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Bharat-Nepal Maitri Chhath Ghat

2026-05-05T01:36:46Z

Godavari: Done

{{See also-text|[[Bharat - Nepal Jhim Chhath Ghat]]}}{{Infobox location
| name = Bharat-Nepal Maitri Chhath Ghat
| native_name = भारत नेपाल मैत्री छठ घाट
| native_name_lang = mai
| other_name = Indo-Nepal Friendship Chhath Ghat
| settlement_type = Festive Ghat
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} and {{flag|Nepal}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]] and [[Madhesh Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = Region
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mithila region|Mithila]]
| subdivision_type3 = District
| subdivision_name3 = [[Madhubani district|Madhubani]], [[Mahottari district|Mahottari]] and [[Dhanusha District|Dhanusha]]
| subdivision_type4 = Villages
| subdivision_name4 = [[Madhwapur]], [[Rampur Village|Rampur]], [[Matihani, Nepal|Matihani]], [[Mukhiyapatti Musharniya]], Tulshiyahi
| named_for = Chhath Ghat for the friendship relation between India and Nepal
| governing_body = Bharat-Nepal Maitri Chhath Samiti
| area_footnotes = Indo-Nepal Border Areas
| length_km = 6
| population_demonym = Maithil
| footnotes = Friendship Chhath Ghat at Indo-Nepal Border areas
}}
'''Bharat-Nepal Maitri Chhath Ghat''' ([[Maithili language|Maithili]]: भारत नेपाल मैत्री छठ घाट) is a long ''[[Chhath]] [[Ghat]]'' located on the both side banks of the [[Dhouns River|Dhouns river]] at the [[India–Nepal relations|Indo-Nepal]] border near the [[Madhwapur]]-[[Matihani, Mahottari|Matihani]] semi towns in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=मधवापुर में मैत्री छठ घाट पर रात भर रुकी व्रतियां, उदीयमान सूर्य को दिया अर्घ्य |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/mithri-chhath-ghat-in-madhwapur-stayed-on-overnight-giving-birth-to-the-rising-sun-033709-3189938.html/ |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=मधवापुर में भारत-नेपाल सीमा पर धौंस नदी सूखी, छठ व्रतियों को होगी दिक्कत |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/dudhs-river-on-the-indo-nepal-border-in-madhwapur-dry-chhath-vratis-will-be-in-trouble-041038-3129643.html |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The [[English language|English]] translation of "''Bharat-Nepal Maitri Chhath Ghat"'' is "Indo-Nepal Friendship Chhath Ghat". The term "Maitri" signifies to the message of further strengthen the centuries-old ''[[Roti-Beti Ka Rishta|Beti-Roti]] (translation: Daughter-Bread)'' relationship between the two nations.<ref name=":0" />

== Description ==
Bharat-Nepal Maitri Chhath Ghat is a famous Chhath Ghat in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] region of the [[Indian subcontinent|subcontinent]]. It is located at the Indo-Nepal International borderline near the Madhwapur-Matihani semi towns of the region. It stretched for about six kms on both banks of the Dhouns river.<ref name=":0" />

During the [[Chhath]] festival, a huge number of Chhath Vrati from the both countries India and Nepal take holy bathes in the Dhouns river and offer [[Arghya]] of faith to the setting and the rising sun. On the one side of the river Indian devotees and on the other side of the river Nepalese devotees offer the Arghya of faith.<ref>{{Cite news |title=भारत-नेपाल सीमा पर दिखी छठ पूजा की मैत्री, दोनों देशों जुटे 50 हजार श्रद्धालु |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/bih-pat-hmu-india-nepal-border-seen-chhath-pooja-5730920-pho.html |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=छठ पूजा:मैत्री घाट पर आज 40 हजार लोग डूबते सूर्यदेव को देंगे अर्घ्य |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/madhubani/news/today-40-thousand-people-will-offer-arghya-to-the-setting-sun-at-maitri-ghat-130496392.html |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref> Devotees from [[Madhwapur]], [[Rampur Village|Rampur]] and Virit villages in the Indian border areas and similarly from [[Matihani, Mahottari|Matihani]], [[Tulsiyahi Nikas|Tulshiyahi]], [[Mukhiyapatti Musharniya Rural Municipality|Musaharniya]] in the Nepalese border areas majorly come here to celebrate the Chhath festival together staying at the same ghat on both sides of the river.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-11-19 |title=भारत-नेपाल के लोगों ने एक साथ मनाया छठ पर्व |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/madhubani/613427- |access-date=2024-09-28 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref> In Nepal the Dhouns river is also called as ''Bigghi or Bigahi or Bagahi'' river.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Nepal-India common Chhath ghat constructed at Bagahi |url=https://risingnepaldaily.com/news/70044 |access-date=2025-10-27 |website=GorakhaPatra}}</ref> It is a major joint ''Chhath Puja Ghat'' constructed between India and Nepal for organizing and celebrating a common cultural festival between the two nations. The citizens of the two nations jointly come at the ghat to celebrate their common festival of Chhath Puja at its common river [[Dhouns River|Dhouns]].<ref name=":1" />

During the festival of Chhath Puja, several attractive pandals are constructed on the both banks of the river. Around 50 thousands devotees participate the common Chhath Puja celebration on the banks of the river.<ref>{{Cite news |title=भारत-नेपाल मैत्री छठ घाट को सजाया जा रहा, एक घाट पर दिखेगी दो देशों की संस्कृति |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/siwan/madhawapur/news/india-nepal-friendship-chhath-ghat-is-being-decorated-culture-of-two-countries-will-be-seen-on-one-ghat-133913422.html |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{coord missing|India}}

[[Category:Mithila (region)]]
[[Category:India–Nepal relations]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals in Nepal]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals in India]]
[[Category:Ghats of India]]
[[Category:India–Nepal border]]

Bhaba Ranjan Reang

2026-05-04T19:23:07Z

Godavari:

{{Short description|Tripura politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bhaba Ranjan Reang
| image = File:Bhaba Ranjan Reang.jpg
| office = Chairma of the [[TTAADC]]
| term_start = 05 May 2026
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Jagadish Debbarma]]
| successor =
| office1 = Member [[Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council]]
| term_start1 = 2021
| constituency1 = Damcherra-Jampui constituency
| office2 =
| party = [[The Indigenous Progressive Regional Alliance]]
| birth_date =
| citizenship = [[India]]
| state = [[Tripura]]
| parents =
| alma_mater =
| cabinet =
| term_start2 =
}}
'''Bhaba Ranjan Reang''' is an Indian politician and elected member of the [[Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council]] (TTAADC).<ref>{{cite web |title=MEMBER OF DISTRICT COUNCIL {{!}} Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council |url=https://ttaadc.gov.in/Member-of-District-Council |website=ttaadc.gov.in}}</ref> Reang was elected from the Damcherra-Jampui constituency in [[North Tripura district]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Department allotted to The Newly Executive members of the TTAADC. - TRIPURA STAR NEWS |url=https://www.tripurastarnews.com/department-allotted-to-the-newly-executive-members-of-the-ttaadc/ |website=Tripurastarnews.com |date=23 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=TIPRA-INPT alliance sweeps Tripura ADC polls, CPI-M's rule comes to an end |url=https://thenortheasttoday.com/states/tripura/tipra-motha-wins-adc-polls/cid2697178.htm |website=thenortheasttoday.com |language=en-IN |date=10 April 2021}}</ref> Previously he was an Executive Member of the council with Agriculture & Horticulture, Forests, LRS. Currently he is the Chairman of council.<ref>{{cite news |title=Runiel Debbarma new CEM of TTAADC, Bhabaranjan Reang new chairman |url=https://tripurainfo.com/EnglishNews.aspx?intnid=6288&title=Runiel-Debbarma-new-CEM-of-TTAADC-Bhabaranjan-Reang-new-chairman |work=tripurainfo DOT com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Banik |first1=Mrinal |title=Tripura: Tipra Motha reshuffles TTAADC leadership, names Runiel Debbarma as CEM |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/tripura/tripura-tipra-motha-reshuffles-ttaadc-leadership-names-runiel-debbarma-as-cem.html |work=NorthEast Now |date=4 May 2026}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reang, Bhaba Ranjan}}
[[Category:People from North Tripura district]]
[[Category:Tripuri people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Tipra Motha Party politicians]]

{{Tripura-politician-stub}}

St. George's Syro-Malabar Forane Church, Kulathuvayal

2026-05-04T13:05:03Z

Godavari: stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
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| coordinates = {{Coord|11.56018|N|75.81589|E|display=title}}
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'''St. George's Syro-Malabar Forane Church''' is a Catholic [[pilgrimage church]] in [[Kulathuvayal]], [[Perambra]], [[Kozhikode]], India.

==History==
During the large-scale migration in the 1920s and 1930s from central Travancore, the whole of Malabar was under the Latin diocese of Kozhikode. The administrators of the diocese paid special attention to the spiritual needs of the new settlers and gave them all the necessary help. The nearest Catholic Church in those days was at Vadakara. As new Christian settlements were established, the missionaries of Kozhikode diocese started paying attention to the needs of the community. The first among those who came to Kulathuvayal had been Fr. Siaro, Fr. Rebello, and Fr. Joseph Peediekkal. It was Fr. Siaro who celebrated the first holy mass at Kulathuvayal. That had been in the house of Mathur Cherian, one of the earliest settlers of the area.

The bishop of Kozhikode, Leo Presarpio SJ, understood the problems of the settlers and did everything to help them. In 1941, he authorized Fr. Joseph Peediekkal, the vicar of Vadakara church, to manage the spiritual needs of the people of Kulathuvayal, Maruthonkara and Padathukadavu, which were part of the Perambra settlement area.

Every Sunday, Fr. Peediekkal celebrated the holy mass for the settler community at Kulathuvayal, in the house of Chacko Njallimakkal.

The church, named after St. George, was established in 1941 under the initiative of Fr. Peediekkal. Janab Moythu Sahib donated {{convert|10|acre|m2}} of prime land at Kulathuvayal hill top for the new church. The thatched shed for the new church was constructed under the leadership of Fathers Peediekkal, Mathew Kappukattil, and John Makkil. Taking a contribution of 25 [[paise]] each during prayer meetings had accumulated the necessary money. The cemetery was also established near the church by Fr. Peediekkal in 1941.

In 1943 the church building was reconstructed. It was a strong edifice built on granite pillars and was given a tiled roof. The new building was constructed literally on the strength of the gold ornaments of about 25 families. They were mostly the humble offerings of the poor mothers who were struggling in the midst of dangerous fevers and acute scarcity. Very soon Rev. Presarpio appointed Fr. DeCosta to assist Fr. Peediekkal. He used to come to Kulathuvayal on Saturday, say the mass on Sunday and then return to Kozhikode. On 28 January 1944, the bishop came to Padathukadavu and then to Kulathuvayal through Palery. The road to Kulathuvayal from Padathukadavu was built, led by Janab Moythu who contributed food for the workers. Utilizing the 6000 rupees he contributed, a new car was bought from Coimbatore by Professor [[Kizhekethil Chandy|K. M. Chandy]] (former governor of Gujarat), and the bishop was taken to Kulathuvayal in that along the new road. He promised the crowd at the top of Kulathuvayal hill that he would soon give them a new permanent vicar. Fr. Thomas Ayilloor, of Thampalakkad, was appointed as the first vicar of Kulathuvayal on 25 April 1944.

Those were the days when forest fevers had their heyday, tormenting the settler community continuously. On some days there had been as many as thirteen funerals on a single day at Kulathuvayal church cemetery. In distant places graves were formed under trees and shrubs. Fr. Ayilloor went from house to house; the Koyna tablets he carried in his pockets saved the lives of hundreds.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}}

Rev. Fr. Ayilloor established several churches for the Christian settlers, at Peruvannamoozhy, Koorachundu, Kallanode, Thalayad, and Kattippara. He also contributed to education; he started St George LP School Kulathuvayal, St Antony's LP School Chakkittapara, St Thomas LP School Koorachundu, St Mary's LP School Kallanodu.

The Chakkittappara Lower Primary School which Fr. Ayilloor established had a long and eventful history. Avadukka Lower Primary School had been the oldest school of the area. The manager of that school, Kelothu Kunjiramakurup shifted the school to Chakkittappara in June 1944. Fr. Ayilloor bought that school and renovated it giving it the new name of St Antony's LP School. Today the school is functioning in the land which was donated by Panamattathil Outha. The Kayanna Post Office was established mainly because of him. He also provided legal advice. In 1949, Fr. Ayilloor was transferred to Manathavady, and was succeeded as the vicar of Kulathuvayal by Fr. L.H Miranda from Mangalapuram, a doctor of [[homoeopathy]]. During his service the [[Chembra]]-[[Perambra]] road was opened. He was transferred to Thalasserry in 1951.

[[File:Msgr. C J Varkey.jpg|thumb|Msgr. C J Varkey]]
Msgr. C. J. Varkey Kuzhikulam became vicar of Kulathuvayal. During his sixteen-year incumbency several construction works were carried out in Kulathuvayal, including the church and the school. The new church building was consecrated five years after the laying of the foundation stone, in the silver jubilee year of the parish. The church building he constructed was peculiar with its balcony, priest home, and the eighty feet tall tower.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smcim.org/kulathuvayal/history.htm |title=Parish history |accessdate=19 October 2008 |work=Kerala |publisher=Thamaraserry Diocese}} {{dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

The elementary school had to be shifted from where it stood when the new church was constructed. The school became a high school on 28 June 1954. Fr. Varkey was responsible for setting up St. George's High School Kulathuvayal, Pushpa L P School, Narimada, and St. Joseph's Lower Primary School, Oonjil.

The only swimming pool associated with a school in north Kerala is at Kulathuvayal, due to Mgr. Varkey; he was a great sportsman. He bought a volleyball net and ball for Chakkittappara; annual volleyball tournaments are conducted for a rolling trophy in his name.

Fr. Varkey also encouraged and sponsored enterprises. He was behind the Oorakkuzhy waterfall becoming the source of the Kuttiady hydroelectric project that later became the lighthouse of Malabar. Fr. Varkey and Thomas Madukkavumkal photographed the waterfall; the photographs were incorporated in the report Mr. Thomas published in Mathrubhumy. The government initiated the plans about the Kuttiady project after the publication of that report.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smcim.org/kulathuvayal/about.htm |title=About the parish |accessdate=19 October 2008 |work=Kerala |publisher=Thamaraserry Diocese}} {{dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

The Sacred Heart convent on the eastern side of the Kulathuvayal hill was established mainly because of the attempt of Mgr. Varkey. He also established the Vimala Mary Congregation, which later became MSMI, which now has more than fifty branches in different places.

Mount St. George Hospital and the Georgian Institute of Commerce also benefitted from Mgr. Varkey's attention. Although they no longer exist, they served an essential purpose in their time; they disappeared only after fulfilling their goals.

In 1953, when [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Tellicherry|Thalasserry diocese]] was established, Mgr. Varkey continued to serve Kulathuvayal. He helped the bishop, Mar Sebastian Velloppilly, to establish the Corporate Management for the schools that came under the diocese. Fr. Varkey later left to become the corporate manager of the Thalasserry diocese. Later he returned to Kulathuvayal as the director of Vimalalayam.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smcim.org/kulathuvayal/glance.htm |title=Parish at a glance |accessdate=19 October 2008 |work=Kerala |publisher=Thamaraserry Diocese}} {{dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

The initial hardships of the settlers had almost come to an end. In 1967–69, Fr. Francis Aarupara led the parish. Fr. Mathew Kottukappally was the next vicar, and he remained in charge until 1974. It was during his tenure that Kulathuvayal and Chakkittappara became electrified. The construction of the first floor of the high school including the office, and the widening of the Perambra-Koorachundu road were the major developmental activities undertaken under his leadership.

The next vicar was Fr. Kuriakose Chemblany, who remained until 1978. Fr. Mathew Panachippuram was the vicar until 1981 and Fr. Joseph Koottarappally occupied the position till 1984. Mgr. Sebastian Kanjirakkattukunnel was the vicar from 1984 to 1989 and Fr. Thomas Kochuparampil was the vicar for a short period from 1989 to 1990. During the tenure of Rev. Fr. Chemblany new rooms were built for the high school, near the ground. The silver jubilee celebrations of the school were organized under the initiative of Fr. Panachippuram, and a new hall was built as the jubilee memorial. The water supply scheme for the school was also established in that period.

The growth of the parish continued during the tenure of Fathers Koottarappally and Kanjirakkattukunnel. Both showed much interest in the development of the agricultural activities of the parish. The present Karikandanpara chapel building was built under the leadership of Fr. Koottarappally. In his time the compound wall was built around the church, and the main gate was placed. A migration memorial at Chembra was built on his initiative.

Fr. Thomas Kochuparampil only served for one year, and was succeeded by. Fr. Jacob Puthenpura. He led the golden jubilee celebrations of the parish. He was followed by Fr. Joseph Arakaparambil, who served for six years. During his tenure the foundation of a Higher Secondary School was laid. Fr. Francis Kallikattu came after him, and completed the construction of St. George's Higher Secondary School Kulathuvayal. It currently holds students in Science, Commerce and Arts scheme. He constructed a compound wall around the church, built a new staircase that would take to the front portion of the church, and did maintenance work on the church. He also laid the foundation of a renewed cemetery. Mgr. Mathew Choorapoykayil came after him and completed work at the cemetery. It was blessed by Mar Paul Chitilapally, the bishop of Thamarashery, in the year 2008. Fr. George Karukamalil became the vicar and manager of both the school and the higher secondary. Fr. George Karukamalil helped for the formation of new Parish at Narinada which was named after the first saint of India St. Alphonsa.

Kulathuvayal was declared as the one and only Official Pilgrim Centre in Syro-Malabar by Cardinal Mar George Alanchery on 28 April 2012. The Church was designated as the Shrine of St George and the Vicar came to be known as the Rector. The Madbaha inside the Church was renovated and made a vast parking area beyond the compound wall of the church by Fr. George Karukamalil as a preparation for upgrading the parish as the Pilgrim Centre. He started renovating the high school building. In 2013 Fr. Vinoy Purayidom took charge as the Rector of the Shrine of St George. He continued renovated the high school building. In May 2015 when Fr. Vinoy Purayidom was appointed as the Corporate Manager of the Educational Institutions in Thamarassery Diocese, Fr. Saji Chakkittamuri came to Kulathuvayal as its Captain. The rosary village and way of the cross was constructed under his leadership. He renovated the high school building. To begin with, Kulatuvayal was a part of Kozhikode Diocese. Later on, it joined the Diocese of Thalassery. The new diocese's first bishop, Mar Sebastian Vellopilly, presided. When the Diocese of Thamarassery was formed from Thalassery in 1986, Kulathuvayal was annexed to it.

The parish spreads through the panchayats of [[Koothali]], [[Chakkittapara]], [[Koorachundu]], [[Perambra]] and [[Kayanna]] in [[Kozhikode]] district. The land is made wet and fertile by the reservoir of the Kuttiady irrigation scheme, and the Chembrapuzha that springs from Chakkittapara, flows east until it reaches Koorachundu, and then turns west and flows around Kulathuvayal till it reaches Kuttiadypuzha. There are about two hundred fifty (250) families in the parish who are mostly agricultural families.

== Devotional organizations==

1. Sunday school

The Sunday school of Kulathuvayal was established right at the beginning of the parish. Now it has grown considerably and there are as many as 26 catechism teachers today. There are also more than 600 students going through the different classes. In order to make it easy for the children, catechism classes are being taken now at Kulathuvayal, Chakkittapara, and Narinada schools. Kulathuvayal Sunday School is one of the best in the whole diocese. The teachers there render invaluable and selfless service to the children. Among them the name of Sri T M Abraham Thoomkuzhy is to be particularly mentioned as he has been serving the parish as the headmaster of the Sunday school for more than twenty five years.

2. Mission League

The mission leagues branch has been functioning admirably with the intention of moulding young men and women who motivated in mission work. They approach every house in the parish and convey the message of Christian mission. They also teach the great value of prayers and renunciation. Monthly meetings and seminars are being conducted to develop leadership qualities among children. The members visit hospitals to console the patients and extend financial help to the needy. In the various cultural competitions held annually in the regional level and diocesan level, the Kulathuvayal branch puts in very good performance every year.

3. Society of St Vincent de Paul

The society has been functioning very admirably for the last fifteen years. There are nine active members in it today. It gives different kinds of financial support to the needy such as marriage aid for poor girls, free medical treatment for the poor, providing thatched roof for houses, and financial help for buying food or clothing, educational scholarship to pupils, etc. These are only a handful of the various activities the society undertakes.

4. Mathrusangham

Mathrusangham is functioning in an exemplary manner in the parish. At present there are about thirty members in the organization. They assemble after the holy mass on second Saturdays, and conduct Bible readings and prayer sessions. They also take up marriage help for poor girls, helping the patients, and visiting homes.

5. KCYM

KCYM is an organization that helps Christian youth to come together, and grow together. There are more than one hundred and fifty members in the organization now. Seminars and debates are held regularly by them. It is also a forum for the cultural and spiritual activities of the children. The strength and energy of the youth is very useful often in social service activities. KCYM is the strongest and the most active organization in the parish.

==St. George's Higher Secondary School Kulathuvayal==
St. George's Higher Secondary School Kulathuvayal situates in a remote hilly area of Calicut district of Kerala state. The school was established in 1941 as an elementary school and was recognized by the government of Madras. Later it was undertaken by the Calicut Diocese and Msgr. C.J. Varkey was appointed as the first Manager of the school and was permanently recognized by the government of Kerala as per proceedings of no R/Dis/No/211/66 dated 10 March 1966 of the DEO Vatakara.

The prime aim of this educational institution was to provide free quality education to the poor and needy, especially the people belonging to Christian community which is included in minority list. The School was upgraded as Higher Secondary School in the year 2000 considering its meritorious service to the community. It is the only high school in the Chakkittapara Grama Panchayat. Around 18000 thousand students have completed the course successfully from this school so far and many of them are in high position in the society.

==Syro-Malabar religious houses In Kulathuvayal==

1. '''Missionary Sisters of Mary Immaculate (MSMI) Generalate Kulathuvayal''' 
The Congregation of the Missionary Sisters of Mary Immaculate (MSMI) was started by [[C. J. Varkey, Kuzhikulam|Fr. C.J. Varkey]] also known as "Varkeyachan" in 1962. At present, it has 800 professed sisters working in one hundred communities in India, the US, Germany and Italy, engaged with different apostolic activities like teaching, nursing, orphanage, leprosy center, old age homes, family apostolate, social work, pastoral care, prayer and counseling.

In 1951 the region was an underdeveloped hill area with no roads, schools or churches. Most Christians in Malabar are migrants. Migration began during the economic Depression of the 1930s and continued for decades. He started the first school in Kulathuvayal in 1954 and encouraged other parishes in the diocese to open schools before building churches. In 1976, Monsignor Varkey started the Malabar region's first charismatic retreat center that now attracts thousands of people. He died on 24 June 2009 at the age of 88.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ucanews.com/2009/06/30/church-mourns-death-of-malabar-monsignor/ |title=Church mourns death of Malabar monsignor |accessdate=19 October 2008 |work=Kerala |publisher=UCANEWS |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090701135457/http://www.ucanews.com/2009/06/30/church-mourns-death-of-malabar-monsignor/ |archivedate=1 July 2009}}</ref>

2. '''Sacred Heart (S.H) Convent Kulathuvayal'''

== Kulathuvayal forane ==
* The King Church Muthukad (1999)
* Fathima Matha Church Peruvannamuzhy (1964)
* St. Antony's Church Chakkittapara (1993)
* '''St. George Forane church Kulathuvayal (1941)'''
* St. Francis of Assisi Church Perambra (1999)
* St Joseph's Church karikadanpara (2007)
* St. Alphonsa Church Narinada (2014)
* St. Thomas Church Koorachudu (1949)
* St. Mary's Church Kallanode (1947)
* St. Joseph's Church Pathipara (2007)
* St. Mary's Church Kattullamala (1966)
* St. Joseph's Church Kariyathumpara (1985)
* St. Sebastian's Church Kakkayam (1995)
* St. George's Church Thalayad (1968)
* Holy Family Church Kattipara (1950)
* St. George's Church Chamal (1973)

==Former vicars==
* Rev. Fr. Joseph Peediyeckal (1941–1944)
* Rev. Fr. Thomas Ayillor (1944–1949)
* Rev. Fr. Miranda (1949–1951)
* Mgr. C.J. Varkey (1951–1967)
* Mgr. Francis Arupara (1967–1969)
* Rev. Fr. Mathew Kottukapalli (1969–1974)
* Rev. Fr. Kuriakose Chemplani (1974–1978)
* Rev. Fr. Mathew Panachipuram (1978–1981)
* Rev. Fr. Joseph Kuttarapalli (1981–1984)
* Mgr. Sebastian Kanjirakattukunnel (1984–1989)
* Rev. Fr. Thomas Kochuparambil (1989–1990)
* Rev. Fr. Jacob Puthanpura (1990–1993)
* Rev. Fr. Ephrem Pottanani (1993–1996)
* Rev. Fr. Joseph Arakaparambil (1996–2002)
* Rev. Fr. Francis Kallikattu (2002–2007)
* Mgr. Mathew Choorapoykayil (2007–2009)
* Rev. Fr. George Karukamalil (2009–2013)
* Rev. Fr. Sebastian Purayidathil (2013–2015)
* Rev. Fr. Thomas Chakkittamuriyil (2015–2017)
* Rev. Fr. Sebastian Pulickal (2017–2019)
* Rev. Fr. Roy Koonanickal (2019–2020)
* Rev. Fr. George Kalappurackal (2020–2024)
* Rev. Fr. Thomas kalarikkal (2024-) (Current)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smcim.org/kulathuvayal/former.htm |title=Former Vicars |accessdate=19 October 2017 |work=Kerala |publisher=Thamaraserry Diocese}} {{dead link|date=October 2017|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

===Priests from the parish===
* Fr. Philip Kanakkacherry
* Fr. Thomas Oswald Kappukattil CMI
* Fr. Jose Kappukattil CMI
* Fr. Michael Karimattom
* Fr. Sebastian Embrayil
* Fr. Thomas Vattottutharappel
* Fr. George Moolayil
* Fr. Sebastian Panamattomparambil
* Fr. Kurian Kumbolil
* Fr. Sebastian Pookulath
* Fr. James Kumbukkal
* Fr. Agustin Pattaniyil
* Fr. Varkey Cheruppillattu
* Fr. Alex kattakkayam
* Fr. Joy Ullattil
* Fr. Reji Kanjirathamkunnel
* Fr. Bino Nadakkal<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smcim.org/kulathuvayal/priests.htm |title=Priests from the parish |accessdate=19 October 2008 |work=Kerala |publisher=Thamaraserry Diocese}} {{dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

===Gallery===

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Christianity in Kerala}}
{{Churches of Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:George's Syro-Malabar Forane Church, Kulathuvayal}}
[[Category:20th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in India]]
[[Category:Churches in Kozhikode district]]
[[Category:Eastern Catholic church buildings in Kerala]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic churches completed in 1941]]
[[Category:Syro-Malabar Catholic church buildings]]

Sital K Motwani

2026-04-30T14:15:31Z

Godavari: new

{{Short description|Hong Kong industrialist, publisher, and social worker (1932–2019)}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=February 2021}}
{{Like resume|date=April 2021}}
{{Update|date=March 2023}}
}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sital K Motwani
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date |1932|10|10}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2019|02|03|1932|10|10}}
| death_place =
| occupation = [[Industrialist]], publisher and [[social worker]]
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| awards = [[Bronze Bauhinia Star]]
| spouse =
| children =
}}

'''Sitaldas Kewalram Motwani''' [[Bronze Bauhinia Star|BBS]], [[Justice of Peace|JP]] (10 October 1932 – 3 February 2019) was a Hong Kong industrialist, publisher and social worker.

== Early years ==
Born in [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]], [[British Raj|British India]] in 1932, Sitaldas K Motwani known as just K. Sital was just 15 years old when the family was obliged to move to [[Bombay]] in the wake of the partition of the subcontinent. He had his schooling in [[Karachi]] and Bombay and after working in India for two years, he left for Hong Kong in pursuit of his career in international commerce.

== Career ==
Sital became one of the many success stories of [[Sindhis|Sindhi]] entrepreneurial talent. He also felt the vast reservoir of talent represented by the [[Indians in Hong Kong|Indian community of Hong Kong]] should be galvanised to better serve both the territory of their adoption and the country of their origin.

Right from his early years in Hong Kong, he was associated with the [[Indian Chamber of Commerce]]. He soon became a member of the Chamber's General Committee and in due course its vice-chairman. In 1969 he was elected Chairman of the Chamber, a position he held for eight one-year terms, a record in the history of the Chamber. The years of his leadership saw many 'firsts' for the Chamber. He led the first-ever Chamber delegation to China in 1979 and the first-ever delegation to India in 1981, which had the privilege of being received by the then Prime Minister Mrs. [[Indira Gandhi]]. Again it was Sital, as chairman, who organised the first ever participation by Hong Kong in a trade fair in India when a Hong Kong pavilion was set up at the [[India International Trade Fair]] in 1983.

A major negative development in the 1980s which affected a large number of Indian exporters in Hong Kong as well as banks which financed such exports was the [[balance of payments crisis]] in Nigeria. The Nigerian government overnight stopped all trade-related remittances out of the country and this resulted in millions of dollars due to Indian businessmen being held up in Nigeria. As soon as there was some order in the Nigerian economy and the government demonstrated its willingness to look at these trade debits, Sital took the initiative in opening a dialogue with the Nigerian government at various levels, mainly with the Governor of the [[Central Bank of Nigeria]]. He undertook several visits not only to [[Lagos]] but to the [[World Bank]] Headquarters in New York and to the banking institutions handling the problem in London. These prolonged negotiations over a period of two years resulted in what was under the circumstances the best possible settlement.

Sital's last term as chairman of the Indian Chamber of Commerce was 1982. However, he continued to take keen interest in the work of the Chamber making his experience available to successive general committees. In recognition of his services to the Chamber, he was appointed Permanent Honorary Adviser in 1986 and Permanent Honorary President in 1989.

Another organisation with which Sital was closely associated for a long period is the Hindu Association. He was President of the Association for several years and continued to devote a lot of time to this body which, among other things, manages the Hindu Temple in [[Happy Valley, Hong Kong]].

Another community service office Sital had held for a number of years was that of chairman of the Council of Hong Kong Indian Associations (CHIA). This is an apex body which has seven associations as its constituents.

The [[Sino-British Joint Declaration]] of 1984 was welcomed by all including the Hong Kong Indian community since it provided for a smooth transfer of [[sovereignty]] over Hong Kong. However, there were misgivings in the minds of the ethnic minorities, mainly Indians, holding Hong Kong British passports. Sital took the lead on behalf of CHIA to plead their case for full British passport with [[Right of abode (United Kingdom)|right of abode]] in the UK This again meant several visits to London and ministerial level meetings with the British government. Sital was able to extract repeated assurances from the British that the interests of the ethnic minorities would be taken care of. This problem however, was solved satisfactorily and all the affected members of minority community were granted full British passports.

Although Sital was a permanent resident of Hong Kong and Hong Kong was also his business headquarters, he continued to maintain substantial links with India. He had several investments in India. Sital was a pioneer in conceiving and developing the idea of a free port in India. It was nearly two decades prior that Sital first mooted the idea and pursued it vigorously with the Indian authorities. The proposal seemed to gain ground and a site in the [[Andaman-Nicobar Islands]] was identified as a likely location. Unfortunately the idea never reached the stage of implementation although a number of high-power committees were set up to examine it and make recommendations. In any case the significance of the idea became considerably diluted by the ongoing process of liberalisation of the Indian economy.

In the new business environment in India, Sital continued to be active in promoting increased trade with and investments in India by [[overseas Indians]]. He was active member of the ambitious [[IndusInd Bank|IndusInd]] group led by several prominent [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|NRIs]] and persons of Indian origin to channel capital and business expertise from Sindhi businessmen all over the world into India.

Another activity to which Sital devoted considerable time and attention was the editing and publishing of the monthly magazine, ''The Indian'' – voice of 10 million overseas Indians in those days – for 40 years. The magazine served as a vehicle for the views and aspirations of the millions of Indians living outside India and kept them in touch with developments in various overseas Indian communities as well as in India. The journal, as the mouthpiece and reflection of the aspirations of the overseas Indians, helped preserve the correct image, not only of those overseas but also of those from India.

Sital also devoted much of his time doing research on the [[Indian diaspora]] settled all over the world, compiling the list of Indian firms in different regions and writing profiles on successful Indian entrepreneurs. He published 7 regional publications – ''Indians in Southeast Asia''; ''Indians in Middle East & Africa''; ''Indians in North & South America''; ''Indians in Australasia & the Far East''; ''Indians in the Gulf, the Middle East & the Indian Ocean''; ''Indians in Europe''; ''Indians in Africa''; ''100 Global Indian Entrepreneurs & Achievers''. He was in the process of compiling "''Overseas Indians Extraordinaire – A Who's Who of Select NRIs''".

== Positions ==
He held the following positions in his business world:

* Chairman, Style Asia Group of Companies which is engaged in the Manufacture and export of watches and Consumer Electronics in Hong Kong and China, Real Estate development and Investment.
* Director, Satco Securities & Financial Services Ltd., Mumbai
* Permanent director, [[IndusInd|IndusInd International Holdings Limited]], Mauritius
* Proprietor, ''The Indian'' International Magazine

== Community and public service – offices held ==
* Served as member of Trade Advisory Board, Hong Kong Government and member on the International Business Committee of Hong Kong
* Past chairman and senior advisor, Council of Hong Kong Indian Associations – an apex body affiliating nine Indian organisations representing a combined membership of nearly 4,000.
* Made representation on behalf of the council and undertook several visits to London lobbying the government authorities in Britain to obtain full British citizenship with right of abode in the UK to those ethnic minorities, mainly Indians, who faced statelessness after the handover of Hong Kong to China on 31 July 1997.
* Permanent honorary president, [[Indian Chamber of Commerce]] Hong Kong. Elected to this honorary office in 1986 following a long and close association with the chamber. Was chairman of the chamber in 1969, 1970, 1971, 1973, 1978, 1979,1981 and 1982.
* Under his chairmanship, the scope of services rendered by the chamber was enlarged by the creation of a special section for Trade Promotion. Initiated the publication of a number of trade publications designed to promote the trade and commerce of Hong Kong.
* Led a number of trade missions to the Middle East jointly organised by the chamber and the [[Hong Kong Trade Development Council]].
* During his chairmanship of the Chamber, he organised the first-ever trade missions to China and India. The trade delegation in India was received by then prime minister of India, [[Indira Gandhi]]. As chairman of the Nigeria Committee of the Chamber (1986–1989) he devoted himself to and succeeded in the task of obtaining a fair deal from the Nigerian Government for the international business community who had their trade debts blocked in Nigeria.
* Honorary permanent president, Overseas Indian Organization.
* Chairman, Hindu Community Trust of Hong Kong
* President, Hindu Association Hong Kong – a religious body – which manages, among other things, the [[Happy Valley, Hong Kong|Hindu Temple in Happy Valley]], Hong Kong, the centre of religious activities of Hong Kong's Hindu Community.
* Vice-president and co-coordinator for South East Asia, [[Hinduja Group|Hinduja Foundation]] London.
* Past president for two terms, the India Association Hong Kong.
* Chief patron, Priyadarshini Academy, Bombay, India.
* Patron, NRI (Non-Resident Indians) Association Hong Kong.
* Patron, Sindhi Association of Hong Kong & China.
* Patron, Vishwa Jagriti Mission India
* Founder, the Young Executive Group of Hong Kong.

== Recognition ==
* Awarded [[Bronze Bauhinia Star]] (BBS) by the [[Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region]] (2009) for his distinguished services and contribution towards promoting Hong Kong's trade interests and fostering close economic ties between India and Hong Kong.
* Appointed [[Justice of the Peace]] by [[Her Majesty The Queen Elizabeth II|Her Majesty the Queen]] (1979).
* Awarded The Medal of Honour "Lithuanian Millenium Star" (2010) by the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Lithuania)|Foreign Affairs Ministry]] of the [[Lithuania|Republic of Lithuania]] for his lasting and fruitful representation of the Republic of Lithuania in the Hong Kong SAR.
* Conferred Pravasi Community Service Award (2004) by the Global Organization of People of Indian Origin – GOPIO in recognition of his outstanding services to the [[Non-Resident Indian|NRI]]/[[Person of Indian Origin|PIO]] communities.
* Awarded Bharatvanshi Samaj Bhushan Puraskar (2010) by Vishwa Adhyayan Kendra (VAK), India, to honour his selfless community service.
* Presented PIO Community Award (2010) by Bharatiya Sindhu Sabha & Vivekanand Education Society for his distinguished leadership and outstanding services in the areas of publishing, networking and trade.
* Presented a Testimonial by The Filipino Indian Chamber of Commerce (1994) in recognition of his efforts towards promoting [[Subic Freeport Zone|Subic Free Port Zone]] and developing the ties between Hong Kong and the Philippines.
* Presented a Plaque by [[Pepperdine University]], [[Malibu, California]] (1989) in recognition of his friendship and sustaining support.

== Publications ==
*A monthly magazine ''The Indian'' devoted to overseas Indians. The magazine has throughout striven to bring about integration of the Indian community with other communities and promoted social co-existence and harmony. He has also been bringing out an annual publication entitled ''Directory of Indian Firms in Greater China & the Hong Kong SAR'' since 1968.
*''Indians in Southeast Asia''
*''Indians in Middle East & Africa''
*''Indians in North & South America''
*''Indians in Australasia & the Far East''
*''Indians in the Gulf, the Middle East & the Indian Ocean''
*''Indians in Europe''
*''Indians in Africa''
*''100 Global Indian Entrepreneurs & Achievers''

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160819093006/http://www.vakmumbai.org/lbml-report-2010.php Report of 4th Lakshmanrao Bhide Memorial Lecture]
* Babani, Anoop. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214419/http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/16026801/1646345337/name/K+Sital[1].pdf “Chronicler of the Clan.”]{{Copyvio link}} Business India, March 21, 2010, pp. 192–3.
* [http://hinduassociationhk.com Hindu Temple Happy Valley Hong Kong]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Motwani, Sital K}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Hong Kong businesspeople]]
[[Category:Hong Kong people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Hong Kong people of Sindhi descent]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Bronze Bauhinia Star]]
[[Category:Indian publishers (people)]]
[[Category:Hong Kong writers]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:People with Overseas Citizenship of India]]
[[Category:Sindhi businesspeople]]
[[Category:Sindhi Hindus]]
[[Category:Sindhi writers]]
[[Category:Sindhi people]]

Nakhatrana taluka

2026-04-28T02:36:28Z

Godavari: Adding A Post

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nakhatrana Taluka
| native_name = નખત્રાણા તાલુકો
| native_name_lang = gu
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = taluka
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Gujarat, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kutch District|Kutch]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| area_total_km2 = 2135.14
| population_total = 146367
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = 69
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 370615
| registration_plate =GJ
| website = {{URL|gujaratindia.com}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Nakhatrana Taluka''' is a [[taluka]] (administrative subdivision) in [[Kutch District]], [[Gujarat]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kachchh District Panchayat: Taluka Panchayat|publisher=Kutch District|url=http://kutchdp.gujarat.gov.in/kutch/english/panchayat/taluka-panchayat.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915111800/http://kutchdp.gujarat.gov.in/kutch/english/panchayat/taluka-panchayat.htm|archivedate=15 September 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Its administrative centre is the village of [[Nakhatrana]]. The taluka covers {{Convert|2135.14|sqkm|sqmi|0}}.<ref name="Gujarat-1991-2001">{{Cite web|title=Districtwise / Talukawise Salient Features of Population Statistics (1991 and 2001): Gujarat|publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of Gujarat|page=7|url=http://gujecostat.gujarat.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/CMGE/SalientFeatures.pdf|access-date=30 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530174245/http://gujecostat.gujarat.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/CMGE/SalientFeatures.pdf|archive-date=30 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Demographics==
In the 2001 India census, Nakhatrana Taluka had 129,249 inhabitants, 50.8% (65,673) male and 49.2% (63,576) female. This represented a 10.5% increase from 1991. The gender ratio in 2001 was 968 females per thousand males, a significant change from the 1029 value of 1991.<ref name="Gujarat-1991-2001" /><ref name="PF-Census-2001-Kachchh">{{Cite web|title=Census 2001 Population Finder: Gujarat: Kuchchh: Nakhatrana|publisher=Office of The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Sub_Districts_Master.aspx?state_code=24&district_code=01}}{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The taluka was entirely rural.<ref name="PF-Census-2001-Kachchh" />

Other 2001 census statistics for the taluka were:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref>
** [[Scheduled Castes]] - 15.1%
** [[Scheduled Tribes]] - 5.18%
* Literacy - 65.78%
** Male - 75.87%
** Female - 55.43%
* No. of Household - 23,974
* Population under age- group 0- 6 - 20,685
* Sex Ratio under age- group 0- 6 - 932
* Total Workers - 52,451
* Non Workers - 76,798

Nakhatrana Taluka has seventy-seven [[panchayat village]]s,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reports of National Panchayat Directory: Village Panchayat Names of Nakhatrana, Kachchh, Gujarat|publisher=Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India|url=http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewpansumSQL.asp?selstate=4154&parenttype=B&ptype=V|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530150029/http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewpansumSQL.asp?selstate=4154&parenttype=B&ptype=V|archivedate=2013-05-30}}</ref> and a total of 133 villages.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Villages of Nakhatrana Taluka|publisher=Kutch District|url=http://kutchdp.gujarat.gov.in/kutch/english/nakhatrana-taluka.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830095010/http://kutchdp.gujarat.gov.in/kutch/english/nakhatrana-taluka.htm|archivedate=30 August 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Points of interest==
{{unreferenced section|date=May 2013}}
Dhinodhar Temple in the village of Dhinodhar, lies on beautiful mountain range with the abode of [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] on the top of the hill. It is just 20 km away from the village of Nakhatrana on the way to Nani Aral village. Dhinodhar Hill has an elevation of 1190 feet, or 361 meters. The [[Tropic of Cancer]] (or Kurk Vrut) passes through the southern tip of the temple.

Other places in Nakhatrana Taluka include:
* Roodimaa Sthanak on Virani Road, Umiya Agro Traders,
* shankarvijay saw mill, Holipet Mountain in Navavas,
* Greeneries of Jadai Road fields,
* The chats of Vathan Chopati,
* Fort Mahadev, and
* Piyoni village, for its Shri Shiva temple.
* Shree Jadeswar Mahadev, Shiva temple

==Villages ukheda==
*[[Dhamay]]
*[[navavas Ravapar]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web|title=નખત્રાણા તાલુકા પંચાયત (Nakhtrana Taluka Panchayat)|language=Gujarati|publisher=Kutch District|url=http://kutchdp.gujarat.gov.in/kutch/taluka/nakhatrana/index.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100521075135/http://kutchdp.gujarat.gov.in/kutch/taluka/nakhatrana/index.htm|archivedate=21 May 2010|url-status=live}}
{{Clear}}

{{Coord missing|Gujarat}}

[[Category:Kutch district]]
[[Category:Talukas of Gujarat]]

{{Kachchh-geo-stub}}

Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Third Film

2026-04-26T18:49:30Z

Godavari:

{{Short description|Indian film award}}
{{refimprove|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film award
| name = Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Third Film
| image =
| alt =
| caption = ''[[Tendlya]]'' is the recent winner in 2018
| awarded_for = Best film in Marathi cinema
| sponsor =
| firstawarded = 1962
| lastawarded = 2024
| reward =
| former name =
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| holder = ''[[Naal 2]]''
| award1_type = Total awarded
| award1_winner =
| award2_type = First winner
| award2_winner = ''Shahir Parshuram'' (1962)
| award3_type = Last winner
| award3_winner =
| website =
| previous =
| next =
}}
The '''Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Third Film''' is an award presented annually at the [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]] of India to the best film in [[Marathi cinema]]. The awards are managed directly by the [[Government of Maharashtra|Maharashtra Government]] under the [[Ministry of Cultural Affairs (Maharashtra)|Department of Cultural Affairs]] of the [[Government of Maharashtra]].

The inaugural award was named as "Master Vinayak, [[Raja Thakur]] Paritoshik (Award) for Best Feature Film" and was awarded to Shahir Parshuram, directed by [[Anant Mane]].

==Winners==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="2%" | Year
! width="12%" | Film
! width="18%" | Director
! width="2%" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|1962
|''Shahir Parshuram''
|[[Anant Mane]]
|
|-
|1963
|''Phakir''
|[[Chandrashekhar]]
|
|-
|1964
|''Thoratanchi Kamala''
|Madhu Shinde
|
|-
|1965
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | '''No Award'''
|-
|1966
|''Shevatcha Malusara''
|[[Vasant Joglekar]]
|
|-
|1967
|''Swapna Tech Lochani''
|Chandrawadan
|
|-
|1968
|''Ekti''
|[[Raja Thakur]]
|
|-
|1969
|''[[Dharmakanya]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[Madhav Shinde]]
|
|-
|1970
|''Laxman Resha''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1971
|''Donhi Gharcha Pahuna''
|[[Gajanan Jagirdar]]
|
|-
|''[[Songadya]]''
|Govind Kulkarni
|
|-
|1972
|''Andhala Marto Dola''
|[[Dada Kondke]]
|
|-
|1973
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | '''No Award Ceremony'''
|-
|1974
|''Ashi Hi Sataryachi Tarha''
|Murlidhar Kapadi
|
|-
|1975
|''Bayanno Navre Sambhala''
|Dattatray Kulkarni
|
|-
|1976
|''Pahuni''
|[[Anant Mane]]
|
|-
|1977
|''Naav Motha Lakshan Khota''
|Murlidhar Kapadi
|
|-
| 1978
| ''[[Jait Re Jait]]''
|[[Jabbar Patel]]
|
|-
|1979
|''[[Bot Lavin Tithe Gudgulya]]''
|[[Dada Kondke]]
|
|-
|1980
|''Paij''
|Babasaheb Phattelal
|
|-
|1981
|''Akrit''
|[[Amol Palekar]]
|
|-
| 1982
| ''Aali Angawar''
| [[Dada Kondke]]
|
|-
|1983
|''Thorli Jau''
|Kamlakar Torne
|
|-
|1984
|''[[Bahurupi]]''
|Satish Randive
|
|-
|1985
|''Stridhan''
|Babasaheb Phattelal
|
|-
|1986
|''Aaj Zale Mukta Me''
|[[Rajdutt]]
|
|-
|1987
|''Khatyal Sasu Nathal Soon''
|[[N. S. Vaidya]]
|
|-
|1988
|''Rangat Sangat''
|Girish Ghanekar
|
|-
|1989
|''[[Hamaal De Dhamaal]]''
|Purushottam Berde
|
|-
|1990
|''Kooldeepak''
|[[N. S. Vaidya]]
|
|-
|1991
|''[[Anpekshit|Anapekshit]]''
|Sanjeev Naik
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=technology |first=WorthITT-Talent meets |date=2019-06-17 |title=Chaukat Raja: Accepting Children with Developmental Delay |url=https://medium.com/@worthittsocial/chaukat-raja-accepting-children-with-developmental-delay-fb2d728b0d95 |access-date= |website=Medium |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|1992
|''Vaajva Re Vaajva''
|Girish Ghanekar
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cinemas of India, Videos, Festival Participation & Awards, National Award, Regional Cinema, Independent Cinema, Art House Cinema, Suraj Ka Satvan Ghoda |url=https://www.nfdcindia.com/cinemasofindia/home-video-05.htm |access-date= |website=www.nfdcindia.com}}</ref>
|-
|1993
|''[[Lapandav]]''
|[[Shrabani Deodhar]]
|
|-
|1994
|''[[Majha Chakula]]''
|[[Mahesh Kothare]]
|
|-
|1995
|''Aboli''
|Amol Shedge
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=1996-12-21 |title=THE HINDU ONLINE : The cream of Indian cinema |url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/960113/03/1226a.html |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961221151607/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/960113/03/1226a.html |archive-date=21 December 1996 }}</ref>
|-
|1996
|''Suna Yeti Ghara''
|K. Radhaswami
|
|-
|1997
|''Navsacha Por''
|Girish Ghanekar
|
|-
|1998
|''Hasri''
|Subhash Phadke
|
|-
|1999
|''[[Gharabaher]]''
|[[Sanjay Surkar]]
|
|-
|2000
|''Mrugjal''
|[[Satish Rajwade]]
|
|-
|2001
|''Zanzavat''
|[[Rajdutt]]
|
|-
|2002
|''[[Bhet]]''
|[[Chandrakant Kulkarni]]
|
|-
|2003
|''Vitthal Vitthal''
|[[Gajendra Ahire]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=rediff Entertainment |title=Shwaas: India's entry for Oscars |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/sep/24shwas.htm |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2004
|''[[Saatchya Aat Gharat]]''
|[[Sanjay Surkar]]
|
|-
|2005
|''[[Khabardar (film)|Khabardar]]''
|[[Mahesh Kothare]]
|
|-
|2006
|''[[Savali]]''
|Rajendra Talik
|
|-
|2007
|''[[Checkmate (2008 film)|Checkmate]]''
|[[Sanjay Jadhav]]
|
|-
|2008
|''Dhudgus''
|Rajendra Patil
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-03-21 |title='Harishchandrachi Factory' India's entry for Oscars - Times Of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Harishchandrachi-Factory-Indias-entry-for-Oscars/articleshow/5033889.cms |access-date= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321053045/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-09-20/india/28076656_1_marathi-film-paresh-mokashi-foreign-film-category |archive-date=21 March 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|2009
|''[[Ek Cup Chya]]''
|[[Sumitra Bhave–Sunil Sukthankar]]
|
|-
|2010
|''Platform''
| Veena Lokur
|
|-
|2011
|''[[Taryanche Bait]]''
| Kiran Yadnopavit
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Ajintha (film)|Ajintha]]''
| [[Nitin Chandrakant Desai]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-04-07 |title=Kaksparshthefilm {{!}} Awards |url=http://www.kaksparshthefilm.com/awards.php |access-date= |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407093640/http://www.kaksparshthefilm.com/awards.php |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|2013
|''Jaijaikar''
| Shantanu Rode
|
|-
|2014
|''[[Lokmanya: Ek Yugpurush]]''
| [[Om Raut]]
|
|-
|2015
|''[[Dagadi Chawl]]''
| Chandrakant Kanse
|
|-
|2016
|''[[Ventilator (2016 film)|Ventilator]]''
| [[Rajesh Mapuskar]]
|
|-
|2017
|''Kshitij Ek Horayzan''
|Manoj Kadam
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Tendlya]]''
| Sachin Jadhav, Nachiket Waikar
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Smile Please (2019 film)|Smile Please]]''
|[[Vikram Phadnis]]
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Goshta Eka Paithanichi]]''
|Shantanu Rode
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Godavari (2022 film)|Godavari]]''
|Nikhil Mahajan
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Har Har Mahadev]]''
|Abhijeet Deshpande
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=जगताप |first=नामदेव |title=राज्य चित्रपट पुरस्कार सोहळा; हिंदी, मराठी सिनेसृष्टीतील कलाकारांचा सन्मान; पाहा संपूर्ण यादी |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/maharashtra-state-film-awards-diamond-jubilee-held-in-mumbai-see-all-winners-list-kajol-bhimrao-panchale-anupam-kher-mukta-barve-bollywood-news-1375148 |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=ABP Majha |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Naal 2]]''
|[[Sudhakar Reddy Yakkanti]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
* {{IMDb event|0015478|Maharashtra State Film Awards}}

[[Category:Maharashtra State Film Awards|Third Film]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1962]]

Gagret Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:39:46Z

Godavari: starting some page from scratch!

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Himachal Pradesh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Gagret
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 42
| map_image = 42-Gagret constituency.svg
| mla = [[Rakesh Kalia]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| latest_election_year = 2024
| state = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| district = [[Una district|Una]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency|Hamirpur]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:84517}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14751-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2012 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|1}}
}}
'''Gagret Assembly constituency''' is one of the 68 constituencies in the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]] a northern state of [[India]]. [[Gagret]] is also part of [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Gagret Assembly constituency |url=http://www.elections.in/himachal-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/rohru.html |work=Elections.in |access-date= November 2, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= November 2, 2017 }}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|rowspan=2| Mehnga Singh
|rowspan=2|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan=2| Sadhu Ram
|rowspan=2|
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Milkhi Ram
|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| Sadhu Ram
|
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|rowspan=3| [[Kuldeep Kumar]]
|rowspan=3|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
|[[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
|[[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| Balbir Singh
|
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[https://hpvidhansabha.nic.in/Member/Details/48 Rakesh Kalia]
|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Rajesh Thakur]]<ref name=election2017/>
|
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Chaitanya Sharma]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/6-congress-mlas-who-cross-voted-in-favour-of-bjp-in-himachal-pradesh-rajya-sabha-polls-disqualified-5148484 |title=6 Himachal Congress MLAs, Who Cross-Voted In Rajya Sabha Polls, Disqualified|access-date=28 February 2024|website=NDTV|language=en}}</ref>
|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2024 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly bye-elections|2024]]
| [https://hpvidhansabha.nic.in/Member/Details/48 Rakesh Kalia]
|}
* By-Election

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gagret<ref name="2024 Bye Election Results - Gagret">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Bye Election Results - Gagret |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultByeJune2024/candidateswise-S0842.htm |access-date=7 August 2024 |date=5 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807145436/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultByeJune2024/candidateswise-S0842.htm |archive-date=7 August 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Chaitanya Sharma]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=40,767 |percentage=61.15% |change={{increase}}20.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Rajesh Thakur]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=25,082|percentage=37.62%|change={{decrease}}18.60}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nota|party=None of the above|votes=404|percentage=0.61%|change={{decrease}}0.04}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Manohar Lal Dadwal|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=145|percentage=0.22%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Vinod Dadwal (Pintu)|party=Rashtriya Devbhumi Party|votes=125|percentage=0.19%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Lekh Raj Katnoria|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=97|percentage=0.15%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Raghubir Singh|party=Himachal Jan Kranti Party|votes=45|percentage=0.07%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,685 |percentage=23.53% |change= {{increase}}8.10 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=66,665|percentage=78.88%|change={{decrease}}0.07}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,517 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.42 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}4.92 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gagret<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3815-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date=8 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rajesh Thakur]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=33,977 |percentage=56.23% |change={{increase}}19.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rakesh Kalia |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24657 |percentage=40.80% |change={{decrease}}5.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=392 |percentage=0.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subhash Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=379 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,320 |percentage=15.42% |change= {{increase}}5.84 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=60,427 |percentage=78.95% |change= {{increase}}5.09 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,540 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.62 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}10.08 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gagret}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Rakesh Kalia |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,581 |percentage=46.14% |change={{increase}}1.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sushil Kumar Kalia |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=18,684 |percentage=36.56% |change={{decrease}}14.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raman Kumar Jaswal |party=Independent politician |votes=5,245 |percentage=10.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gurbux Rai Thakur |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=997 |percentage=1.95% |change={{decrease}}0.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narinder Singh Parmar |party=Himachal Lokhit Party |votes=789 |percentage=1.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lakshmi Jariyal |party=Independent politician |votes=752 |percentage=1.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishan Gopal |party=Himachal Swabhiman Party |votes=323 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,897 |percentage=9.58% |change= {{increase}}3.00 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=51,103 |percentage=73.86% |change= {{increase}}1.02 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 69,189 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.00 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}5.10 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gagret}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Balbir Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=23,914 |percentage=51.25% |change={{increase}}12.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kuldeep Kumar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,843 |percentage=44.66% |change={{decrease}}11.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lekh Raj Katnoria |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,238 |percentage=2.65% |change={{increase}}1.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mehar Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=414 |percentage=0.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,071 |percentage=6.58% |change= {{decrease}}10.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=46,666 |percentage=72.84% |change= {{decrease}}0.74 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 64,063 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.64 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}5.41 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2003 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gagret<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kuldeep Kumar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,297 |percentage=56.65% |change={{increase}}4.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balbir Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=16,119 |percentage=39.20% |change={{decrease}}3.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tarsem Lal |party=Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha |votes=524 |percentage=1.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Dass Bhardwaj |party=Himachal Vikas Congress |votes=493 |percentage=1.20% |change={{decrease}}0.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parkash Chand Dhiman |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=353 |percentage=0.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lekh Raj Katnoria |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=336 |percentage=0.82% |change={{decrease}}1.46 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,178 |percentage=17.46% |change= {{increase}}7.22 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=41,122 |percentage=73.72% |change= {{increase}}3.11 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 55,881 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.05 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}4.12 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1998 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gagret<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kuldeep Kumar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,984 |percentage=52.54% |change={{decrease}}6.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satpaul |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=14,480 |percentage=42.30% |change={{increase}}6.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharampaul |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=781 |percentage=2.28% |change={{decrease}}2.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kashmiri Devi |party=Himachal Vikas Congress |votes=714 |percentage=2.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mela Singh |party=Janata Dal |votes=193 |percentage=0.56% |change={{decrease}}0.44 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,504 |percentage=10.24% |change= {{decrease}}13.22 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=34,231 |percentage=71.48% |change= {{increase}}7.15 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 48,572 |ref = |change= {{increase}}0.36 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}6.38 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1993 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gagret<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111133700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kuldeep Kumar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,059 |percentage=58.92% |change={{increase}}23.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sadhu Ram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=10,871 |percentage=35.47% |change={{decrease}}25.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Usha Devi |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,412 |percentage=4.61% |change={{increase}}2.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Capt. Mela Singh |party=Janata Dal |votes=308 |percentage=1.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,188 |percentage=23.45% |change= {{decrease}}2.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=30,650 |percentage=64.10% |change= {{increase}}0.01 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 48,400 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.32 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}2.31 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gagret<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114181905/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sadhu Ram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=17,815 |percentage=61.23% |change={{increase}}23.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kuldeep Kumar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,351 |percentage=35.58% |change={{decrease}}24.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balwant Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=649 |percentage=2.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,464 |percentage=25.65% |change= {{increase}}2.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=29,096 |percentage=63.88% |change= {{increase}}1.04 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 45,956 |ref = |change= {{increase}}26.86 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gagret<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114090530/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Milkhi Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,664 |percentage=60.57% |change={{increase}}14.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sadhu Ram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,460 |percentage=37.50% |change={{decrease}}15.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=205 |percentage=0.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kuldip Singh Kaushal |party=Independent politician |votes=189 |percentage=0.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,204 |percentage=23.07% |change= {{increase}}16.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,559 |percentage=63.01% |change= {{decrease}}1.89 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 36,225 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.88 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}7.77 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gagret<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1982 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117041754/eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sadhu Ram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=11,377 |percentage=52.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mehnga Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,906 |percentage=45.97% |change={{increase}}1.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gurdas Ram |party=Janata Party |votes=265 |percentage=1.23% |change={{decrease}}46.59 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,471 |percentage=6.83% |change= {{increase}}3.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,548 |percentage=64.99% |change= {{increase}}16.27 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 33,580 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.29 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}4.98 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gagret<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319174923/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=19 March 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sadhu Ram |party=Janata Party |votes=7,520 |percentage=47.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Milkhi Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,959 |percentage=44.25% |change={{decrease}}31.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sandhya Dass |party=Independent politician |votes=963 |percentage=6.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khushi Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=283 |percentage=1.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=561 |percentage=3.57% |change= {{decrease}}57.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,725 |percentage=48.74% |change= {{increase}}1.56 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 32,828 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.93 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}28.36 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gagret<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3802-himachal-pradesh-1972/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mehnga Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,838 |percentage=76.18% |change={{increase}}36.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajinder Nath |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=2,162 |percentage=15.20% |change={{decrease}}8.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rattan Dev Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=658 |percentage=4.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Milkha Singh |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=303 |percentage=2.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khushi Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=265 |percentage=1.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,676 |percentage=60.99% |change= {{increase}}45.06 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,226 |percentage=47.40% |change= {{increase}}7.09 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 30,700 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.70 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}36.58 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gagret<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081612/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mehnga Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,311 |percentage=39.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Dass |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=2,577 |percentage=23.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=1,563 |percentage=14.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=1,043 |percentage=9.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Datt |party=Independent politician |votes=870 |percentage=7.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=U. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=521 |percentage=4.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,734 |percentage=15.93% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,885 |percentage=42.58% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,732 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Gagret]]
* [[Una district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Himachal Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/74-himachal-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh|state=expanded}}
{{Himachal Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|31.66|76.06|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Una district]]
[[Category:Politics of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]

Disney International HD

2026-04-11T20:42:26Z

Godavari:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = Disney International HD
| logo = DIHDlogo.png
| logo_size =
| logo_caption = Logo used since 2017
| logo_alt =
| image =
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|2017|10|29|df=y}}
| picture_format = [[1080i]] [[High-definition television|HDTV]]
| owner = [[JioStar]] (branding licensed from [[Disney India]])
| country = India
| language = [[English language|English]]
| area = {{Plainlist|
* India
* Bangladesh<ref>{{cite web|url=https://akashdth.com/channels/AkashStandard|title=Channels|access-date=13 July 2022|website=Akash Digital TV|archive-date=6 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706060948/https://akashdth.com/channels/AkashStandard|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Maldives<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://corporatemaldives.com/2017/12/25/dhiraagu-tv-launches-four-disney-channels-in-the-maldives/|title=Dhiraagu TV launches four Disney channels in the Maldives|date=29 December 2017|publisher=Corporate Maldives|access-date=6 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111105843/http://corporatemaldives.com/2017/12/25/dhiraagu-tv-launches-four-disney-channels-in-the-maldives/|archive-date=11 January 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Nepal<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dishhome.com.np/explore-channels|title=Explore Channels|access-date=13 July 2022|website=[[DishHome]]|archive-date=13 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713053921/https://www.dishhome.com.np/explore-channels|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Sri Lanka<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lyngsat.com/tvchannels/us/Disney-International-HD.html|title=Disney International HD|website=LyngSat|access-date=11 April 2026}}</ref>
}}
| headquarters = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| former_names =
| replaced = Bindass Play
| replaced_by =
| sister_channels = [[JioStar#Owned channels|JioStar channels]]
| timeshift_service =
| website =
| online_serv_1 = JioHotstar
| online_chan_1 = [[India]]
}}
'''Disney International HD''' is an Indian [[pay television]] owned by [[JioStar]], It is Disney India's first channel to be broadcast in high-definition and broadcast in a 16:9 aspect ratio. The channel primary airs Disney American originals.

The channel is primarily funded by subscriptions with secondary revenue from advertising and is targeted to the 14-25 years age group while the other Disney networks broadcast in the area are aimed towards a 2-14 age group audience.<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 6, 2017|title=Disney enters English GEC space with an HD-only offering|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2017/10/disney-enters-english-gec-space-with-an-hd-only-offering/|access-date=2020-07-20|website=www.bestmediaifo.com|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410112945/https://bestmediainfo.com/2017/10/disney-enters-english-gec-space-with-an-hd-only-offering|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
In April 2016, [[Disney Channel (India)|Disney Channel India]] dropped live-action programming to focus more on local animation, as those shows drove better ratings.<ref name=tpost0>{{Cite web|url=http://www.televisionpost.com/television/focusing-on-local-animation-disney-moves-away-from-live-action-shows/|title=Focusing on local animation, Disney moves away from live-action shows|website=Television Post|language=en-US|date=18 April 2016 |access-date=October 8, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729003127/http://www.televisionpost.com/television/focusing-on-local-animation-disney-moves-away-from-live-action-shows/|archive-date=29 July 2017}}</ref> {{better source needed|date=February 2020}}

Disney Broadcasting India had made a license application for Disney International HD on 17 March 2017 with the Ministry of Information & Broadcasting (MIB).<ref>{{cite news|title=112 TV channel licences hanging fire with the MIB|url=http://www.televisionpost.com/television/112-tv-channel-licences-hanging-fire-with-the-mib/|access-date=November 17, 2017|work=TelevisionPost|date=17 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318084823/http://www.televisionpost.com/television/112-tv-channel-licences-hanging-fire-with-the-mib/|archive-date=March 18, 2017}}</ref> MIB approved the license on September 1, 2017, to take over from [[Bindass Play]] with Bindass Play programming shifting over to Bindass. The channel was launched on 29 October 2017.<ref name=tvpost>{{cite news|title=Disney to shut Bindass Play on 29 Oct to launch Disney Intl HD |url=http://www.televisionpost.com/television/disney-to-shut-bindass-play-on-29-oct-to-launch-disney-intl-hd/|access-date=October 21, 2017|work=Television Post|date=28 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928145818/http://www.televisionpost.com/television/disney-to-shut-bindass-play-on-29-oct-to-launch-disney-intl-hd/|archive-date=28 September 2017}}</ref> 10 of the 30 available TV series were on the channel at launch.

During the channel's first few weeks of broadcast, it didn't show any commercials.<ref name="bmi">{{cite news|date=October 6, 2017|title=Disney enters English GEC space with an HD-only offering|work=Bestmediaifo.com|location=Mumbai|url=http://bestmediainfo.com/2017/10/disney-enters-english-gec-space-with-an-hd-only-offering/|access-date=November 17, 2017|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410112945/https://bestmediainfo.com/2017/10/disney-enters-english-gec-space-with-an-hd-only-offering|url-status=live}}</ref>

Disney International HD shows an exclusive (as it has not been syndicated elsewhere) library of over 1500 or more episodes coming from 30 live action series.<ref name=bmi/><ref name=intv>{{Cite news|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/english-entertainment/gec-channel-disney-international-hd-to-launch-on-29-oct-171005|title=Disney to launch English GEC HD on 29 Oct|date=2017-10-05|work=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=2014-10-05|archive-date=22 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322103905/https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/english-entertainment/gec-channel-disney-international-hd-to-launch-on-29-oct-171005|url-status=live}}</ref> The channel also airs 100+ Disney movies selected for the targeted ages of 14 to 25 years old.<ref name=intv/>

On 15 August 2021, coinciding the [[Independence Day (India)|Indian Independence Day]], Disney Channel's original movie ''[[Spin (2021 film)|Spin]]'' premiered on Disney International HD, two days after its release.<ref>{{cite web|title=Abhay Deol starrer Spin to release in India on this date|website=The Indian Express|date=2021-07-27|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/abhay-deol-film-spin-to-release-in-india-on-this-date-7423319/|access-date=6 March 2022|archive-date=27 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727140705/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/abhay-deol-film-spin-to-release-in-india-on-this-date-7423319/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Programming ==
* ''[[Austin & Ally]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://disneyinternationalhd.com/austin-and-ally|title=Austin & Ally|access-date=6 March 2022|website=Disney International HD|archive-date=6 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306065507/https://disneyinternationalhd.com/austin-and-ally|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* ''[[Dog with a Blog]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://disneyinternationalhd.com/dog-with-a-blog|title=Dog with a Blog|access-date=6 March 2022|website=Disney International HD|archive-date=6 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306073002/https://disneyinternationalhd.com/dog-with-a-blog|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* ''[[Girl Meets World]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://disneyinternationalhd.com/girl-meets-world|title=Girl Meets World|access-date=6 March 2022|website=Disney International HD|archive-date=6 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306065501/https://disneyinternationalhd.com/girl-meets-world|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* ''[[Liv and Maddie]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://disneyinternationalhd.com/liv-and-maddie|title=Liv and Maddie|access-date=6 March 2022|website=Disney International HD|archive-date=6 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306072959/https://disneyinternationalhd.com/liv-and-maddie|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* ''[[Hannah Montana]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://disneyinternationalhd.com/hannah-montana|title=Hannah Montana|access-date=6 March 2022|website=Disney International HD|archive-date=6 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306065506/https://disneyinternationalhd.com/hannah-montana|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* ''[[K.C. Undercover]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://disneyinternationalhd.com/k-c-undercover|title=K.C. Undercover|access-date=6 March 2022|website=Disney International HD|archive-date=6 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306065502/https://disneyinternationalhd.com/k-c-undercover|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* ''[[Kickin' It]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://disneyinternationalhd.com/kickin-it|title=Kickin' It|access-date=6 March 2022|website=Disney International HD|archive-date=6 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306065504/https://disneyinternationalhd.com/kickin-it|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* ''[[Kirby Buckets]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://disneyinternationalhd.com/kirby-buckets|title=Kirby Buckets|access-date=6 March 2022|website=Disney International HD|archive-date=6 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306073004/https://disneyinternationalhd.com/kirby-buckets|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* ''[[Lab Rats (American TV series)|Lab Rats]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://disneyinternationalhd.com/lab-rats|title=Lab Rats|access-date=6 March 2022|website=Disney International HD|archive-date=6 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306073001/https://disneyinternationalhd.com/lab-rats|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* ''[[Wizards of Waverly Place]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://disneyinternationalhd.com/wizards-of-waverly-place|title=Wizards of Waverly Place|access-date=6 March 2022|website=Disney International HD|archive-date=6 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306065507/https://disneyinternationalhd.com/wizards-of-waverly-place|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://disneyinternationalhd.com/}}

{{Disney Channel}}

[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2017]]
[[Category:HD-only channels]]
[[Category:Television stations in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Disney India Media Networks]]
[[Category:English-language television stations in India]]
[[Category:Disney Star]]

Jivabhai Motibhai Damor

2026-04-10T03:13:37Z

Godavari: Put up first post more to come

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jivabhai Motibhai Damor
| office = Member of [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] for [[Santrampur Assembly constituency]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianvotes.com/santrampur.html|title=Santrampur (Gujarat) Assembly Constituency Elections|website =indianvotes.com}}</ref>
| native_name =જીવાભાઈ મોતીભાઈ ડામોર
| native_name_lang = Gj
| constituency = [[Santrampur Assembly constituency|Santrampur]]
| country = {{flag|India}}
| assembly = [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor = Vallavdas Maganlal Parikh
| successor = Pandya Probhkant Damodardas
| term_start = 1967
| term_end =1980
| source =
| party =[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| birth_name =
| birth_place =
| other_party =
| parents =
| occupation = Politician
| profession =
| nickname =
| honorific_prefix =
}}
'''Jivabhai Motibhai Damor''' is an Indian [[politician]] who represented [[Santrampur Assembly constituency]] in the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://elections.traceall.in/vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/Santrampur-in-Gujarat|title=Gujarat Assembly Election Results (constituency Wise), Last Election Results in Santrampur, Gujarat|website =elections.traceall.in}}</ref> He was elected as MLA in 1967 to 1980 from Santrampur Assembly constituency as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/santrampur-gujarat-assembly-constituency|title=Santrampur Assembly Constituency Election Result|website =resultuniversity.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Motibhai Damor, Jivabhai}}
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 1972–1974]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 1975–1980]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 1980–1985]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Jaleel Ahmad

2026-04-10T00:44:19Z

Godavari: Put up first stub w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian Muslim scholar and politician (1941–1996)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| constituency_AM = [[Afzalgarh]] 
| assembly = Uttar Pradesh Legislative
| majority = [[Janata party]]
| term_start = 
| term_end = 
| predecessor = Kranti Kumar
| successor = Thamman Singh
| prior_term =
| name = Jaleel Ahmad
| native_name =
| birth_name = Jaleel Ahmad
| birth_date = {{Birth date text|1941}}
| birth_place = [[Nagina]], Bijnor district, [[United Provinces (1937–1950)|United Provinces]], British India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1996|11|30|1941}}
| death_place = Nagina, Bijnor District, [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| resting_place = Pahari Darwaza Cemetery, Nagina
| known_for = Religious services, politics, educational activities
| occupation = Islamic scholar, politician
| alma_mater = [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]
| party = [[Janata Party]], [[Bahujan Samaj Party]], [[Indian National Congress]]
| title = Mufti
| father = Qari Ahmad Hasan
| office = Member of the [[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Legislative Assembly, Uttar Pradesh]]
| term = 1977–1980
}}
'''Jaleel Ahmad''' (1941 – 30 November 1996) was an Indian Islamic scholar, educator, and politician from [[Nagina]], Bijnor district. He played a key role in establishing religious institutions and promoting education within his community.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Siddiqui|first=Furqan Ahmad|title=Zila Bijnor Ke Jawahar|year=1991|publisher=Majlis-e-Ishaat-e-Adab|chapter=Mufti Jaleel Ahmad Ansari|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/zila-bijnor-ke-jawahar-furqan-ahmad-siddiqi-ebooks|location=Delhi|page=202|language=ur|via=[[Rekhta (website)]]}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Jaleel Ahmad was born in 1941 in [[Nagina]], Bijnor district.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Shaikh |first=Ma’az |date=23 November 2024 |title=Mufti Jaleel Ahmad: A Trailblazing Personality |url=https://deobandonline.com/en/2024/11/23/mufti-jaleel-ahmad-ansari-a-trailblazing-personality/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124062000/https://deobandonline.com/en/2024/11/23/mufti-jaleel-ahmad-ansari-a-trailblazing-personality/ |archive-date=24 November 2024 |access-date=23 November 2024 |website=Deoband Online}}</ref> He received his early education from his father, Qari Ahmad Hasan. After completing his secondary studies, he joined [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], where he specialized in Islamic jurisprudence and earned his degree of completion. His profound understanding of jurisprudence and exceptional memorization skills symbolized his scholarly excellence.<ref name=":01">{{Cite book|last=Qasmi|first=Muhammad Qamar Alam|title=Hayat Wa Khidmat Hazrat Al-Haj Qari Shafeeq Ahmad Sahib, Bani Wa Muhtamim Madrasa Faiz-ul-Quran Nagina|date=January 2021|publisher=Publication Department, Madrasa Faiz-ul-Quran|chapter=Mufti Jaleel Ahmad Sahib, Muhtamim Jamia Rashidiya Phulwaad|url=https://archive.org/details/hayat-wa-khidmat-hazrat-al-haj-qari-shafiq-ahmad-sahib-bani-wa-muhtamim-madrasa-faiz-ul-quran-nagina|location=Nagina, Bijnor|pages=203–204|language=ur}}</ref>

== Career ==
Ahmad established Jamia Arabia Rashidiya, Phulwaad, a prominent Islamic seminary, which flourished under his supervision, offering advanced education up to Daura-e-Hadith (the final year of the [[Dars-e-Nizami]] curriculum).<ref name=":01" /> He also managed Madrasa Tajweed-ul-Quran, which was initially established to provide Quranic education to visually impaired students. It now also accommodates non-visually impaired students.<ref name=":2" />

He served as a member of the [[Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind]], the city Qazi of Nagina, and the custodian of the Eidgah (prayer ground). Additionally, he worked as the General Secretary of his district's Jamiat for one term. He worked to expand religious education and contributed to the welfare of the Muslim community.<ref name=":01" /><ref name=":2" />

=== Political career ===
Ahmad actively participated in politics. In 1977, he was elected as a Member of the [[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Legislative Assembly (MLA)]] from the Afzalgarh constituency on a [[Janata Party]] ticket,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3253-uttar-pradesh-1977/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|page=4|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=23 November 2024}}</ref> securing 118,885 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1977 Vidhan Sabha / Assembly election results Uttar Pradesh [1947–1999]|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/1977/uttar-pradesh%20%5B1947%20-%201999%5D/10/8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123131740/https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/1977/uttar-pradesh%20%5B1947%20-%201999%5D/10/8 |archive-date=23 November 2024 |access-date=23 November 2024 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref> During his tenure, he promoted various developmental projects in his constituency.<ref name=":01" /><ref name=":2" />

Later, he became the district president of the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP) and played a significant role in strengthening the party in Bijnor district.<ref name=":2" /> According to the [[Election Commission of India]]'s 1990 report, he contested the [[1989 Indian general election|1989 parliamentary elections]] from the [[Amroha Lok Sabha constituency|Amroha constituency]] on a BSP ticket and secured 86,630 votes,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/Links/Books/89_Vol_I.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1989 to the Ninth Lok Sabha |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |year=1990 |edition=First |volume=1 |location=Nirvachan Sadan, Ashoka Road, [[New Delhi]] |page=256 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes PC: Amroha 1989 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/lok-sabha-details/1989/uttar-pradesh-%5B1947---1999%5D/amroha/4344/8/9 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123142303/https://www.indiavotes.com/lok-sabha-details/1989/uttar-pradesh-%5B1947---1999%5D/amroha/4344/8/9 |archive-date=23 November 2024 |access-date=23 November 2024 |website=IndiaVotes |language=en}}</ref> but did not win.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaleel Ahmad: Political Career |url=https://www.electionfate.in/candidates/Jaleel%20Ahmad/S24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123150718/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.electionfate.in%2Fcandidates%2FJaleel%2520Ahmad%2FS24 |archive-date=23 November 2024 |access-date=23 November 2024 |website=Election Fate}}</ref> It is documented that due to differences with [[Mayawati]], he left the BSP and joined the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) through [[N. D. Tiwari]].<ref name=":2" />

=== Positions ===
Ahmad was associated with several social and educational institutions. He served as a member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Sunni Central Waqf Board|Waqf Board]], the Municipal Committee, and the District Jail Committee, working for prisoners' welfare and addressing their concerns during jail visits.<ref name=":2" />

== Death ==
Ahmad died on 30 November 1996, at the age of 55 and was buried the next day in the premises of Jamia Rashidiya. His funeral was attended by a large number of people. After his death, his son, Khaleeq Ahmad, took over the leadership of Jamia Rashidia and continued to advance the institution.<ref name=":01" /><ref name=":2" />

== See also ==
* [[List of Deobandis]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:1996 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1977–1980]]
[[Category:Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind]]
[[Category:Darul Uloom Deoband alumni]]
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Bahujan Samaj Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Deobandis]]
[[Category:People from Bijnor district]]

Maragadha Naanayam

2026-04-02T10:05:30Z

Godavari: Adding Entry!

{{Short description|2017 Indian film by ARK Saravan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Maragadha Naanayam.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = ARK Saravan
| writer = ARK Saravan
| producer = G. Dillibabu
| starring = [[Aadhi Pinisetty|Aadhi]] [[Nikki Galrani]]
| cinematography = P. V. Shankar
| editing = [[Prasanna GK]]
| music = [[Dhibu Ninan Thomas]]
| studio = Axess Film Factory
| released = {{Film date|2017|06|16|df=yes}}
| runtime = 119 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| gross = 
}}
'''''Maragadha Naanayam''''' ({{translation|Emerald Coin}}) is a 2017 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[fantasy comedy]] film written and directed by ARK Saravan in his directorial debut. The film stars [[Aadhi Pinisetty|Aadhi]] and [[Nikki Galrani]] while [[Anandaraj]], [[Munishkanth]], [[Daniel Annie Pope]], [[Mime Gopi]], and [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] play supporting roles. It follows two small-time smugglers who seek the eponymous medallion, rumoured to be cursed, but must evade a powerful gang leader.

Filming took place between May and August 2016. The music was composed by first-timer [[Dhibu Ninan Thomas]] with cinematography by PV Shankar and editing by [[Prasanna GK]]. The film was released on 16 June 2017 and became commercially successful. A sequel is in development.

== Plot ==
Senguttuvan and Elango are two small-time crooks who work for a local jewel smuggler named "Nochukuppam" Ramdoss. Senguttavan is attracted to a young woman Chanakya whom he sees every morning at the bus stop, however he never manages to speak to her. Chanakya eventually gets married, but her husband doesn't treat her well and physically and verbally abuses her in public.

Meanwhile, a Chinese businessman comes to the city looking to acquire an antique emerald medallion named "Maragatha Naanayam". This stone was owned by an ancient king named Irumporai and is rumoured to be cursed; anyone who laid their hands on the stone died due to an accident, but no one knows the vehicle. He hires a contractor named John, who has connections with local gangs that could do the job. He offers {{INR}}10,00,00,000 for the contract, but no one is willing to do the job as they are afraid of the curse. Only Senguttavan, who is frustrated at the small-time work he is doing under Ramdoss, is interested in the offer as he wants to involve himself in something big and challenging. Elango convinces Senguttuvan to approach a local priest who could protect them from the curse. The priest hands Senguttavan and Elango a [[lemon]], at which point the ghosts of the 132 people killed by the curse are revealed to them. The priest tells them that if they are going to pursue the stone, they will need to seek the help of one of the ghosts.

Back home, Senguttuvan and Elango complete the ritual to summon one of the ghosts: Elango's uncle Chidambaram. Unfortunately, before the ghost could appear, the duo is interrupted by the news that Ramdoss has died due to a [[heart attack]]. During Ramdoss's burial, the lemon accidentally slips from Senguttavan's pocket and falls on Ramdoss's hand, as a result of which Chidambaram's ghost possesses Ramdoss's body and appears in front of Senguttavan and Elango the following morning, much to their shock. Chidambaram decides to use three recently dead people and possess them with ghosts of three other people killed by the curse to help Senguttavan and Elango in their mission. The first is an old beggar Selvaraj who died in his sleep alongside the road. The second is a man who got decapitated in a freak accident. The third happens to be Chanakya, who hanged herself, unable to handle the abuse she endured at the hands of her husband. Chidambaram successfully brings two of the ghosts to their new bodies, but one of them, a Tamil teacher, has trouble staying in Selvaraj's body and keeps jumping in and out of the corpse.

Senguttuvan, Elango, and the three ghosts, now in their borrowed bodies, pursue the emerald stone. Following an initial lead, they interrogate Pandurangan while posing as the henchmen of a powerful local gang leader "Twinkle" Ramanathan. This leads them to recover an emerald medallion, which turns out to be a fake. However, their methods draw the attention of Ramanathan. He previously rejected the idea of pursuing the stone but changes his mind. After realising that they recovered a replica, the group continues to piece clues together. They find the man who made the fake, who is now on his deathbed. Before he dies, the man gives them clues to who ordered the fake medallion – a local doctor named Krishnan who happens to be one of the men killed by the curse. They find his son, who is also a doctor, and kidnap him. Before they can get him to tell them where the original medallion is, they are caught by Ramanathan's henchmen and are taken to his torture chamber. They manage to escape the torturers and eventually find the original medallion.

Despite Chidambaram's warning, Senguttuvan and Elango touch the stone and are thereby cursed. They arrange for a meeting with John and the Chinese businessman for the exchange, but on the way, they are pursued by the mysterious driverless lorry, revealed by chidambaram that is the vehicle which killed us. John and the Chinese businessman are run over by the lorry and killed. Senguttuvan manages to elude the lorry initially and recover the suitcase full of money. They then run into the Tamil teacher, who is in Selvaraj's body. He tells them that they must return the stone to the King's grave to lift the curse. On the way to the gravesite, they are pursued by both the mystery lorry and Ramanathan's gang, who are hell bent on taking the stone from them. The group manages to elude both and get to the gravesite. Before they can return the stone, Ramanathan's gang shows up. Senguttavan makes a deal with Ramanathan that after he places the stone in the King's grave, he can take it, to which he agrees. Senguttuvan and Elango place the stone in the grave and are therefore released from the curse. Ramanathan has one of his henchmen recover the stone.

Having completed the job, Senguttuvan and Elango bid goodbye to the four ghosts, who release themselves from the occupied bodies. The ghost occupying Chanakya's body allows an emotional Senguttavan to hear at last the voice of Chanakya and also a declaration of love from her. After Senguttavan and Elango bid a tearful farewell to Chidambaram, all four bodies are laid to rest.

During the credits, while Senguttavan and Elango are boarding a bus to return home, they bump into Ramanathan again, who is now on the run. He tells them as his henchman had touched the stone, he and his gang were pursued by the mysterious lorry and his henchman was killed, while he barely managed to escape. But a few minutes later, a pilgrim who had earlier encountered Ramanathan and his gang while they were in pursuit of Senguttavan, Elango and the three ghosts, returns the stone to him, thus activating the curse on Ramanathan and the pilgrim.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Aadhi Pinisetty|Aadhi]] as Senguttuvan, a small-time crook who works under his friend's boss Ramdoss and wants to find Maragatha Naanayam.
*[[Nikki Galrani]] as Chanakaya. She committed suicide and was taken to put in Chidambaram's friend's soul (Mahendran).
*[[Anandaraj]] as "Twinkle" Ramanathan, the number one smuggler in Chennai who wants to recover Maragatha Naanayam.
*[[Munishkanth]] (Ramdoss) as "Nochukuppam" Ramdoss, the smallest smuggler who drops all big deals because of his health conditions. One day, he dies and comes back for several reasons with a new soul, namely Chidambaram / Thothalavayan.
*[[Daniel Annie Pope]] as Elango, Ramdoss's worker who does all deals and Senguttuvan's childhood friend who helps him find Maragatha Naanayam.
*[[Mime Gopi]] as John, the dealer who deals with all smugglers to take Maragatha Naanayam after collaborating with a Chinese businessman, though they both get killed later.
*[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as the priest who helps protect Senguttuvan and Elango from their curse.
*[[M. S. Bhaskar]] as Pandurangan, the man who brings the fake Maragatha Naanayam for over 20 years.
*[[Arunraja Kamaraj]] as the drunken dead body who gets decapitated and took Chidambaram's friend soul to help them. The soul name is Nesamani.
*[[Sangili Murugan]] as the homeless dead body, a panhandler, and Tamizh Aiyaa (ghost).
*Gajaraj as Krishnan, the doctor who protects Maragatha Naanayam for over 20 years.
*Blade Shankar as Krishnan's son, a doctor.
*[[Kaali Venkat]] as Chidambaram (Elango's uncle who is a ghost) and Mahendran (voice).
*[[Brahmanandam]] as Pilot
*Shanthi Mani as Ramdoss's mother
{{colend}}

== Production ==
In May 2016, Axess Film Factory announced that they were making a fantasy-adventure comedy film directed by newcomer Saravan, who had worked an associate director to [[Ramkumar]] during ''[[Mundasupatti]]'' (2014). Saravan initially approached [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] to play the lead role but his unavailability to immediately start shoot prompted the makers to look for an alternative lead actor.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A2_CLVWNAnI |title=Comali, Maragatha Naanayam நான் பண்ண வேண்டிய படம்..!- G.V.Prakash breaks 1st time {{!}} Gouri{{!}} Adiyae |date=23 August 2023 |publisher=Galatta Tamil {{!}} கலாட்டா தமிழ் |access-date=4 September 2023 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/A2_CLVWNAnI |archive-date=15 November 2023 |url-status=deviated |via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[Aadhi Pinisetty|Aadhi]] and [[Nikki Galrani]] were signed on to play the leading roles, marking their second collaboration after ''[[Yagavarayinum Naa Kaakka]]'' (2015).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=25 May 2016 |title=This time it's a fantasy film for Aadhi and Nikki Galrani |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/This-time-its-a-fantasy-film-for-Aadhi-and-Nikki-Galrani/articleshow/52416996.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160620070645/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/This-time-its-a-fantasy-film-for-Aadhi-and-Nikki-Galrani/articleshow/52416996.cms |archive-date=20 June 2016 |access-date=30 July 2016 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jyothsna |date=25 May 2016 |title=NIKKI GALRANI TEAMS AGAIN WITH... |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/nikki-galrani-to-team-with-aadhi-for-debutant-saravanans-film.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731115101/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/nikki-galrani-to-team-with-aadhi-for-debutant-saravanans-film.html |archive-date=31 July 2016 |access-date=30 July 2016 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] commenced on 26 May 2016,<ref name=":0" /> and [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] by 8 August.<ref>{{Cite Instagram |postid=BI1vtU9Dm2K |user=nikkigalrani |title=Cheers to another wonderful journey😊 #MaragadhaNanayam wraps up ! Gonna miss u all ❤️❤️❤️ Much love😘😘😘 #Memories |author-link=Nikki Galrani |date=8 August 2016 |access-date=23 November 2023 |archive-url=http://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/BI1vtU9Dm2K |archive-date=23 November 2023 |url-status=live}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== Music ==
The film's soundtrack was composed by first-timer [[Dhibu Ninan Thomas]] and the audio rights are with [[Think Music]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=MARAGATHA NAANAYAM - Dhibu Ninan Thomas Tamil Audio Cd (FACTORY SEALED PACK) |url=https://www.audiocdworld.com/product/maragatha-naanayam-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251209013305/https://www.audiocdworld.com/product/maragatha-naanayam-2/ |archive-date=9 Dec 2025 |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=Audio CDs World |language=en}}</ref> The audio was released on 15 March 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 16, 2017 |title=Sivakarthikeyan gets nostalgic at Maragadha Naanayam audio launch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/sivakarthikeyan-gets-nostalgic-at-maragadha-naanayam-audio-launch/story-PAMz1TdkSjUSzAJeduxyeK.html |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241130144159/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/sivakarthikeyan-gets-nostalgic-at-maragadha-naanayam-audio-launch/story-PAMz1TdkSjUSzAJeduxyeK.html |archive-date=November 30, 2024 |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singers
| title1 = Karuppaadu
| extra1 = Arunraja Kamaraj, [[Dhibu Ninan Thomas]]
| lyrics1 = [[Arunraja Kamaraj]]
| length1 = 3:58
| title2 = Nee Kavithaigala
| extra2 = [[Pradeep Kumar (musician)|Pradeep Kumar]]
| lyrics2 = GKB
| length2 = 4:36
| title3 = Aasai
| extra3 = Sharanya Gopinath
| lyrics3 = Muthamil
| length3 = 3:18
| title4 = Kottai Aanda Arasan
| extra4 = [[Arunraja Kamaraj]]
| lyrics4 = Muthamil
| length4 = 4:10
| title5 = Usiredukkum Kootam
| extra5 = [[Kapil Kapilan|Kapil]]
| lyrics5 = GKB
| length5 = 4:11
| total_length = 20:13
}}

== Release ==
''Maragadha Naanayam'' was released in theatres on 16 June 2017,<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=875569391936487424 |user=sri50 |title=Friday -June16 Releases-Tamil :1 #Peechaankai (Thu Release) 2 #MaragadhaNaanayam 3.#Uru 4. #Veruli 5. #Thangaratham.Dubbing #Pulimurugan 1/2 |first=Sreedhar |last=Pillai |access-date=15 January 2026 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260115001522/https://x.com/sri50/status/875569391936487424 |archive-date=15 January 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> along with a Telugu-dubbed version ''Marakathamani''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Sruthi |first=Ch Sowmya |date=16 June 2017 |title=‘Marakathamani’ Movie review highlights: The movie is a thorough entertainer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/marakathamani-movie-review-highlights-the-movie-is-a-thorough-entertainer/articleshow/59175618.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609061257/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/marakathamani-movie-review-highlights-the-movie-is-a-thorough-entertainer/articleshow/59175618.cms |archive-date=9 June 2022 |access-date=5 October 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film had its television premiere on 17 December that year on [[Zee Tamil]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2017 |title=Maragadha Naanayam to premiere on Zee Tamil |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/maragadha-naanayam-to-premiere-on-zee-tamil/articleshow/62067716.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903200928/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/maragadha-naanayam-to-premiere-on-zee-tamil/articleshow/62067716.cms |archive-date=3 September 2023 |access-date=20 April 2018 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==
[[Baradwaj Rangan]] wrote for ''[[Film Companion]]'', "The most welcome surprise in ''Maragatha Naanayam'' is that it isn’t just a collection of gags and scares, which is all this genre really needs".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=20 June 2017 |title=Maragatha Naanayam Movie Review |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/maragatha-naanayam-movie-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528193758/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/maragatha-naanayam-movie-review |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=2 September 2023 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref> Vishal Menon of ''[[The Hindu]]'' called it a "mostly fun fantasy marred by a slow second half".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Vishal |date=16 June 2017 |title=‘Maragadha Nanayam’ review: welcome to emerald city |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/maragadha-nanayam-review-welcome-to-emerald-city/article19087448.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603080328/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/maragadha-nanayam-review-welcome-to-emerald-city/article19087448.ece |archive-date=3 June 2023 |access-date=23 November 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Reviewing ''Marakathamani'', Ch Sowmya Sruthi of ''[[The Times of India]]'' said, "With the right amount of comedy, speedy narration, gripping plot and well-defined characters, the film scores some good brownie points in the first half that will make you come back for the second. The music and background score too compliment the film's mood and pace".<ref name=":1" />

== Sequel ==
In July 2023, Saravan announced a sequel titled ''Maragadha Naanayam 2''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2023 |title=ARK Saravanan announces sequel to Maragatha Naanayam |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/ark-saravanan-announces-sequel-to-maragatha-naanayam-726681 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115184659/https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/ark-saravanan-announces-sequel-to-maragatha-naanayam-726681 |archive-date=15 November 2023 |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref> The sequel is expected to begin filming in February 2026.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 February 2026 |title=Aadhi-starrer 'Maragadha Naanayam 2' goes on floors with grand pooja ceremony! |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/aadhi-starrer-maragadha-naanayam-2-goes-on-floors-with-grand-pooja-ceremony |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260217022704/https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/aadhi-starrer-maragadha-naanayam-2-goes-on-floors-with-grand-pooja-ceremony |archive-date=2026-02-17 |access-date=2026-02-17 |work=[[DT Next]] |language=en |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:2010s fantasy comedy films]]
[[Category:2017 black comedy films]]
[[Category:2017 comedy horror films]]
[[Category:2017 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Dhibu Ninan Thomas]]
[[Category:Indian black comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy horror films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language black comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy horror films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language fantasy comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

List of colonial governors and presidents of the Madras Presidency

2026-04-01T07:20:16Z

Godavari: Adding A Pg

{{Short description|None}}
{{one source|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
This is a list of the governors, agents, and presidents of colonial [[Madras Presidency|Madras]], initially of the [[East India Company]], up to the end of British colonial rule in 1947.

==English Agents==

In 1639, the grant of Madras to the [[English colonial empire|English]] was finalized between the factors of the Masulipatnam (now [[Machilipatnam]]) factory ([[trading post]]), represented by [[Francis Day of Madras|Francis Day]], and the Raja of Chandragiri. In 1640, [[Andrew Cogan]], the chief of the Masulipatnam factory, made his way to Madras in the company of Francis Day and the English and Indian employees of the Masulipatnam factory. The Agency of Madras was established on 1 March 1640 and Cogan was made the first Agent. The official title was 'Governor of Fort St George' and the Governor was usually referred to as Agent. Cogan served in the post for three years and was succeeded by Francis Day. After four agents had served their terms, Madras was upgraded to a Presidency during the time of [[Aaron Baker]]. However financial considerations forced the company to revert to an agency soon after Aaron Baker had served his term. The Agency survived until 1684 when Madras was made a Presidency once and for all. [[Streynsham Master]] is the best remembered and most renowned of the Agents of Madras.

{| class="wikitable" width="100%" style="text-align:center;"
! #
! Name (birth–death)
! Took office
! Left office
! Notes
|- align=center
| colspan="7" | '''Agents'''
|- align=center
|-
| 1
| [[Andrew Cogan]]
| 1 March 1640
| 1643
|
*Construction of [[Fort St. George]] begins
|-
| 2
| [[Francis Day of Madras|Francis Day]] (1605–1673)
| 1643
| 1644
|
|-
| 3
| [[Thomas Ivie]] (1605–1673)
| 1644
| 1648
|
*Establishment of [[Government General Hospital, Chennai|Government General Hospital]]
|-
| 4
| [[Thomas Greenhill (colonial administrator)|Thomas Greenhill]] (1611–1658)
| 1648
| 1652
|
|-
| 5
| [[Aaron Baker]] (1610–1683)
| 1652
| 1655
|
|-
| 6
| Thomas Greenhill (1611–1658)
| 1655
| 1658
|
|-
| 7
| Sir [[Thomas Chambers (Agent of Madras)|Thomas Chambers]] (d. 1692)
| 1658
| 1661
|
|-
| 8
| [[Sir Edward Winter]] (1622–1686)
| 1661
| Aug 1665
|
|-
| 9
| [[George Foxcroft]] (1634–1715)
| Aug 1665
| 16 Sep 1665
|
|-
| 10
| Sir Edward Winter (1622–1686)
| 16 Sep 1665
| 22 Aug 1668
|
|-
| 11
| George Foxcroft (1634–1715)
| 22 Aug 1668
| Jan 1670
|
*[[Triplicane]] annexed by [[Madras]]
|-
| 12
| [[Sir William Langhorne, 1st Baronet]] (1631–1715)
| Jan 1670
| 27 Jan 1678
|
|-
| 13
| [[Streynsham Master]] (1640–1724)
| 27 Jan 1678
| 3 Jul 1681
|
*Construction of [[St. Mary's Church, Chennai|St. Mary's Church]] and [[Kalikambal Temple]]
|-
| 14
| [[William Gyfford]]
| 3 Jul 1681
| 8 Aug 1684
|
|}

==Presidents==
[[Madras]] was elevated to a [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|presidency]] in 1684 and remained so until 12 February 1785 when new rules and regulations brought by the Pitt's India Act reformed the administration of the East India Company with the exception of a three-year period of French rule from 1746 to 1749 when Madras was a governorship.

Subsequently, [[Elihu Yale]] who took charge on 8 August 1684 was the First President of Madras. [[Elihu Yale]], [[Thomas Pitt]] and [[George Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney|George Macartney]] are some of the well-known Presidents of Madras.

{| class="wikitable"
! Name
! Took office
! Left office
|-
| [[Elihu Yale]] (First term) (acting)
| 8 August 1684
| 26 January 1685
|-
| [[William Gyfford]]
| 26 January 1685
| 25 July 1687
|-
| Elihu Yale (Second term)
| 25 July 1687
| 3 October 1692
|-
| [[Nathaniel Higginson]]
| 3 October 1692
| 7 July 1698
|-
| [[Thomas Pitt]]
| 7 July 1698
| 18 September 1709
|-
| [[Gulston Addison]]
| 18 September 1709
| 17 October 1709
|-
| [[Edmund Montague]] (acting)
| 17 October 1709
| 14 November 1709
|-
| [[William Fraser (British administrator)|William Fraser]]
| 14 November 1709 (acting)
| 11 July 1711
|-
| [[Edward Harrison (British administrator)|Edward Harrison]]
| 11 July 1711
| 8 January 1717
|-
| [[Joseph Collett]]
| 8 January 1717
| 18 January 1720
|-
| [[Francis Hastings of Madras|Francis Hastings]] (acting)
| 18 January 1720
| 15 October 1721
|-
| [[Nathaniel Elwick]]
| 15 October 1721
| 15 January 1725
|-
| [[James Macrae]]
| 15 January 1725
| 14 May 1730
|-
| [[George Morton Pitt]]
| 14 May 1730
| 23 January 1735
|-
| [[Richard Benyon (governor)]]
| 23 January 1735
| 14 January 1744
|-
| [[Nicholas Morse]]
| 14 January 1744
| 10 September 1746
|}

==Governors of the French East India Company==
In 1746, [[Joseph François Dupleix]]'s deputy, [[Mahé de La Bourdonnais]] laid [[Battle of Madras|siege to Madras]] and captured the city. For the next three years, Madras remained under French governors, until 1749, when Madras was handed to the British as per the [[Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)]]. The illustrious de la Bordannais served as acting governor for a few months until the appointment of Governor Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil, who served until 1749 when Madras reverted to British rule.

{| class="wikitable"
! Name
! Took office
! Left office
|-
| [[Mahé de La Bourdonnais]] (acting)
| 10 September 1746
| 2 October 1746
|-
| [[Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil]]
| 2 October 1746
| August 1749
|}

==Presidents of the British East India Company==
During the period between 1746 and 1749, when Madras was under French rule, the British ran a provisional government from [[Fort St. David]], near modern-day Porto Novo. In 1752, when Madras had been returned to the British, the then President of Madras, John Saunders, shifted the seat of government from Fort St. David to Madras. The British gained a lot of territory during the mid-18th century, so that by the time the French military power was crushed at the [[Battle of Wandiwash]] in 1761, the territory under the Presidency of Madras had increased manyfold. In 1785, the Province of Madras was created and the President became the Governor of Madras.

{| class="wikitable"
! Name
! Took office
! Left office
|-
| John Hinde (in Fort St. David)
| 10 September 1746
| 14 April 1747
|-
| Charles Floyer (in Fort St. David)
| 14 April 1747
| 19 September 1750
|-
| Thomas Saunders (in Fort St. David up to 5 April 1752)
| 19 September 1750
| 14 January 1755
|-
| [[George Pigot]] (1st time)
| 14 January 1755
| 14 November 1763
|-
| [[Robert Palk]]
| 14 November 1763
| 25 January 1767
|-
| [[Charles Bourchier (governor)|Charles Bourchier]]
| 25 January 1767
| 31 January 1770
|-
| [[Josias Du Pré]]
| 31 January 1770
| 2 February 1773
|-
| [[Alexander Wynch]]
| 2 February 1773
| 11 December 1775
|-
| [[George Pigot]] (2nd time)
| 11 December 1775
| 23 August 1776
|-
| [[George Stratton (politician)|George Stratton]]
| 23 August 1776
| 31 August 1777
|-
| [[John Whitehill (governor)|John Whitehill]] (first time) (acting)
| 31 August 1777
| 8 February 1778
|-
| Sir [[Sir Thomas Rumbold, 1st Baronet|Thomas Rumbold]]
| 8 February 1778
| 6 April 1780
|-
| John Whitehill (second time) (acting)
| 6 April 1780
| 8 November 1780
|-
| Charles Smith (acting)
| 8 November 1780
| 22 June 1781
|-
| [[George Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney|George Macartney]]
| 22 June 1781
| 12 February 1785
|}

==Governors (of British India)==
{| class="wikitable"
! Name
! Took office
! Left office
|-
| [[George Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney|George Macartney]]
| 12 February 1785
| 14 June 1785
|-
| Alexander Davidson (acting)
| 14 June 1785
| 6 April 1786
|-
| Sir [[Archibald Campbell (British Army officer)|Archibald Campbell]]
| 6 April 1786
| 7 February 1789
|-
| John Holland (acting)
| 7 February 1789
| 13 February 1790
|-
| Edward J.Holland (acting)
| 13 February 1790
| 20 February 1790
|-
| [[William Medows]]
| 20 February 1790
| 1 August 1792
|-
| Sir [[Sir Charles Oakeley, 1st Baronet|Charles Oakeley]]
| 1 August 1792
| 7 September 1794
|-
| [[Robert Hobart, 4th Earl of Buckinghamshire|Robert Hobart, Baron Hobart]]
| 7 September 1794
| 21 February 1798
|-
| [[George Harris, 1st Baron Harris|George Harris]] (acting)
| 21 February 1798
| 21 August 1798
|-
| [[Edward Clive, 1st Earl of Powis|Edward Clive, 2nd Baron Clive]]
| 21 August 1798
| 30 August 1803
|-
| [[Lord William Bentinck]]
| 30 August 1803
| 11 September 1807
|-
| [[William Petrie]] (acting)
| 11 September 1807
| 24 February 1808
|-
| [[Sir George Barlow, 1st Baronet]]
| 24 February 1808
| 21 May 1813
|-
| [[John Abercromby (British Army officer)|John Abercromby]] (acting)
| 21 May 1813
| 16 September 1814
|-
| [[Hugh Elliot]]
| 16 September 1814
| 10 June 1820
|-
| Sir [[Sir Thomas Munro, 1st Baronet|Thomas Munro]]
| 10 June 1820
| 10 July 1827
|-
| Henry Sullivan Graeme (acting)
| 10 July 1827
| 18 October 1827
|-
| [[Stephen Rumbold Lushington]]
| 18 October 1827
| 25 October 1832
|-
| Sir [[Frederick Adam]]
| 25 October 1832
| 4 March 1837
|-
| George Edward Russell (acting)
| 4 March 1837
| 6 March 1837
|-
| [[John Elphinstone, 13th Lord Elphinstone]]
| 6 March 1837
| 24 September 1842
|-
| [[George Hay, 8th Marquess of Tweeddale]]
| 24 September 1842
| 23 February 1848
|-
| Henry Dickinson (acting)
| 23 February 1848
| 7 April 1848
|-
| Sir [[Henry Pottinger]]
| 7 April 1848
| 24 April 1854
|-
| Daniel Eliott (acting)
| 24 April 1854
| 28 April 1854
|-
| [[George Harris, 3rd Baron Harris]]
| 28 April 1854
| 28 March 1859
|-
| Sir [[Sir Charles Trevelyan, 1st Baronet|Charles Trevelyan]]
| 28 March 1859
| 8 June 1860
|-
| [[William Ambrose Morehead]] (1st time) (acting)
| 8 June 1860
| 5 July 1860
|-
| Sir [[Henry George Ward]]
| 5 July 1860
| 2 August 1860
|-
| William Ambrose Morehead (2nd time) (acting)
| 4 August 1860
| 18 February 1861
|-
| Sir [[William Denison]] (1st time)
| 18 February 1861
| 26 November 1863
|-
| [[Edward Maltby (British civil servant)|Edward Maltby]] (acting)
| 26 November 1863
| 18 January 1864
|-
| Sir William Denison (2nd time)
| 18 January 1864
| 27 March 1866
|-
| [[Francis Napier, 10th Lord Napier|Francis Napier]]
| 27 March 1866
| 19 February 1872
|-
| [[Alexander John Arbuthnot]] (acting)
| 19 February 1872
| 15 May 1872
|-
| [[Vere Henry Hobart, Lord Hobart|Vere Henry Hobart, Baron Hobart]]
| 15 May 1872
| 29 April 1875
|-
| [[William Rose Robinson]] (acting)
| 29 April 1875
| 23 November 1875
|-
| [[Richard Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, 3rd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos]]
| 23 November 1875
| 20 December 1880
|-
| [[William Patrick Adam]]
| 20 December 1880
| 24 May 1881
|-
| [[William Huddleston (colonial administrator)|William Huddleston]] (acting)
| 24 May 1881
| 5 November 1881
|-
| [[Mountstuart Elphinstone Grant Duff]]
| 5 November 1881
| 8 December 1886
|-
| [[Robert Bourke, 1st Baron Connemara]]
| 8 December 1886
| 1 December 1890
|-
| [[John Henry Garstin]]
| 1 December 1890
| 23 January 1891
|-
| [[Beilby Lawley, 3rd Baron Wenlock]]
| 23 January 1891
| 18 March 1896
|-
| Sir [[Arthur Elibank Havelock]]
| 18 March 1896
| 28 December 1900
|-
| [[Arthur Russell, 2nd Baron Ampthill]] (1st time)
| 28 December 1900
| 30 April 1904
|-
| [[James Thompson (British civil servant)|James Thompson]] (acting)
| 30 April 1904
| 13 December 1904
|-
| Arthur Russell, 2nd Baron Ampthill (2nd time)
| 13 December 1904
| 15 February 1906
|-
| [[Sir Gabriel Stokes]] (acting)
| 15 February 1906
| 28 March 1906
|-
| Sir [[Arthur Lawley, 6th Baron Wenlock|Arthur Lawley]]
| 28 March 1906
| 3 November 1911
|-
| Sir [[Thomas Gibson-Carmichael, 1st Baron Carmichael|Thomas David Gibson-Carmichael]]
| 3 November 1911
| 30 March 1912
|-
| Sir [[Murray Hammick]] (acting)
| 30 March 1912
| 30 October 1912
|-
| [[John Sinclair, 1st Baron Pentland]]
| 30 October 1912
| 29 March 1919
|-
| Sir [[Alexander Cardew]]
| 29 March 1919
| 10 April 1919
|-
| [[Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon|Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Baron Willingdon]]
| 10 April 1919
| 12 April 1924
|-
| Sir [[Charles Todhunter]] (acting)
| 12 April 1924
| 14 April 1924
|-
| [[George Goschen, 2nd Viscount Goschen]]
| 14 April 1924
| 29 June 1929
|-
| Sir [[Norman Majoribanks]] (acting)
| 29 June 1929
| 11 November 1929
|-
| Sir [[George Frederick Stanley]] (1st time)
| 11 November 1929
| 16 May 1934
|-
|Sir [[Mohammad Usman of Madras|Muhammad Usman Sahib Bahadur]] (acting)
| 16 May 1934
| 16 August 1934
|-
|Sir George Frederick Stanley (2nd time)
| 16 August 1934
| 15 November 1934
|-
|[[John Erskine, Lord Erskine]] (1st time)
| 15 November 1934
| 18 June 1936
|-
| [[Kurma Venkata Reddy Naidu]] (acting)
| 18 June 1936
| 1 October 1936
|-
| John Erskine, Lord Erskine (2nd time)
| 1 October 1936
| 12 March 1940
|-
| [[Arthur Hope, 2nd Baron Rankeillour|Arthur Hope]]
| 12 March 1940
| 26 February 1946
|-
| Sir [[Henry Foley Knight]] (acting)
| 26 February 1946
| 5 May 1946
|-
| Sir [[Archibald Nye]]
| 5 May 1946
| 15 August 1947
|}

==References==
* {{cite web|first=Ben|last=Cahoon|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_BrProvinces.htm#Madras|title=List of Governors of Madras|website=WorldStatesmen.org|access-date=17 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114041325/http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_BrProvinces.htm|archive-date=14 November 2022}}

==External links==

{{Administrators of provinces in British India}}
{{British dependencies governors}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Governors of Madras}}
[[Category:Governors of Madras|*]]
[[Category:Madras Presidency]]
[[Category:History of Chennai]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu politics-related lists]]
[[Category:India history-related lists]]

Patthar Girja

2026-03-30T23:51:27Z

Godavari: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[All Saints Cathedral, Prayagraj]]
{{R from alternative language|hi|en}}

Sweta Keswani

2026-03-29T17:42:56Z

Godavari: entry

{{short description|Indian television actress (born 1980)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Sweta Keswani
|image = {{CSS image crop
|Image = A group photo of Ms Krunti Mazumdar, Shri Pravin Dabas & Ms Emily Hamilton of the film Mem Sahib during the 37th International Film Festival (IFFI-2006) in Panaji, Goa on November 27, 2006.jpg
|bSize = 750
|cWidth = 130
|cHeight = 170
|oTop = 170
|oLeft = 150
|Location=center}}
|caption = Keswani at [[37th International Film Festival of India|IFFI, 2006]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1980|08|19|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| years_active =
| spouse = {{ubl|{{marriage|''[[Alexx O'Nell]]''|2008|2011|end=divorce}}|{{marriage|''Ken Andino''|2011}}
}}
| occupation = {{ubl|[[Actress]]|[[dancer]]|[[Model (person)|model]]}}
| children = ''Issy Andino'' (daughter)
}}

'''Sweta Keswani''' is an Indian actress, dancer and model, who is known for her roles in Hindi TV shows, Bollywood films and TV commercials. She received fame from Indians globally after playing the role of Gudiya Thakkar in the [[Star Plus]] series ''[[Baa Bahoo Aur Baby]]''. Apart from her Bollywood career she also had a role in U.S. Television series ''[[The Blacklist (TV series)|The Blacklist]]''.

==Personal life==
{{BLP sources section|date=January 2024}}
Keswani started acting in class two with an adaption of ''[[Goldilocks and the Three Bears]]''. She attended [[Smt. M.M.K College of Commerce & Economics|MMK College]] in Mumbai and graduated with a degree in commerce. While she was at school, she started [[Kathak]] (an Indian dance form) and kept up with it for about 6 years at Sangit Mahabharati institute and later with Guruji Shri Surinder Kaur, whom she idolizes. Later she trained in [[jazz dance]] from Shiamak Davar's.

Keswani is a [[Soka Gakkai International|Soka Gakkai Buddhist]] and is a leader in the SGI{{clarify|date=January 2024}} Buddhist community. She has said, "There are many branches of Buddhism but essentially Nichiren Daishonin's Buddhism that I practice is a religion for the 21st century. It is a process of transforming the self by chanting a mantra and through that changing not only ourselves for the better but our environment as well. Chanting gives me the clarity to see what action I should take and how I can make both myself and the people around me happier and more fulfilled."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Budding Buddhism in the city|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-budding-buddhism-in-the-city-1231776|access-date=2021-12-04|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=River's Edge Theatre Co.|url=https://www.riversedgetheatre.com/leadership|access-date=2022-04-14|website=riversedgetheatre.com|language=en}}</ref>

Since 2020, Keswani has served as the Vice President of River's Edge Theatre Co. in Westchester, NY.<ref>{{Cite web|title=River's Edge Theatre Co. Board of Directors|url=https://www.riversedgetheatre.com/leadership|access-date=2022-04-14|website=riversedgetheatre.com|language=en}}</ref>

Keswani married American actor [[Alexx O'Nell]] in 2008. The couple divorced in 2011. In October 2012, she married NYC-based lawyer Ken Andino, with whom she has a daughter (b. 2013).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-07-12 |title=Sweta Keswani ties the knot again! - Times Of India |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-08/tv/33678189_1_ken-film-adaalat |access-date=2023-11-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130712163913/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-08/tv/33678189_1_ken-film-adaalat |archive-date=12 July 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-08-20 |title=Sweta Keswani expecting child from second marriage |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sweta-keswani-expecting-child-from-second-marriage/articleshow/21915128.cms |access-date=2023-11-25 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Career==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=January 2024}}
After doing many TV commercials for industries such as ''[[Wall's (ice cream)|Wall's Ice Cream]]'', ''[[Pond's]]'' and ''[[Fanta]]'', Keswani entered television with shows such as ''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]'' and ''[[Des Mein Niklla Hoga Chand]]''.

==Filmography==

===Films===
{{BLP sources section|date=January 2024}}
* ''[[Love in Nepal|Love In Nepal]]'' (2004)
* ''Chor Mandli'' (2005)
* ''The Memsahib'' (2006)
* ''Gas Station On the Expressway'' (2007)
* ''Bin Bulaye Baraati'' (2011)
* ''Back-up'' (2013)
* ''[[As They Made Us]]'' (2022)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lemire |first=Christy |title=As They Made Us movie review & film summary (2022) {{!}} Roger Ebert |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/as-they-made-us-movie-review-2022 |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=[[RogerEbert.com]] |language=en}}</ref>
* ''[[The Beanie Bubble]]'' (2023)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tallerico |first=Brian |title=The Beanie Bubble movie review (2023) {{!}} Roger Ebert |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-beanie-bubble-movie-review-2023 |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=[[RogerEbert.com]] |language=en}}</ref>

===Television===
{{BLP sources section|date=January 2024}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Show
!Character
!Notes
|-
|1999-2000
|''[[Abhimaan (TV series)|Abhimaan]]''
|
|
|-
|2001
|''[[Rishtey (season 1)]]''
|Anu
|Episodic role
|-
|2001–2003
|''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]''
|Avantika Ajay Agarwal
|Negative role
|-
|2001-2004
|''[[Des Mein Niklla Hoga Chand]]''
|Anu Khurana / Anu Samarjeet Singh Kent
|Negative role<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fast forward |url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/2004/20041226/spectrum/tv.htm |website=The Tribune}}</ref>
|-
|2002-2004
|''Arre Deewano Mujhe Pehchano''
|
|
|-
|2004 - 2005
|''[[Raat Hone Ko Hai]]'' - Story #47: Tingoo
|Monica
|Episodic role
|-
|2004
|''Bollywood Aur Kya Special''
|
|
|-
|2005
|''[[Parde Ke Peechey]]''
|
|
|-
|2006
|''Kyunki Yeh Hai Hasya Kavi Muqabala''
|
|
|-
|2006
|''[[Johny Aala Re]]''
|
|
|-
|2007
|''[[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]]'' - Episode 457: The Case of the Dangerous Lady
|Indu
|Episodic role
|-
|2007
|''[[Nach Baliye|Nach Baliye 3]]''
|Herself
|
|-
|2007–2010
|''[[Baa Bahoo Aur Baby]]''
|Gurinder "Gudiya" Chadda Thakkar
|Lead role
|-
|2011
|''[[Adaalat (TV series)|Adaalat]]''
|Ms. Keswani
|Supporting role
|-
|2017
|''[[The Blacklist (TV series)|The Blacklist]]''
|Maura
|Guest role
|-
|2021
|[[New Amsterdam (2018 TV series)|''New Amsterdam'']]
|Soma Kulkarni
|Guest role
|-
|2021
|''[[Arranged Marriage]]''
|-
|2025
|[[LAW AND ORDER:SPECIAL VICTIMS UNIT (TV Series) ]]
| Dr.Ila Mukherjee
| Guest Role
|-
|}

===Theatre===
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=January 2024}}
*''Residence Visa'' (2007)
*''Fragile'' (2007)
*''Now She Says She's God'' (2005)
*''3 Aces'' (2001)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*{{IMDb name|1671397}}
* [http://www.swetakeswani.com/ Official Website]

{{Nach Baliye 3}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Keswani, Sweta}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Indian Sindhi people]]
[[Category:Sindhi actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Indian stage actresses]]
[[Category:Indian Nichiren Buddhists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Buddhists]]
[[Category:Members of Sōka Gakkai]]
[[Category:1980 births]]

Sanskrit prosody

2026-03-22T06:50:49Z

Godavari: brief improve intro for accuracy and fixed typos

{{short description|Aspect of Vedic studies}}
{{redirect|Chanda}}
{{redirect|Chandas|Vedic poetry|Vedic metre|the Kannada and Telugu poetry|Chandas (poetry)|the quatrain poetic form of North India and Pakistan|Chhand|the typeface|Chandas (typeface)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Hindu scriptures}}

'''Sanskrit prosody''' or '''Chandas''' ([[Sanskrit|Sanskrit:]] छन्दः) refers to one of the six [[Vedanga]]s, or limbs of Vedic studies.<ref name=jameslochtefeldsca140>James Lochtefeld (2002), "Chandas" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A-M, Rosen Publishing, {{ISBN|0-8239-2287-1}}, page 140</ref> It is the study of [[Metre (poetry)|poetic metres]] and verse in [[Sanskrit]].<ref name=jameslochtefeldsca140/> This field of study was central to the composition of the [[Vedas]], the scriptural canons of [[Hinduism]]; in fact, so central that some later Hindu and Buddhist texts refer to the Vedas as ''Chandas''.<ref name=jameslochtefeldsca140/><ref>{{cite book|author=Moriz Winternitz|author-link=Moriz Winternitz|title=A History of Indian Literature: Buddhist literature and Jaina literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lgz1eMhu0JsC&pg=PA577|year=1988|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0265-0|page=577}}</ref>

The Chandas, as developed by the Vedic schools, were organized around seven major metres, each with its own rhythm, movements and aesthetics. Sanskrit metres include those based on a fixed number of syllables per verse, and those based on a fixed number of [[morae]] per verse.<ref name="Allan2013p228"/>

Extant ancient manuals on Chandas include [[Pingala]]'s ''Chandah Sutra'', while an example of a medieval Sanskrit prosody manual is Kedara Bhatta's ''Vrittaratnakara''.{{Sfn|Deo|2007|pp=6-7 section 2.2}}{{Refn|group=note|For a review of other Sanskrit prosody texts, see Moriz Winternitz's ''History of Indian Literature'',{{Sfn|Maurice Winternitz|1963|pp=1-301, particularly 5-35}} and HD Velankar's ''Jayadaman''.{{sfn|Velankar|1949}}<ref>HD Velankar (1949), Prosodial practice of Sanskrit poets, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 24-25, pages 49-92.</ref>}} The most exhaustive compilations of Sanskrit prosody describe over 600 metres.{{Sfn|Deo|2007|pp=3, 6 section 2.2}} This is a substantially larger repertoire than in any other metrical tradition.{{Sfn|Deo|2007|pp=3-4 section 1.3}}

==Etymology==
The term ''Chandas'' ([[Sanskrit]]: छन्दः/छन्दस् chandaḥ/chandas (singular)) means "pleasing, alluring, lovely, delightful or charming", and is based on the root ''chad'' which means "esteemed to please, to seem good, feel pleasant and/or something that nourishes, gratifies or is celebrated".<ref name=monierwilliamschanda>{{cite book|author=Monier Monier-Williams|title=A Sanskrit-English Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3NWAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA332|year=1923|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=332}}</ref> The term also refers to "any metrical part of the [[Veda]]s or other composition".<ref name=monierwilliamschanda/>

==History==
The hymns of [[Rigveda]] include the names of metres, which implies that the discipline of ''Chandas'' (Sanskrit prosody) emerged in the 2nd-millennium BCE.<ref name="Allan2013p228">{{cite book|author=Peter Scharf|editor=Keith Allan|title=The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BQfDosHckzEC|year=2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-164344-6|pages=228–234}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|See, for example, [[Rigveda]] hymns 1.164, 2.4, 4.58, 5.29, 8.38, 9.102 and 9.103;<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/OriginAndDevelopementOfSanskritMetrics/Origin%20and%20developement%20of%20Sanskrit%20Metrics#page/n19/mode/2up Origin and Development of Sanskrit Metrics], Arati Mitra (1989), The Asiatic Society, pages 4-6 with footnotes</ref> and 10.130<ref>{{cite book|author=William K. Mahony| title=The Artful Universe: An Introduction to the Vedic Religious Imagination| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B1KR_kE5ZYoC| year=1998| publisher=State University of New York Press| isbn=978-0-7914-3579-3| pages=110–111}}</ref>}} The [[Brahmana]]s layer of Vedic literature, composed between 900 BCE and 700 BCE, contains a complete expression of the ''Chandas''.{{Sfn|Guy L. Beck|1995|pp=40-41}} Panini's treatise on Sanskrit grammar distinguishes ''Chandas'' as the verses that compose the Vedas, from ''Bhāṣā'' (Sanskrit: भाषा), the language spoken by people for everyday communication.{{Sfn|Sheldon Pollock|2006|pp=46, 268-269}}

Vedic Sanskrit texts employ fifteen metres. Seven are common, and the most frequent three are 8-, 11- and 12-syllable lines.<ref name="PremingerWarnke2015p394"/> Post-Vedic texts, such as the epics as well as other classical literature of Hinduism, deploy both linear and non-linear metres, many of which are based on syllables and others based on repeating numbers of morae (matra per foot).<ref name="PremingerWarnke2015p394"/> About 150 treatises on Sanskrit prosody from the classical era are known, in which some 850 metres were defined and studied by the ancient and medieval Hindu scholars.<ref name="PremingerWarnke2015p394">{{cite book|author1=Alex Preminger|author2=Frank J. Warnke|author3=O. B. Hardison Jr.|title=Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vLp9BgAAQBAJ|year=2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-7293-0|pages=394–395}}</ref>

The ancient ''Chandahsutra'' of [[Pingala]], also called ''Pingala Sutras'', is the oldest Sanskrit prosody text that has survived into the modern age, and it is dated to between 600 and 200 BCE.{{Sfn|Sheldon Pollock|2006|p=370}}{{Sfn|B.A. Pingle|1898|pp=238-241}} Like all [[Sutras]], the Pingala text is distilled information in the form of aphorisms, and these were widely commented on through the [[bhashya]] tradition of Hinduism. Of the various commentaries, those widely studied are the three 6th century texts - ''Jayadevacchandas'', ''[[Janashrayi-Chhandovichiti]]'' and ''Ratnamanjusha'',<ref name="MirnigSzanto2013p332">{{cite book|author=Andrew Ollett|editor1=Nina Mirnig |editor2=Peter-Daniel Szanto |editor3=Michael Williams |title=Puspika: Tracing Ancient India Through Texts and Traditions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qZZBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA331|year=2013|publisher=Oxbow Books|isbn=978-1-84217-385-5|pages=331–334}}</ref> the 10th century commentary by [[Karnataka]] prosody scholar Halayudha, who also authored the grammatical ''Shastrakavya'' and ''Kavirahasya'' (literally, ''The Poet's Secret'').{{Sfn|Sheldon Pollock|2006|p=370}} Other important historical commentaries include those by the 11th-century Yadavaprakasha and 12th-century Bhaskaracharya, as well as Jayakriti's ''Chandonushasana'', and ''Chandomanjari'' by Gangadasa.{{Sfn|Sheldon Pollock|2006|p=370}}<ref name="MirnigSzanto2013p332"/>

{{Quote box
|quote =
<poem>
There is no word without meter,
nor is there any meter without words.
</poem>
|source = —''Natya Shastra''<ref>{{cite journal |author=Har Dutt Sharma| title= Suvrttatilaka | journal=Poona Orientalist| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=goUkVCiQEbMC| year=1951| volume=XVII |page=84}}</ref>
|align = right
|bgcolor=#FFE0BB
}}
Major encyclopedic and arts-related Hindu texts from the 1st and 2nd millennium CE contain sections on ''Chandas''. For example, the chapters 328 to 335 of the ''[[Agni Purana]]'',{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=135}}<ref>MN Dutt, [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b4023049 Agni Purana Vol 2], pages 1219-1233 (Note: Dutt's manuscript has 365 chapters, and is numbered differently)</ref> chapter 15 of the ''[[Natya Shastra]]'', chapter 104 of the ''[[Brihat Samhita]]'', the Pramodajanaka section of the ''[[Manasollasa]]'' contain embedded treatises on ''Chandas''.{{Sfn|Sheldon Pollock|2006|pp=184-188}}<ref>{{cite book|author=T. Nanjundaiya Sreekantaiya|title=Indian Poetics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_UhEvnIZjT4C&pg=PA10|year=2001|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-0807-0|pages=10–12}}</ref>{{Sfn|Maurice Winternitz|1963|pp=8–9, 31–34}}

==Elements==

=== Classification ===
The metres found in classical [[Sanskrit poetry]] are classified into three kinds.{{Sfn|Deo|2007|p=5}}
# Syllabic verse (''akṣaravṛtta'' or aksharavritta): metres depend on the number of syllables in a verse, with relative freedom in the distribution of light and heavy syllables. This style is derived from older Vedic forms, and found in the great epics, the [[Mahabharata]] and the [[Ramayana]].
# Syllabo-quantitative verse (''varṇavṛtta'' or varnavritta): metres depend on syllable count, but the light-heavy patterns are fixed.
# Quantitative verse (''mātrāvṛtta'' or matravritta): metres depend on duration, where each verse-line has a fixed number of [[mora (linguistics)|mora]]e, usually grouped in sets of four.

===Light and heavy syllables===
Most of Sanskrit poetry is composed in verses of four lines each. Each quarter-verse is called a ''pāda'' (literally, "foot"). Meters of the same length are distinguished by the pattern of ''laghu'' ("light") and ''guru'' ("heavy") syllables in the ''pāda''. The rules distinguishing ''laghu'' and ''guru'' syllables are the same as those for non-metric prose, and these are specified in Vedic [[Shiksha]] texts that study the principles and structure of sound, such as the [[Pratishakhyas]]. Some of the significant rules are:{{Sfn|Coulson|1976|p=21}}{{Sfn|Müller|Macdonell|1886|p=178}}

{{Quote box
| quote = <poem>
Metre is a veritable ship,
for those who want to go,
across the vast ocean of poetry.
</poem>
| source = —''Dandin'', 7th century{{Sfn|Maurice Winternitz|1963|p=13}}
| bgcolor = #FFE0BB
| align = right
}}
# A syllable is ''laghu'' only if its vowel is ''hrasva'' ("short") and followed by at most one consonant before another vowel is encountered.
# A syllable with an ''[[anusvara]]'' ('ṃ') or a ''[[visarga]]'' ('ḥ') is always ''guru''.
# All other syllables are ''guru'', either because the vowel is ''dīrgha'' ("long"), or because the ''hrasva'' vowel is followed by a consonant cluster.
# The ''hrasva'' vowels are the short monophthongs: 'a', 'i', 'u', 'ṛ' and 'ḷ'
# All other vowels are ''dirgha'': 'ā', 'ī', 'ū', 'ṝ', 'e', 'ai', 'o' and 'au'. (Note that, morphologically, the last four vowels are actually the diphthongs 'ai', 'āi', 'au' and 'āu', as the rules of [[sandhi]] in Sanskrit make clear.){{Sfn|Coulson|1976|p=6}}
# Gangadasa Pandita states that the last syllable in each pāda may be considered ''guru'', but a ''guru'' at the end of a pāda is never counted as ''laghu''.{{refn|group=note|सानुस्वारश्च दीर्घश्च विसर्गी च गुरुर्भवेत् । वर्णः संयोगपूर्वश्च तथा पादान्तगोऽपि वा ॥}}{{better source needed|date=March 2016}}

For measurement by mātrā (morae), laghu syllables count as one unit, and guru syllables as two units.{{Sfn|Müller|Macdonell|1886|p=178}}

====Exceptions====
The Indian prosody treatises crafted exceptions to these rules based on their study of sound, which apply in Sanskrit and Prakrit prosody. For example, the last vowel of a verse, regardless of its natural length, may be considered short or long according to the requirement of the metre.<ref name="lrvaidyap843">Lakshman R Vaidya, [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.hwshdg Sanskrit Prosody - Appendix I], in ''Sanskrit-English Dictionary'', Sagoon Press, Harvard University Archives, pages 843-856; [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/nyp.33433081854568 Archive 2]</ref> Exceptions also apply to special sounds, of the type प्र, ह्र, ब्र and क्र.<ref name=lrvaidyap843/>

=== Stanzas ===
A stanza (''śloka'') is defined in Sanskrit prosody as a group of four quarters (''pāda''s).<ref name="lrvaidyap843" /> Indian prosody studies recognise two types of stanzas. ''Vritta'' stanzas are those that have a precise number of syllables, while ''jati'' stanzas are those that are based on syllabic time-lengths (morae, ''matra'') and can contain varying numbers of syllables.<ref name="lrvaidyap843" />

The ''vritta''{{refn|group=note|Vritta, literally "turn", is rooted in ''vrit'', Latin ''vert-ere'', thereby etymologically to ''versus'' of Latin and "verse" of Indo-European languages.<ref name=macdonellp56>[https://archive.org/stream/historyofsanskri00macdrich#page/56/mode/2up A history of Sanskrit Literature], Arthur MacDonell, Oxford University Press/Appleton & Co, page 56</ref>}} stanzas have three forms: ''Samavritta'', where the four quarters are similar in pattern, ''Ardhasamavritta'', where alternate verses have a similar syllabic structure, and ''Vishamavritta'' where all four quarters are different.<ref name="lrvaidyap843" /> A regular ''Vritta'' is defined as that where the total number of syllables in each line is less than or equal to 26 syllables, while irregulars contain more.<ref name="lrvaidyap843" /> When the metre is based on ''morae'' (''matra''), a short syllable is counted as one mora, and a long syllable is counted as two morae.<ref name="lrvaidyap843" />

===Gaṇa===
'''Gaṇa''' ([[Sanskrit]], "group") is the technical term for the pattern of light and heavy syllables in a sequence of three. It is used in treatises on Sanskrit prosody to describe metres, according to a method first propounded in [[Pingala]]'s ''chandahsutra''. Pingala organizes the metres using two units:<ref>Pingala CS 1.9-10, in order</ref>
:* '''l''': a "light" syllable (L), called ''laghu''
:* '''g''': a "heavy" syllable (H), called ''guru''

{{Metrical feet}}
Pingala's method described any metre as a sequence of gaṇas, or triplets of syllables (trisyllabic feet), plus the excess, if any, as single units. There being eight possible patterns of light and heavy syllables in a sequence of three, Pingala associated a letter, allowing the metre to be described compactly as an [[acronym]].<ref name="Pingala CS">Pingala, ''chandaḥśāstra'', 1.1-10</ref> Each of these has its [[prosody (Greek)|Greek prosody]] equivalent as listed below.

{| class="wikitable" align=center
|+ The Ganas (गण, class){{Sfn|Horace Hayman Wilson|1841|pp=415-416}}<ref>Pingala CS, 1.1-8, in order</ref>
|-style="text-align: center;"
! Sanskrit prosody
| Weight || Symbol || Style || Greek equivalent
|-style="text-align: center;"
! style="background: #ffad66;" |Na-gaṇa
| L-L-L || u u u ||
{| border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5
| da
| da
| da
|}
||[[Tribrach (poetry)|Tribrach]]
|-style="text-align: center;"
! style="background: #ffad66;" |Ma-gaṇa
| H-H-H || — — — ||
{| border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5
| DUM
| DUM
| DUM
|}
|| [[Molossus (poetry)|Molossus]]
|-style="text-align: center;"
! style="background: #ffad66;" |Ja-gaṇa
| L-H-L || u — u ||
{| border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5
| da
| DUM
| da
|}
|| [[Amphibrach]]
|-style="text-align: center;"
! style="background: #ffad66;" |Ra-gaṇa
| H-L-H || — u — ||
{| border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5
| DUM
| da
| DUM
|}
|| [[Cretic]]
|-style="text-align: center;"
! style="background: #ffad66;" |Bha-gaṇa
| H-L-L || — u u ||
{| border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5
| DUM
| da
| da
|}
|| [[Dactyl (poetry)|Dactyl]]
|-style="text-align: center;"
! style="background: #ffad66;" |Sa-gaṇa
| L-L-H || u u —
||
{| border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5
| da
| da
| DUM
|}
|| [[Anapaest]]
|-style="text-align: center;"
! style="background: #ffad66;" |Ya-gaṇa
| L-H-H || u — — ||
{| border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5
| da
| DUM
| DUM
|}
|| [[Bacchius]]
|-style="text-align: center;"
! style="background: #ffad66;" |Ta-gaṇa
| H-H-L || — — u ||
{| border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5
| DUM
| DUM
| da
|}
|| [[Antibacchius]]
|}

Pingala's order of the gaṇas, viz. m-y-r-s-t-j-bh-n, corresponds to a standard enumeration in [[Binary numeral system|binary]], when the three syllables in each gaṇa are read right-to-left with H=0 and L=1.

====A mnemonic====
The word yamātārājabhānasalagāḥ (or yamātārājabhānasalagaṃ) is a [[mnemonic]] for Pingala's gaṇas, developed by ancient commentators, using the vowels "a" and "ā" for light and heavy syllables respectively with the letters of his scheme. In the form without a grammatical ending, ''yamātārājabhānasalagā'' is self-descriptive, where the structure of each ''gaṇa'' is shown by its own syllable and the two following it:{{Sfn|Coulson|1976|p=253ff}}

* '''ya-gaṇa''': ya-mā-tā = L-H-H
* '''ma-gaṇa''': mā-tā-rā = H-H-H
* '''ta-gaṇa''': tā-rā-ja = H-H-L
* '''ra-gaṇa''': rā-ja-bhā = H-L-H
* '''ja-gaṇa''': ja-bhā-na = L-H-L
* '''bha-gaṇa''': bhā-na-sa = H-L-L
* '''na-gaṇa''': na-sa-la = L-L-L
* '''sa-gaṇa''': sa-la-gā = L-L-H

The mnemonic also encodes the light "la" and heavy "gā" unit syllables of the full scheme.

The truncated version obtained by dropping the last two syllables, viz. yamātārājabhānasa, can be read cyclically (i.e., wrapping around to the front). It is an example of a [[De Bruijn sequence]].<ref>{{citation|first=Sherman K.|last=Stein|author-link= Sherman K. Stein |contribution=Yamátárájabhánasalagám|year=1963|title=The Man-made Universe: An Introduction to the Spirit of Mathematics|pages=110–118}}. Reprinted in Wardhaugh, Benjamin, ed. (2012), ''A Wealth of Numbers: An Anthology of 500 Years of Popular Mathematics Writing'', Princeton Univ. Press, pp. 139–144.</ref>

====Comparison with Greek and Latin prosody====
Sanskrit prosody shares similarities with Greek and Latin prosody. For example, in all three, rhythm is determined from the amount of time needed to pronounce a syllable, and not on stress (quantitative metre).<ref>{{cite book|author=Barbara Stoler Miller|title=Phantasies of a Love Thief: The Caurapancasika Attributed to Bilhana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7wYWD0jeOF4C|year=2013|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-51544-3|pages=2 footnote 2}}</ref><ref name="PremingerWarnke2015p498">{{cite book|author1=Alex Preminger|author2=Frank J. Warnke|author3=O. B. Hardison Jr.|title=Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vLp9BgAAQBAJ|year=2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-7293-0|pages=498}}</ref> Each eight-syllable line, for instance in the Rigveda, is approximately equivalent to the Greek iambic dimeter.<ref name=macdonellp56/> The sacred Gayatri metre of the Hindus consists of three of such iambic dimeter lines, and this embedded metre alone is at the heart of about 25% of the entire Rigveda.<ref name=macdonellp56/>

The gaṇas are, however, not the same as the [[Foot (prosody)|foot]] in Greek prosody. The metrical unit in Sanskrit prosody is the verse (line, ''pada''), while in Greek prosody it is the foot.<ref name=macdonellp55>[https://archive.org/stream/historyofsanskri00macdrich#page/56/mode/2up A history of Sanskrit Literature], Arthur MacDonell, Oxford University Press/Appleton & Co, page 55</ref> Sanskrit prosody allows elasticity similar to Latin [[Saturnian (poetry)|Saturnian verse]], uncustomary in Greek prosody.<ref name=macdonellp55/> The principles of both Sanskrit and Greek prosody probably go back to Proto-Indo-European times, because similar principles are found in ancient Persian, Italian, Celtic, and Slavonic branches of Indo-European.<ref>{{cite book|author=Stephen Dobyns| title=Next Word, Better Word: The Craft of Writing Poetry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iWHgCgAAQBAJ| year=2011| publisher=Macmillan| isbn=978-0-230-62180-0|pages=248–249}}</ref>

==The seven birds: major Sanskrit metres==
The Vedic Sanskrit prosody included both linear and non-linear systems.{{Sfn|Annette Wilke|Oliver Moebus|2011|pp=391-392 with footnotes}} The field of Chandas was organized around seven major metres, state Annette Wilke and Oliver Moebus, called the "seven birds" or "seven mouths of Brihaspati",{{refn|group=note|These seven metres are also the names of the seven horses of Hindu Sun god (Aditya or [[Surya]]), mythically symbolic for removing darkness and bringing the light of knowledge.<ref name="TayeBlo2012p26"/> These are mentioned in Surya verses of the ''Ashvini Shastra'' portion of ''Aitareya Brahmana''.}} and each had its own rhythm, movements and aesthetics. The system mapped a non-linear structure (aperiodicity) into a four verse polymorphic linear sequence.{{Sfn|Annette Wilke|Oliver Moebus|2011|pp=391-392 with footnotes}}

The seven major ancient Sanskrit metres are the three 8-syllable Gāyatrī, the four 8-syllable Anustubh, the four 11-syllable Tristubh, the four 12-syllable Jagati, and the mixed ''pāda'' metres named Ushnih, Brihati and Pankti.

{{Blockquote|
<poem>
गायत्रेण प्रति मिमीते अर्कमर्केण साम त्रैष्टुभेन वाकम् ।
वाकेन वाकं द्विपदा चतुष्पदाक्षरेण मिमते सप्त वाणीः ॥२४॥

{{Transliteration|sa|gāyatréṇa práti mimīte arkám}}
{{Transliteration|sa|arkéṇa sā́ma traíṣṭubhena vākám}}
{{Transliteration|sa|vākéna vākáṃ dvipádā cátuṣpadā}}
{{Transliteration|sa|akṣáreṇa mimate saptá vā́ṇīḥ}}

With the Gayatri, he measures a song; with the song – a chant; with the Tristubh – a recited stanza;
With the stanza of two feet and four feet – a hymn; with the syllable they measure the seven voices. ॥24॥
</poem>
|Rigveda 1.164.24|Translated by Tatyana J. Elizarenkova<ref name="TElizarenkova1995p113">{{cite book|author=Tatyana J. Elizarenkova|title=Language and Style of the Vedic Rsis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j-B0Y-IwTQAC|year=1995|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-1668-6|pages=113–114}}</ref>}}

{| class="wikitable" align=center style = ""
|+ The major ancient metres in Sanskrit prosody{{Sfn|Annette Wilke|Oliver Moebus|2011|p=392}}<ref name="TElizarenkova1995p112">{{cite book|author=Tatyana J. Elizarenkova|title=Language and Style of the Vedic Rsis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j-B0Y-IwTQAC|year=1995|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-1668-6|pages=111–121}}</ref>
|-style="text-align: center;"
! style="background: #ffcc66;" |Meter
| width= 150px | Structure || Mapped Sequence{{Sfn|Annette Wilke|Oliver Moebus|2011|p=392}} || style="background: #ffff66;" |Varieties{{Sfn|Horace Hayman Wilson|1841|pp=418-421}} || width= 265px | Usage{{Sfn|Horace Hayman Wilson|1841|pp=418-422}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
! Gayatri
| 24 syllables; 3 verses of 8 syllables || 6x4 || 11 || Common in Vedic texts Example: Rigveda 7.1.1-30, 8.2.14{{Sfn|Arnold|1905|pp=10, 48}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
! Ushnih
| 28 syllables; 2 verses of 8; 1 of 12 syllables || 7x4 || 8 || Vedas, not common Example: Rigveda 1.8.23-26{{Sfn|Arnold|1905|p=48}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
! [[Anuṣṭubh|Anushtubh]]
| 32 syllables; 4 verses of 8 syllables || 8x4 || 12 || Most frequent in post-Vedic Sanskrit metrical literature; embedded in the [[Bhagavad Gita]], the [[Mahabharata]], the [[Ramayana]], the [[Puranas]], [[Smriti]]s and scientific treatises Example: Rigveda 8.69.7-16, 10.136.7{{Sfn|Arnold|1905|p=11, 50 with note ii(a)}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
! Brihati
| 36 syllables; 2 verses of 8; 1 verse of 12; 1 verse of 8 syllables || 9x4 || 12 || Vedas, rare Example: Rigveda 5.1.36, 3.9.1-8{{Sfn|Arnold|1905|p=48, 66 with note 110(i)}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
! Pankti
| 40 syllables; 5 verses of 8 syllables || 10x4 || 14 || Uncommon, found with Tristubh Example: Rigveda 1.191.10-12{{Sfn|Arnold|1905|p=55 with note iv, 172 with note viii}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
! Tristubh
| 44 syllables; 4 verses of 11 syllables || 11x4 || 22 || Second in frequency in post-Vedic Sanskrit metric literature, dramas, plays, parts of the Mahabharata, major 1st-millennium Kavyas Example: Rigveda 4.50.4, 7.3.1-12{{Sfn|Arnold|1905|pp=48 with table 91, 13 with note 48, 279 with Mandala VII table}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
! Jagati
| 48 syllables; 4 verses of 12 syllables || 12x4 || 30 || Third most common, typically alternates with Tristubh in the same text, also found in separate cantos. Example: Rigveda 1.51.13, 9.110.4-12{{Sfn|Arnold|1905|pp=12 with note 46, 13 with note 48, 241-242 with note 251}}
|}

===Other syllable-based metres===
Beyond these seven metres, ancient and medieval era Sanskrit scholars developed numerous other syllable-based metres (''Akshara-chandas''). Examples include ''Atijagati'' (13x4, in 16 varieties), ''Shakvari'' (14x4, in 20 varieties), ''Atishakvari'' (15x4, in 18 varieties), ''Ashti'' (16x4, in 12 varieties), ''Atyashti'' (17x4, in 17 varieties), ''Dhriti'' (18x4, in 17 varieties), ''Atidhriti'' (19x4, in 13 varieties), ''Kriti'' (20x4, in 4 varieties) and so on.{{Sfn|Horace Hayman Wilson|1841|pp=422-426}}{{Sfn|Hopkins|1901|p=193}}

===Morae-based metres===
{{See also|Arya metre|Mātrika metre}}
In addition to the syllable-based metres, Hindu scholars in their prosody studies, developed ''Gana-chandas'' or ''Gana-vritta'', that is metres based on ''[[matra (music)|mātrās]]'' (morae, instants).{{Sfn|Horace Hayman Wilson|1841|p=427}}{{Sfn|Hopkins|1901|p=193}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Andrew Ollett|editor1=Nina Mirnig |editor2=Peter-Daniel Szanto |editor3=Michael Williams | title=Puspika: Tracing Ancient India Through Texts and Traditions| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qZZBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA331| year=2013| publisher=Oxbow Books|isbn=978-1-84217-385-5| pages=331–358}}</ref> The metric foot in these are designed from ''laghu'' (short) morae or their equivalents. Sixteen classes of these instants-based metres are enumerated in Sanskrit prosody, each class has sixteen sub-species. Examples include ''Arya'', ''Udgiti'', ''Upagiti'', ''Giti'' and ''Aryagiti''.{{Sfn|Horace Hayman Wilson|1841|pp=427-428}} This style of composition is less common than syllable-based metric texts, but found in important texts of [[Hindu philosophy]], drama, lyrical works and Prakrit poetry.<ref name="PremingerWarnke2015p394"/>{{Sfn|Maurice Winternitz|1963|pp=106-108, 135}} The entire [[Samkhyakarika]] text of the [[Samkhya]] school of Hindu philosophy is composed in Arya metre, as are many chapters in the mathematical treatises of [[Aryabhata]], and some texts of [[Kalidasa]].{{Sfn|Horace Hayman Wilson|1841|pp=427-428}}{{Sfn|Annette Wilke|Oliver Moebus|2011|pp=230-232 with footnotes 472-473}}

===Hybrid metres===
Indian scholars also developed a hybrid class of Sanskrit metres, which combined features of the syllable-based metres and morae-based metres.{{Sfn|Horace Hayman Wilson|1841|pp=429-430}}{{Sfn|Hopkins|1901|p=193}} These were called ''Matra-chandas''. Examples of this group of metres include ''Vaitaliya'', ''Matrasamaka'' and ''Gityarya''.{{Sfn|Horace Hayman Wilson|1841|pp=429-432}} The Hindu texts [[Kirātārjunīya]] and [[Naishadha Charita]], for instance, feature complete cantos that are entirely crafted in the ''Vaitaliya'' metre.{{Sfn|Horace Hayman Wilson|1841|pp=429-430}}<ref>{{cite book|author1=Kālidāsa|author2=Hank Heifetz|title=The Origin of the Young God: Kālidāsa's Kumārasaṃbhava|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PGNTldMJgHoC|year=1990|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0754-9|pages=153–154}}</ref>

==Metres as tools for literary architecture==
The Vedic texts, and later Sanskrit literature, were composed in a manner where a change in metres was an embedded code to inform the reciter and audience that it marks the end of a section or chapter.<ref name="TElizarenkova1995p112"/> Each section or chapter of these texts uses identical metres, rhythmically presenting their ideas and making it easier to remember, recall and check for accuracy.<ref name="TElizarenkova1995p112"/>

Similarly, the authors of Sanskrit hymns used metres as tools of literary architecture, wherein they coded a hymn's end by frequently using a verse of a metre different from that used in the hymn's body.<ref name="TElizarenkova1995p112"/> However, they never used Gayatri metre to end a hymn or composition, possibly because it enjoyed a special level of reverence in Hindu texts.<ref name="TElizarenkova1995p112"/> In general, all metres were sacred and the Vedic chants and hymns attribute the perfection and beauty of the metres to divine origins, referring to them as mythological characters or equivalent to gods.<ref name="TElizarenkova1995p112"/>

===Use of metre to identify corrupt texts===
The verse perfection in the Vedic texts, verse Upanishads{{refn|group=note|Kena, Katha, Isha, Shvetashvatara and Mundaka Upanishads are examples of verse-style ancient Upanishads.}} and Smriti texts has led some Indologists from the 19th century onwards to identify suspected portions of texts where a line or sections are off the expected metre.<ref name=olivelle1998xvi/><ref name="Olivelle2008p294">{{cite book|author=Patrick Olivelle|title=Collected Essays: Language, Texts and Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_Jx52VYRssC|year=2008|publisher=Firenze University Press|isbn=978-88-8453-729-4|pages=293–295}}</ref>

Some editors have controversially used this ''metri causa'' principle to emend Sanskrit verses, assuming that their creative conjectural rewriting with similar-sounding words will restore the metre.<ref name=olivelle1998xvi/> This practice has been criticized, states [[Patrick Olivelle]], because such modern corrections may be changing the meaning, adding to corruption, and imposing the modern pronunciation of words on ancient times when the same syllable or morae may have been pronounced differently.<ref name=olivelle1998xvi>{{cite book|author=Patrick Olivelle| title=The Early Upanisads : Annotated Text and Translation| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lsp18ZvstrcC| year=1998| publisher=Oxford University Press| isbn=978-0-19-535242-9| pages=xvi–xviii, xxxvii}}</ref><ref name="Olivelle2008p294"/>

Large and significant changes in metre, wherein the metre of succeeding sections return to earlier sections, are sometimes thought to be an indication of later interpolations and insertion of text into a Sanskrit manuscript, or that the text is a compilation of works of different authors and time periods.{{Sfn|Maurice Winternitz|1963|pp=3-4 with footnotes}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Patrick Olivelle|title=Collected Essays: Language, Texts and Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_Jx52VYRssC|year=2008|publisher=Firenze University Press|isbn=978-88-8453-729-4|pages=264–265}}</ref><ref>Alf Hiltebeitel (2000), Review: John Brockington, The Sanskrit Epics, Indo-Iranian Journal, Volume 43, Issue 2, pages 161-169</ref> However, some metres are easy to preserve and a consistent metre does not mean an authentic manuscript. This practice has also been questioned when applied to certain texts such as ancient and medieval era Buddhist manuscripts, as this may reflect versatility of the author or changing styles over author's lifetime.<ref>John Brough (1954), The Language of the Buddhist Sanskrit Texts, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Volume 16, Number 2, pages 351-375</ref>

==Texts==

===Chandah Sutra===
{{expand section|date=March 2016}}
{{Quote box
| quote = <poem>
When halved, (record) two.
When unity (is subtracted, record) [[zero|sunya]].
When sunya, (multiply by) two.
When halved, multiply (by) itself (squared).
</poem>
| source = —'''''Chandah Sutra 8.28-31''''' 6th-2nd century BCE<ref name="Plofker"/><ref>{{cite book|author1=Bettina Bäumer|author2=Kapila Vatsyayan|title=Kalātattvakośa: A Lexicon of Fundamental Concepts of the Indian Arts| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8f38pN2lvhIC| date=January 1992| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass| isbn=978-81-208-1044-0| page=401}}</ref>
| bgcolor = #FFE0BB
| align = right
}}
The ''Chandah Sutra'' is also known as ''Chandah sastra'', or ''Pingala Sutras'' after its author [[Pingala]]. It is the oldest Hindu treatise on prosody to have survived into the modern era.{{Sfn|Sheldon Pollock|2006|p=370}}{{Sfn|B.A. Pingle|1898|pp=238-241}} This text is structured in 8 books, with a cumulative total of 310 sutras.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Nooten | first=B. Van | title=Binary numbers in Indian antiquity | journal=J Indian Philos | publisher=Springer Science $\mathplus$ Business Media | volume=21 | issue=1 | year=1993 | pages=31–32 | doi=10.1007/bf01092744| s2cid=171039636 }}</ref> It is a collection of aphorisms predominantly focused on the art of poetic metres, and presents some mathematics in the service of music.<ref name="Plofker">{{cite book|author=Kim Plofker| title=Mathematics in India| pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=DHvThPNp9yMC&pg=PA53 53–57]|year=2009| publisher=Princeton University Press| isbn=978-0-691-12067-6| title-link=Mathematics in India (book)}}</ref><ref name="Nooten 1993 pp. 31–50"/>

===Bhashyas===
{{expand section|date=March 2016}}
There have been numerous Bhashyas (commentaries) of the Chanda sastra over centuries. These are:

'''Chandoratnakara:''' The 11th-century [[bhashya]] on Pingala's ''Chandah Sutra'' by [[Ratnākaraśānti|Ratnakarashanti]], called ''Chandoratnakara'', added new ideas to Prakrit poetry, and this was influential to prosody in [[Nepal]], and to the Buddhist prosody culture in [[Tibet]] where the field was also known as ''chandas'' or ''sdeb sbyor''.<ref name="TayeBlo2012p26">{{cite book|author1=Jamgon Kongtrul Lodro Taye|author2=Koṅ-sprul Blo-gros-mthaʼ-yas|author3=Gyurme Dorje|title=The Treasury of Knowledge: Indo-Tibetan classical learning and Buddhist phenomenology. Book six, parts one and two|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tKrY_T1mY_sC|year=2012|publisher=Shambhala Publications|isbn=978-1-55939-389-8|pages=26–28}}</ref>

'''Chandahsutrabhasyaraja:''' The 18th century commentary of the Chandra Sastra by [[Bhaskararaya]].

==Usage==

===Post-vedic poetry, epics===
{{expand section|date=March 2016}}
The Hindu epics and the post-Vedic classical Sanskrit poetry is typically structured as [[quatrain]]s of four ''pādas'' (lines), with the metrical structure of each ''pāda'' completely specified. In some cases, pairs of ''pādas'' may be scanned together as the [[hemistich]]s of a [[couplet]].<ref>Hopkins, p.194.</ref> This is typical for the [[shloka]] used in epic. It is then normal for the ''pādas'' comprising a pair to have different structures, to complement each other aesthetically. In other metres, the four ''pādas'' of a stanza have the same structure.

The [[Anushtubh]] Vedic metre became the most popular in classical and post-classical Sanskrit works.{{Sfn|Horace Hayman Wilson|1841|pp=418-422}} It is octosyllabic, like the Gayatri metre that is sacred to the Hindus. The Anushtubh is present in Vedic texts, but its presence is minor, and Trishtubh and Gayatri metres dominate in the Rigveda for example.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kireet Joshi| title=The Veda and Indian Culture: An Introductory Essay| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1CJlM2nhlt0C| year=1991| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass| isbn=978-81-208-0889-8|pages=101–102}}</ref> A dominating presence of the Anushtubh metre in a text is a marker that the text is likely post-Vedic.<ref>{{cite book|author=Friedrich Max Müller|title=A History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofancient00mlle|year=1860|publisher=Williams and Norgate|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofancient00mlle/page/67 67]–70}}</ref>

The ''[[Mahabharata]]'', for example, features many verse metres in its chapters, but an overwhelming proportion of the stanzas, 95% are [[shloka]]s of the [[anustubh]] type, and most of the rest are [[tristubh]]s.<ref>Hopkins, p.192</ref>

=== Chandas and mathematics ===
{{expand section|date=March 2016}}
The attempt to identify the most pleasing sounds and perfect compositions led ancient Indian scholars to study permutations and combinatorial methods of enumerating musical metres.<ref name="Plofker"/> The ''Pingala Sutras'' includes a discussion of binary system rules to calculate permutations of Vedic metres.<ref name="Nooten 1993 pp. 31–50"/><ref name=sgoonatlakep126>{{cite book |title = Toward a Global Science | author = Susantha Goonatilake |publisher = Indiana University Press |year = 1998 |page = [https://archive.org/details/towardglobalscie0000goon/page/126 126] |isbn = 978-0-253-33388-9 |url = https://archive.org/details/towardglobalscie0000goon|url-access = registration }}</ref><ref>{{cite book| author=Alekseĭ Petrovich Stakhov| title=The Mathematics of Harmony: From Euclid to Contemporary Mathematics and Computer Science| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K6fac9RxXREC| year=2009|publisher=World Scientific| isbn=978-981-277-583-2| pages=426–427}}</ref> Pingala, and more particularly the classical Sanskrit prosody period scholars, developed the art of ''Matrameru'', which is the field of counting sequences such as 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8 and so on ([[Fibonacci numbers]]), in their prosody studies.<ref name="Nooten 1993 pp. 31–50">{{cite journal | last=Nooten | first=B. Van | title=Binary numbers in Indian antiquity | journal=J Indian Philos | publisher=Springer Science $\mathplus$ Business Media | volume=21 | issue=1 | year=1993 | pages=31–50 | doi=10.1007/bf01092744 | s2cid=171039636 }}</ref><ref name=sgoonatlakep126/><ref>{{cite book|author=Keith Devlin|title=The Man of Numbers: Fibonacci's Arithmetic Revolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RFMmPGa0cisC&pg=PA145|year=2012|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-1-4088-2248-7|page=145}}</ref>

[[Image:PascalTriangleAnimated2.gif|right|thumb|250px|The first five rows of the Pascal's triangle, also called the Halayudha's triangle.<ref name="ZawairaHitchcock2008p237">{{cite book|author1=Alexander Zawaira|author2=Gavin Hitchcock|title=A Primer for Mathematics Competitions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A21T73sqZ3AC&pg=PA237|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-156170-2|page=237}}</ref> Halayudha discusses this and more in his Sanskrit prosody [[bhashya]] on Pingala.]]
The 10th-century Halāyudha's commentary on ''Pingala Sutras'', developed ''meruprastāra'', which mirrors the [[Pascal's triangle]] in the west, and now also called as the Halayudha's triangle in books on mathematics.<ref name="Nooten 1993 pp. 31–50"/><ref name="ZawairaHitchcock2008p237"/> The 11th-century Ratnakarashanti's ''Chandoratnakara'' describes algorithms to enumerate binomial combinations of metres through ''pratyaya''. For a given class (length), the six ''pratyaya'' were:{{Sfn|Hahn|1982|p=4}}

* ''prastāra'', the "table of arrangement": a procedure for enumerating (arranging in a table) all metres of the given length,
* ''naṣṭa'': a procedure for finding a metre given its position in the table (without constructing the whole table),
* ''uddiṣṭa'': a procedure for finding the position in the table of a given metre (without constructing the whole table),
* ''laghukriyā'' or ''lagakriyā'': calculation of the number of metres in the table containing a given number of ''laghu'' (or ''guru'') syllables,
* ''saṃkhyā'': calculation of the total number of metres in the table,
* ''adhvan'': calculation of the space needed to write down the ''prastāra'' table of a given class (length).

Some authors also considered, for a given metre, (A) the number of ''guru'' syllables, (B) the number of ''laghu'' syllables, (C) the total number of syllables, and (D) the total number of mātras, giving expressions for each of these in terms of any two of the other three. (The basic relations being that C=A+B and D=2A+B.){{Sfn|Hahn|1982|pp=15-18}}

==Influence==
{{expand section|date=March 2016}}

=== In India ===
{{Quote box
| quote = '''Song and language'''
<poem>
Children understand song,
beasts do too, and even snakes.
But the sweetness of literature,
does the Great God himself truly understand.
</poem>
| source = —''Rajatarangini''{{Sfn|Sheldon Pollock|2006|p=188}}
| bgcolor = #FFE0BB
| align = right
}}
The ''Chandas'' are considered one of the five categories of literary knowledge in Hindu traditions. The other four, according to Sheldon Pollock, are ''Gunas'' or expression forms, ''Riti, Marga'' or the ways or styles of writing, ''Alankara'' or tropology, and ''Rasa, Bhava'' or aesthetic moods and feelings.{{Sfn|Sheldon Pollock|2006|p=188}}

The ''Chandas'' are revered in Hindu texts for their perfection and resonance, with the Gayatri metre treated as the most refined and sacred, and one that continues to be part of modern Hindu culture as part of [[Yoga]] and hymns of meditation at sunrise.{{Sfn|Annette Wilke|Oliver Moebus|2011|pp=393-394}}

=== Outside India ===
The Sanskrit ''Chanda'' has influenced southeast Asian prosody and poetry, such as Thai ''Chan'' ({{langx|th|ฉันท์}}).<ref name=houbensanskritthai>{{cite book|author=B.J. Terwiel|editor=Jan E. M. Houben|title=Ideology and Status of Sanskrit: Contributions to the History of the Sanskrit Language|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_eqr833q9qYC|year=1996|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-10613-8|pages=307–323}}</ref> Its influence, as evidenced in the 14th-century Thai texts such as the ''Mahachat kham luang'', is thought to have come either through [[Cambodia]] or [[Sri Lanka]].<ref name=houbensanskritthai/> Evidence of the influence of Sanskrit prosody in 6th-century Chinese literature is found in the works of Shen Yueh and his followers, probably introduced through Buddhist monks who visited India.<ref>{{cite book|author=B.J. Terwiel|editor=Jan E. M. Houben|title=Ideology and Status of Sanskrit: Contributions to the History of the Sanskrit Language|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_eqr833q9qYC|year=1996|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-10613-8|pages=319–320 with footnotes}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Shloka]]
* [[Shiksha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
*{{cite book|last= Arnold|first= Edward Vernon|year= 1905|url= https://archive.org/stream/vedicmetreinitsh00arnouoft#page/viii/mode/2up| title= Vedic Metre in its historical development| publisher=Cambridge University Press (Reprint 2009)|isbn= 978-1113224446}}
*{{cite book|author=Guy L. Beck|title=Sonic Theology: Hinduism and Sacred Sound|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgybmMnWpaUC&pg=PA35|year=1995|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1261-1}}
* {{cite book | first=Charles Philip | last=Brown | author-link=Charles Philip Brown | title = Sanskrit prosody and numerical symbols explained | publisher = Trübner & Co. | place = London | year = 1869 | url = https://archive.org/details/sanskritprosody00browgoog|ref=None}}
*{{Cite journal| volume = 43| issue = 1| last = Deo | first = Ashwini. S| title = The metrical organization of Classical Sanskrit verse (Note: the url and the journal number the pages differently; the version in the journal starts at page 63)| journal = [[Journal of Linguistics]]| publisher= Cambridge University Press | year = 2007| url = http://www.safarmer.com/Indo-Eurasian/skt-meter.pdf | doi=10.1017/s0022226706004452| s2cid = 143757247}}
*{{Cite book| first=H.T.| last=Colebrooke| contribution=On Sanskrit and Prakrit Poetry| title=Miscellaneous Essays| volume=2| location=London| publisher=Trübner and Co.| year=1873| pages=57–146|ref=None}}
*{{Cite book| first=Michael| last=Coulson| title=Teach Yourself Sanskrit| series=Teach Yourself Books| publisher=Hodder and Stoughton| year=1976}}
* {{cite book | title = Ratnākaraśānti's Chandoratnākara | first = Michael | last = Hahn | year = 1982 | place = Kathmandu | publisher = Nepal Research Centre}}
*{{Cite book| first=E.W.| last=Hopkins| chapter=Epic versification| title=The Great Epic of India| url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.8974| publisher=C. Scribner's Sons| location=New York| year=1901}} [http://lccn.loc.gov/01012892 LCCN]
*{{cite book | year=1886 | title = A Sanskrit grammar for beginners | last1=Müller | first1=Friedrich Max | author2-link = Arthur Anthony Macdonell | last2=Macdonell | first2=Arthur Anthony | edition=2 | publisher=Longmans, Green | page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.382597/page/n196 178] | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.382597| author1-link = Max Muller }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20110722135736/http://www.buddhanet-de.net/ancient-buddhist-texts/Textual-Studies/Prosody-Articles/Macdonell-Sanskrit.pdf PDF]
*{{cite book | last=Patwardhan | first=M. | title = Chandoracana | year=1937 | place=Bombay | publisher=Karnataka Publishing House|ref=None}}
*{{cite book|author=B.A. Pingle|title=Indian Music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=59sqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA238|year=1898|publisher=Education Society's Press}}
*{{cite book|author=Sheldon Pollock| title=The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0UCh7r2TjQIC| year=2006| publisher=University of California Press| isbn=978-0-520-93202-9}}
*{{citation |first=Ludo |last=Rocher| year= 1986| author-link= Ludo Rocher| title= The Puranas| publisher= Otto Harrassowitz Verlag| isbn= 978-3447025225}}
*{{cite book | last=Velankar | first=H.D. | title=Jayadaman: a collection of ancient texts on Sanskrit prosody and a classical list of Sanskrit metres with an alphabetical index | year = 1949 | place=Bombay | publisher=Haritoṣamala}}
*{{Cite book| first=Albrecht| last=Weber| title=Indische Studien| volume=8| place=Leipzig| year=1863|ref=None}}
*{{cite book| author1=Annette Wilke| author2=Oliver Moebus| title=Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KZCMe67IGPkC| year=2011| publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-018159-3}}
*{{cite book| author=Horace Hayman Wilson| title=An introduction to the grammar of the Sanskrit language| url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontogr00wilsuoft| year=1841| publisher=Madden}}
*{{cite book| author=Maurice Winternitz| author-link=Moriz Winternitz| title=History of Indian Literature| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ql0BmInD1c4C| year=1963| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass| isbn=978-81-208-0056-4}}
==External links==
* [https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-natyashastra/d/doc210082.html Prosody (chandaḥśāstra)], Chapter XV of the Nāṭyaśāstra
* [https://sanskrit.iitk.ac.in/jnanasangraha/chanda/ Chandojñānam, a Sanskrit prosodical metre identification and utilisation system]
* [http://www.ms.uky.edu/~sohum/sanskrit/yogavasishtha/Sanskrit-Prosody.pdf Manuscripts of Pingala Sutra, Vritta Ratnakara and Shrutabodha], University of Kentucky (2004), Includes poetic metre marked sections of ''Buddha Charita''
* [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.32044036442432 Vrittaratnakara by Kedara Bhatta, and Chandomanjari by Pandit Gangadasa], Manuscripts on Sanskrit Prosody, Compiled with commentary by Vidyasagara (1887), Harvard University Archives / Hathi Trust, [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/wu.89119133387 University of Wisconsin Archive (Sanskrit)], [https://archive.org/stream/VrittaRatnakaraKedaraBhattaSktHindi1942/Vritta%20Ratnakara%20-%20Kedara%20Bhatta%20-%20Skt%20Hindi%201942#page/n0/mode/2up Vrittaratnakara only (Hindi)], [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015049676813 Vrittaratnakara only (Tamil)]
* [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.32044019633395 Sanskrit Prosody and Numerical Symbols Explained], Charles P Brown, Trubner & Co.
* [http://sanskrit.sai.uni-heidelberg.de/Chanda/HTML/list_all.html A list of 1,300+ metres in post classical Sanskrit prosody], Universität Heidelberg, Germany
* [http://sanskrit.sai.uni-heidelberg.de/Chanda/ Sanskrit metre recognizer] (This is an incomplete test version.)
* Recordings of recitation: [http://home.wlu.edu/~lubint/texts/index.htm H. V. Nagaraja Rao (ORI, Mysore)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100808073447/http://home.wlu.edu/~lubint/texts/index.htm |date=8 August 2010 }}, [http://pantheon.yale.edu/~asd49/meters.html Ashwini Deo], [http://www.mywhatever.com/sanskrit/chant/index.html Ram Karan Sharma] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618124200/http://www.mywhatever.com/sanskrit/chant/index.html |date=18 June 2010 }}, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CNnUhll0zzA&#t=300s Arvind Kolhatkar]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bnsA9XWBXPI&list=PLABJEFgj0PWVXr2ERGu2xtoSXrNdBs5xS&index=1 A series of examples of the recitation of different Sanskrit metres] by [[Shatavadhani Ganesh|Dr R Ganesh]]
* Intensive Course on Sanskrit Prosody held at CEAS, Bucharest, by Shreenand L. Bapat [http://www.bibliotecametropolitana.ro/Uploads//5_2012/114421.pdf]
* [http://learnsanskrit.org/prosody Introduction to Sanskrit prosody] LearnSanskrit.Org
*[[:de:Michael Hahn|Michael Hahn]]: [https://www.academia.edu/6353023/Michael_Hahn_A_brief_introduction_into_the_Indian_metrical_system_for_the_use_of_students_ "A brief introduction into the Indian metrical system for the use of students"] (pdf)

{{Hindudharma}}
{{Sanskrit language topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sanskrit Prosody}}
[[Category:Sanskrit]]
[[Category:Prosodies by language]]
[[Category:Indian poetics]]
[[Category:Vedangas]]

Geographic coordinate system

2026-03-21T20:18:00Z

Godavari: quick correct section as per guidelines and updated info

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{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use American English|date=June 2024}}
[[File:FedStats Lat long.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|class=skin-invert-image|Longitude lines are perpendicular to, and latitude lines parallel to, the Equator.]]
{{Geodesy}}

A '''geographic coordinate system''' ('''GCS''') is a [[spherical coordinate system|spherical]] or [[geodetic coordinates|geodetic coordinate]] system for measuring and communicating [[position (geometry)|positions]] directly on [[Earth]] as [[latitude]] and [[longitude]].<ref name="chang2016">{{cite book |last1=Chang |first1=Kang-tsung |title=Introduction to Geographic Information Systems |date=2016 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |isbn=978-1-259-92964-9 |page=24 |edition=9th}}</ref> It is the simplest, oldest, and most widely used type of the various [[spatial reference systems]] that are in use, and forms the basis for most others. Although latitude and longitude form a coordinate [[tuple]] like a [[Cartesian coordinate system]], geographic coordinate systems are not Cartesian because the measurements are angles and are not on a planar surface.<ref name="DiBiase">{{cite web |last=DiBiase |first=David |title=The Nature of Geographic Information |url=https://www.e-education.psu.edu/natureofgeoinfo/c2_p10.html |access-date=18 February 2024 |archive-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219075125/https://www.e-education.psu.edu/natureofgeoinfo/c2_p10.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

A full GCS specification, such as those listed in the [[EPSG Geodetic Parameter Dataset|EPSG]] and ISO 19111 standards, also includes a choice of [[geodetic datum]] (including an [[Earth ellipsoid]]), as different datums will yield different latitude and longitude values for the same location.<ref name="epsg">{{cite web |title=Using the EPSG geodetic parameter dataset, Guidance Note 7-1 |url=https://epsg.org/guidance-notes.html |website=EPSG Geodetic Parameter Dataset |publisher=Geomatic Solutions |access-date=15 December 2021 |archive-date=15 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215215824/https://epsg.org/guidance-notes.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
{{see also|History of geodesy}}

The [[invention]] of a geographic coordinate system is generally credited to [[Eratosthenes]] of [[Cyrene, Libya|Cyrene]], who composed his now-lost ''[[Geography (Eratosthenes)|Geography]]'' at the [[Library of Alexandria]] in the 3rd century BC.<ref>{{Citation |last=McPhail |first=Cameron |title=Reconstructing Eratosthenes' Map of the World |pages=20–24 |url=https://ourarchive.otago.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10523/1713/McPhailCameron2011MA.pdf |year=2011 |publisher=University of Otago |location=[[Dunedin]] |access-date=14 March 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402095830/https://ourarchive.otago.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10523/1713/McPhailCameron2011MA.pdf |url-status=live }}.</ref> A century later, [[Hipparchus#Geography|Hipparchus]] of [[Nicaea]] improved on this system by determining latitude from stellar measurements rather than solar altitude and determining longitude by timings of [[lunar eclipse]]s, rather than [[dead reckoning]]. In the 1st or 2nd century, [[Marinus of Tyre]] compiled an extensive gazetteer and [[equirectangular projection|mathematically plotted world map]] using coordinates measured east from a [[prime meridian]] at the westernmost known land, designated the [[Fortunate Isles]], off the coast of western Africa around the [[Canary Islands|Canary]] or [[Cape Verde|Cape Verde Islands]], and measured north or south of the island of [[Rhodes]] off [[Asia Minor]]. [[Ptolemy]] credited him with the full adoption of longitude and latitude, rather than measuring latitude in terms of the length of the [[midsummer]] day.<ref>{{Citation |last=Evans |first=James |title=The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LVp_gkwyvC8C&pg=PA102 |pages=102–103 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |location=Oxford, England |isbn=9780199874453 |access-date=5 May 2020 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317171201/https://books.google.com/books?id=LVp_gkwyvC8C&pg=PA102 |url-status=live }}.</ref>

Ptolemy's 2nd-century ''[[Geography (Ptolemy)|Geography]]'' used the same prime meridian but measured latitude from the [[Equator]] instead. After their work was translated into [[Arabic]] in the 9th century, [[Al-Khwarizmi|Al-Khwārizmī]]'s ''[[Book of the Description of the Earth]]'' corrected Marinus' and Ptolemy's errors regarding the length of the [[Mediterranean Sea]],{{NoteTag|The pair had accurate absolute distances within the Mediterranean but underestimated the [[circumference of the Earth]], causing their degree measurements to overstate its length west from Rhodes or Alexandria, respectively.}} causing [[Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world|medieval Arabic cartography]] to use a prime meridian around 10° east of Ptolemy's line. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following [[Maximus Planudes]]' recovery of Ptolemy's text a little before 1300; the text was translated into [[Latin]] at [[Republic of Florence|Florence]] by [[Jacopo d'Angelo]] around 1407.

In 1884, the [[United States]] hosted the [[International Meridian Conference]], attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the [[Royal Observatory, Greenwich|Royal Observatory]] in [[Greenwich]], England as the zero-reference line. The [[Dominican Republic]] voted against the motion, while France and [[Brazil]] abstained.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Greenwich 2000 Limited |url = http://wwp.millennium-dome.com/info/conference.htm |title=The International Meridian Conference |website=Millennium Dome: The O2 in Greenwich |date=9 June 2011 |access-date=31 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120806065207/http://wwp.millennium-dome.com/info/conference.htm |archive-date=6 August 2012 }}</ref> France adopted [[Greenwich Mean Time]] in place of local determinations by the [[Paris Observatory]] in 1911.

==Latitude and longitude==
[[File:Latitude and longitude graticule on a sphere.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|class=skin-invert-image|Diagram of the latitude {{mvar|ϕ}} and longitude {{mvar|λ}} angle measurements for a spherical model of the Earth]]
{{Main|Latitude|Longitude}}

The ''latitude'' [[Phi|{{mvar|φ}}]] of a point on Earth's surface is defined in one of three ways, depending on the type of coordinate system. In each case, the latitude is the angle formed by the plane of the equator and a line formed by the point on the surface and a second point on equatorial plane. What varies between the types of coordinate systems is how the point on the equatorial plane is determined:
* In an [[astronomical]] coordinate system, the second point is found where the extension of the [[plumb bob]] vertical from the surface point intersects the equatorial plane.
* In a geodetic coordinate system, the second point is found where the [[normal vector]] from the surface of the ellipsoid at the surface point intersects the equatorial plane.
* In a geocentric coordinate system, the second point is the center of Earth.
The path that joins all points of the same latitude traces a circle on the surface of Earth, as viewed from above the north or south pole, called [[circle of latitude|parallels]], as they are parallel to the equator and to each other. The [[North Pole|north pole]] is 90° N; the [[South Pole|south pole]] is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is defined to be the [[equator]], the [[fundamental plane (spherical coordinates)|fundamental plane]] of a geographic coordinate system. The equator divides the globe into [[Northern Hemisphere|Northern]] and [[Southern Hemisphere]]s.

The ''longitude'' [[lambda|{{mvar|λ}}]] of a point on Earth's surface is the angle east or west of a reference [[meridian (geography)|meridian]] to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great [[ellipse]]s, which converge at the North and South Poles. The meridian of the British [[Royal Observatory, Greenwich|Royal Observatory]] in [[Greenwich]], in southeast London, England, is the international [[prime meridian]], although some organizations—such as the French {{Lang|fr|[[Institut national de l'information géographique et forestière]]|italic=no}}—continue to use other meridians for internal purposes. The [[Antipodes|antipodal]] meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E. This is not to be conflated with the [[International Date Line]], which partly overlaps with the 180° meridian but diverges from it in several places for political and convenience reasons, including between far eastern Russia and the far western [[Aleutian Islands]].

The combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of [[altitude]] or depth. The visual grid on a map formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a ''[[Graticule (cartography)|graticule]]''.<ref>{{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jPVxSDzVRP0C&q=graticule&pg=PA224 |title=Glossary of the Mapping Sciences |last=American Society of Civil Engineers |date=1 January 1994 |publisher=ASCE Publications|isbn=9780784475706|language=en|page= 224 }}</ref> The origin/zero point of this system is located in the [[Gulf of Guinea]] about {{convert|625|km|sp=us|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} south of [[Tema]], Ghana, a location often facetiously called [[Null Island]].

== Geodetic datum ==
{{Main|Geodetic datum}}
{{further|Figure of the Earth|Reference ellipsoid|Geographic coordinate conversion|Spatial reference system}}

In order to use the theoretical definitions of latitude, longitude, and height to precisely measure actual locations on the physical earth, a ''[[geodetic datum]]'' must be used. A ''horizonal datum'' is used to precisely measure latitude and longitude, while a ''[[vertical datum]]'' is used to measure elevation or altitude. Both types of datum bind a mathematical model of the shape of the earth (usually a [[reference ellipsoid]] for a horizontal datum, and a more precise [[geoid]] for a vertical datum) to the earth. Traditionally, this binding was created by a network of [[geodetic control network|control points]], surveyed locations at which monuments are installed, and were only accurate for a region of the surface of the Earth. Newer datums are based on a global network for satellite measurements ([[Satellite navigation|GNSS]], [[Very-long-baseline interferometry|VLBI]], [[Satellite laser ranging|SLR]] and [[DORIS (satellite system)|DORIS]]).

This combination of a mathematical model and physical binding ensures that users of the same datum obtain identical coordinates for a given physical point. However, different datums typically produce different coordinates for the same location (sometimes deviating several hundred meters) not due to actual movement, but because the reference system itself is shifted. Because any [[spatial reference system]] or [[map projection]] is ultimately calculated from latitude and longitude, it is crucial that they clearly state the datum on which they are based. For example, a [[Universal transverse mercator|UTM]] coordinate based on a [[WGS84]] realisation will be different than a UTM coordinate based on [[NAD27]] for the same location. Transforming coordinates from one datum to another requires a [[Geographic coordinate conversion#Datum transformations|datum transformation]] method such as a [[Helmert transformation]], although in certain situations a simple [[Translation (geometry)|translation]] may be sufficient.<ref name=Irish>{{cite web |url = http://www.osi.ie/GetAttachment.aspx?id=25113681-c086-485a-b113-bab7c75de6fa |title=Making maps compatible with GPS |publisher=Government of Ireland 1999 |access-date=15 April 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110721130505/http://www.osi.ie/GetAttachment.aspx?id=25113681-c086-485a-b113-bab7c75de6fa |archive-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Datums may be global, meaning that they represent the whole Earth, or they may be regional,<ref>{{cite web | publisher = Ordnance Survey | title = A guide to the coordinate systems in Great Britain | url = https://docs.os.uk/os-downloads/resources/a-guide-to-coordinate-systems-in-great-britain/the-shape-of-the-earth | access-date = 19 December 2024 | archive-date = 20 December 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20241220074047/https://docs.os.uk/os-downloads/resources/a-guide-to-coordinate-systems-in-great-britain/the-shape-of-the-earth | url-status = live }}</ref> meaning that they represent an ellipsoid best-fit to only a portion of the Earth. Examples of global datums include the several realizations of [[WGS 84]] (with the 2D datum ensemble EPSG:4326 with 2 meter accuracy as identifier)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spatialreference.org/ref/epsg/4326/|title=WGS 84: EPSG Projection -- Spatial Reference|website=spatialreference.org|access-date=5 May 2020|archive-date=13 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513113544/https://spatialreference.org/ref/epsg/4326/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://epsg.org/crs_4326/WGS-84.html EPSG:4326]</ref> used for the [[Global Positioning System]],{{NoteTag|WGS 84 is the default datum used in most GPS equipment, but other datums and map projections can be selected.}} and the several realizations of the [[International Terrestrial Reference System and Frame]] (such as ITRF2020 with subcentimeter accuracy), which takes into account [[continental drift]] and [[crustal deformation]].<ref name=Bolstad>{{cite book |last=Bolstad |first=Paul |title=GIS Fundamentals |year=2012 |edition=5th |publisher=Atlas books |isbn=978-0-9717647-3-6 |page=102 |url=http://www.paulbolstad.net/5thedition/samplechaps/Chapter3_5th_small.pdf |access-date=27 January 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015162738/http://www.paulbolstad.net/5thedition/samplechaps/Chapter3_5th_small.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Datums with a regional fit of the ellipsoid that are chosen by a national cartographical organization include the [[North American Datum]]s, the European [[ED50]], and the British [[OSGB36]]. Given a location, the datum provides the latitude <math>\phi</math> and longitude <math>\lambda</math>. In the United Kingdom there are three common latitude, longitude, and height systems in use. WGS{{nbsp}}84 differs at Greenwich from the one used on published maps OSGB36 by approximately 112{{nbsp}}m. ED50 differs from about 120{{nbsp}}m to 180{{nbsp}}m.<ref name=OSGB/>

Points on the Earth's surface move relative to each other due to continental plate motion, subsidence, and diurnal [[Earth tide|Earth tidal]] movement caused by the [[Moon]] and the Sun. This daily movement can be as much as a meter. Continental movement can be up to {{nowrap|10 cm}} a year, or {{nowrap|10 m}} in a century. A [[weather system]] high-pressure area can cause a sinking of {{nowrap|5 mm}}. [[Scandinavia]] is rising by {{nowrap|1 cm}} a year as a result of the melting of the ice sheets of the [[quaternary glaciation|last ice age]], but neighboring [[Scotland]] is rising by only {{nowrap|0.2 cm}}. These changes are insignificant if a regional datum is used, but are statistically significant if a global datum is used.<ref name="OSGB">{{Citation |title=A guide to coordinate systems in Great Britain |date=2020 |series=D00659 v3.6 |access-date=17 December 2021|publisher=Ordnance Survey |url=https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/documents/resources/guide-coordinate-systems-great-britain.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402024515/http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/documents/resources/guide-coordinate-systems-great-britain.pdf |archive-date=2020-04-02 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Length of a degree==
{{Main|Length of a degree of latitude|Length of a degree of longitude}}
{{See also|Arc length#Great circles on Earth}}

On the [[Geodetic Reference System 1980|GRS{{nbsp}}80]] or [[World Geodetic System#WGS84|WGS{{nbsp}}84]] spheroid at [[sea level]] at the Equator, one latitudinal second measures 30.715 [[metre|m]], one latitudinal minute is 1843 m and one latitudinal degree is 110.6 km. The circles of longitude, meridians, meet at the geographical poles, with the west–east width of a second naturally decreasing as latitude increases. On the [[Equator]] at sea level, one longitudinal second measures 30.92 m, a longitudinal minute is 1855 m and a longitudinal degree is 111.3 km. At 30° a longitudinal second is 26.76 m, at Greenwich (51°28′38″N) 19.22 m, and at 60° it is 15.42 m.

On the WGS{{nbsp}}84 spheroid, the length in meters of a degree of latitude at latitude {{mvar|ϕ}} (that is, the number of meters you would have to travel along a north–south line to move 1 degree in latitude, when at latitude {{mvar|ϕ}}), is about

{{block indent|1=
<math>111132.95255 - 559.84957\, \cos 2\phi + 1.17514\, \cos 4\phi - 0.00230\, \cos 6\phi</math><ref name=GISS>[http://gis.stackexchange.com/questions/75528/length-of-a-degree-where-do-the-terms-in-this-formula-come-from] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251001062051/https://gis.stackexchange.com/questions/75528/understanding-terms-in-length-of-degree-formula |date=01 October 2025 }} Geographic Information Systems – Stackexchange</ref>
}}

The returned measure of meters per degree latitude varies continuously with latitude.

Similarly, the length in meters of a degree of longitude can be calculated as

{{block indent|1=
<math>111412.877331\, \cos \phi - 93.504117\, \cos 3\phi + 0.117744\, \cos 5\phi</math><ref name=GISS/>
}}

(Those coefficients can be improved, but as they stand the distance they give is correct within a centimeter.)

The formulae both return units of meters per degree.

An alternative method to estimate the length of a longitudinal degree at latitude <math>\phi</math> is to assume a spherical Earth (to get the width per minute and second, divide by 60 and 3600, respectively):

{{block indent|1=
<math> \frac{\pi}{180}M_r\cos \phi \!</math>
}}

where [[Earth radius#Meridional Earth radius|Earth's average meridional radius]] <math>\textstyle{M_r}\,\!</math> is {{nowrap|6,367,449 m}}. Since the Earth is an [[Spheroid#Oblate spheroids|oblate spheroid]], not spherical, that result can be off by several tenths of a percent; a better approximation of a longitudinal degree at latitude <math>\phi</math> is

{{block indent|1=
<math>\frac{\pi}{180}a \cos \beta \,\!</math>
}}

where Earth's equatorial radius <math>a</math> equals 6,378,137 m and <math>\textstyle{\tan \beta = \frac{b}{a}\tan\phi}\,\!</math>; for the GRS{{nbsp}}80 and WGS{{nbsp}}84 spheroids, <math display="inline">\tfrac{b}{a}=0.99664719</math>. (<math>\textstyle{\beta}\,\!</math> is known as the [[Latitude#Parametric (or reduced) latitude|reduced (or parametric) latitude]]). Aside from rounding, this is the exact distance along a parallel of latitude; getting the distance along the shortest route will be more work, but those two distances are always within 0.6 m of each other if the two points are one degree of longitude apart.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Longitudinal length equivalents at selected latitudes
|-
! style="width:100px;" | Latitude
! style="width:150px;" | City
! style="width:100px;" | Degree
! style="width:100px;" | Minute
! style="width:100px;" | Second
! style="width:100px;" | 0.0001°
|-
| 60°
| [[Saint Petersburg]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 55.80 km
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.930 km
| style="text-align:center;" | 15.50 m
| style="text-align:center;" | 5.58 m
|-
| 51° 28′ 38″ N
| [[Greenwich]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 69.47 km
| style="text-align:center;" | 1.158 km
| style="text-align:center;" | 19.30 m
| style="text-align:center;" | 6.95 m
|-
| 45°
| [[Bordeaux]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 78.85 km
| style="text-align:center;" | 1.31 km
| style="text-align:center;" | 21.90 m
| style="text-align:center;" | 7.89 m
|-
| 30°
| [[New Orleans]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 96.49 km
| style="text-align:center;" | 1.61 km
| style="text-align:center;" | 26.80 m
| style="text-align:center;" | 9.65 m
|-
| 0°
| [[Quito]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 111.3 km
| style="text-align:center;" | 1.855 km
| style="text-align:center;" | 30.92 m
| style="text-align:center;" | 11.13 m
|}


==Alternative encodings==
Like any series of multiple-digit numbers, latitude-longitude pairs can be challenging to communicate and remember. Therefore, alternative schemes have been developed for encoding GCS coordinates into alphanumeric strings or words:
* the [[Maidenhead Locator System]], popular with radio operators.
* the [[World Geographic Reference System]] (GEOREF), developed for global military operations, replaced by the current [[Global Area Reference System]] (GARS).
* [[Open Location Code]] or "Plus Codes", developed by Google and released into the public domain.
* [[Geohash]], a public domain system based on the Morton [[Z-order curve]].
* [[Mapcode]], an open-source system originally developed at TomTom.
* [[What3words]], a proprietary system that encodes GCS coordinates as pseudorandom sets of words by dividing the coordinates into three numbers and looking up words in an indexed dictionary.

These are not distinct coordinate systems, only alternative methods for expressing latitude and longitude measurements.

== See also ==
* {{annotated link|Decimal degrees}}
* {{annotated link|Geographical distance}}
* {{annotated link|Geographic information system}}
* {{annotated link|Geo URI scheme}}
* [[ISO 6709]], standard representation of geographic point location by coordinates
* {{annotated link|Linear referencing}}
* {{annotated link|Primary direction}}
* [[Planetary coordinate system]]
* [[Selenographic coordinate system]]
* {{annotated link|Spatial reference system}}

== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* ''Portions of this article are from Jason Harris' "Astroinfo" which is distributed with [[KStars]], a desktop planetarium for [[Linux]]/[[KDE]]. See [http://edu.kde.org/kstars/index.phtml The KDE Education Project – KStars] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517043629/http://edu.kde.org/kstars/index.phtml |date=17 May 2008 }}''
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* Jan Smits (2015). [http://ica-proj.kartografija.hr/for-librarians.html?language=en#co Mathematical data for bibliographic descriptions of cartographic materials and spatial data]. ''Geographical co-ordinates''. [[International Cartographic Association|ICA]] Commission on Map Projections.

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{Clear}}
{{Geographical coordinates |state = autocollapse }}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Geographic coordinate systems| ]]
[[Category:Cartography]]
[[Category:Geographic position|*]]
[[Category:Geodesy]]
[[Category:Navigation]]

Ramadan in India

2026-03-20T19:13:10Z

Godavari: Put up a post basic info.

{{Short description|Religious observance in India}}
[[File:20191204_Mosque,_Taj_Mahal,_Agra_0637_6549.jpg|alt=مسجد تاج محل في الهند وهو أهم معلم في الهند للمسلمين.|thumb|The Taj Mahal Mosque in India is the most important landmark in India for Muslims.]]

[[Muslims]] in [[India]] observe [[Ramadan]] with their own traditions and customs.<ref name="IslamWeb">{{Cite web |title=رمضان في الهند - موقع مقالات إسلام ويب |url=https://www.islamweb.net/ar/article/135270/%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607102931/https://www.islamweb.net/ar/article/135270/%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF |archive-date=2023-06-07 |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=www.islamweb.net}}</ref> India has one of the largest Muslim populations in the world, and diverse Muslim groups are present throughout the countries with their own distinct traditions and customs.<ref name="IslamWeb" />

== History of Ramadan in India ==

The roots of [[Islam]] in India date back to the [[Middle Ages]], when Muslims first arrived in India.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Friedman |first1=M.A. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004154728.i-918.6 |title=Chapter One. Letters And Documents On The India Trade In Medieval Times—A Preview |last2=Goitein |first2=S.D.F. |date=2007-01-01 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-474-2307-2 |pages=1–25 |doi=10.1163/ej.9789004154728.i-918.6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607102953/https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004154728.i-918.6 |archive-date=2023-06-07}}</ref> Since then, Muslim communities in India have grown and developed their own Ramadan traditions.

== Food ==

A variety of foods and sweets are eaten during the iftar and [[suhur]] meals. Some notable foods include:<ref name="elasimah">{{Cite web |last=العاصمة |first=جريدة وموقع |date=2023-03-12 |title=رمضان في الهند.. كيف يصوم 170 مليون مسلم؟ |url=https://elasimah.com/88384 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607103058/https://elasimah.com/88384 |archive-date=2023-06-07 |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=جريدة وموقع العاصمة |language=ar}}</ref><ref name="alarabi">{{Cite web |title=رمضان في الهند: عبادة واحتفالية |url=https://alarabi.nccal.gov.kw/Home/Article/5941 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607103222/https://alarabi.nccal.gov.kw/Home/Article/5941 |archive-date=2023-06-07}}</ref>

[[File:Biryani_Home.jpg|alt=أكلة البرياني الهندية إحدى أطباق المائدة الرمضانية في الهند.|thumb|Biryani is an Indian dish.]]
* [[Biryani]]
* [[Kebab]]
* [[Samosa]]:
* [[Gulab jamun]]
* [[Phirini]]: a traditional Ramadan dessert. It consists of a mixture of [[milk]], [[semolina]], [[sugar]], and [[Nut (fruit)|nuts]], which is served cold and garnished with [[saffron]].
* [[Lassi]]
* [[Saffron]] cake
* Lachcha
* Sewaiyan
* Maqooti, traditional food of Bihari Muslims

== Visits and social exchanges ==

During Ramadan, mutual visits occur between Muslim families, neighbors and close friends of different religions. Greetings are exchanged, gifts are given, and many special banquets and social feasts are held.<ref name="alarabi"/><ref name="Youm 7">{{Cite web |date=2017-06-06 |title=بالصور .."رمضان في الهند حاجة تانية"..180 مليون مسلم يجتمعون بالمساجد للإفطار والاحتفال بالشهر الكريم.. إغلاق المطاعم طوال النهار.. خطب ومناقشات ومسابقات علمية.. والحكومة تلغى الامتحانات في شهر الأعياد |url=https://www.youm7.com/story/2017/6/6/بالصور-رمضان-فى-الهند-حاجة-تانية-180-مليون-مسلم-يجتمعون/3268329 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417212000/https://www.youm7.com/story/2017/6/6/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%81%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-180-%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85-%D9%8A%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%86/3268329 |archive-date=2022-04-17 |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=Youm 7 |language=ar}}</ref>

== Festivals and cultural heritage ==
[[File:Ramadan Nights Come Alive at Zakaria Street 43.jpg|thumb|Ramadan decorations at [[Zakaria Street]], Kolkata]]
Indian cities celebrate Ramadan festivals that are colorful, full of activities and celebrations. For example, in [[Hyderabad]], the famous Ramadan market, Sharman Ramdan Street, is held, where a variety of foods and sweets are sold. In [[Delhi]], the "Fez Ka Jishn" festival is held, which include artistic performances and the presence of [[Musahharati|the "Musaharati"]], the person who calls people to wake up before [[Fajr|the dawn]] [[Adhan|call]] to prayer and eat the [[suhoor]] meal to prepare for fasting.<ref name="Youm 7"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=عادات الشعوب وتقاليدهم في رمضان: الهند |url=https://ninetyn1ne.com/article/303 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607105751/https://ninetyn1ne.com/article/303 |archive-date=2023-06-07 |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=ninetyn1ne.com |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Ramadan in the United States]]
* [[Ramadan in the United Kingdom]]
* [[Ramadan in Pakistan]]
* [[Ramadan in the United Arab Emirates]]
* [[Ramadan in Turkey]]
* [[Ramadan in Russia]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category-inline}}
{{Ramadan}}
[[Category:Islam in India]]
[[Category:Ramadan by country|India]]

Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani

2026-03-20T04:53:36Z

Godavari: enhance information and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|2023 film directed by Karan Johar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani
| image = Rocky Aur Rani Ki Prem Kahani.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Karan Johar]]
| writer = {{ubl|[[Ishita Moitra]]|[[Shashank Khaitan]]|[[Sumit Roy]]}} {{infobox
| decat = yes
| child = yes
| label1 = Dialogues by
| data1 = Ishita Moitra
}}
| based_on =
| producer = {{ubl|Hiroo Yash Johar|Karan Johar|Apoorva Mehta}}
| starring = {{Ubl|[[Dharmendra]]|[[Jaya Bachchan]]|[[Shabana Azmi]]|[[Ranveer Singh]]|[[Alia Bhatt]]|}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = [[Manush Nandan]]
| editing = Nitin Baid
| music = [[Pritam]]
| studio = {{Ubl|[[Dharma Productions]]|[[Viacom18 Studios]]}}
| distributor = {{Ubl|Viacom18 Studios}}
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|07|28}}
| runtime = 168 minutes<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde0mzk5 |title=Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |date=21 July 2023 |access-date=21 July 2023 |archive-date=21 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721125408/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde0mzk5 |url-status=live}}</ref>
178 minutes (Extended version)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde0mzk5 |title=Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |date=21 July 2023 |access-date=21 July 2023 |archive-date=21 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721125408/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde0mzk5 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|160}} crore<ref name="budget">{{Cite news |date=23 July 2023 |title=Budgeted at Rs. 178 cr, Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani recovers 90% of investment from sale of satellite, digital and music rights |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/budgeted-rs-178-cr-rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-recovers-90-investment-sale-satellite-digital-music-rights/ |access-date=23 July 2023 |archive-date=23 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723095335/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/budgeted-rs-178-cr-rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-recovers-90-investment-sale-satellite-digital-music-rights/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|356.61}} crore<ref name="boxoffice">{{Cite web |title=Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani Box Office |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=28 July 2023 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/rocky-aur-rani-ki-prem-kahani/box-office/ |access-date=10 September 2023 |archive-date=29 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729154202/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/rocky-aur-rani-ki-prem-kahani/box-office/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

'''''Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani''''' (transl. ''Rocky and Rani's Love Story'') is a 2023 Indian Hindi-language [[romantic comedy]] [[family drama]] film directed by [[Karan Johar]] and written by [[Ishita Moitra]], [[Shashank Khaitan]], and [[Sumit Roy]]. Produced by [[Dharma Productions]] and [[Viacom18 Studios]], the film stars [[Ranveer Singh]] and [[Alia Bhatt]] as a couple with contrasting personalities who decide to live with each other's families for three months prior to marriage. The supporting cast includes [[Dharmendra]], [[Jaya Bachchan]], [[Shabana Azmi]], [[Tota Roy Chowdhury]], [[Churni Ganguly]], [[Aamir Bashir]], and [[Kshitee Jog]].

The project was officially announced in July 2021 and marked Johar's return to feature film direction following ''[[Ae Dil Hai Mushkil]]'' (2016)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wadhwa |first=Aman |title=Rocky Aur Rani Ki Prem Kahani: Karan Johar shares fun BTS video as he wraps up Ranveer Singh-Alia Bhatt's film |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-rocky-aur-rani-ki-prem-kahani-karan-johar-shares-fun-bts-video-as-he-wraps-up-ranveer-singh-alia-bhatt-film-2973056 |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>. [[Principal photography]] commenced in August 2021 and concluded in March 2023, with filming taking place across [[Mumbai]], [[New Delhi]], and [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. The schedule and release were delayed due to Bhatt's pregnancy. The music was composed by [[Pritam]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani (Medley) by RUSHIL, Pritam & Amitabh Bhattacharya on Apple Music |date=2023-09-09 |url=https://music.apple.com/in/song/rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-medley/1706844665 |access-date=2026-02-27 |language=en-GB}}</ref>, with lyrics by [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amitabh Bhattacharya - Best Song Lyrics 2023 Nominee {{!}} Filmfare Awards |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2024/nominations/best-lyrics/amitabh-bhattacharya-rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref> and audio rights acquired by [[Saregama]]. Cinematography was handled by [[Manush Nandan]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manush Nandan IscBest Cinematography |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2024/nominations/best-cinematography/manush-nandan-isc-rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>, and editing was done by Nitin Baid<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-09 |title=‘Star’s driver is paid more than assistant editor’: Gully Boy, Archies, Rocky Aur Rani’s Nitin Baid says he’s had ‘arguments’ over fair salaries |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/bollywood-star-driver-is-paid-more-than-assistant-editor-gully-boy-archies-rocky-aur-rani-nitin-baid-9441716/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>.

''Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani'' was released theatrically on 28 July 2023 to positive reviews from critics and audiences. Produced on a budget of ₹160 crore (US$19 million) with an additional ₹18 crore (US$2.1 million) spent on marketing, the film grossed over ₹355 crore (US$42 million) worldwide. It became the [[List of Indian films of 2023|tenth highest-grossing Indian film of 2023]] and the [[List of Hindi films of 2023#Box office collection|seventh highest-grossing Hindi film of the year]].<ref name="budget" /><ref name="boxoffice" /><ref name="boxoffww">{{cite web |title=Bollywood Top Grossers Worldwide 2023 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/2023/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126125943/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/2023/ |archive-date=26 January 2023 |access-date=10 September 2023 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>

At the [[69th Filmfare Awards]], ''Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani'' received a leading 20 nominations, including [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] (Johar), and [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] (Singh), and won four awards: [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] (Bhatt) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] (Azmi), [[Filmfare Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue]], and [[Filmfare Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]].<ref name="filmfare" /><ref name="won" /> At the [[71st National Film Awards]], the film won 2 awards: [[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment|Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]] and [[National Film Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]] ([[Vaibhavi Merchant]] for "Dhindhora Baje Re").<ref name="NA">{{cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Tanisha |date=1 August 2025 |title=71st National Film Awards: Karan Johar's Rocky Aur Rani Led By Alia-Ranveer Scores Big |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/71st-national-film-awards-karan-johars-rocky-aur-rani-led-by-alia-ranveer-scores-big-9001161 |access-date=1 August 2025 |website=NDTV}}</ref>

==Plot==
The Randhawas are a wealthy [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] family who run a successful [[confectionery]] business named Dhanlakshmi Sweets, led by the authoritative matriarch, Dhanlakshmi Randhawa. Her husband, Kanwal Randhawa, uses a wheelchair and suffers from [[Amnesia|memory loss]] following an accident. Their son, Tijori, mirrors Dhanlakshmi’s controlling nature and dominates the household alongside her. Tijori's family includes his submissive wife Punam and their children, Rocky and Gayatri.

One day, Kanwal mistakenly kisses a stranger, believing her to be a woman named Jamini. Concerned for his grandfather, Rocky investigates and discovers an old photograph of Jamini. His search leads him to Jamini's granddaughter Rani Chatterjee, a well-known [[Bengalis|Bengali]] television [[News presenter|news anchor]]. Rani hails from an intellectual family—her mother Anjali is an English professor and her father Chandon is a [[Kathak]] dancer.

Rocky and Rani arrange a meeting between Kanwal and Jamini, who are revealed to have shared a brief [[Affair#Extramarital affair|extramarital affair]] in 1978. Rekindling their bond, Kanwal and Jamini's interactions bring Rocky and Rani closer, and the two begin a relationship. Although Rocky proposes, Rani initially dismisses it as a temporary fling but later realises her love for him.

Due to the cultural differences between their families, Rocky and Rani decide to live with each other's households for three months to better understand their backgrounds. Rani encourages the women in the Randhawa family to assert their independence, drawing the ire of Dhanlakshmi and Tijori. Meanwhile, Rocky faces ridicule from the Chatterjees for his limited education and patriarchal attitudes, but gradually begins to change. He later apologises for his earlier behavior while calling them out for the ridicule and joins Chandon’s dance classes to better appreciate his perspective.

During [[Durga Puja]] celebrations, Rocky and Chandon perform together, upsetting Tijori. The resulting confrontation leads Rani to push Tijori in anger, causing a rift between her and Rocky. Back home, when Tijori attempts to strike Punam, Rocky intervenes and stands up to him for the first time. As he is about to leave the household with Punam and Gayatri, the shock causes Kanwal to briefly regain clarity and recognize his son before dying.

Months later, Tijori visits the Chatterjee home to apologise. Rocky and Rani reunite and get married. Though Dhanlakshmi does not attend the wedding, she sends Rani the secret family recipe, symbolically accepting her into the family.

== Cast ==
The cast is listed below:<ref>{{cite web |title=Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani Cast & Crew |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/rocky-aur-rani-ki-prem-kahani/cast/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=28 July 2023 |access-date=28 July 2023 |archive-date=28 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728064010/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/rocky-aur-rani-ki-prem-kahani/cast/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{castlist|

* [[Ranveer Singh]] as Rocky Randhawa, Rani's boyfriend
* [[Alia Bhatt]] as Rani Chatterjee, Rocky's girlfriend
* [[Jaya Bachchan]] as Dhanlakshmi Randhawa, Rocky's grandmother
** Kashish Rizwan as young Dhanlakshmi
* [[Dharmendra]] as Kanwal Randhawa, Rocky's grandfather
** Harman Singha as young Kanwal Randhawa
* [[Shabana Azmi]] as Jamini Chatterjee, Rani's grandmother
** Veebha Anand as young Jamini
* [[Tota Roy Chowdhury]] as Chandon Chatterjee, Rani's father
* [[Churni Ganguly]] as Anjali Chatterjee, Rani's mother
* [[Aamir Bashir]] as Tijori Randhawa, Rocky's father
**[[Vansh Sayani]] as young Tijori
* [[Kshitee Jog]] as Punam Randhawa, Rocky's mother
* [[Anjali Anand]] as Gayatri "Golu" Randhawa, Rocky's sister
* [[Namit Das]] as Somen Mitra
* Abhinav Sharma as Vicky, Rocky’s friend
* [[Sheeba Akashdeep|Sheeba]] as Mona Sen
* [[Karmveer Choudhary]] as Vicky's grandfather
* [[Raj Singh Arora]] as Rehan
* [[Arjun Bijlani]] as Harry
* [[Bharti Singh]] as Pushpa
* [[Haarsh Limbachiyaa]] as Ravi
* [[Shraddha Arya]] as Rupa
* [[Sriti Jha]] as Jaya
* [[Arjit Taneja]] as Sunny
* Hitesh Arora as Gopal Rana
* [[Raashul Tandon]] as Yashpal Rana
* [[Navneet Nishan]] as Yashpal's mother
* Jitendra Gaur as Ratan
* Benazir Shaikh as Minty, Vicky's bride
}}
[[Varun Dhawan]], [[Janhvi Kapoor]], [[Sara Ali Khan]] and [[Ananya Panday]] make cameo appearances in the song "Heart Throb".<ref name="cameo">{{Cite news |title=REVEALED: Varun Dhawan joins Ananya Panday, Janhvi Kapoor, and Sara Ali Khan in the Ranveer Singh – Alia Bhatt starrer Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/revealed-varun-dhawan-joins-ananya-panday-janhvi-kapoor-sara-ali-khan-ranveer-singh-alia-bhatt-starrer-rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani/ |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=4 July 2023 |access-date=8 July 2023 |archive-date=8 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708035226/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/revealed-varun-dhawan-joins-ananya-panday-janhvi-kapoor-sara-ali-khan-ranveer-singh-alia-bhatt-starrer-rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Production==
[[File:Padma Shri Karan Johar (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Karan Johar]] returned to feature film direction after seven years with ''Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani'']]

=== Development ===
''Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani'' was officially announced on 6 July 2021 by director [[Karan Johar]] through his social media accounts, with the title initially stylized as ''Rocky Aur Rani Ki Prem Kahani''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 July 2021 |title=Rocky Aur Rani Ki Prem Kahani full cast out. Meet Ranveer, Alia, Dharmendra, Jaya, Shabana |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/rocky-aur-rani-ki-prem-kahani-full-cast-out-meet-ranveer-alia-dharmendra-jaya-shabana-1824534-2021-07-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820045232/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/rocky-aur-rani-ki-prem-kahani-full-cast-out-meet-ranveer-alia-dharmendra-jaya-shabana-1824534-2021-07-06 |archive-date=20 August 2021 |access-date=20 August 2021 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> The announcement confirmed [[Ranveer Singh]] and [[Alia Bhatt]] in the titular roles, alongside [[Dharmendra]], [[Jaya Bachchan]], and [[Shabana Azmi]] in key supporting parts.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 July 2021 |title=Rocky Aur Rani Ki Prem Kahani: Dharmendra, Jaya Bachchan, Shabana Azmi join Karan Johar movie starring Ranveer-Alia |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/karan-johar-direct-rocky-aur-rani-ki-prem-kahani-ranveer-singh-alia-bhatt-watch-video-7391029/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820044712/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/karan-johar-direct-rocky-aur-rani-ki-prem-kahani-ranveer-singh-alia-bhatt-watch-video-7391029/ |archive-date=20 August 2021 |access-date=20 August 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> The project marked Johar’s return to feature film direction following ''[[Ae Dil Hai Mushkil]]'' (2016), and notably, his first directorial venture not to feature frequent collaborator [[Shah Rukh Khan]] in any capacity; Khan had appeared in all of Johar's previous directorial ventures, including the joint production venture ''[[My Name Is Khan]]'' (2010), with the notable exception of ''[[Student of the Year]]'' (2012), which saw him partner up as a presenter and producer and marked Bhatt's debut, while ''Ae Dil Hai Mushkil'' featured both Bhatt and Khan in separate cameo appearances.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 July 2023 |title=Karan Johar said this about Shah Rukh Khan's cameo in Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-karan-johar-statement-101688527822619.html |access-date=5 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 July 2021 |title=Rocky Aur Rani Ki Prem Kahani: Dharmendra, Jaya Bachchan, Shabana Azmi join Karan Johar movie starring Ranveer-Alia |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/karan-johar-direct-rocky-aur-rani-ki-prem-kahani-ranveer-singh-alia-bhatt-watch-video-7391029/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820044712/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/karan-johar-direct-rocky-aur-rani-ki-prem-kahani-ranveer-singh-alia-bhatt-watch-video-7391029/ |archive-date=20 August 2021 |access-date=1 August 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

Johar began developing the film during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] after his planned historical drama ''Takht''—which also featured Singh and Bhatt and was to be written by [[Sumit Roy]] and [[Hussain Haidry]]—was postponed indefinitely.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 October 2021 |title=Karan Johar clarifies his 'passion project' Takht not shelved: 'Will make it right after Rocky Aur Rani Ki Prem Kahani' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/karan-johar-clarifies-his-passion-project-takht-not-shelved-will-make-it-right-after-rocky-aur-rani-ki-prem-kahani-101634786803360.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925164727/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/karan-johar-clarifies-his-passion-project-takht-not-shelved-will-make-it-right-after-rocky-aur-rani-ki-prem-kahani-101634786803360.html |archive-date=25 September 2022 |access-date=1 August 2023 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> He assembled a writer's room comprising [[Ishita Moitra]], [[Shashank Khaitan]], and Roy to develop the story, screenplay and dialogues. Khaitan, who was given his first big break by Johar, had notably worked with Bhatt and cameo star [[Varun Dhawan]], her fellow debutante in ''Student of the Year'' alongside [[Sidharth Malhotra]], in his first two films; he and Johar later produced Malhotra-starrer ''[[Yodha (2024 film)|Yodha]]'' (2024), which was his first independent production debut.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khosla |first=Proma |date=4 August 2023 |title=Filmmaker Karan Johar Reads Every Review — with Hit 'Rocky Aur Rani,' Critics Finally Caught Up with His Fans |url=https://www.indiewire.com/features/interviews/rocky-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-karan-johar-interview-1234891617/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810230429/https://www.indiewire.com/features/interviews/rocky-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-karan-johar-interview-1234891617/ |archive-date=10 August 2023 |accessdate=10 August 2023 |website=IndieWire}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
The film marked [[Jaya Bachchan]]’s return to acting after over a decade; she had last worked with Johar in ''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham]]'' (2001) and ''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]'' (2003). She was confirmed to play the female antagonist.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 July 2023 |title=Jaya Bachchan's journey from meek wife in K3G to matriarch in 'Rocky Aur Rani…' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/jaya-bachchan-timid-wife-in-kabhi-khushi-kabhie-ghan-to-the-matriarch-in-rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-2413888-2023-07-31 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731044501/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/jaya-bachchan-timid-wife-in-kabhi-khushi-kabhie-ghan-to-the-matriarch-in-rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-2413888-2023-07-31 |archive-date=31 July 2023 |access-date=1 August 2023 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> [[Dharmendra]] agreed to join the project, stating that the role suited his age and screen image, and expressing enthusiasm about reuniting with Bachchan and [[Shabana Azmi]] after several decades.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2021 |title=Dharmendra: Agreed to Karan Johar's 'Rocky Aur Rani Ki Prem Kahani' because I've a fantastic role |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-dharmendra-agreed-to-karan-johars-rocky-aur-rani-ki-prem-kahani-because-ive-a-fantastic-role-429696 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130065518/https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-dharmendra-agreed-to-karan-johars-rocky-aur-rani-ki-prem-kahani-because-ive-a-fantastic-role-429696 |archive-date=30 November 2021 |access-date=1 August 2023 |publisher=[[WION]]}}</ref> The role of Jamini was initially offered to [[Sharmila Tagore]], a frequent collaborator of Dharmendra, but she exited the project before production began due to a [[cancer]] diagnosis.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 December 2023 |title=Sharmila Tagore Reveals She Battled Cancer, Says Rejected Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani Due to Health |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/sharmila-tagore-reveals-she-battled-cancer-says-rejected-rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-due-to-health-8719773.html |access-date=28 December 2023 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> [[Anjali Anand]], a television actress, was cast in her first film role as a member of the Randhawa family.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Farzeen |first=Sana |date=7 August 2023 |title=Anjali Anand says Jaya Bachchan was in tears during Gayatri's showdown scene in Rocky Aur Rani: 'As I was crying…' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/anjali-anand-says-jaya-bachchan-was-in-tears-during-gayatris-showdown-scene-in-rocky-aur-rani-as-i-was-crying-8879704/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230808014008/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/anjali-anand-says-jaya-bachchan-was-in-tears-during-gayatris-showdown-scene-in-rocky-aur-rani-as-i-was-crying-8879704/ |archive-date=8 August 2023 |access-date=8 August 2023 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref> [[Saswata Chatterjee]] was originally approached for the role of Chandon Chatterjee but declined the offer; the part eventually went to [[Tota Roy Chowdhury]], whom Chatterjee later stated was “his biggest regret” to have turned down.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ghosh |first=Sankha |date=10 August 2023 |title=Saswata Chatterjee on 'Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani': 'Turning down Karan Johar's film will always be the biggest regret!' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/saswata-chatterjee-on-rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-turning-down-karan-johars-film-will-always-be-the-biggest-regret/articleshow/102599150.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811070843/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/saswata-chatterjee-on-rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-turning-down-karan-johars-film-will-always-be-the-biggest-regret/articleshow/102599150.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=11 August 2023 |accessdate=10 August 2023 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Bashir and Azmi were previously supposed to work with Johar on ''[[My Name Is Khan]]'' (2010), but while Azmi opted out due to scheduling conflicts with other projects, Bashir was replaced due to a rejected visa application.

Johar stated that the character of Rocky was inspired by gym-going [[Instagram]] [[Influencer|influencers]] from [[West Delhi district|West Delhi]] whom he came across during the pandemic.<ref name="fcinterview">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B-RMyqeL9BE |title=Karan Johar Exclusive Interview with Anupama Chopra |date=31 July 2023 |publisher=[[Film Companion]] |access-date=1 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731180334/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B-RMyqeL9BE&gl=US&hl=en |archive-date=31 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> To prepare for the role, Singh trained with [[Delhi]]-based influencer Yuvraj Dua, learning his dialect and body language.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 July 2023 |title=Yuvraj Dua on how he turned Ranveer Singh into a West Delhi boy for Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani: 'For 12 days, we sat and talked' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/yuvraj-dua-on-how-he-turned-ranveer-singh-into-a-west-delhi-boy-for-rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-for-12-days-we-sat-and-talked-8863363/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731161811/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/yuvraj-dua-on-how-he-turned-ranveer-singh-into-a-west-delhi-boy-for-rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-for-12-days-we-sat-and-talked-8863363/ |archive-date=31 July 2023 |access-date=1 August 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> For the Chatterjee household, Roy Chowdhury trained in [[Kathak]] for six months to authentically portray a professional dancer. Johar cited his own childhood experiences of being mocked for dancing effeminately as inspiration for the character.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 July 2023 |title=Karan Johar says Tota's character in Rocky Aur Rani was borrowed from his childhood: 'I was effeminate, used to dance' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/karan-johar-rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-borrowed-from-childhood-tota-roy-chowdhury-101690820847160.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731214534/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/karan-johar-rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-borrowed-from-childhood-tota-roy-chowdhury-101690820847160.html |archive-date=31 July 2023 |access-date=1 August 2023 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Singh also trained for over a month for the “[[Dola Re Dola]]” dance sequence, choreographed by [[Vaibhavi Merchant]], who noted that he was initially nervous as he was not a trained classical dancer.<ref name="fcinterview" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=1 August 2023 |title=Ranveer Singh was a wreck when he shot for Rocky Aur Rani's 'Dola Re Dola', reveals Vaibhavi Merchant: 'He was nervous about…' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ranveer-singh-was-a-wreck-when-he-shot-for-rocky-aur-ranis-dola-re-dola-reveals-vaibhavi-merchant-8870982/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805052113/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ranveer-singh-was-a-wreck-when-he-shot-for-rocky-aur-ranis-dola-re-dola-reveals-vaibhavi-merchant-8870982/ |archive-date=5 August 2023 |access-date=1 August 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> The Randhawa family home was filmed at Gaur Mulberry Mansions, a luxury residential complex in [[Greater Noida]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sonavane |first=Gaurav |date=11 August 2023 |title=Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani: This ultra-lavish bungalow in Noida is shown as Rocky Randhawa's mansion in the film |url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-this-ultra-lavish-bungalow-in-noida-is-shown-as-rocky-randhawas-mansion-in-the-film |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814075305/https://www.gqindia.com/content/rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-this-ultra-lavish-bungalow-in-noida-is-shown-as-rocky-randhawas-mansion-in-the-film |archive-date=14 August 2023 |access-date=14 August 2023 |work=[[GQ India]]}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] began on 20 August 2021 in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 August 2021 |title=Rocky Aur Rani Ki Prem Kahani: Alia Bhatt And Ranveer Singh Kick Start The Shoot Of Karan Johar's Film |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/rocky-aur-rani-ki-prem-kahani-alia-bhatt-and-ranveer-singh-kick-start-the-shoot-of-karan-johars-film-2514632 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620212703/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/rocky-aur-rani-ki-prem-kahani-alia-bhatt-and-ranveer-singh-kick-start-the-shoot-of-karan-johars-film-2514632 |archive-date=20 June 2022 |access-date=20 August 2021 |publisher=[[NDTV]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 August 2021 |title=Ranveer Singh and Alia Bhatt Begin Shooting for Karan Johar's Rocky Aur Rani Ki Prem Kahani |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ranveer-singh-and-alia-bhatt-begin-shooting-for-karan-johars-rocky-aur-rani-ki-prem-kahani-4106072.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820050527/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ranveer-singh-and-alia-bhatt-begin-shooting-for-karan-johars-rocky-aur-rani-ki-prem-kahani-4106072.html |archive-date=20 August 2021 |access-date=20 August 2021 |work=[[News18]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 August 2021 |title=Karan Johar commences first shoot schedule of 'Rocky Aur Rani Ki Prem Kahani' |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/karan-johar-commences-first-shoot-schedule-of-rocky-aur-rani-ki-prem-kahani20210820103905/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824091553/https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/karan-johar-commences-first-shoot-schedule-of-rocky-aur-rani-ki-prem-kahani20210820103905/ |archive-date=24 August 2021 |access-date=24 August 2021 |work=[[Asian News International|ANI]]}}</ref> The second schedule commenced in October 2021 in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 August 2021 |title=First Look: Ranveer Singh, Alia Bhatt begin Karan Johar's Rocky Aur Rani Ki Prem Kahani shoot |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/first-look-ranveer-singh-alia-bhatt-begin-karan-johar-film-rocky-aur-rani-ki-prem-kahani-shoot-727697 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824091545/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/first-look-ranveer-singh-alia-bhatt-begin-karan-johar-film-rocky-aur-rani-ki-prem-kahani-shoot-727697 |archive-date=24 August 2021 |access-date=24 August 2021 |publisher=[[India TV]]}}</ref> The third schedule, initially planned for early 2022, was delayed due to the surge of the [[Omicron variant]] variant of COVID-19 and resumed in April 2022 in and around Mumbai and Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Day 91 Of Rocky Aur Rani Ki Prem Kahani Filming. See Karan Johar's BTS Clip Inside |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/day-91-of-rocky-aur-rani-ki-prem-kahani-filming-see-karan-johars-bts-clip-inside-2930853 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601090950/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/day-91-of-rocky-aur-rani-ki-prem-kahani-filming-see-karan-johars-bts-clip-inside-2930853 |archive-date=1 June 2022 |access-date=1 June 2022 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2022 |title=Ranveer Singh and Alia Bhatt to wrap up Delhi schedule of Rocky Aur Rani Ki Prem Kahani in four days; Reports |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/ranveer-singh-and-alia-bhatt-wrap-delhi-schedule-rocky-aur-rani-ki-prem-kahani-four-days-reports-1077572 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601090950/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/ranveer-singh-and-alia-bhatt-wrap-delhi-schedule-rocky-aur-rani-ki-prem-kahani-four-days-reports-1077572 |archive-date=1 June 2022 |access-date=1 June 2022 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukherjee |first=Anindita |date=25 April 2022 |title=Newlywed Alia Bhatt leaves with Ranveer Singh for Rocky Aur Rani Ki Prem Kahani shoot |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/newlywed-alia-bhatt-leaves-with-ranveer-singh-for-rocky-aur-rani-ki-prem-kahani-shoot-1941760-2022-04-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601090950/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/newlywed-alia-bhatt-leaves-with-ranveer-singh-for-rocky-aur-rani-ki-prem-kahani-shoot-1941760-2022-04-25 |archive-date=1 June 2022 |access-date=1 June 2022 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> In August 2022, television actors [[Arjun Bijlani]], [[Shraddha Arya]], [[Sriti Jha]], and [[Arjit Taneja]] filmed cameo appearances for a sequence in the film.<ref name="ASSA">{{Cite web |date=5 August 2022 |title=Karan Johar ropes in Arjun Bijlani, Shraddha Arya, Sriti Jha and Arjit Taneja for Rocky Aur Rani Ki Prem Kahani |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/karan-johar-ropes-in-arjun-bijlani-shraddha-arya-sriti-jha-and-arjit-taneja-for-rocky-aur-rani-ki-prem-kahani/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809124422/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/news/bollywood/karan-johar-ropes-in-arjun-bijlani-shraddha-arya-sriti-jha-and-arjit-taneja-for-rocky-aur-rani-ki-prem-kahani/ |archive-date=9 August 2022 |access-date=9 August 2022 |work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> Later that month, [[Dharma Productions]] released a video announcing the completion of principal photography, except for one song which was delayed due to Bhatt’s pregnancy. The final song, "Tum Kya Mile", was filmed in March 2023 in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], marking the end of the shoot.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 March 2023 |title=Alia Bhatt resumes work after pregnancy, shoots for Rocky Aur Rani Ki Prem Kahani in Kashmir |url=https://apnlive.com/entertainment/alia-bhatt-kashmir-rocky-aur-rani/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620093645/https://m.apnlive.com/article/alia-bhatt-kashmir-rocky-aur-rani/452901 |archive-date=20 June 2023 |website=APN Live |language=en}}</ref>

Johar cited influences from classic [[Yash Chopra]] films for the visual aesthetic of “Tum Kya Mile”, and referenced the grandeur of [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]’s filmmaking in designing the “Dhindora Baje Re” sequence.<ref name="fcinterview" /> He also included a tribute to actress [[Sadhana Shivdasani|Sadhana]] through the song “What Jhumka?”, which adapts the 1966 track “[[Jhumka Gira Re]]” from ''[[Mera Saaya]]''.<ref name="oldrights">{{Cite news |last=Iyer |first=Meena |date=30 June 2023 |title=How filmmakers are paying big bucks to reprise Bollywood retro music |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/old-songs-in-new-films-filmmakers-paying-premium-for-recasting-old-music-companies-to-boost-sales-101690659060250.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731003921/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/old-songs-in-new-films-filmmakers-paying-premium-for-recasting-old-music-companies-to-boost-sales-101690659060250.html |archive-date=31 July 2023 |accessdate=2 August 2023 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

The film's initial cut was three hours and twelve minutes long. Following multiple test screenings with over 500 participants, Johar and editor Nitin Baid edited the film over a period of six months, ultimately reducing the runtime to two hours and forty-eight minutes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 August 2023 |title=Karan Johar says he conducted test screening of Rocky Aur Rani with 500 people, made changes in the film: 'Added back few key moments of romance…' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/karan-johar-says-he-conducted-test-screening-of-rocky-aur-rani-with-500-people-made-changes-in-the-film-added-back-few-key-moments-of-romance-8872638/ |access-date=2 August 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Main|Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani (soundtrack)}}
The film's music was composed by [[Pritam]], with lyrics written by [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]. Pritam described the soundtrack as a "homage" to the music of Hindi cinema from the 1960s and 1970s.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 July 2023 |title=Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani music album is homage to '60s and '70s Hindi films, says Pritam |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-music-album-is-homage-to-60s-and-70s-hindi-films-says-pritam/cid/1951998 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728123352/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-music-album-is-homage-to-60s-and-70s-hindi-films-says-pritam/cid/1951998 |archive-date=28 July 2023 |accessdate=31 July 2023 |work=The Telegraph India}}</ref> The audio rights were acquired by [[Saregama]] for ₹30 crore (US$3.5 million), a decision [[Karan Johar]] described as both strategic and sentimental. He noted that Saregama—formerly His Master's Voice—had released the music of early [[Dharma Productions]] titles such as ''[[Gumrah (1993 film)|Gumrah]]'' (1993) and ''[[Duplicate (1998 film)|Duplicate]]'' (1998).<ref name="budget" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 November 2021 |title=Karan Johar sells music rights of Rocky Aur Rani Ki Prem Kahani to Saregama-HMV |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/karan-johar-sells-music-rights-rocky-aur-rani-ki-prem-kahani-saregama-hmv-ranveer-singh-alia-bhatt-may-sing/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129151854/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/karan-johar-sells-music-rights-rocky-aur-rani-ki-prem-kahani-saregama-hmv-ranveer-singh-alia-bhatt-may-sing/ |archive-date=29 November 2022 |accessdate=2 August 2023 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> The acquisition also granted the filmmakers access to Saregama's catalogue of vintage Hindi film music without requiring separate licensing.<ref name="oldrights" />

The soundtrack was promoted through a series of singles. The first, "Tum Kya Mile", was released on 28 June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2023 |title=Tum Kya Mile out: Alia Bhatt, Ranveer Singh romance in picturesque Kashmir; fans heap praises for Arijit Singh |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/news/tum-kya-mile-out-alia-bhatt-ranveer-singh-romance-in-kashmir-2023-06-28-878248 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704135202/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/news/tum-kya-mile-out-alia-bhatt-ranveer-singh-romance-in-kashmir-2023-06-28-878248 |archive-date=4 July 2023 |access-date=4 July 2023 |publisher=India TV}}</ref> The second single, "What Jhumka?", an adaptation of [[Madan Mohan (composer)|Madan Mohan]]’s 1966 classic "[[Jhumka Gira Re]]", was released on 12 July.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 July 2023 |title=What Jhumka Song: Ranveer Singh, Alia Bhatt Join Arijit Singh To Give a Nod To Jhoomka Gira Re |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/what-jhumka-song-arijit-singh-jhoomka-gira-re-remake-rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-8314015.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712070252/https://www.news18.com/movies/what-jhumka-song-arijit-singh-jhoomka-gira-re-remake-rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-8314015.html |archive-date=12 July 2023 |accessdate=12 July 2023 |website=News18}}</ref> This was followed by "Ve Kamleya" on 18 July,<ref>{{cite news |title=Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani song Ve Kamleya: Alia Bhatt, Ranveer Singh's new love track is tinged with melancholy |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-song-ve-kamleya-music-video-alia-bhatt-ranveer-singh-101689657745034.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718131555/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-song-ve-kamleya-music-video-alia-bhatt-ranveer-singh-101689657745034.html |archive-date=18 July 2023 |access-date=18 July 2023 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> and "Dhindhora Baje Re" on 24 July.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 July 2023 |title=Dhindhora Baje Re: Alia Bhatt, Ranveer Singh dance fearlessly in Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani's Durga Puja song |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-song-dhindhora-baje-re-alia-bhatt-ranveer-singh-101690175429288-amp.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724095100/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-song-dhindhora-baje-re-alia-bhatt-ranveer-singh-101690175429288-amp.html |archive-date=24 July 2023 |access-date=24 July 2023 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> The full album, comprising 13 tracks, was released digitally on 31 July 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-original-motion-picture/1700197952 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731120706/https://music.apple.com/us/album/rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-original-motion-picture/1700197952 |archive-date=31 July 2023 |access-date=31 July 2023 |publisher=Apple Music}}</ref>

==Release and marketing==

=== Release ===
''Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani'' was initially scheduled for release on 10 February 2023 but was postponed to 28 April due to delays in filming resulting from [[Alia Bhatt]]’s pregnancy.<ref>{{cite news |date=29 November 2021 |title=Exclusive: Karan Johar's Dharma Production announces Rocky Aur Rani Ki Prem Kahani starring Alia Bhatt and Ranveer Singh to release on February 10, 2023 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-karan-johars-dharma-production-announces-rocky-aur-rani-ki-prem-kahani-starring-alia-bhatt-ranveer-singh-release-february-10-2023/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129091234/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-karan-johars-dharma-production-announces-rocky-aur-rani-ki-prem-kahani-starring-alia-bhatt-ranveer-singh-release-february-10-2023/ |archive-date=29 November 2021 |access-date=29 November 2021 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=16 July 2022 |title=Exclusive: Karan Johar's Alia Bhatt – Ranveer Singh starrer Rocky Aur Rani Ki Prem Kahani to NOT release on February 10, 2023; release rescheduled due to Alia's pregnancy |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-karan-johars-alia-bhatt-ranveer-singh-starrer-rocky-aur-rani-ki-prem-kahani-not-release-february-10-2023-release-rescheduled-due-alias-pregnancy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716083830/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-karan-johars-alia-bhatt-ranveer-singh-starrer-rocky-aur-rani-ki-prem-kahani-not-release-february-10-2023-release-rescheduled-due-alias-pregnancy/ |archive-date=16 July 2022 |access-date=16 July 2022 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> The release was further deferred to avoid a box office clash with ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]]'', a high-budget [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by [[Mani Ratnam]].<ref>{{cite news |date=2 February 2023 |title=Here's the REAL reason Karan Johar shifted Rocky Aur Rani Ki Prem Kahaani release date to July |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/heres-the-real-reason-karan-johar-shifted-rocky-aur-rani-ki-prem-kahaani-release-date-to-july/articleshow/97556370.cms |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> The film was ultimately released theatrically on 28 July 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 February 2023 |title=Rocky Aur Rani Ki Prem Kahani postponed to July 28; averts clash with Ponniyin Selvan: Part 2 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/rocky-aur-rani-ki-prem-kahani-postponed-july-28-averts-clash-ponniyin-selvan-part-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202075558/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/rocky-aur-rani-ki-prem-kahani-postponed-july-28-averts-clash-ponniyin-selvan-part-2/ |archive-date=2 February 2023 |access-date=2 February 2023 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>

The film was selected for screening at the [[28th Busan International Film Festival]] on 9 October 2023, where it featured in the "Open Cinema" section.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 September 2023 |title='Rocky Aur Rani...' selected for Busan International Film Festival, KJo reacts |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-gets-selected-for-busan-film-festival-open-cinema-section-karan-johar-reacts-2431222-2023-09-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905100914/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-gets-selected-for-busan-film-festival-open-cinema-section-karan-johar-reacts-2431222-2023-09-05 |archive-date=5 September 2023 |access-date=5 September 2023 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> It was also showcased at the 2023 [[Golden Horse Film Festival and Awards|Taipei Golden Horse Film Festival]], where it had three special screenings,<ref>{{cite web |title=Rocky and Rani's Love Story - Taipei Golden Horse Film Festival 2023 |url=https://www.goldenhorse.org.tw/film/programme/films/detail/3763?search_year=2023&search_category=FF |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203082719/https://www.goldenhorse.org.tw/film/programme/films/detail/3763?search_year=2023&search_category=FF |archive-date=3 December 2023 |access-date=3 December 2023 |website=[[Golden Horse Film Festival and Awards]]}}</ref> and at the 23rd [[:it:River to River. Florence Indian Film Festival|River to River Florence Indian Film Festival]] on 10 December 2023, where it won the award for Best Feature Film.<ref>{{cite web |title=River to River Florence Indian Film Festival - Programme - 12 December 2023 |url=https://www.rivertoriver.it/programma-10-dicembre-2023/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203093934/https://www.rivertoriver.it/programma-10-dicembre-2023/ |archive-date=3 December 2023 |access-date=3 December 2023 |website=rivertoriver.it}}</ref><ref name="rtr" />

The streaming rights were acquired by [[Amazon Prime Video]] for ₹80 crore (US$9.5 million), while the satellite broadcasting rights were sold to [[Colors TV]] for ₹30 crore (US$3.5 million).<ref name="budget" />

=== Marketing ===
The film's first teaser was launched on 20 June 2023 by actor [[Shah Rukh Khan]], a frequent collaborator of Johar, marking the first time he was not involved in any capacity with Johar's directorial work; in his launch, he referred to Johar's producer father Yash and described the film as Johar's comeback to the screens.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 June 2023 |title='Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani' teaser: Ranveer Singh and Alia Bhatt promise sizzling chemistry in this larger-than-life Karan Johar world - WATCH |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-teaser-ranveer-singh-and-alia-bhatt-promise-sizzling-chemistry-in-this-larger-than-life-karan-johar-world-watch/articleshow/101127464.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620112014/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-teaser-ranveer-singh-and-alia-bhatt-promise-sizzling-chemistry-in-this-larger-than-life-karan-johar-world-watch/articleshow/101127464.cms |archive-date=20 June 2023 |access-date=20 June 2023 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=19 June 2023 |title=Shah Rukh Khan to launch the teaser of Karan Johar's Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shah-rukh-khan-to-launch-the-teaser-of-karan-johars-rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani/articleshow/101111550.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628011220/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shah-rukh-khan-to-launch-the-teaser-of-karan-johars-rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani/articleshow/101111550.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=28 June 2023 |access-date=2 August 2023 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> The official trailer was released on 4 July 2023.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 July 2023 |title=Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani Trailer: Ranveer Singh and Alia Bhatt bring the madness of Punjabi vs Bengali families in this dramatic entertainer |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-trailer-ranveer-singh-alia-bhatt-bring-madness-punjabi-vs-bengali-families-dramatic-entertainer/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704073636/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-trailer-ranveer-singh-alia-bhatt-bring-madness-punjabi-vs-bengali-families-dramatic-entertainer/ |archive-date=4 July 2023 |access-date=4 July 2023 |work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> To promote the film, Bhatt and Singh participated in a five-city promotional tour across India, including visits to [[Kolkata]], [[Chandigarh]], and [[Jaipur]].<ref>{{cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani: Alia Bhatt Wanted 3-City Promotional Tour, Here's Why KJo Objected |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/celebrity/rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-alia-bhatt-wanted-3-city-promotional-tour-heres-why-kjo-objected-bollywood-news-entertainment-news-article-102125396 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805052113/https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/celebrity/rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-alia-bhatt-wanted-3-city-promotional-tour-heres-why-kjo-objected-bollywood-news-entertainment-news-article-102125396 |archive-date=5 August 2023 |access-date=2 August 2023 |publisher=Zoom TV}}</ref>

The [[Central Board of Film Certification]] required several modifications prior to the film's release, including edits to [[profanity]] and the removal of a reference to politician [[Mamata Banerjee]].<ref>{{cite news |date=24 July 2023 |title=CBFC cuts abusive words, Mamata Banerjee references from Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/cbfc-cuts-abusive-words-mamata-banerjee-references-from-rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani/articleshow/102050130.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723113239/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/cbfc-cuts-abusive-words-mamata-banerjee-references-from-rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani/articleshow/102050130.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=23 July 2023 |access-date=2 August 2023 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Bhatt stated in an interview that the changes were minor and did not affect the film’s narrative flow.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 July 2023 |title=Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani: Alia Bhatt reacts as CBFC asks to remove abusive words, references to Mamata Banerjee and Khela Hobe: "The final cut is seamlessly flowing regardless of these minor cuts" |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-alia-bhatt-reacts-cbfc-asks-remove-abusive-words-references-mamata-banerjee-khela-hobe-final-cut-seamlessly-flowing-regardless/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726145409/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-alia-bhatt-reacts-cbfc-asks-remove-abusive-words-references-mamata-banerjee-khela-hobe-final-cut-seamlessly-flowing-regardless/ |archive-date=26 July 2023 |access-date=2 August 2023 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Box office===
''Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani'' grossed ₹182.86 crore (US$22 million) in India and ₹172.75 crore (US$20 million) overseas, for a worldwide total of ₹355.61 crore (US$42 million).<ref name="boxoffice" /> The film emerged as a commercial success, ranking as the [[List of Hindi films of 2023#Box office collection|seventh highest-grossing Hindi film of 2023]].<ref name="boxoffww" /><ref name="boihit">{{cite web |title=Rocky Aur Rani Ki Prem Kahaani Emerges HIT Due to Overseas |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=7962 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824075755/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=7962 |archive-date=24 August 2023 |access-date=24 August 2023 |publisher=Box Office India}}</ref>

The film had a moderate opening day in India, earning ₹11 crore (US$1.3 million) [[Net income|nett]].<ref>{{cite web |date=29 July 2023 |title=Rocky Aur Rani Ki Prem Kahaani Has A Fair First Day |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=7889 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731120705/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=7889 |archive-date=31 July 2023 |access-date=29 July 2023 |publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref> Collections increased over the weekend, with Saturday earnings of ₹15.5 crore (US$1.8 million) and a total of ₹44.5 crore (US$5.3 million) by Sunday.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 July 2023 |title=Rocky Aur Rani Ki Prem Kahaani Second Day Business |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=7891 |access-date=30 July 2023 |publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=31 July 2023 |title=Rocky Aur Rani Ki Prem Kahaani Does Well Over First Weekend |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=7893 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731120707/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=7893 |archive-date=31 July 2023 |access-date=31 July 2023 |publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref> Overseas, it performed particularly well in North America, the United Kingdom, the Gulf, and Australia, grossing US$4 million in its first weekend.<ref>{{cite web |date=31 July 2023 |title=Rocky Aur Rani Ki Prem Kahaani Is A Hit Overseas |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=7894 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731120919/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=7894 |archive-date=31 July 2023 |access-date=31 July 2023 |publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref> In the UK, it had the second-biggest opening for a Hindi film in 2023, following [[Pathaan (film)|''Pathaan'']], and ranked seventh over the weekend, earning £370,882.<ref>{{cite web |date=31 July 2023 |title=Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani becomes the 2nd highest weekend grosser of 2023 at the U.K box office overtaking Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-becomes-2nd-highest-weekend-grosser-2023-u-k-box-office-overtaking-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731204744/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-becomes-2nd-highest-weekend-grosser-2023-u-k-box-office-overtaking-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan/ |archive-date=31 July 2023 |access-date=2 August 2023 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=1 August 2023 |title='Barbenheimer' Juggernaut Continues U.K. Box Office Domination After Second Weekend of Release |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/box-office/barbie-oppenheimer-uk-box-office-second-weekend-1235684515/ |access-date=2 August 2023 |work=Variety}}</ref> On Monday, the film maintained strong collections in India (₹6.75 crore/US$800,000) and grossed US$770,000 internationally.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 August 2023 |title=Rocky Aur Rani Ki Prem Kahaani Has Solid Monday |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=7896 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805052607/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=7896 |archive-date=5 August 2023 |access-date=1 August 2023 |publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=1 August 2023 |title=Rocky Aur Rani Ki Prem Kahaani Super Hold Overseas |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=7898 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805052610/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=7898 |archive-date=5 August 2023 |access-date=1 August 2023 |publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref> Domestic collections held steady through Tuesday,<ref>{{cite web |date=2 August 2023 |title=Rocky Aur Rani Ki Prem Kahaani Holds Steady On Tuesday |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=7899 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805052608/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=7899 |archive-date=5 August 2023 |access-date=2 August 2023 |publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref> and the film performed best in Indian urban multiplexes and overseas markets throughout its first week.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 August 2023 |title=Rocky Aur Rani Ki Prem Kahaani Has Decent First Week |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=7901 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805052607/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=7901 |archive-date=5 August 2023 |access-date=4 August 2023 |publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=4 August 2023 |title=Rocky Aur Rani Ki Prem Kahaani Scores Big Overseas |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=7902 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805052612/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=7902 |archive-date=5 August 2023 |access-date=4 August 2023 |publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>

In its second weekend, the film registered a drop of around 30% in India, earning ₹31 crore (US$3.7 million).<ref>{{cite web |date=7 August 2023 |title=Rocky Aur Rani Ki Prem Kahaani Excellent Hold In Second Weekend |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=7907 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807080133/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=7907 |archive-date=7 August 2023 |access-date=7 August 2023 |publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref> In North America, it declined by less than 5%, grossing US$1.64 million for a cumulative total of US$4.72 million.<ref>{{cite web |date=7 August 2023 |title=Rocky aur Rani Ki Prem Kahani box office: Alia, Ranveer film cross USD 10M overseas, Rs 200 crores worldwide |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/rocky-aur-rani-ki-prem-kahani-box-office-alia-ranveer-film-cross-usd-10m-overseas-rs-200-crores-worldwide-1234358 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807080134/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/rocky-aur-rani-ki-prem-kahani-box-office-alia-ranveer-film-cross-usd-10m-overseas-rs-200-crores-worldwide-1234358 |archive-date=7 August 2023 |access-date=7 August 2023 |website=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref> Other overseas markets saw only a 20% drop in collections.<ref>{{cite web |date=7 August 2023 |title=Rocky Aur Rani Ki Prem Kahaani Sees Extraordinary Holds Overseas |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=7908 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807115004/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=7908 |archive-date=7 August 2023 |access-date=7 August 2023 |publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref> Despite competition from ''[[Gadar 2]]'' and ''[[OMG 2]]'', the film continued to perform well into its third weekend.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 August 2023 |title='Gadar 2,' 'OMG 2,' and 'Rocky Aur Rani' shatter 'Pathaan's' record with historic single-day collection |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/gadar-2-omg-2-and-rocky-aur-rani-shatter-pathaans-record-with-historic-single-day-collection-2420667-2023-08-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814074052/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/gadar-2-omg-2-and-rocky-aur-rani-shatter-pathaans-record-with-historic-single-day-collection-2420667-2023-08-14 |archive-date=14 August 2023 |access-date=14 August 2023 |work=India Today}}</ref> By the third week, it had grossed over US$15 million internationally, becoming one of the highest-grossing Hindi films of the year in overseas territories.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 August 2023 |title=Rocky Aur Rani Ki Prem Kahaani Is Blockbuster Overseas |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=7940 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816120202/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=7940 |archive-date=16 August 2023 |access-date=16 August 2023 |publisher=Box Office India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=18 August 2023 |title=Rocky Aur Rani Ki Prem Kahaani Third Week Business |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=7946 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818170730/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=7946 |archive-date=18 August 2023 |access-date=18 August 2023 |publisher=Box Office India}}</ref>

===Critical response===
The film received generally positive reviews from critics and audiences.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rawat |first=Sudeep Singh |date=28 July 2023 |title=Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani: Fans praise Ranveer-Alia performance |url=https://www.business-standard.com/entertainment/ranveer-alia-s-rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-looks-compelling-to-watch-123072800618_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008035318/https://www.business-standard.com/entertainment/ranveer-alia-s-rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-looks-compelling-to-watch-123072800618_1.html |archive-date=8 October 2024 |access-date=23 February 2025 |work=[[Business Standard]] |quote=The movie is being praised by critics and fans alike, with Karan being lauded for bringing splendid cinematic experience to the audience.}}</ref> On [[Rotten Tomatoes]], 83% of 23 reviews are positive, with an average rating of 6.7/10.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/rocky_aur_rani_kii_prem_kahaani |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Karan Johar at the 71st National Film Awards Ceremony (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Karan Johar]] receiving the [[National Film Award]] for [[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment|Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]] at the [[71st National Film Awards]].]]

[[Anupama Chopra]] of ''Film Companion'' called the film "delicious eye-candy with a rebellious core" and praised the ensemble cast.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chopra |first=Anupama |date=28 July 2023 |title=Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahani Review |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/bollywood-review/rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahani-movie-review-ranveer-singh-alia-bhatt-is-delicious-eye-candy-with-a-rebellious-core-karan-johar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728072518/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/bollywood-review/rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahani-movie-review-ranveer-singh-alia-bhatt-is-delicious-eye-candy-with-a-rebellious-core-karan-johar |archive-date=28 July 2023 |access-date=28 July 2023 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref> [[Mayank Shekhar]] of ''[[Mid-Day]]'' described it as “a top of the pop-culture moment” and singled out Singh’s performance as a highlight.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shekhar |first=Mayank |date=28 July 2023 |title=Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani review: Just hand Ranveer an Oscar, someone! |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-review-just-hand-ranveer-an-oscar-someone-23300582 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730080704/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-review-just-hand-ranveer-an-oscar-someone-23300582 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |access-date=1 August 2023 |work=[[Mid Day]]}}</ref> [[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' termed it a "well-packaged entertainer" that appeals to both youth and family audiences.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani Movie Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/rocky-aur-rani-ki-prem-kahani/critic-review/rocky-aur-rani-ki-prem-kahani-movie-review/rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-is-a-well-packaged-entertainer/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727051741/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/movie/rocky-aur-rani-ki-prem-kahani/critic-review/rocky-aur-rani-ki-prem-kahani-movie-review/rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-is-a-well-packaged-entertainer/ |archive-date=27 July 2023 |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> Tushar Joshi of ''[[India Today]]'' called it a gentle reminder of Johar’s cinematic legacy,<ref>{{cite web |date=28 July 2023 |title=Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani Review: Ranveer, Alia shine bright like diamonds in KJo's return to form |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-review-ranveer-singh-alia-bhatt-shine-bright-karan-johars-film-2412818-2023-07-28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728033419/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-review-ranveer-singh-alia-bhatt-shine-bright-karan-johars-film-2412818-2023-07-28 |archive-date=28 July 2023 |access-date=28 July 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> while Dhaval Roy of ''[[The Times of India]]'' described it as “a full-on entertaining and sweet love story.”<ref>{{cite news |title=Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani Movie Review: This glamorous entertainer comes with a meaningful message |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani/movie-review/102181636.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731120705/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani/movie-review/102181636.cms?from=mdr&from=mdr |archive-date=31 July 2023 |access-date=28 July 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[The Telegraph (India)|''The Telegraph'']]'s Priyanka Roy referred to it as a “vastly entertaining film” that balances substance and spectacle,<ref>{{cite news |last=Roy |first=Priyanka |date=29 July 2023 |title=A review of Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahani |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/a-review-of-rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahani/cid/1955229 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731120743/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/a-review-of-rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahani/cid/1955229 |archive-date=31 July 2023 |access-date=30 July 2023 |website=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref> and [[Sukanya Verma]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' described it as a "shrewd subversion of traditions and values."<ref>{{cite web |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |date=28 July 2023 |title=Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahani Review: Soch Nayi, Swad Wahi |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahani-review/20230728.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728065801/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahani-review/20230728.htm |archive-date=28 July 2023 |access-date=28 July 2023 |work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Mayur Sanap, also from ''Rediff.com'', felt the film “blends old charm with the newness of fresh ideas.”<ref>{{cite web |last=Sanap |first=Mayur |date=31 July 2023 |title=Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani Review: Good Ol' Bollywood |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-review/20230731.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805052115/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-review/20230731.htm |archive-date=5 August 2023 |access-date=1 August 2023 |work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Reya Malhotra of ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' considered it a feminist reimagining of Johar’s ''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham]]'' (2001).<ref>{{cite news |last=Malhotra |first=Reya |date=28 July 2023 |title=Rocky Aur Rani Ki Prem Kahani review: A maturely conceived entertainer |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2023/07/28/25-years-of-karan-johar-rocky-aur-rani-ki-prem-kahani-is-a-maturely-conceived-entertainer.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728150706/https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2023/07/28/25-years-of-karan-johar-rocky-aur-rani-ki-prem-kahani-is-a-maturely-conceived-entertainer.html |archive-date=28 July 2023 |access-date=2 August 2023 |work=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]}}</ref>

Shomini Sen of ''[[WION]]'' credited both Singh and Bhatt with elevating a predictable script,<ref>{{cite web |last=Sen |first=Shomini |date=28 July 2023 |title=Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani review: Ranveer Singh, Alia Bhatt shine in a predictable, fun family film |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-review-ranveer-singh-alia-bhatt-shine-in-a-predictable-fun-family-film-620135 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728043446/https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-review-ranveer-singh-alia-bhatt-shine-in-a-predictable-fun-family-film-620135 |archive-date=28 July 2023 |access-date=28 July 2023 |publisher=[[WION]]}}</ref> while Uday Bhatia of ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint Lounge]]'' wrote that Singh’s energy made the film “more fun than it has a right to be.”<ref>{{cite news |last=Bhatia |first=Uday |date=28 July 2023 |title='Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani' review: The Ranveer Show is enough |url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/how-to-lounge/movies-tv/rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-film-review-ranveer-singh-alia-bhatt-karan-johar-111690522663465.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805052116/https://lifestyle.livemint.com/how-to-lounge/movies-tv/rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-film-review-ranveer-singh-alia-bhatt-karan-johar-111690522663465.html |archive-date=5 August 2023 |access-date=1 August 2023 |work=[[Mint Lounge]]}}</ref> In contrast, [[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' criticized the film for being “loud and melodramatic” with “little originality.”<ref>{{cite news |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |date=28 July 2023 |title=Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani movie review: Karan Johar packs a few surprises in Alia Bhatt-Ranveer Singh's loud and melodramatic film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-movie-review-karan-johar-alia-bhatt-ranveer-singh-8864475/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728042129/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-movie-review-karan-johar-alia-bhatt-ranveer-singh-8864475/ |archive-date=28 July 2023 |access-date=28 July 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' found it “ostentatious” and filled with stereotypes,<ref>{{cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=28 July 2023 |title='Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani' review: An old-fashioned romance gets an unnecessary update |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1053097/rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-review-an-old-fashioned-romance-gets-an-unnecessary-update |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728020752/https://scroll.in/reel/1053097/rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-review-an-old-fashioned-romance-gets-an-unnecessary-update |archive-date=28 July 2023 |access-date=28 July 2023 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref> and [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' called it a “shiny but shallow family drama” that failed to fully deliver its message, though he praised Bhatt’s performance.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |date=28 July 2023 |title=Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani Review: Shiny But Shallow Family Drama |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-review-shiny-but-shallow-family-drama-2-stars-4248187#pfrom-movies-reviews |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728095339/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-review-shiny-but-shallow-family-drama-2-stars-4248187#pfrom-movies-reviews |archive-date=28 July 2023 |access-date=28 July 2023 |publisher=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>

Internationally, Ryan Gilbey of ''[[The Guardian]]'' highlighted the film’s attempt to reconcile progressivism and tradition,<ref>{{cite news |last=Gilbey |first=Ryan |date=28 July 2023 |title=Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani review – Karan Johar's eye-popping culture wars sendup |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2023/jul/28/rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-review-karan-johar-ranveer-singh-alia-bhatt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728101722/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2023/jul/28/rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-review-karan-johar-ranveer-singh-alia-bhatt |archive-date=28 July 2023 |access-date=28 July 2023 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> while Proma Khosla of ''[[IndieWire]]'' described it as "the kind of Bollywood bliss audiences have been craving," praising the performances of Singh, Bhatt, and Bachchan.<ref>{{cite news |last=Khosla |first=Proma |date=31 July 2023 |title='Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani' Is the First Bonafide Bollywood Blockbuster in Years |url=https://www.indiewire.com/criticism/movies/rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-film-review-1234889864/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731170603/https://www.indiewire.com/criticism/movies/rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-film-review-1234889864/ |archive-date=31 July 2023 |access-date=1 August 2023 |work=[[IndieWire]]}}</ref>

===Year-end lists===
Several critics and publications included ''Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani'' in their year-end best film lists. Subhash K. Jha named it the best Hindi film of 2023,<ref>{{cite news |last=K. Jha |first=Subhash |date=29 December 2023 |title=Subhash K Jha picks his favourite Hindi films of 2023 |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/entertainment/subhash-k-jha-picks-his-favourite-hindi-films-of-2023 |access-date=1 January 2024 |website=[[The National Herald (India)|The National Herald]]}}</ref> while [[The Indian Express|''The Indian Express'']]'s [[Shubhra Gupta]] and ''Film Companion''<nowiki/>'s [[Anupama Chopra]] also featured it in their annual top selections.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |date=30 December 2023 |title=The Best Films of 2023: Shah Rukh's Jawan and Pathaan, OMG 2 and 12th Fail feature in Shubhra Gupta's list |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/the-best-films-of-2023-shah-rukhs-jawan-and-pathaan-omg-2-and-12th-fail-9068262/ |access-date=1 January 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3m1Rs-MIPj4 |title=Best Films of 2023 - Anupama Chopra |date=27 December 2023 |publisher=[[Film Companion]] |access-date=11 November 2024 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/3m1Rs-MIPj4 |archive-date=11 November 2024 |via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]''’s Shilajit Mitra listed it among the ten best Hindi films of the year,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mitra |first=Shilajit |date=2023-12-26 |title=Top 10 Bollywood films of 2023: 12th Fail, Ranveer Singh’s Rocky Aur Rani to Shah Rukh Khan’s Jawan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-best-hindi-films-of-2023-12th-fail-and-jawan-to-rocky-aur-rani/article67674186.ece |access-date=2026-03-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and ''[[Vogue India]]'' named it one of the fifteen best Bollywood films of 2023.<ref name=":0" /> ''Film Companion'' included it among both the top ten pan-Indian films and top five Hindi films of the year.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 December 2023 |title=2023 Wrap: Top 10 Pan-Indian Films Of 2023 |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/fc-wrap-2023/2023-wraptop-10-pan-indian-films-of-2023 |access-date=30 December 2023 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=29 December 2023 |title=2023 Wrap: Top 5 Hindi Films |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/fc-wrap-2023/2023-wrap-top-5-hindi-films |access-date=31 December 2023 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref> Additional inclusions came from ''[[Harper's Bazaar India]]'',<ref>{{cite news |last=Ganguly |first=Adit |date=29 December 2023 |title=Best Indian movies of 2023 that entertained us and where to watch them |url=https://www.harpersbazaar.in/culture/story/best-indian-movies-of-2023-that-left-us-engrossed-entertained-and-heres-where-to-watch-them-735668-2023-12-29 |access-date=30 December 2023 |website=[[Harper's Bazaar#Harper's Bazaar India|Harper's Bazaar India]]}}</ref> ''[[Rediff.com]]'',<ref>{{cite news |last=Chhabra |first=Aseem |date=27 December 2023 |title=10 Films: Indian Cinema At Its Best |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/special/ten-films-indian-cinema-at-its-best/20231227.htm |access-date=30 December 2023 |website=[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]}}</ref> ''[[The Quint]]'',<ref>{{cite news |last=Chopra |first=Swati |date=28 December 2023 |title='Rocky Aur Rani...' to 'Thank You For Coming': Five Films That We Needed In 2023 |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-thank-you-for-coming-omg-2-conversation-starters-2023 |access-date=31 December 2023 |website=[[The Quint]]}}</ref> ''[[WION]]'',<ref>{{cite news |date=29 December 2023 |title=12th Fail to Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani: The best Hindi films of 2023 |url=https://www.wionews.com/videos/12th-fail-to-rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-the-best-hindi-films-of-2023-674783 |access-date=1 January 2024 |publisher=[[WION (TV channel)|WION]]}}</ref> ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]'',<ref>{{cite news |last=Mukhopadhyay |first=Sounak |date=26 December 2023 |title=Year-Ender 2023: Top 10 Hindi movies released in theatres; Animal, Jawan, Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani and more |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/yearender-2023-top-10-hindi-movies-released-in-theatres-animal-jawan-rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-and-more-11703325427635.html |access-date=1 January 2024 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref> ''[[ThePrint]]'',<ref>{{cite news |last=Das |first=Tina |date=29 December 2023 |title=Top 10 films of 2023—from ThePrint journalists |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/pov/top-10-films-of-2023-from-theprint-journalists/1903958/ |access-date=1 January 2024 |website=[[ThePrint]]}}</ref> ''[[The Wire (magazine)|The Wire]]'',<ref>{{cite news |last=Mukherjee |first=Tatsam |date=23 December 2023 |title=Big Action, Small, Intimate Stories and Some Subversive Turns: The Best Hindi Films of 2023 |url=https://thewire.in/film/big-action-small-intimate-stories-subversion-best-hindi-films-2023 |access-date=1 January 2024 |website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]}}</ref> and ''[[Rolling Stone India]]'', where it was ranked second among Bollywood films.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Suparna |date=26 December 2023 |title=The 10 Best Bollywood Films of 2023 |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/the-10-best-bollywood-films-of-2023/amp/ |access-date=1 January 2024 |website=[[Rolling Stone#International editions|Rolling Stone India]]}}</ref>

The performances of [[Ranveer Singh]] and [[Alia Bhatt]] also received widespread recognition. ''[[Times Internet|Indiatimes]]'' listed both among the top fifteen performances of the year,<ref>{{cite news |last=Satija |first=Garima |date=30 December 2023 |title=15 Best Performances We Watched In Theatres In 2023 That Will Stay With Us For A Long Time |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/originals/best-performances-we-watched-in-theatres-in-2023-624442.html |access-date=1 January 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> while ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' named Bhatt the best actress of 2023.<ref name="best">{{cite news |date=17 January 2024 |title=Bollywood Hungama Best of 2023: Ranbir Kapoor walks away with Best Actor honour; Alia Bhatt, Vikrant Massey and Saiyami Kher win as well |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/bollywood-hungama-best-2023-ranbir-kapoor-walks-away-best-actor-honour-alia-bhatt-vikrant-massey-saiyami-kher-win-well/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> Rishabh Suri of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' included Singh’s role among the best male performances in Hindi cinema that year.<ref>{{cite news |last=Suri |first=Rishabh |date=24 December 2023 |title=Celebrating excellence & the best male performances of 2023 In Hindi cinema |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/celebrating-excellence-the-best-male-performances-of-2023-in-hindi-cinema-101703417457981.html |access-date=1 January 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!scope="col"| Award
!scope="col"| Date of the ceremony
!scope="col"| Category
!scope="col"| Recipients
!scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Refh}}
|-
!scope="row" | [[GQ (Indian edition)#Awards|''GQ'' Men of the Year Awards]]
| 22 November 2023
| Director of the Year
| [[Karan Johar]]
| {{won}}
|align="center" |<ref>{{cite news |title=Meet the winners of GQ Men Of The Year 2023 |url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/meet-the-winners-of-gq-men-of-the-year-2023 |website=[[GQ (Indian edition)|GQ India]] |date=22 November 2023 |access-date=23 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123082710/https://www.gqindia.com/content/meet-the-winners-of-gq-men-of-the-year-2023 |archive-date=23 November 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | [[:it:River to River. Florence Indian Film Festival|River to River Florence Indian Film Festival]]
| 13 December 2023
| Best Feature Film
| ''Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani''
| {{won}}
|align="center" |<ref>{{cite news |title=Ranveer Singh And Alia Bhatt's 'Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani' Wins Big, Karan Johar Reacts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ranveer-singh-and-alia-bhatts-rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-wins-big-karan-johar-reacts/articleshow/105988861.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=14 December 2023 |access-date=1 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="rtr">{{cite news |title=Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani wins big at River To River Florence Indian Film Festival; Karan Johar REACTS |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-wins-big-at-river-to-river-florence-indian-film-festival-karan-johar-reacts-1265202 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |date=14 December 2023 |access-date=1 January 2024}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="20" |[[Filmfare Awards]]
| rowspan="20" |[[69th Filmfare Awards|28 January 2024]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| ''Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani''
|rowspan="3" {{nom}}
| rowspan="20" align="center"|<ref name="filmfare">{{cite news |title=Nominations for the 69th Hyundai Filmfare Awards 2024 with Gujarat Tourism: Full list out |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-69th-hyundai-filmfare-awards-2024-with-gujarat-tourism-full-list-out-63822.html |magazine=[[Filmfare]] |date=15 January 2024 |access-date=15 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="won">{{cite news |title=Winners of the 69th Hyundai Filmfare Awards 2024 with Gujarat Tourism: Full list out |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-69th-hyundai-filmfare-awards-2024-with-gujarat-tourism-full-list-out-64104.html |magazine=[[Filmfare]] |date=29 January 2024 |access-date=29 January 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|Karan Johar
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|[[Ranveer Singh]]
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|[[Alia Bhatt]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|[[Tota Roy Chowdhury]]
|rowspan="2" {{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|[[Jaya Bachchan]]
|-
|[[Shabana Azmi]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
|[[Pritam]]
|rowspan="7" {{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
|[[Amitabh Bhattacharya]] {{small|for "Tum Kya Mile"}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
|[[Shahid Mallya]] {{small|for "Kudmayi"}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]] {{small|for "Tum Kya Mile"}}
|-
|Shreya Ghoshal {{small|for "Ve Kamleya"}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Story|Best Story]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ishita Moitra]], [[Shashank Khaitan]], [[Sumit Roy]]
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue]]
|Ishita Moitra
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Cinematographer|Best Cinematography]]
|[[Manush Nandan]]
|rowspan="3" {{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Art Direction|Best Production Design]]
|Amrita Mahal Nakai
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]
|[[Manish Malhotra]], [[Eka Lakhani]]
|-
|rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]
|[[Ganesh Acharya]] {{small|for "What Jhumka?"}}
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Vaibhavi Merchant]] {{small|for "Dhindhora Baje Re"}}
|{{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="7" |[[Bollywood Hungama|''Bollywood Hungama'' Best of 2023]]
| rowspan="7" |12 – 17 January 2024
|Best Actor {{small|(Female)}}
|Alia Bhatt
|rowspan="7" {{won|Honoured}}
|align="center" |<ref name="best"/>
|-
|Best Supporting Actor {{small|(Male)}}
|Tota Roy Chowdhury
|rowspan="2" align="center"|<ref>{{cite news |title=Bollywood Hungama Best of 2023: Bobby Deol's mute and menacing act from Animal earns him Best Actor in a Negative Role honour |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/bollywood-hungama-best-2023-bobby-deols-mute-menacing-act-animal-earns-best-actor-negative-role-honour/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=15 January 2024 |access-date=25 January 2024}}</ref>
|-
|Best Supporting Actor {{small|(Female)}}
|Shabana Azmi
|-
|Best Dialogue
|Ishita Moitra
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite news |title=Bollywood Hungama Best of 2023: OMG 2 walks away with Best Story honour; Animal gets the Best Screenplay |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/bollywood-hungama-best-2023-omg-2-walks-away-best-story-honour-animal-gets-best-screenplay/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=13 January 2024 |access-date=25 January 2024}}</ref>
|-
|Best Lyrics
|Amitabh Bhattacharya {{small|for "Tum Kya Mile"}}
|rowspan="3" align="center"|<ref>{{cite news |title=Bollywood Hungama Best of 2023: Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani rules the music honours |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/bollywood-hungama-best-2023-rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-rules-music-honours/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=12 January 2024 |access-date=25 January 2024}}</ref>
|-
|Best Playback Singer {{small|(Male)}}
|[[Arijit Singh]] {{small|for "Tum Kya Mile"}}
|-
|Best Choreography
|Ganesh Acharya {{small|for "What Jhumka?"}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="12" |[[CNN-News18|News 18]] [[IReel Awards|Reel Awards]]
| rowspan="12" |9 March 2024
|Best Film
|''Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani''
|{{nom}}
|rowspan="12" align="center"|<ref>{{cite news |title=Showsha Reel Awards 2024: SRK, Ranbir Kapoor Nominated for Best Actor, Rocky Aur Rani For Best Film |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/showsha-reel-awards-2024-shah-rukh-khan-ranbir-kapoor-nominated-for-best-actor-rocky-aur-rani-ki-prem-kahaan-for-best-film-8757031.html |website=[[CNN-News18]] |date=28 January 2024 |access-date=5 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Dishya |last=Sharma |title=News18 Showsha Reel Awards 2024 Winners: Animal Wins Best Film; Varun Dhawan, Shraddha Kapoor Best Actors |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/news18-showsha-reel-awards-2024-winners-animal-wins-best-film-varun-dhawan-shraddha-kapoor-best-actors-8809368.html |website=[[CNN-News18]] |date=10 March 2024 |access-date=10 March 2024}}</ref>
|-
|Best Director
|Karan Johar
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Actor {{small|(Male)}}
|Ranveer Singh
|rowspan="2" {{nom}}
|-
|Best Actor {{small|(Female)}}
|Alia Bhatt
|-
|Best Supporting Actor {{small|(Male)}}
|Tota Roy Chowdhury
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan="3" |Best Supporting Actor {{small|(Female)}}
|Jaya Bachchan
|{{nom}}
|-
|Shabana Azmi
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Churni Ganguly]]
|rowspan="5" {{nom}}
|-
|Best Music
|Pritam
|-
|Best Singer {{small|(Male)}}
|Arijit Singh {{small|for "Tum Kya Mile"}}
|-
|rowspan="2" |Best Singer {{small|(Female)}}
|Shreya Ghoshal {{small|for "Tum Kya Mile"}}
|-
|[[Jonita Gandhi]] {{small|for "What Jhumka?"}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="4" |[[Zee Cine Awards]]
| rowspan="4" |10 March 2024
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|''Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani''
|rowspan="3" {{nom}}
|rowspan="4" align="center"|<ref>{{cite news |title=ZCA 2024 VIEWER'S CHOICE NOMINATIONS |url=https://zeecineawards.com/zca24-voting/ |website=[[Zee Cine Awards]] |date=18 February 2024 |access-date=18 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218081748/https://zeecineawards.com/zca24-voting/ |archive-date=18 February 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Male|Best Actor]]
|Ranveer Singh
|-
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Female|Best Actress]]
|Alia Bhatt
|-
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]
|Manish Malhotra, Eka Lakhani
|{{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="8" |[[Pinkvilla Screen and Style Icons Awards]]
| rowspan="8" |18 March 2024
|Best Film {{small|(Popular Choice)}}
|''Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani''
|rowspan="4" {{nom}}
|align="center" |<ref>{{cite news |first=Apeksha |last=Juneja |title=Pinkvilla Screen & Style Icons Awards: Jawan to Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani, nominees for Best Film Popular Choice |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/pinkvilla-screen-and-style-icons-awards-jawan-to-rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-nominees-for-best-film-popular-choice-1286096 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |date=18 March 2024 |access-date=18 March 2024}}</ref>
|-
|Best Director {{small|(Popular Choice)}}
|Karan Johar
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite news |first=Krishma |last=Sharma |title=Pinkvilla Screen & Style Icons Awards: Karan Johar to Sandeep Reddy Vanga, nominees for Best Director Popular Choice |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/pinkvilla-screen-style-icons-awards-karan-johar-to-sandeep-reddy-vanga-nominees-for-best-director-popular-choice-1285813 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |date=18 March 2024 |access-date=18 March 2024}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actor {{small|(Popular Choice)}}
|Ranveer Singh
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite news |first=Rajni |last=Singh |title=Pinkvilla Screen & Style Icons Awards: Shah Rukh Khan to Ranbir Kapoor, nominees for Best Actor Male Popular Choice |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/pinkvilla-screen-style-icons-awards-shah-rukh-khan-to-ranbir-kapoor-nominees-for-best-actor-male-popular-choice-1286857 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |date=18 March 2024 |access-date=18 March 2024}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actress {{small|(Popular Choice)}}
|Alia Bhatt
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite news |first=Arpita |last=Sarkar |title=Pinkvilla Screen & Style Icons Awards: Deepika Padukone to Alia Bhatt, nominees for Best Actor Female Popular Choice |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/pinkvilla-screen-and-style-icons-awards-deepika-padukone-to-alia-bhatt-nominees-for-best-actor-female-popular-choice-1286591 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |date=17 March 2024 |access-date=18 March 2024}}</ref>
|-
|Best Director {{small|(Jury's Choice)}}
|Karan Johar
|{{won}}
|rowspan="3" align="center"|<ref>{{cite news |title=Pinkvilla Screen & Style Icons - Jury's Choice Nominees |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/screen-style-icons |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |date=18 March 2024 |access-date=18 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318093013/https://www.pinkvilla.com/screen-style-icons |archive-date=18 March 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Apeksha |last=Juneja |title=Pinkvilla Screen & Style Icons Awards: Complete list of winners ft. Kiara Advani, Akshay Kumar, Karan Johar and more |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/pinkvilla-screen-and-style-icons-awards-complete-list-of-winners-ft-kiara-advani-akshay-kumar-karan-johar-and-more-1287517?_gl=1*46q5u1*_ga*cmRjNHBNN25LWFBHWHp3WEw0M1ZIS003a3FuMm1XSXI0TzhpTENScXhjai1QX0dFejVBWXRpR1FSSmI3bV9yYw..*_ga_KWM8YHE0VD*MTcxMDgxNzg2MS41LjEuMTcxMDgxODM3Ni4wLjAuMA.. |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |date=19 March 2024 |access-date=19 March 2024}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actress {{small|(Jury's Choice)}}
|Alia Bhatt
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Supporting Actress
|Shabana Azmi
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Music Album
|Pritam
|{{nom}}
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite news |first=Gautam |last=Batra |title=Pinkvilla Screen & Style Icons Awards: Animal to Pathaan, check out nominees for Best Music Album |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/pinkvilla-screen-and-style-icons-awards-animal-to-pathaan-check-out-nominees-for-best-music-album-1285779 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |date=18 March 2024 |access-date=18 March 2024}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="5" |[[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]]
|rowspan="5"|17 August 2024
|Best Film
|rowspan="2" |''Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani''
|{{nom}}
|style="text-align: center;" rowspan="5"|<ref>{{cite news |title='Laapataa Ladies', 'Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani' lead in nominations for IFFM 2024 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/laapataa-ladies-rocky-aur-rani-kii-prem-kahaani-lead-in-nominations-for-iffm-2024-19441264.htm |website=[[CNBC TV18]] |date=10 July 2024 |access-date=10 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Indian Film Festival of Melbourne 2024 full winners list: 12th Fail is Best Film, Kartik Aaryan declared Best Actor |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/indian-film-festival-of-melbourne-2024-full-winners-list-12th-fail-is-best-film-kartik-aaryan-declared-best-actor-101723861728450.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=17 August 2024 |access-date=17 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
|People's Choice Award
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Director
|Karan Johar
|rowspan="3" {{nom}}
|-
|Best Actor
|Ranveer Singh
|-
|Best Actress
|Alia Bhatt
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="12" |[[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
|rowspan="12"|[[24th IIFA Awards|28 September 2024]]
|[[IIFA Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|''Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani''
|rowspan="7" {{nom}}
|style="text-align: center;" rowspan="11"|<ref>{{cite news |first=Soumya |last=Srivastava |title=IIFA 2024 full list of nominations: Ranbir Kapoor, Ranveer get Best Actor nods; Deepika Padukone, Alia Bhatt for Actress |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/iifa-2024-full-list-of-nominations-ranbir-kapoor-ranveer-get-best-actor-nods-deepika-padukone-alia-bhatt-for-actress-101724042812828-amp.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=19 August 2024 |access-date=19 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Kriti |last=Sonali |title=IIFA 2024 full list of winners: Shah Rukh Khan and Rani Mukerji win big; Animal bags 5 awards. See photos and videos |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/iifa-2024-full-list-of-winners-shah-rukh-khan-and-rani-mukerji-win-big-animal-bags-5-awards-see-photos-and-videos-9593835/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |date=28 September 2024 |access-date=29 September 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|Karan Johar
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|Ranveer Singh
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|Alia Bhatt
|-
|rowspan="2" |[[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|[[Dharmendra]]
|-
|Tota Roy Chowdhury
|-
|rowspan="2" |[[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|Jaya Bachchan
|-
|Shabana Azmi
|rowspan="2" {{won}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Story|Best Original Story]]
|Ishita Moitra, Shashank Khaitan, Sumit Roy
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
|Pritam
|rowspan="2" {{nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Female Playback|Best Playback Singer Female]]
|Shreya Ghoshal {{small|for "Tum Kya Mile"}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue]]
|Ishita Moitra
|{{won}}
|align="center"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 2024 |title=IIFA Unveils 2024 Technical Awards Winners: Honouring the Trailblazers of Indian Cinema! |url=https://www.iifa.com/news/news-details/iifa-unveils-2024-technical-awards-winners-honouring-the-trailblazers-of-indian-cinema |url-status=live |access-date=3 September 2024 |website=[[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA]] |archive-date=3 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903141027/https://www.iifa.com/news/news-details/iifa-unveils-2024-technical-awards-winners-honouring-the-trailblazers-of-indian-cinema}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" |[[National Film Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |[[71st National Film Awards|23 September 2025]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment|Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]]
|''Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani''|''Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani''
| {{won}}
| rowspan="2" align="center" |<ref>{{cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=1 August 2025 |title=Shah Rukh Khan, Vikrant Massey & Rani Mukerji Among 71st National Film Awards Winners |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/news/shah-rukh-khan-vikrant-massey-rani-mukerji-india-national-film-awards-1236476508/ |access-date=1 August 2025 |website=Variety}}</ref><ref name="NA" />
|-
|[[National Film Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]
|[[Vaibhavi Merchant]] {{small|for "Dhindhora Baje Re"}}
|{{won}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|14993250}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes | rocky_aur_rani_kii_prem_kahaani }}
* [https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/rocky-aur-rani-ki-prem-kahani/ ''Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahani''] at [[Bollywood Hungama]]

{{Karan Johar}}{{Dharma Productions}}
{{Viacom18 Studios}}

[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:2023 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Viacom18 Studios films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Karan Johar]]
[[Category:Films shot in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films scored by Pritam]]
[[Category:Films set in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films about families]]
[[Category:Films about dysfunctional families]]
[[Category:Indian romantic musical films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Durga Puja in popular culture]]

Krishna Mohan Banerjee

2026-03-16T21:54:34Z

Godavari: clean up

{{Short description|Bengali scholar (1813–1885)}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Reverend Krishna Mohan Banerjee
| image = Krishna Mohan Banerjee.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = 1886 lithograph of Krishna Mohan Banerjee
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1813|05|24}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date|df=yes|1885|05|11}}
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[British India]]
| occupation = Christian Evangelist, Professor, Litterateur
}}
{{Young Bengal}}
'''Krishna Mohan Banerjee'''<ref>His surname is also transliterated as ''Banerjea'' or as ''Bandyopadhyay''.</ref> (24 May 1813 – 11 May 1885) was a 19th-century Indian thinker who attempted to rethink Hindu philosophy, religion and ethics in response to the stimulus of Christian ideas. He himself became a [[Christians|Christian]], and was the first president of the [[Bengal Christian Association]], which was administered and financed by Indians. He was a prominent member of [[Henry Louis Vivian Derozio]]'s (1808–1831) [[Young Bengal]] group, educationist, linguist and Christian missionary.

==Early life==
[[File:Krishna_Mohan_Banerjea.jpg|thumb|left|Portrait by [[Colesworthey Grant]]]]
Son of the [[Bengali Brahmin]] Jibon Krishna Banerjee<ref name=Banglapedia>{{cite book |last=Murshid |first=Ghulam |year=2012 |chapter=Banerji, Rev. Krishna Mohan |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Banerji,_Rev._Krishna_Mohan |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |access-date=29 March 2016 |archive-date=6 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406121455/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Banerji,_Rev._Krishna_Mohan |url-status=live }}</ref> and Sreemoti Devi, Krishna Mohan was born on 24 May 1813 at Shyampur, [[Kolkata]], Bengal, in the house of his maternal grandfather, Ramjay Vidyabhusan, the court-pundit of Santiram Singha of [[Jorasanko]], who was the great-grandfather of the famous [[Kaliprasanna Singha]].

In 1819, Krishna Mohan joined the [[Hare School|''School Society Institution'']] (later renamed as [[Hare School]]) founded by [[David Hare (philanthropist)|David Hare]] at colootola. Impressed by his talents, Hare took him to his school at Pataldanga, later famous as Hare School in 1822.<ref name="The Times of India">{{Cite news |date=2019-01-07 |title=IIEST on revamp mode for bicentenary year |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/iiest-on-revamp-mode-for-bicentenary-year/articleshow/67414318.cms |access-date=2024-04-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Banerjee joined the newly founded [[Presidency College, Kolkata|Hindu College]] with a scholarship.

In 1831, Banerjee started publishing ''The Inquirer''. In the same year he was excommunicated by his family for refusing to apologize for his friends' consumption of beef and beer at his house. This inspired him to write his play, ''The Persecuted: or, Dramatic Scenes Illustrative of the Present State of Hindoo Society in Calcutta'', the first original English-language drama by an Indian. It was never performed. Upon its publication, it was well received by English reviewers at the time for exposing the hypocrisies of Kolkata's Brahmin orthodoxy and for its author's use of the English language.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sapui |first=Meghna |date=2023 |title=Eat, Write, Dramatize: Young Bengal's Gastro Drama |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/900601 |journal=ELH |volume=90 |issue=2 |pages=425–456 |doi=10.1353/elh.2023.a900601 |issn=1080-6547|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

While at college he used to attend the lectures of the Scottish Christian missionary, [[Alexander Duff (missionary)|Alexander Duff]], who had come to India in 1830.

His father died of cholera in 1828.

==Conversion to Christianity==
On completion of his studies in 1829, Banerjee joined ''Pataldanga School'' as an assistant teacher. In 1832, he converted to Christianity, under the influence of Alexander Duff. As a result of his conversion, he lost his job in David Hare's school and his wife, Bindhyobashini Banerjee, was forced to return to her own father's house, only to join him in later life.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sunshine |first=John Stonestreet, Glenn |title=Krishna Banjeree and Christianity's Influence on Education in India - Breakpoint |url=https://breakpoint.org/how-education-redeemed-krishna-banerjee-and-rejuvenated-india/ |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=breakpoint.org |date=8 October 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> Nevertheless, he later became the headmaster of ''Church Missionary Society School''.<ref name=Banglapedia />

When the missionary society had begun its [[Philanthropy|philanthropic]] activities in Kolkata, Banerjee became the first Bengali priest of Christ Church where he used to preach and deliver sermons in Bengali.<ref name=Banglapedia />

He converted his wife, his brother Kali Mohan, and [[Gnanendramohan Tagore|Ganendra Mohan Tagore]], the son of [[Prasanna Coomar Tagore]] to Christian faith. Subsequently, Ganendra Mohan married his daughter Kamalmani and became the first Indian to qualify as a barrister. He was also instrumental in the conversion of [[Michael Madhusudan Dutt]].<ref name="The Times of India"/>

==Later life==
In 1852, Krishna Mohan was appointed a professor of Oriental Studies at [[Bishop's College, Calcutta|Bishop's College]], Kolkata. He had studied aspects of Christianity as a student of the same college between 1836 and 1839.

In 1864 he was elected to be a member of the [[Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|Royal Asiatic Society]] along with [[Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar]]. In 1876 the [[University of Calcutta]] honoured him with an [[List of University of Calcutta honorary degree recipients|honorary doctorate degree]].

Reverend Krishna Mohan Banerjee died on 11 May 1885 in Kolkata, and was buried at [[Shibpur]] with his wife. The graveyard is currently located inside the campus of [[IIEST]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/iiest-on-revamp-mode-for-bicentenary-year/articleshow/67414318.cms|title=IIEST on revamp mode for bicentenary year|first1=Jhimli|last1=Mukherjee Pandey|date=January 7, 2019|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-05-22|archive-date=9 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109211217/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/iiest-on-revamp-mode-for-bicentenary-year/articleshow/67414318.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Grave_of_Rev._Krishna_Mohan_Banerjee_present_at_IIEST_Shibpur_campus.jpg|thumb|Grave of Rev. Krishna Mohan Banerjee present at IIEST Shibpur campus]]

==Works==
He published a 13-volume English – Bengali adaptation of [[Encyclopædia Britannica]], ''Vidyakalpadruma'' or ''Encyclopædia Bengalensis'' (1846–51).<ref name=Amaresh>{{Cite book | last = Datta | first = Amaresh | title = Encyclopaedia of Indian literature | place = Delhi | pages= 1162–1163| publisher = South Asia Books | year = 1988 | volume = 2 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1162 | isbn = 978-81-7201-649-4 }}</ref> He wrote an Indian English drama "The persecuted" in 1831..

His other works include ''[https://archive.org/details/arianwitnessort00banegoog The Arian Witness]'' (1875),<ref>{{cite web|title=The Arian Witness, Or, The Testimony of Arian Scriptures: In Corroboration ...|url=https://archive.org/details/arianwitnessort00banegoog|publisher=Thacker, Spink|access-date=12 July 2017|language=en|date=1875}}</ref> ''[https://archive.org/details/dialoguesonhindu00banerich Dialogues on the Hindu Philosophy]'' (1861), and ''The Relation Between Christianity and Hinduism'' (1881).

== Memory ==
[[File:Krishnamohan_Halt.jpg|left|thumb|Krishna Mohan Halt Station, Sealdah south section.]]
[[File:Tablet - Krishna Mohan Banerjea - Mid-nineteenth Century Cemetery - Bengal Engineering and Science University - Sibpur - Howrah 2013-06-06 8578.JPG|thumb|Gravestone of Banerjee at the Bengal Engineering and Science University]]
[[Krishna Mohan railway station]] in [[Sealdah South lines]] Baruipur - [[Lakshmikantapur]] route is named after Rev. Krishna Mohan Banerjee.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://etrainroute.in/stations/KRXM|title=Trains arriving at and passing through Krishnamohan (halt)|website=Trainroutes|access-date=February 15, 2017|archive-date=3 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903052943/http://etrainroute.in/stations/KRXM|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links| wikt=no | commons=no | b=no | n=no | q=no | s=Author:Krishna Mohan Banerjee | v=no | voy=no | species=no | d=q5565188}}

==Further reading==
* Mayukh Das, ''Reverend Krishnamohan Bandyopadhyaya'' (in Bengali), Kolkata:Paschimbanga Anchalik Itihas O Loksanskriti Charcha Kendra (2014) {{ISBN|978-81-926316-0-8}}
* T. V. Philip, ''Krishna Mohan Banerjea, Christian apologist'' (1982)
* Ramachandra Ghosha, ''A Biographical Sketch of the Rev. K. M. Banerjea'' ed. by Manabendra Naskar & Mayukh Das, Corpus Research Institute, Kolkata (2012)
* Durgadas Lahiri, ''Adarshacharit Krishnamohan'' ed. by Mayukh Das, Kolkata:Paschimbanga Anchalik Itihas O Loksanskriti Charcha Kendra(2012)
* K. Baago, ''Pioneers of Indigenous Christianity'' (1969)
* ''[[Ramtanu Lahiri O Tatkalin Bangasamaj]]'' in Bengali by Sivanath Sastri
* ''Sansad Bangali Charitabhidhan'' (Biographical dictionary) in Bengali edited by Subodh Chandra Sengupta and Anjali Bose
* ''[[Tattwabodhini Patrika]] and the [[Bengal Renaissance]]'' by [[Amiya Kumar Sen]]
* Reverend Krishnamohan Bandyopadhyay Dwi-Shatabarsher Aloye, ed. Sanatkumar Naskar and Kasturi Mukhopadhyay, Ratnabali, 2013

{{Bengal Renaissance}}
{{Protestant missions to India}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Banerjee, Krishna Mohan}}
[[Category:1813 births]]
[[Category:1885 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Bengali writers]]
[[Category:Young Bengal]]
[[Category:Hare School alumni]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Christian clergy from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali Christians]]
[[Category:Indian Anglicans]]
[[Category:Converts to Christianity from Hinduism]]
[[Category:Indian Anglican missionaries]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian scholars]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Indian social workers]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]
[[Category:Educators from West Bengal]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian linguists]]
[[Category:Indian columnists]]
[[Category:Indian male essayists]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:Indian male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Indian religious writers]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:Indian encyclopedists]]

FL Studio Mobile

2026-03-06T07:29:29Z

Godavari: refine details also and updated info

{{Short description|Digital audio workstation application}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox software
| name = FL Studio Mobile
| logo = FL_Studio_Mobile_icon.png
| logo alt =
| logo caption =
| screenshot =
Screenshot_of_FL_Studio_Mobile.jpeg
| screenshot alt =
| caption = FL Studio Mobile version 3
| collapsible =
| author =
| developer = [[Image-Line]]
| released = {{Start date and age|2011|6|21|df=yes}}
| discontinued =
| ver layout = simple
| latest release version = 4.0.0
| latest release date = {{Start date and age|2022|03|28|df=yes}}
| latest preview version =
| latest preview date =
| programming language =
| operating system = [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[ChromeOS]], [[iOS]] & [[macOS]], [[Microsoft Windows]]
| platform =
| size =
| language = English
| language count =
| language footnote = EES
| genre = [[Digital audio workstation]]
| license = [[Proprietary software|Proprietary]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.image-line.com/fl-studio-mobile/}}
| repo =
| standard =
| AsOf =
}}

'''FL Studio Mobile''' is a [[digital audio workstation]] available for [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[iOS (Apple)|iOS]] and [[Universal Windows Platform|Windows UWP]].

The program allows for the creation of complete multi-track music production projects, which can then be exported in [[WAV]], [[MP3]] and [[MIDI]] formats, to work with other digital audio workstations, or in FLM project format to be opened in [[FL Studio]] 10.0.5 <ref name="betanews"/> or later. Various features include a [[step sequencer]], [[piano roll]], [[Keyboard instrument|keyboard]], [[drum pad]], track editor, [[Audio signal processing|effects]], and 133 sampled instruments including [[synths]] and [[drum kits]].<ref name="get"/><ref name="endgadget"/> Instruments can also be added as .zip or .instr files.<ref name="oneone">{{cite news |title = FL Studio Mobile version 1.1 |url = http://www.image-line.com/documents/news.php?entry_id=1310376126&title=fl-studio-mobile-11 |publisher = Image-Line |date = July 23, 2011 |access-date = August 5, 2011 |archive-date = June 19, 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180619140229/http://www.image-line.com/documents/news.php?entry_id=1310376126&title=fl-studio-mobile-11 | url-status = dead}}</ref>

==Release==
On June 21, 2011,<ref name="softpedia"/> [[Image-Line]] released FL Studio Mobile and FL Studio Mobile HD, versions of their [[Windows]] [[digital audio workstation]] [[FL Studio]]. FL Studio Mobile was designed by Artua<ref name="artua"/> and developed in cooperation with the makers of Music Studio.<ref name="iphone"/><ref name="xewton"/> Image-Line released the program at an introductory price of $15.99 ($19.99 for the HD version),<ref name="ifans"/><ref name="cafe"/><ref name="touchpr"/> and both versions were available for download at the [[App Store (iOS)|App Store]].<ref name="get"/> In October 2016 Image-Line released FL Studio Mobile 3 on Android via the [[Google Play Store]], and two months later on iOS via the App Store and Windows via the [[Microsoft Store]]. FL Studio Mobile 3 was a completely new application developed in-house at Image-Line, replacing the existing Artua developed versions. The price was revised downward to US$14.99.

FL Studio Mobile 1.0 is compatible with devices that operate [[iOS (Apple)|iOS]] 3.1.3 or later,<ref name="appstore"/> specifically all [[iPhones]] and [[iPod Touch]] models.<ref name="betanews"/> [[iPad 1]] and [[iPad 2]]<ref name="ipad"/> can run either FL Studio Mobile or FL Studio Mobile HD, and the HD version requires iOS 4.2 or later.<ref name="iphone"/><ref name="betanews"/><ref name="created"/> The [[iPhone 4]] version includes [[Retina Display]] support.<ref name="iphone"/><ref name="flstudiomboilehome"/>

==Features==
;Track editor
The program has a track editor mode that supports 99 layered tracks.<ref name="endgadget"/><ref name="flstudiomboilehome"/> Features include adding, duplicating, and deleting tracks, changing the track's instruments, setting song [[key signature|signature]] and [[tempo]], an effect [[bus (computing)|bus]] setting, a [[Panning (audio)|pan]] knob, a volume fader, and mute and solo buttons.<ref name="iphone"/><ref name="ipad"/>

;Piano roll editor
The [[piano roll]] editor<ref name="flstudiomboilehome"/> allows for manually drawing notes, selecting multiple notes by dragging a rectangle, changing the length of multiple notes at once, setting note volume, and moving, duplicating, and quantizing notes.<ref name="iphone"/><ref name="ipad"/>

;Step sequencer
The [[step sequencer]] allows for recording one measure of a melody or beat at a time, then turning it into a loop. It allows for the creation of multiple sounds in one instrument track, and adjusting the [[pitch (music)|pitch]] and velocity of each individual step.<ref name="iphone"/><ref name="ipad"/>

;Keyboard and drum pad
[[File:Akai Synthstation 25.jpg|thumb|140px|[[Akai Professional|Akai]] SynthStation 25 (left hand is touching connected iPhone)]]
The [[Keyboard instrument|keyboard]] feature is both resizable and stackable,<ref name="flstudiomboilehome"/> allowing for 5 simultaneous touches, and 10 touches on the iPad. It has 3 key label modes, fullscreen support, melody and loop recording, two device orientations, and a fully configurable [[metronome]].<ref name="iphone"/><ref name="ipad"/> Pitch-bend and velocity can be applied to notes entered with the keyboard, [[drum pad]]s or the piano-roll editor.<ref name="addict"/><ref name="appwhisperer"/> The non-HD version is compatible with the Akai SynthStation 25, a plug-in piano keyboard for iPhone and iPod Touch.<ref name="flstudiomboilehome"/>

;Instruments
Version 1.0 comes built in with 133 sampled instruments,<ref name="flstudiomboilehome"/><ref name="addict"/> which cover musical styles such as [[classical music|classical]], [[jazz]], [[rock music|rock]], [[electronic music|electronic]], and others. There are [[synths]] and [[drum kits]] included, as well as Slicex Loops. Pitchbend can be controlled with device tilt.<ref name="iphone"/><ref name="ipad"/><ref name="flstudiomboilehome"/> [[iOS (Apple)|iOS]], and therefore FL Studio Mobile, does not support [[Virtual Studio Technology|VST]] [[plug-in (computing)|plugins]].<ref name="get"/><ref name="endgadget"/> As of version 1.1, user instruments can be created using .instr and .zip files.<ref name="oneone"/>

;Effects
Version 1.0 comes with 5 real-time effects,<ref name="flstudiomboilehome"/> including [[reverb]], [[delay (audio effect)|delay]] to create echo, [[Equalization (audio)|equalizer]], [[amplifier|amp simulator]] with two overdrive types, and [[Filter (signal processing)|filter]] with resonance and optional tilt control. There is also a [[limiter]] for song volume.<ref name="iphone"/><ref name="ipad"/> Effects can be turned on or off on an individual channel or applied to an entire project.<ref name="addict"/>

===Importing and exporting===
Version 1.0 doesn't support importing samples,<ref name="addict"/> though Image-Line has announced that future updates will incorporate the feature.<ref name="get"/><ref name="created"/> The program supports [[iTunes]] file sharing, and audio can be exported in [[WAV]]<ref name="iphone"/><ref name="ipad"/> and [[MIDI]] formats so they can be worked on in other digital audio workstations.<ref name="iphone"/><ref name="ipad"/><ref name="flstudiomboilehome"/> Projects can be saved in .FLM format and then loaded onto [[Microsoft Windows]] to be opened with [[FL Studio]] version 10.0.5. or later.<ref name="iphone"/><ref name="betanews"/> This can be done either on a [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] [[Personal computer|PC]] running FL studio natively, or an [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] computer using either [[Boot Camp (software)|Boot Camp]] or [[virtualization]].<ref name="created"/><ref name="addict"/>

==Version history==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left;"
|-
! Version
! Release
! FL Studio Mobile
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1.0.0
| style="text-align:center;"|June 21, 2011
|For all [[iOS (Apple)|iOS]] devices,<ref name="betanews"/> with HD for iPad and iPad 2. 133 preset instruments and five real-time effects included. Project files can be exported to be used in [[FL Studio]].<ref name="ipad"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1.0.5
| style="text-align:center;"|2011
|For all [[iOS (Apple)|iOS]] devices,<ref name="betanews"/> with HD for iPad and iPad 2. 133 preset instruments and five real-time effects included. Project files can be exported to be used in [[FL Studio]].<ref name="ipad"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1.1.0
| style="text-align:center;"|July 23, 2011
|Added ability to create user instruments from .instr and [[.zip]] files. Record button added to filter screen, and filter track editing added to bar editor. Using [[Sonoma Wire Works|Sonoma]] AudioCopy, audio can be sent to other apps via Export.<ref name="oneone"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1.2.0
| style="text-align:center;"|December 20, 2011
|Custom Instrument Button (on Instruments list). AudioPaste. Swing (in the Step Editor). SoundCloud export/upload. AAC (.m4a) export. All WAV formats now supported for sample import. Numerous bugfixes & performance enhancements.
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1.2.1
| style="text-align:center;"|January 6, 2012
|AudioPaste: an arbitrary sample name can be entered. In the SoundCloud popup window, the user name can be tapped to log out. Bug fixes.
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1.3.1
| style="text-align:center;"|June 21, 2014
|For all Android and [[iOS (Apple)|iOS]] devices,<ref name="betanews"/> with HD for iPad and iPad 2. 133 preset instruments and five real-time effects included. Audio tracks and wave editor, along with MiniSynth plugin synthesizer. Background audio (playback while the app runs in the background). Projects (in .flm format) are compatible between Android and iOS, if audio tracks are present they are ignored. If instruments are not available the MIDI data is loaded and then a default instrument is used. Project files can be exported to desktop version of [[FL Studio]].<ref name="ipad"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kvraudio.com/news/image-line-updates-fl-studio-mobile-for-android-to-v1-3-24920 |title=KVR: Image Line updates FL Studio Mobile for Android to v1.3 |work=Kvraudio.com |date=February 7, 2014 |access-date=August 28, 2018 |archive-date=June 19, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619140451/http://www.kvraudio.com/news/image-line-updates-fl-studio-mobile-for-android-to-v1-3-24920 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|Android 2.0 iOS 2.4
| style="text-align:center;"|September 2014
|For the [[Android (operating system)|Android]] version, Audio Tracks, Wave editor, and Audio Recording have been added. Many small tweaks, improvements, and bug fixes have been implemented. For the [[iOS (Apple)|iOS]] devices,<ref name="betanews"/> with HD for iPad and iPad 2. 133 preset instruments and five real-time effects included. Audio tracks and wave editor, along with MiniSynth plugin synthesizer. Background audio (playback while the app runs in the background). Projects (in .flm format) are compatible between Android and iOS, if audio tracks are present they are ignored. If instruments are not available the MIDI data is loaded and the a default instrument is used. Project files can be exported to desktop version of [[FL Studio]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kvraudio.com/news/image-line-releases-updates-for-fl-studio-mobile-android-v2-0-ios-v2-4-and-fl-studio-v11-1-1-27478 |title=KVR: Image Line releases updates for FL Studio Mobile |work=Kvraudio.com |date=September 25, 2014 |access-date=August 28, 2018 |archive-date=June 19, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619140415/http://www.kvraudio.com/news/image-line-releases-updates-for-fl-studio-mobile-android-v2-0-ios-v2-4-and-fl-studio-v11-1-1-27478 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|3.0
| style="text-align:center;"|December 2016
|Because of development issues between the IOS and Android versions, FL Mobile 3 was a complete ground-up rewrite that departs radically from previous versions. The update was a free update from the previous version with FL Mobile being able to load FLM 2 files, although the results might not be identical soundwise due to the architecture change.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.image-line.com/documents/news.php?entry_id=1480570295&title=fl-studio-mobile-3--all-platforms|title=FL Studio Mobile 3 {{!}} All Platforms|access-date=May 29, 2018|language=en|archive-date=June 19, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619140519/http://www.image-line.com/documents/news.php?entry_id=1480570295&title=fl-studio-mobile-3--all-platforms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|4.0
| style="text-align:center;"|March 2022
|New modules: Slicer, Multiband compressor. Workflow features: Scale-locked keyboard, Scale guess in the piano roll, Gain and Mix controls for every module, Timeline selection rendering, Recovery for recently deleted files, Audiobus 3 compatibility on iOS, Sample-accurate latency compensation (iOS and MacOS). UI updates: Themes, New shop, Sample preview in the Browser, Improved mouse support (Hover animations, right-click actions, scroll in the Playlist), Computer keyboard navigation: escape to dismiss popups, enter to accept prompts, tab and shift-tab to iterate through controls. Continuous scrolling during playback, CPU meter (aka Buffer Health meter). Content: 2 new free products (Essential Pianos, Drumful Treasure), New paid products (Oldschool Breakbeats), New factory presets (Limiter), New demo project Parrik
|}

==See also==
*[[Sytrus]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em| refs =

<ref name="iphone">{{cite news
| title = FL Studio Mobile iPhone
| url = http://www.image-line.com/documents/iphone.html
| publisher = Image-Line
| access-date = June 22, 2011
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110624175348/http://www.image-line.com/documents/iphone.html
| archive-date = June 24, 2011
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>

<ref name="ipad">{{cite news
|title = FL Studio Mobile iPad (HD)
|url = http://www.image-line.com/documents/ipad.html
|publisher = Image-Line
|date = June 20, 2011
|access-date = June 22, 2011
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110623030124/http://www.image-line.com/documents/ipad.html
|archive-date = June 23, 2011
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

<ref name="get">{{cite news
|title = Get FL Studio Mobile
|url = http://www.image-line.com/documents/news.php?entry_id=1307332924&title=get-fl-studio-mobile
|publisher = Image-Line
|date = June 21, 2011
|access-date = June 22, 2011
|archive-date = September 12, 2018
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180912165546/http://www.image-line.com/documents/news.php?entry_id=1307332924&title=get-fl-studio-mobile
|url-status = live
}}</ref>

<ref name="betanews">{{cite news
|title = FL Studio breaks its 13-year Windows-only run, launches new iOS app
|first = Tim
|last = Conneally
|url = http://www.betanews.com/article/FL-Studio-breaks-its-13year-Windowsonly-run-launches-new-iOS-app/1308669170
|newspaper = Beta News
|date = June 21, 2011
|access-date = June 22, 2011
|archive-date = June 25, 2011
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110625114211/http://www.betanews.com/article/FL-Studio-breaks-its-13year-Windowsonly-run-launches-new-iOS-app/1308669170
|url-status = live
}}</ref>

<ref name="endgadget">{{cite news
|title = FL Studio Mobile lands on iOS, more indie rap albums to be produced while commuting
|first = Terrence
|last = O'Brien
|url = https://www.engadget.com/2011/06/22/fl-studio-mobile-lands-on-ios-more-indie-rap-albums-to-be-produ/
|publisher = EnGadget
|date = June 22, 2011
|access-date = June 22, 2011
|archive-date = June 23, 2011
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110623152151/http://www.engadget.com/2011/06/22/fl-studio-mobile-lands-on-ios-more-indie-rap-albums-to-be-produ/
|url-status = live
}}</ref>

<ref name="softpedia">{{cite news
|title = Download FL Studio Mobile for iPhone, iPad
|url = http://news.softpedia.com/news/Download-FL-Studio-Mobile-for-iPhone-iPad-207276.shtml
|publisher = SoftPedia
|date = June 20, 2011
|access-date = June 22, 2011
|archive-date = June 19, 2018
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180619163704/https://news.softpedia.com/news/Download-FL-Studio-Mobile-for-iPhone-iPad-207276.shtml
|url-status = live
}}</ref>

<ref name="artua">{{cite news
|title = FL Studio Mobile design
|url = http://artua.com/iphone-app-design-fl-mobile/
|publisher = Artua
|date = September 11, 2012
|access-date = July 17, 2015
|archive-date = July 21, 2015
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150721175254/http://artua.com/iphone-app-design-fl-mobile/
|url-status = live
}}</ref>

<ref name="xewton">{{cite news
| title = Music Studio
| url = http://www.xewton.com/musicstudio/overview/
| publisher = Xewton
| access-date = June 22, 2011
| url-status= usurped
| archive-date = 19 June 2018
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180619140238/http://www.xewton.com/musicstudio/overview/
}}</ref>

<ref name="ifans">{{cite news
|title = FL Studio Mobile now available on the App Store
|first = Joe
|last = Rossignol
|url = http://www.ifans.com/blog/24642/
|publisher = iFans
|date = June 22, 2011
|access-date = June 22, 2011
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110626054240/http://www.ifans.com/blog/24642
|archive-date = June 26, 2011
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

<ref name="cafe">{{cite news
|title=FruityLoops Heads To iOS With FL Studio Mobile
|first=Tim
|last=Barribeau
|url=http://www.everythingicafe.com/fruityloops-heads-to-ios-with-fl-studio-mobile/2011/06/21/
|publisher=Everything is Cafe
|date=June 21, 2011
|access-date=June 22, 2011
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007055335/http://www.everythingicafe.com/fruityloops-heads-to-ios-with-fl-studio-mobile/2011/06/21/
|archive-date=October 7, 2011
}}</ref>

<ref name="touchpr">{{cite news
|title = FL Studio for iPad and iPhone is Out!
|first = Nick
|last = Platers
|url = http://touchproducer.com/?p=1459
|publisher = Touch Producer
|date = June 21, 2011
|access-date = June 22, 2011
|archive-date = March 26, 2012
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120326014016/http://touchproducer.com/?p=1459
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

<ref name="appstore">{{cite news
|title = FL Studio Mobile HD for iPad
|url = https://apps.apple.com/us/app/fl-studio-mobile-hd/id432850619
|publisher = [[iTunes App Store]]
|date = June 21, 2011
|access-date = June 22, 2011
|archive-date = November 8, 2020
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201108171324/https://apps.apple.com/us/app/fl-studio-mobile-hd/id432850619
|url-status = live
}}</ref>

<ref name="created">{{cite news
|title = FL Studio Mobile, Now Available on iPhone, iPad; Sampling, Android Support to Come
|first = Peter
|last = Kirn
|url = http://createdigitalmusic.com/2011/06/fl-studio-mobile-now-available-on-iphone-ipad-android-to-come/
|publisher = Create Digital Music
|date = June 21, 2011
|access-date = June 22, 2011
|archive-date = June 23, 2011
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110623162758/http://createdigitalmusic.com/2011/06/fl-studio-mobile-now-available-on-iphone-ipad-android-to-come/
|url-status = live
}}</ref>

<ref name="flstudiomboilehome">{{cite news
| title = FL Studio Mobile
| url = http://www.image-line.com/documents/flstudiomobile.html
| publisher = Image-Line
| access-date = June 22, 2011
| archive-date = June 22, 2011
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110622080259/http://www.image-line.com/documents/flstudiomobile.html
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

<ref name="addict">{{cite news
|title = FL Studio Mobile HD: Addictive iPad Music Creation
|first = Nick
|last = Parker
|url = http://evolver.fm/2011/06/22/fl-studio-mobile-hd-addictive-fun-for/
|publisher = Evolver.fm
|date = June 22, 2011
|access-date = June 22, 2011
|archive-date = June 24, 2011
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110624105741/http://evolver.fm/2011/06/22/fl-studio-mobile-hd-addictive-fun-for/
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

<ref name="appwhisperer">{{cite news
|title = FL Studio Mobile - New iOS Music Project App
|first = Joanne
|last = Carter
|url = http://theappwhisperer.com/2011/06/21/fl-studio-mobile-new-ios-music-project-app/
|publisher = The App Whisperer
|date = June 21, 2011
|access-date = June 22, 2011
|archive-date = March 22, 2016
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160322072856/http://theappwhisperer.com/2011/06/21/fl-studio-mobile-new-ios-music-project-app/
|url-status = live
}}</ref>

}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.image-line.com/documents/flstudiomobile.html}}

{{Audio editors}}
{{Digital audio workstations}}

[[Category:Audio editors]]
[[Category:Digital audio workstation software]]
[[Category:Music looping]]
[[Category:2011 software]]
[[Category:Music production software]]
[[Category:Soundtrack creation software]]
[[Category:IOS software]]
[[Category:Android (operating system) software]]
[[Category:MacOS software]]

Namte Namte

2026-03-04T00:25:39Z

Godavari: Adding A Stub!

{{short description|2013 Tamil-language film}}
{{use Indian English|date=April 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Namte Namte
| image = Namte Namte Bengali Movie Poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Movie poster
| director = Rana Basu
| producer = Pritam Kundu
| writer =
| screenplay = Rana Dasgupta
| story = Aditi Majumdar
| based_on = [[Dibyendu Palit|Dibyendu Palit's]] story – "Trata"
| narrator =
| starring = [[Rajatava Dutta]] [[Roopa Ganguly]] [[Saswata Chatterjee]] [[Bhaswar Chattopadhyay]] Sanchita
| music = Sidhu
| cinematography =
| editing = [[Snehasish Ganguly]]
| studio =
| distributor = 3 eDots Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|02|02|Kolkata}}
| runtime = 2 hrs 4 min
| country = [[India]]
| language = Bengali
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Namte Namte''''' (English: '''Into the Abyss''') is a 2013 [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali film]]. The film was directed by Rana Basu and produced under the banner of 3 eDots Productions. The film's music was [[Composer|composed]] by Sidhu. The film was released on 8 February 2013. The film is based on the story ''Trata'', written by [[Dibyendu Palit]].

==Plot==
The film revolves around a typical middle-class family of Bengal. Ananda ([[Rajatava Dutta]]) is a very meek guy and is scared of confronting people. He is a peace-loving man and very shy in nature. He works as a clerk in a government office. His wife Seema ([[Roopa Ganguly]]) is however a spirited woman and remains tense about him and her family. They have a college-going daughter Dolon (Sanchita) and a son, Suman who studies in Class 9 and stays in the school hostel. To get rid of their daily ordeal, Ananda asks for help from a small-time goon Tota a.k.a. Ganesh Halder ([[Saswata Chatterjee]]). Tota is the leader of the club in their locality. The club members call themselves as 'saviors' but are engaged in anti-social activities. Ananda is scared of the rowdy members of the club, so he decided to satisfy them by paying a very high amount of money for the Saraswati Puja celebration. In return, Tota promised Ananda to help him if he ever gets into trouble. But Tota gives evidence of his dishonest intentions by coming inside Ananda's house in his absence on the pretext of asking for a glass of water. After that, Seema no longer wanted to live in the locality. Meanwhile, Dolon needed a tutor and Sudeb ([[Bhaswar Chattopadhyay]]) is the chosen for the job, who later developed intimate relationships with her and eventually went through a physical relationship caught by Seema. Enraged Ananda asks Tota to stop Sudeb from visiting his daughter. In return Tota wants to meet Dolon privately in the club. Sensing something may go wrong, Seema insists Ananda to take Dolon to her grandmother's house for a few days in spite of Ananda being afraid of Tota's wrath. That night Tota attacks the family and in order to protect Ananda his wife Seema seduces Tota and Tota being invoked rapes her in the house as Ananda stays outside and repents for the incident.

==Theme==
{{Quote box|width=40%|align=right|quote= "The story was written 23 years ago and at that time the political party that ruled [[West Bengal|Bengal]] is longer in power. ''Trata'' highlighted how goons got political patronage back then. What I wanted to tell through my story is that every political party has ''posha goonda'' (pet goon)! Every ''para goonda'' (local goon), don or mafia is looked after by political parties, or else they cannot function. This bit is there in my film."|source=—Rana Basu<ref>{{cite web|title=A t2 chat with Namte Namte maker Rana Basu|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130211/jsp/entertainment/story_16547372.jsp#.UUQgcxdTDbQ|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411234958/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130211/jsp/entertainment/story_16547372.jsp%23.UUQgcxdTDbQ|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 April 2013}}</ref>}}
The story is about ordinary people who mess up their lives in the urban culture. A story about all of them around the world – across geographical frontiers, regardless of caste, creed and religion. The story is a portrayal of the rat like existence of the middle class. The middle class survives in an atmosphere of fear – both known and unknown. They are most vociferous at meetings and rallies – but they can be silent too. This dilemma engulfs their whole life and the onward road is unsure, beset with ifs and buts.

==Cast==
* [[Rajatava Dutta]] as Ananda
* [[Roopa Ganguly]] as Seema
* [[Saswata Chatterjee]] as Tota a.k.a. Ganesh Halder
* [[Bhaswar Chattopadhyay]] as Sudeb
* Sanchita as Dolon

==See also==
* [[The Light: Swami Vivekananda]]
* [[Loveria]]
* [[Megh Roddur]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{IMDb title|5281646|Namte Namte}}

[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2013 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]

Sasural (1941 film)

2026-03-03T23:17:43Z

Godavari: new...

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sasural
| image = MadhuriMotilal_(1941).jpg
| caption = Madhuri and Motilal in Sasural
| director = [[Chaturbhuj Doshi]]
| producer = [[Ranjit Studios|Ranjit Movietone]]
| writer = Gunvantrai Acharya
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|Motilal|Madhuri|Nur Jehan|Kantilal}}
| music = [[Gyan Dutt]]
| cinematography = G. G. Gogate
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1941}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Sasural''''' is a [[Bollywood]] [[film]]. It was released in [[Bollywood films of 1941|1941]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/sasural-movie/968|title=Sasural (1941)|publisher=Gomolo.com|accessdate=23 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen1999">{{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja|url-access=registration|accessdate=23 July 2012|year=1999|publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> The film was directed by [[Chaturbhuj Doshi]] for [[Ranjit Studios|Ranjit Movietone]]. The story was by Gunvantrai Acharya with dialogues by R. S. Rammyae. Cinematographer was G. G. Gogate with audiography by C. K. Trivedi. [[Gyan Dutt]] was the music director, with lyrics by [[D. N. Madhok]].<ref name=ReviewSasural>{{cite journal|last1=Patel|first1=Baburao|title=Our Review-Sasural|journal=Filmindia|date=December 1941|volume=7|issue=11|pages=41|url=https://archive.org/stream/filmindia194107film_1#page/40/mode/2up|accessdate=26 August 2015|ref=Sasural-A Down-Town Entertainment}}</ref> The cast included [[Motilal (actor)|Motilal]], Madhuri, Nurjehan, Miss Iqbal, Kantilal, Tarabai, Bhagwandas, and Urmila.<ref name=citwf>{{cite web|title=Sasural 1941|url=http://www.citwf.com/film306092.htm|website=citwf.com|publisher=Alan Goble|accessdate=26 August 2015}}</ref>

The film was a romantic comedy about wrongful identification of a groom by his wife-to-be in a household consisting of a father, step-mother step-son some friends and several servants.

==Cast==
* [[Motilal (actor)|Motilal]]
* Madhuri
* Nurjehan
* Kantilal
* Miss Iqbal
* Tarabai
* Bhagwandas
* Urmila
* Popatlal
*Bhim
*Brujmala

==Review==
[[File:NurJehanSasural(1941).jpg|thumb|right|150px|Nur Jehan in Sasural]]
The comedy came from gags which according to the review, "intellectuals would like to forget as stupid", turned out to be the major source of entertainment in the film. Motilal was cited to be good "Motilal scores with ease", and "is the main item of acting in the whole picture". The actress Nur Jehan (not to be confused with singer-actress [[Noor Jehan]]) was praised for her singing and acting abilities as the maid "gives quite a thrilling bit of work as the maid".<ref name=ReviewSasural />

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Gyan Dutt]] and notable songs sung by Rajkumari were, "Ik Meethi Nazar Banke" and "Woh Apna Jadu Nigahon Se Azma Rahe Hai".<ref name="Ranade2006">{{cite book|author=Ashok Damodar Ranade|title=Hindi Film Song: Music Beyond Boundaries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZI1wqkWsIjYC&pg=PA189|accessdate=26 August 2015|date=1 January 2006|publisher=Bibliophile South Asia|isbn=978-81-85002-64-4|pages=189–}}</ref> The lyricist was [[D. N. Madhok]] and the singers were Motilal, Kantilal, Rajkumari, Nur Jehan, Brijmala, Miss Iqbal.<ref name=hindigeetmala>{{cite web|title=Sasural 1941|url=http://www.hindigeetmala.net/movie/sasural_1941.htm|website=hindigeetmala.net|publisher=Hindi Geetmala|accessdate=26 August 2015}}</ref>

===Songlist===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer
|-
| 1
| "Woh Apna Jadu Nigaho Se Azma Rahe Hai"
| Rajkumari
|-
| 2
| "Ik Meethi Nazar Banke"
| Rajkumari
|-
| 3
| "Baala Joban Beet Jaaye"
| Iqbal, Brijmala
|-
| 4
| "Aankho Me Aa Gaye Ho"
| Brijmala
|-
| 5
| "Bhanwara Kara Kaliyo Ko Kare Ishare"
| Kantilal, Nur Jehan
|-
| 6
| "Chalo Sajan Chalo Sajan Dur Kahi Jaaye"
| Miss Gulab, Motilal
|-
| 7
| "Do Rangi Duniya Se Hum Dur"
| Kantilal, Nur Jehan
|-
| 8
| "Is Aankh Me Jadu Hai"
| Motilal
|-
| 9
| "Kaise Kategi Ratiya Tum Waha Hum Yaha"
| Motilal, Nur Jehan
|-
| 10
| "Panghat Se Liye Aati Hu Pani Ka Ghada Me"
| Miss Gulab, Sheetal Ghosh
|-
| 11
| "Tohe Motor Me Baitha Doon"
| Motilal, Kantilal
|-
| 12
| "Bibi Bole Nahi Kunda Khole Nahi"
|Chorus
|-
| 13
| "Kab Rahegi Kanwari Gudiya"
|Chorus
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id =0214085|title =Sasural }}

[[Category:1941 films]]
[[Category:1941 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1941 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Gyan Dutt]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Chaturbhuj Doshi]]

Kurubana Rani

2026-03-03T22:05:10Z

Godavari: minor enhanced information per standard format and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kurubana Rani
| native_name =
| image = Kurubana Rani.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[D. Rajendra Babu]]
| producer = [[Rockline Venkatesh]]
| writer = [[D. Rajendra Babu]] [[V. Vijayendra Prasad]] [[Baraguru Ramachandrappa]]
| narrator =
| starring = [[Shiva Rajkumar]] [[Nagma]] [[Hema Choudhary]] [[Sumitra]]
| music = [[V. Manohar]]
| cinematography = Ashok Kashyap
| editing = Shashikumar
| studio = Rockline Productions
| released = {{Film date|1998|2|6|df=y}}
| runtime = 155 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
}}
'''''Kurubana Rani''''' ({{translation|Shepherd's Queen}}) is a 1998 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film directed, written and scripted by [[D. Rajendra Babu]], starring [[Shiva Rajkumar]], [[Nagma]] and [[Lokesh|Hema Choudhary, Lokesh]].<ref>[https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/movies/kurubana-rani/cast-crew.html Cast & crew]</ref> The film was produced by [[Rockline Venkatesh]] under his home production, Rockline Studios.

== Plot ==
Kencha and Rani mutually agree to take part in a staged wedding ceremony. However, things take an unexpected turn after Kencha falls in love with Rani.

==Cast==

* [[Shiva Rajkumar]] as Kencha
* [[Nagma]] as Rani
* [[Hema Choudhary]]
* [[Lokesh]]
* [[Mukhyamantri Chandru]]
* [[C. R. Simha]]
* [[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]]
* [[Sihi Kahi Chandru]]
* Lakshman
* [[Bank Janardhan]]
* [[Mandeep Roy]]

==Soundtrack==
The music of the film was composed by [[V. Manohar]]. Actor [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] recorded a song "Thaali Thaali", which was well received.

{{Infobox album
| name = Kurubana Rani
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[V. Manohar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|1998|}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = Akash Audio
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{{Track listing
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Yavvi Yaaravvi
| lyrics1 = Doddarangegowda
| extra1 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Kappe Chippu Neeralli
| lyrics2 = [[K. Kalyan]]
| extra2 = Preeti Uttam Singh
| length2 =
| title3 = Baare Baare
| lyrics3 = K. Kalyan
| extra3 = Rajesh Krishnan
| length3 =
| title4 = Banna Bannada
| extra4 = Rajesh Krishnan, Preeti Uttam Singh
| lyrics4 = [[K. Kalyan]]
| length4 =
| title5 = Mangalya Mangalya
| extra5 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| lyrics5 = K. Kalyan
| length5 =
| title6 = Baravva Bhageerathi
| extra6 = Rajesh Krishnan, K. S. Chithra
| lyrics6 = K. Kalyan
| length6 =
| title7 = Thaali Thaali
| extra7 = [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]]
| lyrics7 = K. Kalyan
| length7 =
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|14826388}}

{{D. Rajendra Babu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kurubana Rani}}
[[Category:1998 films]]
[[Category:1998 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:Films scored by V. Manohar]]
[[Category:Rockline Entertainments films]]
[[Category:Films directed by D. Rajendra Babu]]
[[Category:1998 romance films]]
{{1990s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Asthram (1983 film)

2026-03-03T20:55:32Z

Godavari: Stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Asthram
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[P. N. Menon (director)|P. N. Menon]]
| producer =
| writer = P. N. Menon [[John Paul Puthusery|John Paul]] (dialogues)
| screenplay = [[John Paul Puthusery|John Paul]]
| starring = [[Bharath Gopi]] [[Mammootty]] [[Mohanlal]] [[Nedumudi Venu]] [[Jyothi (actress, born 1963)|Jyothi]]
| music = [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]]
| cinematography = Devi Prasad
| editing = T. Sasikumar
| studio = Menon Films
| distributor = Menon Films
| released = {{Film date|1983|11|9|df=y}}
| runtime = 125 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Asthram''''' ({{Translation|Arrow}}) is a 1983 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film directed by [[P. N. Menon (director)|P. N. Menon]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |date=1999 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-94325-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PA1996 }}</ref> The film stars [[Bharath Gopi]], [[Mammootty]], [[Mohanlal]], [[Nedumudi Venu]] and [[Jyothi (actress, born 1963)|Jyothi]] in the lead roles. The film has musical score by [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1456|title=Asthram|accessdate=2014-10-19|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/a.php?7360 |title=Asthram |accessdate=2014-10-19 |publisher=malayalasangeetham.info |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019144921/http://malayalasangeetham.info/a.php?7360 |archivedate=19 October 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/asthram-malayalam-movie/|title=Asthram|accessdate=2014-10-19|publisher=spicyonion.com|archive-date=21 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021043215/https://spicyonion.com/title/asthram-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped}}</ref> This movie is loosely based on the Nanavati murder case.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karkaria |first=Bachi |date=2017-05-02 |title=Sylvia's story beyond the scandal |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/OGsgT6hkkniURonylB2uXK/Sylvias-story-beyond-the-scandal.html |website=www.livemint.com |access-date=6 January 2025 |archive-date=26 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226205921/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/OGsgT6hkkniURonylB2uXK/Sylvias-story-beyond-the-scandal.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Author Bibekanada Ray described the film as one of Menon's films "dealing with various contemporary political and social concerns" in her book about India's [[parallel cinema|offbeat cinema]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ray |first1=Bibekanada |title=Conscience of The Race |date=2005 |publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting |isbn=978-81-230-2661-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EKo-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT171 }}</ref>

==Plot==
Capt. C. S. Nair, a Naval officer, and Rekha is a happily married couple. Inspector Stephen and the captain are good friends. When the captain leaves for his work assignment, Rekha has to spend a lonely life in their big mansion. She occasionally takes a drive and spends time with Stephen's daughter Lilly. The Captain's elder sister Sharada, who was staying separate from her husband, had a kid Biju. Sharada had died of a tumor and since then Rekha was taking care of Biju like her own son.

During the next occasion of leave, when captain is informed that Sharada is no more, he suggests to admit Biju in a boarding school, so that he gets the best schooling possible. The Captain meets Balu, a photographer, accidentally, he likes him very much and treats him as his own brother. They spend time together along with Balu's friends in outings and other leisure events.

Soon Rekha and Balu start an affair. Balu later feels guilt and runs away from her. Rekha has a difficult time recovering from the end of this relationship. When the Captain is home, she discloses about the affair. Though she doesn't reveal the man, the Captain deduces that it is Balu, owing to the indifference in Balu's recent behaviour towards him.

The Captain insists that Balu marry Rekha, which Balu declines, leading to what is in his mind, forming the climax.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Bharath Gopi]] as Captain C. S. Nair
*[[Mammootty]] as Balu
*[[Mohanlal]] as Das
*[[Nedumudi Venu]] as Krishnanunni
*[[Jyothi (actress, born 1963)|Jyothi]] as Rekha
*[[Sukumari]] as Sharada Chechi
*[[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Philip
*[[Sankaradi]] as Nanu Maashu
*Isaac Thomas as Dr. Thomas
*[[Jesey]] as Rev. Father
*[[Lissy (Malayalam actress)|Lissy]] as Lilly
*[[Vijayan (actor)|Vijayan]]
*[[Balan K. Nair]] as Stephen
*[[Bhagyalakshmi]]
*Chamundeswary
*Master Twinku as Biju
*[[Meghanathan]] as Johny
*Punnapra Appachan
* Chamundeswari
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] and the lyrics were written by [[Poovachal Khader]] and [[Sathyan Anthikkad]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Chinchillam Chiri Thooki" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || [[Poovachal Khader]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Kingini Ponmani Manjeeram" || [[S. Janaki]] || Poovachal Khader ||
|-
| 3 || "Kunjikkurumbu" || [[Sujatha Mohan]], [[Kausalya]] || [[Sathyan Anthikkad]] ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0215529|Asthram}}

[[Category:1983 films]]
[[Category:1983 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. N. Menon (director)]]
[[Category:1983 Indian films]]

{{1980s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Ramudu Bheemudu

2026-03-03T20:39:15Z

Godavari: basic improved lead for consistency and cleaned formatting

{{for|the 1988 film|Ramudu Bheemudu (1988 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Ramudu Bheemudu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Tapi Chanakya]]
| story = [[D. V. Narasa Raju]]
| producer = [[D. Ramanaidu]]
| starring = [[N. T. Rama Rao]] [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]] [[L. Vijayalakshmi]]
| cinematography = Annayya
| editing = K. A. Marthand
| music = [[Pendyala (composer)|Pendyala]]
| studio = [[Suresh Productions]]
| released = {{film date|1964|5|21|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Ramudu Bheemudu''''' is a 1964 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language film directed by [[Tapi Chanakya]]. It was produced by [[D. Ramanaidu]] under the [[Suresh Productions]] banner. It stars [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]] and [[L. Vijayalakshmi]], with music composed by [[Pendyala (composer)|Pendyala]]. The film was a major box office success.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2015 |title=Legendary film producer D Rama Naidu passes away |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/node/2062108+%26cd%3D12%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803075719/http://www.dnaindia.com/node/2062108+%26cd%3D12%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus |archive-date=3 August 2018 |access-date=12 April 2018 |website=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}}</ref>

The film was the debut of D. Rama Naidu's Suresh Productions banner into the film industry and it is N. T. Rama Rao's first [[dual role]] film.<ref name="SITARA">{{Cite news |last=ఆచారం |first=షణ్ముఖాచారి |title=ఎన్టీఆర్‌ తొలి ద్విపాత్రాభినయ చిత్రం 'రాముడు-భీముడు' |url=https://www.sitara.net/animuthyalu/ntr-double-action-ramudu-bheemudu-suresh-productio/11977 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200906122044/https://www.sitara.net/animuthyalu/ntr-double-action-ramudu-bheemudu-suresh-productio/11977 |archive-date=6 September 2020 |access-date=19 September 2020 |work=[[Sitara (magazine)|Sitara]] |language=te}}</ref> [[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]] was [[body double]] for N. T. Rama Rao in [[Climax (narrative)|climax]] scenes.<ref name="SITARA" /> The film is considered a trendsetting venture and became an inspiration for later films with similar storyline.<ref name="hi">{{Cite news |last=Krishnamoorthy |first=Suresh |date=21 May 2014 |title=Fifty years of a trendsetting blockbuster Ramudu Bheemudu |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/fifty-years-of-a-trendsetting-blockbuster-ramudu-bheemudu/article6034133.ece |url-status=live |access-date=6 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140524001405/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/fifty-years-of-a-trendsetting-blockbuster-ramudu-bheemudu/article6034133.ece |archive-date=24 May 2014}}</ref> Chanakya remade the film in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Enga Veettu Pillai]]'' (1965). It was also remade in into [[Hindi]] as ''[[Ram Aur Shyam]]'' (1967), in [[Malayalam]] as ''[[Ajayanum Vijayanum]]'' (1976,) and [[Kannada]] as ''[[Mojugara Sogasugara]]'' (1995).<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2022 |title=Ram Aur Shyam to Sita Aur Gita, 8 Films Based on Telugu Movie Ramudu Bhimudu |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ram-aur-shyam-to-sita-aur-gita-8-films-based-on-telugu-movie-ramudu-bhimudu-4976995.html |access-date=4 December 2024 |website=[[News18]] |language=en |archive-date=17 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417140740/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ram-aur-shyam-to-sita-aur-gita-8-films-based-on-telugu-movie-ramudu-bhimudu-4976995.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==
Ramudu, a callow, opulent sole heir clutched and tortured by his spiteful brother-in-law, Panakala Rao. He craves the warm affection of his beloved sister Susheela and nephew Ravi. Bhimudu, a gallant loaf identical to Ramudu, resides in a village with his mother, Venkamma. He is ardent toward stage play taken to task by Venkamma and takes flight. Parallelly, Panakalu fixes an affluent alliance with Ramudu for his self-interest. Anyhow, Leela, the daughter of Ranganatham, rejects Ramudu as a contradiction.

Consequently, knowing how to imperil, Ramudu flees when the two swap in funny contexts. Leela acquits Bhimudu, judging him as Ramudu, and endears after securing her. He lands at Ranganatham's residence, who delivers him to Panakalu but skips. Subsequently, Bhimudu meets his mate Jayaram, the son-in-law of Panakalu's sly manager, Sarabhayya, when they clutch him. After reaching home, Bhimudu detects the atrocities when he aims to chastise Panakalu for Suseela. Next, Panakalu compels him to entrust the property when Bhimudu's reprisal and the sharp shift startle everyone.

Ramudu, as a rover, gets to Bhimudu's village, where the public forcibly surrenders him to Venkamma. At her nurture, he moulds as gentlemanly and falls for Santha, a village belle. Once, he visits her house when a strange bondage arises in Santha's insane grandmother. Subsequently, Bhimudu takes ownership of Panakalu and guards it with Jayaram's aid. Ranganatham proceeds to finalise the match, which Bhimudu denies, excluding fraudulence. On the way back, Ranganatham & Leela notice Ramudu with Santha. Whereat, they denounce Santha, and Ramudu rebukes them, which entails confusion. Santha detests him anywise comprehends after knowledge of the facts.

Since he turns a tough nut to him, Panakalu wiles to victim Bhimudu for an accident. Sensing it, Suseela informs Jayaram, who secures him. In return, he could not withstand Panakalu's striking on his sister and revolts, which led to Panakalu's walkout with Ravi. Now Suseela collapses and puts down Bhimudu for it, so he quits affirming the actuality in a letter. Knowing this fact, Panakalu backs and evicts to seize Bhimudu. Ramudu also discerns that Panakalu has bargained for his property. Hence, he steps toward home, and Panakalu grabs him. Besides, Bhimudu backs and understands the status quo when, as a flabbergast, Santha's grandmother and Venkamma reveal the two as detached twins. Bhimudu hurriedly reverts and divulges the verity when Ranganatham & Leela reach therein. At last, Bhimudu shields Ramudu from Panakalu and reforms him. Finally, the movie ends happily with the marriages of Ramudu & Santha and Bhimudu & Leela.

== Cast ==
*[[N. T. Rama Rao]] as Ramudu & Bheemudu (dual role)
*[[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]] as Leela
*[[L. Vijayalakshmi]] as Santha
*[[S. V. Ranga Rao]] as Ranganatham
*[[Rajanala Kaleswara Rao|Rajanala]] as Panakala Rao
*[[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]] as Jayaram
*[[Ramana Reddy]] as Sarabhayya
*[[Mikkilineni (actor)|Mikkilineni]] as Director Somayya
*[[Raavi Kondala Rao]] as Registrar
*[[D. Ramanaidu]] as Lawyer ([[Cameo appearance|cameo]])
*[[Santha Kumari]] as Suseela
*[[Rushyendramani]] as Venkamma
*[[Suryakantham (actress)|Suryakantham]] as Sundaramma
*[[Hemalatha (Telugu actress)|Hemalata]] as Nainamma
*[[Girija (actress)|Girija]] as Kamala
*[[Kusalakumari|Kuchala Kumari]] as Dancer (Song ''Undile Manchi Kalam'')
==Production==
===Development===
D. V. Narasaraju originally prepared a folkloric story based on a concept of two identical looking persons interchanging places loosely inspired from American film ''[[The Prisoner of Zenda (1952 film)|The Prisoner of Zenda]]'' (1952).<ref name="cinegoer">{{cite web |last=Palakodety |date=14 February 2006 |title=Ramudu Bheemudu |url=http://www.cinegoer.com/ramudubheemudu.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018212419/http://www.cinegoer.com/ramudubheemudu.htm |archive-date=18 October 2006 |access-date=3 December 2024 |website=Cinegoer}}</ref> He had originally written the script for producer Midde Jagannatha Rao with [[Kamalakara Kameswara Rao]] directing the film. However both the producer and director had doubts over the subject as similar film ''[[Nadodi Mannan]]'' (1958) in Tamil made on this subject could be dubbed in Telugu thus dropped the idea of producing the film.<ref name="SITARA" />

Narasaraju then came across a novel ''Scapegoat'', a social drama which had a similar plot and decided to change the genre of his script from folklore to social drama which eventually became ''Ramudu Bheemudu''.<ref name="SITARA" /><ref name="cinegoer" /> Midde and Kamalakara were impressed with the plot and decided to do this film with [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] who refused as he was busy with [[Iddaru Mitrulu (1961 film)|''Iddaru Mithrulu'']] (1961) which also featured him in dual roles and Midde shelved the film.<ref name="cinegoer" />

Narasaraju then narrated the script to Ramanaidu who agreed to produce the film. It became his first independent film to be produced by him after his previous venture ''Anuragam'' which he co-produced became a below average grosser.<ref name="hi" /> Both Narasaraju and Ramanaidu narrated this script to N. T. Rama Rao who agreed to act in the film thus becoming the first film to feature him in dual roles.<ref name="cinegoer" />

===Filming===
The film's shoot began on 16 November at [[Vauhini Studios]]. Two songs "Desamu Marindale" and "Taluku Talukumani" were picturised at [[Nagarjuna Sagar Dam|Nagarjunasagar]]. The former was shot among thousand construction workers while latter was shot at River View Guest House.<ref name="SITARA" /> The rest of the filming was held at Vauhini Studios, [[Kodambakkam]] and other surrounding areas.<ref name="SITARA" />

== Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by [[Pendyala (composer)|Pendyala]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramudu Bhimudu (1964)-Song_Booklet |url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/DJR/info |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241204010437/https://indiancine.ma/documents/DJR/info |archive-date=4 December 2024 |access-date=13 September 2021 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Song title !!Lyrics !!Singers !!length
|-
|"Undile Manchi Kalam"
|[[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]]
|[[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], [[P. Susheela]]
|4:59
|-
|"Saradaa Saradaa Cigarette"
|[[Kosaraju Raghavaiah|Kosaraju]]
|[[Madhavapeddi Satyam]], [[K. Jamuna Rani]]
|3:36
|-
|"Telisindile Telisindile"
|[[C. Narayana Reddy]]
|Ghantasala, P. Susheela
|3:37
|-
|"Thaguna Idi Mama"
|Kosaraju
|Ghantasala, Madhavapeddi Satyam
|3:54
|-
|"Ade Ade"
|C. Narayana Reddy
|Ghantasala, P. Susheela
|4:18
|-
|"Desammu Maarindoy"
|Kosaraju
|Ghantasala, P. Susheela
|4:28
|-
|"Po Mama Pommikan"
|Kosaraju
|Ghantasala
|3:26
|-
|"Thaluku Thaluku"
|C. Narayana Reddy
|Ghantasala, P. Susheela
|3:27
|}

== Reception ==
{{Empty section|date=December 2024}}


== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{Tapi Chanakya}}

[[Category:1964 Indian films]]
[[Category:1964 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1964 films]]
[[Category:Films about twin brothers]]
[[Category:Films directed by Tapi Chanakya]]
[[Category:Films scored by Pendyala (composer)]]
[[Category:Suresh Productions films]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Twins in Indian films]]

Gunavanthudu

2026-03-03T20:23:31Z

Godavari: starting initial article added tags

{{short description|1975 Telugu film directed by Adurthi Subba Rao}}
{{Use Indian English|date = October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gunavanthudu
| image = Gunavantudu.jpg
| caption =
| director = Adurthi Subba Rao
| producer = N. N. Bhatt N. S. Murthy
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = [[Sobhan Babu]] Manjula [[Kantha Rao]]
| music =
| cinematography=
| editing =
| distributor =
| studio = Sri Vijaya Bhatt Productions
| released = {{Film date|1975|11|14|df=yes}}
| runtime = 138 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Gunavanthudu'''''({{translation|Virtuous Man}}) is a 1975 Indian [[Telugu film]] directed by Adurthi Subba Rao starring [[Sobhan Babu]], [[Manjula Vijayakumar|Manjula]], [[Kantha Rao]] and [[Anjali Devi]] in the lead roles. The film was released on 14 November 1975.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/South-Indian-actor-Manjula-Vijayakumar-passes-away-at-59/articleshow/21272050.cms |title=South Indian actor Manjula Vijayakumar passes away at 59|date=23 July 2013|first=Kamini |last=Mathai |website=[[The Times of India]] |location=India |access-date=18 October 2019 }}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Sobhan Babu]]
* [[Manjula Vijayakumar|Manjula]]
* [[Kantha Rao]]
* [[Anjali Devi]]
* [[Dhulipala]]
* [[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]]
* [[Mada Venkateswara Rao|Mada]]
* [[Jayamalini]]
*[[M. Prabhakar Reddy|Prabhakar Reddy]]

==Reception==
Gunavantudu had one of the biggest opening for any Telugu film at the time of its release thanks to the huge success of actor [[Sobhan Babu]]'s previous films released in 1975. The film garnered highly negative reviews from both critics and audience. Yet the film managed to make good profit and was declared a '''Hit''' at the box office. It was, however, the lowest grossing Sobhan Babu film of the year 1975.
<ref>{{cite web |title=Sobhan Babu 1975 |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/sobhanbabu1975.html |accessdate=16 October 2019 |date=14 January 2006}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt0269296}}

[[Category:1975 films]]
[[Category:1975 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:1975 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1975 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Adurthi Subba Rao]]

Kashmora (1986 film)

2026-03-03T19:07:43Z

Godavari: formatting fix

{{Distinguish|Kashmore}}{{For|the 2016 Tamil film|Kaashmora}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kashmora
| image = Kashmora 1986 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = N. B. Chakravarthy
| screenplay = N. B. Chakravarthy
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Tulasi Dalam]]''|[[Yandamuri Veerendranath]]}}
| producer = S. Sudhakar Reddy K. Sai Mohan Reddy {{small|(Presenter)}}
| starring = [[Gadde Rajendra Prasad|Rajendra Prasad]] [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]] [[Bhanupriya]]
| cinematography = [[V. S. R. Swamy]]
| editing = D. Venkataratnam
| music = [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]
| studio = Ushodhaya Movies
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1986|4|4}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Kashmora''''' is a 1986 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[horror film]] directed by N. B. Chakravarthy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kashmora (1986) |url=https://indiancine.ma/BGNV/info |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> Based on the novel ''Tulasi'' by [[Yandamuri Veerendranath]], the film features an ensemble cast including [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]], [[Bhanupriya]], and [[Sarath Babu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Venkateswaran |first=Vikram |date=26 October 2016 |title='Kashmora', Rajinikanth & the Horror Masala Genre |url=https://archive.org/download/horror-masala/Horror%20Masala.pdf |access-date=8 October 2023 |website=[[The Quint]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2021 |title=8 must watch Telugu horror movies on Amazon Prime Video, other OTTs |url=https://www.yovizag.com/8-must-watch-telugu-horror-movies-amazon-prime-video-otts/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823053827/https://www.yovizag.com/8-must-watch-telugu-horror-movies-amazon-prime-video-otts/ |archive-date=23 August 2022 |access-date=6 October 2023 |website=Yo! Vizag}}</ref> The music for the film was composed by [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Golden Memories Of Telugu Cinema – Kashmora |url=http://www.cinegoer.com/goldenmemories/gmkashmora.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091002091402/http://www.cinegoer.com/goldenmemories/gmkashmora.htm |archive-date=2 October 2009 |access-date=8 October 2023 |website=Cinegoer}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film follows the story of three friends—Sridhar, Jayadev, and Abraka Dhabara—who defeat a powerful sorcerer named Khadra in the remote village of Bista to save Sridhar's sister, Tulasi, from Kashmora's dark magic. In retaliation, the sorcerers' chieftain, Vishachi, creates a formidable new sorcerer, Darkha, to exact vengeance. Darkha vows to kill the three friends, with Tulasi being the only link to locate them within a year of Kashmora's awakening.

Darkha's journey leads him to the city, where a priest mentors him and inspires him to renounce harm toward innocent people. Meanwhile, the families of Sridhar, Jayadev, and Abraka Dhabara maintain cordial relationships, and their children—Dr. Rambabu (Jayadev's son), Shadow (Abraka Dhabara's sibling), and Tulasi—are close friends. A fraudulent saint, Siddheswari, who, upon discovering Darkha's magical abilities, tries to exploit him for her own gain. When Darkha refuses, Siddheswari attempts to sacrifice him, but Tulasi and Shadow intervene and expose her, forcing her to flee.

Darkha eventually identifies Tulasi and learns the whereabouts of the three friends. While seeking revenge, Siddheswari manipulates Rambabu to poison Tulasi gradually. Darkha's first attempt at vengeance results in the accidental death of Sridhar's daughter, Archana, which deeply affects him. He then targets Abraka Dhabara and his wife, Saku, but Saku’s connection to Darkha's priestly mentor protects her. These events lead Darkha to reconsider his actions, and he vows not to harm anyone.

Despite his resolve, Siddheswari captures Darkha again but fails to control him as he escapes and reunites with Shadow. Together, they uncover Siddheswari’s manipulation of Rambabu and work to reverse the effects. As the year ends, Kashmora rises and launches an attack. Darkha struggles to contain the dark forces while Sridhar captures Siddheswari, who reveals Darkha’s efforts to protect Tulasi by drawing a [[Sri Yantra|Sri Chakram]]. However, Sridhar misinterprets Darkha's actions and drives him away.

In the climactic battle, Vishachi lures Tulasi to a burial ground, where Darkha fights to protect her. Ultimately, Darkha sacrifices his soul to defeat Kashmora and destroy Vishachi. In the end, Sridhar kills Vishachi, and Darkha dies, proclaiming that even a sorcerer can possess a good soul.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Gadde Rajendra Prasad|Rajendra Prasad]] as Darkha
*[[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]] as Rambabu
*[[Bhanupriya]] as Thulasi
*[[Sarath Babu]] as Sridhar
*[[Nutan Prasad]] as Abraka Dabra
*[[Subhalekha Sudhakar]] as Shadow
*Sridhar as Jayadev
*[[Rajanala Kaleswara Rao|Rajanala]] as Vishachi
*[[Rallapalli (actor)|Rallapalli]] as Santana Pakir
*[[P. J. Sarma]] as Priest
*Bhimaraju as Khadra
*Juttu Narasimham as Paidithalli
*[[Jayachitra]] as Siddheswari Devi
*[[Sangeeta (Telugu actress)|Sangeeta]] as Sarada
*[[Rajyalakshmi]] as Poornima
*[[Roja Ramani]] in a [[item number|special appearance]]
*Anitha as Saku
*[[Nirmalamma]] as Thulasi's Bamma
*Baby Seeta as Archana
{{colend}}

==Music==
The music was composed by [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]. The lyrics were written by [[Veturi]].
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Song title !!Singers !!length
|-
| "Thaaralaa Dhruva Thaaralaa"
|[[P. Susheela|P. Suseela]]
|3:32
|-
| "Kaalam Chali Kaalam"
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], P. Suseela
|4:14
|-
| "Jatha Naagulam"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Suseela
|3:30
|-
| "Rama Bhata Hai Hanuma"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[S. P. Sailaja]]
|5:00
|-
| "Thaaralaa Dhruva Thaaralaa" (Pathos)
|P. Suseela
|1:49
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt3521170}}

[[Category:1986 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1986 films]]
[[Category:1986 horror films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Films based on novels by Yandamuri Veerendranath]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. Chakravarthy]]
[[Category:Indian horror films]]

Kannan Varuvaan (2000 film)

2026-03-03T04:32:46Z

Godavari: Put up first details needs work

{{short description|2000 film by Sundar C}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kannan Varuvaan
| image = Kannan Varuvaan (2000 film).jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Sundar C]]
| writer = [[Singampuli|D. Singapuli]] (dialogues)
| screenplay = Sundar C
| story = D. Singapuli
| starring = [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] [[Mantra (actress)|Manthra]] [[Divya Unni]]
| producer = K. Muralidharan V. Swaminathan G. Venugopal
| cinematography = [[U. K. Senthil Kumar]]
| music = [[Sirpy]]
| editing = [[P. Sai Suresh]]
| studio = [[Lakshmi Movie Makers]]
| released = {{Film date|2000|5|25|df=y}}
| runtime = 136 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Kannan Varuvaan''''' ({{translation|Kannan will come}}) is a 2000 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language drama film written and directed by [[Sundar C]]. The film stars [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]], [[Mantra (actress)|Manthra]] and [[Divya Unni]] (in her [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] debut ), while [[Goundamani]], [[Senthil]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]], [[Ranjith (actor)|Ranjith]] and [[Radha Ravi]] play supporting roles. The music was composed by [[Sirpy]] with editing by P. Sai Suresh and cinematography by [[U. K. Senthil Kumar]]. The film was released on 25 May 2000. The film was an average success at box office.

== Plot ==
Kannan's ambition in life is to take up the construction of the temple left incomplete by his forefathers. Unfortunately, funds are not forthcoming. Thannirmalai assures Kannan that with his employer's help, Kannan's dream will become a reality. Unfortunately for Thannirmalai, he becomes disappointed when his employer, the wealthy landlady Ranganayagi's grandson Raghu, turns out to be money-minded and heartless. In a fit of anger, Thannirmalai pushes Raghu into a river and thinks that he has committed a murder. Kannan is made to enter the scene as an impostor by pretending to be Raghu. Meanwhile, there is a love triangle between Kannan, Rajeswari and Parvathi. What follows forms the crux of the story.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] as Kannan/Raghu
*[[Mantra (actress)|Manthra]] as Rajeshwari
*[[Divya Unni]] as Parvathi (Voice dubbed by Jayageetha)
*[[Goundamani]] as Thannirmalai/Adiyapatham/Ezhumalai
*[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Ranganayaki (Aatha)
*[[Ranjith (actor)|Ranjith]] as Raghu
*[[Radha Ravi]]
*[[Senthil]] as Sooravali
*[[Kazan Khan]] as Raja
*[[Ishari K. Ganesh]] as Government Servant
*[[Mayilsamy]]
*[[Theni Kunjarammal]]
*[[Periya Karuppu Thevar]]
*[[Balu Anand]]
*[[Vichu Vishwanath]]
*[[Halwa Vasu]]
*[[Nellai Siva]]
*[[K. S. Jayalakshmi]]
*[[Chelladurai]] as Parvathi's uncle
*Sujith Sagar as Collector
*Vijay Ganesh as Servant
*Anuja
*Deepika
*Ravichandran
*Amulraj Vaathiyar
*[[Soori (actor)|Soori]] as Man in a temple (uncredited)
}}

== Production ==
''Kannan Varuvaan'' features Soori in his first speaking role.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=28 March 2023 |title=Soori on 'Viduthalai', the story behind its making, and his takeaway from a 25-year journey |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/soori-on-viduthalai-the-story-behind-its-making-and-his-takeaway-from-a-25-year-journey/article66669419.ece |url-status=live |access-date=27 June 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230627082644/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/soori-on-viduthalai-the-story-behind-its-making-and-his-takeaway-from-a-25-year-journey/article66669419.ece |archive-date=27 June 2023}}</ref>[[Malayalam cinema|Mollywood]] actress [[Divyaa Unni|Divya Unni]] made her debut in [[Tamil cinema|Kollywood]] with this film.

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Sirpy]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kannan Varuvan (2000) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/album/Kannan-Varuvan-songs-T0000254 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230624163229/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/album/Kannan-Varuvan-songs-T0000254 |archive-date=24 June 2023 |access-date=24 June 2023 |work=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref> ''Chennai Online'' wrote "Despite the bunch of talented singers, music director Sirpi lets us down with a very mediocre score".<ref>{{cite web |title=Music Review - `Kannan Varuvan' |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/musicreviews/kannanvaruvan.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041217161442/http://www.chennaionline.com/musicreviews/kannanvaruvan.asp |archive-date=17 December 2004 |work=Chennai Online |access-date=20 November 2023 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics
|-
| "Kadala Kaattu Kuyile" || [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]] || rowspan=2|[[P. Vijay]]
|-
| "Kaatrukku Pookal" || [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], Sujatha
|-
| "Kattraruntha Thendrale" || Shankar Mahadevan || [[Palani Bharathi]]
|-
| "Kooda Mela" || [[S. P. B. Charan]], [[Yugendran]], [[K. S. Chithra]] || [[P. Vijay]]
|-
| "Seeraga Samba" || [[S. Janaki]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || rowspan=2|Palani Bharathi
|-
| "Vennilavae Vennilavae" || Hariharan
|-
|}

== Reception ==
K. N. Vijiyan of ''[[New Straits Times]]'' criticised the film's lack of originality, but said the presence of Karthik, Divya and Goundamani saves the film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. N. |date=3 June 2000 |title=Humour, pathos abound |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=WAEzAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hBQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5680%2C1008482 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701123454/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=WAEzAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hBQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5680%2C1008482 |archive-date=1 July 2024 |access-date=28 June 2023 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=Reel Stuff 4 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "The story and dialogue by Singapuli are too cliched to prove interesting. And Sundar C.'s screenplay and direction do not do much to elevate the film either".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=2000-06-02 |title=Film Review: Kannan Varuvaan |url=http://hindu.com/2000/06/02/stories/09020224.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125070035/http://hindu.com/2000/06/02/stories/09020224.htm |archive-date=2013-01-25 |access-date=2012-08-25 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> ''Tamil Star'' wrote "Either director Sunder C .has exhausted all his ideas, or is never tired of repeating the same sequences and characters from film to film. 'Kannan Varuvan' is a film to be avoided like the plague".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie: Kannan Varuvan |url=http://www.tamilstar.com/reviews/kannan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050825222910/http://www.tamilstar.com/reviews/kannan/ |archive-date=25 August 2005 |website=Tamil Star |access-date=23 August 2022}}</ref> Krishna Chidambaram of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote he is tired of seeing Karthik acting in same kind of roles, called Radha Ravi's villainy as funny and felt since everything seems to be predictable, Goundamani's comedy track had too much of spice.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சிதம்பரம் |first=கிருஷ்ணா |date=11 June 2000 |title=கண்ணன் வருவான் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2000-06-11/page/32/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230624124816/https://archive.org/details/kalki2000-06-11/page/32/mode/2up |archive-date=24 June 2023 |access-date=24 June 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=32 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> ''Indiainfo'' wrote "Sundar, who is known to come up with some good comedy situations even if the storyline is stale, falls flat here. So, be prepared for a big yawn".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/tamil/reviews/kannan.html|title=Kannan Varuvaan - a big yawn|access-date=27 December 2023|work=Indiainfo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010629191308/http://movies.indiainfo.com/tamil/reviews/kannan.html|archive-date=29 June 2001}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{Sundar C}}

[[Category:2000 films]]
[[Category:2000 Indian films]]
[[Category:2000 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sundar C]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sirpy]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Antonin Scalia

2026-02-26T02:42:35Z

Godavari: formatting fix

{{Short description|US Supreme Court justice from 1986 to 2016}}
{{redirect|Scalia|the surname|Scalia (surname)}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{featured article}}
{{Use American English|date=March 2022}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Antonin Scalia Official SCOTUS Portrait.jpg
| alt = Portrait of Antonin Scalia, Associate Justice, U.S. Supreme Court
| caption = Official portrait, 2013
| office = [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States]]
| nominator = [[Ronald Reagan]]
| term_start = September 26, 1986
| term_end = February 13, 2016
| predecessor = [[William Rehnquist]]
| successor = [[Neil Gorsuch]]
| office1 = Judge of the [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit]]
| nominator1 = Ronald Reagan
| term_start1 = August 17, 1982
| term_end1 = September 26, 1986
| predecessor1 = [[Roger Robb]]
| successor1 = [[David B. Sentelle|David Sentelle]]
| office2 = [[United States Assistant Attorney General]] for the [[Office of Legal Counsel]]
| president2 = [[Gerald Ford]]
| term_start2 = August 22, 1974
| term_end2 = January 20, 1977
| predecessor2 = [[Roger C. Cramton]]
| successor2 = [[John Harmon (attorney)|John Harmon]]
| office3 = Chair of the [[Administrative Conference of the United States]]
| term_start3 = September 1972
| term_end3 = August 1974
| president3 = [[Richard Nixon]]
| predecessor3 = [[Roger C. Cramton]]
| successor3 = Robert Anthony
| birth_name = Antonin Gregory Scalia
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1936|3|11}}
| birth_place = [[Trenton, New Jersey]], U.S.
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2016|2|13|1936|3|11}}
| death_place = [[Presidio County, Texas]], U.S.
| resting_place = [[Fairfax Memorial Park]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Maureen McCarthy|September 10, 1960|}}
| children = 9, including [[Eugene Scalia|Eugene]]
| education = {{plainlist|
* [[Georgetown University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
* [[Harvard University]] ([[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]])
}}
| awards = {{plainlist|
* [[Francis Boyer Award]] (1989)
* [[Scribes Lifetime-Achievement Award]] (2008)
* [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] ([[Posthumous award|posthumous]], 2018)
}}
| signature = Antonin Scalia Signature.svg
| signature_alt = A cursive, not particularly legible "Antonin Scalia"
| module = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Antonin Scalia delivers the opinion of the Court in United States v. Gonzalez-Lopez.ogg|title=Antonin Scalia's voice|type=speech|description=Antonin Scalia delivers the opinion of the Court in ''[[United States v. Gonzalez-Lopez]]'' Recorded June 26, 2006}}
}}

'''Antonin Gregory Scalia'''{{refn|Pronounced {{IPAc-en|audio=Scalia.wav|'|æ|n|t|ən|ɪ|n|_|s|k|ə|'|l|iː|ə}} {{respell|AN|tən|in|_|skə|LEE|ə}}, {{IPA|it|skaˈliːa|lang|small=no}}.|group=n}} (March 11, 1936 – February 13, 2016){{refn|Journalistic sources were divided as to whether Scalia died on the night of February 12, 2016, or on the morning of February 13, 2016.<ref name="NYT-20160213-al" /><ref name="kvia">{{Citation |last=Hunt |first=Darren |title=Supreme Court Justice Scalia dies during hunting trip near Marfa |date=February 13, 2016 |url=http://www.kvia.com/news/breaking-surpreme-court-justice-scalia-dies-during-hunting-trip-in-marfa/37981652 |access-date=February 13, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213215554/http://www.kvia.com/news/breaking-surpreme-court-justice-scalia-dies-during-hunting-trip-in-marfa/37981652 |archive-date=February 13, 2016 |url-status=dead |publisher=[[KVIA-TV]]}}</ref><ref name="Guardian">{{Citation |last=Smith |first=David |title=Antonin Scalia obituary: conservative supreme court justice dies aged 79 |date=February 13, 2016 |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/feb/13/antonin-scalia-dead-us-supreme-court-justice-obituary |access-date=February 14, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160214093700/http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/feb/13/antonin-scalia-dead-us-supreme-court-justice-obituary |archive-date=February 14, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="heartattack">{{Cite news |last=Whitely |first=Jason |date=February 14, 2016 |title=Official: Scalia died of heart attack |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2016/02/14/official-scalia-died-heart-attack/80375798/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160214222646/http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2016/02/14/official-scalia-died-heart-attack/80375798/ |archive-date=February 14, 2016 |access-date=February 14, 2016 |work=[[USA Today]]}}</ref><ref name="heart">{{Cite news |last=Bobic |first=Igor |date=February 14, 2016 |title=Antonin Scalia Died Of A Heart Attack: Report |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/antonin-scalia-heart-attack_us_56c0cae3e4b0b40245c70f1b |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215071746/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/antonin-scalia-heart-attack_us_56c0cae3e4b0b40245c70f1b |archive-date=February 15, 2016 |access-date=February 14, 2016 |work=[[The Huffington Post]]}}</ref><ref name="WashingtonPost" />|group=n}} was an American jurist who served as an [[associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States|Associate Justice]] of the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] from 1986 until his death in 2016. He was described as the intellectual anchor for the [[originalist]] and [[textualist]] position in the Court's conservative wing. For catalyzing an originalist and textualist movement in American law, he has been described as one of the most influential jurists of the twentieth century,<ref name=":0" /> and one of the most important [[Justice (title)|justices]] in the history of the Supreme Court.<ref name=":1" /> Scalia was [[Posthumous award|posthumously awarded]] the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] in 2018, and the [[Antonin Scalia Law School]] at [[George Mason University]] was named in his honor.

Scalia was born in [[Trenton, New Jersey]]. A devout [[Catholic Church|Catholic]], he attended the Jesuit [[Xavier High School (New York City)|Xavier High School]] before receiving his undergraduate degree from [[Georgetown University]]. Scalia went on to graduate from [[Harvard Law School]] and spent six years at [[Jones Day]] before becoming a law professor at the [[University of Virginia School of Law|University of Virginia]]. In the early 1970s, he served in the [[Presidency of Richard Nixon|Nixon]] and [[Presidency of Gerald Ford|Ford]] administrations, eventually becoming an [[Assistant Attorney General|assistant attorney general]] under President [[Gerald Ford]]. He spent most of the [[Presidency of Jimmy Carter|Carter]] years teaching at the [[University of Chicago]], where he became one of the first faculty advisers of the fledgling [[Federalist Society]]. In 1982, President [[Ronald Reagan]] appointed Scalia as a judge of the [[U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit]]. Four years later, Reagan appointed him to the Supreme Court, where Scalia became its first [[Italian-American]] justice following a unanimous confirmation by the [[U.S. Senate]] 98–0.{{refn|Senators [[Barry Goldwater]] and [[Jake Garn]] were not present for the confirmation.|group=n}}

Scalia espoused a conservative jurisprudence and ideology, advocating textualism in [[statutory interpretation]] and originalism in [[constitutional interpretation]]. He peppered his colleagues with "Ninograms" (memos named for his nickname, "'''Nino'''") intending to persuade them to his point of view. He was a strong defender of the powers of the executive branch and believed that the [[U.S. Constitution]] permitted the [[Capital punishment in the United States|death penalty]] and did not guarantee the right to either [[Abortion in the United States|abortion]] or [[Same-sex marriage in the United States|same-sex marriage]]. Furthermore, Scalia viewed [[Affirmative action in the United States|affirmative action]] and other policies that afforded special protected status to [[minority group]]s as unconstitutional. Such positions would earn him a reputation as one of the most conservative justices on the Court. He filed separate opinions in many cases, often castigating the Court's majority—sometimes scathingly so.

Scalia's most significant opinions include his lone dissent in ''[[Morrison v. Olson]]'' (arguing against the constitutionality of an [[Ethics in Government Act|Independent-Counsel law]]), and his majority opinions in ''[[Crawford v. Washington]]'' (defining a criminal defendant's [[Confrontation Clause|confrontation right]] under the [[Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Sixth Amendment]]) and ''[[District of Columbia v. Heller]]'' (holding that the [[Second Amendment]] to the U.S. Constitution guarantees an individual right to handgun ownership).
{{conservatism US|jurists}}

==Early life and education==
Scalia was born on March 11, 1936, in [[Trenton, New Jersey]].<ref name="maninthenews">{{Cite news |last=Molotski |first=Irwin |date=June 18, 1986 |title=The Supreme Court: Man in the News; Judge with tenacity and charm: Antonin Scalia |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/06/18/us/the-supreme-court-man-in-the-news-judge-with-tenacity-and-charm-antonin-scalia.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811185356/http://www.nytimes.com/1986/06/18/us/the-supreme-court-man-in-the-news-judge-with-tenacity-and-charm-antonin-scalia.html |archive-date=August 11, 2014 |access-date=January 12, 2010 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> He was the only child of Salvatore Eugenio "Eugene" Scalia (1903–1986), an Italian immigrant from [[Sommatino]], Sicily. Salvatore graduated from [[Rutgers University]] and was a graduate student at [[Columbia University]] and clerk at the time of his son's birth.<ref name="rents">{{Harvnb|Biskupic|2009|pp=11–15}}</ref> The elder Scalia would become a professor of [[Romance language]]s at [[Brooklyn College]], where he was an adherent to the [[Formalism (literature)|formalist]] [[New Criticism]] school of literary theory.<ref>{{Citation |last=Talbot |first=Margaret |title=Supreme confidence: The jurisprudence of Antonin Scalia |date=March 28, 2005 |magazine=The New Yorker |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2005/03/28/supreme-confidence |access-date=February 15, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215095519/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2005/03/28/supreme-confidence |archive-date=February 15, 2016 |url-status=live |author-link=Margaret Talbot}}</ref> Scalia's mother, Catherine Louise ({{née|Panaro}}; 1905–1985), was born in Trenton to Italian immigrant parents and worked as an elementary school teacher.<ref name="rents" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=March 8, 2013 |title=Antonin Scalia Fast Facts |url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/08/us/antonin-scalia-fast-facts/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160214055527/http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/08/us/antonin-scalia-fast-facts/ |archive-date=February 14, 2016 |access-date=February 14, 2016 |publisher=CNN}}</ref>

In 1939, Scalia and his family moved to [[Elmhurst, Queens]], where he attended P.S. 13 Clement C. Moore School.{{sfn|Murphy|2014|p=10}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Barker |first=Kim |date=February 14, 2016 |title=In Queens, Antonin Scalia Took Pride in Melting Pot and Confrontation |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/15/nyregion/in-queens-antonin-scalia-took-pride-in-melting-pot-and-confrontation.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215031722/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/15/nyregion/in-queens-antonin-scalia-took-pride-in-melting-pot-and-confrontation.html |archive-date=February 15, 2016 |access-date=February 15, 2016 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> After completing [[eighth grade]],{{sfn|Biskupic|2009|pp=17–19}} he obtained an academic scholarship to [[Xavier High School (New York City)|Xavier High School]], a [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] military school in [[Manhattan]],{{sfn|Biskupic|2009|p=21}} from which he graduated ranked first in his class in 1953.<ref name="washpostbio">{{Citation |last=Marcus |first=Ruth |title=Scalia tenacious after staking out a position |date=June 22, 1986 |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/22/AR2007082200970.html |access-date=January 12, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909200012/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/22/AR2007082200970.html |archive-date=September 9, 2013 |url-status=live |author-link=Ruth Marcus (journalist)}}</ref> Scalia achieved a 97.5 average at Xavier, earning decorations in [[Latin]], [[Greek language|Greek]], and [[debate]], among other subjects, in addition to being a distinguished member of its [[Glee club]].<ref name="TT1953">{{Cite news |date=July 4, 1953 |title=Two From Diocese Win 22 Honors at Xavier |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/576320365/ |access-date=March 25, 2023 |work=[[The Tablet]] |page=9}}</ref> He later reflected that he spent much of his time on schoolwork and admitted, "I was never cool."<ref name="sixty">{{Citation |title=Justice Scalia on the record |date=August 24, 2008 |work=CBS |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/justice-scalia-on-the-record/ |access-date=January 13, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104040614/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/04/24/60minutes/main4040290.shtml |archive-date=January 4, 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>

While a youth, Scalia was also active as a [[Boy Scouts of America|Boy Scout]] and was part of the Scouts' national honor society, the [[Order of the Arrow]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wendell |first=Bryan |date=February 16, 2016 |title=Before he served on the Supreme Court, Antonin Scalia was a Boy Scout |url=http://blog.scoutingmagazine.org/2016/02/16/before-he-served-on-the-supreme-court-antonin-scalia-was-a-boy-scout/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225064057/http://blog.scoutingmagazine.org/2016/02/16/before-he-served-on-the-supreme-court-antonin-scalia-was-a-boy-scout/ |archive-date=February 25, 2016 |access-date=February 18, 2016}}</ref> Classmate and future New York State official William Stern remembered Scalia in his high school days: "This kid was a conservative when he was 17 years old. An archconservative Catholic. He could have been a member of the [[Roman Curia|Curia]]. He was the top student in the class. He was brilliant, way above everybody else."<ref name="maninthenews" />{{sfn|Staab|2006|p=3}}

In 1953, Scalia enrolled at Georgetown University, where he majored in history. He became a champion collegiate debater in Georgetown's [[Philodemic Society]] and a critically praised thespian.{{sfn|Murphy|2014|pp=22–27}} He took his junior year abroad in [[Switzerland]] at the [[University of Fribourg]].<ref name="maninthenews" /> Scalia graduated from Georgetown in 1957 as class [[valedictorian]] with a [[Bachelor of Arts]], [[Latin honors#United States|''summa cum laude'']].{{Sfn|Dorsen|2017|p=7}} Scalia then went to Harvard Law School, where he was a notes editor for the ''[[Harvard Law Review]]''.<ref name="hlrecord">{{Citation |title=Scalia Speaks in Ames, Scolds Aggressive Student |date=December 7, 2006 |work=Harvard Law Record |url=http://media.www.hlrecord.org/media/storage/paper609/news/2006/12/07/News/Scalia.Speaks.In.Ames.Scolds.Aggressive.Student-2528117.shtml?sourcedomain=www.hlrecord.org&MIIHost=media.collegepublisher.com |access-date=January 12, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100410232937/http://www.hlrecord.org/2.4463/scalia-speaks-in-ames-scolds-aggressive-student-1.578356 |archive-date=April 10, 2010}}</ref> He graduated in 1960 with a [[Bachelor of Laws]], ''magna cum laude'', among the top of the class.{{Sfn|Dorsen|2017|p=7}} During his time at Harvard, Scalia was awarded a Sheldon Fellowship, which allowed him to travel abroad in Europe during 1960 and 1961.<ref name="pbs">{{Citation |last=Fox |first=John |title=Biographies of the Robes: Antonin Gregory Scalia |url=https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/supremecourt/future/robes_scalia.html |access-date=January 12, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906090649/https://www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/future/robes_scalia.html |archive-date=September 6, 2017 |url-status=live |publisher=PBS}}</ref>

==Early legal career (1961–1982)==

Scalia began his legal career at the law firm Jones, Day, Cockley & Reavis (now [[Jones Day]]) in [[Cleveland, Ohio]], where he worked from 1961 to 1967.<ref name="hlrecord" /> He was highly regarded at the law firm and would most likely have been made a partner but later said he had long intended to teach. He left Jones Day in 1967 to become a professor at the [[University of Virginia School of Law]], moving his family to [[Charlottesville, Virginia|Charlottesville]].<ref name="canteach">{{Harvnb|Biskupic|2009|pp=37–38}}.</ref>

After four years in Charlottesville, Scalia entered public service in 1971. President [[Richard Nixon]] appointed him general counsel for the [[Office of Telecommunications Policy]], where one of his principal assignments was to formulate federal policy for the growth of cable television. From 1972 to 1974, he was chairman of the [[Administrative Conference of the United States]], a small [[independent agency]] that sought to improve the functioning of the federal bureaucracy.<ref name="pbs" /> In mid-1974, Nixon nominated him as [[United States Assistant Attorney General|Assistant Attorney General]] for the [[Office of Legal Counsel]].<ref name="pbs" /> After Nixon's resignation, the nomination was continued by President [[Gerald Ford]], and Scalia was confirmed by the Senate on August 22, 1974.{{sfn|Biskupic|2009|p=40}}

In the aftermath of [[Watergate scandal|Watergate]], the Ford administration was engaged in a number of conflicts with Congress. Scalia repeatedly testified before congressional committees, defending Ford administration assertions of [[executive privilege]] regarding its refusal to turn over documents.{{sfn|Biskupic|2009|pp=49–53}} Within the administration, Scalia advocated a presidential veto for a bill to amend the [[Freedom of Information Act (United States)|Freedom of Information Act]], which would greatly increase the act's scope. Scalia's view prevailed, and Ford vetoed the bill, but Congress overrode it.{{sfn|Biskupic|2009|pp=45–47}} In early 1976, Scalia argued his only case before the Supreme Court, ''Alfred Dunhill of London, Inc. v. Republic of Cuba''. Scalia, on behalf of the U.S. government, argued in support of Dunhill, and that position was successful.{{sfn|Biskupic|2009|pp=63, 374}}
Following Ford's defeat by President [[Jimmy Carter]], Scalia worked for several months at the [[American Enterprise Institute]].{{sfn|Staab|2006|pp=13–14}}

He then returned to academia, taking up residence at the [[University of Chicago Law School]] from 1977 to 1982,<ref name="chic" /> though he spent one year as a [[visiting professor]] at [[Stanford Law School]].{{sfn|Staab|2006|p=19}} During Scalia's time at Chicago, [[Peter H. Russell]] hired him on behalf of the Canadian government to write a report on how the United States was able to limit the activities of its secret services for the [[Royal Commission of Inquiry into Certain Activities of the RCMP|McDonald Commission]], which was investigating abuses by the [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]]. The report—finished in 1979—encouraged the commission to recommend that a balance be struck between civil liberties and the essentially unchecked activities of the RCMP.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fine |first=Sean |date=January 13, 2017 |title=The untold story of how a young Antonin Scalia's 'gift to Canada' shaped our spy services |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/antonin-scalia-the-untold-story/article33614417/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815092305/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/antonin-scalia-the-untold-story/article33614417/ |archive-date=August 15, 2020 |access-date=January 13, 2017 |work=[[The Globe and Mail]]}}</ref> In 1981, he became the first faculty adviser for the University of Chicago's chapter of the newly founded [[Federalist Society]].<ref name="chic">{{Citation |last=Shipp |first=E. R. |title=Scalia's Midwestern colleagues cite his love of debate, poker, and piano |date=July 26, 1986 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/07/26/us/scalia-s-midwest-colleagues-cite-his-love-of-debate-poker-and-piano.html |access-date=January 13, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230131314/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/07/26/us/scalia-s-midwest-colleagues-cite-his-love-of-debate-poker-and-piano.html |archive-date=December 30, 2019 |url-status=live |author-link=E. R. Shipp}}</ref>

==U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit (1982–1986)==
When [[Ronald Reagan]] was elected president in November 1980, Scalia hoped for a major position in the new administration. He was interviewed for the position of [[Solicitor General of the United States|solicitor general of the United States]], but the position went to [[Rex E. Lee]], to Scalia's great disappointment.{{sfn|Biskupic|2009|pp=73–74}} Scalia was offered a judgeship on the Chicago-based [[United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit|U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit]] in early 1982 but declined it, hoping to be appointed to the more influential [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit]]. Later that year, Reagan offered Scalia a seat on the D.C. Circuit, which he accepted.{{sfn|Biskupic|2009|p=80}} He was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on August 5, 1982, and was sworn in on August 17, 1982.

On the D.C. Circuit, Scalia built a conservative record while winning applause in legal circles for powerful, witty legal writing which was often critical of the Supreme Court precedents he felt bound as a lower-court judge to follow. Scalia's opinions drew the attention of Reagan administration officials, who, according to ''[[The New York Times]]'', "liked virtually everything they saw and ... listed him as a leading Supreme Court prospect".<ref>{{Citation |last=Taylor |first=Stuart |title=Scalia's views, stylishly expressed, line up with Reagan's |date=June 19, 1986 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/06/19/us/scalia-s-views-stylishly-expressed-line-up-with-reagan-s.html |access-date=January 13, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512151022/http://www.nytimes.com/1986/06/19/us/scalia-s-views-stylishly-expressed-line-up-with-reagan-s.html |archive-date=May 12, 2011 |url-status=live |author-link=Stuart Taylor, Jr.}}</ref>

==Nomination to the Supreme Court of the United States (1986)==
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| align = left
| image1 = President Ronald Reagan and Judge Antonin Scalia confer in the Oval Office, July 7, 1986.jpg
| caption1 = [[Ronald Reagan]] and Scalia (his nominee) in the [[Oval Office]], July 7, 1986
| image2 = Rhenswear.jpg
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Judge and Mrs. Scalia (left) and President Reagan (right) watch as Chief Justice [[Warren Burger]] swears [[William Rehnquist]] in as the next Chief Justice, September 26, 1986.
}}

In 1986, Chief Justice [[Warren Burger]] informed the White House of his intent to retire. Reagan first decided to nominate Associate Justice [[William Rehnquist]] to become Chief Justice. That choice meant that Reagan would also have to choose a nominee to fill Rehnquist's seat as associate justice.<ref name="nosmoke" /> Attorney General [[Edwin Meese]], who advised Reagan on the choice, seriously considered only Scalia and [[Robert Bork]], a fellow judge on the DC Circuit.{{sfn|Toobin|2008|p=21}} Feeling that this might well be Reagan's last opportunity to pick a Supreme Court justice, the president and his advisers chose Scalia over Bork. Many factors influenced the decision. Reagan wanted to appoint the first Italian-American justice.<ref>{{Citation |last=Wallison |first=Peter |title=Ronald Reagan: the power of conviction and the success of his Presidency |page=151 |year=2004 |postscript=. |editor-last=Wallison |editor-first=Peter |chapter=Of loyalty, leaks, and the White House staff |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=9780813390475 |author-link=Peter Wallison |editor-link=Peter Wallison}}</ref> In addition, Scalia was nine years younger and would likely serve longer on the Court.<ref name="nosmoke" /> Scalia also had the advantage of not having Bork's "paper trail";{{sfn|Staab|2006|p=24}} the elder judge had written controversial articles about individual rights.<ref>{{Citation |last=Biskupic |first=Joan |title=Timing and luck crucial for seat on high court |date=December 22, 2008 |work=USA Today |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/judicial/2008-12-22-court_N.htm |access-date=February 9, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090506145436/http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/judicial/2008-12-22-court_N.htm |archive-date=May 6, 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> Scalia was called to the White House and accepted Reagan's nomination.<ref name="nosmoke">{{Harvnb|Biskupic|2009|pp=104–09}}. Bork was nominated for the Supreme Court the following year, but his nomination was rejected by the Senate.</ref>

When [[Senate Judiciary Committee]] hearings on Scalia's nomination opened in August 1986, he faced a committee that had just argued divisively over the Rehnquist nomination. Witnesses and Democratic senators contended that before becoming a judge, Rehnquist had engaged in activities designed to discourage minorities from voting. Committee members had little taste for a second battle over Scalia and were in any event reluctant to oppose the first Italian-American Supreme Court nominee.{{sfn|Biskupic|2009|pp=100, 109–10}}{{Sfn|Dorsen|2017|p=11}} The judge was not pressed heavily on controversial issues such as abortion or civil rights.<ref>{{Citation |title=Scalia hearings muted |date=August 5, 1986 |work=[[The Milwaukee Journal]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19860806&id=dF0aAAAAIBAJ&pg=6785,3534231 |access-date=August 9, 2016}}{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Scalia, who attended the hearing with his wife and nine children seated behind him, found time for a humorous exchange with Sen. [[Howard Metzenbaum]] (D-OH), whom he had defeated in a tennis match in, as the nominee put it, "a case of my integrity overcoming my judgment".{{sfn|Biskupic|2009|p=109}}

Scalia met no opposition from the committee. The Senate debated Scalia's nomination only briefly, confirming him 98–0 on September 17, thereby making him the Court's first Italian-American Justice. That vote followed Rehnquist's confirmation as Chief Justice by a vote of 65–33 on the same day. Scalia took his seat on September 26, 1986. One committee member, Senator and future President [[Joe Biden]] (D-DE), later stated that he regretted not having opposed Scalia "because he was so effective".{{sfn|Biskupic|2009|p=121}}<ref>{{cite journal|title=Senate|date=September 17, 1986|journal=[[Congressional Record]]|volume=132|issue=17|publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office|U.S. Government Printing Office]]|page=23813|edition=Bound|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1986-pt17/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1986-pt17-1-2.pdf|access-date=July 8, 2025}}</ref>

== Supreme Court ==

===Governmental structure and powers===

====Separation of powers====

[[File:Justice Antonin Scalia on Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances.webm|thumb|upright=1.15|Justice Scalia testified before the [[United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary|Senate Judiciary Committee]] about [[separation of powers]] and checks and balances of the U.S. Government]]

It was Scalia's view that clear lines of separation among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches follow directly from the Constitution, with no branch allowed to exercise powers granted to another branch.{{sfn|Ring|2004|pp=44–45}} In his early days on the Court, he authored a powerful—and solitary—dissent in ''[[Morrison v. Olson]]'' (1988), in which the Court's majority upheld the [[United States Office of the Independent Counsel|Independent Counsel law]]. Scalia's thirty-page draft dissent surprised Justice [[Harry Blackmun]] for its emotional content; Blackmun felt "it could be cut down to ten pages if Scalia omitted the screaming".<ref name="wolf">{{Harvnb|Biskupic|2009|pp=136–38}}.</ref> Scalia indicated that the law was an unwarranted encroachment on the executive branch by the legislative. He warned, "Frequently an issue of this sort will come before the Court clad, so to speak, in sheep's clothing ... But this wolf comes as a wolf".<ref name="wolf" />

The 1989 case of ''[[Mistretta v. United States]]'' challenged the [[United States Sentencing Commission]], an independent body within the judicial branch whose members (some of whom were federal judges) were removable only for good cause. The petitioner argued that the arrangement violated the separation of powers and that the [[United States Sentencing Guidelines]] promulgated by the commission were invalid. Eight justices joined in the majority opinion written by Blackmun, upholding the Guidelines as constitutional.{{sfn|Staab|2006|pp=74–75}} Scalia dissented, stating that the issuance of the Guidelines was a lawmaking function that Congress could not delegate{{sfn|Staab|2006|p=76}} and dubbed the Commission "a sort of junior-varsity Congress".<ref name="wolf" />

In 1996, Congress passed the [[Line Item Veto Act]], which allowed the president to cancel items from an [[appropriations bill]] (a bill authorizing spending) once passed into law. The statute was challenged the following year. The matter rapidly reached the Supreme Court, which [[Clinton v. City of New York|struck down]] the law as violating the [[Presentment Clause]] of the Constitution, which governs what the president is permitted to do with a bill once it has passed both houses of Congress.{{sfn|Staab|2006|pp=78–79}} Scalia dissented, seeing no Presentment Clause difficulties and feeling that the act did not violate the separation of powers. He argued that authorizing the president to cancel an appropriation was no different from allowing him to spend an appropriation at his discretion, which had long been accepted as constitutional.{{sfn|Staab|2006|pp=80–82}}

====Detainee cases====
[[File:Obamacourt.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|alt=Nine judges in black robes pose for a photograph with three other men in suits.|The 2009–2010 Court, with President [[Barack Obama]], Vice President [[Joe Biden]] and retiring justice [[David Souter]] with Scalia fourth from right]]
In 2004, in ''[[Rasul v. Bush]]'', the Court held that federal courts had [[subject-matter jurisdiction|jurisdiction]] to hear ''[[habeas corpus]]'' petitions brought by detainees at the [[Guantanamo Bay detainment camp]]. Scalia accused the majority of "spring<nowiki>[ing]</nowiki> a trap on the Executive" by ruling that it could hear cases involving persons at Guantanamo when no federal court had ever ruled that it had the authority to hear cases involving people there.{{sfn|Biskupic|2009|pp=328–29}}

Scalia, joined by Justice [[John Paul Stevens]], also dissented in the 2004 case of ''[[Hamdi v. Rumsfeld]]'', involving [[Yaser Hamdi]], an American citizen detained in the United States on the allegation he was an [[enemy combatant]]. The Court held that although Congress had authorized Hamdi's detention, Fifth Amendment due process guarantees giving a citizen such as Hamdi held in the United States as an enemy combatant the right to contest that detention before a neutral decision maker. Scalia opined that the [[Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists|AUMF]] (Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists) could not be read to suspend ''habeas corpus'' and that the Court, faced with legislation by Congress that did not grant the president power to detain Hamdi, was trying to "Make Everything Come Out Right".{{sfn|Rossum|2006|pp=84–85}}

In March 2006, Scalia gave a talk at the University of Fribourg in Switzerland. When asked about detainee rights, he responded: "Give me a break ... I had a son on that battlefield and they were shooting at my son, and I'm not about to give this man who was captured in a war a full jury trial. I mean it's crazy".<ref name="bbc">{{Citation |title=Judge 'rejects Guantanamo rights' |date=March 27, 2006 |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4848834.stm |access-date=January 29, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100819131913/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4848834.stm |archive-date=August 19, 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> Although Scalia was not referring to any particular individual, the Supreme Court was about to consider the case of [[Salim Ahmed Hamdan]], supposed driver to [[Osama bin Laden]], who was challenging the [[Guantanamo military commission|military commissions]] at Guantanamo Bay.<ref name="bbc" /> A group of retired military officers that supported Hamdan's position asked Scalia to [[recusal|recuse]] himself, or step aside from hearing the case, which he declined to do.<ref>{{Citation |title=U.S. justices cast doubt on tribunal |date=March 28, 2006 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/28/world/americas/28iht-scotus.html |access-date=January 27, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229031745/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/28/world/americas/28iht-scotus.html |archive-date=February 29, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Court held 5–3 in ''[[Hamdan v. Rumsfeld]]'' that the federal courts had jurisdiction to consider Hamdan's claims; Scalia, in dissent, contended that any Court authority to consider Hamdan's petition had been eliminated by the [[jurisdiction stripping|jurisdiction-stripping]] [[Detainee Treatment Act]] of 2005.<ref>{{Citation |last=Greenhouse |first=Linda |title=The ruling on tribunals; the overview; Justices, 5–3, broadly reject Bush plan to try detainees |date=June 30, 2006b |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/30/washington/30hamdan.html |access-date=January 27, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110505213531/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/30/washington/30hamdan.html |archive-date=May 5, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Federalism====
[[File:Perry Scalia Wiki.jpg|thumb|Scalia (left) at the [[University of Virginia School of Law]], 2010]]
In [[federalism]] cases pitting the powers of the federal government against those of the states, Scalia often took the states' positions. In 1997, the Supreme Court considered the case of ''[[Printz v. United States]]'', a challenge to certain provisions of the [[Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act]], which required chief law enforcement officers of localities in states to perform certain duties. In ''Printz'', Scalia wrote the Court's majority decision. The Supreme Court ruled unconstitutional the provision that imposed those duties as violating the [[Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Tenth Amendment]], which reserves to the states and to the people those powers not granted to the federal government.{{sfn|Rossum|2006|pp=61–63}} In 2005, Scalia concurred in ''[[Gonzales v. Raich]]'', which read the [[Commerce Clause]] to hold that Congress could ban the use of [[marijuana]] even when states approve its use for [[medical marijuana|medicinal purposes]]. Scalia opined that the Commerce Clause, together with the [[Necessary and Proper Clause]], permitted the regulation. In addition, Scalia felt that Congress may regulate intrastate activities if doing so is a necessary part of a more general regulation of interstate commerce.<ref>{{Citation |last=Mazzone |first=Jason |title=''Virginia v. Sebelius'': Judge Hudson & Justice Scalia |date=December 13, 2010 |work=[[Balkinization (blog)|Balkinization]] |url=https://balkin.blogspot.com/2010/12/criticism-of-judge-hudsons-opinion.html |access-date=December 14, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110107201541/http://balkin.blogspot.com/2010/12/criticism-of-judge-hudsons-opinion.html |archive-date=January 7, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> He based that decision on ''[[Wickard v. Filburn]]'', which he now wrote "expanded the Commerce Clause beyond all reason".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Campos |first=Paul |date=June 24, 2012 |title=Scalia's scary thinking |url=http://www.salon.com/2012/06/24/scalias_scary_thinking/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624165406/http://www.salon.com/2012/06/24/scalias_scary_thinking/ |archive-date=June 24, 2012 |access-date=June 24, 2012 |work=[[Salon (website)|Salon]]}}</ref>

Scalia rejected the existence of the [[Dormant Commerce Clause|negative Commerce Clause]] doctrine,<ref>{{Citation |last=Dorf |first=Michael |title=Is the Dormant Commerce Clause a 'Judicial Fraud'? |date=May 20, 2015 |url=https://verdict.justia.com/2015/05/20/is-the-dormant-commerce-clause-a-judicial-fraud |access-date=November 23, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123205757/https://verdict.justia.com/2015/05/20/is-the-dormant-commerce-clause-a-judicial-fraud |archive-date=November 23, 2015 |url-status=live |publisher=Justia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Friedman |first=Richard D. |date=June 1991 |title=Putting the Dormancy Doctrine out of its misery |url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/cdozo12&div=73&src=home |url-status=live |journal=[[Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law|Cardozo Law Review]] |publisher=[[Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law]] |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=1745–61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224183536/https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals%2Fcdozo12&div=73&src=home |archive-date=February 24, 2021 |access-date=November 8, 2021}} [http://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1176&context=articles Pdf via University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308203133/http://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1176&context=articles |date=March 8, 2016 }}</ref> calling it "a judicial fraud".<ref>{{Citation |last=Scalia |first=Antonin |title=Comptroller of the Treasury of Maryland, petitioner v. Brian Wynne et ux. |page=33 |url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/14pdf/13-485_o7jp.pdf |access-date=June 27, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615235824/https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/14pdf/13-485_o7jp.pdf |archive-date=June 15, 2017 |url-status=live |quote=The fundamental problem with our negative Commerce Clause cases is that the Constitution does not contain a negative Commerce Clause... The clearest sign that the negative Commerce Clause is a judicial fraud is the utterly illogical holding that congressional consent enables States to enact laws that would otherwise constitute impermissible burdens upon interstate commerce.}}</ref>

Scalia took a broad view of the [[Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution|Eleventh Amendment]], which bars certain lawsuits against states in the federal courts. In his 1989 dissent in ''[[Pennsylvania]] v. [[Union Gas]] Co.'', Scalia stated that there was no intent on the part of the framers to have the states surrender any [[sovereign immunity]] and that the case that provoked the Eleventh Amendment, ''[[Chisholm v. Georgia]]'', came as a surprise to them. Professor Ralph Rossum, who wrote a survey of Scalia's constitutional views, suggests that the justice's view of the Eleventh Amendment was actually contradictory to the language of the Amendment.{{sfn|Rossum|2006|pp=110–12}}

===Individual rights===

====Abortion====
Scalia argued that there is no constitutional right to abortion and that if the people desire legalized abortion, a law should be passed to accomplish it.<ref name="sixty" /> In his dissenting opinion in the 1992 case of ''[[Planned Parenthood v. Casey]]'', Scalia wrote:
{{blockquote|
The States may, if they wish, permit abortion on demand, but the Constitution does not require them to do so. The permissibility of abortion, and the limitations upon it, are to be resolved like most important questions in our democracy: by citizens trying to persuade one another and then voting.<ref>{{Citation |title=Planned Parenthood v. Casey, ''505 U.S. 833, 979 (Scalia, J., dissenting)'' |date=June 29, 1992 |url=http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=505&invol=833 |access-date=January 13, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107184430/http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=505&invol=833 |archive-date=January 7, 2010 |url-status=live |publisher=United States Supreme Court |via=FindLaw}}</ref>
}}{{Quote box
| quote = "We can now look forward to at least another Term with carts full of mail from the public, and streets full of demonstrators, urging us — their unelected and life-tenured judges who have been awarded those extraordinary, undemocratic characteristics precisely in order that we might follow the law despite the popular will — to follow the popular will."

— Scalia, concurring in ''[[Webster v. Reproductive Health Services]]''
| width = 20%
}}Scalia repeatedly called upon his colleagues to strike down ''[[Roe v. Wade]]''. Scalia hoped to find five votes to strike down ''Roe'' in the 1989 case of ''[[Webster v. Reproductive Health Services]]'' but was not successful in doing so. Justice [[Sandra Day O'Connor]] cast the deciding vote, allowing the abortion regulations at issue in the case to stand but not overruling ''Roe''. Scalia concurred only in part,{{sfn|Biskupic|2009|pp=193–95}} writing, "Justice O'Connor's assertion, that a 'fundamental rule of judicial restraint' requires us to avoid reconsidering ''Roe'' cannot be taken seriously".{{sfn|Ring|2004|p=108}} He noted, "We can now look forward to at least another Term of carts full of mail from the public, and the streets full of demonstrators".{{sfn|Ring|2004|p=109}}

The Court returned to the issue of abortion in the 2000 case of ''[[Stenberg v. Carhart]]'', in which it invalidated a Nebraska statute outlawing [[partial-birth abortion]]. Justice [[Stephen Breyer]] wrote for the Court that the law was unconstitutional because it did not allow an exception for the health of the woman. Scalia dissented, comparing the ''Stenberg'' case to two of the most reviled cases in Supreme Court history: "I am optimistic enough to believe that, one day, ''Stenberg v. Carhart'' will be assigned its rightful place in the history of this Court's jurisprudence beside ''[[Korematsu v. United States|Korematsu]]'' and ''[[Dred Scott v. Sandford|Dred Scott]]''. The method of killing a human child ... proscribed by this statute is so horrible that the most clinical description of it evokes a shudder of revulsion".{{sfn|Ring|2004|pp=137–38}}

In 2007, the Court upheld a federal statute banning partial-birth abortion in ''[[Gonzales v. Carhart]]''.{{sfn|Biskupic|2009|pp=202–03}} University of Chicago law professor [[Geoffrey R. Stone]], a former colleague of Scalia's, criticized ''Gonzales'', stating that religion had influenced the outcome because all five justices in the majority were Catholic, whereas the dissenters were Protestant or Jewish.<ref>{{Citation |last=Stone |first=Geoffrey |title=Our Faith-Based Justices |date=April 20, 2007 |work=[[The Huffington Post]] |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/geoffrey-r-stone/our-faithbased-justices_b_46398.html |access-date=February 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171105042816/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/geoffrey-r-stone/our-faithbased-justices_b_46398.html |archive-date=November 5, 2017 |url-status=live |author-link=Geoffrey Stone}}</ref> This angered Scalia to such an extent that he stated he would not speak at the University of Chicago as long as Stone was there.{{sfn|Biskupic|2009|pp=203–04}}

====Race, gender, and sexual orientation====
Scalia generally voted to strike down laws that make distinctions by race, gender, or sexual orientation. In 1989, he concurred with the Court's judgment in ''[[City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co.]]'', in which the Court applied [[strict scrutiny]] to a city program requiring a certain percentage of contracts to go to minorities, and struck down the program. Scalia did not join the majority opinion, however. He disagreed with O'Connor's opinion for the Court, holding that states and localities could institute race-based programs if they identified past discrimination and if the programs were designed to remedy the past racism.{{sfn|Ring|2004|pp=87–88}} Five years later, in ''[[Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Peña]]'', he concurred in the Court's judgment and in part with the opinion that extended strict scrutiny to federal programs. Scalia noted in that matter his view that government can never have a compelling interest in making up for past discrimination by racial preferences:
{{blockquote|
To pursue the concept of racial entitlement—even for the most admirable and benign of purposes—is to reinforce and preserve for future mischief the way of thinking that produced race slavery, race privilege and race hatred. In the eyes of government, we are just one race here. It is American.{{sfn|Ring|2004|pp=56–57}}
}}
In the 2003 case of ''[[Grutter v. Bollinger]]'', involving racial preferences in the [[University of Michigan]]'s law school, Scalia mocked the Court majority's finding that the school was entitled to continue using race as a factor in admissions to promote diversity and to increase "cross-racial understanding". Scalia noted:
{{blockquote|This is not, of course, an "educational benefit" on which students will be graded on their Law School transcript (Works and Plays Well with Others: B+) or tested by the bar examiners (Q: Describe in 500 words or less your cross-racial understanding). For it is a lesson of life rather than law—essentially the same lesson taught to (or rather learned by, for it cannot be "taught" in the usual sense) people three feet shorter and twenty years younger than the full-grown adults at the University of Michigan Law School, in institutions ranging from Boy Scout troops to public-school kindergartens.{{sfn|Rossum|2006|pp=159–60}}}}
[[File:Lawrence v. Texas Scalia Dissent Title.png|thumb|Opening page of Scalia's dissent in ''Lawrence v. Texas'']]
Scalia argued that laws that make distinctions between genders should be subjected to [[intermediate scrutiny]], requiring that the gender classification be substantially related to important government objectives.{{sfn|Ring|2004|p=194}} When, in 1996, the Court upheld a suit brought by a woman who wished to enter the [[Virginia Military Institute]] in the case of ''[[United States v. Virginia]]'', Scalia filed a lone, lengthy dissent. Scalia said that the Court, in requiring Virginia to show an "extremely persuasive justification" for the single-sex admission policy, had redefined intermediate scrutiny in such a way "that makes it indistinguishable from strict scrutiny".{{sfn|Ring|2004|p=195}}

In one of the final decisions of the Burger Court, the Court ruled in 1986 in ''[[Bowers v. Hardwick]]'' that "homosexual sodomy"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bowers v. Hardwick |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0478_0186_ZO.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104192359/http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0478_0186_ZO.html |archive-date=November 4, 2013 |access-date=September 25, 2016 |publisher=Law.cornell.edu}}</ref> was not protected by the [[right of privacy]] and could be criminally prosecuted by the states.{{sfn|Ring|2004|pp=279–80}} In 1995, however, that ruling was effectively gutted by ''[[Romer v. Evans]]'', which struck down a Colorado state constitutional amendment, passed by popular vote, that forbade antidiscrimination laws' being extended to sexual orientation.<ref name="as">{{Harvnb|Tushnet|2005|pp=167–69}}.</ref> Scalia dissented from the opinion by Justice Kennedy, believing that ''Bowers'' had protected the right of the states to pass such measures and that the Colorado amendment was not discriminatory but merely prevented homosexuals from gaining favored status under Colorado law.{{sfn|Ring|2004|pp=280–81}} Scalia later said of ''Romer'', "And the Supreme Court said, 'Yes, it is unconstitutional.' On the basis of—I don't know, the Sexual Preference Clause of the Bill of Rights, presumably. And the liberals loved it, and the conservatives gnashed their teeth".{{sfn|Biskupic|2009|p=283. There is no such clause in the Bill of Rights}}

In 2003, ''Bowers'' was formally overruled by ''[[Lawrence v. Texas]]'', from which Scalia dissented. According to [[Mark V. Tushnet]] in his survey of the Rehnquist Court, during the oral argument in the case, Scalia seemed so intent on making the state's argument for it that the Chief Justice intervened.{{sfn|Tushnet|2005|pp=170–72}} According to his biographer, [[Joan Biskupic]], Scalia "ridiculed" the majority in his dissent for being so ready to cast aside ''Bowers'' when many of the same justices had refused to overturn ''Roe'' in ''Planned Parenthood v. Casey''.{{sfn|Biskupic|2009|pp=225–27}} In March 2009, openly gay Congressman [[Barney Frank]] described him as a "homophobe".<ref>{{Citation |title=''"Rep. Frank calls Scalia a 'homophobe' in interview"'' |date=March 23, 2009 |work=ABC News |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory?id=7154174 |access-date=February 18, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327001319/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory?id=7154174 |archive-date=March 27, 2009 |url-status=dead |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> [[Maureen Dowd]] described Scalia in a 2003 column as "[[Archie Bunker]] in a high-backed chair".<ref>{{Citation |last=Dowd |first=Maureen |title=Nino's Opéra Bouffe |date=June 29, 2003 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/29/opinion/29DOWD.html |access-date=February 18, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100925122740/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/29/opinion/29DOWD.html |archive-date=September 25, 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> In an op-ed for ''[[The New York Times]]'', federal appeals judge [[Richard Posner]] and [[Georgia State University]] law professor [[Eric Segall]] called Scalia's positions on homosexuality radical and characterized Scalia's "political ideal as verg[ing] on [[majoritarian]] [[theocracy]]".<ref>{{Citation |title=Justice Scalia's Majoritarian Theocracy |date=December 2, 2015 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/03/opinion/justice-scalias-majoritarian-theocracy.html |access-date=February 5, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216080413/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/03/opinion/justice-scalias-majoritarian-theocracy.html |archive-date=February 16, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Former Scalia clerk Ed Whelan called this "a smear and a distraction."<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 3, 2015 |title=Puerile Posner |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/bench-memos/puerile-posner-ed-whelan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808065350/https://www.nationalreview.com/bench-memos/puerile-posner-ed-whelan/ |archive-date=August 8, 2020 |access-date=January 29, 2020 |website=[[National Review]]}}</ref> Professor John O. McGinnis responded as well,<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 3, 2015 |title=Posner's Unjustified Attack on Scalia |url=https://www.lawliberty.org/2015/12/03/posners-unjustified-attack-on-scalia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129191702/https://www.lawliberty.org/2015/12/03/posners-unjustified-attack-on-scalia/ |archive-date=January 29, 2020 |access-date=January 29, 2020 |website=Law & Liberty}}</ref> leading to further exchanges.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Segall |first=Eric |date=December 7, 2015 |title=More on Justice Scalia: A Reply to Two Critics |url=http://www.dorfonlaw.org/2015/12/more-on-justice-scalia-reply-to-two.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129195235/http://www.dorfonlaw.org/2015/12/more-on-justice-scalia-reply-to-two.html |archive-date=January 29, 2020 |access-date=January 29, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 7, 2015 |title=Feeble Posner/Segall Response |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/bench-memos/feeble-posnersegall-response-ed-whelan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312213301/https://www.nationalreview.com/bench-memos/feeble-posnersegall-response-ed-whelan/ |archive-date=March 12, 2021 |access-date=January 29, 2020 |website=[[National Review]]}}</ref>

In the 2013 case of ''[[Hollingsworth v. Perry]]'', which involved a California ballot initiative known as [[Proposition 8]] that amended the California State Constitution to ban same-sex marriage, Scalia voted with the majority to uphold a lower court decision overturning the ban. The decision was based on the appellants' lack of standing to appeal and not on the substantive issue of the constitutionality of Proposition 8.<ref name="slip-opinion">{{Cite web |last=Supreme Court of the United States |author-link=Supreme Court of the United States |date=June 26, 2013 |title=Hollingsworth v. Perry, 570 U.S. ___ |url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/12pdf/12-144_8ok0.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190205234747/https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/12pdf/12-144_8ok0.pdf |archive-date=February 5, 2019 |access-date=January 12, 2019 |publisher=[[Supreme Court of the United States]]}}</ref>

Also in 2013, Scalia dissented from the majority opinion in ''[[United States v. Windsor]]''. In ''Windsor'', the Court held Section Three of the [[Defense of Marriage Act]] (DOMA) (which—for federal government purposes—defined the terms "marriage" and "spouse" as applicable only to opposite-sex unions) unconstitutional under the [[Due Process Clause]] of the [[Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fifth Amendment]].<ref name="Opinion">''United States v. Windsor'', {{ussc|570||June 26, 2013|docket=12-307}}. Retrieved June 26, 2013.</ref> Scalia's dissent, which was joined in full by Justice Thomas and in part by Chief Justice Roberts,<ref>''Windsor'', {{ussc|570||2013|docket=12-307}} (Scalia, J., dissenting slip op.).</ref> opened:
{{blockquote|This case is about power in several respects. It is about the power of our people to govern themselves, and the power of this Court to pronounce the law. Today's opinion aggrandizes the latter, with the predictable consequence of diminishing the former. We have no power to decide this case. And even if we did, we have no power under the Constitution to invalidate this democratically adopted legislation.}}

Scalia argued that the judgment effectively characterized opponents of same-sex marriage as "enemies of the human race":<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tim Grieve |date=June 26, 2013 |title=Scalia: 'High-Handed' Kennedy Has Declared Us 'Enemies of the Human Race' |url=http://www.nationaljournal.com/domesticpolicy/scalia-high-handed-kennedy-has-declared-us-enemies-of-the-human-race-20130626 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913005801/http://www.nationaljournal.com/domesticpolicy/scalia-high-handed-kennedy-has-declared-us-enemies-of-the-human-race-20130626 |archive-date=September 13, 2015 |access-date=June 26, 2013 |work=National Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Tim Grieve |date=June 26, 2013 |title=Scalia's Blistering Dissent on DOMA |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2013/06/scalias-blistering-dissent-on-doma/277245/#comments |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630001836/http://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2013/06/scalias-blistering-dissent-on-doma/277245/#comments |archive-date=June 30, 2013 |access-date=June 26, 2013 |magazine=The Atlantic}}</ref> He argued that the Court's ruling would affect [[Same-sex marriage law in the United States by state|state bans on same-sex marriage]] as well:
{{blockquote|As far as this Court is concerned, no one should be fooled; it is just a matter of listening and waiting for the other shoe.

By formally declaring anyone opposed to same-sex marriage an enemy of human decency, the majority arms well every challenger to a state law restricting marriage to its traditional definition.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gerstein |first=Josh |date=June 26, 2013 |title=The DOMA decision ripple effect |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2013/06/doma-decision-gay-marriage-ripple-effect-93479.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630151413/http://www.politico.com/story/2013/06/doma-decision-gay-marriage-ripple-effect-93479.html |archive-date=June 30, 2013 |access-date=July 2, 2013 |publisher=Politico.com}}</ref>}}

Scalia concluded by saying that the Supreme Court "has cheated both sides, robbing the winners of an honest victory, and the losers of the peace that comes from a fair defeat."<ref name="Opinion" />[[File:SCOTUS 2015 APRIL LGBTQ 54819 (17302763245).jpg|thumb|Demonstrations outside the Supreme Court awaiting the decision in ''[[Obergefell v. Hodges]]''|253x253px]]In 2015, Scalia dissented from the majority opinion in ''[[Obergefell v. Hodges]]'', in which the Court ruled that the fundamental right to marry was guaranteed to same-sex couples by both the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. In his dissent, Scalia stated that the Court's decision effectively robbed the people of "the freedom to govern themselves", noting that a rigorous debate on same-sex marriage had been taking place and that—by deciding the issue nationwide—the democratic process had been halted.<ref>''Obergefell v. Hodges'', No. 14-556, [https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/14pdf/14-556_3204.pdf slip op.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002050103/https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/14pdf/14-556_3204.pdf |date=October 2, 2019 }} at 2 (U.S. June 26, 2015) (Scalia, J., dissenting).</ref> Addressing the claimed [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourteenth Amendment]] violation, Scalia asserted that because a same-sex marriage ban would not have been considered unconstitutional at the time of the Fourteenth Amendment's adoption, such bans are not unconstitutional in 2015.<ref name="ReferenceA">''Obergefell'', [https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/14pdf/14-556_3204.pdf slip op.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002050103/https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/14pdf/14-556_3204.pdf |date=October 2, 2019 }} at 4 (Scalia, J., dissenting).</ref> He claimed there was "no basis" for the Court to strike down legislation that the Fourteenth Amendment did not expressly forbid, and directly attacked the majority opinion for "lacking even a thin veneer of law".<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Lastly, Scalia faulted the actual writing in the opinion for "diminish[ing] this Court's reputation for clear thinking and sober analysis" and for "descend[ing] from the disciplined legal reasoning of [[John Marshall]] and [[Joseph Story]] to the mystical aphorisms of the fortune cookie."<ref>''Obergefell'', [https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/14pdf/14-556_3204.pdf slip op.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002050103/https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/14pdf/14-556_3204.pdf |date=October 2, 2019 }} at 9, 8 n.22 (Scalia, J., dissenting).</ref>

====Criminal law====
[[File:Scalia toplak harvard.jpg|upright=1.15|thumb|alt=Scalia, wearing a beige jacket over shirt and tie, shakes hands with Jurij Toplak of European Election Law Association, while looking forward towards the camera.|right|Scalia (right) at [[Harvard Law School]] on November 30, 2006]]
Scalia believed the [[capital punishment in the United States|death penalty]] to be constitutional.{{sfn|Ring|2004|p=144}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brisbin |first=Richard |url=https://archive.org/details/justiceantoninsc00rich |title=Justice Antonin Scalia and the Conservative Revival |date=1998 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=9780801860942 |pages=488 |url-access=registration}}</ref> He dissented in decisions that hold the death penalty unconstitutional as applied to certain groups, such as those who were under the age of 18 at the time of offense. In ''[[Thompson v. Oklahoma]]'' (1988), he dissented from the Court's ruling that the death penalty could not be applied to those aged 15 at the time of the offense, and the following year authored the Court's opinion in ''[[Stanford v. Kentucky]]'', sustaining the death penalty for those who killed at age 16. However, in 2005, the Court overturned ''Stanford'' in ''[[Roper v. Simmons]]'', and Scalia again dissented, mocking the majority's claims that a national consensus had emerged against the execution of those who killed while [[underage]], noting that less than half of the states that permitted the death penalty prohibited it for underage killers. He castigated the majority for including in their count states that had abolished the death penalty entirely, stating that doing so was "rather like including old-order Amishmen in a consumer-preference poll on the electric car. Of course they don't like it, but that sheds no light whatever on the point at issue".{{sfn|Rossum|2006|pp=192–93}} In 2002, in ''[[Atkins v. Virginia]]'', the Court ruled the death penalty unconstitutional as applied to intellectually disabled people. Scalia dissented, stating that it would not have been considered cruel or unusual to execute mildly intellectually disabled people at the time of the 1791 adoption of the Bill of Rights and that the Court had failed to show that a national consensus had formed against the practice.{{sfn|Ring|2004|p=148}}

Scalia strongly disfavored the Court's ruling in ''[[Miranda v. Arizona]]'', which held that a confession by an arrested suspect who had not been [[Miranda warnings|advised of their rights]] was inadmissible in court, and he voted to overrule ''Miranda'' in the 2000 case of ''[[Dickerson v. United States]]'' but was in a minority of two with Justice [[Clarence Thomas]]. Calling the ''Miranda'' decision a "milestone of judicial overreaching", Scalia stated that the Court should not fear to correct its mistakes.{{sfn|Toobin|2008|p=146}}

Although, in many areas, Scalia's approach was unfavorable to criminal defendants, he took the side of defendants in matters involving the [[Confrontation Clause]] of the [[Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Sixth Amendment]], which guarantees defendants the right to confront their accusers. In multiple cases, Scalia wrote against laws that allowed alleged victims of child abuse to testify behind screens or by closed-circuit television.{{sfn|Rossum|2006|pp=182–84}} In a 2009 case, Scalia wrote the majority opinion in ''[[Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts]]'', holding that defendants must have the opportunity to confront lab technicians in drug cases and that a certificate of analysis is not enough to prove a substance was a drug.{{sfn|Biskupic|2009|p=354}}

Scalia maintained that every [[Element (criminal law)|element]] of an offense that helps determine the sentence must be either admitted by the defendant or found by a jury under the Sixth Amendment's jury guarantee. In the 2000 case of ''[[Apprendi v. New Jersey]]'', Scalia wrote a concurrence to the Court's majority opinion that struck down a state statute that allowed the trial judge to increase the sentence if the judge found the offense was a [[hate crime]]. Scalia found the procedure impermissible because whether it was a hate crime had not been decided by the jury.<ref name="coy" /> In 2004, he wrote for the Court in ''[[Blakely v. Washington]]'', striking down Washington state's sentencing guidelines on similar grounds. The dissenters in ''Blakely'' foresaw that Scalia would use the case to attack the federal sentencing guidelines (which he had failed to strike down in ''Mistretta''), and they proved correct, as Scalia led a five-member majority in ''[[United States v. Booker]]'', which made those guidelines no longer mandatory for federal judges to follow (they remained advisory).<ref name="coy">{{Harvnb|Rossum|2006|pp=184–86}}.</ref>

In the 2001 case of ''[[Kyllo v. United States]]'', Scalia wrote the Court's opinion in a 5–4 decision that cut across ideological lines.<ref group="n">Scalia was joined by Justices Thomas, Souter, Breyer, and Ginsburg.</ref> That decision found thermal imaging of a home to be an unreasonable search under the [[Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourth Amendment]]. The Court struck down a conviction for marijuana manufacture based on a search warrant issued after such scans were conducted, which showed that the garage was considerably hotter than the rest of the house because of indoor growing lights.<ref>{{Citation |title=''Kyllo v. United States'', 533 U.S. 27 |date=June 11, 2001 |url=http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=533&invol=27 |access-date=January 24, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718202600/http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=533&invol=27 |archive-date=July 18, 2011 |url-status=live |publisher=United States Supreme Court |via=FindLaw}}</ref> Applying that Fourth Amendment prohibition on unreasonable search and seizure to arrest, Scalia dissented from the Court's 1991 decision in ''[[County of Riverside v. McLaughlin]]'', allowing a 48-hour delay before a person arrested without a warrant is taken before a magistrate, on the ground that at the time of the adoption of the Fourth Amendment, an arrested person was to be taken before a magistrate as quickly as practicable.{{sfn|Rossum|2006|p=175}} In a 1990 [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]] case, ''[[R.A.V. v. St. Paul]]'', Scalia wrote the Court's opinion striking down a [[St. Paul, Minnesota]], [[hate speech]] ordinance in a prosecution for burning a cross.{{sfn|Tushnet|2005|pp=140–42}} Scalia noted, "Let there be no mistake about our belief that burning a cross in someone's front yard is reprehensible. But St. Paul has sufficient means at its disposal to prevent such behavior without adding the First Amendment to the fire".{{sfn|Rossum|2006|p=2}}

====Second Amendment====
{{Quote box
| quote = "Undoubtedly some think that the Second Amendment is outmoded in a society where our standing army is the pride of our Nation, where well-trained police forces provide personal security, and where gun violence is a serious problem. That is perhaps debatable, but what is not debatable is that it is not the role of this Court to pronounce the Second Amendment extinct."

— Scalia, writing for the majority in ''[[District of Columbia v. Heller]]''
| width = 20%
}}

In 2008, the Court considered a challenge to the gun laws in the [[District of Columbia]]. Scalia wrote the majority opinion in ''[[District of Columbia v. Heller]]'', which found an individual right to own a firearm under the [[Second Amendment to the United States Constitution|Second Amendment]]. Scalia traced the word "militia", found in the Second Amendment, as it would have been understood at the time of its ratification, stating that it then meant "the body of all citizens".<ref name="second" /> The Court upheld Heller's claim to own a firearm in the District.<ref name="second" />

Scalia's opinion for the ''Heller'' Court was criticized by liberals and applauded by conservatives.<ref name="second2">{{Harvnb|Biskupic|2009|pp=347–51}}.</ref> Seventh Circuit judge [[Richard Posner]] disagreed with Scalia's opinion, stating that the Second Amendment "creates no right to the private possession of guns". Posner called Scalia's opinion "faux originalism" and a "historicizing glaze on personal values and policy preferences".<ref>{{Citation |last=Posner |first=Richard |title=In defense of looseness |date=August 27, 2008 |magazine=The New Republic |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/62124/defense-looseness |access-date=February 13, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115075301/https://newrepublic.com/article/62124/defense-looseness |archive-date=November 15, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2008, Scalia stated that the court's originalists needed to show only that at the time the Second Amendment was ratified, the right to bear arms did not have an exclusively military context and that they were successful in so showing.<ref>{{Citation |last=McArdle |first=Elaine |title=In inaugural Vaughan Lecture, Scalia defends the "methodology of originalism" |date=October 3, 2008 |url=http://www.law.harvard.edu/news/spotlight/constitutional-law/scalia-vaughan-lecture.html |access-date=January 14, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129043832/http://www.law.harvard.edu/news/spotlight/constitutional-law/scalia-vaughan-lecture.html |archive-date=January 29, 2010 |url-status=live |publisher=Harvard Law School}}</ref>

====Litigation and standing====
Following the death of Scalia, Paul Barrett, writing for ''[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]'', reported that: "Translating into liberal argot: Scalia changed the rules for who could sue". The issue elevated the recognition of Scalia as a notable influence on establishing and determining the conditions under which cases could be brought to trial and for litigation—and by whom such litigation could take place.<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 16, 2016 |title=How Scalia Kept the Little Guys Out of Court |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-02-16/how-scalia-kept-the-little-guys-out-of-court |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202035748/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-02-16/how-scalia-kept-the-little-guys-out-of-court |archive-date=February 2, 2017 |access-date=January 30, 2017 |work=Bloomberg.com |via=www.bloomberg.com}}</ref> David Rivkin, from the conservative standpoint, said, "He (Scalia) did more to clarify and limit the bounds and scope of judicial power than any Supreme Court Justice in history, particularly in the area of standing and class actions". Scalia indicated his long-held position from the time of his 1983 law review article titled "The Doctrine of Standing as an Essential Element of the Separation of Powers". As summarized by Barrett, "He (Scalia) wrote that courts had misappropriated authority from other branches of government by allowing too many people to sue corporations and government agencies, especially in environmental cases". In a practical sense, Scalia brought to the attention of the Court the authority to restrict "standing" in class action suits in which the litigants may be defined in descriptive terms rather than as well-defined and unambiguous litigants.<ref>Paul Barrett, "Justice for the Big Guys," ''Bloomberg News Weekly'', February 15, 2016, p. 13.</ref>

===Other cases===
Scalia concurred in the 1990 case of ''[[Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health]]'', in which the family of [[Nancy Cruzan|a woman]] in a [[vegetative state]] sought to have her feeding tube removed so she would die, believing that to have been her wish. The Court found for the State of Missouri, requiring [[clear and convincing evidence]] of such a desire. Scalia stated that the Court should have remained away from the dispute and that the issues "are <nowiki>[not]</nowiki> better known to the nine Justices of this Court any better than they are known to nine people picked at random from the Kansas City telephone directory".<ref name="second">{{Harvnb|Biskupic|2009|pp=135–36}}.</ref>

Scalia joined the majority ''[[per curiam]]'' opinion in the 2000 case of ''[[Bush v. Gore]]'', which effectively ended recounts of ballots in Florida following the [[2000 United States presidential election|2000 US presidential election]], and also both concurred separately and joined Rehnquist's concurrence.{{sfn|Biskupic|2009|p=243}} In 2007, he said of the case, "I and my court owe no apology whatever for ''Bush v. Gore''. We did the right thing. So there! ... get over it. It's so old by now".<ref>{{Citation |title=Justice Scalia on the record |date=September 14, 2007 |work=CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/justice-scalia-on-the-record/ |access-date=January 31, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205194142/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/04/24/60minutes/main4040290_page3.shtml?tag=contentMain%3BcontentBody |archive-date=February 5, 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> During an interview on the [[Charlie Rose (talk show)|''Charlie Rose'' show]], he defended the Court's action:
{{blockquote|
The decision was not close, it was 7–2 on the principal issue of whether there had been a constitutional violation ... But what if it was unconstitutional to have that recount? You're going to let it continue and come to a conclusion? And ''then'' overturn it? The reason to stop it sooner was not, "Ooh, we're worried that it's going to come out the wrong way"...  you forget what was going on at the time. We were the laughingstock of the world. The world's greatest democracy that couldn't conduct an election. We didn't know who our next president was going to be. The lengthy transition that has become standard when you change from one president to another could not begin because you didn't know who the new president was going to be. It was becoming a very serious problem. The issue before the United States Supreme Court is: having decided the case, having decided this is unconstitutional, should we nonetheless let the election go on? Or is it time cut it off and let's move on?<ref>{{Citation |title=A Conversation with Justice Antonin Scalia |date=June 20, 2008 |work=Charlie Rose |url=http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/9141 |access-date=January 31, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090705104255/http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/9141 |archive-date=July 5, 2009 |format=video}}</ref>
}}

==Legal philosophy and approach==
===Judicial performance===
[[File:Antonin Scalia 2010.jpg|thumb|right|Scalia in 2010]]During oral argument before the Court, Scalia asked more questions and made more comments than any other justice.<ref name="auf">{{Harvnb|Biskupic|2009|pp=304–05}}.</ref> A 2005 study found that he provoked laughter more often than any of his colleagues did.<ref>{{Citation |last=Liptak |first=Adam |title=So, guy walks up to a bar and Scalia says ... |date=December 31, 2005 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/31/politics/31mirth.html |access-date=January 30, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101013032134/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/31/politics/31mirth.html |archive-date=October 13, 2010 |url-status=live |author-link=Adam Liptak}}</ref> His goal during oral arguments was to get across his position to the other justices.<ref name="oral">{{Harvnb|Biskupic|2009|pp=307–08}}.</ref> [[University of Kansas]] social psychologist Lawrence Wrightsman wrote that Scalia communicated "a sense of urgency on the bench" and had a style that was "forever forceful".<ref name="auf" /> After Chief Justice [[John Roberts]] joined the Court in 2005, he took to quizzing lawyers in a manner similar to Scalia's; sometimes the two questioned counsel in seeming coordination.<ref name="oral" /> [[Dahlia Lithwick]] of ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'' described Scalia's technique as follows:
{{blockquote|
Scalia doesn't come into oral argument all secretive and sphinxlike, feigning indecision on the nuances of the case before him. He comes in like a medieval knight, girded for battle. He knows what the law is. He knows what the opinion should say. And he uses the hour allocated for argument to bludgeon his brethren into agreement.<ref>{{Citation |last=Lithwick |first=Dahlia |title=Scalia hogs the ball |date=January 15, 2003 |work=Slate |url=http://www.slate.com/id/2077031/ |access-date=September 8, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605230413/http://www.slate.com/id/2077031/ |archive-date=June 5, 2011 |url-status=live |author-link=Dahlia Lithwick}}</ref>
}}Scalia wrote numerous opinions from the start of his career on the Supreme Court. During his tenure, he wrote more [[concurring opinion]]s than any other justice. Only two other justices have written more [[dissenting opinion|dissents]].<ref name="frosh">{{Harvnb|Staab|2006|p=27}}.</ref> According to Kevin Ring, who compiled a book of Scalia's dissenting and concurring opinions: "His opinions are ... highly readable. His entertaining writing style can make even the most mundane areas of the law interesting".{{sfn|Ring|2004|p=xi}} Conor Clarke of ''Slate'' comments on Scalia's written opinions, especially his dissents:

{{blockquote|
His writing style is best described as equal parts anger, confidence, and pageantry. Scalia has a taste for garish analogies and offbeat allusions—often very funny ones—and he speaks in no uncertain terms. He is highly accessible and tries not to get bogged down in abstruse legal jargon. But most of all, Scalia's opinions read like they're about to catch fire for pure outrage. He does not, in short, write like a happy man.<ref>{{Citation |last=Clarke |first=Conor |title=How Scalia lost his mojo |date=July 5, 2006 |work=Slate |url=http://www.slate.com/id/2145069/ |access-date=January 30, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214005929/http://www.slate.com/id/2145069/ |archive-date=February 14, 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref>
}}[[File:Justice Antonin Scalia Speaks with Staff at the U.S. Mission in Geneva (1).jpg|thumb|Scalia speaks at the US mission within [[Geneva]] in 2011|209x209px]]At the Supreme Court, justices meet after the case is briefed and argued and vote on the result. The task of writing the opinion is assigned by the Chief Justice or—if the Chief Justice is in the minority or is not participating—by the senior justice in the majority. After the assignment, the justices generally communicate about a case by sending notes and draft opinions to each other's chambers.{{sfn|Tushnet|2005|pp=64–65}} In the give-and-take of opinion-writing, Scalia did not compromise his views in order to attract five votes for a majority (unlike the late Justice [[William J. Brennan, Jr.]], who would accept less than what he wanted in order to gain a partial victory).{{sfn|Biskupic|2009|p=132}} Scalia attempted to influence his colleagues by sending them "Ninograms"—short memoranda aimed at persuading them of the correctness of his views.<ref name="frosh" /><ref name="Ward">{{Cite journal |last=Ward |first=Artemus |date=February 2007 |title=Book review: ''The Political Thought of Justice Antonin Scalia: A Hamiltonian of the Supreme Court'' by James B. Stabb |url=http://lawcourts.org/LPBR/reviews/staab0207.htm |url-status=live |journal=[[American Political Science Association|Law & Politics Book Review]] |publisher=[[American Political Science Association]] |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=96–100 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223002146/http://lawcourts.org/LPBR/reviews/staab0207.htm |archive-date=February 23, 2016 |access-date=February 14, 2016}}</ref>

In an October 2013 issue of ''New York'' magazine, Scalia revealed that he scanned ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' and ''[[The Washington Times]],'' obtained most of his news from talk radio, and did not read ''[[The New York Times]]'' or ''[[The Washington Post]].'' He described ''The Washington Post'' as "''shrilly'' liberal".<ref name="senior">{{Citation |last=Senior |first=Jennifer |title=In conversation: Antonin Scalia |date=October 14, 2013 |work=New York |page=26 |url=https://nymag.com/news/features/antonin-scalia-2013-10/index3.html |access-date=February 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220021150/https://nymag.com/news/features/antonin-scalia-2013-10/index3.html |archive-date=February 20, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Textualism ===
Scalia was a [[textualism|textualist]] in [[statutory interpretation]], believing that the ordinary meaning of a statute should govern.<ref>{{Citation |last=Rossum |first=Ralph |title=The textualist jurisprudence of Justice Scalia |url=http://www.claremontmckenna.edu/salvatori/publications/RARScalia.asp |access-date=January 14, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125150847/http://www.claremontmckenna.edu/salvatori/publications/RARScalia.asp |archive-date=January 25, 2010 |publisher=Claremont McKenna College}}</ref> In interpreting statutes, Scalia did not look to [[legislative history]]. In the 2006 case of ''[[Zedner v. United States]]'', he joined the majority opinion written by Justice [[Samuel Alito]]—all except one paragraph of the opinion, in which Alito cited legislative history. In a concurring opinion in that case, Scalia noted, "The use of legislative history is illegitimate and ill advised in the interpretation of any statute".<ref>{{Citation |last=Greenhouse |first=Linda |title=Court to weigh race as factor in school rolls |date=June 6, 2006a |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/06/washington/06scotus.html |access-date=January 13, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206105338/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/06/washington/06scotus.html |archive-date=December 6, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>
His dislike of legislative history may have been a reason that other justices have become more cautious in its use.<ref name="leghist" /> Gregory Maggs wrote in the ''Public Interest Law Review'' in 1995 that by the early 1990s, legislative history was being cited in only about forty percent of Supreme Court cases involving the interpretation of [[statute]]s and that no case of that era used legislative history as an essential reason for the outcome. Maggs suggested:

{{blockquote|With Justice Scalia breathing down the necks of anyone who peeks into the Congressional Record or Senate reports, the other members of the Court may have concluded that the benefit of citing legislative history does not outweigh its costs. It is likely for this reason that the percentage of cases citing it has decreased dramatically. No one likes an unnecessary fight, especially not one with as formidable an opponent as Justice Scalia.<ref name="leghist">{{Harvnb|Rossum|2006|p=44}}.</ref>}}

=== Originalism ===
[[File:Scalia's portrait by Nelson Shanks.jpg|thumb|Scalia's official Supreme Court portrait by [[Nelson Shanks]]|309x309px]]
In 1998, Scalia vociferously opposed the idea of a [[living constitution]], or the power of the judiciary to modify the meaning of constitutional provisions to adapt them to changing times.<ref name="sixty" /> Scalia warned that if one accepted that constitutional standards should evolve with a maturing society, "the risk of assessing evolving standards is that it is all too easy to believe that evolution has culminated in one's own views".<ref>{{Citation |title=''Thompson v. Oklahoma'', 487 U.S. 815, 865 (Scalia, J., dissenting) |date=June 29, 1988 |url=http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=CASE&court=US&vol=487&page=815 |access-date=January 13, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515051941/http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=CASE&court=US&vol=487&page=815 |archive-date=May 15, 2011 |url-status=live |publisher=United States Supreme Court |via=[[FindLaw]]}}</ref> He compared the Constitution to statutes he contended were not understood to change their meaning through time.<ref name="hlrecord" /> Scalia described himself as an [[originalism|originalist]], meaning that he interpreted the [[United States Constitution]] as it would have been understood when it was adopted. According to Scalia in 2008, "It's what did the words mean to the people who ratified the Bill of Rights or who ratified the Constitution".<ref name="sixty" />

Constitutional amendments, such as the 1868 [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourteenth Amendment]], according to Scalia, were to be interpreted based on their meaning at the time of ratification.<ref>{{Citation |last=Greenhouse |first=Linda |title=Washington talk: High Court still groping to define due process |date=May 31, 1990 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/31/us/washington-talk-high-court-still-groping-to-define-due-process.html |access-date=February 12, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525204537/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/31/us/washington-talk-high-court-still-groping-to-define-due-process.html |archive-date=May 25, 2015 |url-status=live |author-link=Linda Greenhouse}}</ref> Scalia was often asked how that approach justified the result in the 1954 case of ''[[Brown v. Board of Education]]'', which held that segregated schools were unconstitutional and which relied on the Fourteenth Amendment for the result.<ref>{{Citation |last=Talbot |first=Margaret |title=Supreme confidence: The jurisprudence of Antonin Scalia |date=March 28, 2005 |magazine=The New Yorker |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2005/03/28/supreme-confidence |access-date=February 12, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901170905/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2005/03/28/supreme-confidence |archive-date=September 1, 2014 |url-status=live |author-link=Margaret Talbot}}</ref> Scalia responded to this argument in two ways. He noted research by Michael McConell that "persuasively establishes that this was the original understanding of the post Civil War Amendments." However, Scalia continues by arguing that even if non-originalist methods occasionally produce better results than originalism, "It is in no way remarkable... that taking power from the people and placing it instead with a judicial aristocracy can produce some creditable results that democracy might not achieve. The same can be said of monarchy and totalitarianism. But once a nation has decided that democracy... is the best system of government, the crucial question becomes which theory of textual interpretation is compatible with democracy. Originalism unquestionably is. Non-originalism, by contrast, imposes on society statutory prescriptions that were never democratically adopted. When applied to the Constitution, nonoriginalism limits the democratic process itself, prohibiting... acts... that 'We The People' never, ever, voted to outlaw".<ref>[https://www.amazon.com/Reading-Law-Interpretation-Legal-Texts/dp/031427555X Reading Law: The Interpretation of Legal Texts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407171751/https://www.amazon.com/Reading-Law-Interpretation-Legal-Texts/dp/031427555X|date=April 7, 2019}} pp. 87–88</ref> In a 2009 public conversation, Justice [[Stephen Breyer]] questioned Scalia, indicating that those who ratified the Fourteenth Amendment did not intend to end school segregation. Scalia called this argument "[[waving the bloody shirt]] of ''Brown''" and indicated that he would have joined the [[John Marshall Harlan|first Justice Harlan's]] solitary dissent in ''[[Plessy v. Ferguson]]'', the 1896 case that ''Brown'' overruled.<ref>{{Citation |last=Liptak |first=Adam |title=Sidebar: From 19th Century view, desegregation is a test |date=November 9, 2009 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/10/us/10bar.html |access-date=February 12, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005215137/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/10/us/10bar.html |archive-date=October 5, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Scalia's originalist approach came under attack from critics, who viewed it as "a cover for what they see as Scalia's real intention: to turn back some pivotal court decisions of the 1960s and 70s" reached by the [[Warren Court|Warren]] and Burger Courts.<ref name="sixty" /> [[Ralph Nader]] argued in 2008 that Scalia's originalist philosophy was inconsistent with the justice's acceptance of the [[Corporate personhood debate|extension of certain constitutional rights to corporations]] when at the time of the Fourteenth Amendment's ratification, corporations were not commonly understood to possess constitutional rights.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Nader |first1=Ralph |title=Letter to the Editor: Ralph Nader on Scalia's "originalism" |date=November 13, 2008 |url=http://hlrecord.org/?p=11026 |access-date=April 29, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140430053830/http://hlrecord.org/?p=11026 |archive-date=April 30, 2014 |url-status=live |publisher=Harvard Law Record |last2=Weissman |first2=Robert}}</ref> Nader's view preceded the Court's 2010 decision in ''[[Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission]]''. Scalia, in his concurrence in that case, traced his understanding of the rights of groups of individuals at the time of the adoption of the Bill of Rights. His argument was based on the lack of an exception for groups such as corporations in the free speech guarantee in the Bill of Rights and on several examples of corporate political speech from the time of the adoption of the Bill of Rights.<ref>{{Citation |title=''Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission'' (Scalia, J., concurring) |date=January 21, 2010 |url=http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=US&navby=case&vol=000&invol=08-205#concurrence2 |access-date=January 27, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100127170829/http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=US&navby=case&vol=000&invol=08-205 |archive-date=January 27, 2010 |url-status=live |publisher=United States Supreme Court |via=FindLaw}}</ref> Professor Thomas Colby of [[George Washington University National Law Center]] argued that Scalia's votes in [[Establishment Clause]] cases do not stem from originalist views but simply from conservative political convictions.{{sfn|Biskupic|2009|p=208}} Scalia responded to his critics that his originalism "has occasionally led him to decisions he deplores, like his [[Texas v. Johnson|upholding the constitutionality]] of [[flag burning]]", which according to Scalia was protected by the First Amendment.<ref name="sixty" />

In 2006, before [[George W. Bush]] appointees [[John Roberts|Roberts]] and [[Samuel Alito|Alito]] had had time to make an impact, Rossum wrote that Scalia had failed to win converts among his conservative colleagues for his use of [[originalism]],{{sfn|Rossum|2006|p=198}} whereas Roberts and Alito, as younger men with an originalist approach, greatly admired Scalia battling for what he believed in.{{sfn|Biskupic|2009|p=275}} Following the appointments of Roberts and Alito, subsequent appointees [[Neil Gorsuch]] and [[Brett Kavanaugh]] are identified in their judicial temperament as being originalists with Kavanaugh referred to as "a stalwart originalist" in the tradition of Scalia.<ref>Alana Abramson. "President Trump Names New Supreme Court Justice". ''Time''. July 10, 2018. [https://time.com/5333655/donald-trump-supreme-court-pick/] .</ref><ref>Brian Bennett. "Trump's Justice". ''Time''. July 23, 2018, p. 22. [https://time.com/5336621/brett-kavanaugh-supreme-court/] .</ref>

== Public attention ==
===Requests for recusals===
[[File:garnerscalia.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Two men in shirtsleeves work at a table, there are quantities of paper in front of them..|Scalia (right) works on a book with lexicographer [[Bryan A. Garner]]]]
Scalia [[recusal|recused]] himself from ''[[Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow]]'' (2004), a case brought by atheist [[Michael Newdow]] alleging that recitation of the [[Pledge of Allegiance (United States)|Pledge of Allegiance]] (including the words "under God") in school classrooms violated the rights of his daughter, who he said was also an atheist. Shortly after the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit]] ruled in Newdow's favor but before the case came before the Supreme Court, Scalia spoke at a [[Knights of Columbus]] event in [[Fredericksburg, Virginia]], stating that the Ninth Circuit decision was an example of how the courts were trying to excise God from public life. The school district requested that the Supreme Court review the case, and Newdow asked that Scalia recuse himself because of this prior statement, which he did without comment.<ref>{{Citation |last=Greenhouse |first=Linda |title=Justices take case on Pledge of Allegiance's reference to God |date=October 14, 2003 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/14/national/14CND-SCOTUS.html |access-date=January 29, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205204528/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/14/national/14CND-SCOTUS.html |archive-date=February 5, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Scalia declined to recuse himself from ''[[Cheney v. United States District Court for the District of Columbia]]'' (2005), a case concerning whether Vice President [[Dick Cheney]] could keep secret the membership of an advisory task force on energy policy. Scalia was asked to recuse himself because he had gone on a hunting trip with various persons including Cheney, during which he traveled one way on [[Air Force Two]]. Scalia issued a lengthy [[in-chambers opinion]] refusing to recuse himself, stating that though Cheney was a longtime friend, he was being sued merely in his official capacity and that were justices to step aside in the cases of officials who are parties because of official capacity, the Supreme Court would cease to function. Scalia indicated that it was far from unusual for justices to socialize with other government officials, recalling that the late Chief Justice [[Fred M. Vinson]] played poker with President [[Harry Truman]] and that Justice [[Byron White]] went skiing with Attorney General [[Robert F. Kennedy]]. Scalia stated that he was never alone with Cheney during the trip, the two had not discussed the case, and the justice had saved no money because he had bought round-trip tickets, the cheapest available.<ref>{{Citation |last=Janofsky |first=Michael |title=Scalia refuses to take himself off Cheney case |date=March 19, 2004 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/19/us/scalia-refusing-to-take-himself-off-cheney-case.html |access-date=January 29, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109224635/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/19/us/scalia-refusing-to-take-himself-off-cheney-case.html |archive-date=November 9, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> Scalia was part of the 7–2 majority once the case was heard, a decision that generally upheld Cheney's position.<ref>{{Citation |last=Greenhouse |first=Linda |title=Justices' ruling postpones resolution of Cheney case |date=June 25, 2004 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/06/25/us/justices-ruling-postpones-resolution-of-cheney-case.html |access-date=January 29, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221074731/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/06/25/us/justices-ruling-postpones-resolution-of-cheney-case.html |archive-date=December 21, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Scalia later described his refusal to recuse himself as his "most heroic opinion" because it had exposed him to a great deal of criticism.<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 13, 2006 |title=Scalia Defends Involvement in Cheney Case |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/12/AR2006041201905.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113092803/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/12/AR2006041201905.html |archive-date=November 13, 2016 |access-date=August 24, 2017 |newspaper=The Washington Post |agency=AP}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Senior |first=Jennifer |date=October 6, 2013 |title=In Conversation: Antonin Scalia |url=https://nymag.com/news/features/antonin-scalia-2013-10/index7.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222102801/http://nymag.com/news/features/antonin-scalia-2013-10/index7.html |archive-date=December 22, 2019 |access-date=February 18, 2020 |work=NYMag.com}}</ref>

Judge [[Gilbert S. Merritt Jr.]] of the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals called for Scalia's recusal in ''Bush v. Gore'' at the time.<ref name="Sinnot-Armstrong2002">{{Cite journal |last=Sinnot-Armstrong |first=Walter |date=2002 |title=Recusal and Bush v. Gore |url=https://sites.duke.edu/wsa/papers/files/2011/05/wsa-recusalandbushvgore2002.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Law and Philosophy |publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers |volume=21 |issue=2 |page=221 |doi=10.1023/A:1014574117133 |issn=1573-0522 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204071224/https://sites.duke.edu/wsa/papers/files/2011/05/wsa-recusalandbushvgore2002.pdf |archive-date=February 4, 2021 |access-date=July 14, 2019}}</ref> Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, writing in ''Law and Philosophy'', later chronicled such calls and contended that "There were many ways for Justice Scalia's sons to benefit from a decision in favor of Bush. Together these benefits could be substantial. Hence, [the law] required recusal".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sinnot-Armstrong |first=Walter |date=2002 |title=Recusal and Bush v. Gore |url=https://sites.duke.edu/wsa/papers/files/2011/05/wsa-recusalandbushvgore2002.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Law and Philosophy |publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=201, 238 |doi=10.1023/A:1014574117133 |issn=1573-0522 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204071224/https://sites.duke.edu/wsa/papers/files/2011/05/wsa-recusalandbushvgore2002.pdf |archive-date=February 4, 2021 |access-date=July 14, 2019}}</ref> Republicans dismissed such calls as partisan, noting that Merritt was a close friend of the Gores and a rumored Gore Supreme Court nominee.<ref name="Sinnot-Armstrong2002" />

===Religious views===
[[File:Antonin Scalia official SCOTUS portrait.jpg|thumb|Scalia's official portrait, 2005]]
Scalia was a devout [[Traditionalist Catholicism|traditionalist Catholic]], and his son Paul entered the priesthood. Uncomfortable with the changes brought about following [[Vatican II]], Scalia drove long distances to parishes he felt were more in accord with his beliefs, including parishes that celebrated the [[Tridentine Latin Mass]] in Chicago and Washington,<ref>{{Harvnb|Biskupic|2009|p=185}}.</ref> and one celebrating the Latin version<ref>{{Cite web |last=Collins |first=Katie |date=October 27, 2010 |title=Parish Profile: Great Falls St. Catherine of Siena |url=http://catholicherald.com/stories/Willing-to-say-it-like-it-is,14166 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222044159/http://catholicherald.com/stories/Willing-to-say-it-like-it-is,14166 |archive-date=February 22, 2016 |access-date=January 5, 2016 |website=[[Arlington Catholic Herald]]}}</ref> of the [[Mass of Paul VI]] at St. Catherine of Siena in [[Great Falls, Virginia]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Havill |first=Adrian |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xUEEQy9mKB0C&pg=PA120 |title=The Spy Who Stayed Out in the Cold: The Secret Life of FBI Double Agent Robert Hanssen |date=November 18, 2002 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=9780312986292 |page=120 |chapter=Mondays are for dead drops |access-date=January 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427062031/https://books.google.com/books?id=xUEEQy9mKB0C&pg=PA120 |archive-date=April 27, 2016 |url-status=live |via=Google Books}}</ref> In a 2013 interview with Jennifer Senior for ''[[New York (magazine)|New York]]'', Scalia was asked whether his beliefs extended to the Devil, and he stated, "Of course! Yeah, he's a real person. Hey, c'mon, that's standard Catholic doctrine! Every Catholic believes that." When asked whether he had seen recent evidence of the Devil, Scalia replied: "You know, it is curious. In the Gospels, the Devil is doing all sorts of things. He's making pigs run off cliffs, he's possessing people and whatnot ... What he's doing now is getting people not to believe in him or in God. He's much more successful that way."<ref name="senior" /> In another 2013 interview to the ''[[Houston Chronicle]]'', Scalia said, "In order for capitalism to work, in order for it to produce a good and stable society, traditional Christian virtues are essential."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Slevin |first=Jeremy |date=September 11, 2013 |title=Elizabeth Warren slams "pro-corporate" Supremes |url=https://www.msnbc.com/now-alex-wagner/elizabeth-warren-slams-pro-corporate |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416220255/http://www.msnbc.com/now-alex-wagner/elizabeth-warren-slams-pro-corporate |archive-date=April 16, 2014 |access-date=November 18, 2013 |work=[[Now with Alex Wagner|NOW with Alex Wagner]] |publisher=MSNBC}}</ref>

In 2006, upon leaving church, Scalia was asked by a reporter whether being a traditionalist Catholic had caused problems for him, and he responded by asking, "You know what I say to those people?" and with a gesture, cupping his hand under his chin and flicking his fingers out. The gesture, which got captured by a photographer, was initially reported by the ''[[Boston Herald]]'' as obscene. Scalia responded to the reports with a letter to the editor, accusing the news staff of watching too many episodes of ''[[The Sopranos]]'' and stating that the gesture was a strong brush-off. Roger Axtell, an expert on body language, described the gesture as possibly meaning "I've had enough, go away" and noted, "It's a fairly strong gesture".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Brand |first=Madeline |date=March 30, 2006 |others=Roger Axtell (guest) |title=Justice Scalia's under-the-chin gesture |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5312065 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021001112/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5312065 |archive-date=October 21, 2013 |access-date=November 18, 2013 |publisher=NPR}}</ref> The gesture was parodied by comedian [[Stephen Colbert]] during [[Stephen Colbert at the 2006 White House Correspondents' Association Dinner|his performance at the White House Correspondents' Association Dinner]] later that year, with the justice in attendance; cameras showed that, unlike most of the butts of Colbert's jokes that evening, Scalia was laughing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Patterson |first=Tray |date=May 2, 2006 |title=Dinner Theater: Why Stephen Colbert didn't bomb in D.C. |url=http://www.slate.com/id/2140921/nav/tap2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101023003705/http://www.slate.com/id/2140921/nav/tap2 |archive-date=October 23, 2010 |newspaper=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]}}</ref><ref name="colbert20160215">{{Cite episode |title=Stephen's Tribute To Antonin Scalia |url=http://www.cbs.com/shows/the-late-show-with-stephen-colbert/video/9F55BEB7-1D3C-F255-AE28-E7CE078D0C1E/stephen-s-tribute-to-antonin-scalia/ |access-date=May 8, 2016 |series=The Late Show with Stephen Colbert |network=CBS |date=February 15, 2016 |archive-date=May 10, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510102350/http://www.cbs.com/shows/the-late-show-with-stephen-colbert/video/9F55BEB7-1D3C-F255-AE28-E7CE078D0C1E/stephen-s-tribute-to-antonin-scalia/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

===1996 presidential election===
According to [[John Boehner]], as chairman of the [[Republican Conference of the United States House of Representatives|House Republican Conference]], he sought to persuade Scalia to run for election as vice president with [[Bob Dole]] in 1996. As related by Boehner, Scalia listened to the proposal and dictated the same reply Justice [[Charles Evans Hughes]] had once given to a similar query: "The possibility is too remote to comment upon, given my position". Dole did put Scalia on his list of potential running mates but eventually decided upon [[Jack Kemp]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Boehner |first=John |title=The Time I Tried To Persuade Antonin Scalia To Run For Vice President |url=http://opinion.injo.com/2016/02/253148-time-tried-persuade-antonin-scalia-run-vice-president-united-states/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218211901/http://opinion.injo.com/2016/02/253148-time-tried-persuade-antonin-scalia-run-vice-president-united-states/ |archive-date=February 18, 2016 |access-date=February 16, 2016 |work=Independent Journal}}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:Office of the Secretary - Swearing-In for Gene Scalia, Solicitor of Labor - DPLA - 374048e74a473440a8563df65b0c6f22.jpg|thumb|Scalia (''left'') and [[William Barr]] (''right'') at the swearing-in of his son, [[Eugene Scalia]], as Solicitor of Labor on February 25, 2002]]

On September 10, 1960, Scalia married Maureen McCarthy at St. Pius X church in [[Yarmouth, Massachusetts]].<ref name="pius" /> The two had met on a blind date while he was at Harvard Law School. Maureen was  an undergraduate student at [[Radcliffe College]] when they met; she subsequently obtained a degree in English from the school.{{sfn|Biskupic|2009|pp=30–31}}

The Scalias had five sons and four daughters.{{sfn|Biskupic|2009|p=361}} Two of their sons, [[Eugene Scalia]] and John Scalia, became attorneys,<ref name="growing" /> with Eugene later becoming [[Secretary of Labor]] in the [[First presidency of Donald Trump|first Trump administration]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 26, 2019 |title=Senate confirms Eugene Scalia as labor secretary, succeeding Alex Acosta who resigned in July amid outcry over Epstein plea deal |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/senate-poised-to-confirm-eugene-scalia-as-labor-secretary/2019/09/26/5ff2bfe2-e067-11e9-b199-f638bf2c340f_story.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926212738/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/senate-poised-to-confirm-eugene-scalia-as-labor-secretary/2019/09/26/5ff2bfe2-e067-11e9-b199-f638bf2c340f_story.html |archive-date=September 26, 2019 |access-date=September 26, 2019 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 26, 2019 |title=Senate Confirms Eugene Scalia as Labor Secretary |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/senate-confirms-eugene-scalia-as-labor-secretary-11569522438 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926214545/https://www.wsj.com/articles/senate-confirms-eugene-scalia-as-labor-secretary-11569522438 |archive-date=September 26, 2019 |access-date=September 26, 2019 |website=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref> Paul Scalia became a Catholic priest, Matthew Scalia had a military career, and Christopher Scalia became a writer. All four Scalia daughters—Catherine, Ann, Margaret, and Mary—have families. According to Scalia, Maureen raised all nine children "with very little assistance from me".<ref name="growing">{{Cite magazine |last=Melissa Chan |date=February 16, 2016 |title=Antonin Scalia: Growing Up With The Supreme Court Justice |url=https://time.com/4226411/antonin-scalia-family-children/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219190704/http://time.com/4226411/antonin-scalia-family-children/ |archive-date=February 19, 2016 |access-date=February 19, 2016 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref> The family resided in [[McLean, Virginia]], a suburb of Washington, D.C.{{sfn|Biskupic|2009|p=211}}

Scalia enjoyed a warm friendship with fellow justice [[Ruth Bader Ginsburg]], considered a member of the court's liberal wing, with the two attending the opera together and appearing together onstage as [[Supernumerary actor|supernumeraries]] in [[Washington National Opera]]'s 1994 production of ''[[Ariadne auf Naxos]]''.<ref name="auf" /> Ginsburg was a colleague of Scalia on the D.C. Circuit, and the Scalias and Ginsburgs had dinner together every New Year's Eve.{{sfn|Biskupic|2009|p=88}}

Scalia also enjoyed a friendship with fellow Justice [[Elena Kagan]], also considered a member of the court's liberal wing. When Justice [[David Souter]] retired, Scalia told [[David Axelrod (political consultant)|David Axelrod]], an adviser to then-President [[Barack Obama]], that he hoped that Obama would nominate Kagan to replace him. While Obama nominated [[Sonia Sotomayor]] instead, a year later when Justice [[John Paul Stevens]] retired, Obama nominated Kagan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Axelrod |first=David |date=February 14, 2016 |title=David Axelrod: A surprise request from Justice Scalia |url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/02/14/opinions/david-axelrod-surprise-request-from-justice-scalia/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617204706/https://www.cnn.com/2016/02/14/opinions/david-axelrod-surprise-request-from-justice-scalia/index.html |archive-date=June 17, 2020 |access-date=June 15, 2020 |website=CNN}}</ref> An avid hunter, Scalia taught Justice Kagan how to hunt; the two hunted ducks, birds, deer and antelope together.<ref name="Death">{{Cite web |last=Schwartz |first=Allan B. |date=March 8, 2019 |title=Medical mystery: Could Supreme Court justice's death have been prevented? |url=https://www.philly.com/health/antonin-scalia-cause-of-death-sleep-apnea-20190308.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108153021/https://www.inquirer.com/health/antonin-scalia-cause-of-death-sleep-apnea-20190308.html |archive-date=November 8, 2021 |access-date=May 23, 2019 |website=[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]}}</ref><ref name="Hunting_Buddies">{{bulleted list |{{Cite web |last=Eaton, Elizabeth S |date=August 31, 2016 |title=Justice Elena Kagan talks about her warm relationship with her late colleague Antonin Scalia |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona/2016/08/31/supreme-court-justice-elena-kagan-antonin-scalia/89676192/ |website=[[AZCentral]] }} |{{cite magazine|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/06/justice-kagan-and-justice-scalia-are-hunting-buddies-really/277401/|title=Justice Kagan and Justice Scalia Are Hunting Buddies – Really|first=Garance|last=Franke-Ruta|date=June 30, 2013|magazine=[[The Atlantic]]|access-date=May 23, 2019|archive-date=December 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181208124356/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/06/justice-kagan-and-justice-scalia-are-hunting-buddies-really/277401/|url-status=live}}}}</ref>

===Death and funeral===
[[File:Justice Scalia.jpg|thumb|Scalia's gravesite at [[Fairfax Memorial Park]]]]
Scalia died in his sleep<ref name="NYT-20160213-al">{{Citation |last=Liptak |first=Adam |title=Justice Antonin Scalia, Who Led a Conservative Renaissance on the Supreme Court, Is Dead at 79 |date=February 13, 2016 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/14/us/antonin-scalia-death.html |access-date=February 13, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218013819/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/14/us/antonin-scalia-death.html |archive-date=February 18, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> at age 79. His body was discovered on the morning of February 13, 2016, in his room<ref name="WashingtonPost">{{Cite news |last1=Straub |first1=Lana |last2=Moravec |first2=Eva Ruth |last3=Horwitz |first3=Sari |last4=Markon |first4=Jerry |date=February 14, 2016 |title=The death of Antonin Scalia: Chaos, confusion and conflicting reports |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/texas-tv-station-scalia-died-of-a-heart-attack/2016/02/14/938e2170-d332-11e5-9823-02b905009f99_story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215002715/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/texas-tv-station-scalia-died-of-a-heart-attack/2016/02/14/938e2170-d332-11e5-9823-02b905009f99_story.html |archive-date=February 15, 2016 |access-date=February 14, 2016 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> at [[Cibolo Creek Ranch]], near [[Shafter, Texas]] in [[Presidio County, Texas]].<ref>{{cite news|url = https://apnews.com/article/religion-elections-courts-presidential-elections-gun-politics-0a5453e54bb848fd8858124e7a80dfec|title = Justice Antonin Scalia dead at 79|last = Sherman|first = Mark|date = February 13, 2016|accessdate = September 8, 2024|work = [[Associated Press]]|quote = A gray hearse was seen at the entrance to the Cibolo Creek Ranch, near Shafter}}</ref> He had gone [[quail]] hunting the afternoon before, and then dined as the guest of [[John B. Poindexter]], owner of the ranch.<ref name="usatodaywildlife">{{Cite news |last1=Abramson |first1=Ben |last2=Bacon |first2=John |date=February 14, 2016 |title=Cibolo Creek Ranch: Wildlife, movie sets, luxury |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/hotels/2016/02/13/cibolo-creek-ranch-resort-texas/80356210/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160214173551/http://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/hotels/2016/02/13/cibolo-creek-ranch-resort-texas/80356210/ |archive-date=February 14, 2016 |access-date=February 14, 2016 |work=USA Today}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Berman |first1=Mark |title=Why Justice Scalia was staying for free at a Texas resort |date=February 17, 2016 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2016/02/17/justice-scalias-death-and-questions-about-who-pays-for-supreme-court-justices-to-visit-remote-resorts/ |access-date=September 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624001801/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2016/02/17/justice-scalias-death-and-questions-about-who-pays-for-supreme-court-justices-to-visit-remote-resorts/ |archive-date=June 24, 2017 |url-status=live |last2=Markon |first2=Jerry}}</ref> After Poindexter discovered the body, he called the [[Presidio County, Texas|Presidio County]] sheriff's department to ask for the number of the [[U.S. Marshals Service]] to report a death. Poindexter was reluctant to say who had died to Sheriff Danny Dominguez. Dominguez had the Marshal's Service call the ranch owner, and both the marshals and the sheriff went to the ranch, where they were shown Scalia's body. Dominguez instructed his office to call local [[justice of the peace]] Juanita Bishop, but she was out of town.<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 23, 2016 |title=Presidio County Sheriff's Office Report on Justice Antonin Scalia's death. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/apps/g/page/politics/presidio-county-sheriffs-office-report-on-justice-antonin-scalias-death/1968/?tid=a_inl |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510083413/https://www.washingtonpost.com/apps/g/page/politics/presidio-county-sheriffs-office-report-on-justice-antonin-scalias-death/1968/?tid=a_inl |archive-date=May 10, 2020 |access-date=September 20, 2019 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref>

[[County judge]] Cinderela Guevara pronounced Scalia dead of [[Death by natural causes|natural causes]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2016 |title=Texas judge disclosed details about Scalia's health |url=https://apnews.com/507b286c0caf4dbab00c245119f66e5d |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920163647/https://apnews.com/507b286c0caf4dbab00c245119f66e5d |archive-date=September 20, 2019 |access-date=September 20, 2019 |website=The Big Story |language=en-US}}</ref> She did not see the body, which under Texas law is not required, nor did she order an autopsy.<ref name="WashingtonPost" /> Bishop, as well as David Beebe, another justice of the peace, later disagreed with the decision not to order an autopsy for Scalia. Guevara, who conferred by telephone with Scalia's physician, stated that she made the determination to pronounce Scalia dead from natural causes after being told by county sheriff Dominguez on the scene that "there were no signs of foul play" and that Scalia "was having health issues".<ref name="WashingtonPost" /><ref name="NPR">{{Cite news |last=Michael |first=Tom |date=February 14, 2016 |title=The Trials Of Pronouncing Antonin Scalia Dead In West Texas |url=http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/02/14/466745476/the-trials-of-pronouncing-antonin-scalia-dead-in-west-texas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920163658/https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/02/14/466745476/the-trials-of-pronouncing-antonin-scalia-dead-in-west-texas |archive-date=September 20, 2019 |access-date=September 20, 2019 |work=[[NPR]]}}</ref> Scalia's physician, Rear Admiral [[Brian Monahan|Brian P. Monahan]], told her Scalia had a history of heart trouble, including high blood pressure, and was recently deemed too weak to undergo surgery for a torn [[rotator cuff]].<ref name="Hananel15Feb">{{Cite news |last1=Hananel |first1=Sam |last2=Warren |first2=David |date=February 15, 2016 |title=Texas Judge Disclosed Details About Scalia's Health |url=https://apnews.com/507b286c0caf4dbab00c245119f66e5d |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920163647/https://apnews.com/507b286c0caf4dbab00c245119f66e5d |archive-date=September 20, 2019 |access-date=September 20, 2019 |work=Associated Press}}</ref><ref name="Warren23Feb">{{Cite news |last=Warren |first=Brian |date=February 23, 2016 |title=Scalia suffered from many health problems |url=https://www.apnews.com/a625688daed3426781d4385f4b7af5e4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920164111/https://www.apnews.com/a625688daed3426781d4385f4b7af5e4 |archive-date=September 20, 2019 |access-date=September 20, 2019 |work=Associated Press}}</ref> According to Sunset Funeral Home director Chris Lujan, Scalia's family also declined to have an autopsy performed after his body was transferred to his [[El Paso, Texas|El Paso]] funeral home, prior to its return to [[Fairfax, Virginia]].<ref name="Fiske14Feb">{{Cite news |last=Hennessy-Fiske |first=Molly |date=February 14, 2016 |title=Scalia's last moments on a Texas ranch – quail hunting to being found in 'perfect repose' |url=https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-scalia-ranch-20160214-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218033658/http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-scalia-ranch-20160214-story.html |archive-date=February 18, 2016 |access-date=September 20, 2019 |work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref>

Justice Scalia's last [[majority opinion]] was ''[[Kansas v. Carr]]'' (2016), and his last [[dissenting opinion]] and last overall was ''[[FERC v. Electric Power Supply Ass'n|FERC v. Electric Power Supply Association]]'' (2016).<ref name="Walsh">{{Cite web |last=Walsh |first=Mark |date=February 22, 2016 |title=A "view" from the Courtroom: The Justices return to a black and gray bench |url=https://www.scotusblog.com/2016/02/a-view-from-the-courtroom-the-justices-return-to-a-black-and-gray-bench/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108133346/https://www.scotusblog.com/2016/02/a-view-from-the-courtroom-the-justices-return-to-a-black-and-gray-bench/ |archive-date=November 8, 2020 |access-date=March 27, 2022 |website=[[SCOTUSblog]]}}</ref> Following his death, Scalia [[Lying in repose|lay in repose]] in the Great Hall of the [[United States Supreme Court Building]] on February 19, 2016.<ref name="NPR20">{{Cite news |last=Chappell |first=Bill |date=February 19, 2016 |title=Antonin Scalia Lies In Repose As Mourners Pay Respects At Supreme Court |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/02/19/467339863/antonin-scalias-coffin-is-placed-in-the-supreme-courts-great-hall |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005032644/https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/02/19/467339863/antonin-scalias-coffin-is-placed-in-the-supreme-courts-great-hall |archive-date=October 5, 2020 |access-date=September 25, 2020 |work=National Public Radio}}</ref> Scalia's son, [[Father (religious)|Father]] Paul Scalia, celebrated a Catholic [[Requiem|funeral Mass]] and delivered the homily on February 20, 2016, at the [[Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception]] in Washington, D.C.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news |last=Phelps |first=Jordyn |date=February 20, 2016 |title=Thousands Attend Funeral Mass for Late Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/funeral-burial-justice-antonin-scalia-takes-place-today/story?id=37056619 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603224937/http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/funeral-burial-justice-antonin-scalia-takes-place-today/story?id=37056619 |archive-date=June 3, 2016 |access-date=May 24, 2016 |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref> The Obama administration was represented at the funeral by Vice President [[Joe Biden]]; President [[Barack Obama]] did not attend.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hurley |first=Lawrence |date=February 20, 2016 |title=Obama, justices pay respects to Scalia |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-court-scalia-idUSKCN0VS0DP |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505220529/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-court-scalia-idUSKCN0VS0DP |archive-date=May 5, 2019 |access-date=May 23, 2019 |work=Reuters |via=www.reuters.com}}</ref> Scalia's remains were interred at a private ceremony at [[Fairfax Memorial Park]] in [[Fairfax, Virginia]].<ref name="auto1" /><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Dickinson |first1=Tim |title=New Senate Report Decries Conflicts and Corruption at Supreme Court |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-features/new-senate-report-conflicts-corruption-supreme-court-1235213965/ |magazine=Rolling Stone |date=21 December 2024}}</ref>

==== Conspiracy theories ====
The circumstances surrounding Scalia's death prompted conspiracy theories alleging that he may have been murdered.<ref name=skipping/> These conspiracy theories were stimulated by Guevara's decision not to conduct an autopsy and her pronouncement of Scalia's death by a phone call, as well as by Scalia's refusal of a [[United States Marshals Service]] security detail, uncertainty over the precise cause of Scalia's death, and Poindexter's initial assertion that he found Scalia in bed with a pillow over his head. Poindexter later clarified that the pillow was in between Scalia's head and the bed's headboard, not over his face.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hackman |first=Michelle |date=February 15, 2016 |title=Why nutty conspiracy theories on Antonin Scalia's death are already surfacing |url=https://www.vox.com/2016/2/15/11002168/scalia-death-conspiracy |access-date=April 12, 2022 |website=Vox |language=en}}</ref> The conspiracy theory was promoted by William Ritchie, a former head of criminal investigations for the [[Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia]], and by [[Alex Jones]], a far-right talk show host.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Justice Antonin Scalia's Death Attracts Conspiracy Theorists |url=https://time.com/4224853/conspiracy-theories-scalia-death/ |access-date=April 12, 2022 |magazine=Time |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Conspiracy theories swirl around the death of Antonin Scalia |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2016/02/15/conspiracy-theories-swirl-around-the-death-of-antonin-scalia/ |access-date=April 12, 2022 |newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Garrett |first=R. Kelly |date=February 22, 2016 |title=Making sense of the Scalia conspiracy theory |url=https://theconversation.com/making-sense-of-the-scalia-conspiracy-theory-55083 |access-date=April 12, 2022 |website=The Conversation |language=en}}</ref> [[Donald Trump]], then a candidate for the Republican presidential nomination, referenced the homicide allegations on [[Michael Savage]]'s radio show ''[[The Savage Nation]]'', saying that "they say they found a pillow on his face, which is a pretty unusual place to find a pillow."<ref name="skipping">{{Cite web |last=Krieg |first=Gregory |date=February 16, 2016 |title=Skipping Scalia autopsy spawns conspiracy theories {{!}} CNN Politics |url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/02/16/politics/antonin-scalia-autopsy-death-conspiracy-theories/index.html |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> [[Eugene Scalia]] rejected the theories, saying that "our family just has no doubt that he was taken from us by natural causes."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shutt |first=Jennifer |date=February 17, 2016 |title=Scalia's son rejects conspiracy theories about father's death |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2016/02/scalia-death-conspiracy-theories-family-reaction-219376 |access-date=April 12, 2022 |website=POLITICO |language=en}}</ref>

==Legacy==
[[File:Supreme Court US 2010.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|The Roberts Court (October 2010 – February 2016). Front row: [[Clarence Thomas]], Antonin Scalia, [[John Roberts]] ([[Chief Justice of the United States|Chief]]), [[Anthony Kennedy]], [[Ruth Bader Ginsburg]]. Back row: [[Sonia Sotomayor]], [[Stephen Breyer]], [[Samuel Alito]], [[Elena Kagan]]]]

===Influence===
Writing in ''[[The Jewish Daily Forward]]'' in 2009, J. J. Goldberg described Scalia as "the intellectual anchor of the court's conservative majority".<ref>{{Citation |last=Goldberg |first=J.J. |title=Antonin Scalia's uncivil religion |date=October 23, 2009 |work=The Jewish Daily Forward |url=http://www.forward.com/articles/116767/ |access-date=February 12, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091021132920/http://www.forward.com/articles/116767/ |archive-date=October 21, 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Book Page – Tabbed |url=https://penguinrandomhousesecondaryeducation.com/book/?isbn=9780385527200 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008191928/https://penguinrandomhousesecondaryeducation.com/book/?isbn=9780385527200 |archive-date=October 8, 2020 |access-date=October 4, 2020 |website=Penguin Random House Secondary Education}}</ref> Scalia traveled to the nation's law schools, giving talks on law and democracy.<ref name="frosh" /> His appearances on college campuses were often [[standing room only]].<ref name="lawsch">{{Harvnb|Biskupic|2009|p=276}}.</ref> Justice [[Ruth Bader Ginsburg]] indicated that Scalia was "very much in tune with the current generation of law students ... Students now put '[[Federalist Society]]' on their resumes".<ref name="legacy">{{Harvnb|Biskupic|2009|p=362}}.</ref> [[John Paul Stevens]], who served throughout Scalia's tenure until his 2010 retirement, said of Scalia's influence, "He's made a huge difference. Some of it constructive, some of it unfortunate".<ref name="legacy" /> Of the nine sitting justices, Scalia was most often the subject of [[law review]] articles.<ref name="lawsch" />

In 2009, after nearly a quarter century on the Court, Scalia characterized his victories as "damn few".<ref name="decade">{{Harvnb|Biskupic|2009|p=363}}.</ref>

Writing in the ''American Spectator'', Adam Carrington noted that:
{{blockquote|Since his death in February of 2016, Scalia's influence of course continues through his three decades of judicial opinions. But he still exerts great influence in another, less-discussed way. In 2012, he co-authored the book ''Reading Law: The Interpretation of Legal Texts'' with Bryan A. Garner. This work describes numerous "canons," or rules regarding how to interpret legal documents ... A mere seven years since its publication, ''Reading Law'' has been cited in over 1,000 state and federal cases. Just this spring, for instance, Supreme Court justices referenced the work in 10 cases.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reading Law: Justice Scalia's Other Legacy | The American Spectator | Politics Is Too Important To Be Taken Seriously. |url=https://spectator.org/reading-law-justice-scalias-other-legacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716204134/https://spectator.org/reading-law-justice-scalias-other-legacy/ |archive-date=July 16, 2019 |access-date=July 16, 2019 |website=The American Spectator|date=July 14, 2019 }}</ref>}}[[File:Semper Fidelis Award Ceremony and Dinner 130223-M-LU710-116.jpg|thumb|Scalia accepts the Semper Fidelis Award, 2013]]

Scalia's promotion of textualism and originalism on the high court led to a shift in the American judiciary's approach to textual interpretation, with greater attention paid to the text itself. The liberal political philosopher [[Ronald Dworkin]] said that because of Scalia, "we are all originalists now." For this reason, he is often described as one of the most influential jurists of the twentieth century.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Rosen |first=Jeffrey |author-link=Jeffrey Rosen (legal academic) |date=February 15, 2016 |title=What Made Antonin Scalia Great |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/02/what-made-antonin-scalia-great/462837/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713024756/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/02/what-made-antonin-scalia-great/462837/ |archive-date=July 13, 2019 |access-date=July 24, 2019 |work=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref> Kagan echoed the comment in her 2010 confirmation hearing, and declared in a 2015 interview at Harvard Law School honoring her then-colleague Scalia that "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dpEtszFT0Tg&t=8m22s we are all textualists now.]"<ref name="20221229ChicagoTrinuneSchwartz">{{cite news |author1=Peter H. Schwartz |title=Peter H. Schwartz: Antonin Scalia and the uncertain future of legal conservatism |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2022/12/29/peter-schwartz-antonin-scalia-and-the-uncertain-future-of-legal-conservatism/ |access-date=June 12, 2024 |date=December 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612211853/https://www.chicagotribune.com/2022/12/29/peter-schwartz-antonin-scalia-and-the-uncertain-future-of-legal-conservatism/ |archive-date=June 12, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Clip Of Kagan Confirmation Hearing, Day 2, Part 1 - User Clip: We are all originalists |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?c4910015/user-clip-originalists |publisher=C-SPAN |access-date=June 12, 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240612212437/https://www.c-span.org/video/?c4910015/user-clip-originalists |archive-date=June 12, 2024 |date=September 26, 2020}}</ref><ref name="20221229ChicagoTrinuneSchwartz" /><ref>{{cite web |title=The 2015 Scalia Lecture: A Dialogue with Justice Elena Kagan on the Reading of Statutes. For Kagan's remark "we are all textualists now." see at around 8 minutes and 22 seconds.|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dpEtszFT0Tg |website=Youtube |publisher=Harvard Law School |access-date=June 12, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327160054/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dpEtszFT0Tg |archive-date=March 27, 2024 |date=November 25, 2015}}</ref> In 2017, Harvard University established an [[endowed professorship]] at its law school dedicated in honor of Scalia; as of July 1, 2021, it is occupied by [[Stephen E. Sachs]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 2021 |title=Stephen E. Sachs |url=https://web.law.duke.edu/history/faculty/sachs/ |access-date=August 11, 2023 |website=[[Duke University School of Law]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== In popular culture ===
Derrick Wang's opera ''[[Scalia/Ginsburg]]'' depicts the friendship of Scalia and Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, both known for their shared love of opera.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rubenstein |first=David |date=July 17, 2020 |title=Justice Ginsburg Explains the 'Scalia/Ginsburg' Opera |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9LNzQ-wIgBs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103124017/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9LNzQ-wIgBs&feature=youtu.be |archive-date=November 3, 2020 |access-date=November 1, 2020 |website=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Edgers |first=Geoff |date=July 8, 2015 |title=From 'rage aria' to 'lovely duet,' opera does justice to court, Ginsburg says |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/music/from-rage-aria-to-lovely-duet-opera-does-justice-to-court-ginsburg-says/2015/07/08/1a8079a2-2515-11e5-b72c-2b7d516e1e0e_story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104200409/https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/music/from-rage-aria-to-lovely-duet-opera-does-justice-to-court-ginsburg-says/2015/07/08/1a8079a2-2515-11e5-b72c-2b7d516e1e0e_story.html |archive-date=November 4, 2020 |access-date=October 15, 2020 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Apel |first=Susan B. |date=October 2, 2018 |title=Opera Preview: 'Scalia/Ginsburg'—Mining (and Minding) the Political Gap |url=http://artsfuse.org/174230/opera-preview-ginsburg-scalia-mining-and-minding-the-political-gap/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200104141036/https://artsfuse.org/174230/opera-preview-ginsburg-scalia-mining-and-minding-the-political-gap/ |archive-date=January 4, 2020 |access-date=April 1, 2019 |website=The Arts Fuse}}</ref> The opera was introduced before Scalia and Ginsburg at the Supreme Court in 2013,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Scalia V. Ginsburg: Supreme Court Sparring, Put To Music |url=https://www.npr.org/2013/07/10/200137481/scalia-v-ginsburg-supreme-court-sparring-put-to-music |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108193612/https://www.npr.org/2013/07/10/200137481/scalia-v-ginsburg-supreme-court-sparring-put-to-music |archive-date=January 8, 2020 |access-date=November 1, 2020 |work=NPR.org |language=en}}</ref> premiered at the [[Castleton Festival]] in 2015,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Heil |first=Emily |title='Scalia/Ginsburg' opera draws VIPs of the legal world |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/reliable-source/wp/2015/07/20/scaliaginsburg-opera-draws-vips-of-the-legal-world/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223152613/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/reliable-source/wp/2015/07/20/scaliaginsburg-opera-draws-vips-of-the-legal-world/ |archive-date=December 23, 2015 |access-date=November 1, 2020 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gallagher |first=Nicholas M. |date=August 6, 2015 |title=Opera Dicta |url=https://www.the-american-interest.com/2015/08/06/opera-dicta/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031221947/https://www.the-american-interest.com/2015/08/06/opera-dicta/ |archive-date=October 31, 2020 |access-date=November 1, 2020 |website=The American Interest |language=en-US}}</ref> and was revised after Scalia's death,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Composing the Law: An Interview with Derrick Wang, Creator of the Scalia/Ginsburg Opera |url=https://www.americanbar.org/groups/intellectual_property_law/publications/landslide/2019-20/january-february/composing-law-interview-derrick-wang-creator-the-scaliaginsburg-opera/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029055829/https://www.americanbar.org/groups/intellectual_property_law/publications/landslide/2019-20/january-february/composing-law-interview-derrick-wang-creator-the-scaliaginsburg-opera/ |archive-date=October 29, 2020 |access-date=November 1, 2020 |website=www.americanbar.org |language=en}}</ref> with the revised version broadcast on national radio on November 7, 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OD Radio broadcasts {{!}} Trial by Jury & Scalia/Ginsburg |url=https://www.operade.org/radio |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105150245/https://www.operade.org/radio |archive-date=November 5, 2020 |access-date=November 1, 2020 |website=OperaDelaware |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dobrin |first=Peter |date=September 22, 2020 |title=Philadelphia's opera community pours its love for Ruth Bader Ginsburg |url=https://www.inquirer.com/arts/ruth-bader-ginsburg-supreme-court-opera-denyce-graves-20200922.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017060853/https://www.inquirer.com/arts/ruth-bader-ginsburg-supreme-court-opera-denyce-graves-20200922.html |archive-date=October 17, 2020 |access-date=October 15, 2020 |website=The Philadelphia Inquirer}}</ref> Scalia and Ginsburg both wrote forewords to the libretto,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Scalia |first1=Antonin |last2=Ginsburg |first2=Ruth Bader |date=2015 |title=Prefaces to Scalia/Ginsburg: A (Gentle) Parody of Operatic Proportions |url=https://journals.library.columbia.edu/index.php/lawandarts/article/view/2118 |url-status=live |journal=The Columbia Journal of Law & the Arts |language=en |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=237 |doi=10.7916/jla.v38i2.2118 |issn=2161-9271 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105011521/https://journals.library.columbia.edu/index.php/lawandarts/article/view/2118 |archive-date=November 5, 2020 |access-date=November 1, 2020}}</ref> and Ginsburg cited the opera in her statement on Scalia's death<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2016 |title=Read Justice Ginsburg's Touching Tribute to Scalia: 'We Were Best Buddies' |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/justice-ruth-bader-ginsburg-justice-antonin-scalia-we-were-best-n518671 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108092148/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/justice-ruth-bader-ginsburg-justice-antonin-scalia-we-were-best-n518671 |archive-date=November 8, 2020 |access-date=November 1, 2020 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> and in her foreword to the book ''Scalia Speaks''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Scalia |first=Antonin |title=Scalia Speaks: Reflections on Law, Faith, and Life Well Lived |publisher=Crown Publishing Group |others=Scalia, Christopher J.; Whelan, Edward |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-525-57332-6 |edition=1st |location=New York |pages=x-xi |oclc=993996596 }}</ref>

[[John Strand]]'s play ''[[The Originalist]]'' was performed in Washington, DC in 2015; it received a positive review from ''The New York Times''. The play depicted Justice Scalia's interaction with a (fictional) liberal court clerk and their mutual criticism and eventual support of each other. The play had a cross-country tour from Washington, D.C. to the [[Pasadena Playhouse]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Liptak |first=Adam |date=March 11, 2015 |title='The Originalist,' a New Play About Justice Antonin Scalia by John Strand |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/12/theater/the-originalist-a-new-play-about-justice-antonin-scalia-by-john-strand.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704122752/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/12/theater/the-originalist-a-new-play-about-justice-antonin-scalia-by-john-strand.html |archive-date=July 4, 2017 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The play aired on PBS in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McPhee |first=Ryan |date=March 6, 2017 |title=Arena Stage's The Originalist Will Air on PBS' Theater Close-Up |url=http://www.playbill.com/article/arena-stages-the-originalist-will-air-on-pbs-theater-close-up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322014954/http://www.playbill.com/article/arena-stages-the-originalist-will-air-on-pbs-theater-close-up |archive-date=March 22, 2017 |website=Playbill}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.playbill.com/article/antonin-scalia-stage-drama-the-originalist-now-available-to-stream | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113153706/https://www.playbill.com/article/antonin-scalia-stage-drama-the-originalist-now-available-to-stream | archive-date=November 13, 2022 | title=Antonin Scalia Stage Drama the Originalist Now Available to Stream | Playbill }}</ref>

=== Posthumous tributes ===
According to NBC News, tributes to "larger-than-life Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia poured in [from] both sides of the political aisle" following his death.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2016 |title=Tributes Pour in for Justice Scalia From Both Sides of Aisle |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/tributes-pour-justice-antonin-scalia-towering-figure-n518186 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128051701/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/tributes-pour-justice-antonin-scalia-towering-figure-n518186 |archive-date=November 28, 2020 |access-date=May 23, 2019 |website=NBC News}}</ref> President [[Barack Obama]] called Scalia "one of the towering legal figures of our time" and former president [[George W. Bush]] described Scalia as "a brilliant jurist".<ref name=":2" /> U.S. attorney general [[Loretta Lynch]] called Scalia "one of the most influential and eloquent justices to ever serve on the U.S. Supreme Court".<ref name=":2" />
[[File:President Donald J. Trump Presents Medal of Freedom - 45863432792.jpg|thumb|President Trump presents Scalia's Medal of Freedom posthumously to his widow, Maureen]]
In May 2016, [[George Mason University]] renamed its law school the "[[Antonin Scalia Law School]]" after an anonymous donor pledged $20 million to the school, with an additional $10 million donated by the [[Charles Koch Foundation]], contingent upon the name change in Scalia's honor.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Svrluga |first=Susan |date=March 31, 2016 |title=George Mason law school to be renamed the Antonin Scalia School of Law |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/grade-point/wp/2016/03/31/george-mason-law-school-to-be-renamed-the-antonin-scalia-school-of-law/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910105747/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/grade-point/wp/2016/03/31/george-mason-law-school-to-be-renamed-the-antonin-scalia-school-of-law/ |archive-date=September 10, 2016 |access-date=April 1, 2016 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Svrluga |first=Susan |date=May 17, 2016 |title=It's official: George Mason's law school is named in honor of Antonin Scalia |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/grade-point/wp/2016/05/17/its-official-george-masons-law-school-is-named-in-honor-of-antonin-scalia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519120839/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/grade-point/wp/2016/05/17/its-official-george-masons-law-school-is-named-in-honor-of-antonin-scalia/ |archive-date=May 19, 2016 |access-date=October 7, 2016 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> The dedication ceremony occurred on October 6, 2016, and was attended by Supreme Court justices. At the ceremony, Justice [[Elena Kagan]] called Scalia "one of the most important Supreme Court justices ever, and also one of the greatest".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=de Vogue |first=Ariane |date=October 6, 2016 |title=Antonin Scalia law school dedicated in Virginia |url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/10/06/politics/antonin-scalia-law-school-dedication/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200531051858/https://edition.cnn.com/2016/10/06/politics/antonin-scalia-law-school-dedication/ |archive-date=May 31, 2020 |access-date=October 7, 2016 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref>

In October 2016, the [[Italy–USA Foundation]] posthumously awarded Scalia its America Award. The ceremony was conducted in front of the Italian parliament in Rome.<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 6, 2016 |title=Premio America – Edizione 2016 |url=http://www.italiausa.org/index.php?c=premio_america&id=25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010052518/http://www.italiausa.org/index.php?c=premio_america&id=25 |archive-date=October 10, 2016 |access-date=October 9, 2016 |publisher=Italy-USA Foundation}}</ref>

In 2018, President [[Donald Trump]] posthumously awarded the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] to Scalia.<ref name="cnn2018">{{Cite news |last=Stracqualursi |first=Veronica |date=November 10, 2018 |title=Trump to award Medal of Freedom to Elvis, Babe Ruth, among others |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/11/10/politics/trump-presidential-medal-of-freedom/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111013232/https://www.cnn.com/2018/11/10/politics/trump-presidential-medal-of-freedom/index.html |archive-date=November 11, 2018 |access-date=November 11, 2018 |publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=November 16, 2018 |title='Very busy': Trump jests about Scalia widow at Medal of Freedom event for having 9 kids |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/very-busy-trump-jests-about-scalia-widow-medal-freedom-event-n937271 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104074024/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/very-busy-trump-jests-about-scalia-widow-medal-freedom-event-n937271 |archive-date=January 4, 2019 |access-date=January 3, 2019 |website=NBC News}}</ref>

Writing for the plurality in ''[[Borden v. United States]]'', Justice Kagan referenced Scalia, writing "Indeed, the Court has made a similar point before, in an opinion by one of its great wordsmiths."<ref>https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/19-5410_8nj9.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610142002/https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/19-5410_8nj9.pdf |date=June 10, 2021 }} Page 10</ref>

In a concurring opinion in ''[[Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo]]'', Justice [[Neil Gorsuch]] praised Scalia for his willingness to reconsider his earlier views, writing that "rather than cling to the pride of personal precedent, the Justice began to express doubts over the very project that he had worked to build... If Chevron's ascent is a testament to the Justice's ingenuity, its demise is an even greater tribute to his humility"<ref>https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/22-451_7m58.pdf Page 76</ref>

== Succession ==
[[File:Merrick_Garland_speaks_at_his_Supreme_Court_nomination_with_President_Obama.jpg|thumb|208x208px|[[Merrick Garland]] with [[Barack Obama]] following the announcement that he is Obama's nominee to succeed Scalia (March 16, 2016)]]
{{main|Merrick Garland Supreme Court nomination|Neil Gorsuch Supreme Court nomination}}
Scalia's death—only the second death of a serving justice in the previous 60 years<ref name="Gresko, Jessica; Scalia's death in office a rarity">{{Cite news |last=Gresko |first=Jessica |date=February 14, 2016 |title=Scalia's death in office a rarity for modern Supreme Court |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/09e55c6fbd6d41a28a03564f3202ef6b/scalias-death-office-rarity-modern-supreme-court |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216080820/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/09e55c6fbd6d41a28a03564f3202ef6b/scalias-death-office-rarity-modern-supreme-court |archive-date=February 16, 2016 |access-date=February 15, 2016 |agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref>—left eight justices remaining on the Supreme Court, split 4–4 between fairly conservative and fairly liberal, during a [[2016 United States presidential election|presidential election year]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Scalia's death shifts balance of high court, creates major election issue |url=https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-scalia-death-impact-20160213-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160214083319/http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-scalia-death-impact-20160213-story.html |archive-date=February 14, 2016 |access-date=February 14, 2016 |work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chon |first=Gina |date=February 14, 2016 |title=Antonin Scalia's death challenges U.S. leadership. |url=http://blogs.reuters.com/breakingviews/2016/02/14/antonin-scalias-death-challenges-u-s-leadership/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215003319/http://blogs.reuters.com/breakingviews/2016/02/14/antonin-scalias-death-challenges-u-s-leadership/ |archive-date=February 15, 2016 |access-date=February 14, 2016 |work=Reuters |mode=cs2}}</ref> Cases that were pending before the Court at Scalia's death were decided by the remaining eight members.<ref name="CloseCases">{{Cite news |last=Goldstein |first=Tom |date=February 13, 2016 |title=What happens to this Term's close cases? (Updated) |url=http://www.scotusblog.com/2016/02/what-happens-to-this-terms-close-cases/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217225122/http://www.scotusblog.com/2016/02/what-happens-to-this-terms-close-cases/ |archive-date=February 17, 2016 |access-date=February 18, 2016 |work=SCOTUSblog}}</ref> A 4–4 deadlock would result in the ruling of the lower court being upheld, but no precedent being set, and the justices would not publish written opinions on the merits of the case.<ref name="CloseCases" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Farias |first=Cristian |date=February 14, 2016 |title=Justice Scalia Left Undecided High-Stakes Cases That Could Change The Nation |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/antonin-scalia-death-undecided-cases_us_56c072c5e4b08ffac1259d23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216225935/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/antonin-scalia-death-undecided-cases_us_56c072c5e4b08ffac1259d23 |archive-date=February 16, 2016 |access-date=February 18, 2016 |work=The Huffington Post}}</ref>

In a 2012 interview, Scalia had said he would prefer Judge [[Frank H. Easterbrook]] of the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit|Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals]] as his successor.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Scalia Once Suggested a Name for His Successor |url=https://www.ijreview.com/2016/02/540717-scalia-once-suggested-a-name-for-his-successor-but-when-the-nra-sees/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224021224/https://www.ijreview.com/2016/02/540717-scalia-once-suggested-a-name-for-his-successor-but-when-the-nra-sees/ |archive-date=February 24, 2016 |access-date=February 19, 2016 |work=C-SPAN}}</ref> On March 16, 2016, President [[Barack Obama]], a Democrat, nominated [[Merrick Garland]], Chief Judge of the [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit]], to fill Scalia's seat,<ref name="NYTAnnouncementShear">{{Cite news |last1=Shear |first1=Michael D. |last2=Harris |first2=Gardiner |date=March 16, 2016 |title=Obama Chooses Merrick Garland for Supreme Court |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/17/us/politics/obama-supreme-court-nominee.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316121409/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/17/us/politics/obama-supreme-court-nominee.html |archive-date=March 16, 2016 |access-date=March 16, 2016 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> but the Republican-controlled Senate declined to take any action on the nomination; the nomination expired with the end of the [[114th Congress]] on January 3, 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bravin |first=Jess |date=January 3, 2017 |title=President Obama's Supreme Court Nomination of Merrick Garland expires |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/president-obamas-supreme-court-nomination-of-merrick-garland-expires-1483463952 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310012617/https://www.wsj.com/articles/president-obamas-supreme-court-nomination-of-merrick-garland-expires-1483463952 |archive-date=March 10, 2017 |access-date=January 3, 2017 |work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> On January 31, 2017, Republican President [[Donald Trump]] announced the nomination of Judge [[Neil Gorsuch]] of the [[Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals]] to succeed Scalia.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Hirschfeld Davis |first1=Julie |last2=Landler |first2=Mark |date=January 31, 2017 |title=Trump Nominates Neil Gorsuch to the Supreme Court |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/31/us/politics/supreme-court-nominee-trump.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201062655/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/31/us/politics/supreme-court-nominee-trump.html |archive-date=February 1, 2017 |access-date=January 31, 2017 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Gorsuch was confirmed by the Senate on April 7, 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Liptak |first1=Adam |last2=Flegenheimer |first2=Matt |date=April 7, 2017 |title=Neil Gorsuch Confirmed by Senate as Supreme Court Justice |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/07/us/politics/neil-gorsuch-supreme-court.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429054521/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/07/us/politics/neil-gorsuch-supreme-court.html |archive-date=April 29, 2019 |access-date=April 8, 2017 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

==Selected works==
===Books===
* {{Citation |last=Scalia |first=Antonin |title=A Matter of Interpretation: Federal Courts and the Law |year=1997 |editor-last=[[Amy Gutmann|Gutmann, Amy]] |place=Princeton N.J. |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=0-691-00400-5}}
* {{Citation |last1=Scalia |first1=Antonin |author-mask = 1 |title=Making Your Case: The Art of Persuading Judges |year=2008 |place=St. Paul |publisher=Thomson West |isbn=978-0-314-18471-9 |last2=Garner |first2=Bryan A. |author-link2=Bryan A. Garner}}
* {{Citation |last1=Scalia |first1=Antonin |author-mask = 1 |title=[[Reading Law: The Interpretation of Legal Texts]] |year=2012 |place=St. Paul |publisher=Thomson West |isbn=978-0-314-27555-4 |last2=Garner |first2=Bryan A. |author-link2=Bryan A. Garner}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Scalia |first1=Antonin |author-mask = 1 |title=Scalia Speaks: Reflections on Law, Faith, and Life Well Lived |last2=Scalia |first2=Christopher J. |last3=Whelan |first3=Edward |publisher=[[Crown Publishing Group]] |year=2017 |isbn=9780525573326}}

===Articles===
* {{cite journal |last1=Scalia |first1=Antonin |title=The Doctrine of Standing As an Essential Element of the Separation of Powers |journal=[[Suffolk University Law Review]] |date=1983 |volume=17 |pages=881–99 |url= https://sites.suffolk.edu/lawreview/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Scalia_17SuffolkULRev881.pdf }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Scalia |first1=Antonin |author-mask=1 |title=Originalism: The Lesser Evil |journal=University of Cincinnati Law Review |date=1988 |volume=57 |pages=849–65}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Scalia |first1=Antonin |author-mask=1 |title=Judicial Deference to Administrative Interpretations of Law |journal=[[Duke Law Journal]] |date=1989 |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=511–21 |url=https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/dlj/vol38/iss3/1 |jstor=1372576 }}

==See also==
* [[List of federal judges appointed by Ronald Reagan]]
* [[List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office]]
* ''[[The Originalist]]'' by [[John Strand]]
* ''[[Nine Black Robes]]'' by [[Joan Biskupic]]
* [[Scalia/Ginsburg]]

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|group=n}}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="pius">{{Cite news |last=Driscoll |first=Sean F. |date=February 14, 2016 |title=Scalia wed on Cape in 1960 |url=http://capecodtimes.com/article/20160214/NEWS/160219678 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216092326/http://capecodtimes.com/article/20160214/NEWS/160219678 |archive-date=February 16, 2016 |access-date=February 15, 2016 |publisher=The Cape Cod Times}}</ref>
}}

===Scholarly sources===
{{external media| float = right| video1 = [https://www.c-span.org/video/?290072-1/after-words-joan-biskupic ''After Words'' interview with Biskupic on ''American Original'', December 12, 2009], [[C-SPAN]]}}
* {{Cite book |last=Biskupic |first=Joan |author-link=Joan Biskupic |url=https://archive.org/details/americanoriginal00bisk |title=American original: the life and constitution of Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia |publisher=Sarah Crichton Books/Farrar, Straus And Giroux |year=2009 |isbn=9780374202897 |location=New York}}
* {{Cite book |last=Dorsen |first=David M. |title=The Unexpected Scalia: A Conservative Justice's Liberal Opinions |date=February 6, 2017 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1107184107 |doi=10.1017/9781316875407}}
* {{Cite book |last=Murphy |first=Bruce Allen |author-link=Bruce Allen Murphy |title=Scalia: a court of one |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |year=2014 |isbn=9780743296496 |location=New York}}
*{{Cite book |last=Nemacheck |first=Christine L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PhXsGgB_j6EC&pg=PA120 |title=Strategic Selection: Presidential Nomination of Supreme Court Justices from Herbert Hoover through George W. Bush |date=May 21, 2008 |publisher=[[University of Virginia Press]] |isbn=978-0813927435 |location=Charlottesville |pages=120–121 |access-date=February 21, 2016}}
* {{Cite book |last=Scalia |first=Antonin |title=Scalia dissents: writings of the Supreme Court's wittiest, most outspoken justice |publisher=[[Regnery Publishing, Inc.]] |year=2004 |isbn=9780895260536 |editor-last=Ring |editor-first=Kevin |location=Washington, D.C. |ref={{harvid|Ring|2004}}}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rossum |first=Ralph A. |title=Antonin Scalia's jurisprudence: text and tradition |publisher=[[University Press of Kansas]] |year=2006 |isbn=9780700614479 |location=Lawrence, Kansas}}
* {{Cite book |last=Staab |first=James |url=https://archive.org/details/politicalthought00jame |title=The political thought of Justice Antonin Scalia: a Hamiltonian on the Supreme Court |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |year=2006 |isbn=9780742543119 |location=Lanham, Maryland |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Toobin |first=Jeffrey |author-link=Jeffrey Toobin |url=https://archive.org/details/nineinsidesec00toob |title=The nine: inside the secret world of the Supreme Court |publisher=[[Anchor Books]] |year=2008 |isbn=9781400096794 |edition=revised |location=New York}}
* {{Citation |last=Toobin |first=Jeffrey |title=The Oath: the Obama White House and the Supreme Court |title-link=The Oath: The Obama White House and The Supreme Court |pages=[https://archive.org/details/oathobamawhiteho00toob_0/page/111 111–112] |year=2012 |postscript=. |editor-last=Toobin |editor-first=Jeffrey |chapter=Lawyers, guns, and money |edition=Hardcover |place=New York |publisher=[[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]] |isbn=9780385527200 |author-link=Jeffrey Toobin |editor-link=Jeffrey Toobin}} [http://www.randomhouse.com/highschool/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9780385527200 Details.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222150839/http://www.randomhouse.com/highschool/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9780385527200 |date=February 22, 2016 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Tushnet |first=Mark |author-link=Mark V. Tushnet |url=https://archive.org/details/courtdividedrehn00tush |title=A Court divided: the Rehnquist court and the future of constitutional law |publisher=[[W.W. Norton]] Co. |year=2005 |isbn=9780393058680 |edition=revised |location=New York}}

==External links==
{{sister project links|wikt=no|b=no|q=Antonin Scalia|s=Antonin Scalia|commons=Category:Antonin Scalia|n=yes|v=no|species=no|author=yes|d=Q11156}}
* {{Ballotpedia|Antonin_Scalia}}
* {{FJC Bio|2108|nid=1387421|name=Antonin Scalia}}
* [http://www.OnTheIssues.org/Antonin_Scalia.htm Issue positions and quotes] at [[OnTheIssues]]
* {{C-SPAN|755}}
* [http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-CHRG-SCALIA/pdf/GPO-CHRG-SCALIA.pdf Supreme Court Associate Justice Nomination Hearings on Antonin Gregory Scalia in August 1986] United States Government Publishing Office

{{s-start}}
{{s-legal}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Roger C. Cramton]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Chairman of the [[Administrative Conference of the United States]]|years=1972–1974}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Robert A. Anthony|Robert Anthony]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Roger C. Cramton]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[United States Assistant Attorney General]] for the [[Office of Legal Counsel]]|years=1974–1977}}
{{s-aft|after=[[John Harmon (attorney)|John Harmon]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Roger Robb]]}}
{{s-ttl|title={{nowrap|Judge of the [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit]]}}|years=1982–1986}}
{{s-aft|after=[[David B. Sentelle|David Sentelle]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[William Rehnquist]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States]]|years=1986–2016}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Neil Gorsuch]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{SCOTUS Justices}}
{{Antonin Scalia opinions}}
{{Lain in State (USA)|state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Scalia, Antonin}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
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[[Category:21st-century American judges]]
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Maulana Azad College of Arts and Science

2026-02-24T07:50:04Z

Godavari: Adding Stub!

{{Short description|College in Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India}}
{{multiple issues|
{{self-published|date=April 2021}}
{{promotional|date=April 2021}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Maulana Azad College of Arts and Science
| native_name = {{lang|ur|مولانا آزاد کالج آف آرٹس اینڈ سائنس}} {{lang|mr|मौलाना आझाद कला आणि विज्ञान महाविद्यालय}}
| image =
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| caption = Logo Of Maulana Azad College
| other_name = MAC Aurangabad
| motto =
| motto_lang =
| mottoeng =
| type =
| established = {{Start date|1963}}
| closed = 
| founder = [[Rafiq Zakaria]]
| affiliation = [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University]]
| religious_affiliation =
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| principal = Dr. Mazahar Farooqui
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| students = 10,000+
| undergrad =
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| address = Dr. Rafiq Zakaria Campus, Doctor Rafiq Zakaria Marg, Rauza Bagh Rd, 431001
| city = [[Aurangabad]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| country = [[India]]
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| website = {{URL|https://maca.ac.in/}} {{URL|https://azadcollege.in/}}
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}}

'''Maulana Azad College of Arts and Science''' was founded in 1963 by [[Rafiq Zakaria]]; who formed a trust called [[The Maulana Azad Education Trust Aurangabad|Maulana Azad Education Society]] to manage the affairs. The college building is the [[Naukhanda palace]]; a royal palace of the [[Nizam]]s, once occupied by [[Nizam Ali Khan, Asaf Jah II]].

==History==
In the 17th century Peer Ismail Shah a [[Sufi]] and tutor of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] prince [[Aurangazeb]] laid the foundation stone of a [[Madarassa]] at Rauza Bagh [[Aurangabad Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] where children of noble lineage were to be taught Arabic and Persian. The Madarassa, which later became the [[mausoleum]] of its founder fell into the hands of [[United Kingdom|British]] and was ruined. The mansion, which is a fine blend of [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]] style [[architecture]] interlaid with [[Pashtun people|Pathan]] features, was deteriorating. It caught the eye of [[Rafiq Zakaria]] the scholar-politician, who was making rounds of the Aurangabad constituency during the 1962 Assembly Elections. He set about the task of restoring the [[Madrassa]].

Moved by the extreme poverty and backwardness of the people of the region, Zakaria created the Maulana Azad Education Society's campus at Rauza Bagh.<ref name="The Maulana Azad Education Trust">[http://www.macabad.itgo.com/bs.html The Maulana Azad Education Trust]</ref>

==Dr. Rafiq Zakaria Campus==
Zakaria started with Maulana Azad College of Arts and Science in 1963 with 144 students. The [[Faculty (university)|faculty]] of [[Commerce]] was added and later on, [[Geology]], Industrial [[Chemistry]], Instrumentation Practice, [[Electronics]] and [[Microbiology]] course were introduced. At the [[Junior college]] level vacation courses at the +2 level were introduced.<ref name="The Maulana Azad Education Trust"/>

===Marathwada College of Education===
Not one of the seven [[districts]] of the Marathwada region had a single college with using the [[Urdu]] language. Therefore, Zakaria started Marathwada College of education in 1970 with 70 seats earmarked for [[Urdu]] and the remaining 50 for other [[languages]], particularly [[Marathi language|Marathi]], state language.

The college has a strength of 230; it is one of the biggest colleges of education in [[Marathwada]] and has the distinction of obtaining the highest number of merit students in the university examinations.<ref>[http://www.mcea.ac.in/ Marathwada College of Education]</ref>

===Y.B. Chavan College of Pharmacy===
{{Infobox India university ranking
| type = College and university
|NIRF_P_2024=76}}

There was no training in [[pharmacy]] in the jurisdiction of [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University]] Zakaria started the [[Kamla Nehru]] [[Institute of technology|Polytechnic]] (Pharmacy) in 1974 with a capacity of 60 students. From the academic year (1989–90) the Trust was given permission to start the B.Pharm. [[College]] which is recognized by the [[All India Council for Technical Education]], and the Directorate of Technical Education of [[Maharashtra]]. The intake capacity is 60 every year. This college has been named after the veteran national leader and the first [[Chief Minister]] of [[Maharashtra]] Mr. [[Y B Chavan]] who was a patron and well wisher of the Maulana Azad Educational Trust.

In 1985 a hospital was started to provide training to the [[pharmacy]] students, and to cater to the needs of the local people living in the vicinity. The trust has persuaded [[pharmaceutical]] [[company]] [[Wockhardt]] Ltd. to enter into collaboration with it to manage the Y.B. Chavan College of Pharmacy and provided students with their expertise and practical training in their factory and research center in Aurangabad.<ref>[http://www.ybccpa.ac.in Y.B.Chavan College of Pharmacy]</ref>

Y.B. Chavan College of Pharmacy was ranked 76th in India by the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) pharmacy ranking in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MoE, National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF) |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/PharmacyRanking.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115010958/https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/PharmacyRanking.html |archive-date=2025-01-15 |access-date= |website=www.nirfindia.org}}</ref>

===Hinduja Technological Center===
To provide jobs for school dropouts, the trust has started the Hinduja Technological Center, which specializes in two ITI courses [[Drafter|Draughtsman]] (Civil and Electronics) and runs the institute as full-fledged [[Industrial Training Institute]]. More courses are being added such as [[electronics]], [[Civil engineering]] and [[Carpentry]].

===Institute of Hotel Management, Aurangabad===
The Institute of Hotel Management runs in collaboration with the [[Taj Hotels Resorts and Palaces|Taj Group of Hotels]]. For every IHM seat, there are over twenty applicants from all over India. The institute was started in 1989 with a donation from the House of Tatas. The institute is residential, and affiliated to the [[Huddersfield University]] of the United Kingdom, which grants its degree of B.A. in Hotel Management to the successful students of the institute.

It has arrangement with Wider University in the United States which permits the diploma holder of IIHM to enroll with a transfer of credits to their degree course in USA. The American Hotel and Motel Association that runs an educational institute in the campus of Michigan State University has after evaluating that IIHM programmes and facilities, agreed to offer their diploma to IIHM students. On the successful completion of this Diploma course a person gains the highest Administrator (CHA) diploma, which means the person is certified as a member of the industrial elite in hospitality worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ihma.ac.in/indexflash.htm |title=Institute of Hotel Management |access-date=11 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090121104613/http://ihma.ac.in/indexflash.htm |archive-date=21 January 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Horniman College of Journalism===
One of the latest additions to the Maulana Azad Educational Campus is the College of [[Journalism]] and [[Mass Communications]]; it has been started to give training in the field of mass media; such as [[newspapers]] and [[Magazine|journals]], [[television]], and radio. [[Journalists]] and [[authors]] and television personalities have agreed to be visiting or guest [[professor]].

===The Tom Patrick Institute of Computer and IT===
The institute was set up by Maulana Azad Educational Trust in 1999. Tom Patrick is the Senior. Executive Vice President of [[Merrill Lynch]] whose association with the college may assist Indo-America collaboration in this field. The institute offers Master of Computer Application (M.C.A.), a 3-year master's degree Course, with accreditation from [[AICTE]], [[New Delhi]] and affiliation of [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University]], Aurangabad.<ref>[http://www.tpicit.ac.in/profile.htm The Tom Patrick Institute of Computer & Information Technology] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090424021500/http://www.tpicit.ac.in/profile.htm |date=24 April 2009 }}</ref>

===Aurangabad College for Women===
The college was set up in 1968 to provide higher education facilities to girls whose parents were averse to the co-educational system. A separate section for the girls was started at the Navkhanda place, a historic landmark, where the first [[Nizam]] [[Qamar-ud-din Khan, Asaf Jah I|Asaf Jah I]] was living. It also runs a nursery for Toddlers called the Rose Academy for Toddlers at [[Naukhanda palace]] situated near [[Gates in Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Bhadkal Gate]], Aurangabad.

To meet the need of those aspiring for education in the English medium, the Model High School was started in 1980 with 80 students. The strength has now grown to over 1000.

===Millennium Institute of Management===
Millennium Institute of Management, is approved by the AICTE (All India Council for Technical Education), New Delhi and affiliated to Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Maharashtra, India. The Millennium Institute of Management is dedicated to the development of business professionals. The program and courses are driven with industry partnerships such as its association with TMTC (Tata Management Training Centre), Pune, which is a training facility of the TATA group.
<ref>[http://www.mima.ac.in/profile.htm Millennium Institute of Management]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|19.906683|N|75.344271|E|display=title|type:edu}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1963]]
[[Category:Education in Aurangabad]]
[[Category:Memorials to Abul Kalam Azad]]
[[Category:1963 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Peddapalli district

2026-02-18T19:47:07Z

Godavari: Put up some location needs work.

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Peddapalli district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Telangana|District]] of [[Telangana]]
| total_type = Total
| native_name =
| image_skyline = Gautamesvara temple Manthani, Telangana - 20.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Gautameshwara Temple, [[Manthani]]
| image_map = Peddapalli in Telangana (India).svg
| image_map1 = {{maplink |frame=yes
|frame-width=225 |frame-height=225 |frame-align=center
|text= '''Peddapalli district'''
|type=shape |id=Q27614797
|stroke-colour=#C60C30
|stroke-width=2
|title= Peddapalli district of Telangana
|type2=line|id2=Q677037|stroke-width2=1|stroke-colour2=#0000ff|title2=Telangana
}}
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Telangana
| coordinates =
| coor_pinpoint =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = Manthani
| subdivision_name2 =
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 2016
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Peddapalli]]
| parts_type = [[List of mandals in Telangana|Mandals]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = 14
| area_total_km2 = 2236
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 795332
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 = Literacy in India
| demographics1_info1 =
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 =
| leader_title = [[District collector]]
| leader_name = Abdul Muzammil Khan
| leader_title2 = [[India Parliament|Parliament]] constituencies
| leader_name2 = Peddapalli
| leader_title3 = [[List of constituencies of the Telangana Legislative Assembly|Assembly constituencies]]
| leader_name3 = [[Peddapalli, Peddapalli district|Peddapalli]], [[Ramagundam]], [[Manthani]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate = TG–22<ref>{{cite news|title=Telangana New Districts Names 2016 Pdf TS 31 Districts List|url=https://timesalert.com/telangana-new-districts-list/21462/|access-date=11 October 2016|work=Timesalert.com|date=11 October 2016}}</ref>
| blank_name_sec1 = Literacy Rate
| blank_info_sec1 = 65.52%
| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =
| website = {{URL|https://peddapalli.telangana.gov.in/}}
| official_name =
}}

[[File:Peddapalli District Revenue divisions.png|thumb|300px|Peddapalli District Revenue divisions]]

'''Pedapalli district''' is a [[district]] located in the northern region of the Indian state of [[Telangana]]. Its administrative headquarters is at [[Peddapalli]]<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2021-08-19 |title=Eight more collectorate complexes ready for inauguration in Telangana |url=https://telanganatoday.com/eight-more-collectorate-complexes-ready-for-inauguration-in-telangana |website=Telangana Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Who's Who {{!}} PEDDAPALLI DISTRICT {{!}} India |url=https://peddapalli.telangana.gov.in/about-district/whos-who/ |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=Peddapalli district}}</ref> and [[Ramagundam Police Commissionerate|Commissionerate]] is at [[Ramagundam]]. The district shares boundaries with [[Mancherial district|Mancherial]], [[Karimnagar district|Karimnagar]], [[Jagtial district|Jagtial]] and [[Jayashankar Bhupalpally district|Jayashankar Bhupalpally]] districts. This district covers Ramagundam city which is situated in the Godavari valley coalfields and has one of the India's largest thermal power stations in south region under NTPC. Mostly industries are connected with Godavarikhani - NTPC - Ramagundam.

== History ==
Peddapalli district was created out of Karimnagar district in 2016 during the general reorganization of districts in Telangana.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Reorganization Of Adilabad District Into Mancherial District |url=https://www.districtsinfo.com/2017/05/peddapalli-district-new-revenue-divisions-mandals.html |access-date=10 March 2017 |website=www.districtsinfo.com}}</ref>

== Geography ==

The district is spread over an area of {{convert|2236|km2|sqmi}}.<ref name="newdist">{{Cite web |title=Peddapalli Demography |url=https://peddapalli.telangana.gov.in/demography/ |website=Peddapalli District}}</ref>

== Administrative divisions ==
Peddapalli District Revenue Divisions Mandals Information List.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Peddapalli District New Revenue Divisions and Mandals |url=https://www.districtsinfo.com/2017/05/peddapalli-district-new-revenue-divisions-mandals.html |access-date=12 April 2023 |website=Districts Info}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Demographic Label
!Value
!Remarks
|-
|No. of Revenue Disivions
|2
|Peddapalli, Manthani
|-
|No. of Revenue Mandals
|14
|
|-
|No. of Mandal Praja Parishads
|13
|
|-
|No. of Gram Panchayats
|263
|
|-
|No. of Municipalities
|3
|Peddapalli, Manthani, Sultanabad
|-
|No. of Municipal Corporations
|1
|Ramagundam
|-
|No. of Revenue Villages
|215
|
|}

=== Mandals ===
There are 14 mandals are in the district.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!width="40px" style="font-size:75%"|<big>S. No.</big>
!Manthani Revenue Division
!Peddapalli Revenue Division
|-
|1
|[[Kamanpur]]
|Anthergaon
|-
|2
|[[Manthani]]
|[[Dharmaram, Peddapalli district|Dharmaram]]
|-
|3
|[[Mutharam]]
|[[Eligedu|Eligaid]]
|-
|4
|[[Centenary Colony|Ramagiri]]
|[[Julapalle|Julapalli]]
|-
|5
|
|[[Kalva Srirampur]]
|-
|6
|
|[[Odela]]
|-
|7
|
|Palakurthy (Basanthnagar)
|-
|8
|
|[[Peddapalli, Peddapalli district|Peddapalli]]
|-
|9
|
|[[Ramagundam]] Urban
|-
|10
|
|[[Sultanabad, Peddapalli district|Sulthanabad]]
|}

=== Villages ===
There are 215 revenue villages in the district.

{{div col begin|colwidth=22em}}
* Abbapur
* Abbapuram
* Adavisomanpalle
* Adavisrirampur
* Adial
* Adivarampeta
* Adrial
* Akena palli
* Akkepalle
* Allur
* Ammagaripalle
* Andugulapalli
* Angulur
* Anthergoam
* Appannapet
* Arenda
* Bandampalli
* Banjerupally
* Basanth nagar
* Begumpet
* Bestapally
* Bhatpalle
* Bhatpally
* Bhitpalli
* Bhojannapet
* Bhoopathipuram
* Bitpalle (k)
* Bittupally
* [[Bommareddypally|Bommareddypalli]]
* Bompalli
* Botlavanaparthy
* [[Brahmanpalli]]
* Budhavarampeta
* Burahanmayapet
* Chamanpalle
* Chandapalli
* Cheekurai
* [[Cheemalapeta]]
* Chillapally
* Chinna Bonkur
* Chinna Kalvala
* Chinna Komera
* Dariyapur
* Dharmaram
* Dongathurthy
* Donthulapally
* Doolikatta
* Dubbapally
* Dubbapet
* Edulapuram
* Eklaspur
* Eklaspur
* Eligaid
* Elkalpalle
* Esalatakkalapally
* Gaddalapalle
* Gajulapally
* Gangaram
* Garrepalle
* Gattepalle
* Gattusingaram
* Goilwada
* Gollapalle
* Gollapally
* Gopalpur
* Gopalraopet
* Gowreddipet
* Gudem
* Gudipalle
* Gumnoor
* Gumpula
* Gundaram
* Gundlapalli
* Gunjapadu
* Gurrampalli
* Haripur
* Haripuram
* Indurthi
* Ippalapalle
* Isala Tekkalla Palle
* Ithrajpalle
* Jafarkhanpet
* Jallaram
* Jallipalle
* Jangoam
* Jayyarm
* Jeelakunta
* Jillelapalli
* Julapalle
* Kachapur
* Kadambapur
* Kakarlapally
* Kalwacherla
* Kamanpur
* Kammarikhanpeta
* Kanagarthy
* Kannala
* Kanukula
* Kasipet
* Kasulapally
* Katnepalle
* Khanampalle
* Khanapur
* Khansabpet
* Khilavanaparthy
* Kistampet
* Kodurupaka
* Kolanur / Kolanoor
* Kothapalle
* Kothapally
* Kothur
* Kuchirajpalle
* Kukkalagudur
* Kummarikunta
* Kunaram
* Kundanpalle
* Ladnapoor
* Lakkapur
* Lakkaram
* Lalapalli
* Lankakesaram
* Laxmipur
* Lingala
* Lingapur
* Lokapet
* Machupeta
* Madaka
* Maddiriyala
* Maidipalle
* Malkapur
* Mallapur
* Mallaram
* Mallepalle
* Mallial
* Mallialpalli
* Mancharami
* Mangapet
* Manthani
* Maredpaka
* Maredugonda
* Maredupalle
* Medipalle
* Mirzampet
* Miyapur
* Mogalpahad (n.e)
* Motlapalle
* Mulasala
* Mulkalapalle
* Munjampalle
* Muppirithota
* Murmoor
* Mustial
* Mutharam
* Myadaram
* Mydambanda
* Nadimipally
* Nagaram
* Nagepally
* Nagulapalli
* Namsanipalle
* Narsapoor
* Narsimhulapalli
* Narsingapur
* Neerukulla
* Nellipalli
* Nimmanapalle
* Nittur
* Odedu
* Odela
* Paidichinthala palle
* Palakurthy
* Palilthem
* Palthem
* Pandilla
* Pandulapalle
* Pandulapally
* Pannur
* Paratpalle
* Parthipaka
* Parupalle
* Pathipaka
* Pathkapalle
* Pedda Bonkur
* Pedda Kalvala
* Pedda Komera
* Peddampet
* Peddapalle (urban)
* Peddapur
* Pegadapalle
* Penchikalpet
* Perapalle
* Poosala
* Potharam
* Potiyala
* Putnoor
* Puttapaka
* Rachepalle
* Raghavapur
* Ragineedu
* Ragnapoor
* Raidandi
* Rajapur
* Ramagundam (U)
* Ramaiah palli
* Ramaraopally
* Rampalle
* Ranapur
* Rangaiahpalli
* Rangampalle
* Rangapur
* Rathupalle
* Ratnapur
* Rebbaldevipalle
* Regadimaddikunta
* Rompikunta
* Roopnarayanpet
* Ryakaldevpalli
* Sabitham
* Sanagonda
* Sarnepalle
* Sarvaram
* Sayampeta
* Seethampeta
* Shastrulapally
* Shatharajpalle
* Shivapalli
* Shukravarampalli
* Siripuram
* Somanapalle
* Srirampur
* Suddala
* Sukravarampeta
* Sultanabad
* Sulthanpoor
* Sundilla
* Suraiahpally
* Swarnapalle
* Swarnapally
* Telukunta
* Tharupalle
* Thoagarrai
* Thotagopaiahpally
* Turkalamaddi Kunta
* Undeda
* Upparapalli
* Upparla Kesaram
* Uppatla
* Velgalapahad
* Vemnoor
* Vempad
* Venkatapur
* Venkatraopalli
* Vennampalle
* Vilochavaram
* Wadkapur
* Yellamapalle
* Yerraguntapalli
{{div col end}}

== Demographics ==

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Peddapalli district (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religious Community: Andhra Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11363/download/14476/DDW28C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website = censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|92.94}}
{{bar percent|[[Hyderabadi Muslims|Islam]]|green|6.01}}
{{bar percent|[[Telugu Christians|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.71}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.34}}
|caption=Distribution of religions
}}

{{As of|2011}} [[2011 census of India|Census of India]], the district has a population of 795,332, of which 304,013 (38.22%) live in urban areas. Peddapalli district has a sex ratio of 992 females per 1000 males and a literacy rate of 65.52%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Know your district Plan your district - Peddapalli |url=http://www.trac.telangana.gov.in/trac/New_Districts/districts/21-Peddapalli.pdf |website=trac.telangana.gov.in |publisher=Telangana State Remote Sensing Applications Centre}}</ref> 66,812 (8.40%) are under 6 years of age. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 154,855 (19.47%) and 14,945 (1.88%) of the population respectively.<ref name="districtcensus">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Karimnagar |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/118/download/122/DH_2011_2803_PART_A_DCHB_KARIMNAGAR.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Peddapalli district (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|thumb = right
|label1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value1 = 92.13 |color1 = steelblue
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 5.41 |color2 = green
|label3 = Others |value3 = 2.47 |color3 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 92.13% of the population spoke [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and 5.41% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Andhra Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10193/download/13305/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2800.XLSX |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

== Transport ==
=== Road ===
Peddapalli is well connected with the road transportation. The district has a district headquarters, two state highways [[State Highway 1 (Telangana)|SH-1]] and SH-7 and no national highways. The district has two [[Telangana State Road Transport Corporation]] bus depots named [[Godavarikhani]] (GDK) and [[Manthani]] (MNTY).

=== Rail ===

The district is well connected with rail transportation which is operated by [[Secunderabad railway division|Secunderabad Railway Division]] of the [[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railway Zone]]. The district has a main railway line which connects New Delhi ([[New Delhi railway station|NDLS]]) - Chennai Central ([[Chennai Central railway station|MAS]]) and another line of Peddapalli ([[Peddapalli Junction railway station|PDPL]]) - Nizamabad ([[Nizamabad Junction railway station|NZB]]).

List of railway stations in Peddapalli District with railway station codes:

{|class="wikitable"
!width="20px" style="font-size:75%"|<big>Railway Station Code</big>
!width="100px"|Railway Station Name
|-
|PPZ
|Peddampet Railway Station
|-
|RDM
|[[Ramagundam railway station|Ramagundam Railway Station]]
|-
|RGPM
|Raghavapuram Railway Station
|-
|PDPL
|[[Peddapalli Junction railway station|Peddapalli Junction Railway Station]]
|-
|KYOP
|Kottapalli railway station
|-
|KOLR
|Kolanoor Railway Station
|-
|OEA
|Odela Railway Station
|-
|PTKP
|Potkapalli Railway Station
|}

=== Air ===
''Airport Code'' IATA: RMD, ICAO: VORG

The district has an (closed) airport with 1,300m runway located at [[Kesoram Industries Ltd.|Kesoram Cement Factory]], BasanthNagar, [[Ramagundam]]. It is owned by the [[Birla family|Birla Family]] and is operated by the [[Airports Authority of India]]. After the closure of [[Vayudoot]] it has not been of regular use. It is an unused airport now. The [[Government of Telangana]] is planning to develop this [[airport]] as a part of other airports in the state of Telangana by 2022 as it can be served for 4 districts i.e. [[Peddapalli]], [[Mancherial district|Mancherial]], [[Karimnagar district|Karimnagar]] and [[Jagtial district|Jagtial]].

== See also ==
*[[Peddapalle (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
*[[Peddapalle (Assembly constituency)]]
*[[Ramagundam (Assembly constituency)]]
*[[Manthani (Assembly constituency)]]
*[[List of districts in Telangana]]
*[[Ramagiri Fort]]
*[[NTPC Ramagundam]]
*[[Sripada Yellampalli project]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Geographic location
|Centre = Ramagundam district
|North = [[Mancherial district]]
|Northeast =
|East = [[Bhupalpalle district]]
|Southeast =
|South =
|Southwest = [[Karimnagar district]]
|West = [[Karimnagar district]]
|Northwest = [[Jagtial district]]
}}

{{Telangana}}{{Peddapalli district}}

[[Category:Peddapalli district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Telangana]]

Pentecostalism in Kerala

2026-02-02T14:41:21Z

Godavari: Put up first biography initial version.

{{Short description|Renewal movement in the Indian state}}

{{Cleanup rewrite|date=October 2025}}
Pentecostalism is a renewal movement within Protestant Christianity that places special emphasis on a direct personal relationship with God{{cn|date=March 2023}} and experience of [[God in Christianity|God]] through the [[baptism with the Holy Spirit]]. For Christians, this event commemorates the descent of the [[Holy Spirit in Christianity|Holy Spirit]] upon the followers of [[Jesus in Christianity|Jesus Christ]], as described in the second chapter of the [[Book of Acts]].
[[Pentecostalism]] was established in [[Kerala]], India at the start of the 20th century.

== History ==
The Pentecostal message from the West arrived in Kerala in 1909 through the visit of George Berg. This American missionary of German descent arrived in Bangalore in 1909 and preached in a convention in Kerala. The first Pentecostal congregation was formed through the efforts of Berg in Kerala only in 1911; this was among first generation Christians. Berg was the first missionary to reach out to the natives who{{clarify|date=June 2013}} did not speak English.<ref name="pctii">{{cite web|url=http://www.pctii.org/cyberj/cyberj10/paulson.html |title=As East and West Met in God's Own Country: Encounter of Western Pentecostalism with Native Pentecostalism in Kerala|website=pctii.org |access-date=18 June 2015}}</ref>

In 1913 Pastor [[Robert F. Cook]] also came to India as a missionary. He came to Kerala and began his ministry there in 1914. By 1923, Cook had established 36 churches in Kerala, known collectively as the South India [[Church of God (Full Gospel) in India]]. Pastor [[K. E. Abraham]], who was associated with Pastor Cook until 1930, was baptized in the Holy Spirit in 1923, an event considered as the foundation for the establishment of the India Pentecostal Church of God. In 1930, Pastor K.E Abraham who believed that local Keralite churches must be independent from foreign organizations for effective evangelization within India, split from Pastor Cook and formed the South India Pentecostal Church of God. He later changed the name of the church to India Pentecostal Church of God.

In addition to the work begun by Abraham, Pentecostalism grew rapidly in Kerala through the ministries of the [[Ceylon Pentecostal Mission]] (CPM), the [[Church of God (Cleveland)]], and the [[Assemblies of God]].<ref name="pentecosthistory">{{cite web |url=http://agapepartners.org/articles/23/1/The-Keralite-Pentecostal-CommunityThe-Past-and-the-Present/Page1.html |title=The Keralite Pentecostal Community: The Past and the Present |website=agapepartners.org |access-date=18 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225155002/http://agapepartners.org/articles/23/1/The-Keralite-Pentecostal-CommunityThe-Past-and-the-Present/Page1.html |archive-date=25 February 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Notable communities ==
* [[Indian Pentecostal Church of God]] (IPC)
* [[Assemblies of God in India]] (AG)
* [[Church of God (Full Gospel) in India]] (COG)
* [[The Pentecostal Mission]] (TPM)
* Glorious Church Of God (Malayam Daiva Sabha)
* Sharon Fellowship Church (SFC)
* New India Church of God (NICOG)
* New India Bible Church (NIBC)
* World Mission Evangelism Church of God (WME)
*Agape Full Gospel Mission
* The Apostolic Ministries International (TAMI)
* Suvartha Center Church (SCC)
* Malankara Christian Church (MCC)
*Church Of God Full Gospel In India Kerala Region
* Karisma Fire Ministries
* Nazarene Followers Church (NFC)
*Church of God Prayer Tower India(CGPTI)
*Ephphatha Ministries, Mumbai
*The Church of God (Kallumala)

== Population ==
{{Pie chart
|caption = Denominations among all Christians in Kerala
|value1 = 38.2
|label1 = Syro-Malabar
|value2 = 7.6
|label2 = Syro-Malankara
|value3 = 15.2
|label3 = Latin Catholics
|value4 = 5.3
|label4 = Pentecost
|value5 = 8.0
|label5 = Orthodox
|value6 = 6.6
|label6 = Marthoma
|value7 = 4.5
|label7 = CSI
|value8 = 2.6
|label8 = Dalit Christian
|value9 = 7.9
|label9 = Jacobite
|value10 = 5.9
|label10 = Others
}}

===Christian denominations in Kerala, 2011===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Communities !! Population !! Percentage
|-
| Syro-Malabar || 2345911 || 7.0
|-
| Syro-Malankara || 465207 || 1.4
|-
| Latin Catholics || 932733 || 2.8
|-
| Jacobite || 482762 || 1.4
|-
| Orthodox || 493858 || 1.5
|-
| Marthoma || 405089 || 1.2
|-
| CSI || 274255 || 0.8
|-
| Pentecost || 213806 || 0.6
|-
| Dalits || 159982 || 0.5
|-
| Other Christians || 361864 || 1.1
|-
| '''Total Christians''' || '''6141269''' || '''18.4'''
|}

Source: Religious Denominations of Kerala<ref name="Population">{{cite web |author=K.C. Zachariah |date=April 2016 |title=Religious Denominations of Kerala |publisher=Center for Development Studies |url=http://cds.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/WP468.pdf |access-date=8 July 2018 |archive-date=17 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417114220/http://cds.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/WP468.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Youth associations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Youth Association Name !! Community
|-
| PYPA (Pentecostal Young People's Association) || India Pentecostal Church of God
|-
| YPE (Young People's Endeavour) || Church of God
|-
| CA (Christ Ambassadors) || Assemblies of God
|-
| Royal Youth || [[Glorious Church Of God]]
|-
| CEM (Christian Evangelical Movement) || Sharon Fellowship Church
|-
|NLYF (New Life Youth Fellowship)
|New India Bible Church
|-
|YPCA (Young People's Christian Association)
|New India Church of God
|-
|YF (Youth Fellowship) || World Mission Evangelism Church of God
|-
| PYF (Pentecost Youth Fellowship)
| Pentecost Church of God
|-
|Youth Impact
| [[New Life Assembly of God Worship Center]], Kadapra, [[Kumbanad]].
|-
|FTC 1
|FOR THE CRUCIFIED ONE
|}

== Lifestyle==

In classical Pentecostalism, the baptism with the Holy Spirit is understood to be a separate and distinct experience occurring sometime after regeneration. Influenced by the [[Holiness movement]], baptism with the Holy Spirit was regarded by the first Pentecostals as being the third work of grace, following the [[born again|new birth]] (first work of grace) and [[entire sanctification]] ([[second work of grace]]).<ref name="TWTHS2002">{{cite book|title=The West Tennessee Historical Society Papers - Issue 56 |year=2002|publisher=West Tennessee Historical Society.|language=en|page=41|quote=Seymour's holiness background suggests that Pentecostalism had roots in the holiness movement of the late nineteenth century. The holiness movement embraced the Wesleyan doctrine of "sanctification" or the second work of grace, subsequent to conversion. Pentecostalism added a third work of grace, called the baptism of the Holy Ghost, which is often accompanied by glossolalia.}}</ref><ref name="FahlbuschBromiley1999">{{cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of Christianity|year=1999|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|language=en|isbn=9789004116955|page=415|quote=While in Houston, Texas, where he had moved his headquarters, Parham came into contact with William Seymour (1870-1922), an African-American Baptist-Holiness preacher. Seymour took from Parham the teaching that the baptism of the Holy Spirit was not the blessing of sanctification but rather a third work of grace that was accompanied by the experience of tongues.}}</ref>

[[John Wesley]], the founder of the [[Methodist]] movement, taught that there were two distinct phases in the Christian experience.<ref name="Synan1997">{{cite book|last=Synan|first=Vinson|title=The Holiness-Pentecostal tradition: Charismatic movements in the twentieth century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-npoRWoZuUC&pg=PA152 |year=1997| publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn=978-0-8028-4103-2 |pages=6–7 |access-date=5 March 2011}}</ref> In the first work of grace, the [[born again|new birth]], the believer received forgiveness and became a Christian.<ref name="Stokes1998"/> During the second work of grace, [[sanctification]], the believer was purified and made [[holy]].<ref name="Stokes1998">{{cite book|last=Stokes|first=Mack B.|title=Major United Methodist Beliefs|year=1998|publisher=Abingdon Press|language=en|isbn=9780687082124|page=95}}</ref> Wesley taught both that sanctification could be an instantaneous experience,<ref name="AlexanderFerguson1988">{{cite book|last1=Alexander|first1=Donald L.|last2=Ferguson|first2=Sinclair B.|title=Christian spirituality: five views of sanctification|url=https://archive.org/details/christianspiritu00alex |url-access=registration|date=1988 |publisher=InterVarsity Press |isbn=978-0-8308-1278-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/christianspiritu00alex/page/97 97] |access-date=5 March 2011}}</ref> and that it could be a gradual process.<ref name="Curtis2006">{{cite book|last=Curtis|first=Harold|title=Following the Cloud: A Vision of the Convergence of Science and the Church|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nvd5DJ3ibVkC&pg=PA86 |date=2006-09-21 |publisher=Harold Curtis |isbn=978-1-4196-4571-6 |page=86 |access-date=5 March 2011}}</ref><ref name="Southey1820">{{cite book|last=Southey|first=Robert|title=The life of Wesley: and the rise and progress of Methodism|url=https://archive.org/details/lifewesleyandri04soutgoog |year=1820 |publisher=Evert Duyckinck and George Long; Clayton & Kingsland, printers |page=[https://archive.org/details/lifewesleyandri04soutgoog/page/n265 80] |access-date=5 March 2011}}</ref>

Early Methodists wore [[plain dress]], with Methodist clergy condemning "high headdresses, ruffles, laces, gold, and 'costly apparel' in general".<ref name="Lyerly1998">{{cite book|last=Lyerly|first=Cynthia Lynn|title=Methodism and the Southern Mind, 1770-1810|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRiddXHU584C&pg=PA39 |date=24 September 1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |isbn=9780195354249 |page=39 |access-date=19 June 2017}}</ref> John Wesley recommended that Methodists annually read his thoughts ''On Dress'';<ref>Journals of Wesley, Nehemiah Curnock, ed., London: Epworth Press 1938, p. 468.</ref> in that sermon, John Wesley expressed his desire for Methodists: "Let me see, before I die, a Methodist congregation, full as plain dressed as a [[Quaker]] congregation".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wesley.nnu.edu/john-wesley/the-sermons-of-john-wesley-1872-edition/sermon-88-on-dress/|title=The Wesley Center Online: Sermon 88 - On Dress|last=Wesley|first=John|year=1999|publisher=Wesley Center for Applied Theology|language=en|access-date=19 June 2017}}</ref> The 1858 Discipline of the [[Wesleyan Methodist Church (United States)|Wesleyan Methodist Connection]] thus stated that "we would ... ejoin on all who fear God plain dress".<ref name="America1858">{{cite book|title=The Discipline of the Wesleyan Methodist Connection, of America|year=1858|publisher=Wesleyan Methodist Connection of America|language=en |page=85}}</ref>

[[Outward holiness|Outward Holiness]], or External Holiness, is a [[Wesleyan-Arminian]] doctrine emphasizing modest dress and sober speech.<ref name="McKinleyHuston">{{cite web |author=Jim McKinley |author2=David Huston |url=http://www.gloriouschurch.com/Questions-Answers-Details.asp?QuestID=3934|title=What is outward holiness?|year=2018|publisher=Glorious Church Questions & Answers|language=en|access-date=14 May 2018}}</ref> The doctrine was prevalent during the [[Christian revival|revival]] movements for the early Lutheran [[Pietism|Pietists]] and [[Methodism|Methodists]], and during the [[Holiness Movement|Holiness]] and [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal]] movements. Some Christian denominations within the Wesleyan-Arminian theological tradition, such as some Methodist, Holiness, and Pentecostal denominations continue to observe outward holiness.
The standards are:
*[[Modesty|Modest]] and [[plain dress]], which is defined as loose covering from the neck to below the knee in all normal body postures; women often wear a [[Christian headcovering]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fortmyersacc.com/Pages/about.html|title=About Us|last=Streitmatter|first=Jeff|year=2018|publisher=Fort Myers Apostolic Christian Church|language=en|access-date=14 May 2018|archive-date=21 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421205003/http://fortmyersacc.com/Pages/about.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> This would also include the strict prohibition of [[mixed bathing]].
*Moderate or no use of jewelry or ornaments of gold, silver, and jewels for personal adornment; some denominations will only allow the use of a wedding band or ring while others proscribe it too.<ref name="BMCC2014">{{cite web |url= http://www.biblemethodist.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/2014-Bible-Methodist-Discipline.pdf |title= Discipline of the Bible Methodist Connection of Churches |year= 2014 |pages= 33–34 |language= en |access-date= 19 June 2017 |archive-date= 2 August 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170802000411/http://www.biblemethodist.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/2014-Bible-Methodist-Discipline.pdf |url-status= dead }}</ref>
*A distinction of the sexes in clothing, forbidding such style as trousers and [[pant suit]]s for women unless required by work or public service.
*Christian men are to wear their hair short and Christian women must never cut or remove their hair, wearing it long in order to have a definitive distinction of male and female sexes.
As a continuation, in Kerala many Traditional Pentecostal denominations do not wear ornaments depending upon the denomination they are part of. However Dr. Valsan Abraham who is the current president of IPC Church has mentioned that removing ornaments is not a part of Biblical doctrine but the forefathers of IPC CHURCH had decided to have a simple lifestyle and the practice of removing ornaments has never ever recorded in the constitution of IPC and in the statement of faith. Most of the Independent churches in Kerala do not have a practice of removing ornaments. At the turn of the century, more and more traditional churches are moving away from the practice of mandating compulsory removal of ornaments and classifying it as a personal choice of believers.

== Institutions==
List of some main institutions are:{{cn|date=March 2024}}
* New India Bible seminary, Paippad
* India Bible College & Seminary, Kumbanad
* MT Zion Bible Seminary, Mulakuzha
* Faith Theological Seminary, Manakkala
* Bethel Bible College, Punalur
* Sharon Bible College, Thiruvalla
* Shalom Bible College, Vadavathoor
* IPC Kottayam Theological Seminary, Puthuppally
* Rhema Bible Seminary, Nallur, Palakkad. Accredited by ATA
* New India Bible Institute, Kozhikode
* Calicut Theological College - Kozhikode
* Asian Bible College - Kochi
* Trinity Bible College Kozhikode, Waynad
* Hebron Bible College (PG), Hebronpuram, Kumbanad

==Media==
Media plays a leading role to spread Pentecostalism in Kerala through Television Channels, Radio Channels, Newspapers/Magazines and Social Media.{{cn|date=March 2024}}

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Television Channels
! Radio/FM Channels
! Newspapers/Magazines
! Presence in Social Media
|-
| Powervision TV
| Bafa Radio
| Good News
| Online Good News
|-
| Harvest TV
| Psalms Radio
| Hallelujah
| Dunatos Gospel Ministries
|-
| Trumpet TV
| Radio Manna
| Believers Journal
|M4manna
|-
| Kahalam TV
| Jesus Coming FM
| Marupacha
| Yeshuappa Lovers
|-
| Manna TV
| RAFA Radio
| Kraisthava Ezhuthupura
|
|-
| Glorious TV
| My Appa
| Glorious Time
|
|-
| IAG TV
| My Worship Radio
| Disciples News
|
|}

== Resistance ==
The US-based persecution watchdog International Christian Concern (ICC) has learned some attacks on Christians in Kerala, generally considered a safe-haven for Christians because of the large Christian minority there. The ICC warned that the Kerala attacks would only embolden anti-Christian extremists elsewhere to attack the even more vulnerable Christians in their states.<ref name="christiantoday">{{cite web|url=http://www.christiantoday.com/article/indian.church.closed.down.for.singing.too.loudly/10133.htm |title=christiantoday|website=christiantoday.com |date=28 March 2007 |access-date=18 June 2015}}</ref>

The Vishwa Hindu Parishad along with the Arya Samaj arranged the Ghar Wapsi Program and converted a few number of Christians to Hinduism in Kerala. Because Dalit Christians had belonged to SC/ST communities before conversion to Christianity, but they are denied the government's SC/ST benefits in education and job reservation.<ref name="christianmessenger">{{cite web|url=http://www.christianmessenger.in/why-keralas-dalit-christians-are-ghar-wapsi-targets/ |title=conversion|website=christianmessenger.in |date=21 January 2015 |access-date=18 June 2015}}</ref> The Supreme Court ruled that a person who reconverts from Christianity to Hinduism shall be entitled to reservation benefits if his forefathers belonged to a Scheduled Caste and the community accepts him after reconversion.<ref name="reconvert">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/christian-who-reconverts-as-hindu-sc-will-get-quota-benefits-apex-court/ |title=reconvert|website=indianexpress.com |date=27 February 2015 |access-date=18 June 2015}}</ref>

== International evangelists in Kerala ==
* [[Billy Graham]]
American Evangelist [[Billy Graham]] came in February 1956, conducted program in [[Kottayam]] in Kerala. Most of the pentecostal Christian homes in Kerala had the wall poster with the side view picture of 36 years old Evangelist Dr. Billy Graham with the writing "God is Calling The Church”.<ref name="Billy Graham Evangelistic Association">{{cite web|url=https://billygraham.org/story/billy-grahams-memories-of-india/ |title=Billy Graham's Memories of India|website=billygraham.org |access-date=23 February 2018}}</ref>
* [[Reinhard Bonnke]]
German Evangelist [[Reinhard Bonnke]] preached in [[Kochi]] for the CfaN Fire Conference on April 9-13, 2008.

==See also==
* [[Christianity]]
* [[Christianity in Kerala]]
*[[Assemblies of God in India]]
*[[India Pentecostal Church of God]]
*[[Church of God (Full Gospel) in India]]
* [[Methodism]]
* [[History of Pentecostalism in India]]
* [[Pentecost]]
* [[The Pentecostal Mission]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Christianity in Kerala}}

[[Category:Christianity in Kerala]]
[[Category:Pentecostalism in India|Kerala]]

History of the Indian Navy

2026-02-01T05:04:58Z

Godavari: quick fix

{{Short description|None}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
[[File:Mahratta pirates attacking the sloop 'Aurora', of the Bombay Marine, 1812; beginning of the action.jpg|thumb|right|300px|"Mahrmatta pirates attacking the sloop 'Aurora', of the Bombay Marine, 1812; beginning of the action." This painting by [[Thomas Buttersworth]] depicts [[Maratha Navy]] ships engaging in combat with the [[HCS Aurora (1809)|HCS ''Aurora'']].]]
{{Science and technology in India}}
Maritime powers in the [[Indian subcontinent]] have possessed [[Navy|navies]] for many centuries. Indian dynasties such as the [[Chola|Chola Empire]] used naval power to extend their influence overseas, particularly to [[Southeast Asia]]. The Marakkar Navy under [[Zamorins]] during 15th century and the [[Maratha Navy]] of the [[Maratha Confederacy]] during the 19th and 18th centuries fought with rival Indian powers and European powers. The [[East India Company]] organised its own private navy, which came to be known as the [[Royal Indian Navy#1612–1830, the Bombay Marine|Bombay Marine]]. With the establishment of the [[British Raj]] after the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], the small navy was transformed into "His Majesty's Indian Navy", then "Her Majesty's Indian Marine", and finally the "Royal Indian Marine".

The Royal Indian Marine transported large numbers of Indian troops overseas during the [[World War I|First World War]], and – as the [[Royal Indian Navy]] – took part in naval combat and patrol duties during the [[World War II|Second World War]]. When India became [[Indian Independence Act 1947|independent in 1947]] part of the Royal Indian Navy was allotted to the new state of [[Pakistan]]; the remaining forces took the title of [[Indian Navy]] in 1950. The Indian Navy took part in [[Annexation of Goa|Operation Vijay]] in 1961, wars with Pakistan in [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965]] and [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971]], and in more recent operations of a smaller scale.

==Early history==
<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Indian ship on lead coin of Vashishtiputra Shri Pulumavi.jpg|Ancient Indian ship on lead coin of [[Vasisthiputra Sri Pulamavi]], testimony to the naval, seafaring and trading capabilities of the [[Sātavāhana Empire]], during the 1st–2nd century CE.
File:Ajanta Cave 2 three-mast sailship.jpg|Painted depiction of a three-masted sailship, c. 5th century from [[Ajanta Caves]].
</gallery>
India has a rich [[Indian maritime history|maritime history]] dating back 5,000 years.<ref>[http://india.gov.in/myindia/facts.php Interesting facts about India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071206014250/http://india.gov.in/myindia/facts.php |date=6 December 2007 }}</ref><ref>[http://pubweb.cc.u-tokai.ac.jp/indus/english/2_5_01.html Maritimbi/asst001/fall97/2chd.htm Economics of the Indus valley civilization] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611152017/http://pubweb.cc.u-tokai.ac.jp/indus/english/2_5_01.html |date=11 June 2008 }}</ref> The world's first<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1345150.stm Indian seabed hides ancient remains]</ref> tidal dock may have been built at [[Lothal]] around 2300 BCE during the [[Indus Valley civilisation|Indus Valley Civilization]], near the present day [[Mangrol, Kathiawar|Mangrol]] harbour on the Gujarat coast.<ref name="RaoY">{{cite book
| title = Lothal
| publisher = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
| author = S. R. Rao
| author-link = S. R. Rao
| pages = 11–17
| year = 1985
}}</ref> The ''[[Rig Veda]]'' composed in the [[2nd millennium BC|2nd millennium BCE]], credits [[Varuna]] with knowledge of the ocean routes and describes naval expeditions.<ref>Robert Hume, [https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n395/mode/2up Mundaka Upanishad], Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pp. 374{{ndash}}375</ref> A model of a bronze miniature ship with an open deck has been excavated from [[Pandu Rajar Dhibi]] from West Bengal dating about 1500-500 BCE.<ref>{{Cite web |year=1962 |title=Excavations at Pandu Rajar Dhibi : Gupta, Paresh Chandra Das : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.42371 |access-date=2020-07-11 |website=Internet Archive |pages=44, 81 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Chanakya|Kautilya]] (c. 4th century BCE) in his ''[[Arthashastra]]'' mentions the protection of the empire's shipping and destruction of those threatening it. Although navy is not elaborately mentioned as one of the principle arms of Indian military in the Arthashastra, [[Megasthenes]] mentions it.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Upinder|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t6A4DwAAQBAJ&q=arthashastra+navy&pg=PA247|title=Political Violence in Ancient India|date=2017-09-25|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-97527-9|language=en}}</ref> Megasthenes mentions military command consisting of six boards of five members each, (i) [[Navy]] (ii) [[Military transport]] (iii) [[Infantry]] (iv) [[Cavalry]] (v) [[Ratha|Chariot divisions]] and (vi) [[War elephant]]s.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kangle|first=R. P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dzxwTS0-nbUC&q=megasthenes+navy&pg=PA66|title=A Study|date=1986|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-0041-0|language=en}}</ref> During Mauryan empire, Indians had already made trading connections in South east Asia from Thailand and Malaysia peninsula to Cambodia and southern Vietnam. Mauryan period seals and inscriptions has been discovered at the ancient port cities of Thailand and Southern Vietnam. Sea lanes between India and neighbouring lands were the usual form of trade for many centuries, and are responsible for the widespread influence of Indian culture on other societies, particularly in the [[Indian Ocean]] region. Powerful navies included those of the [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga kingdom]], [[Maurya]], [[Satavahana]], [[Chola]], [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]], [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] and [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] [[empire]]s.<ref>[http://indiannavy.nic.in/history.htm History of the Indian Navy] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060903023736/http://indiannavy.nic.in/history.htm |date= 3 September 2006 }}</ref> The [[Chola]]s excelled in foreign trade and maritime activity, extending their influence overseas to Southeast Asia and China.<ref name="SastriHOSI">{{cite book | title=[[A History of South India: From Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar]]| last=Sastri|first=K. A. Nilakanta |author-link=K.A. Nilakanta Sastri| year=1955|page=175|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>

=== Early literary evidences ===
The Indian shipping and maritime trade activity have been referenced in [[Arthashastra]]. [[Kautilya]] mentions the superintendent of ships as an officer which was supposed to look after the ports and shipping and security of maritime traders. Four categories of ships have been named, Commercial (Potavanika), Private (Svanaya), Royal (Rajanau) and warship (Himsrika). Commercial ships are further divided into Merchant ships (Samyati) and passenger ship (Pravahana).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Prasad|first=Prakash Charan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RSW8az3Q_dEC&q=angavijja+ship+india&pg=PA131|title=Foreign Trade and Commerce in Ancient India|date=1977|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-053-2|pages=128|language=en}}</ref>

=== Gupta Empire Navy ===
The five arms of the Gupta military included infantry, cavalry, chariot, elephants and ships. Gunaighar copper plate inscription of [[Vainyagupta|Vainya Gupta]] mentions ships but not chariots.<ref>{{Cite journal|jstor=44140516|language=en|title=Military Pursuits and National Defence Under the Second Magadhan Empire|last1=Majumdar|first1=Bimal Kanti|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|year=1949|volume=12|pages=105–109}}</ref> Ships had become integral part of Indian military in the 6th century AD.

== Middle Ages ==

===Chola expeditions===
[[File:Rajendra map new.svg|thumb|Map of the [[Chola Empire]] in 1030 under [[Rajendra I]].]]
{{further|Chola Navy}}
The [[Chola Empire]] initiated their grand naval conquests during the reign of two of its most illustrious monarchs, [[Raja Raja Chola]] (ruled 985–1014) and his son [[Rajendra Chola]] (ruled 1012–1044). Under Rajendra Chola, the Cholas expanded their empire with the use of their strong navy and subdued many kingdoms of [[South-East Asia]] and occupied the region which included [[Mon kingdoms|Myanmar]], [[Malay Peninsula|Malaya]], [[Sumatra]] etc., and sent ambassadors to countries as far off as [[Song dynasty|China]].

===Kozhikode===
[[File:Calicut 1572.jpg|thumb|800px|center|{{center|A panorama of [[Calicut]], on the [[Malabar coast]], shows several types of ships, shipbuilding, net fishing, dinghy traffic and a rugged, sparsely populated interior.}}]]Manavikraman, [[Samoothiri Raja]] of [[Kozhikode]] began the naval build-up in 1503 in response to [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] attempts at extracting trading privileges. He commanded and appointed [[Kunjali Marakkar|Kunjali]] as [[Marakkar]] (admiral) of his fleet.

Over the course of the next century, the Samoothiri Rajas successfully repelled various attempts by the Portuguese to overthrow their rule, with each side enlisting various allies over time. Four generations of Kunjali Marakkars served the Samoothiri Rajas. However, over time, the differences between Mohammed Ali, Marakkar IV, and his masters increased, culminating with his self-declaration as the "Lord of the Indian seas". The Samoothiris then collaborated with the Portuguese to defeat Mohammed Ali in 1600. Later, they allied with the [[Dutch East India Company]] to defeat the Portuguese.

== Early Modern Age ==

=== Mughal Navy ===
[[File:Avery_Chasing_the_Great_Mughal's_Ship.jpg|thumb|250x250px|The [[Ganj-i-Sawai]], one of the largest trade ships in the 17th century.]]
The [[Mughal Empire]] maintained a significant naval fleet although it was the weakest branch of the [[Army of the Mughal Empire|military]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Roy |first=Atulchandra |date=1961 |title=Naval Strategy of the Mughals in Bengal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44140736 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=24 |pages=170–175 |jstor=44140736 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> The navy mainly patrolled coastal areas. The navy was active in the [[Siege of Hooghly]] and the [[Anglo-Mughal War (1686–1690)|Anglo-Mughal War]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=H. C. Das |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=im1DAAAAYAAJ&q=nicholson%20bengal%20mughal%2010%20warships |title=Glimpses of History and Culture of Balasore |author2=Indu Bhusan Kar |date=1988 |publisher=Orissa State Museum |editor1-last=Pani |editor1-first=Subas |page=66 |language=en |access-date=3 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="Unseen Enemy The English, Disease, and Medicine in Colonial Bengal, 1617-1847">{{cite book |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Sudip |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IZJJDAAAQBAJ |title=Unseen Enemy The English, Disease, and Medicine in Colonial Bengal, 1617-1847 |date=2014 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=9781443863094 |language=En |format=ebook |access-date=3 July 2023}}</ref> One of the best-documented naval campaign of the Mughal empire were provided during the [[Shaista Khan#Conquest of Chittagong|conflict against kingdom of Arakan]], where in December 1665, Aurangzeb dispatched [[Shaista Khan]], his governor of Bengal to command 288 vessels and more than 20,000 men to pacify the pirate activities within Arakan territory and to capture [[Chittagong]],<ref name="Command of the Coast: The Mughal Navy and Regional Strategy">{{cite journal |last1=de la Garza |first1=Andrew |date=February 2014 |title=Command of the Coast: The Mughal Navy and Regional Strategy |url=https://worldhistoryconnected.press.uillinois.edu/12.1/forum_delagarza.html |journal=World History Connected |publisher=Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois |volume=12 |issue=1 |access-date=23 May 2023}}</ref>

During the [[Mughal Empire]], the province of [[Bengal Subah]] had a large [[Shipbuilding in Bangladesh|shipbuilding industry]]. Economic historian Indrajit Ray estimates shipbuilding output of Bengal during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries at 223,250 tons annually, .<ref name="ray174">{{cite book |last=Ray |first=Indrajit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CHOrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA174 |title=Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution (1757-1857) |publisher=Routledge |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-136-82552-1 |pages=174}}</ref>

The chronicle of ''Ahkam 'Alamgiri'', reveals how the Mughal empire has struggled to establish strong navy, boldened by the failure to prevent losses of Muslim vessels off the coast of the [[Maldives]] islands. Aurangzeb were said to possess four huge vessels at Surat and port of southern Gujarat.<ref name="India, Modernity and the Great Divergence Mysore and Gujarat (17th to 19th C.); Kaveh Yazdani2">{{cite book |author1=Kaveh Yazdani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TdrzDQAAQBAJ |title=India, Modernity and the Great Divergence Mysore and Gujarat (17th to 19th C.) |date=January 5, 2017 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004330795 |page=258 |language=En |format=ebook |quote=Akbar supposedly possessed 3000 vessels or boats. Later on, the amount was decreased to 768 armed cruisers; (1618–1707) is said to have possessed four great vessels at Surat, the southern Gujarati port |access-date=24 November 2023}}</ref> Aurangzeb's Vizier, Jafar Khan, blames the Mughal lack of ability to establish an effective navy not due to lack of resources and money, but to the lack of men to direct (the vessels).<ref name="Mughal Naval Weakness2">{{cite journal |last1=Hasan Askari |first1=Syed |date=1961 |title=Mughal Naval Weakness and Aurangzeb's Attitude Towards the Traders and Pirates on the Western Coast |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44140735 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=24 |pages=163–170 |jstor=44140735 |access-date=23 May 2023}}</ref> [[Syed Hasan Askari|Syed Hassan Askari]] concluded that the lack of priority of Aurangzeb to afford his naval project due to his conflicts against the Marathas has hindered him to do so.<ref name="Mughal Naval Weakness2" /> Askari maintained that Mughal was largely not independent to control the rampart piracy and European naval incursions, and instead resorted to depend on the strength of friendly Arab forces from [[Muscat]] to keep the Portuguese in check.<ref name="Mughal Naval Weakness2" />

However, Askari also highlighted that Aurangzeb are not completely neglect it since he has acquired the British expertise to captured the fort of [[Murud-Janjira#History|Janjira]] island, and thus establishing naval cooperation with semi independent [[Siddi]] community naval force of [[Janjira State]] which resisted the Marathas.<ref name="Mughal Naval Weakness2" /> The proficiency of the Siddi Yaqub navy are exemplified during [[Anglo-Mughal War (1686–1690)#Events|Siege of Bombay]], where Siddi Yaqub and his [[Mappila Muslims|Mappila]] fleet blockaded the fortress and forced the submission of the Britain forces.<ref name="The Origins of the British Empire in Asia, 1600-17502">{{cite book |last1=Veevers |first1=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uhzhDwAAQBAJ |title=The Origins of the British Empire in Asia, 1600-1750 |date=2020 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781108483957 |edition=Hardcover |page=156 |access-date=23 May 2023}}</ref>

Empress [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]] maintained large fleets of trade ships including the ''[[Rahīmī]]'' and ''[[Ganj-i-Sawai]]''.<ref name=":15">{{cite journal |last1=Safdar |first1=Aiysha |last2=Khan |first2=Muhammad Azam |year=2021 |title=History of Indian Ocean-A south Indian perspective |url=http://pu.edu.pk/home/journal/44/v7_no1_21.html |journal=Journal of Indian Studies |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=186–188 |quote=The Empress, Mariam Zamani then ordered the building of an even larger ship with 62 guns and placements for over 400 musket men. It was named Ganj-i-Sawai, and it was in its day the most fearsome ship on the seas, and its objective was to trade and take pilgrims to Mecca, and on the way back convert all the goods sold into gold and silver as well as bring the pilgrims back. But then the English, posing as pirates, attacked with a 25-ship armada of alleged pirates. At Mecca, they claimed they were slave traders.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=11 April 2021 |title=Harking back: The Empress and her two doomed pilgrim ships |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1617497/harking-back-the-empress-and-her-two-doomed-pilgrim-ships}}</ref> The Rahimi was the largest of the Indian ships trading in the Red Sea.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Findly |first=Ellison B. |date=1988 |title=The Capture of Maryam-uz-Zamānī's Ship: Mughal Women and European Traders |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/603650 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=108 |issue=2 |pages=227–238 |doi=10.2307/603650 |issn=0003-0279 |jstor=603650|url-access=subscription }}</ref> It had sailed to vast areas that it was identifiable to sailors from miles away and was known to Europeans as, ''the great pilgrimage ship''.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Findly |first=Ellison Banks |url=http://archive.org/details/nurjahanempressofmughalindia |title=Nur Jahan Empress Of Mughal India |pages=150–151 |language=English}}</ref> After being sacked by pirates, this ship was replaced by the ''[[Ganj-i-Sawai|Ganj-i-Sawa]].'' This ship was eventually sacked by English Pirate [[Henry Every]].''<ref>{{cite journal |year=1812 |title=The trial of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, Wm. Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes, at the Old-Bailey, for felony and piracy |journal=A Complete Collection of State Trials and Proceedings for High Treason and Other Crimes and Misdemeanors |volume=13 |issue=392, column 451}}</ref>''

===Maratha Navy===
{{further|Maratha Navy}}
[[File:Maratha ships scroll.jpg|thumb|800px|center|{{center|A painted scroll depicting different types of ships of the Marathan Navy including some captured English ships.}}]]
The [[Maratha Kingdom]] was established by [[Shivaji]] in 1674. From its inception, the Marathas established a naval force, consisting of cannons mounted on ships. The dominance of the Maratha Navy started with the ascent of [[Kanhoji Angre]] as the ''Darya-Saranga'' by the Maratha chief of [[Satara (city)|Satara]].<ref>http://historion.net/j.biddulph-pirates-malabar-englishwoman-india/page-27.html{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Under that authority, he was master of the Western coast of India from [[Mumbai]] to Vingoria (now [[Vengurla]]) in present-day state of [[Maharashtra]], except for [[Janjira State|Janjira]] which was affiliated with the [[Mughal Empire]]. Until his death in 1729, he repeatedly launched attacks on European merchant vessels, capturing numerous cargo ships of the various East India Companies and extracting a ransom for their return.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

On 29 November 1721, a joint attempt by the Portuguese and the British to put an end to Kanhoji's privateering endeavours failed. Their combined fleet, consisting of 6,000 soldiers in four [[Man-of-war|men-of-war]], besides other ships led by Captain [[Thomas Mathews]] of the [[Bombay Marine]], failed to achieve its goals. Aided by [[Mendhaji Bhatkar]] and [[Mainak Bhandari]], Kanhoji continued to capture and ransom European merchant ships until his death in 1729.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

The Maratha Navy used [[cannon]] armed, single-decker [[snow (ship)|snow]] sail themed warships called [[Grab (ship)|''Grab'']],<ref>''Gazetteer'' (1894). pp. 523-4.</ref> [[Man-of-war|men-of-war]] called ''Pal'' and small [[lateen]] boats called ''[[Gallivat]]'' armed with 6-punder guns or [[swivel gun]]s which assisted the ''Grabs.''<ref>''United Service Magazine'', Vol. 140, (1876), p.307.</ref>

=== Mysorean Navy ===
[[Hyder Ali]] and [[Tipu Sultan]] developed one of the stronger regional navies in pre-colonial India, and forged alliances with several other non-South Asian powers to try to fend off the British.<ref>{{Cite book |last=MacDougall |first=Philip |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7722/j.ctt6wp962 |title=Naval Resistance to Britain's Growing Power in India, 1660-1800: The Saffron Banner and the Tiger of Mysore |date=2014 |publisher=Boydell & Brewer |isbn=978-1-84383-948-4 |edition=NED - New |doi=10.7722/j.ctt6wp962}}</ref>

=={{anchor|British Indian Navy|Colonial Indian Navy|Her Majesty's Indian Marine|Her Majesty's Indian Navy|Royal Indian Marine|Royal Indian Navy}} Colonial Indian Navy==
{{Main|Royal Indian Navy}}

===Establishment of the Bombay Marine===
The [[East India Company|English East India Company]] was established in 1600. In 1612, Captain Thomas Best encountered and defeated the [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portuguese]] at the [[Battle of Swally]]. This encounter, as well as [[piracy]], led the English East India Company to build a port and establish a small [[navy]] based at the village of [[Suvali]], near [[Surat]], [[Gujarat]] to protect commerce. The Company named the force the ''Honourable East India Company's Marine'', and the first fighting ships arrived on 5 September 1612.

This force protected [[merchant shipping]] off the [[Gulf of Cambay]] and the rivers [[River Tapti|Tapti]] and [[River Narmada|Narmada]]. The ships also helped map the coastlines of India, Persia and Arabia.

In 1686, with most of English commerce moving to [[Bombay]], the force was renamed the ''Bombay Marine''. The Bombay Marine was involved in combat against the [[Maratha]]s and the Sidis and participated in the [[Anglo-Burmese Wars]]. The Bombay Marine recruited many Indian [[lascar]]s but commissioned no Indian officers until 1928.

===Expansion of Her Majesty's Indian Navy===
[[File:Battery breaching the Delhi Gate of the town, manned by European sailors of the Indian Navy. Jan. 1, 1849 - ILN 1849.jpg|thumb|250px|Sailors of the Indian Navy breaching the Delhi gates during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].]]
In 1830, the Bombay Marine became ''His Majesty's Indian Navy''. The British capture of [[Aden]] increased the commitments of Her Majesty's Indian Navy, leading to the creation of the ''Indus Flotilla''. The Navy then fought in the [[First Opium War|China War]] of 1840.

Her Majesty's Indian Navy resumed the name ''Bombay Marine'' from 1863 to 1877, when it became ''Her Majesty's Indian Marine''. The Marine then had two divisions; the Eastern Division at [[Calcutta]] and the Western Division at Bombay.

In recognition of the services rendered during various campaigns, ''Her Majesty's Indian Marine'' was titled the ''Royal Indian Marine'' in 1892. By this time it consisted of over 50 vessels.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/genesis.htm |title=Indian Naval Hospital Ship INHS Dhanvantari |access-date=2011-10-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110111202914/http://indiannavy.nic.in/genesis.htm |archive-date=11 January 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

===The Royal Indian Marine in World War I===
The Expeditionary Forces of the Indian Army that travelled to [[France]], [[Africa]] and [[Mesopotamia]] to participate in [[World War I]] were transported largely on board ships of the Royal Indian Marine. The convoy transporting the first division of the Indian Cavalry to France sailed within three weeks of the Declaration of War, on 25 August 1914. At the outset of the war, a number of ships were fitted out and armed at the [[Bombay Dockyard|Naval Dockyard]] in Bombay (now [[Mumbai]]) and the [[Port of Kolkata|Kidderpore Docks]] in Calcutta (now [[Kolkata]]). The Indian Marine also kept the harbours of Bombay and [[Aden]] open through intensive [[minesweeping]] efforts. Smaller ships of the Indian Marine, designed for operations in inland waters, patrolled the critical waterways of the [[Tigris]], the [[Euphrates]] and [[Shatt-al-Arab]], in order to keep the supply lines open for the troops fighting in Mesopotamia. A hospital ship operated by the Indian Marine was deployed to treat wounded soldiers.<ref name=RIM-WWI>{{cite web|author1=Indian Navy|author-link=Indian Navy|title=Role of Royal Indian Marine in World War I|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/press-release/role-royal-indian-marine-ww-i|website=indiannavy.nic.in|access-date=10 March 2015|date=9 March 2015}}</ref>

By the time the war ended in 1918, the Royal Indian Marine had transported or escorted 1,302,394 men, 172,815 animals and 3,691,836 tonnes of war stores. The Royal Indian Marine suffered 330 casualties and 80 of its personnel were decorated with gallantry awards for service in the war. The Royal Indian Marine played a vital role in supporting and transporting the [[Indian Army during World War I|Indian Army throughout the war]].<ref name=RIM-WWI/>

The first Indian to be granted a commission was Sub Lieutenant D.N Mukherji who joined the Royal Indian Marine as an engineer officer in 1928.

===The Royal Indian Navy in World War II===
{{main|Royal Indian Navy}}

[[File:HMIS Bombay (305827).jpg|thumb|[[HMIS Bombay (J249)|HMIS ''Bombay'']] in [[Sydney Harbour]], 1942.]]
[[File:Commonwealth Forces in Burma IND4428.jpg|thumb|Royal Indian Naval personnel on board a landing craft during combined operations off [[Myebon]], [[Burma]], January 1945.]]
[[File:The Allied Occupation of Japan IND5225.jpg|thumb|[[HMIS Sutlej]] leaves [[Hong Kong]] for [[Japan]] as part of the Allied forces of occupation.]]

In 1934 the Royal Indian Marine changed its name, with the enactment of the Indian Navy (Discipline) Act of 1934. The Royal Indian Navy was formally inaugurated on 2 October 1934, at Bombay.<ref name=bhatia28>Bhatia (1977), p. 28</ref> Its ships carried the prefix '''HMIS''', for His Majesty's Indian Ship.<ref name=collins>D. J. E. Collins, ''The Royal Indian Navy, 1939-45'', vol. 1 (Bombay, 1964)</ref>

At the start of the [[World War II|Second World War]], the Royal Indian Navy was small, with only eight warships. The onset of the war led to an expansion in vessels and personnel described by one writer as "phenomenal". By 1943 the strength of the RIN had reached twenty thousand.<ref>{{cite book|first=Andrew|last=Mollo|page=144|title=Naval, Marine and Air Force uniforms of World War 2|year=1976|isbn=0-02-579391-8}}</ref>
During the War, the [[Women's Royal Indian Naval Service]] was established, for the first time giving women a role in the navy, although they did not serve on board its ships.<ref name=bhatia28/>

During the course of the war six anti-aircraft sloops and several fleet minesweepers were built in the United Kingdom for the R.I.N. After commissioning, many of these ships joined various escort groups operating in the northern approaches to the British Isles. {{HMIS|Sutlej|U95|6}} and {{HMIS|Jumna|U21|6}}, each armed with six-high angle 4" guns, were present during the Clyde "Blitz" of 1941 and assisted the defence of this area by providing anti-aircraft cover. For the next six months these two ships joined the Clyde Escort Force, operating in the Atlantic and later the Irish Sea Escort Force where they acted as the senior ships of the groups. While engaged on these duties, numerous attacks against U-boats were carried out and attacks by hostile aircraft repelled. At the time of action in which the [[German battleship Bismarck|Bismarck]] was involved, the Sutlej left Scapa Flow, with all despatch as the senior member of a group, to take over a convoy from the destroyers which were finally engaged in the sinking of the Bismarck.<ref name=Collins248>The Royal Indian Navy, 1939–1945 - Collins, p248</ref>

Later {{HMIS|Cauvery|U10|6}}, {{HMIS|Kistna|U46|6}}, {{HMIS|Narbada|U40|6}}, {{HMIS|Godavari|U52|6}}, also antiaircraft sloops, completed similar periods in the U.K. waters escorting convoys in the Atlantic and dealing with attacks from hostile U-boats, aircraft and glider bombs. These six ships and the minesweepers all eventually proceeded to India carrying out various duties in the North Atlantic, Mediterranean and Cape stations en route. The fleet minesweepers were {{HMIS|Kathiawar|J155|6}}, {{HMIS|Kumaon|J164|6}}, {{HMIS|Baluchistan|J182|6}}, {{HMIS|Carnatic|J199|6}}, {{HMIS|Khyber|J190|6}}, {{HMIS|Konkan|J228|6}}, {{HMIS|Orissa|J200|6}}, {{HMIS|Rajputana|J197|6}}, {{HMIS|Rohilkhand|J180|6}}.<ref name=Collins248 />

[[HMIS Bengal (J243)|HMIS Bengal]] was a part of the [[Eastern Fleet]] during World War II, and escorted numerous convoys between 1942 and 1945.<ref>{{cite web|last = Kindell |first = Don |url= http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWD-EF1943a.htm |title = EASTERN FLEET - January to June 1943 |work = ADMIRALTY WAR DIARIES of WORLD WAR 2}}</ref>

The [[Sloop-of-war|sloops]] {{ship|HMIS|Sutlej|U95|6}} and {{HMIS|Jumna|U21|6}} played a role in [[Operation Husky]], the Allied invasion of [[Sicily]] by providing air defence and anti-submarine screening to the invasion fleet.<ref>[http://www.wewerethere.mod.uk/wewerethere_old/inmed.html Inmed] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080124112038/http://www.wewerethere.mod.uk/wewerethere_old/inmed.html |date=24 January 2008 }}</ref><ref name=Collins252>The Royal Indian Navy, 1939–1945 - Collins, p252</ref>

Furthermore, the Royal Indian Navy participated in convoy escort duties in the Indian Ocean and Mediterranean and was heavily involved in combat operations as part of the [[Burma Campaign]], carrying out raids, shore bombardment, naval invasion support and other activities culminating in [[Operation Dracula]] and the mopping up operations during the final stages of the war.<ref name=Collins255>The Royal Indian Navy, 1939–1945 - Collins, p255 - p316</ref>

==== Royal Indian Naval combat losses ====

The sloop [[P-class sloop|HMIS ''Pathan'']] sunk in June 1940 by the Italian Navy Submarine [[Brin-class submarine|''Galvani'']] during the [[East African campaign (World War II)|East African Campaign]].<ref name=r&h23>Rohwer & Hummelchen, p.23</ref><ref name="rin3945">{{cite book |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/India/RIN/index.html#contents |title=The Royal Indian Navy, 1939–1945, Official History of the Indian Armed Forces In the Second World War |last=Collins |first=D.J.E. |work=Combined Inter-Services Historical Section (India & Pakistan) |date=1964 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theyworkforyou.com/debates/?id=1940-11-20a.1988.4 |title=House of commons debate - Indian, Burman, and Colonial War Effort.|work=[[House of Commons of the United Kingdom]]|date=20 November 1940}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uboat.net/allies/ships/indian.htm|title=Fighting the U-boats = Indian Naval forces |work=Uboat.net }}</ref>

In the days immediately following the [[Attack on Pearl Harbor]], {{HMS|Glasgow|C21|6}} was patrolling the [[Laccadive Islands]] in search of Japanese ships and submarines. At midnight on 9 December 1941, [[HMS Glasgow]] sank the RIN patrol vessel [[HMIS Prabhavati]] with two lighters in tow en route to Karachi, with 6-inch shells at 6,000 yards (5,500 m). Prabhavati was alongside the lighters and was mistaken for a surfaced Japanese submarine.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/22394.html|title=Allied Warships - HMIS Prabhavati}}</ref><ref name=Collins96>The Royal Indian Navy, 1939–1945 - Collins, p96</ref><ref name="maccart153">Neil MacCart, ''Town Class Cruisers'', Maritime Books, 2012, {{ISBN|978-1-904-45952-1}}, p. 153</ref>

{{HMIS|Indus|U67|6}} was sunk by Japanese aircraft during [[Burma Campaign]] on 6 April 1942.<ref name=Collins>{{cite book|last=Collins|first=J.T.E.|title=The Royal Indian Navy, 1939–1945|series=Official History of the Indian Armed Forces In the Second World War|year=1964|publisher=Combined Inter-Services Historical Section (India & Pakistan)|location=New Delhi|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/India/RIN/index.html}}</ref>

==== Royal Indian Naval successes ====

{{HMIS|Jumna|U21|6}} was ordered in 1939, and built by [[William Denny and Brothers]]. She was [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]] in 1941,<ref name=ub>{{cite web |url=http://www.uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3915.html |title=HMIS Jumna (U 21) |website=uboat.net |access-date=6 April 2016}}</ref> and with [[World War II]] underway, was immediately deployed as a convoy escort. ''Jumna'' served as an anti-aircraft escort during the [[Dutch East Indies campaign|Java Sea campaign]] in early 1942, and was involved in intensive anti-aircraft action against attacking Japanese twin-engined level bombers and dive bombers, claiming five aircraft downed from 24 to 28 February 1942.

On 11 November 1942 ''Bengal'' was escorting the Dutch tanker [[MV Ondina|''Ondina'']]<ref name="Visser">{{cite web |last=Visser |first=Jan |url=https://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/ondina.html |title=The Ondina Story |date=1999–2000 |work=Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941-1942 |access-date=28 May 2021 |archive-date=21 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110321233336/http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/ondina.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> to the southwest of Cocos Islands in the Indian Ocean. Two Japanese [[commerce raider]]s armed with six-inch guns attacked ''Ondina''. ''Bengal'' fired her single four-inch gun and ''Ondina'' fired her 102 mm and both scored hits on ''[[Hōkoku Maru]]'', which shortly blew up and sank.<ref name="Visser" /><ref>{{cite web |first= Klemen |last= L |date= 2000 |title= Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942 |url= https://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/index.html |access-date= 28 May 2021 |archive-date= 26 July 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110726053035/http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/index.html |url-status= dead }}</ref>

On 12 February 1944 the [[Japanese submarine Ro-110|Japanese submarine RO-110]] was depth charged and sunk east-south-east off Visakhapatnam, India by the Indian sloop {{HMIS|Jumna|U21|6}} and the Australian minesweepers [[HMAS Launceston (J179)|HMAS Launceston]] and [[HMAS Ipswich (J186)]]. RO-110 had attacked convoy JC-36 (Colombo-Calcutta) and torpedoed and damaged the British merchant Asphalion (6274 GRT).<ref name=ub /><ref>The Royal Indian Navy, 1939–1945 - Collins, p309</ref>

On 12 August 1944 the [[German submarine U-198|German submarine ''U-198'']] was sunk near the [[Seychelles]], in position 03º35'S, 52º49'E, by [[depth charge]]s from {{HMIS|Godavari|U52|6}} and the British frigate [[List of River-class frigates|HMS Findhorn]].<ref name=uboat>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3922.html|title=HMIS Godavari (U 52) of the Royal Indian Navy - Indian Sloop of the Black Swan class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net}}</ref><ref name=Collins />

==== Mutiny of 1946 ====
{{Main|Royal Indian Navy mutiny}}
In February 1946, Indian sailors launched the [[Royal Indian Navy Mutiny]] on board more than fifty ships and in shore establishments, protesting about issues such as the slow rate of demobilization and discrimination in the Navy.<ref>Christopher M. Bell, Bruce A. Elleman, ''Naval mutinies of the twentieth century: an international perspective'' (2003), p. 6: "The first navy to experience a major mutiny after the Second World War was the Royal Indian Navy. For five days in February 1946, Indian sailors rose up against their predominantly British officer corps: approximately 56 ships..."</ref> The mutiny found widespread support and spread all over India, including elements in the Army and the Air Force. A total of seventy-eight ships, twenty shore establishments and 20,000 sailors were involved in this mutiny.

==Partition and Independence of India==
In 1947, [[India]] was [[Partition of India|partitioned]] and the [[dominion]]s of [[Dominion of India|India]] and [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]] gained independence from the [[United Kingdom]]. The Royal Indian Navy was split between India and Pakistan, with senior British officers continuing to serve with both navies, and the vessels were divided between the two nations.

{|class="toccolours wikitable plainlinks" align="centre" style="padding:0; border: 1px solid darkgray"
!Vessel type
!India
!Pakistan
|-
![[Frigate]]
|
* HMIS ''Tir''
* HMIS ''Kukri''
|
* HMPS ''Shamsher''
* HMPS ''Dhanush''
|-
![[Sloop of war|Sloop]]
|
* HMIS ''Sutlej''
* HMIS ''Jumna''
* HMIS ''Kistna''
* HMIS ''Cauvery''
|
* HMPS ''Narbada''
* HMPS ''Godavari''
|-
![[Corvette]]s
|
* HMIS ''Assam''
|
|-
![[Minesweeper (ship)|Minesweeper]]
|
* HMIS ''Orissa''
* HMIS ''Deccan''
* HMIS ''Bihar''
* HMIS ''Kumaon''
* HMIS ''Rohilkhand''
* HMIS ''Khyber''
* HMIS ''Carnafic''
* HMIS ''Rajputana''
* HMIS ''Konkan''
* HMIS ''Bombay''
* HMIS ''Bengal''
* HMIS ''Madras''
|
* HMPS ''Kathiawar''
* HMPS ''Baluchistan''
* HMPS ''Oudh''
* HMPS ''Malwa''
|-
!Survey vessel
|
* HMIS ''Investigator''
|
|-
!Trawler
|
* HMIS ''Nasik''
* HMIS ''Calcutta''
* HMIS ''Cochin''
* HMIS ''Amritsar''
|
* HMPS ''Rampur''
* HMPS ''Baroda''
|-
!Motor minesweeper(MMS)
|
* MMS 130
* MMS 132
* MMS 151
* MMS 154
|
* MMS 129
* MMS 131
|-
![[Motor launch (naval)|Motor Launch]] (ML)
|
* ML 420
| –
|-
![[Harbour Defence Motor Launch]] (HDML)
|
* HDML 1110
* HDML 1112
* HDML 1117
* HDML 1118
|
* HDML 1261
* HDML 1262
* HDML 1263
* HDML 1266
|-
! Miscellaneous
| All existing landing craft
|
|}

When India became a [[republic]] on 26 January 1950, the name was changed to the '''[[Indian Navy]]''', and the vessels were redesignated as Indian Naval Ships (INS).

Vice Admiral [[R. D. Katari]] was the first Indian Chief of Naval Staff, appointed on 22 April 1958.

==Indian Navy operations==

===Annexation of Goa, 1961===
The first involvement of the Navy in any conflict came during the [[1961 Indian annexation of Goa]] with the success of [[Operation Vijay (1961)|Operation Vijay]] against the [[Portuguese Navy]]. Four Portuguese frigates – the [[NRP Afonso de Albuquerque (1934)|NRP ''Afonso de Albuquerque'']], the NRP Bartolomeu Dias, the NRP João de Lisboa and the NRP Gonçalves Zarco – were deployed to patrol the waters off [[Goa]], [[Daman and Diu]], along with several patrol boats (Lancha de Fiscalização).

Eventually only the NRP Afonso de Albuquerque saw action against Indian Navy ships, the other ships having fled before commencement of hostilities. The ''NRP Afonso'' was destroyed by Indian frigates ''INS Betwa'' and ''INS Beas''. Parts of the Afonso are on display at the Naval Museum in [[Mumbai]], while the remainder was sold as scrap.

===Indo-Pakistani war of 1965===
There were no significant naval encounters during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]].

On 7 September 1965 a flotilla of the [[Pakistani Navy]] carried out a small-scale bombardment of the Indian coastal town and radar station of [[Dwarka]], 200 miles (300 km) south of the Pakistani port of [[Karachi]]. Codenamed [[Operation Dwarka]], it did not fulfill its primary objective of disabling the [[radar station]]. There was no significant Indian retaliation, since 75% of the Indian naval vessels were undergoing maintenance or refitting in the harbor. Some of the Indian fleet sailed from Bombay to Dwarka to patrol the area and deter further bombardment. Operation Dwarka has been described as an "insignificant bombardment"<ref>India's Quest for Security: defence policies, 1947–1965 By Lorne John Kavic, 1967, University of California Press, pp 190</ref> of the town was a "limited engagement, with no strategic value."<ref name=nsd>South Asia's Nuclear Security Dilemma: India, Pakistan, and China By Lowell Dittmer, pp 77</ref>

===Indo-Pakistani war of 1971===
[[File:INS Vikrant.jpg|thumb|right|{{INS|Vikrant|1961|6}} played a crucial role in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971 war]] by a successful blockade of East Pakistan (present day [[Bangladesh]]).]]
The Indian Navy played a significant role in the bombing of [[Karachi]] harbour in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971 war]]. On 4 December, it launched [[Operation Trident (Indo-Pakistani War)|Operation Trident]] during which missile boats ''INS Nirghat'' and ''INS Nipat'' sunk the [[Minesweeper (ship)|minesweeper]] {{ship|PNS|Muhafiz||6}} and [[destroyer]] ''PNS Khyber''. The destroyer ''PNS Shahjahan'' was irreparably damaged. Owing to its success, 4 December has been celebrated as Navy Day ever since.

The operation was so successful that the Pakistani Navy raised a false alarm about sighting an Indian missile boat on 6 December. [[Pakistan Air Force]] (PAF) planes attacked the supposed Indian ship and damaged the vessel before it was identified as being another Pakistani Navy ship, ''[[PNS Zulfiqar (K265)|PNS Zulfiqar]]'' which suffered numerous casualties and damage as a result of this friendly fire.

During Operation Python on 8 December, the frigate ''PNS Dacca'' was severely damaged by ''INS Veer'' and the oil storage depot of Karachi was set ablaze. On the western front in the [[Arabian Sea]], operations ceased after the Karachi port became unusable due to the sinking of Panamian vessel ''Gulf Star''. An Indian frigate, ''INS Khukri'' was sunk by submarine ''PNS Hangor''.

On the eastern front, the submarine ''PNS Ghazi'' was sunk outside [[Vishakhapatnam]] harbour. Indian naval aircraft, [[Hawker Sea Hawk|Sea Hawks]] and [[Breguet Alizé|Alizés]], from the aircraft carrier {{INS|Vikrant|1961|6}} were instrumental in sinking many [[gunboat]]s and merchant navy vessels in the [[Bay of Bengal]]. The successful blockade of [[East Pakistan]] by the Indian Navy proved to be a vital factor in the Pakistani surrender.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em auto"
|-
! Type of Vessel
! Indian Navy losses
! Pakistan Navy losses
|-
| Destroyers
| 0
| 2, {{ship|PNS|Khaibar|1956|6}} and [[PNS Shahjahan]]* (damaged)
|-
| Frigates
| 1, {{INS|Khukri|F149|6}}
| 3
|-
| Submarines
| 0
| 1, {{ship|PNS|Ghazi||6}}
|-
| Minesweeper
| 0
| 1, {{ship|PNS|Muhafiz||6}}
|-
| Navy Aircraft
| 1, ([[Breguet Alize|Alize]])
| 0
|-
| Patrol boats and Gunboats
| 0
| 4 Gunboats and 3 patrol boats
|-
| Merchant navy and others
| 0
| 9 (including one US ammunition ship)
|-
| colspan=3 |
<nowiki>*</nowiki>PNS Shahjahan was presumably damaged beyond repair.
|}

===Operations after 1971===
The Indian Armed Forces initiated [[Operation Cactus]] to prevent a coup attempt by a group of [[Maldives|Maldivians]] led by Abdullah Luthufi and assisted by about 200 [[Sri Lankan Tamils|Sri Lankan Tamil]] [[mercenaries]] from the [[People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam]] (PLOTE) in [[Maldives]] in 1988. After Indian [[paratrooper]]s landed at [[Hulhule]] and secured the [[airfield]] and restored the democratically elected government at [[Malé]], the Sri Lankan mercenaries hijacked the freighter ''MV Progress Light'' and took a number of hostages, including the Maldivian Transport minister and his wife. The Indian Navy frigates [[INS Godavari (F20)|INS Godavari]] and [[INS Betwa (F39)|INS Betwa]] captured the freighter, rescued the hostages and arrested the mercenaries near the Sri Lankan coast.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/cactus.htm |title=Operation Cactus -- Indian Navy |access-date=2009-07-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619063620/http://indiannavy.nic.in/cactus.htm |archive-date=19 June 2009 }}</ref>

During the [[2006 Lebanon War]], the Indian Navy launched [[Operation Sukoon]] to successfully evacuate 2280 persons from [[Lebanon]], including Indian, 436 [[Sri Lanka]]n and 69 [[Nepal]]i and 7 Lebanese citizens.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=20224|title = Untitled Page}}</ref>

Since 2 November 2008 an Indian Navy frigate [[INS Tabar (F44)|INS Tabar]] accompanied by the destroyer [[INS Mysore (D60)|INS Mysore]] has been on an [[Piracy in Somalia|anti-piracy mission]] off the [[Gulf of Aden]].

== See also ==
* [[Indian Navy]]
* [[Indian Armed Forces]]
* [[Indian maritime history]]
* [[List of military operations of India]]
* [[Naval ranks and insignia of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian Navy}}

[[Category:Naval history of India| ]]
[[Category:Indian Navy]]
[[Category:History of organisations based in India|Navy]]
[[Category:Maritime history of India]]

Asuravithu (novel)

2026-01-15T05:07:06Z

Godavari: updated page

{{Short description|Book by M. T. Vasudevan Nair}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox book

| name = Asuravithu
| image = Asuravithu novel.jpg
| caption =
| author = [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]
| title_orig =
| translator =
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| series =
| subject =
| genre =
| publisher = [[DC Books]]
| pub_date = 1962
| english_pub_date =
| media_type = Paperback
| pages = 274
| isbn = 978-81-7130-331-1
| oclc =
| dewey =
| congress =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}

'''''Asuravithu''''' ({{langx|en|The Demon Seed}}) is a [[Malayalam]] novel written by [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]. Set in Kizhakkemuri, a fictional picturesque village in [[Kerala]], the novel describes the plight of the protagonist Govindankutty, the youngest son of a proud [[Nair]] tharavadu, as he is trapped between the social scenario, social injustice and his own inner consciousness. As in many other M. T. novels, ''Asuravithu'' also has as its theme, the conflicts and problems of a Nair Family.<ref>[http://www.mtvasudevannair.com/creationsDetail.php?creations_id=12 "Novel and Short Story to the Present Day"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508190145/http://www.mtvasudevannair.com/creationsDetail.php?creations_id=12 |date=8 May 2012 }}</ref> The novel's English translation is titled ''The Demon Seed''.

The novel was adapted into a [[Asuravithu (1968 film)|film with the same title]] in 1968. The film, directed by [[A. Vincent]] and scripted by M. T. Vasudevan Nair himself, featured noted actor [[Prem Nazir]] as Govindankutty.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Malayalam novels]]
[[Category:Novels set in Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:Novels by M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]
[[Category:DC Books books]]
[[Category:1962 Indian novels]]

Chakulia panda

2025-12-29T01:07:06Z

Godavari:

{{Short description|Sect in Odisha, India}}
[[File:A Chakulia panda walking to a house in Odisha, India.jpg|thumb|A Chakulia panda walking towards a house in a village in Odisha]]
[[File:Chakulia panda singing at a residential area in Puri, Odisha, India..ogg|thumb|Chakulia panda singing at a residential area in [[Puri]], Odisha]]
'''Chakulia panda''' ({{langx|or|ଚକୁଳିଆ ପଣ୍ଡା}}, pronounced Chåkuḷiā Paṇḍā) is a [[sect]] of people from the [[India]]n state of [[Odisha]] who are mostly found to live in the southern Odisha. The male members of this sect walk from door to door and recite religious poems,<ref name="Mohanti1973">{{cite book|author=Prafulla Mohanti|title=My village, my life: Nanpur-portrait of an Indian village|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HuAEAAAAMAAJ|year=1973|publisher=Davis-Poynter|isbn=978-0-7067-0090-9}}</ref> from early [[Odia literature]] and receive [[rice]] in return from the households.<ref name="MisraMohanty1963">{{cite book|author1=Bidyadhar Misra|author2=Amiya Kumar Mohanty|author3=Utkal University. Dept. of Rural Economics and Sociology|title=A study of the beggar problem at Cuttack|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nFciAAAAMAAJ|year=1963|publisher=Dept. of Rural Economics and Sociology, Utkal University}}</ref> and "suanga" (humorous [[play (theatre)|plays]])<ref name="Behuria">{{cite book|author=N. C. Behuria|title=Orissa State Gazetteer|year=1990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0hJuAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Gazetteers Unit, Department of Revenue, Government of Orissa}}</ref>
They are believed to be a "lower class" "dignified" [[brahmin]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The chariot|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jkgZAAAAIAAJ|year=1977|publisher=Trishakti Press}}</ref>

A Chakulia panda would be seen putting a mark of white [[sandalwood]] on the forehead, carrying a "chatri" (palm leaf umbrella), and walking with a bag of [[rice]] on his shoulder singing songs. Offering rice to Chakulia panda is considered holier as compared to hundred Brahmins.<ref name="DasMahapatra1979">{{cite book|author1=Kunjabihari Das|author2=L. K. Mahapatra|title=Folklore of Orissa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Il8tAAAAMAAJ|year=1979|publisher=National Book Trust}}</ref>
They are heard reciting "[[Rama]], Parasurama, Dasarathanandana Rama, Janakanandini Rama" while visiting houses.
<ref name="Misra1986">{{cite book|author=Binayak Misra|title=Indian Culture and Cult of Jagannātha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BvYdAAAAMAAJ|year=1986|publisher=Punthi Pustak}}</ref>

He never asks for alms during the entire course of his visit and accepts whatever is offered.
<ref name="Tiwari1976">{{cite book|author=A. N. Tiwari|title=Third Purba Bharat Sanskrutik Sammelan, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, 1976: Souvenir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UnlDAAAAYAAJ|year=1976|publisher=Home (Public Relations) Department, Government or Orissa}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite book|title=Folk Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sDLXAAAAMAAJ|date=11 Jun 2009|publisher=Institute of Oriental and Orissan Studies}}</ref>
Slowly this cultural presentation is diminishing delimiting the visit of Chakulia panda to houses <ref name=ODS>{{cite web|title=Odisha to have 'Urban Art, Culture groups' for traditional artists|url=http://odishasuntimes.com/97038/odisha-urban-art-culture-groups/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101100914/http://odishasuntimes.com/97038/odisha-urban-art-culture-groups/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=November 1, 2014|website=Odishasuntimes.com|accessdate=11 March 2015}}</ref> and of them losing their livelihood.<ref name=pdb>{{cite news|title=Enroll more traditional artistes to spread Govt message: CM|url=http://pbdodisha.in/epapers/2014-11-01/Page02.pdf|accessdate=11 March 2015|publisher=Political and Business Daily|date=31 October 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402125200/http://pbdodisha.in/epapers/2014-11-01/Page02.pdf|archivedate=2 April 2015}}</ref>

{{Rquote|right|He carries a bag full of rice, a bag of rice on his shoulder and sings a song "Give and persuade others to give; whatever you give will be returned to you in much larger quantity|Kunjabihari Das, L. K. Mahapatra<ref name="DasMahapatra1979"/>}}

== In popular culture ==
=== Television show "Kalyani" ===
Inspired by the "Chakulia panda" culture, a [[National AIDS Control Organisation|NACO]] funded project for spreading awareness about health and safety in Odisha called "Kalyani" <ref name=DD>{{cite web|title=Regional language indian classic programmes|url=http://www.ddindia.gov.in/about/documents/flist-of-indian-classical-programmes.pdf|accessdate=11 March 2015}}{{dead link|date=August 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> was broadcast in [[Doordarshan]] during 2000-2006. This program led the foundation of about 2,000 community level "Kalyani Health Clubs" with nearly half million members in rural Odisha.<ref name=undp>{{cite web|title=India: changing lives through TV programming|url=http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2006/april/20060424india|website=www.unaids.org|accessdate=11 March 2015}}</ref> The initiative was also aimed at spreading awareness about [[AIDS]].<ref name=naco>{{cite web|title=Success Stories from Orissa: A Kalyani Initiative|url=http://naco.gov.in/upload/naco%20newsletters/Nov-Feb-1.pdf|website=www.naco.gov.in|publisher=NACO|accessdate=11 March 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403080733/http://naco.gov.in/upload/naco%20newsletters/Nov-Feb-1.pdf|archivedate=3 April 2015}}</ref>

[[File:Chakulia panda accepting rice as alms from a house in Odisha, India.jpg|thumb|Chakulia panda accepting rice from a house in Odisha]]

== In literature ==
The story of Chakulia panda is narrated in many [[folklore|folktales]] in Odisha that have [[satire|satirical]] remark on the greedy nature of Chakulia panda while begging and the moral of him being punished by a deity.
<ref name="Mahapatra">{{cite book|author=Sailabala Mahapatra|title=The Beating Treat: Folktales from Odisha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b19BniZhTYgC&pg=PP1|publisher=Mind Melodies|isbn=978-93-5018-194-2|pages=1–}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite book|title=Folk-lore|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MWwLAAAAIAAJ|year=1969|publisher=Indian Publications}}</ref>
They are the most talked characters in Odia literature.
<ref>{{cite book|title=The Orissa Historical Research Journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eCckAQAAIAAJ|year=1957|publisher=Superintendent of Research and Museum}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
* "''Chakulia Panda''" (''folktale'') <ref name="Nāẏaka2001">{{cite book|author=Pabitra Mohana Nāẏaka|title=The Voice of Silence: Sonepur Durbar and Indian Cultural Traditions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_zZuAAAAMAAJ|year=2001|publisher=Orissa Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-7586-058-2}}</ref>
* "''Chakulia Panda Katha''" ([[Gopala Chandra Praharaj]]) <ref name="University1961">{{cite book|author=Banaras Hindu University|title=Calendar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gf4qzMQc2qsC|year=1961}}</ref><ref name="Gupta1969">{{cite book|author=Sankar Sen Gupta|title=Women in Indian Folklore: A Short Survey of Their Social Status and Position: Linguistic and Religious Study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0o_fAAAAMAAJ|year=1969|publisher=Indian Publications}}</ref>
* "''Chandrasekhar Rath: Stories''" <ref name="Rath2003">{{cite book|author=Chandra Sekhar Rath|title=Chandrasekhar Rath: Stories|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mr1jAAAAMAAJ|year=2003|publisher=Grassroots|isbn=978-81-89040-06-2}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Odia literature]]
* [[Culture of Odisha]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Commons category|Chakulia panda}}

[[Category:Culture of Odisha]]
[[Category:Beggars]]

Remittances to India

2025-12-08T13:14:16Z

Godavari:

{{Short description|Payments to Indian residents from a foreign country}}
{{Cleanup|reason=Outdated information, needs formatting and grammar cleanup|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}

'''Remittances to India''' are [[Wire transfer|money transfers]] (called [[remittance]]) from [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|non-resident Indians]] (NRIs) employed outside the country to family, friends or relatives residing in India. India is the world's top receiver of remittances, claiming more than 12% of the world's remittances in 2015.<ref name="WorldBank20151218">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2015/12/18/international-migrants-and-remittances-continue-to-grow-as-people-search-for-better-opportunities-new-report-finds |title=International Migration at All-Time High |date=18 December 2015 |access-date=27 May 2016 |work=The World Bank }}</ref><ref name="BS20151218">{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/pakistan-4th-largest-source-of-remittances-to-india-115122400035_1.html |title=Pakistan 4th largest source of remittances to India |date=24 December 2015 |access-date=27 May 2016 |work=The Business Standard }}</ref> Remittances to India stood at {{USD|125}} billion in 2023, up from {{USD|69}} billion in 2017. Remittances from India to other countries totalled {{USD|5.710|link=no}} billion in 2017, for a net inflow of {{USD|63.258|link=no}} billion in 2017.<ref name="Pew"/><ref name=nri>{{cite web|url=http://www.nrirealtynews.com/stories/oct07/remittances-from-indians-abroad-push-india-to-top.php|title=Remittances from Indians abroad push India to the top |work=NRI Realty News |date=2007-10-22|access-date=2009-03-14}}</ref><ref name=Gupta>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bNsS0C8K3UC&q=remittance&pg=PA8 |title=Macroeconomic Determinants of Remittances: Evidence from India|publisher=International Monetary Fund |access-date=2009-03-14|last=Gupta |first=Poonam|isbn=9781451862430|date=2005-12-01}}</ref>

As per the [[Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs]] (MOIA), remittance is received from the approximately 35 million members of the [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian diaspora]].<ref name=eco14/> Remittances to India have long been a cornerstone of the nation's economy, significantly contributing to household incomes, economic stability, and overall development. These financial transfers from [[Indian diaspora|non-resident Indians (NRIs)]] are vital not only for the families receiving them but also for the broader economic landscape of the country. As one of the largest recipients of remittances globally, India benefits immensely from the steady flow of funds sent by its vast diaspora.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-07 |title=Infographic: India Leads Global Inbound Remittances |url=https://www.statista.com/chart/30805/top-countries-receiving-international-remittances |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=Statista Daily Data |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:1951 Bombay Province Rs 2500 Hundi.jpg|thumbnail|right|Medieval [[Hundi]] is Indian-origin remittance system. A hundi for Rs 2500 of 1951 stamped in the [[Bombay Province]] with a pre-printed [[revenue stamp]].]]
{{see also| Hundi | Hawala}}
{{empty section|date=February 2020}}

==Overview==
Remittances to India have a rich historical backdrop dating back to the colonial era when Indian laborers were transported to various British colonies. Over 1.5 million Indians were laborers transported to multiple British colonies between 1834 and 1917.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gautam |first=Dr. M. K. |date=2013 |title=Indian Diaspora: Ethnicity and Diasporic Identity |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/images/pdf/EthnicityandDiasporicIdentity.pdf |journal=Carim India – Developing a Knowledge Base for Policymaking on India-Eu Migration |volume=CARIM-India Research Report 2013/29}}</ref> This migration, predominantly to regions like the [[Caribbean]] and Southeast Asia, served the economic interests of the [[British Empire]] while significantly impacting the socio-economic landscape of India. The remittances sent back by these migrant workers played a crucial role in supporting families left behind, contributing to local economies, and fostering economic ties between regions.

Post-independence, the patterns of Indian migration and remittances shifted, influenced by global economic dynamics. During the latter half of the 20th century, Indians increasingly moved to countries in the Middle East, North America, and Europe in search of better employment opportunities. During the 1990s, India experienced a significant increase in remittance inflows. According to [[World Bank]] data, remittances to India rose from approximately $2 billion in 1990 to $82.2 billion in 2019, reflecting a remarkable growth trajectory.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/ |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref> This migration wave saw a corresponding increase in remittance flows, which continued to grow through the 21st century despite global economic fluctuations.

From 2001 to 2010, India experienced a substantial increase in remittance inflows, rising from approximately $12 billion at the start of the decade to about $55 billion by its conclusion, according to World Bank data. From 2011 to 2020, remittances continued to grow in the subsequent decade, albeit with fluctuations influenced by global economic conditions. Starting at $58 billion in 2011, remittances peaked at around $83 billion in 2020, demonstrating resilience despite challenges such as the [[2008 financial crisis]] and geopolitical shifts.

Under the [[Foreign Exchange Management Act]] (FEMA) of 1999, [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|N Indians]] (NRIs) and [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Persons of Indian Origin]] (PIOs) can open and maintain three types of accounts namely, Non-Resident Ordinary Rupee Account (NRO Account), Non-Resident (External) Rupee Account (NRE Account) and Foreign Currency Non Resident (Bank) Account – FCNR (B) Account. NRO Accounts are not repatriable except for all current income. Balances in an NRO account of NRIs/ PIOs are remittable up to US$1 (one) million per financial year (April–March) along with their other eligible assets. NRE Accounts are repatriable. Credits permitted to NRE account are inward remittance from outside India, interest accruing on the account, interest on investment, transfer from other NRE/ FCNR(B) accounts, maturity proceeds of investments (if such investments were made from this account or through inward remittance). Inward remittances from outside India, legitimate dues in India and transfers from other NRO accounts are permissible credits to NRO account.<ref>{{cite web |title=Accounts in India by Non Resident Indians |url=https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/FAQView.aspx?Id=52#FQ3 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Facilities for Non Resident Indians (NRIs) and Persons of Indian Origin (PIOs)|publisher=Reserve Bank of India |url=http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/FAQView.aspx?Id=52#F2 |access-date=2014-02-23 }}</ref>

Since 1991, India has experienced sharp [[remittance]] growth. In 1991 Indian remittances were valued at US$2.1 billion;<ref name=Gupta/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=577 |title=The Rise in Remittances to India: A Closer Look|publisher=Migration Policy Institute|date=February 2007|access-date=2009-03-14|last=Chishti|first=Muzaffar}}</ref> in 2006, they were estimated at between $22 billion<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/Remittances-to-India-touch-$22-billion/181655/ |title=Remittances to India touch $22 billion|work=The Financial Express|date=2006-10-26|access-date=2009-03-14}}</ref> and $25.7 billion.<ref name=nri/> which grew to $67.6 billion in 2012–13, up from $66.1 billion the fiscal year, 2011–2012,<ref name=eco14>{{cite web |title=Remittances from Indian diaspora on the rise |work=The Economic Times |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-02-19/news/47489867_1_indian-diaspora-remittances-overseas-indians
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301045157/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-02-19/news/47489867_1_indian-diaspora-remittances-overseas-indians
| url-status=dead
| archive-date=1 March 2014
|date=Feb 19, 2014 |access-date=2014-02-23}}</ref> when the remittance exceed the [[foreign direct investment]] (FDI) inflow of $46.84 billion into India.<ref name=hin12>{{cite web |title=NRIs beat FDI, keep the money coming |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/nris-beat-fdi-keep-the-money-coming/article1-941337.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313025252/http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/nris-beat-fdi-keep-the-money-coming/article1-941337.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 March 2014 |date=October 8, 2012 |access-date=2014-02-23}}</ref>

Money is sent to India either electronically (for example, by [[SWIFT]]) or by [[demand draft]]. In recent years many banks are offering money transfers and this has grown into a huge business. Around 40% of the India's remittances flow to the states of [[Kerala]], Tamil Nadu, [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], Andhra Pradesh and [[Uttar Pradesh]] which are among the top international remittance receiving states.<ref name=hin12/><ref>{{cite report |ssrn=1780289|title=Remittances in India: Facts and Issues |publisher=IIMB Working Paper No. 331|date=March 2011|last=Tumbe|first=Chinmay}}</ref> Andhra Pradesh gets most of its remittance from the US, Kerala from [[UAE]], Punjab from Canada as most of the people migrate from their states to these countries. Tamil Nadu has the most diverse mix of remittance sources due to the presence of large Tamil diasporas in many countries like Australia, Canada, France, United Kingdom etc. with Malaysia, Singapore and the US being the largest sources of remittance. Research work on remittances to India is listed in the India Migration Bibliography.<ref>{{cite report |ssrn=2117805|title=India Migration Bibliography|publisher=Indian Institute of Management Bangalore |date=July 2012|last=Tumbe|first=Chinmay}}</ref>

In recent years many Indian Immigrants have used online money transfer services to send money from overseas to India. In recent years, many new Online and mobile companies have facilitated the transition to online remittances. Even some Indian banks have recently offered such services.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://exchangerateiq.com/send-money-to-india/compare-usd-to-inr?country_from=usa&amount=500&mode=send|title=Compare Money Transfer to India. Get Best USD to INR Exchange Rate|website=ExchangeRateIQ|language=en-US|access-date=2017-07-22}}</ref>

A 2012 study, by [[Reserve Bank of India]] revealed 30.8% of total foreign remittances was from West Asia, compared to 29.4% from North America and 19.5% from Europe.<ref name=hin12/>

However, owing to the onslaught of [[COVID-19]], the [[World Bank]] has estimated a 9% decline in the remittances to India.<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 November 2020|title=Remittances to India to drop by 9% in 2020: World Bank report|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/remittances-to-india-to-drop-by-9-in-2020-world-bank-report-11604022300215.html|access-date=30 November 2020|website=Live Mint}}</ref>

==Remittances to India by fiscal year==
The following table illustrates the remittances to India as percent of GDP.<ref>{{cite web|last=Chishti|first=Muzaffar|title=The Rise in Remittances to India: A Closer Look|url=http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?ID=577|date=February 2007|publisher=Migration Information Source|access-date=2011-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204064157/http://www.migrationinformation.org//Feature//display.cfm?ID=577|archive-date=2010-12-04|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Figure 4. Remittances to India, 1970 to 2008|url=http://www.migrationinformation.org/charts/india-oct09-fig4.cfm|publisher=Migration Information Source|access-date=2011-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204062345/http://www.migrationinformation.org/charts/india-oct09-fig4.cfm|archive-date=2010-12-04|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="toi1">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/India-is-top-remittance-recipient-of-2015-World-Bank/articleshow/51822766.cms|title=India world's largest remittance recipient in 2015: World Bank|access-date=2016-04-14|work=The Times of India|date=14 April 2016 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
|+Remittance by fiscal year
|-
! Year !! data-sort-type="numeric"|Remittances !! Percent GDP
|-
| 1990–1991 || style="text-align:right"|US$2.10 bn || style="text-align:right"|0.70%
|-
| 1995–1996 || style="text-align:right"|US$8.50 bn || style="text-align:right"|3.22%
|-
| 1999–2000 || style="text-align:right"|US$12.07 bn || style="text-align:right"|2.72%
|-
| 2000–2001 || style="text-align:right"|US$12.85 bn || style="text-align:right"|2.84%
|-
| 2001–2002 || style="text-align:right"|US$15.40 bn || style="text-align:right"|3.29%
|-
| 2002–2003 || style="text-align:right"|US$16.39 bn || style="text-align:right"|3.39%
|-
| 2003–2004 || style="text-align:right"|US$21.61 bn || style="text-align:right"|3.69%
|-
| 2004–2005 || style="text-align:right"|US$20.25 bn || style="text-align:right"|3.03%
|-
| 2005–2006 || style="text-align:right"|US$24.55 bn || style="text-align:right"|3.08%
|-
| 2006–2007 || style="text-align:right"|US$29.10 bn || style="text-align:right"|2.39%
|-
| 2007–2008 || style="text-align:right"|US$37.20 bn || style="text-align:right"|2.77%
|-
| 2008–2009 || style="text-align:right"|US$51.60 bn || style="text-align:right"|3.84%
|-
| 2009–2010 || style="text-align:right"|US$55.06 bn || style="text-align:right"|3.28%
|-
| 2011–2012 || style="text-align:right"|US$66.10 bn || style="text-align:right"|3.61%
|-
| 2012–2013 || style="text-align:right"|US$67.60 bn || style="text-align:right"|3.64%
|-
| 2013–2014 || style="text-align:right" |US$70.39 bn || style="text-align:right"|3.45%
|-
| 2014–2015 || style="text-align:right" |US$66.30 bn || style="text-align:right"|3.15%
|-
| 2015–2016 || style="text-align:right"|US$62.70 bn || style="text-align:right"|2.73%
|-
| 2016–2017 || style="text-align:right"|US$65.30 bn || style="text-align:right"|2.46%
|-
| 2017–2018 || style="text-align:right"|US$80.00 bn || style="text-align:right"|2.95%
|-
| 2018–2019 || style="text-align:right" |US$79.00 bn ||style="text-align:right"|2.78%
|-
| 2019–2020 || style="text-align:right" |US$83.30 bn ||style="text-align:right"|3.12%
|-
| 2020–2021 || style="text-align:right" |US$87.00 bn ||style="text-align:right"|2.75%
|-
| 2021–2022 || style="text-align:right" |US$89.00 bn ||style="text-align:right"|3.00%
|-
| 2022–2023 || style="text-align:right"|US$110 bn || style="text-align:right"|3.30%
|-
| 2023–2024 || style="text-align:right"|US$129 bn<ref>{{Cite news |title=In 2024, remittance flows to low- and middle-income countries are expected to reach $685 billion, larger than FDI and ODA combined |url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/peoplemove/in-2024--remittance-flows-to-low--and-middle-income-countries-ar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220170455/https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/peoplemove/in-2024--remittance-flows-to-low--and-middle-income-countries-ar |archive-date=2024-12-20 |access-date=2024-12-25 |work=World Bank Blogs |language=en}}</ref>|| style="text-align:right" |3.40%
|}

==Remittances to and from India by country==
According to the former [[List of governors of the Reserve Bank of India|RBI Governor]] [[Shaktikanta Das]] total of US$107.5 billion (2022–23) was made in remittances to India from other countries. Whereas total of US$7.01 billion (2020) was made in remittances to other countries from India. The following tables list the top ten source countries for remittances to India and the top ten destination countries for remittances from India in 2017.<ref name="Pew">{{cite web |title=Remittance flows by country 2017 |url=https://www.pewglobal.org/interactives/remittance-flows-by-country/ |website=Pew Research Center |date=3 April 2019 |access-date=7 April 2019}}</ref> Somewhat different figures have been estimated by the [[Reserve Bank of India]].<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2020-12-18|title=Reserve Bank of India – RBI Bulletin|url=https://m.rbi.org.in//scripts/BS_ViewBulletin.aspx?Id=17882|website=m.rbi.org.in}}</ref>

India's status as a leading recipient of remittances is driven by its extensive network of expatriates spread across the globe, who send money home through various channels, including traditional banks, ACH or wire transfers, and digital providers. India's status has emerged as one of the largest recipients of [[remittance]]s globally. In 2021, remittances surged to approximately $105.6 billion, reflecting ongoing support from overseas Indian communities amidst global economic uncertainties. By 2022, remittances surged to the highest value of $111+ billion, affirming India's position as a top destination for financial transfers worldwide.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2024-05-08 |title=India received over $111 billion in remittances in 2022, first country to ever reach that figure: U.N. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/india-received-over-111-billion-in-remittances-in-2022-first-country-to-ever-reach-that-figure-un/article68152229.ece |access-date=2024-08-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 2023, India received an estimated $125 billion in remittances, marking a significant increase and highlighting the continued importance of these financial inflows to the Indian economy.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-19 |title=India tops remittance flows at USD 125 bn in 2023: World Bank |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/invest/india-tops-remittance-flows-at-usd-125-bn-in-2023-world-bank/articleshow/106132808.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-08-07 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

The primary sources of remittances to India include the United States, the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, and the United Kingdom. These countries host large Indian communities that regularly send home money to support their families and invest in various sectors. The diversity in the sources of remittances ensures a stable and continuous flow of funds, even when specific regions face economic challenges.

===Inward remittances by source country===
According to RBI, the top source countries for remittance to India in 2023-24 are as follows.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Changing Dynamics of India's Remittances – Insights from the Sixth Round of India's Remittances Survey |url=https://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/BS_ViewBulletin.aspx?Id=23260#T1 |access-date=2025-08-08 |work=RBI Bulletin}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable defaultright col1left" style="width:auto"
|+Source Country-wise Share in India's Inward Remittances (Banks)
! style="text-align:left;" | Source country
! style="text-align:right;" data-sort-type="number" | 2016–17 (%)
! style="text-align:right;" data-sort-type="number" | 2020–21 (%)
! style="text-align:right;" data-sort-type="number" | 2023–24 (%)
|-
| United States || 22.9 || 23.4 || 27.7
|-
| United Arab Emirates || 26.9 || 18.0 || 19.2
|-
| United Kingdom || 3.0 || 6.8 || 10.8
|-
| Saudi Arabia || 11.6 || 5.1 || 6.7
|-
| Singapore || 5.5 || 2.4 || 6.6
|-
| Kuwait || 6.5 || 1.5 || 3.9
|-
| Qatar || – || 5.7 || 4.1
|-
| Canada || 3.0 || 1.6 || 3.8
|-
| Oman || 1.0 || 0.6 || 2.5
|-
| Australia || – || – || 2.3
|-
| Bahrain || 0.7 || 0.7 || 1.5
|-
| Hong Kong || – || – || 1.3
|-
| Germany || 0.6 || 0.6 || 1.0
|-
| Belgium || 0.9 || 1.1 || 0.4
|-
| Malaysia || – || – || 0.6
|-
| New Zealand || 2.3 || 0.7 || 0.5
|-
| Ireland || – || – || 0.4
|-
| Netherlands || – || – || 0.5
|-
| Japan || – || – || 0.3
|-
| Switzerland || – || – || 0.4
|-
| France || 0.1 || 0.1 || 0.2
|-
| Italy || – || – || 0.1
|-
| Indonesia || – || – || 0.2
|-
| Thailand || – || – || 0.2
|-
| South Africa || – || – || 0.1
|-
| Spain || – || – || 0.1
|-
| Others || 14.8 || 31.6 || 4.4
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="4" | Note: For 2023-24, shares are derived based on two major components of inward remittances – (a) transfers for family maintenance and savings; (b) local withdrawals from non-resident deposit accounts. Source: Data for 2016–17 and 2020–21 are sourced from the RBIs remittance surveys – RBI (2018) and RBI (2022a), respectively.
|}

== See also ==
; Remittance related
* [[List of countries by remittances received|Global ranking of remittance by nations]]
* [[Hawala]]
* [[Hundi]]

; Indian economy related
* [[Economy of India]]
* [[Business process outsourcing to India]]
* [[Foreign trade of India]]
* [[List of exports of India]]
* [[List of the largest trading partners of India|Largest trading partners of India]]

; Factors influencing remittances to India
* [[Indian diaspora]]
* [[List of countries by remittances received|Global ranking of remittance by nations]]
* [[Indosphere]]

; Others
*[[Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881]]
*[[Correspondent account]]

== References ==
{{reflist|3}}

== External links ==
*[http://moia.gov.in/ Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs, Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140205120040/http://moia.gov.in/ |date=5 February 2014 }}
*[http://www.pewglobal.org/interactives/remittance-map/ Remittance Flows Worldwide in 2015 – Pew Research Center]

{{Social issues in India}}
{{Economy of India}}

[[Category:Remittances]]
[[Category:Economy of India]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora]]
[[Category:Investment in India]]

Lovely Lolla

2025-12-08T10:15:50Z

Godavari: Adding Pg!

{{short description|2024 Indian romantic family drama series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Lovely Lolla.jpeg
| caption =
| genre = [[Romance film|Romance]] [[Drama]]
| creator = [[Sargun Mehta]] [[Ravi Dubey]]
| based_on =
| developer =
| writer =
| story =
| screenplay =
| director = Abhijit Das
| creative_director = Rohit Anand Shweta Mishra
| starring = [[Isha Malviya]] [[Gauahar Khan]] [[Nikhil Khurana]]
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 36
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = [[Sargun Mehta]] [[Ravi Dubey]] Srman Jain Preet Rajput
| location =
| cinematography =
| editor = Dharmesh Patel Shadab Khan
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 30-40 minutes
| company = Dreamiyata Dramaa
| network = [[YouTube]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2024|12|25|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2025|5|1|df=y}}
}}

'''''Lovely Lolla''''' is an Indian romantic comedy drama series produced by [[Sargun Mehta]] and [[Ravi Dubey]] for their entertainment channel Dreamiyata Dramaa.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Isha Malviya Joins Gauahar Khan in Ravie Dubey and Sargun Mehta's newly announced platform's debut show 'Lovely Lolla' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/isha-malviya-joins-gauahar-khan-in-ravie-dubey-and-sargun-mehtas-newly-announced-platforms-debut-show-lovely-lolla/articleshow/115629286.cms |access-date=14 December 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It stars [[Isha Malviya]], [[Gauahar Khan]] and [[Nikhil Khurana]] as Lovely Chaddha, Lolla Chawla and Arjun Malhotra.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2024 |title=Isha Malviya Joins Gauahar Khan In Ravi Dubey, Sargun Mehta's Show Lovely Lolla |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/isha-malviya-joins-gauahar-khan-in-ravi-dubey-sargun-mehta-showlovelylolla-article-115627727/amp |access-date=14 December 2024 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> The series aired from 25 December 2024 to 1 May 2025 on [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gauahar Khan and Isha Malviya to play mother-daughter on screen in Lovely Lolla|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/exclusive-gauahar-khan-and-isha-malviya-to-play-mother-daughter-on-screen-in-lovely-lolla-101732541678136-amp.html|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

==Plot==
Lovely and Lolla are a mother-daughter duo with a complicated relationship.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Isha Malviya on working with Gauahar Khan in Lovely Lolla |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/isha-malviya-on-working-with-gauahar-khan-in-lovely-lolla/ |access-date=2025-04-19 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> Lovely and Lolla are full of life but not with each other. Dilemma occurs when their bond sees the real battle as they both set their sights on the same person Arjun. Watch them as their love, rivalry, and family drama unfold in this rollercoaster series with lots of fun, comedy and real entertainment.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-28 |title=Isha Malviya calls Lovely Lolla 'funny and very interesting' as she opens up about her new show with Gauahar Khan : Bollywood News |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/isha-malviya-calls-lovely-lolla-funny-interesting-opens-new-show-gauahar-khan/ |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> Lovely is a 21 year old employee who works at Mantraz to pay the bills and keep things afloat. Lolla is a 39 year old film star and Lovely's mother. Arjun is a 37 year old businessman and the CEO of Mantraz.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Isha Malviya]] as Lovely Chaddha: Employee at Mantraz, Lolla and Raja's daughter, Arjun's lover
* [[Gauahar Khan]] as Vaishnavi "Lolla" Chawla: Film star, Shakuntala's daughter, Raja's former wife, Lovely's mother
* [[Nikhil Khurana]] as Arjun Malhotra: CEO of Mantraz, Amit's son, Sarika's brother, Lovely's lover

===Recurring===
* [[Dolly Ahluwalia]] as Shakuntala Chawla: Lolla's mother, Lovely's grandmother
** [[Shefali Rana]] as Young Shakuntala Chawla
* [[Ravi Kothari]] as Raja Chaddha: Lolla's former husband, Lovely and Neelu's father, Mona's husband,
* [[Dilraj Uday]] as Mona Chaddha: Raja's wife, Lovely's stepmother, Neelu's mother
* Sanjana Solanki as Sarika Malhotra: Amit's daughter, Arjun's sister
* Chandan Nilwar as Amit Malhotra: Arjun and Sarika's father
* [[Raman Dagga]] as Mr. Chawla: Shakuntala's husband, Lolla's father, Lovely's grandfather
* [[Riddhima Nagpal]] as Neelu Chaddha: Mona and Raja's daughter, Lovely's half-sister
* Kanika Wadhwa as Megha, Employee at Mantraz
* Mamta Rana as Suraksha, Manager at Mantraz
* [[Ansh Tejpal]] as Young Arjun Malhotra
* [[Cheshta Ahuja]] as Young Vaishnavi "Lolla" Chawla
* [[Kiara Yadav]] as Young Lovely Chaddha

==Production==
===Release and casting===
The trailer of the series was released on 14 December 2024 and the first episode aired on 25 December 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chathli |first=Meenal |date=2024-12-24 |title=Lovely Lolla: When & Where To Watch Isha Malviya & Gauahar Khan Starrer Comedy Drama Series? |url=https://www.koimoi.com/television/lovely-lolla-when-where-to-watch-isha-malviya-gauahar-khan-starrer-comedy-drama-series/ |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=Koimoi}}</ref> [[Isha Malviya]] was cast to play Lovely Chaddha, a simple and sharp girl who has never received love from her parents.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-04 |title=Isha Malviya Reveals What Connects Her To Lovely Lolla |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/isha-malviya-reveals-what-connects-her-to-lovely-lolla-article-116937788 |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> [[Gauahar Khan]] was cast as Vaishnavi "Lolla" Chawla, an actress and star who does not value other people's emotions and leaves her own daughter behind.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Simran |title=Gauahar Khan on Lovely Lolla, working with Isha Malviya in 'positive' environment: 'There's respect' {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-gauahar-khan-on-lovely-lolla-working-with-isha-malviya-in-positive-environment-ravie-dubey-sargun-mehta-3130015 |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> [[Dolly Ahluwalia]] plays Shakuntala Chawla, Lolla's mother and Lovely's grandmother.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Debarati Palit |date=13 December 2024 |title=Dolly Ahluwalia joins new show --Lovely Lolla |url=https://punemirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/dolly-ahluwalia-joins-new-show-lovely-lolla/cid1734075776.htm |access-date=14 December 2024 |website=punemirror.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Nikhil Khurana]] plays Arjun Malhotra, Lovely's boss and love interest as well as Lolla's former one-sided lover who she left years ago.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Actor Nikhil Khurana on his on-screen roles; says ‘I relate to all my characters’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/actor-nikhil-khurana-on-his-on-screen-roles-says-i-relate-to-all-my-characters/articleshow/117082711.cms |access-date=2025-02-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

===Soundtrack===
The official soundtrack of Lovely Lolla has the two songs. Pyaar Nna Paundi features Isha and Nikhil as Lovely and Arjun.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ravi Dubey And Sargun Mehta's Latest Anthem Pyaar Nna Paaundi To Release On This Date |url=https://www.news18.com/television/ravi-dubey-and-sargun-mehtas-latest-anthem-pyaar-nna-paaundi-to-release-on-this-date-aa-9216956.html |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> Naam Hai Lolla Ji focuses on Gauahar as Lolla.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-21 |title=We Just Clicked: Isha Malviya On Effortless Bond With Gauahar Khan On Lovely Lolla Set {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/we-just-clicked-isha-malviya-on-effortless-bond-with-gauahar-khan-on-lovely-lolla-set-exclusive-article-118454014/amp |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt35501202}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lolla, Lovely}}
[[Category:2024 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]
[[Category:Indian drama web series]]

Ging Tea Garden

2025-12-03T01:50:42Z

Godavari: starting basic entry added tags!

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ging Tea Garden
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.0761|N|88.2996|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 7.4908
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 4089
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 734105
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 0354
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darjeeling]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Darjeeling (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Darjeeling]]
| website = {{URL|darjeeling.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Ging Tea Garden''' is a [[census town]] in the [[Darjeeling Pulbazar (community development block)|Darjeeling Pulbazar]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Darjeeling Sadar subdivision]] of the [[Darjeeling district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Geography==

{{OSM Location map
| width=350| height=250| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|27|5|0|N|88|12|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places and tea estates in the north-western portion of Darjeeling Sadar subdivision (including Darjeeling Pulbazar CD block) in Darjeeling district''' CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, N: neighbourhood, H: hill centre, NP: national park/ wildlife sanctuary, TE: tea estate, TA: tourist attraction Abbreviations used in names – TG for Tea Garden (town/village), TE for Tea Estate Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly

|mark-coord1={{coord|27|3|50|N|88|12|25|E}}| label-pos1=left|label1= Chongtong TG| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Chongtong Tea Garden]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|27|4|50|N|88|18|35|E}}| label-pos2=left|label2=Ging TG| numbered2=CT| mark-title2= Ging Tea Garden (CT)|shape-color2=black| label-size2=13|label-color2=black 
|mark-coord3={{coord|27|3|5|N|88|13|43|E}}| label-pos3=left|label3=Singtam TG| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Singtam Tea Garden]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|27|6|25|N|88|19|0|E}}| label-pos4= right|label4=Badamtam TE| numbered4=TE| mark-title4= [[Badamtam Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color4=#87A96B
|mark-coord5={{coord|27|1|25|N|88|15|10|E}}| label-pos5=right |label5=Darjeeling| numbered5=M| mark-title5= [[Darjeeling]] (M)| shape-color5=#800000
|mark-coord6={{coord|27|4|35|N|88|11|30|E}}| label-pos6=left|label6=Bijanbari| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Bijanbari]] (R)| shape-color6=#C42222
|mark-coord7={{coord|27|6|35|N|88|6|30|E}}| label-pos7=bottom|label7=Lodhoma| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Lodhoma]] (R)| shape-color7=#C42222
|mark-coord8={{coord|27|4|0|N|88|16|34|E}}| label-pos8= right |label8= Puttabong TE | numbered8=TE| mark-title8= [[Puttabong Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color8=#87A96B
|mark-coord9={{coord|27|7|35|N|88|6|25|E}}| label-pos9=left|label9=Rimbick| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Rimbick]] (R)| shape-color9=#C42222
|mark-coord10={{coord|27|2|55|N|88|15|27|E}}| label-pos10=right|label10=Tukvar TG| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Tukvar Tea Garden]] (R)| shape-color10=#C42222
|mark-coord11={{coord|27|7|10|N|88|18|5|E}}| label-pos11=left|label11=Singla TG| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Singla Tea Garden]] (R)| shape-color11=#C42222
|mark-coord12={{coord|27|5|25|N|88|13|40|E}}| label-pos12=left|label12=Soom TG| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Soom Tea Garden]] (R)| shape-color12=#C42222
|mark-coord13={{coord|27|2|20|N|88|12|50|E}}| label-pos13=left|label13=Rishihat TG| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Rishihat Tea Garden]] (R)| shape-color13=#C42222
|mark-coord14={{coord|27|1|25|N|88|14|8|E}}| label-pos14=left|label14=Orange Valley TG| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Orange Valley Tea Garden]] (R)| shape-color14=#C42222
|mark-coord15={{coord|27|0|10|N|88|6|25|E}}| label-pos15=bottom|label15=Manebhanjyang| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Manebhanjyang, Darjeeling]] (R)| shape-color15=#C42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|27|1|50|N|88|5|10|E}}| label-pos16=top|label16=Tonglu| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Tonglu, West Bengal]] (R)| shape-color16=#C42222
|mark-coord17={{coord|27|0|40|N|88|14|47|E}}| label-pos17=right|label17=Ghum| numbered17=N| mark-title17= [[Ghum, West Bengal]] (N)| shape-color17=#E97451
|mark-coord18={{coord|27|6|30|N|88|0|6|E}}| label-pos18=right|label18=Sandakphu| numbered18=H| mark-title18= [[Sandakphu]] (H)| shape-color18=#87410E
|mark-coord19={{coord|27|12|30|N|88|1|30|E}}| label-pos19=right|label19=Phalut| numbered19=H| mark-title19= [[Phalut]] (H)| shape-color19=#87410E
|mark-coord20={{coord|27|5|35|N|88|2|40|E}}| label-pos20=bottom|label20=Singalila |labela20= National|labelb20= Park| numbered20=NP| mark-title20= [[Singalila National Park]] (NP)| shape-color20=#228B22
|mark-coord21={{coord|27|6|20|N|88|16|3|E}}| label-pos21=left|label21=North Tukvar TE| numbered21=TE| mark-title21= [[North Tukvar Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color21=#87A96B
|mark-coord22={{coord|27|5|40|N|88|16|50|E}}| label-pos22=right|label22=Phoobsering TE| numbered22=TE| mark-title22= [[Phoobsering Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color22=#87A96B
|mark-coord23={{coord|26|59|45|N|88|16|42|E}}| label-pos23=right|label23=Tiger Hill| numbered23=H| mark-title23= [[Tiger Hill, Darjeeling]] (H)| shape-color23=#87410E
|mark-coord24={{coord|27|0|40|N|88|13|1|E}}| label-pos24=left|label24=Rock Garden| numbered24=TA| mark-title24= [[Rock Garden, Darjeeling]] (TA)| shape-color24=#228B22
|mark-coord25={{coord|26|59|20|N|88|15|54|E}}| label-pos25=bottom|label25=Senchal |labela25= Wildlife Sanctuary| numbered25=NP| mark-title25= [[Senchal Wildlife Sanctuary]] (NP)| shape-color25=#228B22
|mark-coord26={{coord|27|9|0|N|88|2|29|E}}|label26=Singalila Ridge| label-angle26=-70| label-pos26=top| label-size26=10| mark-size26=0| mark-title26 =none
|mark-coord27={{coord|27|9|20|N|88|10|0|E}}|label27=Rangeet| label-color27 = #77A1CB| label-angle27=70| label-pos27=top| label-size27=10| mark-size27=0| mark-title27 =none
|mark-coord28={{coord|27|7|1|N|88|12|0|E}}|label28= River| label-color28 = #77A1CB| label-angle28=7| label-pos28=top| label-size28=10| mark-size28=0| mark-title28 =none
|mark-coord29={{coord|27|7|0|N|88|7|50|E}}|label29= Rammam|labela29=River| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=15| label-pos29=top| label-size29=10| mark-size29=0| mark-title329 =none
|arc-coordA={{coord|27|10|57|N|88|11|50|E}}|arc-textA= SIKKIM| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-161| arc-gapA=-4| arc-radiusA=0.7
|arc-coordB={{coord|27|1|0|N|87|59|0|E}}|arc-textB= NEPAL| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB=40| arc-gapB=3.5| arc-radiusB=0.4
}}

===Location===
Ging Tea Garden is located at {{coord|27.0761|N|88.2996|E|display=inline}}.

Ging Tea Estate is located in the Lebong Valley, around 10 km north-east of [[Darjeeling]].<ref name="tea">{{cite web | url = https://www.darjeelingteaboutique.com/ging-tea-estate/ | title = Ging Tea Estate| publisher = Darjeeling Tea Boutique |access-date = 26 February 2020}}</ref>

===Area overview===
The map alongside shows the northern portion of the [[Darjeeling Himalayan hill region]]. [[Kangchenjunga]], which rises with an elevation of {{convert|8586|m}} is located further north of the area shown.<ref>{{cite book |author=Gurung, H. |author2=Shrestha, R. K. |name-list-style=amp |year=1994 |title=Nepal Himalaya Inventory |publisher=Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation |location=Kathmandu}}</ref>[[Sandakphu]], rising to a height of {{convert|3665|m}}, on the [[Singalila Ridge]], is the highest point in West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://himalayanhigh.in/sandakphu-phalut-trek| title = Sandakphu-Phalut Trek| publisher = Himalayan High |access-date = 21 March 2020}}</ref> In [[Darjeeling Sadar subdivision]] 61% of the total population lives in the rural areas and 39% of the population lives in the urban areas.<ref name="admin">{{cite web | url = http://darjeeling.gov.in/dist-prof.html | title = Darjeeling | work =District Profile - General Information | publisher = District administration |access-date = 21 March 2020 }}</ref><ref name="handbook">{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Darjeeling |work = Tables 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 21 March 2020 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref> There are 78 tea gardens/ estates (the figure varies slightly according to different sources), producing and largely exporting [[Darjeeling tea]] in the district. It engages a large proportion of the population directly/ indirectly.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.darjeeling.gov.in/darj-tea.html | title = Darjeeling Tea | publisher = District administration | access-date = 21 March 2020 | archive-date = 11 September 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190911133459/http://www.darjeeling.gov.in/darj-tea.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> Some tea gardens were identified in the 2011 census as [[census town]]s or villages.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 21 March 2020 }}</ref> Such places are marked in the map as CT (census town) or R (rural/ urban centre). Specific tea estate pages are marked TE.

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Ging Tea Garden had a total population of 4,089 of which 2,037 (50%) were males and 2,037 (50%) were females. There were 345 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The total number of literate people in Ging Tea Garden was 3,086 (75.47% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 26 February 2020 }}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
According to the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Darjiling'', Ging Tea Garden covered an area of 7.4908 km2. Among the civic amenities, it had 16 km roads with open drains, the protected water supply involved overhead tank, spring and tap water from untreated sources. It had 879 domestic electric connections. Among the medical facilities it had 1 dispensary/ health centre. Among the educational facilities it had were 6 primary schools, the nearest middle, secondary and senior secondary school at Ging bustee 3 km away. It had 5 non-formal education centres (Sarba Siksha Abhiyan). Among the social, cultural and recreational facilities, it had 1 public library. An important commodity it manufactured was tea.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1901_PART_A_DCHB_DARJILING.pdf| title = District Census Handbook Darjiling, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 419-422: Statement I: Status and Growth History, Pages 423; Statement II: Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, Pages 424-425; Statement III: Civic and other Amenities, Pages 426-427; Statement IV: Medical Facilities 2009, Pages 428-430 Statement V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, Pages 431: Statement VI: Industry and Banking | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 26 February 2020}}</ref>

==Ging Tea Estate==
Ging Tea Estate, managed by the Chamong Group, produces premium [[Darjeeling Tea]]. It is organically certified. The estate is spread over an area of {{convert|250|ha|abbr=on}} from a height of {{cvt|650 to 1500|m}}.<ref name="tea"/>

===Chamong Group===
The Chamong Group is the largest producer of organic [[Darjeeling tea]] and [[Assam tea]]. It produces 3,000 tonnes annually and employs 10,000 persons (including 7,000 women). It owns 4 tea estates in Assam and 13 in Darjeeling. The tea estates in Darjeeling are: [[Pussimbing Tea Estate|Pussimbing]], [[Chamong Tea Garden|Chamong]], [[Tumsong Tea Garden|Tumsong]], Lingia, [[Nagri Farm Tea Garden|Nagri Farm]], Bannockburn, [[Dhajea Tea Garden|Dhajea]], Shree Dwarika, Ging, [[Soom Tea Garden|Soom]], [[Phoobsering Tea Estate|Phoobsering]], Tukdah and [[Mariabong Tea Garden|Marybong]]. It exports tea to the US, Europe, Japan and the Middle East.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://chamongtea.com/about/index.php | title = Chamong| publisher = Chamong |access-date = 19 March 2020}}</ref>

==Tourism==
Ging Tea House is a heritage plantation retreat. Originally a British planter's bungalow built in 1864, now restored and renovated.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.gingteahouse.com/ | title = Ging Tea House| publisher = GTH|access-date = 26 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.darjeeling-tourism.com/darj_00011c.htm | title = Ging Tea House Darjeeling, a tea estate stay | publisher = Darjeeling Tourism |access-date = 26 February 2020}}</ref>

==Education==
Siksha Sangha High School is a private coeducational higher secondary institution established in 1953 at PO Lebong.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://targetstudy.com/school/54264/siksha-sangha-high-school/| title = Siksha Sangha High School | publisher = Target Study |access-date = 26 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.searchdarjeeling.com/2019/08/vacancy-at-siksha-sangh-high-school.html| title =Vacancy at Siksha Sangha High School, Lebong, Darjeeling | publisher = Search Darjeeling|access-date = 26 February 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Darjeeling District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Darjeeling district]]

National Shrine Basilica of Our Lady of Ransom

2025-11-29T05:46:27Z

Godavari: Adding Stub!

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Refimprove|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox church
| name = National Shrine Basilica of Our Lady of Ransom, Vallarpadam
വല്ലാര്‍പാടം പള്ളി
Basilica de Nossa Senhora do Resgate
| image = Vallarpadom_Church.jpg
| caption =
| country = India
| pushpin map = India Kerala
| coordinates = {{coord|9.99|76.25|region:IN_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| website = [http://www.vallarpadambasilica.com www.vallarpadambasilica.com]
| former name = Igreja de Nossa Senhora do Resgate
| founded date = 
| founder = 
| dedicated date = 
| denomination = [[Catholic Church]] ([[Latin Church]])
| attendance = 
| status = National shrine

[[Minor Basilica]]

major pilgrim centre of India
| functional status = Active
| style = 
| groundbreaking = 
| completed date = 
| materials = [[Brick]]
| division = 
| seniorpastor = 
| pastor = 
| musicgroup = 
}}

The '''National Shrine Basilica of Our Lady of Ransom''' aka '''Vallarpadam Basilica''' ([[Malayalam]]: '''വല്ലാര്‍പാടം പള്ളി''', [[Cochin Portuguese Creole|Cochin Portuguese]]: '''''Basílica de Nossa Senhora do Resgate''''') located in [[Vallarpadam]], a suburb in [[Ernakulam]], in the city of [[Kochi]], is a [[minor basilica]] and a major [[Christians|Christian]] [[pilgrimage]] centre in [[India]]. Around 5 million Christian visit the basilica every year. <ref name=kcbc>[https://kcbc.co.in/KCBC/Pilgrims/2 "Our Lady of Ransom Basilica, Vallarpadam", Kerala Catholic Bishops' Council]</ref>

==Change of status==
On September 12th 2004 the Catholic Bishops Conference of India raised this pilgrim center to the status of a "National Shrine". The following December [[Pope John Paul II]] granted the honorific title of Minor Basilica to the church. Documents related to the raising of the status of the Our Lady of Ransom Church on the island were delivered to the Archbishop of Varappuzha Daniel Acharuparampil by the president of the Catholic Bishops' Conference of India, [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] [[Telesphore Toppo]].

==Location==
Vallarpadam is situated next to [[Bolgatty Island]] on the west, and linked to the Ernakulam mainland via the new Goshree bridges.<ref name=kcbc/> It is about {{convert|3.5|km|mi|sp=us}} in length in the north-south direction and hosts a population of 10,000 people. Vallarpadam is about one kilometer (½ mile) away from the Ernakulam mainland.

==History==

The picture of the Virgin Mary and Infant Jesus, installed at the top of the main altar of the Vallarpadam Church, was brought by [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] merchants under the leadership of [[Vasco da Gama]] in 1524. In 1676 the old church, which was known as the Church of the Holy Spirit, founded by the Portuguese missionaries, was destroyed by a heavy flood, and the picture was found floating in the backwaters. Paliyath Raman Valiyachan, the prime minister of Maharaja of Cochin was the one who recovered it. The present church at Vallarpadam is built on land donated by Paliyath Raman Valiyachan. A [[sanctuary lamp]] which he donated has been burning day and night from 1676 onwards in his honour.<ref name=kcbc/>

In May 1752 a miracle is believed to have taken place which made Vallarpadam a centre of pilgrimage. In Vallarpadam there was a young [[Nair]] lady named Meenakshi Amma, who was a member of a noble family called Palliyil Veedu. Together with her son she was sailing to Mattancherry. There arose a storm and the boat capsized. Meenakshi Amma and her son went deep down into the backwater. She promised to devote the rest of her life to Mary’s service if she and her child were saved. It was a promise she kept. On the third day, as per instructions in a dream, the parish priest, Rev. Fr. Miguel Correa, asked the fishermen to cast net in the river, and Meenakshi Amma and her son were rescued. After her death, the church put up the picture of Meenakshiamma and her child alongside the painting of Mary.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/boats-harvest-the-waters-will-part-here/288949|title=Boat's Harvest: The Waters Will Part Here | Outlook India Magazine|date=5 February 2022 }}</ref>
[[File:Vallarpadam Basilica.jpg|thumb|center|800px|A panoramic view of Vallarpadam Basilica]]
==Festival==
The Feast of Vallarpadathamma is celebrated from 16 to 24 September every year. Thousands of pilgrims come to Vallarpadam to participate in the feast, especially on 24 September.{{Citation needed|date=December 2019}}

==Photo gallery==
<gallery>
File:Vallarpadam Church.jpg|Old view of Vallarpadam Church, Kochi, Kerala, India
File:Vallarpadam Bascilica lighted up.jpg|Vallarpadam Church lighted up for the Feast
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Verapoly]]
* [[Basilica of Our Lady of Good Health]]
* [[Varapuzha Basilica|Basilica of Our lady of Mount Carmel & St Joseph]]
* [[St. Philomena's Forane Church, Koonammavu|St. Philomena's Forane Church & St. Chavara Pilgrim Centre]]
* [[Latin Catholics of Malabar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Basilica of Our Lady of Ransom, Vallarpadam}}
* [http://www.vallarpadathamma.org/ Official Website]
* [https://vallarpadamchurch.blogspot.com/ Vallarpadam Shrine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225091658/http://vallarpadamchurch.blogspot.com/ |date=25 February 2020 }}

{{Basilicas in India}}
{{Christianity in Kerala}}
{{Churches of Kerala}}

[[Category:1676 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kochi]]
[[Category:Basilica churches in Kerala]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic churches completed in the 1670s]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in Kochi]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic shrines in India]]
[[Category:Churches completed in 1676]]

Kurup (Nair caste)

2025-10-31T03:02:34Z

Godavari: Put up new post first draft

{{short description|Nair title}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{moresources|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Kurup
| image =
| caption =
| pop =
| popplace = [[Kerala]]
| languages = [[Malayalam]], [[Sanskrit]]
| religions = [[Hinduism]] ([[Kshatriya]])
| related = [[Pillai (Kerala title)|Nair Pillai]], [[Madampi (Nair title)|Madampi]], [[Malayali Brahmin]]
}}
'''Kurup''' or '''Nair Kurup''' is a title of [[nobility]] used by [[Nair]]s in [[Kerala]], India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Lannoy |first=Mark de |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pKjZAAAAMAAJ&q=kurup |title=The Kulasekhara Perumals of Travancore: History and State Formation in Travancore from 1671 to 1758 |date=1997 |publisher=Leiden University |isbn=978-90-73782-92-1 |pages=201 |language=en}}</ref> They were experts in [[Kalaripayattu]] and had their own [[Nair Brigade|Nair armies]] in many parts of Kerala. Many of them were powerful warlords who also served as warriors and army generals. Additionally, a segment of the Nair Kurup caste belonged to the [[Jenmi|Jenminar]] (feudal chieftains) and [[Naduvazhi]] (regional rulers) in the kingdom of [[Venad (kingdom)|Venadu]] until the 17th century. The Nair Kurup caste is unrelated to other castes, such as the [[Ambalavasi]]s or [[Kalari Panicker]]s.<ref name=":0" />

== Etymology ==
"Kurup" is a title of nobility among the [[Nair|Nairs]], historically given by different kingdoms to Nair individuals or families who have reached a high level of expertise in [[Kalaripayattu]] or [[warfare]].

'''Title of Travancore Kingdom'''

The Nair title "Kurup" is mainly divided into two types in the Travancore region.

'''Kurup title in early Travancore -''' "Kurup" is a title of nobility among Nair subcastes of old [[Kollam]] (present-day [[Kollam district|Kollam]], [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]] and [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]] districts) and [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]] region, which corresponds to the [[Pillai (Kerala title)|Pillai]], [[Adiyodi]], [[Kartha|Karthav]], [[Kaimal]] titles.<ref name=":0" /> They were mainly warrior class, who expertise in Kalaripayattu and [[Duke|second ranking Nobles]] who represented the mainstream [[Nair|Hindu Nair]] community. These class of Nairs ranked above traditional Nair caste but below the king in caste hierarchy of Kerala.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:TVM aps temple.jpg|thumb|[[Padmanabhaswamy Temple]], The temple associated with Ettara Yogam]]
Well-known Kurups of early Travancore include [[Ettara Yogam|Azhakath Kurup]], a [[Nair]] [[Nobility|noble man]] who represented Nairs in the [[Ettara Yogam]] or the King and Council of Eight, the longstanding administrative setup of the Sri Padmanabhaswamy Temple for centuries.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Citation |title=Introduction: Pilgrimage, Landscape, Heritage |date=2014-12-05 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203751893-8 |work=Christian Pilgrimage, Landscape and Heritage |pages=17–37 |access-date=2023-12-28 |publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780203751893-8 |isbn=978-0-203-75189-3 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> They belong to the highest Nair subcaste of Travancore, the [[Illathu Nair]].

'''Kurup title in later Travancore -''' The power of Kurup reduced after the formation of [[Travancore kingdom]], Kurup title was later given to the High Steward of Travancore (Great officers of Travancore). They belong to the [[swaroopathil Nair]] subcaste.

'''Title in Malabar and Cochin'''

In the [[North Malabar]] region, Kurup title is used by Nair families who expertise in Kalaripayattu, similar to the [[Nambiar (Nair subcaste)|Nambiar]] subcaste. These families belong to the [[Purathu Charna Nair]] caste (later known as [[Kiryathil Nair|Kiriyathil Nair]]), which is considered as higher to Kiriyathil Nairs of [[south Malabar]]. Kurup is also the title of Kiriyathil Nairs of [[south Malabar]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Abraham |first=George |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RK__DwAAQBAJ&dq=kurup+Kiriyathil&pg=PT32 |title=Lanterns on the Lanes: Lit for Life… |date=2020-12-28 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-64899-659-7 |language=en}}</ref>

It is also used by Nairs in the [[Kochi|Cochin]] region. They were considered similar to the [[Menon (title)|Menon]] title and worked as scribes in Swaroopams, they belong to the [[Akattu Charna|Akattu charna]] and Kiriyathil Nair subcastes.

== Notable people ==
{{for|more|List of Nairs}}

[[File:Madavoor.JPG|thumb|180px|[[Madavoor Vasudevan Nair]], veteran Kathakali artist]]
[[File:Gopala Kurup, a poet from old Kollam, Travancore.jpg|thumb|180px|[[Vennikkulam Gopala Kurup]], Indian poet]]
* [[Azhakathu Padmanabha Kurup]], Indian scholar
* [[O. N. V. Kurup]], Indian poet
* [[Madavoor Vasudevan Nair]], Kathakali artist
* [[Narendra Prasad|Raghava Kurup Narendra Prasad]], Indian actor
* [[K. N. P. Kurup]], Indian politician
* [[K. Narayana Kurup]], Indian politician
* [[Parvathy Jayaram]], Indian actress
* [[Guru Kunchu Kurup]], Kathakali artist
* [[M. R. Kurup]], Indian scientist
* [[P. Narayana Kurup]], Indian poet
* [[Vennikkulam Gopala Kurup]], Indian poet
* [[Bhama Kurup]], Indian actress
* [[Saiju Kurup]], Indian actor

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Travancore region}}
{{Princely states of the Madras States Agency}}

[[Category:Kingdom of Travancore]]

{{India-stub}}

J. Sudhanandhen Mudaliyar

2025-10-23T06:41:28Z

Godavari: Put up some bio needs work

{{Short description|Indian businessman and philanthropist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = J. Sudhanandhen Mudaliyar
| image = J. Sudhanandhen Mudaliyar.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Jaganatha Mudaliyar
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1944|09|21}}
| birth_place = [[Erode, Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Founder of [[Erode Sengunthar Engineering College]], [[M.P.Nachimuthu M.Jaganathan Engineering College|MPNMJ college]], [[Philanthropist]], textile merchant, [[Educationalist]].
| years_active =
| spouse = Vasantha Sudhanandhen
| children =
| parents = M.Jaganathan Mudaliyar - Muthulakshmi
}}
'''J. Sudhanandhen Mudaliyar''' (born 21 September 1944) was an Indian philanthropist, educationalist, and textile merchant.

==Early life==
Sudhanandhen was born into the Sengunthar Kaikola Mudaliyar (Mayan Kothiram) family in 1944. He completed his schooling at Kalaimagal Kalvi Nilayam, Erode. He continued his high school at Sengunthar Higher Secondary School, Erode. He completed his PUC at [[PSG College of Arts and Science]], then he graduated B.Sc. from [[Presidency College, Chennai|The New College]], Madras. He was an adherent follower of [[M. P. Nachimuthu|M.P. Nachimuthu Mudaliar]], a social activist.<ref>{{cite web|title= about the founder|url= https://www.mpnmjec.ac.in/About/aboutFounder.html|website= MPNMJ college|publisher= MPNMJ college|location= Erode district|language= English|access-date= 2020-01-01|archive-date= 2020-01-01|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200101095239/https://www.mpnmjec.ac.in/About/aboutFounder.html|url-status= dead}}</ref>

==Career==
He was president of Erode Weavers’ Cooperative Society (EROTEX) for many years.{{fact|date=April 2023}}

He was the seventh President of the South Indian Sengunthar Mahajana Sangam from 1987 to 2009.<ref>{{cite web|title=Founding Member of South India Senguntha Mahajana Sangam|url=http://sengunthamithiran.com/aboutus-sangam.asp|website=Senguntha Mithran|access-date=1 January 2020|archive-date=1 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101090627/http://sengunthamithiran.com/aboutus-sangam.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref>

He founded and developed the [[Erode Sengunthar Engineering College]] and [[M.P.Nachimuthu M.Jaganathan Engineering College]] in [[Erode district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] state.<ref>{{cite web|title= about the founder|url= https://www.mpnmjec.ac.in/About/aboutFounder.html|website= MPNMJ college|publisher= MPNMJ college|location= Erode district|language= English|access-date= 2020-01-01|archive-date= 2020-01-01|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200101095239/https://www.mpnmjec.ac.in/About/aboutFounder.html|url-status= dead}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sudhanandhen Mudaliyar, J.}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Presidency College, Chennai alumni]]
[[Category:University and college founders]]
[[Category:People from Erode district]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople in the textile industry]]

Tsona Chu

2025-09-18T01:57:56Z

Godavari: done...

{{short description|River in eastern Tibet and Arunachal Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Tsona Chu
| name_native = {{native name|bo|མཚོ་སྣ་ཆུ}}
| name_other = Cona Qu
| name_etymology =
| nickname =

| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =

| map =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| pushpin_map = India Arunachal Pradesh#Tibet
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption= Mouth of Tsona Chu in Arunachal Pradesh
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_relief = 1

| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = China; India
| subdivision_type2 = Region/State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Shannan, Tibet]]; [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type3 = District
| subdivision_name3 = [[Tsona County]]; [[Tawang district]]
| subdivision_type4 = Cities/Circles
| subdivision_name4 = 
| subdivision_type5 =
| subdivision_name5 =

| length = 
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location=
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg =
| discharge1_max =

| source1 = Eastern [[Himalayas]]
| source1_location = [[Tsona County]]
| source1_coordinates= {{coord|28.2496|91.9433}}
| source1_elevation = {{convert|4780|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| source2 = Eastern [[Himalayas]]
| source2_location = [[Tsona County]]
| source2_coordinates= {{coord|28.2401|92.1094}}
| source2_elevation = {{convert|5200|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| source3 = Eastern [[Himalayas]]
| source3_location = [[Tsona County]]
| source3_coordinates= {{coord|28.1232|92.2365}}
| source3_elevation = {{convert|5210|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| mouth = [[Tawang Chu]]
| mouth_location = [[Thingbu Circle]]
| mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|27.622|92.0138|display=inline,title}}
| mouth_elevation = {{convert|2310|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| progression = [[Tawang Chu]], [[Manas River]]
| river_system = [[Brahmaputra]]
| basin_size =
| basin_landmarks =
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| tributaries_left =
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}}

'''Tsona Chu''' or '''Cona Qu''' ({{bo|t=མཚོ་སྣ་ཆུ|w=mtsho sna chu|s=tso na chu}})<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geographical names of Tibet AR (China): Tibet Autonomous Region |website=KNAB Place Name Database |publisher=Institute of the Estonian Language |date=2018-06-03 |url=https://www.eki.ee/knab/valik/cn54.htm}}</ref>
is a cross-border river that originates in the [[Tsona County]], [[Shannan Prefecture]] of the [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]] region of China and flows into the [[Arunachal Pradesh]] state of India, where it joins the [[Tawang Chu]] river. The name "Tawang Chu" applies to the combined river obtained by the merger of Tsona Chu with Mago Chu,{{efn|name=Dorje}} the latter rising within the [[Tawang district]] in Arunachal Pradesh.<ref name="census">{{citation |title=Tawang District Census Handbook, Part A |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Arunachal Pradesh |year=2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/12/1201_PART_A_DCHB_TAWANG.pdf |page=3}} (The Tsona Chu river is misnamed as "Nyukcharong" in this description. Nyukcharong is a separate river that flows entirely within the Tawang district. It joins Tsona Chu south of the Tulung La ridge.)</ref>

Tsona Chu enters the Tawang district near an area called [[Chumi Gyatse Falls|Yangtse]], which contains the spectacular [[Chumi Gyatse Falls]] falling from a cliff face to the east. The China–India border in this area has been disputed between the two countries since the 1990s.

== Name ==
The name Tsona Chu has been used in British era survey maps for the sections of the river on both the sides of the India–China border. It is consistent with the Tibetan convention of calling a river by a prominent place it comes from. However, the name does not appear in Tibetan sources.{{efn|name=Dorje|[[Gyurme Dorje]] appears to regard Tsona Chu as the main stream of the Tawang Chu river, referring to its valley as the "Upper Tawang Valley".{{sfnp|Dorje, Footprint Tibet|1999|p=199}}}}

Close to the border with the Tawang district, the river has been called "Domtsangrong" in traditional Buddhist literature, named after a Buddhist sacred site called [[Domtsang]] ("Dongzhang" in Chinese).{{sfnp|Tenpa, An Early History of the Mon Region|2018|loc=pp. 52–53: "In the mythographic representation, Padmasambhava visited a number of sites and the following regions in Mon were considered to have been blessed by him: ''Mon Sgom brag phug'', ''Mon Bkra shis khye 'dren'', ''Mon Sha 'ug stag sgo'' [Shauk Tago], ''Mon Dom tshang rong'' [Domtsangrong], ''Mon gzig tshang rong'' [Ziktsang rong], ''Mon kha Bum thang'' [Bumthang], and ''Mon kha Spa gro'' [Padro], and so forth."}}{{sfnp|Aris, Hidden Treasures and Secret Lives|2012|p=85–86: "... this young colleague, who-had already discovered his own first treasure at Domtshangrong in the Monyul district..."}}

Within the Tawang district, the Tsona Chu valley has been referred to as the '''Yangtse Valley''', named after the area of Yangtse, which contains the sacred [[Chumi Gyatse Falls]].<ref>PTI, [https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/arunachal-cm-pema-khandu-on-india-china-clash-tawang-2308851-2022-12-13 ‘Not 1962 anymore, Indian soldiers will give a befitting reply’: Arunachal CM on Tawang clash], India Today, 13 December 2022.</ref>

== Description ==
[[File:Nyamjang Chu and Tawang Chu rivers mapped by Morshead and Bailey, 1913.jpg|thumb|right|The course of Tsona Chu, shown as a dotted line (Bailey and Morshead, 1913)]]

Tsona Chu and Nyamjang Chu are two south-flowing rivers of the [[Tsona County]], which drain into the [[Tawang Chu]] river in the Tawang district. Tsona Chu drains a wide area, bounded by a long north-south running Nyamjang Chu range in the west and the watershed between Tawang Chu and [[Subansiri River|Subansiri]] basins in the east.{{sfnp|Rawat, Indian Explorers of the 19th century|1973|loc=p. 69: "From this watershed which is 16,210 feet above the sea-level, the road to the '''Kyakyan La''' (a pass about seventy miles further south) traverses a high undulating plateau which is bounded on its west by a well-marked snowy ridge which runs nearly due north and south and contains numerous glaciers."}}

=== Tsona County ===
Within the Tsona County, the upper course of the Tsona Chu river is called Enjiu Chu ({{zh|c=恩久曲|p=Ēn jiǔ qū}}). It has three main sources:
* streams originating in the north from the watershed of [[Nye Chu]] (a head stream of Subansiri),
* streams originating in the west from the north-south-running Nyamjang Chu range adjacent to the [[Nyamjang Chu]] river, and
* streams originating in the east from the watershed dividing the Tsona Chu from [[Loro Chu]] (another head stream of Subansiri).
The central section of the basin, where [[Tsona Town]] lies, is an undulating plateau, where waters collect into lakes, and contribute to the river only during the summer when they overflow. The large [[Nara Yumtso]] lake is a prime example of this phenomenon.{{sfnp|Rawat, Indian Explorers of the 19th century|1973|loc=p. 69: "The Pundit [Nain Singh] passed a lake about six miles long and four miles broad [Nara Yumtso], entirely frozen but the water of which in the summer months helps feed the Tawang stream [via Tsona Chu]."}}

The three streams merge near the village of Nyangdrong ({{bo|t=ཉང་གྲོང|w=nyang grong}}; {{zh|c=娘中|p=Niáng zhōng}}; {{coord|28.1003|92.0760|name=Nyangdrong}}), northeast of Tsona Town. From here, Tsona Chu flows in a south-southwest direction, collecting a number of streams that flow down from the mountain ranges to the east and west.

A tributary called Tsona Chu originates in a lake near the Tsona Town, and joins the main river, lending its name to the river itself.

A considerable tributary from the east is '''Seti Chu''', which collects waters from '''Pen La''', another water divider with the Subansiri basin, and the [[Tulung La]] ridge (or Yangtse ridge) to the south, which forms the border between the Tsona County (in Tibet) and Tawang district (in India).

A tributary from the west is '''Shao Chu''' (or '''Shyo Chu'''), which is formed to the south of the Tsona Town, below '''Kyakyen La''' ({{coord|27.8544|91.8855|name=Kyakyen La}}). Shao Chu flows south and then east to drain into Tsona Chu just before it enters the Tawang district.

The route via Kyakyen La was used as the summer trade route between the [[Tawang]] and the Tsona towns. It had a ''chukhang'' (customs house), where traders from Tawang had to pay 10 percent customs duty. This led the British commentators to call the valley the "Chukhang Valley".{{sfnp|Rawat, Indian Explorers of the 19th century|1973|p=69}}

=== Tawang district ===
Inside the Tawang district, Tsona Chu passes through a region called "Yangtse" as it passes by the Tulung La mountain range to the east. The steep cliff face adjoining the valley drops down numerous thin streams of apparent spring water, forming mesmerising [[Chumi Gyatse Falls]]. Legend has it that the streams were created by Guru [[Padmasambhava]] by throwing his rosary beads on the mountain rocks.<ref>{{citation |author=Bidhayak Das |title=Legend of the Chumi Gyatse: A Deeper Understanding of Arunachal's Famous 108 Holy Waterfalls Along the LAC |website=BorderLens |date=13 November 2022 |url=https://www.borderlens.com/features/legend-of-the-chumi-gyatse-a-deeper-understanding-of-arunachals-famous-108-holy-waterfalls-along-the-lac/}}</ref>

To the south of the Tulung La range, Tsona Chu receives a tributary from the east called '''Nyukcharong''', which collects waters from the southern side of the Tulung La range. Continuing southwards, the river reaches the east-west valley of Tawang Chu near kyelatongbo in the village of Rho. Here, the Mago Chu river joins it from the east. The combined river, named [[Tawang Chu]], flows west and enters Bhutan shortly after passing Lumla.{{sfnp|Tawang District Census Handbook|2011|p=3}} In Bhutan, Tawang Chu is called Gamri Chu and forms one of the source streams of the [[Manas River]], a major tributary of [[Brahmaputra]].{{sfnp|Tawang District Census Handbook|2011|p=3}}{{sfnp|NJC Hydropower Limited|2017|p=4-1}}

== Habitation ==
The Tsona Chu valley is mostly uninhabited. The main villages are Lampug in Tsona County and Tsechu in the Tawang district.

Several villages lie on the banks of the tributaries of Tsona Chu. The Tsona Town itself is on one such tributary.

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite journal |last1=Bailey |first1=F. M. |title=Exploration on the Tsangpo or upper Brahmaputra |journal=Scottish Geographical Magazine |volume=30 |issue=11 |year=1914 |pages=561–582 |doi=10.1080/00369221408734154 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/2450287 |ref={{sfnref|Bailey, Exploration on the Tsangpo|1914}}}}
* {{citation |first=F. M. |last=Bailey |title=Report on an Exploration on the North-East Frontier, 1913 |publisher=Government Monotype Press |location=Simla |year=1914 |url=https://archive.org/details/ExplorationOnTheNorthEastFrontier1913 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Bailey, Exploration on the North-East Frontier|1914}}}}
* {{citation |last=Dorje |first=Gyurme |title=Footprint Tibet Handbook with Bhutan |edition=2nd |publisher=Footprint Handbooks |location=Bath |year=1999 |url=https://archive.org/details/tibethandbookwit0000unse_02ed |via=archive.org |url-access=registration |ISBN=0-8442-2190-2 |ref={{sfnref|Dorje, Footprint Tibet|1999}}}}
* {{citation |author=NJC Hydropower Limited |title=EIA study for Nyamjangchhu Hydroelectric Project |publisher=Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India |url=http://moef.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/EIA-NJC.pdf |year=2017}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/11306320&layers=C The course of the Tsona Chu] marked on OpenStreetMap

[[Category:Rivers of Tibet]]
[[Category:Rivers of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Shannan, Tibet]]
[[Category:Tawang district]]
[[Category:China–India border]]

Rettai Vaal Kuruvi (TV series)

2025-08-28T07:45:50Z

Godavari: Put up first article w/ refs.

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Rettaivaal Kuruvi Tamil serial.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| alt_name =
| genre =
| writer = {{ubl|Jerold}}
| director = {{ubl|Jerold}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Ashwin Kumar Lakshmikanthan]]|[[Pavani Reddy]]}}
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme = "Thada Thadavena" by Naran
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 99
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Harish sajja
| editor = S.Bala
| cinematography = Vishwanathan
| camera =
| runtime = approx. 20-22 minutes per episode
| company =
| channel = [[STAR Vijay]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2015|6|1}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2015|10|16}}
}}

'''''Rettai Vaal Kuruvi''''' is a 2015 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language soap opera starring [[Ashwin Kumar Lakshmikanthan]] and [[Pavani Reddy]] as a divorced couple who rekindle their romance.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/A-romantic-saga-to-begin-on-Star-Vijay/articleshow/47339779.cms|title= A romantic saga to begin on Star Vijay|newspaper=The Times of India|date= 19 May 2015|accessdate=}}</ref> It aired on [[STAR Vijay|Vijay TV]] from 1 June 2015 to 16 October 2015 on Monday to Friday at 9:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] for 99 episodes. It was directed by Jerold, with cinematography by Vishwanathan and music by Saravanan.

==Plot==
The [[Romance film|romance]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] is about a divorced couple, who begin working at the same office. Nila's father, plans to kill Bala as a revenge on his sister's husband. He brings two local goons from Madurai to kill Bala and is stabbed but survives by the timely help of Nila. Nila and Bala become closer to each other. But as soon as Bala finds out Nila's father tried to kill him he becomes furious on Nila too. Then he goes to his friend, Armugam's marriage in a village to refresh his mind without telling any of his relatives. On the other hand, Nila lies to everyone that she is interested in moving to America as she can't bear Bala's hatred towards her but, moves to the same village to which Bala goes, without knowing his presence in there. It turns out to be Nila, the friend of Arumugam's to be wife, Devayani. Bala and Nila try to be away from each other but as Nila's friends were flirting with Bala, jealousy grows within Nila which brings them closer. Deyvani's mum and Arumugam's sister in law plan to bring them together in various ways, but none work. Pazhani, Deyvani's brother who went to prison for a murder regularly met her secretly, which Bala noticed and doubted on the bride. Without knowing Pazhani to be Devayani's brother, Bala brings the meeting to public, where Pazhani is hit by the village people. Though Bala and Nila get to know about each other's love, they're not expressing it. To ask forgiveness Bala and his friends visit the Deyvanai's place, but Pazhani beats them up. And due to sympathy the family forgives them but a nota for the marriage. Nila really feels sorry and both of them confess their love again. On the same day Nila gets hit by a car and is admitted in a hospital. Due to Nila's critical condition, her family moves her to Germany for treatment, without Bala's knowledge. Bala's passport is blocked by Nila's father ruining all ways to reach her. After few years Nila's sister in law calls Bala and tells him Nila doesn't remember her past. Without anyone revealing about Bala as her HUSBAND, she writes Bala's name on her own whenever she gets a paper. So they realise her love and reunite Bala and Nila with a new start. However Bala tells Nila, that he was her close friend. So she tells him to take her to places they have visited before in his bike. And they start over again.

==Cast==
;Main Cast
* [[Ashwin Kumar Lakshmikanthan]] as Balamurugan/Bala<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150802/entertainment-tvmusic/article/new-couple-town| title= The lead pair of Rettai Vaal Kuruvi, speak about their on screen chemistry| date= 2 August 2015|publisher= [[Deccan Chronicle]]| access-date=}}</ref>
* [[Pavani Reddy]] as Vennilla/Nila

;Supporting character
* Ramrath Reddy
* Renuka
* Sathana
* Kethumathi
* Neeliya
* Jayathish
* Sneha
* Pirabha
* Manikandan
* Priya

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable" width="90%"
|- bgcolor="blue"
!style="width:25pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"| Year
!style="width:80pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"| Award
!style="width:120pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"| Category
!style="width:60pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"| Recipient
!style="width:60pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"| Role
!style="width:40pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"| Result
|-
|rowspan="4" | 2015
| rowspan="4" | [[Vijay Television Awards]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/vijay-television-awards-2015-complete-list-winners-647268| title= Vijay Television Awards 2015: Complete list of winners| date= 20 September 2015|publisher= www.ibtimes.co.in| accessdate=}}</ref>
| Favourite Find of The Year
| [[Ashwin Kumar Lakshmikanthan]]
| Balamurugan
| {{Nom}}
|-
| Favourite Find of The Year
| [[Pavani Reddy]]
| Vennila
| {{Nom}}
|-
| Favourite Screen Pair
| [[Ashwin Kumar Lakshmikanthan]] & Pavani Reddy
| Balamurugan & Vennila
| {{Nom}}
|-
| Best Promo-Fiction
| Rettai Vaal Kuruvi
|
| {{Nom}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt10230030}}

{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}

[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romance television series]]
[[Category:2015 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language workplace television series]]
[[Category:2015 Tamil-language television series endings]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]

Prantiya Rakshak Dal

2025-06-21T13:18:36Z

Godavari: Put up some article basic info.

{{Short description|Indian security forces}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| agencyname = Prantiya Rakshak Dal
| commonname = Prantiya Rakshak Dal
| abbreviation = PRD
| patch =
| patchcaption =
| logo = Prantiya Rakshak Dal.png
| logo_caption =
| logocaption =
| badge =
| badgecaption =
| flag =
| flagcaption =
| motto =
| mission =
| formedyear = {{Start date and age|1948|12|11}}
| formedmonthday =
| preceding1 =
| Size =
| volunteers =
| budget = {{INRConvert|265|c}} (2023–2024)<ref>{{cite news |title=Noida: 420 vacancies, but Prantiya Dal has 172 members |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/420-vacancies-but-prantiya-dal-has-only-172-members/articleshow/94386407.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=September 23, 2022}}</ref>
| nongovernment =
| country = India
| map =
| mapcaption =
| sizearea =
| sizepopulation =
| legaljuris = [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Uttarakhand]]
| governingbody = Youth Welfare & Prantiya Rakshak Dal
| governingbodyscnd =
| constitution1 = Prantiya Rakshak Dal Act and Rules
| speciality1 =
| speciality2 =
| overviewbody =
| headquarters = [[Lucknow]], India
| legalpersonality =
| hqlocmap =
| hqlocleft =
| hqloctop =
| hqlocmappoptitle =
| sworntype =
| sworn =
| unsworntype =
| unsworn =
| electeetype = Minister
| minister1name = [[Yogi Adityanath]]
| minister1pfo = [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]]
| chief1name = [[Suhas Lalinakere Yathiraj]], [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| chief1position = Secretary & [[Director General#India|Director General]]
| parentagency = Youth Welfare & Prantiya Rakshak Dal
| child1agency =
| unittype =
| unitname =
| officetype =
| officename =
| provideragency =
| uniformedas =
| stationtype =
| stations =
| lockuptype =
| lockups =
| vehicle1type =
| vehicles1 =
| person1name =
| person1reason =
| person1type =
| programme1 =
| activity1name =
| activitytype =
| anniversary1 =
| award1 =
| website =
| footnotes =
| reference =
| employees = 45,000 active personnel in Uttar Pradesh<ref name="PRD"/>
}}
The '''Prantiya Rakshak Dal''' is a security force in [[Uttar Pradesh]], established in 1948 by the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]. It is regulated under the Prantiya Rakshak Dal Act and Rules. The Department of Youth Welfare & Prantiya Rakshak Dal (PRD) in Uttar Pradesh oversees the security force's operations. The department is currently headed by Chief Minister [[Yogi Adityanath]].<ref name="PRD">{{cite news |last1=Srivastava |first1=Prashant |title=Prantiya Rakshak Dal — UP's home guard-like security force will now be launched in 10 cities |url=https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/prantiya-rakshak-dal-ups-home-guard-like-security-force-will-now-be-launched-in-10-cities/575369/ |publisher=[[ThePrint]] |date=December 28, 2020}}</ref>

As of the year 2020, the force included 45,000 personnel.<ref name="PRD"/> Prantiya Rakshak Dal works to maintain security and peace in challenging situations.<ref name="hindustannews"/> The [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer [[Suhas Lalinakere Yathiraj]] has been serving as the current Secretary and Director General of Youth Welfare and Prantiya Rakshak Dal since his appointment in February 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Suhas L Y IAS posted as Secretary- Sports and Youth Welfare, UP |url=https://www.indianbureaucracy.com/suhas-l-y-ias-posted-as-secretary-sports-and-youth-welfare-up/ |publisher=Indian Bureaucracy |date=February 28, 2023}}</ref>

== History ==
Prantiya Rakshak Dal (PRD) was founded in 1948 as an alternate security force<ref name="PRD"/> to maintain community harmony and peace in rural areas, to make them self-reliant and disciplined, for self-protection, and to prevent crimes.<ref>{{cite news |title=युवा कल्याण एवं प्रांतीय रक्षक दल विभाग |url=https://www.yuvasathi.in/about-youth-welfare-and-prantiya-rakshak-dal |publisher=Yuvasathi |date=November 28, 2023}}</ref>

It was formed under the [[Uttar Pradesh Provincial Armed Constabulary|United Provinces Armed Constabulary Act]] of 1948, and came into effect on December 11, 1948, as published in the official gazette of the Uttar Pradesh government.<ref>{{cite news |title=स्थापना दिवस पर पीआरडी जवानों ने पहली बार फहराया अपना झंडा |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow/story-prd-jawan-2896145.html |publisher=[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]] |date=December 11, 2019 |language=hi}}</ref>

When the PRD was founded in 1948, it was initially placed under the Home Department. In 1952, it was transferred to the Planning Department to facilitate manpower mobilization for various state activities.<ref>{{cite book |title=New Items of Expenditure Included in the Budget |date=1962 |publisher=Uttar Pradesh (India). Factories Dept |page=164 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p3CnrbANUH4C&q=Prantiya+Rakshak+Dal}}</ref>

== Eligibility and payscale ==
The minimum qualification for the position is a high school education; however, candidates must also meet specified height and weight requirements. Individuals aged between 18 and 45 are eligible to apply. Recruitment is on the basis of daily wages, and individuals receive a daily payment of Rs 500 with no additional allowances. They receive a monthly remuneration of ₹15000. Their dress code and duty hours are both fixed.<ref name="PRD"/><ref name="hindustannews">{{cite news |title=प्रांतीय रक्षक दल के जवान अब वर्दी पर लगाएंगे लोगो |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/deoria/story-provincial-guard-jawans-will-now-put-logo-on-uniform-7615403.html |publisher=[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]] |date=January 11, 2022 |language=hi}}</ref>

In Prantiya Rakshak Dal, youths from rural areas are primarily recruited. However, in December 2022, the government announced the recruitment of youths from urban cities.<ref>{{cite news |title=Yogi to set up urban 'rakshak dal' in 10 cities |url=https://newsd.in/yogi-to-set-up-urban-rakshak-dal-in-10-cities/ |publisher=Newsd |date=December 27, 2020}}</ref>

The Prantiya Rakshak Dal has been operating in the state of [[Uttarakhand]] since 1948. The educational qualification for Regional Youth Welfare and Prantiya Rakshak Dal officers in Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand is a [[bachelor's degree]] from a recognized university or any other qualification deemed equivalent by the government.<ref>{{cite news |title=Uttarakhand: अब 42 की उम्र वाले बन सकेंगे क्षेत्रीय युवा कल्याण अधिकारी और व्यायाम प्रशिक्षक, बनी नई नियमावली |url=https://www.amarujala.com/dehradun/now-the-age-of-42-will-be-able-to-become-regional-youth-welfare-officer-and-exercise-instructor-uttarakhand-2023-03-25?pageId=1 |publisher=[[Amar Ujala]] |date=March 26, 2023 |language=hi}}</ref>

== Responsibilities ==
PRD personnel are deployed in security arrangements at police stations, traffic management, fairs, pilgrimage sites, and other places. They are also deployed to assist the police in various tasks.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rathour |first1=Dinesh |title=यूपी सरकार का बड़ा फैसला: इस साल 1150 पीआरडी जवानों की होगी भर्ती, रोजाना कितने मिलेंगे रुपये? |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/story-up-government-big-decision-1150-prd-jawans-will-be-recruited-this-year-how-much-money-will-be-received-daily-7986583.html |publisher=[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]] |date=April 3, 2023 |language=hi}}</ref> Along with police stations, PRD Jawan's are also deployed in many government institutions.<ref>{{cite news |title=बजट की कमी के चलते हटाए गए ढाई सौ पीआरडी जवान |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/jhansi/250-prd-jawan-remove-from-less-budget-jhansi-news-jhs188988556 |publisher=[[Amar Ujala]] |date=February 20, 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
* [https://www.yuvasathi.in/about-youth-welfare-and-prantiya-rakshak-dal Official website]
{{Law enforcement in India}}
[[Category:Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1948]]
[[Category:1948 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Indian critics of religions]]
* [https://prdyk.upsdc.gov.in/#/Home Official website]
{{Law enforcement in India}}

Raja Ram Mohan Roy Award

2025-06-06T17:03:15Z

Godavari: Put up new post and citations

{{Short description|Yearly award given by the Press Council of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Raja Ram Mohan Roy Award
| native_name =
| image =
| alt =
| awarded_for = Excellence in journalism
| presenter = [[Press Council of India]]
| location = [[New Delhi]], India
| date = {{start date and age|2013|df=y}}
| reward = 1 lakh [[rupee]]
| year = 2013
| holder_label = Most recently awarded to
| holder = Anne Bhavani Koteswara Prasad
| most_awards =
| website = [https://www.presscouncil.nic.in/ presscouncil.nic.in]
|previous =
|year2=2020 |next= }}

The '''Raja Ram Mohan Roy Award''' is a yearly award given by the [[Press Council of India]] for those who have made the most excellence in journalism in India.<ref name="presscouncil1">{{cite web |title=National Awards for Excellence in Journalism |url=https://www.presscouncil.nic.in/NationalAwardsforExcellenceinJournalism.aspx |website=www.presscouncil.nic.in |publisher=[[Press Council of India]] |access-date=30 June 2023}}</ref> It was presented at an annual event in [[New Delhi]] on 16 November, the occasion of India's National Press Day. It is one of the "National Award for Excellence in Journalism" in various fields established by [[Press Council of India]] in 2012 and awarded since 2013, the other fields include Rural journalism, Development report, Photo journalism, Best newspaper art, Sports reporting, Gender Based Reporting, and Financial Reporting, etc.<ref name="presscouncil1"/>

The first Raja Ram Mohan Roy Award was awarded to Santosh Kumar of [[India Today]] and C.K. Sivanandan of [[Malayala Manorama]] in recognition of his outstanding contribution to investigative journalism.<ref>{{cite web |title=NAEJ Awardees 2013 |url=https://www.presscouncil.nic.in/ViewPdfContent.aspx?Page=NationalAwardsNew&PdfofPublication=Awardee&Title=Awardees,%202013 |website=www.presscouncil.nic.in |access-date=30 June 2023|publisher=[[Press Council of India]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=17 journalists bag Press Council Of India award |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/17-journalists-bag-press-council-of-india-award/story-kX8QkfWGyYbk4Jq8t7LKlI.html |website=www.hindustantimes.com |publisher=Hindustan Times |access-date=30 June 2023 |date=16 November 2013}}</ref> The award is administered by the Press Council of India and is considered India's most prestigious award that a journalist can receive in journalism. As of 2020, a total of 8 individuals have been awarded the Award.<ref name="presscouncil1"/>

==Awardees==
* 2012: None
* 2013: Santosh Kumar, ''[[India Today]]'', C.K. Sivanandan, ''[[Malayala Manorama]]''
* 2014: None
* 2015: None
* 2016: [[S Nihal Singh]], veteran journalist
* 2017: Sam Najappa, journalist, Sarat Mishra, journalist
* 2018: [[N Ram]], ''[[The Hindu]]''
* 2019: [[Gulab Kothari]], ''[[Rajasthan Patrika]]''
* 2020: Anne Bhavani Koteswara Prasad

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* [https://www.presscouncil.nic.in/NationalAwardsforExcellenceinJournalism.aspx Official list of Awardees]

[[Category:Indian journalism awards]]
[[Category:Journalism in India]]
[[Category:Awards established in 2013]]

Chandrayan Gutta

2025-03-06T13:55:31Z

Godavari: typo fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chandrayana Gutta Aziz colony
| other_name =
| nickname = dastagir nagar
| settlement_type = Old City
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Telangana#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17|18|57|N|78|27|29|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]
| subdivision_type3 = Metro
| subdivision_name3 = [[Hyderabad, Telangana|Hyderabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[GHMC]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 500 005
| registration_plate =TG
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Telangana Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Chadrayana Gutta
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Urban planning|Planning]] agency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[GHMC]]
| website = {{URL|telangana.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Chandrayana Gutta''' is a neighbourhood in [[Old City, Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], [[India]].<ref>[http://www.hyderabadpolice.gov.in/Chandrayangutta/Index.htm Chandrayangutta PS] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405084421/http://www.hyderabadpolice.gov.in/Chandrayangutta/Index.htm |date=5 April 2015 }}</ref>

==Transport==
Chandrayan Gutta is connected by buses run by [[TSRTC]], since a Bus Depot is close by, it is well connected. There is a [[Hyderabad Multi-Modal Transport System|MMTS]] train station is close by at [[Falaknuma]].
In January 2024, revised airport metro line will have Chandrayangutta as inter-change metro station.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/telangana-cm-revanth-reddy-laid-the-foundation-stone-for-hyderabad-old-city-metro-rail/article67930239.ece|title=My responsibility to get funds and build expanded Hyderabad metro routes: Telangana CM Revanth Reddy}}</ref> The remaining 5.5-km MGBS-Falaknuma route will be extended by another 1.5 km to Chandrayangutta.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/revised-airport-metro-line-to-have-chandrayangutta-as-inter-change-station/article67715791.ece|title=Revised airport metro line to have Chandrayangutta as inter-change station}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/expansion-of-hyderabad-metro-phaseii-with-new-routes-to-airport/articleshow/107072419.cms|title=All 4 new Hyderabad Metro rail routes lead to airport}}</ref> The newly planned Airport line is Nagole - LB Nagar - Chandrayangutta - Mailardevpally - P7 Road - Shamshabad Airport.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/old-city-metro-foundation-on-march-8/articleshow/108212189.cms|title=Old city metro foundation on March 8}}</ref>

[[File:The election results are being updated at a Chandrayangutta Assembly Segment Counting Centre, in Hyderabad on May 16, 2009.jpg|center|thumb|election results are being updated at a Chandrayangutta Assembly Segment Counting Centre, in Hyderabad on May 16, 2009]]
==See also==
* [[Chandrayangutta (Assembly constituency)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Neighborhoods of Hyderabad|state=collapsed}}
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Hyderabad, India]]

Nedumangad Sivanandan

2025-01-28T19:09:43Z

Godavari: Adding A Details!

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
Ragaratnam '''Nedumangad Sivanandan''' (V. Sivanandan Nair, born 30 June 1935) is a violinist in the [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] tradition of [[India]], who has been in the forefront of both teaching of the Carnatic tradition on the violin, as well as its performance on stage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nedumangadsivanandan.com/ |title=Ragaratnam Nedumangad Sivanandan since 1935 |website=nedumangadsivanandan.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509174110/http://www.nedumangadsivanandan.com/ |archive-date=2013-05-09}}</ref> His contributions to Indian classical music span over 60 years.

==Early life and background==
Nedumangad Sivanandan was born to the harmonist-vocalist Neyyanttinkara Vasudevan Pillai and Dakshayani Amma in Neyyatinkara in Trivandrum district of Kerala. His family moved to Nedumangad, also in Trivandrum district, shortly after his birth. His early music training was with his father, after which he joined the Swathi Thirunal Music Academy, Thiruvananthapuram, graduating with a Ganabhushanam in music in 1954.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

He went on to do higher studies in the violin in the ''Gurukula'' style as the disciple of one of the most famous violinists of the period, Virudunagar Ganapathiya Pillai, who was himself the disciple of the great violin Maestro [[Kumbakonam Rajamanickam Pillai]]. Since then Sivanandan has been performing on stage, as well as teaching the art of Carnatic violin to numerous disciples, many of whom have achieved professional excellence with the instrument. He continues to teach presently.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

Professionally, he was a music teacher with the Education Department, Government of Kerala, superannuating from service in 1990.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

==Professional accomplishments==
Nedumanagad Sivandan is a well-known accompanying artiste, soloist, teacher, and resource person for numerous music-related activities. He has been recognized with numerous titles and awards, including 'Ragaratna' and Srutilaya's 'Sargaratna'.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Sruthilaya {{!}} Nurturing carnatic music since 2002 | url=http://sruthilayaonline.com/sargaratna_puraskaram.php | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110129233511/http://www.sruthilayaonline.com:80/sargaratna_puraskaram.php | access-date=2024-12-27 | archive-date=2011-01-29}}</ref> He received the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]] in 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralaculture.org/classical-music-a-ksna/464 |title=Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award: Classical Music |publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala |access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref> He has performed on many stages in India and abroad.

Nedumangad Sivanandan has been a mentor and teacher to a large and diverse student community.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/113061637074793/posts/124043822643241/|title=Facebook|website=[[Facebook]] }}{{Dead link | date=December 2024 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Among his students are some of the most well-known violinists in the contemporary music scene in Kerala, including several "A" Grade artists in All India Radio (Edappally Ajith Kumar, Thiruvizha Sivanandan, Cherthala Sivakumar, Thiruvizha "Viju" S. Ananad, Ms. Bindu K. Shenoy, Ms. V. Sindhu and Manjoor Renjith) and international artists like Toronto Jayadevan as well as a 'B High' Grade artists such as Neelur Jayakumar.

Nedumanagad Sivanandan has accompanied numerous senior vocalists including [[V. Dakshinamurthy]], [[Neyyattinkara Vasudevan]], [[Parassala B. Ponnammal|Parassala Ponnammal]], Padmashree [[K J Yesudas]], [[Sudha Raghunathan]], [[M.G. Radhakrishnan]], [[T. M. Krishna|T.M.Krishna]], [[O. S. Thyagarajan|O.S.Tyagarajan]], [[V. Ramachandran]] and Matangi Satyamurthy. At the same time, he has mentored numerous young vocalists & instrumentalists including [[Sankaran Namboothiri]], and [[Vaikom Vijayalakshmi]] from their initial times. In 2007, he played the role of a violinist in the Malayalam film, ''Anandabhairavi''.

His disciples, together with art lovers in the region, celebrated his 80th birthday on 28 June 2015 as "Sivananda Lahari", a day-long get-together with classical recitals and a public meeting.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/online/malayalam/news/story/3673993/2015-06-28/kerala |title=Kerala News - ശിവാനന്ദലഹരി - India, World News - Mathrubhumi Newspaper Edition |website=www.mathrubhumi.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712044321/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/online/malayalam/news/story/3673993/2015-06-28/kerala |archive-date=2015-07-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/master-of-strings/article7374715.ece| title = Master of strings - The Hindu| website = [[The Hindu]]| date = 2 July 2015| last1 = Sangameswaran| first1 = A.}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media| url-status = live| archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211208/YtPWpLFKmH4| archive-date = 2021-12-08| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YtPWpLFKmH4| title = Master of strings {{!}} Manorama News | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==Family==
Nedumangad Sivanandan is married to Vilasini S. Nair. His daughter, Sindhu V., is herself a violin artiste and teacher of music at the Chembai Memorial Govt. Music College, Palghat. Nedumangad Sivanandan, together with Sindhu and her son, Adarsh Dileep, have performed in several places as the ''violin trio''.<ref>{{YouTube|ZRtqgaDFoBc}}</ref> His sons are [[Satish Babu]] and Santosh Babu.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sivanandan, Nedumangad}}
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:Carnatic instrumentalists]]
[[Category:Indian violinists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century violinists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]

Tarun Bhanot

2024-10-01T11:39:20Z

Godavari: fix intro after review and updated info

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[The Honourable]] Pundit
| honorific-suffix = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| name = Tarun Bhanot
| image = Tarun-bhanot.jpg
| caption = Official portrait of Bhanot
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1971|12|15}}<ref name=r1/>
| birth_place = [[Jabalpur]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]
| residence = [[Jabalpur]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]<ref name=r1/>
| nationality = Indian {{flagicon|India}}
| citizenship = India
| office1 = [[Kamal Nath ministry|Cabinet Minister]] [[Madhya Pradesh Government]]
| 2blankname1 = Ministry & Departments
| 2namedata1 =*Finance
*Commercial Taxes
*Planning, Economic & Statistics
| term_start1 = 25 December 2018
| term_end1 = 9 March 2020
| predecessor1 = [[Jayant Malaiya]]
| successor1 = [[Jagdish Devda]]
| office2 = [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = December 2013
| term_end2 = 3 December 2023
| constituency2 = [[Jabalpur Paschim (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jabalpur West]]
| predecessor2 = Harinder Jeet Singh (Babbu)<ref>{{cite web|title=Jabalpur paschim (Madhya Pradesh) Assembly Constituency Elections|url=http://www.elections.in/madhya-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/jabalpur-paschim.html|website=Elections.in|accessdate=16 May 2018}}</ref>
| education = B.E.(running)<ref name=r1>{{cite web|title=MLA Profile|url=http://mpvidhansabha.nic.in/14thvs/2014_100.pdf|website=MP Vidhansabha|accessdate=16 May 2018}}</ref>
| alma_mater = [[St. Aloysius Senior Secondary School]]
| profession = Politician, Businessman
| successor2 = [[Rakesh Singh (politician)|Rakesh Singh]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse = Malvika Bhanot<ref name=r1/>
| children = 2 <ref name=r1/>
}}

'''Tarun Bhanot''' (born 15 December 1971) is an Indian politician who is the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|former Finance Minister of Madhya Pradesh]]. He is a member of the [[Indian National Congress]]. Bhanot became a member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in 2013 from the constituency of [[Jabalpur West (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jabalpur West]] and was re-elected in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|title=MLA Information|url=http://www.myneta.info/2008mp/candidate.php?candidate_id=14|website=myneta.info|accessdate=16 May 2018}}</ref> He resigned as Finance Minister after Chief Minister [[Kamal Nath|Kamal Nath's]] government lost its majority in the Legislative Assembly, which resulted in the collapse of the Nath Government.

==See also==
*[[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]
*[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhanot, Tarun}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-INC-politician-stub}}

FAO Super Cup

2024-09-18T17:17:30Z

Godavari:

{{morefootnotes|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox football tournament
| image =
| image_size =
| organiser = [[Football Association of Odisha]] (FAO)
| founded = {{Start date and age|2018}}
| number of teams = 8 (2023)
| region = [[Odisha]]
| domestic cup =
| qualifier for =
| current champions = Sunrise Club (2nd title)
| most successful club = Sunrise Club (2 titles)
| website =
| broadcasters = [[Football Association of Odisha|FA Odisha]] SportsKPI ([[YouTube]], [[Facebook]])
| current = [[2024 FAO Super Cup]]
}}

The '''FAO Super Cup''' (also known as the '''MGM FAO Super Cup''' for sponsorship reasons) is an annual [[Single-elimination tournament|knockout]] [[association football|football]] competition in men's domestic football, based in [[Odisha]], [[India]]. The inaugural edition of the Super Cup was played in 2018. The Super Cup is organised by and named after the [[Football Association of Odisha]] (FAO), the official football governing body of [[Odisha]], [[India]]. Sunrise Club of [[Cuttack]] were the champions of the inaugural edition of the tournament, beating the [[Rising Student's Club|Rising Students Club]].

==History==
In 2018, the [[Football Association of Odisha]], in a total revamp, introduced the two new leagues to the footballing system of the state; annual [[Single-elimination tournament|knockout]] [[association football|football]] competition in men's domestic football i.e. the FAO Super Cup and the Inter District Football Championship, which will be played among the [[List of districts of Odisha|districts of Odisha]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.goal.com/en-in/news/odisha-football-league-structure-india/1dbjavwlxvyl71eemry7qv22cb|title=All you need to know about the football league structure in Odisha|work=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]|date=25 June 2018|accessdate=26 June 2018|archive-date=26 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626111000/http://www.goal.com/en-in/news/odisha-football-league-structure-india/1dbjavwlxvyl71eemry7qv22cb|url-status=live}}</ref>

==League format==
A three-tier system consisting of ''Diamond'', ''Gold'' and ''Silver'' leagues; top four teams from the '''Diamond League''', top three teams of '''Gold League''', and the winners of '''Silver League''' play-off, would be promoted to the FAO Super cup. A total of eight teams compete in the tournament. In a total revamp of the league, the FAO Football league was converted to second highest level footballing league, as the premier state level football league was introduced by the [[Football Association of Odisha]] from 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.facebook.com/225325417530085/photos/a.529996197063004.1073741827.225325417530085/1847586815303929/?type=3&theater|title=FAO restructures domestic football|work=[[Football Association of Odisha]]|date=10 May 2018|accessdate=16 May 2018|archive-date=16 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116084153/https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2F225325417530085%2Fphotos%2Fa.529996197063004.1073741827.225325417530085%2F1847586815303929%2F%3Ftype%3D3%26theater|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Results==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+List of FAO Super Cup Finals
|-
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Winners
! scope="col" |Score
! scope="col" |Runners-up
|-
| [[2018 FAO Super Cup|2018]]
| Sunrise Club
| 2–1
| [[Rising Students Club]]
|-
| [[2022 FAO Super Cup|2022]]
| Rising Star Club
| 0–0 {{pso|2–0}}
| Bidanasi Club
|-
| [[2023 FAO Super Cup|2023]]
| [[Sports Odisha]]
| 1–0
| Sunrise Club
|-
| [[2024 FAO Super Cup|2024]]
| Sunrise Club
| 1–0
| Rovers Club
|}

===Results by team===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+
!scope="col"|Club
!scope="col"|Wins
!scope="col"|First final won
!scope="col"|Last final won
!scope="col"|Runners-up
!scope="col"|Last final lost
!scope="col"|Total final appearances
|-
!scope="row"|Sunrise Club
|2
|[[2018 FAO Super Cup|2018]]
|[[2024 FAO Super Cup|2024]]
|1
|[[2023 FAO Super Cup|2023]]
|3
|-
!scope="row"|[[Sports Odisha]]
|1
|[[2023 FAO Super Cup|2023]]
|[[2023 FAO Super Cup|2023]]
|
|
|1
|-
!scope="row"|Rising Star Club
|1
|[[2022 FAO Super Cup|2022]]
|[[2022 FAO Super Cup|2022]]
|
|
|1
|-
!scope="row"|Bidanasi Club
|0
|
|
|1
|[[2022 FAO Super Cup|2022]]
|1
|-
!scope="row"|[[Rising Students Club]]
|0
|
|
|1
|[[2018 FAO Super Cup|2018]]
|1
|-
!scope="row"|Rovers Club
|0
|
|
|1
|[[2024 FAO Super Cup|2024]]
|1
|}

==See also==
*[[FAO League]]
*[[Odisha Women's League]]
*[[Football Association of Odisha]]
*[[I-League]]
*[[Indian Super League]]
*[[Odisha football team]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Football in Odisha}}
{{Football in India}}

[[Category:Football cup competitions in India]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Orissa]]
[[Category:Football in Odisha]]
[[Category:Sports competitions in Odisha]]

Asmaka kingdom

2024-08-24T06:52:42Z

Godavari: Adding

'''Aśmaka''' (Skt. अश्मक), or Pali Assaka, was a kingdom among the 16 [[Mahajanapadas]] mentioned in [[Buddhist]] literature, in inscriptions including the Ajāntā Caves, and in Sanskrit [[Indian epic poetry|epic]] and [[Puranas|Purānic]] literature.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Law |first=B. C. |url=https://n2t.net/ark:/13960/t3d01t737 |title=Historical Geography of Ancient India |publisher=Orient Books Reprint |year=1984 |pages=142, 179}}</ref> All other kingdoms were in the north, from [[Anga]] to [[Gandhara]]. An alternative theory states that Asmaka was not an independent southern kingdom, but referred instead to [[Ashvaka|Asvaka]]—a nation in the north ruled by the [[Kambojas]]. The epic [[Mahabharata]] mentions that the [[king]] of the name ''Asmaka'' was the adopted son of [[Kalmashapada|Saudasa]] a king of [[Kosala Kingdom|Kosala]] and an [[Ikshwaku]] ruler.

== References in the Mahābhārata ==

=== Asmaka the adopted son of Saudasa ===

[[Madayanti]], the wife of [[Saudasa]], commanded by her husband to raise offspring went unto [[Vashistha|Rishi Vasishtha]]. And on going in unto him, the beautiful Madayanti obtained a son named [[Asmaka]]. (1,122).

This history is repeated at (1,197), where it adds that the queen bore the embryo in her womb for a long time. She being impatient upon her pregnancy, hit her stomach by stone (''Aśma''n, अश्मन्, in [[Sanskrit]]), hence the son thus born was named [[Asmaka]]. He became a great king and founded the city of [[Paudanya]].

=== Asmakas in Kurukshetra War ===

==== On Pandava side ====

Asmakas were mentioned to be on the side of [[Pandavas]], with [[Dhristadyumna]], at (7.83)

==== On Kaurava side ====

Borne by his well-broken steeds [[Abhimanyu]] quickly checked the '''son of Asmaka'''. Staying before him, the handsome son of Asmaka pierced him with ten shafts and addressing him, said, ‘Wait, Wait.’ Abhimanyu then, with ten shafts, cut off the former’s steeds and charioteer and standard and two arms and bow and head, and caused them to fall down on the earth, smiling the while. After the heroic ruler of the Asmakas had thus been slain by the son of Subhadra, the whole of his force wavered and began to fly away from the field. (7,35)

=== Karna's conquests ===
[[Dhritarashtra]] talks of [[Karna]] having conquered the mighty foes----the [[Gandhara]]s, the [[Madra]]kas, the [[Matsyas]], the [[Trigartas]], the [[Telangana|Tanganas]], the [[Khasas]], the [[Pancalas]], the [[Videhas]], the [[Kulindas]], the [[Kasi-kosalas]], the [[Suhmas]], the [[Angas (kingdom)|Angas]], the [[Nishadhas]], the [[Pundras]], the [[Kichakas]], the [[Vatsas]], the [[Kalinga (Mahabharata)|Kalinga]]s, the [[Taralas]], the [[Asmakas]], and the [[Rishikas]] (i.e. south-western Rishikas located in [[Maharashtra]]) (8.8) and numerous other tribes including the [[Kekaya|Kaikeyas]], [[Kambojas]], [[Ambasthas]] and [[Videhas]], etc.

=== Asmaka Sumantu, a sage ===

Asmaka Sumantu was a sage among the sages who assembled in [[Kurukshetra]], during the last days of [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru]] hero [[Bhishma]]. (12,47)

== See also ==
*[[Assaka]]
*[[Kingdoms of Ancient India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
*[[Mahabharata]] of [[Krishna Dwaipayana Vyasa]], translated to English by [[Kisari Mohan Ganguli]]

==External links==
{{Tribes and kingdoms of the Mahabharata}}

[[Category:Kingdoms in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Former kingdoms]]