Mughalsarai Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Buxar}}
* {{stnlnk|Ara Junction}}
* '''{{stnlnk|Patna Junction}}'''

==Coach composite==

The train has modern LHB rake with a maximum speed of 130 km/h. The train consists of 21 coaches:

* 2 AC II Tier
* 2 AC III Tier
* 10 Sleeper coaches
* 1 Parcel Van
* 4 General Unreserved
* 1 SLR (Seating cum Luggage Rake)
* 1 EOG (End on Generator car)

==Schedule==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Train number !! Station code !! Departure station !! Departure time !! Departure day !! Arrival station !! Arrival time !! Arrival day
|-
| 12741 || VSG || Vasco da Gama (Goa) || 7:05 PM || Wednesday || Patna (Bihar) || 10:10 AM || Friday
|-
| 12742 || PNBE || Patna (Bihar) || 2:05 PM || Saturday || Vasco da Gama (Goa)|| 4:20 AM || Monday
|}

==Traction==

* Vasco Da Gama (VSG) to Madgaon (MAO) and vice-versa - [[Diesel Loco Shed, Gooty|Gooty Loco Shed]] based [[WDG-4]] diesel locomotive.
* Madgaon (MAO) to Patna (PNBE) and vice-versa - [[Diesel Loco Shed, Samastipur|Samastipur Loco Shed]] based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive.

== Rake sharing ==

The train has its dedicated single LHB rake with Primary Maintenance at Vasco Da Gama (VSG) coaching depot.

== Direction reversal==

Train reverses its direction once:

* {{stnlnk|Madgaon Junction}}

==Accident==
On 24 November 2017, train number 12741 was derailed near platform number two of [[Manikpur, Uttar Pradesh|Manikpur]] railway station in [[Chitrakoot division]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name=hindu>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/seven-injured-as-vasco-da-gama-patna-express-derails-in-up/article20746287.ece|title=Three killed as Vasco Da Gama-Patna express derails in Chitrakoot, UP|last=Rashid|first=Omar|work=The Hindu|date=24 November 2017|accessdate=24 November 2017}}</ref> The train was derailed at 4:18 am (IST), with three people getting killed and at least nine injured. One coach of the train was half tilted in the incident.<ref name=hindu/> Seven injured were referred to the Manikpur CHC hospital while two were sent to the district hospital in Chitrakoot. According to ADG (Law and Order), Anand Kumar, "prima facie it appears that fractured railway track is the cause of accident as per local assessment".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/vasco-da-gama-patna-express-derails-in-uttar-pradeshs-chitrakoot-1779374|title=3 Dead, Several Injured After Train Derails In Uttar Pradesh's Chitrakoot|last=Sethi|first=Nidhi|publisher=NDTV|date=24 November 2017|accessdate=24 November 2017}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Vasco da Gama railway station]]
* [[Patna Junction railway station]]
* [[Yesvantpur–Vasco da Gama Express]]
* [[Vasco da Gama–Velankanni Weekly Express]]
* [[Chennai Central–Vasco da Gama Weekly Express]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/2440 12741/Vasco - Patna SF Express]
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/2435 12742/Patna - Vasco Express]

{{Railways in Southern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vasco da Gama - Patna Superfast Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Vasco da Gama, Goa]]
[[Category:Transport in Patna]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Goa]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2008]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Solid-propellant rocket

2026-03-05T02:28:19Z

Good Life Financial: refined page for clarity and updated info for consistency

{{Short description|Rocket with a motor that uses solid propellants}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2017}}
{{Use American English|date=September 2016}}
[[File:Space Shuttle Columbia launching.jpg|thumb|300px|The [[Space Shuttle]] was launched with the help of two solid-fuel boosters known as [[Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster|SRBs]]]]

A '''solid-propellant rocket''' or '''solid rocket''' is a [[rocket]] with a [[rocket engine]] that uses [[Rocket propellant#Solid chemical propellants|solid propellants]] ([[fuel]]/[[oxidizer]]). The earliest rockets were solid-fuel rockets powered by [[gunpowder]]. The inception of gunpowder rockets in warfare can be credited to the ancient Chinese, and in the 13th century, the Mongols played a pivotal role in facilitating their westward adoption.<ref>chapters 1–2, ''Blazing the trail: the early history of spacecraft and rocketry'', [[Mike Gruntman]], AIAA, 2004, {{ISBN|1-56347-705-X}}.</ref>

All rockets used some form of solid or powdered [[propellant]] until the 20th century, when [[liquid-propellant rocket]]s offered more efficient and controllable alternatives. Because of their simplicity and reliability, solid rockets are still used today in military armaments worldwide, [[model rocket]]s, [[solid rocket booster]]s and on larger applications.

Since solid-fuel rockets can remain in storage for an extended period without much propellant degradation, and since they almost always launch reliably, they have been frequently used in military applications such as [[missile]]s. The lower performance of solid propellants (as compared to liquids) does not favor their use as primary propulsion in modern medium-to-large launch vehicles customarily used for commercial satellites and major space probes. Solids are, however, frequently used as strap-on boosters to increase payload capacity or as spin-stabilized add-on upper stages when higher-than-normal velocities are required. Solid rockets are used as light launch vehicles for [[low Earth orbit]] (LEO) payloads under 2 tons or escape payloads up to {{convert|1100|lb|kg|order=flip}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=LADEE - Lunar Atmosphere Dust and Environment Explorer|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/ladee/main/index.html|last=Culler|first=Jessica|date=2015-06-16|website=NASA|access-date=2020-06-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.space-travel.com/reports/LockMart_And_ATK_Athena_Launch_Vehicles_Selected_As_A_NASA_Launch_Services_Provider_999.html|title=LockMart And ATK Athena Launch Vehicles Selected As A NASA Launch Services Provider|website=www.space-travel.com}}</ref>

==Basic concepts==
[[File:Solid-Fuel Rocket Diagram.svg|thumb|A simplified diagram of a solid-fuel rocket.{{ordered list
| list_style=margin:0;
| item_style=list-style-position:inside;
| A solid [[Rocket propellant#Solid chemical propellants|fuel-oxidizer mixture]] (propellant) is packed into the rocket, with a cylindrical hole in the middle.
| An [[Pyrotechnic initiator|igniter]] combusts the surface of the propellant.
| The cylindrical hole in the propellant acts as a [[combustion chamber]].
| The hot exhaust is choked at the throat, which, among other things, dictates the amount of thrust produced.
| Exhaust exits the rocket.
}}]]
A simple solid [[rocket motor]] consists of a casing, [[De Laval nozzle|nozzle]], grain ([[propellant charge]]), and [[igniter]].

The solid grain mass [[combustion|burns]] in a predictable fashion to produce exhaust gases, the flow of which is described by [[Taylor–Culick flow]]. The [[propelling nozzle|nozzle]] dimensions are calculated to maintain a design [[Rocket engine#Combustion chamber|chamber]] pressure, while producing [[thrust]] from the exhaust gases.

Once ignited, a simple solid rocket motor cannot be shut off, as it contains all the ingredients necessary for combustion within the chamber in which they are burned. More advanced solid rocket motors can be [[throttle]]d, or extinguished<ref>{{cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US8336287B1/en|title=Solid propellant rocket motor having self-extinguishing propellant grain and systems therefrom}}</ref> and re-ignited, by control of the nozzle geometry or through the use of vent ports. Further, [[pulsed rocket motors]] that burn in segments, and that can be ignited upon command are available.

Modern designs may also include a steerable nozzle for guidance, [[avionics]], recovery hardware ([[parachute]]s), [[self-destruct]] mechanisms, [[Auxiliary power unit|APUs]], controllable tactical motors, controllable divert and [[Spacecraft attitude control|attitude control]] motors, and thermal management materials.
{{clear}}

==History==
[[File:RIAN archive 303890 A battery of Katyusha during the 1941-1945 Great Patriotic War.jpg|thumb|A battery of [[Katyusha rocket launcher]]s fires at German forces during the [[Battle of Stalingrad]], 6 October 1942]]
[[File:Aerojet260.png|thumb|Aerojet 260 motor test, 25 September 1965]]
The medieval [[Song dynasty]] Chinese invented the solid-propellant rocket.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Space Science in China |last= Hu |first=Wen-Rui |year=1997 |isbn= 978-9056990237 |publication-date=August 20, 1997 |page=15|publisher= CRC Press }}</ref> Illustrations and descriptions in the 14th century Chinese military treatise ''[[Huolongjing]]'' by the Ming dynasty military writer and philosopher [[Jiao Yu]] confirm that the Chinese in 1232 used solid propellant rockets then known as "[[fire arrows]]" to drive back the Mongols during the [[Siege of Kaifeng (1232)]].<ref name="Greatrix 2012 1">{{Cite book |title=Powered Flight: The Engineering of Aerospace Propulsion |last=Greatrix |first= David R. |publisher=Springer |year=2012 |isbn=978-1447124849 |pages=1}}</ref><ref name="Nielsen 1997 2–4">{{Cite book |title=Blast Off!: Rocketry for Elementary and Middle School Students P |last= Nielsen |first= Leona |publisher= Libraries Unlimited |year=1997 |isbn= 978-1563084386 |pages=2–4}}</ref> Each arrow took the form of a simple, solid-propellant rocket tube that was filled with gunpowder. One open end allowed the gas to escape and was attached to a long stick that acted as a guidance system for flight direction control.<ref name="Nielsen 1997 2–4"/><ref name="Greatrix 2012 1"/>

The first rockets with tubes of cast iron were used by the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] under [[Hyder Ali]] and [[Tipu Sultan]] in the 1750s. These rockets had a reach of targets up to a mile and a half away. These were extremely effective in the [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]] that ended in a humiliating defeat for the [[British East India Company]]. Word of the success of the Mysore rockets against the British triggered research in England, France, Ireland and elsewhere. When the British finally conquered the fort of [[Siege of Seringapatam (1799)|Srirangapatana]] in 1799, hundreds of rockets were shipped off to the [[Royal Arsenal]] near London to be reverse-engineered. This led to the first industrial manufacture of military rockets with the [[Congreve rocket]] in 1804.<ref name="Bowdoin 2004">{{Cite book |title=Rockets and Missiles: The Life Story of a Technology|last= Van Riper |first= Bowdoin |publisher= The Johns Hopkins University Press |year=2004 |isbn= 978-0801887925 |pages=14–15}}</ref>

In 1921 the [[Soviet]] research and development laboratory [[Gas Dynamics Laboratory]] began developing solid-propellant rockets, which resulted in the first launch in 1928, that flew for approximately 1,300 metres.<ref name="RSB_GDL">{{cite web |last1=Zak |first1=Anatoly |title=Gas Dynamics Laboratory |url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/gdl.html |website=Russian Space Web |access-date=29 May 2022}}</ref> These rockets were used in 1931 for the world's first successful use of rockets to [[JATO|assist take-off of aircraft]].<ref name="Glushko">{{cite book |last1=Glushko |first1=Valentin |title=Developments of Rocketry and Space Technology in the USSR |date=1 January 1973 |publisher=Novosti Press Pub. House |page=7 |url=https://www.amazon.com/Development-rocketry-space-technology-USSR/dp/B0006CHI4I}}</ref> The research continued from 1933 by the [[Reactive Scientific Research Institute]] (RNII) with the development of the [[RS-82 (rocket family)|RS-82 and RS-132 rockets]], including designing several variations for ground-to-air, ground-to-ground, air-to-ground and air-to-air combat.<ref name="W&WRRP">{{cite web |title=Russian Rocket Projectiles – WWII |url=https://weaponsandwarfare.com/2018/11/19/russian-rocket-projectiles-wwii/ |website=Weapons and Warfare |date=18 November 2018 |access-date=29 May 2022}}</ref> The earliest known use by the [[Soviet Air Force]] of aircraft-launched unguided [[Air-to-air rocket|anti-aircraft rockets]] in combat against heavier-than-air aircraft took place in [[1939 in aviation|August 1939]], during the [[Battle of Khalkhin Gol]].<ref name="W&WRRP" /> In June 1938, the RNII began developing a multiple rocket launcher based on the RS-132 rocket.<ref>{{cite book| author1 = Akimov V.N.|author2=Koroteev A.S. |author3=Gafarov A.A. | chapter = The weapon of victory - "Katyusha"| url = https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=19633690& | title = Research Center named after M.V. Keldysh. 1933-2003 : 70 years at the forefront of rocket and space technology (in Russian). |location= Мoscow |year= 2003 |publisher= Scientific and technical publishing house "Mashinostroenie" | pages = 92–101| isbn = 5-217-03205-7}}</ref> In August 1939, the completed product was the [[Katyusha rocket launcher|BM-13 / Katyusha rocket launcher]]. Towards the end of 1938 the first significant large scale testing of the rocket launchers took place, 233 rockets of various types were used. A salvo of rockets could completely straddle a target at a range of {{convert|5,500|m|mi}}. By the end of [[World War II]] total production of rocket launchers reached about 10,000.<ref name=Zaloga>{{cite book | last = Zaloga | first = Steven J | author-link = Steven Zaloga | author2 = James Grandsen | title = Soviet Tanks and Combat Vehicles of World War Two | url = https://archive.org/details/soviettankscomba00zalo | url-access = limited | publisher = Arms and Armour Press | year = 1984 | location = London | pages = 150–153 | isbn = 0-85368-606-8}}</ref> with 12 million rockets of the RS type produced for the Soviet armed forces.<ref name="RSW_RNII">{{cite web |last1=Zak |first1=Anatoly |title=History of the Rocket Research Institute, RNII |url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/rnii.html |website=Russian Spaceweb |access-date=18 June 2022}}</ref>

In the [[United States]] modern castable composite solid rocket motors were invented by the American aerospace engineer [[Jack Parsons (rocket engineer)|Jack Parsons]] at [[Caltech]] in 1942 when he replaced double base propellant with roofing [[Bitumen|asphalt]] and [[potassium perchlorate]]. This made possible slow-burning rocket motors of adequate size and with sufficient shelf-life for jet-assisted take off applications. [[Charles Bartley]], employed at JPL (Caltech), substituted curable [[synthetic rubber]] for the gooey asphalt, creating a flexible but geometrically stable load-bearing propellant grain that bonded securely to the motor casing. This made possible much larger solid rocket motors. Atlantic Research Corporation significantly boosted composite propellant Isp in 1954 by increasing the amount of powdered aluminium in the propellant to as much as 20%.<ref>{{cite book |author= M. D. Black |title= The Evolution of Rocket Technology |page= 39 |publisher= Native Planter, SLC |date= 2012 }} payloadz.com under ''ebook/History'' {{dead link|date= July 2014}}</ref>

Solid-propellant rocket technology got its largest boost in technical innovation, size and capability with the various mid-20th century government initiatives to develop increasingly capable military missiles. After initial designs of [[ballistic missile]] military technology designed with [[liquid-propellant rocket]]s in the 1940s and 1950s, both the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[Federal government of the United States|United States]] embarked on major initiatives to develop solid-propellant [[Tactical ballistic missile|local]], [[Medium-range ballistic missile|regional]], and [[Intercontinental ballistic missile|intercontinental]] ballistic missiles, including solid-propellant missiles that could be launched from [[Air-launched ballistic missile|air]] or [[Submarine-launched ballistic missile|sea]]. Many [[List of missiles by country|other governments]] also developed these military technologies over the next 50 years.

By the later 1980s and continuing to 2020, these government-developed highly-capable solid rocket technologies have been applied to [[orbital spaceflight]] by many [[nation state|government-directed programs]], most often as [[solid rocket booster|booster rockets]] to add extra thrust during the early ascent of their primarily liquid rocket [[launch vehicle]]s. Some designs have had solid rocket upper stages as well. Examples flying in the 2010s include the European [[Ariane 5]], US [[Atlas V]] and [[Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster|Space Shuttle]], and Japan's [[H-II]].

The largest solid rocket motors ever built were Aerojet's three {{convert|260|in|m|adj=on|sigfig=3|order=flip|sp=us}} monolithic solid motors cast in Florida.<ref>{{Cite journal|url = https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20000033816.pdf|title = The 260 - The Largest Solid Rocket Motor Ever Tested|date = June 1999|access-date = July 24, 2014|website = nasa.gov}}</ref> Motors 260 SL-1 and SL-2 were {{convert|261|in|m|sigfig=3|order=flip|sp=us}} in diameter, {{convert|80|ft|8|in|m|order=flip|sp=us}} long, weighed {{convert|1,858,300|lb|kg|order=flip}}, and had a maximum thrust of {{convert|3.5|e6lbf|MN lbf|order=out|abbr=on}}. Burn duration was two minutes. The nozzle throat was large enough to walk through standing up. The motor was capable of serving as a 1-to-1 replacement for the 8-engine [[Saturn I]] liquid-propellant first stage but was never used as such. Motor 260 SL-3 was of similar length and weight but had a maximum thrust of {{convert|5.4|e6lbf|MN lbf|order=out|abbr=on}} and a shorter duration.

==Design==
Design begins with the total [[Impulse (physics)|impulse]] required, which determines the [[fuel]] and [[oxidizer]] mass. Grain geometry and chemistry are then chosen to satisfy the required motor characteristics.

The following are chosen or solved simultaneously. The results are exact dimensions for grain, nozzle, and case geometries:
* The grain burns at a predictable rate, given its surface area and chamber pressure.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kosanke |first1=K. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AK8zAwAAQBAJ&dq=the+grain+burns+at+a+predictable+rate%2C+given+its+surface+area+and+chamber+pressure&pg=PA888 |title=Encyclopedic Dictionary of Pyrotechnics: (and Related Subjects) |last2=Sturman |first2=Barry T. |last3=Winokur |first3=Robert M. |last4=Kosanke |first4=B. J. |date=October 2012 |publisher=Journal of Pyrotechnics |isbn=978-1-889526-21-8 |language=en}}</ref>
* The chamber pressure is determined by the nozzle throat diameter and grain burn rate.
* Allowable chamber pressure is a function of casing design.
* The length of burn time is determined by the grain "web thickness".{{clarify|date=June 2020}}

The grain may or may not be bonded to the casing. Case-bonded motors are more difficult to design, since the deformation of the case and the grain under flight must be compatible.

Common modes of failure in solid rocket motors include fracture of the grain, failure of case bonding, and air pockets in the grain. All of these produce an instantaneous increase in burn surface area and a corresponding increase in exhaust gas production rate and pressure, which may rupture the casing.

Another failure mode is casing [[seal (mechanical)|seal]] failure. Seals are required in casings that have to be opened to load the grain. Once a seal fails, hot gas will erode the escape path and result in failure. This was the cause of the [[STS-51-L|Space Shuttle ''Challenger'' disaster]].

==Grain geometry==
Solid rocket fuel [[deflagrates]] from the surface of exposed propellant in the combustion chamber. In this fashion, the geometry of the propellant inside the rocket motor plays an important role in the overall motor performance. As the surface of the propellant burns, the shape evolves (a subject of study in internal ballistics), most often changing the propellant surface area exposed to the combustion gases. Since the propellant volume is equal to the [[cross sectional area]] <math>A_s</math> times the fuel length, the [[volumetric]] propellant consumption rate is the cross section area times the linear burn rate <math>\dot{b}</math>, and the [[instantaneous]] [[mass flow rate]] of combustion gases generated is equal to the volumetric rate times the fuel density <math>\rho</math>:

:<math>\dot{m} = \rho \cdot A_s \cdot \dot{b}</math>

Several geometric configurations are often used depending on the application and desired [[thrust curve]]:

<gallery>
Image:circ ex.jpg|Circular bore simulation
Image:cslot ex.jpg|C-slot simulation
Image:moon ex.jpg|Moon burner simulation
Image:fino ex.jpg|5-point finocyl simulation
</gallery>

* Circular bore: if in [[BATES]] configuration, produces progressive-regressive thrust curve.
* End burner: propellant burns from one axial end to other producing steady long burn, though has thermal difficulties, center of gravity (CG) shift.
* C-slot: propellant with large wedge cut out of side (along axial direction), producing fairly long regressive thrust, though has thermal difficulties and asymmetric CG characteristics.
* Moon burner: off-center circular bore produces progressive-regressive long burn, though has slight asymmetric CG characteristics
* Finocyl: usually a 5- or 6-legged star-like shape that can produce very level thrust, with a bit quicker burn than circular bore due to increased surface area.

==Casing==
The casing may be constructed from a range of materials. Cardboard is used for small [[black powder]] model motors, whereas aluminium is used for larger composite-fuel hobby motors. Steel was used for the [[Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster|space shuttle boosters]]. Filament-wound [[Graphite-Epoxy Motor|graphite epoxy casings]] are used for high-performance motors.

The casing must be designed to withstand the pressure and resulting stresses of the rocket motor, possibly at elevated temperature. For design, the casing is considered a [[pressure vessel]].

To protect the casing from corrosive hot gases, a sacrificial thermal liner on the inside of the casing is often implemented, which [[Ablation|ablates]] to prolong the life of the motor casing.

==Nozzle==
{{Main|Rocket engine nozzle}}
A [[De Laval nozzle|convergent-divergent]] design accelerates the exhaust gas out of the nozzle to produce thrust. The nozzle must be constructed from a material that can withstand the heat of the combustion gas flow. Often, heat-resistant carbon-based materials are used, such as amorphous [[graphite]] or [[reinforced carbon–carbon]].

Some designs include directional control of the exhaust. This can be accomplished by gimballing the nozzle, as in the Space Shuttle SRBs, by the use of jet vanes in the exhaust as in the [[V-2]] rocket, or by liquid injection thrust vectoring (LITV).

LITV consists of injecting a liquid into the exhaust stream after the nozzle throat. The liquid then vaporizes, and in most cases chemically reacts, adding mass flow to one side of the exhaust stream and thus providing a control moment. For example, the [[Titan III]]C solid boosters injected [[nitrogen tetroxide]] for LITV; the tanks can be seen on the sides of the rocket between the main center stage and the boosters.<ref name="S">{{cite book | author=Sutton, George P. | title=Rocket Propulsion Elements | edition=7th | publisher=Wiley-Interscience | date=2000 | isbn=0-471-32642-9}}</ref>

An early [[LGM-30 Minuteman|Minuteman]] first stage used a single motor with four [[gimbal]]led nozzles to provide pitch, yaw, and roll control.

==Performance==
[[File:STS-130 exhaust cloud engulfs Launch Pad 39A.jpg|thumb|right|An [[exhaust gas|exhaust]] cloud engulfs [[Launch Pad 39A]] at [[NASA|NASA's]] [[Kennedy Space Center]] as the {{OV|105}} lifts off.]]
A typical, well-designed [[ammonium perchlorate composite propellant]] (APCP) first-stage motor may have a vacuum [[specific impulse]] (''I''{{sub|sp}}) as high as {{convert|285.6|isp}} (Titan IVB SRMU).<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.ltas-vis.ulg.ac.be/cmsms/uploads/File/DataSheetSolidATK.pdf
|title=ATK Space Propulsion Products Catalog, p.30
|date=May 2008
|publisher=Alliant Techsystems (ATK)
|access-date=8 Dec 2015
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730082316/http://www.ltas-vis.ulg.ac.be/cmsms/uploads/File/DataSheetSolidATK.pdf
|archive-date=30 July 2018
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> This compares to {{cvt|339.3|isp}} for RP1/LOX (RD-180)<ref>http://www.pw.utc.com/Products/Pratt+%26+Whitney+Rocketdyne/Propulsion+Solutions/Space{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and {{cvt|452.3|isp}} for LH2/LOX (Block II [[RS-25]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pw.utc.com/Products/Pratt+%26+Whitney+Rocketdyne |title=Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne |access-date=2014-01-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110426223005/http://www.pw.utc.com/Products/Pratt+%2526+Whitney+Rocketdyne |archive-date=2011-04-26 }}</ref> bipropellant engines. Upper stage specific impulses are somewhat greater: as much as {{cvt|303.8|isp}} for APCP (Orbus 6E),<ref name="spaceandtech.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.spaceandtech.com/spacedata/elvs/titan4b_specs.shtml |title=Titan IVB - Specifications |access-date=2014-02-09 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719221015/http://www.spaceandtech.com/spacedata/elvs/titan4b_specs.shtml |archive-date=2013-07-19 }}</ref> {{cvt|359|isp}} for RP1/LOX (RD-0124)<ref>http://www.russianspaceweb.com/engines/rd0124.htm {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref> and {{cvt|465.5|isp}} for LH2/LOX (RL10B-2).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pw.utc.com/StaticFiles/Pratt%20.../Products/.../pwr_rl10b-2.pdf |title=RL10B-2 brochure|publisher=Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne|year=2009 |access-date=2018-08-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326211303/http://www.pw.utc.com/products/pwr/assets/pwr_rl10b-2.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-26 }}</ref>

Propellant fractions are usually somewhat higher for (non-segmented) solid propellant first stages than for upper stages. The {{convert|117,000|lb|kg|order=flip|adj=on}} Castor 120 first stage has a propellant mass fraction of 92.23% while the {{convert|31,000|lb|kg|order=flip|adj=on}} Castor 30 upper stage developed for Orbital Science's Taurus II COTS (Commercial Off The Shelf) (International Space Station resupply) launch vehicle has a 91.3% propellant fraction with 2.9% graphite epoxy motor casing, 2.4% nozzle, igniter and thrust vector actuator, and 3.4% non-motor hardware including such things as payload mount, interstage adapter, cable raceway, instrumentation, etc. Castor 120 and Castor 30 are {{convert|93|and|92|in|m|2|order=flip|sp=us}} in diameter, respectively, and serve as stages on the Athena IC and IIC commercial launch vehicles. A four-stage Athena II using Castor 120s as both first and second stages became the first commercially developed launch vehicle to launch a lunar probe (''[[Lunar Prospector]]'') in 1998.

Solid rockets can provide high thrust for relatively low cost. For this reason, solids have been used as initial stages in rockets (for example the [[Space Shuttle]]), while reserving high specific impulse engines, especially less massive hydrogen-fueled engines, for higher stages. In addition, solid rockets have a long history as the final boost stage for satellites due to their simplicity, reliability, compactness and reasonably high [[Propellant mass fraction|mass fraction]].<ref>[http://www.astronautix.com/props/solid.htm Solid] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020105224630/http://www.astronautix.com/props/solid.htm |date=2002-01-05 }}</ref> A spin-stabilized solid rocket motor is sometimes added when extra velocity is required, such as for a mission to a comet or the outer solar system, because a spinner does not require a guidance system (on the newly added stage). Thiokol's extensive family of mostly titanium-cased ''Star'' space motors has been widely used, especially on Delta launch vehicles and as spin-stabilized upper stages to launch satellites from the cargo bay of the Space Shuttle. ''Star'' motors have propellant fractions as high as 94.6% but add-on structures and equipment reduce the operating mass fraction by 2% or more.

Higher performing solid rocket propellants are used in large strategic missiles (as opposed to commercial launch vehicles). [[HMX]], C4H8N4(NO2)4, a nitramine with greater energy than ammonium perchlorate, was used in the propellant of the Peacekeeper ICBM and is the main ingredient in NEPE-75 propellant used in the Trident II D-5 Fleet Ballistic Missile.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/systems/d-5-features.htm|title=Trident II D-5 Fleet Ballistic Missile FBM / SLBM - United States|first=John|last=Pike|website=www.globalsecurity.org}}</ref> It is because of explosive hazard that the higher energy military solid propellants containing HMX are not used in commercial launch vehicles except when the LV is an adapted ballistic missile already containing HMX propellant (Minotaur IV and V based on the retired Peacekeeper ICBMs).<ref>''Minotaur IV User's Guide, Release 1.0'', Orbital Sciences Corp., January 2005, p. 4</ref> The Naval Air Weapons Station at China Lake, California, developed a new compound, C6H6N6(NO2)6, called simply [[CL-20]] (China Lake compound #20). Compared to HMX, CL-20 has 14% more energy per mass, 20% more energy per volume, and a higher oxygen-to-fuel ratio.<ref name="navair.navy.mil">[http://www.navair.navy.mil/techTrans/index.cfm?map=local.ccms.view.aB&doc=crada.13 navy.mil]{{dead link|date=April 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> One of the motivations for development of these very high [[energy density]] military solid propellants is to achieve mid-course exo-atmospheric ABM capability from missiles small enough to fit in existing ship-based below-deck vertical launch tubes and air-mobile truck-mounted launch tubes. CL-20 propellant compliant with Congress' 2004 insensitive munitions (IM) law has been demonstrated and may, as its cost comes down, be suitable for use in commercial launch vehicles, with a very significant increase in performance compared with the currently favored APCP solid propellants. With a specific impulse of 309 s already demonstrated by Peacekeeper's second stage using HMX propellant, the higher energy of CL-20 propellant can be expected to increase specific impulse to around 320 s in similar ICBM or launch vehicle upper stage applications, without the explosive hazard of HMX.<ref>M. D. Black, ''The Evolution of ROCKET TECHNOLOGY'', pp. 92-94, Native Planter, SLC, 2012, payloadz.com under ''ebook/History''</ref>

An attractive attribute for military use is the ability for solid rocket propellant to remain loaded in the rocket for long durations and then be reliably launched at a moment's notice.

==Propellant families==
===Black powder (gunpowder) propellant===
[[Gunpowder|Black powder]] (gunpowder) is composed of [[charcoal]] (fuel), [[potassium nitrate]] (oxidizer), and [[sulfur]] (fuel and catalyst). It is one of the oldest [[pyrotechnic]] compositions with application to rocketry. In modern times, black powder finds use in low-power model rockets (such as [[Estes Industries|Estes]] and Quest rockets),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apogeerockets.com/Rocket_Motors/Estes_Motors|title=Model Rocketry Resources and Components|access-date=16 Aug 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asp-rocketry.com/ecommerce/Quest-Black-Powder-Model-Rocket-Engines.cfm?cat_id=88|title=Quest Black Powder Model Rocket Engines|access-date=16 Aug 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816190952/http://www.asp-rocketry.com/ecommerce/Quest-Black-Powder-Model-Rocket-Engines.cfm?cat_id=88|archive-date=16 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> as it is cheap and fairly easy to produce. The fuel grain is typically a mixture of pressed fine powder (into a solid, hard slug), with a burn rate that is highly dependent upon exact composition and operating conditions. The [[specific impulse]] of black powder is low, around {{convert|80|isp |abbr=on}}. The grain is sensitive to fracture and, therefore, catastrophic failure. Black powder does not typically find use in motors above {{convert|40|N|lbf|abbr=off}} thrust.

===Zinc–sulfur (ZS) propellants===
Composed of powdered [[zinc]] metal and powdered sulfur (oxidizer), ZS or "micrograin" is another pressed propellant that does not find any practical application outside specialized amateur rocketry circles due to its poor performance (as most ZS burns outside the combustion chamber) and fast linear burn rates on the order of 2 m/s. ZS is most often employed as a novelty propellant as the rocket accelerates extremely quickly leaving a spectacular large orange fireball behind it.

===Double-base (DB) propellants===
DB propellants are composed of two [[monopropellant]] fuel components where one typically acts as a high-energy (yet unstable) monopropellant and the other acts as a lower-energy stabilizing (and gelling) monopropellant. In typical circumstances, [[nitroglycerin]] is dissolved in a [[nitrocellulose]] gel and solidified with additives. DB propellants are implemented in applications where minimal smoke is required yet a medium-high Isp of roughly {{convert|235|isp|abbr=on}} is required. The addition of metal fuels (such as [[aluminium]]) can increase performance to around {{convert|250|isp|abbr=on}}, though [[metal oxide]] [[nucleation]] in the exhaust can turn the smoke opaque.

===Composite propellants===
A powdered oxidizer and powdered metal fuel are intimately mixed and immobilized with a rubbery binder (that also acts as a fuel). Composite propellants are often either [[ammonium nitrate|ammonium-nitrate]]-based (ANCP) or [[ammonium perchlorate|ammonium-perchlorate]]-based (APCP). Ammonium nitrate composite propellant often uses [[magnesium]] and/or [[aluminium]] as fuel and delivers medium performance (Isp of about {{convert|210|isp|abbr=on}}) whereas [[ammonium perchlorate composite propellant]] often uses aluminium fuel and delivers high performance: vacuum Isp up to {{convert|296|isp|abbr=on}} with a single-piece nozzle or {{convert|304|isp|abbr=on}} with a high-area-ratio telescoping nozzle.<ref name="spaceandtech.com"/> Aluminium is used as fuel because it has a reasonable specific energy density, a high volumetric energy density, and is difficult to ignite accidentally. Composite propellants are cast, and retain their shape after the rubber binder, such as [[Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene]] (HTPB), [[cross-links]] (solidifies) with the aid of a curative additive. Because of its high performance, moderate ease of manufacturing, and moderate cost, APCP finds widespread use in space, military, and amateur rockets, whereas cheaper and less efficient ANCP finds use in amateur rocketry and [[gas generator]]s. [[Ammonium dinitramide]], NH4N(NO2)2, is being considered as a 1-to-1 chlorine-free substitute for ammonium perchlorate in composite propellants. Unlike ammonium nitrate, ADN can be substituted for AP without a loss in motor performance.

Polyurethane-bound aluminium-APCP solid fuel was used in the submarine-launched [[Polaris missile]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fas.org/nuke/guide/usa/slbm/a-1.htm|title=Polaris A1 - United States Nuclear Forces|access-date=2016-02-09|archive-date=2016-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816101400/http://fas.org/nuke/guide/usa/slbm/a-1.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> APCP used in the [[Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters|space shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters]] consisted of ammonium perchlorate (oxidizer, 69.6% by weight), aluminium (fuel, 16%), iron oxide (a catalyst, 0.4%), polybutadiene [[acrylonitrile]] (PBAN) polymer (a non-urethane rubber binder that held the mixture together and acted as secondary fuel, 12.04%), and an epoxy [[Curing (chemistry)|curing]] agent (1.96%).<ref name="sts-newsref-srb">{{cite web | url = http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/technology/sts-newsref/srb.html | title = Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters | publisher = NASA | access-date = 2015-10-02 | archive-date = 2019-04-30 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190430095734/https://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/technology/sts-newsref/srb.html | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="returntoflight-system-SRB">{{cite web | url = http://www.nasa.gov/returntoflight/system/system_SRB.html | title = Solid Rocket Boosters | publisher = NASA | access-date = 2015-10-02 | archive-date = 2013-04-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130406193019/http://www.nasa.gov/returntoflight/system/system_SRB.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> It developed a specific impulse of 242 seconds (2.37 km/s) at sea level or 268 seconds (2.63 km/s) in a vacuum. The 2005–2009 [[Constellation Program]] was to use a similar PBAN-bound APCP.<ref>{{cite news |title=NASA Tests Engine With an Uncertain Future |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/31/science/space/31rocket.html?hpw |work=[[New York Times]] |date=August 30, 2010 |access-date=2010-08-31 | first=Kenneth | last=Chang}}</ref>

In 2009, a group succeeded in creating a propellant of [[water]] and nanoaluminium ([[ALICE (propellant)|ALICE]]).

==== "Candy" propellants ====
In general, [[rocket candy]] propellants are an oxidizer (typically potassium nitrate) and a sugar fuel (typically [[dextrose]], [[sorbitol]], or [[sucrose]]) that are cast into shape by gently melting the propellant constituents together and pouring or packing the [[amorphous]] [[colloid]] into a mold. Candy propellants generate a low-medium specific impulse of roughly {{convert|130|isp|abbr=on}} and, thus, are used primarily by amateur and experimental rocketeers.

===High-energy composite (HEC) propellants===
Typical HEC propellants start with a standard composite propellant mixture (such as APCP) and add a high-energy explosive to the mix. This extra component usually is in the form of small crystals of [[RDX]] or [[HMX]], both of which have higher energy than ammonium perchlorate. Despite a modest increase in specific impulse, implementation is limited due to the increased hazards of the high-explosive additives.

===Composite modified double base propellants===
Composite modified double base propellants start with a nitrocellulose/nitroglycerin double base propellant as a binder and add solids (typically [[ammonium perchlorate]] (AP) and powdered [[aluminium]]) normally used in composite propellants. The ammonium perchlorate makes up the oxygen deficit introduced by using [[nitrocellulose]], improving the overall specific impulse. The aluminium improves specific impulse as well as combustion stability. High performing propellants such as [[NEPE-75]] used to fuel the [[UGM-133 Trident II#Design|Trident II]] D-5 [[SLBM]] replace most of the AP with [[polyethylene glycol]]-bound [[HMX]], further increasing specific impulse. The mixing of composite and double base propellant ingredients has become so common as to blur the functional definition of double base propellants.

===Minimum-signature (''smokeless'') propellants===
One of the most active areas of solid propellant research is the development of high-energy, minimum-signature propellant using C6H6N6(NO2)6 [[Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane|CL-20]] ([[Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake|China Lake]] compound #20), which has 14% higher energy per mass and 20% higher energy density than HMX. The new propellant has been successfully developed and tested in tactical rocket motors. The propellant is non-polluting: acid-free, solid particulates-free, and lead-free. It is also smokeless and has only a faint shock diamond pattern that is visible in the otherwise transparent exhaust. Without the bright flame and dense smoke trail produced by the burning of aluminized propellants, these smokeless propellants all but eliminate the risk of giving away the positions from which the missiles are fired. The new CL-20 propellant is shock-insensitive (hazard class 1.3) as opposed to current HMX smokeless propellants which are highly detonable (hazard class 1.1). CL-20 is considered a major breakthrough in solid rocket propellant technology but has yet to see widespread use because costs remain high.<ref name="navair.navy.mil"/>

===Electric solid propellants===
Electric solid propellants (ESPs) are a family of high performance [[plastisol]] solid propellants that can be ignited and throttled by the application of electric current. Unlike conventional rocket motor propellants that are difficult to control and extinguish, ESPs can be ignited reliably at precise intervals and durations. It requires no moving parts and the propellant is insensitive to flames or electrical sparks.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=http://arc.aiaa.org/doi/abs/10.2514/6.2013-4168|chapter=Electrical Solid Propellants: A Safe, Micro to Macro Propulsion Technology|first1=Wayne N.|last1=Sawka|first2=Michael|last2=McPherson|title=49th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference|date=12 July 2013|publisher=American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics|doi=10.2514/6.2013-4168|isbn=978-1-62410-222-6}}</ref>

==Hobby and amateur/model rocketry==
Solid propellant rocket motors can be bought for use in [[model rocket]]ry; they are normally small cylinders of black powder fuel with an integral [[nozzle]] and optionally a small charge that is set off when the propellant is exhausted after a time delay. This charge can be used to trigger a [[camera]], or deploy a [[parachute]]. Without this charge and delay, the motor may ignite a second [[multistage rocket|stage]] (black powder only).

In [[amateur rocketry]], "candy" propellants are common because they offer relative safety and ease of production, ingredients that are readily available publicly, and a higher specific impulse than blackpowder motors.

In mid- and [[high-power rocketry]], commercially made APCP motors are widely used. They can be designed as either single-use or reloadables. These motors are available in impulse ranges from "A" (1.26 Ns– 2.50 Ns) to "O" (20.48 kNs – 40.96 kNs), from several manufacturers. They are manufactured in standardized diameters and varying lengths depending on required impulse. Standard motor diameters are 13, 18, 24, 29, 38, 54, 75, 98, and 150 millimeters. Different propellant formulations are available to produce different thrust profiles, as well as special effects such as colored flames, smoke trails, or large quantities of sparks (produced by adding [[titanium]] sponge to the mix).

==Use==
===Sounding rockets===
Almost all [[sounding rocket]]s use solid motors.

* [[Astrobee]]
* [[Black Brant (rocket)|Black Brant]]
* [[S-310]], [[S-520]]
* [[Skylark (rocket)]]
* [[Terrier-Orion]], [[Terrier-Malemute]]
* [[VSB-30]]

===Missiles===
Due to reliability, ease of storage and handling, solid rockets are used on missiles and ICBMs.

* Air-to-air missiles: [[AIM-9 Sidewinder]], [[AIM-54 Phoenix]], [[Fakour-90]], [[Meteor (missile)|Meteor]], [[R-33 (missile)|R-33]], [[PL-15]]
* Ballistic missiles: [[Jericho (missile)|Jericho]], [[Sejjil]], [[9K720 Iskander]], [[Fateh-110]], [[ATACMS]], [[DF-21]]
* ICBMs: [[LGM-30 Minuteman]], [[UGM-133 Trident II]], [[LGM-118 Peacekeeper]], [[RT-2PM Topol]], [[DF-41]], [[M51 SLBM]]

===Orbital rockets===
Solid rockets are suitable for launching small payloads to orbital velocities, especially if three or more stages are used. Many of these are based on repurposed ICBMs.
{{colbegin}}
* [[Scout (rocket family)|Scout]]
* [[Athena (rocket family)|Athena]]
* [[Mu (rocket family)|Mu]]
* [[Pegasus (rocket)|Pegasus]]
* [[Taurus (rocket)|Taurus]]
* [[Minotaur (rocket family)|Minotaur]]
* [[Start-1]]
* [[PSLV]] - alternating solid and liquid stages
* [[Small Satellite Launch Vehicle|SSLV]] - all lower 3 stages are solid stages
* [[Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet|SFDR]]
* [[Shavit 2|Shavit]]
* [[Vega (rocket)|Vega]]
* [[Long March 11]]
* [[Omega (rocket)|OmegA]] (project was cancelled in 2020, rocket unflown)
* [[Qaem 100]]
* [[Gravity-1]]
{{colend}}

Gravity-1 is the largest-payload-capacity rocket to get into orbit with only solid rocket motors.

Larger liquid-fueled orbital rockets often use solid rocket boosters to gain enough initial thrust to launch the fully fueled rocket.
{{Main|Solid rocket booster}}
{{colbegin}}
* [[Delta II]]
* [[Titan IV]]
* [[Space Shuttle]]
* [[Space Launch System]]
* [[Ariane 5]]
* [[Atlas II]]
* [[Atlas V]] (optionally 1–5 boosters)
* [[Delta IV]] (optionally 2 or 4 boosters)
* [[H-IIA]], [[H-IIB]]
* [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|PSLV]] - optional solid boosters to lift heavier payloads
* [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mk III|GSLV Mk III]]{{colend}}
Solid fuel is also used for some upper stages, particularly the [[Star 37]] (sometimes referred to as the "Burner" upper stage) and the [[Star 48]] (sometimes referred to as the "[[Payload Assist Module]]", or PAM), both manufactured originally by [[Thiokol]], and today by [[Northrop Grumman]]. They are used to lift large payloads to intended orbits (such as the [[Global Positioning System]] satellites), or smaller payloads to interplanetary—or even interstellar—trajectories. Another solid-fuel upper stage, used by the [[Space Shuttle]] and the [[Titan IV]], was the [[Boeing]]-manufactured [[Inertial Upper Stage]] (IUS).
* ''[[Pioneer 10]]'' and ''[[Pioneer 11]]'' were both sent out of the [[Solar System]] by Star 37E upper stages from [[Atlas-Centaur]] rockets.
* ''[[Voyager 1]]'' and ''[[Voyager 2]]'' were both sent out of the Solar System by Star 37E upper stages from [[Titan IIIE]] rockets.
* ''[[Magellan (spacecraft)|Magellan]]'' was sent to Venus on an IUS after being deployed from [[Space Shuttle Atlantis|Space Shuttle ''Atlantis'']] on [[STS-30]].
* ''[[Galileo (spacecraft)|Galileo]]'' was sent to Jupiter on an IUS after being deployed from [[Space Shuttle Atlantis|Space Shuttle ''Atlantis'']] on [[STS-34]].
* ''[[Ulysses (spacecraft)|Ulysses]]'' was sent to Jupiter on an IUS and a Star 48 PAM after being deployed from [[Space Shuttle Discovery|Space Shuttle ''Discovery'']] on [[STS-41]]. It then was placed in a polar orbit around the Sun following a [[gravity assist]] around Jupiter.
* ''[[New Horizons]]'' was sent out of the Solar System on a Star 48 PAM from an [[Atlas V]] rocket.

Some rockets, like the [[Antares (rocket)|Antares]] (manufactured by Northrop Grumman), have mandatory solid-fuel upper stages. The Antares rocket uses the [[Northrop Grumman]]-manufactured [[Castor (rocket stage)|Castor 30]] as an upper stage.

==Advanced research==
* Environmentally sensitive fuel formulations such as [[ALICE (propellant)|ALICE propellant]]
* [[Ramjet]]s with solid fuel
* Variable thrust designs based on variable nozzle geometry
* [[Hybrid rocket]]s that use solid fuel and throttleable liquid or gaseous oxidizer

==See also==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Comparison of solid-fuelled orbital launch systems]]
* [[Comparison of orbital launch systems]]
* [[Comparison of orbital launcher families]]
* [[List of canceled launch vehicle designs]]
* [[List of missiles]]
* [[List of orbital launch systems]]
* [[List of sounding rockets]]
* [[List of military rockets]]
* [[Fireworks]]
* [[Pyrotechnic composition]]
* [[Intercontinental ballistic missile]]
* [[Jetex]]
* [[Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster]]
* [[Crawford burner]]
* [[Nano-thermite]]
* [[Skyrocket]]
{{colend}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |editor=A. Davenas | year=1992 | title=Solid Rocket Propulsion Technology | publisher=Pergamon | isbn=978-0080409993}}

==External links==
* [http://www.braeunig.us/space/propuls.htm Robert A. Braeunig rocket propulsion page]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20020806073439/http://astronautix.com/articles/comlants.htm Astronautix Composite Solid Propellants ]
* [http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Launchers_Access_to_Space/ASEDYQI4HNC_0.html Ariane 5 SRB]
* [http://www.tripoli.org/ Amateur High Power Rocketry Association]
* [http://www.nakka-rocketry.net/ Nakka-Rocketry (Design Calculations and Propellant Formulations)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141017181140/http://balloons.space.edu/ndra/nickle.html 5 cent sugar rocket]
* [http://www.allstar.fiu.edu/aero/rocket2.htm Practical Rocketry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060618142816/http://allstar.fiu.edu/aero/rocket2.htm |date=2006-06-18 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061004175705/http://quest.nasa.gov/space/teachers/rockets/rocketry.html NASA Practical Rocketry]

{{Spacecraft propulsion}}
{{Rocket engines}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Solid-Fuel Rocket}}
[[Category:Aviation technology]]
[[Category:Chinese inventions]]
[[Category:Rocket engines]]
[[Category:Rocket propulsion]]
[[Category:Rocket engines by propellant]]
[[Category:Solid-fuel rockets| ]]
[[Category:Solid fuels]]

Rickshawala

2026-03-03T23:40:00Z

Good Life Financial: revise

{{short description|1973 film by K. Shankar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{infobox film
| name = Rickshawala
| image = Rickshawala 1973.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[K. Shankar]]
| producer = [[R. M. Veerappan]]
| story = R. M. Veerappan
|based_on = [[Rickshawkaran]] by R. M. Veerappan
| writer = Akhtar Roomani (dialogue) K. A. Narayan(screenplay)
| starring = {{ubl|[[Randhir Kapoor]] |[[Neetu Singh]] |[[Mala Sinha]] |[[Pran (actor)|Pran]]}}
| music = [[R. D. Burman]]
| cinematography = [[Marcus Bartley]]
| editing = K. Shankar
| studio = [[R. M. Veerappan|Sathya Movies]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1973|08|24}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}
'''''Rickshawala''''' ({{translation|The Rickshaw Man}}) is a 1973 Indian Hindi-language film starring [[Randhir Kapoor]], [[Neetu Singh]] and [[Mala Sinha]] and directed by [[K. Shankar]] and Produced by R M Veerappan under his noted Sathya Movies banner. It was Neetu Singh's first film in lead role. It was remake of the 1971 [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Rickshawkaran]]''.

==Cast==
*[[Randhir Kapoor]] as Gopi
*[[Neetu Singh]] as Kiran
*[[Mala Sinha]] as Parvati
*[[Pran (actor)|Pran]] as Kailash
*[[Mohan Choti]] as Kabira Rickshaw driver
*[[Anwar Hussain (actor)|Anwar Hussain]] as Madan
*[[Ranjeet]] as Murli
*[[Sujit Kumar]] as Manohar
* Lalita Desai (alias Ashoo) as Shanti
*[[Sunder (actor)|Sunder]] as Chacha
*[[Poornam Viswanathan]] as Chief Justice

== Production ==
''Rickshawala'' is a remake of the 1971 [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Rickshawkaran]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/mgr-s-rickshawkaran-refreshed-and-restored-to-hit-screens-soon/story-cVzMQHqe8HSbKNyGMsN5ZJ.html|title=MGR's Rickshawkaran, refreshed and restored, to hit screens soon|date=9 August 2016|publisher=}}</ref> and was [[Neetu Singh]]'s first film as the lead heroine.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/apr/09dinesh.htm|title=The unforgettable Neetu Singh|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref> The scene of Madras cycle rickshaw race was shot in Anna Nagar area of Madras (now Chennai).

== Soundtrack ==
The song 'Rampur ka vasi hoon main' is played by the band in wedding procession scene. This song is originally picturized on Randhir Kapoor, in the film 'Rampur ka Laxman (1972), music by RD Burman'

In another scene, the soundtrack of another RD Burman song 'Dum maro Dum' is played.

{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Kai Tarah Ki Hansi Hoti Hai"
| [[Kishore Kumar]]
|-
| "Maine Kaha Zid Chhod De, Dupatta Mod De Besharam"
| Kishore Kumar, [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Phoolon Ki Duniya Se, Taron Ki Duniya Mein"
| Kishore Kumar, [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "Main Ghazab Ki Cheez Hoon"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Main Haseen Hoon"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
|}

== Reception ==
Unlike the Tamil original, the remake was a flop.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zoom4india.com/entertainment/features/item/262199-diving-deep-into-the-stardom-of-the-spice-girl-neetu-singh.html|title=Diving deep into the stardom of the spice girl Neetu Singh|publisher=}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt0419092}}
{{K. Shankar}}

[[Category:1973 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. D. Burman]]
[[Category:1973 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1973 Indian films]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Shankar]]

{{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Nanayam

2026-03-03T21:06:21Z

Good Life Financial: slightly expanded references for clarity and improved wording per standard format

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nanayam
| image = Nanayam.jpg
| director = [[I. V. Sasi]]
| producer =
| writer = [[T. Damodaran]]
| screenplay = T. Damodaran
| starring = {{flatlist|
*[[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]]
*[[Mammootty]]
*[[Mohanlal]]
*[[Seema (actress)|Seema]]
*[[Poornima Jayaram]]
*[[Srividya]]
}}
| music = [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]]
| cinematography = C. E. Babu
| editing = K. Narayanan
| studio = CS Productions
| distributor = Century Release
Producer/financier= P.Abraham Itty
| released = {{Film date|1983|10|21}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Nanayam''''' (or '''''Naanayam''''') ({{Translation|Coin}}) is a 1983 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[drama film]] directed by [[I. V. Sasi]] and written by [[T. Damodaran]]. The film stars [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Mammootty]], [[Mohanlal]], [[Seema (actress)|Seema]], [[Poornima Jayaram]], and [[Srividya]]. It is the story of two step brothers, Babu and Raju, who takes over the business of their parents, and the problems they encounter while running it. The music was composed by [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1444|title=Naanayam|accessdate=2014-10-19|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?1256|title=Naanayam|accessdate=2014-10-19|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/naanayam-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019173353/http://spicyonion.com/title/naanayam-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=19 October 2014|title=Naanayam|accessdate=2014-10-19|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref> This movie also portrays an onscreen kiss between Mohanlal and Mamooty.

==Cast==
* [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] as Vishwanathan
* [[Mammootty]] as Raju
* [[Mohanlal]] as Babu
* [[Seema (actress)|Seema]] as Sindhu
* [[Poornima Bhagyaraj]] as Maya
* [[Srividya]] as Sumathi
* V D Rajappan
* Sukumari
*[[Poornima Jayaram]] as Maya
*[[Adoor Bhasi]]
*[[Janardanan]]
*[[K. P. Ummer]] as Krishnapuram Thamby
*[[Paravoor Bharathan]] as Bharagavan

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] and the lyrics were written by [[Yusufali Kechery]] and [[Poovachal Khader]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Ghanashyaama Varnnaa Kanna" || [[Vani Jairam]] || [[Yusufali Kechery]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Hai Murari" (Bit) || Vani Jairam || Yusufali Kechery ||
|-
| 3 || "Maankidaave Vaa" || [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[P. Susheela]] || Yusufali Kechery ||
|-
| 4 || "Pom Pom" (Bit) || Vani Jairam, [[Unni Menon]] || Yusufali Kechery ||
|-
| 5 || "Pom Pom Ee Jeeppinu Madamilaki" || K. J. Yesudas, [[P. Jayachandran]] || Yusufali Kechery ||
|-
| 6 || "Pranaya Swaram Hrudaya Swaram" || P. Jayachandran, [[Krishnachandran]] || [[Poovachal Khader]] ||
|-
| 7 || "Pranayaswaram Hridayaswaram" (Bit) || P. Susheela, P. Jayachandran || Poovachal Khader ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0246802|Nanayam}}
* http://www.insomniacmania.com/index_default.php?id=212179
* http://www.spicebrisbane.org/showMovie.php?m=22727

{{I. V. Sasi}}

[[Category:1983 films]]
[[Category:1983 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by T. Damodaran]]
[[Category:Films directed by I. V. Sasi]]

Kappiri Thuruthu

2026-03-03T20:36:48Z

Good Life Financial: general cleanup details for consistency additionally and cleaned formatting for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kappiri Thuruthu
| image = Kappiri Thuruthu poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical-release poster
| director = Saheer Ali
| producer = Cimofi productions and Ahamed Palapparambil
| writer = Saheer Ali
| screenplay = Saheer Ali
| starring = [[Adil Ibrahim]] [[Pearle Maaney]] [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] [[Indrans]] [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] [[Hareesh Perumanna]] [[Shivaji Guruvayoor]] [[Surabhi Lakshmi]] [[S.P.Sreekumar]] [[Sunil Sukhada]] [[Rajesh Sharma (Malayalam actor)|Rajesh Sharma]]
| music = Madhu Paul
| cinematography = Praveen Chakrapani
| editing = P.Sai Suresh
| studio = Cimofi productions pvt ltd and 20-20 Movie International
| released = {{film date|df=y|2016|12|09}}
| runtime = 117 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Kappiri Thuruthu''''' is a 2016 Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language [[romance film|romantic]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] [[Musical film|musical]] film written and directed by debutant Saheer Ali.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/19715/malayalam/kappiri-thuruthu/|title=Kappiri Thuruthu Malayalam Movie - Preview, Trailers, Gallery, Review, Events, Synopsis|newspaper=nowrunning|access-date=2016-12-25|archive-date=26 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226054933/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/19715/malayalam/kappiri-thuruthu/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/Kappiri-Thuruthu-will-start-rolling-in-July/articleshow/52742634.cms|title=Kappiri Thuruthu will start rolling in July|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 June 2016 |access-date=2017-01-07}}</ref> The film features [[Adil Ibrahim]], [[Pearle Maaney]] and [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] in the lead roles. It is based on the past era and events happened at Kochi when it was under the rule of [[Dutch Empire|Dutch]] and then [[British Empire|British]]. It also tells the story of H. Mehaboob, who was the beloved singer of [[Kochi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.topmovierankings.com/malayalam-movies/kappiri-thuruthu-2016|title=Kappiri Thuruthu Malayalam Movie - Cast, Trailer, Songs|website=www.topmovierankings.com|access-date=2016-12-25|archive-date=25 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225215131/https://www.topmovierankings.com/malayalam-movies/kappiri-thuruthu-2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://m.indiaglitz.com/kappiri-thuruthu-trailer-featuring-adil-u-pearlee-released-malayalam-news-169457.html|title=Kappiri Thuruthu Trailer Featuring Adil U Pearlee Released-Malayalam Movie News|website=IndiaGlitz|access-date=2016-12-25}}{{dead link|date=March 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The film is produced by Cimofi productions pvt ltd and Ahamed Palapparambil under the banner of 20-20 Movie International. It was released on 9 December 2016. Expertouch Media which is a leading Ad Film Agency in Chennai, Kerala, Delhi and Bangalore offer Promotions to this Film <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://rearcircle.com/kappiri-thuruthu-trailer-out/|title=Kappiri Thuruthu trailer is released|date=2016-10-19|newspaper=rearcircle.com|access-date=2016-12-25|archive-date=26 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226054611/http://rearcircle.com/kappiri-thuruthu-trailer-out/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/kappiri-thuruthu-original/id1179700456|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226063030/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/kappiri-thuruthu-original/id1179700456|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 December 2016|title=Kappiri Thuruthu (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP by Rafeeque Yusuf on Apple Music|website=iTunes|access-date=2016-12-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmipop.com/movies/kappiri-thuruthu-movie-13597|title=Kappiri Thuruthu Movie Reviews, Trailers, Showtimes & Cast {{!}} FILMIPOP|website=www.filmipop.com|access-date=2017-01-07}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Adil Ibrahim]] as Samovar Sadhasivan
* [[Pearle Maaney]] as Yami
* [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as Choonda Masthan
* [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] as Kadalakka Ustad
* [[Indrans]]
* [[Surabhi Lakshmi]] as Rukhiya
* [[Hareesh Perumanna]] as Thapala Pookunju
* [[S.P.Sreekumar]] as Timing Panchi
* [[Shivaji Guruvayoor]]
* [[Sunil Sukhada]]
* [[Rajesh Sharma (Malayalam actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] as Kannan Anthramankutty
* [[Ramesh Narayan]]
* [[Pauly Valsan]]
* P.M.Abu
* Babu Pallassery
* [[K. B. Venu]]

== Soundtrack ==
The [[soundtrack]] album for the film was composed by Rafeeq Yusaf and the [[background score]] was scored by Madhu Paul. Mirza Ghalib, [[Vayalar Ramavarma]], Nelson Fernandez, KH Sulaiman Master and Meppalli Balan penned the lyrics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mollywoodtimes.com/2016/12/09/kappiri-thuruthu-movie-review/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161212052214/http://mollywoodtimes.com/2016/12/09/kappiri-thuruthu-movie-review/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=12 December 2016|title=Kappiri Thuruthu Movie Review-respons-collection-report-songs-mp3|date=2016-12-09|website=Mollywood Times|access-date=2017-01-07}}</ref> The audio was released on 17 October 2016, on the label of [[Manorama Music]].<ref name=":0" />
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 18:44
| headline =
| title1 = Cheruppathil
| extra1 = [[Vijay Yesudas]], Madhusree
| length1 = 3:02
| title2 = Sayippe Sayippe
| extra2 = [[Afsal]]
| length2 = 3:11
| title3 = Pattappakal
| extra3 = Kishore Abu
| length3 = 3:10
| title4 = Bas Ki Dushuva
| extra4 = [[Ramesh Narayan]]
| length4 = 4:31
| title5 = Nathum Kozhiyum
| extra5 = O U Basheer
| length5 = 4:38
| title6 = Theerchayilla Janam
| extra6 = Kannan Pareekkutty
| length6 = 4:43
}}

== Critical reception ==
Deepthi Sreenivasan for ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5 and commented, "The movie begins to take a turn when local goons eye Sadhu's wife which ends in a public brawl. The last time Malayalis had a similar taste of Kochi's cultural treasure trove was in the [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] starrer ''[[Gramophone (film)|Gramophone]]''. Debutant Saheer Ali obviously had too much information on his hands and was trying to include as many things as he can with a love story running parallel to it. His effort was earnest but the film could have done without so much detailing. Adil Ibrahim shines as Sadhu and Pearle compliments perfectly".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/111216/kappiri-thuruthu-movie-review-peek-into-fort-kochis-music-trove.html|title=Kappiri Thuruthu movie review: Peek into Fort Kochi's music trove|date=2016-12-11|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=2017-01-07}}{{Rating|2.5|5}}</ref> ''CinemaDaddy'' stated, "The way the plot is presented the story and the elements like love, music, agony and the fight for survival are mixed up and it was just beautiful and it was like watching a part of the history of [[Kochi]] unfolding before our eyes. The selection of events portrayed in the movie also deserves kudos and the director was in control over the proceedings right from the start. ''Kappiri Thuruthu'' keeps a tight leash throughout and leaves a strong impression in the mind".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://cinemadaddy.com/kappiri-thuruthu/review-2/|title=പ്രണയവും സംഗീതവും നിറഞ്ഞ കാപ്പിരിതുരുത്ത് {{!}} കാപ്പിരിതുരുത്ത് റിവ്യൂ വായിക്കാം|newspaper=CinemaDaddy|language=en-US|access-date=2017-01-07|archive-date=8 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108004656/http://cinemadaddy.com/kappiri-thuruthu/review-2/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{facebook|kappirithuruthu}}
* {{IMDb title|6129026}}

[[Category:2016 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language romantic drama films]]

Chinna Cinema

2026-03-03T17:42:42Z

Good Life Financial: stub - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komal_Jha in Chinna Cinema
| image = Chinna Cinema Telugu film poster.jpg
| caption = Telugu language film poster for ''Chinna Cinema''
| director = [[Ajay Kambhampati]]
| producer = {{plainlist|
* [[Jyoti Sarup|Jyothy]]
* Sekhar
}}
| writer = Ajay Kambhampati
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Komal Jha
* Sumona Chandha
}}
| narrator =
| music = Praveen Lakkaraju
| cinematography = [[Hyder Bilgrami]]
| editing = Vinjay
| studio = [[Rainbow Entertainment]]
| distributor = [[Jersey Plots]]
| released = {{film date|2013|4|19|India}}
| runtime = 128 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Chinna Cinema''''' ({{Translation|Small film}}) is a 2013 Indian Telugu-language [[romantic comedy]] film by [[Ajay Kambhampati]] as his directorial debut, and starring [[Komal Jha]], Arjun Kalyan and Sumona Chandha with music by Praveen Lakkaraju.<ref name="Sify 18 January 2013" /><ref name="Times of India 19 April 2013" />

==Plot==
Ramu (Arjun Kalyan) lands in the USA with the dream of making much money with little effort. He stays with his friends and works at a local Indian grocery store owned by B. Jay (Mahesh Sriram) and operated by B. Jay's brother-in-law S. Jay (Karthik Srinivas). He takes an instant liking towards Janaki (Sumona Chanda) when he sees her the first time. Ramu is motivated to earn and send more money to his father Narayana (Surya) for building a new home. The new home is actually for an orphanage ("Raamaalayam") that is run by an old man, Bapiraju (Dr. M. Balayya).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/moviereviews/chinnacinema_moviereview.php |title=Reviews : Movie Reviews : Chinna Cinema - Movie Review |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |accessdate=2014-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014205422/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/moviereviews/chinnacinema_moviereview.php |archive-date=14 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A certain part of the movie has few episodes with a flashback. [[Komal Jha]] features as Damayanthi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tollywoodtimes.com/en/newsfullstory/h2lqtdspx7/Komal-Jha-as-a-Narthaki-in-Chinna-Cinema/2101|title=Komal Jha As A Narthaki In Chinna Cinema :: TollywoodTimes.com|website=www.tollywoodtimes.com|access-date=2016-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829031724/http://www.tollywoodtimes.com/en/newsfullstory/h2lqtdspx7/Komal-Jha-as-a-Narthaki-in-Chinna-Cinema/2101|archive-date=29 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> a Nartaki (dancer) of the 1950s in a village.

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*Arjun Kalyan as Ramudu
*Sumona Chandha as Janaki
* [[Komal Jha]] as Damayanthi
* [[Ravi Varma (East Godavari actor)|Ravi Varma]]
* [[Pradeep Shakti]]
* [[L.B. Sriram]]
* [[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]] as Narayana
* [[Mannava Balayya|Dr. M. Balayya]] as Bapiraju
* [[Vennela Kishore]] as Sri
* [[Babloo Prithviraj|Prithvi]] as Daange
* [[Thagubothu Ramesh]]
* [[Ravi Varma (East Godavari actor)|Ravi Varma]] as Cowboy Krishna
* [[Mahesh (Malayalam actor)|Mahesh Sriram]] as B. Jay
* Karthik Srinivas as S. Jay
* RJ Ghajini as Film director
* Siddhanth
* Raghunadh
* Srini Kolla
* [[Gautam Raju]]
* Sudarshanam
* Nagaraju
* Sandhya Janak
{{div col end}}

==Soundtrack==
In January 2013, it was announced that ''Chinna Cinema'' was "gearing up for audio launch". Music is composed by Praveen Lakkaraju, with various song lyrics by Chakravarthula, SreeJo, Srinivasa Mouli, and K.S.M. Phanindra.<ref name="Sify 18 January 2013">{{cite news|last1=staff|title=Chinna Cinema team meets press|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/chinna-cinema-team-meets-press-news-telugu-nbsmoQidedcsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805104209/http://www.sify.com/movies/chinna-cinema-team-meets-press-news-telugu-nbsmoQidedcsi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 August 2016|accessdate=12 June 2016|website=[[Sify]]|date=18 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="Sify 8 January 2013">{{cite news|last1=staff|title='Chinna Cinema'gears up for audio launch|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/chinna-cinema-gears-up-for-audio-launch-news-telugu-nbimC6fgaibsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805105716/http://www.sify.com/movies/chinna-cinema-gears-up-for-audio-launch-news-telugu-nbimC6fgaibsi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 August 2016|accessdate=12 June 2016|website=[[Sify]]|date=8 January 2013}}</ref> Audio launch was February 9, 2013.<ref name="Sify 11 February 2013">{{cite news|last1=staff|title=Chinna Cinema audio launch on Feb 9th|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/chinna-cinema-audio-launch-on-feb-9th-news-telugu-ncloVpdhhhisi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805114905/http://www.sify.com/movies/chinna-cinema-audio-launch-on-feb-9th-news-telugu-ncloVpdhhhisi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 August 2016|accessdate=12 June 2016|website=[[Sify]]|date=11 February 2013}}</ref>

# "USA", performed by Monica & Praveen Lakkaraju
# "Puthadi Bomma" performed by [[Suchitra]] & Sreenivas Josyula
# "Alai Vachi" performed by Divya Devunhalli & Prasad Thallam
# "Ramugadu" performed by Sahiti & Praveen Lakkaraju
# "Hari Lo Ranga Hari" performed by [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
# "Chinna Cinema" performed by [[Thagubothu Ramesh]] & [[Vennela Kishore]]

==Reception==
''[[Times of India]]'' panned the film, offering that while filmmaker Ajay Kambhampati "chose an interesting premise - Daanam Chese Vaadiki Swartham Undakudadu (A philanthropist must not have a selfish motto)",<ref name="Times of India 19 April 2013"/> he "miserably failed to translate the idea into cinema. In trying to package a commercially entertaining film with an underlying philosophical message, the movie ends up being neither entertaining nor profound."<ref name="Times of India 19 April 2013"/> Expanding, they offered that the film "is a predictable fare that has revenge plot - often seen in Telugu films and doesn't offer anything new. The element of surprise is missing from the narration and it meanders aimlessly."<ref name="Times of India 19 April 2013"/> They noted that in a revenge-drama "the protagonist's moves to counter goons should be meticulously etched but that was badly missing," and offered that the plot line was illogical, the film's sequences looked uninteresting, and the romance between Ramudu (Arjun Kalyan) and Janaki (Sumona Chanda) was dull and failed to make an impression.<ref name="Times of India 19 April 2013">{{cite news|last1=AS|first1=Sashidhar|title=Chinna Cinema Movie Review|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/Chinna-Cinema/movie-review/19637464.cms|accessdate=9 June 2016|publisher=[[Times of India]]|date=19 April 2013}}</ref>

''123Telugu'' offered that the film had a good concept but a bad execution. Pluses included the film's concept "of ‘ selfless donations ‘ and charity without expecting anything in return have been dealt with nicely."<ref name="123Telugu 19 April 2013">{{cite news|last1=Koneru|first1=Mahesh S|title=Review : Chinna Cinema – Good concept, bad execution|url=http://www.123telugu.com/reviews/review-chinna-cinema-good-concept-bad-execution.html|accessdate=10 June 2016|publisher=123Telugu|date=19 April 2013}}</ref> Actor [[Mannava Balayya|Dr. M. Balayya]] was praised for delivering "a classy and restrained performance".<ref name="123Telugu 19 April 2013"/> Newcomer Arjun Kalyan was "ok as the male lead",<ref name="123Telugu 19 April 2013"/> but needs to become relaxed and more comfortable in future roles. [[Vennela Kishore]] was entertaining in his role of movie reviewer, and RJ Ghajini was god in his role of an aspiring film director. Comedy scenes in the film's first half were good and "the song ‘Puttadi Bomma’ was shot beautifully."<ref name="123Telugu 19 April 2013"/> Film deficits include newcomer Sumona Chanda being a poor casting choice for the female lead, as it was felt "she does not have the kind of face that appeals to Telugu viewers."<ref name="123Telugu 19 April 2013"/> Further, the senior actors led by Goutham Raju were irritating and their comedy scenes seemed poorly written.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2013 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language romantic comedy films]]

Vasandhathil Or Naal

2026-03-03T05:18:13Z

Good Life Financial: quick improved layout per sources also and cleaned formatting

{{short description|1982 film by A. C. Tirulokchandar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vasandhathil Or Naal
| image = Vasandhathil Or Naal.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[A. C. Tirulokchandar]]
| story = [[Gulzar]]
| producer = [[S. Rangarajan]]
| starring = [[Sivaji Ganesan]] [[Sripriya]]
| cinematography = Viswanath Rai
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| studio = Venus Arts
| released = {{Film date|1982|05|07|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Vasandhathil Or Naal''''' ({{translation|A day in spring}}) is a 1982 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film, directed by [[A. C. Tirulokchandar]] and produced by [[S. Rangarajan]]. The film stars [[Sivaji Ganesan]] and [[Sripriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=221–230 |url=http://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp23.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319122129/http://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp23.htm |archive-date=19 March 2018 |access-date=10 June 2021 |website=Nadigarthilagam.com}}</ref> It is a remake of the 1975 [[Hindi]] film ''[[Mausam (1975 film)|Mausam]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 May 2017 |title=23. காலத்தை வென்று நிற்கும் 'கஸல்'கள் |language=ta |work=[[Dinamani]] |url=https://www.dinamani.com/junction/idhayam-totta-isai/2017/may/13/23-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B8%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D-2700959.html |url-status=live |access-date=19 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928161219/http://www.dinamani.com/junction/idhayam-totta-isai/2017/may/13/23-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B8%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D-2700959.html |archive-date=28 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=18 August 2019 |title=Celebrating Gulzar Saab: Have you watched these 13 masterpieces of the underrated director? |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/entertainment/2019/aug/18/celebrating-gulzar-saab-have-you-watched-these-13-masterpieces-of-the-underrated-director-102479--2.html |url-status=dead |access-date=16 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610041938/https://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/entertainment/2019/aug/18/celebrating-gulzar-saab-have-you-watched-these-13-masterpieces-of-the-underrated-director-102479--2.html |archive-date=10 June 2021}}</ref> The film was released on 7 May 1982.

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=April 2023}}
Rajasekaran visits a village and falls in love with Raji. He promises her that he would go back to town, get his parents' approval and come back to marry her. However, circumstances alter and he is unable to fulfil his promise. Years pass and he hopes that she has married someone else and leads a peaceful life until he accidentally meets her in a brothel.

Turns out that the girl he saw there was not Raji but Neela, Raji's daughter. He buys her from the brothel and takes her to his home and tries to reform her. He finds out that Raji was forced to marry a crippled old man, raped by her brother-in-law, died of insanity while leaving Neela as a child who in turn was abused by the same brother-in-law and later sold to a brothel. Rajasekaran feels guilty and strives to redeem her.

Neela mistakes this for love and attempts to romance Rajasekaran who tells her the whole truth. She hates Rajasekarana and flees. After some convincing by the brothel madame and Rajasekaran accepting his guilt instead of defending himself, she chooses to forgive and he adopts her as his daughter.

== Cast ==
*[[Sivaji Ganesan]] as Rajasekaran
*[[Sripriya]] as Neela / Raji
*[[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] as Neela's father
*[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Ponnamma, Brothel Madame
*[[Thengai Srinivasan]] as Minor
*S. Rama Rao as Alwar, Rajasekaran's servant

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]], with lyrics by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vasanthathil Ore Naal Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by M.S.Viswanathan |url=https://mossymart.com/product/vasanthathil-ore-naal-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610041946/https://mossymart.com/product/vasanthathil-ore-naal-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan/ |archive-date=10 June 2021 |access-date=10 June 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Pachai Vanna
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Vani Jairam]]
| length1 = 4:10
| title2 = Podhum Deivam
| extra2 = [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
| length2 = 4:18
| title3 = Kuala Lumpur
| extra3 = [[L. R. Eswari]]
| length3 = 4:31
| title4 = Vendum Vendum
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Vani Jairam
| length4 = 4:33
| total_length = 17:32
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Vasandhathil Or Naal'' was released on 7 May 1982.<ref>{{Cite web |title=நடிகர் திலகம் சிவாஜி கணேசன் அவர்கள் நடித்த படங்களின் பட்டியல் |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/sivaji-2.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005032533/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/sivaji-2.asp |archive-date=5 October 2022 |access-date=9 March 2023 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=ta}}</ref> S. Shivakumar of ''[[Mid-Day]]'' appreciated Sripriya for giving a "remarkably studied performance" and that she "sometimes steals scenes from the great thespian himself".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shivakumar |first=S. |year=1982 |title=For Sivaji only |url=https://twitter.com/sshivu/status/1303633594993139713/photo/1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200909145354/https://twitter.com/sshivu/status/1303633594993139713/photo/1 |archive-date=9 September 2020 |access-date=9 September 2020 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |via=[[Twitter]]}}</ref> Manjula Ramesh of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' felt Ganesan and Sripriya were wasted in this weightless plot but praised the cinematography and musical score.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ரமேஷ் |first=மஞ்சுளா |date=23 May 1982 |title=வசந்தத்தில் ஓர் நாள் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1982-05-23/kalki1982-05-23/page/n61/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240415105303/https://archive.org/details/kalki1982-05-23/kalki1982-05-23/page/n61/mode/2up |archive-date=15 April 2024 |access-date=15 April 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=61 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> S. Jayakrishnan, writing for ''[[New Straits Times|New Sunday Times]]'', praised the performances of Ganesan and Sripriya, but criticised the director for "bogging down the movie in its initial stages with trivia", while appreciating the technical aspects such as photography.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jayakrishnan |first=S. |date=12 September 1982 |title=Rare maturity in a poignant but romantic tear-jerker |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=lqFUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-I8DAAAAIBAJ&pg=1250%2C2021014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415110654/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=lqFUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-I8DAAAAIBAJ&pg=1250%2C2021014 |archive-date=15 April 2024 |access-date=15 April 2024 |work=[[New Straits Times|New Sunday Times]] |pages=10 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|1449280}}

{{A. C. Tirulokchandar}}

[[Category:1982 Indian films]]
[[Category:1982 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1982 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. C. Thirulokachandar]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

{{Improve categories|date=April 2024}}

Radha Kalyana

2026-02-26T19:43:42Z

Good Life Financial: Started first details w/ infobox!

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Radha Kalyana Zee Kannada serial.jpeg
| caption =
| genre = [[Soap opera]] [[Drama]]
| director = Naveen Krishna
| starring = Amith Kashyap Radhika Rao Anusha Rai
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 190
| related = ''[[Maate Mantramu]]''
| list_episodes =
| producer =
| company = Dhriti Creations
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| cinematography =
| runtime = 22 minutes
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| network = [[Zee Kannada]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2019|07|15}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2020|04|03}}
}}

'''''Radha Kalyana''''' is an Indian [[Kannada]] language television series which aired on [[Zee Kannada]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/daily-soap-radha-kalyana-to-premiere-soon/articleshow/69631678.cms|title=Daily soap Radha Kalyana to premiere soon|access-date=2019-06-03|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It stars Radhika Rao and Amith Kashyap in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/radha-kalyana-to-premiere-on-july-15/articleshow/70141855.cms|title=Radha Kalyana to premiere on July 15|access-date=2024-01-23|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It premiered from 15 July 2019 by replacing ''[[Jodi Hakki (TV series)|Jodi Hakki]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/television/zee-kannadas-brand-new-fiction-show-radha-kalyana-promises-to-be-a-brilliant-love-story-2219187.html|title=Zee Kannada's brand-new fiction show Radha Kalyana promises to be a brilliant love story|access-date=2024-01-23|website=[[Zee News]]}}</ref> This series is an official remake of [[Zee Telugu]] series ''[[Maate Mantramu]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/wedding-episodes-to-treat-viewers-in-radha-kalyana-serial/articleshow/72394815.cms|title=Wedding episodes to treat viewers in Radha Kalyana serial|access-date=2024-01-23|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> This show abruptly stopped on 3 April 2020 due to [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/kannada-tv-show-radha-kalyana-to-go-off-air-soon/articleshow/75972590.cms|title=Kannada TV show Radha Kalyana to go off-air soon|access-date=2020-05-25|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
The story revolves around a beautiful love story of a simple girl and a man, who is known for his arrogant attitude. How the girl turns the man into a better human being, forms the crux of the story.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/radhika-rao-celebrates-the-success-radha-kalyana/articleshow/70711233.cms|title=Radhika Rao celebrates the success Radha Kalyana|access-date=2024-01-23|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Cast==
* Amith Kashyap as Krishna<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/amith-kashyap-signs-new-serial-radha-kalyana/articleshow/69592925.cms|title=Amith Kashyap to play Krishna in new serial Radha Kalyana|access-date=2024-01-23|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* [[Radhika Rao]] as Radha<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/actress-radhika-rao-to-make-her-tv-comeback-with-radha-kalyana/articleshow/69662656.cms|title=Actress Radhika Rao to make her TV comeback with Radha Kalyana|access-date=2024-01-23|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* Anusha Rai as Nakshatra<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/anusha-rai-goes-grey-for-radha-kalyana/articleshow/70420460.cms|title=Anusha Rai goes grey for Radha Kalyana|access-date=2024-01-23|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Adaptations==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"
|- style="color:white"
! Language
! Title
! Original release
! Network(s)
! Last aired
! Notes
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''[[Maate Mantramu]]'' మాటే మంత్రము
| 7 May 2018
| [[Zee Telugu]]
| 21 August 2020
| Original
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''Radha Kalyana'' ರಾಧಾ ಕಲ್ಯಾಣ
| 15 July 2019
| [[Zee Kannada]]
| 3 April 2020
| rowspan="2"| Remake
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Gokulathil Seethai (2019 TV series)|Gokulathil Seethai]]'' கோகுலத்தில் சீதை
| 4 November 2019
| [[Zee Tamil]]
| 14 May 2022
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/radha-kalyana/0-6-39 ''Radha Kalyana''] at [[ZEE5]]
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:Zee Kannada original programming]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:2019 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Kannada-language television shows]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian television series]]

Ratna Manikya II

2026-02-25T16:58:36Z

Good Life Financial: Started the stub basic info

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
|type = monarch
|name = Ratna Manikya II
|title =
|image =
|alt =
|caption =
|reign-type1 = 1st reign
|succession = [[Twipra Kingdom|Maharaja of Tripura]]
|reign1 = 1685–1693
|predecessor1 = [[Rama Manikya]]
|successor1 = [[Narendra Manikya]]
|reign-type2 = 2nd reign
|reign2 = 1695–1712
|predecessor2 = [[Narendra Manikya]]
|successor2 = [[Mahendra Manikya]]
|spouse-type = Wives{{sfnp|Sarma|1987|p=117}}
|spouse = {{unbulleted list
|Satyavati
|Bhagavati
|118 other wives
}}
|issue =
|father = [[Rama Manikya]]
|house = [[Manikya dynasty]]
|birth_name = Ratnadev
|birth_date = {{circa|1680}}
|death_date = {{death year and age|1712|1680}}
|religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}
{{Kingdom of Tripura}}

'''Ratna Manikya II''' ({{Circa|1680}} – 1712) was the [[Maharaja]] of [[Twipra Kingdom|Tripura]] from 1685 to 1693 and again from 1695 to 1712.

Only a small child when he became ruler, Ratna spent much of his life under the control of external forces, having been used as a puppet-monarch by domineering relations as well as being both deposed and enthroned by the powerful [[Mughal Empire]]. He was eventually killed in a coup orchestrated by his younger brother.

==Background and first reign==
Born Ratnadeva, he was the eldest of Maharaja [[Rama Manikya]]'s four surviving sons and the only one to be born of his chief queen.{{sfnp|Sarma|1987|p=116}}{{sfnp|Sharma|Sharma|2015|p=53}} During his father's reign, he held the post of ''[[Yuvaraja|Yuvraj]]''.{{sfnp|Sarma|1987|p=115}}

Rama died in 1685 and Ratna, then only 5 years old, ascended the throne under the name Ratna Manikya. The state of confusion which had ensued upon his father's death continued throughout the early years of Ratna's reign. Due to his young age, control of the state was held by his maternal uncle, Balibhima Narayana, who is described in the ''Champakvijay'' (a contemporary political work) as having been an oppressive ruler.{{sfnp|Sarma|1987|pp=116–17}} Narayana eventually fell afoul of the [[Bengal Subah|Subahdar of Bengal]], [[Shaista Khan]], who, in reprisal for an invasion of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] territory of [[Sylhet]],{{sfnp|Majumdar|1974|p=166}} launched an assault on Tripura in 1693. Narayana was imprisoned and the young Ratna was overthrown and replaced with his cousin, [[Narendra Manikya]], who had aided Khan in the campaign.{{sfnp|Sarma|1987|p=117}}

==Second reign==
Narendra reigned for about two years, during which time Ratna was kept by his side and treated affectionately.{{sfnp|Roychoudhury|1983|p=30}} The former was eventually deposed by Shaista Khan, who had been influenced against him by another cousin,{{sfnp|Thakurta|1999|p=13}} [[Champak Ray]], among others. Ratna was subsequently restored to the throne, though once again had little actual power, having become a puppet-ruler under Ray, who was named his ''Yuvraj''. The latter was eventually assassinated by the king's supporters.{{sfnp|Sarma|1987|p=118}}

Finally secure as ruler in his own right, Ratna enacted a number of administrative changes, such as restoring earlier ministerial positions as well as creating new ones. One of his brothers, [[Durjoy Singh]], was named the new ''Yuvraj'' while another, [[Ghanashyam]], was made ''Barathakur''.{{NoteTag|''Barathakur'' was a recently-created post which meant "principal prince".{{sfnp|Saha|1986|p=63}}}} Ratna also had dealings with other kingdoms, having battled King Paikhomba of [[Manipur (princely state)|Manipur]] in 1696, as well as sending another brother, [[Chandramani]], as a hostage to the Mughal court.{{sfnp|Sarma|1987|pp=118–19}} Between 1710 and 1715, a series of embassies and letters in [[Sanskrit]] were exchanged between the court of Tripura and that of the ruler of the [[Ahom kingdom]], [[Rudra Singha]], with the purpose of developing a Hindu confederation against Mughal attacks.{{sfnp|Sarma|1987|p=119}}{{sfnp|Dey|2005|p=73}}

Due to the internal instability during his reign, Ratna had little opportunity to contribute to public works within his kingdom. Among the few he did commission was the [[Comilla Jagannath Temple|Sateroratna Mandir]], a temple dedicated to the god [[Jagannath]] in [[Comilla]], located in what is present-day [[Bangladesh]]. Images of the goddess [[Kali]] were also installed in Comilla as well as at the [[Kasbeswari Kali Mata|temple at Kasba]].{{sfnp|Sarma|1987|p=119}}

==Overthrow and death==
Towards the end of his reign, a conspiracy was launched against Ratna by his brother [[Ghanashyam]]. The latter was assisted by Murad Beg, an influential noble at court whose married sister had been dishonoured by the king.{{sfnp|Roychoudhury|1983|p=31}}{{sfnp|Sarma|1987|p=119}} Murad was dispatched to [[Dhaka]], where he recruited some itinerant forces as well as a high-ranking local officer against Ratna. Ghanashyam himself was frequently absent from the capital, using the excuse that he was holding wild elephants. According to the ''[[Rajmala]]'', Ratna was informed by his supporters that his brother was plotting against him, though he ignored the information. Historian Ramani Mohan Sarma suggests that this inaction may either have been due to the king's inexperience with diplomacy resulting in a misplaced trust in Ghanashyam, or that he was fearful of moving against his powerful brother.{{sfnp|Sarma|1987|pp=119–20}}

In 1712, Ratna was forcibly removed from the throne and confined to the royal apartments. Ghanashyam, who took power under the name Mahendra Manikya, later had him strangled to death, with his body being cremated on the banks of the [[Gomti River]].{{sfnp|Acharjee|2006|p=30}}{{sfnp|Sharma|Sharma|2015|p=62}} Ratna's wives, said to have numbered 120,{{sfnp|Sarma|1987|p=117}} all [[Sati (practice)|immolated themselves]] on his funeral pyre.{{sfnp|Raatan|2008|p=152}}

==Notes==
{{notefoot}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==

*{{cite journal|last=Acharjee|first=Jahar|title="Tripura Buranji" A Diplomatic Mission between Assam and Tripura|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IDNuAAAAMAAJ|journal=Bulletin of the Assam State Museum, Gauhati|volume=17|year=2006|publisher=Assam State Museum.}}
*{{cite book|last=Dey|first=Sitanath|title=A Reflection to Our Cultural Heritage Through Sanskrit Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p3HXAAAAMAAJ|year=2005|publisher=Sanskrit Pustak Bhandar}}
* {{cite book|last=Majumdar|first=Ramesh Chandra|authorlink=R. C. Majumdar|title=History of mediaeval Bengal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lBlBAAAAMAAJ|year=1974|publisher=G. Bharadwaj}}
*{{cite book|last=Raatan|first=T.|title=Encyclopaedia of North-East India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lvI6W-r3OIAC&pg=PA152|year=2008|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-068-4}}
*{{cite book|first=Nalini Ranjan|last=Roychoudhury|title=Tripura through the ages: a short history of Tripura from the earliest times to 1947 A.D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WoJ5AAAAIAAJ|year=1983|publisher=Sterling}}
*{{cite book|first=Sudhanshu Bikash|last=Saha|title=Tribes of Tripura: A Historical Survey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ioMiAAAAMAAJ|year=1986|publisher=Rupali Book House|location=Agartala}}
*{{cite book|last=Sarma|first=Ramani Mohan|title=Political History of Tripura|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bmpuAAAAMAAJ|year=1987|publisher=Puthipatra|location=Calcutta}}
*{{cite book|last1=Sharma|first1=Suresh Kant|last2=Sharma|first2=Usha|title=Discovery of North-East India: Tripura|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q8Mq1NU9Ml4C|volume=11|year=2015|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-8324-045-1}}
*{{cite book|last=Thakurta|first=S. N. Guha|title=Tripura|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8LFuAAAAMAAJ|year=1999|publisher=National Book Trust, India|isbn=978-81-237-2542-0}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Kings of Tripura]]
[[Category:Child monarchs from Asia]]
[[Category:Dethroned monarchs]]
[[Category:Monarchs deposed as children]]
[[Category:1712 deaths]]
[[Category:Murdered Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:18th-century murdered monarchs]]
[[Category:People murdered in 1712]]
[[Category:18th-century murders in India]]

Kiran Nagarkar

2026-02-25T01:01:41Z

Good Life Financial: Started first entry from scratch

{{Short description|Indian writer (1942–2019)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Kiran Nagarkar
| image = Kiran Nagarkar - Leipziger Buchmesse 2013.jpg
| caption = 2013 – at the bookfair of Leipzig, Germany
| birth_date = {{birth date|1942|04|02|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]] (now [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{death date and given age|2019|09|5|77|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Novelist|dramatist|screenwriter}}
| movement = [[Indian literature|Indian]]
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Award]], [[Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany|Order of Merit of Germany]]
| spouse = Tulsi Vatsal
| influences =
| influenced =
| website = {{url|https://kirannagarkar.com/}}
}}
'''Kiran Nagarkar''' (2 April 1942 – 5 September 2019) was an Indian novelist, playwright and screenwriter. A noted drama and film critic, he was one of the most significant writers of [[Independence of India|post-colonial]] India.<ref name=sa>[[#Sa|Sanga, p. 177]]</ref>

Amongst his notable works are ''Saat Sakkam Trechalis'' (tr. ''Seven Sixes Are Forty Three'') (1974), ''Ravan and Eddie'' (1994), and ''[[Cuckold (book)|Cuckold]]'' (1997) for which he was awarded the 2001 [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in English by the [[Sahitya Akademi]], India's National Academy of Letters.<ref name=sa/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/old_version/awa10304.htm#english |title=Sahitya Akademi Awards 1955–2007: English |website=-[[Sahitya Akademi]] Official website |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611080633/http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/old_version/awa10304.htm |archive-date=11 June 2010 |access-date=30 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=In Conversation: The artful storyteller |url=http://www.hindu.com/lr/2006/03/05/stories/2006030500320100.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=5 March 2006 |access-date=24 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081104231349/http://www.hindu.com/lr/2006/03/05/stories/2006030500320100.htm |archive-date=4 November 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> His novels written in English have been translated into German. In 2012, he was awarded the [[Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]].<ref name=ani/>

==Personal life==
Nagarkar was born on 2 April 1942 in Bombay, now [[Mumbai]], in a middle-class [[Marathi people|Maharashtrian]] family, the younger of two sons to Sulochana and Kamalkant Nagarkar.<ref name="rediff2006">{{cite news |title=Kiran Nagarkar: God's little soldier |url=http://specials.rediff.com/news/2006/may/02kiran1.htm |access-date=6 September 2019 |work=rediff.com |date=2 May 2006}}</ref><ref name="Mint5Sep2019"/><ref name="NYTimes">{{cite news |last1=Bhagat |first1=Shalini Venugopal |title=Kiran Nagarkar, Novelist Who Chronicled Mumbai Life, Dies at 77 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/11/books/kiran-nagarkar-dead.html |access-date=19 September 2019 |work=The New York Times |date=11 September 2019 |pages=1–21 |archive-date=12 September 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190912055751/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/11/books/kiran-nagarkar-dead.html |url-status=live }}</ref> His grandfather, B. B. Nagarkar, was a [[Brahmo Samaj|Brahmo]] and had attended the 1893 [[Parliament of the World's Religions]] in Chicago.<ref>{{cite news |title=Unapologetically Nagarkar |url=https://www.harmonyindia.org/people_posts/unapologetically-nagarkar/ |access-date=6 September 2019 |work=Harmony Magazine}}</ref>
He studied at [[Fergusson College]] in [[Pune]] and the [[South Indian Education Society|S.I.E.S. College]] in [[Mumbai]].<ref name="HinduDeath" /><ref name="Mint5Sep2019">{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi awardee novelist Kiran Nagarkar dead |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/sahitya-akademi-awardee-novelist-kiran-nagarkar-dead-1567707443501.html |access-date=6 September 2019 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=5 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref> He graduated with a bachelor's degree in 1964 and a master's degree in [[English literature]] in 1967. After that, he worked as an advertising copywriter for 15 years.<ref name="NYTimes"/>


From June to November 2011 he was 'writer in residence' at the Literaturhaus Zurich and the PWG Foundation in Zurich.<ref>{{cite web |author=Angela Schader |work=[[Neue Zürcher Zeitung]]|url=http://www.nzz.ch/nachrichten/kultur/zuercher_kultur/die_einsamkeit_des_humoristen_1.10979803.html|title=Der indische Romancier Kiran Nagarkar ist Zürichs neuer "writer in residence" |language=de |date=20 June 2011 |access-date=20 June 2011}}</ref>

He was married to Tulsi Vatsal, sister of industrialist Anand Mehta.<ref name="HinduDeath" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Humour and honours |url=https://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad/cover-story/humour-and-honours/articleshow/36085910.cms |access-date=6 September 2019 |work=Ahmedabad Mirror |date=12 November 2012 |language=en}}</ref> Nagarkar was a life-long critic of the establishment and stood by his political views throughout his literary career.<ref name="Mint22Jun2019"/>

He was admitted to hospital on 2 September 2019, after suffering a [[brain haemorrhage]] at a friend's place during celebrations for the [[Ganesh Chaturthi]] festival.<ref name="born storyteller" /> He remained in a coma for two days and died on 5 September 2019.<ref name="HinduDeath">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sahitya-akademi-awardee-novelist-kiran-nagarkar-dead/article29344962.ece |title=Sahitya Akademi Award-winning writer Kiran Nagarkar dies at 77 |last=Vij |first=Gauri |date=6 September 2019 |work=The Hindu |access-date=6 September 2019 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Novels==
Nagarkar is notable among Indian writers for having written acclaimed novels in more than one language. His first novel, ''Saat Sakkam Trechalis'' published in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] in 1974, was translated into English by Shubha Slee in 1980 and published in 1995 as ''Seven Sixes Are Forty Three''.<ref name="Banned3" /> It is considered a landmark work of [[Marathi literature]].<ref name="harmonyindia">{{cite web |title=Unapologetically Nagarkar, Harmony Magazine |url=https://www.harmonyindia.org/people_posts/unapologetically-nagarkar/ |access-date=6 September 2019}}</ref> His novel ''Ravan and Eddie'', begun in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] but completed in English, was not published until 1994.<ref>{{cite news |title=The terrorist is inside us |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060415/saturday/main1.htm |work=The Tribune |date=15 April 2006 |access-date=13 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605230813/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060415/saturday/main1.htm |archive-date=5 June 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Since ''Ravan and Eddie'', all Nagarkar's novels have been written in English and also translated into [[German language|German]].<ref name="born storyteller">{{cite news |title=Kiran Nagarkar - The born storyteller no more |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/the-born-storyteller-no-more/21686010 |access-date=7 September 2019 |work=mid-day |date=6 September 2019 |language=en |archive-date=25 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925204738/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/the-born-storyteller-no-more/21686010 |url-status=live }}</ref>

His third novel, ''Cuckold'', based upon the mystic [[Meerabai]]'s husband, [[Bhoj Raj]], was published in 1997 and won the 2001 [[Sahitya Akademi Award]]. It took him nine years to write his next, ''God's Little Soldier'', a tale of a liberal Muslim boy's tryst with religious orthodoxy, which was published in 2006, to mixed reviews.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Soldier Reads |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/glitterati.aspx?543 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |date=24 April 2006 |access-date=13 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029161804/http://outlookindia.com/glitterati.aspx?543 |archive-date=29 October 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=LITERATURE: The light and the tunnel |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2006/04/13/stories/2006041301200100.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=13 April 2006 |access-date=13 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606120310/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2006/04/13/stories/2006041301200100.htm |archive-date=6 June 2011 |url-status=usurped }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Review:A Fancy Bird Too Heavy To Fly |author=Shashi Tharoor |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?231150 |date=8 May 2006 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |access-date=13 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811094036/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?231150 |archive-date=11 August 2010 |url-status=live |author-link=Shashi Tharoor }}</ref>

In 2012, he published ''The Extras'', a sequel to ''Ravan and Eddie'' that traces the adult lives of Ravan and Eddie in Bollywood. The third and last book in the series, ''Rest in Peace'', was written in 2015.<ref name="HinduDeath" />

His 2017 novel, ''Jasoda'', is the story of a young women and mother, trying to raise her children in the arid lands of Kantagiri. Jasoda shows every lamentable tradition in the hinterlands in stark clarity. It is a testimony, according to the author, to the millions of women in the parched and scorched regions of India and find themselves between a rock and a husband.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Anantharaman |first1=Latha |title=She who shrugs and carries on: Jasoda by Kiran Nagarkar reviewed by Latha Anantharaman |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/she-who-shrugs-and-carries-on-jasoda-by-kiran-nagarkar-reviewed-by-latha-anantharaman/article22142565.ece |access-date=2 March 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=23 December 2017 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

His 2019 novel, ''The Arsonist'', is a re-imagining of the life of [[Kabir]], the 15th-century Indian mystic poet and saint. It also critiqued the rise of Hindu majoritarianism in India.<ref name="Mint22Jun2019">{{cite news |last1=Kohli |first1=Diya |title='I'm not trying to deny it has affected me': Kiran Nagarkar |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/-i-m-not-trying-to-deny-it-has-affected-me-kiran-nagarkar-1561176759612.html |access-date=7 September 2019 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=22 June 2019 |language=en |archive-date=6 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906163240/https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/-i-m-not-trying-to-deny-it-has-affected-me-kiran-nagarkar-1561176759612.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Plays and screenplays==
In 1978, Nagarkar wrote the play ''Bedtime Story'', based partly on the [[Mahābhārata]]. Its performance was extra-legally [[ban (law)|banned]] for 17 years by [[Hindu nationalist]]<ref name="Banned3">{{cite news |last1=Tripathi |first1=Salil |title=When Kiran Nagarkar said the unsayable |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/2izXvQjOpQm0hFGPz0vdIK/When-Kiran-Nagarkar-said-the-unsayable.html?facet=amp |access-date=6 September 2019 |work=www.livemint.com |agency=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |publisher=[[HT Media]] |date=28 February 2015 |language=en |archive-date=6 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906054822/https://www.livemint.com/leisure/2izxvqjopqm0hfgpz0vdik/when-kiran-nagarkar-said-the-unsayable.html?facet=amp |url-status=live }}</ref> [[fundamentalist]] parties,<ref name="Banned1">{{cite news |title=Award-winning author Kiran Nagarkar dies |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/award-winning-author-kiran-nagarkar-dies/articleshow/71001678.cms |access-date=6 September 2019 |work=Mumbai Mirror |agency=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |issue=2 |publisher=[[The Times Group]] |language=en}}</ref> including the [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tejuja |first1=Vivek |title=Kiran Nagarkar's 'Bedtime Story and Black Tulip' a terrific read |url=https://www.news18.com/news/books/book-review-bedtime-story-and-black-tulip-975182.html |access-date=6 September 2019 |work=www.news18.com |agency=[[News18]] |publisher=[[Network18 Group]] |date=20 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dutta |first1=Amrita |title=The bilingual bard of Bombay and Mumbai, Kiran Nagarkar gave Indian writing in English an electric charge |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kiran-nagarkar-dead-english-writer-the-bilingual-bard-of-bombay-and-mumbai-5970829/lite/ |access-date=6 September 2019 |work=The Indian Express |agency=[[The Indian Express]] |publisher=[[Indian Express Group]] |date=6 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Joshi |first1=Poorva |title=Mumbai is indifferent to the rest of the country: author Kiran Nagarkar |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/we-just-don-t-care-for-mumbai-anymore-kiran-nagarkar/story-NrP2MiU1ObqKcpG7CaNUAN_amp.html |access-date=6 September 2019 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |issue=2 |publisher=[[HT Media]] |date=17 March 2016 |language=en |archive-date=16 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916193604/https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/we-just-don-t-care-for-mumbai-anymore-kiran-nagarkar/story-NrP2MiU1ObqKcpG7CaNUAN_amp.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Chandrima S. |title=Duty to protest: Author |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/duty-to-protest-author/cid/1509437 |access-date=6 September 2019 |work=www.telegraphindia.com |agency=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |issue=1 |publisher=[[ABP Group]] |date=29 October 2015 |location=[[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]] |language=en |archive-date=6 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906080202/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/duty-to-protest-author/cid/1509437 |url-status=live }}</ref> a [[Far-right politics|far-right]] political party;<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-21384169|title=The sharp end of Indian politics|last1=Preston|first1=Alex|date=10 February 2013|work=British Broadcasting Corporation News|access-date=6 September 2019|publisher=[[BBC]]|agency=[[BBC News]]|issue=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120021617/http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-21384169|archive-date=20 November 2016|url-status=live|author1-link=Alex Preston (author)}}</ref> [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) and [[Hindu Mahasabha]].<ref name="Party Ban">{{cite book |last1=Purandare |first1=Vaibhav |editor1-last=Sundarji |editor1-first=Padma Rao |editor2-last=Dasgupta |editor2-first=Shrabani |editor3-last=Mathpal |editor3-first=Sanjeev |editor4-last=Sahadevan |editor4-first=Shaji |title=Bal Thackeray and the rise of Shiv Sena |date=2012 |publisher=Roli Books Private Limited |location=[[Mumbai, Maharashtra]] |isbn=9788174369918 |pages=288 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JS1hBAAAQBAJ&q=bedtime+story+banned+kiran+shiv+sena&pg=PT122 |access-date=6 September 2019 |language=en |quote=In 1977-78, the [Shiv Sena] party, along with the RSS and the Hindu Mahasabha, extra-legally banned ''Bedtime Story'', a play written by Kiran Nagarkar.}}</ref> He warned about censorship faced by India in his introduction to the play: "Legal censorship in India can often be gauche, club-footed and hyper-protective of anything and everything but the freedoms of speech and expression. Extra-legal censorship in the country, however, is fearless and effective. It successfully prevented Bedtime Story from being performed for seventeen years."<ref name="Banned3" />
In a 2018 interview, Nagarkar did not appear to be concerned about [[Censorship in India|censorship]] in the country. He recalled past incidents when radical groups in Mumbai had threatened to prevent his play from staging. Nagarkar stated, "these things happen from time to time, and only then can we be assured that art is still living."<ref name="Silverscreen" />

Nagarkar's theatre work also includes ''Kabirache Kay Karayche'' and ''Stranger Amongst Us'', and his screenplay work includes ''The Broken Circle'', ''The Widow and Her Friends'', and ''The Elephant on the Mouse'', a film for children.<ref name="Silverscreen" /><ref name="marathi.thewire" /> He played the role of Brother Bono as a [[cameo appearance]] in [[Dev Benegal]]'s Movie ''[[Split Wide Open]]''.<ref name="tribuneindia">{{cite news |title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Wide Angle |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000402/spectrum/angle.htm |access-date=7 September 2019 |work=tribuneindia.com |date=2 April 2000 |archive-date=13 March 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050313232841/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000402/spectrum/angle.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
[[File:Kiran Nagarkar, Marathi and English writer, India.jpg|thumb|Kiran Nagarkar at the [[Chandigarh Literati|Chandigarh Literature Festival]] in 2010]]
Kiran Nagarkar was awarded the [[Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]] and Sahitya Akademi Award among others. He also received the [[Rockefeller grant]] and a scholarship from the city of Munich.<ref name="born storyteller" />
* 2001: [[Sahitya Akademi Award]], winner, ''[[Cuckold (book)|Cuckold]]''<ref name=sa/>
* 2012: [[Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]. It is described as the 'highest tribute Germany can pay to individuals'.<ref name=ani>{{cite web|url=http://www.aninews.in/newsdetail2/story83289/germany-confers-cross-of-order-of-merit-to-babasaheb-kalyani-kiran-nagarkar.html |title=Germany confers Cross of Order of Merit, to Babasaheb Kalyani, Kiran Nagarkar |work=[[Asian News International|ANI]] |author=Staff writer |date=7 November 2012 |access-date=18 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109233752/http://www.aninews.in/newsdetail2/story83289/germany-confers-cross-of-order-of-merit-to-babasaheb-kalyani-kiran-nagarkar.html |archive-date= 9 November 2012 |author-link=Staff writer }}</ref>
* 2013: [[The Hindu Literary Prize]], shortlist, ''The Extras''<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/the-hindu-literary-prize-goes-to-jerry-pinto/article4425328.ece |title=The Hindu Literary Prize goes to Jerry Pinto |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |author=Staff writer |date=17 February 2013 |access-date=18 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130220192109/http://www.thehindu.com/books/the-hindu-literary-prize-goes-to-jerry-pinto/article4425328.ece |archive-date=20 February 2013 |url-status=live |author-link=Staff writer }}</ref>

==Works==
'''Novels'''
* 1974: ''Seven Sixes are Forty Three'' (tr. of ''Saat Sakkam Trechalis''). Translated by Shubha Slee. Pub. Heinemann, 1995. {{ISBN|0-435-95088-6}}.<ref name="HinduDeath" />
* 1994: ''Ravan and Eddie''<ref name="HinduDeath" />
* 1997: ''[[Cuckold (book)|Cuckold]]''<ref name="HinduDeath" />
* 2006: ''God's Little Soldier''<ref name="marathi.thewire" />
* 2012: ''The Extras''<ref name="HinduDeath" />
* 2015: ''Rest in Peace''<ref name="HinduDeath" />
* 2017: ''[[Jasoda: A Novel]]''<ref name="marathi.thewire" />
* 2019: ''The Arsonist''<ref name="HinduDeath" />
[[File:Kiran Nagarkar, Marathi and English language writer, India 2.jpg|thumb|Kiran Nagarkar at [[Chandigarh Literature Festival]] in 2016]]
'''Plays and screenplays'''
* 1978: ''Bedtime Story''<ref name="marathi.thewire" />
* ''Kabirache Kay Karayche''<ref name="marathi.thewire">{{cite news |last1=टीम |first1=द वायर मराठी |title=कादंबरीकार किरण नगरकर यांचे निधन |url=https://marathi.thewire.in/novalist-kiran-nagarkar-passes-away |access-date=6 September 2019 |work=द वायर मराठी |date=5 September 2019}}</ref>
* ''Stranger Amongst Us''<ref name="dnaindia">{{cite news |last1=Bose |first1=Ishani |title=The critics gave me absolutely no support: Writer of Bed Time Story Kiran Nagarkar |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-the-critics-gave-me-absolutely-no-support-writer-of-bed-time-story-kiran-nagarkar-1905916 |access-date=6 September 2019 |work=DNA India |date=20 October 2013 |language=en |archive-date=6 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906155740/https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-the-critics-gave-me-absolutely-no-support-writer-of-bed-time-story-kiran-nagarkar-1905916 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''The Broken Circle''<ref name="Silverscreen">{{cite news |last1=March 7 |first1=Vinayak Mohan On |title=A Conversation With Kiran Nagarkar On Art, Language & Freedom Of Expression |url=https://silverscreen.in/features/in-conversation-with-kiran-nagarkar-an-essential-name-from-the-contemporary-indian-writing/ |access-date=6 September 2019 |work=Silverscreen.in |date=7 March 2018 |archive-date=6 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906160108/https://silverscreen.in/features/in-conversation-with-kiran-nagarkar-an-essential-name-from-the-contemporary-indian-writing/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* ''The Widow and Her Friends''<ref name="Silverscreen" />
* ''The Elephant on the Mouse''<ref name="Silverscreen" />
* ''Black Tulip''<ref name="Banned3"/>

==See also==
* [[List of Indian writers]]
* [[Shyam Benegal]]
* [[Tapan Kumar Pradhan]]
* [[Dia Mirza]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* Yasmeen Lukhmani, ed. ''The Shifting Worlds of Kiran Nagarkar's Fiction'', Indialog Publications, New Delhi, 2004 {{ISBN|81-87981-59-8}}
* {{cite book |title=South Asian novelists in English: an A-to-Z guide|last=Sanga |first=Jaina C. |year=2003|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=0-313-31885-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qlpKOzsOc-IC&q=Kiran+Nagarkar&pg=PA177 |ref=Sa }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151224132449/http://www.sify.com/news/kiran-nagarkar-on-extras-sexual-repression--humourless-indians-imagegallery-features-mirqQMdbbhg.html Kiran Nagarkar on Extras, sexual repression & humourless Indians]

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.kirannagarkar.com/ Kiran Nagarkar The Unofficial Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824011812/http://kirannagarkar.com/ |date=24 August 2019 }}
* [http://www.anothersubcontinent.com/nagarkar.html Kiran Nagarkar on Another Subcontinent]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120405075208/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main27.asp?filename=hub170307Readings.asp On Sanity Hazards of Being an Indian Writer at Tehelka]
* [http://www.signandsight.com/features/862.html On bombings in Mumbai]
;Interviews
* [https://jaiarjun.blogspot.com/2006/04/killing-sacred-cows-kiran-nagarkar-and.html Kiran Nagarkar Interview on Jaberwock]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060314233118/http://www.hindu.com/lr/2006/03/05/stories/2006030500320100.htm Hindu Interview by Kalpana Sharma]
* {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20110606120310/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2006/04/13/stories/2006041301200100.htm Hindu Interview by Sangita Pishorty]}}
* [http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/feb/26inter.htm Rediff Interview]
* [http://www.anothersubcontinent.com/kn1.html Kiran Nagarkar Interview on Another Subcontinent]
* [http://specials.rediff.com/news/2006/may/02kiran1.htm Kiran Nagarkar: God's Little Soldier by Lindsay Pereira]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XhQQkWcJzfc Arts.21 {{!}} Between Berlin and Bombay â The Indian Writer Kiran Nagarkar]

{{Sahitya Akademi Award for English}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Literature|Theatre}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nagarkar, Kiran}}
[[Category:Marathi-language writers]]
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:Savitribai Phule Pune University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in English]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]
[[Category:Writers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:International Writing Program alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Indian film critics]]
[[Category:Indian theatre critics]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Indian historical novelists]]
[[Category:Novelists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Prarthana Samaj]]

Kharagpur railway division

2026-02-23T22:40:41Z

Good Life Financial:

{{Short description|Railway division of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
'''Kharagpur railway division''' is one of the four railway divisions under the jurisdiction of [[South Eastern Railway zone]] of the [[Indian Railways]].<ref name="zones_and_divisions">{{cite web |title=Railway Zones and Divisions in The Country |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=168812. |website=Press Information Bureau |publisher=Ministry of Railways (Government of India) |access-date=1 January 2025 |date=21 July 2017}}</ref> This railway division was formed on 14 April 1952 and its headquarters are located at [[Kharagpur]] in the state of West Bengal of India.

The division has a number of railway lines under it, which extend in many directions. 
1. From Tikiapara in West Bengal to Rakha Mines in Jharkhand on the Howrah Mumbai Main Line. It consists of main stations like Kharagpur, Santragachi, Mecheda, Panskura, Jhargram and Ghatshila . 
2. From Panskura to Haldia in West Bengal. This line consists of important stations like Tamluk. 
3. From Tamluk to Digha in West Bengal. 
4. From Kharagpur in West Bengal to Ranital Link Cabin in Odisha. This line consists of important stations like Jaleswar, Balasore and Soro. 
5. From Rupsa to Bangriposi branch line in Odisha which was earlier a narrow gauge line. 
6. From Kharagpur to Medinipur on Kharagpur - Adra line in West Bengal. 
7. From Santragachi to Shalimar branch line in West Bengal. 
8. From Baltikuri Cabin to Amta in West Bengal. 
9. From Andul and Santragachi to Bankranayabaz via Maurigram Flyover in West Bengal. 
10. From Balasore to Gopinathpur Nilagiri in Odisha.

[[Adra railway division]], [[Chakradharpur railway division]] and [[Ranchi railway division]] are the other three railway divisions under SER Zone headquartered at [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Zones and their Divisions in Indian Railways |url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ir_zones.pdf |work=Indian Railways |access-date=14 January 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319003737/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ir_zones.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1427346652869-BNR%20history.pdf|title = Kharagpur Railway Division|access-date = 14 January 2016|website = [[Railway Board]]|publisher = [[North Eastern Railway zone]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150513014650/http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1427346652869-BNR%20history.pdf|archive-date = 13 May 2015|url-status = dead}}</ref>

==List of railway stations and towns ==
The list includes the stations under the Kharagpur railway division and their station category.<ref>{{cite web|title=Statement showing Category-wise No. of stations in IR based on Pass. earning of 2011|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/StationRedevelopment/AI&ACategoryStns.pdf|access-date=15 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=PASSENGER AMENITIES - CRITERIA= For Categorisation Of Stations|url=http://www.cr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1432447500773-23.Passenger%20Amenities%20PDF.pdf|access-date=15 January 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045206/http://www.cr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1432447500773-23.Passenger%20Amenities%20PDF.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="background:#ffd750;" ! | Category of station
! style="background:#ffd750;" ! | No. of stations
! style="background:#ffd750;" ! | Names of stations
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | A-1
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | {{rws|Kharagpur Junction}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | A
| style="text-align:center;" | 4
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Balasore railway station|Balasore]], {{rws|Digha}}, {{rws|Shalimar}}, {{rws|Santragachi}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | B
| style="text-align:center;" | 10
| style="text-align:center;" | {{rws|Panskura Junction}}, [[Tamluk Junction railway station|Tamluk Junction]], {{rws|Uluberia}}, {{rws|Mecheda}}, {{rws|Haldia}} , {{rws|Midnapore}}, {{rws|Amta}}, [[Hijli railway station|Hijli]], {{rws|Bagnan}}, {{rws|Jhargram}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | C
| style="text-align:center;" | 40
| style="text-align:center;" | suburban stations
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | D
| style="text-align:center;" | 7
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Belda railway station|Belda]], [[Ghatsila railway station|Ghatshila]], [[Chakulia railway station|Chakulia]], {{rws|Rupsa Junction}}, {{rws|Jaleswar}}, {{rws|Baripada}}, {{rws|Kanthi}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | E
| style="text-align:center;" | -
| style="text-align:center;" | -
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | F
| style="text-align:center;" | -
| style="text-align:center;" | halt stations
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''Total'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''-'''
| style="text-align:center;" | -
|}
Stations closed for Passengers -

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Kharagpur railway division| ]]
[[Category:1952 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Transport in Kharagpur]]

{{India-rail-transport-stub}}

Manvita Kamath

2026-02-13T03:56:34Z

Good Life Financial: starting some stub more to come - done

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Manvita Kamath
| image = Manvitha_Kamath.jpg
| image_caption = Manvita in 2020
| birth_date = 13/04/1992
| birth_place = [[Mangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| occupation = Actress, Radio host, Founder of Studio Manekin
| years active = 2014–present
| spouses = {{marriage|Arun|2024}}<ref name="mg"/>
}}

'''Manvita Kamath''' is an Indian actress who primarily works in [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] films.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mangalore girl Manvita Harish talks about her first movie |url=http://www.udayavani.com/english/news/exclusives/98141/exclusive-interview-mangalore-girl-manvitha-harish-talks-about-her |publisher=[[Udayavani]]}}</ref> She began her career as a radio jockey at [[Radio Mirchi]] and made her acting debut with ''[[Kendasampige]]'' (2015). Her performance in ''[[Tagaru]]'' (2018), earned her the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Kannada]].

==Early life==
Manvita Kamath, previously known as Manvita Harish aka Shwetha Kamath, was born to Harish Kamath and Sujatha Kamath in [[Mangalore]]. She was raised in [[Kalasa]] of [[Chikmagalur]] until SSLC, and then pursued her PU and degree in Sharada PU College and graduated in [[Journalism]], [[Animation]], and English literature from [[St. Aloysius College (Mangalore)|St. Aloysius College]], Mangalore. She pursued her Masters in Journalism, Media Studies and International Communication from Jain CMS University, Bangalore. She worked for more than a year in Radio Mirchi, [[Mangalore]] where she hosted a show named ''Khiladi 983''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mirchi girl of Mangalore |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=273614 |publisher=[[Daijiworld Media|Daijiworld]]}}</ref>

==Career==
{{Tone|date=July 2023}}
A contact recommended Manvita to [[Duniya Soori]], and she was called for the auditions of ''[[Kendasampige]],'' where she was selected for the lead role.<ref>{{cite web |title=RJ-turned-actress keen on Kollywood career |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/rj-turned-actress-keen-on-kollywood-career-imagegallery-kollywood-qfuuILegijjej.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160523052312/http://www.sify.com/movies/rj-turned-actress-keen-on-kollywood-career-imagegallery-kollywood-qfuuILegijjej.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 May 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Apart from her acting skills, she possessed qualities that [[Duniya Soori]] was looking for in his lead– such as the ability to drive long distances and know Kannada thoroughly. Manvita Harish was well versed in [[Mangalore]] Kannada, Malnad Kannada, [[Dharwad]] Kannada, and [[Bengaluru]] Kannada, which became an advantage. Manvita Harish had been involved in theaters since childhood. She was part of the folk drama troupe of the Late Mr.Bhaskar Nelliteertha. She was also the secretary of Kannada Sangha in college. This was a reason she decided to take film as her career.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kendasampige Is Manvita's Break |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Kendasampige-Is-Manvithas-Break/2015/08/27/article2995742.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926055407/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Kendasampige-Is-Manvithas-Break/2015/08/27/article2995742.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 September 2015 |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Manvita names her house Kendasampige |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Manvitha-names-her-house-Kendasampige/articleshow/53093430.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Her co-star in the film was [[Vicky Varun]] as Gowri Shetty. They went on to become a success commercially.<ref>{{cite news |title=The girlfriend everyone wants |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-girlfriend-everyone-wants/article8836400.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Her next work was the commercial hit movie [[Tagaru]], directed by [[Duniya Soori|Duniya Suri]] paired with Hatrick Hero [[Shiva Rajkumar]]. Manvita Kamath founded Studio Manèkin, an animation and pre-visualization studio, in 2020 alongside Netherlands-based animator and NIE graduate Ankita Khini. She also launched Manèkin, a luxury clothing brand, in collaboration with Soumya SK—an alumnus of Instituto Marangoni—who serves as the brand’s Creative Director.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shivarajkumar is now Tagaru |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Shivarajkumar-is-now-Tagaru/articleshow/53098239.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Manvita tied the knot with music producer Arun in her hometown [[Kalasa]] on 1st May 2024.<ref name="mg">{{cite web |url= https://www.prajavani.net/entertainment/cinema/kalasa-actress-manvitha-kamath-weds-with-arun-2789376|title=ಹಸೆಮಣೆ ಏರಿದ ನಟಿ ಮಾನ್ವಿತಾ ಕಾಮತ್|publisher=[[Prajavani]]| access-date=3 May 2024}}</ref> Married in Kalasa temple as per the wish of her late mother Sujatha, a traditional Konkani-themed wedding.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/a-konkani-themed-traditional-wedding-for-manvita-kamath-and-arun/articleshow/109754400.cms|title=A Konkani-Themed Traditional Wedding For Manvita Kamath And Arun|publisher=Times of India| access-date=3 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://kannada.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/sandalwood-news-kannada-actress-manvitha-kamath-marriage-photos-tagaru-movie-actress-manvitha-husband-details-pcp-181714547565918.html|title= Manvitha Marriage: ವೈವಾಹಿಕ ಜೀವನಕ್ಕೆ ಕಾಲಿಟ್ಟ ನಟಿ ಮಾನ್ವಿತಾ ಕಾಮತ್‌; ಟಗರು ಪುಟ್ಟಿ ಶುಭ ವಿವಾಹದ ಫೋಟೋ ಆಲ್ಬಂ ನೋಡಿ|publisher= Hindustan Times| access-date=3 May 2024}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year!! Film !! Role !! Notes !! {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2015||''[[Kendasampige]]'' || Gowri Shetty || ||
|-
|2017||''[[Chowka]]''|| Ramya || Cameo appearance||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2018||''[[Kanaka (film)|Kanaka]]'' || Kanasu || ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Upadhyaya |first1=Prakash |title=Kanaka movie review: Live audience response |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/kanaka-movie-review-live-audience-response-758306 |access-date=31 March 2024 |publisher=International Business Times India |date=26 January 2018}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Tagaru]]''|| Punarvasu ||
|
|-
|''[[Tharakaasura]]'' || Muttamma || ||
|-
|2019
|''[[Relax Satya]]''|| Maya || ||
|-
|2020
|''[[India vs England Kannada movie|India Vs England]]''|| Medini||||<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/india-vs-england-manvitha-has-this-to-say-about-her-experience-of-working-with-senior-actor-ananth-nag/articleshow/70227929.cms |title='India vs England': Manvitha has this to say about her experience of working with senior actor Ananth Nag |website=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=17 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
|2022
| ''[[Shiva 143]]''|| Madhu || ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Manvita Kamath: Shiva 143's Madhu is the bold romantic interest, but she's also the antagonist |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/manvita-kamath-shiva-143s-madhu-is-the-bold-romantic-interest-but-shes-also-the-antagonist/8daf75dc65406 |access-date=25 August 2022 |work=OTT Play}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Appa I Love You]]'' || Kavya || ||
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Bad (2025 film)|Bad]]'' || || ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Kannada Movie Review–Bad: Play of six vices - Bangalore Mirror |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/kannada-movie-reviewbad-play-of-six-vices/articleshow/119666948.cms |work=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |date=29 March 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" {{TBA}}
| style="background:#FFFFCC;" |''Rajasthan Diaries''{{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}} || Siri ||Completed, Kannada Marathi bilingual
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/manvitha-harish-joins-rajasthan-diaries-shooting-starts-from-april-6th/articleshow/68689125.cms |title=Manvitha Harish joins 'Rajasthan Diaries', shooting starts from April 6th |website=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=17 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:#FFFFCC;" |''Happily Married''{{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
|{{TBA}}
|Completed
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Pruthvi Ambaar and Manvita Kamath team up for a thriller - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/pruthvi-ambaar-and-manvita-kamath-team-up-for-a-thriller/articleshow/85736833.cms |access-date=30 August 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en|last1=Suresh |first1=Sunayana }}</ref>
|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Year
! Show
! Role
! Language
! Ref
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Kannadathi (TV series)|Kannadathi]]'' || Herself || Kannada || <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/kannadati-manvita-harish-and-ananya-bhat-to-grace-varundhinis-party/articleshow/78632508.cms |title=Kannadathi: Manvita Harisha and Ananya Bhat to grace Varudhini's party |work=The Times of India |date=13 October 2020 |access-date=11 November 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Antarapata]]'' || Herself || Kannada ||
|}

==Awards and honours==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Film
! Awards
! Category
! Result
! References
|-
|''[[Kendasampige]]''
|[[5th South Indian International Movie Awards|5th SIIMA Awards]]
|[[South Indian International Movie Awards|Best Debutant Actress -Kannada]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Kannada cinema's big winners at SIIMA 2016 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Kannada-cinemas-big-winners-at-SIIMA/articleshow/53056249.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://siima.in/2016/winners.html |title=SIIMA 2016 winners |accessdate=1 April 2017 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714054004/http://siima.in/2016/winners.html |archivedate=14 July 2016 }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=6|''[[Tagaru]]''
|[[66th Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Kannada|Best Actress– Kannada]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-38163.html |title=66th Filmfare Award Winners South |website=filmfare.com |language=en |access-date=27 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
|TSR TV9 Film Award
|Special Jury Award for Best Actress– Kannada
|{{won}}
|
|-
|rowspan=2|[[8th South Indian International Movie Awards|8th SIIMA Awards]]
|[[South Indian International Movie Awards|Best Actress -Kannada]]
|{{nom}}
|rowspan=2|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/south-gossip/article/siima-awards-2019-full-winners-list-vijay-deverakonda-keerthy-suresh-yash-win-big/470065 |title=SIIMA Awards 2019 full winners list |website=Times Now |date=17 August 2019 |access-date=19 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
|[[South Indian International Movie Awards|Critics Best Actress]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Filmibeat Award
| Best Actress
|{{nom}}
|
|-
| City Cine Award
|Best Actress
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Website|www.manvithaharish.in}}
* {{IMDb name|7582571}}

{{Authority control}}
{{SIIMA Award for Best Female Débutante}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Kannada}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manvitha}}
[[Category:Actresses from Mangalore]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Kannada actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Vigyan Ratna Award

2026-02-12T06:06:58Z

Good Life Financial:

{{Short description|India's highest science award}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Vigyan Ratna Award
| image =
| presenter = [[File:Emblem of India.svg|15px]] [[President of India]]
| country = {{flag|India}}
| established = {{start date and age|2023|09|21|df=y}}
| firstawarded = {{start date and age|2024|08|22|df=y}}
| total_awarded = 2
| lastawarded = 2025
[[Jayant Narlikar]]
}}
[[File:Govindarajan_Padmanabhan_-_Kolkata_2011-02-04_0421.JPG|thumb|125px|[[Govindarajan Padmanaban]], the first recipient of the Vigyan Ratna Award]]
The '''Vigyan Ratna Award''' is the highest honour conferred by the [[Government of India]] for outstanding achievements in science, technology, and innovation.<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news |last=Koshy |first=Jacob |title=Science and tech awards to get Padma-style makeover into Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=19 September 2023 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/science-and-tech-awards-to-get-padma-style-makeover-into-rashtriya-vigyan-puraskar/article67322829.ece |access-date=23 August 2024 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Established in 2023 and first awarded in 2024, the award recognizes individuals for their lifetime contributions to the field of science and technology.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mohan |first=Vishwa |title=Government announces new set of national awards for sciences, 56 awards to be given in 4 categories |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=21 September 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/government-announces-new-set-of-national-awards-for-sciences-56-awards-to-be-given-in-4-categories/articleshow/103845287.cms |access-date=23 August 2024 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Often regarded as the Indian equivalent of the [[Nobel Prize]], the Vigyan Ratna is part of the [[Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar]] scheme, which also includes three other awards — Vigyan Shri, Vigyan Yuva-Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar, and Vigyan Team.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rohini Krishnamurthy |title=Government discontinues science, health awards; to establish 'Vigyan Ratna' on lines of Nobel Prize |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/science-technology/government-discontinues-science-health-awards-to-establish-vigyan-ratna-on-lines-of-nobel-prize-85176 |magazine=[[Down to Earth (magazine)|Down To Earth]] |access-date=16 August 2024}}</ref>

A maximum of three individuals are selected each year to receive the Vigyan Ratna Award. Nominations are invited annually from 14 January to 28 February, coinciding with [[National Science Day]]. The award recipients are announced on 11 May, [[National Technology Day]], and the awards are presented on 23 August, [[National Space Day]].<ref name="thehindu" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Ray |first=Kalyan |title=Govt junks the cash prize for Bhatnagar awardees, announces new science awards |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=21 September 2023 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/govt-unveils-new-rashtriya-vigyan-puraskar-to-be-awarded-on-national-space-day-scraps-300-other-awards-2695225 |access-date=23 August 2024}}</ref>

In its inaugural year, the Vigyan Ratna Award was awarded to [[Govindarajan Padmanaban|Govindarajan Padmanabhan]], a biochemist renowned for his work on the malaria parasite. This recognition highlighted his lifetime achievements in the field of biological sciences.<ref>{{cite news |last=Marar |first=Anjali |title=Ex-IISc head Padmanabhan, Chandrayaan-3 team among first Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar awardees |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=7 August 2024 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/scientists-iit-bombay-bhu-tifr-rashtriya-vigyan-puraskar-2024-winners-9500031/ |access-date=23 August 2024}}</ref>

==References==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Civil awards and decorations of India]]
[[Category:Lifetime achievement awards]]

Kāla

2026-01-23T01:20:03Z

Good Life Financial: minor added section per sources and fixed typos per standard format

{{Short description|Hindu deity and concept}}
{{italic title}}
{{Other uses of|Kala}}
{{Redirect|Kaal}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}

'''Kala''' ({{langx|sa|काल|translit=Kālá/Kālam}},<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2019-09-14 |title=Kalam: 6 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/kalam |access-date=2022-11-04 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> {{IPA|sa|kɑːˈlə|IPA}}) is a [[Sanskrit]] term that means 'time'{{sfn|Dalal|2011|p=185}} or 'death'.<ref name="MW"/> As [[time personified]], destroying all things, Kala is a god of [[death]], and often used as one of the epithets of [[Yama]]. In [[Shaivism]], Kala is known as the fiery avatar of Shiva, [[Bhairava|Kala Bhairava]] or Kalagni Rudra; and in [[Vaishnavism]] Kala is also associated with [[Narasimha]] and [[Pralaya]].{{Sfn|Soifer|1991|p=102}} As applied to gods and goddesses, ''{{IAST|Kālá}}'' is not always distinguishable from ''{{IAST|kāla}}'', meaning 'black'.<ref name="MW"/>

==Etymology==
[[Monier-Williams]]'s widely used Sanskrit-English dictionary<ref name="MW">{{Cite web |url=https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/2020/web/webtc/indexcaller.php |title=Sanskrit Dictionary|year=1899| first = Monier|last=Monier-Williams|access-date=2023-10-04}}</ref> lists two distinct words with the form ''{{IAST|kāla}}'':
* ''{{IAST|kāla}}'' 1 means "black, of a dark colour, dark-blue ..." and has a feminine form ending in ''{{IAST|ī}}'' – ''{{IAST|kālī}}'' – as mentioned in {{IAST|[[Pāṇini]]}} 4–1, 42.
* ''{{IAST|kālá}}'' 2 means "a fixed or right point of time, a space of time, time ... destiny, fate ... death" and has a feminine form (found at the end of compounds) ending in ''{{IAST|ā}}'', as mentioned in the ''{{IAST|ṛgveda}}'' ''{{IAST|Prātiśākhya}}''. As a [[Hindu units of measurement|traditional Hindu unit of time]], one ''kālá'' corresponds to 144 seconds.

According to Monier-Williams, ''{{IAST|kāla}}'' 2 is from the verbal root ''{{IAST|kal}}'' "to calculate", while the root of ''{{IAST|kāla}}'' 1 is uncertain, though possibly the same.<ref name=MW/>

As applied to gods and goddesses in works such as the ''{{IAST|Devī}}'' ''{{IAST|Māhātmya}}'' and the ''Skanda'' ''{{IAST|Purāṇa}}'', ''{{IAST|kāla}}'' 1 and ''{{IAST|kāla}}'' 2 are not readily distinguishable. Thus Wendy Doniger, translating a conversation between {{IAST|Śiva}} and {{IAST|Pārvatī}} from the ''Skanda'' ''{{IAST|Purāṇa}}'', says ''{{IAST|Mahākāla}}'' may mean " 'the Great Death' ... or 'the Great Black One' ".<ref>Doniger O'Flaherty, Wendy; ''Hindu Myths;'' Penguin, 1975; {{ISBN|0-14-044306-1}} footnote to page 253.</ref> And {{IAST|Swāmī}} {{IAST|Jagadīśvarānanda}}, a Hindu translator of the ''{{IAST|Devī}}'' ''{{IAST|Māhātmya}}'', renders the feminine compound ''{{IAST|kāla-rātri}}'' (where ''{{IAST|rātri}}'' means "night") as "dark night of periodic dissolution".<ref>{{IAST|Jagadīśvarānanda}} trans; ''Devi Mahatmyam'' (Sanskrit and English); Sri Ramakrishna Math, Madras, 1953; chapter 1 verse 78.</ref>

==Deity==
{{Multiple image
| align = left
| direction = vertical
| width = 200
| image1 = ศาลหลักเมือง_เขตพระนคร_กรุงเทพมหานคร_(7).jpg
| caption1 = The [[Murti|Statue]] of [[Phra Kanchaisri|Kala dev]], [[Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932)|Early Rattanakosin art]] (19 -21th century), Bangkok City Pillar Shrine.<ref>https://bangkokcitypillarshrine.com/Content/God/3/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AC%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5?lang=2</ref>
| image2 = Mahakala_Statue_5516.jpg
| caption2 = The [[Murti|Statue]] of [[Batara Kala|Kala dev]], [[National Museum of Indonesia]].
}}

=== Atharva Ved ===
Kala is described in 19th Kanda Sukta 53 and 54 in the [[Atharvaved]] as a deity in which the mind, breath and name of God pervades.<ref>https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Atharva-Veda_Samhita/Book_XIX/Hymn_53</ref>

=== Epics and the Puranas ===
Kala appears as an impersonal deity within the [[Mahabharata]], the [[Ramayana]], and the [[Bhagavata Purana]]. In the [[Bhagavad Gita]] (11.32), [[Krishna]], one of the main characters, reveals his identity as Time personified. He states to [[Arjuna]] that both sides on the battlefield of the [[Kurukshetra War]] have already been annihilated. At the end of the epic, the entire [[Yadu]] dynasty (Krishna's dynasty) is similarly annihilated.

Kala appears in the [[Uttara Kanda]] of the Ramayana, as the messenger of Death (Yama). At the end of the story, Time, in the form of inevitability or necessity, informs [[Rama]] that his reign on Earth is now over. By a trick or dilemma, he forces the death of [[Lakshmana]], and informs Rama that he must return to the realm of the gods. Lakshmana willingly passes away with Rama's blessing and Rama returns to [[Vaikuntha]].

Time appears in the Bhagavata Purana as the force that is responsible for the imperceptible and inevitable change in the entire creation. According to the Purana, all created things are illusory, and thereby subject to creation and annihilation, this imperceptible and inconceivable impermanence is said to be due to the march of Time. Similarly, Time is considered to be the unmanifest aspect of God that remains after the destruction of the entire world at the end of a lifespan of [[Brahma]]. According to Soifer, [[Narasimha]] is explicitly linked with [[Pralaya]] or Yuganta itself in [[Bhagavata Purana]], [[Linga Purana]], and [[Kurma Purana]] versions; he is said to appear like Kala or the fire of destruction, both agents of Pralaya.{{Sfn|Soifer|1991|p=102}}

In the [[Chaitanya Bhagavata]], a [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|Gaudiya Vaishnava]] text and biography of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]], it is said that the fire that emerges from the mouth of [[Balarama|Sankarshana]] at the End of Time is the ''Kālānala'', or "fire of Time".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Chaitanya-Bhagavata|last=Thakura|first=Vrndavana Dasa|others=Translated by Sarvabhavana Dasa|pages=203}}</ref> One of the names of Sankarshana is ''k''ā''l''ā''gni'', also "fire of time".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stephen-knapp.com/thousand_names_of_lord_balarama.htm|title=A Thousand Names of Lord Balarama}}</ref>

The [[Vishnu Purana]] also states that Time (kala) is one of the four primary forms of Vishnu, the others being matter ([[Pradhana]]), visible substance (vyakta), and Spirit ([[Purusha]]).<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Vishńu Puráńa: A System of Hindu Mythology and Tradition|last=Wilson|first=Horace H.|year=1840|pages=ix|chapter=Preface}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Theory of Avatāra and Divinity of Chaitanya|last=Roy|first=Janmajit|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors|year=2002|location=New Delhi|pages=66|chapter=Signs and Symptoms of Avatārahood}}</ref> According to Pinchman, "It is said that at the time of primordial creation, three forms arise from [[Vishnu]]: time (kala), [[purusha]], and [[Prakriti|prakrti]]".{{Sfn|Pintchman|2001|p=83}}

===Bhagavad Gita===
At [[Bhagavad Gita]] 11.32, [[Krishna]] takes on the form of ''kāla'', the destroyer, announcing to Arjuna that all the warriors on both sides will be killed, apart from the Pandavas:

{{Blockquote|text=कालो ऽस्मि लोकक्षयकृत् प्रवृद्धो लोकान् समाहर्तुम् इह प्रवृत्तः ।
{{Paragraph break}}Time (kāla) I am, the great destroyer of the worlds, and I have come here to destroy all people.<ref>See [https://www.bhagavad-gita.us/bhagavad-gita-11-32/ text and translation]</ref>|title=Bhagavad Gita|source=Verse 11.32}}

Globally, this phrase is famous in a somewhat erroneous form, in that it was misquoted as "''I have/am become '''Death'''''" by [https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Robert%20Oppenheimer J. Robert Oppenheimer, as he reflected on the Manhattan Project's explosion of the first nuclear bomb in 1945.]

===In other cultures===
In Javanese mythology, [[Batara Kala]] is the god of destruction. It is a very huge mighty and powerful god depicted as [[giant (mythology)|giant]], born of the sperm of [[Shiva]], the kings of gods.

In [[Borobudur]], the gate to the stairs is adorned with a giant head, making the gate look like the open mouth of the giant. Many other gates in Javanese traditional buildings have this kind of ornament. Perhaps the most detailed Kala Face in Java is on the south side of [[Candi Kalasan]].

In [[Thailand]], he is popularly worshipped In the name '''[[Phra Kanchaisri]]''' together with [[Lak Mueang]] within [[Tai folk religion]] and [[Chitragupta]] in [[Hinduism]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://bangkokcitypillarshrine.com/Content/God/ | title=ศาลหลักเมืองกรุงเทพมหานคร (Bangkok City Pillar Shrine) }}</ref> he is regarded as one of the first detiy four teachers of thai folk astrology and thai folk witchcraft., It is a rhyming word in Thai language that says: Phra In [[Phra Phrom]] Phra Yom Phra Kan (mean [[Indra]] [[brahma]] [[Yama]] [[Phra Kanchaisri|kala]]) and is worshipped invite as a protector in various rituals of [[Hinduism in Thailand]] and [[Tai folk religion]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thailand |first=MYHORA com |title=โองการเทพชุมนุม - myhora.com |url=https://www.myhora.com/khatha/?152 |access-date=2025-11-12 |website=www.myhora.com |language=th}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=โองการธรณีสารใหญ่ กับความเชื่อไทยโบราณ |url=https://www.reurnthai.com/index.php?topic=7462.0 |access-date=2025-11-12 |website=www.reurnthai.com}}</ref><ref>https://so01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/HUSO/article/download/278921/180768/1166001</ref> Including being mentioned as a witness to the merit-making ceremony and the water pouring ceremony is a traditional [[Buddhism in Thailand|Thai Buddhist]] ritual style.<ref>{{Cite web |title=บทสวดน้ำมนต์ |url=https://c1.chaij.net/html/namo/palapanyo/siriwadhano/nammont.html |access-date=2025-11-12 |website=c1.chaij.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=คำกรวดน้ำ คำอธิษฐาน ภาษาไทยโบราณ |url=https://www.watpamahachai.net/khao_64.htm |access-date=2025-11-12 |website=www.watpamahachai.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=:: ลานธรรมจักร :: :: อ่าน - บทกรวดน้ำ (ฉบับเต็ม) โดยแม่ชีทศพร |url=http://www.dhammajak.net/board/viewtopic.php?t=351&view=previous&sid=26626e68156fc0818721c2414f43e849 |access-date=2025-11-12 |website=www.dhammajak.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-03 |title=บทกรวดน้ำอุทิศผลบุญครอบจักรวาล – www.decoder.name |url=https://www.decoder.name/give-to-the-universe-789/ |access-date=2025-11-12 |language=th}}</ref> Thais are also familiar with him by his name '''[[Batara Kala|Patarakala]]''' (ปะตาระกาหลา) from in Thai literature name '''[[Panji tales|E - nao]]''' adapt from ancient Javanese-influenced literature., His name is also used for statue an ancient deity revered as the guardian deity of [[Lopburi]] Province in [[San Phra Kan]] and [[Wat Phra Phutthabat]] in [[Saraburi]] Province., both of which are renowned and well known throughout Thailand.

== Jainism ==
[[File:Jain Cosmic Time Cycle.jpg|thumb|''kalachakra''s in Jainism]]
{{Main|Ajiva}}
[[File:Jain scale of time.JPG|thumb|Logarithmic scale of time used in Jain texts.]]

In [[Jainism]], Kāla (Time) is infinite and is explained in two different ways:
* The measure of duration, known in the form of hours, days, like that.
* The cause of the continuity of function of things.

However [[Jainism]] recognizes a very small [[measurement]] of time known as ''[[samayā]]'' which is an infinitely small part of a [[second]]. There are cycles (''kalachakra''s) in it. Each cycle having two eras of equal duration described as the ''[[avasarpini]]'' and the ''[[utsarpini]]''.

==See also==
*[[Kalachakra]]
*{{IAST|[[Kālī]]}}
*[[Mahakala]]
*[[Father Time]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last =Dalal | first =Roshen | year = | title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-341421-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&pg=PA185|access-date=19 December 2012|date=5 October 2011}}
* {{Citation | editor-last =Pintchman | editor-first =Tracy | title =Seeking Mahadevi: Constructing the Identities of the Hindu Great Goddess | publisher =SUNY Press |date=2001}}
*{{cite book|last=Soifer|first=Deborah A.|year=1991|title=The Myths of Narasimha and Vamana: Two Avatars in Cosmological Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OoFDK_sDGHwC|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn = 9780791407998}}
{{refend}}

{{HinduMythology}}
{{Time Topics}}
{{Time in religion and mythology}}

{{commons category|Kala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kala (Time)}}
[[Category:Sanskrit words and phrases]]
[[Category:Time and fate gods]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Asura]]
[[Category:Death gods]]

First Siddaramaiah ministry

2026-01-22T15:19:46Z

Good Life Financial: new

{{Short description|Government of Karnataka, India (2013–18)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox government cabinet
| cabinet_type = Ministry
| cabinet_number =30th
| jurisdiction = the [[Karnataka]]
| flag =
| flag_border = true
| incumbent = [[Siddaramaiah]]
| image = Siddaramaiah1.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption =
| date_formed = 13 May 2013
| date_dissolved = 15 May 2018
| government_head = [[Siddaramaiah]]
| government_head_history =
| state_head = [[H. R. Bhardwaj]] (24 June 2009 – 28 June 2014)<ref name="hindustantimes">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/h-r-bhardwaj-to-take-charge-as-karnataka-governor-tomorrow/story-mCndnkFT3IIcIDuBxBa3JI.html|title=H R Bhardwaj to take charge as Karnataka governor tomorrow | india|website=Hindustan Times|accessdate=2017-08-17}}</ref><ref name="indianexpress">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/karnataka-gov-bhardwaj-exits-ex-vc-says-good-riddance/|title=Karnataka Governor Hans Raj Bhardwaj exits, ex-VC says good riddance|website=The Indian Express|accessdate=2017-08-17}}</ref> 
[[Konijeti Rosaiah]] (29 June 2014 – 31 August 2014) 
[[Vajubhai Vala]] (1 September 2014 – 15 May 2018)<ref name="indiatimes">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Narendra-Modi-aide-Vajubhai-Vala-is-Karnataka-governor/articleshow/40958900.cms?from=mdr|title=Narendra Modi aide Vajubhai Vala is Karnataka governor | India News|website=Times of India|accessdate=2017-08-17}}</ref>
| members_number = 33
| former_members_number = 04
| total_number =
| political_parties = '''[[Indian National Congress]]'''
| legislature_status = [[Majority government|Majority]]
| opposition_cabinet =
| opposition_party = [[Janata Dal (Secular)|JD(S)]] [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| opposition_leader = [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]] (2013-2014) [[Jagadish Shettar]] (2014-2018)
| election = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| last_election = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| legislature_term = 5 years
| budget = 5
| advice_and_consent1 =
| advice_and_consent2 =

| incoming_formation =
| outgoing_formation =
| previous = [[Shettar cabinet]]
| successor = [[H. D. Kumaraswamy second ministry]]
}}

The '''Siddaramaiah cabinet''' was the [[Council of Ministers]] in [[Karnataka]], a state in South India headed by [[Siddaramaiah]] that was formed after the [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]s.<ref name="thehindu">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/siddaramaiah-sworn-in-as-chief-minister-of-karnataka/article4710915.ece|title=Siddaramaiah sworn in as Chief Minister of Karnataka|website=The Hindu|accessdate=2017-08-17}}</ref>

==Chief Minister & Cabinet Ministers==

{|class ="wikitable"
|-
!SI No.
!Name
!Constituency
!Department
!colspan="2" scope="col" | Party
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|1.
|[[File:Siddaramaiah1.jpg|100px]] '''[[Siddaramaiah]]''', [[Chief Minister of Karnataka|Chief Minister]]
|[[Varuna]]
|Minister of Finance, Kannada languages & Culture, Cabinet affairs, Personnel & Administrative reforms, Intelligence wing, Housing and Bangalore city development. ''Other departments not allocated to a Minister.''
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|2.
|[[File:R Ramalinga Reddy BNC.jpg|100px]] '''[[Ramalinga Reddy]]'''
|[[BTM Layout]]
|Minister of Home affairs.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|3.
|[[File:D. K. Shivakumar.jpg|100px]]'''[[D. K. Shivakumar]]'''
|[[Kanakapura]]
|Minister of Energy.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|4.
|'''[[R. V. Deshpande ]]'''
|[[Haliyal]]
|Minister of Large & Medium scale industries and Infrastructure development.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|5.
|'''[[H. M. Revanna]]'''
|[[Karnataka Legislative Council|MLC]]
|Minister of Transport.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|6.
|[[File:KJ George.jpg|frameless|115x115px]]
'''[[K. J. George]]'''
|[[Sarvagnanagar Assembly constituency|Sarvagna Nagar]]
|
* '''Bengaluru Development and Town Planning''' (31 October 2015 - 18 July 2016)
* '''Home''' (20 May 2013 - 29 October 2015)
|INC
|
|-
|7.
|'''[[Krishna Byre Gowda]]'''
|[[Byatarayanapura]]
|Minister of Agriculture.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|8.
|[[File:Politician, Minister Sri B Ramanath Rai.jpg|100px]]'''[[Ramanath Rai]]'''
|[[Bantwal]]
|Minister of Forest, Ecology and Environment.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|9.
|'''[[K. R. Ramesh Kumar]]'''
|[[Srinivaspur]]
|Minister of Health and Family welfare.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|10.
|[[File:Roshan Baig.jpg|100px]]'''[[R. Roshan Baig]]'''
|[[Shivajinagar, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Shivajinagar]]
|Minister of Urban development (2016-2018), City corporations, Urban land transport, KUWSDB & KUIDFC, Haj and Waqf.
Infrastructure Development, information (2014-2016)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-04-03|title=R.Roshan Baig MLA Karnataka {{!}} ENTRANCEINDIA|url=https://entranceindia.com/election-and-politics/r-roshan-baig-member-of-legislative-assembly-mla-karnataka/|access-date=2021-08-17|language=en-US|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816192159/https://entranceindia.com/election-and-politics/r-roshan-baig-member-of-legislative-assembly-mla-karnataka/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|11.
|'''[[Basavaraj Rayareddy]]'''
|[[Yelburga]]
|Minister of Higher Education.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|12.
|'''[[S. S. Mallikarjun]]'''
|[[Davanagere]]
|Minister of Horticulture and Agriculture marketing.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|13.
|'''[[H. K. Patil]]'''
|[[Gadag]]
|Minister of Rural development and Panchayat raj.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|14.
|'''[[T. B. Jayachandra]]'''
|[[Sira, Karnataka|Sira]]
|Minister of Minor irrigation, Law & Justice and Parliamentary affairs.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|15.
|'''[[U. T. Khader]]'''
|[[Mangalore]]
|Minister of Food & Civil supplies and Consumer affairs.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|16.
|'''[[M. B. Patil]]'''
|[[Babaleshwar]]
|Minister of Medium and Major irrigation.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|17.
|'''[[Ramappa Timmapur|R. B. Timmapur]]'''
|[[Karnataka Legislative Council|MLC]]
|Minister of Excise.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|18.
|[[File:Umashree.jpg|100px]]'''[[Umashree]]'''
|[[Terdal]]
|Minister of Women & Child welfare and Kannada & Culture.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|19.
|'''[[A. Manju]]'''
|[[Arkalgud]]
|Minister of Animal husbandry and Sericulture.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|20.
|[[File:Santosh Lad.jpg|100px]]'''[[Santosh Lad]]'''
|[[Kalaghatagi]]
|Minister of Labour.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|21.
|'''[[Tanveer Sait]]'''
|[[Narasimharaja (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Narasimharaja]]
|Minister of Primary & Secondary education and Minority welfare & Wakf.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|22.
|'''[[Ramesh Jarkiholi]]'''
|[[Gokak]]
|Minister of Small scale industries.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|23.
|[[File:Kannada-Wikipedia-Workshop-Sagara-July-28-2013 009.jpg|100px]]'''[[Kagodu Thimmappa]]'''
|[[Sagara, Karnataka|Sagar]]
|Minister of Revenue.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|24.
|'''[[H. C. Mahadevappa|Dr. H. C. Mahadevappa]]'''
|[[Tirumakudal Narsipur]]
|Minister of Public Works department and Ports & Inland transport.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|25.
|'''[[Sharan Prakash Patil|Dr. Sharan Prakash Patil]]'''
|[[Sedam]]
|Minister of Medical education.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|26.
|'''[[H. Anjaneya]]'''
|[[Holalkere]]
|Minister of Social welfare & Backward classes.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|27.
|'''[[Pramod Madhwaraj]]'''
|[[Udupi]]
|Minister of Fisheries and Youth services & Sports.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|28.
|'''[[Vinay Kulkarni]]'''
|[[Dharwad]]
|Minister of Mines and Geology.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|29.
|[[File:M.R.Seetharam minister of science and technology.png|100px]]'''[[M. R. Seetharam]]'''
|[[Karnataka Legislative Council|MLC]]
|Minister of Planning & Statistics, IT, BT and Science & Technology.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|30.
|'''[[M. Krishnappa (Born 1953)|M. Krishnappa]]'''
|[[Vijayanagar]]
|Minister of Housing.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|}

==Minister of State==

{|class ="wikitable"
|-
!SI No.
!Name
!Constituency
!Department
!colspan="2" scope="col" | Party
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|1.
|'''[[Priyank M. Kharge]]'''
|[[Chittapur]]
|Minister of IT, BT and Science & Technology.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|2.
|'''[[Rudrappa Lamani|Rudrappa Manappa Lamani]]'''
|[[Haveri]]
|Minister of Textiles and Muzrai.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|3.
|'''[[Eshwara Bhimanna Khandre|Eshwara Khandre]]'''
|[[Bhalki]]
|Minister of Municipalities & Local bodies and Public enterprises.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|4.
|'''[[Geeta Mahadeva Prasad]]'''
|[[Gundlupet]]
|Minister of Co-operation and Sugar.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|}

==Parliamentary Secretaries==

{|class ="wikitable"
|-
! SI No.
! Name
! Constituency
! Department Attached
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Party
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|1.
|'''[[K. Govindaraj]]'''
|[[Karnataka Legislative Council|MLC]]
|Chief Minister
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|2.
|'''[[Raju Alagur]]'''
|[[Nagathan]]
|Housing.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|3.
|'''[[Umesh. G. Jadhav|Umesh G. Jadhav]]'''
|[[Chincholi]]
|Health and Family welfare.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|4.
|'''[[Ramakrishna Siddalingappa Doddamani|R. S. Doddamani]]'''
|[[Shirahatti]]
|Irrigation.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|5.
|'''[[C. S. Shivalli]]'''
|[[Kundgol]]
|Social Welfare.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|6.
|'''[[Shakuntala Shetty]]'''
|[[Puttur, Karnataka|Puttur]]
|Women and Child Development.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|7.
|'''[[C. Puttarangashetty]]'''
|[[Chamarajnagar district|Chamarajnagar]]
|RDPR.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|8.
|'''[[H. P. Manjunatha]]'''
|[[Hunsur]]
|Industries.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|9.
|'''[[E. Tukaram]]'''
|[[Sanduru]]
|Public Works department.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|10.
|'''[[Makbul S. Bagawan]]''' <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/cm-appoints-10-parliamentary-secretaries/article7848433.ece |title=CM appoints 10 parliamentary secretaries |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2015-11-06 |accessdate=2018-06-07}}</ref>
|[[Vijyapura Nagara]]
| Urban Development.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|}

== Former Members ==

{|class ="wikitable"
|-
! SI NO.
! Name
! Constituency
! Department
! Reason
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Party
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|1.
|[[File:Dr G Parameshwara.JPG|100px]]'''[[G. Parameshwara|Dr. G. Parameshwar]]'''
|[[Karnataka Legislative Council|MLC]]
|Minister of Home affairs.
|[[Resigned]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width ="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|2.
| '''Vinay Kumar Sorake'''
|[[Kaup, Karnataka|Kaup]]
|Minister of Urban Development.
|[[Dismissal (employment)|Removed]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|3.
|'''[[M. H. Ambareesh]]'''
|[[Mandya]]
|Minister of Housing.
|[[Dismissal (employment)|Removed]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|4.
|[[File:Sathisjarkiholi.jpg|100px]]'''[[Satish Jarkiholi]]'''
|[[Yemakanmardi]]
|Minister of Excise.
|[[Resigned]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|5.
|[[File:KJ George.jpg|100px]]'''[[K. J. George]]'''
|[[Sarvagnanagar]]
|Minister of Bengaluru development.
|[[Resigned]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|6.
| '''[[H. S. Mahadeva Prasad]]'''
|[[Gundlupet]]
|Minister of Cooperation and Sugar.
|[[Death]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|7.
|[[File:Kimmane_Rathnakar_Thirthahalli.JPG|100px]]'''[[Kimmane Ratnakar]]'''
|[[Thirthahalli]]
|Minister of Primary and Secondary education.
|[[Dismissal (employment)|Removed]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|8.
|'''[[Dinesh Gundu Rao]]'''
|[[Gandhi Nagar, Bangalore|Gandhi Nagar]]
|'''Minister of State (Independent Charge)''' for Food and Civil supplies.
|[[Dismissal (employment)|Removed]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|9.
|'''[[Shamanuru Shivashankarappa|S. Shivashankarappa]]'''
|[[Davanagere|Davanagere South]]
|Minister of Horticulture and Agriculture.
|[[Dismissal (employment)|Removed]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|10.
|'''[[Srinivasa Prasad]]'''
|[[Nanjangud]]
|Minister of Revenue.
|[[Dismissal (employment)|Removed]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|11.
|'''[[P. T. Parameshwar Naik]]'''
|[[Hoovina Hadagali]]
|Minister of Labour.
|[[Dismissal (employment)|Removed]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|12.
|'''[[Baburao Chinchansur]]'''
|[[Gurmitkal]]
|Minister of Textile.
|[[Dismissal (employment)|Removed]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|13.
|'''[[Abhayachandra Jain]]'''
|[[Moodabidri]]
|'''Minister of State''' for Fisheries.
|[[Dismissal (employment)|Removed]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|14.
|'''[[Shivaraj Tangadagi]]'''
|[[Kanakagiri]]
|Minister of Minor Irrigation.
|[[Dismissal (employment)|Removed]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|15.
|'''[[H. Y. Meti]]'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/karnataka-minister-hy-meti-resigns-over-sleaze-tape/articleshow/55977815.cms |title=Karnataka minister HY Meti resigns over sleaze tape|publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2016-12-14 |accessdate=2018-06-07}}</ref>
|[[Bagalkot]]
|Minister of Excise.
|[[Resigned]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|16.
|'''[[S. R. Patil]]'''
|[[Karnataka Legislative Council|MLC]]
|Minister of Infrastructure, IT, BT, Science & Technology and Planning & Statistics.
|[[Dismissal (employment)|Removed]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|17.
| '''[[Qamar ul Islam]]'''
|[[Kalaburagi North]]
|Minister of Wakf.
|[[Death]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-

|}

==See also==
* [[Politics of Karnataka]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://karnatakavarthe.org/en/council-of-ministers/ Council of Ministers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305030920/http://karnatakavarthe.org/en/council-of-ministers/ |date=5 March 2016 }}

{{Karnataka Cabinets}}

[[Category:Siddaramaiah administration]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 2013|S]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnataka ministries]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress state ministries of Karnataka|Siddaramaiah I]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 2018|S]]

Rajesh (Tamil actor)

2026-01-16T22:29:37Z

Good Life Financial: added new post - done

{{Short description|Indian actor (1949–2025)}}
{{for|other people with the given name Rajesh|Rajesh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rajesh
| image = Tamil Actor Rajesh IMG 20181115 185126781 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Rajesh in 2018
| birth_name = Rajesh Williams<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/merry-christmas-katrina-kaif-vijay-sethupathis-film-pushed-to-january-2024/article67539109.ece/ |title='Merry Christmas': Katrina Kaif, Vijay Sethupathi's film pushed to January 2024 |date=16 November 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1949|12|20}}
| birth_place = [[Mannargudi]], [[Tanjore District (Madras Presidency)|Tanjore District]], Madras Province, [[Dominion of India]] (now in [[Thiruvarur district]], Tamil Nadu, India)
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2025|5|29|1949|12|20}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu, India
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 1974–2025
| spouse = {{marriage|Joan Sylvia|1983|2012|end=died}}
| children = 2
| family = [[Mahendran (filmmaker)|Mahendran]] (cousin)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uhzcwslLNb4 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/uhzcwslLNb4 |archive-date=15 December 2021 |url-status=live |title=பாக்யராஜ் படத்தில் நடிக்கத் தயங்கினேன் - Actor Rajesh Chai With Chithra Part - 1 |date=20 September 2020 |via=YouTube |publisher=Touring Talkies |at=Relationship mentioned at 4:42 |access-date=29 September 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
}}

'''Rajesh''' (20 December 1949 – 29 May 2025) was an Indian actor who performed in predominantly [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films and serials. He completed more than 50 years in films and appeared as lead roles and supporting roles in over 150 films.<ref name="hindu2006">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/29/stories/2006082905050200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901112502/http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/29/stories/2006082905050200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 September 2006 |title=Tamil Nadu News : From schoolteacher to character artiste |date=29 August 2006 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=13 February 2014}}</ref>

==Life and career==
Rajesh was born on 20 December 1949 to Williams Nattar and Lily Grace Mankondar at [[Mannargudi]], [[Tiruvarur district]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/03/18/stories/2005031800540400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050504130630/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/03/18/stories/2005031800540400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 May 2005 |title=Entertainment Chennai / Interview : Veteran on a rewind |date=18 March 2005 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=13 February 2014}}</ref> his family hails from [[Anaikkadu]], in [[Thanjavur district]], India in a [[Kallar (caste)|Kallar (Thevar)]] family.<ref name="hindu2006"/><ref name="mm">{{Cite web |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2012/06/13182057/teacher-actor-rajesh-kanni-par.html |title=ஆசிரியராக இருந்து நடிகரான ராஜேஷ்: 'கன்னிப் பருவத்திலே' படத்தின் கதாநாயகன் ஆனார் |trans-title=Teacher-turned-actor Rajesh: Became lead actor with 'Kanni Paruvathile' |date=13 June 2012 |website=Maalai Malar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620001622/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2012/06/13182057/teacher-actor-rajesh-kanni-par.html |archive-date=20 June 2012}}</ref> He studied in [[Dindigul]], [[Vadamadurai]], Melanatham Aanaikadu and Chinnamanur [[Theni district]].<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=Ta |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1985-02-03/page/25/mode/2up |date=3 February 1985 |pages=24–27 |title=சிறை தந்த சிறந்த நடிகர்}}</ref> After finishing his [[Pre-university course|PUC]] in Karaikudi Alagappa College, he joined Pachaiappas College, but did not complete his college education. He worked as a teacher in St Paul's High School, [[Purasawalkam]] and later at Kellett Higher Secondary School, [[Triplicane]] from 1972 to 1979.<ref name="hindu2006"/>

In 1974, he got a chance to act in the film ''[[Aval Oru Thodar Kathai]]'' in a small role.<ref name="hindu2006"/> His first film as a hero was ''[[Kanni Paruvathile]]'' (1979), produced by Rajkannu.<ref name="mm" /> Rajesh acted in ''[[Achamillai Achamillai]]'', by [[K. Balachander]]. Later, he moved into playing character roles, and acted in movies with [[Kamal Haasan]] like ''[[Sathya (1988 film)|Sathya]]'' (1988), ''[[Mahanadhi (1994 film)|Mahanadhi]]'' (1994) and ''[[Virumaandi]]'' (2004).

Later in life, he was in the hotel and real estate business, and he was a leading builder in the city.<ref name="hindu2006"/> He also wrote biographies of Hollywood actors in Tamil.

He was a [[Christians|Christian]], later he was active in Periyaar's ideologies, then he involved himself in [[Astrology]]. He wrote many books and articles about astrology.

===Personal life===
In 1983, Rajesh married Joan Sylvia, daughter of Mr. Eddy Firbank a renowned NRI who lived 30 years in Middle East. They had one daughter Divya{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}} and one son Deepak, who made his acting debut in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-19/news-interviews/42217234_1_son-veteran-tamil-films |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928093831/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-19/news-interviews/42217234_1_son-veteran-tamil-films |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 September 2013 |title=Never forced my son to act: Rajesh |date=19 September 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=13 February 2014}}</ref> His wife died on 6 August 2012.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}

He was the first Tamil actor to build a bungalow for the purpose of movie shooting in 1985 near KK Nagar, Chennai, which was inaugurated by the then Chief Minister M.G. Ramachandran.<ref name="mama">{{Cite web |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2012/06/15191903/tamil-actor-rajesh-sold-his-ho.html |title=ராஜேஷ் வாழ்க்கையில் எதிர்பாராத சோதனை: கட்டிய வீட்டை விற்று கடனை அடைத்தார்! |trans-title=Unexpected tribulation in Rajesh's life: Sold off his home to pay debts |date=15 June 2012 |website=Maalai Malar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618234831/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2012/06/15191903/tamil-actor-rajesh-sold-his-ho.html |archive-date=18 June 2012}}</ref> Many Tamil, Malayalam and [[Hindi cinema|Hindi movie]] shootings were completed in that house. He later sold it in 1993, while starting his real estate business. In the early 1990s, as advised by his friend Jeppiaar, he started a Real Estate business, then he started hotel and construction business. He was active in politics from 1987 to 1991, supporting Janaki. He was also a follower of [[Karl Marx]]. He visited the UK and paid his tribute to the great leader.

===Death===
Rajesh died from a heart attack in [[Chennai]], in the early hours of 29 May 2025, at the age of 75.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 May 2025 |title=Veteran actor Rajesh passes away at 75; Tamil cinema mourns the loss of a legend |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/veteran-actor-rajesh-passes-away-at-75-tamil-cinema-mourns-the-loss-of-a-legend/articleshow/121481229.cms |access-date=29 May 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/tamil-actor-rajesh-dies-of-heart-attack-at-75-8535577 |title=Tamil Actor Rajesh Dies Of Heart Attack At 75 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
* ''All films are in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], unless otherwise noted.''
=== As actor ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+List of performances in films
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! class="unsortable" | Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|1974
| ''[[Aval Oru Thodar Kathai]]'' || Petitioner || Uncredited role
|-
| 1979 || ''[[Kanni Paruvathile]]'' || Subbiah ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1980 || ''Thani Maram'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Thai Pongal (film)|Thai Pongal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Naan Naanethaan'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1981 || ''[[Andha 7 Naatkal]]'' || Anand ||
|-
| ''Oruthi Mattum Karaiyinile'' || ||
|-
| ''Mayil'' || ||
|-
| ''Paakku Vethalai'' || ||
|-
| ''Velichathukku Vaanga'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="9" | 1982 || ''Kannodu Kan'' || ||
|-
| ''Sivantha Kangal'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Thanikattu Raja]]'' || Ethiraj's brother ||
|-
| ''Deviyin Thiruvilayadal'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Payanangal Mudivathillai]]'' || Mohan ||
|-
| ''[[Metti (film)|Metti]]'' || Vijayan ||
|-
| ''Vetri Namathe'' || ||
|-
| ''Avanukku Nigar Avane'' || ||
|-
| ''Kadhoduthan Naan Pesuven'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1983 || ''[[Anal Kaatru]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Kan Sivandhaal Man Sivakkum'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Thai Veedu]]'' || Geetha's love interest || Guest appearance
|-
| ''Yaamirukka Bhayamen'' || ||
|-
| ''Yuga Dharmam'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="11" | 1984 || ''[[Achamillai Achamillai]]'' || Ulaganathan ||
|-
| ''[[Alaya Deepam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ezhuthatha Sattangal]]'' || Gopinath ||
|-
| ''Kuzhandai Yesu'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sanga Natham]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Simma Soppanam]]'' || Labour Leader ||
|-
| ''[[Sirai (1984 film)|Sirai]]'' || Anthony ||
|-
| ''[[Naanayam Illatha Naanayam]]'' || Inspector Irulappan ||
|-
| ''Nee Thodum Pothu'' || ||
|-
| ''Ponnu Pudichirukku'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mudivalla Arambam]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="12" | 1985 || ''Ammavum Neeye Appavum Neeye'' || ||
|-
| ''Idhu Engal Raajiyam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Uthami]]'' || Sivashankar / Sivaram ||
|-
| ''Kolusu'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Santhosha Kanavukal]]'' || Kannan ||
|-
| ''[[Mel Maruvathoor Arpudhangal]]'' || Mari Muthu ||
|-
| ''Samayapurathale Saatchi'' || ||
|-
| ''Chithirame Chitirame'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Chain Jayapal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Melmaruvathur Aadhi Parasakthi'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Rajathi Rojakili]]'' || Surutaiyan ||
|-
| ''[[Veli (film)|Veli]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1986 || ''[[Sarvam Sakthimayam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Nilave Malare]]'' || Raghu ||
|-
| ''Mahasakthi Maariamman'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Manakanakku]]'' || Pandiyan ||
|-
| ''[[Melmaruvathur Arpudhangal]]'' || Mari Muthu ||
|-
| ''Yaro Ezhudhia Kavithai'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mannukkul Vairam]]'' || Velappa ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1987 || ''[[Ilangeswaran (film)|Ilangeswaran]]'' || [[Ravana|Ilangeswaran]] ||
|-
| ''Kaalam Maaruthu'' || ||
|-
| ''Murugane Thunai'' || ||
|-
| ''Thaali Dhaanam'' || ||
|-
| ''Ellai Kodu'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Makkal En Pakkam]]'' || Rajmohan ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1988 || ''[[Sathya (1988 film)|Sathya]]'' || Mariappa ||
|-
| ''Pattikattu Thambi'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1989 || ''[[Sattathin Thirappu Vizhaa]]'' || Prabhu Das ||
|-
| ''Dharma Devan'' || ||
|-
| ''Penbutthi Munbutthi'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Vaathiyaar Veettu Pillai]]'' || Gowri's father ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1990 || ''[[Kavalukku Kettikaran]]'' || Balayya ||
|-
| ''[[Sirayil Pootha Chinna Malar]]'' || Rajalingam ||
|-
| ''[[Nalla Kaalam Porandaachu]]'' || Asogan ||
|-
| ''[[Pudhu Pudhu Ragangal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Murugane Thunai'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1991 || ''[[Nallathai Naadu Kekum]]'' || DSP Prabhakaran ||
|-
| ''Paadhai Maariya Payanam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Perum Pulli]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Unna Nenachen Pattu Padichen]]'' || Inspector ||
|-
| ''[[Abhimanyu (1991 film)|Abhimanyu]]'' || Police Inspector || Malayalam film
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1992 || ''[[Thambi Pondatti]]'' || Chellappa ||
|-
| ''[[Chinna Marumagal]]'' || Sekhar ||
|-
| ''Mudhal Seedhanam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Vaaname Ellai]]'' || Samyvelu ||
|-
| ''[[Kathirukka Neramillai]]'' || [[Deputy inspector general of police|D.I.G.]] Mohanraj ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1993 || ''[[Chinna Jameen]]'' || Advocate Rajamanickam ||
|-
| ''[[Ponnumani]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Varam Tharum Vadivelan'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1994 || ''[[Ravanan (1994 film)|Ravanan]]'' || Meena's father ||
|-
| ''[[Jai Hind (1994 film)|Jai Hind]]'' || Seenivasan ||
|-
|''[[The City (1994 film)|The City]]''|| C. I. Durai||Malayalam film
|-
| ''[[Thamarai (film)|Thamarai]]'' || Subbarayan ||
|-
| ''[[Mahanadhi (1994 film)|Mahanadhi]]'' || Muthusamy ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1995 || ''[[Mannai Thottu Kumbidanum]]'' || Sathyamoorthy ||
|-
| ''[[Aval Potta Kolam]]'' || ||
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Aruva Velu]]'' || Muthurasa ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1997 || ''[[Iruvar]]'' || Madhivanan ||
|-
| ''[[Mannava (film)|Mannava]]'' || Kavitha's father ||
|-
| ''[[Pongalo Pongal]]'' || School Master ||
|-
| ''[[Nerrukku Ner]]'' || Thamizharasan ||
|-
| ''[[Thaali Pudhusu]]'' || Seetha's father ||
|-
| 1998 || ''[[En Uyir Nee Thaane]]'' || Janaki's brother ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1999 || ''[[Ooty (film)|Ooty]]'' || Balu's uncle ||
|-
| ''[[Kudumba Sangili]]'' || Chidambaram ||
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Budget Padmanabhan]]'' || Subramaniam ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2001 || ''[[Dheena]]'' || Police officer ||
|-
| ''[[Love Channel]]'' || Sethumadai Gounder ||
|-
| ''[[Citizen (film)|Citizen]]'' || Judge Krishnan ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2002 || ''[[Ramana (film)|Ramana]]'' || Ka. Parandhaman [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]], [[District Collector]] ||
|-
| ''[[Red (2002 film)|Red]]'' || Manimegalai ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2003 || ''[[Saamy]]'' || Judge Sivaraman ||
|-
| ''[[Anjaneya (film)|Anjaneya]]'' || Education officer ||
|-
| ''[[Sindhamal Sitharamal]]'' || Kandasamy ||
|-
| ''[[Parasuram (2003 film)|Parasuram]]'' || [[Director General of Police]] ||
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2004 || ''[[Virumaandi]]'' || Chennai Police Commissioner ||
|-
| ''[[Kovil (film)|Kovil]]'' || Church Father Anthony James ||
|-
| ''[[Autograph (2004 film)|Autograph]]'' || Pandian ||
|-
| ''[[Udhaya (film)|Udhaya]]'' || Muthuswamypillai ||
|-
| ''[[Maanasthan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Chatrapathy (2004 film)|Chatrapathy]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Dreams (2004 film)|Dreams]]'' || Lawyer Varadharajan ||
|-
| ''[[Jananam]]'' || Chief Minister ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2005 || ''[[Aayudham (2005 film)|Aayudham]]'' || Siva's father ||
|-
| ''[[Ji (film)|Ji]]'' || Vasu's uncle ||
|-
| ''[[Padhavi Paduthum Paadu]]'' || Manivasagam ||
|-
| ''[[Kaatrullavarai]]'' || Ramkumar ||
|-
| ''[[Sivakasi (film)|Sivakasi]]'' || Meiyappan ||
|-
| ''[[Mazhai]]'' || Sundaram ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2006 || ''[[E (2006 film)|E]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Dharmapuri (film)|Dharmapuri]]'' || Valarmathi's father ||
|-
| ''[[Thirupathi (2006 Tamil film)|Thirupathi]]'' || Chief Minister || Guest appearance
|-
| ''[[Theenda Theenda]]'' || Paramasivam ||
|-
| ''[[Paramasivan]]'' || SI Ganapathy ||
|-
| ''[[Varalaru]]'' || Assistant commissioner of police ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2007 || ''18 Vayasu Puyale'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Marudhamalai (film)|Marudhamalai]]'' || [[Circle Inspector]] ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2008 || ''[[Arai En 305-il Kadavul]]'' || Thanjai Rudhran ||
|-
| ''[[Kannum Kannum]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Seval]]'' || Murugesan's father ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Anthony Yaar?]]'' || Priest ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2010 || ''[[Porkkalam]]'' || Karnan's father ||
|-
| ''[[Siddhu +2]]'' || Siddhu's father ||
|-
| ''[[Ochayee]]'' || Periyamaayan ||
|-
| ''Mudhal Kadhal Mazhai'' || ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Doo (film)|Doo]]'' || Swapna's father ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013 || ''[[Kantha (film)|Kantha]]'' || Varadharajan ||
|-
| ''[[Jannal Oram]]'' || Vinayagam, Village Panchayat Chief ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014 || ''[[Tenaliraman (film)|Tenaliraman]]'' || Restaurateur ||
|-
| ''[[Thirudan Police]]'' || [[Head constable]] Singaram ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016 || ''[[Gethu]]'' || Colonel Matthews ||
|-
| ''[[Dharma Durai (2016 film)|Dharma Durai]]'' || Doctor Kamaraj aka Muniyandi ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Sarkar (2018 film)|Sarkar]]'' || T. N. Chari, Election Commissioner ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Master (2021 film)|Master]]'' || College staff member ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Yaanai]]'' || P.R.Veerapandiyan "PRV" ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2023 || ''[[Rudhran]]'' || Subbiah ||
|-
| ''[[Yaadhum Oore Yaavarum Kelir]]'' || Church Father ||
|-
| ''[[Kathar Basha Endra Muthuramalingam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Unnaal Ennaal]]'' || ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Merry Christmas (2024 film)|Merry Christmas]]'' || Yadhoom Uncle ||
|}

=== As dubbing artist ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Actor
! Films
! Notes
|-
| 2001 || rowspan="5" | [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]] ||''[[Dumm Dumm Dumm]]'' || rowspan="6" |<ref name=hi>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/life-has-come-full-circle-for-me-says-veteran-tv-and-film-actor-rajesh/article31414047.ece |title='Life has come full circle for me,' says veteran TV and film actor Rajesh |first=S. r Ashok |last=Kumar |date=23 April 2020 |work=The Hindu |access-date=10 May 2020 |archive-date=7 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507111602/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/life-has-come-full-circle-for-me-says-veteran-tv-and-film-actor-rajesh/article31414047.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Joot]]''
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2005 || ''[[Majaa]]''
|-
| ''[[Ullam Ketkume]]''
|-
| ''[[Raam (2005 film)|Raam]]''
|-
| 2008 || [[Nedumudi Venu]] || ''[[Poi Solla Porom]]''
|-
| 2016 || [[Joy Mathew]] || ''[[Devi (2016 film)|Devi]]'' ||
|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Channel
! Language
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2000 || Micro Thodargal-Azhukku Vetti || || rowspan="2"| [[Raj TV]] || rowspan="4"| [[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]
|-
|Micro Thodargal-Savvukadi ||
|-
|2001–2003|| ''[[Alaigal (TV series)|Alaigal]]'' || Krishna || rowspan="2"| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2004–2006 || Kanavarukaaga ||
|-
|2005 || ''[[Swami Ayyappan (TV series)|Swami Ayyapan]]'' || || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||[[Malayalam]]
|-
|2012 || ''[[Aan Paavam (TV series)|Aan Paavam]]'' || Gopalaswamy || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] ||rowspan="11"| [[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]
|-
|2013 || Dhayam || || [[Kalaignar TV|Kalaignar]]
|-
|rowspan="2" |2014 || [[Mudivalla Arambam (TV series)|Mudivalla Arambam]] || || [[Vendhar TV|Vendhar]]
|-
|[[Akka (TV series)|Akka]] || || [[Jaya TV]]
|-
|2015–2016 || [[Kalathu Veedu]] || || [[Star Vijay|Vijay TV]]
|-
|2018–2022 || [[Roja (Tamil TV series)|Roja]] || Tiger Manickam || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|rowspan="2" |2020 || [[Suryavamsam (TV series)|Suryavamsam]] || Selva Ganapathy (Special Appearance) || [[Zee Tamil]]
|-
|[[Poove Unakkaga (TV series)|Poove Unakkaga]] || Tiger Manickam (Special Appearance) || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2021 || Sillunu Oru Kaadhal || Sivaraman Zamindar (Special Appearance) || [[Colors Tamil]]
|-
|2022 || [[Kana Kaanum Kaalangal (2022 TV series)|Kana Kaanum Kaalangal]] || Mr. Sakthivel || [[Disney+ Hotstar|Disney+Hotstar]]
|-
|2022–2024 || [[Karthigai Deepam (TV series)|Karthigai Deepam]] || Dharmalingam || [[Zee Tamil]]
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|0707402|Rajesh}}
* [https://archive.today/20121208204832/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/persondb.cgi?name=rajesh Rajesh at Cinesouth]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajesh}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Male actors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian male voice actors]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Actors from Thanjavur district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]

Jithin Thomas

2026-01-07T13:40:00Z

Good Life Financial: slightly adjusted page per standard format and updated info per standard format

{{short description|Indian high jumper (born 1990)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{BLP one source|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jithin Thomas
| birth_date = 1 June 1990
}}

'''Jithin C. Thomas''' (born 1 June 1990) is an Indian [[high jump]]er.

He won the silver medal at the [[2013 Asian Athletics Championships – Men's high jump|2013 Asian Championships]].

His personal best is 2.22 metres, achieved in September 2012 in [[Chennai]].<ref name=bio>{{World Athletics}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Sport of athletics}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thomas, Jithin}}
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men high jumpers]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Asian Athletics Championships medalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
{{India-athletics-bio-stub}}

F-INSAS

2026-01-05T15:52:14Z

Good Life Financial: further correct section for clarity and updated info for consistency

{{Short description|Indian Army modernization program for infantry equipment}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}

'''F-INSAS''' is India's programme to equip its infantry with state-of-the-art equipment, F-INSAS stands for '''F'''uture '''In'''fantry '''S'''oldier '''A'''s a '''S'''ystem.<ref name="india-defence">{{cite web|url=http://www.india-defence.com/reports/3269|title=Indian Army To Invest in F-INSAS (Future Infantry Soldier as a System) Programme|accessdate=2008-05-31|publisher=India Defence}}</ref><ref name="indiadefencereview">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/news/f-insas-programme-future-infantry-soldier-as-a-system-a-reality-check/|title=Indian Army To Invest in F-INSAS (Future Infantry Soldier as a System) Programme|accessdate=2008-05-31|publisher=India Defence Review}}</ref> However the Indian Army has decided to drop the F-INSAS program in favour of two separate projects. The new program will have two components: one to arm the future infantry soldier with the best available assault rifle, carbines, and personal equipment, such as helmets and bulletproof vests. The second component is the Battlefield Management Systems (BMS).<ref name="F-INSAS">{{cite web|url=http://www.defenseworld.net/news/11907/Indian_Army_to_Break_up_Future_Soldier_Program_into_Two_Parts#.VbTDJ0vraSE|title=Indian Army to Break up Future Soldier Program into Two Parts|accessdate=2015-07-26|publisher=Defense World}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> NATO similar combat systems are made in India by [[MKU (company)]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}

== The F-INSAS program ==
F-INSAS has been taken up to equip the Indian [[infantry]] with advanced weaponry, communication network, and instant access to information on the battlefield, conceived in 1994.<ref name="indiastrategic">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/news/f-insas-programme-future-infantry-soldier-as-a-system-a-reality-check/ |title=F-Insas Programme: Future Infantry Soldier As A System – A Reality Check|accessdate=2008-05-31|publisher=India Defense Review|author=Brig BS Chauhan|date=11 November 2015}}</ref> This program is similar to the [[Future Soldier|future soldier]] programs of other nations. F-INSAS includes a fully networked all-terrain, all-weather personal-equipment platform, enhanced firepower, and mobility for the digitalised battlefield of the future. The weight carried by soldiers will need to be reduced by at least 50%.<ref name="indiatimes">{{Cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-05-03/india/28344006_1_communication-systems-indian-soldier-combat-efficiency|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317225327/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-05-03/india/28344006_1_communication-systems-indian-soldier-combat-efficiency|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 March 2011|title=Kalam vision: A hi-tech Indian soldier|date=3 May 2004|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=2008-05-31}}</ref> The fully integrated Infantry of tomorrow will be equipped with mission-oriented equipment integrated with his buddy soldier team, the sub-unit, as also the overall C4ISTAR represents C4 ([[Command, Control, Communications and Computers|command, control, communications, computers]]) and ISTAR ([[intelligence]], [[surveillance]], [[target acquisition]], and [[reconnaissance]]) system.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiastrategic.in/topstories66.htm|title=Future Indian Army Soldier will be Tech-smart|date=October 2004|publisher=[[Indiastrategic.in]]|accessdate=2008-06-01}}</ref>

== Timeline ==
In the first phase, to be completed by 2015,<ref name="india-defence" /> the infantry soldier will be equipped with a modular weapon system that will have multi-functions.<ref name="india-defence" /> The Indian Army intends to modernise its entire infantry and paramilitary battalions by 2020 with this program. On 16 August 2022, defence minister [[Rajnath Singh]] handed over F-INSAS to Army Chief General [[Manoj Pande (general)|Manoj Pande]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-16 |title=Rajnath Singh hands over 'Made in India' F-INSAS with AK-203 assault rifles to Indian Army – WATCH |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/rajnath-singh-handovers-made-in-india-f-insas-with-ak-203-assault-rifles-to-indian-army-watch-11063041.html |access-date=2022-08-16 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref>

== F-INSAS equipment ==
The intention is to equip the soldiers to ensure a dramatic increase in his lethality, survivability and mobility while making the soldier "a self-contained fighting machine".<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/09/stories/2006050900490900.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021032831/http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/09/stories/2006050900490900.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 October 2007|title=High-tech system to provide Indian soldier with overmatch facilities|date=9 May 2006|accessdate=2008-06-01|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref name="bharatrakshak">{{cite web |date=17 February 2008 |title=Picture of soldier equipped with F-INSAS |url=http://media.bharat-rakshak.com/DefExpo08/Users/RajMalhotra/DSC00108.JPG.html |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401003735/http://media.bharat-rakshak.com/DefExpo08/Users/RajMalhotra/DSC00108.JPG.html |archivedate=1 April 2008 |accessdate=2008-06-01}}</ref>

== Core systems ==

===Accessories===
The soldier will be equipped with a USB 2.0 digital data bus, Palmtop [[IRNSS]]/GPS navigation device, secured advanced audio communication set, advanced electronic warfare data manager, secured network connection where each radio can subscribe to two networks simultaneously. This offers the squad leader some flexibility in organizing communication networks in his section. Each network has an audio conference channel, with priority given to the squad leader, an alert channel from the infantryman to his leader, and a data transmission channel. Voice and data transmissions are based on tried and tested civilian technology (domestic cordless telephone technology). Each sub-network works from a base carried by the squad leader. As RIF sets are all identical, a soldier can replace his commander if necessary by configuring his set as a base. The radio is configured by the computer, thereby limiting the number of control buttons needed on the set. The soldier might be able to communicate with other soldiers and locate or generate maps to find his location, and he will be aware of the situation on the battlefield. The palmtop will inform soldiers where other friendly forces are in relation to them. It will also enable them to transfer messages. Terrain equipment for various specific missions will also be carried.<ref name="theindianexpress">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/story/228312._.html|title=It's possible for us to have military history written without carrying sensitive material.|date=15 October 2007|accessdate=2008-06-01}}</ref> Integrated Multifunction Sight Device Night Vision Equipment, Thermal Imager, a Laser Range-Finder, Colour Charge-Coupled-Device (CCD) Camera, an Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System ([[IRNSS]]) device and a Digital Magnetic Compass, Compact Laser-Based Instruments, Integrated Electro-Optical Surveillance and Fire Control Systems, Advanced IRNSS/GPS receivers, Infrared sensors, Thermal sensors, Electro optical sensors, Spectroscopic sensors, Electromagnetic and Radio frequency sensors and many other sensors, radars and jammers would also be carried.

===Clothing===
The personal clothing of this soldier of the future would be lightweight with a level IV bulletproof jacket. The jacket would be non-flammable, water-proofed yet breathable (flexible ballistic protection, hard ballistic protection, electronic jacket, load-bearing structure). The new attire will enable him to carry extra loads and resist the impact of nuclear, radiological, chemical, and biological (NRCB) warfare. The uniform will also carry solar elements for charging palm-top computers and other attached electronic equipment. It will contain an external oxygen supply and respirator to protect against gas and smoke, and will include fire-proof knee and elbow pads, hand gloves, and ballistic & laser eye protection goggles. A bullet-proof, armoured waistcoat including flexible ballistic, hard ballistic, ceramic armor plates covering the front, back, and groin, and an armored, electronic jacket with a load-bearing system will also be included. The electronic jacket integrates the electronics (such as a computer unit, energy manager unit, peripheral equipment interfaces, user interfaces, a radio, a man-machine interface, an Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System ([[IRNSS]] a.k.a. Navigation with Indian Constellation-NAVIC) device, cables, connector, camouflaging system, wearable environmental control, and a micro-climate heating & cooling system). A flexible water bottle, magazines, grenades, and other equipment holders and pockets optimise weight distribution on the soldier. The new uniform will have vests with sensors to monitor the soldier's health parameters and provide quick medical relief. He might also wear flame-resistant, moisture-defeating undergarments; flame-resistant hand, face, and foot protection, and a pair of non-skid shoes with mine & explosive detection sensors would complete the ensemble. The system also includes an in-built water purifier system so that they have purified drinking water.<ref name="india-defence"/>

===Helmet and visor===
The helmet is a Level-IV bulletproof helmet and is capable of stopping a 9mm round at close range, providing facial protection, ballistic and laser eye protection, and flame-resistant eye & face protection. The visor will contain a mounted flashlight, thermal sensors, advanced night vision capability, a digital compass, a shoulder video camera, a computer, nuclear, biological, and chemical sensors, and an audio headset. The visor is intended to be integrated and to act as a heads-up display monitor equivalent to two 17-inch computer monitors.

===Weapons===
The weapons sub-system is built around a multi-calibre individual weapon system with the fourth calibre attached to a [[grenade]] launcher. These include a 5.56 mm, a 7.62 mm, and a new 6.8 mm under development for the first time in India. The UBGL (Under Barrel Grenade Launcher) will be capable of firing air-bursting grenades. The sub-system includes a thermal weapon sight and laser range finder to provide the soldier with range and direction information. The [[IRNSS]] (similar to [[GPS]] or [[GLONASS]]) location information will allow the soldier to call for indirect fire accurately. There are two types of next-generation infantry rifles under development in cooperation with Israel. In this context, news sources report that the Indian MoD has recently issued a global tender for the acquisition of a new assault rifle and a Close Quarter Battle (CQB) carbine.<ref name="a-tech.com">{{cite web|title=Future infantry: unravelling the Indian Army's F-INSAS programme|url=http://www.army-technology.com/features/featurefuture-infantry-unravelling-the-indian-armys-f-insas-programme/|publisher=army-technology.com|accessdate=26 June 2012}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|reason=domain on WP:BLACKLIST|date=June 2016}}
In DEFXPO 2014, a prototype of the ARDE-DRDO MCIWS ([[Multi Caliber Individual Weapon System]]) was showcased. It is lighter than the existing INSAS rifles in the Indian Armed Forces, weighing only 3 kg. It features a UBGL (Under Barrel Grenade Launcher) as well as thermal sights or plain holographic sights & Red dot sights. The laser target has multiple Picatinny rails to facilitate various add-on equipment needed for various missions and thus improving versatility. And many other terrain, operation & mission-based weapons as per requirement.

== Procurements for program ==
Procurement requests for the 'open calibre' carbine valued at around {{INRConvert|44|b|1}} have been initiated with global manufacturers.<ref name="janes">{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/news/defence/systems/jdw/jdw080514_1_n.shtml|title=India seeks carbines to boost future soldier programme|author=Rahul Bedi|date=14 May 2008|accessdate=2008-05-31}}</ref> The procurement covers night-vision devices, laser designators, and detachable under-barrel grenade launchers.<ref name="janes"/>

== Program Indigenisation ==
With the intent to retain its strategic autonomy, self-reliance, and indigenisation of the program is being emphasised.<ref name="indiastrategic"/> Most of the equipment is being locally developed by the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) and the [[Ordnance Factories Board]] as the prime developer and the system integrator, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Indias-futuristic-soldier-to-be-ready-in-three-years/articleshow/19061002.cms|title=India's futuristic soldier to be ready in three years|work=The Times of India|accessdate=12 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.defencenow.com/news/172/ordnance-factory-rises-up-to-meet-the-demand-of-indian-armed-forces.html |title=Ordnance Factory Rises to meet the Demand of Indian Armed Forces |access-date=14 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923213249/http://www.defencenow.com/news/172/ordnance-factory-rises-up-to-meet-the-demand-of-indian-armed-forces.html |archive-date=23 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
# Design and development of a multi-calibre individual weapon system.
# Design and development of an air-bursting grenade for individual weapons.

== Program split ==
In January 2015, [[Indian Army|Vice Chief of Army staff, Lt General Philip Campose]] reported that the [[Indian Army]] has split the F-INSAS program in favour of two separate projects. The new program will have two components: one arming the modern infantry soldier with the best available assault rifle, carbines, and personal equipment such as the helmet and bulletproof vests, and the second component is the Battlefield Management Systems (BMS).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web
| url = http://www.soldiermod.com/volume-16/pdfs/articles/programmes-overview-december-2015.pdf
| title = programmes-overview-december-2015
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/11907/Indian_Army_to_Break_up_Future_Soldier_Program_into_Two_Parts|title=Indian Army to Break up Future Soldier Program into Two Parts|work=defenseworld.net|accessdate=12 December 2016|archive-date=12 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212014639/http://www.defenseworld.net/news/11907/Indian_Army_to_Break_up_Future_Soldier_Program_into_Two_Parts|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[DRDO]]
* [[Future Soldier]]
* [[Indian Army]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* https://web.archive.org/web/20090822142052/http://www.rolta.com/rolta-thales/portfolio/digital-soldier-systems.html
* [http://www.janes.com/extract/jdw2007/jdw33800.html Jane's defense weekly confirms F-INSAS]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ADvl2WJb8g Video of F-INSAS soldier and explanation of various systems]
* [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/657052.cms President Kalam's visions for a hi-tech soldier]

{{Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)}}

{{Future soldier programmes}}

[[Category:Future soldier programs]]
[[Category:Indian Army]]
[[Category:Post–Cold War military equipment of India]]

Udupi Chikmagalur Lok Sabha constituency

2025-12-14T09:06:13Z

Good Life Financial: Created initial pg initial version.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Indian parliament in Karnataka}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
|map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok_Sabha_constituencies/2019/Karnataka/Udupi Chikmagalur.map}}
| map_caption = Udupi Chikmagalur Lok Sabha Constituency Map
| established = 2008
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| mp = [[Kota Srinivas Poojary]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
|electors=1,387,295<ref name=turnout/>
| assembly_cons = [[Kundapura (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Kundapura]] [[Udupi Assembly constituency|Udupi]] [[Kapu (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Kapu]] [[Karkala (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Karkala]] [[Sringeri Assembly constituency|Sringeri]] [[Mudigere (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Mudigere]] [[Chikmagalur Assembly constituency|Chikmagalur]] [[Tarikere (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Tarikere]]
|name=Udupi Chikmagalur
|reservation=None
}}
[[File:Udupi Chikmagalur Lok Sabha Constituency Map with district boundary (2009 - Present).pdf|thumb|]]
'''Udupi Chikmagalur Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 28 [[Lok Sabha]] (lower house of Indian parliament) constituencies in [[Karnataka]] a state in southern [[India]]. This constituency was created as part of the implementation of the [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] of the parliamentary constituencies in 2008, based on the recommendations of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]] constituted in 2002.<ref name=ceo>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=208}}</ref><ref name="hindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/19/stories/2007071954120400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120122100402/http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/19/stories/2007071954120400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 January 2012|title=Udupi Lok Sabha seat loses its coastal character |last=Prabhu |first=Ganesh|date=19 July 2007|work=[[The Hindu]]|publisher=[[N. Ram]]|access-date=1 April 2010}}</ref> It first held elections in 2009 and its first member of parliament was [[D. V. Sadananda Gowda]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP). Gowda was selected on 4 August 2011 to become Chief Minister (CM) of Karnataka after the previous CM [[B. S. Yeddyurappa]] resigned.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-here-s-everything-you-need-to-know-about-railway-minister-sadananda-gowda-2000512|title=Here's everything you need to know about Railway Minister Sadananda Gowda|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|publisher=Deepak Rathi|date=8 July 2014|access-date=13 December 2014}}</ref> He therefore had to resign as MP for this seat which forced a by-election in 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/Deve-Gowda-Among-MPs-Who-Posed-No-Queries-in-LS/2014/01/27/article2022173.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223223633/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/Deve-Gowda-Among-MPs-Who-Posed-No-Queries-in-LS/2014/01/27/article2022173.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 December 2014|title=Deve Gowda Among MPs Who Posed No Queries in LS |work=[[The New Indian Express]]|publisher=Express Publications (Madurai) Limited|date=27 January 2014|access-date=13 December 2014}}</ref> This by-election was won by [[K. Jayaprakash Hegde]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC). As of the latest elections in 2019, [[Shobha Karandlaje]] of the BJP represents this constituency.<ref name="This part-coastal, part-hilly constituency faces a diverse range of issues">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |title=This part-coastal, part-hilly constituency faces a diverse range of issues |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/this-part-coastal-part-hilly-constituency-faces-a-diverse-range-of-issues/article68056877.ece |access-date=14 April 2024 |date=14 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414192639/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/this-part-coastal-part-hilly-constituency-faces-a-diverse-range-of-issues/article68056877.ece |archive-date=14 April 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Assembly segments==
As of 2013, Udupi Chikmagalur Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following eight Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) segments:<ref name=ceo/>
{|class="wikitable"
!No
!Name
!District
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
!colspan="2"|[[2024 Indian general election in Karnataka|2024]] lead
|-
|119
|[[Kundapura (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Kundapura]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Udupi district|Udupi]]
|[[Kiran Kumar Kodgi]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=8}}
|-
| 120
|[[Udupi Assembly constituency|Udupi]]
|[[Yashpal Anand Suvarna]]
|-
|121
|[[Kapu Assembly constituency|Kapu]]
|[[Gurme Suresh Shetty]]
|-
|122
|[[Karkala Assembly constituency|Karkala]]
|[[V. Sunil Kumar]]
|-
|123
|[[Sringeri Assembly constituency|Sringeri]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Chikmagalur district|Chikmagalur]]
|[[T. D. Rajegowda]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4|}}
|-
|124
|[[Mudigere Assembly constituency|Mudigere]] (SC)
|[[Nayana Motamma]]
|-
|125
|[[Chikmagalur Assembly constituency|Chikmagalur]]
|[[H. D. Thammaiah]]
|-
|126
|[[Tarikere (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Tarikere]]
|[[G. H. Srinivasa]]
|}

==Members of Parliament==
* This seat was created in 2008 re-organization of Lok Sabha seats. For results before that, see : [[South Kanara (North) Lok Sabha constituency|South Kanara (North)]], [[Chikmagalur Lok Sabha constituency|Chikmagalur]] and [[Udupi Lok Sabha constituency|Udupi]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''Till 2008 : See [[Udupi Lok Sabha constituency|Udupi]], [[Chikmagalur Lok Sabha constituency|Chikmagalur]]''}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Sadananda Gowda]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[15th Lok Sabha|2012]]^
|[[K. Jayaprakash Hegde|Jayaprakash Hegde]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Shobha Karandlaje]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Kota Srinivas Poojary]]
|}

== Election results ==

=== General Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Udupi]] [[Chikmagalur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kota Srinivas Poojary]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=7,32,234|percentage=59.56|change={{decrease}}2.90}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[K. Jayaprakash Hegde]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=4,73,059|percentage=38.48|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=11,269 |percentage=0.92|change={{increase}}0.27}}
{{Election box majority||votes=2,59,175 |percentage=21.08|change={{down}}9.29}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=12,31,062 |percentage=77.63|change={{up}}1.56}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{decrease}}2.90
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Udupi]] [[Chikmagalur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Shobha Karandlaje]]
|votes= 7,18,916
|percentage= 62.46
|change= +6.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janata Dal (Secular)|candidate=[[Pramod Madhwaraj]]
|votes= 3,69,317
|percentage= 32.09
|change=-6.54
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=P. Parameshwar|votes=15,947|percentage=1.39|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)
|candidate= P. Amrith Shenoy
|percentage = 0.69
|votes = 7,981
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above |candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=7,510|percentage=0.65|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 3,49,599
|percentage = 30.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=11,51,623|percentage=76.07|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Udupi]] [[Chikmagalur]]<ref name=turnout>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm|title=Parliamentary Constituency wise Turnout for General Election – 2014|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=31 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702210941/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm|archive-date=2 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS1015.htm?ac=15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628100645/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS1015.htm?ac=15|title=Udupi Chikmagalur|publisher=Election Commission of India|archive-date=28 June 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Shobha Karandlaje]]
|votes = 5,81,168
|percentage = 56.20
|change = +14.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[K. Jayaprakash Hegde]]
|votes = 3,99,525
|percentage = 38.63
|change = -8.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Janata Dal (Secular)
|candidate = [[V. Dhananjaya Kumar]]
|votes = 14,895
|percentage = 1.44
|change = -7.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = S. Vijaya Kumar
|votes = 9,691
|percentage = 0.94
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 7,828
|percentage = 0.76
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 1,81,643
|percentage = 17.57
|change = +12.21
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,34,334
|percentage = 74.56
|change = +6.48
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===By-election 2012===
{{Election box begin | title=Bye-election, 2012: Udupi Chikmagalur <ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/electionslist2012/UDUPI_Chikmaglur_Form_20.pdf|title=Udupi Chimaglur|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer of Karnataka|access-date=13 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.udupitoday.com/udtoday/news_Udupi-Jayaprakash-Hegde-wins-by-45-724-votes_346.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042804/http://www.udupitoday.com/udtoday/news_Udupi-Jayaprakash-Hegde-wins-by-45-724-votes_346.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=4 March 2016|title=Udupi: Jayaprakash Hegde wins by 45,724 votes|publisher=Udupi Today|date=21 March 2012|access-date=13 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ByeElection/2011-12/jan-june-2012.xls|title=Jan–Jun 2012|format=.xls|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=13 December 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[K. Jayaprakash Hegde]]
|votes = 3,98,723
|percentage = 46.75
|change = +1.89
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[V. Sunil Kumar]]
|votes = 3,52,999
|percentage = 41.39
|change = -6.70
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (Secular)
|candidate = S. L. Bhoje Gowda
|votes = 72,080
|percentage = 8.45
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|candidate = Harishyanbhog Kateel
|votes = 6,930
|percentage = 0.81
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = K. Bharathesh
|votes = 4,945
|percentage = 0.58
|change = N/A
}}

{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 45,724
|percentage = 5.36
|change = +2.13
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 8,52,825
|percentage = 68.06
|change = -0.12
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Udupi]] [[Chikmagalur]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf|title=Constituency Wise Detailed Results |pages=59|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=30 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811090059/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf|archive-date=11 August 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[D. V. Sadananda Gowda]]
|votes = 4,01,441
|percentage = 48.09
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[K. Jayaprakash Hegde]]
|votes = 3,74,423
|percentage = 44.86
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Radha Sundaresh
|votes = 24,991
|percentage = 2.99
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Srinivas Poojary
|votes = 11,263
|percentage = 1.35
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = J. Steven Menezes
|votes = 9,971
|percentage = 1.19
|change = N/A
}}

{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 27,018
|percentage = 3.23
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 8,34,728
|percentage = 68.18
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Udupi Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Chikmagalur Lok Sabha constituency]] (1967-2004 elections)
*[[Hassan Chickmagalur Lok Sabha constituency]], only for [https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1951-election-results.html 1952 election ]
*[[South Kanara (North) Lok Sabha constituency]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/karnataka/udupi_chikmagalur/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Udupi Chikmagalur lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coords|13.4|75.2|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Chikmagalur district]]
[[Category:Udupi district]]

Of Hypocrisy and Cheekbones

2025-12-05T10:00:59Z

Good Life Financial: Started the details basic info

{{Notability|date=March 2025}}

"'''Of Hypocrisy and Cheekbones'''" is an Indian poem by the [[Indian English literature|Indian English]] writer and translator, [[Shahnaz Habib]]. The poem won first place at the Ninth All India Poetry Competition held by [[The Poetry Society (India)]] in 2000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianpoetry.org/comp9.htm |title= Award Winning Poems – AIPC 2000}}</ref>

==Comments and criticism==

The poem has received critical attention since its first publication in 2000 in the book ''Emerging Voices'' and has since been anthologised.<ref>''Poetry India – Emerging Voices'' by H K Kaul, ''Virgo Publications'', 1998</ref><ref>''Contemporary Indian Poets'' by Jeet Thayil, ''Fulcrum'', Bloodaxe Books, 1996</ref> It has been quoted in scholarly analysis of contemporary [[Indian poetry in English|Indian English poetry]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020324/spectrum/book10.htm |title= Fourteen Contemporary Indian Poets – Rana Nayar in ''The Tribune''}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[The Poetry Society (India)]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.indianpoetry.org/comp9.htm Ninth National Poetry Competition 2000 – Award Winners]
*[http://www.hds.harvard.edu/news-events/harvard-divinity-bulletin/articles/inside-outside Shahnaz Habib – ''Inside Outside''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413143521/http://www.hds.harvard.edu/news-events/harvard-divinity-bulletin/articles/inside-outside |date=2014-04-13 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20121216063849/http://www.indiawrites.org/poetry/poetry.html ''India Writes'' – Contemporary Indian Poetry]
*[https://www.duckduckgo.com/?q=Indian+poems "Popular Indian Poems"]

[[Category:Indian English poems]]
[[Category:2000 poems]]
[[Category:Works originally published in Indian magazines]]
[[Category:Works originally published in literary magazines]]

Tiruppavai

2025-11-05T05:24:47Z

Good Life Financial: Created some entry more to come.

{{Short description|Tamil Hindu work of literature}}
{{Italic title}}{{Infobox religious text|religion=[[Hinduism]]|author=[[Andal]]|language=[[Tamil language|Tamil]]|caption=Painting of Andal, Sri Appan Venkatachalapati Temple, Cheranmahadevi.|image=File:Andal - Sri Appan Venkatachalapati Temple, Cheranmahadevi.jpg|verses=30|period=9th–10th century CE|name=''Tiruppavai''|previous=Periyalvar Tirumoli|next=Nachiyar Tirumoli}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Vaishnavism}}
The '''''Tiruppavai''''' ({{Langx|ta|திருப்பாவை|translit=Tiruppāvai}}) is a set of [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[Hinduism|Hindu]] hymns attributed to the female poet-saint [[Andal]].<ref name="Nair2007">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-AMWIzs7uzsC|title=Sages Through Ages - Volume IV: India's Heritage|author=K. K. Nair|date=1 September 2007|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=978-1-4670-6410-1}}</ref>

The ''Tiruppavai'' consists of thirty stanzas referred to as ''pasurams'' in praise of Perumal.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rajarajan|first=R. K. K.|url=https://www.academia.edu/34826785|title=Samāpti-Suprabhātam – Reflections on South Indian Bhakti Tradition in Literature and Art|journal=New Delhi: Sharada Publishing House|date=January 2017|language=en}}</ref> It is a part of the [[Divya Prabandha|''Nalayira Divya Prabandham'']], a collection of the works of the twelve poet-saints called the [[Alvars]], an important part of the devotional genre of [[Tamil literature]]. The ''Tiruppavai'' has also been translated into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] by [[Mullapudi Venkata Ramana|Mullapudi Venkataramana]] as ''Melupalukula Melukolupu.''<ref>{{Cite news|last=Nadadhur|first=Srivathsan|date=2019-12-27|title=Telugu touch to Thiruppavai goes digital|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/the-hindu-friday-review/article30413239.ece|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In this work, Andal calls upon to all people to recite the name and glories of [[Vishnu]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ebooks.tirumala.org/Home/Download/?ID=1929 |title=Archived copy |access-date=17 September 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185421/http://ebooks.tirumala.org/Home/Download/?ID=1929 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Genre==
The ''Tiruppavai'' belongs to the ''pāvai'' genre of songs. This genre referred to the Tamil tradition of unmarried girls performing rites and upholding a vow ([[vrata]]) of their performance throughout the month of ''Margaḻi''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=White |first=David Gordon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3YZeDwAAQBAJ&dq=tiruppavai&pg=PA212 |title=Tantra in Practice |date=2018-06-26 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-19045-7 |pages=212 |language=en}}</ref> This practice assumes special significance during ''[[Tamil calendar|Margaḻi]]'': each day of this month gets its name from one of the thirty verses. There are references to this vow in the late-[[Sangam period|Sangam era]] Tamil classic anthology called [[Paripāṭal|Paripatal]].<ref name="paavai">{{cite news| title=''Paavai genre of songs''| work=ntyp.org| url=http://www.ntyo.org/kolangal/thiruppavai.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011228234503/http://www.ntyo.org/kolangal/thiruppavai.htm| url-status=usurped| archive-date=2001-12-28| access-date=2007-07-13}}</ref>

Andal's thirty songs contain the cardinal principles of [[Vaishnava|Vaishnavism]] during the month of ''[[Tamil calendar|Margaḻi]]''. Andal assumes the guise of a [[Gopi|cowherd girl]] in these 30 verses. Andal appears intent upon performing a particular religious vow to marry Vishnu and remain in his everlasting company, inviting of all her friends to join her to serve him with her.<ref name="Importance of Tiruppavai">{{cite news|
title=''Importance of Tiruppavai''
| work=namperumal.tripod.com|
url=https://namperumal.tripod.com/TPMain.htm|
access-date= 2007-07-13}}</ref>

==Theme==
According to the religious hymns the symbolic undertone behind Andal's entreaty to her friends to wake up and seek Krishna subsumes the essence of the three basic mantras in the Vaishnava tradition — the Tirumantram, Dvayam, and Charama Sloka that signify the truth of the paramatma or the Supreme being who dwells in everything. There is a hidden meaning in the 27th pasuram, for example, where [[Andal]] explains the importance of an acharya whose guidance is mandatory for a disciple to get these trio of mantras.

The ''Tiruppavai'' is said to be 'Vedam Anaithukkum Vithagum', meaning it is the seed of the Vedas.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/faith/vedas-and-thiruppavai/article28628194.ece|title=Vedas and Thiruppavai|date=2019-07-21|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-07-23|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> As the entire tree and the trees coming from it are hidden in the subtle seed, so is the entire essence of the Vedas is hidden in the ''Tiruppavai'' which can be revealed only under the guidance of an ''[[acharya]]'' or a guru who is well versed in Vedic scriptures.

This entire hidden essence is mentioned in the Andal's verses in the form of poetry.

==Overview==
The first five stanzas provide an introduction to the main theme, its principle and purpose. According to Andal, one should give up luxuries during this season. Sincere prayers to the God would bring abundant rain and thus prosperity. Offering Krishna fresh flowers would expiate sins committed earlier and those that may be committed in future.

In the next ten stanzas she describes the importance of community participation. She invites her friends to gather flowers. She essays the ambience at her village, the chirping of birds, colorful blossoms, the musical sound of butter-churning, herds of cattle with tinkling bells, the sounding of the conch from the temple.

She visits each household and awakens all her friends to join her for a bath in a nearby pond. She also praises the incarnations of the deity. The next five stanzas describe her visit to the temple accompanied by her friends. She desires to render a ''[[Suprabhatam|suprabhatham]]'' gently to wake up the deity. The group appeases the temple guards, enters the temple and recites prayers extolling the parents of Krishna and begging them to wake up Krishna and Balarama. Then they approach [[Niladevi]], the consort of the deity, to have a ''[[Darshan (Indian religions)|darshana]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d_Zd6hWJFJkC&dq=Tirupp%C4%81vai&pg=PA237 |title=The Secret Garland: Antal's Tiruppavai and Nacciyar Tirumoli |date=2010-09-30 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-983094-7 |pages=12 |language=en}}</ref>

The last nine stanzas are on the glories of the deity. On receiving his blessings Andal lists her demands; milk for the ''vrata'', white conch, lamps, flowers, and rich costume and jewellery, plenty of ghee and butter. The concluding stanza is an ''envoie'' identifying her as the daughter of Vishnucitthar (Periyalvar) who made this garland of 30 ''pasuram''s and says those who recite with devotion will have Krishna's blessings.<ref name="Thiruppavai - OVerview">{{cite news|url=http://kerala4u.in/67/aandal_thiruppavai|title=''Thiruppavai - OVerview''|access-date=2007-07-13|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090330144454/http://kerala4u.in/67/aandal_thiruppavai}}</ref>

==Verses and explanation==
{{Cleanup section|reason=A concise and grammatically correct translation is necessary.|date=April 2023}}
The Tiruppavai also includes three ''taniyans'' (literally, 'singletons' or standalone verses) composed by later authors to introduce older texts. The first ''thaniyan'', ''<nowiki/>'Nila tungastana ... '<nowiki/>'' in Sanskrit was composed by [[Parasara Bhattar|Parashara Bhattar]], and the next two ''taniyans'', ''<nowiki/>'Anna vayal pudhuvai ... ''' and ''"Choodi kodutha..."'' (translated below) were composed by Sri Uyyakondar.

'''Taniyan'''<ref>{{cite web |others=Composed by Andal |translator-last1=Ramachander |translator-first1=P. R. |url=https://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/ramachander/Thiruppavai.doc |format=DOC |title=Thiruppavai |website=ibiblio.org |access-date=January 4, 2024}}</ref>

This song is a prelude to Tiruppavai and is one of the 3 ''taniyans''.

Andal from the swan filled Puduvai, 
Sang she, in her sweet voice, 
Several enchanting sweet odes, 
For being sung during, 
The worship and adulation of Pavai. 
They are but a garland to him, 
From her who wore them first, 
Before presenting them to Him.

Each ''pasuram'' (ode to Perumal) of Tiruppavai is generally named by the first few words of the religious hymns. These are given first and a translation into verse given then:-

{| class="blockquote"
! Hymn name
! Translation
|-
|'''1.''' ''Margaḻi Tingal''
|In this month of Margaḻi, 
On this day filled with the light of moon, 
Come for bathing, 
Oh ladies who are richly dressed, 
And Oh ladies in rich homes of cowherds, 
For he with the sharp spear, 
He who kills his enemies without mercy, 
He who is the son of Nanda gopa, 
He who is the darling son of Yasodha, 
Who wore scented flower garlands, 
He who is a lion cub, 
He who is pretty in black colour, 
He who has small red eyes, 
He who has a face like the well-lit moon, 
And He, who is our deity Narayana, 
Is going to give us protection, 
So that we bathe and that is our Pavai (vratam or practice), 
In a way that the whole world sings about. 
|-
|'''2. '''''Vaiyathu Vaḻvirgal'' ''' '''
| Oh, people of this world, 
Be pleased to hear of those penances, 
That we daily do for the worship of Pavai, 
We will sing of those holy feet, 
Of Him who sleeps in the ocean of milk, 
We will not take the very tasty ghee, 
We will avoid the health giving milk, 
We will daily bathe before the dawn, 
We will not wear any collyrium to the eye, 
We will not tie flowers in our hair, 
We will not do Any act that is banned, 
We will not talk ill of any to any one else, 
We will give alms and do charity, 
As much as we can, 
And do all those acts to make others free of sorrow, 
This is our vratam (Pavai). 
|-
|'''3.''' ''Ongi Ulagalandha''
|If we sing the praise of Him, 
Who grew big and measured the world, 
And worship our Goddess Pavai, 
Then would there be at least three rains a month, 
And the red paddy plants would grow big, 
And in their fields would the fish swim and play, 
And the spotted bees after sipping honey, 
To their hearts content, 
Would sleep in the flower themselves 
After having their fill, 
And the cows with big udder 
Would fill milk pots to the brim, 
And healthy cows and never diminishing wealth, 
Would fill the country, 
And all this I assure by our vratam/practice. 
|-
|'''4.''' ''Aḻi Maḻai Kanna''
|Please obey our wishes, 
Oh rain God who comes from the sea, 
Enter the sea, please, and bring water to your fill, 
And with zest and sound take it up, 
And like the God of the deluge become black, 
And shine like the holy wheel in the hands, 
Of The God Padmanabha who has powerful biceps, 
And make booming pleasing sounds, 
Like the right spiraled conch, 
And rain with out stop like the arrow storm, 
From Saranga the bow of Vishnu and descend on us, 
To make this world happy, 
And to help us take bath in month of Margaḻi,

|-
|'''5.''' ''Mayanai Mannu''
|To Him the enchanter of all, 
To Him the son of Mathura in the north, 
To Him who played and frolicked, 
In the shores of holy Yamuna, 
To Him who is the ornamental lamp, 
Of the family of cow herds, 
And to the Damodara who made, 
His mothers womb holy, 
We came after a holy bath, 
And offered pure flowers at his feet, 
And sang with our mouth, 
And brought the thoughts of him in our mind, 
And we were sure, 
That all our mistakes of the past, 
And all that we will do in future, 
Will vanish as ashes in fire,
 
|-
|'''6.''' ''Pullum Chilambina''
|Did you not hear alternate twittering birds making loud noises, 
Did you not hear the loud sound of white conch, 
From the temple of the king of Garuda, 
Oh, girls please wake up, 
Let us hear the holy sounds of "Hari, Hari". 
From the savants and sages, 
Calling him who drank the poisonous milk from the ghost, 
Him who kicked and killed the ogre of the cart, 
And him who sleeps on the great serpent Adi Sesha 
So that it goes through our mind, 
And make our mind cool 
|-
|''7. Kīsu Kīsu''
|Did you not hear, Oh slow witted girl, 
The twittering sound of black birds of the morn, 
Which sounds like a talk between them, 
Did you not hear the tingling sound, 
When the big and small coin like pendants, 
Rub against each other, 
Did you not hear the sound of vigorous pull, 
Of the curd churner being pulled, 
By the flower bedecked cow herdesses, 
Did you not hear the sound of twirling curd, 
When churned using the mixer, 
Oh, leader among girls,
How can you sleep, 
When they sing the names sweetly. 
Of Narayana and Kesava, 
Oh, She who is sparkling, 
Be pleased to open the door, 
 
|-
|''8. Kīḻ Vanam''
|The eastern sky has become white, 
The buffaloes are free to walk and graze, 
The remaining lasses, have stopped from going, 
All those who wanted to go, 
And have come to call you, 
Oh girl filled with happiness,
Please wake up. 
Let us all sing and get gifts, 
From Him who has killed the horse like ogre, 
By pulling apart his mouth, 
From Him who killed the wrestlers,
Sent to kill him, 
From the Narayana, who is first among the Gods, 
And prostrate before him..
Please hear what we tell. 
And decide for yourself,
 
|-
|''9. Tumani Madaththu''
| Oh my uncle's daughter, who sleeps, 
In the soft cotton bed, 
In the pearl filled Villa, 
Well lit from all sides, 
And full of the smoke of incense, 
Please open the ornamental door. 
Oh aunt, why don't you wake her up, 
Is your daughter dumb or deaf,
Or down right lazy, 
Or she is in trance of deep pleasurable sleep, 
Let us all call him the great enchanter, 
Madhavan and he who lives in Vaikunta, 
By several of His names, 
And get benefited,
 
|-
|''10. Notru Svargam''
|Oh lady fine, who has entered the heaven, 
Due to penance done in last birth, 
Won't you reply, please 
Won't you open the door, please 
If we pray the God Narayana, 
Having with him the scented garland, 
Made of holy basil, 
He would give us gifts, many, 
He is the same who is holy in times ancient, 
Sent Kumbhakarna to his death, 
After beating him in the field of war. 
Did that ogre give you his sleep, 
Before he went off from here, 
Oh lass who is very lazy, 
Oh lass, who is like pretty jewels, 
Wake up from your sleep, well, 
And open the door.
 
|-
|''11. Katru Karavai''
|Oh daughter of the cattle baron, 
Who milks herds of cows, 
And wages war on enemies 
And makes his enemies lose their strength, 
Oh Golden tendril,
Oh lass who has the mount of venus, 
Like the hood of the snake,
Wake up and come, 
When your flock of friends, 
Have come to your courtyard,
And sing of Krishna, 
Who has the colour of the cloud,
Oh rich, rich lady, 
How can you neither move nor talk,
And lie in deep trance, 
 
|-
|''12. Kanaithilam Katrerumai''
|Hey, sister of the rich one, who owned, 
The mooing she buffalo with a calf, 
Which took pity on the calf, 
And gave out plenty, 
Of milk to it through its udder, 
And made his courtyard slushy with milk, 
We are assembled in thine yard, 
In the dripping fog,
And sing about Him, 
Who killed in anger the king of Southern Lanka, 
And who is very dear one, 
But open your mouth, you don't.. 
At least wake up now, 
Why this very deep slumber, 
For people of all houses around, 
Have already become alert 
 
|-
|''13. Pullin Vāi Kīndanai''
|The lasses have reached, 
The place of prayer for Pavai, 
Singing the fame of our deity. 
Who killed the ogre who came like a stork. 
And who cut off the heads of the bad ogre,
One by one. 
Venus has risen in the morning, 
Jupiter has vanished from the sky, 
The birds are making lot of sound, 
Of beautiful one with wide eyes red as a flower. 
Without taking bath by dipping 
again and again in ice cold water, 
Would you prefer to sleep. 
Oh lass, On this holy day, 
Do not stay aside,
And come to bathe with us. 
 
|-
|''14. Ungal Puḻakkadai''
|In the pond in the backyard of your house. 
The lily in the ponds have opened, 
The night flowers have closed, 
The white toothed sages, 
Who wear clothes as red as, 
The powder of brick,
Are going to their temples. 
To sound the conch. 
You who promised to wake us up,
Please wake up, 
Are you not ashamed,
You chatter box, 
Let us all sing about the lotus eyed one, 
Who has a holy conch and disc in his hands, 
 
|-
|''15. Elle Ilam kiliye''
|
"Hey, little bird, Are you still sleeping?" 
"Don't disturb my sleep, Lasses, I will just come". 
"You are good in your speech, We know what you mean." 
"You be good, but leave me alone" 
"Come quickly, why is it different for you?" 
"Have every one gone?"
"Gone, think they have gone" 
"Please wake up and sing, 
Of he who killed the big elephant, 
Of him who can remove enmity from enemies, 
And of him who is the holy enchanter, 
 
|-
|''16. Nayaganāi Ninra''
|Hey, He who guards the palace of Nanda Gopa, 
Hey, who guards the ornamental door with flags, 
Please be kind to open the door with bells, 
For yesterday the enchanter Kannan, 
Has promised to give beating drums, 
To us the girls from the houses of cow herds. 
We have come after purification, 
To wake Him up with song, 
So do not talk of this and that, Hey dear man, 
And open the door with closed latches, 
 
|-
|''17. Ambarame Tannīre''
|Hey Nandagopa, who does good deeds and charity, 
Who gives water, cloth and food to others, 
Please wake up. 
Our lady Yasodha, who is the light of the homes of cow herds, 
She who is dear to all the ladies,
Please wake up 
Hey, Krishna who is the king of Gods, 
Who went up tearing the sky. 
Please wake up, and do not sleep. 
Hey Baladeva, who wears pure golden anklets, 
Please wake up along with your brother, 
 
|-
|''18. Undhu Madha Kalitran''
|Hey, Who is the fair daughter-in-law, 
Of Nanda gopa, who has several elephants, 
And who is a great hero who never ran away from his enemies, 
Hey Lady Nappinnai, who has hair surrounded by holy scent, 
Please be kind to open the door. 
The cocks are everywhere waking us up, 
The koels flock on the jasmine Pandals, 
And coo so that we all wake up, 
Hey Lady who happily plays ball, 
To help us sing your Lords fame, 
With your hands with tingling bangles, 
Please open the door with happiness, 
 
|-
|''19. Kuttu Vilakeriya''
|In the light of the oil lamp, 
On the ornamental four legged ivory cot, 
On the soft bed filled with cotton, 
Reclining on the busts of Nappinnai, 
You sleep, Oh he who has a flower like heart, 
Please open your mouth. 
She who has, wide black eyes with collyrium. 
We know that you will never allow him to wake up, 
For you can never bear to be away from Him, 
This is not that good, 
And cannot be accepted by us. 
 
|-
|''20. Muppatu Muvar ''
|Please wake up Oh, deity, 
Who removed sorrow and fear, 
From the thirty three sections of Devas, 
Even before they approached you, 
Oh deity, Who is glittering like gold, 
Oh deity, who has inimitable valour,
Please wake up, 
Oh Lady Nappinnai,
Who has desirable busts like golden pots. 
Who has little red mouth, 
And who has thin narrow hips, 
Please wake up, Oh Goddess of wealth. 
Please give mirror and fan, 
Just now to your consort, 
And allow us to take bath, 
 
|-
|''21. Etra Kalangal''
|Oh son of him,
Who owned several cows, 
Which gave so much milk, 
That always the milking vessel got overflowed,
Please wake up. 
Oh deity, who is full of mercy, 
Oh deity, who is better than the best, 
Oh lord, who is the light that began the world, 
Please wake up. 
Like your flock of defeated enemies, 
Falling at your feet in surrender, 
We came praising you,
So that we get fame, 
 
|-
|''22. Angan Mā Jnalathu''
|Like all the famous kings 
Of the wide World, that is pretty, 
Have crowded near your cot, 
After surrendering their ego, 
We also have come near. 
Will not the sight, 
Of your red eyes which is like the lotus 
Fall little by little on us? 
If you see us using those eyes, 
Which are like sun and the moon, 
All the curse on us will vanish, 
 
|-
|''23. Māri Malai Muḻainjil''
|Like the majestic lion wakes up with ire, 
From the mountain cave in the rainy season, 
Looks with fiery sight, 
And with deep angry sweat from all the hairs, 
Turns up its head with awe, 
And comes out making much din, 
Hey deity, who is the colour of the blue lotus, 
Come from your temple to here, 
And sit on the majestic royal throne, 
And hear with compassion, 
For why we have come here, 
 
|-
|''24. Anru Ivvulagam''
|We worship your feet which measured the world then, 
We worship your fame of winning over the king of Southern Lanka, 
We worship thine valour in breaking 
the ogre who came like a cart, 
We worship thy strength which threw the calf on the tree, 
We worship thine goodness in making 
the mountain as an umbrella, 
And we worship the great spear in your hand, 
which led to your victory, 
We have come here to sing always for ever your praises, 
And get as gift the drums to sing, 
 
|-
|''25. Oruti Maganāi Pirandu''
|Being born to woman, 
And in the same night in hiding. 
You became the son of another, 
But this he could not tolerate, 
And wanted to cause more harm to you, 
And you great one, became, 
The fire in the stomach of that Kamsa, 
We have come here with desire for a drum, 
And if you give the drum to us, 
We would sing about thine great fame and wealth, 
And would end our sorrows and become happy, 
 
|-
|''26. Māle! Manivanna''
|Oh Vishnu, 
Oh lord who is like the blue sapphire, 
If you ask us what we need, 
In your great grace and great deeds, 
For our holy bath of Margaḻi, 
We will ask for very many conches 
Like the milk white conch of yours called Pancha Janya, 
Very many big drums whose sound can be heard everywhere, 
Several musicians of fame to sing “Pallandu ” 
Several beautiful pretty lamps, 
Several flags and cloths to make tents, 
Oh, He who sleeps on a banyan leaf at time of deluge, 
Please give us them all, 
 
|-
|''27. Kudārai Vellum''
|Hey Govinda, 
who is known for victory over enemies, 
After singing you we will get drums and many gifts, 
And after being praised by all the people, 
Wear we will the golden flower on our hair, 
Wear we will golden bracelets, 
Wear we will golden ear studs, 
Wear we would then the golden flowers on the ear, 
Wear we will ornaments on the legs, 
Wear we will pretty new dresses, 
Eat we will rice mixed with milk, 
Covering the rice fully with ghee, 
And with the ghee dripping from our forehands, 
We will be together and be happy, 
 
|-
|''28. Karavaigal Pin Chendru''
|Belonging to the ignorant family of cow herds, 
Drive we would the cattle to the forest, 
And there we would all eat together, 
But We are blessed that you are one of us.. 
Oh Govinda who does not have any short comings. 
None can ever break the ties that we have with you, Oh deity, 
We are but ignorant girls, who do not know the world, 
And in ignorance and love we have called you by name. 
So please be not be angry on us, 
And please give us drums, Oh deity, 
 
|-
|''29. Chitram Chiru Kale''
|Please hear why, 
In this very early dawn, 
We have come to worship, 
Your golden holy feet. 
You were born in our family of cow herds, 
And we are but there to obey your every wish, 
And not come to get only the drums from you, Oh Govinda. 
For ever and for several umpteen births, 
We would be only related to you, 
And we would be thine slaves, 
And so please remove all our other desires, 
 
|-
|''30. Vanga Kadal Kadaintha''
|He who sings with out error, 
The thirty odes in sweet Tamil, 
Of the story of how the rich ladies, 
With faces like moon, 
Who worshipped and requested, 
The Madhava who is also deity Kesava, 
Who churned the ocean of milk, 
For getting a drum to worship Goddess Pavai, 
As sung by Kodhai who is the dear daughter, 
Of Vishnu Chitta the bhattar, 
From the beautiful city of Puduvai, 
Will be happy and get the grace, 
Of our Vishnu with merciful pretty eyes. 
And four mountain like shoulders, for ever. 
|}

==Recital in Thailand==

In Thailand, an annual [[Giant Swing]] ceremony known as ''Triyampavai-Tripavai'' was held in major cities until 1935, when it was abolished for safety reasons.<ref>{{cite book |author=M. E. Manickavasagom Pillai |title=Dravidian Influence in Thai Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=soFCAAAAYAAJ |year=1986 |publisher=Tamil University |page=69 }}</ref> The name of the ceremony was derived from the names of two Tamil Hindu chants: ''[[Thiruvempavai]]'' (a Shaivite hymn by [[Manikkavacakar]]) and ''Tiruppavai''. It is known that Tamil verses from ''Thiruvempavai'' — ''poet pratu sivalai'' ("opening the portals of Shiva's home") — were recited at this ceremony, as well as the coronation ceremony of the [[Monarchy of Thailand|Thai king]].<ref name="Upendra_1986">{{cite book |author=Upendra Thakur |title=Some Aspects of Asian History and Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m42TldA_OvAC&pg=PA27 |year=1986 |publisher=Abhinav |isbn=978-81-7017-207-9 |pages=27–28 }}</ref> According to T.P. Meenakshisundaram, the name of the festival indicates that Tiruppavai might have been recited as well.<ref>{{cite book |title=Consider Our Vow: Translation of Tiruppāvai and Tiruvempāvai Into English |author=Norman Cutler |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2fMOAAAAMAAJ |year=1979 |publisher=Muttu Patippakam |page=13 }}</ref>

== See also ==

* ''[[Tirupallantu]]''
* ''[[Nachiyar Tirumoli]]''
* ''[[Periyalvar Tirumoli]]''

==References==
{{reflist|1}}

[[Category:Tamil-language literature]]
[[Category:Hindu texts]]
[[Category:Tamil Hindu literature]]
[[Category:Naalayira Divya Prabandham]]

Tiruppavai Line by Line translation in English with meaning, interpretation and new poetic verses in English by Author and Poet Umasree Raghunath https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0DS12DMFP
<ref>https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0DS12DMFP</ref>

Chaturanga (Neelakantan novel)

2025-10-29T18:38:48Z

Good Life Financial: stub - done

{{short description|Historical fiction novel}}
{{Lead too short|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Chaturanga
| image = File:Chaturanga (Neelakantan novel).jpg
| caption = First edition
| author = [[Anand Neelakantan]]
| illustrator =
| country = [[India]]
| series = Baahubali
| language = English
| genre = [[Historical fiction]]/[[Fantasy]]
| website =
| publisher = [[Westland Books]]
| published = 6 August 2020
| media_type = Print ([[paperback]])
| pages = 320
| isbn = 9789389152449
| oclc = 9389152445
}}
'''''Chaturanga''''' ({{Translation|[[Chess]]}}) is an Indian [[historical fiction]] novel written by [[Anand Neelakantan]].<ref name=Newindianexpress>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/2017/mar/25/the-rise-of-sivagami-dynastic-tale-1585088.html|date= 25 March 2017|title=The Rise of Sivagami: Dynastic Tale|work=The New Indian Express|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514180925/http://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/2017/mar/25/the-rise-of-sivagami-dynastic-tale-1585088.html|archive-date=14 May 2017}}</ref><ref name=TimesofIndia>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/interviews/writing-is-like-practicing-an-art-form-anand-neelakantan/articleshow/74749910.cms|title=Chaturanga|work=Times of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401223552/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/interviews/writing-is-like-practicing-an-art-form-anand-neelakantan/articleshow/74749910.cms |archive-date=1 April 2020 }}</ref> It acts as a [[prequel]] to the film ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]''<ref name=firstpost>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/baahubali-prequel-novel-the-rise-of-sivagami-explores-ss-rajamoulis-epic-universe-3364104.html |title=Baahubali prequel novel ''The Rise of Sivagami'' explores SS Rajamouli's epic universe |date=2 April 2017 |publisher=Firstpost |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402105631/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/baahubali-prequel-novel-the-rise-of-sivagami-explores-ss-rajamoulis-epic-universe-3364104.html |archivedate= 2 April 2017 }}</ref> and sequel to the book [[The Rise of Sivagami]]. It was originally released in English on 6 August 2020, [[Hindi]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] versions are scheduled to release.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/chaturanga-second-book-in-bahubali-trilogy-to-hit-stands-in-august-865876.html|title=Chaturanga: Second book in Bahubali trilogy to hit stands in August|website=Deccan Herald|date=26 July 2020}}</ref>

==Plot==
The prologue of the novel starts with how Sivagami's parents were killed a day before her fifth birthday, 13 years ago. In the present day, after a failed coup by the Vaithalikas (immediately after the incidents of the first book). Sivagami was unintentionally elevated to the position of bhoomipathi ({{Translation|executioner}}) is given the orders to execute her foster father Thimma, who was suspected to be a Vaitlikas warrior. Sivagami stages a duel with her foster father and planned on assassinating Maharaja Somadeva. During the dual, Thimma, the ex-commander in chief who can read people's body language, attempts to kill the king but fails due to Kattapa's save. Sivagami is forced to kill Thimma and she is praised by the Kingdom.

Kattapa alongside his father Malayappa digs up Shivappa's grave and finds him alive, Shivappa accidentally fatally hits his father with a shovel and Shivappa runs away. Brihannala helps Kattapa make it look like Malayappa committed suicide due to Shivappa's fake death. Kattapa is now looking for Shivappa. Shivappa is made the new leader of the Vaitlikas and alongside Brihannala and Neelappa (who was Devaraya's former slave) plan to kill Kattapa. Bjjaladeva is given the mission to find where Pattaraya had gone, he goes alongside Keki who instructs him to start being nice to the public so Bjjaladeva could win the throne. Bjjaladeva finds Pattaraya with his daughter Mekhala, Mekhala can seduce Bjjaladeva and Pattaraya promises Bjjaladeva that he will be the future king. They kill an innocent slave which is brought back to Bjjaladeva to Mahishmati who falsely says this was Pattaraya's corpse.

Mahadeva affectionates slowly start working with Sivagamai as the two spend more time together. Ally meets Gundu Ramu who tells her to tell Sivagami that he was alive, she vows to do so. Jeemotha unsuccessfully enslaves Hidumba's enslaved children. Kattapa is given a few days of freedom by Maharaja Somadeva and he pursues his journey in finding Shivappa. Shivappa flees the village and his assistant Malla when Kattappa enters the village. Ally can give the message from Gundu Ramu to Sivagami and she is assigned to kill Kattappa by Brinhalla, she then exposes that she is in love with Kattapa. She exposes her feeling to Kattapa who then loved her back as well, however, she is remorseful that she was failing this mission of killing Kattapa and stages that Malla is her true dad. She then kills Malla and asks Kattapa to bring the body to her native village to the last rites of Malla. Shivappa is knocked out and made unconscious, his body is then secretly switched with Malla. They then go past the river where Ally is deciding if she should kill Kattappa right there and then.

Sivagmai learns about how Rhudra Bhatta (the head priest) is sacrificing innocent children. She decides to stop him alongside Rhudra Bhatta's daughter-in-law Gomati. It is stated before Shivappa was knocked out unconscious, he hid in the attic of the orphanage. Moreover, rumors started to spread that he was a ghost. He is nearly caught but successfully escapes but is then knocked out. Rhudra Bhatta decides to sacrifice Akhila for his next ritual with Prine Bjjaladeva. Pattaraya alongside his daughter goes to the vassal state of Kandaraimadalam where he meets his lover and the biological mother of Mekhala, the imprisoned queen Chitraveni. Chitraveni promises to marry Pattaraya if he could get some Gaurikanta stones, which was the main reason for Mahishmati's sudden rise. It is told that Mahishmati was also formerly a vassal state of Kandaraimandalam. Pattaraya sends his daughter Mekhala to kill the governor, Mekhala fails and she is sent to work in the harem of puppet ruler King Narasimha.

Sivagami confronts Rhudra Bhatta who tells her the real story of Devaraya (Sivagami's father). It is said that slaves used to mine the Amma Gauri mountain which got them Gaurikanta stones. Gaurikanta stones helped Mahishmati rise but people believed Amma Gauri was mad that people were mining her mountain. Somadeva publicly promised to stop the mining in the Amma Gauri mountain and everyone start praying to Amma Gauri mountain. He deceived his people and made innocent children mine the mountains. Devaraya found this out and threatened to tell the people, Somadeva then got Devaraya executed and called him a traitor. Sivagami after hearing the story realized Rhudra Bhatta's son and Prince Bjjaladeva were coming so she kidnapped Rhudra Bhatta and held him hostage in a warehouse. Prince Mahadeva had followed Bjjaladeva and Bjjaladeva had to act like they were trying to get Rhudra Bhatta. Mahadeva finds Akhilla and rescues her. Gundu Ramu tries numerous attempts to escape Hidumba but fails until he is saved a befriended by Vamana. Sivagami burns Rhudra Bhatta alive but not before Rhudra Bhatta cursing her that she'll be betrayed by her husband and son. Mahadeva alongside his men catches Sivagami burning Rhudra Bhatta and orders her to be arrested.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
*''[[Baahubali: Before the Beginning]]''
*''[[The Rise of Sivagami]]''
*''[[Queen of Mahishmathi]]''
*''[[Baahubali (franchise)]]''

{{Baahubali}}

[[Category:Indian English-language novels]]
[[Category:Indian historical novels]]
[[Category:Novels set in India]]
[[Category:Indian novels adapted into television shows]]
[[Category:Westland Books books]]
[[Category:2020 Indian novels]]

DHR B Class

2025-10-23T04:48:27Z

Good Life Financial:

{{Short description|Class of narrow gauge steam locomotives built for Darjeeling Himalayan Railway}}
{{Infobox locomotive
| name = DHR B Class
| powertype = Steam
| image = DHR 792 with School Train 05-02-23 02.jpeg
| alt =
| caption = No. 792 hauling a school train, 2005
| designer =
| builder = {{ubl|[[Sharp, Stewart & Co.]] (12)|[[North British Locomotive Co.]] (16)|[[Baldwin Locomotive Works]] (3)|DHR Tindharia Works (3)}}
| ordernumber =
| serialnumber =
| buildmodel =
| builddate = 1889–1925
| totalproduction = 34
| rebuilder =
| rebuilddate =
| numberrebuilt =
| whytetype = {{Whyte|0-4-0|ST}}
| uicclass = B n2t
| gauge = {{Track gauge|2ft}}
| driverdiameter = {{convert|26|in|m|3|abbr=on}}
| minimumcurve =
| wheelbase =
| length =
| width =
| height =
| axleload = {{convert|7.75|LT}}
| weightondrivers =
| locoweight = {{convert|14|LT}}
| tenderweight =
| locotenderweight =
| tendertype =
| fueltype =
| fuelcap =
| watercap =
| tendercap =
| sandcap =
| boiler =
| boilerpressure = {{convert|140|psi|MPa|2|abbr=on}}
| feedwaterheater =
| firearea = {{convert|9|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}
| tubearea =
| fluearea =
| tubesandflues =
| fireboxarea =
| totalsurface = {{convert|316|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}
| superheatertype = None
| cylindercount = Two, outside
| cylindersize = {{convert|11|x|14|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| valvegear =
| valvetype =
| valvetravel =
| valvelap =
| valvelead =
| transmission =
| maxspeed =
| poweroutput =
| tractiveeffort = {{convert|7750|lbf|kN|2|abbr=on}}
| factorofadhesion =
| trainheating =
| locobrakes =
| locobrakeforce =
| trainbrakes =
| safety =
| operator = {{ubl|[[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway]]|→ [[Indian Railways]]}}
| operatorclass = B
| powerclass =
| numinclass =
| fleetnumbers = {{ubl|DHR: 17–30, 32–36, 39–53|All-India: 777–806}}
| officialname =
| nicknames =
| axleloadclass =
| locale =
| deliverydate =
| firstrundate =
| lastrundate =
| retiredate =
| withdrawndate =
| preservedunits =
| restoredate =
| scrapdate =
| currentowner =
| disposition = Some still in service
| notes = {{sfn|Hughes|1994|p=34}}{{sfn|Marshall|2001|pp=60–61}}
}}[[File:Darjeeling train in shed. 1979.jpg|thumb|300px|Darjeeling train in shed. 1979]]

The '''DHR B Class''' is a class of {{Track gauge|2ft}} gauge {{Whyte|0-4-0|ST}} [[Tank locomotive#Saddle tank|saddle tank]] [[steam locomotive]]s used on the [[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway]] (DHR) in [[West Bengal]], India.{{sfn|Hughes|1994|p=34}}{{sfn|Marshall|2001|p=60}}

==Service history==
A total of 34 B Class locomotives have served on the DHR. Some are still on the working roster. One ([[DHR 778]]) was sold for private preservation, and four others were sold to Coal India, Assam. The remaining class members have been either plinthed in various locations in northern India or scrapped. Of the few in active service, the locomotives 788 'Tusker' and 'Victor' haul trains between Darjeeling to Ghum stations via Batasia loop, quite a few times a day. {{sfn|Marshall|2001|pp=60–61}} Another loco, DHR 780 is kept preserved with two narrow gauge coaches at Eco Park, Rajarhat, as an exhibit.

19B was re-imported to the UK c. 2000 and underwent restoration before spending two decades operating at the [[Beeches Light Railway]].<ref name=Holden>{{cite news |last=Holden |first=Michael |date=24 May 2023 |title=Adrian Shooter's two-foot gauge replica Indian Hill railway up for auction. |url=https://www.railadvent.co.uk/2023/05/adrian-shooters-two-foot-gauge-replica-indian-hill-railway-up-for-auction.html |work=Rail Advent |access-date=25 May 2023}} </ref>
[[File:Preserved DHR 780 with 2 coaches.jpg|thumb|right|Preserved DHR 780 with 2 coaches]]
[[File:Preserved B class steam loco -780 with NG coaches.jpg|thumb|right|The front look of the preserved DHR B Class - showing the saddle tank]]

==Livery==
Initially, all members of the class were liveried in DHR green. For a short period after World War II, they were repainted black. Later, they ran in an unlined red colour. They were given their current Caledonian blue with white lining after coming into ownership of the [[Northeast Frontier Railway]] in 1958.{{sfn|Reed|1972|p=}}{{sfn|Gammell|1985|p=7}}

==Preserved examples==

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
!DHR Nº
!Manufacturer
!Serial Nº
!Built
!IR Nº
!Location
!Current status
!Image
!Notes
|-
|28
|Sharp, Stewart & Co.
|4978
|1903
|785
|Dehradun railway station
|Display
|[[File:B class ^785 DHR locomotive plinthed outside Dehradun railway station - Flickr - Dr. Santulan Mahanta.jpg|130px]]
|
|-
|32
|North British Locomotive Co.
|20143
|1913
|787
|Siliguri Junction station
|Display
|[[File:DHR 787 at Siliguri Shed 05-02-18 19.jpeg|130px]]
|
|-
|33
|North British Locomotive Co.
|20144
|1913
|788
|Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, India
|Operational
|[[File:Stem Engine of Himalayan mountain train..JPG|130px]]
|
|-
|41
|Sharp, Stewart & Co.
|44914
|1917
|794
|Neral shed
|Display
|[[File:Matheran in August2012SONY DSC - panoramio.jpg|130px]]
|
|-
|42
|
|
|
|795
|
|
|[[File:Toy Train Darjeeling West Bengal India.jpg|130px]]
|
|}

==See also==

*[[Rail transport in India#History]]
*[[Indian Railways]]
*[[Locomotives of India]]
*[[Rail transport in India]]

==References==

===Notes===
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|last1=Gammell|first1=C.J.|title=Relics of the Raj|date=1985|publisher=G.R.Q.|location=London|isbn=0946863016}}
*{{Hughes-SII}}
*{{Hughes-IndianLocos3}}
*{{cite book|last=Manning|first=Peter|title=The Anatomy of the Darjeeling Garratt and the Engine it tried to Replace: the DHR Class "B" saddle tank|date=2013|publisher=Peter Manning Design & Drafting|location=Coromandel Valley, South Australia|isbn=9780980621228}}
*{{Marshall-INGSR}}
*{{cite book|last1=Reed|first1=Brian|title=Darjeeling Tanks|series=Loco Profile 23|date=1972|publisher=Profile Publications|location=Windsor, UK|oclc=498607897|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Loco-Profile-23-Darjeeling-Tanks/dp/B001A4IEDA}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline|DHR B Class}}

{{Narrow gauge locomotives of India|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Baldwin locomotives]]
[[Category:NBL locomotives]]
[[Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1889]]
[[Category:Steam locomotives of India]]
[[Category:Sharp Stewart locomotives]]
[[Category:0-4-0ST locomotives]]
[[Category:B n2t locomotives]]
[[Category:2 ft gauge locomotives]]

Nemilichery railway station

2025-08-24T19:49:23Z

Good Life Financial: Started a info w/ sources!

{{Short description|Railway station in Chennai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Nemilichery
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] and [[Chennai Suburban Railway]] station
| image =
| image_caption =
| address = [[Nemilichery]], [[Thiruninravur]], [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13|7|17|N|80|2|43|E|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]], [[Indian Railways]]
| line = [[West Line, Chennai Suburban|West]], [[West North Line, Chennai Suburban|West North]] and [[West South Line, Chennai Suburban|West South]] lines of [[Chennai Suburban Railway]]
| platform = 2
| tracks = 4
| other =
| structure = Standard on-ground station
| depth =
| levels =
| parking = Available
| bicycle =
| accessible =
| code = NEC
| zone = [[Southern Railway (India)|Southern Railways]]
| opened = 2010
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 29 November 1979<ref name="IRFCA_HistoryOfElectrification"/>
| former = South Indian Railway
| mpassengers =
| passengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| services = {{adjacent stations|system1=Chennai Suburban|line1=West|left1=Thiruninravur|to-left=Arakkonam Junction|right1=Pattabiram|to-right1=Chennai Central MMC}}
| route_map = {{West Line, Chennai Suburban}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #FF3210
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Nemilichery railway station''' is one of the railway stations of the [[Chennai Central]]–[[Arakkonam]] section of the [[Chennai Suburban Railway Network]]. It serves the neighbourhood of [[Nemilichery]], [[Thiruninravur]] a suburb of [[Chennai]], and is located 27 km west of Chennai Central railway station. It has an elevation of 32.05 m above [[Mean sea level|sea level]].

Presently, Nemilichery, with three temporary shelters, is only a halt station and not a full-fledged one.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Jeeva
| title = 4 months on, Nemilichery stn still lacks water, toilet facilities
| newspaper = The Times of India
| location = Chennai
| language = ta

| date = 30 June 2010 | url = http://lite.epaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=4&edlabel=TOICH&mydateHid=30-06-2010&pubname=&edname=&articleid=Ar00405&format=&publabel=TOI
| access-date = 4 October 2012}}{{dead link|date=April 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> However, all the 71 pairs of slow suburban trains halt at the station.<ref>{{cite news
| title = All suburban trains to halt at Nemilichery, says Southern Railway
| newspaper = The Times of India
| location = Chennai
| language =ta

| date = 9 February 2010 | url = http://lite.epaper.timesofindia.com/getpage.aspx?articles=yes&pageid=5&max=true&articleid=Ar00502&sectid=1edid=&edlabel=TOICH&mydateHid=09-02-2010&pubname=Times+of+India+-+Chennai+-+Times+City&title=All+suburban+trains+to+halt+at+Nemilichery%2C+says+Southern+Railway&edname=&publabel=TOI
| access-date = 4 October 2012}}{{dead link|date=April 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==History==
Nemilichery railway station is the newest railway station in the Chennai Central–Arakkonam section of the Chennai Suburban Railway Network. With the two nearest railway stations of {{stnlnk|Pattabiram}} and {{stnlnk|Thirunindravur}} on the eastern and western sides, respectively, lying 4.01 km apart, there was a demand for a new railway station in the midst of these two stations, which would benefit more than 100,000 people in the neighbourhood.<ref name="FinallyStationToBeCommissioned">{{cite news
| last = Jeeva
| title = Finally, Nemilichery rly stn to be commissioned by November-end
| location = Chennai
| date = 26 October 2009 | url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-10-26/chennai/28072265_1_railway-station-southern-railway-chennai-divisional-railway-manager
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130103101845/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-10-26/chennai/28072265_1_railway-station-southern-railway-chennai-divisional-railway-manager
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 3 January 2013
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 4 October 2012}}</ref> [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]] gave its in principle approval for the construction of a new railway station in 2002 and the site inspection was carried out by the then minister of state for railways, [[A. K. Moorthy]], in 2003.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Jeeva
| title = Seven years on, Nemilichery still waiting for railway station
| location = Chennai
| date = 19 April 2009 | url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-04-19/chennai/28023453_1_railway-station-pattabiram-s-k-kulshrestha
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130103103412/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-04-19/chennai/28023453_1_railway-station-pattabiram-s-k-kulshrestha
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 3 January 2013
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 4 October 2012}}</ref> The railway station was initially estimated at a cost of {{INR}} 5.8 million, with the Jaya Group of Educational Institutions contributing {{INR}} 2.5 million as public contribution towards the construction.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Lakshmi
| first = K.
| title = Nemilichery railway station project yet to gain momentum
| location = Chennai
| date = 19 December 2007 | url = http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/19/stories/2007121961210400.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071220095207/http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/19/stories/2007121961210400.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 20 December 2007
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| access-date = 4 October 2012}}</ref> The final cost of construction of the station, however, was about {{INR}} 10 million,<ref name="StationToBeOpenedToday"/> including {{INR}} 3.574 million towards earth work for laying the platform and {{INR}} 3.828 million towards shifting of tracks.<ref name="FinallyStationToBeCommissioned"/>

The station was inaugurated on 5 February 2010.<ref name="StationToBeOpenedToday">{{cite news
| title = Nemilicherry station to be opened today
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 5 February 2010 | url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article101012.ece
| access-date = 4 October 2012}}</ref> The lines at the station, however, were electrified on 29 November 1979, with the electrification of the Chennai Central–Tiruvallur section.<ref name="IRFCA_HistoryOfElectrification">{{cite web
| title = IR Electrification Chronology up to 31.03.2004
| work = History of Electrification
| publisher = IRFCA.org
| url = http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html
| access-date = 17 November 2012}}</ref>

The subway connecting the two sides of the neighbourhoods was completed by March 2016 and was commissioned to public use on 21 April 2016<ref>{{cite news
| title = Subway at Nemilichery railway station near Chennai to be completed by March
| newspaper = The Times of India
| location = Chennai

| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Subway-at-Nemilichery-railway-station-near-Chennai-to-be-completed-by-March/articleshow/50994426.cms
| access-date = 20 February 2016}}</ref>

== Station Layout ==
There are a total of 4 platforms and 4 tracks. The platforms are connected by [[foot overbridge]]. These platforms are built to accumulate 24 coaches express train.

{| cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" border="0"
| valign="top" width="50" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''G'''
| valign="top" width="100" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |North Entrance Street level
| valign="top" width="390" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Exit/Entrance
|-
| rowspan="5" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="50" valign="center" |'''P'''
| width="100" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''Track 4'''
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Towards → [[Chennai Central railway station|MGR Chennai Central]]
|-
| width="100" style="border-bottom:solid 3px black;" |'''Track 3'''
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 3px black;" |Towards ← [[Arakkonam Junction railway station|Arakkonam Junction]] / [[Jolarpettai Junction railway station|Jolarpettai Junction]]
|-
| width="100" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''Platform 2'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="500" |Towards → [[Moore Market Complex railway station|Chennai Central MMC]] next station is [[Pattabiram railway station|Pattabiram]]
|-
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Foot overbridge|FOB]], [[Island platform]]<nowiki> | </nowiki>'''P1 &''' '''P2''' Doors will open on the right<nowiki> | </nowiki>'''T3 & T4''' – '''''Express Lines'''''
|-
| width="100" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''Platform 1'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="500" |Towards ← [[Arakkonam Junction railway station|Arakkonam Junction]] next station is [[Thiruninravur railway station|Thiruninravur]]
|-
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="50" valign="top" |'''G'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="50" valign="top" |South Entrance Street level
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="50" valign="top" |Exit/Entrance & ticket counter
|-
|}

==Neighbourhoods==
The station serves the neighbourhood, including East Thiruninravur, Srinath Nagar, TI Nagar, Gomathi Amman Nagar, Ambal Nagar, Nehru Nagar, Nemilichery, Annambedu, West Thandurai, Abirami Nagar, and Rajankuppam.

==See also==
* [[Chennai Suburban Railway]]
* [[Railway stations in Chennai]]
{{Portal bar|India|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/nemilicherry-halt-nec/9445 Nemilichery station at Indiarailinfo.com]

{{Chennai - Suburban Railway, West|Nemilichery|Pattabiram|Thirunindravur|17|26}}
{{Chennai - Suburban Railway, West North|Nemilichery|Pattabiram|Thirunindravur|17|26}}
{{Chennai - Suburban Railway, West South|Nemilichery|Pattabiram|Thirunindravur|17|26}}
{{Chennai topics}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2010]]
[[Category:Chennai Suburban Railway stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Chennai]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Tiruvallur district]]

Sakshi (witness)

2025-07-31T12:59:24Z

Good Life Financial: Created the details w/ sources.

{{Short description|Pure awareness in Hindu philosophy}}
{{Hinduism}}
{{Hindu philosophy}}
In [[Hindu philosophy]], '''Sakshi''' ([[Sanskrit]]: साक्षी), also '''Sākṣī''', "witness," is the [[Purusha|'pure awareness']] that witnesses all things and events. It witnesses all thoughts, words and deeds without affecting them or being affected by them. It is beyond time and space and the triad of experiencer, experiencing and experienced. ''Sakshi'' or ''[[Shiva]]'' (consciousness), along with ''[[Shakti]]'' (will/energy/motion), represents ''[[Brahman]]'', the totality itself in its most fundamental state, the almighty and all-pervasive, revealed in ancient Hindu philosophical texts.<ref>{{cite book|title=Hinduism|year=2006|publisher=Chinmaya Mission|pages=69–70|isbn=9781880687383}}</ref>

==Etymology and meaning==
''Sākṣī'' means 'observer', 'Witness-Self' or the 'Supreme Being'. It is the [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]], the unchangeable eternal Reality, Pure Consciousness, self-luminous and never itself an object of observation.<ref name ="Ranganathananda"/> It is the timeless Being that witnesses the ceaseless flow and change in the world of thought and things.<ref>{{cite book|title=Manoniyantran|author=T.N.Achuta Rao|date=September 2004|publisher=Gyan Books|page=102|isbn=9788178352909|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=okUjWme6MF8C&q=sakshi+vedas&pg=PA102}}</ref>

It lends its shine (''Chitchhaya'') to the "ego" part of the [[subtle body]], which consists of the everchanging Mind, the decision-making Intellect, the Memory and the Illusory Ego.<ref>{{cite book|title=Sanskrit – English Dictionary|author=Vaman Shivram Apte|publisher=Digital Dictionaries of South Asia|url=http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/contextualize.pl?p.6.apte.742017}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Upanishads==
The word साक्षी (''sākṣī'') is used in the following verse from [[Shvetashvatara Upanishad]],

:एको देवः सर्वभूतेषु गूढः सर्वव्यापी सर्वभूतान्तरात्मा |
:कर्माध्यक्षः सर्वभूताधिवासः साक्षी चेता केवलो निर्गुणश्च ||

:"The Lord is hidden in the hearts of all.
:The eternal witness, pure consciousness,
:He watches our work from within, beyond
:The reach of the gunas (attributes of mind)."
:(Shvetashvatara Upanishad Sl. VI.11, translated by Eknath Easwaran)

The [[Varaha Upanishad]] (IV) refers to one of the seven ''[[Bhumika]]s'' which is of the form of ''pranava'' (''Aum'' or ''[[Om]]''). It has four parts (''akāra'', ''ukāra'', ''makāra'' and ''ardhmātra'') due to the difference of ''sthula'' (gross), ''sukshama'' (subtle), ''bija'' (causal) and ''sakshi'' (witness). Their corresponding ''avasthas'' (states of consciousness) are – waking, dreaming, dream-less sleep, and ''turiya''. The state of consciousness identified with the ''Sakshi'' essence is '[[turiya]]'.<ref>{{cite book|title=Thirty Minor Upanishads|author=IslamKotob|publisher=Islamic Books|page=23|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CvXZ0j1UyAAC&q=sakshi+upanishads&pg=PA232}}</ref>

==Panini==
[[Pāṇini|Panini]] states that the term indicates a direct seer or eyewitness (Panini Sutras V.ii.91).<ref>{{cite book|title=Śvetāśvatatra Upanisad 1986 Ed.|publisher=Advaita Ashrama|pages=190–191|url= http://www.chennaimath.org/istore/product/svetasvatara-upanishad-gambhirananda/ }}</ref> Sakshi means [[Ishvara]], the चेता (cetā), the sole Self-consciousness, who is the witness of all, who gives consciousness to every human being, thereby making each rational and discriminatory.<ref>{{cite book|title=Kriya Yoga|author=Paramahamsa Hariharananda|year=2006|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|page=133|isbn=9788120831414|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G11HR9B4io8C&q=sakshi+upanishads&pg=PA133}}</ref>

==Vedanta==
[[Vedanta]] speaks of mind (''chitta''), or ''antahkarana'' ('internal instrument'), and matter as the subtle and gross forms of one and the same reality. The field of mind (''Chittakasha'') involves the duality of subject and object, the seer and the seen, the observer (''drg'') and the observed (''drshya''); this duality is overcome in the field of pure Consciousness. Such knowledge, says [[Adi Sankara|Sankara]], does not destroy or create, it only illumines.<ref name ="Ranganathananda">{{cite book|title=Human Being in Depth|author=Swami Ranganathananda|date=27 September 1991|publisher=SUNY Press|pages=86–87|isbn=9780791406809|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJGFP__WXX0C&q=sakshi+vedanta&pg=PA86 }}</ref> According to the ''[[Dŗg-Dŗśya-Viveka|Drg-drshya-Viveka]]'':

:"When form is the object of observation or drshyam, then the eye is the observer or drk; when the eye is the object of observation, then the mind is the observer; when the pulsations of the mind are the objects of observation, then Sakshi or the Witnessing-Self is the real observer; and it is always the observer, and, being self-luminous, can never be the object of observation." When the notion and the attachment that one is the physical body is dissolved, and the Supreme Self is realized, wherever one goes, there one experiences [[Samadhi]].

[[Swami Sarvapriyananda]] explains it thus:<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?t=627&v=tJfM0tyOwjc |title=The Nature of Self: Hinduism/Buddhism, Atman/Anatman, Purna/Shunya|website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

:"See, this table is an object of experience to my eyes. My eyes and the body are objects of experience to my mind. And my mind is an object of experience, I cannot deny it, it's a fact ...to what? That awareness which experiences the mind from within. That awareness which cannot be objectified. That is called, for want of a better term, because it witnesses, it shines upon, illumines every movement of the mind, every thought, every idea, every memory, every feeling, it's called the Witness. In Sanskrit: ''sakshi''."

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian philosophy|state=collapsed}}
{{Hinduism (compact)}}
{{Consciousness}}

[[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Language and mysticism]]
[[Category:Sanskrit words and phrases]]
[[Category:Vedanta]]

Kalira Atita

2025-07-31T06:59:29Z

Good Life Financial: Started some bio more to come

{{Short description|Indian Film}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kalira Atita (Yesterday’s Past)
| image =
| alt =
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Nila Madhab Panda]]
| producer = [[Nila Madhab Panda]]
| writer =
| starring = [[Pitobash Tripathy]]
| music = Daniel B. George
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2020|11|6|df=y}}
| runtime = 83 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Kalira Atita'''''<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.utkaltoday.com/odia-film-kalira-atita-a-poetic-portrayal/|title=Odia film Kalira Atita: A poetic portrayal of emotional trauma and triumph|date=11 November 2020}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prameyanews.com/kalira-atita-yesterdays-past-the-upcoming-odia-film-based-on-climate-change/|title=Kalira Atita (Yesterday's Past) - The upcoming Odia film based on climate change|date=9 November 2020}}</ref> is a 2020 Indian [[Odia language|Odia-language]] [[family film]] directed by [[Nila Madhab Panda]], who earlier directed ''[[I am Kalam]]'' and ''[[Jalpari: The Desert Mermaid|Jalpari]]''. This movie talks about climate change and its repercussions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/why-iffi-selected-odia-feature-film-kalira-atita-is-a-wake-up-call-to-global-warming-and-its-washing-out-of-lands-people-memories-7155938/|title=Why IFFI-selected Odia feature film, Kalira Atita, is a wake-up call to global warming and its washing out of lands, people and memories|date=21 January 2021|work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/entertainment-news-kalira-atita-a-film-by-nila-madhab-panda-speaks-of-the-emotional-impact-of-climate-change/375178|title=Kalira Atita: A Film By Nila Madhab Panda Speaks Of The Emotional Impact Of Climate Change|date=23 February 2021|website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]}}</ref> The director sent the film to the Academy Awards committee.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/nila-madhab-panda-submits-kalira-atita-for-oscars|title=Nila Madhab Panda submits 'Kalira Atita' for Oscars|work=[[IANS]]|via=[[Telangana Today]]|date=20 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/nila-madhab-panda-oscar-or-not-doesn-t-matter-attention-of-people-is-important-for-kalira-atita-101614604882243.html|title=Nila Madhab Panda: Oscar or not, doesn't matter, attention of people is important for Kalira Atita|date=1 March 2021|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|author=Rishabh Suri}}</ref> The film won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Odia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/2021/mar/22/67th-national-film-awards-actors-dhanush-manoj-bajpayee-bag-the-best-actor-award-kangana-ranaut-w-32531.html|title=67th National Film Awards: Actors Dhanush, Manoj Bajpayee bag the Best Actor award; Kangana Ranaut wins Best Actress|date=22 March 2021|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|author=P. Parthiban}}</ref>

==Plot==
Disillusioned Gunu, a young man from Satavaya village, travels relentlessly from the memories of a past cyclone into the eye of an upcoming one hoping to reunite with his lost family.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cinema.cornell.edu/kalira-atita-yesterdays-past|title=Kalira Atita (Yesterday's Past) | Cornell Cinema|website=cinema.cornell.edu}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Pitobash Tripathy]] as Gunu

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Firstpost]]'' wrote that "In Nila Madhab Panda's National Award-winning Odia film, the lone actor Pitobash does his best to lend a human face to what is essentially an environmental documentary".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kalira-atita-movie-review-noble-marriage-of-narrative-and-non-fiction-9941031.html|title=Kalira Atita movie review: Noble marriage of narrative and non-fiction|work=[[Firstpost]]|date=6 September 2021|author=Rahul Desai}}</ref> A critic from ''Cinestaan'' said that "A fine blend of fiction and the documentation of the villages that have been submerged by the cyclones that routinely hit the Odisha coast, Kalira Atita gives us a glimpse of an impending doomsday scenario when humans, drunk on the ambition of taking civilization forward, will find survival increasingly difficult owing to the harrowing consequences of climate change".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/kalira-atita-45163|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907074921/https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/kalira-atita-45163|url-status=live|archive-date=7 September 2021|title=Kalira Atita review: Seamless blend of fiction and documentation depicts alarming effect of climate change|date=6 November 2020|author=Roushni Sarkar|work=Cinestaan}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|14141184}}

[[Category:Indian family films]]
[[Category:2020s Odia-language films]]

Karl Marx in Kalbadevi

2025-06-03T20:38:11Z

Good Life Financial: Started the bio initial version

{{good article}}
{{short description|2013 Gujarati play}}
{{use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{use Indian English|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox play
| name = Karl Marx in Kalbadevi
| image = Karl Marx In Kalbadevi poster.jpeg
| caption = Official poster
| writer = [[Uttam Gada]]
| characters = [[Karl Marx]] (played by Satchit Puranik)
| setting = Present time [[Kalbadevi]], Mumbai
| premiere = {{Start date|df=y|2013|3|22}}
| place = [[National Centre for the Performing Arts (India)|National Centre for the Performing Arts]], [[Mumbai]]
| orig_lang = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| subject = Karl Marx
| genre = [[One-man play]]
| web = https://www.iuproduction.com/karl-mask-in-kalbadevi
}}
'''''Karl Marx in Kalbadevi''''' is a 2013 [[one-man play]] about the German philosopher [[Karl Marx]] played by Satchit Puranik. Written by [[Uttam Gada]] and directed by [[Manoj Shah]], the play depicts an imaginary visit by Marx to [[Kalbadevi]], the [[wikt:hypercapitalism|hypercapitalist]] area of [[Mumbai]], India. The play tried to introduce to a commercially-minded [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] community the ideas of a radical critic of capitalist society, in a style that adopts song, dance, [[repartee]], and interactive [[wikt:badinage|badinage]] with the audience to make his complex ideas more suitable to the taste and cultural background of local audiences.

''Karl Marx in Kalbadevi'' was successful and has had hundreds of performances, but received mixed reviews from theatre critics. It was praised for Puranik's performance and for presenting complex ideas simply but criticised for its script.

==Background==
Uttam Gada drew his original inspiration for ''Karl Marx in Kalbadevi'' from [[Howard Zinn]]'s 1999 play ''[[Marx in Soho]]''.<ref name=Gahlot2020>{{cite web|last=Gahlot|first=Deepa|author-link=Deepa Gahlot|title=On Your Marx – Flashback|url=https://www.deepagahlot.com/on-your-marx-flashback/|date=10 June 2020|access-date=19 October 2020|archive-date=20 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020233142/https://www.deepagahlot.com/on-your-marx-flashback/|url-status=live}}</ref> Zinn had imagined what might happen were Marx to wander around [[Manhattan]]'s [[SoHo, Manhattan|Soho]]. Manoj Shah described having had a 'lightbulb moment', wondering what would happen if Mumbai [[Merchant|''dhandhadaari'']]—Gujarati-speaking merchants—were exposed to the ideas of Marx. He passed on to Gada the idea of picturing Marx wandering about an Indian neighbourhood famous for its dedication to capitalist ventures.<ref name=Mirror2020>{{cite news|last=Shah|first=Manoj|title=Ek Uttam tribute|newspaper=[[Mumbai Mirror]]|date=8 June 2020|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/others/things-to-do/ek-uttam-tribute/articleshow/76249010.cms|access-date=23 October 2020}}</ref>

''Karl Marx in Kalbadevi'' premiered at the [[National Centre for the Performing Arts (India)|National Centre for the Performing Arts]], Mumbai, on 22 March 2013.<ref name=FPJ>{{cite web|title=Theatre|website=[[Free Press Journal]]|date=21 March 2013|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/weekend-guide/theatre-11|access-date=21 October 2020|archive-date=22 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022210531/https://www.freepressjournal.in/weekend-guide/theatre-11|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Eye>{{cite web|last=Gahlot|first=Deepa|title=Kaleidoscope: Springtime For Gujarati Theatre|date=25 March 2016|website=The Daily Eye|url=https://thedailyeye.info/post.php?id=fb941aceefde8981|access-date=21 October 2020|archive-date=26 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026030626/https://thedailyeye.info/post.php?id=fb941aceefde8981|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==
Believing a life without travel is no life at all, Karl Marx is overcome by the urge to globetrot. He rules out the classic countries that had adopted his ideas for his journey, Russia and China: Russia's weather is too cold, and in China he would have run up against the formidable [[language barrier]] of [[Chinese language|Chinese]]. He decides to visit India, indifferent to warnings of the dangers of venturing south. He chooses India because he had heard something of the social activism of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]. The fact also that the country had [[Communist Party of India|two communist parties]], one of which had been [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|named after him]], stirs his curiosity.<ref name=Nair>{{cite news|last=Nair|first=Manoj R|title=A minimalist play takes Marx through Kalbadevi|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=5 February 2014|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/a-minimalist-play-takes-marx-through-kalbadevi/story-AXrFpb9Zn3Nn1ZEx4k5XXI.html|access-date=20 October 2020|archive-date=12 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012110624/https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/a-minimalist-play-takes-marx-through-kalbadevi/story-AXrFpb9Zn3Nn1ZEx4k5XXI.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He is also spurred by a desire to clear his name of what he views as unfounded allegations that he himself is a [[Marxism|Marxist]].<ref name=Mohan>{{cite web |first=Deepa|last=Mohan |url=https://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/theatre-review-karl-marx-in-kalbadevi-26064|title=Theatre Review: Karl Marx in Kalbadevi]|website=Citizen Matters|date=7 July 2018|access-date=9 April 2021}}</ref>

At the outset, we are shown an apparently lifeless dummy figure, sprawled on the floor, with just a leg raised and propped on a chair next to a table decorated with several books, such as ''[[Das Kapital]]'' and the ''[[Communist Manifesto]]''.<ref name=Mohan/> The figure suddenly comes to life.<ref name=Mohan/> A light-hearted overture allows the audience to take on a key theme throughout the play which relies on an implicit parallel between words as tokens and money: both secure meaning and value by the mechanisms of circulation, and both shape our lives.<ref name=Mirza>Mirza, Shujaat, [https://medium.com/@shujaatmirza/karl-marx-in-kalbadevi-a-wordplay-with-polemics-f540e8603902 'Karl Marx in Kalbadevi: a Wordplay with Polemics,'] Medium.com 2019</ref> The brochure introducing the play itself alerts the theatre-goer to the intention of its author to have Marx "comfort the disturbed, and disturb the comfortable".<ref name=Mohan/> Later in the play Marx alludes to the difference between wearing a [[Rolex]] or a [[Timex Group|Timex]] - the former flashes the message your time (for success) has come, whereas the latter simply tells you what time it is.<ref name=Mirza/>

On arriving in Mumbai, Marx is keen to visit [[Mani Bhavan]], a museum dedicated to Gandhi's memory, only to find the gatekeeper, a stickler for the details of correct opening times, will not let him in. He crosses paths with a [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] named Manoj Shah who offers to act as his guide, taking him for a tour round Kalbadevi, the heartland of Gujarati capitalism. They proceed next to the [[Mumba Devi Temple]]. There, Marx observes acutely the odd contrast between those who visit the temple to pray to the god for his beneficial intervention, and the beggars who sit outside entreating these same religious visitors for some pittance to help them get through the day.<ref name=Mirza/>

After dining at a notable local restaurant, the Bhagat Tarachand,<ref name=Nair/> the two end up back in a [[pied-à-terre]]. Located in a crowded [[chawl]], the gritty realities of this building and the impoverished quarter around it prompt Marx, sprinkling his memories with bits of German and French to underline his cosmopolitan background,<ref name=Mirza/> in Berlin, London and the United States: he explains to the audience that the theatre manager wouldn't let him talk unless he could entertain the audience with interesting stories,<ref name=Mohan/> and thus he recalls also his early life of humble dwellings, his ambitions to become a poet, his drinking days as a student in [[Trier]], the penury and incomprehension of even his family he had to put up with as he struggled to finish his masterpiece, ''Das Kapital'' in London's [[Soho]].<ref name=Gahlot2020/><ref name=Mirza/> This section on reminiscences is salted with an [[interactive theatre|interactive]] question-and-answer set of exchanges with the audience.<ref name=Mirza/>

The play is peppered, according to critic Deepa Mohan, with memorable one-liners, such as the "smallest one-word joke in China is 'Marxism'."<ref name=Mohan/>

==Reception==
''Karl Marx in Kalbadevi'' is one of Shah's long-running productions.<ref name=Phukan>{{cite web|last=Phukan|first=Vikram|title=Existential parables and tortured souls|website=The Hindu|date=26 June 2019|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/existential-parables-and-tortured-souls/article28158245.ece|access-date=26 October 2020|archive-date=15 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015112212/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/existential-parables-and-tortured-souls/article28158245.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Deepa Gahlot]] thought Satchit Puranik, with his thick shock of hair and bushy beard, bore a striking similarity to the historic Marx. The director, Shah, thought that a play in [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], which belonged to the genre of [[experimental theatre]], had little prospect of reaching more than a handful of viewers, and that it would play at most for just a few nights. Contrary to expectations, however, the piece proved a great success, being performed hundreds of times in Gujarati and in [[Hinglish]], a dialect of English influenced by [[Hindi]].<ref name=Gahlot2020/><ref name=Gahlot2019>{{cite web|last=Gahlot|first=Deepa|author-link=Deepa Gahlot|title=Artistic take on Marx's socialism|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=28 February 2019|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/artistic-take-on-marxs-socialism/article26396619.ece|access-date=23 October 2020|archive-date=23 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023124550/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/artistic-take-on-marxs-socialism/article26396619.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

For Gahlot, there is a tongue-in-cheek tone in Shah's production, with its bold sermonizing about the virtues of socialism before an audience of dyed-in-the-wool capitalists. The basic facts of Marx's life and thinking are set forth woven with homespun truths, iconoclasm and intellectual challenges to preconceived ideas, all threaded with a comic vein. One defect, she argues, is that Marx's formidable figure and life tends to swamp its context, the world of Kalbadevi. The piece could be challenged as too simplistic, but some accommodation was necessary if the play was to achieve its aim of hinting to an audience predominantly raised on a greed-is-good ethic that the [[Marxism|Marxist]] analysis of capitalism merited consideration.<ref name=Gahlot2020/>

Deepa Punjani noted the novelty of introducing into what she considered a rather frivolous tradition of theatrical entertainment, a one-man show in which the global figure of Karl Marx comments on what he sees in the Gujarati world. She expressed reservations about the script for warping Marx's ideas by oversimplification. This was a consequence, she argued, of the author's endeavouring to make Marx's radical ideas less threatening for a Gujarati audience, whose culture was marked by a fascination with money-making. This when, after [[2008 financial crisis]], Marx's analysis of capitalism, as opposed to his discredited political theories, began to attract renewed interest. Marx is made to recognise the virtues of [[venture capitalism]] and technological innovations, for example. The monologue unfolds at breakneck speed, sprinkled with humorous quips, if at times rather repetitively. Despite these shortcomings, she advised theatre-goers to see the play and suggested that the author and director of the play be more adventurous in future attempts to introduce provocative material for the Gujarati stage.<ref>{{cite web|last=Punjani|first=Deepa|title=Karl Marx In Kalbadevi Play Review|url=https://www.mumbaitheatreguide.com/dramas/reviews/29-karl-marx-in-kalbadevi-review-gujarati-play.asp|website=Mumbai Theatre Guide|access-date=23 October 2020|archive-date=24 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024133949/https://www.mumbaitheatreguide.com/dramas/reviews/29-karl-marx-in-kalbadevi-review-gujarati-play.asp|url-status=live}}</ref>

While criticising the unnecessary mentions of the director Manoj Shah in the play and the hollowness of the title, [[Utpal Bhayani]] praised the play's integration of Marx's personal life and his works. He felt the difficult ideas from Marx's magnum opus ''Das Kapital'' and ''Communist Manifesto'', which he co-authored with his lifetime friend [[Friedrich Engels]], were presented interestingly.<ref name=Bhayani>{{cite book|last=Bhayani|first=Utpal|author-link=Utpal Bhayani|title=Rangbhoomi 2013: Reviews of Dramas Performed on Stage in Different Languages and Other Articles on Theatre During 2013|year=2014|location=Mumbai|publisher=Image Publication Pvt. Ltd.|pages=33–35|isbn=((81-7997-599-2))|language=gu}}</ref> Shujaat Mirza appreciated the play's bold attempt to enlist techniques of playful banter, song and dance in order to familiarize the audience with Marx's ideas, which are shorn of any overbearing ideological tone, but he faulted it for glossing over "how Marx was appreciative of the [British] colonial enterprise in India as a way to the emancipation of Indians", but, at the same time, reminded his readers that Marx's ideas played an important role in [[Anti-imperialism|anti-imperialist]] struggles. In this sense, he assesses Satchit Puranik's one-man act as a 'bravura performance' with what is a 'mixed bag' in terms of presenting the real Karl Marx.<ref name=Mirza/>

Deepa Mohan, writing for Citizen Matters, gave it a net positive rating, describing the use of lighting effects, according to the topics or events touched on, as excellent. Also merit-worthy was the astute taped musical accompaniment which complemented the actor's words. Manoj Shah's production was subtle in the way it engaged the actor to speak, in what was admittedly a long monologue that might strain people's powers of attention (90 minutes), in such a way that the talk gave an impression of lively improvisation. The play could, she suggested, otherwise be improved by cutting back the text, to ensure brevity where, at times, the speech seems to drift.<ref name=Mohan/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Karl Marx}}

[[Category:2013 plays]]
[[Category:Biographical plays about philosophers]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Karl Marx]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language plays]]
[[Category:Plays for one performer]]
[[Category:Plays set in the 21st century]]
[[Category:Plays set in India]]
[[Category:Works about Karl Marx]]

Mabel Rebello

2025-05-27T23:35:17Z

Good Life Financial: reworked article for accuracy and updated info to improve readability

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| name = Mabel Rebello
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1950|3|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kundapura]], [[Karnataka]]
| residence =[[Bhopal]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| constituency = [[Jharkhand]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start = 3 April 2006
| termend = 2 April 2012
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<ref>[https://archive.today/20130216062908/http://hindu.com/2001/11/23/stories/02230007.htm News The Hindu 23 November 2001] {{fcn|date=September 2020}}</ref>
| religion =
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date = 22 November |
| year = 2010 |
| source =http://india.gov.in/govt/rajyasabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=237
}}'''Miss Mabel Rebello''' (born 1950) is a politician from [[Indian National Congress]] party and a Member of the [[Parliament of India]] representing [[Jharkhand]] in the [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house of the [[Indian Parliament]].<ref>[http://www.hindustanpages.com/ms-mabel-rebello-mp-rajyasabha-jharkhand Hindustan Pages] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909103652/http://www.hindustanpages.com/ms-mabel-rebello-mp-rajyasabha-jharkhand |date=2013-09-09 }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110317022719/http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/13/stories/2011031364761200.htm News The Hindu 13 March 2011] {{fcn|date=September 2020}}</ref>

She was a Member of the [[National Commission for Minorities]], Government of India and completed her term in 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |last=TwoCircles.net |date=2017-03-08 |title=Minorities commission has virtually no members, no new appointments in sight |url=https://twocircles.net/2017mar08/405962.html |access-date=2023-07-29 |website=TwoCircles.net |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=M'lore: Mable Rebello interacts with minority community leaders |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=219935 |access-date=2023-07-29 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Political Reception ==
Mabel used to be the backroom brain running the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] affairs and assisting [[Sonia Gandhi]] in multiple areas. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Backroom Brains - The invisible hands that run the Congress's daily affairs |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/backroom-brains-the-invisible-hands-that-run-the-congress-s-daily-affairs/cid/972765 |access-date=2023-07-29 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

During atrocities on [[Christians]] who are minorities as [[Member of parliament|Member of Parliament]], she stated that the fringe groups create problems as majority [[Hindus]] are secular and broad minded people. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Laracey |first=Mel |date=2020-09-01 |title=Trump and Us: What He Says and Why People Listen |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07343469.2020.1796150 |journal=Congress & the Presidency |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=397–398 |doi=10.1080/07343469.2020.1796150 |s2cid=226322941 |issn=0734-3469|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Reference list==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070810162909/http://164.100.24.167:8080/members/website/Mainweb.asp?mpcode=237 Profile on Rajya Sabha website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rebello, Mabel}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Udupi district]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]

{{Jharkhand-INC-politician-stub}}
{{MadhyaPradesh-INC-politician-stub}}

S R K Nair

2025-05-14T15:34:02Z

Good Life Financial: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Short description|Indian air officer}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Air Marshal]]
| name = S R K Nair
| honorific_suffix = [[PVSM]], [[AVSM]], [[Vayusena Medal|VM]], [[Mention in Dispatch|M-in-D]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = S R K Nair AOC.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1958|07|07}}
| death_date = 
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_place =
| placeofburial =
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial_coordinates = 
| nickname =
| birth_name =
| allegiance = {{IND}}
| branch = {{Air force|India}}
| serviceyears = June 1980 {{endash}} July 2018
| rank = [[File:Air Marshal of IAF.png|20px]] [[Air Marshal]]
| servicenumber = 16040
| unit =
| commands = [[Training Command (India)|Training Command]]
| battles =
| battles_label =
| awards = [[File:Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] [[File:Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] [[File:Vayusena Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Vayu Sena Medal]]
| spouse = Geethanjali Nair
| relations =
| laterwork =
| signature =
| website =
| other_name =
| memorials =
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
| module =
}}

'''[[Air Marshal]] Sreedhara Panicker Radha Krishnan Nair''' (born 7 July 1958), [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]], [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]], [[Vayu Sena Medal|VM]], [[Mentioned in dispatches|Mention in Dispatches]] is a retired officer of [[Indian Air Force]] who was Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief (AOC-in-C), [[Training Command (India)|Training Command]] of the [[Indian Air Force]] from 1 September 2015 to 31 July 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/iaf-training-chief-srk-nair-retires/articleshow/65213737.cms|title=IAF training chief SRK Nair retires|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=31 July 2018}}</ref> He succeeded [[Air marshal|Air Marshal]] Ramesh Rai.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/s-r-k-nair-takes-over-as-air-officer-commanding-in-chief-in-bengaluru-training-command/articleshow/48760670.cms|title=S R K Nair takes over as Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief in Bengaluru training command|date=2015-09-01|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2017-10-13}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_command.php?pg_id=30&page_type=command&comm_id=6#|title=TRAINING COMMAND|website=indianairforce.nic.in|access-date=2017-10-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/IAF-chief-stresses-quality-training-of-staff/article16715302.ece|title=IAF chief stresses quality training of staff|author=Staff Reporter|date=2016-11-28|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-10-13|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/new-chiefs-take-charge-at-iaf-southern-eastern-commands-1856344.html|title=New chiefs take charge at IAF's Southern, Eastern Commands|work=www.oneindia.com|access-date=2017-10-13|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/training-command-bids-adieu-to-air-officer-commandinginchief-ramesh-rai/article7485575.ece|title=Training Command bids adieu to Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief Ramesh Rai|date=2015-07-31|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-10-13|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Nair was born on 7 July 1958 at [[Thiruvananthapuram]], Kerala. He is an alumnus of [[Loyola School, Thiruvananthapuram]] and [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy, Pune]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/Param-Vishisht-Seva-Medal-for-S.R.K.-Nair/article17093985.ece|title=Param Vishisht Seva Medal for S.R.K. Nair|date=2017-01-25|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-10-13|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

== Career ==
Nair was commissioned into the transport stream of the Indian Air Force in June 1980. He has clocked over 7200 hours of flying and has experience on many different types of aircraft's including [[De Havilland Canada DHC-3 Otter|Otter]], [[Hawker Siddeley HS 748|Avro]], [[An-32]], [[Dornier 228|Dornier]] and [[Ilyushin Il-76|IL-76]]. He held several key operational and administrative appointments at various stages of his service including Chief Operations Officer of a Transport Base; Commanding Officer of a strategic Air lift Squadron; Director Operations (Transport) at Air Headquarters; Air Officer Commanding of AFS Chandigarh; Assistant Chief of the Air Staff (Personnel Airmen and Civilians); Assistant Chief of the Air Staff (Transport & Helicopter) and Senior Air Staff Officer of Training Command. He has also been extensively involved in many military operations including [[Operation Pawan]], [[Operation Cactus]], [[Operation Parakram|Operations Parakram]] and [[Operation Safed Sagar]]. As the Flight Commander, he was directly involved in initiating night operations to Leh and Thoise on the IL-76 aircraft. He has led multiple airborne exercises with foreign countries including [https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/sabinet/accordc/1999/00001999/00000001/art00006 Exercise Blue Crane] in South Africa in 1999, [http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/18765/cope-thunder-begins-in-alaska.html Exercise Cooperative Cope Thunder in USA in 2003] and [http://intellibriefs.blogspot.com/2007/09/indra-07-maiden-military-exercise-in.html Russia in Exercise INDRA 2007].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=30988|title=Press Information Bureau|access-date=2017-10-13}}</ref> He captained a flight to the [https://www.onmanorama.com/news/nation/2020/06/20/indian-air-force-aviator-flight-to-north-pole-usa.html North Pole in an Indian Air Force (IAF) IL-76 aircraft on 20 Jun 2003], making it the [https://books.google.com/books?id=c79aDwAAQBAJ&dq=First+indian+aircraft+to+fly+over+the+north+pole+LIMCA&pg=PT249 first Indian aircraft to fly over the true North pole.] He played a pivotal role in [http://www.sps-aviation.com/story/?id=1297 operationalising Daulet Beg Oldi], the highest air strip in the world, for An-32 and C-130 aircraft. He was involved in numerous disaster relief operations during the [[2001 Gujarat earthquake]], Super cyclone in Orissa, [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami|2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami]], Mumbai Floods, [[Cyclone Katrina]], China Earthquake and was the Air Force co-ordinator for [[Operation Rahat]]. He is a qualified Flying Instructor, has been an Air Force Examiner and is the Commodore Commandant of 44 Squadron (Mighty Jets).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/air-marshal-srk-nair-conferred-pvsm/|title=Air Marshal SRK Nair conferred PVSM|date=2017-01-26|work=Jammu Kashmir Latest News {{!}} Tourism {{!}} Breaking News J&K|access-date=2017-10-13|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=138506|title=Press Information Bureau|access-date=2017-10-13}}</ref>
He joined the Armed Forces Tribunal as an Administrative Member at the Kochi Bench on 15 September 2020.

== Awards and medals ==
During 38 years of his career, Nair has been awarded several medals: AOC-in-C Commendation, Chief of the Air Staff Commendation, GOC-in-C Commendation, Mention-in-Despatch (1999), the [[Vayu Sena Medal]] (2005), the [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] (January 2010) and the [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] (January 2017).<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=157683|title=Press Information Bureau|access-date=2017-10-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=60936|title=Press Information Bureau|access-date=2017-10-13}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He is married to Geethanjali Nair and their daughter Karthika Nair (Director & Head of Operations, Praesedia Biotherapeutics Pvt. Ltd.) is married to Manu Balachandran, Deputy Editor, Forbes India.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}{{s-start}}

{{s-mil}}{{Succession box
| title = Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief, [[Training Command (India)|Training Command]]
| years = 1 September 2015 - 31 July 2018
| before = Ramesh Rai
| after = [[Rakesh Kumar Singh Bhadauria]]
}}{{Succession box
| title = Senior Air Staff Officer - [[Southern Air Command (India)|Southern Air Command]]
| years = 1 May 2014 - 31 August 2015
| before = [[Chandrashekharan Hari Kumar]]
| after = [[Raghunath Nambiar]]
}}{{Succession box
| title = [[Deputy Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Deputy Chief of the Air Staff]]
| years = 1 March 2014 - 30 April 2014
| before = [[Subramanyam Sukumar]]
| after = [[Shyam Bihari Prasad Sinha]]
}}{{s-end
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nair, S R K}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Air Force air marshals]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Vayu Sena Medal]]
[[Category:Deputy chiefs of Air Staff (India)]]

Chombu

2025-03-11T01:06:59Z

Good Life Financial: stub - done

{{Short description|Mountain peak in Sikkim, India}}
{{Orphan|date=March 2024}}

{{Infobox mountain
| name = Chombu
| photo =
| photo_caption =
| elevation_m = 6362
| elevation_ref =
| prominence_m =
| prominence_ref =
| listing =
| location = [[Sikkim]], [[India]]
| map = India Sikkim#India
| map_caption = Location of Chombu
| map_size = 270
| label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|27.899531|N|88.644679|E|type:mountain_region:IN-NA_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =
| range_coordinates =
| range_coordinates_ref =
| range =
| topo =
| type =
| first_ascent = No records
| easiest_route =
}}

'''Chombu''' is a mountain peak with elevation {{cvt|6362|m}} located in the north of [[Sikkim]], [[India]].

== Location ==
The peak is located in a relatively isolated part of [[North Sikkim]], along the path that leads to the Thangu-Yumesandong pass. The prominence is {{cvt|1034|m}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chombu |url=https://peakvisor.com/peak/chombu.html |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=PeakVisor |language=en}}</ref>

== Climbing history ==
There are no documented ascents of Chombu. Also, due to its proximity to the Tibetan border, climbing on it is strictly controlled.

=== Attempts ===
In 2019<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-11 |title=Chombu – "Sometimes Things Don't Go Quite According To Plan" |url=https://www.berghaus.com/blog/adventure/chombu-sometimes-things-dont-go-quite-according-to-plan/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=berghaus-en |language=en-GB}}</ref> and 2022, two mountaineers from London made three attempts to climb the summit, but they were unsuccessful. The peak is still unconquered.<ref>{{Cite web |title=British mountaineers make three unsuccessful attempts to summit Mount Chombu |url=http://www.sikkimexpress.com/british-mountaineers-make-three-unsuccessful-attempts-to-summit-mount-chombu |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=Sikkimexpress |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Mountains of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Six-thousanders of the Transhimalayas]]

{{Asia-mountain-stub}}
{{Sikkim-geo-stub}}

Baitapur

2025-03-04T16:06:00Z

Good Life Financial: minor cleanup

{{One source|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Baitapur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = hi
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar
| map_caption = Location in Bihar
| subdivision_type = Country
| coordinates = {{coord|27.108|N|84.464|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[West Champaran district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Bhojpuri and Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Baitapur''' is a village in [[West Champaran]] district in the Indian state of [[Bihar]].

==Demographics==
As of the [[2011 census of India]], Baitapur had a population of 1856 in 362 households. Males constitute 50.53% of the population and females 49.46%. Baitapur has an average literacy rate of 72%, lower than the national average of 74%: male literacy is about 65%, and female literacy is 40.65%. In Baitapur, 19.55% of the population is under 6 years of age.
Ram Janki Mandir situated in West side is best remarkable place in Baitapur.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/final_pca.aspx|title=Census of India 2011|access-date=12 March 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{West Champaran district}}

[[Category:Villages in West Champaran district]]

{{WestChamparan-geo-stub}}

Abraham D. Mattam

2025-01-03T11:41:57Z

Good Life Financial: improved formatting and corrected details for clarity

{{Short description|Syro-Malabar Catholic bishop (1922–2019)}}
{{moresources|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Bishop
| honorific-prefix = His Excellency
| name = Abraham D. Mattam
| honorific-suffix = VC
| title = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Satna|Bishop Emeritus of Satna]]
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| church = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]]
| see = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Satna]]
| term = 1968–1999
| predecessor = none
| ordination = 15 March 1950
| ordained_by =
| consecration =
| consecrated_by =
| rank =

| birth_date = {{birth date|1922|11|21|df=y}}
| birth_place = Narianganam, India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2019|4|16|1922|11|21|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Edappally]], India
| nationality = Indian
| previous_post = prelate
| successor = Mar Mathew Vaniakizhkkel, Mar Joseph Kodakallil

}}

'''Abraham D. Mattam''' (21 November 1922  – 16 April 2019)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2019/apr/17/mar-abraham--mattam-passes-away-1965216.html|title=Mar Abraham Mattam passes away|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=17 April 2019|accessdate=16 August 2020}}</ref> was a bishop of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]].

== Biography ==
Mattam was born in Narianganam, India and ordained a priest on 15 March 1950 from the religious order of Vincentian Congregation ([[Institute of Consecrated Life]]). He was appointed Archiepiscopal Exarch of [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Satna|Satna]] on 29 July 1968. He was appointed bishop to the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Satna]] on 26 February 1977 and ordained bishop on 30 April 1977. He retired from the diocese on 18 December 1999.{{fact|date=August 2020}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bmattamad.html Catholic-Hierarchy]

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mattam, Abraham D.}}
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:Syro-Malabar bishops]]
[[Category:Syro-Malabar priests]]

{{SyroMalabar-bishop-stub}}

Mandalapuruder

2024-12-17T20:49:39Z

Good Life Financial:

{{use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| birth_date = 16th century
| death_date = 16th century
| religion = [[Jainism]]
}}
{{Jainism}}
'''Mandalapuruder''' (c. 16th century) was a [[Jain]] [[ascetic]] and [[lexicographer]].

==Literary contributions==
The greatest contribution of Mandalapruder or ''Vira Mandalaver'' is ''Sudamani Nigandhu''. This work, which he created at the suggestion of his [[guru]] [[Gunapattiren]], comprises 989 stanzas arranged in 12 chapters. It treats of the synonyms of the Flindu Deities, and of the objects of the animal, vegetable and mineral kingdoms as well as of the homonymous and generic terms. Mandalapuruder follows the style of [[Amarakosha]] in this regard. Mandalapuruder is also the author of a poem in praise of ''Arha'', a [[divinity]] worshipped by Jains.

Mandalapuruder is a contemporary of the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagar]] [[Emperor]] [[Krishna Deva Raya]].

==See also==
{{Portal|Religion}}
*[[Tamil Jain]]

==References==
*{{cite book | title=The Tamil Plutarch, containing a summary account of the lives of poets and poetesses of Southern India and Ceylon | last=Chitty| first=Simon Casie| year=1859| pages=52| publisher=Ripley & Strong| location=Jaffna|ref=tamil_plutarch}}

{{Jain Gurus}}
{{Jainism topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tamil poets]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Indian Jain monks]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian Jains]]
[[Category:16th-century Jain monks]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian monks]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:People from the Vijayanagara Empire]]

{{India-poet-stub}}

INAS 561

2024-10-18T17:18:21Z

Good Life Financial:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = INAS 561
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| dates = 15 September 1971 - ''present''<ref name=indiannavy1>{{cite web|title=INAS 561 – Helicopter Training School
|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/naval-aviation/inas-561|publisher=Indian Navy|accessdate=28 December 2014}}</ref>
| country = {{flag|India}}
| allegiance =
| branch = {{nowrap|[[File:Naval Ensign of India.svg|25px|Indian Navy seal]] [[Indian Navy]]}}
| type =
| role =
| size =
| command_structure =
| current_commander =
| garrison = [[INS Rajali]], [[Arakkonam]]
| ceremonial_chief =
| colonel_of_the_regiment =
| nickname = The Rotors
| patron =
| motto =
| colors =
| march =
| mascot =
| battles =
| anniversaries =
| aircraft_helicopter_trainer = [[Sikorsky S-300]] (historical)<ref name=transitiontotriumph>{{cite book|last1=G. M. Hiranandani|title=Transition to Triumph: History of the Indian Navy, 1965-1975|date=1 January 2000|publisher=Lancer Publishers|pages=277|isbn=9781897829721|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zFyMKROi46kC&dq=INAS+321&pg=PA277|accessdate=28 December 2014}}</ref> [[HAL Chetak]] (trainer)<ref name=indiannavy2>{{cite web|title=Indian Naval Air Squadrons|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/naval-fleet/indian-naval-air-squadrons|publisher=Indian Navy|accessdate=27 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226081408/http://indiannavy.nic.in/naval-fleet/indian-naval-air-squadrons|archive-date=26 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}

The '''INAS 561''' is the Naval Helicopter Training School of the [[Indian Navy]] is currently based at [[INS Rajali]], [[Arakkonam]].<ref name=indiannavy1/><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/chetak-helicopter-training-school|title=CHETAK HELICOPTER TRAINING SCHOOL {{!}} Indian Navy|website=www.indiannavy.nic.in|access-date=2016-05-05}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian Navy}}

[[Category:Aircraft squadrons of the Indian Navy]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1971]]

{{India-mil-stub}}

Kuru Kingdom

2024-08-28T23:02:12Z

Good Life Financial:

#REDIRECT [[Kuru kingdom]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
{{R from over-capitalization}}
}}

International Children's Film Festival India

2024-02-17T03:00:58Z

Good Life Financial: Started some info from scratch

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=November 2015}}
{{Film festival infobox
| name = International Children's Film Festival India (ICFFI)
| image =
| caption =
| opening =
| closing =
| awardsreceived =
| awardsgiven =
| films =
| directors =
| producers =
| writers =
| starring =
| host = [[Children's Film Society]]
| date =November 14–20<ref name="Times" />
| number =
| location = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]
| awards =
| founded = [[1955 in film|1955]]
| language =
| website = {{Official website| https://www.cfsindia.org/film-festival/}}
}}

The '''International Children's Film Festival India (ICFFI)''', popularly known as the '''Golden Elephant''', was a film festival conducted for seven days November 14 ([[Children's Day (India)|Children's Day]]) and November 20th<ref name="Times">{{Cite web |last=Ethamukkala |first=Hemachandra |date=2022-11-14 |title=Will there be an ‘International Children’s Film Festival Of India (ICFFI)’ again? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/will-there-be-an-international-childrens-film-festival-of-india-icffi-again/articleshow/95507776.cms |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=[[Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> every two years which is aimed to bring together national and international children's cinema to young audiences in India.<ref>{{cite web|title= About ICFFI 2015|url=http://cfsindia.org/film-festival/|work= Website|accessdate=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Children's Film Festival In Hyderabad In November|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/Childrens-Film-Festival-in-Hyderabad-in-November/2015/07/24/article2937372.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113041316/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/Childrens-Film-Festival-in-Hyderabad-in-November/2015/07/24/article2937372.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 November 2015|work= News|accessdate=}}</ref> It was regularly held for seven days between

The festival was organized by the [[Children's Film Society]] which was formed in 1955 and which was chaired by [[Mukesh Khanna]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Byte-loads of fun to go with children’s film fete |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/byteloads-of-fun-to-go-with-childrens-film-fete/article7847253.ece |accessdate= |work=News}}</ref> until the Society merged with the [[National Film Development Corporation of India]] in 2022.

==History==
The 19th festival took place from November 14 through November 20, 2015. Indian films won nine awards, the largest for any country, but the overall winner was the Russian film ''Celestial Camel'' directed by Irina Plisko and Mikhail Plisko.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pareek |first=Shreya |date=2015-11-22 |title=9 Award Winning Indian Films at the International Children's Film Fest |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/39036/children-film-festival-of-india/ |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=The Better India |language=en-US}}</ref>

The 20th edition of the festival took place from 8 to 14 November 2017 in Hyderabad. The festival had four competition sections: International Live Action, Asian Panorama, International Animation and Little Directors, where international and national [[film]]s compete for the prestigious Golden Elephant Trophies and cash awards. The festival also screened non-competition sections including Children's World that showcased films from across the world. The theme for the festival was “Digital India”<ref>{{cite web|title= Clicking with Children’s Content!|url=http://icffifest.blogspot.in/2015/11/clicking-with-childrens-content.html|work= News|accessdate=}}</ref> – keeping in touch with the digital revolution now touching children's lives and also staying abreast with the times. This edition received the highest number of entries — 1,204 from 80 countries.<ref>{{cite web|title= CFSI gets over 1200 entries for 19th Intl Children's Film Fest|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/CFSI-gets-over-1200-entries-for-19th-Intl-Childrens-Film-Fest/articleshow/49536779.cms|work= News|accessdate=}}</ref> In 2013, there were 894 from 48. Information and Broadcasting Minister [[Arun Jaitley]] unveiled a mobile app for the festival on the inaugural day. The arts, crafts and cultural village of Shilparamam in [[Hyderabad]] was a set for screenings of children's movies in multiple venues in the city.<ref>{{cite web|title= 19th ICFFI themed on 'Digital India,|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/19th-icffi-themed-on-digital-india-115101700605_1.html|work= News|accessdate=}}</ref>

According to the ''Times of India'', the 20th festival may have been its last. The 2019 festival was supposedly canceled because it conflicted with the Telegana state elections.<ref name="Times" /> It was then postponed in 2020 and 2021 due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]].<ref name="Times" /> In 2022, the Children's Society merged with the National Film Development Corporation which did not respond to requests about the 21st festival.<ref name="Times" />

==Awards==
'''Awards for films in Competition Little Directors'''
*A Golden Elephant trophy for Best Little Director
*A Golden Plaque for Second Best Little Director
*A Golden Elephant trophy for Best Little Director – Special Mention by Jury

'''Awards for films in Competition International Animation'''
*A Golden Elephant trophy for Best Animation
*A Golden plaque for Second Best Animation
*A Golden Elephant trophy for Best Animation, Children's Jury

'''Awards for films in Competition International Live Action'''
*A Golden Elephant trophy for Best Live Action
*A Golden plaque for Second Best Live Action
*A Golden Elephant trophy for Best Live Action Director
*A Golden Elephant trophy for Best Live Action Screenplay
*A Golden Elephant trophy for Best Live Action, Children's Jury

'''Awards for films in Competition Asian Panorama'''
*A Golden Elephant trophy for Best Asian Panorama
*A Golden plaque for Second Best Asian Panorama
*A Golden Elephant trophy for Best Asian Panorama Children's Jury

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.cfsindia.org/film-festival/ Official website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Golden Elephant, The}}
[[Category:Film festivals in India]]
[[Category:Mass media in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Youth in India]]

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Nerbudda Division

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Good Life Financial: Started initial post w/ refs!

{{Infobox former subdivision
|native_name =
|conventional_long_name =Nerbudda Division
|common_name = Nerbudda Division
|nation = [[British India]]
|status_text = [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|Division of British India]]
|era =
|year_start = 1853
|date_start =
|event_start = Creation of the division
|year_end = 1947
|date_end =
|event_end = [[Independence of India]]
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|p1 = Nagpur kingdom
|s1 = Madhya Pradesh
|flag_p1 = Nagpur State flag.png
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
|image_flag = British Raj Red Ensign.svg
|image_coat =
|image_map = Central Provs 1909.jpg
|image_map_caption = 1909 map of the Central Provinces.
|capital = [[Hoshangabad]]
|stat_area1 = 47609.2
|stat_year1 = 1901
|stat_pop1 = 1785008
|footnotes =
}}
The '''Nerbudda Division''', named after the [[Narmada River]] (Nerbudda), was a former administrative division of the [[Central Provinces]] of [[British India]].<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Nerbudda |volume=19 |page=388}}</ref> It encompassed a good part of the Narmada River basin in the eastern part of present-day [[Madhya Pradesh]] state of [[India]]. The Nerbudda Division had an area of 47,609.2 km2 with a population of 1,785,008 in 1901.<ref>Hunter, William Wilson, Sir, et al. (1908). ''[[Imperial Gazetteer of India]]'', Volume 6. 1908–1931; Clarendon Press, Oxford.</ref>

The Central Provinces became the [[Central Provinces and Berar]] in 1936 until the [[Independence of India]].

==Territory==
The main mountains in the division were the [[Mahadeo Hills]], the central part of the [[Satpura Range]], where [[Pachmarhi]], the summer [[hill station]] for British officials, and the [[Pachmarhi Cantonment]] were located.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/travel/Pachmarhi-Jewel-in-the-crown-of-Central-India/articleshow/26951719.cms Pachmarhi, Jewel in the crown of Central India]</ref>

The main towns in the division were [[Hoshangabad]] (15,863 inhabitants in 1881), [[Burhanpur]] (33,341 inhabitants in 1901) and [[Gadarwara]] (6,978 in 1901); other important towns were [[Khandwa]], [[Harda]], [[Narsinghpur]], [[Chhindwara]], [[Pandhurna]], [[Sohagpur]], [[Seoni]] and [[Mohgaon]].

==Administrative divisions==
===Districts===
The Nerbudda Division included the following districts:<ref name=EB1911/>
*[[Narsinghpur district|Narsinghpur]]
*[[Hoshangabad district|Hoshangabad]]
*'''[[Nimar]]''', present-day Khandwa ([[Khandwa district|East Nimar]]) and Khargone ([[Khargone district|West Nimar]])
*[[Betul district|Betul]]
*[[Chhindwara district|Chhindwara]]

===Princely states===
[[Makrai State]] was the only [[princely state]] within the division and was under the supervision of the Nerbudda commissioner.

==See also==
*[[Central Provinces#Politics and Administration|Central Provinces, Administration]]
*[[Saugor and Nerbudda Territories]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
* McEldowney, Philip F. (1980). ''Colonial Administration and Social Developments in middle India: The Central Provinces, 1861–1921.'' Ph.D. dissertation.

{{coord|22|45|N|77|43|E|region:IN_type:landmark_source:kolossus-svwiki|display=title}}
{{Divisions of British India}}
[[Category:Divisions of British India]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1853]]