Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Pinakini Satygraha Ashramam

2026-05-07T00:25:05Z

Gnfcmussorie:

{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=June 2023}}
{{Sources exist|date=April 2023}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}

'''Pinakini Satyagraha Aasramam''' is also called Gandhi Aasramam, it was started by [[Mahatma Gandhi]] in 1921 in Pallipadu Village, [[Indukurupeta mandal]], [[Nellore district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] state, India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajesekhar |first=Pathri |date=12 August 2022 |title=75th I-Day brings focus on 101-year-old Gandhi Ashram in AP's Nellore |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/120822/75th-i-day-brings-focus-on-101-year-old-gandhi-ashram-in-aps-nellore.html |access-date=10 May 2023 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

{{coord missing|Andhra Pradesh}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Nellore district]]
[[Category:1921 establishments in India]]

{{Nellore-geo-stub}}

List of Indian records in Olympic weightlifting

2026-05-06T13:14:57Z

Gnfcmussorie: started pg.

{{Short description|none}}
The following are the national records in [[Olympic weightlifting]] in [[India]]. Records are maintained in each [[weight class]] for the [[snatch (weightlifting)|snatch]] lift, [[clean and jerk]] lift, and the total for both lifts by the [[Indian Weightlifting Federation]] (IWLF).

==Current records==
'''Key to tables''':
{{legend2|#CEF6F5|''Awaiting ratification''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|pink|''Not ratified or later rescinded by IWLF''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
===Men===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
!width=9%|Event
!width=6%|Record
!width=16%|Athlete
!width=13%|Date
!width=20%|Meet
!width=20%|Place
!width=3%|Ref
|-bgcolor="#DDDDDD"
! colspan="7"|55 kg
|-
|Snatch
|align="center"|114 kg
|[[Mukund Aher]]
|28 December 2022
|Indian Championships
|[[Nagercoil]], India
|
|-
|Clean & Jerk
|align="center"|143 kg
|[[Sanket Mahadev Sargar]]
|25 February 2022
|Singapore Weightlifting International
|Singapore
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Weightlifter Sanket Sargar smashes Commonwealth record to clinch gold in Singapore, qualifies for Birmingham 2022|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/weightlifter-sanket-sargar-smashes-commonwealth-record-to-clinch-gold-in-singapore-qualifies-for-birmingham-2022/articleshow/89833948.cms#:~:text=SINGAPORE%3A%20India%27s%20Sanket%20Sargar%20smashed,for%20the%20Commonwealth%20Games%202022.|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=25 February 2022|access-date=27 July 2022}}</ref>
|-
|Total
|align="center"|256 kg
|[[Sanket Mahadev Sargar]]
|25 February 2022
|Singapore Weightlifting International
|Singapore
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Weightlifter Sanket Sargar smashes Commonwealth record to clinch gold in Singapore, qualifies for Birmingham 2022|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/weightlifter-sanket-sargar-smashes-commonwealth-record-to-clinch-gold-in-singapore-qualifies-for-birmingham-2022/articleshow/89833948.cms#:~:text=SINGAPORE%3A%20India%27s%20Sanket%20Sargar%20smashed,for%20the%20Commonwealth%20Games%202022.|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=25 February 2022|access-date=27 July 2022}}</ref>
|-bgcolor="#DDDDDD"
! colspan="7"|61 kg
|-
|Snatch
|align="center"|124 kg
|[[Rishikanta Singh]]
|8 October 2024
|Indian Championships
|[[Nagrota Bagwan]], India
|<ref name="IC 2024-25">{{cite web|title=IWLF National Weightlifting Championships-2024-25|url=https://iwlf.in/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/RESULTS-SENIOR-NAGROTA.pdf|access-date=6 June 2025|publisher=[[Indian Weightlifting Federation|IWLF]]}}</ref>
|-
|Clean & Jerk
|align="center"|165 kg
|[[Muthupandi Raja]]
|8 October 2024
|Indian Championships
|[[Nagrota Bagwan]], India
|<ref name="IC 2024-25" />
|-
|Total
|align="center"|289 kg
|[[Muthupandi Raja]]
|8 October 2024
|Indian Championships
|[[Nagrota Bagwan]], India
|<ref name="IC 2024-25" />
|-bgcolor="#DDDDDD"
! colspan="7"|67 kg
|-
|Snatch
|align="center"|141 kg
|[[Jeremy Lalrinnunga]]
|10 December 2021
|[[2021 World Weightlifting Championships – Men's 67 kg|World Championships]]
|[[Tashkent]], Uzbekistan
|<ref name="WC 2021">{{cite web|title=2021 IWF World Championships|url=https://iwf.sport/results/results-by-events/?event_id=522|publisher=[[International Weightlifting Federation|IWF]]|access-date=12 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
|Clean & Jerk
|align="center"|167 kg
|[[Jeremy Lalrinnunga]]
|3 February 2020
|Indian Championships
|[[Kolkata]], India
|<ref name="NC 2020">{{cite web |title=72nd Men and 35th Women Senior National Weightlifting Championships |url=https://iwlf.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/2019-2020-SENIOR-NATIONALS-KOLKATA.pdf |access-date=12 June 2022 |publisher=[[Indian Weightlifting Federation|IWLF]]}}</ref>
|-
|Total
|align="center"|306 kg
|[[Jeremy Lalrinnunga]]
|20 December 2019
|[[6th International Qatar Cup|Qatar Cup]]
|[[Doha]], Qatar
|<ref name="QC 2019">{{cite web|title=6th Qatar International Cup|url=https://iwf.sport/results/results-by-events/?event_id=495|publisher=[[International Weightlifting Federation|IWF]]|access-date=5 May 2020}}</ref>
|-bgcolor="#DDDDDD"
! colspan="7"|73 kg
|-
|Snatch
|align="center"|145 kg
|[[Deepak Lather]]
|11 August 2021
|Indian Championships
|[[Patiala]], India
|<ref name="NC 2021">{{cite web|title=73rd Men and 36th Women Senior National Weightlifting Championships-2020-21|url=https://iwlf.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/2020-2021-SENIOR-NATIONALS-PATIALA.pdf|publisher=[[Indian Weightlifting Federation|IWLF]]|access-date=12 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
|Clean & Jerk
|align="center"|178 kg
|[[N. Ajith]]
|9 October 2024
|Indian Championships
|[[Nagrota Bagwan]], India
|<ref name="IC 2024-25" />
|-
|Total
| align="center" |318 kg
|[[N. Ajith]]
|9 October 2024
|Indian Championships
|[[Nagrota Bagwan]], India
|<ref name="IC 2024-25" />
|-bgcolor="#DDDDDD"
! colspan="7"|81 kg
|-
|Snatch
|align="center"|149 kg
|[[Ajay Singh (weightlifter)|Ajay Singh]]
|31 December 2022
|Indian Championships
|[[Nagercoil]], India
|
|-
|Clean & Jerk
|align="center"|190 kg
|[[Ajay Singh (weightlifter)|Ajay Singh]]
|12 July 2019
|[[2019 Commonwealth Weightlifting Championships|Commonwealth Championships]]
|[[Apia]], Samoa
|<ref name="CC 2019">{{cite web |title=2019 Commonwealth Senior Championships |url=https://iwf.sport/results/results-by-events/?event_id=467 |access-date=12 June 2022 |publisher=[[International Weightlifting Federation|IWF]]}}</ref>
|-
|Total
|align="center"|338 kg
|[[Ajay Singh (weightlifter)|Ajay Singh]]
|12 July 2019
|[[2019 Commonwealth Weightlifting Championships|Commonwealth Championships]]
|[[Apia]], Samoa
|<ref name="CC 2019" />
|-bgcolor="#DDDDDD"
! colspan="7"|89 kg
|-
|Snatch
|align="center"|150 kg
|[[Harshad Wadekar]]
|26 February 2019
|Indian Championships
|[[Visakhapatnam]], India
|<ref name="NC 2019">{{cite web|title=71st Men and 34th Women Senior National Weightlifting Championships-2018-19|url=https://iwlf.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/2018-19-SENIOR-NATIONALS-VISAKHAPATNAM.pdf|publisher=[[Indian Weightlifting Federation|IWLF]]|access-date=12 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
|Clean & Jerk
|align="center"|188 kg
|[[Sambo Lapung]]
|6 February 2020
|Indian Championships
|[[Kolkata]], India
|<ref name="NC 2020" />
|-
|Total
|align="center"|337 kg
|[[Harshad Wadekar]]
|26 February 2019
|Indian Championships
|[[Visakhapatnam]], India
|<ref name="NC 2019" />
|-bgcolor="#DDDDDD"
! colspan="7"|96 kg
|-
|Snatch
|align="center"|157 kg
|[[Vikas Thakur]]
|9 February 2019
|EGAT’s Cup
|[[Chiang Mai]], Thailand
|
|-
|Clean & Jerk
| align="center" |198 kg
|[[Sambo Lapung]]{{efn|by official result source; Kojum Taba by federation source, probably a typo}}
|3 October 2022
|[[2022 National Games of India|National Games]]
|[[Gandhinagar]], India
||<ref>{{cite web|title=36th National Games – Gandhinagar|url=https://iwlf.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/ResultBook_All_638437802084828548.pdf|publisher=[[Indian Weightlifting Federation|IWLF]]|access-date=6 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Sambo Lapung breaks Vikas Thakur's three-year-old clean and jerk record|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/sambo-lapung-breaks-vikas-thakurs-three-year-old-clean-and-jerk-record/article65967216.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|author=Y. B. Sarangi|date=3 October 2022|access-date=4 October 2022}}</ref>
|-
|Total
|align="center"|353 kg
|[[Vikas Thakur]]
|9 February 2019
|EGAT’s Cup
|[[Chiang Mai]], Thailand
|
|-bgcolor="#DDDDDD"
! colspan="7"|102 kg
|-
|Snatch
|align="center"|157 kg
|[[Jagdish Vishwakarma]]
|12 October 2024
|Indian Championships
|[[Nagrota Bagwan]], India
|<ref name="IC 2024-25" />
|-
|Clean & Jerk
|align="center"|202 kg
|[[Pardeep Singh]]
|13 July 2019
|[[2019 Commonwealth Weightlifting Championships|Commonwealth Championships]]
|[[Apia]], Samoa
|<ref name="CC 2019" />
|-
|Total
|align="center"|351 kg
|[[Pardeep Singh]]
|26 April 2019
|[[2019 Asian Weightlifting Championships|Asian Championships]]
|[[Ningbo]], China
|
|-bgcolor="#DDDDDD"
! colspan="7"|109 kg
|-
|Snatch
|align="center"|163 kg
|[[Lovepreet Singh (weightlifter)|Lovepreet Singh]]
|3 August 2022
|[[Weightlifting at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's 109 kg|Commonwealth Games]]
|[[National Exhibition Centre|Marston Green]], United Kingdom
|<ref name="CG2022 M109">{{cite web|url=https://b2022-pdf.microplustimingservices.com/WLF/2022-08-03/WLFM109KG-------------FNL-000100--__C73_1.0.pdf|title=Weightlifting – Men's 109kg – Results|date=3 August 2022|access-date=5 August 2022|work=[[Birmingham Organising Committee for the 2022 Commonwealth Games|BOCCG]]}}</ref>
|-
|Clean & Jerk
|align="center"|192 kg
|[[Lovepreet Singh (weightlifter)|Lovepreet Singh]]
|3 August 2022
|[[2022 Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]
|[[National Exhibition Centre|Marston Green]], United Kingdom
|<ref name="CG2022 M109" />
|-
|Total
|align="center"|355 kg
|[[Lovepreet Singh (weightlifter)|Lovepreet Singh]]
|3 August 2022
|[[2022 Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]
|[[National Exhibition Centre|Marston Green]], United Kingdom
|<ref name="CG2022 M109" />
|-bgcolor="#DDDDDD"
! colspan="7"|+109 kg
|-
|Snatch
|align="center"|172 kg
|[[Gurdeep Singh (weightlifter)|Gurdeep Singh]]
|17 December 2021
|[[2021 World Weightlifting Championships – Men's +109 kg|World Championships]]
|[[Tashkent]], Uzbekistan
|<ref name="WC 2021" />
|-
|Clean & Jerk
|align="center"|223 kg
|[[Gurdeep Singh (weightlifter)|Gurdeep Singh]]
|3 August 2022
|[[Weightlifting at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's +109 kg|Commonwealth Games]]
|[[National Exhibition Centre|Marston Green]], United Kingdom
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://b2022-pdf.microplustimingservices.com/WLF/2022-08-03/WLFMO109KG------------FNL-000100--__C73_1.0.pdf|title=Weightlifting – Men's 109+kg – Results|date=3 August 2022|access-date=5 August 2022|work=[[Birmingham Organising Committee for the 2022 Commonwealth Games|BOCCG]]}}</ref>
|-
|Total
|align="center"|391 kg
|[[Gurdeep Singh (weightlifter)|Gurdeep Singh]]
|30 March 2022
|Indian Championships
|[[Bhubaneswar]], India
|
|}

===Women===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
!width=9%|Event
!width=6%|Record
!width=16%|Athlete
!width=13%|Date
!width=20%|Meet
!width=20%|Place
!width=3%|Ref
|-bgcolor="#DDDDDD"
! colspan="7"|45 kg
|-
|Snatch
|align="center"|76 kg
|[[Sufna Jasmin]]
|7 October 2024
|Indian Championships
|[[Nagrota Bagwan]], India
|<ref name="IC 2024-25" />
|-
|Clean & Jerk
|align="center"|95 kg
|[[Chandrika Tarafdar]]
|25 October 2023
|[[2023 National Games of India|National Games]]
|[[Panaji]], India
|
|-
|Total
|align="center"|169 kg
|[[Sufna Jasmin]]
|7 October 2024
|Indian Championships
|[[Nagrota Bagwan]], India
|<ref name="IC 2024-25" />
|-bgcolor="#DDDDDD"
! colspan="7"|49 kg
|-
|Snatch
|align="center"|88 kg
|[[Saikhom Mirabai Chanu]]
|4 February 2020
|Indian Championships
|[[Kolkata]], India
|<ref name="NC 2020" />
|-
|Clean & Jerk
|align="center"|119 kg
|[[Saikhom Mirabai Chanu]]
|17 April 2021
|[[2020 Asian Weightlifting Championships|Asian Championships]]
|[[Tashkent]], Uzbekistan
|<ref name="WC 2021" />
|-
|Total
|align="center"|205 kg
|[[Saikhom Mirabai Chanu]]
|17 April 2021
|[[2020 Asian Weightlifting Championships|Asian Championships]]
|[[Tashkent]], Uzbekistan
|<ref name="WC 2021" />
|-bgcolor="#DDDDDD"
! colspan="7"|55 kg
|-
|Snatch
|align="center"|86 kg
|[[Saikhom Mirabai Chanu]]
|25 February 2022
|Singapore Weightlifting International
|Singapore
|
|-
|Clean & Jerk
|align="center"|116 kg
|[[Bindyarani Devi Sorokhaibam]]
|30 July 2022
|[[Weightlifting at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Women's 55 kg|Commonwealth Games]]
|[[National Exhibition Centre|Marston Green]], United Kingdom
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Birmingham 2022 – Women' 55kg Results|url=https://b2022-pdf.microplustimingservices.com/WLF/2022-07-30/WLFW55KG--------------FNL-000100--__C73_1.0.pdf|website=results.birmingham2022.com|date=30 July 2022|access-date=16 August 2022}}</ref>
|-
|Total
|align="center"|202 kg
|[[Bindyarani Devi Sorokhaibam]]
|30 July 2022
|[[Weightlifting at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Women's 55 kg|Commonwealth Games]]
|[[National Exhibition Centre|Marston Green]], United Kingdom
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Birmingham 2022 – Women' 55kg Results|url=https://b2022-pdf.microplustimingservices.com/WLF/2022-07-30/WLFW55KG--------------FNL-000100--__C73_1.0.pdf|website=results.birmingham2022.com|date=30 July 2022|access-date=16 August 2022}}</ref>
|-bgcolor="#DDDDDD"
! colspan="7"|59 kg
|-
|Snatch
|align="center"|94 kg
|[[Popy Hazarika]]
|4 February 2020
|Indian Championships
|[[Kolkata]], India
|<ref name="NC 2020" />
|-
|Clean & Jerk
|align="center"|115 kg
|[[Erra Deexitha]]
|23 February 2019
|Indian Championships
|[[Visakhapatnam]], India
|<ref name="NC 2019" />
|-
|Total
|align="center"|203 kg
|[[Erra Deexitha]]
|4 February 2020
|Indian Championships
|[[Kolkata]], India
|<ref name="NC 2020" />
|-bgcolor="#DDDDDD"
! colspan="7"|64 kg
|-
|Snatch
|align="center"|95 kg
|[[Rakhi Halder]]
|22 December 2019
|[[6th International Qatar Cup|Qatar Cup]]
|[[Doha]], Qatar
|<ref name="QC 2019" />
|-
|Clean & Jerk
|align="center"|124 kg
|[[Rakhi Halder]]
|22 September 2019
|[[2019 World Weightlifting Championships – Women's 64 kg|World Championships]]
|[[Pattaya]], Thailand
|
|-
|Total
|align="center"|218 kg
|[[Rakhi Halder]]
|22 December 2019
|[[6th International Qatar Cup|Qatar Cup]]
|[[Doha]], Qatar
|<ref name="QC 2019" />
|-bgcolor="#DDDDDD"
! colspan="7"|71 kg
|-
|Snatch
|align="center"|98 kg
|[[Harjinder Kaur]]
|10 October 2024
|Indian Championships
|[[Nagrota Bagwan]], India
|<ref name="IC 2024-25" />
|-
|Clean & Jerk
|align="center"|125 kg
|[[Harjinder Kaur]]
|10 October 2024
|Indian Championships
|[[Nagrota Bagwan]], India
|<ref name="IC 2024-25" />
|-
|Total
|align="center"|223 kg
|[[Harjinder Kaur]]
|10 October 2024
|Indian Championships
|[[Nagrota Bagwan]], India
|<ref name="IC 2024-25" />
|-bgcolor="#DDDDDD"
! colspan="7"|76 kg
|-
|Snatch
|align="center"|99 kg
|[[Punam Yadav]]
|27 March 2022
|Indian Championships
|[[Bhubaneswar]], India
|
|-
|Clean & Jerk
|align="center"|127 kg
|[[Harmanpreet Kaur (weightlifter)|Harmanpreet Kaur]]
|11 October 2024
|Indian Championships
|[[Nagrota Bagwan]], India
|<ref name="IC 2024-25" />
|-
|Total
|align="center"|223 kg
|[[Harmanpreet Kaur (weightlifter)|Harmanpreet Kaur]]
|11 October 2024
|Indian Championships
|[[Nagrota Bagwan]], India
|<ref name="IC 2024-25" />
|-bgcolor="#DDDDDD"
! colspan="7"|81 kg
|-
|Snatch
|align="center"|100 kg
|[[Punam Yadav]]
|6 January 2023
|
|[[Nagercoil]], India
|
|-
|Clean & Jerk
|align="center"|124 kg
|[[Vanshita Verma]]
|5 January 2024
|Indian Championships
|[[Itanagar]], India
|<ref name="IC 2023-24">{{cite web|title=IWLF National Senior Junior and Youth Weightlifting Championships-2023-24|url=https://iwlf.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/SENIOR_RESULTS_ITANAGAR.pdf|access-date=6 June 2025|publisher=[[Indian Weightlifting Federation|IWLF]]}}</ref>
|-
|Total
|align="center"|222 kg
|[[Punam Yadav]]
|6 January 2023
|
|[[Nagercoil]], India
|
|-bgcolor="#DDDDDD"
! colspan="7"|87 kg
|-
|Snatch
|align="center"|102 kg
|[[Srishti Singh]]
|26 February 2019
|Indian Championships
|[[Visakhapatnam]], India
|<ref name="NC 2019" />
|-
|Clean & Jerk
|align="center"|127 kg
|[[Arockiya Alish]]
|6 January 2024
|Indian Championships
|[[Itanagar]], India
|<ref name="IC 2023-24" />
|-
|Total
|align="center"|228 kg
|[[Pavunraj Anuradha]]
|26 February 2019
|Indian Championships
|[[Visakhapatnam]], India
|<ref name="NC 2019" />
|-bgcolor="#DDDDDD"
! colspan="7"|+87 kg
|-
|Snatch
|align="center"|105 kg
|[[Mehak Sharma]]
|6 January 2024
|Indian Championships
|[[Itanagar]], India
|<ref name="IC 2023-24" />
|-
|Clean & Jerk
|align="center"|140 kg
|[[Mehak Sharma]]
|13 October 2024
|Indian Championships
|[[Nagrota Bagwan]], India
|<ref name="IC 2024-25" />
|-
|Total
|align="center"|244 kg
|[[Mehak Sharma]]
|13 October 2024
|Indian Championships
|[[Nagrota Bagwan]], India
|<ref name="IC 2024-25" />
|}

==Historical records==
===Men (1998–2018)===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%; width: 95%;"
!width=9%|Event
!width=6%|Record
!width=16%|Athlete
!width=13%|Date
!width=20%|Meet
!width=20%|Place
!width=3%|Ref
|-bgcolor="#DDDDDD"
! colspan="7"|-56 kg
|-
|Snatch
|align="center"|119 kg
|[[Vicky Batta]]
|5 August 2005
|
|[[Bangalore]], India
|
|-
|Clean & Jerk
|align="center"|147 kg
|[[A.K. Pandian]]
|17 January 2001
|
|[[Visakhapatnam]], India
|
|-
|Total
|align="center"|262 kg
|[[A.K. Pandian]]
|17 January 2001
|
|[[Visakhapatnam]], India
|
|-bgcolor="#DDDDDD"
! colspan="7"|-62 kg
|-
|Snatch
|align="center"|126 kg
|[[Deepak Lather]]
|25 December 2015
|Indian Championships
|[[Patiala]], India
|<ref>{{cite web|title=68th Men Senior National Weightlifting Championships-2015-16|url=http://www.iwlf.in/pdf/Results/National/2016/SCORESHEET-68TH-MEN-SENIOR-NATIONAL-CHAMPIONSHIPS-2015-16-PATIALA.pdf|publisher=[[Indian Weightlifting Federation]]|access-date=14 March 2019}}</ref>
|-
|Clean & Jerk
|align="center"|153 kg
|[[Rustam Sarang]]
|27 December 2016
|Indian Championships
|[[Nagercoil]], India
|<ref>{{cite web|title=69th Men and 32nd Women Senior National Weightlifting Championships|url=http://www.iwlf.in/pdf/Results/National/2016/SCORESHEET-SR-NATIONALS-NAGERCOIL.pdf|publisher=[[Indian Weightlifting Federation]]|access-date=14 March 2019}}</ref>
|-
|Total
|align="center"|275 kg
|Indian Standard
|
|
|
|
|-bgcolor="#DDDDDD"
! colspan="7"|-69 kg
|-
|Snatch
|align="center"|146 kg
|[[Katulu Ravi Kumar]]
|6 October 2010
|[[Weightlifting at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's 69 kg|Commonwealth Games]]
|[[New Delhi]], India
|
|-
|Clean & Jerk
|align="center"|175 kg
|[[Katulu Ravi Kumar]]
|6 October 2010
|[[Weightlifting at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's 69 kg|Commonwealth Games]]
|[[New Delhi]], India
|
|-
|Total
|align="center"|321 kg
|[[Katulu Ravi Kumar]]
|6 October 2010
|[[Weightlifting at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's 69 kg|Commonwealth Games]]
|[[New Delhi]], India
|
|-bgcolor="#DDDDDD"
! colspan="7"|-77 kg
|-
|Snatch
|align="center"|152 kg
|[[Sathish Sivalingam]]
|14 August 2015
|
|[[Patiala]], India
|
|-
|Clean & Jerk
|align="center"|187 kg
|[[Sathish Sivalingam]]
|14 August 2015
|
|[[Patiala]], India
|
|-
|Total
|align="center"|339 kg
|[[Sathish Sivalingam]]
|14 August 2015
|
|[[Patiala]], India
|
|-bgcolor="#DDDDDD"
! colspan="7"|-85 kg
|-
|Snatch
|align="center"|156 kg
|[[Ragala Venkat Rahul]]
|7 September 2015
|Commonwealth Junior Championships
|[[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]], Australia
|<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Commonwealth Junior Championships|url=https://www.iwf.net/results/results-by-events/?event=394|publisher=[[International Weightlifting Federation|IWF]]|access-date=14 March 2019}}</ref>
|-
|Clean & Jerk
|align="center"|195 kg
|[[Ragala Venkat Rahul]]
|7 September 2015
|Commonwealth Junior Championships
|[[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]], Australia
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Total
|align="center"|351 kg
|[[Ragala Venkat Rahul]]
|7 September 2015
|Commonwealth Junior Championships
|[[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]], Australia
|<ref name=":0" />
|-bgcolor="#DDDDDD"
! colspan="7"|-94 kg
|-
|Snatch
|align="center"|159 kg
|[[Vikas Thakur]]
|8 April 2018
|[[Weightlifting at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Men's 94 kg|Commonwealth Games]]
|[[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]], Australia
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Men's 94kg Results|url=https://results.gc2018.com/resCG2018-/pdf/CG2018-/WLF/CG2018-_WLF_C73_WLFM94KG--------------------------.pdf|work=gc2018.com|date=8 April 2018|access-date=13 April 2018|archive-date=8 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408154325/https://results.gc2018.com/resCG2018-/pdf/CG2018-/WLF/CG2018-_WLF_C73_WLFM94KG--------------------------.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|Clean & Jerk
|align="center"|196 kg
|[[Vikas Thakur]]
|3 December 2017
|[[2017 World Weightlifting Championships – Men's 94 kg|World Championships]]
|[[Anaheim, California|Anaheim]], United States
|<ref name="WC 2017">{{cite web|title=2017 IWF World Championships Results|url=http://www.iwf.net/results/results-by-events/?event=405|work=[[International Weightlifting Federation|IWF]]|date=3 December 2017|access-date=4 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
|Total
|align="center"|351 kg
|[[Vikas Thakur]]
|3 December 2017
|[[2017 World Weightlifting Championships – Men's 94 kg|World Championships]]
|[[Anaheim, California|Anaheim]], United States
|<ref name="WC 2017" />
|-bgcolor="#DDDDDD"
! colspan="7"|-105 kg
|-
|Snatch
|align="center"|161 kg
|[[Mohanlal Syamlal]]
|1 April 2014
|Indian Championships
|[[Nagpur]], India
|<ref>{{cite web|title=66th Men & 29th Women Senior National Weightlifting Championships|url=http://www.iwlf.in/pdf/Results/National/2014/CONSOLIDATED%20RESULTS%20OF%20SENIOR%20NATIONAL%20WEIGHTLIFTING%20CHAMPIONSHPS%20AT%20NAGPUR%202014.pdf|publisher=[[Indian Weightlifting Federation]]|access-date=14 March 2019}}</ref>
|-
|Clean & Jerk
|align="center"|200 kg
|[[Pardeep Singh]]
|9 April 2018
|[[Weightlifting at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Men's 105 kg|Commonwealth Games]]
|[[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]], Australia
|<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Men's 105kg Results|url=https://results.gc2018.com/resCG2018-/pdf/CG2018-/WLF/CG2018-_WLF_C73_WLFM105KG-------------------------.pdf|work=gc2018.com|date=9 April 2018|access-date=13 April 2018|archive-date=14 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414091640/https://results.gc2018.com/resCG2018-/pdf/CG2018-/WLF/CG2018-_WLF_C73_WLFM105KG-------------------------.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|Total
|align="center"|352 kg
|[[Pardeep Singh]]
|9 April 2018
|[[Weightlifting at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Men's 105 kg|Commonwealth Games]]
|[[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]], Australia
|<ref name=":1" />
|-bgcolor="#DDDDDD"
! colspan="7"|+105 kg
|-
|Snatch
|align="center"|175 kg
|[[Gurdeep Singh (weightlifter)|Gurdeep Singh]]
|9 April 2018
|[[Weightlifting at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Men's +105 kg|Commonwealth Games]]
|[[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]], Australia
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Men's +105kg Results|url=https://results.gc2018.com/resCG2018-/pdf/CG2018-/WLF/CG2018-_WLF_C73_WLFMO105KG------------------------.pdf|work=gc2018.com|date=9 April 2018|access-date=13 April 2018|archive-date=9 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409121625/https://results.gc2018.com/resCG2018-/pdf/CG2018-/WLF/CG2018-_WLF_C73_WLFMO105KG------------------------.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|Clean & Jerk
|align="center"|217 kg
|[[Gurdeep Singh (weightlifter)|Gurdeep Singh]]
|25 January 2018
|Indian Championships
|[[Moodabidri]], India
|<ref name=":2">{{cite web|title=70th Men and 33rd Women Senior National Weightlifting Championships-2017-18|url=http://www.iwlf.in/pdf/Results/National/2016/Results-70Men-and-33Women-National.pdf|publisher=[[Indian Weightlifting Federation]]|access-date=14 March 2019}}</ref>
|-
|Total
|align="center"|390 kg
|[[Gurdeep Singh (weightlifter)|Gurdeep Singh]]
|25 January 2018
|Indian Championships
|[[Moodabidri]], India
|<ref name=":2" />
|}

===Women (1998–2018)===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%; width: 95%;"
!width=9%|Event
!width=6%|Record
!width=16%|Athlete
!width=13%|Date
!width=20%|Meet
!width=20%|Place
!width=3%|Ref
|-bgcolor="#DDDDDD"
! colspan="7"|-48 kg
|-
|Snatch
|align="center"|86 kg
|[[Saikhom Mirabai Chanu]]
|5 April 2018
|[[Weightlifting at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Women's 48 kg|Commonwealth Games]]
|[[Gold Coast, Australia|Gold Coast]], Australia
|<ref name=":3">{{cite web|title=Women's 48kg Results|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/commonwealth-games/results/sports/weightlifting/weightlifting-womens-48kg|work=BBC|date=5 April 2018|access-date=5 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
|Clean and jerk
|align="center"|110 kg
|[[Saikhom Mirabai Chanu]]
|5 April 2018
|[[Weightlifting at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Women's 48 kg|Commonwealth Games]]
|[[Gold Coast, Australia|Gold Coast]], Australia
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|Total
|align="center"|196 kg
|[[Saikhom Mirabai Chanu]]
|5 April 2018
|[[Weightlifting at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Women's 48 kg|Commonwealth Games]]
|[[Gold Coast, Australia|Gold Coast]], Australia
|<ref name=":3" />
|-bgcolor="#DDDDDD"
! colspan="7"|-53 kg
|-
|Snatch
|align="center"|90 kg
|[[W. Nandini Devi]]
|19 July 2003
|
|[[Patiala]], India
|
|-
|Clean and jerk
|align="center"|115 kg
|[[W. Nandini Devi]]
|19 July 2003
|
|[[Patiala]], India
|
|-
|Total
|align="center"|205 kg
|[[W. Nandini Devi]]
|19 July 2003
|
|[[Patiala]], India
|
|-bgcolor="#DDDDDD"
! colspan="7"|-58 kg
|-
|Snatch
|align="center"|93 kg
|[[Yumnam Chanu|Renu Bala]]
|27 December 2005
|
|[[Yamuna Nagar]], India
|
|-
|Clean and jerk
|align="center"|119 kg
|[[Yumnam Chanu|Renu Bala]]
|20 December 2007
|
|[[Bhubaneswar]], India
|
|-
|Total
|align="center"|209 kg
|[[Yumnam Chanu|Renu Bala]]
|20 December 2007
|
|[[Bhubaneswar]], India
|
|-bgcolor="#DDDDDD"
! colspan="7"|-63 kg
|-
|Snatch
|align="center"|105 kg
|[[Karnam Malleswari]]
|10 December 1998
|
|[[Bangkok]], Thailand
|
|-
|Clean and jerk
|align="center"|128 kg
|[[Rakhi Halder]]
|23 January 2018
|Indian Championships
|[[Moodabidri]], India
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|Total
|align="center"|230 kg
|[[Karnam Malleswari]]
|10 December 1998
|
|[[Bangkok]], Thailand
|
|-bgcolor="#DDDDDD"
! colspan="7"|-69 kg
|-
|Snatch
|align="center"|110 kg
|[[Karnam Malleswari]]
|19 September 2000
|[[Weightlifting at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's 69 kg|Olympic Games]]
|[[Sydney]], Australia
|
|-
|Clean and jerk
|align="center"|130 kg
|[[Karnam Malleswari]]
|19 September 2000
|[[Weightlifting at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's 69 kg|Olympic Games]]
|[[Sydney]], Australia
|
|-
|Total
|align="center"|240 kg
|[[Karnam Malleswari]]
|19 September 2000
|[[Weightlifting at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's 69 kg|Olympic Games]]
|[[Sydney]], Australia
|
|-bgcolor="#DDDDDD"
! colspan="7"|-75 kg
|-
|Snatch
|align="center"|111 kg
|[[P. Sailaja]]
|1 September 2005
|
|[[Bangalore]], India
|
|-
|Clean and jerk
|align="center"|138 kg
|[[P. Sailaja]]
|1 September 2005
|
|[[Bangalore]], India
|
|-
|Total
|align="center"|249 kg
|[[P. Sailaja]]
|1 September 2005
|
|[[Bangalore]], India
|
|-bgcolor="#DDDDDD"
! colspan="7"|-90 kg
|-
|Snatch
|align=center|97 kg
|[[Anuratha]]
|24 January 2018
|Indian Championships
|[[Moodabidri]], India
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|Clean & Jerk
|align=center|115 kg
|[[Anuratha]]
|24 January 2018
|Indian Championships
|[[Moodabidri]], India
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|Total
|align=center|212 kg
|[[Anuratha]]
|24 January 2018
|Indian Championships
|[[Moodabidri]], India
|<ref name=":2" />
|-bgcolor="#DDDDDD"
! colspan="7"|+90 kg
|-
|Snatch
|align="center"|112 kg
|[[Simple Kaur]]
|16 January 2004
|
|[[New Delhi]], India
|
|-
|Clean and jerk
|align="center"|147 kg
|[[Simple Kaur]]
|20 February 2005
|
|[[Guwahati]], India
|
|-
|Total
|align="center"|255 kg
|[[Simple Kaur]]
|20 February 2005
|
|[[Guwahati]], India
|
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
;General
*[https://iwlf.in/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/N-R-AS-ON-25-12-2024.pdf Indian records] ''25 December 2024 updated''
;Specific
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.iwlf.in/ IWLF web site]
*[https://iwlf.in/national-records/ IWLF records page]

{{Records in Olympic weightlifting}}

[[Category:Weightlifting in India|records]]
[[Category:National records in Olympic weightlifting|India]]
[[Category:Indian records|Olympic weightlifting]]
[[Category:India sport-related lists|weightlifting]]

Thrissur Assembly constituency

2026-05-04T13:51:29Z

Gnfcmussorie: Added New Page Basic Info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| state = [[Kerala]]
| name = Thrissur
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 67
| map_image = Gec thrissur.jpg
| map_caption = [[Government Engineering College, Thrissur]], the second-oldest Government Engineering College in the state.
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| electors = 1,72,358 (2016)
| mla = [[Rajan Pallan]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| alliance = {{legend2|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|'''[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| latest_election_year = 2026
| district = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
}}
'''Thrissur''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Thrissur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://keralaassembly.org/constitutencies.html
|title=CONSTITUENCIES IN KERALA
|publisher=Kerala Assembly
|access-date=2011-09-25}}</ref> As of the [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021 Assembly elections]], the current MLA is [[P. Balachandran (politician)|P. Balachandran]] of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]].

==Local self-governed segments==
Thrissur Assembly constituency is composed of the following 41 wards of the [[Thrissur Municipal Corporation]]:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/thrissur.html
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Thrissur District
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
!width="20px" |Ward no.
!width="75px" |Name
!width="20px" |Ward no.
!width="75px" |Name
!width="20px" |Ward no.
!width="75px" |Name
|-
|1
|[[Punkunnam]]
|2
|[[Kuttankulangara]]
|3
|[[Patturaikkal]]
|-
|4
|[[Viyyoor]]
|5
|[[Peringavu]]
|6
|[[Ramavarmapuram]]
|-
|7
|[[Kuttumukku]]
|8
|[[Villadam]]
|9
|[[Cherur]]
|-
|10
|[[Mukkattukara]]
|11
|[[Gandhinagar, Thrissur|Gandhinagar]]
|12
|[[Chembukkavu]]
|-
|13
|[[Kizhakkumpattukara]]
|14
|[[Paravattani]]
|15
|[[Ollukkara]]
|-
|16
|[[Nettissery]]
|19
|[[Krishnapuram, Thrissur|Krishnapuram]]
|20
|[[Kalathodu]]
|-
|21
|[[Nadathara]]
|22
|[[Chelakkottukara]]
|23
|[[Mission Quarters]]
|-
|27
|[[Kuttanellur]]
|33
|[[Chiyyaram]] North
|34
|[[Kannamkulangara]]
|-
|35
|Pallikulam
|36
|[[Thekkinkadu Maidan|Thekkinkadu]]
|37
|[[Kottappuram, Thrissur|Kottappuram]]
|-
|38
|[[Poothole]]
|39
|[[Kokkalai|Kokkala]]
|40
|[[Vadookkara]]
|-
|45
|[[Karyattukara]]
|46
|[[Chettupuzha]]
|47
|[[Pullazhi]]
|-
|48
|[[Olarikara]]
|49
|[[Elthuruth]]
|50
|[[Laloor]]
|-
|51
|[[Aranattukara]]
|52
|[[Kanattukara]]
|53
|[[Ayyanthole]]
|-
|54
|[[Civil Station]]
|55
|Puthurkkara
|
|
|}

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented the constituency:

'''Key'''

{{Party index link|Independent politician}} {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}} {{Party index link|Bharatiya Lok Dal}} {{Party index link|National Democratic Party (Kerala)}} {{Party index link|Communist Party of India}} {{Party index link|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
{| class="sortable" width="50%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 2px #000000 solid; font-size: x-big;"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Election
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Niyama
Sabha
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Member
! colspan="2" style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Party
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Tenure
|-
| [[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| 1st
| [[A. R. Menon]]
| [[Independent politician|Ind.]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}" |
| 1957 – 1960
|-
| [[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]
| 2nd
| T. A. Dharmaja Iyer
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| 1960 – 1965
|-
| [[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| 3rd
| K. Sekharan Nair
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
| 1967 – 1970
|-
| [[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
| rowspan="2"| 4th
| [[Joseph Mundassery]]
| [[Independent politician|Ind.]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}" |
| 1970 - 1972
|-
| 1972*
| [[P. A. Antony]]
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| 1972 - 1977
|-
| [[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| 5th
| [[K. J. George (politician, born 1934)|K. J. George]]
| [[Bharatiya Lok Dal|BLD]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Lok Dal}}"|
| 1977 – 1980
|-
| [[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| 6th
| [[M. K. Kannan]]
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|1980 – 1982
|-
| [[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
| 7th
| [[Therambil Ramakrishnan]]
| [[National Democratic Party (Kerala)|NDP]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|National Democratic Party (Kerala)}}" |
| 1982 – 1987
|-
| [[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| 8th
| E. K. Menon
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
| 1987 – 1991
|-
| [[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| 9th
| rowspan="5"| Therambil Ramakrishnan
| rowspan="5"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| rowspan="5" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| 1991 – 1996
|-
| [[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| 10th
| 1996 – 2001
|-
| [[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| 11th
| 2001 – 2006
|-
| [[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| 12th
| 2006 – 2011
|-
| [[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| 13th
| 2011 – 2016
|-
| [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| 14th
| [[V. S. Sunil Kumar]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
| 2016 – 2021
|-
| [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| 15th
| [[P. Balachandran (politician)|P. Balachandran]]
| 2021 – 2026
|-
|[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| 16th
|[[Rajan Pallan]]
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| 2026 – present
|}
{{notelist}}*by-election

== Election results ==

===2026===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Thrissur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Rajan Pallan]]|votes=60,290|percentage=48.55|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India|candidate=Alancode Leelakrishnan|votes=33,487|percentage=26.97|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=BJP|candidate=Padmaja Venugopal|votes=28,662|percentage=23.08|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Rani Anto|votes=299|percentage=0.24|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,043|percentage=0.84|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 26,803
|percentage = 21.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=124,182|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Thrissur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India|candidate=[[P. Balachandran (politician)|P. Balachandran]]|votes=44,263|percentage=34.25|change={{decrease}}7.94|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Padmaja Venugopal|votes=43,317|percentage=33.52|change={{decrease}}3.18|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Suresh Gopi]]|votes=40,457|percentage=31.30|change={{increase}}11.84|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=712|percentage=0.56|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Ajith Menon Ponnemkattil|votes=252|percentage=0.19|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian Gandhiyan Party|candidate=Thrissur Mukundan|votes=225|percentage=0.17|change={{increase}}0.11|}}
{{Election box margin of victory||votes=946|percentage=0.33|change={{decrease}}3.01|}}
{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Communist Party of India|loser=Indian National Congress|swing={{decrease}}7.94|}}{{Election box turnout||votes=1,29,237|percentage=70.73|change={{decrease}}3.06}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
There were 1,72,358 registered voters in the constituency for the 2016 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref> 
{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Thrissur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India|candidate=[[V. S. Sunil Kumar]]|votes=53,664|percentage=42.19|change={{increase}}3.34|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Padmaja Venugopal|votes=46,677|percentage=36.70|change={{decrease}}16.49|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=B. Gopalakrishnan|votes=24,748|percentage=19.46|change={{increase}}13.52|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,128|percentage=0.89|change=-|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Anthony J. Maliakal|votes=256|percentage=0.20|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Samajwadi Party|candidate=P. S. Unnikrishnan|votes=226|percentage=0.18|change=-|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Peoples Democratic Party (India)|candidate=Raji Mani|votes=154|percentage=0.12|change=-}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=M. Pradeepan|votes=111|percentage=0.09|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian Gandhiyan Party|candidate=Santhakumari K. V.|votes=74|percentage=0.06|change=-}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=6,987|percentage=5.49|change=N/A}}
{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Communist Party of India|loser=Indian National Congress|swing={{increase}}3.34}}{{Election box turnout||votes=1,27,191|percentage=73.79|change={{increase}}4.12}}

{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,61,886 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Thrissur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Therambil Ramakrishnan]]|votes=59,991|percentage=53.19|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India|candidate=[[P. Balachandran (politician)|P. Balachandran]]|votes=43,822|percentage=38.85|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Ravikumar Uppath|votes=6,697|percentage=5.94|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Therambil Radhakrishnan|votes=1,405|percentage=1.25|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=A. Jayaram|votes=879|percentage=0.78|change=|}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=16,169|percentage=14.34|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Indian National Congress|swing=}}{{Election box turnout||votes=1,27,191|percentage=73.79|change=}}

{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Thrissur]]
* [[Thrissur district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}
{{Thrissur topics}}

[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Thrissur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]
[[Category:Thrissur]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Kerala]]

The Forgotten Army – Azaadi Ke Liye

2026-05-01T18:18:55Z

Gnfcmussorie: Added First Page Basic Info.

{{short description|Indian web television series by Kabir Khan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = The Forgotten Army poster.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| genre =
| based_on =
| runtime = 30–45 Minutes
| creator = Kabir Khan
| director = [[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]]
| writer = {{Plainlist|
* Kabir Khan
* Heeraz Marfatia
* Shubhra Swarup
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Sunny Kaushal]]
* [[Sharvari]]
}}
| narrated = [[Shah Rukh Khan]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-shah-rukh-khan-turns-narrator-for-kabir-khan-s-the-forgotten-army-2808006 |title=Shah Rukh Khan turns narrator for Kabir Khan's The Forgotten Army? |date=4 January 2020 |website=DNA India}}</ref>
| theme_music_composer = [[Pritam]]
| composer = Julius Packiam Joel Crasto
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| location = India
| cinematography = [[Aseem Mishra]]
| editor = Peter Alderliesten Rameshwar S. Bhagat
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 5
| executive_producer = {{Plainlist|
* Kabir Khan
* Rajan Kapoor
}}
| network = [[Prime Video|Amazon Prime Video]]
| released =
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2020|01|24}}
| last_aired =
| company = Kabir Khan Films Pvt. Ltd
}}
'''''The Forgotten Army – Azaadi Ke Liye''''' is a television series which premiered on [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 24 January 2020. The series is directed by [[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]], and is based on true events about the men and women in the [[Indian National Army]] (INA) led by [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose|Subhash Chandra Bose]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/the-forgotten-army-azaadi-ke-liye-trailer-sees-sunny-kaushal-sharvari-lead-ina-wage-war-against-british-rule-7871341.html |title=The Forgotten Army: Azaadi Ke Liye trailer sees Sunny Kaushal, Sharvari lead INA, wage war against British rule |last= |first= |date=7 January 2020 |website=Firstpost|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=10 January 2020}}</ref> The series stars [[Sunny Kaushal]] and [[Sharvari]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/television/kabir-khan-make-web-series-boses-indian-national-army-1502834957.html |title=Kabir Khan to make web series on Bose's Indian National Army |last= |first= |date=18 December 2019 |website=The Statesman|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=10 January 2020}}</ref> Kabir Khan made his directorial debut with a documentary titled ''The Forgotten Army'' in 1999 which was aired by [[Doordarshan]]; and during a promotional talk, Kabir Khan said the current series is a project that is 20 years in the making, based on his initial documentary.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/kabir-khan-project-was-in-the-making-for-20-years/22290178 |title=Kabir Khan on The Forgotten Army – Azaadi Ke Liye: Project was in the making for 20 years |last= |first= |date=19 December 2019 |website=Mid-Day|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=10 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/the-forgotten-army-sunny-kaushal-and-sharvari-shine-in-the-trailer-watch-video-1634711-2020-01-07 |title=The Forgotten Army: Sunny Kaushal and Sharvari shine in the trailer |last= |first= |date=7 January 2020 |website=India Today|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=10 January 2020}}</ref> The shooting took place in locations such as [[Thailand]], [[Singapore]], [[Malaysia]] and [[Mumbai]].<ref name=":0" />

==Synopsis==
''The Forgotten Army – Azaadi Ke Liye'', is based on the true story of Indian soldiers allied with the Japanese army, who marched towards the capital, with the war cry 'Challo Dilli' ({{Lit|March on [[Delhi]]}}), to gain Indian independence from colonial rule. The [[Indian National Army]] (INA), which was born out of Indian soldiers who defected to the [[Empire of Japan]] during WWII to fight against allied forces, was led by [[Subhash Chandra Bose]] and had the first women's infantry regiment since the [[Women's Battalion|Russian units of 1917–1918]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/sunny-kaushal-and-sharvari-are-leads-in-kabir-khan-s-web-series-the-forgotten-army-1628965-2019-12-17 |title=Sunny Kaushal and Sharvari are leads in Kabir Khan's web series The Forgotten Army |last= |first= |date=17 December 2019 |website=Indiatoday|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=17 December 2019}}</ref> While these soldiers (consisting of both men and women) fought against all odds to gain India its independence, their struggle and story somehow got lost and they became 'the forgotten army'. With the love story between two soldiers – Sodhi and Maya at the heart of it, the series raises several questions about identity, independence and the idea of motherland and the cost of freedom. Freedom, that is often taken for granted but freedom that costs countless lives and sacrifices. Fighting to keep freedom alive is often more difficult than fighting to gain freedom.

==Cast==
*[[Sunny Kaushal]] as [[Lieutenant]] (when in the [[British Indian Army]])/[[Captain]] (when in the [[Indian National Army]]) Surinder Sodhi<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/the-forgotten-army-sunny-kaushal-historical-genre-entertain-and-educate-the-audience-6231327/ |title=The Forgotten Army actor Sunny Kaushal: Historical genre can entertain and educate the audience |date=24 January 2020 |website=The Indian Express |language=en-US|access-date=28 January 2020}}</ref>
**[[M. K. Raina]] as Old Surinder Sodhi<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |url=https://www.express.co.uk/showbiz/tv-radio/1232622/The-Forgotten-Army-cast-Amazon-series-Sunny-Kaushal-Rohit-Chaudhary-Sharvari-Wagh |title=The Forgotten Army cast: Who is in the cast of The Forgotten Army? |first=Neela |last=Debnath |date=27 January 2020 |website=Express.co.uk}}</ref>
*[[Sharvari]] as Maya Srinivasan
*[[Rohit Chaudhary]] as Arshad<ref name="auto"/>
*[[Vaazhl|TJ Bhanu Parvathimurthy]] as Rasamma<ref name="auto"/>
*[[Karanvir Malhotra]] as Amar
*R Badree as Rajan
*Paloma Monnappa as Rani
*[[Shruti Seth]] as [[Captain]] [[Lakshmi Sehgal|Lakshmi Swaminathan]]
*[[Akhil Iyer]] as Shridhar
*Toshiji Takeshima as Daichi
*[[Amala Akkineni]] as Maya's mother
*[[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as Maya's father
*Kajol Muskan as a woman soldier (drill commander)
*[[Junichi Kajioka]] as [[Lieutenant General]] [[Iwaichi Fujiwara]]
*[[Bijou Thaangjam]] as Japanese soldier

== Critical reception ==
''[[The New Indian Express]]'' writes that the series is filled with heartfelt nationalism but falls short on depth.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2020/jan/25/review-the-forgotten-army---azaadi-ke-liye-yes-but-for-us-2094538.html |title=Review: The Forgotten Army – Azaadi Ke Liye, yes, but for us? |last=M |first=Narayani |date=25 January 2020 |website=The New Indian Express|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=18 February 2020}}</ref> Pratishruti Ganguly writes in the ''[[Firstpost]]'' that the short series has good performances by numerous actors as well as excellent camera-work, both contributing to a worthwhile cinematic experience.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/the-forgotten-army-review-kabir-khans-maiden-digital-venture-has-noble-intentions-but-is-let-down-by-its-lack-of-subtlety-7950131.html |title=The Forgotten Army review: Kabir Khan's maiden digital venture has noble intentions, but is let down by its lack of subtlety |last=Ganguly |first=Pratishruti |date=25 January 2020 |website=Firstpost |language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=18 February 2020}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[List of World War II television series]]
* [[Fourteenth Army (United Kingdom)]], 1943-1945 Commonwealth military formation known as the Forgotten Army

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=10289938}}

{{Kabir Khan}}
{{Amazon Prime Video original series}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Forgotten Army - Azaadi Ke Liye}}
[[Category:Amazon Prime Video original programming]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian National Army in fiction]]
[[Category:2020s Indian television miniseries]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Singapore]]
[[Category:Television series set in 1996]]
[[Category:Television series set in the 1940s]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Subhas Chandra Bose]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Myanmar]]
[[Category:Burma in World War II]]
[[Category:Japan in non-Japanese culture]]
[[Category:Television series set in the Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Drama television series about World War II]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian historical television series]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Television shows filmed in Thailand]]
[[Category:Television shows filmed in Singapore]]
[[Category:Television shows filmed in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Television shows set in the British Raj]]
[[Category:Television shows filmed in India]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Thailand]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Japanese people]]
[[Category:Live action television shows based on films]]

Premanand Govind Sharan

2026-05-01T17:03:50Z

Gnfcmussorie:

{{Short description|Hindu saint and spiritual leader (born 1971)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| honorific prefix =
| name =
| image = Premanand Govind Sharan.webp
| caption = Premanand Ji Maharaj
| birth_name = Aniruddha Kumar Pandey
| religion = [[Sanatan]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1971|March|30}}<ref name="Desk 2024 b131"/><ref name="BT"/>
| birth_place = [[Sarsaul]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| nationality =
| sect = [[Radha Vallabha Sampradaya]]
| order =
| teacher = Shri Hit Gaurangi Sharan Ji Maharaj<ref name="patrika.com">{{cite web |title= शास्त्रों में गुरु की उपयोगिता तथा महत्ता : प्रेमानंद गोविन्द शरण जी महाराज {{!}} mathura-vrindavan-premanand-maharaj-guru |url=https://www.patrika.com/bassi-news/mathura-vrindavan-premanand-maharaj-guru-8706239 |website=Patrika News |language=hi |date=2 February 2024}}</ref>
| literary_works =
| present_post =
| post =
| website =
| honorific suffix =
}}

'''Premanand Govind Sharan''' (born '''Aniruddh Kumar Pandey''', 30 March 1971) <ref>{{cite web |title=प्रेमानंद महाराज के गुरु कौन हैं? जिन्होंने सिखाया प्रेम मार्ग पर चलना |url=https://www.aajtak.in/visualstories/religion/premanand-maharaj-guru-is-gaurangi-sharan-maharaj-bade-dada-guru-ji-know-about-his-journey-kashi-to-mathura-vrindavan-about-shri-hit-premanand-govind-sharan-maharaj-tvism-99666-06-02-2024 |website=Aajtak.in |language=hi |date=6 February 2024}}</ref> popularly known as '''Premanand Maharaj''' is an Indian Hindu spiritual guru, saint, and philosopher.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-01 |title=Growing inclination towards more inclusive and personal understanding of spirituality: Shri Premanand Govind Sharan Ji Maharaj |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/growing-inclination-towards-more-inclusive-and-personal-understanding-of-spirituality-shri-premanand-govind-sharan-ji-maharaj/articleshow/107178271.cms |access-date=2024-04-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He is a worshipper of Radha [[Krishna]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=2023-05-24 |title=प्रेमानंद जी महाराज वृंदावन का जीवन परिचय जान आप रह जाएंगे हैरान, यहां पढ़ें इनकी जीवनी |url=https://www.abplive.com/lifestyle/religion/premanand-ji-maharaj-biography-in-hindi-who-is-shri-premanand-govind-sharan-ji-maharaj-know-his-story-katha-satsang-2415536 |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref> His Ashram is Shri Hit Radha Keli Kunj in Vrindavan. He has gained an iconic social media presence due to his aversion to publicity and refusal to treat his celebrity devotees differently from others.<ref>{{Cite web |last=मिश्रा |first=प्रेम शंकर |date=2023-12-13 |title=Premanand Ji Maharaj Story: कौन हैं ये स्वामी, जिनके मुरीद है विराट से लेकर मोहन भागवत तक |url=http://www.navbharatgold.com/spirituality/who-is-this-swami-whose-admirer-ranges-from-virat-kohli-to-mohan-bhagwat/story/105941518.cms |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=Navbharat Gold |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/mathura-premanand-maharaj-belongs-radha-vallabh-sampradaya-sect-community-know-why-vrindavan-wale-baba-wear-only-yellow-clothes-8071375.html|title=वृन्दावन वाले प्रेमानंद महाराज किस संप्रदाय से ताल्लुक रखते हैं?|quote=प्रेमानंद महाराज भी राधावल्लभ संप्रदाय से आते हैं।|date=2024-02-15|website=News18 हिंदी|language=hi|access-date=2024-04-15}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Shri Premanand Govind Sharan Ji Maharaj was born as Aniruddh Kumar Pandey in 1971 in the Akhri village, [[Sarsaul|Sarsaul Block]], Uttar Pradesh to Rama Devi and Shambhu Pandey. At the age of 13, he renounced worldly ([[Sannyasa]]) life and chose the path of asceticism, following the spiritual tradition of his grandfather.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lokmatnews.in/spirituality/pujya-shri-premanand-ji-maharaj-remains-guide-for-spiritual-seekers-sitting-in-vrindavan-dham-b507/|title=आध्यात्मिक साधकों के पथप्रदर्शक बने हुए हैं नैष्ठिक ब्रह्मचारी प्रेमानंद जी महाराज|website=www.lokmatnews.in|language=hi|publication-date=6 February 2024|access-date=2024-04-08}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-05-14 |title=Meet Premanand Maharaj Who Shared Amazing Spiritual Wisdom With Virat Kohli And Anushka Sharma |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/spiritual/meet-premanand-maharaj-who-shared-amazing-spiritual-wisdom-with-virat-kohli-and-anushka-sharma-article-151636334 |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=प्रेमानंद जी महाराज का क्या है असली नाम, कैसे बनें संन्यासी, जानिए वृंदावन वाले प्रेमानंद महारा |url=https://www.abplive.com/lifestyle/religion/premanand-govind-sharan-ji-maharaj-vrindavan-wale-real-name-family-know-full-biography-in-hindi-2465087 |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=ABP News |date=2 August 2023 |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2025-10-14 |title=What you need to know about Vrindavan’s beloved saint Premanand Maharaj’s health |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/what-you-need-to-know-about-vrindavans-beloved-saint-premanand-maharajs-health-as1pnwtt |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref> He was later initiated into the Radha Vallabh Sampradaya through the ''Sharanagati Mantra''.<ref name=":3" />

==Spiritual learning==
Upon entering the path of a sanyasi, Premanand Maharaj was given the name Anandswaroop Brahmachari. After accepting the life as a sanyasi and the [[Mahāvākyas|Mahavakya]], he was named [[Swami]] Akhandanand Ashram.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=About Shri Hit Premanand Govind Sharan Maharaj Ji |url=https://vrindavanrasmahima.com/about/about-shri-hit-premanand-govind-sharan-maharaj-ji/ |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=Vrindavan Ras Mahima |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

He lived most of his early life as a spiritual seeker on the banks of the [[Ganges|Ganga]] in Varanasi. While in [[Varanasi]] meditating beneath a [[Ficus religiosa|peepal tree]], a saint name Pandit Swami Shri Ram Sharma requested him repeatedly to watch ''raas leela'' the next day, which Premanand accepted reluctantly as god's will.<ref name="BT">{{cite web |title=Premanand Maharaj: A Spiritual Guide from Vrindavan |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/spirituality/premanand-maharaj-a-spiritual-guide-from-vrindavan |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Premanand Ji Maharaj's divine journey to Vrindavan |url=https://www.newsx.com/top-news/divine-calling-premanand-ji-maharajs-journey-from-varanasi-to-vrindavan/ |website=Newsx |date=21 February 2024 |language=en |access-date=16 May 2024 |archive-date=15 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250415043700/https://www.newsx.com/top-news/divine-calling-premanand-ji-maharajs-journey-from-varanasi-to-vrindavan/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=प्रेमानंद महाराज के गुरु कौन हैं? जिन्होंने सिखाया प्रेम मार्ग पर चलना |url=https://www.aajtak.in/visualstories/religion/premanand-maharaj-guru-is-gaurangi-sharan-maharaj-bade-dada-guru-ji-know-about-his-journey-kashi-to-mathura-vrindavan-about-shri-hit-premanand-govind-sharan-maharaj-tvism-99666-06-02-2024 |website=Aajtak.in |language=hi |date=6 February 2024}}</ref>

=== Guru ===
A [[Radha Vallabha Sampradaya|Radha Vallabh Sampradaya]] Goswami initiated Premanand into the Radha Vallabh Sampradaya through the "Sharanagati Mantra." A few days later, at Goswami's insistence, Premanand met his guru, Gaurangi Sharan.<ref name=":2" /> Sharan gave him the "Nij Mantra," which is the initiation of "Sahachari Bhava" and "Nitya Vihar Rasa." Thus, Premanand entered the order of rasik saints.<ref name="BT" /><ref name="Desk 2024 b131">{{cite web | title=The Spiritual Journey Of Premanand Govind Sharan Ji Maharaj | website=Free Press Journal | date=12 February 2024 | url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/spirituality/the-spiritual-journey-of-premanand-govind-sharan-ji-maharaj | access-date=14 February 2024}}</ref>

== Shri Hit Radha Keli Kunj Trust ==
[[File:Radha Keli Kunj Ashram DSC04434.jpg|thumb|Shri Hit Radha Keli Kunj Ashram Vrindavan 2024]]
The Shri Hit Radha Keli Kunj Trust [[Vrindavan]] is a non-profit organization founded in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K.H |first=Team |date=2024-07-29 |title=श्री हित प्रेमानंद जी महाराज: जानिए उनकी आध्यात्मिक यात्रा और जीवन के बारे में |url=https://khabarhartaraf.in/spirituality/shri-hit-premanand-ji-maharaj-know-about-his-spiritual-journey-and-life/ |access-date=2024-09-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> The organization works for the betterment and upliftment of society and its people. It helped numerous saints in Vrindavan Dham continue their spiritual path, the trust provides them lodging and food both inside and outside the ashram. The organiztion not only supplies lodging for these saints but also for their food, clothing, medical care, and many other necessities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Radha Keli Kunj Vrindavan: The foremost spiritual awakening organization |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/radha-keli-kunj-vrindavan-foremost-spiritual-awakening-organization-868263#google_vignette |website=Ibtimes |language=en |date=18 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=अंदर से ऐसा दिखता है प्रेमानंद महाराज का आश्रम 'राधा केली कुंज', देखें PHOTOS |url=https://www.aajtak.in/visualstories/religion/premanand-maharaj-of-vrindavan-ashram-shri-radha-keli-kunj-inside-photo-video-viral-on-social-media-tvism-105738-20-02-2024 |website=Aajtak.in |language=hi |date=20 February 2024}}</ref>

==Teachings and philosophy==
From an early phase, Premanand Maharaj started to oppose the hierarchical life of the [[ashram]]. He discussed that spirituality is the essence of life, existence, and truth <ref name="Desk 2024 b131" /> and emphasised that the guru has great importance in everyone's life.<ref name="patrika.com"/> Spiritual power maintains harmony in personal and social relationships. A negative character can be very dangerous; don't spoil your character.<ref>{{cite web |title=आपसी रिश्तों में क्यों आ रही दरार? प्रेमानंद महाराज ने युवाओं को दी खास सलाह |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/zee-hindustan/astrology/premanand-ji-maharaj-advice-to-the-youth-reason-why-rift-in-relationships/2202913 |website=Zee News Hindi |language=hi |date=13 April 2024}}</ref> Preserve the invaluable asset of celibacy ([[brahmacharya]]), which greatly assists in leading a healthy, balanced, and spiritually oriented life.<ref>{{cite web |title=Reviving the Tradition of Brahmacharya: A Call for Modern Youth {{!}} Importance of Celibacy in Today's Society |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/hub4business/reviving-the-tradition-of-brahmacharya-a-call-for-modern-youth |website=Outlook India |language=en |date=23 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-13 |title='Prasanna ho?': Premanand Maharaj asks Virat Kohli the question everyone wants to know after shocking retirement announcement |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/premanand-maharaj-asks-virat-kohli-the-question-everyone-wants-to-know-during-his-and-anushka-sharma-visit-to-vrindavan-after-shocking-retirement-announcement/articleshow/121140916.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-03-11 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
*''365 दिव्य सूत्र Motivational Quotes Calendar'', 2026, Hindi, {{ISBN|978-81-996765-3-4}}
*''365 Divine Sutras Quotation'', 2026, English, {{ISBN|978-81-996765-1-0}}
*''Brahmachary - Kab, Kyon aur Kaise?'', 2026, Punjabi, {{ISBN|978-81-994321-5-4}}
*''Celibacy - When, why and how?'', 2026, English, p:278, {{ISBN|978-81-980039-0-4}}
*''Brahmacharya: Kab, Kyon aur Kaise?'', October 2025, Hindi, p:244, {{ISBN|978-81-980039-1-1}}
*''Shri Hit Harivansh Charitamrit'', 2025, Hindi, {{ISBN|978-81-980039-9-7}}
*''SPIRITUAL AWAKENING (VOL 1)'', 2024, Pages: 162, Publisher: Shri Hit Radha Keli Kunj Trust, Language: English, {{ISBN|978-81-971056-5-4}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://bhajanmarg.com Premanand Ji Maharaj Blog]

{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search = Category:Premanand
|d = yes
|d-search = Q124488286
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 = Hinduism
}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:Hindu spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu saints]]
[[Category:21st-century Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:Hindu reformers]]
[[Category:Devotees of Krishna]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu yogis]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu monks]]

Hindu atheism

2026-04-25T21:40:32Z

Gnfcmussorie:

{{Short description|Atheism in Hinduism}}
{{Nontheism and religion}}
{{Hindu philosophy}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
'''Hindu atheism''' or '''Hindu''' '''non-theism''', which is known as '''Nirīśvaravāda''' ([[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]: {{Langx|sa|निरीश्वर्वाद|lit=Argument against the existence of [[Ishvara]]|translit=nirīśvarvāda}}) has been a historically propounded viewpoint in many of the ''[[Āstika and nāstika|Āstika]]'' (Orthodox) streams of [[Hindu philosophy]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/opinion/edit-page/THE-SPEAKING-TREEBRThe-Atheistic-Roots-of-Hindu-Philosophy/articleshow/690490.cms | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120211155756/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-05-22/edit-page/28331091_1_god-acceptance-shankara | url-status = live | archive-date = 11 February 2012 |title = The Speaking Tree – The Atheistic Roots of Hindu Philosophy|work = [[The Times of India]]|date = 22 May 2004|last = Daga|first = Mahesh}}</ref> Hindu [[Spirituality|spiritual]] atheists, [[agnostics]] or [[non-theists]] who affirm the sanctity of the [[Vedas]] and the concept of [[Brahman]], as well as those who follow ''āstika'' (orthodox) philosophies but reject personal god(s), are also called [[Dharma|Dharmic]] atheists, Vedic atheists or [[Sanātanī|Sanatani]] atheists.<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 9, 2018|title=Hindu Atheist and their Arguments|url=https://aminoapps.com/c/hinduism/page/blog/hindu-atheist-and-their-arguments/6P7e_r62fzumpkaG6n61v10pxLkMel6lE8|website=Aminoapps.com}}</ref>

In current Indian languages, such as [[Hindi]] or [[Bengali language|Bengali]], ''āstika'' and its derivatives usually mean '[[Theism|theist]]', and ''nāstika'' and its derivatives denote an '[[Atheism|atheist]]'; however, the two terms in ancient- and medieval-era Sanskrit literature do not refer to 'theism' or 'atheism'.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nicholson|first=Andrew J.|title=Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History|year=2013|isbn=978-0231149877|location=Columbia University Press|pages=Ch.9}}</ref> In ancient India, ''āstika'' meant those who affirmed the sanctity of the Vedas, [[Ātman (Hinduism)|''ātman'']] and [[Brahman]], while ''nāstika'', by contrast, are those who deny all the aforementioned definitions of ''āstika''; they do not believe in the existence of self or [[Ishvara]] (God) and reject the sanctity of the Vedas.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nicholson|first=Andrew J.|title=Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History.|year=2013|isbn=978-0231149877|location=Columbia University Press}}</ref>

Sometimes [[Āstika and nāstika|nāstika]] philosophies are also considered as a part of [[Hindu philosophy]] because the word '[[Hindus|Hindu]]' is actually an [[Endonym and exonym|exonym]] and historically, the term has also been used as a geographical, cultural, and later religious identifier for people living in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pennington|first=Brian K.|title=Was Hinduism Invented?: Britons, Indians, and the Colonial Construction of Religion|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-803729-3}}</ref> Many scholars, such as [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan|S. Radhakrishnan]], [[Surendranath Dasgupta]] and [[Chandradhar Sharma Guleri|Chandradhar Sharma]], consider the [[Nāstika]] philosophies, i.e. the Indian 'Heterodox' Philosophies like [[Buddhism]], [[Jainism]] and [[Charvaka]], to be distinct schools of philosophies,<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 3, 2019|title=Atheism in India|url=https://qz.com/india/1585631/the-ancient-connections-between-atheism-buddhism-and-hinduism/|website=Quartz.com}}</ref> while some others consider them parts of ''Hindu philosophy''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-12-21|title=Heterodox Hinduism: Supreme Court does well to uphold plural, eclectic character of the faith|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-editorials/heterodox-hinduism-supreme-court-does-well-to-uphold-plural-eclectic-character-of-the-faith/|access-date=2022-02-12|website=Times of India Blog|language=en-US}}</ref> Although Buddhism initially started as yet another school of [[Indian philosophy]] with neutral or undiscussed views of most other philosophies,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mason |first=GJ |date=21 Feb 2022 |title=Buddhism and Hinduism |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780195393521/obo-9780195393521-0273.xml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125070404/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780195393521/obo-9780195393521-0273.xml |archive-date=25 Nov 2023 |access-date=25 Nov 2023 |website=Oxford Bibliographies}}</ref> its [[Silk Road transmission of Buddhism|spread through the Silk Road]] during the rule of [[Ashoka|emperor Ashoka]], eventually led to a religious kind of self-organisation with structure, [[Buddhist devotion|rituals and practises]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=How did Buddhism become a global religion? An overview |url=https://tricycle.org/beginners/buddhism/how-did-buddhism-become-a-global-religion/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208021120/https://tricycle.org/beginners/buddhism/how-did-buddhism-become-a-global-religion/ |archive-date=8 Dec 2022 |access-date=25 Nov 2023 |website=Tricycle}}</ref>

There are six major orthodox (''[[Āstika and nāstika|āstika]]'') schools of Hindu philosophy — [[Nyaya]], [[Vaisheshika]], [[Samkhya]], [[Yoga (philosophy)|Yoga]], [[Mīmāṃsā]] and [[Vedanta]]. Among them, Samkhya, Yoga and Mimamsa, while not rejecting either the [[Vedas]] or [[Brahman]],<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.dailyo.in/lifestyle/atheism-schools-indian-philosophy-jainism-buddhism-materialism-religion-vedas/story/1/5904.html|title=Why Indian philosophy is incomplete without atheism|work = Daily O|date= 27 August 2015|author = Hari Ravikumar}}</ref> typically reject a [[personal god]], [[Creator deity|creator god]], or a [[Saguna brahman|god with attributes]].

Some schools of thought view the path of atheism as a valid one, but difficult to follow in matters of [[spirituality]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Chakravarti |first=Sitansu |title=Hinduism, a way of life |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1991 |page=71 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J_-rASTgw8wC&pg=PA71 |isbn=978-81-208-0899-7 |quote=According to Hinduism, the path of the atheist is a very difficult one to follow in matters of spirituality, though it is a valid one.}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The [[Sanskrit]] term ''{{IAST|Āstika}}'' ("pious, believer") refers to the systems of thought which admit the validity of the [[Vedas]].<ref name="Pruthi">{{Cite book | last = Pruthi| title = Vedic civilization – Culture and civilization series| publisher = Discovery Publishing House| year = 2004| page = 214| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=z3ksBrWoZm0C&pg=PA214| isbn = 978-81-7141-875-6}}</ref> Sanskrit ''{{IAST|asti}}'' means "there is", and ''{{IAST|Āstika}}'' (per [[Pāṇini]] 4.2.60) derives from the verb, meaning "one who says ''{{IAST|'asti'}}''". Technically, in [[Hindu philosophy]], the term {{IAST|[[Astika and Nastika|Āstika]]}} refers only to affirming the [[Vedas]], not a belief in the existence of a god.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Kapoor| first = Subodh| title = The Systems of Indian Philosophy| publisher = Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd| page = 6| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FWLRyXBzgsoC&pg=PA6| isbn = 978-81-7755-887-6| date = December 2004}}</ref>

However, even when philosophers professed allegiance to the Vedas, their allegiance did little to fetter the freedom of their speculative ventures.<ref name="Indian philosophy">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indian-philosophy#ref12301|title=Indian philosophy|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2019-07-19}}</ref> On the contrary, the acceptance of the authority of the Vedas was a convenient way for a philosopher's views to become acceptable to the orthodox, even if a thinker introduced a wholly new idea.<ref name="Indian philosophy"/> Thus, the Vedas could be cited to corroborate a wide diversity of views; they were used by the [[Vaisheshika]] thinkers (i.e., those who believe in ultimate particulars, both individual souls and atoms) as much as by the non-dualist [[Advaita Vedanta]] philosophers.<ref name="Indian philosophy"/>

== Historical development ==
The [[Rig Veda]], the oldest of the Vedas, deals with significant skepticism around the fundamental question of a divine creator and the createdness of the universe. It does not, in many instances, categorically accept the existence of a creator, or if it seemingly does so, it still remains skeptical about the capacity of such a god. [[Nasadiya Sukta]] (''Creation Hymn'') of the Rig Veda states:<ref>{{cite book| title=World scriptures: an introduction to comparative religions| last=Kramer| first=Kenneth| isbn=978-0-8091-2781-8|year=1986|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RzUAu-43W5oC&pg=PA34 |page=34 | publisher=Paulist Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Subodh Varma | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-06/vintage-wisdom/28377203_1_vedas-philosophy-speculation |title=The deities came afterwards |date= 6 May 2011|work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2011-06-09 }}{{dead link|date=October 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
{{blockquote|Whence was it produced? Whence is this creation? The gods came afterwards, with the creation of this universe. Whence this creation has arisen, perhaps it formed itself, or perhaps it did not. The one who looks down on it, in the highest heaven, only he knows, or perhaps he does not know.|title=Rig Veda|source=chapter 10, hymn 129, verses 6 (partial) and 7}}

The [[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad|Brihadaranyaka]], [[Isha Upanishad|Isha]], [[Mundaka Upanishad|Mundaka]] (in which [[Brahman]] is everything and "no-thing") and especially the [[Chandogya Upanishad]]s have also been interpreted as atheistic because of their stress on the subjective self.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Bhatt| first = Chetan| title = Liberation and purity: race, new religious movements and the ethics of post-modernity| publisher = [[Routledge]]| year = 1997| page = 160| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VukJs0ik0rUC&pg=PA160| isbn = 978-1-85728-424-9 }}</ref> In the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad (800 BCE), early arguments were made against the emphasis on a personal god.

{{Blockquote|
<poem>
If a man knows "I am [[Brahman]] (ultimate self)" in this way, he becomes this whole world. Not even the gods are able to prevent it, for he becomes their very self (Atman). So when a man venerates another deity, thinking, "He is one, and I am another," he does not understand. As livestock is for men, so is he for the gods. As having a lot of livestock is useful to a man, so each man proves useful to the gods. The loss of even a single head of livestock is painful; how much more if many are lost. The gods, therefore, are not pleased at the prospect of men coming to understand this.
</poem>
|[[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]]|Hymn 1.4.10<ref>[Pg 49] Patrick Olivelle. (1998).[https://archive.org/download/TheEarlyUpanisads/The%20Early%20Upani%E1%B9%A3ads.pdf The Early Upaniṣads] New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref>}}

[[Mimamsa]] is a [[Philosophical realism|realistic]], pluralistic school of philosophy which was concerned with the [[exegesis]] of the Vedas.<ref name="Vitsaxis">{{citation|last=Vitsaxis|first=Vassilis|title=Thought and Faith: The concept of divinity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=52b-A2l7QbwC&pg=PA517|year=2009|publisher=Somerset Hall Press|isbn=978-1-935244-05-9|pages=517–518}}</ref> The core text of the school were the [[Purva Mimamsa Sutras]] of [[Jaimini]] (c. 200 BCE–200 CE). Mimamsa philosophers believed that the [[revelation]] of the Vedas was sacred, authorless (''[[apaurusheyatva]]'') and infallible, and that it was essential to preserve the sanctity of the Vedic ritual to maintain Dharma (cosmic order).<ref>Encyclopædia Britannica (2007)</ref><ref name="King">{{citation|last=King|first=Richard|title=Indian Philosophy: An Introduction to Hindu and Buddhist Thought|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uca8R72W8iQC&pg=PA52|year=1999|publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]]|isbn=978-0-7486-0954-3 }}</ref>{{rp|52–53}} As a consequence of the belief in sanctity of the ritual, Mimamsas rejected the notion of gods in any form.<ref name="Vitsaxis" /> Later commentators of the Mimamsa sutras such as [[Prabhākara]] (c. 7th century CE) advanced arguments against the existence of a god.<ref>{{citation|last=Bales|first=Eugene F.|title=A Ready Reference to Philosophy East and West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=34cjS0M1rFIC&pg=PA198|year=1987|publisher=[[University Press of America]]|isbn=978-0-8191-6640-1|page=198 }}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Warder|first=Anthony Kennedy|title=A Course In Indian Philosophy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zw1UD1Mj9DwC&pg=PA187|year=1998|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1244-4|page=187 }}</ref> The early Mimamsa not only refused the idea of a deity, but said that human action itself was enough to create the necessary circumstances for the enjoyment of its fruits.<ref>{{Cite book | author1 = Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan |author2 = Poolla Tirupati Raju | title = The concept of man: a study in comparative philosophy| publisher = Allen & Unwin| year = 1960| page = 305| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=uLsAAAAAMAAJ |author1-link = Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan }}</ref>

[[Samkhya]] is a strongly dualistic<ref>{{Cite book | last = Dasgupta| first = Surendranath| title = A history of Indian philosophy, Volume 1| publisher = Motilal Banarsidass Publ.| year = 1992| page = 258| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=PoaMFmS1_lEC&pg=PA258| isbn = 978-81-208-0412-8}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last = Michaels |first = Axel |title = Hinduism: Past and Present |year = 2004 |publisher = [[Princeton University Press]] |location = Princeton, New Jersey |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=PD-flQMc1ocC |isbn = 0-691-08953-1 |page=264 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |last = Sen Gupta |first = Anima |year = 1986 | title = The Evolution of the Samkhya School of Thought |publisher = South Asia Books |location = New Delhi | isbn = 81-215-0019-2 |page =6 }}</ref> orthodox ([[Āstika and nāstika|āstika]]) school of Indian [[Hindu philosophy]] that's ambivalent about the concept of a god. The earliest surviving authoritative text on classical Samkhya philosophy is the [[Samkhyakarika]] (c. 350–450 CE) of Iśvarakṛṣṇa.<ref name="King" />{{rp|63}} The Samkhyakarika is silent on the issue of Isvara's (the creator god's) existence or nonexistence, although first millennium commentators, such as Gaudapada, understand the text as being compatible with some concept of a god. However, the Samkhya Sutra (14th c. CE) and its commentaries explicitly attempt to disprove a god's existence through reasoned argument.<ref name="nicholson">{{cite book|last = Nicholson|first = Andrew J.|chapter = Hindu Disproofs of God: Refuting Vedāntic Theism in the Sāṃkhya Sūtra|title = Oxford Handbook of Indian Philosophy|date = 2016|chapter-url = http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199314621.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199314621-e-29|chapter-url-access = subscription|editor-first = Jonardon|editor-last = Ganeri |doi = 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199314621.013.29|isbn = 978-0-19-931462-1}}</ref>

== Arguments against existence of a god in Hindu philosophy ==
Mimamsas argued that there was no need to postulate a maker for the world, just as there was no need for an author to compose the Vedas or a god to validate the rituals.<ref>{{cite book|title=Religious truth|first=Robert|last=Neville|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ThLR13JpCWsC|page=51|isbn=9780791447789|date=January 2001|publisher=SUNY Press }}</ref> They further thought that the gods named in the Vedas had no physical existence apart from the ''[[mantra]]s'' that speak their names. In this regard, the power of the mantras was what was seen as the power of gods.<ref>{{cite book|title=The perfectibility of human nature in eastern and western thought |first=Harold |last=Coward |author-link=Harold Coward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LkE_8uch5P0C|page=114|isbn=9780791473368 |date=7 February 2008 |publisher=SUNY Press }}</ref> Mimamsas reasoned that an incorporeal god could not author the Vedas, for he would not have the organs of speech to utter words. An embodied god could not author the Vedas either because such a god would be subject to the natural limitations of sensory knowledge and therefore, would not be able to produce supernatural revelations like the Vedas.<ref>{{citation |last1=Cowell|first1=E. B.|last2=Gough|first2=A. E.|title=The Sarva-Darsana-Samgraha or Review of the Different Systems of Hindu Philosophy: Trubner's Oriental Series|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xkrCRbOq-HUC|year=2001|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-24517-3 |pages=189–191 }}</ref>

Samkhya gave the following arguments against the idea of an eternal, self-caused, creator god:<ref name="nicholson" />
* If the existence of [[Karma (Hinduism)|karma]] is assumed, the proposition of a god as a moral governor of the universe is unnecessary. For, if a god enforces the consequences of actions then he can do so without karma. If however, he is assumed to be within the law of karma, then karma itself would be the giver of consequences and there would be no need of a god.
* Even if karma is denied, god still cannot be the enforcer of consequences. Because the motives of an enforcer god would be either egoistic or altruistic. Now, god's motives cannot be assumed to be altruistic because an altruistic god would not create a world so full of suffering. If his motives are assumed to be egoistic, then god must be thought to have desire, as agency or authority cannot be established in the absence of desire. However, assuming that god has desire would contradict god's eternal freedom which necessitates no compulsion in actions. Moreover, desire, according to Samkhya, is an attribute of [[prakriti]] and cannot be thought to grow in god. The testimony of the Vedas, according to Samkhya, also confirms this notion.
* Despite arguments to the contrary, if a god is still assumed to contain unfulfilled desires, this would cause him to suffer pain and other similar human experiences. Such a worldly god would be no better than Samkhya's notion of higher self.
* Furthermore, there is no proof of the existence of god. He is not the object of perception, there exists no general proposition that can prove him by inference and the testimony of the Vedas speak of prakriti as the origin of the world, not God.
Therefore, Samkhya maintained not only that the various cosmological, ontological and teleological arguments could not prove god, but that god as normally understood—an [[Omnipotence|omnipotent]], [[Omniscience|omniscient]], [[Omnibenevolence|omnibenevolent]] creator who is free from suffering—cannot exist.

The Indian [[Nobel Prize|Nobel Prize-winner]] [[Amartya Sen]], in an interview with Pranab Bardhan for the ''California Magazine'' published in the July–August 2006 edition by the [[University of California, Berkeley]] states:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alumni.berkeley.edu/california-magazine/july-august-2006-indo-chic/arguing-indian/|title=The Arguing Indian|website=Cal Alumni Association|accessdate=22 April 2024}}</ref>
{{blockquote|In some ways people had got used to the idea that India was spiritual and religion-oriented. That gave a leg up to the religious interpretation of India, despite the fact that [[Sanskrit]] had a larger atheistic literature than what exists in any other classical language. [[Vidyaranya|Madhava Acharya]], the remarkable 14th century philosopher, wrote this rather great book called Sarvadarshansamgraha, which discussed all the religious schools of thought within the Indian structure. The first chapter is "Atheism" – a very strong presentation of the argument in favor of atheism and materialism.|sign=|source=}}

== Demographics ==

=== India ===
A 2021 nationwide survey by the [[Pew Research Center]] found that 2% of the self-described Indian Hindus didn't believe in God, while 18% believe in God but "with less certainty".<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2021 |title=Excluding Buddhists, Indians of all religions overwhelmingly believe in God |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/06/29/beliefs-about-god-in-india/pf_06-29-21_india-12-0-png/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318130114/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/06/29/beliefs-about-god-in-india/pf_06-29-21_india-12-0-png/ |archive-date=18 March 2025 |website=[[Pew Research Center]]}}</ref>

=== Canada ===
A 2022 study by [[Cardus]] found that 15% of the self-described [[Hinduism in Canada|Canadian Hindus]] don't believe in "God or a Higher Power".<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 November 2022 |title=The Shifting Landscape of Faith in Canada |url=https://www.cardus.ca/research/faith-communities/reports/the-shifting-landscape-of-faith-in-canada/ |website=Cardus |author=Ray Pennings and Jenisa Los}}</ref>

=== United States ===
A 2025 study by the [[Pew Research Center]] found that 15% of the self-described [[Hinduism in the United States|American Hindus]] "don't believe in God or a universal spirit and they are certain in this belief".<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 February 2025 |title=Half of U.S. atheists say they are absolutely certain there is no God |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/02/26/religious-and-spiritual-beliefs/pr_2025-02-26_religious-landscape-study_011-08/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250307170152/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/02/26/religious-and-spiritual-beliefs/pr_2025-02-26_religious-landscape-study_011-08/ |archive-date=7 March 2025 |website=Pew Research Center}}</ref>

== Notable Hindu atheists ==
*[[Jawaharlal Nehru]], famed [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence activist]] and first [[Prime Minister of India]] was described as a 'Hindu agnostic',<ref>{{Cite book |title=Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography, Volume 3; Volumes 1956–1964 |last=Sarvepalii|first=Gopal|page=17|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|quote=Nehru was still an agnostic, but a Hindu agnostic.|authorlink=Sarvepalli Gopal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2013/may/28/death-of-nehru-archive-1964|title = The death of Nehru: From the archive, 28 May 1964|website = [[TheGuardian.com]]|date = 28 May 2013}}</ref> and styled himself as a "[[secular humanism|scientific humanist]]".<ref>{{cite web|work=[[Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Nehrus-Scientific-Humanism/articleshow/8590304.cms|title=Nehru's Scientific Humanism|last=Vohra | first=Ashok |date=27 May 2011|access-date=18 August 2017}}</ref>
* [[Brahmananda Swami Sivayogi]] was an atheist and [[rationalist]] who founded the organization Ananda Mahasabha.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Journal of Indian History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c25DAAAAYAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Department of Modern Indian History|page=270|title = Journal of Indian History}}</ref>
* [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]], a leading figure of [[Hindu Mahasabha]], founded and promoted the principles of [[Hindutva]], a Hindu nationalist ideology. Savarkar was an atheist who saw Hinduism as a cultural identity rather than a religious one. Savarkar wanted to "minimize the importance of religion in his definition of Hindu".<ref>{{citation |last=Quack|first=Johannes|title=Disenchanting India:Organized Rationalism and Criticism of Religion in India: Organized Rationalism and Criticism of Religion in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=55wFpydSZ8oC&pg=PA263|year=2011|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-981260-8|page=263}}</ref>
* [[Shreela Flather, Baroness Flather]] of Windsor and Maidenhead, the first Hindu woman in British politics. She has described herself as a "Hindu atheist". Broadly, she is an atheist with affinity to aspects of [[Hindu culture]] such as dress and diet.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/features/hindu_lives/script1.shtml|title=BBC News|accessdate=22 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/baroness-flather-accused-of-bigotry-over-her-views-on-marriages-in-pakistani-community-10373492.html|title=Baroness Flather accused of 'bigotry' over her views on marriages in Pakistani community|website=[[Independent.co.uk]] |date=7 July 2015}}</ref>
*[[Raj Patel]] stated in an interview with [[The New Yorker]] that he grew up a theist Hindu but is now an atheist Hindu.<ref>{{cite news| last= Collins| first= Lauren| title= Are you the Messiah?|url=http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2010/11/29/101129fa_fact_collins|access-date=29 July 2012|newspaper=[[The New Yorker]]|date=29 November 2010|quote=Patel grew up a "God-fearing Hindu," but now calls himself an "atheist Hindu."}}</ref>
*[[S. S. Rajamouli]], most known for directing [[Baahubali: The Beginning|Baahubali]], [[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion|Baahubali 2]] and [[RRR (film)|RRR]], in a March 2022 interview he stated that "I don't believe in God or religion the way it is portrayed now. if you ask me 'Do you believe in the existence of God?' I'd say 'I don't know'."<ref>{{Citation |title=10 Questions With SS Rajamouli {{!}} Baradwaj Rangan {{!}} RRR |date=24 March 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dl_l2vcccYw&t=532s |language=en |access-date=2 May 2022 |archive-date=16 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516161019/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dl_l2vcccYw&t=532s |url-status=live }}; From 8:52 to 9:55</ref> Rajamouli said that he is not a Hindu in the religious sense, but considering it as [[Dharma]], he is 'very much' a [[Hindus|Hindu]]. "I am a follower of Hindu dharma", he said.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-rrr-director-ss-rajamouli-cites-difference-between-hindu-dharma-and-religion-says-i-am-not-hindu-2991241/amp|title=RRR director SS Rajamouli cites difference between Hindu dharma and religion|website=DNA INDIA|access-date=30 November 2022|archive-date=30 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130130404/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-rrr-director-ss-rajamouli-cites-difference-between-hindu-dharma-and-religion-says-i-am-not-hindu-2991241/amp|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/s-s-rajamouli-on-hindu-religion-and-hindu-dharma-if-you-take-the-religion-i-am-also-not-a-hindu/articleshow/94725399.cms|title=S S Rajamouli on Hindu religion and Hindu dharma|website=The Times of India|access-date=30 November 2022|archive-date=24 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224083734/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/s-s-rajamouli-on-hindu-religion-and-hindu-dharma-if-you-take-the-religion-i-am-also-not-a-hindu/articleshow/94725399.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-08 |title=SS Rajamouli highlights difference between Hindu religion and Hindu dharma: 'If you take the religion, I am also not a Hindu' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/ss-rajamouli-highlights-difference-between-hindu-religion-and-hindu-dharma-8197490/ |access-date=2022-10-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=20 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020080025/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/ss-rajamouli-highlights-difference-between-hindu-religion-and-hindu-dharma-8197490/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-10 |title=SS Rajamouli explains difference between Hindu religion and Hindu dharma |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/ss-rajamouli-explains-difference-between-hindu-religion-and-hindu-dharma-23249668 |access-date=2022-10-20 |website=Mid-day |language=en |archive-date=21 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021170400/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/ss-rajamouli-explains-difference-between-hindu-religion-and-hindu-dharma-23249668 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[File:Dhruv Rathee.jpg|thumb|Indian YouTuber, vlogger, and social media activist [[Dhruv Rathee]] has identified himself as a "Hindu atheist"]][[Dhruv Rathee]], an Indian YouTuber, vlogger and social media activist. Known for his YouTube videos on social, political and environmental issues has also identified himself as "Hindu atheist" in his 25 Million Special Q&A video.<ref>{{cite tweet|user=dhruv_rathee
|number=1252703937838354433|title=As a practicing Hindu Atheist, I'm deeply offended at this insult of my religion}} {{better source|date=April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?t=1936&si=g792n0Ue0ghRzojg&v=SuFG1pJ2e70&feature=youtu.be |title=25 Million Diwali Special Q&A ft. Baby Rathee with Dhruv Rathee |date=2024-10-31 |last=Dhruv Rathee |access-date=2024-11-01 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Religion|Hinduism|Philosophy}}
* [[Āstika and nāstika]]
* [[Śramaṇa]]
* [[Adevism]]
* [[Irreligion in India]]
* [[Nontheistic religion]]
* [[Atheism|Athiesm]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.lokayata.info/ Lokayata/Carvaka - non-believers in ancient India]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080723120304/http://www.dbskeptic.com/2008/04/02/atheism-in-hinduism/ Modern Hinduism, Atheism, and their philosophical roots]

{{Indian Philosophy|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Hinduism and atheism]]
[[Category:Religious atheism]]

Manoj Bharti

2026-04-24T19:06:29Z

Gnfcmussorie: started a article

{{Short description|Indian politician and former diplomat (born 1963)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Manoj Bharti
| office = 1st President of the [[Bihar]] State [[Jan Suraaj Party]]
| predecessor = ''office established''
| term_start = {{start date|2024|10|02|df=yes}}
| party = [[Jan Suraaj Party]]
| occupation = [[Politician]], Ex [[Diplomat]]
| president = [[Uday Singh]] ''(from 19 May 2025)''
| birth_name = Manoj Kumar Bharti
| birth_place = [[Madhubani district|Madhubani]], [[Bihar]], India
| alma_mater = [[Netarhat Residential School|Netarhat School]] [[IIT Kanpur]] ([[Bachelor of Technology|B.Tech]]) [[IIT Delhi]] ([[Master of Engineering|M.Tech]])
| image = Manoj Kumar Bharti - 16112904.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1963|02|19}}
| spouse = Anamika Bharti
| children = 2
| office1 = Ambassador of [[List of ambassadors and high commissioners of India|India]] to [[Indonesia]] and [[Timor-Leste]]
| term_start1 = October 2020
| term_end1 = March 2023
| predecessor1 = [[Pradeep Kumar Rawat]]
| successor1 = [[Sandeep Chakravorty]]
| office2 = [[Embassy of India, Kyiv|Ambassador of India to Ukraine]]
| term_start2 = 10 September 2015
| term_end2 = 12 October 2018
| predecessor2 = Rajiv Kumar Chander
| succeeded2 = Partha Satpathy
| office3 = Ambassador of [[India]] to [[Belarus]]
| term_start3 = 20 May 2011
| term_end3 = 10 September 2015
| predecessor3 = Ramesh Chander
| succeeded3 = Pankaj Saxena
}}
'''Manoj''' '''Kumar Bharti''' (born 19 February 1963) is an Indian politician and retired [[diplomat]] of the [[Indian Foreign Service]] who is currently serving as the Bihar State President of the [[Jan Suraaj Party]], a political party founded by [[Prashant Kishor]] in Bihar. A retired [[Indian Foreign Service]] (IFS) officer, Bharti has held [[Ambassador|ambassadorial positions]] in several countries.<ref name="Business Today-2024">{{Cite web |date=2024-10-02 |title=Meet Manoj Bharti: IITian, former diplomat, and now Jan Suraaj's Working President - BusinessToday |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/meet-manoj-bharti-iitian-former-diplomat-and-now-jan-suraajs-working-president-448460-2024-10-02 |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Manoj Bharti was born in [[Madhubani district]], Bihar.<ref name="Business Today-2024" /> He completed his schooling at [[Netarhat Residential School|Netarhat School]] (now in [[Jharkhand]]) Bharti pursued higher education in [[engineering]], earning a [[Bachelor of Technology]] (B.Tech) in [[Electrical engineering|Electrical Engineering]] from the [[IIT Kanpur]], followed by a [[Master of Engineering|Master of Technology]] (M.Tech) from [[IIT Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manoj Bharti: जनसुराज का अध्यक्ष बनते ही मनोज भारती ने कर दिया बड़ा दावा, प्रशांत किशोर का भी लिया नाम - Manoj Bharti made a big claim as soon as he became the president of Jansuraj also took the name of Prashant Kishore |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-manoj-bharti-made-a-big-claim-as-soon-as-he-became-the-president-of-jan-suraaj-also-took-the-name-of-prashant-kishore-23810130.html |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> He also holds an honorary doctorate from [[Zaporizhzhia State Medical University|Zaporizhzhya State Medical University]] in [[Ukraine]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-03 |title=Who is Manoj Bharti, the IIT graduate IFS officer appointed as working president of Prashant Kishor's political party? |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/manoj-bharti-the-iit-graduate-ifs-officer-appointed-as-working-president-of-prashant-kishors-political-party-643034.html |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=Indiatimes |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Diplomatic career ==
Bharti joined the [[Indian Foreign Service]] in 1988. Throughout his diplomatic tenure, he served as [[Indian ambassador|India's ambassador]] to multiple countries, including [[Ukraine]], [[Belarus]], [[Timor-Leste]], and [[Indonesia]].<ref name="आज तक-2024">{{Cite web |date=2024-10-02 |title=IIT से बीटेक, पूर्व IFS अफसर... कौन हैं मनोज भारती, जिन्हें PK ने बनाया जन सुराज का कार्यकारी अध्यक्ष |url=https://www.aajtak.in/bihar/story/know-who-is-manoj-bharti-whom-pk-made-working-president-of-jan-suraj-ntc-dskc-2059741-2024-10-02 |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref>

From May 2011 to September 2015, Bharti served as the [[Embassy of India, Minsk|Ambassador of India to Belarus]]. In September 2015, he was appointed as the [[Embassy of India, Kyiv|Ambassador of India to Ukraine]], where he remained until 2018.<ref name="Embassy of India-2016">{{Cite web |date=2016-05-04 |title=Embassy of India, Kyiv, Ukraine |url=http://embassyofindiaukraine.in/ukraine.php?key_s=2 |access-date=2025-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504014800/http://embassyofindiaukraine.in/ukraine.php?key_s=2 |archive-date=4 May 2016 }}</ref>

On 13 October 2020, he was appointed as the Ambassador of India to Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shri Manoj Kumar Bharti has been appointed as the next Ambassador of India to the Republic of Indonesia |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/33112/Shri+Manoj+Kumar+Bharti+has+been+appointed+as+the+next+Ambassador+of+India+to+the+Republic+of+Indonesia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202012901/https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/33112/Shri+Manoj+Kumar+Bharti+has+been+appointed+as+the+next+Ambassador+of+India+to+the+Republic+of+Indonesia |archive-date=2024-12-02 |access-date=2025-05-23 |work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> During his tenure as Ambassador to Indonesia, Bharti was involved in coordinating high-level visits, including the participation of the Indian delegation during the [[2022 G20 Bali summit|2022 G20 summit]] hosted by Indonesia. On 31 December 2021, he received an additional concurrent accreditation as Ambassador to [[Timor-Leste]] (East Timor).<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=Ministry of External Affairs |date=31 December 2021 |title=Shri Manoj Kumar Bharti concurrently accredited as the next Ambassador of India to the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/34732/Shri_Manoj_Kumar_Bharti_concurrently_accredited_as_the_next_Ambassador_of_India_to_the_Democratic_Republic_of_TimorLeste |access-date=23 May 2025 |website=mea.gov.in}}</ref>

His last posting before retirement in March 2023 was as the Ambassador to Indonesia. He also served in various capacities within the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] in [[New Delhi]], including as Secretary (Administration).<ref name="Embassy of India-2016" />

He retired from the Indian Foreign Service in March 2023.<ref name="Business Today-2024" />

== Political career ==
After retiring from diplomatic service, Bharti transitioned into politics. On [[Gandhi Jayanti|2 October 2024]], he was appointed as the Working President of the [[Jan Suraaj Party]] founded by former [[Political consulting|political strategist]] [[Prashant Kishor]] and subsequently the Bihar State President of the Party. This appointment was in line with Kishor's commitment to inclusive leadership, as Bharti hails from the [[Dalits in Bihar|Dalit community]].<ref name="आज तक-2024" />

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bharti, Manoj}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jan Suraaj Party politicians]]
[[Category:People from Bihar]]
[[Category:Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Indian Foreign Service officers]]
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:IIT Kanpur alumni]]
[[Category:IIT Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Netarhat Residential School alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Institutes of Technology alumni]]
[[Category:Indian diplomats]]

Srikakulam Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-24T02:53:15Z

Gnfcmussorie: Added A Stub Added Tags.

{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Srikakulam {{small|AP-2}}
| type = LS
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Andhra Pradesh/Srikakulam.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Srikakulam Lok Sabha constituency
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| established = 1952
| electors =
| latest_election_year =[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Rammohan naidu Kinjarapu (cropped).jpg
| mp = [[Kinjarapu Ram Mohan Naidu]] {{Small|[[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Union Minister of Civil Aviation]]}}
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
|alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| preceded_by = [[Killi Krupa Rani]], [[File:Indian National Congress hand logo.svg|20px]]
| assembly_cons = [[Ichchapuram Assembly constituency|Ichchapuram]] [[Palasa Assembly constituency|Palasa]] [[Tekkali Assembly constituency|Tekkali]] [[Pathapatnam Assembly constituency|Pathapatnam]] [[Srikakulam Assembly constituency|Srikakulam]] [[Amadalavalasa Assembly constituency|Amadalavalasa]]
[[Narasannapeta Assembly constituency|Narasannapeta]]
}}

'''Srikakulam Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the twenty-five [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha#Andhra Pradesh (25)|lok sabha constituencies]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]]. It comprises seven assembly segments and belongs to [[Srikakulam district]] .<ref>{{cite web |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |website=The Election Commission of India |access-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=3 October 2018 |url-status=dead |page=30 |format=PDF |date=17 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/postal-ballots-increase-tenfold-in-srikakulam/article27175172.ece|title=Postal ballots increase tenfold in Srikakulam|last=Rao|first=K. srinivasa|date=2019-05-19|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-05-24|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Srikakulam Parliamentary Constituency, Andhra Pradesh 02 |url=https://proneta.in/srikakulam_parliamentary_constituency_andhra_pradesh_02/ |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=proneta.in}}</ref>

{{Pie chart|value1=47|value2=47|value3=3|value4=3|label1=[[Indian National Congress|'''INC''' (8 Times)]]|label2=[[Telugu Desam Party|'''TDP '''(8 Times)]]|label3=[[Swatantra Party|'''Swatantra Party''' (1 time)]]|label4=[[Independent (politician)|'''Independent''' (1 time)]]|color1={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|color2={{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}|color3={{party color|Swatantra Party}}|color4={{party color|Independent (politician)}}|caption=Most successful political parties}}

== Assembly segments ==

The seven [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] segments of Srikakulam Lok Sabha constituency are:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
!colspan=2 |Leading {{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|1
|[[Ichchapuram Assembly constituency|Ichchapuram]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]]
|[[Ashok Bendalam]]
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=7}}
|rowspan="7"|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=7}}
|rowspan="7"|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|-
|2
|[[Palasa Assembly constituency|Palasa]]
|[[Gouthu Sireesha]]
|-
|3
|[[Tekkali Assembly constituency|Tekkali]]
|[[Kinjarapu Atchannaidu]]
|-
|4
|[[Pathapatnam Assembly constituency|Pathapatnam]]
|[[Mamidi Govinda Rao]]
|-
|5
|[[Srikakulam Assembly constituency|Srikakulam]]
|[[Gondu Shankar]]
|-
|6
|[[Amadalavalasa Assembly constituency|Amadalavalasa]]
|[[Koona Ravi Kumar]]
|-
|8
|[[Narasannapeta Assembly constituency|Narasannapeta]]
|[[Baggu Ramanamurthy]]
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Boddepalli Rajagopala Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|[[Gouthu Latchanna]]
|{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Boddepalli Rajagopala Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|Hanumantu Appayyadora
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kanithi Viswanatham]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Kinjarapu Yerran Naidu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Killi Krupa Rani]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Kinjarapu Ram Mohan Naidu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general election|2004 General Election]]: Srikakulam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Yerrannaidu Kinjarapu]]
| votes = 361,906
| percentage = 50.00
| change = {{decrease}}6.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Killi Krupa Rani]]
| votes = 330,027
| percentage = 45.60
| change ={{increase}}3.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent politician
| candidate = Dunga Rangarao Naidu
| votes = 13,848
| percentage = 1.91
| change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Mylapalli Lakshmudu
| votes = 13,011
| percentage = 1.79
| change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent politician
| candidate = Tammineni Jaganmohan Rao
| votes = 4,982
| percentage = 0.69
| change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 31,879
| percentage = 4.40
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 723,774
| percentage = 75.52
| change = +6.86
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general election]]: [[Srikakulam]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Killi Krupa Rani]]
| votes = 387,694
| percentage = 42.20
| change = -3.40
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Yerrannaidu Kinjarapu]]
| votes = 304,707
| percentage = 33.16
| change = -16.84
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Praja Rajyam Party
| candidate = Kalyani Varudu
| votes = 181,100
| percentage = 19.71
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Tankala Sudhakara Rao
| votes = 15,584
| percentage = 1.70
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent politician
| candidate = Nanda Prasada Rao
| votes = 17,850
| percentage = 1.94
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Duppala Ravindra Babu
| votes = 11,837
| percentage = 1.29
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 82,987
| percentage = 9.04
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 918,772
| percentage = 74.93
| change = -0.59
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general election]]: [[Srikakulam]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Ram Mohan Naidu Kinjarapu]]
| votes = 556,163
| percentage = 52.90
| change = +19.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = YSR Congress Party
| candidate = [[Reddy Shanthi]]
| votes = 428,591
| percentage = 40.76
| change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Killi Krupa Rani]]
| votes = 24,163
| percentage = 2.30
| change = -39.90
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent politician
| candidate = Paidi Raja Rao
| votes = 11,422
| percentage = 1.09
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Boddepalli Raja Rao
| votes = 8,047
| percentage = 0.77
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
| votes = 6,133
| percentage = 0.58
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 127,572
| percentage = 12.14
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,051,446
| percentage = 74.36
| change = -0.57
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: Srikakulam<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13539-33-constituency-wise-detailed-result/ |title=General Election 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Ram Mohan Naidu Kinjarapu|Kinjarapu Ram Mohan Naidu]]
| votes = 534,544
| percentage = 45.91
| change = -6.86
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = YSR Congress Party
| candidate = [[Duvvada Srinivas]]
| votes = 527,891
| percentage = 45.34
| change = +4.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janasena Party
| candidate = Metta Ramarao
| votes = 31,956
| percentage = 2.74
| change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None of the above
| votes = 25,545
| percentage = 2.19
| change = +1.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Dola Jagan
| votes = 13,745
| percentage = 1.18
| change = -1.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Perla Samba Murthy
| votes = 8,390
| percentage = 0.72
| change = N/A
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 6,653
| percentage = 0.57
| change = -11.54
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,157,329
| percentage = 74.48
| change = +0.05
}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,53,860
|ref= }}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser = YSR Congress Party
| swing = -6.86
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Srikakulam]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Kinjarapu Ram Mohan Naidu]]|votes=7,54,328|percentage=61.05|change=+15.41}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=Perada Tilak|votes=4,26,427|percentage=34.51|change=-10.83}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=24,605|percentage=1.99|change=-0.20}}
{{Election box majority|votes=3,27,901|percentage=26.54|change={{increase}}25.97}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=12,41,169|percentage=75.37|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner =Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/andhra_pradesh/srikakulam/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Srikakulam Lok Sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}

{{coord|18.3|83.9|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Srikakulam district]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies established in 1952]]

Bawi system

2026-04-20T04:49:22Z

Gnfcmussorie: started details - done

{{Short description|Former system of slavery in Mizoram (ab. 1927)}}
{{use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{slavery}}
The '''Bawi system''' was an institution of [[slavery]] under [[Mizo people|Mizo tribes]] from the precolonial era until the Indian post-colonial era. It remained an integral part of [[Mizo chieftainship]] before being challenged by [[History of Christianity in Mizoram|Christian missionaries]] in the 1910s and political institutions such as the [[Mizo Union]] in the 1940s.

The Bawi system was debated by British colonialists as a system of [[indentured labour]]. It was argued that the word {{lang|lus|bawi}} was translated as ''slave'' wrongly by the missionary [[James Herbert Lorrain]] when creating the Lushai ([[Mizo language|Mizo]]) dictionary. Both [[Thomas Herbert Lewin]] and [[John Shakespear (British Army officer)|John Shakespear]] corroborated the view that a {{lang|lus|bawi}} is a person who has lost the right of individual action but is too inappropriate to be termed a slave.{{sfn|Nag|2016|p=97}}

Peter Fraser, a medical missionary in the [[British Lushai Hills]] opposed the Bawi system and the local Mizo chiefs who kept bawis. Fraser ransomed 40 bawis with his own expenses; however, his campaign against the Bawi System led to pushback from the British administration, who feared it could aggravate the Mizo chiefs to rebellion. Fraser was recalled back to Wales due to his attempts to abolish the system.<ref>{{cite web |date=2025 |title=Synod Hospital History |url=http://www.synodhospital.org/about-us |website=Synod Hospital, Durtlang |location=Durtlang|access-date=9 August 2025}}</ref>

Abolition of the Bawi system was gradual, and by 1927, it had withered and was ''de-facto'' abolished.{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=78}} However, the legacy of the Bawi System organised an anti-chieftainship attitude with issues of corruption, favouritism, reflecting similarly to the [[Lal Sawi]] event before the British.{{sfn|Nag|2016|p=351}} The Mizo Union deemed chieftainship to be an [[anachronism|anachronistic]] institution that was repressive and needed to be abolished in its entirety.{{sfn|Nag|2016|p=359}} In 1954, the Mizo Union abolished chieftainship with various laws.{{sfn|Nag|2016|p=360}} The issues of the Bawi System continuing in practice such as serfdom and bonded labour also ceased with the end of chieftainship.{{sfn|Nag|2016|p=349}}

==Etymology==
[[File:J Herbert Lorraine Cropped Portrait.jpg|thumb|[[James Herbert Lorrain|J.H. Lorrain]], missionary and author of the ''Dictionary of the Lushai language''.]]
Early British administrators used polyglot officials to extract terminology for the Lushai Tribes. Bawi was initially listed as a gendered noun known as ''bay-pa'' for male slaves and ''bay-nu'' for female slaves. When the missionaries of the Lushai Hills decided to create a roman alphabet as a written language of [[Mizo language|Duhlien]], limitations of the representation of the tonal language led to transcription of the 'o' sound as an 'aw' sound making it spelt bawi instead of ''boi''. Furthermore, the word became widely used outside of a gendered context and was treated analogously to mean both slave and the institution of slavery itself.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2006|p=287}}
[[File:T.H. Lewin.jpg|thumb|[[Thomas Herbert Lewin]], Early British ethnologist on the [[Mizo people|Lushais]].]]
There has been debate on the specific meaning of ''bawi'' due to the political implications of such definitions. [[James Herbert Lorrain|Lorrain]] stated in ''Dictionary of the Lushai language'' that ''bawi'' translates to a slave, a bondman, a vassal or a serf.{{sfn|Lorrain|Savidge|1898|p=63}}{{sfn|Nag|2012|p=61}} McCall subsequently comments in ''Lushai Chrysalis'' that the dictionary did not provide a deep study of the language, the definition of a slave was too antagonizing when most ''bawi'' were individuals dependent on their chief.{{sfn|McCall|1977|p=121}} T.H Lewin argues that the definition of slave is inapplicable regarding the ''bawi'' system, defining the institution as individuals who have lost the right of individual freedom of action.{{sfn|Lewin|1874|p=80}}{{sfn|Vanlaldika|2014|p=134}} Shakespeare in ''Lushai-Kuki Clans'' defines ''bawi'' as persons who have taken refuge in the chief's house.{{sfn|Shakespear|1912|p=XXI}}

==Characteristics==
A ''bawi'' was only permitted to belong to a [[Mizo Chieftainship|chief]]. Unlike [[Chin people]] and [[Thadou people]], slaves under Lushai chiefs were not sold and treated as property. A ''bawi'' was permitted to move from one chief to another chief; chiefs would accept ''bawis'' in the interest of increasing their privilege and perceived power. A ''bawi'' was also permitted to get married. If two ''bawis'' get married, then by custom, they are to live with the chief for six years. After this period, the ''bawi'' couple will build their own house and will be known as an ''inhrang bawi'', meaning separate house ''bawi''.{{sfn|Shakespear|1912|p=46}}{{sfn|Samuelson|1991|p=92}} There were several types of ''bawi''.

''Inpuichhung bawi'' means an in-house slave or serf. They would become a bawi by being indebted to their chief during a crisis. This typically included extreme poverty, starvation, sickness, etc. A Majority of ''bawi'' of this type tended to be orphans, widows and other vulnerable individuals. Being unable to take care of themselves, these individuals operated in [[serfdom]] to their chief in return for shelter and food.{{sfn|Vanlaldika|2014|p=125}}{{sfn|Hrangchal|2014|p=44-45}}''Inpuichhung bawi'' constituted the majority of ''bawis'' belonging to chiefs. They were considered part of the chief's household in return for food and shelter.{{sfn|Samuelson|1991|p=92}}{{sfn|Hrangchal|2014|p=44-45}} They managed to hold privileges such as wearing the chief's ornaments and using his guns and weapons.{{sfn|Shakespear|1912|p=47}}{{sfn|Hrangchal|2014|p=44-45}}

''Chemsen bawi'' means red knife ''bawi''.{{sfn|McCall|1977|p=121}}{{sfn|Shakespear|1912|p=48}} If an individual were to commit murder, then the victim's family held a right to kill the offender. The murderer had a right to take refuge in the chief's house. The murderer would cling to the foundation post of the chief's house, a practice known as ''lal sutpui pawm''. This act would bind a chief to protect the offender from the vengeance of the victim's relatives.{{sfn|Chakraborty|Prasad|2006|p=17}}{{sfn|Samuelson|1991|p=92}} This was provided on the basis the revenge seekers had not successfully injured the offender before he sought the foundation post. As the chief's subjects could not challenge him, this would guarantee the offender's protection from any retribution.{{sfn|Vanlaldika|2014|p=137}} A ''chemsem bawi'' in contrast to an ''inpuichhung bawi'' lived in a separate house and did not work for the chief directly. Their children would be considered ''bawis'', and the chief had the right to the marriage price of the daughters.{{sfn|Vanlaldika|2014|p=138}} The ''chemsem bawi'' would also lose the right to fatherhood of their children as the chief would assume parental role of the murderer's children.{{sfn|Samuelson|1991|p=93}}{{sfn|Hrangchal|2014|p=45-46}}

''Tuklut bawi'' means promised to enter ''bawi''. This category pertains to individuals who surrendered during wartime or deserted their village to join a winning side.{{sfn|Shakespear|1912|p=49}}{{sfn|Hrangchal|2014|p=46}} To safeguard their lives, they offered themselves to the chief.{{sfn|Vanlaldika|2014|p=138}} These ''bawis'' were relatively free and allowed to live in separate houses from the chief. They were permitted to be relieved of bawi status by paying the chief one [[gayal|mithun]].{{sfn|Samuelson|1991|p=93}} According to the British administration, the workload of ''tuklut bawi'' was so light that most of them never paid their ransom for freedom.{{sfn|Shakespear|1912|p=49}}

''Sal'' in a literal meaning pertains to slavery. A ''sal'' was a person who was captured during a raid.{{sfn|Vanlaldika|2014|p=139}} Unlike other ''bawis'', a ''sal'' is the personal property of the captors. They would be exchanged for goods, such as guns. A ''sal'' would typically be marriageable women or children from defeated tribes.{{sfn|Shakespear|1912|p=50}} The ''sal'' category was unique in that anybody had the right to own one, as opposed to all other categories of ''bawi'' being strictly limited to the chief. A ''sal'' could secure their freedom by paying whatever their captor demanded of them.{{sfn|Vanlaldika|2014|p=139}}

==History==
During [[British rule in the Lushai Hills|British rule]] the administration maintained the ''bawi'' institution. The British were reluctant to label the institution as slavery and hesitant to intervene.{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=73}} Their approach saw a policy of indirect rule through the existing political structure of [[Mizo Chieftainship|Mizo chieftainship]]. Previous rights of the chiefs were extinguished, such as the right to order capital punishment, the right to seize the property of subjects leaving their village for another chief, the right to tax foreigners trading in the hills, and the right to enact inheritance of chieftainship without British approval. While other rights, such as taxation and appointments of elders and ministers, remained.{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=63}} Under the British, without any raiding and inter-tribal wars and a new standardized justice system, the categories of ''chemsem bawi'', ''tuklut bawi'' and ''sal'' became obsolete. Most missionaries also did not interfere in the bawi institution and believed that converting the Lushai Hills would lead to a growth in public moral consciousness that would allow the system to wither itself.{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=73}}{{sfn|Lloyd|1991|p=161}}

Peter Fraser, a missionary doctor in the Lushai Hills, raised concerns over the permittance of the bawi institution among the chieftains.{{sfn|Nag|2016|p=48}} Fraser worked with chiefs such as Khawvelthanga of Muabuang who converted to Christianity in supporting his endeavours.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=21}} Fraser began his campaign by spending his own money in ransoming the freedom of as many bawis as he could. The chiefs were happy with the flow of cash but began to oppose Fraser's efforts when more and more bawis contacted Fraser to free them. The traditional economy of [[Mizo Chieftainship|Lushai chiefdoms]] heavily relied on manpower and labour distribution and functioned as markers of prestige for chiefs. Freed bawis spread the news of Fraser's deeds and led to an increase in bawis seeking liberation. Facing opposition from chiefs encouraged Fraser to convince his local administration to attempt to abolish the bawi system on the basis that slavery had been banned by law in all British colonies including the [[British Raj]].{{sfn|Nag|2016|p=57}} Fraser embarked on a political campaign to abolish the bawi system in the Lushai Hills. To Fraser, the continuation of the Bawi system went against the British abolishment of slavery in 1833.{{sfn|Vanlaldika|2014|p=170}} The bawis freed by Fraser lived in hostels built by Fraser to provide shelter. In return, the freed bawis assisted Fraser in his missionary efforts of preaching, coolie duties and forming a choir and band known as ''Krawss Sipai'' in 1911.{{sfn|Nag|2016|p=58}}

Fraser established testimonies of the free Bawis that stated they were slaves, bonded for generations, and held a desire to be free. Fraser used this to convince Rev. [[David Evan Jones (missionary)|D.E Jones]] that the bawi system was a hurdle in proselytizing the Lushai Hills into Christianity. Rev Jones subsequently published an issue in the Monthly treasury as a sign of support for Fraser's struggle and his initiative in ransoming bawis from the chiefs. In a meeting with superintendent [[H.W.G. Cole]], the two missionaries were told that the issue needed a consensus from all missionaries.{{sfn|Nag|2016|p=59}}
Many Christian missionaries did not share his views initially. With Fraser's encouragement, the missionaries took up investigations and discussions and often held merits to Fraser's perspective on the system.{{sfn|Vanlaldika|2014|p=170}}

[[Frederick William Savidge|F.W Savidge]] later wrote regarding his changed perspective of the bawi system:{{sfn|Vanlaldika|2014|p=171}}
{{Blockquote
|text=Having considered the pros and cons - I think now that a system is a most iniquitous one, and if it could be done away with speedily as possible in to, it would be the mutual advantage of the government and governed.
|title=Slavery on British Territory, Assam and Burma
|source=Letter to H.W.G Cole, January 1910
}}

[[James Herbert Lorrain|J.H Lorraine]] corroborated the view stating that:{{sfn|Vanlaldika|2014|p=171}}
{{Blockquote
|text=Careful enquiry had now convinced me that its abolition would be hailed as a blessing by a very large majority of the inhabitants of this hills, and that very few, if any, of the poor and destitute would suffer hardship because of the non-existence of the system as it now stands.
|title=Slavery on British Territory, Assam and Burma
|source=Letter to Fraser, January 1910
}}

[[David Evan Jones (missionary)|D.E Jones]] undertook an extensive and deep investigation of the issue, commenting that:{{sfn|Vanlaldika|2014|p=171}}
{{Blockquote
|text=Although the system has been tolerable in the hands of the chiefs, it allows cruel chief to oppress. Notwithstanding, the apparent freedom of the Bawis they are often all 'bound' until ransom is found. The fact that many go back to the chiefs is no argument for its permanence.
|title=Slavery on British Territory, Assam and Burma
|source=The Bawi (Boi) System, February 2010
|character=D.E Jones
}}

However, the missionaries hesitated to support Fraser as they viewed him as scrupulous. In any chance, a potential misstep would reflect on their missionary efforts and the Bawis under the system. The missionaries, such as Jones, advocated for a slow and gradual abolition with the administration's efforts. However, Fraser rebuked and considered the abolishment of the Bawi system an urgent issue to resolve.{{sfn|Vanlaldika|2014|p=171}}

The administration did not agree with Fraser's position. H.W.G Cole argued in a view shared by bureaucrats and administrators that the bawi system provided for the sustenance of many poor and destitute who took shelter with the well-to-do chiefs in return for a lifetime of service. To abolish the system would abandon the welfare of the needy in society. Fraser was also friends with the chancellor of Exchequer [[Lloyd George]], who would later become the prime minister of Britain. Fraser mentioned this friendship in passing to H.W.G Cole that Lloyd George would assist him in compensating the chiefs.{{sfn|Nag|2016|p=61}} H.W.G Cole in protest published an article in the newspaper, ''Mizo leh Vai Chanchin Bu'', stating that the bawi system is not a form of slavery but closer to a 'membership of the house'.{{sfn|Nag|2016|p=62}} The administration preferred indirect rule through the chiefs and preferred not to agitate them by taking away a fundamental institution of chieftainship. British administrators cited John Shakespear's views on the ''inpuichhung bawi'' as a system of protecting the poor and destitute.{{sfn|Vanlaldika|2014|p=172}}
{{blockquote
|text=The system of chief supporting orphans and subsequently receiving the price of the girls and certain payments from the boys seems to be sound.
|source=The Lushei-Kuki Clans
|author=John Shakespear
}}

Shakespear's position was to modify the system without deprecating the status and prestige of the chiefs. In this sense, the British administration did not want to abolish the Bawi system nor consider it a form of slavery, as Fraser claimed.{{sfn|Vanlaldika|2014|p=172}}

The arrival of [[mautam]] famine impacted Fraser's campaign concerning the bawi system. One of the reasons chiefs opposed freeing of bawis was due to the importance of conserving labour during the hard times of famine. Many villagers pre-emptively bound themselves to the chief in anticipation of the famine upon the flowering of bamboo. As the British response to the 1911 mautam famine was well prepared, many individuals desired to be freed of their bawi status by Fraser. Fraser also could not convert the bawis to Christianity based on the orders of their chiefs, who were in charge of the decisions concerning the bawis.{{sfn|Nag|2016|p=64}}

Fraser was supported by [[Mary Winchester (Zoluti)|Mary Winchester]], the kidnapping victim of the Lushais that sanctioned the [[Lushai Expedition]]. Mary Innes Howie continued to fight for the abolition of the Bawi system and helped raise the issue to the British parliament. She wrote to the undersecretary in 1913 to inform them of her personal experience among the Lushais. She argued against [[John Shakespear (British Army officer)|John Shakespear's]] interpretation of the system and outlined that if it were not for the [[Lushai Expedition]] she would have been placed into serfdom of the chiefs herself.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=42}} Mary Innes Howie would establish the Anti-Slavery and Aborigines Society in the United Kingdom. Reverend Peter Fraser would join the society alongside many other forward-looking missionaries and liberal Englishmen. Mary Innes Howie also challenged the Assam government's decision to bar Fraser to return to the Lushai Hills. The government issues a response stating that:{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=43}}

{{blockquote
|text=The Chief Commissioner could not overlook the fact that unnecessary interference with the customs of a semi-savaged people might easily lead to grave political trouble, and that if Superintendent was to be responsible for the peace and tranquility of the district he must be allowed to exercise a reasonable measure of control.
|source=Chief Commissioner's Response
}}

Furthermore, the British administration offered an ultimatum to Fraser to cease his efforts and campaign against the Bawi system and stick to missionary work or leave the Lushai Hills.{{sfn|Vanlaldika|2014|p=171}} Upon refusal to sign, H.W.G Cole expelled Fraser from the Lushai Hills.{{sfn|Samuelson|1985|p=21}}

Fraser would return to the Lushai Hills with permission from the British government before being expelled from the [[British Raj]] on resumption of his campaign. Fraser's exit saw the issue resolved with progressive measures. The Bawi system was modified as follows:{{sfn|Vanlaldika|2014|p=173}}
{{bulleted list
|The use of the word bawi be discontinued.
|In the case of Chmesen bawis and Tukluh bawis any claim put forward be limited in specific amount of the consideration.
|The maximum liability of a bawi on seeking freedom be accepted as Rs. 40, or [[gayal|mithun]] for a whole family.
|A bawi may leave his master at will.
|Disputes over bawi be settled in line with the Mizo custom as in the case of ''chawmman'' (fooding charge).
}}
In 1927, the Assam government substituted the term Bawi with ''chhungte'' or ''awmpui'' which means inmates of the house. With this, the institution of the bawi system ceased in 1927.{{sfn|Vanlaldika|2014|p=170}} Upon British departure from the Indian subcontinent, half of the population in Mizoram would be Christian. In the remaining villages following [[Lushai animism]], the Bawi system would continue to unofficially exist. Many of the freed bawis fell victim to economic exploitation and poverty upon release. These freed bawis would become supporters of the abolition of chieftainship act. Christian missionaries accommodated the freed bawis while others would begin migrations to other areas of Mizoram.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=44}} Nag argues that the abolishment of Chieftainship in 1954 led to the dissolution of [[Mizo Chieftainship|Mizo chieftainship]], hence truly ending the Bawi system along with it as it relied on chiefs to facilitate the social order.{{sfn|Nag|2016|p=359}} The Mizo Union functioned on the principles of the [[Indian National Congress]] at the time, which held anti-monarchist and chiefly rule and institutions. This bid was popular with many individuals who saw the institution becoming outdated.{{sfn|Nag|2016|p=355}} Furthermore, the peaceful abolishment of both institutions proved the British administration wrong in their rationale to maintain it out of peacekeeping concerns.{{sfn|Nag|2016|p=359-360}}

==See also==
*[[Mizo Chieftainship]]
*[[H.W.G. Cole]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite journal |last1=Baite |first1=Mary Nengneichong |date=2010–2011 |title=The Institution of Slavery in the Chin Society |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147548 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=794–904|jstor=44147548 |access-date=12 November 2024}}

*{{cite book |last1=Chakraborty |first1=P. |last2=Prasad |first2=R.N |date=2006 |title=Administration of Justice in Mizoram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O-llviDkGAAC |location=New Delhi |lccn=2006346654 |oclc=67393653 |ol=13175938M |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=81-8324-059-3}}

*{{cite book |editor-last1=Chatterjee |editor-first1=Indrani |editor-last2=Eaton |editor-first2=Richard M. |chapter=Slavery, Semantics, and the Sound of Silence |oclc=191950586 |ol=29038362M |last=Chatterjee |first=Indrani |date=2006 |title=Slavery and South Asian History |location=Bloomington, Indiana |publisher=Indiana University Press |page=285-315 |isbn=9780253116710}}

*{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Suhas |date=1995 |title=Mizo Chiefs and the chiefdom |location=New Delhi |lccn=95901189 |oclc=32894795 |ol=944576M |publisher=M D Publicatgions PVT LTD |isbn=978-8185880723}}

*{{cite journal |last1=Hrangchal |first1=Lalhrilmoi|date=2014 |title=Revisiting the Boi System of Lushai Hills |url=https://www.jneis.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/4.2.4.pdf |journal=Journal of North East India Studies |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=41–54 |access-date=12 November 2024}}

*{{cite book |last=Lewin |first=Thomas Herbert |date=1874 |title=Progressive Colloquial Exercixes in the Lushai Dialect of the 'Dzo' or Kuki Language with vocabularies and popular tales (Notated) |url=https://archive.org/details/progressivecoll00lewigoog |location=Calcutta |publisher=Calcutta Central Press Company}}

*{{cite book |last=Lloyd |first=J. M. |author-link=J. Meirion Lloyd |date=1991 |title=History of the Church in Mizoram: Harvest in the Hills |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BkgFAQAAIAAJ |location=Aizawl, Mizoram |publisher=Synod Publication Board}}

*{{cite book |last1=Lorrain |first1=James Herbert|last2=Savidge|first2=Frederick William |author-link1=James Herbert Lorrain |author-link2=Frederick William Savidge |date=1898 |title=A Grammar and Dictionary of the Lushai Language (Dulien Dialect) |url=https://archive.org/details/grammardictionar00lorr |location=Shillong |publisher=Assam Secretariat Printing Department}}

*{{cite journal |last1=Muivah |first1=Yaruipam|date=2024 |title=Regulating Slavery: The Bawi Question in Colonial Lushai Hills |journal=Gender in Slave and Post-Emancipation Societies |volume=9 |doi=10.4000/11o9w |doi-access=free}}

*{{cite book |last=McCall |first=Anthony G. |lccn=78911577 |ol=4390328M |orig-date=1949 |date=1977 |title=Lushai Chrysalis |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.16549/page/n147/mode/2up |location=Calcutta |publisher=Firma KLM Private}}

*{{cite book |last=Nag |first=Sajal |date=21 April 2016 |title=The Uprising: Colonial State, Christian Missionaries, and Anti-Slavery Movement in North-East India (1908-1954) |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/10383 |location=India |lccn=2015515443 |oclc=948338892 |ol=28604513M |publisher=Oxford University press |isbn=978-0-19-946089-2}}

*{{cite journal |last1=Nag |first1=Sajal|date=2012 |title=Rescuing Imagined Slaves: Colonial State, Missionary and Slavery Debate in North East India (1908-1920) |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0376983612449529?journalCode=ihra |journal=Indian Historical Review |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=57–71 |doi= 10.1177/0376983612449529|access-date=6 November 2024 |url-access=subscription}}

*{{cite journal |last1=Prasad |first1=Y. D. |date=1987 |title=Slavery in Modern India: A Case Study of Early 20th Century Mizoram |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141754 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=556–563 |jstor=44141754 |access-date=12 November 2024}}

*{{cite book |last=Samuelson |first=Ramchuani Sena |date=1985 |title=Love Mizoram |location=Imphal |lccn=91909636 |oclc=26542295 |ol=1687735M |publisher=Goodwill Press}}

*{{cite book |last=Samuelson |first=Rami Sena |date=1991 |title=The Mizo people: Cultural analysis of life in a Mizo village in the 1890's|location=San Francisco |publisher=[[University of San Francisco]] |page=90}}

*{{cite book |last=Shakespear |first=John |author-link=John Shakespear (British Army officer) |date=1912 |title=The Lushei Kuki Clans |url=https://archive.org/details/lusheikukiclans00shak/lusheikukiclans00shak/ |location=London |lccn=14000139 |oclc=574955962 |ol=6563643M |publisher=Macmillan and Co}}

*{{cite book |last=Vanlaldika |first=Andrew H. |date=2014 |title=Social Stratification in Mizo Society |location=New Delhi |lccn=2014360094 |oclc=893890029 |ol=31127060M |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-8324-475-6}}

*{{cite book |last=Zorema |first=J. |date=2007 |title=Indirect Rule in Mizoram: 1890-1954 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BYwpt38dYIIC&dq=bawi+lushai&pg=PR7 |location=New Delhi |oclc=271837683 |ol=48056042M |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-8324-229-5}}

{{Lushai frontier}}

[[Category:History of Mizoram]]
[[Category:Slavery in India]]
[[Category:Human rights abuses in India]]

Narayana Konganapalle

2026-04-10T17:09:44Z

Gnfcmussorie: started a stub

{{Short description|Indian para athlete}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}

'''Narayana Konganapalle''' is an Indian para rower from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He qualified for the [[India at the 2024 Summer Paralympics|2024 Summer Paralympics]] along with Anita in at the World Rowing Asian and Oceanian Olympic and Paralympic Qualification 2024.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-04-21 |title=Accident amputee Anita and landmine blast survivor Narayana combine to secure India's first Paralympic rowing qualification |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/paralympics-rowing-india-army-anita-narayana-paris-2024-9282365/ |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Subrahmanyam |first=V. V. |date=2024-04-22 |title=Paris 2024: Landmine blast survivor Narayana Konganapalle combines with Anita to secure Paralympic quota in rowing |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/other-sports/paris-2024-narayana-anita-secure-paralympics-quota-para-rowing-mixed-double-sculls-indian-army-landmine-blast-news/article68094720.ece |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> Earlier, he won a silver medal in PR3 mixed doubles sculls along with Anita at the [[2022 Asian Para Games]] at [[Hangzhou]], [[China]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-28 |title=Para Asian Games: Indian rowers Anita, Narayana Konganapalle bag silver in PR3 Mixed Doubles Sculls |url=https://telanganatoday.com/para-asian-games-indian-rowers-anita-narayana-konganapalle-bag-silver-in-pr3-mixed-doubles-sculls |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Konganapalle is a havaldar in the [[Indian Army]]. He is from [[Nandyal]], Andhra Pradesh.<ref name=":1" /> He is a land mine blast survivor. He is coached by Subedar Mohammed Azad at the Army Rowing Node in [[Pune]].<ref name=":0" /> He belongs to Madras Engineering Group and entered the Army in 2007.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-19 |title=Para-rowers Narayana, Kuldeep win bronze at World Rowing Cup 2 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/para-rowers-narayana-kuldeep-win-bronze-at-world-rowing-cup-2/articleshow/92321592.cms |access-date=2024-08-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Konganapalle, Narayana}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Para Games]]
[[Category:Paralympic rowers]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-rowing-bio-stub}}

Gollapalli Reservoir

2026-04-10T12:53:13Z

Gnfcmussorie: put up new article from scratch

{{Short description|Reservoir in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
[[File:Gollapalli Reservoir Satellite view.jpg|alt=Gollapalli Reservoir Satellite view|thumb|Gollapalli Reservoir Satellite view]]
'''Gollapalli Reservoir'''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/Naidu-inaugurates-Gollapalli-reservoir/article16752065.ece|title=Naidu inaugurates Gollapalli reservoir|author=Staff Reporter|date=2016-12-03|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-02-04|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> is an irrigation project located in [[Anantapur district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], India. It receives water from [[Handri-Neeva]]<ref>{{Cite web | title=All projects will be completed to provide water to Rayalaseema: AP CM | url=http://www.uniindia.com/all-projects-will-be-completed-to-provide-water-to-rayalaseema-ap-cm/states/news/1103373.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204051116/http://www.uniindia.com/all-projects-will-be-completed-to-provide-water-to-rayalaseema-ap-cm/states/news/1103373.html | access-date=2026-03-29 | archive-date=2020-02-04}}</ref> canal which draws water from [[Srisailam Dam|Srisailam reservoir]]. It is located at Gollapalli village in [[Penukonda]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/170119/anantapur-plans-afoot-to-revive-1183-irrigation-tanks.html|title=Anantapur: Plans afoot to revive 1183 irrigation tanks|date=2019-01-17|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=2020-02-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/151218/penukonda-finally-gets-safe-drinking-water-after-decades.html|title=Penukonda finally gets safe drinking water after decades|last=Hoskote|first=Nagabhushanam|date=2018-12-15|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=2020-02-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/220318/anantapur-approaching-summer-no-worry-for-water-officials.html|title=Anantapur: Approaching summer no worry for water officials|date=2018-03-22|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=2020-02-04}}</ref> Constituency.

== Details ==
The project was started as a part of [[Jalayagnam]]. It was inaugurated<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/Naidu-to-inaugurate-Gollapalli-reservoir-today/article16738266.ece|title=Naidu to inaugurate Gollapalli reservoir today|author=Staff Reporter|date=2016-12-02|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-02-04|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> on 2 December 2016 by then Chief minister of Andhra Pradesh [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]. The storage capacity of the reservoir is 1.91 [[tmcft]]. Water is further pumped from this reservoir to [[Madakasira]] and [[Hindupur]] through HNSS<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/150819/anantapur-demand-to-divert-surplus-water-to-drought-areas.html|title=Anantapur: Demand to divert surplus water to drought areas|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=2020-02-04}}</ref> Main canal.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|14.206|77.580|type:waterbody_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Reservoirs in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Dams in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Geography of Anantapur district]]
[[Category:2016 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 2016]]

Grihapravesh (2025 film)

2026-03-31T23:34:45Z

Gnfcmussorie: put up some details initial version

{{Short description|2025 Indian Bengali film}}
{{AI-generated|date=March 2026|reason=since early 2025 versions, note [[WP:AISIGNS]] in undue emphasis on significance, vocab distro typical of LLM output, superficial analyses etc}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Grihapravesh
| image = Grihapravesh poster.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Indraadip Dasgupta]]
| screenplay = Indraadip Dasgupta
| story = Indraadip Dasgupta
| producer = Sameeran Das
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Kaushik Ganguly]]
* [[Subhashree Ganguly]]
* [[Jeetu Kamal]]
* [[Rudranil Ghosh]]
}}
| cinematography = Pratip Mukhopadhyay
| editing = Sujay Dutta Ray
| music = Indraadip Dasgupta
| studio = Kaleidoscope Entertainment Unlimited
| distributor = [[PVR Inox Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|2025|06|13|df=y}}
| runtime = 156 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| budget =
| gross = ₹2.16 crore{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}
}}

'''''Grihapravesh''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Bengali-language]] family romantic drama film written and directed by [[Indraadip Dasgupta]]. It is produced by Sameeran Das under the banner of Kaleidoscope. Dasgupta also composed the music and wrote the screenplay, story, and dialogues.

The film stars [[Kaushik Ganguly]], [[Subhashree Ganguly]], and [[Jeetu Kamal]] in the lead roles. Pratip Mukhopadhyay handled the cinematography, while editing was done by Sujay Dutta Ray.

== Plot ==
Set in a worn-down Rajbari located in North Calcutta, where time feels frozen. It centers on Apratim and his ailing wife, who reside within the aging structure, supported by a distant relative named Bilu and their devoted helper, Minati. The narrative focuses on their daughter-in-law, Titli, who plays a crucial role in maintaining the delicate balance of the household.

Following the mysterious disappearance of her husband Shubho shortly after their wedding—he had promised to return in three months—Titli takes on the responsibility of managing the home and caring for its elderly inhabitants. Amidst the weight of history that the Rajbari embodies, she finds solace in her friendship with Roshni. Seeking a fresh start, Titli makes the decision to transform the Rajbari into a homestay for the Durga Puja festival.

The arrival of her first guest, Meghdut, a Bengali doctor and photographer living abroad, introduces a new dynamic to her life. As the festivities unfold with vibrant lights and music, Titli experiences a resurgence of emotions, leading to transformative moments in her journey. The film explores themes of resilience, change, and the complexities of human relationships against the backdrop of rich cultural heritage.<ref name="telegraph">{{cite web |title=Subhashree Ganguly headlines a tale of loss and longing |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/subhashree-ganguly-headlines-a-tale-of-loss-and-longing/cid/2101488 |work=The Telegraph India |access-date=14 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="t2identity">{{cite web |title=The upcoming film Grihapravesh promises to be an emotional layered exploration of identity and longing |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/the-upcoming-film-grihapravesh-promises-to-be-an-emotional-layered-exploration-of-identity-and-longing--glimpses-from-the-trailer-launch---/1484947 |work=T2 Online |access-date=10 June 2025}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Kaushik Ganguly]] as Apratim Roy, a patriarch grappling with family secrets
* [[Subhashree Ganguly]] as Titli, a woman navigating loss and identity
* [[Jeetu Kamal]] as Meghdut Bose
* [[Rudranil Ghosh]] as Bilu<ref name="etv">{{cite web |title=শুভ মুহূর্তে 'গৃহপ্রবেশ' শুভশ্রী-জিতুর, ছবি শেয়ার রুদ্রনীলের - SUBHASHREE JEETU GRIHA PRAVESH|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/!entertainment/subhashree-ganguly-jeetu-kamal-and-rudranil-ghosh-start-griha-pravesh-bengali-movie-shooting-west-bengal-news-wbs24111504878 |work=ETV Bharat |access-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>
* [[Sohini Sengupta]] as Sreemati Roy
* Sneha Chatterjee
* [[Abir Chatterjee]] (cameo) as Pritam
* Suprovo Tagore as Shubho

== Production ==
Principal photography began in November 2024 in Kolkata.<ref name="etv"/> Director Indraadip Dasgupta aimed to blend musical storytelling with deep emotional narratives, drawing from his background as a composer.<ref name="t2identity"/> The trailer launched in May 2025 at a high-profile event where Dasgupta described it as "an exploration of identity through separation and longing".<ref name="t2identity"/>

== Music ==
The soundtrack of ''Grihapravesh'' has been composed by [[Indraadip Dasgupta]]. The lyrics have been penned by Prosen and Ritam Sen. The album includes one traditional Bengali folk song and two [[Rabindra Sangeet]] adaptations besides 7 original compositions by Dasgupta. The complete soundtrack was released under the label of [[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF Music]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KWiI37EMPpY |title=Grihapravesh {{!}} Full Audio Jukebox {{!}} Indraadip Dasgupta {{!}} SVF Music |date=2025-07-16 |last=Music |first=SVF |access-date=2025-08-17 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

=== Track listing ===
{| class="wikitable"
! No. !! Title !! Composer !! Lyricist !! Singer(s) !! Length
|-
| 1 || "Meghpeon" || Indraadip Dasgupta || Prosen || Debayan Banerjee || 6:17
|-
| 2 || "Saiyaan Bina" || Indraadip Dasgupta || Prosen || Armaan Rashid Khan, [[Antara Mitra]] || 5:35
|-
| 3 || "Bhalobashar Paaley" || Indraadip Dasgupta || Prosen || [[Shreya Ghoshal]], Debayan Banerjee || 5:50
|-
| 4 || "Golpo Holo Shuru" || Indraadip Dasgupta || Prosen || [[Arijit Singh]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]], Armaan Rashid Khan || 5:45
|-
| 5 || "Moner O Toh Mon Bhaalo Nei (Male version)" || Indraadip Dasgupta || Ritam Sen || Debayan Banerjee || 4:20
|-
| 6 || "Moner O Toh Mon Bhaalo Nei (Female version)" || Indraadip Dasgupta || Ritam Sen || [[Madhubanti Bagchi]] || 4:15
|-
| 7 || "Meghpeon (Female version)" || Indraadip Dasgupta || Prosen || [[Iman Chakraborty]] || 5:55
|-
| 8 || "Amar Haat Bandhibi" || Traditional || Traditional || [[Satyaki Banerjee]] || 3:58
|-
| 9 || "Aami Tomar Preme" || Rabindranath Tagore || Rabindranath Tagore || [[Jayati Chakraborty]] || 4:33
|-
| 10 || "Bodhu Kon Aalo" || Rabindranath Tagore || Rabindranath Tagore || [[Amrita Singh]] || 6:05
|}

== Release ==
''Grihapravesh'' was released theatrically on 13 June 2025 across West Bengal.<ref name="bookmyshow"/> The premiere event in Kolkata saw massive crowds, leading to security breaches when Subhashree Ganguly arrived.<ref name="premiere">{{cite web |title=Security was breached by the crowd at Grihapravesh premiere |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/security-was-breached-by-the-crowd-as-actress-subhashree-ganguly-arrived-at-the-premiere-of-the-film-grihapravesh-dgtl/cid/1611535 |work=Anandabazar Patrika |access-date=12 June 2025}}</ref> A special screening was attended by cricketer [[Sourav Ganguly]] and actor [[Jisshu Sengupta]], creating viral social media moments.<ref name="dada">{{cite web |title=Sourav Ganguly came at Grihapravesh special screening |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/sourav-ganguly-came-at-grihapravesh-special-screeing-where-jisshu-sengupta-video-goes-viral-9377396 |work=The Indian Express (Bengali) |access-date=15 June 2025}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Box office ===
The film entered the ₹1 crore club within its first week<ref name="crore">{{cite web |title=Indraadip Dasgupta reacts on Bengali movie Grihapravesh makes entry 1 crore club |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/indraadip-dasgupta-reacts-on-bengali-movie-grihapravesh-makes-entry-1-crore-club-9439773 |work=The Indian Express (Bengali) |access-date=22 June 2025}}</ref> and earned ₹1.57 crore in its first 19 days.<ref name="bookmyshow">{{cite web |title=Grihapravesh (2025) - Movie Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Kolkata |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/kolkata/grihapravesh/ET00447957?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |website=BookMyShow |access-date=14 June 2025}}</ref> Director Dasgupta called the commercial response "encouraging for content-driven cinema".<ref name="crore"/>

=== Critical response ===
''Poorna Banerjee'' from ''[[The Times of India]]'' praises "Grihapravesh" as "a visually striking film set in a historical North Kolkata mansion preparing for Durga Puja. It follows Titli, who, after her husband Shubho disappears, learns to navigate her emotions as she manages a homestay. The film’s art direction and cinematography evoke longing and melancholy, while the music enhances its emotional depth." Banerjee notes "It’s a story of quiet transformation, highlighting personal desire and autonomy, though the second half could be tighter. Overall, it’s a gentle exploration of self-discovery."<ref name="toi">{{cite web |title=Grihapravesh Movie Review: A visually-rich journey navigating complexities of love, loss and freedom|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/grihapravesh/movie-review/121860785.cms |work=Times of India |access-date=14 June 2025}}</ref> ''High on Films'' called it "a layered examination of identity through the lens of separation".<ref name="high">{{cite web |title=Grihapravesh (2025) Movie Review |url=https://www.highonfilms.com/grihapravesh-2025-movie-review/ |work=High on Films |access-date=15 June 2025}}</ref> ''[[Sangbad Pratidin]]'' particularly noted Subhashree Ganguly's "nuanced performance".<ref name="sangbad">{{cite web |title=Subhasree Ganguly-Jeetu Kamal starrer Grihapravesh Review |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/subhasree-ganguly-jeetu-kamal-starrer-grihapravesh-review/ |work=Sangbad Pratidin |access-date=15 June 2025}}</ref>

''[[Anandabazar Patrika]]'' highlights "Grihapravesh" as "a poignant exploration of love and identity set in a North Kolkata family home. The film follows Titli, who grapples with her husband Shaon's abrupt departure shortly after their marriage. Her world shifts when Meghdoot, a paying guest, arrives, revealing connections to Shaon’s hidden identity. Subhashree delivers a powerful performance, capturing her character's emotional turmoil. The film adeptly showcases complex characters and themes of love and loneliness, even as Shaon's portrayal feels somewhat flat. With evocative cinematography and evocative music, "Grihapravesh" offers a deeply resonant narrative that reflects the intricacies of human relationships."<ref name="ananda">{{cite web |title=গৃহপ্রবেশ: প্রেম, পরিচয় আর হারিয়ে যাওয়া সম্পর্কের এক মর্মস্পর্শী অনুরণন|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/movie-review-of-indraadip-dasguptas-grihapravesh-dgtl/cid/1611547 |work=Anandabazar Patrika |access-date=14 June 2025}}</ref>

== Criticism ==
However, the film faced criticism from the [[LGBTQIA]] community for its portrayal of a gay character, deemed stereotypical and regressive.<ref name="controversy">{{cite web |title=Film makes LGBTQIA+ community see red |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/film-makes-lgbtqia-community-see-red/articleshow/121913577.cms |work=Times of India |access-date=20 June 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt37137016|title=Grihapravesh}}

[[Category:Bengali-language romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language family drama films]]
[[Category:2025 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian family films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kolkata]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Indraadip Dasgupta]]
[[Category:Films set in country houses]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films distributed by PVR Inox Pictures]]

Laila Majnu Ki Mazar

2026-03-31T20:56:07Z

Gnfcmussorie: starting first article w/ refs

{{short description|Mausoleum in Rajasthan, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox monument
| name = Laila Majnu Ki Mazar
| image = Laila majnun mazar(Mausoleum),Anupgarh Sivender.jpg
| image_size = 
| caption = The graves of Layla and Majnun, where people come to seek blessings
| map_type = 
| map_caption = 
| coordinates = 
| location = Binjaur, near [[Anupgarh]], [[Sri Ganganagar district]], [[Rajasthan]], India
| type = Mausoleum
| material = 
| length = 
| width = 
| height = 
| begin = 
| complete = 
| open = 
| dedication = 
| builder = 
| main_builder = 
| website = 
}}

'''Laila Majnu Ki Mazar''' (lit=the [[mausoleum]] of Layla and Majnun) is situated at Binjaur, a village near [[Anupgarh]] in the [[Sri Ganganagar district]] of [[Rajasthan]]. According to the local legend, the famous lovers [[Laila and Majnu]] died here. A fair, held annually in the month of June, is attended by hundreds of couples and newlyweds.

==Mazar and its background==
Many people associate this [[Mazar (mausoleum)|''Mazar'']] with the lovers [[Layla and Majnun|Laila and Majnun]]. According to them, Laila-Qais were from [[Sindh]] and came to this place escaping from the clutches of Laila's parents and her brother, who were against love of Laila-Majnun. But, there was a huge sand dune during that time and they could not cross the desert because they were thirsty and finally Laila's parents followed them to only find them both dead in the desert. Thus, this place became a symbol of love and people come here to seek blessings of Laila and Majnu. According to the local people, on festivals, couples come to the graves of Laila and Majnu to seek their blessings for lifelong togetherness.

Some people, such as Rani Raisikh, one of the early caretakers of this Mazar, the mausoleum is not related to the mythical Laila-Majnu but are the two graves of a great teacher and his devoted student. The mausoleum is a symbol of mutual respect and love between that teacher and his student.

==Development of the Mausoleum==
[[File:Laila Majnu Mazar outer scene,Anupgarh Sivender.jpg|thumb|alt=Laila Majnu Mazar|Tomb of Laila Majnun where two graves are located]]The mausoleum is part of old graveyard of Muslims and Hindus. In the beginning, these graves were under a shed cover. According to a local legend, miracles made people devotees of the grave and people began to visit this place. Now a small room (tomb) has been built here.

==Annual fair==
[[File:Laila majnu mazar(Mausoleum),Anupgarh Sivender.jpg|thumb|alt=Laila Majnu Mazar|Inside tomb people are offering prayers]]Hundreds of people visit this place for a fair, in the month of June (14 June). Many couples get lined up here to seek blessings from legendary Laila-Majnun. The visitors a lay a chadar (cloth-sheet) on their holy shrines and offer prayers.
During the fair, prasaad and Langar (free meal) is offered to the visitors by devotees. At night, devotional song's programmes are also organised by devotees.

Before the [[Kargil War|Kargil war]], this place was also open for Pakistani visitors. Later, the border was closed for them.<ref>{{Cite web|title = The miraculous graves of Laila Majnu|url = http://www.gabdig.com/miraculous-graves-laila-majnu/|website = Gabdig|accessdate = 2015-10-15|language = en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120103082409/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-02-23/india/28017464_1_laila-sriganganagar-rajasthan Article]

{{Layla and Majnun}}
{{coord missing|Rajasthan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Graves of Layla and Majnun}}
[[Category:Mausoleums in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Sri Ganganagar district]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Historic sites in Rajasthan]]

Hero – Bhakti Hi Shakti Hai

2026-03-27T11:26:13Z

Gnfcmussorie: starting the details w/ infobox

{{short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Hero Bhakti Hi Shakti Hai.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = 
| creator = Arif Ali
| based_on =
| developer =
| writer =
| story = Rohit Gohlawt
| screenplay = Rahul Bose Anand Barotia Rishi Mittal Ram Kishore Prasad Deepak Jaul Sanatan Nehru
| director =
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring =
| judges =
| voices =
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme = Joy Ke Sang
| endtheme = Hero Title Song
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 3<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k6/june/june129.htm|title=Hungama TV to launch new season of 'Hero' on 12 June|date=10 June 2006|access-date=31 December 2017|archive-date=14 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814012618/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k6/june/june129.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k7/apr/apr22.php|title=Hungama TV ramps up activity with new shows & contest|date=April 2, 2007|access-date=December 31, 2017|archive-date=1 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101122752/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k7/apr/apr22.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
| num_episodes = 168
| executive_producer =
| producer = Ronnie Screwvala Zarina Mehta Deven Khote
| editor =
| cinematography = Durga Prasad Singh
| camera =
| runtime = 20-22 minutes
| company = UTV Software Communications
| channel = [[Hungama TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|5|30}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2007|8|9}}
}}

'''Hero – Bhakti Hi Shakti Hai''' ({{translation|Hero – Devotion is Strength}}) is an Indian [[Superhero fiction|superhero]] television series which aired on [[Hungama TV]] from 30 May 2005 to 9 August 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/may/may246.htm|title='Hero' to debut on Hungama TV on 30 May|date=May 28, 2005|access-date=December 31, 2017|archive-date=10 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410195549/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/may/may246.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=it>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/june/june182.htm|title=Hungama's new 'Hero' lives up to its name|date=June 15, 2005|access-date=December 31, 2017|archive-date=10 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410195602/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/june/june182.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> It is about the heroic deeds and adventures of a [[superhero]] called Hero, who is bestowed with out-of-this-world magical powers by the Goddess [[Durga]] to help him fight the criminals and [[supervillains]]. Created by Arif Ali of UTV and directed by Waseem Sabir and Imtiaz Alam. It starred Sumeet Pathak.

== Synopsis ==
The story revolves around a boy named Joy, who is disliked by most of his schoolmates. Due to his innocence and indomitable will, the goddess is impressed and gives him a magical ring through which he can transform himself into a superhero named "HERO". From this point on, Joy regularly saves the world from powerful supervillains like Virat and Samrat.

== Cast ==
* Sumeet Pathak as Joy Sehgal/Hero (2005–2007)
* Rupali Suri as Babli (2005)
* Nirmal Soni as Dholu (2005)
* [[Shilpa Tulaskar]] as Sunaina Sehgal (2005, 2007)
** [[Beena Banerjee]] replaced Tulaskar as Sunaina (2006)
* Mayank Tandon as Avi Sehgal (2005–2006)
* [[Chetanya Adib]] as Veer Sehgal/Virat (2006)
* [[Lavina Tandon]] as Charlotte (2005–2006)
* Kishan Savjani as Raju "Rejji" Madan Saxena (2005–2006)
* Dhairya Ojha as Chunky Nayyar (2005)
* Rakesh Thareja as Prem Prakash Sharma (2005–2007)
* Vijay Aidasani as Principal Karnal Raghavan (2005)
* Rajeev Kumar as Varun Sir (2005)
* Akshita Garuad as Menaakshi "Meenu" Desai (2005)
* Parth Muni as Balvinder "Chotta Pape" Kulwinder Harnam Singh Sodhi (2005–2007)
* [[Farida Jalal]] as Bebe<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/july/july174.htm|title=Frida Jalal meets 'Hero'|date=July 15, 2005|access-date=December 31, 2017|archive-date=1 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401123949/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/july/july174.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> (2005)
* Pragati Mehra as Kirthar Maami (2005)
* [[Addite Malik]] as Miss Jasmine (2005)
* [[Gaurav Gera]] as Cameraman Flash (2005)
* Abbas Ali as Goga/Zipzap (2005, 2006)
* [[Anuj Pandit Sharma]] as Invisible boy Sadashiv (2005)
* Renuka Bondre as Manorma
* [[Chahatt Khanna]] as Princess Myra (2005)
* Amano Dhyan as Bubble Badashah (2006)
* Amit K Sinha as Chumbak Choo (2006)
* Shahid Hassan as Gappi (2006)
* [[Kavi Kumar Azad]] as Dhappi (2006)
* Akanksha Kapil as Shruti Singh (2006)
* Shridhar Watsar as Gabbar (2006)
* Vijay Ganju as Cactus Cola (2006)
* Jagesh Mukati as Captain Cooker (2006)
* [[Narendra Bedi]] as Changa Mama (2006)
* Bijal Batavia as Sharmila Miss (2007)
* Shivansh as Honey (2007)
* Adityansh as Bankey "BB" Babu (2007)
* [[Shivshakti Sachdev]] as Neetu Shrivastava (2007)
* [[Susheel Parashar]] as Dr. Darr/Masoom Sir (2007)
* Farzil Pardiwalla as Harry's Dad (2007)
* [[Sachin Nayak]] as Umbrella Man (2007)
* Daniyal Hassan as Harry "Harry The Rockstar" Podar (2007)
* Sandesh Nayak as Ajagar (2006)

== Broadcast ==
The series aired from 30 May 2005 to 9 August 2007 on [[Hungama TV]] and ran for 3 seasons and 168 episodes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/june/june182.htm|title=Hungama's new 'Hero' lives up to its name|date=15 June 2005|access-date=30 December 2019|archive-date=3 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903232912/https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/june/june182.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Reruns of the series also aired on [[Jetix]] and [[Disney XD (Indian TV channel)|Disney XD]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 September 2017|title=Jetix unveils content line-up for July|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k8/july/july41.php|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908164551/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k8/july/july41.php|archive-date=8 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k10/apr/apr31.php|title=Disney Channel sweats films to up viewership this summer|date=April 6, 2010|access-date=June 27, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824112919/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k10/apr/apr31.php|archive-date=24 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|11255560}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hero - Bhakti Hi Shakti Hai}}
[[Category:2005 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2007 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian superhero television shows]]
[[Category:Hungama TV original programming]]
[[Category:UTV Television]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy television series]]
[[Category:Jetix original programming]]
[[Category:Disney XD (Indian TV channel) original programming]]
[[Category:Indian action television series]]

Mukesh Chhabra

2026-03-26T06:21:44Z

Gnfcmussorie:

{{short description|Indian casting director}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mukesh Chhabra
| image = The Casting Director Mukesh Chhabra at the Master Class on Characterisation and Casting for Cinema, during the 48th International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2017), in Panaji, Goa on November 25, 2017.jpg
| caption = Chhabra in 2017
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1984|05|27}}
| birth_place = Delhi, India
| years_active = 2006–present
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Casting director]]|Filmmaker|Actor}}
| known_for = {{ubl|''[[Dil Bechara]]'' (2020)|''[[Jawan (film)|Jawan]]'' (2023)|''[[Bajrangi Bhaijaan]]'' (2015)|''[[Bombay Velvet]]'' (2015)|''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]'' (2011)}}
| alma_mater = [[National School of Drama]]
}}

'''Mukesh Chhabra''' (born 27 May 1984) is an Indian casting director, filmmaker and actor.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=Mukesh Chhabra announces his 2nd film as director after 'Dil Bechara' {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/mukesh-chhabra-casting-director-all-set-to-direct-his-second-film-to-go-on-floors-in-2024-after-sushant-singh-rajput-dil-bechara-chamak-2466174-2023-11-22 |access-date=21 December 2023 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=14 June 2023 |title=Exclusive Interview {{!}} Meet casting director Mukesh Chhabra, the man who found Sushant Singh Rajput |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/entertainment-meet-casting-director-mukesh-chhabra-the-man-who-found-actors-like-rajkummar-rao-sanya-malhotra-sushant-singh-rajput-2968715/ |access-date=21 December 2023 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> Some of his notable works include [[Bajrangi Bhaijaan|''Bajrangi Bhaijan'']] (2015), ''[[Bombay Velvet]]'' (2015), ''[[Dangal (2016 film)|Dangal]]'' (2016), ''[[Dil Bechara]]'' (2020), ''[[Scam 1992]]'' (2020), ''[[Laal Singh Chaddha]]'' (2022), [[Commando (TV series)|''Commando'']] (2023), ''[[Jawan (film)|Jawan]]'' (2023), ''[[Dunki (film)|Dunki]]'' (2023), [[Chamak (web series)|''Chamak'']] (2023), ''[[Kafas (TV series)|Kafas]]'' (2023), ''[[Dhurandhar]]'' (2025) and ''[[Dhurandhar: The Revenge]]'' (2026).<ref name="auto5">{{Cite web |date=20 October 2023 |title=Mukesh Chhabra says there were fights between him and Atlee for the first two months over casting for Jawan: 'It was very difficult' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/mukesh-chhabra-says-there-were-fights-between-him-and-atlee-for-the-first-two-months-over-casting-for-jawan-it-was-very-difficult-8992434/ |access-date=21 December 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Mukesh Chhabra says Shah Rukh Khan's Dunki will be remembered for next 10 years |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-mukesh-chhabra-says-shah-rukh-khans-dunki-will-remembered-for-next-10-years-662017 |access-date=21 December 2023 |website=WION |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=ABP News |date=4 April 2023 |title=From Kai Po Che To Dangal: Top 5 Films That Mukesh Chhabra Did Absolute Justice |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/from-kai-po-che-to-dangal-top-5-films-that-mukesh-chhabra-did-absolute-justice-in-terms-of-casting-1593143 |access-date=21 December 2023 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
He was born in Delhi in 1984. He studied acting at the [[Shri Ram Centre for Performing Arts]]. He completed a six-year acting and teaching stint with the ‘Theatre in Education’ Company (TIE) affiliated with the [[National School of Drama]] in New Delhi.<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web |date=17 January 2016 |title=Meet Mukesh Chhabra, the man who discovers actors who critics love |url=https://www.mid-day.com/sunday-mid-day/article/meet-mukesh-chhabra--the-man-who-discovers-actors-who-critics-love-16869199 |access-date=21 December 2023 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
He started his career as an assistant casting director in 2006 with ''[[Rang De Basanti]]''.<ref name="auto4"/> In 2012, he played a cameo in [[Anurag Kashyap]]'s [[Gangs of Wasseypur – Part 2]], which also featured [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]] and [[Manoj Bajpayee]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 June 2023 |title=Mukesh Chhabra reveals funny tale of his 'dance-only role' in 'Gangs of Wasseypur' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/mukesh-chhabra-reveals-funny-tale-of-his-dance-only-role-in-gangs-of-wasseypur/articleshow/101065933.cms?from=mdr |access-date=21 December 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In 2015, he was the casting director for [[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]]'s ''[[Bajrangi Bhaijaan|Bajrangi Bhaijan]],'' starring [[Salman Khan]] and [[Kareena Kapoor Khan]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite news |date=29 November 2023 |title=Mukesh Chhabra worked as back-up dancer initially while in Delhi |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/mukesh-chhabra-worked-as-back-up-dancer-initially-while-in-delhi/articleshow/105594584.cms?from=mdr |access-date=21 December 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In the same year, he did the casting for ''[[Bombay Velvet]]'', featuring [[Ranbir Kapoor]], [[Anushka Sharma]] and [[Karan Johar]].<ref name="auto"/> In 2016, he did the casting for [[Nitesh Tiwari]]'s [[Dangal (2016 film)|''Dangal'']], starring [[Aamir Khan]], who also produced the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2023 |last=Kaushal |first=Ruchi |title=Mukesh Chhabra: Gangs of Wasseypur script had so long that I had to cast 384 actors to create a new world |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/mukesh-chhabra-on-gangs-of-wasseypur-casting-nepotism-star-kids-101688116681615.html |access-date=21 December 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dangal to Shubh Mangal Saavdhan: Here's how perfect casting creates blockbusters |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/dangal-to-shubh-mangal-saavdhan-here-s-how-perfect-casting-creates-blockbusters-2484930.html |access-date=21 December 2023 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>

Mukesh made his directorial debut with ''[[Dil Bechara]]'' in 2020, featuring [[Sushant Singh Rajput]] and [[Sanjana Sanghi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dil Bechara Director Mukesh Chhabra On Sushant Singh Rajput's Nature: "He Was An Oversensitive Person" |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/dil-bechara-director-mukesh-chhabra-remembers-best-friend-sushant-singh-rajput-4632706 |access-date=21 December 2023 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref name="auto2"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2022 |title=Mukesh Chhabra recalls Sushant Singh Rajput was his first choice for Dil Bechara, says 'after that, I have never seen the film' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/mukesh-chhabra-sushant-singh-rajput-first-choice-dil-bechara-never-seen-the-film-8342193/ |access-date=21 December 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In 2020, he was the casting director for ''[[Scam 1992]]'', directed by [[Hansal Mehta]].<ref name="auto3"/> In 2022, he did the casting for [[Advait Chandan]]'s ''[[Laal Singh Chaddha]]'', starring [[Aamir Khan]] and [[Kareena Kapoor Khan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2023 |title=Aamir Khan threw a party after Laal Singh Chaddha tanked at the box office, says Mukesh Chhabra |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/aamir-khan-threw-a-party-after-laal-singh-chaddha-tanked-at-the-box-office-says-mukesh-chhabra-101701510605472.html |access-date=21 December 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 2023 |title=Mukesh Chhabra on 'Laal Singh Chaddha': 'Couldn't believe it was a disaster, but Aamir Khan threw a party because…' |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mukesh-chhabra-on-laal-singh-chaddha-couldnt-believe-it-was-a-disaster-but-aamir-khan-threw-a-party-because-13471052.html |access-date=21 December 2023 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref> In 2023, he did the casting for [[Commando (TV series)|''Commando'']] by [[Vipul Amrutlal Shah]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vipul Amrutlal Shah on casting a 'new face' in the form of Prem Parija for 'Commando' |url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/vipul-amrutlal-shah-on-casting-a-new-face-in-the-form-of-prem-parija-for-commando_199062 |access-date=21 December 2023 |website=India Forums |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Commando Teaser: Adah Sharma, Vaibhav Tatwawadi, Shreya Singh Chaudhry, Amit Tigmanshu Dhulia, Sial, Mukesh Chhabra And Ishteyak Khan Starrer Commando Official Teaser {{!}} Entertainment – Times of India Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/web-series/hindi/commando-teaser-adah-sharma-vaibhav-tatwawadi-shreya-singh-chaudhry-amit-tigmanshu-dhulia-sial-mukesh-chhabra-and-ishteyak-khan-starrer-commando-official-teaser/videoshow/102128353.cms |access-date=21 December 2023 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> In the same year, he played a role in [[Atlee (director)|Atlee]]'s ''[[Jawan (film)|Jawan]],'' featuring alongside [[Shah Rukh Khan]] and [[Deepika Padukone]].<ref name="auto5"/><ref>{{Cite news |date=3 December 2023 |title=Mukesh Chhabra: Shah Rukh Khan is the most gracious host |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/mukesh-chhabra-shah-rukh-khan-is-the-most-gracious-host/articleshow/105704435.cms?from=mdr |access-date=21 December 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2023 |title=Mukesh Chhabra reveals how mammoth cast of Shah Rukh Khan's Jawan fell in place: 160 actors and more than a year of prep |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/mukesh-chhabra-reveals-how-mammoth-cast-of-shah-rukh-khans-jawan-fell-in-place-160-actors-and-more-than-a-year-of-prep-8933300/ |access-date=21 December 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In 2023, Chhabra also did the casting for [[Rajkumar Hirani]]'s [[Dunki (film)|''Dunki'']], starring [[Shah Rukh Khan]], [[Taapsee Pannu]], [[Vicky Kaushal]] and [[Boman Irani]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2023 |title='Dunki' Casting Director Mukesh Chhabra Predicts Record-Breaking Success For The Shah Rukh Khan-Starrer Film |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/-dunki-casting-director-mukesh-chhabra-predicts-record-breaking-success-for-the-shah-rukh-khan-starrer-film-news-336144 |access-date=21 December 2023 |website=Outlook}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mukesh Chhabra reacts to fans' high expectations from Shah Rukh Khan, Rajkumar Hirani's Dunki: 'Yeh combination...' |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-mukesh-chhabra-reacts-to-fans-high-expectations-from-shah-rukh-khan-rajkumar-hirani-s-dunki-3071410 |access-date=21 December 2023 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto1"/> In the same year, he acted and did the casting for [[Rohit Jugraj Chauhan|Rohit Jugraj]]'s [[Chamak (web series)|''Chamak'']] and [[Subhash Kapoor]]'s [[Kafas (TV series)|''Kafas'']], featuring [[Mona Singh]] and [[Sharman Joshi]].<ref name="auto2"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive! Mukesh Chhabra on Kafas: The show isn't about the entertainment industry, but... |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/exclusive-mukesh-chhabra-on-kafas-the-show-isnt-about-the-entertainment-industry-but/01cd866fad707 |access-date=21 December 2023 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2023 |title=Kafas actor Mona Singh says she's seen parents trying to realise their acting dreams through their kids: 'They quit their job…' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/kafas-actor-mona-singh-parents-push-acting-dreams-through-children-8829862/ |access-date=21 December 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== As casting director (select films) ===
* ''[[Rang De Basanti]]'' (2006) – Assistant
* ''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Bajrangi Bhaijaan]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Bombay Velvet]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Dangal (2016 film)|Dangal]]'' (2016)
* [[Laila Majnu (2018 film)|Laila Majnu]] (2018)
* ''[[Scam 1992]]'' (2020)
* ''[[Laal Singh Chaddha]]'' (2022)
* ''[[Commando (TV series)|Commando]]'' (2023)
* ''[[Jawan (film)|Jawan]]'' (2023)
* ''[[Dunki (film)|Dunki]]'' (2023)
* ''[[Chamak (web series)|Chamak]]'' (2023)
* ''[[Kafas (TV series)|Kafas]]'' (2023)
* ''[[Deva (2025 film)|Deva]]'' (2025)
* ''[[Dhurandhar]]'' (2025)
* ''Main Vaapas Aaunga'' (2026)
* ''[[Dhurandhar: The Revenge]]'' (2026)
* ''Ramayana Part 1'' (2026)<ref>{{Cite web |title=When Mukesh Chhabra revealed why he cast Ranbir Kapoor as Ram in Nitesh Tiwari's Ramayana |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/when-mukesh-chhabra-revealed-why-he-cast-ranbir-kapoor-as-ram-in-nitesh-tiwaris-ramayana-101752057188323.html |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

=== As film director ===
* ''[[Dil Bechara]]'' (2020; also casting director)

=== As actor ===
* ''[[Gangs of Wasseypur - Part 2]]'' (2012) as Nawab
* ''[[Luv Shuv Tey Chicken Khurana]]'' (2012) as Lovely
* ''[[Te3n]]'' (2016) as Taariq
* ''[[Jawan (film)|Jawan]]'' (2023) as Health Minister's secretary
* ''[[Chamak (web series)|Chamak]]'' (2023–2025) as Dimpy

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Result
!{{refh}}
|-
|2016
|[[Stardust Awards]]
|Special Recognition to a Casting Director
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stardust Awards 2016: Complete List of Winners |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/stardust-awards-2016-complete-list-of-winners-1257753 |access-date=21 December 2023 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=nm2535507}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Chhabra, Mukesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Indian casting directors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Delhi]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian filmmakers]]

Radha

2026-03-23T01:45:01Z

Gnfcmussorie: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Short description|Hindu goddess of love and chief consort of the god Krishna}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox deity 
| type = Hindu
| name = Radha
| other_names =  Madhavi, Keshavi, Shreeji, Shyama, Kishori, Radharani
| deity_of = [[Prakṛti|Mūlaprakriti]] - Primordial goddess<ref name="Diana Dimitrova 2018">{{cite book|title=Divinizing in South Asian Traditions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4HHbtAEACAAJ |author=Diana Dimitrova|publisher=Routledge |year=2018|isbn=978-0-8153-5781-0|quote=Radha is mentioned as the personification of the Mūlaprakriti, the 'Root nature, that original seed from which all material forms evolved}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Vemsani|2016|p=222}}: "The Devibhagvata purana and Padma purana describe Radha's cosmological role as Prakriti and Shakti"</ref> Mother Goddess<ref>{{cite book|title=Hindu Goddesses |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hgTOZEyrVtIC |author=David R. Kinsley|publisher=Motilala Banarsidass |year=1986|pages=91|isbn=978-81-208-0394-7 |quote= "Radha is called mother of the world and Krishna father of the world"}}</ref> Hladini shakti ("blissful energy")<ref>{{cite book|author=Wendy Doniger|title=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440|url-access=registration|year=1999|publisher=Merriam-Webster|isbn=978-0-87779-044-0|page=900}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title= Mask and Creative Symbolisation in Contemporary Oriya Literature: Krishna, Radha and Ahalya|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23341400|author=Prafulla Kumar Mohanty|journal=Indian Literature |year=2003|volume=2 |issue=214 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi|pages=182|jstor=23341400 |quote=Radha is the power of joy, the Hladini shakti of Krishna}}</ref> 
Goddess of Love, Compassion and Devotion<ref>{{cite book|title=Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0SJ73GHSCF8C&pg=PA65 |author=Guy Beck|publisher=SUNY Press|year=2005|pages=64–81|isbn=978-0-7914-6415-1 |quote=Radha is goddess of love to Krishna}}</ref> Supreme Goddess in [[Krishnaism]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Krishna: A Sourcebook|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=HVDqCkW1WpUC|author=Edwin Francis Bryant|publisher=SUNY Press|year=2007|pages=443| isbn=978-0-19-803400-1 |quote=Significant manifestation of the feminine in Vaishnavism...the supreme goddess Radha, the favorite ''gopi'' of Krishna}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title= Religion in India|url=https://academic.oup.com/jaar/article-abstract/XLIV/2/366-a/680648?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false |author= Roy C Amore|journal= Journal of the American Academy of Religion|year=1976|volume= 14|issue= 2|page= 366|quote=Radha as Prakriti comes to supreme prominence, assuming epithets of transcendence - Brahmasvarupa, Nirguna... }}</ref>
| image = Radharani 10.JPG
| caption = Idol of Radha at [[ISKCON Temple, Pune]]
| Sanskrit_transliteration = Rādhā
| Devanagari = राधा
| affiliation = {{bulleted list|[[Radha Krishna]]|[[Devi]]|Hladini [[shakti]] of [[Krishna]]|[[Avatar]] of [[Lakshmi]]}}
| abode = {{hlist|[[Goloka]]|[[Vrindavan]]|[[Barsana]]|[[Vaikuntha]]}}
| texts = [[Brahma Vaivarta Purana]], [[Devi-Bhagavata Purana]], [[Naradiya Purana]], [[Padma Purana]], [[Skanda Purana]], [[Shiva Purana]], [[Gita Govinda]], [[Gopala Tapani Upanishad]], [[Garga Samhita (Vaishnavite text)|Garga Samhita]], [[Brahma Samhita]], [[Chaitanya Charitamrita]]
| birth_place =
| parents = {{ubl|[[Vrishabhanu]] (father)|Kirtida (mother){{sfn|Menzies|2006|p=54}}}}
| symbol = Golden Lotus
| consort = [[Krishna]]
| festivals = {{hlist|[[Radhashtami]]|[[Holi]]|[[Sharad Purnima]]|[[Kartik Purnima]]|[[Gopashtami]]|[[Lathmar Holi]]|[[Jhulan Purnima]]}}
| mantra = {{bulleted list|''Om hreem Radhikaye namah''|'' Om Radhaye svaha''|'' Om hreem shreem Radhikaye svaha''}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Brahma Vaivarta Purana|url=https://archive.org/details/brahma-vaivarta-purana-gitapress-hindi/page/n305/mode/1up|author= Ved Vyaas|publisher=Gita Press, Gorakhpur|pages=297}}</ref>
| gender = Female
| dynasty = [[Yadu dynasty|Yaduvamsha]]-[[Chandravamsha]]
| member_of = [[Prakṛti|Panch Prakriti]]<ref>{{cite journal|title= The Purāṇas (A History of Indian Literature|url= https://www.academia.edu/26399308|author= Ludo Rocher|journal= Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies|year=1988|volume= 51|issue= 2|page= 355}}</ref>
| venerated_in = [[Radha Vallabh Sampradaya]], [[Nimbarka Sampradaya]], [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]], [[Pushtimarg]], [[Mahanam Sampradaya]], [[Manipuri Vaishnavism]], [[Swaminarayan Sampradaya]], [[Vaishnava-Sahajiya]], Haridasi Sampradaya{{sfn|Vemsani|2016|pp=222–223}}
| avatar_birth = Raval, [[Barsana]] (present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]])
| day = [[Friday]]
}}
{{Hinduism}}
{{Vaishnavism}}

'''Radha''' ({{langx|sa|राधा}}, {{IAST3|Rādhā}}), also called '''Radhika''', is a [[Hindu goddess]] and the chief consort of the god [[Krishna]]. She is the goddess of love, tenderness, compassion, and devotion. In scriptures, Radha is mentioned as the [[avatar]] of [[Lakshmi]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=Naamleela Free |date=2015 |title=From Gods To Gamers: The Manifestation of the Avatar Throughout Religious History and Postmodern Culture |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4mn5k202 |journal=Berkeley Undergraduate Journal |language=en |volume=28 |issue=2 |page=8 |doi=10.5070/B3282028582|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gokhale |first1=Namita |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KWJ7DwAAQBAJ&dq=Finding+Radha%3A+The+Quest+for+Love&pg=PT8 |title=Finding Radha: The Quest for Love |last2=Lal |first2=Malashri |date=2018-12-10 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5305-361-1 |language=en |quote=Like Sita, Radha is also a manifestation of Lakshmi.}}</ref> and also as the [[Prakṛti|Mūlaprakriti]], the Supreme goddess, who is the feminine counterpart and internal potency (''hladini [[shakti]]'') of Krishna.<ref name="Diana Dimitrova 2018"/><ref name=":4"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bryant |first=Edwin Francis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CIDawAEACAAJ |title=Krishna: A Sourcebook |date=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-514892-3 |pages=551 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kar |first=Nishamani |date=2001 |title=Sriradha: A Study |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23344745 |journal=Indian Literature |volume=45 |issue=2 (202) |pages=184–192 |jstor=23344745 |issn=0019-5804}}</ref><ref name=":5"/> Radha accompanies Krishna in all his incarnations.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vyasadeva |url=https://archive.org/details/NaradaPancaratraPart2/Narada%20Pancaratra%20part%202/page/n446/mode/1up |title=Narada Pancaratra Part 2 |date=2015-06-18 |pages=448 |quote=Whenever Sri Hari appears in this world, Sri Radhika appears with him}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Farquhar |first=J. N. |date=1926 |title=The Narada Pancharatra |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25221011 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |issue=3 |pages=492–495 |jstor=25221011 |issn=0035-869X}}</ref> Radha's birthday is celebrated every year on the occasion of [[Radhashtami]].{{sfn|Vemsani|2016|p=223}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mohanty |first=Prafulla Kumar |date=2003 |title=Mask and Creative Symbolisation in Contemporary Oriya Literature: Krishna, Radha and Ahalya |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23341400 |journal=Indian Literature |volume=47 |issue=2 (214) |pages=181–189 |jstor=23341400 |issn=0019-5804}}</ref>

In relation with Krishna, Radha has dual representation—the lover consort as well as his married consort. Traditions like [[Nimbarka Sampradaya]] worship Radha as the eternal consort and wedded wife of Krishna.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Farquhar |first=J. N. |date=1926 |title=The Narada Pancharatra |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |issue=3 |pages=492–495 |issn=0035-869X |jstor=25221011}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharya |first=Sunil Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SyyNIL7Ug2kC&q=chaitanya+c&pg=PA14 |title=Krishna-cult in Indian Art |date=1996 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7533-001-6 |pages=13 |language=en |quote=Radha is the eternal consort and wedded wife of Krishna, who lives forever with him in Goloka.}}</ref>{{sfn|Lochtefeld|2002|p=542}}{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007|p=341|loc=Radha}} In contrast, traditions like [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]] revere her as Krishna's lover and the divine consort.<ref name="britannica2">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Radha |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] Online |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Radha-Hindu-mythology |access-date=2020-12-13}}</ref>{{sfn|Lochtefeld|2002|p=542}}

In [[Radha Vallabha Sampradaya]] and Haridasi Sampradaya, only Radha is worshipped as the [[Brahman|Supreme being]].{{sfnm|1a1=White|1y=1977|1p=|2a1=Snell|2y=1991|2loc=chapter1|3a1=Rosenstein|3y=1998|3p= |4a1=Beck|4y=2005|4p=|Vemsani|2016|5p=222}} Elsewhere, she is venerated with Krishna as his principal consort in Nimbarka Sampradaya, [[Pushtimarg]], [[Mahanam Sampradaya]], [[Swaminarayan Sampradaya]], [[Vaishnava-Sahajiya]], [[Manipuri Vaishnavism]], and Gaudiya Vaishnavism movements linked to [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]].{{sfnm|1a1=Hawley|1a2=Wulff|1y=1982|1pp=xiii–xviii|Dalal|2010|2pp=321–322|Hayes|2005|3pp=19–32|Vemsani|2016|4p=221}}

Radha is described as the chief of ''[[Braj]] [[Gopi]]s'' (milkmaids of Braj) and queen of [[Goloka]] and Braj including [[Vrindavan]] and [[Barsana]].{{sfn|Lochtefeld|2002|p=542}} She has inspired numerous literary works, and her [[Raslila]] dance with Krishna has inspired many types of performance arts.{{sfn|Archer|2004}}{{sfn|Hawley|Wulff|1982|pp=xiii–xviii}}<ref name="britannica2"/>{{sfn|Pintchman|2005|pp=46–47}}

== Etymology and epithets ==
[[File:RadhaKrishnaUdaipur.JPG|thumb|14th-century fresco of Radha (right) and Krishna (left, playing flute) in [[Udaipur]], Rajasthan.]]
The Sanskrit term {{IAST|Rādhā}} ({{langx|sa|राधा}}) means "prosperity, success, perfection and wealth".<ref name=mmwradha>Monier Monier-Williams, [http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/0900/mw__0909.html Rādhā], Sanskrit-English Dictionary with Etymology, Oxford University Press, page 876</ref><ref name=sen434>Sukumar Sen (1943), "Etymology of the name Radha-Krishana," Indian Linguistics, Vol. 8, pp. 434–435</ref>{{sfn|Miller|1975|pp=655–671}} It is a common word and name found in various contexts in the ancient and medieval texts of India. The word appears in the [[Veda|Vedic]] literature as well as the [[Hindu epics]], but is elusive.{{sfn|Miller|1975|pp=655–671}} The name also appears for [[Radha (Mahabharata)|a figure]] in the epic ''[[Mahabharata]]''.<ref name=mmwradha/> Rādhikā refers to an endearing form of Radha.<ref name=mmwradha />

In chapter 15th, ''[[Goloka]] khanda'' of ''[[Garga Samhita (Vaishnavite text)|Garga Samhita]]'', Sage Garga elaborates the complete meaning of Radha. In Radha, 'R' signifies ''Rama'', goddess [[Lakshmi]], 'a' means ''[[Gopi]]s'', "dh" signifies ''dhara'', goddess [[Bhumi (goddess)|Bhudevi]] and last 'a' symbolises ''River'' ''Virājā'' (also called [[Yamuna in Hinduism|''Yamuna'']]).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gita Press Gorakhpur |url=http://archive.org/details/garga-samhita-gita-press-gorakhpur |title=Garga Samhita Gita Press Gorakhpur |pages=58}}</ref>

The fifth chapter, ''Fifth night'' of ''[[Pancharatra|Narada Pancharatra]]'' mentioned 1008 names of Radha under the title ''Shri Radha Saharsnama Strotam''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Swami Vijnanananda |url=https://archive.org/details/swami-vijnanananda-1997.-narada-pancharatram-english-translation-with-sanskrit-text/page/300/mode/1up |title=Swami Vijnanananda ( 1997). ' Narada Pancharatram English Translation With Sanskrit Text' |date=1997 |pages=301}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Vyasadeva |url=http://archive.org/details/NaradaPancaratraPart2 |title=Narada Pancaratra Part 2 |date=2015-06-18 |pages=447–503}}</ref> The 68th chapter, ''Tritiya paad'' of ''[[Naradiya Purana|Narada Purana]]'' also listed 500 names of Radha.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book |last=Gita Press Gorakhpur |url=https://archive.org/details/narada-puran/page/n522/mode/1up |title=Narada Puran |pages=512–520}}</ref> Some of the common names and epithets are:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Radha-sahasra-nama, The Thousand Names of Sri Radha |url=http://www.stephen-knapp.com/sri_radha-sahasra-nama.htm |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=www.stephen-knapp.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Śrī Rādhā Sahasranāma—English translation |url=http://www.vrindavan.de/1000-radha.htm |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=www.vrindavan.de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Swami Vijnanananda |url=https://archive.org/details/swami-vijnanananda-1997.-narada-pancharatram-english-translation-with-sanskrit-text/page/n602/mode/1up |title=Narada Pancharatram English Translation With Sanskrit Text |date=1997 |pages=300, 603–614 |language=Sanskrit |trans-title="On the thousand names of Sri Radhika"}}</ref><ref name=":13" />

* ''[[Shri|Sri]]'', ''Shreeji'', ''Shriji'': Goddess of radiance, splendor and wealth; [[Lakshmi]]
* ''Madhavi'': Feminine counterpart of [[Madhava (Vishnu)|Madhava]]
* ''Keshavi'': Feminine form of [[Keshava]]
* ''Aparajita'': She who is unconquerable
* ''Kishori'': Youthful
* ''Nitya'': She is eternal
* ''Nitya-gehinī'': Krishna's eternal wife
* ''[[Gopi]]'': Cowherd girl
* ''Shyama'': Beloved of [[Shyam]]
* ''Gaurangi'': She whose complexion is bright like the lustrous gold
* ''Raseshvari'' and ''Rasa-priya'': Queen of [[Raslila]] and she who is fond of rasa dance
* ''Vrindavaneshvari'': Queen of [[Vrindavan]]
* ''Krishneshvari'': Feminine counterpart of Krishna

== Literary sources and symbolism ==
[[File:Jayadeva pay homage to Krishna from gita govinda Series by manaku.jpg|thumb|[[Jayadeva]] recites the mantra to Radha Krishna by Manaku.<ref>{{cite book |last1=D. Prahladacharya |first1=Rāṣṭrīyasaṃskr̥tavidyāpīṭhaṃ Lal|title=Utkalaśrīmañjūṣālanguage|date=2002 |publisher=Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CHrXAAAAMAAJ&q=jayadeva+kanyakubja|language=en}}</ref> ]]

Radha is an important goddess in the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite]] traditions of Hinduism. Her traits, manifestations, descriptions, and roles vary by region. Radha is intrinsic with Krishna. In early Indian literature, mentions of her are elusive. The traditions that venerate her explain this is because she is the secret treasure hidden within the sacred scriptures. During the [[Bhakti movement]] era in the sixteenth century, she became more well known as her extraordinary love for Krishna was highlighted.{{sfn|Pauwels|1996|pp=29–43}}<ref>Vaudeville, Charlotte in {{harvnb|Hawley|Wulff|1982|p=2}}</ref>

Radha's first major appearance in the 12th-century ''[[Gita Govinda]]'' in Sanskrit by [[Jayadeva]],{{sfn|Love Song of the Dark Lord: Jayadeva's Gītagovinda|1977}}{{sfn|Archer|2004|loc=The Gita Govinda}}<ref>Miller, Barbara Stoler in {{harvnb|Hawley|Wulff|1982|p=13}}</ref>{{sfn|Datta|1988|pp=1414–1421}} as well as [[Nimbarkacharya]]'s philosophical works.{{sfn|Ramnarace|2014|p=}} Thus in the ''[[Gita Govinda]]'' Krishna speaks to Radha:
{{blockquote|<poem>
O woman with desire, place on this patch of flower-strewn floor your lotus foot,
And let your foot through beauty win,
To me who am the Lord of All, O be attached, now always yours.
O follow me, my little Radha.
</poem>|sign=Jayadeva|source=''Gita Govinda''{{sfn|Archer|2004|loc=The Gita Govinda}}}}

However, the source of Jayadeva's heroine in his poem remains a puzzle of the Sanskrit literature. A possible explanation is Jayadeva's friendship with [[Nimbarka|Nimbarkacharya]],{{sfn|Vemsani|2016|p=197}} the first acharya to establish the worship of Radha-Krishna.{{sfnm|1a1=Hardy|1y=1987|1pp=387–392|2a1=Ramnarace|2y=2014|2p=}} Nimbarka, in accordance with the [[Sahitya Akademi]]'s Encyclopaedia, more than any other acharyas gave Radha a place as a deity.{{sfn|Datta|1988|p=1415}}

Prior to Gita Govinda, Radha was also mentioned in text ''[[Gaha Sattasai|Gatha Saptasati]]'' which is a collection of 700 verses composed in [[Prakrit]] language by King [[Hāla]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jash|first=Pranabananda|title=Radha-Madhava Sub-Sect in Eastern India|date=1979|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=40|pages=177–184|jstor=44141958|issn=2249-1937}}</ref> The text was written around first or second century AD. Gatha Saptasati mentioned Radha explicitly in its verse:{{sfn|Miller|1975|pp=655–671}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Srinivasan|first1=K.S.|last2=Ramanujan|first2=A.K.|date=1982|title=What is Indian Literature?|journal=Indian Literature|volume=25|issue=4|pages=5–15|jstor=24158041|issn=0019-5804}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite book|last1=Gokhale|first1=Namita|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KWJ7DwAAQBAJ&q=Radha+in+Padma+Purana&pg=PT7|title=Finding Radha: The Quest for Love|last2=Lal|first2=Malashri|date=2018-12-10|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=978-93-5305-361-1|language=en}}</ref>

{{Verse translation|Mukhamarutena tvam krsna gorajo radhikaya apanayan {{!}}
Etasam ballavinam anyasam api gauravam harasi {{!}}{{!}}|"O Krishna, by the puff of breath from your mouth, as you blow the dust from Radha's face, you take away the glories of other milkmaids."|rtl1=}}

Radha also appears in the [[Puranas]] namely the ''[[Padma Purana]]'' (as an avatar of [[Lakshmi]]), the ''[[Devi-Bhagavata Purana]]'' (as a form of [[Mahadevi]]), the ''[[Brahma Vaivarta Purana]]'' (as Radha-Krishna supreme deity), the ''[[Matsya Purana]]'' (as form of [[Devi]]), the ''[[Linga Purana]]'' (as form of Lakshmi), the ''[[Varaha Purana]]'' (as consort of Krishna), the [[Naradiya Purana|Narada Purana]] (as goddess of love), the ''[[Skanda Purana]]'' and the ''[[Shiva Purana]]''.{{sfn|Miller|1975|pp=655–671}}{{Sfn|Kinsley|1988}}<ref>{{Citation|last=Dalal|first=Roshen|title=Hinduism and its basic texts|date=2017-07-14|work=Reading the Sacred Scriptures|pages=157–170|location=New York |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315545936-11|isbn=978-1-315-54593-6}}</ref> The 15th and 16th century [[Krishnaism|Krishnaite]] [[Bhakti]] poet-saints [[Vidyapati]], [[Chandidas]], [[Meera Bai]], [[Surdas]], [[Swami Haridas]], as well as [[Narsinh Mehta]] (1350–1450), who preceded all of them, wrote about the romance of Krishna and Radha too.{{sfnm|1a1=Archer|1y=2004|1loc=5.3 Later Poetry|2a1=Hardy|2y=1987|2pp=387–392|3a1=Rosenstein|3y=1997|3p=|4a1=Hawley|4y=2005|4p=}} Thus, Chandidas in his Bengali-language ''Shri Krishna Kirtana'', a poem of Bhakti, depicts Radha and Krishna as divine, but in human love.{{sfn|Stewart|1986|pp=152–154}}{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=385|loc=Shrikrishna Kirtana}} Though not named in the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'', [[Visvanatha Chakravarti]] (c. 1626–1708) interprets an unnamed favourite gopi in the scripture as Radha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Online Vedabase—The topmost source of spiritual knowledge|url=https://vedabase.io/en/|access-date=2021-06-20|website=vedabase.io|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=das|first=Bhadra Balaram|date=2016-09-09|title=The Biggest Mystery of Srimad Bhagavatam—Srimati Radha|url=http://mayapurvoice.com/svagatam/biggest-mystery-srimad-bhagavatam-srimati-radha/|access-date=2021-04-25|website=Mayapur Voice|language=en-US}}</ref> She makes appearances in ''Venisamhara'' by [[Bhatta Narayana]] (c. 800 CE), ''Dhvanyaloka'' by [[Anandavardhana]] (c. 820–890 CE) and its commentary ''Dhvanyalokalocana'' by [[Abhinavagupta]] (c. 950 – 1016 CE), Rajasekhara's (late ninth-early tenth century) Kāvyamīmāṃsā, ''Dashavatara-charita'' (1066 CE) by [[Kshemendra]] and ''Siddhahemasabdanusana'' by [[Hemachandra]] (c. 1088–1172).<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last=Manring|first=Rebecca J.|date=2019-12-01|title=Rādhātantram: Rādhā as Guru in the Service of the Great Goddess|journal=International Journal of Hindu Studies|language=en|volume=23|issue=3|pages=259–282|doi=10.1007/s11407-019-09264-1|s2cid=213054011 |issn=1574-9282}}</ref> In most of these, Radha is depicted as someone who is deeply in love with Krishna and is deeply saddened when Krishna leaves her.<ref>Miller, Barbara Stoler in {{harvnb|Hawley|Wulff|1982|p=14}}</ref>{{sfn|Kinsley|1988}} But, on contrary, Radha of the ''[[Radha Tantra|Rādhātantram]]'' is portrayed as audacious, sassy, confident, omniscient and divine personality who is in full control at all times. In ''Rādhātantram,'' Radha is not merely the consort but is treated as the independent goddess. Here, Krishna is portrayed as her disciple and Radha as his guru.<ref name=":9" />

[[File:Radha and Krishna by DHURANDHAR MV.jpg|left|thumb|upright=0.9|Painting of Radha with Krishna, by [[M. V. Dhurandhar]], 1915.]]
Charlotte Vaudeville theorizes that Radha may have inspired by the pairing of the goddess [[Ekanamsha]] (associated with [[Durga]]) with [[Jagannatha]] (who is identified with Krishna) of [[Puri]] in Eastern India. Though [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] (15th century, the founder of [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]]) is not known to have worshiped the deity couple of Radha-Krishna, his disciples around the [[Vrindavan]] region, affirmed Radha as the ''hladini shakti'' ("energy of bliss") of Krishna, associating her with the Primordial Divine Mother. While the poetry of Jayadeva and [[Vidyapati]] from [[Bengal]] treat Radha as Krishna's beloved, the Gaudiya poetry elevates her to a divine consort.<ref>Vaudeville, Charlotte in {{harvnb|Hawley|Wulff|1982|pp=9–12}}</ref> In Western India, [[Vallabhacharya]]'s Krishna-centric sampradaya [[Pushtimarg]], Radha is revered as the ''Swamini'' of Krishna, who is worthy of devotion.<ref>Vaudeville, Charlotte in {{harvnb|Hawley|Wulff|1982|pp=11–2}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Vemsani|2016|p=222}}: "According to Vallabha tradition, she (Radha) is the swamini of Krishna, who is worthy of devotion."</ref>

According to Jaya Chemburkar, there are at least two significant and different aspects of Radha in the literature associated with her, such as ''Sri Radhika namasahasram''. One aspect is she is a milkmaid (gopi), another as a female deity similar to those found in the Hindu goddess traditions.{{sfn|Chemburkar|1976|pp=107–116}} She also appears in Hindu arts as ''[[Ardhanari]]'' with Krishna, that is an iconography where half of the image is Radha and the other half is Krishna. This is found in sculpture such as those discovered in [[Maharashtra]], and in texts such as ''[[Shiva Purana]]'' and ''[[Brahma Vaivarta Purana]]''. In these texts, this ''Ardha Nari'' is sometimes referred to as ''Ardharadhavenudhara [[murti]]'', and it symbolizes the complete union and inseparability of Radha and Krishna.{{sfn|Pradhan|2008|pp=207–213}}

D.M. Wulff demonstrates through a close study of her Sanskrit and Bengali sources that Radha is both the "consort" and "conqueror" of Krishna and that "metaphysically Radha is understood as co-substantial and co-eternal with Krishna." Indeed, the more popular vernacular traditions prefer to worship the couple and often tilt the balance of power towards Radha.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kripal|first=Jeffrey J.|date=1998|title=Review of Devī: Goddesses of India|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion|volume=66|issue=1|pages=176–179|doi=10.1093/jaarel/66.1.176|jstor=1466250|issn=0002-7189}}</ref>

Graham M. Schweig in his work "''The divine feminine theology of Krishna''" in context with Radha Krishna stated that, "The divine couple, Radha and Krishna, comprise the essence of godhead. Radha is therefore acknowledged by Chaitanyaite Vaishnavas to be part of very center of their theological doctrine. Sacred images of the forms of Radha Krishna, standing together side by side, are elaborately worshiped in the Indian temples. Through her image, her divine character and her amorous and passionate relations with Krishna, Radha is the constant meditation of practitioners.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bryant|first=Edwin F.|title=Krishna: A Sourcebook|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2007|isbn=978-0-19-803400-1|pages=451–473}}</ref>

According to [[W.G. Archer|William Archer]] and David Kinsley, a professor of Religious Studies known for his studies on Hindu goddesses, the Radha-Krishna love story is a metaphor for a divine-human relationship, where Radha is the human devotee or soul who is frustrated with the past, obligations to social expectations, and the ideas she inherited, who then longs for real meaning, the true love, the divine (Krishna). This metaphoric Radha (soul) finds new liberation in learning more about Krishna, bonding in devotion, and with passion.{{sfn|Archer|2004|loc=The Triumph of Radha}}{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=147}}{{Sfn|Kinsley|1988}}

An image of Radha has inspired numerous literary works.{{sfn|Hawley|Wulff|1982|pp=xiii–xviii}} For modern instance, the ''Shri Radhacharita Mahakavyam''—the 1980s epic poem of Dr. [[Kalika Prasad Shukla]] that focuses on Radha's devotion to Krishna as the universal lover—"one of the rare, high-quality works in Sanskrit in the twentieth century."{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=384|loc=Shri Radhacharita Mahakavyam}}

=== Radha and Sita ===
The [[Radha Krishna|Radha-Krishna]] and [[Sita]]-[[Rama]] pairs represent two different personality sets, two perspectives on [[dharma]] and lifestyles, both cherished in the way of life called [[Hinduism]].{{sfn|Pauwels|2008|pp=12–15, 497–517}} Sita is traditionally wedded: the dedicated and virtuous wife of Rama, an introspective [[Temperance (virtue)|temperate]] paragon of a serious, virtuous man.<ref name=goldmanrama>{{cite book |author=Vālmīki |translator=Robert P Goldman |title=The Ramayana of Valmiki: Balakanda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DWX43jnbOngC |year=1990 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-8455-1 |page=3}}</ref>{{sfn|Dimock|1963|pp=106–127}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Marijke J. Klokke|title=Narrative Sculpture and Literary Traditions in South and Southeast Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fx3mpR4uKmkC&pg=PA51 |year=2000|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-11865-9|pages=51–57}}</ref> Radha is a power potency of Krishna, who is a playful adventurer.<ref name=goldmanrama />{{sfn|Pauwels|2008|pp=12–15, 497–517}}

Radha and Sita offer two templates within the Hindu tradition. If "Sita is a queen, aware of her social responsibilities", states Pauwels, then "Radha is exclusively focused on her romantic relationship with her lover", giving two contrasting role models from two ends of the moral universe. Yet they share common elements as well. Both face life challenges and are committed to their true love. They are both influential, adored and beloved goddesses in the Hindu culture.{{sfn|Pauwels|2008|pp=12–15, 497–517}}

In worship of Rama, Sita is represented as a dutiful and loving wife, holding a position entirely subordinate to Rama. However, in the worship of [[Radha Krishna]], Radha is often preferred over to Krishna, and in certain traditions, her name is elevated to a higher position compared to Krishna's.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Bhandarkar|first=R. G.|url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783111551975/html|title=Vaisnavism, Saivism and minor religious systems|date=2019-05-20|publisher=De Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-155197-5|language=en|doi=10.1515/9783111551975}}</ref>

== Iconography ==
[[File:Lord Krishna and Radha in ISKCON, Pune.jpg|thumb|Radha Krishna [[Murti|Vigraha]] (idols) at [[ISKCON Temple, Pune|Iskcon Temple Pune]]]]
Radha in [[Hinduism]], is revered as the goddess of love. She is mostly depicted along with Krishna or gopis in the land of [[Braj]]. Various art forms based on Radha Krishna are majorly inspired by ''[[Gita Govinda]]'' and ''Rasikapriya''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Sreecheta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lkM4DwAAQBAJ&dq=Radha+Krishna+temples&pg=PA26 |title=Temples of Bengal |date=2012-12-25 |publisher=Aesthetics Media Services |isbn= |edition=2nd |location=india |pages=34–35 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Coomaraswamy |first=Ananda K. |date=1930 |title=Two Leaves from a Seventeenth-Century Manuscript of the Rasikapriyā |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1522765 |journal=Metropolitan Museum Studies |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=14–21 |doi=10.2307/1522765 |jstor=1522765 |issn=1556-8725|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In [[Rajput painting]]s, Radha represents an ideal of beauty, wearing the traditional [[sari]] decorated extensively with patterns and ornamented in jewelry with lighter skin tone and emphasized facial features.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Lavanya |first=B. |date=2019 |title=Women in Pahari Miniature Painting |url=http://scientificresearchjournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Social-Science-6_A-681-686-Full-Paper.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225070358/http://scientificresearchjournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Social-Science-6_A-681-686-Full-Paper.pdf |archive-date=2021-02-25 |url-status=live |journal=International Journal of Applied Social Science |volume=6 |pages=}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Coomaraswamy |first=A. K. |date=1926 |title=Rājput Paintings |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4169988 |journal=Bulletin of the Museum of Fine Arts |volume=24 |issue=142 |pages=23–26 |jstor=4169988 |issn=0899-0336}}</ref> In Kishangarh paintings, Radha is represented as beautifully dressed woman in ''[[ghagra choli]]'' with pearl jewelry and a dark diaphanous veil over her head. The famous [[Bani Thani]] portrait by artist [[Nihâl Chand]] was inspired by Radha's physical features which includes sharp eyebrows, lotus-like elongated eyes, thin lips and a pointed nose and chin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ghosh |first=Soma |date=2022 |title=The Art of Shringara: Revisiting the Kishangarh School of Rajasthani Painting |url=https://chitrolekha.com/ns/v6n1/v6n100.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020182148/https://chitrolekha.com/ns/v6n1/v6n100.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-20 |url-status=live |journal=The Chitrolekha Journal on Art and Design |volume=6 |issue=1|doi=10.21659/cjad.61.v6n100 |s2cid=250976234 }}</ref>
[[File:Krishna-radha ardhanari.jpg|thumb|Radha Krishna [[ardhanarishvara]] form]]
In religious art forms, Radha also appears as ''[[Ardhanari]]'' with Krishna, that is an iconography where half of the image is Radha and the other half is Krishna forming the combined masculine and feminine form of [[Ardhanarishvara]].{{sfn|Pradhan|2008|pp=207–213}}

In Radha Krishna temples, Radha stands on the left of Krishna, with a garland in her hand.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Sreecheta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lkM4DwAAQBAJ&dq=Radha+Krishna+temples&pg=PA26 |title=Temples of Bengal |date=2012-12-25 |publisher=Aesthetics Media Services |pages=74–75 |language=en}}</ref> She is often dressed in traditional sari or ''ghagra-choli'' along with a veil. Her jewelry from top to bottom is either made of metals, pearls or flowers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mohan |first=Urmila |date=2018 |title=Clothing as devotion in Contemporary Hinduism |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/rpra/rpra-overview.xml |journal=Brill Research Perspectives in Religion and Art|volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=1–82 |doi=10.1163/24688878-12340006 |s2cid=202530099 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The [[Sanskrit]] scripture ''[[Brahma Vaivarta Purana]]'' describes Radha as the beautiful and youthful goddess having the molten golden complexion and wearing the garlands of gems and flowers.<ref name="Shanti Lal Nagar">{{Cite book |last=Shanti Lal Nagar |url=http://archive.org/details/brahma-vaivarta-purana-all-four-kandas-english-translation |title=Brahma Vaivarta Purana: English Translation: All Four Kandas |date=2003-01-01}}</ref>

== Legends ==
===As a milkmaid===
Radha in her human form is revered as the milkmaid ([[gopi]]) of Vrindavan who became the beloved of Krishna. One of the basic traits of Radha is her unconditional love for Krishna and her sufferings that forms the basis for Radha's exaltation as a model of devotion.{{sfn|Pauwels|1996}}

==== Birth and early life ====
[[File:Bal Radha.jpg|thumb|A [[Murti|Vigraha]] (idol) of Radha as a child in "Shri Radha Rani Janam Sthal Temple" at [[Rawal, Uttar Pradesh|Rawal]]]]

Radha was born to [[Vrishabhanu|Vrishbhanu]], who was the [[Yadava]] ruler of [[Barsana]] and his wife Kirtida.<ref name="Saraswati2001">{{cite book|author=Prakashanand Saraswati|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IhLN2I9yTTkC&q=vrishbhanu%20barsana&pg=PA666|title=The True History and the Religion of India: A Concise Encyclopedia of Authentic Hinduism|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|year=2001|isbn=978-81-208-1789-0|pages=666–}}</ref><ref name="Varma2009">{{cite book|author=Pavan K. Varma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_anlsbp56aoC&pg=PA46|title=The Book of Krishna|date=July 2009|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-306763-4|pages=46–}}</ref><ref name="Vishwananda2017">{{cite book|author=Paramahamsa Sri Swami Vishwananda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CJ3JDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT1472|title=Shreemad Bhagavad Gita: The Song of Love|date=12 January 2017|publisher=Bhakti Marga Publications|isbn=978-3-940381-70-5|pages=1472–}}</ref> Her birthplace is [[Rawal, Uttar Pradesh|Rawal]] which is a small town near [[Gokul]] in [[Uttar Pradesh|Uttar pradesh]], but is often said to be [[Barsana]] where she grew up.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Anand |first=D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EsvSwdUgQYcC |title=Krishna: The Living God of Braj |date=1992 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-280-2 |pages=66 |language=en}}</ref> According to popular legend, Radha was discovered by Vrishbhanu on an effulgent thousand-petaled lotus floating in [[Yamuna]] river. Radha was nine months older than Krishna.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Anand |first=D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EsvSwdUgQYcC&q=radha&pg=PA61 |title=Krishna: The Living God of Braj |date=1992 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-280-2 |pages=35–36 |language=en |quote=Radha was only nine months elder to Krishna, to whom she was married.}}</ref> She didn't open her eyes until Krishna himself in his child form appeared in front of her.<ref name="Dash">{{cite book|author=Trilochan Dash|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7YjhTtkcwE0C&q=Brushabhanu%20Yadav%20chieftain&pg=PA192|title=Krishna Leeela in Brajamandal a Retrospect|publisher=Soudamini Dash|pages=192–|id=GGKEY:N5C1YTUK5T3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NbDWAAAAMAAJ&q=vrishabhanu+yadava|title=The Vedanta Kesari|publisher=Sri Ramakrishna Math.|year=1970}}</ref><ref name="Das1990">{{cite book|author=R. K. Das|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OXXXAAAAMAAJ&q=vrishabhanu+yadav|title=Temples of Vrindaban|publisher=Sandeep Prakashan|year=1990|isbn=978-81-85067-47-6}}</ref>

"[[Ashtasakhi]]s" (translated to eight friends) are the integral part of Radha's childhood and youth.<ref>{{Cite web |last=gaudiya |date=2021-08-07 |title=Ashta Sakhi of Radha—8 Principal Gopis of Vrindavan |url=https://thegaudiyatreasuresofbengal.com/2021/08/07/ashta-sakhi-of-sri-radha-eight-gopis-of-vrindavan/ |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=The Gaudiya Treasures of Bengal |language=en-US}}</ref> It is believed that all the ''Ashtasakhis'' are the intimate friends of Radha Krishna and also have descended from [[Goloka]] in [[Braj]] region. Out of all the eight sakhis, [[Lalita (gopi)|Lalita]] and Vishakha are the prominent ones.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Radhe.net {{!}} General Description of All The Gopis|url=http://radhe.net/radhas-friends/general-description.php|access-date=2021-05-30|website=radhe.net}}</ref> According to [[Chaitanya Charitamrita]]'s Antya lila (2:6:116), Radha also received a boon from sage [[Durvasa]] in her childhood that whatever she cooks would be better than the nectar.<ref>{{Cite web|title=gp-durvasas|url=https://www.salagram.net/gp-durvasas.htm|access-date=2021-05-30|website=www.salagram.net}}</ref>

====Youth====
[[File:Radha, Krishna and the gopis, Bharatiya Lok Kala Museum, Udaipur, India.jpg|thumb|upright| [[Radha Krishna]]'s Raslila with [[gopi]]s.]]
Stories of Radha's youth are filled with her divine pastimes with Krishna.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fahy|first=John|date=2018-07-23|title=The Constructive Ambiguity of Vedic Culture in ISKCON Mayapur|journal=The Journal of Hindu Studies|volume=11|issue=3|pages=234–259|doi=10.1093/jhs/hiy008|issn=1756-4255}}</ref> Some of the popular pastimes of Radha Krishna include: ''[[Raslila]]'', pastimes of ''[[Radha Kund]]'', ''[[Gopashtami]] lila'',<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gopastami – ISKCON VRINDAVAN|url=https://iskconvrindavan.com/2017/10/gopastami/|access-date=2021-05-30|language=en-US}}</ref> ''[[Lathmar Holi]]'', ''Seva Kunj lila'' in which Krishna did sringara of Radha,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sewa Kunj or Nikunja Vana - Divine Pastimes|url=https://brajrasik.org/articles/5912a87b11ec2c04484ec006/sewa-kunj-or-nikunja-vana-divine-pastimes|access-date=2021-05-30|website=Braj Ras - Bliss of Braj Vrindavan.}}</ref> ''Maan lila'' ( A special stage in divine love in which the devotee develops so much love for God as to even attain the right of getting angry with him),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maan Garh/Mandir, Barsana - (Divine Pastimes)|url=https://brajrasik.org/articles/588e4c1158f4ac271a08b95c/maan-garh-mandir-divine-pastimes|access-date=2021-05-30|website=Braj Ras - Bliss of Braj Vrindavan.}}</ref> ''Mor Kutir lila'' in which Krishna performed a dance lila by dressing himself as a peacock to please Radha,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Morkuti, Barsana|url=https://brajrasik.org/media/morkuti|access-date=2021-05-30|website=Braj Ras - Bliss of Braj Vrindavan.}}</ref> ''Gopadevi lila'' (Krishna took form of female to meet Radha) and ''Lilahava'' in which Radha Krishna dressed in each other clothes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=(Radha and Krishna Dressed in Each Other's Clothes - Lilahava|url=http://www.harekrsna.de/clothes-exchange.htm|access-date=2021-05-30|website=www.harekrsna.de}}</ref>

==== Relationship with Krishna ====
Radha and Krishna share two kinds of relationships, Parakiya (Love without any social limitation) and Svakiya (married relationship).{{efn|Parakiya rasa depicts the relationship which is free from any kind of favors, expectations, rules and social recognition. It is only based on the selfless form of love and is often said to be the highest kind of relationship one can have with God. Svakiya rasa depicts the marital relationship which works according to the social rules and norms.}} Radha asked Krishna why he can't marry her, the reply came "Marriage is a union of two souls. You and I are one soul, how can I marry myself?"{{sfn|Pauwels|2008|pp=13–14}} Several Hindu texts allude to these circumstances.{{Sfn|Kinsley|1988}}
[[File:Radha Krishna Bhandirvan 2.jpg|thumb|Radha Krishna's marriage is being performed by Brahma in Bhandirvan, Vrindavan]]

The Sanskrit texts, ''[[Brahma Vaivarta Purana]]'' and the ''[[Garga Samhita (Vaishnavite text)|Garga Samhita]]'' mention that Krishna secretly married Radha in the presence of [[Brahma]] in the ''[[Bhandirvan, Vrindavan|Bhandirvan]]'' forest before leaving [[Vrindavan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gita Press Gorakhpur |url=https://archive.org/details/brahma-vaivarta-puran-gita-press-gorakhpur/page/n490/mode/1up |title=Brahma Vaivarta Puran Gita Press Gorakhpur |pages=481–488}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gita Press Gorakhpur |url=https://archive.org/details/garga-samhita-gita-press-gorakhpur/page/n61/mode/1up |title=Garga Samhita by Gita Press Gorakhpur |pages=58}}</ref> The place where [[Radha Krishna]]'s marriage was conducted is still present in the outskirts of Vrindavan, called [[Radha Krishna Vivah Sthali, Bhandirvan]].<ref name=":1" /> The story mentioned in Brahma Vaivarta Purana indicates that Radha has always been Krishna's divine consort. But to give importance to Parakiya relationship (love without any social foundation) over Svakiya's (married relationship), Radha Krishna's marriage was kept hidden.{{sfn|Beck|2005|pp=71, 77–78}}{{sfn|Pintchman|2005|pp=57–59}}{{sfn|Varma|1993|p=}}{{sfn|Pauwels|2008|p=207}}

==== Life after Krishna left Vrindavan ====
According to ''[[Garga Samhita (Vaishnavite text)|Garga Samhita]]'' and ''[[Brahma Vaivarta Purana]]'', Radha also left her home post Krishna's departure and went to Kadli vann (forest) leaving behind her illusionary form (also called ''Chaya Radha,'' her shadow) in Barsana. Radha with [[Ashtasakhi]] also met [[Uddhava]] in this forest who delivered them Krishna's message.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gita Press Gorakhpur |url=https://archive.org/details/garga-samhita-gita-press-gorakhpur/page/n222/mode/1up |title=Garga Samhita by Gita Press Gorakhpur |pages=217–224}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gita Press Gorakhpur |url=https://archive.org/details/brahma-vaivarta-puran-gita-press-gorakhpur/page/n728/mode/1up |title=Brahma Vaivarta Puran by Gita Press Gorakhpur |pages=717–720}}</ref>

==== Reuniting with Krishna ====
[[File:Radha and Krsna Seated in a Grove with Gopis and Gopas.jpg|thumb|Radha and Gopis meeting Krishna in forest.]]

It is mentioned in Brahma Vaivarta Purana (''Krishnajanma Khanda, Chapter 96'')<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gita Press Gorakhpur |url=https://archive.org/details/brahma-vaivarta-puran-gita-press-gorakhpur/page/n795/mode/1up |title=Brahma Vaivarta Puran by Gita Press Gorakhpur |pages=786}}</ref> and Garga Samhita (''Ashvamedha Khanda, Chapter 41'')<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gita Press Gorakhpur |url=https://archive.org/details/garga-samhita-gita-press-gorakhpur/page/n512/mode/1up |title=Garga Samhita by Gita Press Gorakhpur |pages=508–510}}</ref> that after the curse of 100 years of separation ran out,{{efn|According to Garga Samhita and Brahma Vaivarta Purana, Radha was cursed by Sridama in Goloka to bear 100 years of separation from Krishna when they descended on Earth.}} Krishna revisited Braj and met Radha and gopis. After performing the divine pastimes for sometime, Krishna summoned a huge divine chariot which took the residents of Braj along with Radha and gopis back to their celestial abode Goloka where the final reunion of Radha Krishna took place.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gita Press Gorakhpur |url=https://archive.org/details/garga-samhita-gita-press-gorakhpur/page/n564/mode/1up |title=Garga Samhita by Gita Press Gorakhpur |pages=560–561}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gita Press Gorakhpur |url=https://archive.org/details/brahma-vaivarta-puran-gita-press-gorakhpur/page/n799/mode/1up |title=Brahma Vaivarta Puran by Gita Press Gorakhpur |pages=790–791}}</ref>{{Sfn|Dalal|2010|p=322}}

=== As Supreme Goddess ===
[[File:Krishna humbly standing before an enthroned Radha. Chromolit Wellcome V0045022.jpg|thumb|Radha depicted as Supreme goddess while [[Krishna]] humbly stands in front of her.]]

In ''[[Brahma Vaivarta Purana]]'', Radha (or Rādhikā), who is inseparable from Krishna, appears as the main goddess.<ref>''[https://andhrabharati.com/dictionary/sanskrit/index.php?w=%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4 Brahmavaivarta]''</ref> She is mentioned as the personification of the Mūlaprakriti, the "Root nature", that original seed from which all material forms evolved. In the company of the Purusha ("Man", "Spirit", "Universal soul") Krishna, she is said to inhabit the [[Goloka]], which is a world of cows and cowherds far above the [[Vishnu]]'s [[Vaikuntha]]. In this divine world, Krishna and Radha relate to one another in the way body relates to the soul. (4.6.216)<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Dimitrova|first1=Diana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p2JgDwAAQBAJ&q=goddess+Radha|title=Divinizing in South Asian Traditions|last2=Oranskaia|first2=Tatiana|date=2018-06-14|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-12360-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Amore|first=Roy C|title=Religion in India|date=1976|url=https://academic.oup.com/jaar/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/jaarel/XLIV.2.366-a|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion|language=en|volume=XLIV|issue=2|pages=366–a–366|doi=10.1093/jaarel/XLIV.2.366-a|issn=0002-7189|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

According to [[Krishnaism]], Radha is the chief female deity and is associated with Krishna's maya (material energy) and [[Prakṛti|prakriti]] (feminine energy). At highest level Goloka, Radha is said to be united with Krishna and abiding with him in the same body. The relationship between [[Radha Krishna]] is that of substance and attribute: they are as inseparable as Milk and its whiteness or Earth and its smell. This level of Radha's identity transcends her material nature as prakriti and exits in the form of pure consciousness ([[Naradiya Purana|Narada Purana]], Uttara Khana - 59.8). While Radha is identical to Krishna at this highest level, this merger of identities seems to end when she separates from him. After separation she manifest herself as the goddess Primordial prakriti (Mūlaprakriti) who is called the "Maker of Universe" or "Mother of All" (Narada Purana, Purva-Khanda, 83.10-11, 83.44, 82.214).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pintchman |first=Tracy |url={{Google books|JfXdGInecRIC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |title=Seeking Mahadevi: Constructing the Identities of the Hindu Great Goddess |date=2001-06-14|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-9049-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pintchman |first=Tracy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JsDpBwAAQBAJ |title=Rise of the Goddess in the Hindu Tradition, The |date=2015-04-08 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-1-4384-1618-2 |pages=159 |language=en |quote=Radha is said to be produced from half of Krishna's body and she manifest as Mulaprakriti Isvari, the Primordial Goddess Prakriti.}}</ref>

In [[Nimbarkacharya]]'s ''Vedanta Kamadhenu Dashashloki'' (verse 6), it is clearly stated that:
{{Verse translation
|Ange tu vaame vrishabhaanujaam mudaa viraajamaanaam anuruupasaubhagaam {{!}}
Sakhiisahasraih parisevitaam sadaa smarema deviim sakalestakaamadaam {{!}}{{!}}
|The left portion of the body of the Supreme Lord is Srimati Radha, seated blissfully, as beautiful as the Lord Himself; who is served by thousands of gopis: we meditate on the Supreme Goddess, the fulfiller of all desires.}}

In the hymnal ''Hita-Caurasi'' of [[Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu]], the 16th-century bhakti poet-saint, founder of [[Radha Vallabh Sampradaya]], Radharani is exalted to the status of the only ultimate deity, while her consort Krishna is just her most intimate subordinate.{{sfnm|1a1=White|1y=1977|1p=|2a1=Snell|2y=1991|2p=|3a1=Beck|3y=2005|3p=76}} As a precursor to this view can be understand [[Jayadeva]], in whose ''[[Gita Govinda]]'' (10.9) Krishna is beneath Radha.{{sfn|Beck|2005|p=76}}

Radha is also considered as the personification of Krishna's love. According to doctrines attributed to Vaishnavite saint [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]], It is said that, Krishna has three powers: the internal which is intelligence, the external which generates appearances and the differentiated which forms the individual soul. His chief power is that which creates dilatation of the heart or joy. This appears to be the power of love. When this love becomes settled in the heart of the devotee, it constitutes ''Mahabhava'', or the best feeling. When love attains to the highest pitch, it constitutes itself into Radha, who is the most lovable of all and full of all qualities. She was the object of the highest love of Krishna and being idealized as love, some of the agreeable feelings of the heart are considered her ornaments.<ref>{{Citation|title=XXIII. Caitanya|date=1913-12-31|url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783111551975-023/html|work=Vaisnavism, Saivism and minor religious systems|pages=82–86|publisher=De Gruyter|doi=10.1515/9783111551975-023|isbn=978-3-11-155197-5|access-date=2021-06-13|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

In [[Pancharatra|Narada Pancharatra Samhita]], Radha is mentioned as the feminine form of Krishna. It is described that, the one single lord is represented to have become two—one a woman and the other a man. Krishna retained his form of man while the female form became Radha. Radha is said to have come out from primordial body of Krishna, forming his left side, and is eternally associated with him in his amorous sports in this world as well as the world of cows ([[Goloka]]).<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Bhandarkar|first=R. G.|title=Vaisnavism, Saivism and minor religious systems|chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783111551975-010/html|chapter=X. The Pāñcaratra or Bhāgavata System|date=2019-05-20|pages=38–41|publisher=De Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-155197-5|language=en|doi=10.1515/9783111551975-010}}</ref>

Radha is often identified with the "sweet" aspect of goddess [[Lakshmi]]'s essence and thus also worshiped as an [[avatar]]a of Lakshmi. In ''Shri Daivakrita Lakshmi Strotam'', Lakshmi is praised and glorified in her form of Radha<ref>{{Cite book|last=Monaghan|first=Patricia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qotjet-Hb0MC|title=Goddesses in World Culture|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2011|isbn=978-0-313-35465-6|location=United States of America|pages=1–7}}</ref>

{{Poem quote|text=In Goloka, you are the goddess more dear to Krishna than life itself, His own Radhika.
Deep in the Vrinda forest, you are the mistress of mesmerizing rasa dance.|source=Shri Daivakrita Lakshmi Strotam}}

According to the ''[[Garga Samhita (Vaishnavite text)|Garga Samhita]]'' (Canto 2, chapter 22, verses 26–29), during the [[Raslila|rasa]] pastime, on the request of [[gopi]]s, Radha and Krishna showed them their eight armed forms and turned into their [[Lakshmi Narayan]] forms. (2.22.26)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gita Press Gorakhpur |url=https://archive.org/details/garga-samhita-gita-press-gorakhpur/page/n118/mode/1up |title=Garga Samhita Gita Press Gorakhpur |pages=114–115}}</ref>

In ''[[Skanda Purana]]'' (Vaishnava Khand, chapter 128), [[Yamuna in Hinduism|Yamuna]] describes Radha as the soul of Krishna. She emphasis that "''Radha is Krishna and Krishna is Radha''" and all the queens of Krishna including [[Rukmini]] are the expansion of Radha.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gita Press Gorakhpur |url=https://archive.org/details/skanda-puran-gita-press-gorakhpur/page/n493/mode/1up |title=Skanda Puran by Gita Press Gorakhpur |edition=19 |pages=465–466}}</ref>

== Portrayal ==

=== As Krishna's lover consort (Parakiya rasa) ===
Radha is admired as an ideal of perfect lover. In [[Gita Govinda]], it is not certain whether Radha was married or if she was an unmarried maiden. But, the relationship between [[Radha Krishna]] was unfolded in the secrecy of [[Vrindavan]] forest hinting at the ''Parakiya rasa.'' This can be understood from the verse where [[Nanda Baba|Nanda]], the father of Krishna, who represents social authority and ideal of [[dharma]] ordered Radha Krishna to go home as storm was approaching Vrindavan but the order was defied by the couple. The translation of first verse of Gita Govinda is as follows:

{{Block quote|text=Radha, you alone must take him home. This is Nanda's command. But, Radha and Madhava (Krishna) stray to a tree in the grove by the path and on the bank of the Yamuna their secret love games prevail.|author=Jayadev|source=Gita Govinda}}

In the Gita govinda, Radha stands in relation to Krishna as his consort. She is neither a wife nor a devoted rustic playmate. She is an intense, solitary, proud figure who is addressed as ''Sri, Candi, Manini, Bhamini'' and ''Kaamini''. She is portrayed as Krishna's partner in a mature and exclusive love.{{sfn|Miller|1975|pp=655–671}}

In Vidyapati's work, Radha is depicted as a young girl barely twelve years old, while Krishna is depicted slightly older than her and as an aggressive lover. In the work of poet Chandidas, Radha is depicted as a bold woman who is unafraid of social consequences. Radha abandons all social propriety in the name of her love for Krishna. Excerpts of Chandidas's work showing Radha's boldness:

{{Poem quote|text=Casting away all the ethics of caste, my heart dotes on Krishna day and night. The custom of the clan is far away cry, and now I know that love adheres wholly to its own laws.
I have blackened my golden skin longing for him. As the fire encircled me, my life begins to wilt. And my heart brooding eternally, parched for my dark darling, My Krishna.|author=Chandidas}}

In loving Krishna, Radha violates the basis of caste, showing no care for the realities of social structures. Love consumed her to extent that once having fair complexion, Radha turned herself into Krishna's dark color. Chandidas used the word "fire" as synonym for Radha's love towards Krishna. The Radha of Chandidas is favored by [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|Gaudiya Vaishnavas]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Steward |first=David S. |year=1980 |title=DOCTORAL DISSERTATION ABSTRACTS IN RELIGIOUS EDUCATION 1978–79 |journal=Religious Education |volume=75 |issue=4 |pages=474–494 |doi=10.1080/0034408800750410 |issn=0034-4087}}</ref>

=== As Krishna's married consort (Svakiya rasa) ===
[[File:Krishna paints Radha's feet (6124588881).jpg|thumb|Krishna painting feet of Radha, 1760 art form based on Braj's Rasikapriya text.]]

''Rasikapriya'', a [[Braj]] text on poetics depicts Radha as the married consort of Krishna. It is a frequently illustrated text that deals with the Radha Krishna's romance and is written by one of the most prominent writers of the ''Riti kavya'' tradition, Kesavdas. Changes in the portrayal of Radha, as articulated in the Rasikapriya, have significant implications for later literary traditions. In the ''Riti kavya'' literature, especially the ''Rasikapriya'', Radha is depicted as the archetypal heroine and is used to exemplify the ideal form of connection to Krishna. Rather than depicting her as a ''parakiya'' heroine, Kesavdas, on the whole, presents her as a ''svakiya'' heroine, the one to whom Krishna belongs wholeheartedly. If she is separated from him, it is only temporarily, for as archetypal lovers they are connected forever. The suggestion that Radha is Krishna's rightful wife is clearly articulated in the first chapter in the exemplary verse for the manifest form of union. Here, Kesavdas compares the union of Radha and Krishna with that of [[Sita]] and [[Rama]]. Kesavdas compares the union of Radha and Krishna with that of Sita and Rama:

{{Poem quote|text=Once Krishna sat with Radha on the same couch with pleasure, and in the mirror held, as he looked to watch the splendor of her face, his eyes filled with tears. In her reflections he saw the red gem on her forehead which seemed to glow like fire, reminding him of Sita sitting in fire, adorned, with her husband's leave.|author=Kesavdas|source=Rasikapriya (I,22)}}

In this verse, Kesavdas connects Radha with Krishna as his legitimate wife not only in this lifetime but even in the previous one. Chapter 3 and verse 34 of ''Rasikapriya'', depicted Radha as ''Madhya arudhayovana nayika'' and is described as a beautiful woman who looks like a heavenly damsel, with perfect features (forehead like the half moon, arches like a perfect bow, etc.), golden body, and a beautiful body fragrance. In chapter 3, verse 38, one attendant talks to another:

{{Poem quote|text=I have seen such an amazingly beautiful gopi, that I wonder if she really is a cowherdess ! Such splendor shone from her body that my eyes remained transfixed on her! No other beautiful women appeal any more; having seen her delicate walk once, I see the beauty of all three worlds. Who could be the husband of such a beauty, Kamadeva or Kalanidhi [moon]? No, Krishna himself.|author=Kesavdasa|source=Rasikapriya (III, 38)}}

In chapter 3, verse 38, Radha is very specifically described as the wife of Krishna. In most of the verses, whenever she is mentioned by name, she is usually seen as a virtuous court lady with utmost beauty and charm. Her husband Krishna is said to be in control of her love. Kesavdasa in ''Rasikapriya'' mentioned that while it is common to see women devoted to their husbands but it is not as common to see a husband as Krishna who is so devoted to his wife Radha and considering her as goddess.(VII, 6)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Desai|first=Vishakha N.|date=2000|title=Loves of Rādhā in the "Rasikapriyā" Verses and Paintings|journal=Ars Orientalis|volume=30|pages=83–92|jstor=4629572|issn=0571-1371}}</ref> In [[Sanskrit]] scripture ''[[Brahma Vaivarta Purana]],'' Radha and Krishna are understood to be eternally related to each other as husband and wife validating their Svakiya relationship.{{Sfn|Kinsley|1988}} The celebrated poets of [[Radha Vallabh Sampradaya]], Dhruva Dasa and Rupalji composed "''Vyahulau Utsav ke Pad''" or "Marriage Festival songs" which describe the eternal wedding of Radha and Krishna with praise and adulation.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Beck|first=Guy L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0SJ73GHSCF8C&q=Alternative+Krishnas%3A+Regional+and+Vernacular+Variations+on+a+Hindu+Deity&pg=PP11|title=Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity|publisher=SUNY Press|year=2012|isbn=978-0-7914-6415-1|location=United States of America|pages=66}}</ref> In the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]], Radha is often identified as [[Rahi (goddess)|Rahi]], a regional form of Radha who is worshiped as the married consort of [[Vithoba]], a regional form of Krishna.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Novetzke |first=C. L.|chapter=A Family Affair: Krishna Comes to Pandharpur and Makes Himself at Home |date=2005-01-01|chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292378289 |editor-last=Beck |editor-first=Guy L. |title=Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/163/monograph/book/4933 |pages=113–138|access-date=2022-01-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pande|first=Dr Suruchi|date=August 2008|title=Vithoba of Pandharpur|url=http://www.advaitaashrama.org/pb_archive/2008/PB_2008_August.pdf|journal=Prabuddha Bharata|volume=113|pages=447|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221081306/http://www.advaitaashrama.org/pb_archive/2008/PB_2008_August.pdf |archive-date=21 December 2008 |via=Wayback Machine}}</ref>

== Worship and festivals ==
{{See also|Radha Krishna}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 250
| header = Radha Krishna devotion
| image1 = Banke bihari (55).JPG
| caption1 = Worship of Radha Krishna
| alt1 =
| image2 = Interiors of Laljiu Temple, Ambika Kalna WLM2016-0193.jpg
| alt2 =
| caption2 = A devotee reading inside dedicated to Radha-Krishna Lalji Temple, [[Kalna City|Kalna]], West Bengal
}}

[[Friedhelm Hardy]] singles out such an offshoot of [[Krishnaism]] as Radha-centered stream Radhaism.{{sfn|Hardy|1987|pp=387–392}} The main representative of which is the [[Radha Vallabh Sampradaya]] ({{lit|consort of Radha}}), where goddess Radha is worshipped as the supreme deity, and Krishna is in a subordinate position.{{sfnm|1a1=White|1y=1977|1p=|2a1=Snell|2y=1991|2loc=chapter 1|3a1=Rosenstein|3y=1998|3p= |4a1=Beck|4y=2005|4p=}}{{sfn|Lochtefeld|2002|p=542}}

During the 18th century at [[Kolkata]] existed the Sakhībhāvakas community, whose members used to wear female dresses in order to identify themselves with the [[gopi]]s, companions of Radha.{{sfn|Hardy|1987|pp=387–392}}

In some devotional ([[bhakti]]) [[Krishnaism|Krishnaite]] traditions of [[Vaishnavism]] that focus on Krishna, Radha represents "the feeling of love towards Krishna".{{sfn|Hawley|Wulff|1982|pp=xiii–xviii}} For some of the adherents of these traditions, her importance approaches or even exceeds that of Krishna. Radha is worshipped along with Krishna in [[Nepal]] and many Indian states including [[West Bengal]], [[Manipur]], [[Assam]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Haryana]], [[Delhi]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Gujarat]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Odisha]]. Elsewhere, she is a revered deity.{{sfn|Majumdar|1955|pp=231–257}} In [[Maharashtra]] region, Radha is worshipped in her regional form as [[Rahi (goddess)|Rahi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pande |first=Dr. Suruchi |date=2008 |title=Vithoba of Pandharpur |url=http://www.advaitaashrama.org/pb_archive/2008/PB_2008_August.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221081306/http://www.advaitaashrama.org/pb_archive/2008/PB_2008_August.pdf |archive-date=21 December 2008 |access-date=2022-05-31 |website=}}</ref> Radha is considered as Krishna's original [[shakti]], the supreme goddess in both the [[Nimbarka Sampradaya]] and following the advent of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] also within the [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|Gaudiya Vaishnava]] tradition.{{sfn|Hawley|Wulff|1982|pp=xiii–xviii}}{{sfn|Dalal|2010|pp=321–322}} [[Nimbarka]] was the first well known [[Vaishnava]] scholar whose theology centered on goddess Radha.{{sfn|Ramnarace|2014|p=}}{{sfn|Singh|2004|p=125}}<ref name="Kinsley1972">{{cite journal | author = Kinsley, D. | year = 2010 | title = Without Krsna There Is No Song | journal = History of Religions | volume = 12 | issue = 2 | page = 149 | url = https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&sa=G&oi=qs&q=nimbarka+radha+first+author:d-sarma | access-date = 2008-05-03 | doi = 10.1086/462672| s2cid = 161297914 | url-access = subscription }} "Nimbarka seems to have been the first well-known religious leader to regard Radha as central to his worship (thirteenth century)"</ref>

Since 15th century in Bengal and [[Assam]] flourished [[Tantra|Tantric]] [[Vaishnava-Sahajiya]] tradition with related to it [[Baul]]s, where Krishna is the inner divine aspect of man and Radha is the aspect of woman, what incorporated into their specific sexual [[Maithuna]] ritual.{{sfn|McDaniel|2000}}{{sfn|Hayes|2005|pp=19–32}}

Radha's connection to Krishna is of two types: ''svakiya-rasa'' (married relationship) and ''parakiya-rasa'' (a relationship signified with eternal mental "love"). The Gaudiya tradition focuses upon ''parakiya-rasa'' as the highest form of love, wherein Radha and Krishna share thoughts even through separation. The love the gopis feel for Krishna is also described in this esoteric manner as the highest platform of spontaneous love of God, and not of a sexual nature.{{sfn|Beck|2005|p=79}}

=== Hymns ===
[[File:Krishna et Râdhâ (MNAAG - musée Guimet) (11936923714).jpg|thumb|Radha Krishna painting inspired by Gita Govinda]]
List of prayers and hymns dedicated to Radha are:

* ''[[Gita Govinda]]'': This 12th century work of [[Jayadeva]] is dedicated to both Radha and Krishna. Gita Govinda is still the part of temple songs of [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple]], Puri.{{sfn|Datta|1988|pp=1419–1420}}
* ''Radhe Krishna'': The maha-mantra of [[Nimbarka Sampradaya]] is as follows:
{{Poem quote|''Rādhe Kṛṣṇa Rādhe Kṛṣṇa''
''Kṛṣṇa Kṛṣṇa Rādhe Rādhe''
''Rādhe Shyām Rādhe Shyām''
''Shyām Shyām Rādhe Rādhe''}}
* ''Radha [[Gayatri Mantra]]'': "''Om Vrashbhanujaye Vidmahe, Krishnapriyaye Dhimahi , Tanno Radha Prachodayat."''
* ''[[Lakshmi]] Gayatri Mantra'': "Samuddhrtayai vidmahe Vishnunaikena dhimahi | tan no Radha prachodaydt || " (We think about her whom [[Vishnu]] himself supports, we meditate on her. Then, let Radha inspire us). The mantra is mentioned in [[Linga Purana]] (48.13) and invokes Lakshmi through Radha.{{sfn|Miller|1975|pp=655–671}}
* ''[[Shri Radhika Krishnashtaka]]'': It is also called Radhashtak. The prayer is composed of eight verses and is popular in [[Swaminarayan Sampradaya]].
* ''Shri Radha Saharsnama Strotam'': The prayer has more than 1000 names of Radha and is part of the Sanskrit scripture [[Pancharatra|Narada Panchratra]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Sri Radha-sahasra-nama, The Thousand Names of Sri Radha |url=https://www.stephen-knapp.com/sri_radha-sahasra-nama.htm |access-date=2021-05-28 |website=www.stephen-knapp.com}}</ref>
* ''Radha Kripa Kataksh Strotam'': This is the most famous stotra in Vrindavana. It is written in Ūrdhvāmnāya-tantra and is believed to be spoken by Śiva to Parvati. The prayer is dedicated to Radha and has total 19 verses.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sri Sri Radha-kripa-kataksha-stava-raja|url=http://www.harekrsna.de/Radha-kripa-kataksha-stava.htm|access-date=2021-05-28|website=www.harekrsna.de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Radha Kripa Kataksha - Lord Shiva|url=https://brajrasik.org/articles/5956a9261350677a49620717/radha-kripa-kataksha-lord-shiva|access-date=2021-05-28|website=Braj Ras - Bliss of Braj Vrindavan.}}</ref>
* ''Yugalashtakam'': This prayer is dedicated to Yugal (combined) form of [[Radha Krishna]]. It is popular in [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]] and was written by [[Jiva Goswami]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shree Yugal Ashtakam.|url=https://www.shrinathdham.com/stotra-stuti-aarti/shree-yugal-ashtakam/|access-date=2021-05-28|website=Shrinathdham|language=en-GB}}</ref>
* ''Radha Chalisa'': A devotional hymn in praise of Radha. The prayer has 40 verses.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shree Radha Chalisa - Forty Verses of Shri Radha's Glory |url=https://brajrasik.org/articles/5ecaba472c91730061b25a5d/shri-radhe-vrishabhanujaa-bhaktani-praanaadhaar-shri-radha-chalisa |access-date=2021-05-28 |publisher=Braj Ras - Bliss of Braj Vrindavan}}</ref>
* ''[[Hare Krishna (mantra)|Hare Krishna Mahamantra]]'': In this mantra, "Hare" is the vocative form of both "[[Hari]]" (Krishna) and "Hara" (Radha).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Judah|first=J. Stillson |title=Religious Movements in Contemporary America |chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781400868841-024/html|chapter=The Hare Krishna Movement|date=2015-03-08|pages=463–478 |publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-6884-1|doi=10.1515/9781400868841-024}}</ref> The mantra is mentioned in [[Kali-Saṇṭāraṇa Upaniṣad|Kali Santarana Upanishad]].<ref>{{cite book |surname=Beck |given=Guy L. |chapter=Hare Krishna Mahamantra: Gaudiya Vaishnava Practice and the Hindu Tradition of Sacred Sound |editor1=Edwin Bryant |editor2=Maria Ekstrand |year=2004 |title=The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant |place=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |url={{Google books|mBMxPdgrBhoC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |pages=35–44 |isbn=0-231-12256-X}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|text=<poem>
''Hare Kṛṣṇa Hare Kṛṣṇa''
''Kṛṣṇa Kṛṣṇa Hare Hare''
''Hare Rāma Hare Rāma''
''Rāma Rāma Hare Hare''</poem>}}
* ''Hita-Caurasi'': The eighty-four verses (hymns) in [[Braj Bhasha]] of the 16th-century poet-sant [[Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu]], founder of [[Radha Vallabh Sampradaya]], in praise of Radha as the ultimate deity, the Queen, while Krishna depicted as her servant.{{sfnm|1a1=White|1y=1977|1p=|2a1=Snell|2y=1991|2p=|3a1=Beck|3y=2005|3p=67}}
* ''[[Radhe Radhe]]'': Greeting or salutation in [[Braj]] region dedicated to Radha.

=== Festivals ===
Radha is one of the major and celebrated goddess in Hinduism. Following is the list of festivals associated with her.

==== Radhashtami ====
{{Main|Radhashtami}}

[[File:Radha Syamasundar Vrindavan Radhastami 2004.jpg|thumb|Radha Krishna on Radhashtami, [[ISKCON Temple, Vrindavan]]]]

Radhashtami, also called Radha Jayanti is celebrated as the appearance anniversary of Radha. In the Hindu calendar, Radhashtami is observed annually in the month of the [[Bhadra (Hindu calendar)|Bhadra]], 15 days after [[Krishna Janmashtami]], the birth anniversary of Krishna, which suggests that Radha is very much an aspect of the cultural-religious faith system governing social life.<ref name=":8" /> The festival is celebrated with great enthusiasm and fervor especially in the [[Braj|Braj region]]. The festivities include fasting till afternoon (12 pm), abhishek and [[Arti (Hinduism)|aarti]] of Radharani, offering her flowers, sweets and food items, singing songs, dancing and prayers dedicated to Radha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Radhastami {{!}} Krishna.com|url=http://www.krishna.com/radhastami|access-date=2021-05-29|website=www.krishna.com|archive-date=24 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224202533/https://www.krishna.com/radhastami|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Radha Rani Temple]] in [[Barsana]] host this festival in a grand manner as Basana is also considered as the birthplace of Radha. Apart from Barsana, this festival is celebrated in nearly all the temples of [[Vrindavan]] and [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|ISKCON]] temples across the world as it is one of the major festival for many [[Vaishnavism]] sections.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Radhastami – ISKCON VRINDAVAN|url=https://iskconvrindavan.com/festivals/radhastmi/|access-date=2021-05-29|language=en-US}}</ref>

==== Holi ====
{{Main|Holi}}

[[File:3 Nichal Chand (attr) Krishna Celebrates Holi with Radha and the Gopis 1750-60 Boston MFA.jpg|thumb|''Krishna Celebrates Holi with Radha and the Gopis'' by [[Nihâl Chand|Nihal Chand]], [[Kishangarh]], 1750-60]]

Holi, one of the major Hindu festival, also called ''festival of love'' and ''festival of colors'' also celebrates the divine and eternal love of Radha and [[Krishna]]. [[Mathura]] and Vrindavan are known for their Holi celebrations. According to popular legend associated with [[Radha Krishna]], as a child, Krishna would cry to his mother [[Yashoda]] about Radha being fair while he had a dark complexion. His mother then advised him to smear colour of his choice on Radha's face, thus giving birth to Braj ki Holi. It is said that every year, Lord Krishna would travel from his village [[Nandgaon, Uttar Pradesh|Nandgaon]] to Goddess Radha's village Barsana, where Radha and the [[gopi]]s would playfully beat him with sticks.<ref>Yudit Greenberg, Encyclopedia of Love in World Religions, Volume 1, {{ISBN|978-1851099801}}, p. 212</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=McKim Marriott |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9hairjdT-ekC |title=The Life of Hinduism |publisher=University of California Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-520-24914-1 |editor=John Stratton Hawley and Vasudha Narayanan |page=102}}, Quote: "Holi, he said with a beatific sigh, is the Festival of Love!"</ref> In present times, Holi celebrations in Barsana begin one week before the actual date of the festival, moving to Nandgaon the next day. In Mathura and Vrindavan, the festival is celebrated in different forms like [[Lathmar Holi]] in Barsana and Nandgaon, where sticks are used to create playful beats, to which young men and women dance; Phoolon wali Holi in Gulaal Kund near the [[Govardhan Hill]], during which [[Raslila|Ras Leela]] is performed and Holi is played with colourful flowers and Widow's Holi in Vrindavan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Incredible India {{!}} Braj ki Holi|url=https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredible-india-v2/en/destinations/mathura-vrindavan/braj-ki-holi.html|access-date=2021-05-29|website=www.incredibleindia.org}}</ref>

==== Sharad Purnima ====
{{Main|Sharad Purnima}}

Sharad Purnima refers to the full moon of the autumn season. On this day, devotees celebrate Krishna performing a beautiful dance called "[[Raslila|rasa lila]]" with Radha and the gopis—the cowherd damsels of Vrindavan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Braj Darshan {{!}} MAHARAAS: The Dance of Spirituality|url=https://www.brajdarshan.in/maharaas/|access-date=2021-05-29|website=www.brajdarshan.in|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212511/https://www.brajdarshan.in/maharaas/|url-status=dead}}</ref> On this day, Radha Krishna in temples are dressed in white outfits and are adorned with flower garlands and glittering ornaments.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Aashish|title=ISKCON-London - Sharad Purnima - Kartik Full Moon Festival|url=https://www.iskcon-london.org/events/festivals/sharad-purnima|access-date=2021-05-29|website=www.iskcon-london.org|language=en-gb|archive-date=19 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119202533/https://www.iskcon-london.org/events/festivals/sharad-purnima|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== Kartik Purnima ====
{{Main|Kartik Purnima}}

In [[Vaishnavism]], the occasion of Kartik Purnima is considered as the most auspicious day to worship goddess Radha. According to [[Brahma Vaivarta Purana]], Krishna also worshiped Radha on this day.<ref name="Shanti Lal Nagar"/> In Radha Krishna temples, sacred vow is observed throughout the [[Kārtika (month)|Karthik month]] and performances of [[Raslila]] are organized to celebrate this festival.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Mohapatra |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UdpzAgAAQBAJ&dq=worship+radha&pg=PA164 |title=Wellness In Indian Festivals & Rituals |date=2013 |publisher=Partridge Publishing |isbn=978-1-4828-1690-7 |pages=164 |language=en}}</ref>

== In Shaktism ==
In [[Shaktism]] section of [[Hinduism]], Radha becomes an independent goddess ''[[Prakṛti|Prakriti]]''-''Padmini'', who is the form of goddess [[Tripura Sundari]] while her consort [[Krishna]] is associated with the masculine form of goddess [[Kali]]. Tantric text ''[[Radha Tantra]]'', portrayed Radha as the ''[[Shakti|Shakta Radha]]'' who is also the spiritual mentor of Krishna.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Broo |first=Mans |url=http://archive.org/details/the-radha-tantra-a-critical-edition-and-annotated-translation-9781138892361-113889236x |title=Rādhā Tantra: A critical edition and annotated translation |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2017 |pages=1–2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Frazier |first=Jessica |title=Becoming the Goddess: Female Subjectivity and the Passion of the Goddess Radha |date=2010 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6833-1_13 |work=New Topics in Feminist Philosophy of Religion: Contestations and Transcendence Incarnate |pages=199–215 |editor-last=Anderson |editor-first=Pamela Sue |access-date=2023-07-01 |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-6833-1_13 |isbn=978-1-4020-6833-1|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Manring |first=Rebecca J. |title=Rādhātantram: Rādhā as Guru in the Service of the Great Goddess |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11407-019-09264-1 |journal=[[International Journal of Hindu Studies]] |year=2019 |language=en |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=259–282 |doi=10.1007/s11407-019-09264-1 |s2cid=213054011 |issn=1022-4556|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Beck |first=Guy L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K0XqbG0LKBUC&dq=radha+tantra&pg=PA19 |title=Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity |date=2012-02-01 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-8341-1 |pages=19–25 |language=en}}</ref> In Shaktism, the ''[[Ashtasakhi]]s'' of Radha Krishna are considered as the embodiment of the ''[[Ashta siddhi|Ashta Siddhis]]'' which are Aṇimā, Mahima, Garima, Laghima, Prāpti, Prākāmya, Iṣiṭva, and Vaśitva.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tantra and some Śaiva Thinkers |date=2015 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781474243063.0022 |work=An Introduction to Indian Philosophy |access-date=2023-07-06 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|doi=10.5040/9781474243063.0022 |isbn=978-1-4725-2476-8 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Influence ==
[[File:Radha in the Moonlight.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Radha's story has inspired many paintings. Above: ''Radha in the moonlight'' by [[Raja Ravi Varma]], 1890.]]

=== Paintings ===
Radha and Krishna have inspired many forms of performance arts and literary works.{{sfn|Archer|2004}}<ref name="britannica2"/> Over the centuries, their love has been portrayed in thousands of exquisite paintings which depicts the lover in separation and union, longing and abandonment.{{sfn|Archer|2004}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kakar|first=Sudhir|date=January 1985|title=Erotic Fantasy: The Secret Passion of Radha and Krishna|journal=Contributions to Indian Sociology|volume=19|issue=1|pages=75–94|doi=10.1177/006996685019001006|s2cid=144426229|issn=0069-9667}}</ref>

[[Pattachitra|Patta chitra]], is one of the typical regional arts of the coastal state of [[Odisha|Orissa]]. In this type of painting, Krishna is depicted in blue or black color and is usually accompanied by his fiancée Radha.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kallir|first=Jane|date=1982|title=The Folk Art Tradition: Naive Painting in Europe and The United States|journal=American Art Journal|volume=14|issue=4|pages=88|doi=10.2307/1594322|jstor=1594322|issn=0002-7359}}</ref> Rajasthani art emerged as an amalgamation of folk art with conventional and canonical ethos. Krishna and Radha have been the pivotal figures in Rajasthani miniature paintings. Their love has been delineated aesthetically in this composition.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Soltis|first=Carol Eaton|title=Miniature painting in the USA|date=2015-09-22|publisher=Oxford University Press|series=Oxford Art Online|doi=10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t2283851}}</ref> In [[Pahari painting]]s, often the nayaka (hero) is depicted as Krishna and the nayika (heroine) is depicted as Radha. The legend of Krishna and Radha and their love provided rich material to Pahari painters in general and to the artists of Garhwal in particular.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fam|first=Sylvia|date=2019-01-01|title=Engaging the Senses to Make Sense: Performing Autoethnography in Selected Poems by Two Poet/Educators|journal=Textual Turnings|volume=1|issue=1|pages=121–138|doi=10.21608/ttaip.2019.123734|issn=2735-3451|doi-access=free}}</ref> The central theme of [[Kangra painting]] is love inspired by ''Rasikapriya,'' popular poetic work of Keshavdasa. A closely related theme of this art is lover looking at his beloved who is unaware of his presence. Thus, Krishna is shown watching Radha who is unaware of his presence.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Randhawa|first=M.S|title=Kangra Valley Painting|publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting|year=2017|isbn=978-81-230-2478-3}}</ref> In Radha and Krishna, Kangra artists discovered highest model of loving couple. The Radha-Krishna theme also served their devotional purpose and provided an inherent symbolism.<ref name=":11" /> [[Madhubani art|Madhubani paintings]] are charismatic art of Bihar. Madhubani paintings are mostly based on religion and mythology. In the paintings, Hindu Gods like [[Radha Krishna|Radha-Krishna]] and [[Shiva]]-[[Parvati]] are in center. Krishna and Radha are one of the favorite subject in [[Rajput painting]]s because they portrayed a theme that symbolized the desire of the soul to be united by god. In Rajput paintings, Radha is always dressed in more elegant way. She was adorned with ornaments and is often depicted holding a white garland when enthroned next to Krishna.<ref name=":12" /> The Chamba paintings of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab often depicts romantic ambiances of rainy season with Radha Krishna as the lead couple.<ref name=":11" />

<gallery>
File:Patta Chitra 03.jpg|Patta Chitra painting depicting love story of Radha and Krishna.
File:A Glimpse of the Loved One (6124511255).jpg|Rajasthani Painting with a love theme where Radha is getting ready and Krishna admires her silently.
File:Radha offering Krsna a Bowl of Curds.jpg|Pahari painting of Radha offering bowl of curd to Krishna.
File:Radha and Krishna Exchange Clothes LACMA M.80.232.4.jpg|Kangra painting, Radha dressed as Krishna and Krishna dressed as Radha.
File:Peinture râjput (V&A Museum) (9471201137).jpg|Rajput painting (1760), Radha Krishna with gopis.
File:Nihâl Chand 001.jpg|Kishangarh painting, Radha Krishna in pavilion.
File:Radha- Krishna, Kalighat Painting.jpg|Radha- Krishna, Kalighat Painting
</gallery>

=== Dance forms ===
The most famous Indian classical dance [[Manipuri Raas Leela]] was first introduced by [[Ching-Thang Khomba|King Bhagyachandra]] around 1779. Inspired by Radha Krishna's [[raslila]], the king introduced three forms of rasa dance—Maha rasa, Kunj rasa and Basant rasa. Later two more forms of rasa—Nitya rasa and Deba rasa was added by successive kings in the art and culture of Manipur. In these dance forms, the dancers portray the role of Radha, Krishna and gopis. The dance forms are still prevalent in the state of Manipur and are performed on stage as well as on the auspicious occasions like [[Kartik Purnima]] and [[Sharad Purnima]] (full moon nights).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Meitei |first1=Sanjenbam Yaiphaba |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FhUHEAAAQBAJ&q=Music+and+Dance+Radha+Krishna |title=The Cultural Heritage of Manipur|last2=Chaudhuri |first2=Sarit K. |last3=Arunkumar |first3=M. C. |date=2020-11-25 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-29629-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|surname=Singh |given=Kunj Bihari |year=2004 |orig-date=1963 |chapter=Manipur Vaishnavism: A Sociological Interpretation |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mc6GAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA125 |title=Sociology of Religion in India |editor=Rowena Robinson |series=Themes in Indian Sociology 3 |place=New Delhi |publisher=Sage Publ. India |pages=128 |url={{Google books|Mc6GAwAAQBAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |isbn=0-7619-9781-4}}
</ref>

[[File:Ras Lila.jpg|thumb|upright|Artists depicting Radha Krishna's love story through Manipuri classical dance Raslila.]]

Another Indian classical dance form, [[Kathakali]] was also influenced by [[Vaishnavism]] and Radha Krishna based [[Gita Govinda]] tradition which along with other factors contributed in the evolution of this dance form.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Vatsyayan|first=Kapila|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gtuSDwAAQBAJ&q=Gujarat+dance|title=INDIAN CLASSICAL DANCE|date=1974|publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting|isbn=978-81-230-2957-3|language=en}}</ref> The predominant theme of North Indian Kathak dancing lies in the fleeting appearances and longer stories of Radha and [[Krishna]]. The sacred love of Krishna and his beloved Radha, are woven into all aspects of the Kathak dance and is clearly visible during the discussions of the music, costumes and finally the role of the Kathak dancer.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lalli|first=Gina|date=2004-01-01|title=A North Indian Classical Dance Form: Lucknow Kathak|journal=Visual Anthropology|volume=17|issue=1|pages=19–43|doi=10.1080/08949460490273997|s2cid=145783433|issn=0894-9468}}</ref>

[[Ashtapadi]]s of Gita Govinda are also enacted in contemporary classical [[Odissi]] dance form.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kothari|first=Sunil|date=1981|title=Enactment of Gita Govinda in Neo-Classical Dance Forms|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1307469347 |journal=Journal of Indian Musicology Society|volume=12|pages=53|id={{ProQuest|1307469347}} }}</ref> This dance form was originated in the temples. It is centered on the celestial love of Krishna and Radha. At one time, it was performed by the [[Devadasi]]s but now it has spread out to the homes and cultural institutions.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sajnani|first=Manohar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nxtnsT8CdZ4C&pg=PA260|title=Encyclopaedia of Tourism Resources in India|date=2001|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-018-9|language=en}}</ref>

=== Music ===
''[[Rasiya]]'' is a popular genre of [[Indian folk music]] from [[Braj]] region, [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It is commonly played and performed during the festivities in the villages and temples of Braj area.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Manuel |first=Peter |date=1994-01-01 |title=Syncretism and Adaptation in Rasiya, a Braj Folksong Genre |url=https://academicworks.cuny.edu/jj_pubs/312 |journal=Publications and Research}}</ref> The traditional songs of ''Rasiya'' are based on the divine portrayal and love of Radha and Krishna. They are frequently written from the female perspective of Radha and portray Krishna and his flirtation with her.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Langlois |first=Tony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vTUrDwAAQBAJ&dq=Rasiya+Braj+Radha&pg=PA307 |title=Non Western Popular Music |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-7546-2984-9 |location=New York |pages=318 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kumar |first=Mukesh |date=2019 |title=The Art of Resistance: The Bards and Minstrels' Response to Anti-Syncretism/Anti-liminality in north India |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/abs/art-of-resistance-the-bards-and-minstrels-response-to-antisyncretismantiliminality-in-north-india/655B711202BF2BDC05ED23E51BA17B48 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=225 |doi=10.1017/S1356186318000597 |s2cid=165691487 |via=Cambridge University Press|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== Culture ===
The residents of [[Braj]] region still greet each other with salutations like "''[[Radhe Radhe]]", "Jai Shri Radhe"'' and "''Radhe Shyam''", directing their mind to Radha and ultimate relationship she shares with Krishna. The image of Krishna rarely appears without Radha by his side in the temples of [[Vrindavan]]. It is not the Krishna who is worshiped, but Radha and Krishna together are worshiped.<ref>{{Citation|title=ONE. The Social Construction of Emotion in India|date=1990-12-31|work=Divine Passions|pages=3–34|publisher=University of California Press|doi=10.1525/9780520309753-002|isbn=978-0-520-30975-3|last1=Lynch |first1=Owen M. }}</ref>

In [[culture of Odisha]], Krishna is the cultural hero and his form [[Jagannath]], is the symbol of Oriya pride. His consort Radha is celebrated as the energy of Krishna and symbolically the energy of the cosmos. She is considered as the power of joy, the hladini [[shakti]] of Krishna and is often identified with both [[Durga]] and [[Mahakali]], the bright and dark forms of the cosmic energy. Krishna and Radha have entered the Oriya psyche and have inspired the mythic imagination of the Oriya poets in a big way. For the conscious and the informed, Krishna and Radha are the Universe and its harmony, the Energy and its joyful articulation, the cosmic dance and its rhythmic balance.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last=Mohanty|first=Prafulla Kumar|date=2003|title=Mask and Creative Symbolisation in Contemporary Oriya Literature: Krishna, Radha and Ahalya|journal=Indian Literature|volume=47|issue=2 (214)|pages=181–189|jstor=23341400|issn=0019-5804}}</ref>

In Indian culture, Radha serve as an exemplary model of female-neutral subjectivity for all persons—an active, non-substantial, shared and strong self that rationally embrace their (religious) passions.<ref>{{Citation|last=Frazier|first=Jessica|title=Becoming the Goddess: Female Subjectivity and the Passion of the Goddess Radha|date=2010|work=New Topics in Feminist Philosophy of Religion: Contestations and Transcendence Incarnate|pages=199–215|editor-last=Anderson|editor-first=Pamela Sue|place=Dordrecht|publisher=Springer Netherlands|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-6833-1_13|isbn=978-1-4020-6833-1}}</ref>

=== In popular culture ===
====Films====
*In the 1933 Bengali film ''[[Radha Krishna (1933 film)|Radha Krishna]]'', Radha was portrayed by Duniyabala.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DcUtCgAAQBAJ&q=Radha+Krishna+1933&pg=PA69|title=Bengali Cinema: 'An Other Nation'|last=Sharmistha Gooptu|date=November 2010|publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136912177|access-date=3 May 2018}}</ref>
*In the 1938 Marathi film ''[[Gopal Krishna (1938 film)|Gopal Krishna]]'', Radha was portrayed by [[Shanta Apte]].
*In the 1971 Hindi film ''[[Shri Krishna Leela]]'', Radha was portrayed by Hina.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citwf.com/film318824.htm|title=Shri Krishna Leela|author=Alan Goble|accessdate=17 September 2014|website=[[Complete Index to World Film]]}}</ref>
*In the 1979 Hindi film ''[[Gopal Krishna (1979 film)|Gopal Krishna]]'', Radha was portrayed by [[Zarina Wahab]].
*In the 2012 Hindi animated film ''[[Krishna Aur Kans]]'', Radha was voiced by Rajshree Nath.<ref>{{cite web|title='Krishna Aur Kans' set for widest ever domestic release of an Indian animation movie|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-07-26/news/32869469_1_gokulathil-kannan-movie-in-different-languages-english-movie|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812233618/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-07-26/news/32869469_1_gokulathil-kannan-movie-in-different-languages-english-movie|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 August 2014|work=The economic times|access-date=26 July 2012}}</ref>

====Television====
*In [[B. R. Chopra]]'s 1988 series ''[[Mahabharat (1988 TV series)|Mahabharat]]'', Radha was portrayed by Parijat.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-02|title=31 years of Mahabharat on Doordarshan: Interesting facts about one of most popular TV shows ever|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/31-years-of-mahabharat-on-doordarshan-know-interesting-facts-about-one-of-most-popular-tv-shows-ever/1724556/|access-date=2020-07-24|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref>
*In [[Ramanand Sagar]]'s 1993 series ''[[Shri Krishna (1993 TV series)|Shri Krishna]]'', Radha was portrayed by Reshma Modi and [[Shweta Rastogi]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-04-27 |title=After 'Ramayan' and 'Mahabharat', now 'Shri Krishna' is returning to Doordarshan |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/after-ramayan-and-mahabharat-now-shri-krishna-is-returning-to-doordarshan/articleshow/75400171.cms |access-date=2024-06-30 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
* In the 2008 series ''[[Jai Shri Krishna (TV series)|Jai Shri Krishna]]'', Radha was portrayed by Kritika Sharma and [[Virti Vaghani]].
* In the 2008 series ''[[Kahaani Hamaaray Mahaabhaarat Ki]]'', Radha was portrayed by [[Puja Banerjee]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/Mahabharata-interpreted-differently/article15308422.ece|title=Mahabharata interpreted differently|newspaper=The Hindu |date=23 September 2008|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
* In the 2013 series ''[[Mahabharat (2013 TV series)|Mahabharat]]'' , Radha was portrayed by [[Ketki Kadam]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-mahabharat-so-far-so-good-tv/20130917.htm|title=Review: Mahabharat, so far so good|publisher=Rediff|author=Nishi Tiwari|access-date=17 September 2013|archive-date=1 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501105830/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-mahabharat-so-far-so-good-tv/20130917.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
* In the 2016 series ''[[Baal Krishna]]'', Radha was portrayed by [[Gracy Goswami]].
* In the 2017 series ''[[Vithu Mauli]]'', Radha was portrayed by Pooja Katurde.
* In the 2018 series ''[[RadhaKrishn]]'', Radha was portrayed by [[Mallika Singh]] and [[Shivya Pathania]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Mallika Singh and Sumedh Mudgalkar: We feel fortunate, it's a blessing to portray Radha and Krishna|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mallika-singh-and-sumedh-mudgalkar-we-feel-fortunate-its-a-blessing-to-portray-radha-and-krishna/articleshow/80886998.cms|access-date=2021-09-11|website=The Times of India|date=13 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* In the 2019 series ''[[Dwarkadheesh Bhagwan Shree Krishn – Sarvkala Sampann]]'', Radha was portrayed by [[Chahat Pandey]].
* In the 2019 series ''[[Paramavatar Shri Krishna]]'', Radha was portrayed by Mahi Soni.
* In the 2019 series ''[[Shrimad Bhagwat Mahapuran]]'', Radha was portrayed by [[Shiny Doshi]].
* In the 2021 series [[Jai Kanhaiya Lal Ki (2021 TV series)|''Jai Kanhaiya Lal Ki'']], Radha was portrayed by Kiara Singh.
* In the 2022 series ''[[Brij Ke Gopal]]'', Radha was portrayed by [[Manul Chudasama]].
* In the 2024 series ''[[Lakshmi Narayan – Sukh Samarthya Santulan]]'', Radha was portrayed by [[Shivya Pathania]]

== Regional forms ==
* [[Rahi (goddess)|Rahi]] - Rahi is the regional form of Radha, worshiped in the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]] as the consort of [[Vithoba]], the regional form of [[Krishna]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pande |first=Dr Suruchi |date=2008 |title=Vithoba of Pandharpur |url=http://www.advaitaashrama.org/pb_archive/2008/PB_2008_August.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Prabuddha Bharat |volume=113 |pages=447 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221081306/http://www.advaitaashrama.org/pb_archive/2008/PB_2008_August.pdf |archive-date=21 December 2008 |quote="Rahi is Radha. In the stories and legends of Maharashtra, Rahi is the wife of Vitthala."}}</ref>

* [[Niladevi]] - In [[South India]], Niladevi or Nappinai, the consort of [[Vishnu]], is sometimes regarded as the southern counterpart of Radha, the consort of Krishna.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Srinivasa Chari |first=S. M. |title=Philosophy and Theistic Mysticism of the Āl̲vārs |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1997 |page=205}}</ref>{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=272}}

== Temples ==
[[File:Prem Mandir Vrindavan, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India (2014).jpg|thumb|Radha-Krishna ''[[Prem Mandir, Vrindavan|Prem Mandir]]'' (Love Temple) in Vrindavan, [[Uttar Pradesh]]]]
[[File:Chhatris of Barsana 02.jpg|thumb|[[Radha Rani Temple]], Barsana]]

Radha and Krishna are the focus of temples in the Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, Vallabhacharya, Chandidas, and other traditions of Vaishnavism.{{sfn|Dalal|2010|pp=321–322}} Radha is typically shown standing immediately next to Krishna.{{sfn|Dalal|2010|pp=321–322}} Some of the important [[Radha Krishna]] temples are:

* [[Barsana]] and [[Vrindavan]] in [[Mathura District]], Northern India contain many temples dedicated to both Radha and Krishna.
* '''Vrindavan''': [[Bankey Bihari Temple]], [[Radha Damodar Temple, Vrindavan|Shri Radha Damodar Temple]], [[Krishna Balaram Mandir|Krishna Balram Temple]] (Iskcon Vrindavan), Shri Radha Gokulananda Temple, Shri Radha Gopinath Temple, [[Radha Raman Temple]], Shahji Temple, [[Nidhivan, Vrindavan|Nidhivan]], [[Radha Kund]], [[Kusum Sarovar]], Seva kunj Temple, Pagal Baba Temple, [[Prem Mandir, Vrindavan|Prem Mandir]], [[Radha Madan Mohan Temple, Vrindavan|Shri Radha Madan Mohan Temple]], Shri Ashtsakhi Temple, [[Vrindavan Chandrodaya Mandir]], Shri Radha ShyamSundar ji Temple, Shri Jugal Kishore Temple, Shri Radha Govind Dev ji Temple, Priyakant ju Temple and [[Radha Vallabh Temple, Vrindavan|Shri Radha Vallabh Temple]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Rājaśekhara Dāsa |year=2000 |title=The Color Guide to Vṛndāvana: India's Most Holy City of Over 5,000 Temples |publisher=Vedanta Vision Publication |url={{Google books|Q1cvAAAAYAAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Anand |first=D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EsvSwdUgQYcC |title=Krishna: The Living God of Braj |date=1992 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-280-2 |language=en}}</ref>
* '''Mathura''': [[Krishna Janmasthan Temple Complex|Shri Krishna Janamasthan Temple]], [[Dwarkadheesh temple Mathura|Shri Dwarkadhish Temple]].
* '''Barsana''': [[Radha Rani Temple|Shri Radha Rani Temple]] (Shreeji Temple), [[Rangeeli Mahal Barsana|Rangeeli Mahal]] (Kirti temple), Maan temple (Maan Garh temple)[https://maanmandir.org/].
* '''Bhandirvan''': [[Radha Krishna Vivah Sthali, Bhandirvan|Shri Radha Krishna Vivah Sthali.]]
* '''Rest of India''': [[Govind Dev Ji Temple|Shri Radha Govind Dev ji temple]] in [[Jaipur]], Murlidhar Krishna temple in [[Naggar]], [[Shree Govindajee Temple|Shri Govindajee temple]] in [[Imphal]], [[Madan Mohan Temple, Karauli|Madan Mohan temple]] in [[Karauli]], [[Temple of the Vedic Planetarium|Mayapur Chandrodaya Mandir]] in [[Nadia district|Nadia]], [[Swaminarayan Mandir, Gadhada|Swaminarayan temple Gadhada]], [[Swaminarayan Mandir, Vadtal|Swaminarayan temple Vadtal]], [[Swaminarayan Mandir, Bhuj|Swaminarayan Temple Bhuj]], [[Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Dholera|Swaminarayan Temple Dholera]], [[Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Mumbai|Swaminarayan Temple Mumbai]], [[ISKCON Temple, Bangalore|Iskcon Bangalore]], [[ISKCON Temple, Chennai|Iskcon Chennai]], [[Radha Damodar Temple, Junagadh|Radha Damodar temple in Junagadh]], [[Bhakti Mandir Mangarh]], [[ISKCON Temple, Patna|Iskcon temple Patna]], [[Baba Baroh|Radha Krishna temple, Baroh]] in [[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh|Kangra]], [[Hare Krishna Golden Temple]] in [[Hyderabad]], [[List of temples in Bishnupur|Temples in Bishnupur]] including [[Radha Madhab Temple]], [[Radha Shyam Temple]], [[Rasmancha, Bishnupur|Rasmancha]], [[Shyam Ray Temple]] and Lalji Temple, [[ISKCON Temple, Delhi|Sri Sri Radha Parthasarathi Mandir]] in [[Delhi]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.radha.name/images-gallery/temples-worldwide-without-india/asia-without-India|title=Asia and India ISKCON temples|work=Radha}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url = http://m.dandavats.com/?p=6770
|work = Dandavats
|title = Beautiful Delhi Iskcon Temple (Sri Radha Parthasarathi Mandir) (4 min video)
|access-date = 29 July 2015
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150626112447/http://m.dandavats.com/?p=6770
|archive-date = 26 June 2015
|url-status = dead
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>

* '''Outside India''': There are multiple temples dedicated to Radha Krishna which are established by [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|Iskcon]] organization and [[Swaminarayan Sampradaya]] in all the prominent cities of the world. The [[Radha Madhav Dham#Shree Raseshwari Radha Rani Temple|Shree Raseshwari Radha Rani Temple]] at [[Radha Madhav Dham]] in [[Austin, Texas]], USA, established by [[Kripalu Maharaj]], is one of the largest Hindu Temple complexes in the [[Western Hemisphere]] and the largest in North America.<ref name="ciment">Ciment, J. 2001. ''Encyclopedia of American Immigration''. Michigan: [[M. E. Sharpe|M.E. Sharpe]]</ref><ref name="HyltonandRosie">Hylton, H. & Rosie, C. 2006. ''Insiders' Guide to Austin''. [[Globe Pequot Press]].</ref><ref name="texas-monthly">Mugno, M. & Rafferty, R.R. 1998. ''Texas Monthly Guidebook to Texas''. Gulf Pub. Co.</ref>

== Outside Hinduism ==
[[File:Radha Krishna - Walters W879 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Radha meeting Krishna on a stormy night]]

[[Guru Gobind Singh]], in his ''[[Dasam Granth]]a'', describes Radha the ''sukl bhis rika'' thus: "Radhika went out in the light of the white soft moon, wearing a white robe to meet her Lord. It was white everywhere and hidden in it, she appeared like the light itself in search of Him".<ref name=":3" />

Radha is mentioned in many [[Jainism|Jain]] commentaries including the popular ''Venisamhara'' by [[Bhatta Narayana|Narayana Bhatta]], and ''Dhvanyaloka'' by [[Anandavardhana]], written in 7th century. Jain scholars like Somadeva Suri and Vikram Bhatta continued mentioning Radha between 9th and 12th centuries in their literary works.<ref name=":10" />{{sfn|Miller|1975|pp=655–671}}

== See also ==
* [[Ashtasakhi]]
* [[Radha Tantra]]
* ''[[Radhe Radhe]]''
* [[Rahi (goddess)]]

== Explanatory notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

=== General and cited references ===
* {{cite book|surname=Archer |given=W. G. |author-link=W.G. Archer |title=The Loves of Krishna in Indian Painting and Poetry |url={{Google books|czLDAgAAQBAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |year=2004 |orig-date=1957 |place=Mineola, NY |publisher=Dover Publ. |isbn=0-486-43371-4}}
* {{cite book|surname=Beck |given=Guy L. |chapter=Krishna as Loving Husband of God: The Alternative Krishnology of the Rādhāvallabha Sampradaya |pages=65–90 |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0SJ73GHSCF8C&pg=PA65 |title=Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity |url= {{Google books|0SJ73GHSCF8C|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |editor= Guy L. Beck |place=Albany, NY |publisher=SUNY Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7914-6415-1}}
* {{cite journal |last=Chemburkar |first=Jaya |date=1976 |title=Srīrādhikānāmasahasram |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |volume=1/4 |issue=1/4 |pages=107–116 |jstor=41692239}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |surname=Dalal |given=Roshen |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |year=2010 |url={{Google books|DH0vmD8ghdMC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |place=New Delhi |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-341421-6}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |editor-surname=Datta |editor-given=Amaresh |title=Gitagovinda |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti |year=1988 |volume=2 |place=New Delhi |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1414 |pages=1414–1423 |isbn=81-260-1194-7}}
* {{cite journal|last=Dimock |first=E.C. Jr. |date=1963 |title =Doctrine and Practice among the Vaisnavas of Bengal |journal= History of Religions |volume=3 | issue=1 |pages=106–127 |jstor= 1062079 |doi=10.1086/462474 |s2cid=162027021}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |year=1987 |surname=Hardy |given=Friedhelm E. |author-link=Friedhelm Hardy |title=Kṛṣṇaism |editor=Mircea Eliade |editor-link=Mircea Eliade |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Religion |place=New York |publisher=MacMillan |volume=8 |pages=387–392 |isbn=978-0-02-897135-3 |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/krsnaism |via=[[Encyclopedia.com]]}}
* {{cite book |editor-surname1=Hawley |editor-given1=John Stratton |editor-surname2= Wulff |editor-given2=Donna Marie |title=The Divine Consort: Rādhā and the Goddesses of India |series=Berkeley religious studies series, 3 |url={{Google books|j3R1z0sE340C|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |year=1982 |place=Berkeley, Ca |publisher=Graduate Theological Union |isbn=0-89581-102-2}}
* {{cite book|surname=Hawley |given=John Stratton |year=2005 |title=Three Bhakti Voices: Mirabai, Surdas, and Kabir in Their Time and Ours |url={{Google books|5LZjAAAAMAAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |place=Oxford; New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-567085-1}}
* {{cite book|surname=Hayes |given=Glen Alexander |chapter=Contemporary Metaphor Theory and Alternative Views of Krishna and Rādhā in Vaishnava Sahajiyā |pages=19–32 |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0SJ73GHSCF8C&pg=PA19 |title=Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity |url= {{Google books|0SJ73GHSCF8C|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |editor= Guy L. Beck |place=Albany, NY |publisher=SUNY Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7914-6415-1}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |surname=Jones |given=Constance A. |surname2=Ryan |given2=James D. |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |url={{Google books|OgMmceadQ3gC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |year=2007 |place=New York |publisher=Facts On File |isbn=978-0-8160-5458-9 |series=Encyclopedia of World Religions. [[J. Gordon Melton]], Series Editor |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323232140/https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC |archive-date=23 March 2017 |access-date=23 April 2021 |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book|last=Kinsley |first=David |title=Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition|url=https://archive.org/details/hindugoddessesvi0000kins|url-access=registration |year=1988 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-90883-3}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |surname=Lochtefeld |given=James G. |title=Radha |encyclopedia=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N–Z |year=2002 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-8239-3180-4 |page=542}}
* {{cite journal |last=Majumdar |first=Asoke Kumar |date=July–October 1955 |title=A Note on the Development of Radha Cult |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |volume=36 |number=3/4 |pages=231–257 |jstor=44082959 }}
* {{cite journal |last=McDaniel |first=June |date=2000 |title=The Tantric Rādhā |journal=[[Journal of Vaishnava Studies]] |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=131–146}}
* {{cite book|surname=Menzies |given=Jackie |title=Goddess: divine energy |url={{Google books|pzLqAAAAMAAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |year=2006 |publisher=Art Gallery of New South Wales |isbn=978-0-7347-6396-9}}
* {{cite journal |last=Miller |first=Barbara S. |author-link=Barbara Stoler Miller |year=1975 |title=Rādhā: Consort of Kṛṣṇa's Vernal Passion |journal=[[Journal of the American Oriental Society]] |volume=95 |issue=4 |pages=655–671 |doi=10.2307/601022 |jstor=601022 }}
* {{cite book|title=Love Song of the Dark Lord: Jayadeva's Gītagovinda |translator=Miller, Barbara Stoler |translator-link=Barbara Stoler Miller |year=1977 |publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York|isbn=0-231-04028-8|url=https://cup.columbia.edu/book/love-song-of-the-dark-lord/9780231110976 |ref={{sfnref|Love Song of the Dark Lord: Jayadeva's Gītagovinda|1977}}}}
* Mishra, Baba (1999). ''"Radha and her contour in Orissan culture"''. In Orissan history, culture and archaeology. In Felicitation of Prof. P.K. Mishra. Ed. by S. Pradhan. (Reconstructing Indian History & Culture 16). New Delhi. pp. 243–259.
* {{cite journal|last=Pauwels |first=Heidi R.M. |title=The Great Goddess and Fulfilment in Love: Rādhā Seen Through a Sixteenth-Century Lens |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |date=1996 |volume=59 |number=1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=29–43|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00028548 |jstor=619389|s2cid=162315694 }}
* {{cite book|surname=Pauwels |given=Heidi R.M. |title=The Goddess as Role Model: Sita and Radha in Scripture and on Screen |url={{Google books|BSRXu4pcyCsC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |year=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-970857-4}}
* {{cite book|surname=Pintchman |given=Tracy |chapter=Domesticating Krishna: Friendship, Marriage, and Women's Experience in a Hindu Women's Ritual |pages=43–64 |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0SJ73GHSCF8C&pg=PA43 |title=Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity |url= {{Google books|0SJ73GHSCF8C|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |editor= Guy L. Beck |place=Albany, NY |publisher=SUNY Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7914-6415-1}}
* {{cite journal |last=Pradhan |first=Shrikant |date=2008 |orig-date=2008–2009 |title=A Unique Image of "Ardharadhavenudharamurti": or "Ardhanari Krishna" |journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute |volume=68/69 |pages=207–213 |jstor=42931207}}
* {{cite thesis|surname=Ramnarace |given=Vijay |year=2014 |title=Rādhā-Kṛṣṇa's Vedāntic Debut: Chronology & Rationalisation in the Nimbārka Sampradāya |type=PhD thesis |place=University of Edinburgh |url=https://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1842/26018/Ramnarace2015.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112195109/https://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1842/26018/Ramnarace2015.pdf |archive-date=2019-01-12 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|surname=Rosenstein |given=Ludmila L. |chapter=The Devotional Poetry of Svami Haridas |title=A Study of Early Braj Bhasa Verse |year=1997 |series=Groningen Oriental Studies, 12 |place=Groningen |publisher=Egbert Forsten}}
* {{cite journal |last=Rosenstein |first=Lucy |date=1998 |title=The Rādhāvallabha and the Haridāsā Samprādayas: A Comparison |journal=[[Journal of Vaishnava Studies]] |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=5–18}}
* {{cite book|surname=Snell |given=Rupert |title=The Eighty-four Hymns of Hita Harivaṃśa: An Edition of the Caurāsī Pada |url={{Google books|jOs-G0-VIWQC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |year=1991 |place=Delhi; London |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]; School of Oriental and African Studies |isbn=81-208-0629-8}}
* {{cite journal|last=Stewart |first=T.K. |title=Singing the Glory of Lord Krishna: The "Srikrsnakirtana" |journal=[[Asian Ethnology]] |volume=45 |issue=1 |date=1986
|page=152 |jstor=1177851 }}
* {{cite book |surname=Varma |given=Pavan K. |year=1993 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qZ_XAAAAMAAJ&q=Radha+married+Krishna+brahma |title=Krishna, the Playful Divine |publisher=Viking |isbn=978-0-670-85518-6}}
* {{cite book|surname=Vemsani |given=Lavanya |title=Krishna in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Hindu Lord of Many Names |year=2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4fw2DAAAQBAJ&q=nimbarka&pg=PA197 |place=Santa Barbara; Denver; Oxford |publisher=ABC-Clio |isbn=978-1-61069-211-3}}
* {{cite book|surname=White |given=Charles S. J. |title=The Caurāsī Pad of Śri Hit Harivaṃś: Introduction, Translation, Notes, and Edited Braj Bhaṣa |series= Asian Studies at Hawaii 16 |url={{Google books|X8Q_zgEACAAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |year=1977 |publisher=University Press of Hawaii |place=Honolulu |isbn=978-0-8248-0359-9 |issn=0066-8486}}

== Further reading ==
* Bahl, Kali C. "The Hindi 'Riti' Tradition and the 'Rasikapriya' of Keshavdasa: An Introductory Review". ''Journal of South Asian Literature'', vol. 10, no. 1, 1974, pp. 1–38. {{JSTOR|40871705}}.
* Chakravorty, Pallabi, and Nilanjana Gupta, eds. (2012). ''Swayed by Love: Dance in the Vaishnava Temple Imagery of Bengal''. Routledge India. {{doi|10.4324/9780203150450}}. {{ISBN|978-0-203-15045-0}}.
* Das, Biswarup. "Development of Radha-Krishna Cult in Orissa". ''Proceedings of the Indian History Congress'', vol. 39, 1978, pp. 539–544. {{JSTOR|44139393}}.
* Jash, Pranabananda. "Radha-Madhava Sub-Sect in Eastern India". ''Proceedings of the Indian History Congress'', vol. 40, 1979, pp. 177–184, {{JSTOR|44141958}}.

== External links ==
{{Spoken Wikipedia|En-Radha-article.ogg|date=2016-11-13}}
{{Commons category|Rādhā}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [https://www.encyclopedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/eastern-religions/hinduism/radha Radha] at [[Encyclopedia.com]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20001205155300/http://www.asia.si.edu/devi/index.htm Devi in Hinduism (with Radha)], Arthur M. Sackler Gallery and Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC
* [http://btg.krishna.com/sri-radha-feminine-divine Radha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029192235/http://btg.krishna.com/sri-radha-feminine-divine |date=29 October 2019 }} on Krishna.com
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170414081614/http://www.religion-online.org/showarticle.asp?title=146&$NMW_TRANS$=ext Radha in the Erotic Play of the Universe], David C. Scott, United Theological College, Bangalore

{{Hindu Deities and Texts}}
{{Hindudharma}}
{{Krishna}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Consorts of Krishna]]
[[Category:Forms of Lakshmi]]
[[Category:Hindu given names]]
[[Category:Hindu goddesses]]
[[Category:Love and lust goddesses]]
[[Category:Mother goddesses]]

Bharatpedia:WikiProject Indian politics

2026-03-22T20:51:40Z

Gnfcmussorie: Added Basic Page With Sources.

{{short description|Wikimedia subject-area collaboration}}
{{WikiProject status|sc1=WP:POI|sc2=WP:INPOL|sc3=WP:INDPOL|sc4=WP:INDIAPOLITICS|sc5=WP:INDIANPOLITICS}}
{{Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Navigation|project=Indian_politics}}

== Aim and scope ==
This WikiProject covers all pages related to the [[Politics of India]]. It attempts to organise and coordinate the efforts of editors and create standards for constructing good articles, as well as to create missing articles. The scope of this WikiProject includes:

* Political structure and governmental institutions
* Public administration and bureaucracy
* Political parties and politicians, as well as other political figures
* Political ideologies and movements
* Political science, political sociology, political economy, and political history
* Parliamentary and assembly constituencies
* Local, state, and national elections, as well as elections to specific political offices
* Legislation, policymaking, and governance
* Civil society, activism, and media in relation to politics

== Article structure ==
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian politics/Constituencies: Article structure|'''Constituencies''']]
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian politics/Election: Article structure|'''Elections''']]
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian politics/Politician: Article structure|'''Politician''']]
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian politics/Ministry: Article structure|'''Ministry''']]
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian politics/Politics section in Geography articles: Article structure|Geography]]

== Featured and good content ==
{{Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian politics/Featured and good content}}

== Templates ==
=== WikiProject Indian politics notice ===

Place this WikiProject notice '''<nowiki>{{WP India|politics=yes}}</nowiki>''' at the top of an article's Talk page to direct editors to the Wikiproject Politics of India for guidelines.

=== Infoboxes ===
*[[Template:Infobox officeholder]] can be used for politician biographies.
*[[:Template:Infobox Indian constituency]]

=== Stub templates ===
* {{tl|India-politician-stub}} - Place this at the bottom of the article if the information on the politician is incomplete.
**For Indian national congress politicians, add {{tl|INC-politician-stub}} instead.
**For Bhartiya Janata Party politicians, add {{tl|BJP-politician-stub}} instead.
* {{tl|India-party-stub}} - Place this at the bottom of the article if the information on a political party is incomplete.

=== Succession box for biography articles ===
Please use the Succession box for MLAs, MPs wherever applicable.
*{{tlsx|INAssemblySuccessionBoxNeeded}}
* {{tl|IN Assembly succession box}}
* {{tl|Rajya Sabha succession box}}
* {{tl|Lok Sabha succession box}}
* list of headers [[Template:S-start#Headers]]
== To Do list ==
{{User:WolterBot/Cleanup listing subscription|wgcat=WikiProject Indian politics articles}}
=== Collaboration ===
{{Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Politics/Dashboard}}

=== Constituencies ===
{{Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian politics/Open tasks/Constituencies}}

=== Elections ===
{{Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian politics/Open tasks/Elections}}

=== Government ===
* Create pages for the [[List of Indian parliamentary committees|Indian parliamentary committees]]
* Update the members of the Indian parliamentary committees annually (in September-October)

=== Politicians ===
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian politics/Open tasks/Politicians]]

== Conventions and Policies ==
* [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Indian constituencies)]]

== Style issues for history ==
''Main article'': [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style]] (general style issues)

In historical articles, the '''past tense''' is strongly preferred. While history can be written in the present tense, the general audience of Wikipedia will usually expect the past tense on historical subjects and events that occurred in the past. The present tense in English is only correctly used to describe past events in a work of fiction. This is referred to as the "historical past tense".

Remain objective as possible. The point and ideal of Wikipedia is to create an encyclopaedic neutral body of knowledge. Avoid using the first-person point of view (emphasising the facts; not the editor). Explain the evidence (from the links and references) and explain the reasons of any conclusions.

=== Article names ===
''See'': [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions]], [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (use English)]]

'''Convention''': Use the form '''most familiar to English speakers'''. Name pages in English and place the native transliteration on the first line of the article unless the native form is more commonly used in English than the anglicized form.

=== Biography ===
''See:'' [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style (biographies)]]

=== Names and titles ===
For naming articles ''See'': [[Wikipedia:Article titles]], for use in article content See [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style (biographies)]]

=== Dates ===
''See:'' [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style (dates and numbers)]]

The [[Gregorian calendar]] is the calendar currently used.

=== Link references ===
''See'': [[Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Link_titles]]

The following is a suggested formatted reference link for external links and references.

''Appearance'':
* Doe, John, "''[http://www.wikipedia.org Main page]''". Wikimedia Foundation, Florida, USA. [[January 1]], [[2000]].

''Source'':
:<nowiki>* Last name, First name, "''[http://www.url.org Linked article name]''". Source publisher, Location. [[Month Day]], [[Year]].</nowiki>
== Participants ==
=== Userbox ===
{{User Indian politics}}
{{clear}}
Userbox enthusiasts can add this {{tlx|User Indian politics}} to show that they are members of this project. Keep in mind that simply including the userbox does not automatically add editors to the project; editors need to manually add their names to the list of participants below.

=== Active participants ===
Please add your name to the following alphabetical list, using <nowiki> {{User|username}} </nowiki>.

This is a list of participants of this WikiProject who have been active in editing over the past year:

# {{User|456legend}}
# {{User|Anbarasan1523}}
# {{User|AnkurPl}}
# {{User|Anni in}}
# {{user|AusLondonder}}
# {{User|Bhairava7}}
# {{User|Capankajsmilyo}}
# {{User|ClashOfClansFTW157}}
# {{User|DaxServer}}
# {{User|Davidindia}} - Aim is to create missing BLPs for all sitting MLAs
# {{User|Deshmukh.3851}}
# {{User|Dwaipayanc}}
# {{User|Eaglespirit}}
# {{User|EarthDude}}: Working hard to raise the coverage of Indian politics, including its related political history, political sociology, government figures, and government organisations, to a standard of quality and depth comparable to that of American politics.
# {{User|Fitindia}}
# {{User|Fylindfotberserk}}
# {{User|Ganeshk}}
# {{User|Gopaalan}} - Kerala Politics
# {{User|Gurubrahma}}
# {{User|IJohnKennady}} Tamil Nadu, Puducherry & North-East Indian States
# {{User|jonathansammy}}
# {{User|Jaywardhan009}}
# {{User|Lionel Messi Lover}} - Politics in India
# {{User|Maswimelleu}}
# {{User|MohitSingh}} Law and Indian Polity
# {{User|MPGuy2824}} (constituencies and older elections)
# {{User|Nahtrav}}
# {{User|PQR01}}
# {{User|pratap555}} Odisha politics
# {{User|Puck42}}
# {{User|Rourib.2004}} (Politics of India & West Bengal)
# {{User|Rufyrosh}}
# {{User|Salilb}}
# {{User|Shakya2007}}
# {{User|Shivashree}}
# {{User|Sir Nicholas de Mimsy-Porpington}} aka [[User:Sir Nicholas de Mimsy-Porpington|Nearly Headless Nick]]
# {{User|sumalsn}}
# {{User|Supercanonx}}
# {{User|Vijethnbharadwaj}} - Indian politics and history
# {{User|Vincentvikram}}
# {{User|Vpv26}}
# {{User|Xoocit}}
# {{User|XYZ 250706}}
# {{User|ZDRX}}
# {{User|YttriumShrew}}

=== Inactive and blocked participants ===
This is a list of participants who have either been inactive over the past year, or have been blocked from editing:

# {{User|007kis}}
# {{User|84singh84}} (Well rehearsed in Sikh and Punjab related Topics. I will only work on topics related to these groups)
# {{User|Ab_18}}
# {{User|abhijithsince1986}}
# {{User|Aditya.krishnan.82}}
# {{User|Aditya0908}}
# {{User|Akhil Antony}}
# {{User|aksi_great}}
# {{User|Alataristarion}}
# {{User|Anirban1993}}
# {{User|Arun.arumugam}}
# {{User|ashonair}}-- I am the Grandon of former minister Ashoke Kumar Sen and i wish to contribute as much as i can
# {{User|Astrashatra}}
# {{User|Babuonwiki}}
# {{User|Bakasuprman}} - Mostly BJP and other [[Hindutva]] related articles
# {{User|Chezhiyan}}
# {{User|Cliffatsea}}
# {{User|Commons_sibi}}
# {{User|Deavenger}}
# {{User|deeptrivia}}
# {{User|dinesh2001s}}
# {{User|drgarga}}
# {{User|Dshrm}}
# {{User|Ebinviswanath}}
# {{User|Eliaskurian}}
# {{User|Evox777}}
# {{User|Flewovercuckoo}}
# {{User|gacharya}} - It's enjoyable!
# {{User|GDibyendu}} - constituencies, election, leaders
# {{User|Gprince007}}
# {{User|gr8av}}
# {{User|Half Life}}
# {{User|Harvici}} - Intrested in ongoing diplomatic events,crisis in India and India's international relation
# {{User|Human3015}} Indian national and regional politics along with India's international relations
# {{User|Ias2008}}
# {{User|Imthebest}}
# {{User|indusv}}
# {{User|IndianCow}}
# {{User|JayantOjha}}
# {{User|Jodhbir}}
# {{User|Joynjoy}}--I am very much interested in [[Indian Politics]] and would like to contribute a lot
# {{User|Karan Kamath}} (Lists of [[Template:Indian union ministries|Cabinets]] and [[Template:Heads of the Ministries of the Government of India|Ministries]])
# {{User|Logical1004}}
# {{User|MikeLynch}}
# {{User|Milki}}
# {{User|Neogin}}
# {{User|Nikhilub}} ( Nikhil Bodhankar )
# {{User|Nobleeagle}}
# {{User|Politicoindian}} - Parliament Committees, MP pages - Sep'18
# {{User|Prajwalkumarmn}}
# {{User|Priyatu}}
# {{User|Psharma.in}} Indian Polity
# {{User|Mck09}} West Bengal Politics and Indian Law
# {{User|Rajkumarth}} (Tamil Nadu Elections Coverage)
# {{User|Ravichandar84}} Indian politics and history
# {{User|ravikiran_r}}
# {{User|Rohitde}} Law, women politicians, 1940's
# {{User|Rohith goura}}
# {{User|Sai199610}}
# {{User|Sam.ldite}}
# {{User|Sarayuparin}}
# {{User|Shahab}}
# {{User|Shanbhag.rohan}}
# {{User|Sharatsharma42}}
# {{User|Shivap}}
# {{User|Shreshth91}}
# {{User|Shubhananda}}
# {{User|Siddhartha Ghai}}
# {{User|skinsync}}
# {{User|SmashHits}}
# {{User|Sudha247}}
# {{User|Sukph}} Stub articles on ministries and departments(Edited [[Ministry of Shipping]] )
# {{User|Trickytext}} Indian National Congress and Bihar politics.
# {{User|Unsolicited}}
# {{User|vaibhavgupta1989}}
# {{User|virendra}} General Indian polity and history
# {{User|Sitaphul}} random
# {{User|Gfosankar}}
# {{User|gppande}}
# {{User|Gsingh}} (Punjab politics)
# {{User|Lesenwriter}}
# {{User|mahensingha}}
# {{User|Master purav}}
# {{User|Prong$31}} maintained [[List of members of the 15th Lok Sabha (by state)]]
# {{User|Royroydeb}}
# {{User|Bela Bose 2441139}}
# {{User|Semanticz0}}
# {{User|Shyamsunder}}
# {{User|Vish4urwish}} Indian Politics and history
# {{User|Adamantine123}} (Politics of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh)
# {{User|Shaan Sengupta}}
# {{User|SpunkyGeek}} Indian politics and history
# {{User|Aj Ajay Mehta 007}} Related Current Affairs.😉 🙌❣️वसुधैव कुटुम्बकम (The whole world is a family)🙏😇
# {{User|Chomskywala}} - Punjab Politics and History
# {{User|GarvitKaushik8}} - Elections and Law in India
# {{User|Montai Roy}}
# {{User|Dhruv edits}} - Elections in India
# {{User|AKS.9955}}
# {{User|Unknown FG}}

== Parentage and Similar Projects ==
Parents of this WikiProject:
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India|WikiProject India]]
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Politics|WikiProject Politics]]

Similar WikiProjects:
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Australian politics|WikiProject Australian politics]]
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Chinese politics|WikiProject Chinese politics]]
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Pakistani politics|WikiProject Pakistani politics]]
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Politics of the United Kingdom|WikiProject Politics of the United Kingdom]]

== See also ==
[[Wikipedia:Cite your sources]], [[Style guide]]s (for more detailed and formal styles), [[Wikipedia:External links]], [[Wikipedia:Links]], [[Wikipedia:Informative]], [[Wikipedia:Verifiability]], [[Wikipedia:Public domain resources]], [[Wikipedia:Don't include copies of primary sources]]

* ''Resources:'' [[Wikipedia:Category schemes]] -- [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions]]
{{^|Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Navigation}}

{{Wikipedia help pages}}
{{Wikipedia policies and guidelines}}
{{WikiProject Footer}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian politics}}
[[Category:WikiProjects participating in Wikipedia 1.0 assessments]]

Saheb (1981 film)

2026-03-16T21:13:19Z

Gnfcmussorie: Added First Post First Draft.

{{Short description|1981 Indian Bengali sports drama film by Bijoy Bose}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Saheb
| director = Bijoy Bose
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Based on
| data1 = ''Saheb'' ([[radio play]]) by Ranjan Roy
}}
| screenplay = Bijoy Bose
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = Bijoy Bose
}}
| story = Ranjan Roy
| producer = Shyamal Chatterjee
| starring = [[Tapas Paul]] [[Utpal Dutt]] [[Madhabi Mukherjee]] [[Mahua Roy Chowdhury]] [[Anil Chatterjee]] [[Shambhu Bhattacharya]]
| cinematography = Gour Karmakar
| editing = Pranab Ghosh
| music = Abhijit Bandyopadhyay
| studio = Basanta Pictures
| distributor = Piyali Pictures Basanta Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1981|10|02}}
| runtime = 122 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
}}
'''''Saheb''''' is a 1981 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[Sports film|sports drama film]] co-written and directed by Bijoy Bose. Produced by Shyamal Chatterjee under the banner of Basanta Pictures in their first venture, the film is based on a [[Radio drama|radio play]] of the same name written by Ranjan Roy. It stars [[Tapas Paul]] in the [[Title character|titular role]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-12-31 |title=Tapas Pal and his not so significant journey in Bengali cinema |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/tapas-pal-and-his-not-so-significant-journey-in-bengali-cinema-4453388/ |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> alongside [[Utpal Dutt]], [[Madhabi Mukherjee]] and [[Mahua Roy Choudhury|Mahua Roy Chowdhury]] in lead roles, while [[Shambhu Bhattacharya]], [[N. Viswanathan|N. Vishwanathan]], [[Nimu Bhowmik]], [[Kaushik Banerjee]], [[Shakuntala Barua]], [[Ratna Ghoshal]] and Rekha Chatterjee play supporting roles, with [[Anil Chatterjee]] in a special appearance. It plots a promising football player Saheb, the youngest son of his father, who stands like a saviour at the time of financial crisis during his sister’s marriage, by giving his kidney up without informing his family members.

The film marks Bijoy Bose's first collaboration with Tapas Paul. Music of the film was composed by Abhijit Bandyopadhyay, with lyrics penned by [[Rabindranath Tagore]] and [[Gauriprasanna Mazumder]]. The cinematography and editing of the film were handled by Gour Karmakar and Pranab Ghosh respectively. It released theatrically on 2 October 1981, coinciding with [[Durga Puja]], opening to huge positive response. The film was a box office hit and also became a breakthrough for Paul to be established as a leading star in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=আশির দশকে পর্দায় প্রথম আত্মপ্রকাশ, ফিরে দেখা তাপস পালের সেরা ছবির তালিকা |url=https://bangla.asianetnews.com/gallery/bengali-cinema/top-movies-of-tapas-paul-q5wag9/photoshow-quppci |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=bn}}</ref>

''Saheb'' has been an inspiration for a number of remakes including ''[[Saaheb]]'' (1985) in [[Hindi]], ''[[Vijetha (1985 film)|Vijetha]]'' (1985) in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], ''[[Karna (1986 film)|Karna]]'' (1986) in [[Kannada]] and ''[[Chekkeranoru Chilla]]'' (1986) in [[Malayalam]]. The film was also felicitated in another Bengali films like ''[[Champion (2003 film)|Champion]]'' in 2003 and ''[[Chaamp]]'' in 2017. Tapas Paul won a [[Filmfare Awards|Filmfare Award]] for his performance in the film in 1981<ref>{{Cite web |title=Life History - In loving memory |url=https://lifehist.com/details/details/261 |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=lifehist.com}}</ref> and is considered to be one of the best films in his career.<ref>{{Cite web |title=At a glance: Some of Tapas Pal's famous movies |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/showtime/201703/at-a-glance-some-of-tapas-pal-s-famous-movies |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Saheb, a jovial, friendly, and kind-hearted boy loves to play [[soccer]]. He is neglected by his selfish brothers. Only his sister-in-law and his only sister Bulti appreciates and takes care of him. Saheb has the potential to become a good goalkeeper, but a lack of support and care from his family hinders his growth. Suddenly Bulti's marriage is fixed with a well-educated family. The budget of the event makes Saheb's family helpless. At that time, Saheb sells one of his kidneys and spoils his football career. No one was aware of his decision. On the day of his sister's marriage when everyone was enjoying themselves, Saheb fights for his life. Suddenly his sister-in-law realises everything and becomes upset. All his brothers then impose allegations against him for that unaccounted money, his sister-in-law exposes everything and makes them quiet. At last, Saheb's incompetent father goes to hospital and mourns for his neglected child.

== Cast ==

{{cast listing|
* [[Tapas Paul]] as Saheb
* [[Utpal Dutt]] as Biprodas Banerjee, Saheb's father
* [[Madhabi Mukherjee]] as Saheb's sister-in-law
* [[Mahua Roy Choudhury|Mahua Roy Chowdhury]] as Bulti, Saheb's sister
* [[Shambhu Bhattacharya]] as Saheb's coach
* Ajoy Ganguly as Saheb's elder brother
* [[Kaushik Banerjee]] as Bulti's husband
* [[Nimu Bhowmik]] as Saheb's second elder brother
* [[Shakuntala Barua]] as Saheb's second elder sister-in-law
* [[Ratna Ghoshal]]
* Rekha Chatterjee as Saheb's elder sister
* [[N. Viswanathan|N. Vishwanathan]]

=== Special appearance ===

* [[Anil Chatterjee]] as Dr. Ghoshal
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The score and soundtrack of the film was composed by Abhijit Bandyopadhyay. The soundtrack album includes a [[Rabindra Sangeet]], while other songs are penned by [[Gauriprasanna Mazumder]].
{{Soundtrack
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 11:20
| title1 = Hare Re Re Re
| length1 = 1:50
| lyrics1 = [[Rabindranath Tagore]]
| extra1 = [[Dwijen Mukherjee]], [[Arundhati Holme Chowdhury]]
| title2 = Kawto Swapno
| length2 = 3:22
| lyrics2 = Gauriprasanna Mazumder
| extra2 = Dwijen Mukherjee
| title3 = Ekta Cup Ekta Shield
| length3 = 3:05
| lyrics3 = Gauriprasanna Mazumder
| extra3 = Tarun Bandyopadhyay
| title4 = O Mukhapadme
| length4 = 3:03
| lyrics4 = Gauriprasanna Mazumder
| extra4 = [[Manna Dey]]
}}

== Reception ==
The film addresses the topic of football in the Bengali society in what has been considered a distinctive way through its social and economic focus.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Majumdar |first1=Boria |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UUXdAAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Saheb%22+1981+film+-wikipedia+bengali&pg=PT253 |title=Modern Sport - The Global Obsession |last2=Hong |first2=Fan |date=2013-09-13 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-99794-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bandyopadhyay |first=Kausik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uuYJEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Saheb%22+1981+film+-wikipedia+bengali&pg=PT229 |title=Scoring Off the Field: Football Culture in Bengal, 1911–80 |date=2020-11-29 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-08405-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=6 football-themed Bengali films to watch while the FIFA World Cup is on |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/6-football-themed-bengali-films-to-watch-while-the-fifa-world-cup-is-on/cid/1899562 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204120101/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/6-football-themed-bengali-films-to-watch-while-the-fifa-world-cup-is-on/cid/1899562 |archive-date=4 February 2023 |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-06-20 |title=These Bengali films will surely reignite your love for football |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/these-bengali-films-will-surely-reignite-your-love-for-football/photostory/69875020.cms |access-date=2025-01-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Remakes ==
In 1982, [[Allu Aravind]] wanted to buy the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] remake rights of ''Saheb'', under his own production house, [[Geetha Arts]]''.'' Since the initial development of the film, [[Chiranjeevi]] was supposed to play the protagonist in the film. When the rights were proved to be too expensive, the makers dropped the idea.

[[Anil Ganguly]] planned to remake the film in [[Hindi]] in 1984, after Raj Valia of Shri R. F. Films signed him up with a contract of directing at least seven films for their banner. The film ultimately got remade as ''[[Saaheb]]'' in 1985, with [[Anil Kapoor]] in the main lead and also had [[Utpal Dutt]] reprising his role from the original film. The same year, immediately after its release, Allu Aravind decided to obtain the rights of the film again, determining to spend any amount of money, as he was so engrossed in the film's story. Finally it was remade into Telugu as ''[[Vijetha (1985 film)|Vijetha]]'' in the same year, starring Chiranjeevi. Following its success, the film was later remade into [[Kannada]] as ''[[Karna (1986 film)|Karna]]'' in 1986, starring [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]], and [[Malayalam]] as ''[[Chekkeranoru Chilla]]'' (1986) starring [[Shankar Panicker]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{imdb title|4242438|Saheb}}
[[Category:1981 films]]
[[Category:1981 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian sports films]]
[[Category:1980s sports drama films]]
[[Category:1981 drama films]]
[[Category:Films based on radio series]]
[[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]
[[Category:Indian association football films]]

Vallari Viraj

2026-03-15T08:43:35Z

Gnfcmussorie: Added Initial Post With Sources

{{Short description| Indian actress}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vallari Viraj
| image = Vallari Viraj Londhe.png
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption = Vallari in 2024
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1998|07|20}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| othername = Vallari Viraj Londhe
| alma_mater = [[M.L. Dahanukar College of Commerce]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress| Model|Entrepreuner}}
| yearsactive = 2021–present
| parents = Viraj Londhe, Vaishali Londhe
| spouse =
| relatives =
| awards =
| known_for = [[Kanni (2024 Marathi-language film)|Kanni]], [[Navri Mile Hitlerla|Navari Mile Hitlerla]]
| signature =
| website =
}}
'''Vallari Viraj Londhe''' (born 20 July 1998; Vallari Viraj Londhe), professionally known as '''Vallari Viraj''' is an Indian film actress and entrepreneur. She is known for her roles in ''Punyashlok Ahilyabai, Navri Mile Hitlerla'' and ''Kanni.''

== Early life ==
Vallari Viraj was born as Vallari Viraj Londhe on July 20, 1998,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vallari Viraj |url=https://indiantelevisionacademy.com/birthdays/vallari-viraj/}}</ref> in Mumbai, India, as the elder child of Viraj Londhe, a Chartered accountant and Vaishali Londhe, a producer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaishali Viraj Londhe: Movies, Photos, Videos, News, Biography & Birthday | Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/vaishali-viraj-londhe |website=The Times of India}}</ref> She has a younger sibling, Vedant Londhe. Vallari completed her schooling at Balmohan Vidyamandir in Dadar, Mumbai, and later graduated from [[M.L. Dahanukar College of Commerce|M. L. Dahanukar College of Commerce]], Mumbai.

==Acting career==
Vallari won a title of M. ta. Shravan Queen 2019.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.spotboye.com/marathi/marathi-news/maharashtra-times-shravan-queen-2019-vallari-londhe-wins-the-contest/5d5c12495203ad3741453525|title=Maharashtra Times Shravan Queen 2019: Vallari Londhe Wins The Contest | SpotboyE|website=www.spotboye.com}}</ref> After this in 2021, she entered in acting career with debut role of Parvatibai in Punyashlok Ahilyabai.<ref name="auto"/> In 2023, she appeared in an [[Amazon miniTV]] series Slum Golf.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/slum-golf/season-1/seasonreview/105292948.cms|title=Slum Golf Season 1 Review : This sports drama does not thrill|work=The Times of India |via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>
She is known for her work in Bollywood, particularly for her roles in the Marathi and Hindi movies [[Kanni (2024 Marathi-language film)|Kanni]], [[Main Ladega]], which was released in 2024. She is popular for her role in [[Zee Marathi]] Serial [[Navri Mile Hitlerla]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/maharashtrachi-hasyajatra-prithvik-pratap-this-video-goes-viral-on-social-media-pps-98-4353845/|title=Video: 'महाराष्ट्राची हास्यजत्रा' फेम पृथ्वीक प्रतापचा 'हा' व्हिडीओ होतोय तुफान व्हायरल, प्रतिक्रियेचा पडतोय पाऊस, काय आहे नेमकं? पाहा…|date=May 4, 2024}}</ref> as Leela Abhiram Jahagirdar. In this series Vallari is paired opposite to [[Raqesh Bapat|Raquesh Bapat]] who plays the role of Abhiram Jahagirdar.
[[File:Capture d'écran 2025-02-03 171650.png|thumb|Vallari in 2025]]

Vallari is trained [[Kathak]] classical dancer with 10–12 years of training in this indian classical dance form.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.esakal.com/lifestyle/actress-vallari-viraj-dance-hobby-tv-song-happy-pjp78 | title=आनंदाचा 'ताल' | date=5 September 2024 }}</ref>
In addition to her acting career, Vallari Viraj is an entrepreneur and owner of the Pet Salon "Bath and Barks"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/television/navari-mile-hitlerla-fame-actress-vallari-viraj-pet-grooming-salon-for-animals-a-a734/|title='नवरी मिळे हिटलरला' फेम अभिनेत्री आहे व्यवसायिका; प्राण्यांसाठी चालवते खास पेट ग्रुमिंग सलून|date=March 5, 2024|website=Lokmat}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/photo-gallery/navri-mile-hitlerla-fame-leela-aka-vallari-viraj-also-running-pet-grooming-salon-in-dadar-1244241.html|title='नवरी मिळे हिटलरला' फेम लीलाचा प्राण्यांसाठी खास व्यवसाय; सेलिब्रिटीही देतात भेट|first=TV9|last=Marathi|date=August 1, 2024|website=TV9 Marathi}}</ref> in Mumbai, Maharashtra. She currently resides in Mumbai, Maharashtra.

== Filmography ==

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Channel
!Ref.
|-
|2021- 2023
|''[[Punyashlok Ahilyabai]]''
|Parvatibai Sahib Holkar
|[[Sony Entertainment Television]]
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/aetashaa-sansgiri-on-working-with-her-friend-vallari-on-screen-405718/ | title=Aetashaa Sansgiri on working with her friend Vallari on screen }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4LUSSzc3I78 | title=Vallari Viraj on playing Parvati in Punyashlok Ahilyabai, historical shows & more | Exclusive | website=[[YouTube]] | date=27 April 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://hindi.webdunia.com/bollywood-gossip/marathi-actress-vallari-viraj-hindi-tv-debut-with-punyashlok-ahilyabai-122032800076_1.html | title=मराठी अभिनेत्री वल्लारी विराज ने 'पुण्यश्लोक अहिल्याबाई' के साथ किया हिंदी टीवी में डेब्यू | marathi actress vallari viraj hindi tv debut with punyashlok ahilyabai }}</ref>
|-
|2024-2025
|''[[Navri Mile Hitlerla]]''
|Leela Mohite Jahagirdar
|[[Zee Marathi]]
|<ref name="loksatta.com">{{cite web | url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/navri-mile-hitler-la-fame-actress-vallari-viraj-appeared-in-the-main-ladega-hindi-movie-pps-98-4354105/ | title='नवरी मिळे हिटलरला' मालिकेतील वल्लरी विराज झळकली हिंदी चित्रपटात, कामाचं होतंय कौतुक | date=4 May 2024 }}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Chala Hawa Yeu Dya]]''
|Guest appearance
|[[Zee Marathi]]
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://staging.culturecrossroads.ca/posts/chala-hawa-yeu-dya-bids-farewell-but-promises-to-return/ | title=Chala Hawa Yeu Dya bids farewell but promises to return | Culture Crossroads | date=16 March 2024 }}</ref>
|-
|2026
|Shubha Shravani
|Shravani Rajeshirke
|[[Zee Marathi]]
|<ref>{{cite web | title=Shubh Shravani Serial: झी मराठीवर सुरू होणार नवीन मालिका 'शुभ श्रावणी'; वल्लरी विराजचे कमबॅक, जाणून घ्या वेळ आणि तारीख - Navakal| date=7 January 2026| url=https://www.navakal.in/lekh/shubh-shravani-new-serial-zee-marathi-launch-date-timing-cast-details/}}</ref>
|}

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
!Ref.
|-
|2024
|''[[Main Ladega]]''
|Gauri
|[[Hindi]]
|<ref name="loksatta.com"/><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/main-ladega/movie-review/109616650.cms | title=Main Ladega Movie Review : Heartfelt but not a knockout outing | work=The Times of India }}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Kanni (2024 Marathi-language film)|Kanni]]''
|Neha
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/marathi/kanni-official-trailer/videoshow/108108257.cms | title=Kanni - Official Trailer | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/kanni/movie-review/108353435.cms | title=Kanni Movie Review : Expect laughter, drama, romance and some tears | work=The Times of India }}</ref>
|}

=== OTT Projects ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Channel
!Ref.
|-
|2023
|''[[Slum Golf]]''
|Aarushi
|[[Amazon miniTV]]
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/movie-review/simply-putt-engaging-golf-drama-565678/ | title=Simply putt, engaging golf drama }}</ref>
|-
|2025
|Hit and Viral
|Maya Deshmukh
|Zee5's Bullet
||<ref>{{cite web | title='Hit and Viral' Micro-Drama Review: Relatable Storyline, Clever Twists | date=15 September 2025 | url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/digital/editorial-digital/hit-and-viral-micro-drama-review-relatable-storyline-clever-twists/2025/09/15 }}</ref>
|-
|}

== Awards/Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Awards
!Category
!Nominated work
!Role
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|2019
|[[Maharashtra Times]] Shravan Queen
|Maharashtra’s Shravan Queen
|{{NA}}
|{{NA}}
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.spotboye.com/marathi/marathi-news/maharashtra-times-shravan-queen-2019-vallari-londhe-wins-the-contest/5d5c12495203ad3741453525 | title=Maharashtra Times Shravan Queen 2019: Vallari Londhe Wins the Contest &#124 | website=SpotboyE }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="7"|2024
|rowspan="7"|[[Zee Marathi Utsav Natyancha Awards]]
|Best Mother-in-law
|rowspan="7"|''[[Navri Mile Hitlerla]]''
|rowspan="7"|Leela Abhiram Jahagirdar
|rowspan="4" {{won}}
|rowspan="4"|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/entertainment/navri-mile-hitlerla-won-maximum-awards-in-zee-marathi-awards-starring-raqesh-bapat-and-vallari-viraj-1293405.html | title='झी मराठी अवॉर्ड्स'मध्ये या मालिकेने पटकावले सर्वाधिक पुरस्कार; पहा विजेत्यांची संपूर्ण यादी | website=TV9 Marathi | date=30 October 2024 }}</ref>
|-
|Best Daughter-in-law
|-
|Special Striking Face
|-
|Best Couple (Leela-AJ)
|-
|Best Actress
|rowspan="3" {{nom}}
|rowspan="3"|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/photo-gallery/navri-mile-hitlerla-won-eight-awards-in-zee-marathi-awards-raqesh-bapat-vallari-viraj-1293435-5.html | title='झी मराठी पुरस्कार' सोहळ्यात एजे-लीलाचा डंका; पटकावले हे पुरस्कार | website=TV9 Marathi | date=30 October 2024 }}</ref>
|-
|Best Daughter
|-
|Best Sister
|-
|2025
|25th [[Maharashtra Times]] Awards
|Fresh face of the year
|''[[Navri Mile Hitlerla]]''
|Leela Abhiram Jahagirdar
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/mata-sanmaan/news/mata-sanman-2025-winners-list-aadinath-kothare-vaidehi-parshurami-sharvari-jog-sameer-paranjape-won-best-actor-awards/articleshow/118915210.cms |title=पाणी, इंद्रायणीचा 'मटा सन्मान'वर ठसा; वैदेही, समीर, शर्वरी सर्वोत्कृष्ट, विजेत्यांची संपूर्ण यादी |trans-title=Paani, Indrayani's mark on 'Mata Samman'; Vaidehi, Sameer, Sharvari best, complete list of winners}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Viraj, Vallari}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:Indian actresses]]

St. John in the Wilderness Church (Nainital)

2026-03-09T23:00:34Z

Gnfcmussorie: Added Initial Biography With Sources.

{{Short description|Anglican church in Nainital, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
[[File:St._John%27s_in_the_Wilderness_3.jpg|thumb|upright|Church of St. John in the Wilderness]]

The Church of '''St. John in the Wilderness''' is an [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] church built in the 1840s in [[Uttarakhand]], India, and one of [[Nainital]]'s oldest buildings.

== History ==
[[File:St_John_in_the_Wilderness_Nainital.jpg|200px|left|View around 1879|alt=View around 1879]]
The site was chosen and approved in 1844 by Bishop [[Daniel Wilson (bishop)|Daniel Wilson]]. The cornerstone was laid in October 1846 and Captain Young, an executive engineer, made the plans at the cost of Rs 15,000 raised from private subscriptions and [[Pew#Pew_rents|pew rents]]. Built in a [[Gothic architecture|Gothic style]], it was inaugurated on 2 April 1848. A memorial in the church commemorates those killed in the [[1880 Nainital landslide]].<ref name="naini">{{cite book|title=Naini Tal. A historical and descriptive account. 1927.|year=1928| publisher=Government Press, United Provinces|place=Allahabad|author=Clay, J.M.|pages= [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.523507/page/n29 17], 28|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.523507}}</ref><ref name="hill">{{cite book|title=Hill Stations of India|year=1991| publisher=Odyssey Guides|place=Hong Kong|author=Wright, Gillian|page=134 (snippet view)|url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Hill_Stations_of_India/4eYvAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22St.+John+in+the+Wilderness%22+Nainital&dq=%22St.+John+in+the+Wilderness%22+Nainital&printsec=frontcover}}</ref>

The church's burial ground contains graves from 1845 to around 1922 with the last burial being of Sir [[George Edward Knox|George Knox]].<ref name="naini" /> The graves include those of the mother and father of [[Jim Corbett]], Christopher William Corbett and Mary Jane Corbett who lived in nearby [[Gurney House]].<ref name="hind">{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/travel/the-british-lady-who-pioneered-tourism-in-nainital-130-years-ago/story-aTCH8STvqsvp5lZLXreEYI.html|title=The British lady who pioneered tourism in Nainital 130 years ago|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=17 June 2018|agency=Press Trust of India|accessdate=22 March 2023}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Commons}}

{{coord|23|23|39.804|N|79|26|48.692|E|display=title}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint John in the Wilderness Nainital}}
[[Category:19th-century Anglican church buildings in India]]
[[Category:Nainital]]
[[Category:Churches in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:1848 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Churches completed in 1848]]
[[Category:British colonial architecture in India]]

{{India-church-stub}}

2002 Goa Legislative Assembly election

2026-03-06T13:31:18Z

Gnfcmussorie:

{{Short description|Election in Indian state}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2002 Goa Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = legislative
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1999 Goa Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 1999
| next_election = 2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 2007
| election_date = 30 May 2002
| seats_for_election = All 40 seats in the Assembly
| turnout = 68.75% ({{increase}} 3.75%)
|image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=The official photograph of the Union Minister for Defence, Shri Manohar Parrikar.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=03}}
| leader1 = [[Manohar Parrikar]]
| leaders_seat1 = [[Panaji Assembly constituency|Panaji]]
| party1 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| seats1 = 17
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 7
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Pratapsingh Rane.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=06}}
| leader2 = [[Pratapsing Rane]]
| leaders_seat2 = [[Poriem Assembly constituency|Poriem]]
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| seats2 = 16
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 5
| title = [[Chief Minister of Goa|Chief Minister]]
| posttitle = [[Chief Minister of Goa|Chief Minister after election]]
| before_election = [[Manohar Parrikar]]
| before_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| after_election = [[Manohar Parrikar]]
| after_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| majority_seats = 21
}}

Elections for the Indian state of [[Goa]] took place 2002.<ref>[https://www.goavidhansabha.gov.in/member_past_list.php?srch_mode=QUERY&cmbassemblyid=4 Goa Vidhan Sabha]</ref><ref>[https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3853-goa-2002/ Election Commission India]</ref>

== Parties contested==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! No.
! Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};color:white"|'''1.'''
| style="text-align:center| [[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:INC Flag Official.jpg|50px]]
| [[File:INC Logo.png|50px]]
| style="text-align:center|[[Pratapsingh Rane]]
| style="text-align:center|40
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white"|'''2.'''
| style="text-align:center| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:BJP flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]
| style="text-align:center| [[Manohar Parrikar]]
| style="text-align:center| 39
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}};color:white"|'''3.'''
| style="text-align:center| [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|50px]] 
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Lion.svg|50px]]
|style="text-align:center| [[Shashikala Kakodkar]]
|style="text-align:center| 25
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}};color:white"|'''4.'''
| style="text-align:center| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| [[File:Flag of Nationalist Congress Party.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Clock.png|50px]]
| style="text-align:center| [[Sharad Pawar]]
| style="text-align:center| 20
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|United Goans Democratic Party}};color:white"|'''5.'''
| style="text-align:center| [[United Goans Democratic Party]]
|[[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Two Leaves.png|50px]]
|style="text-align:center| [[Churchill Alemao]]
|style="text-align:center| 10
|}

==Results==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
!colspan=10|[[File:India Goa Legislative Assembly 2002.svg]]
|-
! align="center" | Rank
! align="center" | Party
! align="center" | Seats Contested
! align="center" | Seats Won
|- style="background: #90EE90;"
|1||align="left"|'''[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'''||39||'''17'''
|-
|2||align="left"|'''[[Indian National Congress]]'''||40||'''16'''
|-style="background:
|- style="background: #90EE90;"
|4||align="left"|'''[[United Goans Democratic Party]]'''||10||'''3'''
|- style="background: #90EE90;"
|3||align="left"|'''[[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak]]'''||25||'''2'''
|-"background: #90EE90;"
|5||align="left"|'''[[Nationalist Congress Party]]'''||20||'''1'''
|-style="background:
|6||align="left"|'''[[Independent politician|Independent]]'''||48||'''1'''
|-
| ||align="centre"|'''Total '''|| ||'''40'''
|}

==Results by constituency==
The following is the list of winning MLAs in the election.<ref>[http://www.elections.in/goa/assembly-constituencies/2002-election-results.html List of Successful Candidates in Goa Assembly Election in 2002]</ref>
* Winner, runner-up, voter turnout, and victory margin in every constituency<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_se2002_GA.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007072027/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_se2002_GA.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" |Assembly Constituency
!Turnout
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner Up
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Margin
|-
! #k
! Names
!%
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
!%
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
!%
|-
|1||[[Mandrem Assembly constituency|Mandrem]]||78.34%||[[Laxmikant Parsekar]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||5,955||39.05%||Khalap Ramakant||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||5,047||33.1%||style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''908'''
|-
|2||[[Bicholim Assembly constituency|Bicholim]]||78.27%||[[Rajesh Patnekar]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||8,960||54.28%||[[Pandurang Raut]]||{{party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}||6,400||38.77%||style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''2,560'''
|-
|3||[[Panaji Assembly constituency|Panaji]]||65.82%||[[Manohar Parrikar]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||5,700||55.58%||Silimkhan Ramesh||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||4,408||42.98%||style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''1,292'''
|-
|4||[[Quepem Assembly constituency|Quepem]]||73.09%||[[Babu Kavlekar]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||8,913||47.04%||[[Prakash Velip]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||7,058||37.25%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,855'''
|-
|5||[[Curchorem Assembly constituency|Curchorem]]||73.31%||Ramrao Dessai ||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||9,806||53.29%||Domnick Fernandes||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||8,027||43.62%||style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''1,779'''
|-
|6||[[Mormugao Assembly constituency|Mormugao]]||54.52%||Vaz Giovanni Karl||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||4,635||30.91%||[[Sheikh Hassan Haroon]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||4,192||27.95%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''443'''
|-
|7||[[Pernem Assembly constituency|Pernem]]||77.06%||Deshprabhu Jitendra Raghuraj||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||6,778||48.27%||Dayanand Raghunath Sopate||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||4,449||31.68%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''2,329'''
|-
|8||[[Siolim Assembly constituency|Siolim]]||70.76%||[[Dayanand Mandrekar]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||7,152||40.49%||Fernandes Francis Gregorio||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||5,245||29.69%||style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''1,907'''
|-
|9||[[Calangute Assembly constituency|Calangute]]||68.52%||Fernandes Agnelo||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||9,711||53.32%||Suresh Vishwanath Parulekar||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||7,641||41.96%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''2,070'''
|-
|10||[[Mapusa Assembly constituency|Mapusa]]||61.93%||[[Francis D'Souza (politician)|Francis D'Souza]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||8,378||52.18%||Braganza Armindo Jose||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||6,271||39.06%||style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''2,107'''
|-
|11||[[Tivim Assembly constituency|Tivim]]||70.93%||[[Sadanand Shet Tanavade]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||6,961||38.38%||Nilkanth Ramnath Halarnkar||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||6,440||35.51%||style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''521'''
|-
|12||[[St. Cruz Assembly constituency|St. Cruz]]||64.16%||[[Victoria Fernandes]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||6,658||40.13%||Anil Roghuvir Hoble||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||6,618||39.89%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''40'''
|-
|13||[[St. Andre Assembly constituency|St. Andre]]||70.49%||[[Francisco Silveira]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||6,982||44.6%||Pegado Carmo Rafael Andre Jose||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||4,196||26.8%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''2,786'''
|-
|14||[[Ponda Assembly constituency|Ponda]]||67.51%||[[Ravi Naik]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||10,745||50.29%||Naik Shripad Yasso||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||9,425||44.11%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,320'''
|-
|15||[[Siroda Assembly constituency|Siroda]]||78.28%||[[Subhash Shirodkar]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||9,738||51.92%||Prabhu Vishwanath Tukaram||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||8,603||45.87%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,135'''
|-
|16||[[Cuncolim Assembly constituency|Cuncolim]]||62.44%||[[Joaquim Alemao]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||6,426||44.48%||[[Arecio D'Souza]]||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||4,038||27.95%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''2,388'''
|-
|17||[[Curtorim Assembly constituency|Curtorim]]||66.12%||[[Francisco Sardinha]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||8,907||56.37%||Lourenco Bruno Santos||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||6,056||38.33%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''2,851'''
|-
|18||[[Cumbarjua Assembly constituency|Cumbarjua]]||67.84%||[[Pandurang Madkaikar]]||{{party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}||6,546||37.58%||Nirmala P. Sawant||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||5,938||34.09%||style="background:{{party color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}"|'''608'''
|-
|19||[[Saligao Assembly constituency|Saligao]]||70.59%||[[Wilfred de Souza]]||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||4,263||28.69%||D' Mello Trejano Agricio||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,537||23.8%||style="background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''726'''
|-
|20||[[Taleigao Assembly constituency|Taleigao]]||67.07%||[[Atanasio Monserrate]]||{{party name with color|United Goans Democratic Party}}||7,237||42.31%||Zuwarkar Somnath Datta||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||4,976||29.09%||style="background:{{party color|United Goans Democratic Party}}"|'''2,261'''
|-
|21||[[Maem Assembly constituency|Maem]]||71.88%||[[Harish Narayan Prabhu Zantye]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||6,430||48.22%||Prakash J. Fadte||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||4,474||33.55%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,956'''
|-
|22||[[Priol Assembly constituency|Priol]]||75.16%||[[Vishwas Satarkar]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||8,071||41.62%||Amonkar Shrikant Sagun||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||6,409||33.05%||style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''1,662'''
|-
|23||[[Poriem Assembly constituency|Poriem]]||77.11%||[[Pratapsingh Rane]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||9,126||55.78%||Santoba Krishnarao Dessai||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||6,557||40.08%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''2,569'''
|-
|24||[[Sanvordem Assembly constituency|Sanvordem]]||71.42%||[[Vinay Dinu Tendulkar]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||8,195||48.3%||Salgaocar Anil Vassudeva||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||5,084||29.96%||style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''3,111'''
|-
|25||[[Dargalim Assembly constituency|Dargalim]]||72.93%||[[Manohar Ajgaonkar]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||8,467||74.08%||Dhargalkar Balkrishna Atmaram||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||2,705||23.67%||style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''5,762'''
|-
|26||[[Aldona Assembly constituency|Aldona]]||65.61%||[[Dayanand Narvekar]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||9,957||50.73%||[[Ulhas Asnodkar]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||7,944||40.48%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''2,013'''
|-
|27||[[Pale Assembly constituency|Pale]]||76.58%||[[Suresh Amonkar]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||8,519||49.84%||Gawas Gurudas Prabhakar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||6,965||40.75%||style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''1,554'''
|-
|28||[[Valpoi Assembly constituency|Valpoi]]||77.04%||[[Narahari Haldankar]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||6,137||49.54%||[[Venkatesh Desai]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||5,785||46.7%||style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''352'''
|-
|29||[[Marcaim Assembly constituency|Marcaim]]||75.89%||[[Sudin Dhavalikar]]||{{party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}||11,587||63.91%||Naik Santosh Mahanandu||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||3,737||20.61%||style="background:{{party color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}"|'''7,850'''
|-
|30||[[Vasco Da Gama Assembly constituency|Vasco Da Gama]]||56.22%||[[Rajendra Arlekar]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||5,605||35.6%||[[Jose Philip D'Souza]]||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||4,509||28.64%||style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''1,096'''
|-
|31||[[Cortalim Assembly constituency|Cortalim]]||64.61%||[[Matanhy Saldanha]]||{{party name with color|United Goans Democratic Party}}||6,741||37.93%||Godinho Mauvin Heliodoro||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||5,891||33.15%||style="background:{{party color|United Goans Democratic Party}}"|'''850'''
|-
|32||[[Loutolim Assembly constituency|Loutolim]]||66.75%||[[Aleixo Sequeira]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||8,873||62.88%||Gracias Radharao Socrates||{{party name with color|United Goans Democratic Party}}||4,119||29.19%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''4,754'''
|-
|33||[[Benaulim Assembly constituency|Benaulim]]||67.56%||[[Mickky Pacheco]]||{{party name with color|United Goans Democratic Party}}||7,752||51.52%||[[Churchill Alemao]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||6,703||44.54%||style="background:{{party color|United Goans Democratic Party}}"|'''1,049'''
|-
|34||[[Fatorda Assembly constituency|Fatorda]]||61.04%||Damodar (Damu) G. Naik||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||5,695||34.97%||Cardoz Luis Alex Florenci||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||5,107||31.36%||style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''588'''
|-
|35||[[Margao Assembly constituency|Margao]]||55.05%||[[Digambar Kamat]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||8,525||65.37%||Chodankar Girish Raya||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,781||28.99%||style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''4,744'''
|-
|36||[[Navelim Assembly constituency|Navelim]]||58.7%||[[Luizinho Faleiro]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||10,245||59.5%||Raikar John Lourence||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||5,668||32.92%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''4,577'''
|-
|37||[[Velim Assembly constituency|Velim]]||64.02%||[[Filipe Nery Rodrigues]]||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||8,664||67.35%||D'Silva Marcus Sebastiano||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,148||24.47%||style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}"|'''5,516'''
|-
|38||[[Sanguem Assembly constituency|Sanguem]]||71.32%||[[Vasudev Gaonkar]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||5,747||43.46%||Satyawan Bhadru Dessai||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||4,910||37.13%||style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''837'''
|-
|39||[[Canacona Assembly constituency|Canacona]]||78.62%||Vijay Anandrao Pai Khot||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||8,531||58.95%||Sanjay Bandekar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||5,648||39.03%||style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''2,883'''
|-
|40||[[Poinguinim Assembly constituency|Poinguinim]]||77.66%||[[Isidore Fernandes (politician)|Isidore Fernandes]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||5,641||49.42%||[[Ramesh Tawadkar]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||3,773||33.05%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,868'''
|}

== By Elections ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
|-
!No.
!Constituency
!Winner
! colspan="2" |Party
!Margin
! Remark
|-
|-
| 1 || [[Benaulim Assembly constituency|Benaulim]] || [[Mickky Pacheco]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
||
| Due to the resignation of [[Mickky Pacheco]]
|-
| 2 || [[Cumbarjua Assembly constituency|Cumbarjua]] || [[Pandurang Madkaikar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
||
| Due to the resignation of [[Pandurang Madkaikar]]
|-
| 3 || [[Margao Assembly constituency|Margao]] || [[Digambar Kamat]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
||
| Due to the resignation of [[Digambar Kamat]]
|-
| 4 || [[Poinguinim Assembly constituency|Poinguinim]] || [[Isidore Fernandes (politician)|Isidore Fernandes]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
||
| Due to resignation of [[Isidore Fernandes (politician)|Isidore Fernandes]]
|-
| 5 || [[Poinguinim Assembly constituency|Poinguinim]] || [[Ramesh Tawadkar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
||
| Due to resignation of [[Isidore Fernandes (politician)|Isidore Fernandes]]
|-
| 6 || [[Taleigao Assembly constituency|Taleigao]] || [[Atanasio Monserrate|Babush Monserrate]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
||
| Due to resignation of [[Atanasio Monserrate|Babush Monserrate]]
|-
|}

== Government formation ==

On 3 June 2002, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] formed its first government in [[Goa]] under the leadership of [[Manohar Parrikar]] which lasted for 2 years and 244 days. Government fell due to [[Digambar Kamat]] fallout [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Goan elections}}

[[Category:State Assembly elections in Goa]]
[[Category:2000s in Goa]]
[[Category:2002 State Assembly elections in India|Goa]]

Jawab (1970 film)

2026-03-03T23:34:21Z

Gnfcmussorie: Content improved for clarity and flow

{{more citations needed|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jawab
| image = Jawab 1970.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = [[Rajendra Krishan]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = [[Sakthi T. K. Krishnasamy]]
| producer = K.G. Vijayarangam
| director = [[Ramanna (film director)|Ramanna]]
| starring = [[Jeetendra]] [[Leena Chandavarkar]] [[Ashok Kumar]] [[Meena Kumari]]
| music = [[Laxmikant Pyarelal]]
| cinematography = M.A. Rehman
| editing = M.S. Mani
| based_on = ''[[Periya Idathu Penn]]'' (1963)
| studio = R.R. Pictures<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0139392/|title=Jawab (Overview) |work=IMDb}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1970|7|15}}
| runtime = 134 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''Jawab''' ({{translation}} ''Answer'') is a 1970 [[Hindi]]-language [[drama (film and television)|drama film]], produced by K.G. Vijayarangam, directed by [[Ramanna (film director)|Ramanna]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Jawab (Direction)|url=http://muvyz.com/moviepage/gv581566|work=MuVyz}}</ref> under the authority of R.R. Pictures.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://osianama.com/song-synopsis-booklets/jawab-1970-1106657?mastid=48353 |title=Jawab (Banner) |work=Osianama}}</ref> The film stars [[Jeetendra]], [[Leena Chandavarkar]], [[Ashok Kumar]], and [[Meena Kumari]]. The music was composed by [[Laxmikant Pyarelal]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gomolo.com/jawab-movie/4097 |title=Jawab (Cast & Crew) |work=gomolo }}{{Dead link|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> The film is a remake of the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] movie ''[[Periya Idathu Penn]]'' (1963), with [[M. G. Ramachandran|M.G.R]] and [[B. Saroja Devi]], which was first remade as the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] movie ''[[Sabhash Suri]]'' (1964), starring [[N.T. Rama Rao]] and [[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nthwall.com/hi/movie/Jawab-1970/9543205510 |title=Jawab (Review) |work=Nth Wall |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222084324/http://www.nthwall.com/hi/movie/Jawab-1970/9543205510 |archivedate=22 December 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibosnetwork.com/asp/filmbodetails.asp?id=Jawab+(1970) |title=Jawab |work=IBOS }}{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Plot==
The film begins in a village where Zamindar Uma Shankar is a tyrant. Raja is a pleb, a die-hard to him and his smug children Sagar & Chanchal. Raja lives with his widowed sister Vidya and falls for Neela, the daughter of his mentor Shambhu Dada. Sagar also woos her when Shambhu conducts martial arts between them. Whereat, Chanchal fouls by exploiting her mate Bajranji on behalf of wedlock. Hence, Raja is defeated, and Sagar knits Neela. Afterward, betrayed Bajranji affirms the fact to Raja when he challenges to splice Chanchal. Moreover, his life turns pathetic when Zamindar molests Vidya, and she commits suicide. However, Raja wore, recedes to the city, befriends Bajranji, and they play-act. Now, he civilizes Raja, who succeeds in coupling with Chanchal and mocks them. Meanwhile, Zamindar is haunted by memories of Vidya. Then, getting wind of worse to his sister, Raja inflames and reveals his identity. Soon, mysteriously, Zamindar is spotted dead, and Raja is accused. Later, Vidya is uncovered as an actual homicide who is alive. After the confession, she leaves her breath. At last, Chanchal & Sagar plead pardon from Raja. Finally, the movie ends on a happy note.

==Cast==
* [[Ashok Kumar]] as Zamindar Uma Shankar
* [[Meena Kumari]] as Vidya (Raja's Elder Sister)
* [[Jeetendra]] as Raja / Rajkumar
* [[Leena Chandavarkar]] as Chanchal (Zamindars Daughter)
* [[Jyothi Lakshmi]] as Neela
* [[Prem Chopra]] as Sagar (Zamindars Son)
* [[Aruna Irani]] as Leela
* [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]] as Bajrang
* [[Leela Mishra]] as Raja's Neighbour
* [[Ulhas (actor)|Ulhas]] as Shambhu (Neela and Leela's Father)

==Soundtrack==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Song !! Singer
|-
| 1
| "Aaja Meri Jaan Yeh Hai June Ka Mahina"
| [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| 2
| "Tanhai Mein Dil Ghabraye"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| 3
| "Zindagi Woh Kya, Na Pyar Jis Mein Ho"
| Lata Mangeshkar, [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| 4
| "Kis Karan Jogan Jog Liya"
| Mohammed Rafi
|-
| 5
| "Chali Kahan Hansti Gaati Chanchal Nadiya"
| Asha Bhosle, Mohammed Rafi, [[Hemlata (singer)|Hemlata]]
|-
| 6
| "Arey Amma, Wohi Mua Dekho"
| Asha Bhosle, [[Usha Mangeshkar]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt0139392}}

{{T. R. Ramanna}}

[[Category:1970 films]]
[[Category:1970 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1970 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by T. R. Ramanna]]
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Tamil films]]

{{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Katakatala Rudrayya

2026-03-03T20:24:02Z

Gnfcmussorie: starting some post from scratch

{{more citations needed|date=January 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Katakataala Rudrayya
| image = Katakataala Rudraiah.jpeg
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = [[Dasari Narayana Rao]]
| producer = Vadde Shobhanadri
| writer = Dasari Narayana Rao
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Krishnam Raju]]
* [[Jayasudha]]
* [[Ramakrishna (Telugu actor)|Ramakrishna]]
* [[Jayachitra]]
}}
| music = [[J. V. Raghavulu]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = Vijaya Madhavi Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1978|10|11}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Katakatala Rudrayya''''' is a 1978 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language film written and directed by [[Dasari Narayana Rao]]. It stars [[Krishnam Raju]], [[Jayasudha]], [[Ramakrishna (Telugu actor)|Ramakrishna]] and [[Jayachitra]]. The film has music composed by [[J. V. Raghavulu]]. It is remade in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Pattakkathi Bhairavan]]'' (1979) with [[Sivaji Ganesan]] and in [[Hindi]] (1980) as ''[[Jyoti Bane Jwala]]'' with [[Jeetendra]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/andhrapatrikamag19790608/page/n21/ |title=తెలుగు చిత్రాల హిందీ పరివర్తనం |date=1979-06-08 |publisher=[[Andhra Patrika]] |series=Volume: 72, Issue: 39 |language=Telugu}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Krishnam Raju]]
* [[Jayasudha]]
* [[Ramakrishna (Telugu actor)|Ramakrishna]]
* [[Jayachitra]]
* [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]]
* [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]]
* [[Rao Gopal Rao]]
* [[Prabhakar Reddy]]
* [[J. V. Ramana Murthi]]

==Reception==

=== Critical reception ===
Griddaluru Gopalrao writing for ''[[Zamin Ryot]]'' on 27 October 1978 opined that the film was cut off from reality, and would remain as "an old coin which is no longer a legal tender." He added that the screenplay by Dasari and soundtrack composed by Raghavulu are forgettable.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Griddaluru|first=Gopalrao|date=27 October 1978|title=వాస్తవానికి దూరం - చెల్లని పాత నాణెం : కటకటాల రుద్రయ్య|language=te|page=9|work=[[Zamin Ryot]]|url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1978/Oct/27-oct-1978.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=6 October 2020|archive-date=13 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913160246/http://zaminryot.com/pdf/1978/Oct/27-oct-1978.pdf}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
''Katakataala Rudrayya'' and ''[[Mana Voori Pandavulu]]'' were released within a gap of 10 days.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220920230058/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/did-you-know/krishnam-rajus-unique-feat/articleshow/36661232.cms Krishnam Raju’s unique feat]. Times of India. 17 June 2014</ref> The film was a blockbuster at the box office.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{IMDb title|0262539}}

{{Dasari Narayana Rao}}

[[Category:1978 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Dasari Narayana Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by J. V. Raghavulu]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:1978 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1978 Indian films]]
[[Category:1978 action films]]

{{1970s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Appa I Love You

2026-03-03T12:11:46Z

Gnfcmussorie: started a article - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Appa I Love You
| image = Appa I Love You.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = Athrav Arya
| writer = [[Tabla Nani]] (dialogues)
| screenplay = Atharv Arya
| story = Atharv Arya
| based_on = 
| producer =
| starring = {{plainlist|
[[Prem (Kannada actor)|Prem]]
*Tabla Nani
*[[Manvitha Kamath]]
*Vikas
*Jeevitha Vasishta
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = R. D. Nagarjun
| editing = Vedhik Veera
| music = Akash Parva
| studio = KRS Productions
| distributor = [[Casablanca Film Factory]]<ref name="Prime">{{cite news |author=Anish KS |title=Kannada Film ‘Appa I Love You’ Now Streaming on Prime Video India|url=https://www.keralatv.in/kannada-film-appa-i-love-you-now-streaming-on-prime-video-india/?amp|accessdate=29 December 2025|website=keralatv.in|date=27 December 2025}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|4|12}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Appa I Love You''''' ({{Translation|Dad, I love you}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[family film|family]] [[drama film]] directed by Athrav Arya and starring [[Prem (Kannada actor)|Prem]], [[Tabla Nani]] in the titular role, and [[Manvitha Kamath]], Vikas and Jeevitha Vasishta. The film's title is named after a song in ''[[Chowka]]'' (2017). The film was theatrically released on 12 April 2024 and received mixed-to-negative reviews.

== Plot ==
It delves into the heart-wrenching narrative of parental trust shattered by betrayal. This emotionally charged drama shines light on a father's unwavering faith in his son, which unfortunately leads to a harrowing journey into homelessness and despair.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Prem (Kannada actor)|Prem]] as Rahul
*[[Tabla Nani]] as Dharmanna
*[[Manvitha Kamath]] as Kavya
* Vikas as Sanjay
* Jeevitha Vasishta as Sneha
*[[Bala Rajwadi]]
* Aravind Rao
*[[Vijay Chendoor]]
*[[Aruna Balraj]]
* Patel Annayappa
}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{empty section|date=May 2024}}

== Release ==
The film was released theatrically on 12 April 2024. Casablanca Film Factory handled the digital distribution, with the film beginning to stream on Amazon Prime Video from 27 December 2025.<ref name="Prime"/>

== Reception ==
Sujay B M from ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' rated 2 out of 5 stars and wrote that "With repackaged content and crude execution, one has little to lose by skipping the film".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/appa-i-love-you-movie-review-preachy-tone-dampens-social-message-2976343|title='Appa I Love You' movie review: Preachy tone dampens social message|first=Sujay B.|last=M|newspaper=Deccan Herald | date=12 April 2024 | access-date=22 June 2024}}</ref> Vinay Lokesh from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film two-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote that "Director Atharv Arya tackles a relevant subject, but the treatment remains mediocre. Tabla Nani shines in his role as Dharmanna, while Prem and Manvitha deliver commendable performances within their limited screen time".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/appa-i-love-you/movie-review/109247623.cms|title=Appa I Love You Movie Review : Appa I Love You review: A family drama that fails to live up to expectations|work= The Times of India}}</ref> A Sharadhaa from ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave the film the same rating and wrote that "''Appa I Love You'' is a film that might prompt a few to reconsider their approach with their parents and in-laws, especially regarding adoption. However, the film could have benefitted from a fresh approach".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2024/Apr/13/appa-i-love-you-movie-review-an-emotional-tale-pulled-down-by-a-formulaic-approach|title=Appa I Love You Movie Review: An emotional tale pulled down by a formulaic approach|first=A.|last=Sharadhaa|date=13 April 2024|website=Cinema Express}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Times Now]]'' rated the film two out of five stars and wrote that "Despite its strong message at the end, Appa I Love You emerges as a drama that struggles to retain your interest in it".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/kannada/appa-i-love-you-review-rings-a-warning-bell-to-every-dad-who-blindly-trusts-his-children-review-109242664|title=Appa I Love You Review: Rings A Warning Bell To Every Dad Who Blindly Trusts His Children!|date=12 April 2024|website=Times Now}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|26755448}}

[[Category:Indian family films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2024 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]

One Day International

2026-03-02T17:30:32Z

Gnfcmussorie: fixed issues

{{short description|Form of limited overs cricket, 50 overs format}}
{{about|the format for men's international cricket|the women's format|Women's One Day International}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}{{Infobox sport
| name =Men's One Day International
| image =Cwc2019finalover.png
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption =During the ODI world cup final 2019
| union =[[International Cricket Council]]
| nickname =ODI
| first =5 January 1971
| firstlabel =
| registered =
| clubs =
| contact =
| team = [[#Teams with Test status|Full members]],
Associate members (with ODI status)
| mgender =No
| type =Outdoor Game
| equipment ={{plainlist|
*Ball,
*Bat,
*Stumps,
*Cricket Helmet,
*Thigh Guard,
*Batting Pads,
*Abdominal Guard,
*Gloves,
*etc
}}
| venue = Cricket Stadium
| countries involved =
|country/region =Worldwide
}}'''One Day International''' ('''ODI''') is a format of [[cricket]], played between two teams with international status, in which each team faces a fixed number of fifty [[over (cricket)|overs]], with the game lasting up to 7 hours.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Beginners guide to the World Cup|url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/feature/beginners-guide-to-the-cricket-world-cup/2015-02-13|access-date=2020-11-25|website=cricket.com.au|language=en|archive-date=18 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118190009/https://www.cricket.com.au/news/feature/beginners-guide-to-the-cricket-world-cup/2015-02-13|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Cricket World Cup|World Cup]], generally held every four years, is played in this format. They are major matches and considered the highest standard of [[List A cricket|List A]], limited-overs competition.
The international one-day game is a late-twentieth-century development. The first ODI was played on 5 January 1971 between Australia and England at the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]].<ref name="BatemanHill2011">{{cite book|author1=Anthony Bateman|author2=Jeffrey Hill|title=The Cambridge Companion to Cricket|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yd6J7waMBRsC&pg=PA101|date=17 March 2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-76129-1|pages=101}}</ref> When the first three days of the third [[Test cricket|Test]] were washed out officials decided to abandon the match and, instead, play a one-off one day game consisting of 40 eight-ball overs per side. Australia won the game by 5 wickets. ODIs were played in white-coloured kits with a red-coloured ball.<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/england-in-india-2011-12-ms-dhoni-says-it-will-be-tricky-adjusting-to-the-new-playing-conditions-536381 England in India 2011–12: MS Dhoni says it will be tricky adjusting to the new playing conditions | Cricket News | India v England] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016020158/http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-england-2011/content/story/536381.html|date=16 October 2011}}. ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved on 23 December 2013.</ref>

In the late 1970s, [[Kerry Packer]] established the rival [[World Series Cricket]] competition, and it introduced many of the features of One Day International cricket that are now commonplace, including coloured uniforms, matches played at night under floodlights with a white ball and dark sight screens, and, for television broadcasts, multiple camera angles, effects microphones to capture sounds from the players on the pitch, and on-screen graphics. The first of the matches with coloured uniforms was the WSC Australians in wattle gold versus WSC West Indians in coral pink, played at [[VFL Park]] in [[Melbourne]] on 17 January 1979. This led not only to Packer's [[Nine Network|Channel 9]] getting the TV rights to cricket in Australia but also led to players worldwide being paid to play, and becoming international professionals, no longer needing jobs outside cricket. Matches played with coloured kits and a white ball became more commonplace over time, and the use of white flannels and a red ball in ODIs ended in 2001.

[[File:MCG under lights.jpg|thumb|An ODI match at the MCG, being played under floodlights]]

The [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC), international cricket's governing body, maintains the ICC ODI Rankings for teams (see table on the right), batsmen, bowlers and all-rounders.

{{Cricket sidebar |expanded=allowed}}

==Rules==
In the main the [[laws of cricket]] apply, but with each team batting for a fixed number of [[over (cricket)|over]]s. In the early days of ODI cricket the number of overs varied from 40 to 60 overs per side (or 35 to 40 eight-ball overs), but it has been uniformly fixed at 50 overs since the mid-1990s.

Simply stated, the game works as follows:<ref name=ODIRules>{{cite web|title=Standard One Day International match Playing Conditions|url=http://icc-live.s3.amazonaws.com/cms/media/about_docs/524ac4ae08b48-04%20Standard%20ODI_2013_19%2009%2013.pdf|publisher=International Cricket Council|access-date=6 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407083554/http://icc-live.s3.amazonaws.com/cms/media/about_docs/524ac4ae08b48-04%20Standard%20ODI_2013_19%2009%2013.pdf|archive-date=7 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:India vs Pakistan @ Edgbaston (9393429152).jpg|thumb|A One Day International match between [[Cricket in India|India]] and [[Cricket in Pakistan|Pakistan]] in [[Edgbaston Cricket Ground|Edgbaston]]]]
*An ODI is contested by two teams of 11 players each.
*The Captain of the side winning the [[Coin flipping|toss]] chooses to either bat or [[bowling (cricket)|bowl]] (field) first.
*The team batting first sets the target score in a single [[innings]]. The innings lasts until the batting side is "all out" (i.e., 10 of the 11 batting players are "out") or all of the first side's allotted overs are completed.
*Each bowler is restricted to bowling a maximum of 10 overs (fewer in the case of rain-reduced matches and in any event generally no more than one fifth or 20% of the total overs per innings). Therefore, each team must comprise at least five competent bowlers (either dedicated bowlers or all-rounders).
*The team batting second tries to score more than the target score in order to win the match. Similarly, the side bowling second tries to bowl out the second team or make them exhaust their overs before they reach the target score in order to win.
*If the number of runs scored by both teams is equal when the second team [[wicket#Dismissing a batsman|loses all its wickets]] or exhausts all its overs, then the game is declared a ''tie'' (regardless of the number of wickets lost by either team).

Where a number of overs are lost, for example, due to inclement weather conditions, then the total number of overs may be reduced. In the early days of ODI cricket, the team with the better run rate won (see [[Average Run Rate method]]), but this favoured the second team.<ref name="Methods">{{cite web|url= http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/page/581925.html|title= The D/L method: answers to frequently asked questions|publisher= ESPN Cricinfo|date= September 2012|access-date= 16 January 2015|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150924141010/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/page/581925.html|archive-date= 24 September 2015|url-status= live|df= dmy-all}}</ref> For the [[1992 Cricket World Cup|1992 World Cup]], an alternative method was used of simply omitting the first team's worst overs (see [[Most Productive Overs method]]) but that favoured the first team.<ref name="Methods"/><ref>{{cite web |date=26 March 2011 |title=The World Cup rain-rule farce |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/the-world-cup-rain-rule-farce-508066 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150116215425/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/508066.html |archive-date=16 January 2015 |access-date=16 January 2015 |publisher=ESPN Cricinfo |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Since the late 1990s, the target or result has usually been determined by the [[Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method]] (DLS, formerly known as the Duckworth–Lewis method),<ref name="Methods"/> which is a method with statistical approach. It takes into consideration the fact that the wickets in hand plays a crucial role in pacing the [[run rate]] and that a team with more wickets in hand can play far more aggressively than the team with fewer wickets in hand. When insufficient overs are played (usually 20 overs) to apply the DLS, a match is declared no result. Important one-day matches particularly in the latter stages of major tournaments, may have two days set aside, such that a result can be achieved on the "reserve day" if the first day is washed out—either by playing a new game, or by resuming the match which was rain-interrupted.

Because the game uses a white ball instead of the red ball used in [[first-class cricket]], the ball can become discolored and hard to see as the innings progresses, so the ICC has used various rules to help keep the ball playable. Most recently, the ICC has made the use of two new balls (one from each end), the same strategy that was used in the 1992 and [[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996]] World Cups so that each ball is used for only 25 overs.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/45044/new-rules-to-take-effect-from-oct-1|title= New rules to take effect from Oct 1|publisher= [[Cricbuzz]]|date= 1 October 2011|access-date= 16 January 2015|archive-date= 17 January 2015|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150117200557/http://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/45044/new-rules-to-take-effect-from-oct-1|url-status= live}}</ref> Previously, in October 2007, the ICC sanctioned that after the 34th over, the ball would be replaced with a cleaned previously used ball.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/1828/new-cricket-ball-change-rule-gets-thumbs-down-from-ponting|title= New cricket ball change rule gets thumbs down from Ponting|newspaper= Cricbuzz|date= 16 October 2007|access-date= 16 January 2015|archive-date= 17 January 2015|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150117200617/http://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/1828/new-cricket-ball-change-rule-gets-thumbs-down-from-ponting|url-status= live}}</ref> Before October 2007 (except 1992 and 1996 World Cups), only one ball would be used during an innings of an ODI and it was up to the umpire to decide whether to change the ball.<ref name=ODIRules />

At the start of an ODI innings, two balls can be used, one from each end. However, starting from June 2025, after the 34th over, the bowling team can pick one of the two balls to keep using until the innings ends. This change is designed to bring back reverse swing bowling and make the game fairer between batsmen and bowlers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=CricOpinion |date=2025-06-03 |title=ICC ODI Rules 2025: One Ball & New Concussion Policy |url=https://cricopinion.com/cricket-news/icc-odi-rule-changes-2025 |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=CricOpinion |language=en}}</ref>

===Fielding restrictions and powerplays===
{{Main|Powerplay (cricket)}}

[[File:Cricket field parts.svg|thumb|A limited number of fielders are allowed in the outfield during powerplays.]]
The bowling side is subjected to [[Fielding restrictions (cricket)|fielding restrictions]] during an ODI, in order to prevent teams from setting wholly defensive fields. Fielding restrictions dictate the maximum number of fielders allowed to be outside the thirty-yard circle.

Under current ODI rules, there are three levels of fielding restrictions:
* In the first 10 overs of an innings (the ''mandatory [[powerplay (cricket)|powerplay]]''), the fielding team may have at most two fielders outside the 30-yard circle.<ref>{{cite web|date=27 June 2015|title=ICC gets rid of batting power play, five fielders allowed outside circle in last 10 overs of ODIs|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/cricketnext/news/icc-gets-rid-of-batting-power-play-five-fielders-allowed-outside-circle-in-last-10-overs-of-odis-547787-78.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629222813/http://www.ibnlive.com/cricketnext/news/icc-gets-rid-of-batting-power-play-five-fielders-allowed-outside-circle-in-last-10-overs-of-odis-547787-78.html|archive-date=29 June 2015|access-date=14 June 2017|publisher=Ibnlive.com}}</ref> This allows only attacking fields to be set during the powerplay.
* Between 11 and 40 overs four fielders will be allowed to field outside the 30-yard circle. Either an Attacking or Normal Field can be set in the second powerplay.<ref>{{cite web |author=Nagraj Gollapudi |title=Bowlers benefit from ODI rule changes | Cricket |date=26 June 2015 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/bowlers-benefit-from-odi-rule-changes-891619 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150628215255/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci-icc/content/story/891619.html |archive-date=28 June 2015 |access-date=14 June 2017 |publisher=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref>
* In the final 10 overs five fielders will be allowed to field outside the 30-yard circle.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/73102/icc-do-away-with-batting-powerplay-in-odis |title=ICC do away with Batting Powerplay in ODIs |date=26 June 2015 |publisher=Cricbuzz.com |access-date=14 June 2017 |archive-date=20 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620043248/http://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/73102/icc-do-away-with-batting-powerplay-in-odis |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/sport/icc-remove-batting-powerplays-from-odis-to-maintain-a-balance-between-bat-and-ball-1.104241/ |title=ICC remove batting powerplays from ODIs to 'maintain a balance between bat and ball' | The National |publisher=Thenational.ae |date=27 June 2015 |access-date=14 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630123909/http://www.thenational.ae/sport/cricket/icc-remove-batting-powerplays-from-odis-to-maintain-a-balance-between-bat-and-ball |archive-date=30 June 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> All three types of fields (attacking, defensive and normal fields) can be used in the third powerplay.
The three powerplays are referenced by P1, P2 and P3 respectively, usually displayed near the score in modern scorecards.

====History====
Fielding restrictions were first introduced in the Australian 1980–81 season.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.crictrivia.com/onedaycricket.html|title= One-Day Cricket|publisher= CricTrivia.com|date= December 2005|access-date= 16 January 2015|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150209202930/http://crictrivia.com/OneDayCricket.html|archive-date= 9 February 2015|url-status= live|df= dmy-all}}</ref> By 1992, only two fielders were allowed outside the circle in the first fifteen overs, then five fielders allowed outside the circle for the remaining overs.<ref name="1992newrules">{{cite web |title=Colourful cricket, and that rain rule |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/world-cup-1992-summary-and-factfile-475370 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140621211131/http://www.espncricinfo.com/wctimeline/content/story/475370.html |archive-date=21 June 2014 |access-date=6 April 2014 |publisher=ESPN Cric Info}}</ref> This was shortened to ten overs in 2005, and two five-over powerplays were introduced, with the bowling team and batting team having discretion over the timing for one-one each. In 2008, the batting team was given discretion for the timing of one of the two powerplays. In 2011, the teams were restricted to completing the discretionary powerplays between the 16th and 40th overs; previously, the powerplays could take place at any time between the 11th and 50th overs. Finally, in 2012, the bowling powerplay was abandoned, and the number of fielders allowed outside the 30-yard circle during non-powerplay overs was reduced from five to four.<ref name=ODIRules />

===Trial regulations===
The trial regulations also introduced a substitution rule that allowed the introduction of a replacement player at any stage in the match and until he was called up to play he assumed the role of 12th man. Teams nominated their replacement player, called a ''Supersub'', before the toss. The Supersub could bat, bowl, field or keep wicket once a player was replaced; the replaced player took over the role of 12th man. Over the six months it was in operation, it became very clear that the Supersub was of far more benefit to the side that won the toss, unbalancing the game. Several international captains reached "gentleman's agreements" to discontinue this rule late in 2005. They continued to name Supersubs, as required but they did not field them by simply using them as a normal 12th man. On 15 February 2006, the ICC announced their intention to discontinue the Supersub rule on 21 March 2006. Two balls were trialed in ODI for two years but it was rejected.<ref>{{cite news| url= https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/4822814.stm| title= ICC agrees to drop super-sub rule| publisher= BBC Sport| date= 20 March 2006| access-date= 4 January 2015| archive-date= 23 April 2023| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230423223815/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/4822814.stm| url-status= live}}</ref>

==Teams with ODI status==
The [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC) determines which teams have ODI status (meaning that any match played between two such teams under standard one-day rules is classified as an ODI).

===Permanent ODI status===
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2020}}
The twelve [[Test cricket|Test-playing]] nations (which are also the twelve full members of the ICC) have permanent ODI status. The nations are listed below with the date of each nation's ODI debut after gaining full ODI status shown in brackets (Sri Lanka, Zimbabwe, Bangladesh, Ireland, and Afghanistan were ICC associate members at the times of their ODI debuts):
#{{cr|Australia}} ([[English cricket team in Australia in 1970–71#First One Day International - Melbourne|5 January 1971]])
#{{cr|England}} ([[English cricket team in Australia in 1970–71#First One Day International - Melbourne|5 January 1971]])
#{{cr|New Zealand}} ([[Pakistani cricket team in New Zealand in 1972–73#ODI match|11 February 1973]])
#{{cr|Pakistan}} ([[Pakistani cricket team in New Zealand in 1972–73#ODI match|11 February 1973]])
#{{cr|West Indies}} ([[West Indian cricket team in England in 1973#One-Day Internationals|5 September 1973]])
#{{cr|India}} ([[Indian cricket team in England in 1974#ODI matches|13 July 1974]])
#{{cr|Sri Lanka}} ([[English cricket team in Sri Lanka in 1981–82#First ODI|13 February 1982]])
#{{cr|South Africa}} ([[South African cricket team in India in 1991–92#1st ODI|10 November 1991]])
#{{cr|Zimbabwe}} ([[Indian cricket team in Zimbabwe in 1992–93#Only ODI|25 October 1992]])
#{{cr|Bangladesh}} ([[President's Cup 1997-98|10 October 1997]])
#{{cr|Afghanistan|2013}} ([[Irish cricket team against Afghanistan in the UAE in 2017–18#1st ODI|5 December 2017]])
#{{cr|Ireland}} ([[Irish cricket team against Afghanistan in the UAE in 2017–18#1st ODI|5 December 2017]])

===Temporary ODI status===
Between 2005 and 2017, the ICC granted temporary ODI status to six other teams (known as [[List of International Cricket Council members#Associate Members with ODI status|Associate members]]). In 2017, this was changed to four teams, following the promotion of [[Afghanistan national cricket team|Afghanistan]] and [[Ireland cricket team|Ireland]] to Test status (and permanent ODI status). The ICC had previously decided to limit ODI status to 16 teams.<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/icc-rule-no-change-to-odi-status-for-world-cup-qualifiers-1132978 ICC rule no change to ODI status for World Cup Qualifiers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216093041/http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/22107414/icc-rule-no-change-odi-status-world-cup-qualifiers|date=16 February 2018}}. ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved on 16 February 2018.</ref> Teams earn this temporary status for a period of four years based on their performance in the [[ICC World Cup Qualifier]], which is the final event of the [[ICC World Cricket League]]. In 2019, the ICC increased the number of teams holding temporary ODI status to eight.
The following eight teams currently have this status (the dates listed in brackets are of their first ODI match after gaining temporary ODI status):
*{{cr|Scotland}} (from [[International cricket in 2006#Pakistan in Scotland|27 June 2006]], until the [[2026 Cricket World Cup Qualifier]])
*{{cr|United Arab Emirates}} (from [[2014 Cricket World Cup Qualifier#Final|1 February 2014]], until the [[2026 Cricket World Cup Qualifier]])
*{{cr|Nepal}} (from [[Nepalese cricket team in the Netherlands in 2018|1 August 2018]], until the [[2026 Cricket World Cup Qualifier]])
*{{cr|Netherlands}} (from [[Nepalese cricket team in the Netherlands in 2018|1 August 2018]], until the [[2026 Cricket World Cup Qualifier]])
*{{cr|Namibia}} (from [[2019 ICC World Cricket League Division Two#Playoffs|27 April 2019]], until the [[2026 Cricket World Cup Qualifier]])
*{{cr|Oman}} (from [[2019 ICC World Cricket League Division Two#Playoffs|27 April 2019]], until the [[2026 Cricket World Cup Qualifier]])
*{{cr|United States}} (from [[2019 ICC World Cricket League Division Two#Playoffs|27 April 2019]], until the [[2026 Cricket World Cup Qualifier]])
*{{cr|Canada}} (from [[2023 Cricket World Cup Qualifier Play-off|27 March 2023]], until the [[2026 Cricket World Cup Qualifier]])

Additionally, eight teams have previously held this temporary ODI status before either being promoted to Test Status or relegated after under-performing at the World Cup Qualifier:
*{{cr|Kenya}} (from [[President's Cup 1997–98|10 October 1997]], until [[2014 Cricket World Cup Qualifier#Super Six|30 January 2014]])
*{{cr|Canada}} (from [[International cricket in 2006#Triangular Series (Bermuda, Canada, Zimbabwe)|16 May 2006]], until [[2014 Cricket World Cup Qualifier#Playoffs|28 January 2014]])
*{{cr|Bermuda}} (from [[International cricket in 2006#Triangular Series (Bermuda, Canada, Zimbabwe)|17 May 2006]], until [[2009 Cricket World Cup Qualifier|8 April 2009]])
*{{cr|Ireland}} (from [[English cricket team in Ireland in 2006|13 June 2006]], until [[2017 Ireland Tri-Nation Series#5th ODI|21 May 2017]])
*{{cr|Netherlands}} (from [[International cricket in 2006#Sri Lanka in the Netherlands|4 July 2006]], until [[2014 Cricket World Cup Qualifier#Playoffs|28 January 2014]])
*{{cr|Afghanistan|2013}} (from [[2009 Cricket World Cup Qualifier|19 April 2009]], until [[Afghan cricket team in the West Indies in 2017#3rd ODI|14 June 2017]])
*{{cr|Hong Kong}} (from [[2014 ACC Premier League#Matches|1 May 2014]], until [[2018 Cricket World Cup Qualifier#Playoffs|17 March 2018]])
*{{cr|Papua New Guinea}} (from [[Hong Kong cricket team against Papua New Guinea in Australia in 2014–15|8 November 2014]], until [[2023 Cricket World Cup Qualifier Play-off|5 April 2023]])

The ICC occasionally granted associate members permanent ODI status without granting them full membership and Test status. This was originally introduced to allow the best associate members to gain regular experience in internationals before making the step up to full membership. First Bangladesh and then Kenya received this status. Bangladesh have since made the step up to Test status and full membership; but as a result of disputes and poor performances, Kenya's ODI status was reduced to temporary in 2005, meaning that it had to perform well at World Cup Qualifiers to keep ODI status. Kenya lost ODI status after finishing in fifth place at the [[2014 Cricket World Cup Qualifier]] event.<ref>{{cite news |date=18 March 2005 |title=Kenya to lose ODI member status |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/kenya-to-lose-odi-member-status-146267 |url-status=live |access-date=18 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418231654/http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/story/146267.html |archive-date=18 April 2018 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Special ODI status===
The ICC can also grant special ODI status to all matches within certain high-profile tournaments, with the result being that the following countries have also participated in full ODIs, with some later gaining temporary or permanent ODI status also fitting into this category:
*{{cr|East Africa}} ([[1975 Cricket World Cup|1975 World Cup]])
*{{cr|Sri Lanka}} ([[1975 Cricket World Cup|1975 World Cup]], [[1979 Cricket World Cup|1979 World Cup]])
*{{cr|Canada}} ([[1979 Cricket World Cup|1979 World Cup]], [[2003 Cricket World Cup|2003 World Cup]], [[2023 ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier Play-off]])
*{{cr|Zimbabwe}} ([[1983 Cricket World Cup|1983 World Cup]], [[1987 Cricket World Cup|1987 World Cup]], [[1992 Cricket World Cup|1992 World Cup]])
*{{cr|Bangladesh}} ([[1986 Asia Cup]], [[1988 Asia Cup]], [[Austral-Asia Cup#Second edition 1990|1990 Austral-Asia Cup]], [[1990–91 Asia Cup|1990 Asia Cup]], [[1995 Asia Cup]], [[1997 Asia Cup]])
*{{cr|United Arab Emirates}} ([[Austral-Asia Cup#Third edition 1994|1994 Austral-Asia Cup]], [[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996 World Cup]], [[2004 Asia Cup]] and [[2008 Asia Cup]])
*{{cr|Kenya}} ([[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996 World Cup]], [[Sameer Cup 1996–97|1996 Sameer Cup]])
*{{cr|Netherlands}} ([[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996 World Cup]], [[2002 ICC Champions Trophy]] and [[2003 Cricket World Cup|2003 World Cup]])
*{{cr|Scotland}} ([[1999 Cricket World Cup|1999 World Cup]])
*{{cr|Namibia}} ([[2003 Cricket World Cup|2003 World Cup]])
*{{cr|Hong Kong}} ([[2004 Asia Cup]], [[2008 Asia Cup]] and [[2018 Asia Cup]])
*{{cr|United States}} ([[2004 ICC Champions Trophy]])
*{{cr|Jersey}} ([[2023 ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier Play-off]])

Finally, since 2005, three composite teams have played matches with full ODI status. These matches were:
*The [[World Cricket Tsunami Appeal]], a one-off match between the [[List of Asian XI ODI cricketers|Asian Cricket Council XI]] vs [[List of World XI ODI cricketers|ICC World XI]] in the 2004/05 season.
*The Afro-Asia Cup, two three-ODI series played in [[2005 Afro-Asia Cup|2005]] and [[2007 Afro-Asia Cup]] between the Asian Cricket Council XI and the [[List of African XI ODI cricketers|African XI]].
*The [[ICC Super Series]], a three-ODI series played between the ICC World XI and the then-top-ranked Australian cricket team in the 2005/06 season.

{{Timeline of ODI Teams}}

==Rankings==
{{transcluded section|ICC Men's ODI Team Rankings}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:ICC Men's ODI Team Rankings|Current rankings}}}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Cricket}}
*[[ICC Men's ODI Team Rankings]]
*[[List of One Day International cricket records]]
*[[List of One Day International cricket hat-tricks]]
*[[List of players who have scored 10,000 or more runs in One Day International cricket]]
*[[List of One Day International cricket umpires]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090809143624/http://thehub.natwest.com/Cricket/Default.aspx NatWest International One Day Series] (archived 9 August 2009)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130806101801/http://www.icc-cricket.com/about/38/rules-and-regulations International Cricket Rules and Regulations] at the [[International Cricket Council|ICC]] website (archived 6 August 2013)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060323081414/http://www.icc-cricket.com/icc-iccss/content/story/211848.html ICC Chief Executives' Committee approves introduction of ODI innovations] by Jon Long, ''ICC website'', 25 June 2005, Retrieved 25 November 2005 (archived 23 March 2006).
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060323081406/http://www.icc-cricket.com/southafrica/content/story/212296.html "ODI changes to take effect in NatWest Challenge"] by Cricinfo staff, ''Cricinfo'', 30 June 2005, Retrieved 25 November 2005 (archived 23 March 2006).
*[http://content-pak.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/213010.html "Those new one-day rules explained"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131170806/http://content-pak.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/213010.html |date=31 January 2009 }} by Cricinfo staff, ''Cricinfo'', 8 July 2005, retrieved 26 November 2005.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060205092146/http://www.natwestseries.com/ NatWest Series Cricket] – the official website of the NatWest Series (archived 5 February 2006)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060209094336/http://www.ecb.co.uk/england/natwest-series/ ECB NatWest Series] (archived 9 February 2006)

{{International cricket}}
{{Forms of cricket}}
{{Melbourne events}}

[[Category:One Day International cricket]]
[[Category:Sports originating in Australia]]
[[Category:Games and sports introduced in 1971]]

K. V. Sarma

2026-03-02T15:05:08Z

Gnfcmussorie: starting the pg needs work

{{Short description|Indian historian of science (1919–2005)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = K. Venkateswara Sarma
| image = K V Sharma.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1919|12|22}}
| birth_place = [[Chengannur]], [[Kerala]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2005|01|13|1919|12|22}}
| death_place =
| residence =
| citizenship = [[India]]n [[File:Flag of India.svg|15px]]
| nationality =
| fields = [[History of astronomy]] [[History of mathematics]]
| workplaces =
| alma_mater = Maharaja's College of Science and Maharaja's College of Arts, Thiruvananthapuram
| doctoral_advisor =
| academic_advisors =
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students =
| known_for = ''[[A History of the Kerala School of Hindu Astronomy]]'' [https://archive.org/download/KeralaSchoolOfAstronomy/Kerala%20School%20of%20Astronomy.pdf]
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards =
| signature = 
| footnotes =
}}

'''Krishna Venkateswara Sarma'''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnamachari |first=Suganthy |date=2020-02-14 |title=Tribute to scholarship |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/tribute-to-scholarship/article30825581.ece |access-date=2022-12-30 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> (1919–2005) was an Indian [[historian of science|historian]] of [[Indian science|science]], particularly the [[Indian astronomy|astronomy]] and [[Indian mathematics|mathematics]] of the [[Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics|Kerala school]]. He was responsible for bringing to light several of the achievements of the Kerala school.<ref>{{Citation
| doi = 10.1007/s10781-007-9029-1
| volume = 35
| issue = 5
| pages = 417–443
| last = Divakaran
| first = P. P.
| title = The First Textbook of Calculus: Yuktibhāṣā
| journal = [[Journal of Indian Philosophy]]
| date = 2007-12-08
| s2cid = 170254981
}}: "The late K. V. Sarma, whose efforts more than of anyone else brought the main texts of Kerala mathematics and astronomy to the attention of the scholarly world, had completed (in association with M. D. Srinivas, M. S. Sriram and K. Ramasubramanian) an English translation of both parts of YB at the time of his death in January 2005, but it is yet to appear."</ref> He was editor of the Vishveshvaranand Indological Research Series, and published the critical edition of several source works in Sanskrit, including the [[Aryabhatiya]] of [[Aryabhata]]. He was recognised as "the greatest authority on Kerala's astronomical tradition".<ref name=kch1>K. Chandra Hari (25 Oct 2007) [http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/oct252007/1177.pdf Critical Evidence to Fix the Native Place of Āryabhat̟a-I], [[Current Science]] 93(8)</ref>

==Biography==
Sarma's father, Sri S. Krishna Aiyer, was an inspector of schools. Sarma studied chemistry and physics at Maharaja's College of Science in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], receiving his bachelor's degree in 1940. He went on to study Sanskrit at the College of Arts, receiving a master's degree in 1942 from [[Kerala University]].
<ref name=SGK>S. G. Kantawala, "K.V. Sarma: An Academic Profile" in S. A. S. Sarma (2000) ''Bibliography of K. V. Sarma'', Sree Sarada Education Society Research Centre, Adyar, Chennai, India</ref>
In 1944 he began his work with [[palm-leaf manuscript]]s at [[Oriental Research Institute & Manuscripts Library]] where he developed his specialties of [[manuscriptology]] and [[textual criticism]].

Sarma joined the [[Sanskrit]] department of the [[University of Madras]] in 1951 as research assistant in the New Catalogues Project,<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/repository-of-a-priceless-heritage/article6189972.ece On the K. V. Sarma Research Foundation]</ref>

In 1962 he became curator of the Vishveshvaranand Research Institute, [[Hoshiarpur]] which had a [[A Vedic Word Concordance]]. Sarma took an interest in the [[Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics]] and assembled a [[bibliography]]. In 1965 [[Panjab University]] assimilated the institute, and Sarma became a lecturer in Sanskrit with the university. He was named reader in 1972.

Sarma's book [[A History of the Kerala School of Hindu Astronomy]] recounted the development of astronomy associated with Kerala. In the preface of ''A History'', Sarma described his research "under the supervision of Prof. Ramaswami Sastri, concurrently with my duties as the Supervising Pundit of the Cataloguing Section of the University Oriental Manuscripts Library, Trivandrum. My intimate association, later, with the compilation of the ''New Catalogus Cataloguum of Sanskrit Works and Authors'' at Madras university also proved to be of great help in my work."

Sarma became acting-director of Vishveshvaranand Research Institute in 1975, and director/professor in 1978 when he was awarded [[Doctor of Letters]].<ref name=SGK/>

He retired from Panjab University in 1980, but the next year accepted the position of honorary professor of Sanskrit at the [[Adyar Library]] Research Center.

He was the author of thirty-five entries in the [[Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures]].<ref>{{citation | year=1997 | title = Encyclopaedia of the history of science, technology, and medicine in non-western cultures | editor1-first=Helaine | editor1-last=Selin | editor1-link=Helaine Selin | publisher=Springer | isbn=978-0-7923-4066-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=raKRY3KQspsC&dq=sarma&pg=PR14}}</ref> For example, in one article<ref>Rationale in Indian Mathematics, pages 3706,7</ref> he says
:Rationale in Hindu mathematics and astronomy is expressed by the terms ''Yukti'' and ''Upapatti'', both meaning "the logical principles implied". It is characteristic of Western scientific tradition, from the times of Euclid and Aristotle up to modern times, to enunciate and deduce using step-by-step reasoning. Such a practice is almost absent in the Indian tradition, even though the same background tasks, of collecting and correlating data, identifying and analyzing methodologies, and arguing out possible answers have to be gone through before arriving at results.
Sarma then provides the exceptions: five commentaries, the [[Yuktibhasa]] and astronomical commentaries, and [[Ganita-yukti-bhasa]].

Sarma was the author of more than 60 books, and 145 research papers, in addition to other academic writing on [[Sanskrit]] and [[Indology]]. He continued publishing well into his late eighties, his last book being ''Science Texts in Sanskrit in Manuscripts Repositories of [[Kerala]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]'', published in 2003.<ref name=plofker/>

He died on 13 January 2005, having just completed English translations (see [[Ganita-yukti-bhasa]]) of the [[Yuktibhāṣā]] of [[Jyesthadeva]] and the [[Tantrasangraha]] of [[Nilakantha Somayaji]].<ref name=plofker>[[Kim Plofker]] (May 2005) [http://www.cshpm.org/archives/bulletins/36.pdf Obituary notice] in the ''Bulletin of the [[Canadian Society for History and Philosophy of Mathematics]]''</ref>

==Some important works==
* 1954: ''Grahacaranibandhana: A Parahita manual by Haridatta'', Kuppuswamy Research Foundation, Madras
* 1972: [[A History of the Kerala School of Hindu Astronomy]], Vishveshvaranand Vedic Research Institute, Hoshiapur
* 1972: ''A Bibliography of Kerala and Kerala-based Astronomy and Astrology'', Vishveshvaranand Vedic Research Institute, Hoshiapur
* 1975: ''Līlāvatī of Bhāskarācārya with Kriyākramakarī of Śaṅkara and Nārāyaṇa. Being an Elaborate Exposition of the Rationale of Hindu Mathematics. Critically edited with Introduction and Appendices'', Vishveshvaranand Vedic Research Institute, Hoshiapur<ref>Ludwik Sternbach (1978) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110727083131/http://www.mifami.org/eLibrary/Vedic-PDF_articles_pt._2/598745.pdf Review: ''Lilavati''], [[Journal of the American Oriental Society]] 98(3): 321</ref>
* 1976: (with K. S. Shukla) [https://books.google.com/books?id=zT3PAAAAMAAJ Āryabhaṭīya of Āryabhaṭa], [[Indian National Science Academy]]
* 1990: [https://books.google.com/books?id=FoWuAAAAIAAJ Observational Astronomy in India], Department of Sanskrit, University of Calicut.
* 1991: (with S. Hariharan) [https://web.archive.org/web/20060928203221/http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/insa/INSA_1/20005ac0_185.pdf Yuktibhāṣā of Jyeṣṭhadeva: A book on rationales in Indian Mathematics and Astronomy—An analytic appraisal] (PDF) via [[Internet Archive]]

==Complete bibliography of the writings of K. V. Sarma==
A complete bibliography of the writings of K. V. Sarma on Indian culture, science and literature was compiled by S. A. S. Sarma and published by Sri Sarada Education Society Research Centre, Adyar, Chennai, in 2000. This runs to about 60 pages. The bibliography is available at the following link:
*[http://sandhi.hss.iitb.ac.in/Sandhi/Mathematics%20and%20Astronomy%20articles/Sarma%20KV/Sharma%20SAS%20-%20Bibliography%20of%20The%20Writing%20of%20Prof%20K.V.%20Sarma%20on%20Inadian%20Culture,%20Science%20And%20Literature%20(2000).pdf Complete Bibliography] [https://web.archive.org/web/20170322015228/http://sandhi.hss.iitb.ac.in/Sandhi/Mathematics%20and%20Astronomy%20articles/Sarma%20KV/Sharma%20SAS%20-%20Bibliography%20of%20The%20Writing%20of%20Prof%20K.V.%20Sarma%20on%20Inadian%20Culture,%20Science%20And%20Literature%20(2000).pdf (archived)]

== K. V. Sarma Research Foundation ==
During the last decade of his life, Prof. Sarma began to convert his personal library into an institution. At first it was called Sree Sarada Education Society, but was later renamed the [https://www.kvsarma.in/ K. V. Sarma Research Foundation]. Prof. Sarma himself was the first director, with Dr Mamata Mishra as secretary and Dr Achyuta Bhat as librarian. The foundation houses approximately 10,000 books, 2000 journals and 900 manuscripts.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-12-01|title=Repository of a priceless heritage - The Hindu|website=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/repository-of-a-priceless-heritage/article6189972.ece|access-date=2020-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201045027/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/repository-of-a-priceless-heritage/article6189972.ece|archive-date=1 December 2017}}</ref> At the time of writing (2020) the director is Prof. Siniruddha Dash, retired professor of Sanskrit at the [[University of Madras]]. The foundation's president and vice-president are Prof. M. S. Sriram and Prof. M. D. Srinivas respectively.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian mathematics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarma, K. V.}}
[[Category:Historians of astronomy]]
[[Category:Indian historians of mathematics]]
[[Category:1919 births]]
[[Category:2005 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:University of Kerala alumni]]

Diu district

2026-02-25T20:55:27Z

Gnfcmussorie: cleanup information after review for accuracy

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Diu district
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = [[Districts of India|District]]
| image_skyline = Diu Island Map.png
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Map of Diu district, the exclave of Simbor is not shown
| nickname =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Diu district location
| coordinates = {{coord|20.71|N|70.98|E|display=inline,title}}
| seat_type = Headquarter
| seat = [[Diu, India|Diu Town]]
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu emblem.png}} [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| established_title = 
| established_date = 1509
| founder = [[Francisco de Almeida]]
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 40
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 30
| population_total = 52,074
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Diucar/ Diuese<ref>{{Cite web |title=Survey chapter: Diu Indo-Portuguese|url=https://apics-online.info/surveys/39}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Diu Indo-Portuguese at present|url=https://repositorio.ul.pt/handle/10451/27496}}</ref>
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |page=87 |title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |date=29 March 2016 |access-date=15 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| timezone1 =
| utc_offset1 =
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| website = http://diu.gov.in/
| footnotes =
}}

'''Diu district''' ({{IPAc-en|'|d|iː|uː}}) (formerly '''Distrito de Dio''')<ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3cM5AAAAIAAJ | title=Alguns aspectos demograficos de Goa, Damao e Dio: Some demographic aspects of Goa, Daman & Diu | last1=Almeida | first1=José C. | date=1965 }}</ref> is one of the three [[Districts of Daman and Diu|district]]s of the [[union territory]] of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]] of [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu UTs merge for 'better admin efficiency, service': MoS Home |url=https://indusdictum.com/2019/12/04/dadra-nagar-haveli-and-daman-diu-uts-merge-for-better-admin-efficiency-service-mos-home/ |website=Indus Dictum |date=4 December 2019 |access-date=4 January 2021 |archive-date=11 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111061240/https://indusdictum.com/2019/12/04/dadra-nagar-haveli-and-daman-diu-uts-merge-for-better-admin-efficiency-service-mos-home/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The district is made up of [[Diu Island]] and two small enclaves of [[Simbor]] and [[Gogolá|Gogola]], at the border with the state of [[Gujarat]]. The district headquarters are at [[Diu, India|Diu Town]]. It is the ninth least populous district in the country (out of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name="districtcensus">{{cite web | url = http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php | title = District Census 2011 | accessdate = 2011-09-30 | year = 2011 | publisher = Census2011.co.in}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Distrito de Diu, India portuguesa.png|thumb|Distrito de Dio, India Portuguesa (1920).]]
[[File:Diu Fortress, Nov. 2005-1.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Diu Fortress]] was built in 1535 by the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]], when [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat|Bahadur Shah]], the [[Gujarat Sultanate|Sultan of Gujarat]], requested their help to resist an attack by [[Humayun]], the second [[Moghal empire|Moghal emperor]].]]

The district was historically part of the [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] region of Gujarat. Mirroring the system of administrative division in [[Portugal]], Diu district (''Distrito de Diu'') was established as an administrative division of the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese State of India]] (''Estado da Índia'') in the first half of the 19th century. It was headed by a district governor, subordinate to the [[governor-general]] of Portuguese India in [[Goa]]. The district included the single municipality of [[Diu, India|Diu]], which was further subdivided into [[parish (administrative division)|civil parishes]].<ref name="R1">{{cite web |title=Diu History |url=http://diutourismgov.in/abtdiu-detail?id=19 |website=Diu Tourism Department |publisher=U.T. Administration of Dadra & Nagar Haveli And Daman & Diu |access-date=4 January 2021}}</ref>

It remained an [[Portuguese Empire|overseas territory of Portugal]] until it was [[Operation Vijay (1961)|annexed by Indian forces on 19 December 1961]]. From 1961 to 1987, it was a part of the union territory of [[Goa, Daman and Diu]]. In 1987, it became a part of the newly formed [[Daman and Diu|union territory of Daman and Diu]]. In January 2020, the district became part of the new union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu.<ref name="R1" />

==Geography==
Diu district occupies an area of {{convert|40|km2|sqmi}},<ref name='Reference Annual'>{{cite book | last1 = Srivastava, Dayawanti et al. (ed.) | title = India 2010: A Reference Annual | chapter = States and Union Territories: Daman and Diu: Government | edition = 54th | publisher = Additional Director General, Publications Division, [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)]], [[Government of India]] | year = 2010 | location = New Delhi, India | pages = 1216 | isbn = 978-81-230-1617-7}}</ref>

It consists of [[Diu Island]] and a part on the mainland (the [[Ghogolá]] peninsula). 20 km East of Diu Island, is the small territory of [[Simbor]].

==Sub-districts==

===Diu Island===
The town of [[Diu, India|Diu]] and most of the district's villages and settlements are on
[[Diu Island]]. Many of these places [[Renaming of cities in India|have been renamed]] since the [[Annexation of Goa|Invasion of 1961]].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Settlement type
! Portuguese name
! Indian name
|-
| Town
| [[Diu, India|Diu]]
| Diu
|-
| Village
| [[Fudam|Podamo]]
| Fudam
|-
| Village
| [[Bucharwada|Bunxivará]]
| Bucharwada
|-
| Settlement
| Dangarvadi
| Dangarwadi
|-
| Village
| [[Vanakbara|Brancavará]]
| Vanakbara
|-
| Uninhabited
| [[Fortim do Mar]]
| Pani Kota
|-
| Uninhabited
| [[Diu Fort|Castilo de Diu]]
| Diu Fortress
|-
|}

===Ghogholá===
The area on the mainland borders [[Gir Somnath district]] of [[Gujarat]]. It contains the village of [[Gogolá|Ghogholá]]. The village lies on the mainland opposite the eastern end of the island .

===Simbor===
The tiny territory of [[Simbor]], located about 25 km east of the town of Diu, is also part of the district. It has no permanent population.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Diu district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 52,074,<ref name="districtcensus"/> roughly equal to the nation of [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]].<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison: Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 June 2007 | accessdate = 2011-10-01 | quote = Saint Kitts and Nevis 50,314 July 2011 est.
}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 631st in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert| 1301 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}} .<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 17.73%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Diu has a [[sex ratio]] of 1030 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 83.36%.<ref name=districtcensus/>

There is a small community of the variety of Indo-Portuguese creole spoken in the region known as [[Daman and Diu Portuguese Creole]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=District at a Glance|url=https://diu.gov.in/district-at-a-glance/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Survey chapter: Diu Indo-Portuguese|url=https://apics-online.info/surveys/39}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Firangiwada Heritage Walk|url=https://makeithappen.co.in/tour/firangiwada-heritage-walk/}}</ref>

== Sister cities ==
[[Diu Island]] is twinned with the city of [[Loures]], in Portugal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cm-loures.pt/Ligacao.aspx?DisplayId=612&CursorId=613 |title=Município – Cooperação externa – Diu |publisher=Câmara Municipal de Loures |location=Loures, Portugal |year=2014 |website=cm-loures.pt |language=Portuguese |accessdate=17 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129041115/http://www.cm-loures.pt/Ligacao.aspx?DisplayId=612&CursorId=613 |archive-date=29 November 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Landmarks ==
Diu is home to a few surviving buildings and monuments with [[Portuguese architecture]]. The best preserved are the churches and fortifications.

The nearest railway junction is Veraval, which is 90 km from Diu. Major cities like Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Pune, Jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh), Dwarka and Thiruvananthapuram are directly connected to Veraval Railway Station. Delwada is 8 km from Diu.

===Churches and chapels===
[[File:Major Churches of Diu Island.jpg|thumb|Major Church Buildings on Diu Island (Anticlockwise from top): 
1. Churches of St. Paul and St. Thomas (Diu) 
2. Church of St. Francis of Assisi (Diu) 
3. Church of Our Lady of Remedes (Fudam) 
4. Church of Our Lady of Mercy (Vanakbara)]]
There has been a steady exodus of Christians from Diu<ref>{{Cite web |title=Census: Population: by Religion: Christian: Daman and Diu|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/india/census-population-by-religion-christian/census-population-by-religion-christian-daman-and-diu}}</ref> ever since the [[Annexation of Goa|Invasion of 1961]]. This has led to many of their historic and historic and religious sites being victims of abandonment, disrepair, conversion to secular use or demolishment.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! '''Type'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Schools in the territory of Diu during the Portuguese India|url=https://www.diuvanzadarjisamajuk.org/2020/07/12/schools-in-the-territory-of-diu-during-the-portuguese-india/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Diu|url=https://hpip.org/pt/Contents/Place/422}}</ref>
! '''Portuguese Name'''
! '''English Translation'''
! '''Location'''
! '''Current Status'''
|-
| '''Cathedral'''
| [[St. Paul's Church, Diu|Catedral de São Paulo (Sé)]]
| Church of St. Paul
| [[Diu, India|Diu Town]]
| Active (demoted to church)
|-
| '''Church'''
| [[St. Thomas Church (Diu)|Igreja de São Tomás]]
| Church of St. Thomas
| Diu Town
| Secularized (Museum)
|-
| '''Church'''
| [[St. Francis of Assisi Church (Diu)|Igreja de São Francisco de Assis]]
| Church of St. Francis of Assisi
| Diu Town
| Secularized (Hospital)
|-
| '''Church '''
| [[Church of St. John of God (Diu)|Igreja de São João de Deus]]
| Church of St. John of God
| Diu Town
| Inactive (Ruins)
|-
| '''Church'''
| Igreja de Nossa Senhora da Esperança
| Church of Our Lady of Hope
| Diu town
| Inactive (Ruins)
|-
| '''Church'''
| Igreja da Misericórdia
| Church of Mercy (informally 'Fort Church')
| [[Diu Fort]]
| Inactive (Ruins)
|-
| '''Church'''
| [[Church of Our Lady of Remedes (Fudam)|Igreja de Nossa Senhora dos Remédios]]
| Church of Our Lady of Remedies
| [[Fudam|Podamo]]
| Active
|-
| '''Church'''
| [[Church of Our Lady of Mercy (Vanakbara)|Igreja de Nossa Senhora da Misericórdia]]
| Church of Our Lady of Mercy
| [[Vanakbara|Brancavará]]
| Inactive (Intact)
|-
| '''Convent'''
| Convento dos Dominicanos
| Dominican Convent
| Diu town
| Demolished (1961)
|-
| '''Convent'''
| [[Convent of St. Anne (Diu)|Convento de Santa Ana]]
| Convent of St. Anne
| Diu Town
| Active (School)
|-
| '''Chapel'''
| Capela de São Tiago
| Chapel of St. James
| Diu Fort
| Inactive (Ruins)
|-
| '''Chapel'''
| Capela de São Martinho
| Chapel of Saint Martin
| Diu Fort
| Demolished (2023)
|-
| '''Chapel'''
| Capela de Nossa Senhora da Vitória
| Chapel of Our Lady of Victory
| [[Fortim do Mar]]
| Inactive (Ruins)
|-
|}

===Fortresses===
Due to constant invasions from [[Sultanate of Gujarat|neighboring kingdoms]] as well as distant powers, the Portuguese built several fortifications all over the district. Most survived to this day, although some have little to no physical traces of their existence.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! '''Portuguese Name'''
! '''English Translation'''
! '''Location'''
! '''Current Status'''
|-
| Cidadela de Diu
| [[Diu Fortress]]
| Diu Town
|
|-
| [[Fortim do Mar]]
| Panikota
| Diu Town
| Ruin
|-
| [[Fort St. Anthony of Simbor|Forte Santo Antonio]]
| Fort St. Anthony of Simbor
| [[Simbor]]
| Ruin
|-
| Forte de Nagoá
| -
| Nagoá near [[Fudam|Podamo]]
| Ruins lost
|-
| Forte de Barra
| -
| [[Vanakbara|Brancavará]]
| Ruins lost
|-
|}

===Beaches===
* [[Nagoá Beach]], most visited beach in on Diu.
* Ghogolá Beach, largest beach off the island of Diu.
* Chakratirth Beach
* Barra Beach
* Nadia Caves

=== Gallery ===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
File:Diu Fort Fixed Cannons.JPG|Diu Fort Fixed Cannons
File:Eglise St Thomas.jpg|St. Thomas Church, Diu
File:Diu fort, India.JPG|Diu fort
File:Nadia Caves of Diu.jpg|Nadia Caves of Diu
File:PERSPECTIVE VIEW OF ST.PAUL CHURCH, DIU, INDIA (2012).jpg|St. Paul's Church, Diu
File:Church in Nani Daman Fort.jpg|Church in Nani Daman Fort
Altar of Se Cathedral.jpg|Se Cathedral
File:View of Water Fort Prison from Diu Fort with watch tower of Diu Fort.JPG|View of Water Fort Prison from Diu Fort with watchtower of Diu Fort
Wall of the Portuguese Fort of Diu.jpg|Portuguese Fort
File:Diu shores in Monsoon.jpg|Diu shores in Monsoon
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Indo-Portuguese]]
*[[Portuguese Goa and Damaon]]
*[[Damaon and Dio Portuguese creole]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://diu.gov.in/ Official website]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Diu district
|North = [[Gir Somnath district]], [[Gujarat]]
|Northeast =
|East = ''[[Gulf of Khambhat]]''
|Southeast =
|South = ''[[Arabian Sea]]''
|Southwest =
|West = ''[[Arabian Sea]]''
|Northwest =
}}

{{Daman and Diu}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Diu district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]

Bandh Baretha

2026-02-22T16:58:33Z

Gnfcmussorie: started article - done

{{Short description|Protected area in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Bandh Baretha Wildlife Sanctuary
| coordinates = {{coord|26|53|00|N|77|21|40|E|type:waterbody_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| area = 368.5048 km²
| location = Approximately 50 kilometers south of [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan|Bharatpur ]] city, [[Bayana|Bayana tehsil]], Bharatpur, India
| established = 1985
| governing_body = Rajasthan State Forest Department
| website =
| image = {{Photomontage |photo1a=Bandh Baretha.jpg |photo2a=Bandh Baretha, Rudawal.jpg
| color = #FFFFFF
| border = 3
| color_border = #808080
|size=310}}
| image_caption = '''Top''': Bandh Baretha Reservoir '''Bottom''': Bandh Baretha, Dam
| map = Rajasthan
| relief = 1
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 9
| mapframe-switcher =
| alt_name =
| iucn_category = IV
}}

'''Bandh Baretha''' is a freshwater man-made [[wetland]] and wildlife sanctuary covering an area of 10 square kilometers. It is located approximately 50 kilometers south of [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan|Bharatpur ]]city, in the [[Bayana|Bayana tehsil]] of Bharatpur, India. This sanctuary serves as a significant winter resort for migratory birds and plays a crucial role in storing drinking water for the region.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Gupta 'SIR' |first=Devesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=96pIEAAAQBAJ&dq=/+BANDH+BARETHA&pg=PA21 |title=Rajasthan Jila Darshan : Question Answer Series: One Liner GK : 33 District of Rajasthan |publisher=Atharv Publication |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Shukla |first=Dr Anoop Dutt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=72IzEAAAQBAJ&dq=/+BANDH+BARETHA&pg=PA51 |title=KEOLADEO- A Geospatial study of a National Park Environs |date=2021-06-16 |publisher=Blue Rose Publishers |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=B. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UDS5BAAAQBAJ&dq=/+BANDH+BARETHA&pg=PA238 |title=Faunal Heritage of Rajasthan, India: Conservation and Management of Vertebrates |last2=Kulshreshtha |first2=Seema |last3=Rahmani |first3=Asad R. |date=2013-10-14 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3-319-01345-9 |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
It is a historic wildlife reserve that was formerly maintained by the [[Bharatpur State|rulers of Bharatpur]]. In 1866, Jaswant Singh of Bharatpur initiated the construction of a dam on the Kakund River, which was completed under the rule of Ram Singh in 1897. An area of approximately 192.76 square kilometers surrounding the dam was designated as a wildlife sanctuary in 1985 by the Government. In 2021 additional 197.855 square kilometers area was added from [[Karauli district]] into the wildlife sanctuary making the total area of the sanctuary to 368.5048 square kilometers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajasthan |first=Forest Department |title=Extension |url=https://forest.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/forest/en/aboutus/departmental-wings/wild-life1/public-information/details-of-protected-area-/band-baretha-sanctuary--extension-.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-23 |title=Bandh (Band Bund) Baretha Wildlife Sanctuary - WildTrails {{!}} The One-Stop Destination for all your Wildlife Holidays |url=https://wildtrails.in/bandh-band-bund-baretha-wildlife-sanctuary/ |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=wildtrails.in |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Geography==
The sanctuary is situated near the small [[Kakund River|river Kakund]], which enters the south-western border of Bayana tehsil from [[Karauli district]]. Here, the river's waters are held in the Baretha reservoir. During low rainfall years, the population of water birds increases, making it a large, permanent, and legally protected wetland.<ref name=":0" /> [[Gambhir River (Rajasthan)|Gambhir]] and Ruparel rivers flow through the sanctuary.
==Fauna==
Bundh Baretha wildlife sanctuary is home to [[Striped hyena]], [[Bengal fox]], [[Chinkara]], [[Chital]], [[Sambar deer]], [[Wild boar]] and [[Nilgai]]. The sanctuary's varied habitats support the conservation of critically endangered species such as the [[Indian Pangolin]], as well as vulnerable species like the [[Sloth bear|Sloth Bear]]. It has a diverse avian population of over 200 species, with a total of 67 water bird species, including six globally threatened species. Bird species include [[Black bittern|Black Bittern]], [[Avocet|Avocets]], [[Bee-eater|Bee-eaters]], [[Heron|Herons]], and [[Kingfishers]]. It is an essential refuge for birds, especially when adverse conditions prevail in the nearby [[Keoladeo National Park]] wetlands. The aquatic vegetation in this sanctuary is similar to that found in [[Keoladeo National Park]], further highlighting its ecological significance.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-21 |title=Exploring the Enchanting Wilderness of Bandh Baretha Wildlife Sanctuary |url=https://tourism-rajasthan.in/exploring-the-enchanting-wilderness-of-bandh-baretha-wildlife-sanctuary/ |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=Tourism Rajasthan |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Bharatpur, Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Wetlands of India]]
[[Category:Constructed wetlands]]

Tigawa

2026-02-14T07:01:36Z

Gnfcmussorie: Added First Details From Scratch.

{{Short description|Village and archaeological site in India}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Tigawa Temple
| image = Tigowa 1999 Kankali-Devi-Tempel.jpg
| alt = 5th-century Kankali Devi temple
| caption = 5th-century Kankali Devi temple
| map_type = India #India Madhya Pradesh
| relief = yes
| religious_affiliation = [[Hinduism]]
| other_names =
| proper_name =
| coordinates = {{coord|23|41|24.4|N|80|03|58.9|E|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Katni district]]<ref name=katni2011/>
| location = Tigwan, Bahoriband
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Vishnu]], [[Shakti]] (Chamunda), others
| festivals =
| architecture_style = [[Hindu temple architecture|Gupta era]]
| year_completed = c. 400-425 CE<ref name="BharneKrusche2014p149"/><ref name="ChingJarzombek2010p227"/>
| website =
}}
'''Tigawa''' is a village in [[Indian state]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]] and an archaeological site with a complex of about 36 [[Hindu temple]] ruins.<ref name=cunninghamix/> Of these, the small but important and ancient Kankali Devi Temple is in good condition,<ref name="Michell1977p94"/> and is usually dated to about 400-425 CE.<ref name="BharneKrusche2014p149"/><ref name="ChingJarzombek2010p227">{{cite book|author1=Francis D. K. Ching|author2=Mark M. Jarzombek|author3=Vikramaditya Prakash|title=A Global History of Architecture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=isuTDpkqdk8C&pg=PA227|year=2010|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-00739-6|pages=227–228}}</ref> Unless another building is mentioned, references to "the temple" below refer to this.

Also referred to as Tigowa or Tigwan, the site is about {{convert|4|km}} north of [[Bahuriband]] between [[Katni]] and [[Jabalpur]]. The Hindu temple ruins were badly damaged during a colonial-era railway project when a contractor demolished and excavated the ruins as building material for the railway project.<ref name=cunninghamix>Cunningham, Alexander (1879). [https://archive.org/stream/in.gov.ignca.85022/85022#page/n55/mode/2up Report of a Tour in the Central Province in 1873-74-75-76] (Vol IX). Archaeological Survey of India. New Delhi, pp. 41-47; {{PD-notice}}</ref>

Of the monuments, the Kankali Devi Temple is most notable and is a [[Gupta period]] temple.<ref>Momin, A R, [https://books.google.com/books?id=MICwQzKoDO8C&pg=PA201 ''The Legacy of G.S. Ghurye: A Centennial Festschrift'']. 1996.</ref><ref>Ramanujan, S R, [https://books.google.com/books?id=sJ5vBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT65 ''The Lord of Vengadam: A Historical Perspective'']. Partridge Publishing, 2014.</ref><ref>Prakash, Om, [https://books.google.com/books?id=nzpYb5UOeiwC&pg=PA166 ''Cultural History of India'']. 2005.</ref> It is one of the oldest surviving Hindu temples,<ref name="ChingJarzombek2010p227"/><ref name="Blurton1993">{{cite book|author=T. Richard Blurton|title=Hindu Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xJ-lzU_nj_MC&pg=PA52|year=1993|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-39189-5|page=52}}</ref> illustrating the formative stages of [[Hindu temple architecture]] and the essential elements found in the north Indian style through the modern era. It has a sanctum and an open portico supported on four pillars. The sides of the portico were filled in with walls containing panels at a later period. The sanctuary is, and always was, covered with a flat roof, and is generally very similar to the Gupta period [[Sanchi#Guptas|Temple 17 at Sanchi]].<ref name="Michell1977p94"/>

Despite its name, the temple was probably dedicated to [[Vishnu]], with other elements added later. An image of him as [[Narasimha]] is placed inside the sanctum. The portico has an image of the Sheshashai Vishnu ([[Narayana]]) and another one of [[Chamunda]] (Kankali Devi). Projecting from the front of the portico is a later relief of a seated Vishnu in the [[yoga]] [[asana]] position with a serpent hood above the head.

== Location ==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Tigawa geo map 2.jpg
| width1 = 300
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = Tigawa site layout 2.jpg
| width2 = 100
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| footer = Tigawa geology and site layout.
}}
The Tigawa temples site is in the eponymous village Tigawa, also called Tigwan, in the Katni district and north of the town of Bahuriband.<ref name=katni2011>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2333_PART_B_DCHB_KATNI.pdf Census of India 2011: Madhya Pradesh, District Census Book, '''Katni'''], Government of India, pages 130-131</ref> It is about {{convert|50|km}} west of Katni, {{convert|70|km}} north of Jabalpur, {{convert|350|km}} east of Bhopal and {{convert|300|km}} east of [[Sanchi]] and [[Udayagiri Caves|Udayagiri]] Gupta era monuments. The site is located on a plateau near the Kaimur range of hills, with belts of rocks, where ancient Indians used the local geology to build numerous small dams to harvest rainwater into water reservoirs that locals call ''jhils''. These reservoirs extend from Bahuriband to the north of Tigawa.<ref name=cunninghambb>Cunningham, Alexander (1879). [https://archive.org/stream/in.gov.ignca.85022/85022#page/n55/mode/2up Report of a Tour in the Central Province in 1873-74-75-76] (Vol IX). Archaeological Survey of India. New Delhi, pp. 39-43; {{PD-notice}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|Bahuriband literally means "many dams".<ref name=cunninghambb/>}} The local tradition is that there was in the distant past a large city in that location, which would explain the numerous mounds found in their region and when excavated, these mounds have yielded broken pottery and bricks. [[Alexander Cunningham]] speculated in 1879 that the Bahuriband (also Bahulaband, about {{convert|4|km}} south of Tigawa) may have been the city that Ptolemy transliterated as Tholabana.<ref name=cunninghambb/>

The name Tigawa (Tigowa, Tigoan, Tigwan) may be derived from "Tri-gawa" or "three villages", referring to the neighboring villages of Amgowa and Deori. Local tradition believes that it once had a fort and it was part of a major town named Jhanjhangarh, a suburb of ancient Bahuriband.<ref name=cunninghambb/>

==History==
The Tigawa site is a relatively small site consisting of a mound measuring about {{convert|30000|ft2}} with a length of about {{convert|250|ft}}. The entire space was covered with over 36 temples of different sizes, the smallest one just {{convert|16|ft2}} built from square cut stones.<ref name=cunninghamix/> All these small temples are gone, including some larger standing ones. The square cut stones of these temples were deemed a ready quarry for a railroad project by a late 19th-century railway contractor. They demolished and hauled away about 200 carts of the temple stones.<ref name=cunninghamix/>{{refn|group=note|This was not an isolated case. According to Cunningham, the "great temple at Bilhari" was similarly destroyed.<ref name=cunninghamix/>}} The local villagers submitted a petition to the British official in Jabalpur about 70 kilometers away, to stop the desecration. The official issued a halt order in the 1870s, thus helped preserve the remnants of the site. One stone temple that was too big for the railway project remained untouched, which locals call the Kankali Devi temple and further scholarship identified it to be one of the oldest Hindu temples of the Gupta era.<ref name=cunninghamix/> An upset Alexander Cunningham wrote, "to the railway contractor the finest temple is only a heap of ready squared stones", and "the temple of Jerusalem, a ready quarry is to him, and it is nothing more".<ref name=cunninghamix/>

===Date===
[[File:5th century relief ruins from the Tigawa Kankali Devi Vishnu temple, Madhya Pradesh, 1875 photo.jpg|thumb|Relief panels, 1875 photo]]
The Tigawa temple is generally dated to the early 5th century CE, though some scholars have dated it to other periods. After comparing it to the hundreds of Buddhist, Hindu and Jain monuments he had seen during his tours, Cunningham argued based on stylistic grounds, iconography, and architecture, that the "original [Tigawa] temple undoubtedly belongs to the Gupta period, and cannot, therefore, be later than the fifth century A.D.; but it is more probably as old as the third century".<ref>Cunningham, Alexander (1879). [https://archive.org/stream/in.gov.ignca.85022/85022#page/n61/mode/2up Report of a Tour in the Central Province in 1873-74-75-76] (Vol IX). Archaeological Survey of India. New Delhi, p. 47; {{PD-notice}}</ref>

In 1957, Mate narrowed the estimate for the Tigawa temple to fourth or fifth century, along with those for Udaigiri and Sanchi.<ref>M. S. Mate (1959), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/42930775 The Trivikrama Temple at Ter], Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute, Vol. 18, (January 1957), pp. 1-4</ref> Percy Brown, in 1959, estimated that the Udaigiri is older, adding that the Sanchi and Tigawa temples were probably completed between 400 and 450 CE.<ref name="Brown1959xlv">{{cite book|author=Percy Brown|title=Indian Architecture: Buddhist and Hindu periods|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7BTqAAAAMAAJ|year=1959|publisher=D. B. Taraporevala & Sons|page=xlv, 58}}</ref> Later scholarship has largely placed the Tigawa temple in the early 5th century, or 400-425 CE range.<ref name="ChingJarzombek2010p227"/><ref name="BharneKrusche2014p149">{{cite book|author1=Vinayak Bharne|author2=Krupali Krusche|title=Rediscovering the Hindu Temple: The Sacred Architecture and Urbanism of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CGukBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA149|year=2014|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-6734-4|page=149}}, Quote: "The kumbha form is also reflected in the ghatapallava capitals, as seen in the Kankali-Devi temple, in the village of Tigawa, Jabalpur district, Madhya Pradesh dating to 400-425 CE."</ref><ref name="Tadgell1990p312">{{cite book|author=Christopher Tadgell|title=The History of Architecture in India: From the Dawn of Civilization to the End of the Raj|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n_DoLhlqRwwC |year=1990|publisher=Architecture Design and Technology Press|isbn=978-1-85454-350-9|page=312}}</ref> George Michell calls it "late 5th century".<ref>Michell, George (1990), ''The Penguin Guide to the Monuments of India, Volume 1: Buddhist, Jain, Hindu'', p. 192, 1990, Penguin Books, {{ISBN|0140081445}}</ref>

==Description==
The Tigawa site had more than 36 temples, some with sculptures and mandapas. All of these before their destruction, reported Cunningham in 1879, were Brahmanical temples with no sign of any Buddhist or Jain motifs or art. The smallest temples in the range of 4 × 4 to 6 × 6 square feet were walled on three sides. Temples bigger than these, but smaller than 12 × 12 square feet, had a fourth wall with entrance doorways with two pilasters. Those even bigger had a mandapa in front with four pillars. All temples, small or large, had a spire with amalaka on top, confirmed by the remnant ruins.<ref name=cunninghamix/> Of these, one named Kankali Devi temple is notable, states George Michell - an art historian and a professor specializing in Hindu architecture, because "of the free-standing temples erected during the period of Gupta rule, only those of Sanchi and Tigawa have been completely preserved" and these two "define clearly the essential architectural scheme of the north Indian temple".<ref name="Michell1977p94">{{cite book|author=George Michell|title=The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ajgImLs62gwC&pg=PA94 |year=1977|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-53230-1|pages=94–96}}</ref> The Tigawa temple is emblematic illustration of the formative stages of Hindu sacred architecture.<ref name="Michell1977p94"/>

===Kankali Devi temple: Vaishnavism tradition===
[[File:5th century Tigawa Hindu temple plan and door architecture, 1879 sketch.jpg|thumb|The Tigawa temple square plan and its sanctum's doorway design.]]
The Kankali Devi temple has a square sanctum with a {{convert|12.5|ft}} side outside and {{convert|8|ft}} side inside.<ref name="Bühnemann2003p258">{{cite book|author=Gudrun Bühnemann|title=Maònòdalas and Yantras in the Hindu Traditions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kQf2m8VaC_oC&pg=PA258|year=2003|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-12902-2|pages=258–259}}</ref> The sanctum does not open exactly to the east, but deviates by about 13 degrees, which Cunningham speculated may be intentional and related to "one nakshatra" (lunar house, Hindu calendar).<ref name=cunninghamix/>

The temple has an open portico supported on four pillars that projects {{convert|7|ft}} in front of the sanctum.<ref name="Brown2013p200"/> Both the pillared porch and the sanctum are on a raised plinth, its roof made from horizontal slabs of stone.<ref name="Michell1977p94"/> The pillars of the mandapa are massive,<ref name=cunninghamix/> shaped into three symmetric cross sections: a long square sectioned part close to the ground, above it an octagonal and sixteen-edged. Above these is a circular part capped with pot and foliage capitals.<ref name="Michell1977p94"/><ref>Kalādarśana: American Studies in the Art of India, Volume 9 of Studies in South Asian Culture, Universiteit van Amsterdam. Instituut voor Zuid-Aziatische Archeologie, Joanna Gottfried Williams, 1981, p.160</ref> On top of the pillars are sculptures of two crouching lions with a tree separating them. The pillars are identical in all respects except the tree: one pillar has a mango tree, another a palm, while the other two trees unclear.<ref name=cunningham45/> The portico was partially walled later, according to Percy Brown.<ref name="Brown2013p200">{{cite book|author=Percy Brown|title=Indian Architecture (Buddhist and Hindu Period)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0kd9CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT200|year=2013|publisher=Read |isbn=978-1-4474-9857-5|page=200}}</ref>

The temple door jambs are intricately carved, in vertical bands that are concentric around the entrance. On top left of the entrance wall is river goddess Ganga holding a water vessel and riding her crocodile vahana, while the top right has river goddess Yamuna also holding a water vessel while riding her tortoise vahana.<ref name=cunningham45/> Goddess Ganga is plucking a fruit from custard-apple tree, while Yamuna is plucking one from a mango tree.<ref name=cunningham45>Cunningham, Alexander (1879). [https://archive.org/stream/in.gov.ignca.85022/85022#page/n59/mode/2up Report of a Tour in the Central Province in 1873-74-75-76] (Vol IX). Archaeological Survey of India. New Delhi, pp. 45-46; {{PD-notice}}</ref>

[[File:5th century relief from Tigawa Kankali Devi Temple, Varaha legend and Samudra Manthan narrative.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|A Vishnu relief from the temple narrating the man-boar [[Varaha]] legend and the ''[[Samudra manthan]]'' mythology.]]
The Kankali Devi Temple has reliefs showing [[Vishnu]] and generally considered to have been dedicated to Vishnu of [[Vaishnavism]]. An image of [[Narasimha]], the man-lion avatar of Vishnu, is placed inside the sanctum.<ref name=cunningham45/> The portico has an image of the Sheshashai Vishnu ([[Narayana]]). Another shows Varaha, the man-boar avatar of Vishnu.<ref name=cunningham47/>

In front of the temple is a seated Gautam buddha image in yoga asana position (Vitark Mudra) with serpent hood above the head, similar to seated Tirthankaras . The temple also reverentially displays [[Shaktism]] and [[Shaivism]] themes, including a Chamunda (Kankali Devi) panel which gives the temple its name. On the wall opposite to Kankali Devi is Kali Devi (fierce form of Durga). Cunningham proposed that these Shaiva and Vaishnava reliefs were probably added around the 8th century.<ref name=cunningham47>Cunningham, Alexander (1879). [https://archive.org/stream/in.gov.ignca.85022/85022#page/n61/mode/2up Report of a Tour in the Central Province in 1873-74-75-76] (Vol IX). Archaeological Survey of India. New Delhi, pp. 46-47; {{PD-notice}}</ref>

The Kankali Devi temple is similar to the Gupta period Temple #17 at [[Sanchi]], with both illustrating the basic elements of Hindu sacred architecture.<ref name="Michell1977p94"/> The temple style is also similar to the Hindu cave temples of Udayagiri and the Eran temple, both of which can be dated to be from the Gupta era because of the inscriptions found there.<ref name=cunninghamix/>

A 7th or 8th-century CE Sanskrit inscription mentions the visit of a Umadeva of Kanyakubja, son of Samanya Bhatta, who had come to worship at the temple of Sitabhadra.<ref name=cunningham45/><ref>2.Bhandarkar, D R (1981). Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol III. Archaeological Survey of India. New Delhi</ref> There are also two inscriptions in [[Sankha Lipi]].<ref>Symbol, script, and writing: from petrogram to printing and further, Subrata Gangopadhyaya, Sharada Pub. House, 2004</ref>

==Significance==
The Tigawa temple has been one of the Gupta era temples, along with those at Udayagiri, [[Sanchi]], [[Eran]] (Airikina), Nachna, Besnagar, [[Bhumara]], Bhitargaon and others, which together helped identify characteristic markers of ancient Hindu temples and to chronologically place Hindu architecture. These were proposed by Cunningham and refined over time. According to a Cunningham proposal, the pre-6th century freestanding and structural Hindu temples were likely closer in appearance to temples made from wood and brick or in caves.<ref name=cunninghamix/> The artists would have been inclined to reproduce the older architectural elements, style and designs with new materials of construction such as cut stone, masonry or monolithic rocks.<ref name=cunninghamix/> The key markers for ancient Hindu temples, suggested Cunningham, include a square sanctum with a flat roof or simpler spire, an elaborately decorated doorway into the sanctum with parallel vertical bands of carvings, presence of river goddesses Ganga and Yamuna flanking the bottom or top of the sanctum's entrance or the main temple,{{refn|group=note|According to James Harle, the two rivers went through the heart of what encompassed the Gupta Empire domains, it may reflect the consequent vogue for the personification of the rivers that meant so much to the region's prosperity.{{sfn|Harle|1994|page=88}}}} the use of bosses on capitals similar to those found in Buddhist stupas, and the presence of pillars with massive square capitals. According to Cunningham, another indicator of an ancient Hindu monument is that the temple is ''not'' exactly aligned to the east but displaced by between 5 and 15 degrees from a cardinal direction or aligned in other direction, which may have happened to match certain luni-solar calendar calculations or because the standardization of the direction happened a bit later.<ref name=cunninghamix/><ref>SK Saraswati, ''Temple Architecture in the Gupta Age'', Journal of the Indian Society of Oriental Art, Volume 8, pages 146-158; SK Saraswati (1941), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/44304725 The Origins of the Medieval Temple Styles], Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Vol. 5 (1941), pp. 227-232</ref>{{sfn|Stella Kramrisch|1976|pp=108-109, 145-163 with footnotes}} Kramrisch cautions, however, that these guidelines are neither rigid nor imply a sequentially ordered development with abandonment of the style, because a few of these features such as flat or simple superstructure is found in temples dated between the 5th and 10th centuries.{{sfn|Stella Kramrisch|1976|pp=108-109, 145-163 with footnotes}}

The Kankali Devi temple is also significant for being almost identical in its architecture to Temple 17 at [[Sanchi]]. The Sanchi shrine too is dated to the early 5th century. Given the Kankali Devi temple at Tigawa is at a Hindu site while Sanchi shrine is in a Buddhist site, states George Michell, this demonstrates that there were close links between Hindu and Buddhist architecture in the 5th century.{{sfn|George Michell|2000|p=47}}

==Nearby site==
A Jain temple with a {{convert|12.17|ft}} high state of Tirthankara [[Shantinath]] is in [[Bahuriband]] with a generally well-preserved [[Kalachuris of Mahishmati|Kalchuri]] period inscription dated between 1022 CE and 1047 CE.<ref name=cunninghambb/>

==See also==
* [[Hindu temple architecture]]
* [[Aihole]] – a site with over 100 Hindu, Jain and Buddhist monuments, some about 5th-century
* [[Badami cave temples]] – 6th century Hindu and Jain cave temples and arts
* [[Bhumara]]
* [[Dashavatara Temple, Deogarh]]
* [[Gop Temple]]
* [[Nachna Hindu temples]]
* [[Pattadakal]] – a site with highly developed 7th and 8th century Hindu, Jain temples and arts

==Notes==
{{commonscat|Tigawa Temple}}
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin|2}}
*{{cite book|author=Prasanna Kumar Acharya|title=An encyclopaedia of Hindu architecture|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press (Republished by Motilal Banarsidass)|url= https://archive.org/stream/encyclopaediaofh07achauoft#page/n9/mode/2up | isbn=978-81-7536-534-6}}
*{{cite book|author=Prasanna Kumar Acharya|title=A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture: Treating of Sanskrit Architectural Terms with Illustrative Quotations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rbayQwAACAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press (Reprinted in 1997 by Motilal Banarsidass)|isbn=978-81-7536-113-3}}
*{{cite book|author1=Vinayak Bharne|author2=Krupali Krusche|title=Rediscovering the Hindu Temple: The Sacred Architecture and Urbanism of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CGukBgAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-6734-4}}
*{{cite book|author=Alice Boner|title=Principles of Composition in Hindu Sculpture: Cave Temple Period|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=doQLZ21CGScC|year=1990|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0705-1}}
*{{cite book|author1=Alice Boner|author2=Sadāśiva Rath Śarmā|title=Silpa Prakasa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=itQUAAAAIAAJ|year=2005|publisher=Brill Academic (Reprinted by Motilal Banarsidass)|isbn=978-8120820524}}
*{{cite book|author1=A.K. Coomaraswamy|author2=Michael W. Meister|title=Essays in Architectural Theory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5B1QAAAAMAAJ|year=1995|publisher=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts|isbn=978-0-19-563805-9}}
*Dehejia, V. (1997). ''Indian Art''. Phaidon: London. {{ISBN|0-7148-3496-3}}.
*{{cite book|author=Adam Hardy|title=Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aU0hCAS2-08C|year=1995|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-312-0}}
*{{cite book|author=Adam Hardy|title=The Temple Architecture of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ofUVAQAAIAAJ |year=2007|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0470028278}}
*{{cite book|author=Adam Hardy|title=Theory and Practice of Temple Architecture in Medieval India: Bhoja's Samarāṅgaṇasūtradhāra and the Bhojpur Line Drawings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_oADrgEACAAJ|year=2015|publisher=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts|isbn=978-93-81406-41-0}}
*{{citation|last=Harle|first= James C.|title=The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent, 2nd edn.|year= 1994|publisher= Yale University Press Pelican History of Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LwcBVvdqyBkC| isbn=978-0-300-06217-5}}
*{{cite book|author=Monica Juneja|title=Architecture in Medieval India: Forms, Contexts, Histories|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7N7VAAAAMAAJ|year=2001|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-8178242286}}
*{{citation|author=Stella Kramrisch|title=The Hindu Temple Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NNcXrBlI9S0C|year= 1976|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (Reprinted 1946 Princeton University Press)|isbn=978-81-208-0223-0}}
*{{cite book|author=Stella Kramrisch|title=The Hindu Temple Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8-aS52MgIkMC|year= 1979|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (Reprinted 1946 Princeton University Press)|isbn=978-81-208-0224-7}}
*{{cite book|author1=Michael W. Meister|author2=Madhusudan Dhaky|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian temple architecture|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DRY3AQAAIAAJ|year=1986|publisher=American Institute of Indian Studies|isbn=978-0-8122-7992-4}}
*{{cite book|author=George Michell|title=The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ajgImLs62gwC|year=1988|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-53230-1}}
*{{citation|author=George Michell|title=Hindu Art and Architecture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YVl2QgAACAAJ |year=2000|publisher=Thames & Hudson|isbn=978-0-500-20337-8}}
*{{cite book|author=T. A. Gopinatha Rao|title=Elements of Hindu iconography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MJD-KresBwIC |year=1993 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0878-2}}
*{{cite book|author=Ajay J. Sinha|title=Imagining Architects: Creativity in the Religious Monuments of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WvqLzaSUGi8C |year=2000|publisher=University of Delaware Press|isbn=978-0-87413-684-5}}
*{{cite book|title=South Indian Temples|author=Burton Stein|isbn=978-0706904499|publisher =Vikas|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Hq5BngAACAAJ| year=1978}}
*{{cite book|author=Burton Stein|title=The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OpxeaYQbGDMC|year=1989|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-26693-2}}
*{{cite book|author1=Burton Stein|author2=David Arnold|title=A History of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC|year=2010|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4443-2351-1}}
*{{cite book|author=Kapila Vatsyayan|title=The Square and the Circle of the Indian Arts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vwLJc3pBzzUC&pg=PR10|year=1997|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-362-5}}
{{refend}}

{{Hindu inscriptions and arts|state=autocollapse}}
{{Hindudharma}}

[[Category:Vishnu temples]]
[[Category:5th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Gupta art]]
[[Category:Katni district]]

Anjum Singh

2026-02-06T05:38:33Z

Gnfcmussorie: started new bio - done

{{Short description|Indian artist (1967–2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anjum Singh
| image = 1605980398183 0 Anjum.jpg
| image_upright = 1.1
| caption = Singh in 2019
| birth_date = 1967
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| death_date = 17 November 2020 (aged 53)
| death_place = New Delhi, India
| education = Bachelor of fine arts (Shantiniketan) (1989)
 Master of fine arts ([[Delhi University]]) (1991)
| known_for = Visual arts
| father = [[Paramjit Singh (artist)|Paramjit Singh]]
| mother = [[Arpita Singh]]
}}
'''Anjum Singh''' (1967 – 17 November 2020) was an Indian artist whose works focused on urban ecology, [[environmental degradation]], and her own struggles with cancer.<ref name=SaffronArt>{{cite web|url=http://www.saffronart.com/artists/anjum-singh|title=Anjum Singh|publisher=Saffron Art|accessdate=18 November 2020|archive-date=16 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516191833/http://www.saffronart.com/artists/anjum-singh|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> She was born in New Delhi, India, and she continued to live and work there.<ref name=PaletteArtGallery>{{cite web |title=Anjum Singh |url=http://www.paletteartgallery.com/profile/anjum-singh |publisher=Palette Art Gallery |accessdate=18 November 2020 |archive-date=31 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131092845/http://www.paletteartgallery.com/profile/anjum-singh |url-status=live }}</ref> Singh was the daughter of Indian artists [[Arpita Singh]] and [[Paramjit Singh (artist)|Paramjit Singh]].

== Early life ==
Singh was born to artists [[Arpita Singh]] and [[Paramjit Singh (artist)|Paramjit Singh]] in [[New Delhi]] in 1967.<ref name="PaletteArtGallery" /> She graduated with a [[Bachelor of Fine Arts]] from [[Kala Bhavana]] in [[Shantiniketan]]. She received her [[Master of Fine Arts]] from the [[College of Art, Delhi|College of Art]] at the [[Delhi University]] in 1991. She went on to study painting and print-making at the [[Corcoran School of the Arts and Design]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], between 1992 and 1994.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|author=Scroll Staff|title=Artist Anjum Singh dies at 53 of cancer, tributes pour in|url=https://scroll.in/latest/978748/artist-anjum-singh-dies-at-53-of-cancer-tributes-pour-in|access-date=18 November 2020|website=Scroll.in|date=17 November 2020 |language=en-US|archive-date=17 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117154813/https://scroll.in/latest/978748/artist-anjum-singh-dies-at-53-of-cancer-tributes-pour-in/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Career ==
Singh noted the Hungarian-Indian artist [[Amrita Sher-Gil]] as amongst her first artistic influences with her early works focusing on figurative motifs.<ref name="auto"/> Her works later focused on urban ecology and environmental degradation. They were exhibited in solo shows across India, Singapore, and the US, as well as group exhibitions in [[Melbourne]], [[Cairo]] and [[London]], in addition to other cities in India.<ref name=":1" /> In a review of her first individual showing in New York in 2002, ''[[The New York Times]]'' mentioned, "With their lucid forms and appetizing colors, the six paintings in Anjum Singh's New York solo debut make an instantly welcoming first impression, though they tend to keep their meanings in reserve."<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|last=Cotter|first=Holland|date=8 November 2002|title=ART IN REVIEW; Anjum Singh (Published 2002)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/11/08/arts/art-in-review-anjum-singh.html|access-date=18 November 2020|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128051346/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/11/08/arts/art-in-review-anjum-singh.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

She was a recipient of the Charles Wallace Trust Fellowship for a residency at [[Gasworks Gallery|Gasworks Studios]], London, in 2002–03 and had earlier also won an award at the [[Sahitya Kala Parishad]]'s Yuva Mahotsava in 1991.<ref name=":1" />

Her last exhibition, held in September 2019 at [[Talwar Gallery]] in [[New Delhi]] and titled ''I am still here'',<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anjum Singh - Exhibitions - Talwar Gallery|url=https://www.talwargallery.com/exhibitions/anjum-singh|access-date=2021-03-26|website=www.talwargallery.com}}</ref> was autobiographical with her depiction of her own body and her illness due to cancer.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=17 November 2020 |title=Anjum Singh (1967–2020): A warrior with a fierce love for life and art |url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com//how-to-lounge/art-culture/anjum-singh-1967-2020-a-warrior-with-a-fierce-love-for-life-and-art-111605608416885.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118080025/https://lifestyle.livemint.com/how-to-lounge/art-culture/anjum-singh-1967-2020-a-warrior-with-a-fierce-love-for-life-and-art-111605608416885.html |archive-date=18 November 2020 |access-date=18 November 2020 |website=Mintlounge |language=en}}</ref> The paintings used oil on mixed media. In a review ''[[The Hindu]]'' mentioned, "It is one of the most well-hung exhibitions of the season, presenting dramatic views of individual paintings and compelling groupings of works on paper."<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|last=Datta|first=Ella|title=The agony and ecstasy of Anjum Singh|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/watch/agony-and-esctasy-of-anjum-singh/article29918573.ece|access-date=18 November 2020|website=@businessline|language=en|archive-date=25 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125133035/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/watch/agony-and-esctasy-of-anjum-singh/article29918573.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

Some of her works included ''Bleed Bled Blood Red'' (2015), ''Heart (Machine)'' (2016), and ''Blackness'' (2016).<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=11 October 2019|title=Illness as a Metaphor|url=https://openthemagazine.com/art-culture/illness-as-a-metaphor-2/|access-date=18 November 2020|website=Open The Magazine|language=en-GB|archive-date=17 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117045630/https://openthemagazine.com/art-culture/illness-as-a-metaphor-2/|url-status=live}}</ref> Singh died from cancer on 17 November 2020 in New Delhi, aged 53.<ref name=":1">{{cite news |url=https://www.firstpost.com/art-and-culture/artist-anjum-singh-known-for-her-depictions-of-urban-ecology-passes-away-at-53-9021481.html |title=Artist Anjum Singh, known for her depictions of urban ecology, passes away at 53 |website=First Post |access-date=17 November 2020 |archive-date=17 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117095351/https://www.firstpost.com/art-and-culture/artist-anjum-singh-known-for-her-depictions-of-urban-ecology-passes-away-at-53-9021481.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=17 November 2020|title=Artist Anjum Singh passes away at 53 following long battle with cancer|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/artist-anjum-singh-passes-away-following-battle-with-cancer-7054903/|access-date=18 November 2020|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=17 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117142030/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/artist-anjum-singh-passes-away-following-battle-with-cancer-7054903/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*''[https://www.talwargallery.com/exhibitions/anjum-singh2 Masquerade]''
*''[https://www.talwargallery.com/exhibitions/anjum-singh I am still here]''
*''[https://www.astaguru.com/artists/anjum-singh Artist Profile]''
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Anjum}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Indian women contemporary artists]]
[[Category:Indian contemporary painters]]
[[Category:Women artists from Delhi]]
[[Category:Painters from Delhi]]
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women painters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women painters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian painters]]

Aalta Phoring

2026-02-05T18:06:03Z

Gnfcmussorie: started post - done

{{Short description|2022 Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Aalta Phoring.jpeg
| image_alt =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Family]] [[Romance film|Romance]]
| creator = Sushanta Das
| based_on =
| developer =
| writer = '''Dialogues''' {{ubl|Ayan Chakraborty|Ananya Roy}}
| screenplay = Moloy Bandopadhyay
| story = {{ubl|Sushanta Das|Sayantani Bhattacharjee}}
| director = Pijush Ghosh
| creative_director =
| starring = {{ubl|Kheyali Mondal|Abhishek Bose|Saoli Chattopadhyay|Arnab Banerjee}}
| theme_music_composer =
| music = Shibashish Bandopadhyay
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 425
| executive_producer = {{ubl|Sheema Ghosh|Reshmi Roy|Shuvojit Singha}} (Star Jalsha)
| producer = Susanta Das
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| cinematography = Surajit Dutta
| editor = {{ubl|Amitabh Bagchi|Proshanto Maity}}
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Tent Cinema
| network = [[Star Jalsha]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2022|1|10}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2023|3|12}}
| end_theme =
| open_theme = "Aalta Phoring"
| related =
}}

'''''Aalta Phoring''''' was an Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] television series on [[Star Jalsha]] which premiered on 10 January 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-01|title=লাগাতার কম TRP জের, 'খড়কুটো'র জায়গা নিচ্ছে 'আলতা ফড়িং', ক্ষুব্ধ সৌগুন ভক্তরা|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/as-a-result-of-low-trp-star-jalsha-s-one-of-most-talked-about-mega-khorkuto-losses-time-slot-alta-phoring-to-replace-it-31641008593149.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101042045/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/as-a-result-of-low-trp-star-jalsha-s-one-of-most-talked-about-mega-khorkuto-losses-time-slot-alta-phoring-to-replace-it-31641008593149.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 January 2022|access-date=2022-01-01|website=Hindustan Times Bangla|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=TV show 'Aalta Phoring' to launch on January 10 - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/tv-show-aalta-phoring-to-launch-on-january-10/articleshow/88660859.cms|access-date=2022-01-09|website=The Times of India|date=3 January 2022 }}</ref> It was produced by Susanta Das under the banner of ''Tent Cinema''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=আম্ফানের প্রেক্ষাপটে নয়া ধারাবাহিক 'আলতা ফড়িং', বলবে জীবন সংগ্রামের গল্প|url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/star-jalshas-upcoming-serial-aalta-phoring-watch-teaser/|access-date=2021-12-22|website=Indian Express Bangla|language=bn}}</ref> It starred Kheyali Mondal, Arnab Banerjee and Saoli Chattopadhyay.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Alta Phoring is new mega serial based on amphan / এবার ছোটপর্দায় আমফান, বন্যা বিধ্বস্ত পরিবারের গল্প|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/entertainment/alta-phoring-is-new-mega-serial-based-on-amphan_416320.html/amp|access-date=2021-12-23|website=[[Zee News]]}}</ref> From October 2022, the show starred [[Abhishek Bose]] as a new lead.

== Plot ==
The show evolves around the struggles of Phoring, a gymnast girl facing many problems in her life.
Firstly, Phoring is separated from her mother due to a flood in their village and she almost drowns into the water. Avro, a bank officer saved her and brought her into his house without permission of family members. He tries to hide Phoring but soon Phoring is exposed. Avro's mother wanted to marry off Avro with Poushali but Avro falls in love with Phoring and they get married.<ref name=":0" />

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Kheyali Mondal as
** Aalta Phoring Naskar Chatterjee<ref>{{Cite web|title=আমফানে হারিয়ে যাওয়া মা মেয়ের গল্প নিয়ে আসছে স্টার জলসার নতুন ধারাবাহিক 'আলতা ফড়িং'! তুমুল ভাইরাল নতুন প্রোমো|url=https://www.kolkatajournal.com/entertainment-news/bengali-serial/new-serial-alta-phoring-is-coming-on-star-jalsa-10988|access-date=2021-12-24|website=Kolkata Journal|date=22 December 2021|language=en}}</ref> – An aspiring gymnastician; Radharani and Nirmal's elder daughter; Johnny's twin sister; Babiya's half-sister; Abhra's ex-wife; Arjun's wife (2022–2023)
** Johnny Naskar – Radharani and Nirmal's younger daughter; Phoring's estranged twin sister; Babiya's half-sister (2023)
* [[Abhishek Bose]] as Arjun Chatterjee – A boxer; Deepankar's son; Swarup, Somu, Abhra and Sagar's cousin; Phoring's rescuer and second husband. (2022–2023)
* Saoli Chattopadhyay<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-23|title=আমফানে বন্যায় আলাদা হয়ে যায় মা-মেয়ে! জীবন সংগ্রামের গল্প নিয়ে আসছে 'আলতা ফড়িং'|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/arnab-banerjee-and-kheyali-mondal-paring-up-for-alta-phoring-new-bengali-serial-based-on-amphan-31640252364653.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223105156/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/arnab-banerjee-and-kheyali-mondal-paring-up-for-alta-phoring-new-bengali-serial-based-on-amphan-31640252364653.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 December 2021|access-date=2021-12-23|website=Hindustantimes Bangla|language=bn}}</ref> as Radharani Naskar – Ex-gymnastician; Nirmal's ex-lover and rival; Phoring and Johnny's mother. (2022–2023)
* [[Arnab Banerjee]] as Abhradeep "Abhra" Chatterjee aka Bank Babu<ref>{{Cite web|title=Actor Arnab Banerjee bags a new show - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/actor-arnab-banerjee-bags-a-new-show/articleshow/88454643.cms|access-date=2021-12-24|website=The Times of India|date=23 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bengali Serial: রিয়ালিটি শো'য়ের প্রতিযোগী খেয়ালি-ই জলসার নতুন ধারাবাহিকের নতুন মুখ |url=https://tv9bangla.com/entertainment/television/alta-phoring-a-new-serial-starring-arnab-banerjee-and-kheyali-will-telecast-in-star-jalsa-480379.html |work=TV9 Bangla |date=22 December 2021 |language=bn}}</ref> – A bank employee; Sankar and Suchitra's younger son; Somu's brother; Swarup, Arjun and Sagar's cousin; Phoring's ex-husband turned rival; Neha's husband. (2022–2023) (Dead)

=== Recurring ===
* [[Ayendri Lavnia Roy]] as Poushali "Maamuni" Mitra – Abhra's love interest; Phoring's rival (2022)
* Ashmita Baidya as Neha Chatterjee – Abhra's widow (2022–2023)
*[[Amitabh Bhattacharjee]] as Nirmal Banerjee – Radha's rival and ex-lover; Pupu's husband; Babiya, Phoring and Johnny's father (2022–2023)
*[[Poushmita Goswami]] as Pushpita "Pupu" Banerjee – Nirmal's wife; Babiya's mother; Phoring and Radha's rival (2022–2023)
*Moupiya Goswami as Babiya Banerjee – Nirmal and Pupu's daughter; Phoring and Johnny's half-sister; Sagar's love interest (2022–2023)
*[[Arun Banerjee]] as Deepankar Chatterjee – Patrairch of Chatterjees'; Sankar, Kinkar and Chinmoy's brother; Arjun's father (2022–2023)
*Raunak Dey Bhowmick as Sagar Chatterjee – Chinmoy's son; Somu, Swarup, Abhra and Arjun's cousin; Babiya's love interest (2022–2023)
*[[Tulika Basu]]<ref name=":3">{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Purbasha |title=Alta Phoring: জিমন্যাস্টিক দেখিয়ে দর্শকদের মন জয় করতে আসছে ফড়িং |url=https://www.khaskhobor.com/entertainment/alta-phoring-phoring-is-coming-to-win-the-hearts-of-the-audiences-by-showing-gymnastics/ |work=Khas Khobor |date=6 January 2022}}</ref> as Suchitra Chatterjee – Sankar's wife; Somu and Abhra's mother (2022–2023)
*Surajit Banerjee as Sankar Chatterjee – Deepankar, Kinkar and Chinmoy's brother; Suchitra's husband; Somu and Abhra's father (2022–2023)
*Sudip Sarkar as Soumitra "Somu" Chatterjee – Sankar and Suchitra's elder son; Abhra's brother; Swarup, Arjun and Sagar's cousin; Amrita's husband (2022)
*Misty Singh<ref name=":3" /> as Amrita Chatterjee – Somu's wife (2022–2023)
* Chandraneev Mukherjee as Swarup Chatterjee – Kinkar's son; Somu, Abhra, Arjun and Sagar's cousin; Mandira's husband (2022)
*Nandini Saha as Mandira Chatterjee – Swarup's wife (2022–2023)
*Koushik Bhattacharya as Chinmoy Chatterjee – Deepankar, Sankar and Kinkar's brother; Sagar's father (2022–2023)
*Bonhi Chakraborty as Chinmoy's wife; Sagar's mother (2022–2023)
*Arindal Bagchi as Kinkar Chatterjee – Deepankar, Sankar and Chinmoy's brother; Swarup's father (2022–2023)
*Rumpa Chatterjee as Kinkar's wife; Swarup's mother (202)
*Sanjukta Roy Chowdhury as Abhra's aunt (2022)
*Gargi Kundu as Dolon – Care taker of Chatterjees (2022)
*[[Rimjhim Mitra]] as Amrapali Chowdhury – Abhra's new boss and one sided lover (2022)
*Ranjini Chatterjee as Poushali's mother (2022)
*Subrata Mitra as Poushali's father (2022)
*Mouli Dutta as Arjun's sister<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=26 October 2022|title='আলতা ফড়িং'য়ে আসছেন বাংলার এক সময়কার 'হাউসফুল' ছবির অভিনেত্রী, কে বলুন তো |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/chumki-chowdhury-back-to-small-screen-will-act-on-star-jalsha-s-alta-phoring-31666767599743.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030025448/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/chumki-chowdhury-back-to-small-screen-will-act-on-star-jalsha-s-alta-phoring-31666767599743.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 October 2022 |access-date=26 October 2022|website=[[Hindustan Times|Hindustan Times Bangla]]|language=bn}}</ref> (2022)
*[[Chumki Chowdhury]] as Arjun's mother<ref name=":1" /> (2022)
*Raja Goswami as Animesh (2023)
*Nandini Dutta as Rini (Antagonist) (2023)

==Reception==
=== TRP Ratings ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" | Week
! rowspan="2" | Year
! colspan="2" | [[Broadcast Audience Research Council|BARC]] Viewership
! rowspan="2" | Ref.
|-
! [[Target Rating Point|TRP]]
! Rank
|-
|Week 2
|2022
|9.2
|3
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP তালিকা: প্রথম সপ্তাহেই বাজিমাত 'আলতা ফড়িং'-এর, ফের কমলো মিঠাই-এর নম্বর! |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-week-2-2022-alta-phoring-claims-third-spot-on-opening-week-mithai-holds-onto-number-1-spot-but-losses-some-more-pints-31642663955018.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120084144/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-week-2-2022-alta-phoring-claims-third-spot-on-opening-week-mithai-holds-onto-number-1-spot-but-losses-some-more-pints-31642663955018.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 January 2022 |work=Hindustan Times Bangla |date=20 January 2022 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 3
|2022
|9.2
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-28|title=TRP List: শীর্ষস্থান হাতছাড়া হল 'মিঠাই'-এর? ঋষি-পিহুর ম্যাজিকের সামনে ফিকে সকলে!|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-week-3-2022-mithai-magic-continues-to-woo-audience-mon-phagun-and-gantchora-claims-number-2-spot-31643354603692.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128080034/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-week-3-2022-mithai-magic-continues-to-woo-audience-mon-phagun-and-gantchora-claims-number-2-spot-31643354603692.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 January 2022|website=Hindustan Times Bangla|language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 4
|2022
|9.8
|1
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: অবিশ্বাস্য! শীর্ষে 'গাঁটছড়া', 'আলতা ফড়িং', কোন স্থানে 'মিঠাই'? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-4th-week-mithai-gantchhora-aalta-phoring-top-position-mon-phagun-dhulokona-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-television-soc-340320-2022-02-03 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |date=3 February 2022 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 5
|2022
|9.5
|4
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-10|title=TRP তালিকা: বিরাট অঘটন! এক থেকে সোজা পাঁচে নেমে গেল 'মিঠাই', কারা করল বাজিমাত?|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-week-5-mithai-slips-to-5th-spot-from-number-1-position-gatchora-tops-the-chart-31644476170138.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210075104/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-week-5-mithai-slips-to-5th-spot-from-number-1-position-gatchora-tops-the-chart-31644476170138.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 February 2022|website=Hindustan Times Bangla|language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 6
|2022
|9.1
|4
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP তালিকা: ফের ব্যর্থ মিঠাই! গাঁটছড়া না মন ফাগুন, শীর্ষস্থান দখল করল কে? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-week-6-2022-gaatchora-holds-onto-number-1-position-mithai-jumps-to-third-place-31645081198149.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217074611/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-week-6-2022-gaatchora-holds-onto-number-1-position-mithai-jumps-to-third-place-31645081198149.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 February 2022 |work=Hindustan Times Bangla |date=17 February 2022 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 7
|2022
|9.3
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-24|title=TRP তালিকা: সেরার মুকুট ফের হাতছাড়া 'মিঠাই'-এর! বড়সড় চমক টিআরপি তালিকায়|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-week-7-2022-mithai-jumps-one-place-to-become-number-2-gaatchora-remains-bengal-topper-31645684359314.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224090703/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-week-7-2022-mithai-jumps-one-place-to-become-number-2-gaatchora-remains-bengal-topper-31645684359314.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 February 2022|website=Hindustan Times Bangla|language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 8
|2022
|9.5
|2
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TRP: সেরা 'গাঁটছড়া', নম্বর কমল 'মিঠাই'-র! দারুণ ব্যাটিং করল 'লক্ষ্মী কাকিমা...' |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-8th-week-gantchhora-aalta-phoring-mithai-dhulokona-lokkhi-kakima-superstar-top-five-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-television-soc-349945-2022-03-03 |access-date=3 March 2022 |work=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 9
|2022
|9.1
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=TRP তালিকা: আরও কমল 'মিঠাই'-এর নম্বর, সেরার সেরা 'গাঁটছড়া', কামাল 'ধুলোকণা'র |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-week-9-2022-mithai-slips-to-number-4-gaatchora-holds-onto-no-1-position-dhulokona-made-it-to-the-top-2-31646896028972.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310072947/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-week-9-2022-mithai-slips-to-number-4-gaatchora-holds-onto-no-1-position-dhulokona-made-it-to-the-top-2-31646896028972.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 March 2022 |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=Hindustan Times Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 10
|2022
|9.0
|4
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: 'মিঠাই'-র নম্বর বেড়ে, কমল 'গাঁটছড়া-র'! এবার সফল ঋষি- পিহু ম্যাজিক |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-10th-week-gantchhora-mon-phagun-mithai-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-television-serial-soc-354758-2022-03-17 |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 11
|2022
|8.7
|3
|<ref>{{cite web |date=2022-03-24 |title=TRP: এগিয়ে এল 'মিঠাই', সেরার জায়গা হারাল 'গাঁটছড়া'? এ কী হাল 'মন ফাগুন'-এর |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-week-11-2022-gaatchora-still-holds-no-1-position-mithai-made-it-to-the-top-2-and-mon-phagun-slip-to-4th-position-31648103708451.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326035523/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-week-11-2022-gaatchora-still-holds-no-1-position-mithai-made-it-to-the-top-2-and-mon-phagun-slip-to-4th-position-31648103708451.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 March 2022 |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=Hindustan Times Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 12
|2022
|9.1
|3
|<ref>{{cite web |date=2022-03-31 |title=TRP তালিকা: অপ্রতিরোধ্য 'গাঁটছড়া', গোধূলি আলাপ-কে শুরুতেই রিজেক্ট করল দর্শক! |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-gaatchora-tops-the-chart-again-godhuli-alap-fails-to-impress-audience-on-first-week-31648707066271.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401033806/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-gaatchora-tops-the-chart-again-godhuli-alap-fails-to-impress-audience-on-first-week-31648707066271.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=Hindustan Times Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 13
|2022
|8.5
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: ফের শীর্ষে 'মিঠাই', চমক 'অনুরাগের ছোঁয়া'-র! কত নম্বরে 'গাঁটছড়া'? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-13th-week-mithai-gantchhora-aalta-phoring-anurager-chhowa-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-361725-2022-04-07 |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 14
|2022
|7.5
|5
|<ref>{{cite web |title=TRP: নম্বর কমল 'মিঠাই', 'গাঁটছড়া'-র! চমক দিল 'গৌরী', কে কোন স্থানে? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-14th-week-mithai-gantchhora-gouri-elo-anurager-chhowa-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-364047-2022-04-14 |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 15
|2022
|7.2
|3
|<ref>{{cite web |title=TRP: শীর্ষ স্থান হারাল 'মিঠাই'! চমক দিল 'ধুলোকণা', কত স্কোর 'গাঁটছড়া'-র? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-15th-week-gantchhora-dhulokona-mithai-aalta-phoring-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-366340-2022-04-21 |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 16
|2022
|7.7
|4
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: বিরাট রদবদল! শীর্ষে নেই 'মিঠাই'-'গাঁটছড়া', দারুণ ব্যাটিং 'ধুলোকণা'-র |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-16th-week-dhulokona-mithai-gantchhora-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-368590-2022-04-28 |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 17
|2022
|6.8
|5
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: এবারও শীর্ষে নেই 'মিঠাই! ছক্কা মারল 'গাঁটছড়া' না 'ধুলোকণা'? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-17th-week-dhulokona-gantchhora-mithai-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-371189-2022-05-06 |access-date=2022-05-06 |website=Aaj Tak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 18
|2022
|6.7
|5
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: শীর্ষ স্থানে নেই 'ধুলোকণা'! শুরুতেই বাজিমাত 'লালকুঠি'-র, সেরা 'মিঠাই না 'গাঁটছড়া'? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-18th-week-gantchhora-mithai-dhulokona-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-373245-2022-05-12 |access-date=2022-05-27 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 19
|2022
|7.7
|4
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: চমক দিয়ে সেরা দশে রয়েছে ১৭ মেগা! শীর্ষ স্থান দখল করল কে? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-19th-week-gantchhora-mithai-dhulokona-gouri-elo-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-375509-2022-05-19 |access-date=2022-05-27 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 20
|2022
|7.5
|4
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: অনেকটা নম্বর কমল 'ধুলোকণা'-র! জোর টক্কর দিয়ে সেরা 'মিঠাই' না 'গাঁটছড়া'? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-20th-week-gantchhora-mithai-dhulokona-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-soc-377778-2022-05-26 |access-date=2022-05-27 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 21
|2022
|7.4
|5
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: নম্বর বেড়ে আরও হাড্ডাহাড্ডি লড়াই খড়ি- মিঠাইদের! কে সেরার সেরা? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2022-21st-week-gantchhora-mithai-dhulokona-top-three-see-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-week-soc-380015-2022-06-02 |access-date=2022-06-08 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/aalta-phoring/1260078506 ''Aalta Phoring''] at [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

[[Category:Star Jalsha original programming]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali-language television programming in India]]

Vehicle Research and Development Establishment

2026-02-04T21:35:30Z

Gnfcmussorie: corrected page based on references

{{Short description|Laboratory of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox Laboratory
|name = Vehicle Research & Development Establishment
|motto =
|logo =
|image =
|established = 1965
|city = [[Ahmednagar]], [[Maharashtra]]
|country = [[India]]
|research_field = Vehicles
|type =
|director = GRM Rao
|staff =
|budget =
|operating_agency = [[DRDO]]
|affiliations =
|address = Vahannagar, [[Ahmednagar]]– 414006
|telephone =
|campus =
|website = [https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/labs1/VRDE/English/indexnew.jsp?pg=homepage.jsp VRDE Home Page]
|footnotes =
}}

'''Vehicle Research and Development Establishment''' ('''VRDE''') is a laboratory of the [[Defence Research & Development Organization]] (DRDO) located at Vahannagar near [[Ahmednagar]]. Its primary function is research and development of various light tracked, wheeled and specialised vehicles for defence applications.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drdo.org/labs/vrde/index.html|title=VRDE|access-date=2008-02-08 |url-status=usurped|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080310021228/http://drdo.org/labs/vrde/index.html  |archive-date = 2008-03-10}}</ref>

== History ==
The history of Vehicle Research & Development Establishment dates back to 1929, with the inception of Chief Inspectorate of Mechanical Transport (CIMT) at [[Chaklala]] now in [[Pakistan]].

In 1947, the Establishment was shifted to [[Ahmednagar]] and was renamed as Technical Development Establishment (Vehicles), popularly known as TDE (V). In 1962, the engineering wing was separated with the establishment of an independent establishment at Pune, named as [[Research and Development Establishment|Research & Development Establishment (R&DE)]].

Further in 1965, the activities were bifurcated between ‘R&D’ and ‘Inspection’ and two separate establishments viz. Vehicle Research & Development Establishment (VRDE) and Controllerate of Inspection Vehicles (CIV), now known as Controllerate of Quality Assurance Vehicles (CQAV), came into existence. A detachment of VRDE was created at [[Avadi]], [[Madras]] in 1966, to assist in a production of main battle tanks at [[Heavy Vehicles Factory]], [[Avadi]] which eventually led to the formation of [[CVRDE]] and further bifurcation of roles. The previous director of VRDE was Mr. Sangam Sinha.

Starting with design modifications and technical evaluation of vehicles, VRDE has graduated over the years into an organization capable of undertaking development of futuristic vehicles. The National Centre for Automotive Testing (NCAT), a separate division of VRDE, provides for vehicle testing and evaluation requirements of defence services as well as automotive industry.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oncars.in/Car-News-Detail/Government-of-India-to-set-up-National-Automotive-Board/1868 |title=Govt. of India to set up National Automotive Board | India.com |publisher=Oncars.in |date=2012-02-20 |accessdate=2022-08-05 |archive-date=24 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224214524/http://www.oncars.in/Car-News-Detail/Government-of-India-to-set-up-National-Automotive-Board/1868 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.natrip.in/DisplayContents.aspx?menuid=164 |title=:: Welcome to NATRiP :: |website=www.natrip.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218115126/http://natrip.in/DisplayContents.aspx?menuid=164 |archive-date=2009-02-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiamart.com/shrimankar-gascar-services/lpg-kits.html |title=LPG Kits - Lpg Reducer, Sequential LPG Reducer, LPG ECU and LPG Solenoid Valve Supplier & Manufacturer |website=www.indiamart.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006024250/http://www.indiamart.com/shrimankar-gascar-services/lpg-kits.html |archive-date=2011-10-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://autocarpro.in/contents/specialReportDetails.aspx?SpecialReportID=90 |title=Autocar Professional |access-date=2012-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110022853/http://autocarpro.in/contents/specialReportDetails.aspx?SpecialReportID=90 |archive-date=2013-01-10 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://autocarpro.in/contents/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsID=851 |title=Autocar Professional |website=autocarpro.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726032232/http://autocarpro.in/contents/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsID=851 |archive-date=2011-07-26}}</ref> India's first and one of the biggest in the world, Automotive Electro-Magnetic Compatibility (EMC) test facility, which is also known as EMC Tech Centre was established.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/drdo-to-launch-emc-lab-in-ahmednagar/502333 |title=DRDO to launch EMC lab in Ahmednagar - Indian Express |website=www.indianexpress.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115122906/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Drdo-to-launch-emc-lab-in-ahmednagar/502333/ |archive-date=2013-01-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.automotiveproductsfinder.com/Coverstory/CS2009/September/CS01.asp |title=Automotive Products Finder - CoverStories |website=www.automotiveproductsfinder.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091003121509/http://www.automotiveproductsfinder.com/Coverstory/CS2009/September/CS01.asp |archive-date=2009-10-03}}</ref> The Energy Research Centre is also on its way to completion.<ref name="The Times of India">{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-18/pune/31207108_1_uavs-altitude-fuel |title=Energy research centre to come up at vehicles research and development establishment - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726103737/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-18/pune/31207108_1_uavs-altitude-fuel |archive-date=26 July 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/drdo-licences-technology-from-csmcri-to-develop-bio-diesel_618913.html|title = DRDO licences technology from CSMCRI to develop bio-diesel|date = 14 April 2010}}</ref> National Centre of Excellence for Combustion and Gasification (NCECG) is also being established.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://frontierindia.org/drdo-to-lead-consortium-for-multi-feed-gasification-with-poly-generation/ |title=DRDO to lead consortium for Multi Feed Gasification with Poly Generation |website=frontierindia.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303180658/http://frontierindia.org/drdo-to-lead-consortium-for-multi-feed-gasification-with-poly-generation/ |archive-date=2013-03-03}}</ref>

== Technologies developed ==
*'''[[Armoured Engineer Reconnaissance Vehicle|Armoured Engineer Reconnaissance Vehicle (AERV)]]''' - The vehicle is based on amphibious BMP-II chassis, retaining its mobility and protective features. The vehicle is fitted with an array of instruments for carrying out land and water recce. AERV has entered into service with the [[Indian Army]]. The production agency is [[Ordnance Factory Medak]]. AERV is designed to provide Combat Engineering Support for both offensive and defensive operations in plain, desert and riverine terrains. It can measure bank conditions, profile of water obstacles and terrain conditions to facilitate construction of assault bridges.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-economy/vrde-hands-over-amphibious-vehicle-to-army/article2195268.ece?ref=archive|title = VRDE hands over amphibious vehicle to Army| date=13 November 2005 }}</ref>
*'''[[DRDO Armoured Ambulance|Armoured Ambulance]]''' – This version retains the turret but without the gun or smoke grenade launchers.<ref name="JED The Military Equipment Directory"/> It is under production at the [[Ordnance Factory Medak]]. The troop compartment has been modified to carry four stretchers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article7118.ece|title=The Hindu : News / National : First batch of armoured ambulances rolled out|accessdate=10 November 2023}}</ref>
*'''Armoured Amphibious Dozer (AAD)''' - AAD is based on re-engineered BMP-II chassis. AAD has been accepted for introduction into service. The production agency is [[Ordnance Factory Medak]]. AAD is designed to provide integral engineering support to battle groups in offensive operations by reducing banks of water obstacles to facilitate construction of wet / dry assault bridges and improving mobility of mechanized formations by construction and improvement of existing tracks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2008/03/04/vrde-launches-two-armoured-vehicles.html|title=VRDE launches two armoured vehicles|date=4 March 2008}}</ref>
*'''NBC Recce Vehicle''' - The vehicle is designed to diagnose the presence of nuclear, biological and chemical agents in the affected area/ atmosphere. It has facilities to cordon off the contaminated areas and transmit this information to the supported formation, operating from within the confines of the NBC protected vehicle. NBC Recce Vehicle has been accepted for introduction into service by Indian Army. The production agency is [[Ordnance Factory Medak]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2008/apr15-08/h10.html|title = Untitled Document}}</ref>
*'''Mobile Decontamination System''' - The MDS is designed to decontaminate vehicles, equipment personnel and terrain against biological and chemical warfare agents. It consists of pre-wash equipment, chemical mixing equipment, post wash equipment, personnel shower equipment, automatic emulsion mixing and feeding equipment, 3000 litres water tank and onboard power supply. The MDS developed on Tatra 8x8 VVN vehicle has undergone users trials and approved for introduction into service with Indian Army.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/nl/oct2004/testfacilities.html |title=New Page 1 |website=drdo.gov.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024411/http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/nl/oct2004/testfacilities.html |archive-date=2016-03-04}}</ref>
*'''Riot Control Vehicles''' - Riot Control Vehicle ‘Vajra’ based on light commercial vehicle is suitable for law enforcement duties and transportation of security forces along with their riot control gear to the affected areas. So far 410 Vajra vehicles have been manufactured and supplied to Police and Paramilitary forces through industry partners.
*'''Bulletproof Vehicles''' - Bulletproof vehicles based on light commercial vehicles are suitable for employment in counterterrorist operations and for VIP security. A total quantity of 229 custom-made bulletproof vehicles based on VRDE design have so far been supplied to various state police organizations and paramilitary forces, through industry partners to whom technology has been transferred.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/vrde-develops-rs-cr-bulletproof-anti-terror-vehicle-15127.html|title = VRDE Develops Rs 27 Cr-Bulletproof Anti-Terror Vehicle|date = 22 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zigwheels.com/news-features/news/tata-micro-bullet-proof-vehicle-showcased-at-2012-defexpo/12330/|title=Tata Micro Bullet-Proof Vehicle showcased at 2012 Defexpo - ZigWheels|website=ZigWheels.com|accessdate=10 November 2023}}</ref>
*'''Containerised Operation Theatre & Wards on Wheels''' - A mobile container-based, “Operation Theatre Complex” has been designed and developed by VRDE for use by medical units during combat and disaster management operations, to provide medical cover in field. Each set of OT Complex consists of 11 vehicles including OT container, pre-OT container, post-OT container, sterilization and stores container, ward container and generator vehicles. These vehicle are built on the [[Ashok Leyland Stallion|Stallion]] platform which is manufactured by [[Vehicle Factory Jabalpur]].
*'''BMP Urban Survival Kit''' - The kit can be assembled and disassembled in a short span of time and is well protected against weapons utilised by the terrorists. The unique features of the kit are light weight, high technology and advanced armour. The strength fibre nets are part of this kit. This net has enabled the vehicle to meet any kind of threat from armour-piercing and shaped charge attack. Manufactured at [[Ordnance Factory Medak]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-18/pune/30171860_1_vrde-armour-tanks |title=Online Story: BMP urban survival kit - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=3 February 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103200336/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-18/pune/30171860_1_vrde-armour-tanks |archive-date=3 January 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dnasyndication.com/dna/dna_english_news_and_features/DRDO-fast-tracks-infantry-combat-vehicle/DNPUN42379 |title=DRDO fast-tracks infantry combat vehicle - DNA - English News & Features - City-Pune - dnasyndication.com |access-date=2012-11-14 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024150/http://dnasyndication.com/dna/dna_english_news_and_features/DRDO-fast-tracks-infantry-combat-vehicle/DNPUN42379 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*'''Vehicle Platforms for Bridge laying system “Sarvatra”''' - Tatra VVN & VVL vehicles have been modified and reengineered to transport and launch ‘Sarvatra’ Mobile Assault Bridge 15m / 20m span. The system is in service with Indian Army. The nodal production agency is [[Bharat Earth Movers|BEML Bangalore]].
*'''Vehicle Platforms & Shelters for Samyukta EW System''' - Development of hydraulically leveled platforms on Tatra vehicle chassis, EMI-hardened and waterproof shelters with BC ventilation system have been under taken by VRDE for Samyukta Electronic Warfare Programme.
*'''[[Pinaka Multi Barrel Rocket Launcher|RV & LCR Vehicles for Pinaka Multi Barrel Rocket Launcher]]''' - Replenishment Vehicle (RV) and Loader Cum Replenishment Vehicle. (LCR) have been designed for safe transportation and replenishment of rocket pods of Pinaka multi barrel rocket launcher.
*'''High Specific Power Engines for [[DRDO Nishant|DRDO Nishant UAV]]''' - VRDE had developed lightweight, high specific power output engines for [[UAV]] application. These include two-stroke single-cylinder, twin-cylinder and four-cylinder engines, based on a modular concept.<ref name="The Times of India"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.satnews.com/story.php?number=793993907|title=Satnews Publishers: Daily Satellite News|website=www.satnews.com|accessdate=10 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://defenceprojectsindia.wordpress.com/tag/aeronautical-development-establishment/|title = Aeronautical Development Establishment}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india-defence.com/reports-4315|title = The Daily Buzz - Your Daily Dose of Laughs, Hacks, News & More!}}</ref>
*'''[[Abhay IFV|Infantry Combat Vehicle (ICV) ‘Abhay’]]''' - Infantry Combat Vehicle (ICV) characterized by excellent mobility and protection features and potent fire power to defeat enemy armour and soft targets. This fighting machine is operated by a crew of three and can launch into battle a stick of seven infantry soldiers with their full combat gear. After clearance, the production is expected to start at [[Ordnance Factory Medak]].
*'''[[Armoured Vehicle (VRDE)|Light Armoured Wheeled Vehicle (LAWV)]]''' - Light Armoured Wheeled Vehicle (LAWV) a technology demonstrator has been developed as Armoured Personnel Carrier for reconnaissance and counter insurgency and riot control Operations.
*'''Expandable Mobile Shelter (EMS)''' - An Expandable Mobile Shelter with three times volume vis-à-vis standard shelters, to solve the working space problems has been realised by VRDE. The shelter provides solutions for a wide range of mobile applications in field, such as mobile command post, operations room, mobile communication centre, operation theatre etc. Shelter is air, ship, rail and road transportable. This shelter is EMI shielded and provided with AC and NBC ventilation system.
*'''Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV)''' - A UGV system based on wheeled vehicle platform, composed of a pilot system unit (PSU) and two UGVs, one each for surveillance and NBC recce role has been realised. The project involves technology demonstration in the fields of remote operations on wireless LAN / alternate links, vision systems, optronics, digital image processing, embedded control system, servo controls, real time systems, robotic manipulator, actuators and remote controlled turret system. These vehicles are built on the [[Ashok Leyland Stallion|Stallion]] and LPTA 713 platforms which are manufactured at the [[Vehicle Factory Jabalpur]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-29/chennai/28222459_1_recce-vehicle-vehicles-research-scientists |title=Trials on unmanned recce vehicle underway in Ahmednagar - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227171419/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-29/chennai/28222459_1_recce-vehicle-vehicles-research-scientists |archive-date=27 December 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-20/pune/30537685_1_s-sundaresh-robotics-development-establishment |title=DRDO plans 500-cr unmanned vehicle project for Indian Army - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=3 February 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103134600/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-20/pune/30537685_1_s-sundaresh-robotics-development-establishment |archive-date=3 January 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://georgians.in/article_detail.asp?aid=779 |title=Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) plans 500-cr unmanned vehicle project for Indian Army by Amarjeet Malik from General Military School, Georgians News |access-date=2012-11-14 |archive-date=2012-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117180958/http://georgians.in/article_detail.asp?aid=779 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*'''Diesel Electric Parallel Hybrid Vehicle''' - Based on [[Tata Ace]] light commercial vehicle platform. Specially designed transmission system for the combination of two power sources. Electric motor is powered by 72V battery bank. Three different modes of operation are - Engine only, Electric only and Combined power mode.
*'''NAMICA''' ('''Nag Missile Carrier''') – part of the [[Integrated Guided Missile Development Program#Nag missile system|Nag anti-tank missile system]]. The [[Nag missile|Nag (Cobra) missile]] is launched from a retractable armoured launcher that contains four launch tubes and the guidance package. Nag is a fire-and-forget top-attack [[ATGM]] with a tandem-HEAT warhead and a range of at least 4 km.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oocities.org/vinswasre123/Nag.htm|title=Nag ATGM|website=www.oocities.org|accessdate=10 November 2023}}</ref> Manufactured at [[Ordnance Factory Medak]].
* '''[[Akash (missile)|Akash Missile Launcher]]''' – Air-defence missile system that is based on a modified Sarath chassis with 7 road wheels. On top of the hull there's a launcher for three SAM's with a range of 27 km and semi-active homing guidance.<ref name="JED The Military Equipment Directory">[http://www.jedsite.info/fulltrack-bravo/bravo-bmp/bmp2_series/bmp2-series.html JED The Military Equipment Directory]</ref>{{Self-published inline|date=August 2009}} Production is to be started at [[Ordnance Factory Medak]].
*'''Trishul Missile Launcher''' - The chassis of the Sarath has been modified to launch the Trishul SAM, with three missiles being carried in the ready to launch position, search and track radars and their associated fire-control system. In addition, there is a mobile command post with a raised superstructure, which is the nerve centre of the missiles' command, control, communications and intelligence functions. This system has yet to enter quantity production at the [[Ordnance Factory Medak]].
* '''[[Rajendra Radar|Rajendra RADAR]]''' – This is a multifunctional 3-D phased radar ('''MUFAR'''), associated with the Akash system. It is also based on the stretched chassis. To be manufactured at the [[Ordnance Factory Medak]].
*'''105mm Self-Propelled Gun''' – This is [[Ordnance Factories Board|OFB]]'s mechanized version of the Indian Light Field Gun (EQPT 105/37 LFG E2) with 42 rounds stowed. The gun is mounted in a lightly armoured turret.<ref>[https://www.flickr.com/photos/47686239@N03/4370232436/ OFB 105mm SPG Specs {{!}} Flickr - Photo Sharing!]. Flickr (19 February 2010). Retrieved on 20 September 2011.</ref><ref>[https://www.flickr.com/photos/47686239@N03/4369483629/ OFB 105mm Tracked SPG on BMP II {{!}} Flickr - Photo Sharing!]. Flickr. Retrieved on 20 September 2011.</ref><ref>[https://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Dc2Wx4jR9F8/S4GGUbGbWgI/AAAAAAAABuw/dShDqd1U36w/s1600-h/CIMG2671.JPG CIMG2671.JPG (image)]. 4.bp.blogspot.com. Retrieved on 20 September 2011.</ref> The 105mm SPG was shown for the first time in public in February 2010 during DEFEXPO-2010 in New Delhi and is planned to replace the [[FV433 Abbot SPG]] in the Indian army. To be manufactured at the [[Ordnance Factory Medak]].
*'''Agni Series Missile Launchers''' - VRDE also developed launchers for the [[Agni (missile)|Agni Series]] of missiles, based on Tatra and Ashok Leyland's platforms.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/article3337906.ece|title=Defence labs' key role in success of Agni-V|newspaper=The Hindu|date=21 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MISSILES/ballistic/agni-i.html |title=Bharat Rakshak - Missiles Section » Agni I |access-date=2011-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111014055123/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MISSILES/ballistic/agni-i.html |archive-date=2011-10-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Production ==

The main production partners of VRDE are:
* [[Vehicle Factory Jabalpur]] and
* [[Ordnance Factory Medak]];
the other production agencies include:
* [[Bharat Earth Movers|BEML]],
* [[Tata Motors]] and
* [[Ashok Leyland]].

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
* 'Endurance Testing for Wankel Rotary Engine', Ganesh Liladhar Yewale et al (VRDE). SAE paper 2017-26-0336

==External links==
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/19990507235632/http://www.drdo.org/ DRDO]}}

{{DRDO Laboratories}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Defence Research and Development Organisation laboratories]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Research and development in India]]
[[Category:Research institutes established in 1965]]
[[Category:1965 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Hari Shankar Vyas

2026-01-27T22:13:48Z

Gnfcmussorie: starting the pg nd citations

{{Short description|Indian journalist and newspaper editor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{more footnotes|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Hari Shankar Vyas
| image = Hari-shankar-vyas.jpg
| imagesize =
| alt = Hari Shankar Vyas
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1956|09|15}}
| occupation = Hindi Journalist
| nationality = Indian
| spouse = Rajrani vyas
}}

'''Hari Shankar Vyas''' (born 15 September 1956) is an Indian journalist, and the Chief-editor and publisher of ''[[Naya India]]'', a daily national Hindi newspaper.<ref>[http://www.nayaindia.com/author/hsvyas ''NayaIndia - Hari shankar Vyas''.]</ref> He is also the consultant for ETV's Hindi channels since 2009. He started anchoring-producing five-day weekly programme for [[ETV Network]] Hindi Channels since Feb 2009. He writes a daily column "Apen to Kahege" for ''Naya India'' and weekly column Gupshup.<ref>[http://www.dailypioneer.com/columnists/gupshup ''Hari shankar Vyas - Gupshup''.]</ref> which appears every Sunday in different Hindi newspaper.<ref>[http://www.nayaindia.com/gapshap ''NayaIndia - Gupshup''.]</ref> as well as English newspaper, the Sunday Pioneer.<ref>[http://www.dailypioneer.com/columnists/author/hari-shankar-vyas ''Pioneer author Hari shankar vyas''.]</ref>
Prior, he served 13 years as editor, news of the [[Jansatta]]. Since the times of Jansatta, he has been writing a Sunday column titled GUPSHUP, both in Hindi and in English (from Jansatta to Punjab Kesari to ''Naya India'', The Sunday Pioneer). The 35-year-old column has in the past graced the pages of many regional newspapers. His columns bring forward to the readers the ringside view of the contemporary Indian Politics.

==Early life and career==
Hari Shankar Vyas initially did his schooling in [[Bhilwara]] (Rajasthan). After completion of Graduation, he started writing articles, columns from December 1976 while studying in JNU. First Article was published in Dec 1976 on Dainik Hindustan's editorial page. Immediately he started writing in many Magazines, newspaper like Navneet, Sarita, Mukta, BhuBarati, Hindustan, NBT. He got his first break in Nai Duniya, where the then editor Mr. Rajendra Mathur gave him to write a weekly column on international affairs called Pradesh. Also, at that time he had a regular column of viswa parikrama in Ravivar magazine.
After freelancing for some time, he was selected by the [[Navbharat Times|Navbharat times]] Editor-in-Chief S. H.Vatsyayan 'Agyeya' as a trainee Journalist in 1978. After spending few months at Mumbai as a trainee and gaining experience in Madhuri(film journalism) Dharmug, he left Bennett, Coleman and Co to return to Delhi to pursue his interest in [[political]] reporting and writing.
In 1979, he started his own feature agency Samvad Parikrama. Immediately more than 60 newspaper became its subscribers. From Indore's Nai Duniya to Nagpur's Navbharat, Kolkatta Vishwamitra were subscriber of Hari Shankar Vyas syndicated features and columns. At the time when Rajendra Mathur, became the Editor of Nav Bharat times in Delhi (Oct 1982), he gave Hari Shankar a columns named Vichar to write.

==Hindi journalism==

===Jansatta===
He started his career with ''Jansatta'', the Hindi newspaper of the Indian Express group in the 1980s. In 1983, he got called to work for Indian Express group's project of Hindi newspaper ''Jansatta''. Shri Prabash Joshi (at that time the resident editor of ''Indian Express'', Delhi) appointed Hari Shankar as the first appointee (on 15 May 1983) for ''Jansatta'' (which was launched in November 1983) as an assistant editor cum special correspondent at the age of 26. Thereby, Hari Shankar Vyas became the senior member of the core launching team which conceived new idiom, layout and style sheet for Indian Express group's first Hindi newspaper ''Janatta''. He became the heart and soul of Jansatta by giving to its readers a colloquial Hindi in political writing and content with the objective of making it a mass-based newspaper.

He single-handedly managed the bureau for National Politics and Governments{{citation needed|date=April 2016}} as well as worked as an assistant editor for writing editorial, and editorial page articles. Soon after he was promoted and given the responsibility of the whole news network as editor, News, ''Jansatta''. During the times of Jansatta, he started a column titled "GUPSHUP" (Nov 1983), which had set a unique trend becoming the only requisite source of political information.

===Hindi computing and publishing===
After leaving ''Jansatta'' in 1995, he started a media establishment under the name of Samvad Parikrama Pvt ltd. The firm heralded the first business affairs programme in Hindi on [[Doordarshan]] titled ''Karobarnama''. The company also published and printed the first computer magazine in Hindi, Computer Sanchar Soochna, which was launched by the then Prime Minister H D DevGowda which was hailed as yeoman's service to the language segment. Under the editorship of Hari Shankar, the company also published a fortnightly magazine, Rajniti, which was rich with articles on the Indian polity.
Since inception he has been very vocal and aggressive in using Hindi computing and promoting Hindi in the multilingual IT arena. In 1999, Hari Shankar Vyas promoted a mission which provided computer training in Hindi. Multilingual computer training programmes were launched across North India to encourage the use of Indian languages in IT. C-DAC, a government of Indian society, utilized the same channels for promoting its IT education programmes in northern India with the backup of Hari Shankar's Computer Sanchar Soochna magazine. .
He envisioned a unique project of multilingual Indian portal long time ago, and when nobody could dare to think of it, he started a multilingual portal. It encompassed 15 languages with an effort to bring the masses to the Internet, thereby revolutionizing the very concept of localization of Internet in Indian languages. This first multilingual portal was called netjaal.com and it was inaugurated by then HRD minister Dr. Murali [[Manohar Joshi]] in 1998. However the mission to facilitate IT in Hindi and Indian language could not be carried forward due to .com bust. Therefore, the venture was passed onto Reliance Infocom.

===Central Hall===
Afterword in pursuance to new height, new idiom, and for a new concept in Hindi [[journalism]] he took upon the challenge of producing a quality, serious content-centric TV programme. Just before the [[2009 Indian general election|2009 Lok Sabha elections]] he started a programme titled ''Central Hall'' for all Hindi ETV channels.<ref>[http://www.news18.com/tag/hari-shankar-vyas ''ETV - Central Hall''.]</ref> The half an hour show brings to the viewers a ringside view of the everyday political-social-economic life of the country. It provides intellectual thought provoking ideas, and presents discussions with eminent personalities to Hindi's public discourse community and political class. During the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 Lok Sabha election]], [[Narendra Modi]] chose Central Hall and Hari Shankar Vyas for his first media interview.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=McmxBSGF0DI ''Narendra Modi's Interview with Hari Shankar Vyas''.]</ref>

===Naya India===
In 2010, to fill a vacuum in the Hindi-speaking population regarding a quality serious newspaper, Hari Shankar Vyas launched a quality Hindi newspaper. The newspaper titled ''[[Naya India]]'' soon established a unique niche{{Clarify|reason=what precisely was the unique element of the niche?|date=October 2025}} in the market.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}

==Travel/Association==

In his years of active journalism, he has been the member of the Hindi Advisory Board of the Railway Board and has also been the member of the Telephone Advisory Board. Also extensively covered many international and bilateral conferences/ meetings as part of the delegation traveling with various Indian Prime Ministers.

==References==
{{Reflist|2
<ref>[http://amitshah.co.in/amit-shah-interview-to-harishankar-vyas-on-etv-central-hall-18-oct-2013/ ''Shri Amit Shah Interview to Harishankar Vyas on ETV Central Hall)''.] [[Amit Shah]](18 Oct 2013)</ref>
<ref>[http://www.bbc.com/hindi/regionalnews/story/2008/07/080717_harivyas_view.shtml/ ''Senior journalist on BBC Hindi)''.](17 July 2008)</ref>
<ref>[http://www.nayaindia.com/author/hsvyas/ ''Senior Editor on Naya India News Paper)''.]</ref>
}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vyas, Hari Shankar}}
[[Category:Hindi-language journalists]]
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Journalists from Delhi]]
[[Category:1956 births]]

Manisha Gulyani

2026-01-12T04:21:48Z

Gnfcmussorie: started a info

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Manisha Gulyani
| image = Manisha Gulyani.JPG
| birth_name =
| alias =
| birth_place = [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]]
| death_date =
| origin = [[India]]
| instrument =
| genre = [[Indian classical dance]]
| occupation = Performing Artiste
| years_active =
| label =
| associated_acts =
| website = {{Official website}}
| current_members =
| past_members =
}}'''Manisha Gulyani''' ([[Hindi]]: मनीषा गुलयानी) is a [[Kathak]] [[dancer]] from [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bhavalaya.com/art%20and%20culture/famous_kathak_dancers.html |title=Famous Kathak Dancers, Pandit Birju Maharaj, Sitara Devi, Shovana Narayan, Malabika Mitra, Kumudini Lakhiya, Manisha Gulyani, Kartik Ram - Kalyan das |access-date=13 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423213717/http://www.bhavalaya.com/art%20and%20culture/famous_kathak_dancers.html |archive-date=23 April 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> She is a disciple of Pt. Girdhari Maharaj and has been taking advanced training under the able guidance of Guru [[Prerana Shrimali]]. An [[ICCR]] Kathak [[artiste]] and teacher cum performer for ICC centres at abroad.<ref>{{cite web | title=----Culturall Autumn Tour--- | url=http://www.culturall.ch/Autumn%20Concert.htm }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iccrindia.net/OCD2009-2010.pdf |title=Outgoing Cultural Delegations Implementation Report From 1st April, 2009 – 31st March, 2010 |access-date=14 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505225201/http://www.iccrindia.net/OCD2009-2010.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iccrindia.net/ocd/ocdlist-march%202012.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=14 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032817/http://www.iccrindia.net/ocd/ocdlist-march%202012.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> She has presented her art on various eminent platforms in India and abroad.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/Dance-is-My-Language/2014/04/14/article2166996.ece/|title = 'Dance is My Language'}}{{dead link|date=February 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://timescity.com/jaipur/events/kathak-recital-by-manisha-gulyani/132222/ |title=Kathak Recital by Manisha Gulyani, Ravindra Manch Jaipur | TimesCity |access-date=1 June 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140601154938/http://timescity.com/jaipur/events/kathak-recital-by-manisha-gulyani/132222/ |archive-date=1 June 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== Early life ==
Manisha was born and brought up in Jaipur, India. She started her training at Jaipur Kathak Kendra at a young age of seven.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

== Career ==
She has presented research articles in the field of Indian classical music & dance and chaired the performing arts department as HoD at Amity University Jaipur.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}} Her Kathak recitals include platforms both nationally as well as internationally namely Bali Spirit Festival, Silk Roads Project Venice, Nanning International Festival China, Trufesta International Dance Festival Nigeria, Culturall Europe, [[Omi International Arts Center|OMI]] & [[High Point University]] USA and Kathak & Music festivals in India.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}} She is one of the founder executive member for Delphic Council of Rajasthan. She is the curator of annually organised Indian Classical Dance festival '''Thirak Utsav'''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.silkroadprojects.com/index.php?lang=en |title=Silk Road Projects - Via della Seta |accessdate=2013-12-14 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214224153/http://www.silkroadprojects.com/index.php?lang=en |archivedate=2013-12-14 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sguardi.info/index.php?id=205,1216,0,0,1,0|title = Sguardi.info – VA CULTURE Villa Abbamer Associazione Culturale| date=2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hpuinternationalclub.com/2013/04/new-event-coming-up.html |title=New Event Coming up ~ High Point University International Club |accessdate=2013-12-14 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214222309/http://www.hpuinternationalclub.com/2013/04/new-event-coming-up.html |archivedate=2013-12-14 }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Manisha is married to Hindi fiction writer Lokesh Gulyani.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gulyani, Manisha}}
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]
[[Category:Kathak dancers]]
[[Category:Artists from Jaipur]]
[[Category:Dancers from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Women artists from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women artists]]

Panjal, Thrissur

2026-01-11T13:08:12Z

Gnfcmussorie:

{{more citations needed|date=July 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Panjal
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10.7215|76.3055|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Thrissur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 6388
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 679531
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 04884
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL]]-
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Alathur]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Chelakkara]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

''' Panjal ''' ([[IAST]]: ''pāññāḷ'') is a village near [[Chelakkara]], [[Thrissur district]] in the state of [[Kerala]], India.<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx|title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above|publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=2008-12-10}}</ref>
The village is known for the [[Agnicayana|Athirathram]] [[Śrauta|yāga]]m, held in 1975 and 2011.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} The yāgam is one of the oldest rituals of mankind in existence, and the ritual has only been maintained by small communities in India.

==Demographics==
Panjal is Famous for the Athirathram which was held in the year 1975. Panjal is situated near the bank of Nila (Bharathapuzha). As of [[2011 census of India|2011 India census]] Panjal had a population of 6388 with 3104 males and 3284 females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Panjal Village Population - Talappilly - Thrissur, Kerala |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/627731-panjal-kerala.html |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref name="censusindia" />
Panjal village is full of greenery and scenery. Many ancient Kerala-style temples such as Lakshmi Narayana temple, Ayyappan Kavu, Kaattil Kavu Siva temple, Mathur Vettekkaran temple, Nellikkattil Ganapathy temple, Machil Bhagavathy, Mullakkal Bhagavathy, Thekkummuri Subramanian Kovil, Padinjattumuri Subramanian Kovil, Mariamman Kovil, Palunkil temple, etc. are in this village.

==Festivals==
Ayyappan Kavu Uthram Vela and Padinjattumuri Subramanyan Kovil Thypooyam are the famous festivals in this village, 5 to 15 elephants will participate in this vela.. after that vedikettu (fire works) will also happen. For thypooyam there will be many Kaavadis and naadaswarams of famous Kerala teams with traditional chenda melam at the kovil premises. At a time there was nobody to look after the kovil. Now a group of dynamic youths are looking after the kovil with the help of villagers. Now the kovil have a kalyanamandapam and an Annadaana mandapam, and many more projects are under process. Maha Kiratha Rudra Yajnam at Thottathil mana Vettekkaran temple is also famous, now last eight years this yajnam is going on in the months of April or May. It was normally ten days program including Bhagavatha Sapthaha Yajnam, shatha chandikayagam, major team Panjavadyam and Thayambaka, and very important and powerful program is Kalampaattu and 12000 coconut-breaking (pantheerayiram). Vettekkaran Seva Samithi does this program under the chief instruction by Thottathil mana Kuttan Namboothiri, the disciple of Thanthri ThanthraRathnam Azhakathu Shasthru Sharman Namboothirippad, the president of thanthra Vidya peetham-Aluva. Now Sivakiratham Global Trust is coordinating an Athirathram on 2013, as a celebration of the tenth anniversary of Maha Kiratha rudra Yajnam.

==Expatriates==
From this village many people are working in various cities of India such Salem, Coimbatore, Madurai, Bangalore, Chennai, Mumbai, Calcutta, Delhi and many people are working in Gulf countries and European countries. People of this village are highly educated and rich in culture. The famous Vazhelikkavu Bhagavathy temple is situated in this village and the ayyappan kavu temple and kaattil kave temple premises has been a part of many of the famous Malayalam films such as Kuttiedathy, Oridathu, Devasuram, Balettan, and Pasupathi.

==Film shooting==
The beauty of this village has led to many cinema shootings taking place here, including the Tamil film Muthu and several Malayalam films such as Godha.

The world-famous Kerala Kalamandalam is at Cheruthuruthy, which is near this village. The main films are Balettan, Akasthile Paravakal, Madampi, Malarvadi Arts Club, Ee Puzhayum Kadannu, and Peruvannapurathe Visheshangal.

==Notable persons==
Malayalam playwright [[Thuppettan]] was born in Panjal. Playback singer Srikumar who sang the song "Anuraga Vilochananayi" in the film ''Neelathamara'' also belongs to this village.

==Schools==
This village has one higher secondary school "Government Higher Secondary School, Panjal", two UP schools 1, "GUPS Painkulam" 2, gups Killimangalam and one Engineering college, "Jyothi Engineering College".

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Thrissur district}}

[[Category:Villages in Thrissur district]]

2025 Medina bus crash

2026-01-06T11:50:25Z

Gnfcmussorie: started post

{{Short description|Road incident in Saudi Arabia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox public transit accident
| name = 2025 Medina bus crash
| date = 17 November 2025
| location = Highway 15, [[Medina]]
| country = [[Saudi Arabia]]
| type = [[Traffic collision]]
| cause = Under investigation
| bus = 1
| vehicles = 2
| passengers = 46
| deaths = 45
| injuries = 1
}}
In the early hours of 17 November 2025, 45 Indian [[Umrah]] [[Islamic pilgrimage|pilgrims]] were killed in [[Medina]], Saudi Arabia in a bus crash after it caught fire.<ref name=BBC>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2025 |title=Saudi Arabia: Dozens of India pilgrims killed in bus crash near Medina |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cvg7dme9en0o |access-date=17 November 2025 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=AL>{{Cite web |title=Dozens of Indian pilgrims killed in bus crash in Saudi Arabia |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/11/17/dozens-of-indian-pilgrims-feared-dead-as-bus-crashes-in-saudi-arabia |access-date=17 November 2025 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref name="nytimes20251117">{{cite web | title=More Than 40 Indian Pilgrims Are Killed in Bus Crash in Saudi Arabia | website=[[The New York Times]] | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/11/17/world/middleeast/indian-pilgrims-bus-crash-saudi-arabia.html|date=17 November 2025|access-date=17 November 2025 }}</ref>

== Background ==
The passengers were travelling from [[Medina]] to the holy city of [[Mecca]] for the [[Umrah]], a lesser pilgrimage in [[Islam]]. All of the victims were from India, including a [[Karnataka]] man who had been working in the [[United Arab Emirates]],<ref name=gulf>{{cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/saudi-arabia-bus-crash-kills-45-abu-dhabi-driver-of-25-years-among-victims-1.500350457|title=Saudi Arabia bus crash kills 45: Abu Dhabi-based driver of 25 years among victims|work=Gulf News|date=18 November 2025|access-date=18 November 2025}}</ref> with most of them from two [[Hyderabad]]-based families.<ref name=Hindu>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2025 |title=Saudi Arabia bus crash updates: Hyderabad families shattered as 45 pilgrims die; Last rites to be conducted in Saudi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/saudi-arabia-bus-crash-live-updates-mecca-medina-november-17-2025/article70289464.ece |accessdate=18 November 2025 |work=The Hindu |via=}}</ref>

Road accidents have been a major public safety issue in Saudi Arabia, recording significant casualties. According a 2023 [[World Health Organization]] report, the country reduced traffic deaths by nearly 35% between 2016 and 2021 due to government actions.<ref name="nytimes20251117" />

==Crash==
The crash happened approximately {{convert|25|km}} before reaching Medina when a [[tank truck|diesel tanker]] collided with the bus and the latter was engulfed by flames. Of the 45 passengers, only one survived.<ref name="nytimes20251117" /> It is unclear if the vehicle hit the bus while it was moving or was stationary. Saudi authorities have started an investigation about the circumstances that led to the accident.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/mecca-medina-tragedy-pilgrimage-shatters-families-as-bus-fire-kills-45-bodies-charred-beyond-recognition/articleshow/125399193.cms|work=The Times of India|title=45 Dead In Mecca-Medina Bus Crash: Mohammad Azharuddin Rushes Telangana Aid Mission; Families To Be Flown To Riyadh|date=18 November 2025|access-date=18 November 2025}}</ref>

==Reactions==
Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] said in a post on [[Twitter|X]] that he was "deeply saddened" by the accident and that Indian authorities were in close contact with officials in Saudi Arabia.<ref name=BBC /> The [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Iran)|Iranian Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] offered condolences to the "Indian government and nation".<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 November 2025 |title=Iran condoles India over deadly bus crash in Saudi Arabia |url=https://en.mehrnews.com/news/238903/Iran-condoles-India-over-deadly-bus-crash-in-Saudi-Arabia |access-date=18 November 2025 |website=[[Mehr News Agency]] |language=}}</ref>

[[Hyderabad City Police]] Commissioner [[V. C. Sajjanar]] stated that "the tragic bus accident involving Indian pilgrims in Saudi Arabia was deeply distressing".<ref name=AL />

[[Chief Minister of Telangana]] [[Revanth Reddy]] expressed shock over the crash and said that the government is in contact with the Indian Embassy in [[Riyadh]], while the [[Telangana]] government announced 500,000 [[Indian rupee|rupees]] ex gratia to the families of the victims.<ref name=Hindu />

The Indian Consulate General in [[Jeddah]] established a camp office at the Indian Haj Pilgrims Office in Medina and helplines were activated in Hyderabad and [[New Delhi]] to assist families and ensure uninterrupted communication.<ref name=gulf />

==See also==
* [[List of traffic collisions (2000–present)]]
* [[Transport in Saudi Arabia]]
* [[2024 Mmamatlakala bus crash]], another bus crash with 45 fatalities and a sole survivor

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Road incidents in 2025}}
{{Portal bar|Islam|Roads|Saudi Arabia}}

{{coord missing|Saudi Arabia}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Medina bus crash, 2025}}
[[Category:2025 in international relations]]
[[Category:2025 disasters in Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:November 2025 in Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Bus fires in Asia]]
[[Category:Fires in Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Incidents during the Hajj]]
[[Category:Road incident deaths in Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Traffic collisions]]
[[Category:Sole survivors]]
[[Category:Hajj pilgrimage from India]]
[[Category:India–Saudi Arabia relations]]
[[Category:History of Medina|2025 bus crash]]

Rustam Dil Khan

2025-12-22T11:45:07Z

Gnfcmussorie:

{{Short description|Governor of Mughal Hyderabad}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}{{Infobox officeholder
| parents = [[Jan Sipar Khan]] (father)
| office = Deputy governor of [[Hyderabad Subah|Hyderabad]]
| death_date = September 1708
| resting_place = [[Kali Masjid, Hyderabad|Kali Masjid]], [[Yakutpura]], [[Hyderabad]]
| monarch = [[Aurangzeb]]
| term = 1700-1703, 1705-1708
| honorific_prefix = Jan Sipar Khan Azam Khan
}}

'''Rustam Dil Khan''' (died September 1708) was a noble of the [[Mughal Empire]] during the reign of emperor [[Aurangzeb]]. His activities were centred around the [[Subah|Mughal province]] of [[Hyderabad Subah]], which he administered as deputy ''[[subahdar]]'' (governor) for most of his official career. He was killed by prince [[Kam Bakhsh]] during the [[Mughal war of succession (1707–1709)|war of succession]] after Aurangzeb's death, as the prince attempted a bid for independent rule in the [[Deccan]]. He is buried in the [[Kali Masjid, Hyderabad|Kali Masjid]], a mosque he built in the city of [[Hyderabad]].

== Origins ==
Rustam Dil Khan came from a family that had served the Mughal Empire through several generations. His grandfather, named Sayyid Muhammad Zanzwari, was native to [[Iraq]]. Following a stint in the region of [[Khurasan Road|Khurasan]], he migrated to Mughal India in the early 17th century, joining the service of the emperor [[Jahangir]]. Zanzwari held the governorship of [[Delhi]] during some point of his career, and was titled Mukhtar Khan.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Richards |first=J. F. |date=1976 |title=The Imperial Crisis in the Deccan |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2053981 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=250–252 |doi=10.2307/2053981 |jstor=2053981 |issn=0021-9118|url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{Sfn|Richards|1975|p=78-79}}

Rustam Dil Khan's father was [[Jan Sipar Khan]], who followed in his father Zanzwari's footsteps by joining the Mughal service. He supported Aurangzeb during the latter's [[Mughal war of succession (1658–1659)|struggle for the Mughal succession]], and was later made ''[[faujdar]]'' of the city of [[Bidar]]. Aurangzeb selected him to personally escort [[Abul Hasan Qutb Shah]] during the latter's arrest after the [[Siege of Golconda|Mughal conquest of Golconda]]. Jan Sipar Khan was subsequently made the first permanent governor of [[Hyderabad Subah]], and served for twelve years before his death in 1700.{{Sfn|Richards|1975|p=78-79}} Rustam Dil Khan's mother was a daughter of a Mughal noble named Khan Zaman.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Irvine |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak5oFjTys8MC |title=Later Mughals |publisher=Atlantic Publishers and Distributors |year=1971 |pages=52–54 & 58–59}}</ref>

== Career ==
Rustam Dil Khan assisted his father Jan Sipar Khan during the latter's governorship of Bidar. Jan Sipar Khan was promoted to governor of Hyderabad, following which Rustam Dil Khan took over the governorship of Bidar. He served for a brief period in the late seventeenth century, though the exact dates of his tenure are unclear.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Yazdani |first=Ghulam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w6xpQpOCtzAC |title=Bidar: its history and monuments |date=1995 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ |isbn=978-81-208-1071-6 |edition=1. Indian |location=Delhi |pages=16 & 202}}</ref>

Rustam Dil Khan served as the deputy governor of Hyderabad during his father's tenure. His father stayed at the capital while he led military expeditions against threats to imperial authority in the province. At this time, he was a rank-holding noble.{{Sfn|Richards|1975|p=79}} Notable events he was involved in during this time include: his capture of Venkat Rao, a rogue ''[[deshmukh]]'', in 1691; his successful negotiation of tribute with Anand Ashwa Rao, a rebellious [[Velama|Valama]] chief, in 1692; and his unsuccessful pursuit of [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] general [[Santaji Ghorpade|Santaji]] in 1695.{{Sfn|Richards|1975|p=111-113}}

=== Governor of Hyderabad ===
Following Jan Sipar Khan's death in 1700, the Mughal prince [[Kam Bakhsh]] was made the governor of Hyderabad. Rustam Dil Khan was made the prince's deputy governor, and his rank was increased. The prince held this position in absentee, making Rustam Dil Khan the effective governor of the province.{{Sfn|Richards|1975|p=78, 216}}<ref name=":3" /> His administration was generally unsuccessful; the governor failed to act against multiple instances of banditry and insurgency.<ref name=":3" /> In 1702, Rustam Dil Khan besieged [[Shahpura, Telangana|Shahpur's]] fort to capture the bandit [[Papadu]], but the latter escaped.<ref>{{Citation |last=Eaton |first=Richard Maxwell |title=A social history of the Deccan, 1300-1761: eight Indian lives |pages=162–163 |year=2005 |place=Cambridge, UK |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-25484-1 |oclc=58431679}}</ref> In 1703, the [[Ramoshi|Bedar]] chief [[Pidia Nayak]] occupied [[Kondaveedu Fort]] and plundered the coastal districts - the emperor Aurangzeb reduced Rustam Dil Khan's rank for his inaction. Just over a year after Rustam Dil Khan's governorship began, a large Maratha force of 50,000 occupied the capital city of Hyderabad and freely plundered it for three days. Rustam Dil Khan holed himself up in the [[Golconda fort]] and eventually got the attackers to withdraw, only by using funds illegally obtained from the imperial treasury.<ref name=":3" />

Reports of Rustam Dil Khan's performance caused emperor Aurangzeb to dismiss him from the deputy governorship by May 1703; he was demoted to ''[[faujdar]]'' of [[Srikakulam|Sikakul]], giving him control over the coastal districts of Hyderabad province.{{Sfn|Richards|1975|p=224}}<ref name=":3" /> By November 1704, he lost this position as well and was transferred out of Hyderabad; he was appointed ''faujdar'' of the Bijapur-Carnatic.{{Sfn|Richards|1975|p=229-231}}

For reasons that are unclear, Aurangzeb reinstated Rustam Dil Khan to the deputy governorship of Hyderabad by 1705, and raised his rank; this ended the short tenure of [[Daud Khan Panni]].{{Sfn|Richards|1975|p=229-231}} Rustam Dil Khan focused on amassing wealth, and built close connections with local powers: the bandit Riza Khan, the Maratha chieftain Krishna Malhar, and the [[Telugu people|Telugu]] ''[[zamindar]]'' [[Pusapati|Ananda Razu Pusapati]] of [[Vizianagaram]]''.''<ref name=":3" /> According to [[John F. Richards]], such actions may have been to deter the possibility of dismissal from the province of Hyderabad, and to set up one of his own sons as the natural successor to the position.{{Sfn|Richards|1975|p=237}}

=== War of succession & death ===
{{Further|Mughal war of succession (1707–1709)}}
In 1707, emperor Aurangzeb died, triggering a war of succession between the princes. The prince [[Muhammad Mu'azzam]] defeated [[Azam Shah]] in the [[Battle of Jajau]] and crowned himself as emperor Bahadur Shah. Bahadur Shah nominally confirmed Rustam Dil Khan as governor of Hyderabad, and awarded him his father's title of Jan Sipar Khan. Kam Bakhsh, the remaining Mughal prince, still remained active in the Deccan; Rustam Dil Khan intensified his efforts to amass wealth, plundering the region and harassing Mughal officials.{{Sfn|Richards|1975|p=236-243}}

Kam Bakhsh arrived in Hyderabad in early 1708, crowning himself the independent 'king of Golconda'. Rustam Dil Khan offered his tribute and formal submission, upon which Kam Bakhsh confirmed his post as governor of Hyderabad, raised his rank, and awarded him the title 'Azam Khan'. Kam Bakhsh set out to consolidate his rule over the next few months. Discovering that the treasury at [[Machilipatnam]] contained a great amount of wealth, Kam Bakhsh attempted to seize it to support his own precarious rule. He was met with resistance from Rustam Dil Khan, who prevented the ''[[Divan|diwan]]'' of Machilipatnam from releasing the funds.{{Sfn|Richards|1975|p=236-243}} Kam Bakhsh was also influenced by his advisors, who had convinced him that Rustam Dil Khan was secretly plotting against him. These factors enraged the prince, who after a few months of conflict, arrested Rustam Dil Khan. Kam Bakhsh invited the unassuming governor to his quarters to help him with a letter to Bahadur Shah; when the governor arrived and removed his weapons, Kam Bakhsh excused himself from the premises, and his associates arrested him.{{Sfn|Richards|1975|p=236-243}}<ref name=":1" />

After three days in confinement, Rustam Dil Khan was executed in September 1708 on Kam Bakhsh's order, by the trampling of an elephant. He was then buried by his residence in Hyderabad, named Imli Mahal. Kam Bakhsh took over his vast personal treasury (reported to be more than 3.3 million gold coins), and imprisoned his family. The prince would go on to be defeated and killed by Bahadur Shah in 1709, clearing the way for the latter's emperorship.{{Sfn|Richards|1975|p=236-243}}<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> Rustam Dil Khan had at least one son, who inherited his grandfather's title of Jan Sipar Khan. He was later made Diwan of the Nizam of Hyderabad, Asaf Jah.<ref>{{cite book|first1=H.|last1=Beveridge|first2=Baini|last2=Prashad|title=The Maāthir-ul-umarā Being Biographies of the Muhammadan and Hindu Officers of the Timurid Sovereigns of India from 1500 to about 1780 A.D. by Nawwab Samsam-ud-Daula Shah Nawaz Khan and his son Abdul Hayy – Volume II (English)|publisher=Asiatic Society of Calcutta|location=Calcutta, India|year=1952|pages=624}}</ref>

== Patronage ==
As the Mughal governor of Bidar, Rustam Dil Khan built a mosque in the city, within the tomb-shrine of [[Sufi]] saint Shah Ali Qadiri. Though local records attest that Rustam Dil Khan's governorship was until 1688, the mosque's inscriptions date the structure to the year 1695, indicating he may have governed for a longer term.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Green |first=Nile |date=January 2004 |title=Auspicious Foundations: The Patronage of Sufi Institutions in the Late Mughal and Early Asaf Jah Deccan |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02666030.2004.9628637 |journal=South Asian Studies |language=en |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=78 |doi=10.1080/02666030.2004.9628637 |issn=0266-6030|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

In 1702, Rustam Dil Khan built a mosque in Hyderabad named the [[Kali Masjid, Hyderabad|Kali Masjid]], located in [[Yakutpura]]. An inscription on the mosque indicates that he built it a year after his father Jan Sipar Khan's death. The mosque was built close to Rustam Dil Khan's former residence, known as Imli Mahal. The mosque's courtyard contains the tombs of both his father and himself; he constructed his father's tomb during his lifetime, and was interred here following his execution.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Khalidi |first=Omar |url=https://archnet.org/authorities/2736/publications/12049 |title=A Guide to Architecture in Hyderabad, Deccan, India |publisher=Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture & MIT Libraries |year=2009 |pages=54}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bilgrami |first=Syed Ali Asgar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wgo97XF0XuYC |title=Landmarks of the Deccan |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=1992 |isbn=8120605438 |pages=96–98}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Hyderabad Subah]]
* [[Muhammad Kam Bakhsh]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
<references responsive="1"></references>

== External links ==

* [[hdl:1721.3/29563|Kali Masjid - MIT Libraries Dome]]
* [[hdl:1721.3/29553|Graves of Jan Sipar Khan, Rustam Dil Khan - MIT Libraries Dome]]

== Bibliography ==

* {{Citation |last=Richards |first=John F. |title=Mughal Administration in Golconda |year=1975 |place=Oxford [England] |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=0-19-821561-4 |oclc=2932290}}

[[Category:Subahdars of Hyderabad]]
[[Category:1708 deaths]]
[[Category:18th-century Mughal Empire people]]

Nacimento Silveira

2025-12-20T01:04:24Z

Gnfcmussorie: started pg

{{short description|Indian footballer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Nacimento Silveira
| image =
| fullname = Nacimento Silveira
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1981|4|11}}
| birth_place = Goa, India
| currentclub = [[United Sports Club]]
| clubnumber =
| height = {{height|m=1.72}}
| position = [[Midfielder]]
| years1 = 2011–present
| clubs1 = [[United Sports Club]]
| caps1 = 0
| goals1 = 0
| nationalyears1 =
| nationalteam1 =
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| pcupdate =
| ntupdate =
}}

'''Nacimento Silveira''' (born 11 April 1981) is an Indian [[Association football|football]] player who plays in [[Midfield]] position for [[I-League]] team [[United Sports Club]].

==External links==
* {{Soccerway|nacimento-silveira/72805}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Silveira, Nacimento}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Churchill Brothers FC players]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Footballers from Goa]]
[[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]

{{India-footy-midfielder-stub}}

Frontline (magazine)

2025-12-18T10:11:11Z

Gnfcmussorie: cleanup lead also and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Fortnightly Indian English-language magazine}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Frontline
| logo = [[File:Frontline Wordmark.svg|240px]]
| image = [[File:Frontline magazine cover 1 Nov 2013.jpg|border|225px]]
| caption = 1 November 2013 front page of ''Frontline''
| type = Fortnightly magazine
| owners = [[The Hindu Group]]
| chief_editor = Vaishna Roy
| format =
| founded = December 1984
| language = English
| headquarters = [[Chennai]], India
| circulation =
| oclc =
| ISSN = 0970-1710
| website = {{URL|frontline.thehindu.com}}
}}

'''''Frontline''''' is a fortnightly English language [[News magazine|magazine]] published by [[The Hindu Group]] of publications headquartered in [[Chennai]], India. Vaishna Roy is the editor of the magazine. It is a news and views magazine that provides in-depth coverage on various topics such as politics, world affairs, culture, science, health, business and personalities. ''Frontline'' gives coverage to developmental issues and issues related to the [[working class]]es, unorganized sectors, [[tribe|tribal]] regions and other under-served regions in India.

==History==
''Frontline'' was first published in December 1984.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Hindu relaunches Frontline |url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/35408_The-Hindu-relaunches-Frontline |access-date=9 December 2015 |work=Afaqs |date=21 September 2012}}</ref> It was originally intended to be a newspaper when it was started by the founders. They later had differences of opinion regarding the content and intent of the publication, and the magazine was sold to PL Investments Ltd, which later sold it to [[The Hindu Group]].

==Contributors and perspective==
The magazine's long-serving editor was R. Vijaya Sankar, who retired in May 2022. The magazine's regular contributors include well-known [[Progressivism|progressive]] writers such as C.P. Chandrasekhar, [[Praful Bidwai]], [[Jayati Ghosh]], Hassnain Riza and Bhaskar Ghose. [[Aijaz Ahmad]], the late [[Marxist]] [[literary]] critic and political analyst, contributed to the magazine on various topics. [[Vijay Prashad]], the Marxist historian, used to be a regular columnist who sent the "Letter from America" piece for the magazine, as well as reported on American issues. R. Ramachandran is the magazine's long-time contributor to the Science and Health segments.

''Frontline'' is noted for its thorough and rigorous coverage of issues, its long-form interviews, essays and columns. [[Aijaz Ahmad|Aijaz Ahmed]] has called it the "best English language newsmagazine anywhere in the world".<ref name="The Invisible Intellectual">{{cite web |date=11 March 2004 |title=The Invisible Intellectual |url=http://www.zmag.org/sustainers/content/2004-03/11deshpande.cfm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929135538/http://www.zmag.org/sustainers/content/2004-03/11deshpande.cfm |archive-date=29 September 2007 |access-date=27 July 2007 |work=ZNET}}</ref>

Since 1991, the magazine has opposed the economic reforms of successive governments that encouraged [[disinvestment]] in state-owned corporations, and the opening up of areas like telecom and insurance to private and foreign players among others.

==Awards==
Regular correspondent [[Dionne Bunsha]] received the [[Ramnath Goenka]] in 2007 for outstanding [[Journalism|reporting]] in the field of environment and books.<ref name="'Awards for Bunsha">{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/18/stories/2007071856131500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070903043457/http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/18/stories/2007071856131500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 September 2007 |title=Award for Bunsha |date=18 July 2007 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=1 August 2007}}</ref> Journalist [[P.Sainath|P. Sainath]], a frequent contributor to ''Frontline'', won the 2007 [[Ramon Magsaysay Award]] in the fields of creative arts, journalism and communication.<ref name="Sainath">{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/01/stories/2007080156480100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001062738/http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/01/stories/2007080156480100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 October 2007 |title=Award for Sainath |date=1 August 2007 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=1 August 2007}}</ref>

Other journalists such as Asha Krishnakumar and [[Praveen Swami]] are also recipients of prestigious awards in journalism, such as the [[Lorenzo Natali Media Prize]].<ref name="Awards">{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2017/stories/20030829008513400.htm |title=Awards for journalists |date=29 August 2003 |work=Frontline |access-date=1 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090603075850/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2017/stories/20030829008513400.htm |archive-date=3 June 2009 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[The Hindu Business Line]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}

{{KasturiSons}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Frontline (Magazine)}}
[[Category:1984 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Biweekly magazines published in India]]
[[Category:English-language magazines published in India]]
[[Category:The Hindu Group]]
[[Category:News magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Magazines established in 1984]]
[[Category:Mass media in Chennai]]

Laccoptera quatuordecimnotata

2025-12-17T04:41:51Z

Gnfcmussorie: starting initial entry v1

{{Short description|Species of beetle}}
{{Speciesbox
| genus = Laccoptera
| species = quatuordecimnotata
| authority = [[Carl Henrik Boheman|Boheman]], 1855
| synonyms = * ''Laccoptera (Laccoptera) quatuordecim-notata'' Spaeth, 1914
* ''Laccoptera quatuordecimpunctata'' [sic]: Medvedev, 1957
* ''Laccoptera (Laccopteroidea) quatuordecimnotata'' Borowiec, 1999
| display_parents = 3
}}

'''''Laccoptera (Laccopteroidea) quatuordecimnotata''''', is a species of [[Chrysomelidae|leaf beetle]] native to India, and Sri Lanka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New records of Asian and Australopapuan Cassidinae, with a description of five new species of Cassida L. from Thailand (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/239277543 |access-date=2021-09-21 |website=Genus Vol. 12(4): 493-562 Wroc³aw, 28 XII 2001}}</ref>

==Description==
Host plant are ''[[Ipomoea]]'' species, ''[[Argyreia elliptica]]'' and ''[[Argyreia hookeri]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Laccoptera (Laccopteroidea) quatuordecimnotata Boheman, 1855 |url=http://www.cassidae.uni.wroc.pl/katalog%20internetowy/laccopteraquatuordecimnotata.htm |access-date=2021-09-24 |website=cassidae}}</ref> Both adult and the final instars are voracious plant eaters, that feed on upper and lower surfaces of leaf lamina. Feeding areas are parallel to the veins which give elongate-shaped holes of about 14 mm long and 4 mm wide.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tortoise beetles and their host plants from Pune (Maharashtra State, India) and nearby places (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae) |url=http://www.cassidae.uni.wroc.pl/Pune%20Cassidinae%20host%20plants.pdf |access-date=2021-09-24 |website=Genus Vol. 14 (4): 519-539 Wroclaw, 28 XII 2003}}</ref>

Adult female lays eggs on the leaf surface. Eggs are covered in a transparent egg-case which is bound with feceal threads. Final instar grub has a flat and obovate body and is about 12 mm long. There are 16 pairs of light brownish lateral projections and a pair of supra-anal processes on the body. Head oval, dark brown. There are five large, black ocelli on each side of the head. Dorsal surface is dark brown with dense chitinous platelets. Lateral projections are covered with many spinules. Thoracic sternites and first, second abdominal sternites are all whitish yellow. These sternites lack chitinous platelets. Antenna with 2 segments. Prothorax with a pair of large subpentagonal black shields. It bears a large triangular mass of feces on the cast skins of the preceding four larval instars.<ref name= cassi>{{Cite web |title=IMMATURE STAGES OF SOME INDIAN CASSIDINAE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) |url=https://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2115/9807/1/21_p19-48.pdf |access-date=2021-09-24 |website=INSECTA MATSUMURANA NEW SERIES 21: 19-48 JULY, 1980}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ranade |first1=Sachin P. |last2=Ghate |first2=Hemant V. |last3=Świętojaska |first3=Jolanta |date=2004-10-01 |title=Detailed Description of First and Last Instar Larva and Pupa of Laccoptera Foveolata (Boheman, 1856) from India with Notes on Its Bionomy (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae) |url=https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/miiz/annales/2004/00000054/00000004/art00011 |access-date=2021-09-24 |journal=Annales Zoologici |volume=54 |issue=4 |pages=783–796 |doi=10.3161/0003454043651825|doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 }}</ref>

Pupation occur within the cover made of cast skins and feces. Pupa with long oval and glabrous body which is about 12 mm long. Dorsal surface light brownish with some black patches. Head dark brown in color. Pronotum flat, and depressed anteriorly. Mesothorax and metathorax areas with dark patches. Elytral area is dark brown.<ref name= cassi />

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q108675509}}
[[Category:Laccoptera]]
[[Category:Beetles of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Beetles described in 1855]]
[[Category:Beetles of Nepal]]
[[Category:Beetles of Asia]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Henrik Boheman]]

{{Cassidinae-stub}}

Bharat Singh Beniwal

2025-12-14T15:26:29Z

Gnfcmussorie: started a bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Member of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Ellenabad Assembly constituency|Ellenabad]]
| profession =
| predecessor = [[Abhay Singh Chautala]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| persnol life =
| Early Life =
| occupation = Politician
| term_start = 2024
}}
'''Bharat Singh Beniwal''' is an Indian politician from [[Haryana]]. He is a [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Member of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]] since [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Ellenabad Assembly constituency|Ellenabad]]. He is a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Ellenabad, Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: INC's Bharat Singh Beniwal defeats INLD's Abhay Singh Chautala with 15000 votes village Darba Kalan, District Sirsa, Haryana, India. India|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/ellenabad-haryana-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612824-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ellenabad Assembly Election 2024 Results Declared: Congress's Bharat Singh Beniwal Secures Victory Over Abhay Singh Chautala |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/ellenabad-vidhan-sabha-chunav-result-2024-live-abhay-singh-chautala-amir-chand-talwara-total-votes-margin-bjp-congress-eci-haryana-assembly-election-result-2803998.html |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Beniwal, Bharat Singh}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Haryana]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Haryana-INC-politician-stub}}

Poopara

2025-11-29T01:26:59Z

Gnfcmussorie: fixed references per standard format per sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Poopara
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline = Poopara.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Poopara Junction
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|9.9803|N|77.2031|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Idukki district]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluks of Kerala|Taluk]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Udumbanchola]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Santhanpara Grama Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 41.05
| elavation_m =
| elevation_footnotes =
| population_total = 8,231
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 =[[Malayalam]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Kerala |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10209/download/13321/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-3200.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 685613,685619
| registration_plate = KL-69
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
{{Commonscat|Poopara}}

''' Poopara ''' is a village in [[Idukki district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Kerala]].<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/P |title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |accessdate=2008-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208044522/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |archive-date=2008-12-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is located in the cardamom-growing region of Kerala, and also houses a number of tea and coffee plantations. The place also intersects the [[Munnar]] - [[Kumily]] state highway ([[State Highway 19 (Kerala)|SH-19]]) and [[Kochi]] - [[Dhanushkodi]] national highway ([[National Highway 49 (India)|NH-49]]). The Anayirankal reservoir is 4 km up the road from Poopara.

==Demographics==
As of [[2011 Census of India|2011 Census]], Poopara had a population of 8,231 with 4,137 males and 4,094 females. Poopara village has an area of {{cvt|41.05|km2}} with 2,267 families residing in it. In Poopara, 8.8% of the total population was under 6 years of age. Poopara had an average literacy of 77.9% higher than the national average of 74% and lower than state average of 94%.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kerala |first1=Directorate of Census Operations |title=District Census Handbook, Idukki |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala |location=Thiruvananthapuram |page=58,59 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3209_PART_B_IDUKKI.pdf |access-date=14 July 2020}}</ref>

==Views of Poopara==
<gallery>
File:Anayirankal Dam ksrtmun2k24 (33).jpg|[[Anayirankal Dam]]
File:Harrison Malayalam Tea Garden Munnar 6112.JPG|Tea plantations in Poopara
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Idukki district}}

[[Category:Villages in Idukki district]]

{{Idukki-geo-stub}}

Twenty One Gms

2025-10-26T11:42:53Z

Gnfcmussorie:

{{Short description|2022 Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Twenty One Gms
| image = Twenty One Gms Malayalam film poster.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Bibin Krishna
| producer = Rinish K. N.
| writer = Bibin Krishna
| starring = [[Anoop Menon]] [[Renji Panicker]] [[Leona Lishoy]] [[Anu Mohan (Malayalam actor)|Anu Mohan]] [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]] Aji John [[Manasa Radhakrishnan]] Vivek Anirudh
| music = [[Deepak Dev]]
| cinematography = Jithu Damodar
| editing = Appu N. Bhattathiri
| studio = The Front Row Productions
| distributor = The Front Row Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2022|03|18}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Twenty One Gms''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[crime thriller]] film written and directed by Bibin Krishna in his directorial debut.<ref>{{cite web |date=31 May 2021 |title=അനൂപ് മേനോൻ നായകനായി ട്വന്റി വണ്‍, മോഷൻ പോസ്റ്റര്‍ പുറത്തുവിട്ടു|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/anoop-menon-film-declared-qtzav8 |website=[[Asianet News]]|language=ml}}</ref> The film stars [[Anoop Menon]] who investigates a series of murders that takes place within a week.<ref name="main">{{cite web |date=31 May 2021 |title=ക്രൈംബ്രാഞ്ച് ഡി.വൈ.എസ്.പിയായി അനൂപ് മേനോൻ; 'ട്വൻ്റി വൺ' പൂർത്തിയായി|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/anoop-menon-movie-twenty-one-shooting-completed-1.5721921 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]]|language=ml}}</ref> It also features [[Renji Panicker]], [[Leona Lishoy]], [[Anu Mohan (Malayalam actor)|Anu Mohan]], Aji John, [[Chandunath G Nair]], and [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]] in supporting roles.<ref>{{cite web |date=31 May 2021 |title=Anoop Menon's investigation thriller film '21 Grams' first look motion poster is here |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/anoop-menons-investigation-thriller-film-21-grams-first-look-motion-poster-is-here/articleshow/83111251.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The soundtrack was composed by [[Deepak Dev]], with lyrics written by [[Vinayak Sasikumar]].

''Twenty One Gms'' was released in theatres on 18 March 2022. It received positive reviews from critics.

==Plot==

Nanda Kishore is the Deputy Superintendent at the Police Crime Branch, who lives a sad life with his wife Gauri after their only daughter passes away. Gauri's brother Vinay soon joins them and agrees to live with them considering his sister's grief and loneliness.

Nandan is investigating the death of a lady called Anjali who was biomedical engineer at a multispecialty hospital in the city. On the next day of Anjali's death which is considered as a homicide, her brother Martin is also found dead in the same apartment where she was murdered. Nandakishore along with his assistant Sunny, collects evidences from the crime scene.

He suspects Martin's former friend and business partner Jimmy Cherian who is a notorious entrepreneur. Nandan arrests Murugan, a local goon who is trusted by Jimmy but Murugan tells he is innocent and he says another goon named Tony (Tipper Tony) has gone missing after the murders. The DNA samples collected from the crime scene matches Tony and he is identified as one of the killers of Anjali and the killer of Martin.

Nandan finds out that a call was made from Tony's fake sim card to another number which was in the tower location of a famous hotel where a party took place on the same day of Anjali's death, for all famous entrepreneurs of the city including Jimmy, hosted by John Samuel, the owner of the multi-speciality hospital Anjali was working. Nandan asks Nikhil, a staff and trusted assistant of John Samuel for video footages of the party but he is unable to find any footages after 11 pm. Nikhil tells that the videographer left by 11 which was later found to be a lie.
Nandan concludes that the other killer who was with Tony is a left hander from the manner of throat slash and dismisses Jimmy as the suspect. He calls Nikhil to his office to get a list of other guests who attended the party and finds out Nikhil is a left hander. As soon as Nikhil leaves the office, the fingerprints are collected and he is identified as the killer. A car follows Nikhil on his way back and he is found dead the next day in his car.
Nandan finds a video from Anjali's phone which was sent to her brother Martin in which she reveals her life is under threat as she has evidences of unauthorised drug trials on children happening in the hospital, planned by John Samuel which she and journalist Shihab tried to bring to light. Shibab died following a cardiac arrest before he could publish them and now the killers are behind he. She leaves a message for Martin to publish the evidences she has collected. She was killed on that day by Nikhil and Tony but they are unable to find the documents. Her brother Martin was killed the next day while he was searching for the files following the clues from her video message.
Nandan is shocked as his daughter died in the same hospital presumably following the drug trials and he tries to complete what Anjali and Shihab started. He plans to arrest John Samuel as he is behind the murders and the drug trials but the evidences goes missing from the office of the Superintendent of Police.

Nandan tracks an old Contessa car as he learns a man who came in the car customised wreaths of a specific manner several times and placed them on Anjali's grave including the day of Nikhil's death and confirms the killer is someone very close to Anjali as the wreaths were made of her favourite flowers. The police find out the car which followed Nikhil from camera footages and finds it is new and it is revealed to be Vinay's. Later it is revealed that Anjali was Vinay's girlfriend and he was taking antidepressants, the prescriptions for which was found near Nikhil's dead body.
Vinay reveals although he wanted to kill Nikhil, it was not him.

John arrives at the airport from abroad and travels to his home by car. The police offers security to him as the murderer of Nikhil might be targeting John, too. Vinay is arrested and the police withdraws John Samuel's police security thinking the killer is now in police custody. Nandan receives a call from John Samuel where he mocks Nandan that he can never arrest John as he will never have the evidences. John is killed soon, after the man who came in an old Contessa car slashes his throat and the killer is revealed to be Martin.

Later it is shown that Martin was not dead and although Tony attacked Martin while searching for the files in Anjali's apartment, Tony was killed by Martin and his body was burnt, and only a metal rod in his leg was remaining. The body was identified to be Martin's by a priest who is Anjali's and Martin's uncle who Jimmy had misled into believing that Martin has a metal rod in his leg from an accident in USA. Nandan learns Tony also had a metal rod following an accident and the body was Tony's which is why he was missing ever since the murders. Martin took the old Contessa in which Tony came and murdered Nikhil and John afterwards. Nandan hides his findings as he thinks what Martin did is right.

In the tail end Nandan receives a call from Sunny to inform that the old Contessa car was found Tamil Nadu and the driver's face is not clear and the police plans to reopen the case to catch its driver, who is assumed to be 'Tony'.

==Cast==
* [[Anoop Menon]] as [[DySP]] Nanda Kishore [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Leona Lishoy]] as Gouri, Kishore's wife
* [[Anu Mohan (Malayalam actor)|Anu Mohan]] as [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Sunny Tharakan, [[Crime Branch]]
* Vivek Anirudh as Vinay
* [[Mareena Michael Kurisingal]] as [[Assistant sub-inspector of police|ASI]] Abhirami, [[Crime Branch]]
* Aji John as Jimmy Cherian
* [[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]] as Fr. Joseph
* [[Manasa Radhakrishnan]] as Anjali
* [[Chandhunadh]] as Martin
* [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]] as Dr. John Samuel
* [[Lena (actress)|Lena]] as [[Superintendent of Police|SP]] Rachel Vincent [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], [[Crime Branch]]
* [[Renji Panicker]] as Dr. Alex Koshy
* [[Shankar Ramakrishnan]] as Shihab Muhammed
* [[Prasanth Alexander]] as [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Sreenivasan
* Jeeva Joseph as Nikhil Narayanan
* [[Bineesh Bastin]] as Tipper Tony
* Rajkumar Radhakrishnan as Murugan

==Production==
The film is the directorial debut of Bibin Krishna, an IT engineer. The film was also produced by his IT colleague Rinish K. N. who was keen to produce films. In June 2021, Krishna told to ''[[The Hindu]]'' that he had the screenplay completed four years ago but he used this time to improve his knowledge in filmmaking by working in short films. [[Anoop Menon]] heard the story in December 2020, who suggested to start filming in January 2021, they managed to start filming with the next 15 days. It was shot in [[Kochi]] and [[Vagamon]]. Filming was completed in March 2021 just before the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]].<ref name="shoot">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/twenty-one-gms-two-debutants-whodunit-with-anoop-menon/article34760714.ece|title='Twenty One Gms': When two debutants joined together to make a whodunit|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=8 June 2021 |last1=Nagarajan |first1=Saraswathy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=4 June 2021 |title=Twenty One Gms: Anoop Menon headlines debutant's feature |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2021/jun/04/21-gms-anoop-menon-headlines-debutants-feature-24835.html |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

==Music==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Deepak Dev]], with lyrics written by [[Vinayak Sasikumar]].<ref>{{cite web |date=31 May 2021 |title=അനൂപ് മേനോൻ നായകനാകുന്ന 'ട്വൻറി വൺ ഗ്രാംസ്' ഫസ്റ്റ് ലുക്ക് മോഷൻ പോസ്റ്റർ മോഹൻലാൽ പുറത്തിറക്കി|url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/twenty-one-motion-poster-anoop-menon-leona-lishoy-anu-mohan-jj-389019.html |website=[[News18 India]]|language=ml}}</ref>

==Release==
The film was released in theatres on 18 March 2022. It was digitally released for streaming on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] on 10 June 2022. The satellite rights of the film were acquired by [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]].{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

==Reception==
The film generally received positive reviews from critics and audience. ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "A thriller that saves its twists till the end"<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/twenty-one-grams/movie-review/90304931.cms | title=Twenty One Grams Movie Review: A thriller that saves its twists till the end | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/twenty-one-grams/movie-review/90304931.cms|title=Twenty One Grams|date=18 March 2022|website=Times of India|access-date=24 March 2022}}</ref>

==See also==
* ''[[21 Grams]]'', a 2003 American film.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|14774434}}

[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Kerala Police]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:2022 thriller films]]
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 directorial debut films]]

Education in Howrah

2025-10-07T12:15:41Z

Gnfcmussorie:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
'''[[Howrah]]''' is a city in [[West Bengal]], [[India]]; the education system of Howrah is described below.

==Schooling==
Howrah's schools are either run by the state government or by private institutions. The medium of instruction is [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]] or [[Hindi]]. The school system of Howrah is divided into three terms (primary, secondary and higher secondary) and there are many affiliations of the schools.

===[[K-5 (education)|K-5]] Schools===
The kindergarten and primary schools are mostly affiliated with [[West Bengal Board of Primary Education]], [[Central Board of Secondary Education]], [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]].
Some of the notable primary schools are Kidzee kindergarten school, Phanindranath Kindergarten School, Howrah Homes Primary School etc.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://targetstudy.com/school/primary-schools-in-howrah.html|title=Primary schools in Howrah - TargetStudy.com|last=targetstudy.com|website=targetstudy.com}}</ref>

=== Secondary and Higher Secondary ===
{{See also|List of High Schools in Howrah}}

The secondary and Higher Secondary schools have many affiliations: [[Central Board of Secondary Education]], [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]], [[West Bengal Board of Madrasah Education]], [[West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education]], [[West Bengal Board of Secondary Education]] and [[National Institute of Open Schooling]]. Howrah's most notable schools include B.E. College Model School, Delhi Public School, Sudhir Memorial Institute Liluah, Agrasain Balika Siksha Sadan SCHOOL, [https://juliendayschool.org/jds-howrah Julien Day School, Howrah] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518114409/https://juliendayschool.org/jds-howrah |date=18 May 2021 }}, [[Vivekananda Institution|Howrah Vivekananda Institution]], [[Santragachi Kedarnath Institution, Howrah]], [[Howrah Zilla School]], Howrah High School etc.

[[Howrah Zilla School]] is the oldest running school in Howrah founded in 1845. Mahiary Kundu Chowdhury Institution, situated in Andul is the oldest school of Howrah founded in 1841. It is the only Governmental school in Howrah. Howrah's first vernacular Bengali medium school was established in 1857 by [[Kedarnath Bhattacharya]], first Indian chairman of [[Howrah Municipal Corporation]]. In 1870 it was named Santragachi Minor School. Currently it is named [[Santragachi Kedarnath Institution, Howrah]].<ref>{{cite book|last= Alok Kumar Mukherjee|title=Howrah, a Study in Urbanization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cGZPAAAAMAAJ|year=1991|page=99|publisher=Chatterjee Publishers |isbn=9788185089089 }}</ref>

==Colleges==
There are many colleges in Howrah. Most of the colleges are affiliated to [[University of Calcutta]].

===General Colleges===
Some notable colleges are [[Bijoy Krishna Girls' College]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bkgc.in/|title=Bijoy Krishna Girls College, Howrah - NCTE approved NAAC B++ accredited College with CPE status|website=bkgc.in}}</ref> [[Prabhu Jagatbandhu College]], [[Dr. Kanailal Bhattacharya College]], [[Narasinha Dutt College]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ndcollege.in/|title=Narasinha Dutt College|website=ndcollege.in}}</ref> etc.

===Engineering colleges===
The engineering colleges are affiliated to [[West Bengal University of Technology]].
The [[Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur]] is a public engineering and research institution. It is the second oldest engineering institution in India, and is an Indian [[institute of national importance]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iiests.ac.in/|title=IIEST Shibpur - Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology Shibpur|first=Avijit|last=Banerjee|website=www.iiests.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2014/158429.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2018-10-14 |archive-date=2021-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102230458/http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2014/158429.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The other engineering colleges include [[Engineering Institute For Junior Executives]], MCKV Institute of Engineering,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mckvie.edu.in/|title=MCKV, Private Engineering College in Kolkata|website=MCKV Institute of Engineering}}</ref> Seacom Engineering College<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seacomengineering.org/|title=Seacom Engineering College|website=www.seacomengineering.org}}</ref> etc.

===Medical Colleges===
Medical and Dental Colleges include [[Mahesh Bhattacharya Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital]], [[Netai Charan Chakravarty Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital]] etc.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mbhmch.org/index.html|title=:: Mahesh Bhattacharyya Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital ::|website=mbhmch.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncchmchospital.org/|title=Home Page|website=www.ncchmchospital.org}}</ref>

==Industrial training institutes==
The Industrial Training Institutes are affiliated to [[West Bengal State Council of Vocational Education and Training]]. The notable IT institutes include [[Industrial Training Institute, Shibpur]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://itishibpur.org.in/|title=Shibpur ITI (Home)|website=itishibpur.org.in}}</ref> [[Industrial Training Institute, Howrah Homes]], and Howrah ITI Institute.

==See also==
*[[Howrah]]
*[[List of High Schools in Howrah]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Education in Howrah| ]]

Tharparkar cattle

2025-10-05T01:18:17Z

Gnfcmussorie: Added The Article Needs Work.

{{Short description|Breed of cattle}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
[[File:Tharparkar 01.JPG|thumb|right|Tharparkar bull]]
[[File:Tharparkar 02.JPG|thumb|right|Tharparkar cow]]

The '''Tharparkar''' ([[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]: ٿرپارڪر) (also known as '''White Sindhi''', '''Cutchi''' and '''Thari''') is an [[Zebu|indigenous breed]] of [[Zebu|zebuine cattle]] from the Indian subcontinent, originating in [[Tharparkar District]] in [[Sindh]] province, now in [[Pakistan]], and is also found in [[India]]. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/tharparkar |title=Tharparkar Cattle |publisher=Ansi.okstate.edu |date= |accessdate=11 December 2009}}</ref> It is a dual-purpose breed known for both its milking and [[Ox|draught]] potential. The cattle is of medium to large build with white to gray skin.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://dahd.nic.in/cowspages/tharparkar.htm | title=Tharparkar Cattle | publisher=Department of Animal Husbandry, Government of India}}</ref>
The "Tharparkar" is named after the [[Thar Desert]] in Pakistan and India.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.dairyknowledge.in/article/tharparkar | title=Tharparkar |website=Dairy Knowledge Portal }}</ref>

==Habitat==
The [[Tharparkar (cattle)|Tharparkar]] breed has been named after the district in [[Sindh]] and [[Gujarat]] from which it originates. This district has large stretches of sand dunes, and adequate grazing is only available a few months after the monsoon rains (July to September). They are very well adapted to the extreme climatic conditions and feed scarcity of their home tract.<ref name="bakht">Bakht Baidar Khan & G. B. Isani. Breeds and types of livestock in Pakistan. Animal Husbandry by S. Iqbal Shah. National Book Foundation Islamabad, 1994. Page 59</ref>

==Physical Characteristics==
Thari are medium-sized animals with a long tapering face, slightly convex forehead, medium-sized horns that curve upward and outward, and large, semi-pendulous ears. They are generally light grey, with the colour deepening on the fore and hindquarters in males. A white stripe runs along the backbone. The tail twitch is black. They have a well-developed, firm hump, medium dewlap, deep barrel, and strong legs. The udder is medium-sized and strong. Cows are fairly good milk producers. Adult males and females weigh 400-500 and 300-380 kg, respectively.<ref name="bakht" />

==See also==
* [[List of breeds of cattle]]
* [[Red Sindhi cattle]]
* [[Sahiwal cattle]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{commons category}}

{{Cattle breeds of India}}
{{Cattle breeds of Pakistan}}

[[Category:Cattle breeds]]
[[Category:Cattle breeds originating in India]]
[[Category:Thar Desert]]
[[Category:Animal husbandry in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Cattle breeds originating in Pakistan]]

{{cattle-stub}}
{{Pakistan-stub}}

Dayakattai

2025-09-16T04:06:09Z

Gnfcmussorie: updated details

{{Short description|Dayaboss a dice game originated in Tamilnadu}}
{{multiple issues|
{{Expert needed|Indian history|reason=This is a well-known board game in India of substantial historical significance. A topical expert is needed to add scholarly references to address notability issues.|date=December 2019}}
{{refimprove|date=October 2015}}
{{one source|date=February 2020}}
}}
[[File:Thayam.JPG|thumb|right|Original board]]
'''Dayakattai''' or Dayaboss is a [[Tamils|Tamil]] [[dice game]] played by 2 or 4 people (or multiples) by forming teams. It originated in [[Tamil Nadu]] (a southern state of [[India]]) and is comparable to another dice game from the country called [[Pachisi]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.instructables.com/id/Dayakattai/|title=Dayakattai|work=Instructables.com|access-date=2018-09-08|language=en}}</ref> Dayakattai takes many different forms.

== Etymology ==
The word "Daya" is derived from the Tamil word தாயம் ("Thayam," meaning first stone).

== Equipment ==

The game uses a pair of long square [[cuboid]] dice, called the Dayakattai. These dice also go by names such as Daayam and Daala.

They are typically made of [[brass]] and have dots punched onto the long faces (1, 2, 3, 0). Each player starts with twelve or six coins/chips at a 'home' in the center of the game board.

== Gameplay ==

{|class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size:100%;text-align:center;"
|+Dice counting
! {{diagonal split header | Die 1 | Die 2}} !! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3
|-
! 0
| style="background:#aaf;" | 12|| style="background:#faa;" | 1 || 2 || 3
|-
! 1
| style="background:#faa;" | 1 || 2 || 3 || 4
|-
! 2
| 2 || 3 || 4 || style="background:#aaf;" | 5
|-
! 3
| 3 || 4 || style="background:#aaf;" | 5 || style="background:#aaf;" | 6
|}

Dhaayam [தாயம்] is a traditional game of Tamil Nadu. Players take turns rolling the Dayakattai. When a player rolls a Dayam (0 on one die and 1 on another), they move one of their pieces one space out of the "home", rolls again and advances their piece by the number indicated by the dice. In order to move all the pieces out of the home, Daayam must be rolled for each one.

Pieces advance first along the side of the player and then in a [[clockwise]] direction. When a player rolls a one, five, six, or twelve (two 0s), they get to roll again. The numbers rolled can be distributed among the player's pieces: e.g., if a player rolls 5, 12 and 2, they can move one piece by 12, move another by 5, and then move a third piece by 2. Alternately, the player could elect to have the three numbers shared by only two pieces or even move only one piece by the total number rolled.

Pieces can 'cut' other pieces from the opponent by landing on the same spot that they are in. A 'cut' piece is sent home. However, while in one of the safe zones (marked by an X), a piece cannot be cut. After completing one lap, a piece starts to move up the outer edge of the right side of its owner's leg of the game board. It stays on the corners instead of the spaces. The piece then needs to move the exact number of spaces to get to the center of the board. While at the corner of the home, a piece can be cut by another piece getting to the corner of its home. Players win by getting all of their pieces to the center of the board. This game has 8 steps.

== Long format ==

In the longer format of the game players start with 8 coins, of which 4 have to move around the board in pairs, i.e. 4 coins form 2 pairs. Paired coins move only when an even number is rolled by the player. The number of paces moved gets halved (e.g. if a player rolls 2 or 4 or 6 or 12, the paired coins can move only 1 or 2 or 3 or 6 paces). Once the inner lap is completed, an outer lap must be completed before the player can move to the outer edge and win the game.

One reason why this format takes a long time, apart from the fact that it has two laps, is due to the "paired coins". Since the pair can move only when even numbers are rolled, if a player has taken all his single coins to the center of the board, it is a daunting task to take the pairs back to the center. However, an advantage of paired coins is that a pair cannot be cut by a single coin, but the reverse is not true.

== Significance==

One more traditional Dayakattai is in use in some Indian villages{{Citation needed|date=August 2018}}; it is called "Marudees" or "Majith," which translates as "a vehicle to God".

The rules are the same with the pieces ranging to 12 numbers each, the cross which comes for every 5 box counts is called a safe place. One team occupies the safe place (pazham zone), which can't be occupied by the other team until it is cleared. The pieces in this safe place cannot be cut, and only if a team cuts at least one of the other team's pieces can it enter the pazham zone. Its zone is usually in the shape of letter M.

The first player to move all 12 coins to pazham is the winner. The [[Mahābhārata]], the famous Indian epic states that the [[Kauravas]] invited the [[Pandavas]] to gamble for their kingdom over this game.

==See also==

* [[Parcheesi]] - an American adaptation of [[Pachisi]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Cross and circle games]]
[[Category:Indian games]]
[[Category:Indian board games]]
[[Category:Traditional board games]]

Diocese of Dibrugarh

2025-08-31T19:14:35Z

Gnfcmussorie: put up the data from scratch

{{Short description|Roman Catholic diocese in Assam, India}}
{{no footnotes|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox diocese
|jurisdiction = Diocese
|name = Dibrugarh
|latin = Dioecesis Dibrugarhensis
|image = Cathedral of the Sacred Heart, Dibrugarh.jpg
|caption= Cathedral of the Sacred Heart, Dibrugarh during [[Christmas]], 2019
|country = {{flag|India}}
|metropolitan = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Guwahati|Guwahati]]
|province = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Guwahati|Guwahati]]
|rite = [[Latin Church|Latin Rite]]
|cathedral = Cathedral of the Sacred Heart in [[Dibrugarh]]
|cocathedral =
|patron = [[Sacred Heart of Jesus]]
|area_km2 = 32,545
|population = 6,125,000
|population_as_of = 2006
|catholics = 101,000
|catholics_percent= 1.6
|pope = {{Incumbent pope}}
|bishop = [[Albert Hemrom]]
|metro_archbishop = [[John Moolachira]]
|coadjutor =
|auxiliary_bishops=
|website = [http://www.dibrugarhdiocese.org/ Website of the Diocese]
}}

The '''Roman Catholic Diocese of Dibrugarh''' ({{langx|la| Dibrugarhen(sis)}}) is a [[diocese]] located in the city of [[Dibrugarh]] in the [[ecclesiastical province]] of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Guwahati|Guwahati]] in India.

==History==
* 12 July 1951: Established as Diocese of Dibrugarh from the [[Diocese of Shillong]]

==Leadership==
* [[Bishop]]s of Dibrugarh ([[Latin Church|Latin Rite]])
** Bishop [[Albert Hemrom]] (15 February 2021 – present)
** Bishop [[Joseph Aind]], S.D.B. (11 November 1994 – 15 February 2021)
** Bishop [[Thomas Menamparampil]], S.D.B. (later Archbishop) (19 June 1981 – 30 March 1992)
** Bishop [[Robert Kerketta]], S.D.B. (21 May 1970 – 24 October 1980)
** Archbishop [[Hubert D’Rosario]], S.D.B. (Apostolic Administrator 26 June 1969 – 21 May 1970)
** Bishop Hubert D’Rosario, S.D.B. (later Archbishop) (6 July 1964 – 26 June 1969)
** Bishop [[Oreste Marengo]], S.D.B. (12 July 1951 – 6 July 1964)

==Schools==

{{Empty section|date=January 2024}}

==References==

{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/dibr0.htm GCatholic.org] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/ddibr.html Catholic Hierarchy] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]
* [http://www.dioceseofdibrugarh.org/ Diocese website ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724171945/http://www.dioceseofdibrugarh.org/ |date=24 July 2008 }}

{{coord|27.4793|N|94.9206|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dibrugarh}}
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in India]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1951]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Christianity in Assam]]
[[Category:Dibrugarh]]

{{India-RC-diocese-stub}}

Krishna Gahlawat

2025-07-27T00:25:27Z

Gnfcmussorie: starting basic details first draft

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Rai Assembly constituency|Rai]]
| term_start = 8 October 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Mohan Lal Badoli]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Krishna Gahlawat''' is an Indian politician from [[Haryana]]. She is a [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Member of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Rai Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Rai, Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP's Krishna Gahlawat defeats INC's Jai Bhagwan Antil with 4673 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/rai-haryana-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612808-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Rai FINAL Election Result 2024: Krishna Gahlawat of BJP Wins by... |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/rai-final-election-result-2024-9079466.html |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gahlawat, Krishna}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Haryana]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Haryana-BJP-politician-stub}}

Mahendra Sūri

2025-07-21T04:34:05Z

Gnfcmussorie:

{{Short description|Indian mathematician (1340–1400)}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}

'''Mahendra Sūri''' (c. 1340 – 1400)<ref name=":0" /> is the 14th century [[Jainism|Jain]] [[astronomer]] who wrote the ''Yantraraja'', the first [[India]]n treatise on the [[astrolabe]].<ref>{{cite book | editor = Glick | display-editors = etal | title = Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia | date = 2005 | publisher = [[Routledge]] | isbn = 0-415-96930-1 | quote =the Jain astronomer Mahendra Suri ([[floruit|fl.]] 1370)...wrote the first Indian treatise on the astrolabe, called the ''Yantraraja'' (1370) | page = 464}}</ref> He was trained by Madana Sūri, and was teacher to Malayendu Sūri.<ref name=":0" /> [[Jainism]] had a strong influence on mathematics particularly in the last couple of centuries BC. By the time of Mahendra Suri, however, Jainism had lost support as a national religion and was much less vigorous.

==Works==
[[File:Yantraraja_Folio_3.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|Image of folio 3 of Malayendu Sūri's commentary (1382) on Mahendra Sūri's Yantrarāja (1370). [[iarchive:wg1207/page/n15/mode/2up|(Internet Archive)]]]]
Mahendra Suri's fame rests on the work ''Yantrarāja'', which introduced the astrolabe to the Indian astronomer.<ref name=":0" /> Mahendra Sūri was patronized by the [[Tughlaq dynasty|Tughluq]] ruler of Delhi, [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq|Firūz Shāh]] (r. 1351–1388), who evinced keen interest in astronomy. Firūz Shāh had earlier caused the ''Bṛhatsaṃhitā'' of Varāhamihira to be translated into [[Persian language|Persian]]. At the sultan's instance, Mahendra Sūri studied the astrolabe and introduced it to the Sanskrit audience in 1370 in his ''Yantrarāja''. Its circulation was largely, if not wholly, confined to astronomers who worked within the Islamic and Ptolemaic traditions.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

The ''Yantrarāja'' is best described as an [[astrolabe]] user's manual. It explains how this king (''rāja'') of instruments (''yantra'') is to be constructed and commissioned for purposes of observation. The ''saumya'' ''yantra'' (northern instrument) projected from the [[South Pole]] and the ''yāmya'' ''yantra'' (southern instrument) projected from the North Pole are discussed separately, followed by a description of the ''phaṇīndra'' ''yantra'' (the serpentine instrument), which combines both.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

A detailed discussion on the application of the astrolabe is found in Malayendu Sūri's commentary on the ''Yantrarāja''. This commentary is also interesting because it provided, for the first time to Indian astronomers, tables for ready reference, which helped simplify calculations. The commentator gave latitudes of 75 cities. Malayendu made a list of latitudes for 32 stars, which were identified as relevant for purposes of calculations in India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/31248872|title=Academia website|website=Academia |last1=Devadevan |first1=Manu V. }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Gaṇaka Taraṅgiṇī or Lives of Hindu Astronomers|last=Padmakara Dvivedi (ed).|first=Dvivedi, Sudhakara.|publisher=Jyotish Prakash Press.|year=1933|location=Benaras}}</ref><ref name=":2">Pingree, David. (1981). Census of the Exact Sciences in Sanskrit, Series A, Vol 4.

Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.</ref><ref name=":3">Raikwa, K.K. (ed). (1936). Yantrarāja of Mahendraguru with the Commentary of

Malayendu Sūri. Bombay: Nirnaya Sagar Press.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Indian mathematicians]]
* [[Yantraraja]]

==References==
<references/>

== Sources ==
* [[K. V. Sarma]] (2008), "Mahendra Suri", [[Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures]] (2nd edition) edited by [[Helaine Selin]], Springer, {{ISBN|978-1-4020-4559-2}}.

{{Indian mathematics}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Suri, Mahendra}}
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:14th-century Indian astronomers]]
[[Category:14th-century Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:14th-century Indian Jains]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]

Niwas, Madhya Pradesh

2025-06-28T07:18:17Z

Gnfcmussorie: Made a bio

{{Short description|Town in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Niwas
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.04|N|80.44|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mandla District]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Nagar panchayat
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 8,248
| population_as_of = 2011
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|MP 51]]
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 481885
}}
'''Niwas''' is a town and a [[nagar panchayat]] located in [[Mandla district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. It is also Tehsil headquarters of Niwas Tehsil.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://mandla.nic.in/en/public-utility/municipal-council-niwas/ | title=Municipal Council Niwas | District Administration Mandla, Government of Madhya Pradesh | India }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://mandla.nic.in/en/revenue-divisions/ | title=Subdivision | District Administration Mandla, Government of Madhya Pradesh | India }}</ref>

==Geography==
Niwas is located at latitude: 23° 2' 44" N longitude: 80° 26' 40" E. It has an average elevation of {{cvt|640|m}}.<ref>https://www.mindat.org/feature-1261261.html</ref>

==Population==
As per [[Census of India 2011]] Niwas town has total population of 8,248, with 4,185 males and 4,063 females.<ref>https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/802372-niwas-madhya-pradesh.html</ref>

==Government==
Niwas is part of [[Niwas Assembly constituency]]. Chainsingh Warkade is MLA from here of [[Indian national congress]].<ref>https://www.oneindia.com/niwas-assembly-elections-mp-106/#:~:text=Niwas%20Assembly%20Election%20Results%202023&text=In%202023%2C%20Chain%20Singh%20Warkade,a%20margin%20of%209723%20votes.</ref>

==Transportation==
Niwas is well connected with roads. Roadways connect it from [[Jabalpur]], [[Mandla]], Dindori, Shahpura, and many more citys. Daily bus service are available.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Jabalpur Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Mandla district]]
[[Category:Mandla]]