Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Raja Marthanda

2023-10-07T14:18:47Z

Gogoha: Creating Raja Marthanda Movie page which got relesed on 6th october

{{Short description|Indian Kannada-language action film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Raja Marthanda
| image =
| caption =
| director = K.Ram Narayan
| writer = K.Ram Narayan
| producer = Shivakumar Nagaraj Divya N
| starring = {{Plain list|
* [[Chiranjeevi Sarja]]
* [[Deepti Sati]]
}}
| cinematography = Bushan N
| editing = Venkatesh UDV
| music = [[Arjun Janya]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|10|6}}
| studio =
| distributor =
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Raja Marthanda''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film written and directed by Nuthan Umeshand. The film stars [[Chiranjeevi Sarja]] and [[Deepti Sati]] in the lead roles.<ref name="indianexpress-01">{{Cite web |title=Dhruva Sarja asks fans to watch his late brother Chiranjeevi Sarja’s Rajamarthanda. Watch|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/dhruva-sarja-asks-fans-to-watch-his-late-brother-chiranjeevi-sarjas-rajamarthanda-watch-8966507/ |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="indiatoday01">{{Cite web |date=October 3, 2023 |title=Dhruva Sarja gives shout-out to late brother Chiranjeevi's 'Rajamarthanda'|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/video-dhruva-sarja-gives-shout-out-to-late-brother-chiranjeevi-rajamarthanda-2443700-2023-10-03 |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=indiatoday|language=en}}</ref>

The film was released on 6 October 2023.

== Cast ==

* [[Chiranjeevi Sarja]] as Raja
* [[Deepti Sati]] as Geetha
* Meghashree
* [[Saurav Lokesh]]
* [[Chikkanna]]
* [[Devaraj]] as Raja's father
* [[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]] as Raja's grandmother

==Production ==
=== Dubbing ===
Chiranjeevi Sarja, died on 7 June 2020, at the age of 39. He had completed filming for the movie prior to his death, and his younger brother, [[Dhruva Sarja]], dubbed for his brother.<ref name="indianexpress-01"/><ref name="indiatoday01"/>

== Music ==
The songs and background score are composed by [[Arjun Janya]].<ref name="indianexpress-01"/>

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film {{Fraction|2|1|2}} out of 5 stars and says "Although the split personality disorder prelude seems interesting, the fact that it turns into another regular revenge drama is probably what kills the curiosity among audiences".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raja Marthanda Movie Review : Rajamarthanda review: Chiranjeevi Sarja's last onscreen outing is a revenge drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/raja-marthanda/movie-review/104215213.cms |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 October 2023|first=Sridevi|last=S.}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt11141316}}

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2023 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2023 crime action films]]
[[Category:2023 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:2020s Kannada-language films]]

The Road (2023 film)

2023-10-07T02:44:38Z

Gogoha: Created page with '{{Infobox film | name = The Road | image = | caption = | director = | writer = | producer = | starring = | cinematography = | editing = | music = | studio = | distributor = | released = | country = India | language = Tamil | budget = <!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-site...'

{{Cleanup rewrite|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Road
| image = The Road (2023 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Arun Vaseegaran
| writer = Arun Vaseegaran
| producer =
| starring = {{Ubl | [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]] | [[Shabeer Kallarakkal]] |[[Santhosh Prathap]]}}
| cinematography = K. G. Venkatesh
| editing = AR Sivaraj
| music = [[Sam C. S.]]
| studio = AAA Cinemaa
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2023|10|6|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''The Road''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by Arun Vaseegaran and produced by AAA Cinemaa, starring [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]], [[Shabeer Kallarakkal|Shabeer]] and [[Santhosh Prathap]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 May 2022 |title=Trisha releases first look of revenge drama 'The Road' on her birthday |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |agency=[[IANS]] |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/may/04/trisha-releases-first-look-of-revenge-drama-the-road-on-her-birthday-2449675.html |url-status=live |access-date=12 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707170614/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/may/04/trisha-releases-first-look-of-revenge-drama-the-road-on-her-birthday-2449675.html |archive-date=7 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajaraman |first=Kaushik |date=5 July 2022 |title=Trisha did the unthinkable for The Road: Arun Vaseegaran |url=https://www.dtnext.in/cinema/2022/07/05/trisha-did-the-unthinkable-for-the-road-arun-vaseegaran |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707170604/https://www.dtnext.in/cinema/2022/07/05/trisha-did-the-unthinkable-for-the-road-arun-vaseegaran |archive-date=7 July 2022 |access-date=7 July 2022 |website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]] as Meera
* [[Shabeer Kallarakkal]] as Maya
* [[Santhosh Prathap]] as Anand
* [[Miya George]] as Uma
* [[M. S. Bhaskar]] as Subramani
* [[Vela Ramamoorthy]] as Maya's Father
* Master Saathvik as Kavin
* [[Negha Shahin]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-22 |title=Meet Negha S, winner of Kerala State film award for women and trans persons |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/meet-negha-s-winner-kerala-state-film-award-women-and-trans-persons-165184 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829133039/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/meet-negha-s-winner-kerala-state-film-award-women-and-trans-persons-165184 |archive-date=29 August 2022 |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>
}}

== Production ==
The title of the film was revealed on 25 April 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-26 |title=Trisha shares pics from set of upcoming film The Road |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/trisha-shares-pics-set-upcoming-film-road-163295 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707170605/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/trisha-shares-pics-set-upcoming-film-road-163295 |archive-date=7 July 2022 |access-date=7 July 2022 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2022 |title=Trisha's next titled The Road |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/apr/25/trishas-next-titled-the-road-31096.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309080458/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/apr/25/trishas-next-titled-the-road-31096.html |archive-date=9 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Filming began in May 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 May 2022 |title=Trisha begins shooting for 'The Road' with a first-look poster |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/trisha-begins-shooting-for-the-road-with-a-first-look-poster/articleshow/91323646.cms |url-status=live |access-date=7 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504183611/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/trisha-begins-shooting-for-the-road-with-a-first-look-poster/articleshow/91323646.cms |archive-date=4 May 2022}}</ref> The film was nearing completion in July 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2022 |title=The Road starring Trisha nears completion! Director shares plot details |url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/30719/the-road-trisha-shabeer-santhosh-pratap-arun-vaseegaran |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309080524/https://www.moviecrow.com/News/30719/the-road-trisha-shabeer-santhosh-pratap-arun-vaseegaran |archive-date=9 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=Moviecrow}}</ref> The director confirmed that Trisha will be playing lead role in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 July 2022 |title=Trisha plays the lead character, but The Road is not a female-centric film: Arun Vaseegaran |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/trisha-plays-the-lead-character-but-the-road-is-not-a-female-centric-film-arun-vaseegaran/articleshow/92643765.cms |url-status=live |access-date=2023-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309080458/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/trisha-plays-the-lead-character-but-the-road-is-not-a-female-centric-film-arun-vaseegaran/articleshow/92643765.cms |archive-date=9 March 2023}}</ref> The first look of the film was released on the birthday of actress [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2022 |title=Trisha releases first look of revenge drama 'The Road' on her birthday |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/may/04/trisha-releases-first-look-of-revenge-drama-the-road-on-her-birthday-2449675.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707170604/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/may/04/trisha-releases-first-look-of-revenge-drama-the-road-on-her-birthday-2449675.html |archive-date=7 July 2022 |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> The film is the debut of director Arun Vaseegaran.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-15 |title=Here's how fans reacted to seeing Trisha after 20 years in Madurai; 'The Road' director Arun Vaseegaran reveals |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/heres-how-fans-reacted-to-seeing-trisha-after-20-years-in-madurai-the-road-director-arun-vaseegaran-reveals/articleshow/103662728.cms |url-status=live |access-date=2023-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915043227/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/heres-how-fans-reacted-to-seeing-trisha-after-20-years-in-madurai-the-road-director-arun-vaseegaran-reveals/articleshow/103662728.cms |archive-date=15 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=25 April 2022 |title=Trisha signs her next 'The Road'with a debutant director Arun Vaseegaran |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/trisha-signs-her-next-the-roadwith-a-debutant-director-arun-vaseegaran/articleshow/91075431.cms |url-status=live |access-date=7 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707172106/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/trisha-signs-her-next-the-roadwith-a-debutant-director-arun-vaseegaran/articleshow/91075431.cms |archive-date=7 July 2022}}</ref>

== Music ==
The music for the film was composed by [[Sam C. S.]]
{{Infobox album
| name = The Road
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Sam C. S.]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2023
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 9:11
| language = Tamil
| label = [[Tips Industries|Tips Tamil]]
| producer = [[Sam C. S.]]
| chronology = [[Sam C. S.]]
| prev_title = [[Tamil Kudimagan]]
| prev_year = 2023
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc =
}}
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Oh Vidhi
| length1 = 5:02
| lyrics1 = [[Karthik Netha]]
| extra1 = [[Sid Sriram]]
| title2 = Nagaraatha Nodiyodu
| length2 = 4:09
| lyrics2 = Karthik Netha
| extra2 = Kapil Kapilan
| total_length = 9:11
}}

== Release and reception ==
The film was released on 6 October 2023 in theatres.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2023 |title=Trisha's The Road gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/sep/09/trishas-the-road-gets-release-date-47473.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004080802/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/sep/09/trishas-the-road-gets-release-date-47473.html |archive-date=4 October 2023 |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> M. Suganth from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film {{Fraction|2|1|2}} out of 5 and wrote that "The investigation part largely works, and the director manages to keep the mystery under wraps until the reveal, but the film turns pretty generic once we get the identity of the mastermind behind the chilling crimes".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=5 October 2023 |title=The Road Movie Review : Shabeer shines in this decent crime thriller starring Trisha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/the-road/movie-review/104193990.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006043846/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/the-road/movie-review/104193990.cms |archive-date=6 October 2023 |access-date=6 October 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Bhuvanesh Chander of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "For Trisha, who once again shows that she deserves a script worth her stardom and heart, ''The Road'' offers nothing new and her poor run with solo lead films continues".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandar |first=Bhuvanesh |date=2023-10-06 |title=‘The Road’ movie review: This Trisha-starrer is a predictable, dead-end thriller |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-road-movie-review-this-trisha-starrer-is-a-predictable-dead-end-thriller/article67387601.ece |access-date=2023-10-06 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt27678795}}

[[Category:2020s films]]
[[Category:2020s Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2023 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sam C. S.]]

Burberry

2023-09-20T22:00:09Z

Gogoha: BOT--Reverting link addition(s) by 185.22.75.1 to revision 812400553 (https://www.facebook.com'''''''''''''''''''''''''''' [\bfacebook\.com])

{{Short description|British luxury fashion house}}
{{For|the shrub|Barberry}}
{{Use British English}}
{{Use dmy dates}}

{{Infobox company
| name = Burberry Group plc
| logo = Logo Burberry 01.svg
| image = Burberry - Store (51396234449).jpg
| image_alt = Burberry location on 5th Avenue in Manhattan
| image_caption = Location on [[Fifth Avenue]], Manhattan
| type = [[Public limited company]]
| traded_as = {{lse|BRBY}} [[FTSE 100 Index|FTSE 100 component]]
| founder = [[Thomas Burberry]]
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1856}} in [[Basingstoke]], England
| locations = 418 (2022)
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = {{ubl|class=nowrap|[[Gerry Murphy (businessman)|Gerry Murphy]] ([[chairperson]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Fashion house Burberry appoints Gerry Murphy as chairman |url=https://www.ft.com/content/5f7b9202-3f12-11e8-b7e0-52972418fec4 |website=Financial Times |access-date=5 May 2023 |date=13 April 2018}}</ref>|Jonathan Akeroyd ([[Chief executive officer|CEO]])<ref>{{cite web |last1=WW |first1=FashionNetwork com |title=Versace's Jonathan Akeroyd is new Burberry CEO |url=https://ww.fashionnetwork.com/news/Versace-s-jonathan-akeroyd-is-new-burberry-ceo,1345524.html |website=FashionNetwork.com |access-date=2 May 2023 |language=en-WW}}</ref>|[[Daniel Lee (designer)|Daniel Lee]] ([[Chief creative officer|CCO]])<ref>{{cite news |last=Scott |first=Fiona Sinclair |date=21 February 2023 |title=Burberry's Daniel Lee makes his big debut at London Fashion Week |url=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/burberry-daniel-lee-debut-collection-london-fashion-week/index.html |website=CNN}}</ref>}}
| ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|GB0031743007}}
| industry = [[Fashion industry|Fashion]]
| location = [[London]], England, UK
| products = {{flatlist|
*Ready-to-wear
*handbags
*leather accessories
*footwear
}}
| services =
| revenue = {{increase}} [[Pound sterling|£]]3,094 million (2023)<ref name="ar">{{cite web|url=https://www.burberryplc.com/content/dam/burberryplc/corporate/documents/annual-report-2022-23/Annual-report-2022-23.pdf|title=Annual Report 2023|publisher=Burberry|access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref>
| operating_income = {{increase}} £657 million (2023)<ref name="ar"/>
| net_income = {{increase}} £492 million (2023)<ref name="ar"/>
| num_employees = 8,868 (2023)<ref name="ar"/>
| num_employees_year =
| parent =
| subsid =
| homepage = {{URL|https://burberry.com}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Burberry Group plc''' is a British [[Luxury goods|luxury]] [[fashion house]] established in 1856 by [[Thomas Burberry]] and headquartered in [[London]], England.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-09 |title=Burberry: The History and Heritage of the Iconic Luxury Brand |url=https://luxity.co.za/history-of-burberry/ |access-date=2022-02-25 |website=Luxity |language=en-ZA}}</ref> It currently designs and distributes [[ready to wear]], including [[trench coat]]s (for which it is most famous), leather accessories, and footwear.

==History==

===Early years, 19th century===
Burberry was founded in 1856 when 21-year-old [[Thomas Burberry]], a former draper's apprentice, opened his own store in [[Basingstoke]], Hampshire, England.<ref name="history">{{Cite web |url=http://www.burberryplc.com/about_burberry/company-history |title=''Burberry History'' |publisher=Burberryplc.com |access-date=4 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622090514/http://www.burberryplc.com/about_burberry/company-history |archive-date=22 June 2015 }}</ref> By 1870, the business had established itself by focusing on the development of outdoors attire.<ref name="history"/> In 1879, Burberry introduced [[gabardine]] to his brand, a hardwearing, water-resistant yet breathable fabric, in which the yarn is waterproofed before weaving.<ref>{{cite news|last=Chastain|first=Sue|date=4 December 1985|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/25081026.html?dids=25081026:25081026&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Dec+04%2C+1985&author=Sue+Chastain%2C+Knight-Ridder+Newspapers&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=TRENCHANT+COAT+CUFFS+MAY+FRAY+AND+BUTTONS+MAY+POP%2C+BUT+A+TRUE+BELIEVER+WON%27T+ABANDON+HIS+BURBERRY.&pqatl=google|title=Trenchant coat cuffs may fray and buttons may pop but a true believer won't abandon his Burberry|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|page=40|access-date=15 March 2015|archive-date=5 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105234155/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/25081026.html?dids=25081026%3A25081026&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS%3AFT&type=current&date=Dec+04%2C+1985&author=Sue+Chastain%2C+Knight-Ridder+Newspapers&pub=Chicago+Tribune+%28pre-1997+Fulltext%29&desc=TRENCHANT+COAT+CUFFS+MAY+FRAY+AND+BUTTONS+MAY+POP%2C+BUT+A+TRUE+BELIEVER+WON%27T+ABANDON+HIS+BURBERRY.&pqatl=google|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1891, Burberry opened a shop in [[the Haymarket]], London.<ref name="history"/>

===20th century===
[[File:Burberry pattern.svg|thumb|left|upright=0.6|Burberry check]]
In 1901, the Burberry Equestrian Knight logo was developed containing the Latin word "Prorsum", meaning "forwards", and it was registered as a trademark in 1909.<ref name="history"/> In 1911, the company became the outfitters for [[Roald Amundsen]],<ref name="history"/> the first man to reach the [[South Pole]], and [[Ernest Shackleton]], who led a 1914 expedition to cross Antarctica. A Burberry gabardine jacket was worn by [[George Mallory]] on his attempt on [[Mount Everest]] in 1924.<ref>{{cite news |date=3 October 2011 |title=Mallory and Irvine: Should we solve Everest's mystery? |work=[[BBC News]] |publisher= |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-15123551 |access-date=9 March 2014}}</ref>

Adapted to meet the needs of military personnel, the "[[trench coat]]"<ref name="history"/> was born during the First World War; it was worn by British officers in the trenches.<ref>{{cite web |title=Burberry trench coat: a style pioneer |url=https://www.theweek.co.uk/90884/burberry-trench-coat-a-style-pioneer?amp |website=The Week UK |access-date=1 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref> After the war, it became popular with civilians.<ref>{{cite web |title=The fascinating history of the Burberry trench coat – and the best styles to buy now |url=https://www.harpersbazaar.com/uk/fashion/a41964443/burberry-trench-coat/ |website=Harper's BAZAAR |access-date=1 May 2023 |date=21 February 2023}}</ref> The Burberry check has been in use since at least the 1920s, primarily as a lining in its trench coats.<ref name="history"/> The celebrity motorcycling sisters [[Betty and Nancy Debenham]] wore their trench coats for travelling and racing in the 1920s and recommeded the garment in their 1928 book ''Motor-Cycling for Women''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Walker |first=Harriet |date=2023-07-28 |title=How Burberry dressed Britain’s female thrill-seekers |language=en |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/burberry-aviation-fashion-times-luxury-lrv0c9vw3 |access-date=2023-07-29 |issn=0140-0460}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Debenham |first=Betty & Nancy |title=Motorcycling for Women 1928: A Book for the Lady Driver, Sidecar Passenger and Pillion Rider}}</ref> Burberry also specially designed aviation garments. They outfitted [[Mrs Victor Bruce]] for her 1930 round the world flight and her one woman flight to Japan. She wore a reversible coat with waterproof gabardine outside for flying and with a tweed inner side which could be turned outside to create a smart look for disembarking under the glare of the publicity her exploites attracted.<ref name=":1" /> In 1937, [[A. E. Clouston]] and [[Betty Kirby-Green]] broke the world record for the fastest return flight from London to Cape Town in ''The Burberry'' airplane that was sponsored by the brand.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://forum.keypublishing.com/showthread.php?95871-DH-Comet-G-ACSS-amp-The-Burberry-Racer-Project
|title = The Burberry Comet (G-ACSS) Racer Project
|access-date = 18 May 2013
|date = 20 November 2009
|publisher = Key Publishing Ltd
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131207101826/http://forum.keypublishing.com/showthread.php?95871-DH-Comet-G-ACSS-amp-The-Burberry-Racer-Project
|archive-date = 7 December 2013
|url-status = dead
}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Burberry was an independent family-controlled company until 1955, when [[GUS (retailer)|Great Universal Stores]] (GUS) assumed ownership.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nicolamelhuish.wordpress.com/2010/11/02/timeline-burberry/ |title=Timeline: Burberry |date=2 November 2010 |access-date=9 March 2014}}</ref>

==== Influences and rise to prominence ====
During the 1970s and 1980s, Burberry signed agreements with worldwide manufacturers to produce goods complementary to the existing British collection, such as suits, trousers, shirts, sportswear and accessories, for men, women, and children. These products, designed under the strict control of headquarters in London, were produced and distributed through independent retail stores worldwide as well as through the Burberry stores, and contributed to the growth of the brand in sales and profits through to the late 90s, although the full extent of sales was not apparent in the parent company accounts since much was done through licensed agreements. The company had signed [[Patrick Anson, 5th Earl of Lichfield|Lord Lichfield]] as photographer, [[Leonard Wolfson, Baron Wolfson|Lord (Leonard) Wolfson]] was Chairman and Stanley Peacock [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] Managing Director.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i8Mzowj8MXsC&q=Stanley+Peacock+Burberry&pg=PA142|title=Fashion Brands: Branding Style from Armani to Zara|first= Mark |last=Tungate|page=142|publisher=Kogan Page|year=2012|isbn=978-0-7494-6446-2}}</ref> In 1997, [[GUS (retailer)|GUS]] director [[Victor Barnett]] became chairman of Burberry, hiring [[Rose Marie Bravo]] to execute a corporate reorganization and restoration of the brand as a luxury fashion house.<ref name="Forbes2000">{{cite news |last1=Heller |first1=Richard |date=January 24, 2000 |title=Can this woman do a Gucci on Burberry |work=[[Forbes]] |url=https://www.forbes.com/global/2000/0124/0302050a.html#d525ddc2d80e}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Schiro |first1=Anne-Marie |title=Burberry Modernizes and Reinvents Itself |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/05/style/burberry-modernizes-and-reinvents-itself.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=5 May 2023 |date=5 January 1999}}</ref> Barnett led the company up to its successful [[IPO]] in 2001.<ref name="WWD2001">{{cite news |last1=Lockwood |first1=Lisa |date=April 26, 2001 |title=Barnett steps down, Burberry set for IPO |work=[[Women's Wear Daily]] |publisher= |url=https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/article-1182828/}}</ref>

===21st century===
In May 2001, [[Christopher Bailey (Fashion Designer)|Christopher Bailey]] joined Burberry as creative director.<ref name="Times Sep 09">{{cite news |last=McDowell |first=Colin |date=6 September 2009 |title=Christopher Bailey: Burberry's golden boy |work=[[The Times]] |url=http://women.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/women/fashion/article6817273.ece |access-date=7 December 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Dolly |last=Jones |title=All Hail Bailey |url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/news/daily/091111-burberry-creative-director-christop.aspx |work=Vogue |date=11 November 2009 |access-date=7 December 2009 |archive-date=14 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091114102153/http://www.vogue.co.uk/news/daily/091111-burberry-creative-director-christop.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bailey was the [[chief creative officer]] from 2014, as well as chief executive (CEO) from 2014 until November 2017.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Biondi |first1=Annachiara |title=Christopher Bailey: A brief history of his career so far |url=https://www.vogue.in/content/christopher-bailey-brief-history-career-far-christopher-bailey-career-timeline/amp |website=Vogue India |date=2 November 2017 |access-date=1 May 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=How Christopher Bailey Transformed Burberry and Redefined Brand Revivals in the 21st Century |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/burberry-christopher-bailey-legacy |website=Vogue |access-date=1 May 2023 |date=1 November 2017}}</ref> Bailey stepped down as chief creative officer in March 2018 and had departed the brand completely by the end of 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/oct/31/christopher-bailey-to-cut-all-ties-with-burberry|title=Christopher Bailey to cut all ties with Burberry|last=Fletcher|first=Nick|date=2017-10-31|work=The Guardian|access-date=2017-11-26|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
[[File:Burberry logo.png|thumb|upright=0.6|left|The "Equestrian Knight" logo (1999–2018)]]


Between 2001 and 2005, Burberry became associated with "[[chav]]" and [[football hooligan]] culture. This change in the brand reputation was attributed to lower priced products, the proliferation of counterfeit goods adopting Burberry's trademark [[Check (pattern)|check pattern]], and adoption by celebrities prominently identified with "chav" culture. The association with football hooliganism led to the wearing of Burberry check garments being banned at some venues.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bothwell |first=Claire |date=28 October 2005 |title=Burberry versus The Chavs |publisher=[[BBC]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4381140.stm |access-date=16 November 2015}}</ref>

Burberry Group plc was initially floated on the London Stock Exchange in July 2002. GUS divested its remaining interest in Burberry in December 2005.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Finch |first=Julia |date=18 November 2005 |title=GUS shareholders to receive Burberry cheque |work=[[The Guardian]] |publisher= |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2005/nov/18/3 |access-date=4 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Fletcher |first=Richard |date=18 January 2011 |title=How Burberry was kept in check at GUS |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/comment/richardfletcher/8268069/How-Burberry-was-kept-in-check-at-GUS.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/comment/richardfletcher/8268069/How-Burberry-was-kept-in-check-at-GUS.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |access-date=12 May 2015 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In 2005, Sanyo-shokai was the Burberry [[ready-to-wear]] licence holder in Japan, with retail value of €435 million.<ref name="Luxury">{{cite book | title=Luxury Brand Management | publisher=John Wiley & Sons | author=Chevalier, Michel | year=2012 | location=Singapore | isbn=978-1-118-17176-9}}</ref>

In 2006, [[Rose Marie Bravo]], who as chief executive had led Burberry to mass market success through licensing, retired.<ref>{{cite web |date=7 October 2005 |title=Bravo move to quit puts Burberry shares out of fashion |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2923391/Bravo-move-to-quit-puts-Burberry-shares-out-of-fashion.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2923391/Bravo-move-to-quit-puts-Burberry-shares-out-of-fashion.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |access-date=15 March 2015 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> She was replaced by another American, [[Angela Ahrendts]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://special.hsmglobal.com/us/wbfny2011/ahrendts-info.php|title=World Business Forum 2011 : Home|work=hsmglobal.com|access-date=15 March 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521044059/http://special.hsmglobal.com/us/wbfny2011/ahrendts-info.php|archive-date=21 May 2015}}</ref> who joined from [[Liz Claiborne]] in January 2006, and took up the position of CEO on 1 July 2006. Ahrendts and Bailey successfully turned around the then chav-like reputation that the brand had acquired at the end of Bravo's tenure and the cheapening effect of the brand's omnipresence, by removing the brand's check-pattern from all but 10% of the company's products, taking the fragrance and beauty product licenses back in-house and buying out the Spanish franchise that was worth 20% of group revenues.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Rethinking Prestige Branding – Secrets of the Ueber-Brands|last1=Kuehlwein|first1=JP|last2=Schaefer|first2=Wolfgang|publisher=Kogan Page|year=2015|isbn=978-0-7494-7003-6|location=London|pages=211–212}}</ref><ref name="Times Sep 09" /><ref name="WSJInt">{{cite news |last=Hass |first=Nancy |date=9 September 2010 |title=Earning Her Stripes |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=http://magazine.wsj.com/features/the-big-interview/earning-her-strips/ |access-date=9 March 2014}}</ref><ref>[https://www.styl.sh/articles/381-the-burberry-story The Burberry Story] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307163925/https://www.styl.sh/articles/381-the-burberry-story# |date=7 March 2014 }} Styl.sh. Retrieved 31 January 2014</ref>
[[File:Burberry Chicago.jpg|thumb|Burberry Chicago flagship store on the [[Magnificent Mile]], built in 2012]]Burberry first sold on line in the US, then in the UK in October 2006, and in the rest of the EU in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://uk.burberry.com |title=Shop on line |publisher=Uk.burberry.com |date=5 December 2010 |access-date=4 January 2011}}</ref>

====2010s====
It was reported in 2012 that Ahrendts was the highest paid CEO in the UK, making £16.9m.<ref>{{cite news |last=Petroff |first=Alanna |date=11 June 2013 |title=Top paid CEO in UK is an American woman |work=[[CNN Money]] |publisher= |url=https://money.cnn.com/2013/06/11/news/companies/burberry-pay-ceo/index.html?iid=HP_LN&hpt=ibu_c2 |access-date=11 June 2013}}</ref>

In October 2013, it was announced that Ahrendts would take up the position of Senior Vice President of retail and online at Apple, Inc. from April 2014, and would be replaced as CEO by Bailey.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Broeke |first1=Teo van den |title=Christopher Bailey: A life at Burberry |url=https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/christopher-bailey-a-life-at-burberry/amp |website=British GQ |date=17 February 2018 |access-date=1 May 2023}}</ref><ref name="Angela Ahrendts Named Honorary DBE">{{cite web |author=Marfil, Lorelei |date=8 April 2014 |title=Angela Ahrendts Named Honorary DBE |url=http://www.wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/ahrendts-accolade-7633326?src=nl/mornReport/20140408 |access-date=8 April 2014 |website=[[Women's Wear Daily]] |publisher=}}</ref> During her tenure, sales increased to over £2 billion, and the [[market capitalization]] more than tripled to £7 billion.<ref>{{cite news |author=Andrew Roberts |date=15 October 2013 |title=Burberry Designer Bailey to Become CEO as Ahrendts Goes to Apple |newspaper=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-10-15/burberry-says-bailey-to-become-ceo-as-ahrendts-leaves-for-apple.html |access-date=15 October 2013}}</ref> Burberry promotes its British connection; according to [[The Guardian]], a British national daily newspaper, as of July 2012, Burberry maintained two production facilities in Great Britain, one in [[Castleford]] producing raincoats, and one in [[Keighley]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Carole Cadwalladr |date=16 July 2012 |title=The hypocrisy of Burberry's 'Made in Britain' appeal |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/jul/16/burberry-china-british-carole-cadwalladr |access-date=15 March 2015 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> In spring 2014, Bailey became CEO of Burberry and retained the role of chief creative officer.<ref name="Angela Ahrendts Named Honorary DBE"/> His basic salary was £1.1m, with total compensation of up to £10m a year depending on sales targets being met.<ref name="Vote">{{cite news |url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-28261916|title = Burberry shareholders vote against remuneration report|work = [[BBC News]]|date = 11 July 2014|access-date = 12 July 2014}}</ref>

In July 2016, it was announced that [[Celine (brand)|Celine]] boss Marco Gobbetti would become CEO of Burberry plc, while Bailey became the Creative Director with the title of President.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Conlon |first1=Scarlett |title=Burberry CEO to join the company this month |url=https://www.vogue.in/content/burberry-ceo-to-join-the-company-this-month/amp |website=Vogue India |date=20 January 2017 |access-date=1 May 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="NYT">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/12/business/international/burberry-bailey-gobbetti.html?_r=0|title=Burberry C.E.O. to Step Down, Ending Dual-Role Experiment at Helm|work=[[The New York Times]]|last1=Paton|first1=Elizabeth|date=11 July 2016|access-date=11 July 2016}}</ref> In 2016, the label launched its "Mr Burberry" fragrance.<ref name=ft-vand/>
[[File:Camp - Notes on Fashion at the Met - Burberry rainbow cape (73854).jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.6|Cape by Bailey at [[The Metropolitan Museum of Art|The Met]]'s exhibit, ''[[Camp: Notes on Fashion]]'']]

In early May 2017, the store announced it was moving 300 employees from London to Leeds. In July 2017, Gobbetti replaced Bailey as CEO.<ref name="ft-vand">{{cite news |last=Vandevelde |first=Mark |date=18 May 2017 |title=Burberry sales rise as Bailey bows out as chief executive |url=https://www.ft.com/content/aa989b84-3ba0-11e7-821a-6027b8a20f23 | work=[[Financial Times]] |location=United Kingdom |access-date=18 May 2017}}</ref> In March 2018, Burberry named [[Riccardo Tisci]], creative director at [[Givenchy]] from 2005 to 2007, as the brand's chief creative officer.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The history of Burberry: A Timeline|url=http://www.hautehistory.co.uk/7/post/2020/07/house-history-the-burberry-timeline.html|access-date=2022-02-25|website=Haute History|language=en}}</ref> He said: "I am honoured and delighted to be joining Burberry as its new chief creative officer and reuniting with Marco Gobbetti. I have an enormous respect for Burberry’s British heritage and global appeal and I am excited about the potential of this exceptional brand."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Newbold |first=Alice |title=Burberry Announces Riccardo Tisci As Chief Creative Officer |work=[[British Vogue]] |url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/article/riccardo-tisci-to-burberry |access-date=2018-03-08}}</ref>

A few months later, Tisci presented a new logo and monogram for the brand, designed by the English graphic designer [[Peter Saville (graphic designer)|Peter Saville]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Riccardo Tisci Unveils New Burberry Logo And It's Drawing An Unexpected Comparison |url=https://www.nylon.com/articles/riccardo-tisci-new-burberry-logo-monogram/amp |website=Nylon |date=2 August 2018 |access-date=2 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sebra |first=Matt |date=2018-08-02 |title=Burberry Has a New Logo |language=en |work=[[GQ]] |url=https://www.gq.com/story/new-burberry-logo-riccardo-tisci |access-date=2018-10-06}}</ref>
[[File:Burberry TB monogram.png|thumb|left|upright=0.6|The interlocking TB monogram, which pays homage to founder Thomas Burberry, debuted in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/designers/a22623947/burberry-new-logo-monogram/|title=Burberry Has A New Logo and Monogram|date=2018-08-02|work=Harper's BAZAAR|access-date=2018-10-06|language=en-US}}</ref>]]

In April 2018, it was announced that [[John Peace|Sir John Peace]] would be stepping down as chairman of the board and would be replaced by as chairman by [[Gerry Murphy (businessman)|Gerry Murphy]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Media |first1=Insider |title=Burberry names chairman designate to succeed Sir John Peace {{!}} Yorkshire Business News |url=https://www.insidermedia.com/news/yorkshire/burberry-names-chairman-designate-to-succeed-sir-john-peace |website=Insider Media Ltd |date=13 April 2018 |access-date=1 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Jahshan |first1=Elias |title=Burberry chairman Sir John Peace to step down - Retail Gazette - retail news, features & analysis |url=https://www.retailgazette.co.uk/blog/2017/06/burberry-chairman-john-peace-resigns/ |website=www.retailgazette.co.uk |date=22 June 2017}}</ref> Murphy said: "Burberry is a unique British brand that I have admired for a long time and I am looking forward to working with Marco Gobbetti and the Board to guide the company through its next phase of growth."<ref>{{cite web |title=Tate & Lyle's Gerry Murphy is Burberry 's new chairman |url=https://londonlovesbusiness.com/tate-lyles-gerry-murphy-is-burberry-s-new-chairman/ |website=London Business News {{!}} Londonlovesbusiness.com |access-date=2 May 2023 |date=13 April 2018}}</ref>

Murphy had been CEO of [[Kingfisher plc]], as well as being current chairman of [[Tate and Lyle]] and Blackstone Group International Partners LLP.<ref>{{cite web |title=Burberry appoints Tate & Lyle's Murphy as new chairman |url=https://www.ft.com/content/67a76014-3f12-11e8-b7e0-52972418fec4 |website=Financial Times |access-date=2 May 2023 |date=13 April 2018}}</ref> Peace's departure marked a change in leadership for the group, with Gobetti and Ahrends having left in the previous years.<ref name="Butler">{{Cite news |last=Butler |first=Sarah |date=2018-04-13 |title=Burberry hires former Kingfisher boss Gerry Murphy as chairman |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/apr/13/burberry-hires-former-kingfisher-boss-gerry-murphy-as-chairman |access-date=2018-12-29 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Burberry Appoints New Chairman |url=https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/news-analysis/burberry-appoints-new-chairman/ |website=The Business of Fashion |date=13 April 2018 |access-date=1 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

In May 2018, it was reported that Burberry had filed a lawsuit against [[Target Corporation]], claiming that Target had copied its check print designs and was seeking an amount of $2 million, in addition to its legal costs.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hanbury |first=Mary |date=2018-05-09 |title=Target is being sued by Burberry, and it reveals one of the biggest problems facing the clothing industry |work=[[Business Insider]] |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/target-sued-by-burberry-reveals-big-problem-fashion-2018-5 |access-date=2018-05-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=UK |first1=FashionNetwork com |title=Burberry sues Target for copying its check pattern |url=https://uk.fashionnetwork.com/news/burberry-sues-target-for-copying-its-check-pattern,976189.html |website=FashionNetwork.com |access-date=5 May 2023 |language=en-UK}}</ref>

In July 2018, it was reported that in the previous five years Burberry had destroyed unsold clothes, accessories, and perfume worth over £90m in order to protect its brand and prevent the items being stolen or sold cheaply. While a representative of [[Greenpeace]] criticised the decision, Burberry claimed that the energy generated from burning its products was [[Carbon capture and storage|captured]], making it environmentally friendly.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kollewe |first1=Julia |title=Burberry to stop burning unsold items after green criticism |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/sep/06/burberry-to-stop-burning-unsold-items-fur-after-green-criticism |website=The Guardian |access-date=2 May 2023 |date=6 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Paton |first1=Elizabeth |title=Burberry to Stop Burning Clothing and Other Goods It Can't Sell |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/06/business/burberry-burning-unsold-stock.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=2 May 2023 |date=6 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-44885983|title=Burberry burns luxury goods worth millions|last=Morris|first=Ben|date=2018-07-19|work=BBC News|access-date=2018-07-19|language=en-GB}}</ref> According to Burberry's annual report, by the end of the financial year 2018, the company had destroyed goods worth £28.6m, an increase on the £26.9m from its financial year 2017.<ref>{{cite web |last=Handley |first=Lucy |date=6 September 2018 |title=British fashion house Burberry to stop burning unsold items |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/09/06/british-fashion-house-burberry-to-stop-burning-unsold-items.html |access-date=6 September 2018 |website=[[CNBC]] |publisher=}}</ref> In September 2018, Burberry reported that it would stop the practice of burning unsold goods, with immediate effect. Burberry also announced it would stop using real fur in its products, and would phase out existing fur items.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-09-06 |title=Burberry stops burning unsold goods |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-45430683 |access-date=2018-09-06}}</ref>

In February 2019, Burberry apologized for showcasing a hoodie with a [[noose]] around the neck in its show at the [[London Fashion Week]]. Burberry said it had removed the item from its collection, after criticism from one of its own models led to an online backlash.<ref>{{cite web|title='Suicide isn't fashion': Burberry apologizes for hoodie with noose around the neck|date=19 February 2019|language=en|website=CNN.com|url=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/burberry-noose-hoodie-scli-gbr-intl/index.html}}</ref> In February 2020 Burberry was forced to close 24 of its 64 Chinese mainland stores because of COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-02-07|title=Burberry Says Viral Epidemic Devastates China Sales|language=en|work=Bloomberg.com|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-02-07/burberry-withdraws-forecast-as-coronavirus-hits-china-sales|access-date=2020-09-07}}</ref>

====2020s====
In 2021, Burberry announced that it would become a "climate positive" company by 2040.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Jessica |date=2021-06-11 |title=Burberry to be climate positive by 2040 |url=https://www.harpersbazaar.com/uk/fashion/fashion-news/a36694857/burberry-climate-positive-sustainability/ |access-date=2021-06-16 |website=[[Harper's BAZAAR]] |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Staff |first1=M. W. |title=Burberry Aims To Be Climate Positive By 2040 |url=https://www.mansworldindia.com/style-luxury/burberry-aims-to-be-climate-positive-by-2040/amp/ |website=Man's World India |access-date=1 May 2023 |date=11 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Can fashion be climate positive? Burberry commits to finding out |url=https://www.voguebusiness.com/sustainability/can-fashion-be-climate-positive-burberry-commits-to-finding-out |website=Vogue Business |access-date=1 May 2023 |date=10 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Burberry plans to be climate positive by 2040 – here's how |url=https://www.vogue.fr/fashion/article/burberry-climate-positive-2040 |website=Vogue France |access-date=1 May 2023 |language=fr-FR |date=11 June 2021}}</ref> The fashion brand also announced that it would commit to a new target to reduce supply chain emissions (i.e. assets not owned or controlled by the reporting organisation) by 46% by 2030, an increase from an earlier pledge of a 30% reduction.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keating |first=Cecilia |date=2021-06-14 |title='Going further': Burberry vows to be 'climate positive' by 2040 |url=https://www.businessgreen.com/news/4032789/burberry-vows-climate-positive-2040 |access-date=2021-06-16 |website=Business Green |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='Nature-Based Solutions': Burberry Promises To Slash Emissions By 46% By 2030 & Be Climate Positive By 2040 - Green Queen |url=https://www.greenqueen.com.hk/amp/nature-based-solutions-burberry-promises-to-slash-emissions-by-46-by-2030-be-climate-positive-by-2040/ |website=www.greenqueen.com.hk |access-date=1 May 2023}}</ref> In March 2021, Burberry was the first luxury brand to be targeted in China as part of the backlash regarding sanctions against the alleged human rights abuses in [[Xinjiang]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Togoh |first=Isabel |date=2021-03-26 |title=As Burberry Faces Backlash In China Over Xinjiang Cotton, Other Luxury Brands Could Face Boycott |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/isabeltogoh/2021/03/26/as-burberry-faces-backlash-in-china-over-xinjiang-cotton-other-luxury-brands-could-face-boycott/ |access-date=2021-03-26 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en}}</ref> Brand ambassador and Actress [[Zhou Dongyu]] terminated her contract with Burberry.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fletcher |first=Richard |title=Burberry hit by Chinese boycott |language=en |newspaper=[[The Times]] |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/burberry-hit-by-chinese-boycott-r2c2pvw37 |access-date=2021-03-26 |issn=0140-0460}}</ref>

In April 2022, after the departure of [[Marco Gobbetti]], the Versace boss Jonathan Akeroyd took over Burberry as the next chief executive in a deal including a £6m golden hello to cover the loss of bonus and share awards for leaving his previous position.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jonathan Akeroyd BoF 500 The People Shaping the Global Fashion Industry |url=https://www.businessoffashion.com/amp/community/people/jonathan-akeroyd |website=www.businessoffashion.com |access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Burberry Posts Strong Growth in H1 as Jonathan Akeroyd Sets Out Strategy |url=https://footwearnews.com/2022/business/earnings/burberry-first-half-earnings-jonathan-akeroyd-1203370564/amp/ |website=Footwear News |access-date=2 May 2023 |date=17 November 2022}}</ref>

In July, 2022, Burberry announced Thai artist [[Vachirawit Chivaaree]] as their first Global Brand Ambassador from the South Asia-Pacific Region.<ref>{{cite web |title=Style File: Bright Vachirawit Chivaaree, Thai Actor & Burberry Ambassador |url=https://www.voguehk.com/en/article/fashion/style-file-bright-vachirawit/ |website=Vogue Hong Kong |access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bright Vachirawit Dominates Social Media With His Attendance to Burberry's SS23 Show |url=https://www.envimedia.co/bright-vachirawit-dominates-social-media-with-his-attendance-to-burberrys-ss23-show/ |website=EnVi Media |access-date=24 May 2023 |language=en |date=26 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2022-11-03 |title=Bright Vachirawit is a Thai celebrity with the most influence in the fashion world |url=https://www.thaiupdate.info/bright-vachirawit-fashion-world/ |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=Thai Update |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Tso |first1=Gloria Christine |title=Bright Vachirawit Chivaaree On The Living Legacy Of F4 Thailand's Thyme |url=https://www.harpersbazaar.com.sg/bazaar-man/bright-vachirawit-chivaaree-on-the-living-legacy-of-f4-thailands-thyme/ |website=Harper's Bazaar Singapore |access-date=15 May 2023 |date=15 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2023-04-12 |title=Bright Vachirawit and Yaya Urassaya Are On The Top 30 Influencers With The Highest EMV (Earned Media Value) During Fashion Week Fall Winter 2023 |url=https://www.thaiupdate.info/bright-yaya-fashion-week-2023/ |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=Thai Update |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bright Vachirawit And The Liberating Power Of The Seaside At Burberry Spring/Summer 2023 |url=https://www.harpersbazaar.com.sg/gallery/all-the-looks-burberry-spring-summer-2023/ |website=Harper's Bazaar Singapore |access-date=1 May 2023}}</ref>

Later in 2022, the company's chief operating and financial officer announced a ban on the use of exotic skins—such as alligator and snake—in its collections.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sachkova |first1=Margarita |title=Big News: Burberry Bans Exotic Skins! |url=https://www.peta.org.uk/blog/burberry-bans-exotic-skins/ |website=PETA UK |access-date=1 May 2023 |date=18 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Burberry Bans Exotic Skins |url=https://www.businessoffashion.com/news/sustainability/burberry-bans-exotic-skins/ |website=The Business of Fashion |date=18 May 2022 |access-date=1 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Glover |first=Simon |title=Burberry announces ban on exotic skins |url=https://www.ecotextile.com/2022052029373/fashion-retail-news/burberry-announces-ban-on-exotic-skins.html |access-date=2022-10-31 |website=Ecotextile News |date=20 May 2022 |language=en-GB}}</ref> In September 2022, Burberry announced designer [[Daniel Lee (designer)|Daniel Lee]], former creative director of [[Bottega Veneta]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Phelps |first=Nicole |date=2022-09-28 |title=Riccardo Tisci Is Out at Burberry, and Daniel Lee Has Been Hired to Replace Him |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/riccardo-tisci-exits-burberry-daniel-lee-hired |access-date=2022-10-31 |website=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]] |language=en-US}}</ref> as Riccardo Tisci's replacement as the company's chief creative officer.<ref name="BOFLeeBurberry">{{Cite web |title=Burberry Names Daniel Lee Chief Creative Officer |url=https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/luxury/burberry-names-daniel-lee-chief-creative-officer/ |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=The Business of Fashion |date=28 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nadhirah |first=Lyana |date=2023-02-22 |title=Bright Vachirawit, Jun Ji-Hyun Tampil Bergaya Dengan Burberry! |url=https://eh.my/artikel/fesyen/bright-vachirawit-jun-ji-hyun-tampil-bergaya-dengan-burberry/ |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=EH! |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Zhang |first=Tianwei |date=2022-09-26 |title=Bright, Simone Ashley, Kanye West, Milly Alcock, and Gillian Anderson Gather for Burberry Show |url=https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/bright-simone-ashley-kanye-west-milly-alcock-gillian-anderson-burberry-spring-2023-show-1235356512/ |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=WWD |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Zhang |first=Tianwei |date=2023-02-21 |title=Bright, Son Heung-Min and Jun Ji-Hyun Wear Trenchcoats to Daniel Lee's Burberry Debut |url=https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/bright-son-heung-min-jun-ji-hyun-trench-coats-daniel-lee-burberry-debut-1235538413/ |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=WWD |language=en-US}}</ref>

In February 2023 a new logo and branding was introduced: this brought back the Equestrian Knight logo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-07 |title=Burberry unveils "archive-inspired" charging knight logo |url=https://www.dezeen.com/2023/02/07/burberry-daniel-lee-logo-equestrian-knight-design/ |access-date=2023-02-08 |website=Dezeen |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-02-06 |title=Burberry's New Logo Breaks From Modern Tradition |url=https://www.esquire.com/uk/style/a42777540/burberrys-new-logo-breaks-from-modern-tradition/ |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=Esquire |language=en-gb}}</ref> The advertising campaign features famous British models and musicians such as [[Shygirl]], [[Liberty Ross]], [[Skepta]] and more.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shygirl, John Glacier and a swan front Daniel Lee's first Burberry campaign |url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/fashion/article/58121/1/shygirl-john-glacier-and-a-swan-front-daniel-lee-s-first-burberry-campaign |website=Dazed |access-date=2 May 2023 |language=en |date=6 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Wright |first1=Georgia |title=In pictures: Burberry unveils refreshed brand image under Daniel Lee - Retail Gazette |url=https://www.retailgazette.co.uk/blog/2023/02/burberrys-rebrand/ |website=www.retailgazette.co.uk |access-date=2 May 2023 |date=6 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Cripps |first1=Amie |title=Raheem Sterling and Skepta Feature in Burberry's Latest Campaign |url=https://versus.uk.com/2023/02/raheem-sterling-skepta-feature-burberrys-latest-campaign/ |website=VERSUS |access-date=2 May 2023 |date=7 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-06 |title=Here's a First Look at Daniel Lee's Burberry |url=https://www.gq.com/story/burberry-new-logo-daniel-lee |access-date=2023-02-08 |website=GQ |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Street |first1=Chloe |title=Daniel Lee debuts his new look Burberry featuring Shygirl and Skepta |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/insider/fashion/daniel-lee-burberry-new-campaign-shygirl-skepta-liberty-ross-vanessa-redgrave-b1058159.html |website=Evening Standard |access-date=2 May 2023 |language=en |date=6 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=How singer and rapper Shygirl became the fashion muse of today |url=https://www.vogue.in/fashion/content/singer-rapper-shygirl-talks-interview-burberry-riccardo-tisci-fashion-music |website=Vogue India |access-date=2 May 2023 |language=en-IN |date=23 April 2021}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

In April 2023, Burberry added rapper [[Kane Robinson|Kano]] to the "British Burberry revolution".<ref>{{cite web |last1=IN |first1=FashionNetwork com |title=Kano joins line-up of British stars fronting Burberry marketing |url=https://in.fashionnetwork.com/news/Kano-joins-line-up-of-british-stars-fronting-burberry-marketing,1508012.html |website=FashionNetwork.com |access-date=2 May 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kano Hits East London In Latest Burberry Campaign by Daniel Lee |url=https://hypebeast.com/2023/4/kano-burberry-campaign-daniel-lee-info |website=Hypebeast |access-date=2 May 2023 |date=17 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Letonja |first1=Timotej |title=Exploring the Intersection of Rap and Fashion: Daniel Lee's Latest Burberry Collection Featuring Kano |url=https://www.numeromag.nl/exploring-the-intersection-of-rap-and-fashion-daniel-lees-latest-burberry-collection-featuring-kano/ |website=Numéro Netherlands |access-date=2 May 2023 |date=24 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Willson |first=Tayler |date=17 April 2023 |title=Kano's A Burberry Boy Now |url=https://www.highsnobiety.com/p/burberry-kano/ |website=HIGHSNOBIETY}}</ref> That phrase itself is part of the company's new culture introduced by Lee since February 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=WW |first=FashionNetwork com |title=Launchmetrics AW23 report: Dior and Burberry are big hits, but what else made an impact? |url=https://ww.fashionnetwork.com/news/Launchmetrics-aw23-report-dior-and-burberry-are-big-hits-but-what-else-made-an-impact-,1498680.html |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=FashionNetwork.com |language=en-WW}}</ref> The ''new direction'' was phrased as ''"a modern take on British luxury".''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Willson |first=Tayler |date=20 February 2023 |title=WELCOME TO DANIEL LEE'S VERY BRITISH BURBERRY |url=https://www.highsnobiety.com/p/burberry-reboot-daniel-lee/ |website=HIGHSNOBIETY}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-07 |title=Inside Daniel Lee's brand new vision for Burberry |url=https://www.lifestyleasia.com/kl/style/fashion/daniel-lee-new-look-and-logo-for-burberry/ |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Lifestyle Asia Kuala Lumpur |language=en-US}}</ref>

== In Popular Culture ==

On 29 March 2023, a Burberry tote was used in an episode from [[Succession (TV series)|Succession]]. According to Google, viewers have searched for the "Burberry tote bag".<ref>{{cite web |title=The Burberry Tote Bag Is The Breakout Star Of 'Succession' Season Four |url=https://graziamagazine.com/articles/burberry-tote-bag-succession/ |website=Grazia |access-date=1 May 2023}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |title='Succession' Season Premiere Drives 310 Percent Search Interest Spike for Burberry Handbags After Viral 'Ludicrously Capacious' Scene |url=https://wwd.com/pop-culture/culture-news/succession-burberry-bag-search-interest-1235597441/amp/ |website=WWD |access-date=1 May 2023 |date=29 March 2023}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |last1=Segarra |first1=Edward |title='Succession' fans can't get enough of 'monstrous' Burberry bag cameo: 'It deserves an Emmy' |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/tv/2023/03/29/succession-season-premiere-burberry-bag-viral-moment/11565460002/ |website=USA TODAY |access-date=1 May 2023}}</ref> Google searches for Burberry and the tote rose by more than 310% after the episode aired.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-29 |title=The Burberry tote is actually rising in popularity after that 'Succession' episode |url=https://www.harpersbazaar.com/uk/fashion/fashion-news/a43448755/burberry-tote-succession/ |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=Harper's BAZAAR |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Stevenson |first=Gabi |title=A $2,900 Burberry tote was deemed 'ludicrously capacious' by a character on 'Succession.' Fans can't get enough of the memes — and the bag itself. |url=https://www.insider.com/2900-dollar-burberry-bag-mocked-succession-season-premiere-goes-viral-2023-3 |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=Insider |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Logos ==
<gallery>

Logo Burberry 02.svg|1999–2018<ref>{{cite web |title=戰馬回歸、狐狸與天鵝為何獨具意義？關於Burberry Logo演變故事：創新不是抹滅，而是延伸百年經典元素！ |url=https://www.gq.com.tw/fashion/article/burberry-logo-%E6%95%85%E4%BA%8B-daniel-lee |website=GQ Taiwan |access-date=2 May 2023 |language=zh-Hant-TW |date=7 February 2023}}</ref>
Burberry wordmark.svg|1999–2018<ref>{{cite web |title=Burberry Has Changed Its Iconic Logo for the First Time in 20 Years {{!}} Fortune |url=https://fortune.com/2018/08/02/burberry-new-logo/amp/ |access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref>
Burberry Logo.svg|2018–2023<ref>{{cite web |last1=Admin |first1=Joe-LMW |title=Burberry Logo and Its History {{!}} LogoMyWay |url=https://blog.logomyway.com/burberry-logo/ |access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Burberry Logo and symbol, meaning, history, PNG, brand |url=https://1000logos.net/burberry-logo/amp/ |website=1000logos.net |access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref>
Burberry Logo Subline.svg|2018–2023<ref>{{cite web |title=Burberry Logo, symbol, meaning, history, PNG, brand |url=https://logos-world.net/burberry-logo/ |access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref>
Logo Burberry 04.svg|since 2023<ref>{{cite web |title=Daniel Lee breathes new creativity and life at Burberry |url=https://www.lofficielmalaysia.com/fashion/daniel-lee-burberry-debut-new-logo |website=L'Officiel Malaysia {{!}} Fashion, Beauty, Lifestyle, Arts & Culture |access-date=2 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
Logo Burberry 03.svg|since 2023 (coloured)<ref>{{cite web |title=Inside Daniel Lee's brand new vision for Burberry |url=https://www.lifestyleasia.com/kl/style/fashion/daniel-lee-new-look-and-logo-for-burberry/amp/ |website=Lifestyle Asia Kuala Lumpur |access-date=2 May 2023 |date=7 February 2023}}</ref>
Logo Burberry 01.svg|since 2023<ref>{{cite web |last1=Maoui |first1=Zak |title=Burberry's big return to British eccentricity |url=https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/fashion/article/new-burberry-daniel-lee-2023/amp |website=British GQ |access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref>
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==

* [https://www.burberryplc.com Official Burberry Group plc corporate website]
* [https://www.burberry.com Official Burberry consumer website]
* {{PM20|FID=co/003929|TEXT=Documents and clippings about|NAME=}}

{{British Royal Warrant holders}}
{{FTSE 100 Index constituents}}

[[Category:Burberry| ]]
[[Category:Clothing brands of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Clothing companies of England]]
[[Category:Clothing companies based in London]]

[[Category:Clothing retailers of England]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the London Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Luxury brands]]
[[Category:High fashion brands]]
[[Category:Fashion accessory brands]]
[[Category:Perfume houses]]
[[Category:Companies based in Hampshire]]
[[Category:British companies established in 1856]]
[[Category:Clothing companies established in 1856]]
[[Category:Retail companies established in 1856]]
[[Category:1856 establishments in England]]
[[Category:British royal warrant holders]]
[[Category:British brands]]
[[Category:Youth culture in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Eyewear brands of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Companies based in the City of Westminster]]
[[Category:1940s fashion]]
[[Category:1950s fashion]]
[[Category:1980s fashion]]
[[Category:1990s fashion]]
[[Category:2001 initial public offerings]]

D. Imman discography

2023-07-12T10:04:21Z

Gogoha: Contributed a new entry to the platform.

[[File:DSC00325 copy-lowres.jpg|thumb|Imman in 2018]]

'''Immanuel Vasanth Dinakaran''' also [[Mononymous person|mononymously]] known as '''[[D. Imman]]''', made his music debut in 2002, with the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film [[Thamizhan]]. During the course of his two decade long career, he has composed and produced original scores and songs for more than 80 films in various languages, predominantly in Tamil, in addition to Tamil and Kannada.

== Original scores ==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Tamil
!Other Language
!Dubbed releases
!Notes
|-
|2001
|''Kadhale Swasam''
|
|
|Soundtrack Released; Film Unreleased
|-
|2002
|''[[Thamizhan]]''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2003
|''[[Sena (film)|Sena]]''
|
|
|
|-
|
|''[[Khwahish]]'' (Hindi)
|
|Only Film Score
|-
|''[[Whistle (2003 film)|Whistle]]''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2004
|''[[Giri (film)|Giri]]''
|
|
|
|-
|
|''[[Kis Kis Ki Kismat]]'' ([[Hindi]])
|
|
|-
|''Kadhale Engal Desiya Geetham''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |2005
|''Kombu''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Thaka Thimi Tha]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[6'2]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Chinna (2005 film)|Chinna]]''
|
|
|
|-
|
|''Isra'' (Malayalam)
|
|
|-
|''[[ABCD (film)|ABCD]]''
|
|
|
|-
|
|''[[Garam Masala (2005 film)|Garam Masala]]'' ([[Hindi]])
|
|Only Background Score
|-
|''[[Anbe Vaa (2005 film)|Anbe Vaa]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Aanai]]''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |2006
|''[[Madrasi (2006 film)|Madrasi]]''
|
|''Sivakasi'' (Telugu)
|
|-
|''[[Kovai Brothers]]''
|
|''Pokkiri Brothers'' (Telugu)
|Cameo appearance in song "Ulagathula"
|-
|''[[Thalai Nagaram]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Kalinga (film)|Kalinga]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Kusthi]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Vathiyar]]''
|
|''Ayyaa'' (Telugu)
|
|-
|''[[Rendu]]''
|
|''Rendu'' (Telugu)
|
|-
|''[[Nenjil Jil Jil]]''
|
|
|Cameo appearance in song "Nenjil"
|-
|''[[Thiruvilayadal Arambam]]''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2007
|''[[Lee (2007 film)|Lee]]''
|
|''Lee'' (Telugu)
|
|-
|''[[Naan Avanillai (2007 film)|Naan Avanillai]]''
|
|
|Only Background Score
|-
|''[[Veerappu]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Marudhamalai (film)|Marudhamalai]]''
|
|
|25th Film (Both Background Score and Music)
|-
|''[[Thavam]]''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2008
|''[[Vambu Sandai]]''
|
|''Lakshmi Putrudu'' (Telugu)
|
|-
|''[[Durai (film)|Durai]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''Dhik Dhik''
|
|
|Soundtrack Released; Film 14 November 2008
|-
| rowspan="4" |2009
|''[[Maasilamani]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Ainthaam Padai]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Naan Avanillai 2]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Odipolama]]''
|
|''Lechipodama'' (Telugu)
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2010
|''[[Kacheri Arambam]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Vilai]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Vandae Maatharam]]''
|''[[Vandae Maatharam]]'' ([[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]])
|
|
|-
|''[[Vaadaa]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Mynaa]]''
|
|''Prema Khaidi'' (Telugu)
|Nominated – [[Vijay Award for Best Music Director]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |2011
|''[[Thambikottai]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Mudhal Idam]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Uchithanai Muharnthaal]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Maharaja (2011 film)|Maharaja]]''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2012
|''[[Manam Kothi Paravai]]''
|''[[Anjada Gandu (2014 film)|Anjada Gandu]]'' (Kannada remake)
|
|
|-
|''[[Saattai]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Kumki (film)|Kumki]]''
|
|''Gajaraju'' (Telugu)
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Music Director]][[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Tamil]][[Vijay Award for Best Music Director]][[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Award for Best Music Director]]Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards Best Music Director
Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards Best Music Director
Nominated – [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Tamil]] ("Onnum Puriyala")

Nominated – [[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Award for Best Music Director]]
Nominated – [[Vijay Award for Favourite Song]] ("Sollitaley Ava Kaadhala")
|-
| rowspan="5" |2013
|''Therodum Veedhiyile''
|
|
|Soundtrack Released; Film Unreleased<ref name="thehindu1">{{cite news |last1=Ashok Kumar |first1=S. R. |title=Therodum Veediyile: Promising tunes |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/therodum-veediyile-promising-tunes/article3948824.ece |access-date=12 June 2013}}</ref>
|-
|''Vetkathai Kettal Enna Tharuvaai''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Desingu Raja]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam]]''
|
|
|50th Film
[[Vijay Award for Favourite Song]] ("Oodha Coloru Ribbon")
Nominated – [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Tamil]]

Nominated – [[Vijay Award for Best Music Director]]
|-
|''[[Pandiya Naadu]]''
|
|''Palnadu'' (Telugu)
|<ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite news |title=Vishal, now a producer too |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=TNN |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-31/news-interviews/38162747_1_suseenthiran-production-turning-producer |url-status=dead |access-date=12 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404211415/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-31/news-interviews/38162747_1_suseenthiran-production-turning-producer |archive-date=4 April 2013}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="12" |2014
|''[[Jilla]]''
|
|''Jilla'' (Telugu)
|
|-
|''[[Ninaivil Nindraval (2014 film)|Ninaivil Nindraval]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Rummy (2014 film)|Rummy]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Amara (film)|Amara]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Tenaliraman (film)|Tenaliraman]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Yennamo Yedho]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Sigaram Thodu]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Jeeva (2014 film)|Jeeva]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Oru Oorla Rendu Raja]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Kayal (film)|Kayal]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Vellaikaara Durai]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''Ennathan Pesuvatho''
|
|
|Soundtrack Released; Film Unreleased<ref name="indiatimes4">{{cite news |title=Vimal next in 'Desingu Raja' |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=TNN |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-06/news-interviews/35646981_1_sillunu-oru-sandhippu-kedi-billa-killadi-ranga-bindu-madhavi |url-status=dead |access-date=12 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929094043/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-06/news-interviews/35646981_1_sillunu-oru-sandhippu-kedi-billa-killadi-ranga-bindu-madhavi |archive-date=29 September 2013}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" |2015
|''[[Valiyavan]]''
|
|''Challenge'' (Telugu)
|
|-
|''[[Romeo Juliet (2015 film)|Romeo Juliet]]''
|
|''Romeo Juliet'' (Telugu)
|
|-
|
|''[[Carry On Maratha]]'' ([[Marathi cinema|Marathi]])
|
|One song, reused from ''Kumki''<ref>{{cite news |title=Imman's Soi Soi, now in a Marathi film |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Immans-Soi-Soi-now-in-a-Marathi-film/articleshow/48223529.cms |access-date=25 October 2015}}

The source states that this was updated 14 January 2017. The citation was added to the article at 06:10, 1 October 2015 (UTC).</ref>
|-
|''[[Vasuvum Saravananum Onna Padichavanga]]''
|
|
|75 th film
|-
|''[[Paayum Puli (2015 film)|Paayum Puli]]''
|
|''Jayasurya'' (Telugu)
|
|-
|''[[10 Endrathukulla]]''
|
|''Ten'' (Telugu)
|Only [[Film Score]]
|-
| rowspan="12" |2016
|''[[Rajini Murugan]]''
|
|''Rajini'' (Telugu)
|
|-
|''[[Miruthan]]''
|
|''Yamabasam'' (Telugu)
|
|-
|''[[Pokkiri Raja (2016 film)|Pokkiri Raja]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Vetrivel]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Marudhu]]''
|
|''Rayudu'' (Telugu)
|
|-
|''Mudinja Ivana Pudi''
|''[[Kotigobba 2]]'' ([[Kannada]])
|
|
|-
|''[[Wagah (film)|Wagah]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Thodari]]''
|
|''Rail'' (Telugu)
|
|-
|''[[Rekka (film)|Rekka]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Meen Kuzhambum Mann Paanaiyum]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Maaveeran Kittu]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Veera Sivaji]]''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |2017
|''[[Bogan (film)|Bogan]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Saravanan Irukka Bayamaen]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Adhagappattathu Magajanangalay]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Gemini Ganeshanum Suruli Raajanum]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Rubaai (film)|Rubai]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Podhuvaga Emmanasu Thangam]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Karuppan]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Ippadai Vellum]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Nenjil Thunivirundhal]]''
|''[[Nenjil Thunivirundhal|C/o Surya]]'' (Telugu)
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2018
|''[[Panjumittai]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Tik Tik Tik (2018 film)|Tik Tik Tik]]''
|
|''Tik Tik Tik'' (Telugu)
|100th Film.
|-
|
|''[[Hyper (2018 film)|Hyper]]'' ([[Kannada cinema|Kannada]])
|
|Reused tunes from ''[[Veera Sivaji]]''.
|-
|''[[Kadaikutty Singam]]''
|
|''Chinna Babu'' (Telugu)
|
|-
|''[[Seema Raja]]''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2019
|''[[Viswasam]]''
|
|''Viswasam'' (Telugu),
''Jagamalla'' (Kannada)
|Zee Tamil Award for Favorite Music Director,
[[National Film Award for Best Music Direction]]
|-
|
|''[[Natasaarvabhowma]]'' (Kannada)
|
|
|-
|''[[Kennedy Club]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Bakrid (film)|Bakrid]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Namma Veettu Pillai]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1" |2020
|''[[Seeru]]''
|
|''Stalin Andharivaadu'' (Telugu)
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2021
|''[[Bhoomi (2021 film)|Bhoomi]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Thesurajkoriy (film)|Teddy]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Laabam]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Udanpirappe]]''
|
|''Raktha Sambandham'' (Telugu),
''Udanpirappe'' (Malayalam)
|
|-
|''[[Annaatthe]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Pon Manickavel (film)|Pon Manickavel]]''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2022
|''[[Etharkkum Thunindhavan]]''
|
|''ET'' (Hindi, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam)
|
|-
|''[[Yutha Satham]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[My Dear Bootham]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Poikkal Kudhirai (2022 film)|Poikkal Kudhirai]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Captain (2022 film)|Captain]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Kaari (film)|Kaari]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[DSP (film)|DSP]]''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2023
|''[[Kazhuvethi Moorkkan]]''
|
|
|
|-
|{{pending film|Malai}}
|
|
|Directed by I. P. Murugesh
|-
|{{pending film|Public}}
|
|
|Directed by Raa Paraman
|-
|{{pending film|Valli Mayil}}
|
|
|Directed by [[Suseenthiran]]
|}

== As a playback singer ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Tamil
!Songs
!Notes
|-
|2002
|''[[Thamizhan]]''
|"Maattu Maattu"
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2003
|''[[Sena (film)|Sena]]''
|"Naattukozhi Kuzhambu"
|
|-
|''[[Whistle (2003 film)|Whistle]]''
|"Natpe Natpe", "Manja Kizhange", "Don't Worry Be Happy"
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2004
|''[[Giri (film)|Giri]]''
|"Rendu Kaal", "Dubukku"
|
|-
|''[[Kis Kis Ki Kismat]]''
|"Garmaagaram Gossip", "Shaadi Barbaadi"
|Hindi Film
|-
| rowspan="6" |2005
|''[[Thaka Thimi Tha]]''
|"Etha Oodhi"
|
|-
|''[[6'2]]''
|"Napoleon"
|
|-
|''[[Chinna (2005 film)|Chinna]]''
|"Tholaidhoora Nilave"
|
|-
|''[[ABCD (film)|ABCD]]''
|"Kadhal Illai", "Anandin Arimugam", "Bharathiyin Arimugam", "Chandravin Arimugam", "Divyavin Arimugam"
|
|-
|''[[Anbe Vaa (2005 film)|Anbe Vaa]]''
|"Alek Alek"
|
|-
|''[[Aanai]]''
|"Aanai", "Hey Idupattum"
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |2006
|''[[Kovai Brothers]]''
|"Ulagathula"
|
|-
|''[[Thalai Nagaram]]''
|"Flames of Victory"
|
|-
|''[[Kalinga (film)|Kalinga]]''
|"Dhool Machi"
|
|-
|''[[Kusthi]]''
|"Kalavani Kalavanipayale"
|
|-
|''[[Vathiyar]]''
|"Engo Paarthirukiren"
|
|-
|''[[Rendu]]''
|"Mobila Mobila"
|
|-
|''[[Nenjil Jil Jil]]''
|"Nenjil Jil Jil"
|
|-
|''[[Thiruvilaiyaadal Aarambam]]''
|"Adara Ramma"
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2009
|''[[Naan Avanillai 2]]''
|"O Mariya"
|
|-
|''[[Odipolama]]''
|"Ading Ading", "Ragalaikaara Maama"
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2010
|''[[Kacheri Arambam]]''
|"Kadavule A Rock Start"
|
|-
|''[[Vandae Maatharam]]''
|"Vandaag Maatharam"
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Kumki (film)|Kumki]]''
|"Ella Oorum", "Onnum puriyala"
|
|-
|2013
|''[[Biriyani (film)|Biryani]]''
|"Nimirndhu Nil"
|Composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2014
|''[[Jilla]]''
|"Verasa Pogayile"
|
|-
|''[[Rummy]]''
|"Oru Nodi"
|
|-
|''[[Yennamo Yedho]]''
|"Muttalai Muttalai"
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2015
|''[[Valiyavan]]''
|"O Baby Come With Me"
|
|-
|''[[Demonte Colony]]''
|"Dummy Piece"
|Composed by Keba Jeremiah
|-
|''[[10 Endrathukulla]]''
|"Vroom Vroom"
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2016
|''[[Pokkiri Raja (2016 film)|Pokkiri Raja]]''
|"Athuvatta"
|
|-
|''[[Rekka (film)|Rekka]]''
|"Virru Virru"
|
|-
|''[[Maaveeran Kittu]]''
|"Onna Onna"
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
|''[[Rubaai]]''
|"Asathuthe"
|
|-
|''[[Ippadai Vellum]]''
|"Thodra Paakalaam"
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2018
|''[[Kadaikutty Singam]]''
|"Sandakaari", "Vaa Jikki"
|
|-
|''[[Maniyaar Kudumbam]]''
|"En Manasukulla"
|Composed by Thambi Ramaiah
|-
|''[[Seemaraja]]''
|"Varum Aana Varaathu", "Machakkanni"
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Viswasam]]''
|"Adchithooku "
|
|}

== Television ==
Imman has mostly composed music for [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] [[Soap opera|serials]].<ref>{{cite web |title=General Profile of D Imman – Music Director |url=http://profiles.lakshmansruthi.com/index1.php?uid=109 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222101433/http://profiles.lakshmansruthi.com/index1.php?uid=109 |archive-date=22 February 2015 |access-date=2 February 2017 |publisher=Lakshmansruthi.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=D. Imman |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/profilesmusic/dimman.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427111532/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/profilesmusic/dimman.asp |archive-date=27 April 2009 |access-date=2 February 2017 |publisher=Lakshmansruthi.com}}</ref>

=== TV Serials ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left; width: auto;"
!Year
!Serial Name
!Channel
|-
|2000
|[[Krishnadasi (2000 TV series)|''Krishnadasi'']]
|Sun TV
|-
| rowspan="2" |2001
|''Sigaram''
|Sun TV
|-
|''Jhala Khreedai''
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2002
|''Kathiravan''
|
|-
|''Mugangal''
|
|-
|''Mandhira Vaasal''
|Sun TV
|-
|2003
|[[Kolangal (TV series)|''Kolangal'']]
|Sun TV
|-
| rowspan="4" |2004
|[[Ahalya (TV series)|''Ahalya'']]
|Sun TV
|-
|[[Kalki (TV series)|''Kalki'']]
|Jaya TV
|-
|''Krishna Cottage''
|Jaya TV
|-
|''Thillu Mullu''
|Vijay TV
|-
| rowspan="2" |2005
|''Jeyam''
|Jaya TV
|-
|''Alli Rajjiyam''
|Sun TV
|-
|2006
|''Bandham''
|Sun TV
|-
| rowspan="2" |2007
|''[[Thirumathi Selvam]]''
|Sun TV
|-
|''Vasantham''
|Sun TV
|-
| rowspan="2" |2008
|''Rudhra''
|Zee Tamil
|-
|''Azhagana Ratchasi''
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2009
|''[[Kalasam (TV series)|Kalasam]]''
|Sun TV
|-
|''[[Sivasakthi (TV series)|Sivasakthi]]''
|Sun TV
|-
|''[[Uravugal]]''
|Sun TV
|}

=== TV Shows ===

* Movie No.1 ([[Jaya TV]])
* Thakathimitha (Jaya TV)
* Jackpot (Jaya TV)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Uncategorized}}

Megha Ray

2023-07-08T13:00:53Z

Gogoha: New article layout.

{{Sources exist}}

{{short description|Indian television actress}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Megha Ray
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 2 September 1996
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| nationality =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2019—present
| parents =
| works =
| awards =
}}

'''Megha Ray''' is an Indian television actress.

==Filmography==

=== Television ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Ref.
|-
| 2019{{endash}}20
| ''[[Dil Yeh Ziddi Hai]]''
| Kajal Vyas
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/megha-ray-tv-show-dil-yeh-ziddi-hai-6136045/|title=Megha Ray: Dil Yeh Ziddi Hai is not a sob story|website=Indian Express|access-date=6 July 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 2020{{endash}}21
|''[[Apna Time Bhi Aayega]]''
| Rani Singh Rajawat
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/megha-ray-on-replacibng-anushka-sen-in-apna-time-bhi-aayega-i-dont-want-to-burden-myself-with-the-thought-of-replacing-someone-established/articleshow/79180804.cms|title=Megha Ray on replacing Anushka Sen in 'Apna Time Bhi Aayega': I don't want to burden myself with the thought of replacing someone established|website=The Times of India|access-date=6 July 2023}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2022
| rowspan="2"|''[[Rang Jaun Tere Rang Mein]]''
| Dhani Chaubey Tripathi (formerly Pandey)
| <ref>{{cite web|title=I am glad to get an opportunity to play a character different from my previous one in Apna Time Bhi Aayega, says Megha Ray|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/tv/news/hindi/i-am-glad-to-get-an-opportunity-to-play-a-character-different-from-my-previous-one-in-apna-time-bhi-aayega-says-megha-ray/amp_articleshow/88325799.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=6 July 2023}}</ref>
|-
| Devyani Tripathi Srivastava
|
|-
| 2023{{endash}}present
|''[[Sapnon Ki Chhalaang]]''
| Radhika Yadav (Guddi)
| <ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/megha-ray-i-can-relate-to-my-character-in-chhalaang-sapno-ki-as-i-too-left-my-job-to-be-an-actor/articleshow/98585099.cms | title=Megha Ray: I can relate to my character in Sapno Ki Chhalaang as I too left my job to be an actor | newspaper=The Times of India | last1=Doshi | first1=Hasti |access-date=6 July 2023}}</ref>
|}

====Special appearances====
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|2021
|''[[Meet: Badlegi Duniya Ki Reet]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Reem Shaikh and Megha Ray's Excitement {{!}} Behind The Scenes {{!}} Meet - Diwali Event Meet TV Serial Best Scene of 29 October 2021 Online on ZEE5 |url=https://www.zee5.com/global/tvshows/details/meet/0-6-3510/meet/0-1-6z532812 |access-date=6 July 2023 |website=ZEE5 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]''
|
|
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Show
!Result
!{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|rowspan="3"|2019
|rowspan="3"|[[Zee Rishtey Awards]]
|Favourite Naya Sadasya (Female)
|rowspan="3"|''[[Dil Yeh Ziddi Hai]]''
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|Favourite Nayi Jodi (With [[Rohit Suchanti]])
|{{won}}
|
|-
|Favourite Nayi Jodi (With Shoaib Ali)
|{{nom}}
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|11175339}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ray, Megha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Bawaal (2023)

2023-07-05T19:18:11Z

Gogoha: Wrote an inspiring article.

#REDIRECT [[Bawaal]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Part III of the Constitution of India

2023-05-05T05:14:41Z

Gogoha: Contributed a new addition to the platform.

#REDIRECT [[Fundamental rights in India]]

[[Category:Parts and articles of the Constitution of India]]

Representation of the People Act (India)

2022-08-01T16:55:56Z

Gogoha: Finished writing a new chapter.

#REDIRECT [[Representation of the People Act, 1951]]
{{R from move}}

Humanitarian aid

2022-07-23T21:32:25Z

Gogoha: Created an insightful write-up.

{{Short description|Material or logistical assistance for people in need}}
{{Redirect|Succour|the album|Succour (album)}}
[[File:Distribution of BP-5 Emergency food packages in Goma - from Flickr 2995064256.jpg|thumb|A [[UNICEF]] worker is distributing [[BP-5 Compact Food|high-calorie food]] during an emergency situation in [[Goma]], in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], in 2008.]]
'''Humanitarian aid''' is material and [[Humanitarian Logistics|logistic]] assistance to people who need help. It is usually short-term help until the long-term help by the government and other institutions replaces it. Among the people in need are the [[homelessness|homeless]], [[refugee]]s, and victims of [[natural disaster]]s, wars, and famines. Humanitarian relief efforts are provided for [[humanitarian]] purposes and include [[natural disasters]] and [[human-made disaster]]s. The primary objective of humanitarian aid is to save lives, alleviate [[suffering]], and maintain [[human dignity]]. It may, therefore, be distinguished from [[development aid]], which seeks to address the underlying [[socioeconomics|socioeconomic]] factors which may have led to a crisis or emergency. There is a debate on linking humanitarian aid and development efforts, which was reinforced by the [[World Humanitarian Summit]] in 2016. However, the conflation is viewed critically by practitioners.<ref>{{cite news |title=Why the nexus is dangerous|url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/expert-warns-against-coupling-humanitarian-aid-other-development-goals|author=Sid Johann Peruvemba, [[Malteser International]]|work=[[D+C Development and Cooperation]] |access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref>

Humanitarian aid is seen as "a fundamental expression of the universal value of solidarity between people and a moral imperative".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://euhap.eu/upload/2014/09/the-state-of-art-of-humanitarian-action-2013.pdf|title=''The State of Art of Humanitarian Action'', (PDF). EUHAP|website=euhap.eu|access-date=28 April 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215111127/http://euhap.eu/upload/2014/09/the-state-of-art-of-humanitarian-action-2013.pdf|archive-date=15 February 2017}}</ref> Humanitarian aid can come from either local or international communities. In reaching out to international communities, the [[Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] (OCHA)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unocha.org/|title=OCHA|website=unocha.org|access-date=28 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319224511/https://www.unocha.org/|archive-date=19 March 2018}}</ref> of the [[United Nations]] (UN) is responsible for coordination responses to emergencies. It taps to the various members of [[Inter-Agency Standing Committee]], whose members are responsible for providing emergency relief. The four UN entities that have primary roles in delivering humanitarian aid are [[United Nations Development Programme]] (UNDP), the [[United Nations Refugee Agency]] (UNHCR), the [[United Nations Children's Fund]] (UNICEF) and the [[World Food Programme]] (WFP).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.un.org/en/sections/what-we-do/deliver-humanitarian-aid/|title=Deliver Humanitarian Aid|website=un.org|access-date=28 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319143649/http://www.un.org/en/sections/what-we-do/deliver-humanitarian-aid/|archive-date=19 March 2018}}</ref>
[[File:US Navy 100125-N-6266K-238 A Red Cross worker picks up a humanitarian box to give to an earthquake survivor in Port-au-Prince.jpg|thumb|Humanitarian aid being distributed in Haiti]]
The [[International Committee of the Red Cross]] understands humanitarian relief as a norm in both international and non-international armed conflicts, and countries or war parties that prevent humanitarian relief are generally widely criticized.<ref name="icrc">ICRC IHL dababase: [https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule55 Rule 55. Access for Humanitarian Relief to Civilians in Need] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915145142/https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule55 }}</ref> According to [[The Overseas Development Institute]], a London-based research establishment, whose findings were released in April 2009 in the paper "Providing aid in insecure environments: 2009 Update", the most lethal year for aid providers in the history of [[humanitarianism]] was 2008, in which 122 aid workers were murdered and 260 assaulted. The countries deemed least safe were [[Somalia]] and [[Afghanistan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/download/3250.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-12-13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919190355/http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/download/3250.pdf |archive-date=19 September 2011 }}</ref> In 2014, Humanitarian Outcomes reported that the countries with the highest incidents were: Afghanistan, [[Humanitarianism in Africa|Democratic Republic of the Congo]], Central African Republic, South Sudan, Sudan, Syria, Pakistan, Somalia, Yemen and Kenya.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aidworkersecurity.org/incidents/report/contexts/2012/2018|title=Highest incident contexts (2012–2018)|publisher=Humanitarian Outcomes|work=[[Aid Worker Security Database]]|access-date=11 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907204016/https://aidworkersecurity.org/incidents/report/contexts/2012/2018|archive-date=7 September 2015}}</ref>

According to the ''[[Global Humanitarian Overview]]'' of OCHA, 274 million people need humanitarian assistance and [[Humanitarian protection|protection]] in 2022, or 1 out of 29 people worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |title=Global Humanitarian Overview 2022 |url=https://gho.unocha.org |access-date=5 November 2022 |website=Global Humanitarian Overview}}</ref>

Some scholars define humanitarian obligations as 'unfixed' and precisely because of that "when recipients of aid call on different parties - agencies, governments, the international community - to fulfill these obligations, they often seek to expand their limits".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Feldman |first1=Ilana |title=Life lived in relief : humanitarian predicaments and Palestinian refugee politics |location=Oakland, California |isbn=978-0520299634 |page=110}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Origins ===
[[File:Henry Dunant-young.jpg|thumb|[[Henry Dunant]]]]
The beginnings of organized international humanitarian aid can be traced to the late 19th century. Early campaigns include British aid to distressed populations on the continent and in Sweden during the Napoleonic Wars,<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Götz | first1 = Norbert | year = 2014 | title = Rationales of Humanitarianism: The Case of British Relief to Germany, 1805–1815 | journal = Journal of Modern European History | volume = 12 | issue = 2| pages = 186–199 | doi=10.17104/1611-8944_2014_2_186| s2cid = 143227029 | url = http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-23457 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Götz | first1 = Norbert | year = 2014 | title = The Good Plumpuddings' Belief: British Voluntary Aid to Sweden During the Napoleonic Wars | journal = International History Review | volume = 37 | issue = 3| pages = 519–539 | doi=10.1080/07075332.2014.918559| doi-access = free }}</ref> and the international relief campaigns during the Great Irish Famine in the 1840s.<ref>{{cite book | title=Charity and the Great Hunger in Ireland: The Kindness of Strangers | year=2013 | publisher=Bloomsbury | location=London | last1=Kinealy | first1=Christine}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Götz|first1=Norbert|title=Humanitarianism in the Modern World: The Moral Economy of Famine Relief|last2=Brewis|first2=Georgina|last3=Werther|first3=Steffen|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2020|isbn=978-1-108-65590-3|location=Cambridge|doi=10.1017/9781108655903|doi-access=free}}</ref>

In 1854, when the Crimean War began<ref name="ReferenceA">Hosein Karimi, Negin Masoudi Alavi. Florence Nightingale: The Mother of Nursing. Nurs Midwifery Stud. 2015 Jun;4(2)</ref> [[Florence Nightingale]] and her team of 38 nurses arrived to Barracks Hospital of Scutari where there were thousands of sick and wounded soldiers.<ref name="ReferenceB">Joseph H. Choate. What Florence Nightingale Did for Mankind. Am J Nurs. 1911 Feb;11(5):346–57.</ref> Nightingale and her team watched as the understaffed military hospitals struggled to maintain hygienic conditions and meet the needs of patients.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Ten times more soldiers were dying of disease than from battle wounds.<ref name="ReferenceC">Elizabeth Fee, Mary E. Garofalo. Florence Nightingale and the Crimean War.</ref> Typhus, typhoid, cholera and dysentery were common in the army hospitals.<ref name="ReferenceC" /> Nightingale and her team established a kitchen, laundry and increased hygiene. More nurses arrived to aid in the efforts and the General Hospital at Scutari was able to care for 6,000 patients.<ref name="ReferenceB" />
Nightingale's contributions still influence humanitarian aid efforts. This is especially true in regard to Nightingale's use of statistics and measures of mortality and morbidity. Nightingale used principles of new science and statistics to measure progress and plan for her hospital.<ref name="ReferenceC" /> She kept records of the number and cause of deaths in order to continuously improve the conditions in hospitals.<ref name="ReferenceD">Understanding Uncertainty. Florence Nightingale and the Crimean War.</ref> Her findings were that in every 1,000 soldiers, 600 were dying of communicable and infectious diseases.<ref name="ReferenceE">Hosein Karimi, Negin Masoudi Alavi. Florence Nightingale: The Mother of Nursing. Nurs Midwifery Stud. 2015 Jun;4(2).</ref> She worked to improve hygiene, nutrition and clean water and decreased the mortality rate from 60% to 42% to 2.2%.<ref name="ReferenceE" /> All of these improvements are pillars of modern humanitarian intervention. Once she returned to Great Britain she campaigned for the founding of the Royal Commission on the Health of the Army.<ref name="ReferenceD" /> She advocated for the use of statistics and coxcombs to portray the needs of those in conflict settings.<ref name="ReferenceD" /><ref>Forsythe, David. The Humanitarians: The International Committee of the Red Cross. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 15.</ref>

[[File:Battaglia di Solferino (Henry Dunant).jpg|thumb|[[Henry Dunant]] at [[Solferino]]]]
The most well-known origin story of formalized humanitarian aid is that of [[Henry Dunant|Henri Dunant]], a Swiss businessman and social activist, who upon seeing the sheer destruction and inhumane abandonment of wounded soldiers from [[Battle of Solferino|the Battle of Solferino]] in June 1859, canceled his plans and began a relief response.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/publications/icrc-002-2116-03.pdf|title=The Fundamental Principles of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement|last=Haug|first=Hans|access-date=2019-11-01}}</ref> Despite little to no experience as a medical physician, Dunant worked alongside local volunteers to assist the wounded soldiers from all warring parties, including Austrian, Italian and French casualties, in any way he could including the provision of food, water, and medical supplies. His graphic account of the immense suffering he witnessed, written in his book ''[[A Memory of Solferino]]'', became a foundational text to modern [[humanitarianism]].<ref>Barnett, Michael, and Weiss, Thomas. Humanitarianism in Question: Politics, Power, Ethics. (New York: Cornell University Press, 2008), 101.</ref>
[[File:Souvenir de Solferino henri Dunant 1862.jpg|thumb|Cover of the original edition of ''[[A Memory of Solferino]]'' (1862)]]
''A Memory of Solferino'' changed the world in a way that no one, let alone Dunant, could have foreseen nor truly appreciated at the time. To start, Dunant was able to profoundly stir the emotions of his readers by bringing the battle and suffering into their homes, equipping them to understand the current barbaric state of war and treatment of soldiers after they were injured or killed; in of themselves these accounts altered the course of history.<ref>Bugnion, Francois. "Birth of an Idea: The Founding of the International Committee of the Red Cross and of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement: From Solferino to the Original Geneva Convention (1859–1864)." International Review of the Red Cross 94 (2013): 1306.</ref> Beyond this, in his two-week experience attending to the wounded soldiers of all nationalities, Dunant inadvertently established the vital conceptual pillars of what would later become the [[International Committee of the Red Cross]] and [[Humanitarian law|International Humanitarian Law]]: impartiality and neutrality.<ref>Bugnion, Francois. "Birth of an Idea: The Founding of the International Committee of the Red Cross and of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement: From Solferino to the Original Geneva Convention (1859–1864)." International Review of the Red Cross 94 (2013): 1303</ref> Dunant took these ideas and came up with two more ingenious concepts that would profoundly alter the practice of war; first Dunant envisioned a creation of permanent volunteer relief societies, much like the ad hoc relief group he coordinated in Solferino, to assist wounded soldiers; next Dunant began an effort to call for the adoption of a treaty which would guarantee the protection of wounded soldiers and any who attempted to come to their aid.<ref>ugnion, Francois. "Birth of an Idea: The Founding of the International Committee of the Red Cross and of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement: From Solferino to the Original Geneva Convention (1859–1864)." International Review of the Red Cross 94 (2013): 1300</ref>

After publishing his foundational text in 1862, progress came quickly for Dunant and his efforts to create a permanent relief society and International Humanitarian Law. The embryonic formation of the International Committee of the Red Cross had begun to take shape in 1863 when the private Geneva Society of Public Welfare created a permanent sub-committee called "The International Committee for Aid to Wounded in Situations of War". Composed of five Geneva citizens, this committee endorsed Dunant's vision to legally neutralize medical personnel responding to wounded soldiers.<ref>Forsythe, David. The Humanitarians: The International Committee of the Red Cross. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 17.</ref><ref>Bugnion, Francois. "Birth of an Idea: The Founding of the International Committee of the Red Cross and of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement: From Solferino to the Original Geneva Convention (1859–1864)." International Review of the Red Cross 94 (2013): 1311</ref> The constitutive conference of this committee in October 1863 created the statutory foundation of the International Committee of the Red Cross in their resolutions regarding national societies, caring for the wounded, their symbol, and most importantly the indispensable neutrality of ambulances, hospitals, medical personnel and the wounded themselves.<ref>Bugnion, Francois. "Birth of an Idea: The Founding of the International Committee of the Red Cross and of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement: From Solferino to the Original Geneva Convention (1859–1864)." International Review of the Red Cross 94 (2013): 1320.</ref> Beyond this, in order to solidify humanitarian practice, the Geneva Society of Public Welfare hosted a convention between 8 and 22 August 1864 at the Geneva Town Hall with 16 diverse States present, including many governments of Europe, the Ottoman Empire, the United States of America (USA), Brazil and Mexico.<ref>Bugnion, Francois. "Birth of an Idea: The Founding of the International Committee of the Red Cross and of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement: From Solferino to the Original Geneva Convention (1859–1864)." International Review of the Red Cross 94 (2013): 1323.</ref> This diplomatic conference was exceptional, not due to the number or status of its attendees but rather because of its very raison d'être. Unlike many diplomatic conferences before it, this conference's purpose was not to reach a settlement after a conflict nor to mediate between opposing interests; indeed this conference was to lay down rules for the future of conflict with aims to protect medical services and those wounded in battle.<ref>Bugnion, Francois. "Birth of an Idea: The Founding of the International Committee of the Red Cross and of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement: From Solferino to the Original Geneva Convention (1859–1864)." International Review of the Red Cross 94 (2013): 1324</ref>
[[File:Original Geneva Conventions.jpg|thumb|Original [[Geneva Conventions]]]]
The first of the renowned Geneva Conventions was signed on 22 August 1864; never before in history has a treaty so greatly impacted how warring parties engage with one another.<ref>Bugnion, Francois. "Birth of an Idea: The Founding of the International Committee of the Red Cross and of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement: From Solferino to the Original Geneva Convention (1859–1864)." International Review of the Red Cross 94 (2013): 1325</ref> The basic tenents of the convention outlined the neutrality of medical services, including hospitals, ambulances, and related personnel, the requirement to care for and protect the sick and wounded during the conflict and something of particular symbolic importance to the International Committee of the Red Cross: the Red Cross emblem.<ref>Bugnion, Francois. "Birth of an Idea: The Founding of the International Committee of the Red Cross and of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement: From Solferino to the Original Geneva Convention (1859–1864)." International Review of the Red Cross 94 (2013):1325</ref> For the first time in contemporary history, it was acknowledged by a representative selection of states that war had limits. The significance only grew with time in the revision and adaptation of the Geneva Convention in 1906, 1929 and 1949; additionally, supplementary treaties granted protection to hospital ships, prisoners of war and most importantly to civilians in wartime.<ref>Bugnion, Francois. "Birth of an Idea: The Founding of the International Committee of the Red Cross and of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement: From Solferino to the Original Geneva Convention (1859–1864)." International Review of the Red Cross 94 (2013):1326</ref>

The International Committee of the Red Cross exists to this day as the guardian of International Humanitarian Law and as one of the largest providers of humanitarian aid in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icrc.org/en/who-we-are|title=Who we are|website=International Committee of the Red Cross|language=en|access-date=2020-01-27}}</ref>

[[File:Madras famine 1877.jpg|thumb|left|250px|A contemporary print showing the distribution of relief in [[Bellary]], [[Madras Presidency]]. From the [[Illustrated London News]] (1877).]]

Another such examples occurred in response to the [[Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–1879]], brought about by a drought that began in northern China in 1875 and led to crop failures in the following years. As many as 10 million people may have died in the famine.<ref>Edgerton-Tarpley, Kathryn, "Pictures to Draw Tears from Iron" {{cite web |url=http://www.ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f.0271/tears_from_iron/tfi_essay.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-12-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160518091754/http://www.ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f.0271/tears_from_iron/tfi_essay.pdf |archive-date=18 May 2016 }}, accessed 25 December 2013</ref> British missionary [[Timothy Richard]] first called international attention to the famine in [[Shandong]] in the summer of 1876 and appealed to the foreign community in [[Shanghai]] for money to help the victims. The Shandong Famine Relief Committee was soon established with the participation of diplomats, businessmen, and Protestant and Roman Catholic missionaries.<ref>Janku, Andrea (2001) "The North-China Famine of 1876–1879: Performance and Impact of a Non-Event." In: ''Measuring Historical Heat: Event, Performance, and Impact in China and the West. Symposium in Honour of Rudolf G. Wagner on His 60th Birthday''. Heidelberg, 3–4 November, pp. 127–134</ref> To combat the famine, an international network was set up to solicit donations. These efforts brought in 204,000 silver [[tael]]s, the equivalent of $7–10 million in 2012 silver prices.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/cu31924023248796|title=The great famine : [Report of the Committee of the China Famine Relief Fund]|last=China Famine Relief Fund. Shanghai Committee|publisher=Shanghai : American Presbyterian Mission Press|others=Cornell University Library}}</ref>

A simultaneous campaign was launched in response to the [[Great Famine of 1876–78]] in [[India]]. Although the authorities have been criticized for their [[laissez-faire]] attitude during the famine, relief measures were introduced towards the end. A Famine Relief Fund was set up in the [[United Kingdom]] and had raised £426,000 within the first few months.

=== 1980s ===

[[File:Opbushel.jpg|thumb|[[RAF]] [[C-130]] airdropping food during 1985 famine]]

Early attempts were in private hands and were limited in their financial and organizational capabilities. It was only in the 1980s, that global news coverage and celebrity endorsement were mobilized to galvanize large-scale government-led famine (and other forms of) relief in response to disasters around the world. The [[1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia|1983–85 famine in Ethiopia]] caused upwards of 1 million deaths and was documented by a [[BBC]] news crew, with [[Michael Buerk]] describing "a biblical famine in the 20th Century" and "the closest thing to hell on Earth".<ref>{{cite news |title=How a Report on Ethiopia's 'Biblical Famine' Changed the World |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/how-report-ethiopias-biblical-famine-changed-world-n232126 |work=NBC News |language=en}}</ref>

[[Live Aid]], a 1985 fund-raising effort headed by [[Bob Geldof]] induced millions of people in the West to donate money and to urge their governments to participate in the relief effort in Ethiopia. Some of the proceeds also went to the famine hit areas of Eritrea.<ref>{{cite web|title=In 1984 Eritrea was part of Ethiopia, where some of the song's proceeds were spent |url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/IRIN/d6750ff7c1236f1e21669b2af53797c3.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622020815/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/IRIN/d6750ff7c1236f1e21669b2af53797c3.htm |archive-date=22 June 2011 |url-status=live |access-date=2009-05-08 }}</ref>

=== 2000s ===
{{Main|Humanitarian Cluster System}}
A 2004 reform initiative by [[Jan Egeland]], resulted in the creation of the Humanitarian Cluster System, designed to improve coordination between humanitarian agencies working on the same issues.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Stoddard|first1=Abby|last2=Harmer|first2=Adele|last3=Haver|first3=Katherine|last4=Salomons|first4=Dirk|last5=Wheeler|first5=Victoria|title=Cluster Approach Evaluation|url=https://www.alnap.org/system/files/content/resource/files/main/erd-3641-full.pdf|website=[[ALNAP]]}}</ref>

=== 2010s ===

==== World Humanitarian Summit ====
{{Main|World Humanitarian Summit}}
[[File:Ban Ki-moon February 2016.jpg|thumb|Ban Ki-moon]]
The first global summit on humanitarian diplomacy was held in 2016 in [[Istanbul]], Turkey.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Rousseau|first1=Elise|url=https://www.springerprofessional.de/en/humanitarian-diplomacy/17367926|title=Humanitarian diplomacy|last2=Sommo Pende|first2=Achille|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2020}}</ref> An initiative of United Nations Secretary-General [[Ban Ki-moon]], the World Humanitarian Summit included participants from governments, civil society organizations, private organizations, and groups affected by humanitarian need. Issues that were discussed included: preventing and ending conflict, managing crises, and aid financing.

Attendees at the summit agreed a series of reforms on aid spending called the [[Grand Bargain (humanitarian reform)|Grand Bargain]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Parker|first=Ben|title=Is the Grand Bargain a Big Deal?|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/analysis/2016/05/24/grand-bargain-big-deal|access-date=2021-12-27|website=The New Humanitarian|language=en}}</ref> including a commitment to spend 25% of aid funds directly through local and national humanitarian aid organizations.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Goodwin|first1=Ellen|last2=Ager|first2=Alastair|title=Localisation in the Context of UK Government Engagement With the Humanitarian Reform Agenda|journal=Frontiers in Political Science|volume=3|pages=114|doi=10.3389/fpos.2021.687063|issn=2673-3145|doi-access=free}}</ref>
{{Main|Localisation (humanitarian practice)}}

== Funding ==
[[File:United Nations Headquarters, Geneva.jpg|thumb|United Nations]]
Aid is funded by [[donation]]s from individuals, corporations, governments and other organizations. The funding and delivery of humanitarian aid is increasingly international, making it much faster, more responsive, and more effective in coping to major emergencies affecting large numbers of people (e.g. see [[Central Emergency Response Fund]]). The United Nations [[Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] (OCHA) coordinates the international humanitarian response to a crisis or emergency pursuant to Resolution 46/182 of the [[United Nations General Assembly]]. The need for aid is ever-increasing and has long outstripped the financial resources available.<ref name=D+C>{{cite news |title=Aid in itself is not enough|url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/transformative-emergency-aid-takes-account-long-term-social-justice|author=Hendrik Slusarenka|work=D+C, development and cooperation |access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref>

The Central Emergency Response Fund was created at the 2005 Central Emergency Response Fund at the [[United Nations General Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=United Nations Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF)|url=https://www.devex.com/organizations/united-nations-central-emergency-response-fund-cerf-122672|website=Devex}}</ref>

{{Main|Central Emergency Response Fund}}

== Types of humanitarian aid ==

=== Medical humanitarian aid ===
There are different kinds of medical humanitarian aid, including: providing medical supplies and equipment; sending professionals to an affected region; and, long-term training for local medical staff. Such aid emerged when international organizations stepped in to respond to the need of national governments for global support and partnership to address natural disasters, wars, and other crises that impact people's health.<ref name="Buse-2011">{{Cite journal |last1=Buse |first1=Kent |last2=Tanaka |first2=Sonja |title=Global Public-Private Health Partnerships: lessons learned from ten years of experience and evaluation |journal=International Dental Journal |series=Live.Learn.Laugh. A Unique Global Public-Private Partnership to Improve Oral Health |language=en |volume=61 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=2–10 |doi=10.1111/j.1875-595X.2011.00034.x |issn=0020-6539 |pmc=9374971 |pmid=21770935}}</ref> Often, a humanitarian aid organization would clash with a government's approach to the unfolding domestic conflict. In such cases, humanitarian aid organizations have sought out autonomy to extend help regardless of political or ethnic affiliation.<ref name="Buse-2011" />

==== Limitations ====
Humanitarian medical aid as a sector possesses several limitations. First, multiple organizations often exist to solve the same problem. Rather than collaborating to address a given situation, organizations frequently interact as competitors, which creates bottlenecks of treatment and supplies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hunt |first1=Matthew |last2=Miao |first2=Jingru |title=Moral Entanglement and the Ethics of Closing Humanitarian Medical Aid Projects |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/prehospital-and-disaster-medicine/article/moral-entanglement-and-the-ethics-of-closing-humanitarian-medical-aid-projects/676EA28341612D85FDDDCC29B9D75016 |journal=Prehospital and Disaster Medicine |language=en |volume=32 |issue=S1 |pages=S47–S48 |doi=10.1017/S1049023X17001376 |s2cid=157630210 |issn=1049-023X}}</ref> A second limitation is how humanitarian organizations are focused on a specific disaster or epidemic, without a plan for whatever might come next; international organizations frequently enter a region, provide short term aid, and then exit without ensuring local capacity to maintain or sustain this medical care.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fourie |first=Carina |title=The trouble with inequalities in global health partnerships |url=http://www.medanthrotheory.org/article/view/4856 |journal=Medicine Anthropology Theory |language=en |volume=5 |issue=2 |doi=10.17157/mat.5.2.525 |s2cid=139190114 |issn=2405-691X}}</ref> Finally, humanitarian medical aid assumes a biomedical approach which does not always account for the alternative beliefs and practices about health and well-being in the affected regions.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Khalikova |first=Venera |title=Medical pluralism |url=https://www.anthroencyclopedia.com/entry/medical-pluralism |encyclopedia=[[Cambridge Encyclopedia of Anthropology]] |doi=10.29164/21medplural |language=en}}</ref> This problem is rarely explored as most studies conducted are done from the lens of the donor or Westernized humanitarian organization rather than the recipient country's perspective.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jammihal |first1=Ravindra |last2=Ralte |first2=Harry |last3=Roy |first3=Nobhojit |title=Humanitarian Medical Aid to Developing Nations: A Recipient Country's Perspective |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/prehospital-and-disaster-medicine/listing?q=Recipient+Country%27s+Perspective&searchWithinIds=5827EB647E0D2120933D43CC884BF7EA&fts=yes |journal=Prehospital and Disaster Medicine |volume=24 |issue=S1}}</ref> Discovering ways of encouraging locals to embrace bio-medicine approaches while simultaneously respecting a given people's culture and beliefs remains a major challenge for humanitarian aid organizations; in particular as organizations constantly enter new regions as crises occur. However, understanding how to provide aid cohesively with existing regional approaches is necessary in securing the local peoples' acceptance of the humanitarian aid's work.

== Delivery of humanitarian aid ==
[[File:HfN-Lkw.jpg|thumb|Truck for delivery of aid from Western to Eastern Europe]]

=== Methods of delivery ===
[[File:World Food Programme in Liberia 002.jpg|thumb|[[World Food Programme]] distributing food in Liberia]]
Humanitarian aid spans a wide range of activities, including providing food aid, shelter, education, healthcare or [[Humanitarian protection|protection]]. The majority of aid is provided in the form of in-kind goods or assistance, with cash and vouchers constituting only 6% of total humanitarian spending.<ref name=ODI>[High Level Panel on Humanitarian Cash Transfers {{cite web |url=http://www.odi.org/publications/9876-cash-transfers-humanitarian-vouchers-aid-emergencies |title=Doing cash differently: How cash transfers can transform humanitarian aid |access-date=2015-09-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923194910/http://www.odi.org/publications/9876-cash-transfers-humanitarian-vouchers-aid-emergencies |archive-date=23 September 2015 }} Doing cash differently: how cash transfers can transform humanitarian aid]</ref> However, evidence has shown how cash transfers can be better for recipients as it gives them choice and control, they can be more cost-efficient and better for local markets and economies.<ref name=ODI />

It is important to note that humanitarian aid is not only delivered through aid workers sent by bilateral, multilateral or intergovernmental organizations, such as the [[United Nations]]. Actors like the affected people themselves, civil society, local informal first-responders, civil society, the diaspora, businesses, local governments, military, local and international non-governmental organizations all play a crucial role in a timely delivery of humanitarian aid.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Leaving no one behind : humanitarian effectiveness in the age of the sustainable development goals|others=Easton, Matthew,, United Nations. Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs,, Collaborative for Development Action., CDA Collaborative Learning Projects.|isbn=9789211320442|location=[New York?]|oclc=946161611|year = 2016}}</ref>

How aid is delivered can affect the quality and quantity of aid. Often in disaster situations, international aid agencies work in hand with local agencies. There can be different arrangements on the role these agencies play, and such arrangement affects that quality of hard and soft aid delivered.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Henderson|first1=J. Vernon|last2=Lee|first2=Yong Suk|year=2015|title=Organization of Disaster Aid Delivery|url=https://ideas.repec.org/a/ucp/ecdecc/doi10.1086-681277.html|journal=Economic Development and Cultural Change|volume=63|issue=4|pages=617–664|doi=10.1086/681277|s2cid=14147459}}</ref>

=== Humanitarian access ===
Securing access to humanitarian aid in post-disasters, conflicts, and complex emergencies is a major concern for humanitarian actors. To win assent for interventions, aid agencies often espouse the [[Humanitarian principles|principles]] of humanitarian [[Humanitarian principles#Impartiality|impartiality]] and [[Humanitarian principles#Neutrality|neutrality]]. However, gaining secure access often involves negotiation and the practice of humanitarian diplomacy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cmi.no/publications/7782-humanitarianism-an-overview|title = Humanitarianism: An Overview}}</ref> In the arena of negotiations, humanitarian diplomacy is ostensibly used by humanitarian actors to try to persuade decision makers and leaders to act, at all times and in all circumstances, in the interest of vulnerable people and with full respect for fundamental humanitarian principles.<ref name="cmi.no">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.cmi.no/publications/6536-humanitarian-diplomacy-a-new-research-agenda|title=Humanitarian Diplomacy: A New Research Agenda|journal=CMI Brief|year=2018|volume=2018:4|last1=Lauri|first1=Antonio De}}</ref> However, humanitarian diplomacy is also used by state actors as part of their foreign policy.<ref name="cmi.no"/>

=== United Nations' response ===
The UN implements a multifaceted approach to assist migrants and refugees throughout their relocation process.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|last1=Stein|first1=Eduardo|last2=UNHCR|last3=Refugees|first3=IOM Joint Special Representative for|last4=Venezuela|first4=Migrants from|last5=RMRP 2022|first5=“Foreword” to the|title=RMRP 2022 – FOR REFUGEES AND MIGRANTS FROM VENEZUELA|url=https://rmrp.r4v.info/|access-date=2021-12-16|website=RMRP 2022|language=en-US}}</ref> This includes children’s integration into the local education system, food security, and access to health services.<ref name="UNHCR-2020">{{Cite web|first=|title=UNHCR Global Report 2020|url=https://reporting.unhcr.org/sites/default/files/gr2020/pdf/GR2020_English_Full_lowres.pdf|access-date=2021-12-16|website=[[UNHCR]]}}</ref> The approach also encompasses humanitarian transportation, the goal of which is to ensure migrants and refugees retain access to basic goods and services and the labour market.<ref name="auto"/> Basic needs, including access to shelter, clean water, and child protection, are supplemented by the UN's efforts to facilitate social integration and legal regularization for displaced individuals.<ref name="UNHCR-2020" />

== Technology and humanitarian aid ==
Traditionally, [[Aid agency|humanitarian organizations]] have concentrated their efforts in the delivery of human, medical, food, shelter and water sanitation and hygiene resources during humanitarian emergencies.

Nevertheless, since the [[2010 Haiti earthquake|2010 Haiti Earthquake]], the institutional and operational focus of humanitarian aid has been on leveraging technology to enhance humanitarian action, ensuring that more formal relationships are established, and improving the interaction between formal humanitarian organizations such as the [[United Nations]] (UN) [[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] (OCHA) and informal volunteer and technological communities known as [[Digital Humanitarian Network|digital humanitarians]].<ref name="Sandvik-2014">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281204255|title=Humanitarian Technology: A Critical Research Agenda|last=Sandvik|first=Kristin|journal=International Review of the Red Cross|volume=96 |issue=893 |pages=219–242 |doi=10.1017/S1816383114000344 |s2cid=55335271 |access-date=April 27, 2020|doi-access=free}}</ref>

The recent rise in [[Big data|Big Data]], high-resolution [[satellite imagery]] and new platforms powered by advanced computing have already prompted the development of [[crisis mapping]] to help humanitarian organizations make sense of the vast volume and velocity of information generated during disasters. For example, crowdsourcing maps (such as [[OpenStreetMap]]) and social media messages in [[Twitter]] were used during the [[2010 Haiti earthquake|2010 Haiti Earthquake]] and [[Hurricane Sandy]] to trace leads of missing people, infrastructure damages and rise new alerts for emergencies.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Meier|first=Patrick|title=Digital Humanitarians: How Big Data is Changing the Face of Humanitarian Response|publisher=CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group|year=2015|isbn=978-1-4987-2652-8|location=E-Book}}</ref>

Satellite imagery is now used to predict how many people will be displaced from their homes and where they will likely move. Such insights helps emergency personnel to identify how much aid in terms of water, food and medical care will be needed and where to send it before they conduct a Rapid Needs Assessment on the field, and at the same time it helps prevent putting the humanitarian organization personnel at risk. [[Artificial intelligence]] algorithms may instantaneously assess flooding, building and road damage based on satellite images and weather forecasts, allowing rescuers to distribute emergency aid more effectively and identify those still in danger and isolated from escape routes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/01/natural-disasters-resilience-relief-artificial-intelligence-ai-mckinsey/|title=Natural disasters are increasing in frequency and ferocity. Here's how AI can come to the rescue|last=Van Heteren|first=Ashley|website=World Economic Forum|access-date=April 27, 2020}}</ref>
Another example that illustrates technology used for humanitarian purposes is the Artificial Intelligence for Digital Response platform which is a free and open source software that automatically collects and classifies tweets that are posted during emergencies, humanitarian crises and disasters. AIDR uses human and machine intelligence to automatically tag up to thousands of messages per minute so humanitarian organizations are able to make faster decisions depending on the trends from the data collected during a specific kind of emergency.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AIDR: Artificial Intelligence for Disaster Response |url=http://aidr.qcri.org/ |access-date=2022-11-05 |website=aidr.qcri.org}}</ref>

[[Big data]] for humanitarian operations provides a unique opportunity to access instantaneously contextual information about pending and ongoing humanitarian crises. The development of rigorous information management systems may lead to feasible mechanisms for forecasting and preventing crises. Nevertheless, there are important issues to be discussed concerning the veracity and validity of data. Data that are collected or generated through digital or mobile mechanisms will often pose additional challenges, especially regarding the verification when the information comes from social media. Though a significant amount of work is under way to develop software and algorithms for verifying [[Crowdsourcing|crowdsourced]] or anonymously provided data, such tools are not yet operational or widely available. Also, multiple data transactions and increased complexity in data structures raise the potential for error in humanitarian data entry and interpretation, and this raises concerns about the accuracy and representativeness of data that is used for policy decisions in highly pressurized situations that demand quick decision-making.<ref name="Sandvik-2014" />

== Gender and humanitarian aid ==
Even prior to a [[humanitarian crisis]], gender differences exist. Women have limited access to [[Wage labour|paid work]], are at risk of [[child marriage]], and are more exposed to [[Violence against women|Gender based violence]], such as rape and domestic abuse.<ref>{{Cite ssrn|last1=Aolain|first1=Ni|last2=D|first2=Fionnuala|title=Women, Vulnerability and Humanitarian Emergencies|ssrn=1611818}}</ref> [[War|Conflict]] and [[natural disaster]]s exacerbate women's vulnerabilities.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mazurana|first1=Dyan|last2=Benelli|first2=Prisca|last3=Walker|first3=Peter|title=How sex- and age-disaggregated data and gender and generational analyses can improve humanitarian response|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/disa.12013|journal=Disasters|language=en|volume=37|issue=s1|pages=S68–S82|doi=10.1111/disa.12013|pmid=23905768|issn=1467-7717}}</ref> When delivering humanitarian aid, it is thus important for humanitarian actors, such as the [[United Nations]], to include challenges specific to women in their humanitarian response. The [[Inter-Agency Standing Committee]] provides guidelines for humanitarian actors on how be inclusive of gender when delivering humanitarian aid. It recommends agencies to collect data disaggregated by sex and age to better understand which group of the population is in need of what type of aid.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Gender Handbook for Humanitarian Action|url=https://interagencystandingcommittee.org/system/files/2018-iasc_gender_handbook_for_humanitarian_action_eng_0.pdf|website=IASC}}</ref> In recent years, the [[United Nations]] have been using sex and age disaggregated data more and more, consulting with gender specialists. In the assessment phase, several [[UN agencies]] meet to compile data and work on a humanitarian response plan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Humanitarian Response Plan {{!}} HumanitarianResponse|url=https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/en/operations/nigeria/humanitarian-response-plan#:~:text=The%20Humanitarian%20Response%20Plan%20(HRP,needs%20of%20the%20affected%20population.|access-date=2021-12-19|website=www.humanitarianresponse.info}}</ref> Throughout the plans. women specific challenges are listed and sex and age disaggregated data are used so when they deliver aid to a country facing a humanitarian crisis, girls and women can have access to the aid they need.

== Humanitarian aid and conflict ==
[[File:Humanitarian aid OCPA-2005-10-28-090517a.jpg|thumb|An American soldier gives a young Pakistani girl a drink of water as they are airlifted from [[Muzaffarabad]] to [[Islamabad]] following the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]].]]
In addition to post-conflict settings, a large portion of aid is often directed at countries currently undergoing conflicts.<ref name="Berman">{{Cite web|url=http://voxeu.org/article/effective-aid-conflict-zones#fn|title=Effective aid in conflict zones|last1=Berman|first1=Eli|last2=Felter|first2=Joe|website=VoxEU.org|last3=Shapiro|first3=Jacob|last4=Troland|first4=Erin|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523064917/http://voxeu.org/article/effective-aid-conflict-zones#fn|archive-date=23 May 2017}}</ref> However, the effectiveness of humanitarian aid, particularly food aid, in conflict-prone regions has been criticized in recent years. There have been accounts of humanitarian aid being not only inefficacious but actually fuelling conflicts in the recipient countries.<ref name="Nunn 2014 1630–1666">{{Cite journal|last1=Nunn|first1=Nathan|last2=Qian|first2=Nancy|title=US Food Aid and Civil Conflict|url=https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/30410811/faidconf_20130806_final_0.pdf?sequence=1|journal=American Economic Review|volume=104|issue=6|pages=1630–1666|doi=10.1257/aer.104.6.1630|s2cid=12935268 }}</ref> Aid stealing is one of the prime ways in which conflict is promoted by humanitarian aid. Aid can be seized by armed groups, and even if it does reach the intended recipients, "it is difficult to exclude local members of a local militia group from being direct recipients if they are also malnourished and qualify to receive aid."<ref name="Nunn 2014 1630–1666" /> Furthermore, analyzing the relationship between conflict and food aid, recent research shows that the United States food aid promoted civil conflict in recipient countries on average. An increase in United States' wheat aid increased the duration of armed civil conflicts in recipient countries, and ethnic polarization heightened this effect.<ref name="Nunn 2014 1630–1666" /> However, since academic research on aid and conflict focuses on the role of aid in post-conflict settings, the aforementioned finding is difficult to contextualize. Nevertheless, research on Iraq shows that "small-scale [projects], local aid spending ... reduces conflict by creating incentives for average citizens to support the government in subtle ways."<ref name="Berman" /> Similarly, another study also shows that aid flows can "reduce conflict because increasing aid revenues can relax government budget constraints, which can [in return] increase military spending and deter opposing groups from engaging in conflict."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Qian|first=Nancy|title=Making Progress on Foreign Aid|journal=Annual Review of Economics|volume=3}}</ref> Thus, the impact of humanitarian aid on conflict may vary depending upon the type and mode in which aid is received, and, ''inter alia,'' the local socio-economic, cultural, historical, geographical and political conditions in the recipient countries.

=== Humanitarian Rights ===

Scholars debate the differences between human rights and humanitarian rights and their implications. In the context of refugees, it describes the organizations’ responsibility to provide for their needs by considering both “fundamental human rights and humanitarian norms”.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Feldman |first1=Ilana |title=Life Lived in Relief |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520299634}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kuwali |first1=Dan |author1-link='Humanitarian Rights': How to Ensure Respect for Human Rights and Humanitarian Law in Armed Conflicts |editor1-last=Kolb |editor1-first=Robert |editor2-last=Gaggioli |editor2-first=Gloria |title=Research Handbook on Human Rights and Humanitarian Law |publisher=Edward Elgar |isbn=978-1-78254-030-4 |page=349}}</ref> Humanitarian rights are sometimes used by refugees as means to pursue their political rights.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Feldman |first1=Ilana |title=Life lived in relief : humanitarian predicaments and Palestinian refugee politics |location=Oakland, California |isbn=978-0520299634 |page=130}}</ref> Hence, "humanitarian language, materials and practice can offer a space for politics to hide".<ref name="Life lived in relief : humanitarian">{{cite book |last1=Feldman |first1=Ilana |title=Life lived in relief : humanitarian predicaments and Palestinian refugee politics |location=Oakland, California |isbn=978-0520299634 |page=131}}</ref> As such, according to some scholars, the most evident tool offered by humanitarianism is the 'language of suffering' used by refugees in order to demand a compassionate action that will relieve their suffering.<ref name="Life lived in relief : humanitarian"/>

== Waste and corruption in humanitarian aid ==
Waste and corruption are hard to quantify, in part because they are often taboo subjects, but they appear to be significant in humanitarian aid. For example, it has been estimated that over $8.75  billion was lost to waste, fraud, abuse and mismanagement in the [[Hurricane Katrina]] relief effort.<ref name="ODI2">Sarah Bailey (2008) [https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/3268.pdf Need and greed: corruption risks, perceptions and prevention in humanitarian assistance] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626055317/http://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/3268.pdf }} [[Overseas Development Institute]]</ref> [[Non-governmental organizations]] have in recent years made great efforts to increase participation, accountability and transparency in dealing with aid, yet humanitarian assistance remains a poorly understood process to those meant to be receiving it—much greater investment needs to be made into researching and investing in relevant and effective accountability systems.<ref name="ODI2" />

However, there is no clear consensus on the trade-offs between speed and control, especially in emergency situations when the humanitarian imperative of saving lives and alleviating suffering may conflict with the time and resources required to minimise corruption risks.<ref name="ODI2" /> Researchers at the [[Overseas Development Institute]] have highlighted the need to tackle corruption with, but not limited to, the following methods:<ref name="ODI2" />

# Resist the pressure to spend aid rapidly.
# Continue to invest in audit capacity, beyond simple paper trails;
# Establish and verify the effectiveness of complaints mechanisms, paying close attention to local power structures, security and cultural factors hindering complaints;
# Clearly explain the processes during the targeting and registration stages, highlighting points such as the fact that people should not make payments to be included, photocopy and read aloud any lists prepared by leaders or committees.

== Contrary practice ==
Countries or war parties that prevent humanitarian relief are generally under unanimous criticism.<ref name="icrc" /> Such was the case for the [[Derg]] regime, preventing relief to the population of Tigray in the 1980s,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/25869403|title=Ethiopia : a country study | WorldCat.org|website=www.worldcat.org}}</ref> and the prevention of relief aid in the [[Tigray War]] of 2020–2021 by the [[Abiy Ahmed Ali]] regime of [[Ethiopia]] was again widely condemned.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/us-aid-chief-travel-ethiopia-diplomatic-push-tigray-2021-07-29/|title=U.S. aid chief to travel to Ethiopia in diplomatic push on Tigray|first=Daphne|last=Psaledakis|newspaper=Reuters |via=www.reuters.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/57929853|title=Ethiopia's Tigray crisis: Why it's hard getting aid into the region|work=BBC News }}</ref>

== Aid workers ==
[[File:UNICEF pallets 02.jpg|left|250px|thumb|[[UNICEF]] humanitarian aid, ready for deploying.]]
[[File:Wanda Maria Blenska.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Wanda Błeńska]], [[Poland|Polish]] [[leprosy]] expert and [[missionary]] who successfully developed the [[Buluba Hospital]] in [[Uganda]]]]

Aid workers are people who are distributed internationally to do humanitarian aid work.

=== Composition ===
[[File:US Navy 071204-M-1226J-016 Bangladeshi Citizens, offload food rations from a Marine CH-46E assigned to Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron (HMM) 166 (REIN), 11th Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU) Special Operations Capable (SOC).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Bangladesh]]i citizens offload food rations from a [[US Marine Corps|US Marine]] [[CH-46E]] helicopter of [[11th Marine Expeditionary Unit]] after [[Tropical Cyclone Sidr]] in 2007.]]

The total number of humanitarian aid workers around the world has been calculated by [[ALNAP]], a network of agencies working in the Humanitarian System, as 210,800 in 2008. This is made up of roughly 50% from NGOs, 25% from the Red Cross/Red Crescent Movement and 25% from the UN system.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.alnap.org/pool/files/alnap-sohs-final.pdf |title=State of the Humanitarian System report|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214081952/http://www.alnap.org/pool/files/alnap-sohs-final.pdf |archive-date=14 December 2010 |website= ALNAP|year= 2010|page= 18}}</ref> In 2010, it was reported that the humanitarian fieldworker population increased by approximately 6% per year over the previous 10 years.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/5825.pdf|title= The State of the Humanitarian System|website= ALNAP|year= 2010|access-date= 28 September 2020|archive-date= 2 February 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210202164955/https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/5825.pdf|url-status= dead}}</ref>

=== Psychological issues ===
Aid workers are exposed to tough conditions and have to be flexible, resilient, and responsible in an environment that humans are not psychologically supposed to deal with, in such severe conditions that trauma is common. In recent years, a number of concerns have been raised about the mental health of aid workers.<ref name="News Report on Aid Workers">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-13942088|title=Health – The university course giving aid to aid workers|work=BBC News|access-date=11 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925171437/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-13942088|archive-date=25 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="Aid Workers Lacking Psychological Support">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/250765.stm|title= Health – Aid workers lack psychological support|work=BBC News|access-date=11 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021226223523/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/250765.stm|archive-date=26 December 2002}}</ref>

The most prevalent issue faced by humanitarian aid workers is [[post-traumatic stress disorder]] (PTSD). Adjustment to normal life again can be a problem, with feelings such as [[Guilt (emotion)|guilt]] being caused by the simple knowledge that international aid workers can leave a crisis zone, whilst nationals cannot.

A 2015 survey conducted by ''[[The Guardian]]'', with aid workers of the Global Development Professionals Network, revealed that 79 percent experienced mental health issues.<ref>{{cite news|title=''Guardian'' research suggests mental health crisis among aid workers|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2015/nov/23/guardian-research-suggests-mental-health-crisis-among-aid-workers|work=The Guardian|access-date=27 April 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428052615/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2015/nov/23/guardian-research-suggests-mental-health-crisis-among-aid-workers|archive-date=28 April 2017}}</ref>

=== Abuse of power by aid workers ===
{{Main|Sexual exploitation and abuse in humanitarian response}}
Reports of sexual exploitation in sexual exploitation and abuse in humanitarian response have been reported following humanitarian interventions in Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone in 2002,<ref>https://www.parliament.uk/globalassets/documents/commons-committees/international-development/2002-Report-of-sexual-exploitation-and-abuse-Save-the-Children.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108184132/https://www.parliament.uk/globalassets/documents/commons-committees/international-development/2002-Report-of-sexual-exploitation-and-abuse-Save-the-Children.pdf }} {{Bare URL PDF}}</ref> in Central African Republic<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mwanyika|first=Elijah Mwasi|title=Sexual Exploitation and Abuse by Intervention Forces in Central African Republic|url=https://ajernet.net/article/view/14|journal=African Journal of Empirical Research|language=en|volume=2|issue=1|pages=63–78|doi=10.51867/ajer.v2i1.14|s2cid=233976377|issn=2709-2607}}</ref> and in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Farge|first1=Emma|last2=Holland|first2=Hereward|title=WHO employees took part in Congo sex abuse during Ebola crisis, report says|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/who-heartbroken-by-congo-sex-abuse-probe-findings-2021-09-28/|access-date=2021-11-19}}</ref>

2021 reporting on a Racial Equity Index report indicated that just under two-thirds of aid workers have experienced racism and 98% of survey respondents witnessed racism.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Delahunty|first=Stephen|title=Almost two-thirds of aid workers have experienced racism, research indicates|url=https://www.thirdsector.co.uk/article/1733490|access-date=2021-11-19|website=www.thirdsector.co.uk|language=en}}</ref>

== Standards ==

The humanitarian community has initiated a number of interagency initiatives to improve accountability, quality and performance in humanitarian action. Four of the most widely known initiatives are, [[ALNAP]], the [[CHS Alliance]], the [[Sphere Project]] and the [[Core Humanitarian Standard on Quality and Accountability]] (CHS). Representatives of these initiatives began meeting together on a regular basis in 2003 in order to share common issues and harmonise activities where possible.<ref>{{Cite web|title=HAP and People In Aid merge to become CHS Alliance|url=https://www.elrha.org/news/hap-and-people-in-aid-merge-to-become-chs-alliance/|access-date=2022-01-07|website=Elrha|language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== Sphere Project ===

The [[Sphere Project]] handbook, ''Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Disaster Response,'' which was produced by a coalition of leading non-governmental humanitarian agencies, lists the following principles of humanitarian action:
* The right to life with dignity
* The distinction between combatant and non-combatants
* The principle of [[non-refoulement]]

=== Core Humanitarian Standard on Quality and Accountability ===
[[File:CHS.png|thumb|Logo of the Core Humanitarian Standard]]
Another humanitarian standard used is the [[Core Humanitarian Standard on Quality and Accountability]] (CHS). It was approved by the CHS Technical Advisory Group in 2014, and has since been endorsed by many humanitarian actors such as "the Boards of the [[Humanitarian Accountability Partnership International|Humanitarian Accountability Partnership]] (HAP), People in Aid and the [[Sphere Project]]".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://corehumanitarianstandard.org/resources/frequently-asked-questions|title=Frequently Asked Questions – CHS|website=corehumanitarianstandard.org|language=en|access-date=2018-11-06}}</ref> It comprises nine core standards, which are complemented by detailed guidelines and indicators.

While some critics were questioning whether the sector will truly benefit from the implementation of yet another humanitarian standard, others have praised it for its simplicity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2015/jun/11/core-humanitarian-standard-do-ngos-need-another-set-of-standards|title=Core Humanitarian Standard: do NGOs need another set of standards?|last=Purvis|first=Katherine|website=The Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-11-06}}</ref> Most notably, it has replaced the core standards of the Sphere Handbook<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sphereproject.org/news/new-online-course-on-the--core-humanitarian-standard/?keywords=replaced|title=The Sphere Project {{!}} New online course on the Core Humanitarian Standard {{!}} News|website=sphereproject.org|date=19 May 2016|language=en|access-date=2018-11-06}}</ref> and it is regularly referred to and supported by officials from the United Nations, the EU, various NGOs and institutes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://corehumanitarianstandard.org/the-standard/statements-of-support|title=Statements of support – CHS|website=corehumanitarianstandard.org|language=en|access-date=2018-11-06}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Attacks on humanitarian workers]]
* ''[[Hard Choices: Moral Dilemmas in Humanitarian Intervention]]''
* [[Effective altruism]]
* [[Church asylum]]
* [[Humanitarian access]]
* [[Humanitarian corridor]]
* [[Humanitarian principles]]
* [[Humanitarian Response Index]]
* [[International humanitarian law]]
* [[Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action]]
* [[World Humanitarian Day]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book|title=Humanitarianism in the Modern World: The Moral Economy of Famine Relief|year=2020|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|doi=10.1017/9781108655903|doi-access=free|last1=Götz|last2=Brewis|last3=Werther|first1=Norbert|first2=Georgina|first3=Steffen|isbn=978-1-108-65590-3}}
* {{Cite book|author=James, Eric |title= Managing Humanitarian Relief: An Operational Guide for NGOs. Rugby: Practical Action}}
* {{Cite book
|author=Minear, Larry
|title=The Humanitarian Enterprise: Dilemmas and Discoveries
|publisher=Kumarian Press
|location=West Hartford, CT
|year=2002
|isbn=1-56549-149-1
}}
* {{Cite book
|author=Waters, Tony |title= Bureaucratizing the Good Samaritan: The Limitations of Humanitarian Relief Operations| location= Boulder|publisher= Westview Press}}

== External links ==
{{Prone to spam}}

* [[doi:10.1093/isq/sqac009|The Humanitarian Organisations Dataset (HOD)]]: 2,505 organizations active in the humanitarian sector
* {{cite web| url=http://www.alnap.org/ |title=Active Learning Network for Accountability and Performance|website=alnap.org}}
* {{cite web|url=https://community.apan.org/apcn//|title=APCN (Africa Partner Country Network)|website=apan.org}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.cedat.org/ |title=CE-DAT: The Complex Emergency Database |website=cedat.org}}
* {{cite web|url=https://centreforsafety.org/|title=Centre for Safety and Development|website=centreforsafety.org}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/resources/documents/misc/64zahh.htm|title=The Code of Conduct: humanitarian principles in practice|publisher=International Committee of the Red Cross}}
* {{cite web| url=http://www.medecinsdumonde.org |title=Doctors of the World|website=medecinsdumonde.org}}
* {{cite web| url=http://www.emdat.be|title= EM-DAT: The International Disaster Database|website=emdat.be}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/|title=The New Humanitarian|website=thenewhumanitarian.org}}
*{{Cite web|title=Humanitarian News|url=https://news.trust.org//humanitarian/|website=Thompson Reuters Foundation News}}
* {{cite web| url=https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/resources/documents/interview/protection-interview-011209.htm |title=Protection work during armed conflict and other situations of violence: professional standards|publisher=International Committee of the Red Cross}}
* {{cite web| url=http://www.cdham.org |title=The Center for Disaster and Humanitarian Assistance Medicine|website=CDHAM.org}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.odi.org.uk/hpg|title=The ODI Humanitarian Policy Group|website=odi.org.uk|access-date=7 March 2006|archive-date=8 February 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060208085750/http://www.odi.org.uk/HPG/|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web| url=http://www.reliefweb.int |title=UN ReliefWeb|website=reliefweb.int}}

=== Critiques of humanitarian aid ===
* {{cite web |url=http://www.cceia.org/resources/transcripts/169.html |title=A Bed for the Night: Humanitarianism in Crisis |first1=David |last1=Rieff |author-link1=David Rieff |first2=Joanne J. |last2=Myers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070330184742/http://www.cceia.org/resources/transcripts/169.html |archive-date=30 March 2007}}

{{Use dmy dates}}{{Use British English}}
{{Charity}}
{{Humanitarian Aid|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Humanitarian aid| ]]
[[Category:Civil affairs]]
[[Category:Government aid programs]]
[[Category:Philanthropy]]
[[Category:Charity]]
[[Category:Emergency management]]

Harish Pednekar

2021-05-28T17:15:38Z

Gogoha:

{{Infobox person
| name = Harish Pednekar
| image = Harish Pednekar.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1994|03|22}}
| birth_place = Mumbai, India
| nationality = Indian
| occupation = Entrepreneur
| years_active = 2010-present
| known_for = Millennial PR and Digital
}}

'''Harish Pednekar''' is a Mumbai-based serial entrepreneur and social media expert. He is the CEO and co-owner of [[Millennial PR and Digital]], a digital marketing company.Also Known For Best PR

==Early life==
Harish was born and brought up in [[Mumbai]]<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2021-04-28|title=Exclusive Q&A Interview With Creative Entrepreneur Harish Pednekar|url=https://middleeastheadlines.com/the-entrepreneur-story/15525/exclusive-qa-interview-with-creative-entrepreneur-harish-pednekar/|date=16 August 2020}}</ref> and graduated with a degree in Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) specializing in Marketing.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|access-date=2021-04-28|title=Harish Pednekar: A true blue digital marketing expert & an astute digital entrepreneur who is flying high with his incredible expertise in the world of media.|url=https://ventsmagazine.com/2020/06/08/harish-pednekar-a-true-blue-digital-marketing-expert-an-astute-digital-entrepreneur-who-is-flying-high-with-his-incredible-expertise-in-the-world-of-media/|date=8 June 2020}}</ref>

==Career==
Pednekar began working in the media industry in 2010 at the age of 16. He has been in the media industry for several years and started his career as an entertainment journalist.<ref name=":0" /> In 2016, he joined a Bollywood website called "Business of Cinema" (BoC). He was appointed to handle the backend work for the website, but later he was promoted and interviewed various Bollywood celebrities including [[Shah Rukh Khan]], [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Katrina Kaif]], [[Varun Dhawan]] and more. His first celebrity interview was with Shah Rukh Khan during Dilwale.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2021-04-28|title=Harish Pednekar shares how hard work and positivity helped him be on the top|url=https://www.asianage.com/entertainment/bollywood/250619/harish-pednekar-shares-how-hard-work-and-positivity-helped-him-be-on-the-top.html|date=25 June 2019|website=The Asian Age}}</ref> Currently, he is the content head of ‘Clout News’ and co-founded [[Millennial PR and Digital]], a digital marketing company with one of his friends.<ref name=":0" />

==Awards==
*The Most Active Person of Media award 2017<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2021-04-28|title=बॉलीवुड सेलेब्स के फेवरेट हैं हरीश पेडनेकर, फिल्मी दुनिया में ऐसे कमाया नाम|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/entertainment/entrepreneur-harish-pednekar-shares-how-hard-work-helped-him-be-on-the-top/547322|date=1 July 2019|website=Zee News Hindi}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{URL|harishpednekar.com}}
*{{Twitter|PednekarHarish}}
*{{Instagram|harrypednekar}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Entrepreneurs]]