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2022 Delhi liquor policy case

2026-05-07T21:01:51Z

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{{Short description|Political scandal in Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Arvind Kejriwal series}}

The '''2022 Delhi liquor policy case''' is an alleged political scandal concerning the [[Government of Delhi|Delhi Government]], related with the introduction of Delhi's Excise Policy from 2021 to 2022. This policy allegedly intended to bring in private firms and enterprise companies into the retail liquor sectors. The allegations involve favouring the owners and shareholders of private sectors, waivers and reduction of license fee and creation of numerous licenses to all the new incoming enterprises, and bribery.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-09-06 |title=Delhi Excise Scam: ED raids multiple locations across India |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/delhi-excise-scam-ed-raids-multiple-locations-across-india-11662447144527.html |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

The matter was a major bone of contention between [[Aam Aadmi Party]] (AAP) and [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] (BJP) and continues to remain so. While the BJP has been calling this a glaring example of AAP's corruption, AAP has been calling it a falsely cooked political vendetta and an example of misuse of Central agencies like [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) and [[Enforcement Directorate]] (ED). The matter is still ongoing in different ways at different forums.

== Background ==
In February 2021, a Group of Ministers led by [[Deputy Chief Minister]] [[Manish Sisodia]] and Health Minister [[Satyendra Kumar Jain]] was formed to look into reforms to the Delhi excise policy, which constituted a committee of experts.<ref name=":0" /> Sisodia, who also held the Excise portfolio brought in the Delhi's Excise Policy (2021–22). This bill aimed to privatise the sale of liquor in Delhi and cease government involvement in the sale of alcohol. The bill invited private enterprises to enter the field of liquor business, with an aim to boost up the excise department revenue by over a large percentage.<ref>{{Cite web |last=An |first=Abhishek |date=August 8, 2022 |title=Individual licensees not reopening shops adds to Delhi's liquor crisis |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/delhi-liquor-crisis-individual-licensees-not-reopening-shops-1985391-2022-08-08 |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> It allegedly tried to end government ownership of liquor stores, which was replaced by the issuance of store operation licenses given to private companies. It also proposed an increase in the annual license fee from Rs. 8 lakh to 75 lakh.<ref name=":1" /> Areas of Delhi were categorized into 32 zones which further included 8–10 wards, each of which would have around 27 outlets. This meant every municipal ward had 2–3 liquor vendors operating in the area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi's liquor policy: Customers may get discounts even as old excise regime kicks in from September 1 |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/delhi/report-delhi-liquor-policy-from-september-1-customers-may-get-discounts-even-as-old-liquor-policy-government-shops-2976454 |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-08-23 |title=Delhi Excise Policy: NDMC to Bring Censure Motion in Aug 24 Meeting |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/delhi-excise-policy-ndmc-to-bring-censure-motion-in-aug-24-meeting-5808931.html |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-08-06 |title=Delhi Excise Policy {{!}} Aam Aadmi Party alleges 'corruption' in change of decision by Centre's LG; seeks CBI probe |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/delhi-excise-policy-aam-aadmi-party-alleges-corruption-in-change-of-decision-by-centres-lg-seeks-cbi-probe/article65735648.ece |access-date=2022-09-06 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The government claimed that this would eliminate the liquor mafia, and enhance consumer experiences visiting new outlets. The private liquor shops were allowed to provide discounts on MRP to attract customers, and were also given provision to deliver liquor until 3 AM. This bill was sent to the Lieutenant Governor's sign and approval, which was passed by the governor with certain conditions on unauthorized areas set.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Explained {{!}} How the controversy over the Delhi Liquor Policy unfolded |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2022/aug/20/explained-how-the-controversy-over-the-delhi-liquor-policy-unfolded-2489533.html |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-31 |title=Explained: All about Delhi reverting to its old liquor policy from Sept 1 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-delhi-reverting-its-old-liquor-policy-from-sept-1-8123219/ |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |first=Munish Chandra |last=Pandey |date=August 25, 2022 |title=High on liquor policy: Retail margins up by 989 per cent under Delhi's new excise rules, show probe papers |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/retail-margins-up-under-delhi-new-excise-rules-show-probe-papers-1992484-2022-08-25 |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Corruption allegations ==

After the policy's implementation, there were a batch of complaints alleging a “multi-crore scam” in the policy, one of which was filed with the [[Delhi Police]] in June 2022 by former Delhi Congress president Chaudhary Anil Kumar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-23 |title=Congress's Kejriwal dilemma deepens as it balances ties with AAP – friends in Delhi, foes in Punjab |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/congress-arvind-kejriwal-arrest-aap-9230586/ |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The bill faced severe backlash from the opposition BJP and Congress, stating that the government has sold all the licenses in exchange for money and accused that the government has handed over the Excise department fully to private players and business agencies. The liquor license holders were allegedly given extensions according to their own will. The opposition also accused that the new policies contradicted the excise policies, and businessmen were given an exemption of 30 crores, as per their will. Both the parties also sought intervention from central agencies to investigate the same. "<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-05 |title=BJP's Anurag Thakur calls AAP 'bewdi sarkar' amid Delhi liquor scam faceoff |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/bjp-s-anurag-thakur-calls-aap-bewdi-sarkar-amid-delhi-liquor-scam-faceoff-122090500705_1.html |access-date=2022-09-06 |work=Business Standard India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-05 |title=BJP cites sting to claim 'crores in commission' given to AAP leaders |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/bjp-sting-aap-delhi-excise-policy-8132149/ |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In July 2022, the then [[Chief Secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] of Delhi, Naresh Kumar, reported procedural violations in the formation of the liquor policy to Saxena, who recommended a CBI probe. These alleged violations were the ignoring of the recommendations of the expert committee and the bypassing of the Lieutenant Governor when implementing the policy. This report alleged losses to the exchequer of up to 580 crore. Another investigation by ED alleged that the liquor policy would give liquor wholesalers a guaranteed 12% profit margin in exchange for a 6% kickback paid to AAP ministers. The ED alleged that Jain and Sisodia overruled the decisions of the expert committee and bypassed the Lieutenant Governor in tweaking the policy to include this profit margin, which they alleged was never discussed during the meetings of the Group of Ministers but was instead agreed on as a "collective decision" of the Delhi cabinet. It was further alleged that Vijay Nair, the AAP's communication in charge who was closely interacting with Sisodia about the liquor policy, was paid 100 crore in advance kickback by a "South Group", consisting of Hyderabad-based private entities. Some of the members of this alleged "South group" included former Telangana Chief Minister's [[K. Chandrashekar Rao|K. Chandrashekhar Rao]]'s daughter [[K. Kavitha]] and then-[[Ongole Lok Sabha constituency|Ongole]] Lok Sabha MP [[Magunta Sreenivasulu Reddy]] from ruling [[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]] party in [[Andhra Pradesh]], along with many Hyderabad-based businessmen. In exchange Nair allegedly granted this "South group", which had no foothold in the Delhi liquor business at the time, wholesale licenses and retail license above and beyond the policy's allowance, as well as other "undue favours".<ref name=":0" />

Meanwhile BJP released a "sting operation" video, where father of an FIR accused Sunny Marwah collected money stating it as "excise duty" under the new policy. The BJP IT-cell head [[Amit Malviya]] released the video, and voiced large corruption and bribery by officials, and pitched in concerns that the state suffered with middlemen and mafias in the government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 5, 2022 |first=Himanshu |last=Mishra |title=BJP shares sting video, claims Manish Sisodia got kickbacks in liquor policy scam |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bjp-sting-video-manish-sisodia-kickbacks-in-liquor-policy-1996577-2022-09-05 |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Delhi Lt Governor [[Vinai Kumar Saxena|V K Saxena]] had played an important role in the process of initiation of various enquiries and investigations. This had led to skirmishes between AAP and Saxena, with AAP hurling various various allegations against Saxena with Saxena calling them "baseless" and "deliberately misleading", while sending legal notice to AAP leaders. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-05 |title=Delhi L-G Saxena sends legal notice to AAP leaders for defamation |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/delhi-l-g-saxena-sends-legal-notice-to-aap-leaders-for-defamation-101662384484228.html |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee News: Latest News, Live Breaking News, Today News, India Political News Updates |url=https://zeenews.india.com/video/india/delhi-lt-governor-sends-legal-notice-to-aap-leaders-2506308.html |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>

== Initial Timeline ==
'''2021: Introduction of the excise policy'''

* February 2021: Group of Ministers led by Deputy CM Manish Sisodia and Health Minister Satyendra Kumar Jain organised to look into excise policy reforms<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2024-03-16 |title=Delhi excise policy scam: From policy to proceedings |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/the-delhi-excise-policy-scam-from-policy-to-proceedings/articleshow/108538943.cms |access-date=2024-04-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* 17 November 2021: Delhi government implements new liquor policy giving control over wholesale and retail sectors to private entities<ref name=":2" />

'''2022: Allegations and investigations begin'''

* 8 July: Chief Secretary of Delhi, Naresh Kumar, submits report to Lieutenant Governor on alleged irregularities in the formulations of the excise policy
* 22 July: Lieutenant Governor recommends CBI probe into formulation of excise policy
* 19 August: CBI files FIR against 15 people, including Sisodia, in formulation of excise policy<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Wire: The Wire News India, Latest News, News from India, Politics, External Affairs, Science, Economics, Gender and Culture |url=https://thewire.in/politics/cbi-raids-delhi-deputy-cm-manish-sisodias-house-in-excise-policy-probe |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=thewire.in}}</ref>
* 20 August: CBI conducts raids on Sisodia's residences <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-20 |title=CBI Raids on Manish Sisodia: Modi government has no tolerance for corruption |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/cbi-raids-manish-sisodia-modi-government-tolerance-corruption-8101807/ |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-20 |title='All CBI officers were…': Manish Sisodia on 'behaviour' after raid at his house |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/all-cbi-officers-were-manish-sisodia-on-behaviour-after-raid-at-his-house-101660978444711.html |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
* 22 August: ED registers separate related money laundering case
* 1 September: Delhi government repeals 2021-2022 excise policy, reverts to old model of government ownership of wholesale and retail<ref>{{Cite news |agency=PTI |date=2022-09-01 |title=Delhi reverts to old excise policy, government-run liquor vends open |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/delhi-reverts-to-old-excise-policy-government-run-liquor-vends-open/article65834953.ece |access-date=2024-04-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* 6 September: ED conducts raids in 40 locations across the country, Sisodia's properties are not included <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-06 |title=Delhi excise policy case: ED raids over 30 locations across the country |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-liquor-policy-case-enforcement-directorate-raids-8133707/ |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* 25 November: ED files chargesheet against seven accused, alcohol businessmen and Delhi government officials<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Nallella |first=Prathyush |date=2024-03-16 |title=Timeline of BRS MLC Kavitha's Involvement in Liquorgate |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/timeline-of-brs-mlc-kavithas-involvement-in-liquorgate-885387 |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref>
* 21 December: ED includes BRS MLC K. Kavitha in accused in chargesheet<ref name=":3" />

'''2023: Arrests and escalation'''

* 7 January: ED includes Aurobindo Pharma owner Sharath Chandra Reddy and Abhishek Boinpally in supplementary chargesheet<ref name=":3" />
* 26 February: CBI arrests Sisodia after eight hours of questioning<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-06 |title=Delhi excise policy case: Timeline of how Manish Sisodia landed in jail |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/delhi-excise-policy-case-timeline-of-how-manish-sisodia-landed-in-jail-101678095938046.html |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Court accepts CBI chargesheet in Delhi liquor case, issues summons to all accused |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/law/story/delhi-court-accepts-cbi-chargesheet-issues-summons-accused-delhi-liquor-scam-2309545-2022-12-15 |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=India Today |date=15 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Manish Sisodia's one year in jail in Delhi excise policy case rife with legal setbacks |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/law/story/manish-sisodia-one-year-in-jail-in-delhi-excise-policy-case-rife-with-legal-setbacks-2507412-2024-02-26 |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=India Today |date=26 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
* 1 May: ED files new chargesheet against Kavitha and her husband, accusing them of using illegal funds to purchase land for cheap prices<ref name=":3" />
'''2024: Arrest and resignation of Arvind Kejriwal'''

* 21 March: Arvind Kejriwal was arrested by ED after a request for protection was refused by [[Delhi High Court]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-14 |title=Delhi excise policy 'scam': Know about the case, key accused on bail, approvers and more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-excise-policy-scam-know-about-the-case-key-accused-on-bail-approvers-and-more/articleshow/113312585.cms |access-date=2025-04-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> <ref name="hindu">{{cite news |last1=Mahajan |first1=Satvika |last2=Tewari |first2=Samridhi |title=High drama in Delhi as AAP, BJP hold protests |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/aap-calls-to-gherao-pm-modis-residence-against-kejriwals-arrest-delhi-police-beefs-up-security/article67993077.ece |access-date=29 March 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=26 March 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |last1=Kakkar |first1=Shruti |date=20 March 2024 |title="Why don't you appear on receiving ED summons": Delhi HC asks Arvind Kejriwal |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/why-don-t-you-appear-on-receiving-ed-summons-delhi-hc-asks-arvind-kejriwal-101710918644418.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=24 March 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title="Judges Not Bound By Politics": High Court Dismisses Arvind Kejriwal's Petition |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/judges-not-bound-by-politics-delhi-high-court-dismisses-arvind-kejriwal-petition-against-arrest-in-delhi-liquor-policy-case-5406028 |access-date=9 April 2024 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref name="Anand 2024 k739">{{cite web | last=Anand | first=Akriti | title='Arvind Kejriwal's arrest in liquor case valid': Delhi HC rejects CM's plea | website=mint | date=9 April 2024 | url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/delhi-hc-pronounce-verdict-arvind-kejriwals-plea-against-ed-arrest-and-remand-11712656449317.html | access-date=11 April 2024}}</ref><ref name="Ojha 2024 y826">{{cite web | last=Ojha | first=Srishti | title=Arvind Kejriwal's plea against arrest dismissed, court says he 'conspired' | website=India Today | date=9 April 2024 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/law/story/arvind-kejriwal-delhi-high-court-liquor-policy-arrest-plea-conspired-ed-probe-agency-2525138-2024-04-09 | access-date=11 April 2024}}</ref>
* 13 September: Arvind Kejriwal granted bail by Supreme Court with certain conditions. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-13 |title=Arvind Kejriwal bail conditions: Can't enter Chief Minister's office, sign files |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/supreme-court-arvind-kejriwal-bail-conditions-2599029-2024-09-13 |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
* 17 September: Arvind Kejriwal resigned as Delhi Chief Minister. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jaiswal |first=Arushi |date=1 April 2024 |title=CM Arvind Kejriwal will not resign, to run government from jail: AAP |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/delhi/arvind-kejriwal-tihar-jail-atishi-saurabh-bharadwaj-excise-policy-case-court-delhi-government-aap-enforcement-directorate-ed-vijay-nair-latest-updates-2024-04-01-924141 |access-date=1 April 2024 |website=[[India TV]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=28 March 2024 |title=Can Arvind Kejriwal run govt from jail? Experts have different opinions |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/can-kejriwal-run-govt-from-jail-experts-have-different-opinions/articleshow/108831018.cms |access-date=1 April 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhanj |first=Jaideep Deo |date=2024-09-15 |title=Arvind Kejriwal's Resignation: Delhi CM to Step Down, Calls for Early Election; BJP asks, 'Why not resign today?' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/arvind-kejriwal-to-resign-as-delhi-chief-minister/article68644815.ece |access-date=2025-04-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Subsequent Developments==

On February 26, 2026, the [[Rouse Avenue Court]] discharged Kejriwal along with others in this case, noting the accusations were not supported by sufficient material. The Court discharged all 23 accused persons in the matter. They are Kuldeep Singh, Narender Singh, Vijay Nair, Abhishek Boinpally, Arun Pillai, Mootha Gautam, Sameer Mahendru, Manish Sisodia, Amandeep Singh Dhall, Arjun Pandey, Butchibabu Gorantla, Rajesh Joshi, Damodar Prasad Sharma, Prince Kumar, Arvind Kumar Singh, Chanpreet Singh, [[K Kavitha]], Arvind Kejriwal, Durgesh Pathak, Amit Arora, Vinod Chauhan, Ashish Chand Mathur and Sarath Reddy. The Court said that the CBI failed to make out a prima facie case against the accused. It said Kejriwal was implicated without any cogent material. While pronouncing the verdict, the Court said that the CBI chargesheet running into thousands of pages included material which did not support any of the witness statements. The Court said there were “misleading averments” in the chargesheet. It also took strong exception to the repeated use of the phrase “South Group” by CBI, saying that selective adoption of a geographically defined label is plainly arbitrary and unwarranted. <ref>{{cite web |title=Indian court clears former Delhi chief minister of corruption charges |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ckg14d5y07xo|access-date=2026-04-05 |website=[[BBC]] |language=en-in}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |title=In Order Clearing Arvind Kejriwal, Judge Quotes Martin Luther King|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/arvind-kejriwal-manish-sisodia-aap-corruption-case-in-order-clearing-arvind-kejriwal-judge-quotes-martin-luther-king-11144593 |access-date=2026-04-05 |website=[[NDTV]] |language=en-in}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |title=Arvind Kejriwal, Manish Sisodia Cleared In Liquor Policy Case, Court Raps CBI |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aaps-arvind-kejriwal-manish-sisodia-cleared-of-charges-in-delhi-liquor-policy-case-11143521 |access-date=2026-04-05|website=NDTV |language=en-in}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Soni |date=28 February 2026 |title=Kejriwal Discharged in Excise Case: What Next? |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/kejriwal-excise-case-discharge-delhi-political-comeback/article70688041.ece |magazine=Frontline |access-date=4 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi excise case: CBI terms Kejriwal discharge illegal |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/spl-court-order-discharging-kejriwal-and-others-in-excise-case-illegal-disregards-material-showing-culpability-cbi-3917502 |work=Deccan Herald |agency=PTI |date=2 March 2026 |access-date=4 March 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi Court Raps CBI For Repeatedly Using 'South Group' Phrase In Liquor Policy Case, Says Region-Based Labelling Arbitrary |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/court-raps-cbi-south-group-regional-labelling-liquor-policy-case-524882 |work=Live Law|access-date=5 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=All Accused Including Arvind Kejriwal, Manish Sisodia Discharged In Liquor Policy Case, Delhi Court Raps CBI For Lapses |url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/arvind-kejriwal-discharged-liquor-policy-manish-sisodia-cbi-524848 |work=Live Law |access-date=5 April 2026}}</ref>

CBI stated that crucial aspects of the case have not been considered by the court and moved to [[Delhi High Court]] challenging the discharge of Kejriwal, Sisodia and others. CBI has claimed that the excise policy was "manipulated" to facilitate some traders and the CBI was able to trace the money laundering. However, the trial court proceeded to discharge the accused without considering the collaborative material on record. It has claimed that this is a clear case of corruption, with meticulous evidence being collected by CBI. The Delhi High Court has issued notice on this plea. The High Court has also stayed the observations made by the trial court against CBI.<ref>{{cite news |title=Liquor Policy Case: Delhi HC Issues Notice On CBI's Challenge To Discharge Of Kejriwal, Sisodia; Asks Trial Court To Defer ED Proceeding|url=https://www.livelaw.in/high-court/delhi-high-court/liquor-policy-cbi-plea-notice-arvind-kejriwal-manish-sisodia-ed-case-525640|work=Live Law |access-date=5 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Liquor Policy Case : Live Updates From Delhi High Court in CBI Plea Against Arvind Kejriwal Discharge |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/liquor-policy-case-live-updates-from-delhi-high-court-cbi-plea-against-arvind-kejriwal-discharge-526493 |work=Live Law |access-date=5 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Enough evidence': CBI challenges discharge of Arvind Kejriwal, Manish Sisodia in liquor policy case in Delhi High Court | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/enough-evidence-cbi-challenges-discharge-of-arvind-kejriwal-manish-sisodia-in-liquor-policy-case-in-delhi-high-court-3924811#google_vignette |work=Deccan Herald|access-date=5 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=CBI moves Delhi HC challenging acquittal of AAP national convener Arvind Kejriwal in Delhi liquor policy corruption case |url=https://www.newsonair.gov.in/cbi-moves-delhi-hc-challenging-acquittal-of-aap-national-convener-arvind-kejriwal-in-delhi-liquor-policy-corruption-case/|work=AIR |access-date=5 April 2026}}</ref>

===Important arrests===
{{Further information|Arrest of Arvind Kejriwal}}
Around 20 people have been arrested so far in this case, almost all of whom are now out of Bail.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Portrait
!Name
!Political party
!Date of arrest
!Current status
|-
|[[File: Arvind Kejriwal.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Arvind Kejriwal]]'''
|'''[[Aam Aadmi Party]]'''
|'''[[Arrest of Arvind Kejriwal|21 March 2024]]'''
|Discharged in March 2026.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2025-01-15 |title=ED gets nod to prosecute Arvind Kejriwal, Manish Sisodia in liquor policy case |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/home-ministry-grants-enforcement-directorate-approval-to-prosecute-arvind-kejriwal-in-money-laundering-delhi-liquor-policy-case-2664922-2025-01-15 |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:K.Kavitha.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[K. Kavitha]]'''
|'''[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]'''
|'''15 March 2024'''
|Discharged in March 2026<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajagopal |first=Krishnadas |date=2024-08-27 |title=Supreme Court grants bail to BRS leader K. Kavitha in excise policy cases |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-grants-bail-to-k-kavitha-in-excise-policy-case/article68571859.ece |access-date=2025-04-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Sanjay Singh (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Sanjay Singh (AAP politician)|Sanjay Singh]]'''
|'''[[Aam Aadmi Party]]'''
|'''4 October 2023'''
|Discharged in March 2026.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-03 |title=Sanjay Singh: AAP leader gets bail in corruption case |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-68720226 |access-date=2025-04-14 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
|
|'''Magunta Raghav, Son of [[Magunta Sreenivasulu Reddy]]'''
|'''[[YSR Congress Party]]'''
|'''10 February 2023'''
|Granted plea bail in October, 2024 for cooperating with investigation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-30 |title=Delhi excise policy scam: Approver's father, Magunta Srinivasulu Reddy, gets ticket from BJP ally TDP |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/politics/story/delhi-excise-policy-scam-approvers-father-magunta-srinivasulu-reddy-gets-ticket-from-bjp-ally-tdp-423509-2024-03-30 |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:ManishSisodia.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Manish Sisodia]]'''
|'''[[Aam Aadmi Party]]'''
|'''26 February 2023'''
|Discharged in March 2026.<ref name=":4" />
|-
|[[File:Satyendar Kumar Jain.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Satyendra Kumar Jain]]'''
|'''[[Aam Aadmi Party]]'''
|'''30 May 2022'''
|Discharged in March 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-18 |title=AAP's Satyendar Jain walks out of jail: 'Fight against injustice to continue' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/satyender-jain-bail-money-laundering-case-aap-satyendar-jain-jail-18-months-incarceration-2619411-2024-10-18 |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[Corruption in India]]
* [[2011 Indian anti-corruption movement|2011 Indian Anti-Corruption Movement]]
* [[Government of Delhi]]
* [[List of -gate scandals and controversies|Gate Scandals]]
* [[Arrest of Arvind Kejriwal]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2022 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:Political corruption in India]]
[[Category:Political scandals]]
[[Category:Political scandals in India]]
[[Category:2024 scandals]]
[[Category:Corruption in India]]
[[Category:Corruption in Delhi]]
[[Category:Alcohol in India]]
[[Category:Supreme Court of India cases in 2023]]
[[Category:Supreme Court of India cases]]

2015–16 Nepal blockade

2026-05-06T22:34:55Z

Globaleducollege: adding new entry

{{Short description|2015–2016 economic and humanitarian crisis in Nepal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
[[File:Line of gas cylinder 2.jpg|thumb|Shortages of bottled gas caused a fuel crisis during the blockade]]
Beginning on 23 September 2015,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2015-12-03 |title=Nepal blockade 2015: Things you should know |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-&-current-affairs/story/nepal-blockade-2015-275424-2015-12-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409012341/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-&-current-affairs/story/nepal-blockade-2015-275424-2015-12-03 |archive-date=2023-04-09 |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> segments of [[Nepal|Nepal's]] [[Madheshi people]] imposed a '''blockage on the country's Indian border''' as a [[protest]] against changes to [[Constitution of Nepal|the country's constitution]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2016-02-24 |title=Nepal: Blockade and Fuel Rationing End |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/24/world/asia/nepal-blockade-and-fuel-rationing-end.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804194932/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/24/world/asia/nepal-blockade-and-fuel-rationing-end.html |archive-date=2024-08-04 |access-date=2025-04-05 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Sumit |date=2016-03-08 |title=A Turnaround in India-Nepal Relations |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/03/a-turnaround-in-india-nepal-relations/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309104042/https://thediplomat.com/2016/03/a-turnaround-in-india-nepal-relations/ |archive-date=2016-03-09 |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite news |date=2015-11-15 |title=Nepal PM Wants India to Lift Undeclared Blockade |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/nepal-pm-wants-india-to-lift-undeclared-blockade-1243695 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241102145741/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/nepal-pm-wants-india-to-lift-undeclared-blockade-1243695 |archive-date=2024-11-02 |access-date=2015-04-05 |newspaper=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> Many of Nepal's Madheshi people had migrated to the foothills from the Indian plains,<ref name="RIP">{{Cite news |last=Arora |first=Vishal |date=2015-11-25 |title=R.I.P., India's Influence in Nepal |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/11/r-i-p-indias-influence-in-nepal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322092038/https://thediplomat.com/2015/11/r-i-p-indias-influence-in-nepal/ |archive-date=2025-03-22 |access-date=2025-04-05 |newspaper=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]}}</ref> and the Nepalese government accused India of provoking the blockade, which the Indian government denied.<ref name=":2" /> The blockade lasted until February 2016.<ref name=":1" />

The blockade, which came just months after the [[April 2015 Nepal earthquake]], severely hampered humanitarian efforts in the earthquake's aftermath, including important [[food]] and [[shelter]] shipments to people impacted by the earthquake.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2016-02-24 |title=Nepal: Blockade and Fuel Rationing End |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/24/world/asia/nepal-blockade-and-fuel-rationing-end.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804194932/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/24/world/asia/nepal-blockade-and-fuel-rationing-end.html |archive-date=2024-08-04 |access-date=2025-04-05 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="RIP" /> A [[landlocked country]], Nepal had imported "all" of its [[petroleum]] supplies via India at the time of the blockade,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2015-12-03 |title=Nepal blockade 2015: Things you should know |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-&-current-affairs/story/nepal-blockade-2015-275424-2015-12-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409012341/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-&-current-affairs/story/nepal-blockade-2015-275424-2015-12-03 |archive-date=2023-04-09 |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> meaning the blockade had effectively halted imports of petroleum into the country.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{cite news |date=2015-11-15 |title=Nepal PM Wants India to Lift Undeclared Blockade |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/nepal-pm-wants-india-to-lift-undeclared-blockade-1243695 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241102145741/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/nepal-pm-wants-india-to-lift-undeclared-blockade-1243695 |archive-date=2024-11-02 |access-date=2015-04-05 |newspaper=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> This fuel shortage resulted in the shuttering of schools, markets, and public transportation within Nepal.<ref name=":1" /> Roughly 300 [[Tank truck|fuel trucks]] enter from India on a normal day, but this dwindled to a sporadic passage of 5–10 fuel trucks daily during the crisis, though shipments of perishables like [[fruit]]s and [[vegetable]]s had generally been allowed to pass.{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}} The blockade also had a severe impact on the country's [[Healthcare in Nepal|healthcare system]], and it was reported that hospitals had run out of [[Medication|medicines]] and blood bags as a result.<ref name=":3" /><ref name="RIP" /> [[UNICEF]] and [[Oxfam]] warned in November 2015 that the blockade risked subjecting Nepal to a major health crisis that could impact millions.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="bbc02" /> The blockade coincided with the beginning of the [[Nepal humanitarian crisis (2015–2017)|2015–2017 Nepal humanitarian crisis]].

Nepal accused India of imposing an undeclared blockade,<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> which India denied, stating that the blockade was on the Nepalese side of the border, and that some Indian truck drivers were simply concerned about their safety amid protest-related clashes.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> Nevertheless, some have highlighted concerns by the Indian government over the revisions of Nepal's constitution, and over [[China]]'s influence in Nepal.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="RIP" /> The [[Nepal Oil Corporation]] also reported that trucks it had sent into India to retrieve fuel had only partially been supplied by Indian counterparts.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-10-05 |title=IOC refuses to provide fuel despite assurances |url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2015-10-05/ioc-refuses-to-provide-fuel-despite-assurances.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518071946/https://kathmandupost.com/miscellaneous/2015/10/05/ioc-refuses-to-provide-fuel-despite-assurances |archive-date=2023-05-18 |access-date=2025-04-05 |newspaper=[[The Kathmandu Post]]}}</ref>

== Background ==
[[File:Nepal topo en.jpg|thumb|right|280px|Topographic map of Nepal, showing mountain, hill and plains regions]]
[[File:Provinces of Nepal 2015.svg|thumb|right|280px|Provinces of Nepal as per the 2015 constitution]]

=== Concerns about Nepal's constitution ===
On 20 September 2015, the long-stalled [[Constitution of Nepal]] was passed in Nepal's Constituent Assembly.<ref name="AJ 20 Sep"/> Two ethnic groups — [[Madhesi people|Madheshi people]] and [[Tharu people]] — had been protesting against the new constitution, alleging that it [[marginalization|marginalized]] them.<ref name="AJ in depth">{{cite news |title=Unveiling Nepal's constitution amid deadly protests |author=Gyanu Adhikari |date=20 September 2015 |newspaper=Al Jazeera |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2015/09/unveiling-nepal-constitution-deadly-protests-150920102909569.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Phuyal |first1=Hari |title=Nepal's New Constitution: 65 Years in the Making |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/09/nepals-new-constitution-65-years-in-the-making/ |newspaper=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |date=18 September 2015}}</ref> 66 members of Nepal's 598-strong Constituent Assembly, belonging to these groups, abstained from voting in protest.<ref name="Quint_Satish_back" /> By 20 September, more than 40 people had been killed in clashes between the protesters and the police.<ref name="AJ 20 Sep">{{cite news |title=Nepal passes secular constitution amid protests |newspaper=Al Jazeera |date=20 September 2015 |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/09/nepal-passes-constitution-protests-150920123704268.html }}</ref> There were also [[bandh]]s (strikes) declared in the [[Terai]] region, curtailing Terai business but otherwise not affecting the rest of the country.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nepal: Terai Agitation and the Constitution Making Process – Analysis |newspaper=EurAsia Review |date=12 September 2015 |url=http://www.eurasiareview.com/13092015-nepal-terai-agitation-and-the-constitution-making-process-analysis/}}</ref><ref name="AJ in depth"/>

=== Indian concerns ===
India had expressed concerns over the violent protests, and had asked Nepal to take Madhesi interests into consideration. The Indian prime minister [[Narendra Modi]] called [[Sushil Koirala]] on 25 August, and later sent [[S. Jaishankar]] as his personal envoy to discuss the concerns.<ref name="BBC 22 Sep">{{cite news |last1=Majumder |first1=Sanjoy |title=Why India is concerned about Nepal's constitution |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-34313280 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=22 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="IE 23 Sep"/> The government of Nepal and the Nepalese media portrayed Madhesi movements as subversively backed by Indian infiltrators, and as an assault on their [[sovereignty]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Bhushan |first=Bharat |url=http://www.catchnews.com/india-news/india-s-spectacular-policy-failure-in-nepal-1443031577.html |title=India's spectacular policy failure in Nepal |newspaper=[[Catch News]] |date=13 February 2017}}</ref>

On 24 September, the day that the fuel blockade began, ''[[Indian Express]]'' newspaper reported that India had demanded specific changes to the new Nepali constitution. While the Indian government denied this claim, the ''Indian Express'' reporter stood by his or her original report restating, "these amendments/changes were communicated by New Delhi to Kathmandu".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/10/nepals-constitution-and-lessons-for-india/ |title=Nepal's Constitution and Lessons for India |author=Mukesh Rawat |newspaper=The Diplomat |date=October 2015}}</ref><ref name="IE 23 Sep">{{Cite news |title=Make seven changes to your Constitution: India tells Nepal |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=24 September 2015 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/world/neighbours/make-seven-changes-to-your-constitution-address-madhesi-concerns-india-to-nepal/}}</ref>
According to commentator Amitava Mukherjee, personnel from the Indian Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB) "confirmed that at least till the third week of September, they had orders from above to intercept fuel shipments to Nepal".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mukherjee |first=Amitava |title=Opinion-Commentary: Nepalese thorn will only get worse for India |newspaper=Business Standard |date=20 October 2015 |agency=IANS |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/nepalese-thorn-will-only-get-worse-for-india-comment-special-to-ians-115102000203_1.html}}</ref>{{undue weight inline|date=July 2023}}

Indian concerns were also exacerbated by the [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|upcoming elections in Bihar]] and that violence from across the border could spill over to Bihar.<ref name="BBC 22 Sep"/> There were also speculations that India's [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] was using its support to the Madhesi cause to win votes in Bihar.{{sfnp|ICG, Nepal's Divisive New Constitution|2016|p=23}}

=== Ties and border ===
Due to an [[1950 Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship|open border]] between Nepal and India, citizens of both countries can move freely, work, and live across borders without passports. [[Nepalis|Nepalese]] citizens moving along the border had long been an issue straining [[Nepal-India relations]]. Madheshis share strong socio-cultural ties to the neighbouring Indian states of [[Bihar]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="Quint_Satish_back">{{cite news |url=http://www.thequint.com/world/2015/09/30/a-nepalese-student-explains-backoffindia |title=A Nepalese Student Explains #BackOffIndia |last=Satish Gurung |newspaper=The Quint |date=30 September 2015 }}</ref>

[[Landlocked]] Nepal, due to its [[Himalaya]]n location and extremely basic and fragile infrastructure depends on India for almost all its import needs. In 1989, India had closed 19 of the 21 border crossings, after a dispute over renegotiation of lapsed trade and transit treaties between the two countries. Nepal's increasing cooperation with [[China]], including its purchase of Chinese weaponry, was seen as a major factor behind this blockade.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nepal's Economy Is Gasping as India, a Huge Neighbor, Squeezes It Hard |last=Barbara Crossette |date=11 April 1989 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/04/11/world/nepal-s-economy-is-gasping-as-india-a-huge-neighbor-squeezes-it-hard.html}}</ref>

== Effects of blockade ==
The blockade had caused the only international airport to deny foreign carriers fuel,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2015-09-30/govt-weighing-options-to-airlift-aviation-fuel.html |title=The Kathmandu Post :: Govt weighing options to airlift aviation fuel |newspaper=The Kathmandu Post }}</ref> contributing to isolating the landlocked nation from the outside world at a time when the country is still reeling from ongoing landslides blocking border trade with [[China]] following the devastating [[April 2015 Nepal earthquake|2015 Nepal earthquake]]. Meanwhile, none of the $4 billion of internationally donated quake relief funds to the Nepali government have been dispersed to survivors even after many months, causing anger among Nepalis and international agencies alike.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/nepal-hasnt-spent-any-of-the-4-billion-in-donations-since-earthquake_55e74a6ee4b0c818f61a486e |title=Nepal Hasn't Spent Any of The $4 Billion in Donations Since Earthquake |last=Omar Havana via Getty Images |date=3 September 2015 |newspaper=HuffPost }}</ref>

The Nepali government decided to stop providing fuel to private automobiles, including [[public transport]] and taxis, for a few days at the beginning so as to distribute the fuel to government and prioritized sector use.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2015-09-30/govt-not-to-distribute-fuel-to-pvt-vehicles-from-thursday.html |title=The Kathmandu Post :: Govt not to distribute fuel to pvt vehicles from Thursday |newspaper=The Kathmandu Post }}</ref> As a result, some 2,000 factories were shut down by 1 October.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2015-09-30/2000-factories-remain-shut-due-to-tarai-unrest.html |title=The Kathmandu Post :: 2,000 factories remain shut due to Tarai unrest |newspaper=The Kathmandu Post }}</ref> The [[Nepal Oil Corporation]] sued [[Indian Oil Corporation]] for not allowing the majority of trucks to enter Nepal.<ref name="CNN_Sugam_acuses">{{Cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/09/29/asia/nepal-india-fuel-crisis/ |title=Nepal accuses India of 'trade blockade' amid fuel crisis |last=Sugam Pokharel |date=3 October 2015 |newspaper=CNN News}}</ref>
The unofficial "Indian Blockade" forced Nepalese to ride bicycles or resort to carpooling,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/10/03/world/asia/ap-as-nepal-braving-blockade.html |title=Nepalis Adapt to Fuel Shortage by Carpooling, Riding Bikes |date=3 October 2015 |agency=Associated Press |work=The New York Times }}</ref> and many also turned to electric vehicles, with demand for [[electric motorcycles and scooters]] surging in response to the fuel shortage.<ref>{{cite news |title=Electric two-wheelers: In limbo |url=https://theannapurnaexpress.com/news/electric-two-wheelers-in-limbo-47 |website=The Annapurna Express |date=2018-02-07}}</ref>

The Nepal oil corporation is the only state-owned company that imports and distributes petroleum in Nepal. It does not have enough facilities to store petroleum for even a few weeks use. The fuel shortage caused the public to be angry due to not getting products like petrol, diesel, cooking gas (LPG), kerosene from the state oil corporation, despite standing in line for days. The government of Nepal had imposed a rule to provide fuel to the public as well as private transportation on the basis of odd and even number plate system. Although this system was imposed, the taxi drivers and private vehicle owners faced huge problems, as they had to wait their vehicles in line for two-three days or more, but still often did not get their required fuel. A black market arose, with individuals bringing fuel from the border points with India and selling it in Kathmandu and other places for threefold prices. For instance, before the Madhesi blockade, a price of a liter of petrol in Kathmandu was 104 rupees, whereas after the blockade, the public was forced to buy petrol from the black marketeers paying 300 to 450 rupees for a liter.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2015-12-11/black-marketeers-filling-fuel-demand-in-valley.html |title=Black marketeers filling fuel demand in Valley |newspaper=The Kathmandu Post }}</ref>

The government of Nepal failed to ease this fuel crisis and could not bring petroleum from China on time, although it signed an agreement to buy one third of Nepal's petroleum requirement from their northern neighbor.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.erewise.com/current-affairs/nepal-inks-fuel-agreement-with-china-to-ease-fuel-crisis_art5631e8de9cbe2.html |title=Nepal inks fuel agreement with China to ease fuel crisis |website=Erewise |access-date=2015-12-11}}</ref> This agreement was seen as a cornerstone for Nepal to end the full dependency on only one country for petroleum imports.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/business/nepal-signs-agreement/2224308.html |title=Nepal signs agreement with China to ease fuel crisis |newspaper=Channel NewsAsia |archive-date=5 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151205183342/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/business/nepal-signs-agreement/2224308.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The common Nepalese were hopeful to get fuel from the northern neighbor. The other Nepal-China border point, Tatopani in Sindhupalchowk district, was not functional after the Nepal earthquake 2015 because of serious damages and obstructions.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.gulf-times.com/nepal/250/details/460162/china-to-provide-nepal-oil-to-ease-crisis |title=China to provide Nepal oil to ease crisis |newspaper=Gulf Times |date=24 October 2015 }}</ref> China had also donated 1.3 million liters of petrol to Nepal after the fuel crisis through the Kerung border point.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/fuel-strapped-nepal-sends-team-to-china-to-ease-supply-1236633 |title=Fuel-strapped Nepal Sends Team to China to Ease Supply |newspaper=NDTV.com }}</ref>

The Nepali government spoke of airlifting fuel and essential supplies when the talk with the Indian side was not fruitful.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/Nepal-govt-mulls-airlifting-fuel-to-ease-crisis/articleshow/49274742.cms |title=Nepal govt mulls airlifting fuel to ease crisis – Times of India |newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref> India repeatedly stated the issue lay with the Madheshi people, claiming they were the ones blocking the border points and disrupting supplies. The Indian trucks could not go to Nepal because of the insecurity as the Terai part of Nepal was facing strikes from the period before the Nepal's new constitution was declared. Some reports also came in Nepali media that the Madheshi protesters were sitting on Indian land and throwing stones at Nepal.{{Citation needed |date=January 2018}} The government of Nepal was also unable to convey the true message to the International communities about the problem in Nepal at a time when some Nepali scholars were asking the government to Internationalize the issue, as India had moved back from the Nepal India friendship treaty and violated the various International trade, transit and commerce laws.{{Citation needed |date=January 2018}} While in Kathmandu, the government had asked for International help to solve the fuel crisis, which was hitting daily Nepalese life very hard.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/govt-calls-for-help-to-ease-fuel-crisis/ |title=Govt calls for help to ease fuel crisis – The Himalayan Times |newspaper=The Himalayan Times |date=27 October 2015 }}</ref> Nepal government started selling firewood in Kathmandu because there were acute shortage of cooking gas (liquified petroleum gas), causing households to resort to buying electrical induction cookers.{{citation needed |date=June 2021}} As Nepal faced big energy problems and power cuts, using induction cookers would not be a permanent alternative to cooking gas.

The Government of India denied imposing a blockade, stating that the truck drivers coming from India were not entering Nepal due to safety concerns resulting from the violent protests. India's [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] stated that the border obstructions were a result of "unrest, protests, and demonstrations on the Nepalese side, by sections of their population."<ref name="CNN_Sugam_acuses" /> The Government of Nepal contested India's claim, stating that there were no major security concerns that would prevent the trucks from entering Nepal. Nepal's spokesperson Laxmi Prasad Dhakal argued that the Madheshi protests had been happening since past few months, and Indian trucks had been entering Nepal until 23 September without any problems.<ref name="CNN_Sugam_acuses" />

On 1 October, Indian minister [[Sushma Swaraj]] officially denied Nepal's accusations. India's spokesperson [[Vikas Swarup]] pointed out that India had sent 4,310 trucks to the border, where they had been stranded. He argued that from there onwards, it was Nepal's responsibility to ensure that the trucks entered Nepal safely.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1151002/jsp/nation/story_45751.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005233654/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1151002/jsp/nation/story_45751.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 October 2015 |title=Sushma denies Nepal blockade |date=1 October 2015 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref> On the other hand, it is reported that the vehicles weren't allowed to enter Nepal by the Indian side thus resulting in long queues of Nepalese trucks stranded for days Inside the Indian border. The Indian Oil Corporation reportedly refused to fill the Nepalese trucks following instructions from higher authorities.

On 6 October, the Madheshi-centric [[Nepal Sadbhawana Party]] criticized the Nepali media reports blaming the blockade on India. Its President [[Rajendra Mahato]] stated that ''the blockade had been done by the Madheshi people and that India had nothing to do with it.''<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/Wrong-to-blame-India-for-blockade-on-the-border-NPS/articleshow/49237792.cms |title=Wrong to blame India for blockade on the border: NPS |date=6 October 2015 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The Indians alleged that the [[List of communist parties in Nepal|Maoists]], who dominate the Nepali politics, were promoting a false propaganda against India.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.merinews.com/article/nepal-burning---the-real-problem-at-hand/15910183.shtml |title=Nepal burning – The real problem at hand |newspaper=MERI News |archive-date=9 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009015239/http://www.merinews.com/article/nepal-burning---the-real-problem-at-hand/15910183.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> An editorial in the ''Nepali Times'' has claimed the Indian blockade is ''no longer about the Madhes and the constitution, but rather that India also seems to be opposed to KP Oli replacing [[Sushil Koirala]] as prime minister, and has a whole host of demands on security and other issues that we haven't even heard about.''<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nepalitimes.com/article/editorial/editorial-proxy-war-blockade-is-not-about-the-constitution-anymore, |newspaper=Nepali Times |title=The Indian blockade is no longer about the Madhes and the constitution |date=9 October 2015}}</ref>

{{quote box | width=25em| bgcolor=#B0C4DE |align=right|qalign=left |quote=<div style="text-align:left;">''There is no gas, no vegetable supplies, no fuel for vehicles, no fuel for airlines, and life is about frozen. We don't want this type of friendship.'' (In reference to 1950 Indo-Nepal friendship treaty) —Khadga Prasad Oli UML Chair & [[Prime minister-designate]] of Nepal<ref>{{Cite news |last=AFP |title=Nepali leader says India 'breaking international law' |work=Bangkok Post |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/world/713212/nepali-leader-says-india-breaking-international-law }}</ref></div> |}}

Nepal has lobbied the [[United Nations]] on the obstruction.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/nepal-turns-to-united-nations-over-obstruction-of-trade-point-with-india/ |title=Nepal turns to UN over 'obstruction' of trade point with India |date=3 October 2015 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

On 28 October, the [[Nepal Oil Corporation]] and [[PetroChina]] signed an agreement to import fuel from China,<ref name="Sharma 2015">{{cite news |url=http://asia.nikkei.com/Business/AC/China-deal-ends-an-Indian-monopoly-in-Nepal |title=China deal ends an Indian monopoly in Nepal |last=Sharma |first=Kiran |date=31 October 2015 |newspaper=[[Nikkei Asian Review]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151101213047/http://asia.nikkei.com/Business/AC/China-deal-ends-an-Indian-monopoly-in-Nepal |archive-date=1 November 2015 }}</ref> the first fuel agreement ever between the two nations.<ref name="Krishnan 2015">{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/china-will-support-nepal-fuel-deal-270397-2015-10-29 |title=China says will support Nepal 'sovereignty' after landmark fuel deal |last=Krishnan |first=Ananth |date=29 October 2015 |work=[[India Today (TV channel)|India Today]] }}</ref> China also pledged to donate {{convert|1300000|litres|abbr=on}} of fuel to Nepal.<ref name="Krishnan 2015" /> Nepal is planning to import a third of its fuel from China.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/nepal-signs-fuel-deal-with-china-amid-supply-disruptions-1446116320 |title=Nepal Signs Fuel Deal With China Amid Supply Disruptions |last=Mandhana |first=Niharika |date=29 October 2015 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] }}</ref>

=== Cascading shortages ===
Nearly all sectors of the economy have taken a severe hit, from tourism to transport to domestic factories to agriculture. The once vigorous construction industry had already come to a standstill before the blockade due to quake fears, new enforcement of [[building code]], and monsoon issues, most reconstruction work has been put off until after the monsoon. Tourism, a mainstay of [[hard currency]], already saw 40% cancellation post-quake,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://skift.com/2015/10/17/unrest-challenges-nepals-post-earthquake-tourism-recovery/ |title=Unrest Challenges Nepal's Post-Earthquake Tourism Recovery |website=Skift |date=17 October 2015 |access-date=5 November 2015 |archive-date=18 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018135811/http://skift.com/2015/10/17/unrest-challenges-nepals-post-earthquake-tourism-recovery/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> since then new advisories from Germany to US have been issued due to Madhesi related issues.,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2015-11-01/come-back-tourists.html |title=The Kathmandu Post :: Come back, tourists }}</ref> many restaurants remain closed in tourist zones and transport remains at best a hack. Basic goods, mostly imported from India, remain in short supply. Some 14 Nepali pharmaceutical factories remain shut, causing widespread shortages in medicine, including for [[infectious diseases]] such as [[Tuberculosis]] that do not respect borders, some 90 percent of raw and packaging materials usually enter from Birgunj customs point (India).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2015-10-08/dearth-of-medicine-hits-health-services.html |newspaper=The Kathmandu Post |title=Dearth of medicine hits health services }}</ref> People have resorted to illegal imports of medicines from India, putting patients at risk. The most acute shortages of medicines in Kathmandu are for [[Intensive Care Unit]] such as high blood pressure, diabetes, anesthesia, injectable antibiotics, and [[hyperbaric oxygen]].<ref name="short1101" /><ref>{{cite news |url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2015-10-28/dearth-of-essential-drugs-hits-sarlahi.html |newspaper=The Kathmandu Post |title=Dearth of essential drugs hits Sarlahi }}</ref><ref name="inhuman">{{cite news |url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2015-10-11/inhuman-blockade.html |newspaper=The Kathmandu Post |title=Inhuman blockade }}</ref> In more remote areas zero supplies of medicines have come within 2 months, resulting in complete lack of medicines<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.plenglish.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=4317901&Itemid=1 |title=Prensa Latina News Agency – Medicine Shortage Increases in Nepal by South Blockade |website=plenglish.com}}</ref> including [[vaccines]]<ref name="short1101">{{cite news |url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2015-11-01/shortage-of-drugs-hits-patients-in-several-districts.html |newspaper=The Kathmandu Post |title=Shortage of drugs hits patients in several districts }}</ref> and [[Oxygen]].<ref name="ALZ">{{Cite news |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/11/india-blockade-snuffs-nepal-medical-lifeline-151121094929955.html |title=India's 'blockade' snuffs out Nepal's medical lifeline |last=Khalid |first=Saif |date=21 November 2015 |newspaper=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Rice [[paddy field|paddy]] production was already forecast to shrink by 18-20 percent due to several factors. The poor [[Monsoon of South Asia|South Asian monsoon]] and chemical fertilizer shortage, improper seeds from post-quake international donations not suited to climate account for some 10% of the expected crop (half of the crop failure), however due to the fuel crisis the figure is expected to worsen sharply as machinery and fertilizer are affected,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2015-11-03/paddy-output-to-fall-sharply-may-hurt-econ-farm-income.html |newspaper=The Kathmandu Post |title=Paddy output to fall sharply; may hurt econ, farm income }}</ref> manpower is limited due to mass overseas migration of young males,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/nepal-once-known-for-farming-now-exports-people-migrants-earn-big-but-face-risks/2014/03/23/5858ca52-8441-11e3-bbe5-6a2a3141e3a9_story.html |title=Nepal, once known for farming, now exports people; migrants earn big but face risks |last=Anup Kaphle |date=24 March 2014 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> disproportionately leaving elderly and children behind to tend to farms. To provide heat, people have been increasing turning to electric heaters, causing increasing [http://reviewnepal.com/national/77-load-shedding-from-friday-with-schedule.html burden] on electricity transmission and supply, with some 530 transformers having already exploded as of December.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/neas-530-transformers-explode/ |title=NEA's 530 transformers explode |newspaper=The Himalayan Times |date=28 December 2015 }}</ref>

=== Humanitarian crisis ===
{{Main|Nepal humanitarian crisis (2015–2017)}}
{{quote box|width=25em| bgcolor=#D994DE|align=right|''More than 3 million children under the age of 5 in Nepal are at risk of death or disease during the harsh winter months due to a severe shortage of fuel, food, medicines and vaccines.'' '''—UNICEF media press release, 30 November 2015'''<ref name="unicef">{{Cite web |url=http://www.unicef.org/media/media_86394.html |title=Nepal: Serious shortage of essential supplies threatens millions of children this winter – UNICEF |date=30 November 2015 |website=UNICEF |access-date=22 January 2016 |archive-date=20 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120192701/http://www.unicef.org/media/media_86394.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/video/2015/12/01/unicef-3-million-nepali-children-at-risk?videoId=366517037 |title=UNICEF: 3 million Nepali children at risk |date=1 December 2015 |publisher=Reuters }}</ref>}}

As issue of post-quake vulnerability became lost in the increasingly vocal [[information war]] between Kathmandu and New Delhi,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/south-asia/nepal-lobbies-for-un-general-assembly-president_651851.html |title=Nepal lobbies for UN General Assembly president |newspaper=Zee News|date=30 August 2010 }}</ref> a major humanitarian crisis has erupted at a time when international agencies are stretched very thin due to [[ENSO|El Nino]] related [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-35159826 agricultural disasters] as well as exploding conflict in [[Syria]], [[Yemen]], and their spawned refugee crises. [[UNICEF]] has followed with a warning echoing US embassy statements about the looming humanitarian disaster, citing 3 million children at risk of disease and death in Nepal alone.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.oneindia.com/international/unicef-warns-over-new-humanitarian-crisis-in-nepal-1922265.html |title=UNICEF warns over new humanitarian crisis in Nepal |newspaper=oneindia.com|date=8 November 2015 }}</ref> On a separate note, while governments focus on immediate needs and politics, misanthropes take advantage of the situation, in particular [[Human trafficking in Nepal|human trafficking]]; some 400 girls who have entered India from Nepal have gone missing.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2016-01-01/over-400-girls-missing-in-india.html |newspaper=The Kathmandu Post |title=Over 400 girls missing in India }}</ref>

== Overseas protests against blockade ==
[[File:Protest against India Blockade to Nepal 5.JPG|thumb|Protest in USA against Indian Blockade to Nepal]]
Nepalese residing in the UK demonstrated against the Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Damodar Modi|Narendra Modi]] at 10 Downing Street, London during his visit on 12 November 2015. The demonstrators included ex-military families (the so-called "Gurkha Regiment" and "non-Gurkhas"), [[sikh extremism|Sikh extremists]] and various other individuals dissatisfied with the Indian Prime Minister. Some reports claimed that as soon as Modi arrived back in Delhi, he ordered an assessment of the power that the Nepali people have in Great Britain and other places overseas<ref name="IEX">{{Cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/nepalese-protesters-in-london-pmo-seeks-report/ |title=PMO asks High Commission for report on Nepalese protesters in London |last=Roy |first=Shubhajit |work=The Indian Express}}</ref> On 17 November, the "Non-Resident Nepali Association USA" protested against what they refer to as the Indian Government's so-called "economic blockade of Nepal" in front of United Nations Headquarters in New York.<ref name="krs">{{Cite news |url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2015-11-18/memorandum-submitted-to-un-against-indias-blockade.html |title=Memorandum submitted to UN against India's blockade |work=[[The Kathmandu Post]]}}</ref> Also on 30 November, another branch of the same "non-resident Nepali" group protested in front of [[Embassy of India, Washington, D.C.|India's embassy]] in Washington, D.C.

== Police action against the protesters ==
On 2 November, Nepalese police moved in to clear out the protesters in [[Birgunj]].<ref name="Gurubacharya 2015">{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/nepal-police-clear-protesters-from-main-border-point/2015/11/01/ec1ac112-8117-11e5-8bd2-680fff868306_story.html |title=Police in south Nepal fire at protesters; Indian man killed |last=Gurubacharya |first=Binaj |date=2 November 2015 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] }}{{dead link|date=June 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Despite police actions, the protesters managed to return and continue the blockade.<ref name="Gurubacharya 2015" /> Protesters attacked a Nepalese police station with petrol bombs and stones.<ref name="Gurubacharya 2015" /> In retaliation, the police opened fire, killing one person, Ashish Kumar Ram, who was later identified as an Indian citizen, which raised concerns over involvement of Indians in the Madhesh protests.<ref name="Gurubacharya 2015" /><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZcKy2Fatk1g |title=Indian man killed by police during violent clash in Birgunj,Nepal (Live Video) |date=3 November 2015 |via=YouTube}}</ref> Six Nepalese police officers were injured in the attack and more than 25 protesters and civilians were injured. Since then, a curfew has been imposed in [[Birgunj]].<ref name="Gurubacharya 2015" />

On 21 November, Nepalese police clashed with protesters led by Samyukta Loktantrik Madhesi Morcha (SLMM) in the district of [[Saptari]] who were blocking vehicles from entering Nepal.<ref name="Khadga 2015">{{cite news |url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2015-11-23/at-least-3-killed-in-saptari.html |title=At least 3 killed in Saptari |last=Khadga |first=Jitendra |date=23 November 2015 |work=[[The Kathmandu Post]] }}</ref> Around 5,000 protesters were involved.<ref name="Khadga 2015" /> Nepalese police shot and killed three protesters at [[Bhardaha]], Rupani and [[Rajbiraj]].<ref name="Khadga 2015" /> Another protester was killed on 22 November in Rajbiraj.<ref name="Khadga 2015" /> Afterwards, a curfew was imposed on all three towns.<ref name="Khadga 2015" /> To complicate matters, [[Tharuhat]] protestors of [[Tharu people|Tharu]] descent, also Madhesis, have clashed with the Madhesi parties seeking their own separate state different from Madhesi parties in the Western Terai zone.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/tharuhat-intact-far-west-cadres-clash/ |title=Tharuhat, intact far-west cadres clash – The Himalayan Times |newspaper=The Himalayan Times|date=18 August 2015 }}</ref>

Separately, [[Federal Limbuwan State Council]] (FLSC), representing different ethnic groups ([[Mongoloids]]) than the Madhesis ([[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryans]]), represents the most ancient of the indigenous groups of Nepal, who have historically had a large degree of autonomy in the Far East Terai. FLSC have been striking and enforcing vehicular bans on a separate region of the [[Terai]] for the entire time the Madhesis have been active doing the same; their demands overlap Madhesh demands and territories of states, both demands cannot be reconciled geographically. Madhesi parties have refrained from direct confrontation with FLSC. FLSC and the Mongoloid voice of the nation been almost completely ignored by all Western and Indian media; they don't have the backing of India nor Kathmandu.<ref name="ktmp012416">{{cite news |url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2016-01-24/limbuwan-committee-enforces-vehicular-strike.html |newspaper=The Kathmandu Post |title=Limbuwan committee enforces vehicular strike |date=24 January 2016}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nepalnews.com/mobile/view_article.php?id=2090|title=Nepalnews.com – News from Nepal as it happens}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news |url=http://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/limbuwan-withdraws-general-strike-in-east/ |title=Limbuwan withdraws general strike in east – The Himalayan Times |newspaper=The Himalayan Times|date=24 September 2015 }}</ref> Nevertheless, India perceives FLSC as a pro-Nepal force. FLSC has also accused Kathmandu of use of excessive brutal police forces just as the Madhesi parties have.<ref name="ktmp012416" /> KP Oli, Nepal's PM, issued a statement from [[Itahari]] (where FLSC is most active) in December 2015, "The government will not spare those who take the law in their hands ... and air secessionist views,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.onlinecanadanepal.com/2015/12/those-airing-secessionist-remarks-wont.html |title=Those airing secessionist remarks won't be spared, says PM KP Sharma Oli (Watch Full Video) |newspaper=Online Canada Nepal}}</ref> a veiled threat to FLSC actions.

== Indian border police action ==
On 25 November, Indian [[Sashastra Seema Bal]] (SSB) border police shot four [[Madhesi people|Madhesi Nepali]] youths at the border.<ref name="4 Nepalis hit by bullets 2015">{{cite news |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/4-nepalis-injured-by-ssb-shot-bullets-in-sunsari/ |title=4 Nepalis hit by bullets as Indian SSB opens fire in Sunsari village near border |date=25 November 2015 |work=[[The Himalayan Times]] }}</ref> According to Nepali officials, the youths were trying to bring food and fertilizer into Nepal, and the shooting took place at Bhantabari, [[Sunsari District]] on the Nepalese side of the border.<ref name="4 Nepalis hit by bullets 2015" /> The SSB denied this, stating that the shooting took place in the Indian territory facing Nepal's Haripur village. The SSB also claimed that the people shot at were smuggling prohibited materials, and attacked its personnel when stopped.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/three-smugglers-three-ssb-personnel-injured-in-border-clash-115112501088_1.html |title=Three smugglers, three SSB personnel injured in border clash |date=25 November 2015 |work=Business Standard}}</ref> Nepalese government quickly responded with 1 million rupees in compensation to 4 victims' families dispensed within 2 days.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://myrepublica.com/feature-article/story/31753/govt-releases-rs-1-m-to-kin-of-each-tarai-protest-dead.html |newspaper=My Republica |title=Govt releases Rs 1 m to kin of each Tarai protest dead }}</ref>

== Attacks on Nepali media ==
In spite of an apparent agreement hashed out between India and Nepal, Madhesis stated their demands were still not met.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/nepals-steps-to-resolve-madhesi-crisis-indias-positive-response-helps/ |title=Nepal's steps to resolve Madhesi crisis: India's 'positive' response helps |date=22 December 2015 |newspaper=The Indian Express }}</ref>
Madhesi protesters have stepped up attacks against Nepali media outlets, with a ''Kathmandu Post'' media van torched on 28 December.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2015-12-28/kantipur-van-torched.html |newspaper=The Kathmandu Post |title=Kantipur van torched }}</ref> India has also been stepping up its control of information in late December, with [[Sashastra Seema Bal]] wanting to install radio stations along the border.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/519436/ssb-wants-radio-towers-along.html |title=SSB wants radio towers along India-Nepal border |newspaper=Deccan Herald |date=25 December 2015 }}</ref>

== Resolution ==
{{quote box | width=25em| bgcolor=#B0C4DE |align=right|qalign=left |quote=<div style="text-align:left;">''We failed to create pressure on the government by blocking border points, we only caused suffering to ordinary people.'' —Rajendra Mahato, senior leader of Unified Madhesi Front<ref name="NTFeb4">{{Cite news |url=http://www.nepalitimes.com/blogs/thebrief/2016/02/04/front-regrets-failed-blockade/ |title=Front regrets failed blockade |date=4 February 2016 |work=Nepali Times}}</ref></div> |}}

India and Nepal seemed to have worked out their differences with passage of a constitutional amendment by Nepal,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/nepal-madhesi-community-rejects-constitutional-amendment-as-incomplete/ |title=Nepal: Madhesi community rejects constitutional amendment as 'incomplete' |date=24 January 2016 |newspaper=The Indian Express}}</ref> but Madhesi leaders remained defiant, along with other movements of separatists/autonomists. Nevertheless, Madhesis were the only movement with state support from India, but prominent Madhesi leader, Mahato, has backed down {{As of|2016|February|4|lc=yes}}.

On 29 March 2016, panic buying caused by worries about another fuel blockade hit Kathmandu, where long lines of motorists formed. The prime minister had just returned from a visit to China with a number of agreements signed that will reduce long term dependence on India. Nepal Oil Corporation reported normal fuel shipments but, even one and a half months after the embargo was lifted, domestic diesel and cooking gas deliveries have not returned to normal.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2016-03-29/embargo-fears-set-off-gasoline-panic-buying.html |title=Embargo fears set off gasoline panic buying |newspaper=The Kathmandu Post }}</ref>

== Nepalese opinions ==
{{quote box | width=25em| bgcolor=#D0F0F0|align=right|qalign=left |quote=<div style="text-align:left;">''India officially may not call it a blockade. But it smells like a blockade, it feels like a blockade and sounds like a blockade.'' —[[Kanak Mani Dixit]], Nepalese journalist and political analyst<ref name="telegraphindia" /></div> |}}
The Nepal government has accused India of unofficially backing this protest by slowing or stopping traffic from crossing the border into Nepal completely.<ref name=bbc02>{{cite news |title=Nepal blockade: Doctors warn of medicine crisis |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34861073 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=18 November 2015}}</ref> However, India has maintained that Nepal's failure to draft an inclusive Constitution is responsible for the unrest. It has also been pointed out by India that the "blockade" is taking place on Nepal's side of the border, where protestors have attacked Indian drivers who were trying to transport food and facilitate trade between the two neighbors.

On 23 September 2015 demonstrators in [[Kathmandu]] shouted anti-India slogans to protest the fuel shortage.<ref name=ny>{{cite news |title=Nepal Rations Fuel as Political Crisis With India Worsens |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/29/world/asia/nepal-rations-fuel-as-political-crisis-with-india-worsens.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=28 September 2015}}</ref> Nepal Cable Television Association blocked 42 Indian channels in protest against unofficial blockade into the country.<ref name=BBCchannel>{{cite news |title=Nepal blocks Indian TV channels over 'blockade' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-34387990 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=29 September 2015}}</ref>

Nepalese political analyst Amit Dhakal stated, "Even a child can make out that it is a deliberate blockade."<ref name="telegraphindia" /> Kishor Bikram Malla, a student leader of the [[CPN (UML)]] party opined, "The new generation of Nepalese can go without fuel for months but we are not ready to bend before India."<ref name="telegraphindia" /> Similarly, Nepalese political analyst [[Kanak Mani Dixit]] contended that [[Prime Minister of India]] authorized [[S. Jaishankar]] on his conduct towards Nepal: {{Blockquote|By all accounts, Jaishankar was uncouth, brash and imperial in his behaviour towards Nepal's politicians. It left no doubt in anybody's mind that the orders had come from the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] to act tough. Otherwise, Jaishankar is too sophisticated to resort to such things.<ref name="telegraphindia">{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/7-days/39-i-will-never-forgive-what-india-has-done-to-me-39/cid/1313727 |title=I will never forgive what India has done to me |newspaper=The Telegraph|location=Kolkota }}</ref>}}

CPN (UML) has however denied any statement by the then PM [[KP Sharma Oli]] against India.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/nepal-pm-kp-sharma-olis-party-trashes-reports-of-his-anti-india-remarks-1415802|title=Nepal PM KP Sharma Oli's Party Trashes Reports Of His Anti-India Remarks|newspaper=NDTV.com}}</ref>

=== #BackOffIndia ===
{{anchor|hashBackOffIndia}}
[[File:Protest against India Blockade to Nepal 3.JPG|thumb|right|Protest against blockade in Nepal, Protest against Indian maps showing [[Kalapani territory]]]]
'''#BackoffIndia''' is a [[Twitter]] [[hashtag]] and [[social media]] campaign against alleged "intervention" by India in Nepal's internal affairs, accusing it of having caused the 2015 Nepal blockade of Nepal.<ref name=BBC>{{cite news|title=Nepal constitution: Mind your own business, media tell India|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-34333265|publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref name=DNA>{{cite news|title=Outrage over India's 'intervention' in Nepal's affairs; #BackOffIndia trends on social media|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-outrage-over-india-s-intervention-in-nepal-s-affairs-backoffindia-trends-on-social-media-2127688|agency=dna webdesk|work=Daily News And Analysis|date=22 September 2015}}</ref> The blockade was caused by [[Madheshi people|Madhesi]] protestors in Nepal who were dissatisfied with the newly adopted [[Constitution of Nepal]].{{sfnp|SAHR, Nepal Blockade|2016|loc=pp. 26–27: "Finally, on September 23, 2015 the United Democratic Madhesi Front (UDMF) decided to block all the major highways and customs points bordering India, thus effectively blocking all movement of goods and services to Nepal. Since India was the conduit for Nepal's third-country trade, that too was affected."}} However, the government of India and ruling party at that time held multiple meetings with Madhesi leaders and provoked them to cause blocking. India too participated passively with events like refusing to accept new constitution, orders were sent to border authorities at Indian side to not let any movements of goods across the border.<ref>{{citation |first1=Rajeev Ranjan |last1=Chaturvedy |first2=David M. |last2=Malone |chapter=A Yam between Two Boulders: Nepal's Foreign Policy Caught between India and China |editor1=Sebastian von Einsiedel |editor2=David M. Malone |editor3=Suman Pradhan |title=Nepal in Transition: From People's War to Fragile Peace |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HyZ03y3S6eEC&pg=PA287 |year=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-00567-9 |page=287}}</ref>

The hashtag was used by Nepalese around the world to accuse India of interfering in the country's internal matters.<ref name=HT>{{cite news|last1=Parashar|first1=Utpal|title=BackOffIndia! Nepal protesters slam 'interference' over statute|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=23 September 2015 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/world/backoffindia-nepal-protesters-slam-interference-over-statute/story-hIFyfqraPRRq3KYnGkkJLP.html}}</ref> During September–December 2015, more than 6,750 tweets have been created in Twitter with this hashtag.<ref name="Twitter">{{cite web |title=#BackOffIndia |url=https://twitter.com/hashtag/backoffindia |website=Twitter |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925112951/https://twitter.com/hashtag/backoffindia |archive-date=2015-09-25 |accessdate=12 December 2015}}</ref> When news of the blockage of shipments reached the government, Kathmandu sent additional armed-police forces to the border. Many leaders of various parties claimed India had infiltrated the Madhesh with Indian protesters, and Madheshi leaders refuted the infiltration allegations, stating that the Madheshis should not be mistaken for Biharis or other Indians.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2015-09-24/dont-mistake-madhesi-people-for-bihari-or-indian-says-mahanta-thakur.html |title=Don't mistake Madhesi people for Bihari or Indian, says Mahanta Thakur |work=The Kathmandu Post}}</ref>

The hashtag was used again in 2019 when the Nepalese Government claimed the 35 km2 [[Kalapani territory]] at the northwest frontier of Nepal within India's territory. The Kalapani dispute was first raised in 1996 but it became an important issue in 2019. Once again, conspiracy theories give rise to disaffection.<ref>Sam Cowan, [https://digital.soas.ac.uk/SWAY000513/00001 The Indian checkposts, Lipu Lekh, and Kalapani] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203102353/https://digital.soas.ac.uk/SWAY000513/00001 |date=3 December 2020 }}, School of Oriental and African Studies, 14 December 2015. "Received wisdom on the start of Indian occupation stems from the views of Bhuddi Narayan Shrestha, which have been endlessly repeated in just about every article written on the subject."</ref>

== International reactions ==
{{See also|2015–2016 Nepal humanitarian crisis#International reactions}}

{{flag|Bangladesh}} – On 18 October, Tofail Ahmed, Minister of Commerce, Bangladesh, urged an end to the blockade and commented that such blockades hit at agreements like the [[BBIN]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/bangladesh-minister-pitches-for-end-to-nepal-blockade/article7778250.ece |title=Bangladesh Minister pitches for end to Nepal blockade |last=Kallol Bhattacherjee |newspaper=The Hindu |date=19 October 2015 }}</ref>

{{flag|European Union}} – On 24 October, [[Jean Lambert]], [[Member of the European Parliament|MEP]] and Chair of the [[European Parliament]] Delegation to South Asia,<ref name="europarl-lambert">{{Cite web |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/4531/JEAN_LAMBERT_home.html |title=Jean Lambert |publisher=European Parliament |access-date=3 November 2015 |archive-date=29 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029064432/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/4531/JEAN_LAMBERT_home.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> stated the unofficial 'blockade' at the Nepalese border only serves to hurt the Nepalese people who are still recovering from the devastating earthquakes [[April 2015 Nepal earthquake|earlier this year]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://reviewnepal.com/national/european-union-calls-on-india-to-ensure-essential-supplies-to-nepal.html |title=European Union calls on India to ensure essential supplies to Nepal |last=Review Nepal |newspaper=Review Nepal News |archive-date=27 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027225402/http://reviewnepal.com/national/european-union-calls-on-india-to-ensure-essential-supplies-to-nepal.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{flag|United States}} – On 5 November, the US expressed deep concern over the critical shortages of essential supplies in Nepal resulting from a volatile situation along the Nepal-India border.<ref>{{cite tweet|user=USEmbassyNepal|author=U.S. Embassy Nepal|number=662150580937199616|date=5 November 2015|title=Statement from the U.S. Embassy|accessdate=5 November 2015}}</ref>

{{flag|United Nations}} – On 11 November, Secretary-General [[Ban Ki-moon]] reiterated his "concern over the obstruction of essential supplies on the Nepal-India border. Acute shortages in fuel supplies continue to impede planned deliveries to earthquake-affected villages in Nepal," said spokesman Stephane Dujarric. "The Secretary-General underlines Nepal's right of free transit, as a landlocked nation as well as for humanitarian reasons, and calls on all sides to lift the obstructions without further delay."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.namnewsnetwork.org/v3/read.php?id=MzI2OTgy |title=NAM NEWS NETWORK |website=namnewsnetwork.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618081343/http://www.namnewsnetwork.org/v3/read.php?id=MzI2OTgy |archive-date=18 June 2018 |access-date=11 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Y6ETASWOu4 |title=Indian government block border between Nepal and India |date=11 November 2015 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/un-chief-calls-for-lifting-of-blockade-on-indo-nepal-border/ar-CCeXfV |title=UN chief calls for lifting of blockade on Indo-Nepal border |newspaper=MSN News |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117034232/http://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/un-chief-calls-for-lifting-of-blockade-on-indo-nepal-border/ar-CCeXfV |archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/UN-chief-calls-for-lifting-of-blockade-on-Indo-Nepal-border/articleshow/49747847.cms |title=UN chief calls for lifting of blockade on Indo-Nepal border |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
{{see also|China–Nepal railway}}
In 2016, during Oli's visit to China, the two countries signed a treaty on trade and transit, including a plan to build a high speed railway from Kathmandu to the Chinese border.<ref name="AJ China ports">{{cite news |last1=Adhikari |first1=Deepak |date=19 September 2018 |title=Nepal gets access to China ports, analysts say it's a 'huge deal' |newspaper=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/nepal-access-china-ports-analysts-huge-deal-180917163226224.html }}</ref> In June 2018, Nepal and China agreed on construction of the railway as a component of a series of cooperation projects approved by the two sides.<ref name="China Daily">{{cite news |last1=Hu |first1=Yongqi |date=22 June 2018 |title=Railway project to link Tibet, Nepal |newspaper=China Daily |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201806/22/WS5b2c3553a3103349141dda6f.html }}</ref><ref name="scmp">{{cite news |last1=Pandey |first1=Lekhanath |date=8 July 2018 |title=How a China-Nepal railway could fast-track change in the Himalayan nation and redraw relations with India |newspaper=South China Morning Post |url=https://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/asia/article/2154061/how-china-nepal-railway-could-fast-track-change }}</ref> A mutual agreement over the pre-feasibility study was reached in August 2018.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 August 2018 |script-title=zh:中尼跨境铁路预可行性研究评审会及中尼铁路技术交流在西安举行 |language=zh |trans-title=China-Nepal cross-border railway pre-feasibility study review meeting and China-Nepal railway technical exchange held in Xi'an |publisher=National Railway Administration of China |url=http://www.nra.gov.cn/xwzx/gjjl/wsdt/201808/t20180824_64334.shtml |access-date=22 September 2018}}</ref> The railway has been viewed as a way to reduce Nepal's dependence on India, which was made apparent during the 2015 Nepal blockade.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sangraula |first=Bikash |date=2019-10-11 |title=To decrease its dependence on India, Nepal eagerly awaits China rail plan |newspaper=The Japan Times |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/10/11/business/dependent-on-india-nepal-awaits-china-rail/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-10-13 |title=Nepal pushes to end dependency on India with China rail, tunnel deals |publisher=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nepal-china-xi-idUSKBN1WS0CA}}</ref>

During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], China closed its border with Nepal, and plans to diversify imports from China failed to materialize.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Nepal's bid to diversify trade after the blockade fell flat |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/12/29/how-nepal-s-bid-to-diversify-trade-after-the-blockade-fell-flat |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref>

The blockade had long lasting effects on Nepali households use of petroleum fuels, with poorer households more often continuing to use dirtier fuels such as firewood, whereas richer household moved towards using cleaner energy sources.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Acharya |first1=Bikram |last2=Adhikari |first2=Santosh |date=January 2021 |title=Household energy consumption and adaptation behavior during crisis: Evidence from Indian economic blockade on Nepal |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0301421520307096 |journal=Energy Policy |language=en |volume=148 |article-number=111998 |doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111998|bibcode=2021EnPol.14811998A |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{portal|Nepal}}
*[[Anti-Indian sentiment]]
*[[Foreign policy of India]]
*[[Indian influence in Bangladesh]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{citation|title=Nepal's Divisive New Constitution: An Existential Crisis |publisher=International Crisis Group |year=2016 |url=https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/570379ce4.pdf |ref={{sfnref|ICG, Nepal's Divisive New Constitution|2016}}}}
* {{Cite book |title=Nepal Blockade: A Humanitarian Crisis amidst Diplomatic Kerfuffle |publisher=South Asians for Human Rights |year=2016 |isbn=978-955-1489-18-2 |url=http://www.southasianrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Report-on-the-Fact-Finding-Mission-to-Nepal.pdf |ref={{sfnref|SAHR, Nepal Blockade|2016}}}}

[[Category:2015 in Nepal]]
[[Category:2015 in India]]
[[Category:2015 in economic history]]
[[Category:2015 in international relations]]
[[Category:2015 in politics]]
[[Category:Economic history of Nepal]]
[[Category:Political history of Nepal]]
[[Category:Blockades]]
[[Category:India–Nepal relations]]
[[Category:China–Nepal relations]]
[[Category:Oil crises]]
[[Category:Energy crises in Asia]]
[[Category:2010s energy crisis]]

2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election

2026-05-06T03:34:15Z

Globaleducollege: adding data

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{For|Lok Sabha elections|2024 Indian general election in Maharashtra}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = Legislative
| ongoing = no
| previous_year = 2019
| previous_election = 2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election
| election_date = 20 November 2024
| next_year = 2029
| next_election = Next Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election
| seats_for_election = All 288 members of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| turnout = 66.57% ({{increase}} 5.13 [[percentage point|pp]])
| opinion_polls = 2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election#Exit Polls
| outgoing_members = 14th Maharashtra Legislative Assembly#Members of Legislative Assembly
| elected_members = 15th Maharashtra Assembly
| image_size = 120px
| last_update = 2024<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywiseresult-S13.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=23 November 2024 |archive-date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123033526/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywiseresult-S13.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
| time_zone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| reporting = 
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|bSize=150|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=28|oTop=04}}
| leader1 = [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
| party1 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| alliance1 = [[Maha Yuti|MY]]
| leaders_seat1 = [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South-West]]
| last_election1 = 25.75%, 105 seats
| seats_before1 = 102
| seats1 = '''132'''
| seat_change1 = {{gain}} 27
| swing1 = {{gain}} 1.02 [[percentage point|pp]]
| popular_vote1 = '''17,293,650'''
| percentage1 = '''26.77%'''
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=5}}
| leader2 = [[Eknath Shinde]]
| party2 = Shiv Sena (2022–present)
| alliance2 = [[Maha Yuti|MY]]
| leaders_seat2 = [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi]]
| last_election2 = ''Party split after last election''
| seats_before2 = 38
| seats2 = 57
| seat_change2 = {{gain}} 19{{efn|Seat change from the MLAs who supported Ekhnath Shinde in the [[2022 Maharashtra political crisis]].}}
| popular_vote2 = 7,996,930
| percentage2 = 12.38%
| swing2 = ''New''{{efn|Vote share after splint in [[2022 Maharashtra political crisis]].}}
| image3 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Ajit_Anantrao_Pawar.jpg|bSize=175|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=40|oTop=10}}
| leader3 = [[Ajit Pawar]]
| party3 = Nationalist Congress Party
| alliance3 = [[Maha Yuti|MY]]
| leaders_seat3 = [[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati]]
| color3 = {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| last_election3 = ''Party split after last election''
| seats_before3 = 40
| seats3 = 41
| seat_change3 = {{increase}} 1{{efn|Seat change from the MLAs who supported Ajit Pawar in the [[2023 Maharashtra political crisis]].}}
| popular_vote3 = 5,816,566
| percentage3 = 9.01%
| swing3 = ''New''{{efn|Vote share after splint in [[2023 Maharashtra political crisis]].}}
| image4 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Uddhav Thackeray, President of Shiv Sena-UBT.jpg|bSize=130|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=13|oTop=15}}
| leader4 = [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
| party4 = [[Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)|SS(UBT)]]
| alliance4 = Maha Vikas Aghadi
| leaders_seat4 = [[List of members of the Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] (did not contest)
| last_election4 = ''Party split after last election''
| seats_before4 = 16
| seats4 = 20
| seat_change4 = {{increase}} 4{{efn|Seat change from the MLAs who supported Uddhav Thackeray in the [[2022 Maharashtra political crisis]].}}
| popular_vote4 = 6,433,013
| percentage4 = 9.96%
| swing4 = ''New''
| image5 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Ex Maharashtra Speaker Nana Patole.jpeg|bSize=140|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=13|oTop=05}}
| party5 = Indian National Congress
| leader5 = [[Nana Patole]]
| alliance5 = [[Maha Vikas Aghadi|MVA]]
| leaders_seat5 = [[Sakoli Assembly constituency|Sakoli]]
| last_election5 = 15.87%, 44 seats
| seats_before5 = 37
| seats5 = 16
| popular_vote5 = 8,020,921
| seat_change5 = {{loss}} 28
| percentage5 = 12.42%
| swing5 = {{loss}} 3.45 [[percentage point|pp]]
| image6 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Jayant Patil (cropped).jpg|bSize=180|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=30|oTop=13}}
| leader6 = [[Jayant Patil]]
| party6 = [[Nationalist Congress Party - Sharadchandra Pawar|NCP(SP)]]
| alliance6 = Maha Vikas Aghadi
| leaders_seat6 = [[Islampur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Islampur]]
| last_election6 = ''Party split after last election''
| seats_before6 = 12
| seats6 = 10
| seat_change6 = {{decrease}} 2{{efn|Seat change from the MLAs who supported Sharad Pawar in the [[2023 Maharashtra political crisis]].}}
| popular_vote6 = 7,287,797
| percentage6 = 11.28%
| swing6 = ''New'''{{efn|Vote share after splint in [[2023 Maharashtra political crisis]].}}
| map_image = {{Switcher|[[File:2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election Result Map.svg|350px]]|Partywise results by constituency|[[File:2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Alliance Wise Election Result Map.svg|350px]]|Alliance-wise results by constituency}}
| map2 = {{Switcher|[[File:India Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election 2024.svg|350px]]|Partywise structure|[[File:India Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election Alliance Wise 2024.svg|350px]]|Alliance-wise structure}}
| title = [[List of chief ministers of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| before_election = [[Eknath Shinde]]
| before_party = [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]] [[Maha Yuti]]
| posttitle = [[List of chief ministers of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]] after election
| after_election = [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
| after_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] [[Maha Yuti]]
| leader_since1 = 2013
| leader_since4 = 2024
| leader_since5 = 2023
| leader_since2 = 2019
| leader_since3 = 2022
| leader_since6 = 2024
| majority_seats = 145
}}

The '''2024 Maharashtra legislative assembly elections''' were held On [[2024 elections in India|20 November 2024]] to elect all 288 members of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|state's Legislative Assembly]]. The turnout for the election was 66.05%, the highest since [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]. The BJP-led [[Maha Yuti]] alliance won a [[landslide victory]], winning 235 seats of the 288 seats in which the election was held. None of the parties in the [[Maha Vikas Aghadi]] alliance won the necessary number of seats to obtain the position of [[leader of opposition]], a first in six decades.<ref>{{cite web|title=In a first in six decades, no Leader of Opposition in Maharashtra Assembly|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/maharashtra-assembly/in-a-first-in-six-decades-no-leader-of-opposition-in-maharashtra-assembly/article68904861.ece|work=The Hindu|date=24 November 2024|access-date=24 November 2024|archive-date=24 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124063557/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/maharashtra-assembly/in-a-first-in-six-decades-no-leader-of-opposition-in-maharashtra-assembly/article68904861.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

Following the election, the BJP's leadership chose [[Devendra Fadnavis]] as their choice for chief minister On 4 December 2024. He took the oath as the [[List of chief ministers of Maharashtra|chief minister]] for the third time on 5 December 2024.<ref name="Devendra Fadnavis to take oath as Maharashtra Chief Minister on December 5">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |title=Devendra Fadnavis to take oath as Maharashtra Chief Minister on December 5 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/maharashtra-assembly/devendra-fadnavis-bjp-chief-minister-take-oath-on-december-5/article68945881.ece |access-date=4 December 2024 |date=4 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204145607/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/maharashtra-assembly/devendra-fadnavis-bjp-chief-minister-take-oath-on-december-5/article68945881.ece |archive-date=4 December 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-05 |title=Maharashtra CM Devendra Fadnavis Oath Ceremony Live Updates: In presence of PM Modi, Fadnavis takes oath as Maharashtra CM for 3rd time |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/devendra-fadnavis-maharashtra-cm-swearing-oath-ceremony-live-updates-eknath-shinde-bjp/liveblog/115989462.cms |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=5 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205123813/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/devendra-fadnavis-maharashtra-cm-swearing-oath-ceremony-live-updates-eknath-shinde-bjp/liveblog/115989462.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Background==
{{Main|2019 Maharashtra political crisis}}
The tenure of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] was set to conclude on 26 November.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Terms of the Houses |url=https://eci.gov.in/elections/term-of-houses/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328103956/https://eci.gov.in/elections/term-of-houses/ |archive-date=28 March 2022 |access-date=13 February 2022 |website=Election Commission of India |language=en-IN}}</ref> The [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|last Assembly elections]] in [[Maharashtra]] took place in October 2019. The [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]-led [[National Democratic Alliance]] secured a majority to establish the government. However, [[2019 Maharashtra political crisis|internal conflicts]] led the [[Shiv Sena]] to exit the alliance<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2019 |title=Shiv Sena exits NDA, preps to form govt as Congress, NCP meet on Maharashtra |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/shiv-sena-exits-nda-preps-form-govt-congress-ncp-meet-maharashtra-1502820401.html |access-date=13 July 2024 |website=The Statesman |language=en |archive-date=13 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713105216/https://www.thestatesman.com/india/shiv-sena-exits-nda-preps-form-govt-congress-ncp-meet-maharashtra-1502820401.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and join forces with the [[Nationalist Congress Party]] and the [[Indian National Congress]], forming a new coalition called [[Maha Vikas Aghadi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 November 2019 |title=What is Maha Vikas Aghadi? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/what-is/what-is-maha-vikas-aghadi-shiv-sena-ncp-congress-alliance-maharashtra-6139167/ |access-date=13 July 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=7 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207011237/https://indianexpress.com/article/what-is/what-is-maha-vikas-aghadi-shiv-sena-ncp-congress-alliance-maharashtra-6139167/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Subsequently, Maha Vikas Aghadi established the [[Government of Maharashtra|state government]], with Shiv Sena leader [[Uddhav Thackeray]] assuming the role of chief minister.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 November 2019 |title=Uddhav Thackeray sworn in as Maharashtra Chief Minister; 6 Cabinet Ministers take oath |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/uddhav-thackeray-sworn-in-as-maharashtra-chief-minister/article61613488.ece |access-date=13 July 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=13 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713105216/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/uddhav-thackeray-sworn-in-as-maharashtra-chief-minister/article61613488.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Political developments===
{{Main|2022 Maharashtra political crisis|2023 Nationalist Congress Party split}}

Following the [[2022 Maharashtra political crisis]], Shiv Sena MLA [[Eknath Shinde]], along with 40 MLAs from his party, formed a government with the BJP with Shinde becoming the new chief minister.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2022 |title=Eknath Shinde takes oath as Maharashtra CM, Devendra Fadnavis as his deputy |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/eknath-shinde-takes-oath-as-maharashtra-chief-minister-devendra-fadnavis-as-his-deputy-101656597041770.html |access-date=13 July 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530034642/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/eknath-shinde-takes-oath-as-maharashtra-chief-minister-devendra-fadnavis-as-his-deputy-101656597041770.html |url-status=live }}</ref> After the [[2023 Maharashtra political crisis]], the Ajit Pawar faction of [[Nationalist Congress Party]] also joined the government.

In the [[2024 Indian general election in Maharashtra|2024 Lok Sabha elections in Maharashtra]], which was the first major election after the split of the Nationalist Congress Party and Shiv Sena, [[Maha Vikas Aghadi]] won a record breaking 31 out of 48 seats while [[Maha Yuti]] could only get 17 seats.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2024 |title=Maharashtra Lok Sabha Election Results 2024: BJP, allies get 17; Opposition combine bags 30 of 48 seats |url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/maharashtra-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-bjp-allies-get-17-opposition-combine-bags-30-of-48-seats-23352795 |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=Mid-day |language=en |archive-date=15 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715191340/https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/maharashtra-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-bjp-allies-get-17-opposition-combine-bags-30-of-48-seats-23352795 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2024 |title=Maharashtra Election Result 2024: Big win for MVA with 30 seats, Mahayuti at 17 and Independent 1 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/politics/maharashtra-lok-sabha-election-result-2024-live-updates-bjp-congress-ncp-shiv-sena-votes-counting-ec-19422605.htm |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en |archive-date=15 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715191340/https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/politics/maharashtra-lok-sabha-election-result-2024-live-updates-bjp-congress-ncp-shiv-sena-votes-counting-ec-19422605.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Schedule==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin:auto;font-size:90%;"
|-
! Poll event
! Schedule
|-
! style="text-align:center" |Notification date
|22 October
|-
! style="text-align:center" |Last date for filing nomination
|29 October
|-
! style="text-align:center" |Scrutiny of nomination
|30 October
|-
! style="text-align:center" |Last date for withdrawal of nomination
|4 November
|-
! style="text-align:center" |Date of poll
|'''20 November'''<ref name="Maharashtra, Jharkhand election 2024 dates Highlights: Maharashtra to go to polls on November 20, Jharkhand in two phases">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |title=Maharashtra, Jharkhand election 2024 dates Highlights: Maharashtra to go to polls on November 20, Jharkhand in two phases |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra-jharkhand-assembly-polls-dates-election-commission-updates-october-15-2024/article68755925.ece |access-date=17 October 2024 |date=15 October 2024 |language=en-IN |archive-date=26 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126175520/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra-jharkhand-assembly-polls-dates-election-commission-updates-october-15-2024/article68755925.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! style="text-align:center" |Date of Counting of Votes
|'''23 November'''
|}

== Parties and alliances ==

=== Maha Yuti ===

{{legend2|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|[[National Democratic Alliance|Maha Yuti]]}}
{| class="wikitable" width="50%" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Party
! Flag
! Symbols
! Leader
! Seats contested
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};|
| style="text-align:center" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[File:BJP flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Lotos flower symbol.svg|50px]]
| [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
| 145+4{{efn|Includes 1 [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] candidate under [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] symbol and friendly contest with [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] on 3 seats.}}<ref name="Maharashtra Election 2024: BJP fighting 148 seats, Congress 105, no clarity on few as nominations end">{{cite news |title=Maharashtra Election 2024: BJP fighting 148 seats, Congress 105, no clarity on few as nominations end |url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/maharashtra-election-2024-bjp-fighting-148-seats-congress-103-nomination-mva-mahayuti-eknath-shinde-sharad-pawar-11730253003876.html |access-date=30 October 2024 |date=30 October 2024 |archive-date=30 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241030032808/https://www.livemint.com/elections/maharashtra-election-2024-bjp-fighting-148-seats-congress-103-nomination-mva-mahayuti-eknath-shinde-sharad-pawar-11730253003876.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{party color cell|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
| [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|Shiv Sena]]
| [[File:Shiv Sena flag.jpg|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Bow And Arrow.svg|50px]]
| [[Eknath Shinde]]
| 75+6{{efn|SHS had a friendly contest with RYSP and [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] on 1 and 5 seats respectively.}}<ref name="Maharashtra Election 2024: BJP fighting 148 seats, Congress 105, no clarity on few as nominations end" />
|-
| {{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|
| [[File:Nationalist Congress Party Election Symbol.png|50px]]
| [[Ajit Pawar]]
| 50+9{{efn|NCP had a friendly contest with [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] and [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]] on 3 and 5 seats respectively, and with JSS on 1 seat.}}<ref name="Maharashtra Election 2024: BJP fighting 148 seats, Congress 105, no clarity on few as nominations end" />
|-
| {{party color cell|Jan Surajya Shakti}}
| [[Jan Surajya Shakti]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Coconut Farm.jpg|50px]]
| [[Vinay Kore]]
| 2+4{{efn|JSS had a friendly contest with NCP on 1 seat.}}
|-
| {{party color cell|Rashtriya Samaj Paksha}}
| [[Rashtriya Samaj Paksha]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
|
| [[Mahadev Jankar]]
| 1+92
|-
| bgcolor=#1A34FF |
| [[Ravi Rana|Rashtriya Yuva Swabhiman Party]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Spanner.jpg|50px]]
| [[Ravi Rana]]
| colspan="2" | 1+1{{efn|RYSP had a friendly contest with SHS on 1 seat}}
|-
| bgcolor=#F58E7D |
| [[Rajendra Patil|Rajarshi Shahu Vikas Aghadi]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Whistle.png|60px]]
| [[Rajendra Patil Yadravkar]]
| 1
|-
| colspan=5 | No Candidates
| 2{{efn|Supported [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena|MNS]] candidate on one seat.}}
|}

=== Maha Vikas Aghadi ===

{{legend2|{{party color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}|[[Maha Vikas Aghadi]]}}
{| class="wikitable" width="50%" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Leader
! Seats contested
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:INC Hand.svg|50px]]
| [[Balasaheb Thorat]]
| 100+1{{efn|name=INCSSUBT|[[Indian National Congress|Congress]] had a friendly contest with [[Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar|NCP-SP]] and [[Communist Party of India Marxist|CPI(M)]] on [[Pandharpur Assembly constituency|Pandharpur]] and [[Solapur City Central Assembly constituency|Solapur City Central]] constituencies respectively.}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Maharashtra Election 2024: MVA, Mahayuti's Final Seat-Sharing Scenario Emerges As Nomination Filing Ends Today|url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/maharashtra-election-2024-mva-mahayuti-final-seat-sharing-scenario-emerges-as-nomination-filing-ends-today-1727791|work=ABP News|date=29 Oct 2024|access-date=29 Oct 2024|archive-date=2 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241102105517/https://news.abplive.com/elections/maharashtra-election-2024-mva-mahayuti-final-seat-sharing-scenario-emerges-as-nomination-filing-ends-today-1727791|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| {{party color cell|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
| [[Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)]]
| [[File:SS(UBT) flag.png|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Flaming Torch.png|50px]]
| [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
| 90+5{{efn|name=SSUBTINCNCP(SP)PWPI|[[Shiv Sena (UBT)|SS(UBT)]] had a friendly contest with [[Peasants and Workers Party of India|PWPI]] on [[Panvel Assembly constituency|Panvel]] and [[Uran Assembly constituency|Uran]] constituencies.}}
|-
| {{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar}}
| [[Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)]]
| [[File:राष्ट्रवादी काँग्रेस - शरदचंद्र पवार Logo.png|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Man Blowing Turha.png|50px]]
| [[Sharad Pawar]]
| 85+1{{efn|name=NCP(SP)INC|[[Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar|NCP(SP)]] had a friendly contest with [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] on [[Pandharpur Assembly constituency|Pandharpur]] constituency.}}
|-
| {{party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
| [[File:Samajwadi Party.png|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Cycle.png|50px]]
| [[Abu Azmi]]
| 2+7{{efn|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]] contested 7 other seats independently.}}
|-
| {{party color cell|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
| [[Peasants and Workers Party of India]]
|
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Whistle.png|60px]]
| [[Jayant Prabhakar Patil]]
| 3+15{{efn|name=PWPISS(UBT)|[[Peasants and Workers Party of India|PWPI]] had a friendly contest with [[Shiv Sena (UBT)|SS(UBT)]] on [[Panvel Assembly constituency|Panvel]] and [[Uran Assembly constituency|Uran]] constituencies.}}
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| [[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:CPI(M) election symbol - Hammer Sickle and Star.svg|50px]]
| [[Ashok Dhawale]] Uday Narkar
| 2+1{{efn|name=CPI(M)INC|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] had a friendly contest with [[Indian National Congress|INC]] on [[Solapur City Central Assembly constituency|Solapur City Central]] constituency.}}
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| [[File:CPI-banner.svg|50px]]
| [[File:CPI symbol.svg|50px]]
| Budh Mala Pawara
| 1+1
|}

=== Parivartan Mahashakti ===

{| class="wikitable" width="50%" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Leader
! Seats contested
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Prahar Janshakti Party}};|
| style="text-align:center" |[[Prahar Janshakti Party]]
| [[File:Prahar.jpg|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Bat.png|50px]]
| [[Bachchu Kadu]]
| 38
|-
| {{party color cell|Maharashtra Swarajya Party}}
| Maharashtra Swarajya Party
|
|
| [[Sambhaji Raje]] Chhatrapati
| 32
|-
| {{party color cell|Swabhimani Paksha}}
| [[Swabhimani Paksha]]
|
|
| [[Raju Shetty]]
| 19
|-
| {{party color cell|Swatantra Bharat Paksh}}
| [[Swatantra Bharat Paksh]]
|
|
| [[Wamanrao chatap|Wamanrao Chatap]]
| 3
|-
| {{party color cell|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}
| Maharashtra Rajya Samiti
|
|
| Shankar Anna Dhondge
| 2
|}
=== Others ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="50%" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Leader
! Seats contested
|-
| {{party color cell|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]
| [[File:All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen logo.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Kite.svg|50px]]
| [[Imtiyaz Jaleel]]
| 17
|-
| {{party color cell|Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}}
| [[Azad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)]]
| [[File:Azad samaj party.png|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Kettle.jpg|50px]]
| [[Chandrashekhar Azad (politician)|Chandrashekhar Azad]]
| 28
|-
| {{party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| [[File:Elephant Bahujan Samaj Party.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Elephant.png|50px]]
| Sunil Dongre
| 237
|-
| {{party color cell|Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi}}
| [[Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Pea Whistle.jpg|50px]]
| [[Hitendra Thakur]]
| 8
|-
| {{party color cell|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}
| [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]]
| [[File:Maharashtra Navnirman Sena Official Flag.jpg|50px]]
| [[File:Mns-symbol-railway-engine.png|50px]]
| [[Raj Thackeray]]
| 125
|-
| {{party color cell|Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi}}
| [[Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi]]
| [[File:VBA party.jpg|50px]]
| [[File:Gas Cylinder.jpg|50px]]
| [[Prakash Ambedkar]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2024 |title=On the back foot after poor LS show, Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi shifts stance, announces 'save reservation' rally |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/vanchit-bahujan-aghadi-announces-save-reservation-rally-9458681/ |access-date=22 September 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=22 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922090147/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/vanchit-bahujan-aghadi-announces-save-reservation-rally-9458681/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| 200<ref>{{cite web | url=https://dhammabharat.com/vba-candidate-list-2024/ | title=VBA candidate list 2024 : वंचित बहुजन आघाडीच्या संपूर्ण उमेदवारांची यादी | date=11 November 2024 | access-date=17 November 2024 | archive-date=2 December 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202132413/https://dhammabharat.com/vba-candidate-list-2024/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| style="background:{{party color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}"|
| [[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]]
| [[File:Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi banner.png|50px]]
| [[File:Pot Symbol.png|40x40px]]
| [[Thol. Thirumavalavan]]
| 4
|}

=== Alliance-wise Contest ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan=2 rowspan="2" | Parties
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}" |
| style="color:inherit;background:#FFC0CB" |
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Others}}" |
|-
! [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
! [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]]
! [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
! Others
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
! [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 74
| 13
| 7
| 7
|-
| {{party color cell|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
! [[Shiv Sena (UBT)|SS(UBT)]]
| 33
| 51
| 5
| 7
|-
| {{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
! [[Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar|NCP(SP)]]
| 36
| 8
| 37
| 5
|-
| {{party color cell|Others}}
! Others
| 2
| 3
| 9
|
|}

==Candidates==
=== Candidate List===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | District
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Assembly Constituency
|colspan="3" style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}"|
|colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}"|
|-
!colspan="3"| [[Maha Yuti]]
!colspan="3"| [[Maha Vikas Aghadi]]
|-
|rowspan="4" |[[Nandurbar district|Nandurbar]]
!1
|[[Akkalkuwa Assembly constituency|Akkalkuwa]] (ST)
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Aamshya Padavi]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Kagda Chandya Padvi]]
|-
!2
|[[Shahada Assembly constituency|Shahada]] (ST)
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Rajesh Padvi]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Rajendrakumar Gavit
|-
!3
|[[Nandurbar Assembly constituency|Nandurbar]] (ST)
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Vijaykumar Krishnarao Gavit|Vijaykumar Gavit]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Kiran Tadvi
|-
!4
|[[Navapur Assembly constituency|Navapur]] (ST)
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|Bharat Gavit
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Shirishkumar Surupsing Naik]]
|-
|rowspan="5"|[[Dhule district|Dhule]]
!5
|[[Sakri Assembly constituency|Sakri]] (ST)
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Manjula Gavit]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Pravin Bapu Chaure
|-
!6
|[[Dhule Rural Assembly constituency|Dhule Rural]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Raghavendra Patil]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Kunal Rohidas Patil]]
|-
!7
|[[Dhule City Assembly constituency|Dhule City]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Anup Agrawal (politician)|Anup Agrawal]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|[[Anil Anna Gote|Anil Gote]]
|-
!8
|[[Sindkheda Assembly constituency|Sindkheda]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Jayakumar Jitendrasinh Rawal|Jaykumar Rawal]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|Sandeep Bedse
|-
!9
|[[Shirpur Assembly constituency|Shirpur]] (ST)
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Kashiram Vechan Pawara|Kashiram Pawara]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|Budha Mala Pavara
|-
|rowspan="11"|[[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]]
!10
|[[Chopda Assembly constituency|Chopda]] (ST)
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Chandrakant Sonawane]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Prabhakarappa Sonawane
|-
!11
|[[Raver Assembly constituency|Raver]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Amol Haribhau Jawale]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Dhananjay Shirish Chaudhari
|-
!12
|[[Bhusawal Assembly constituency|Bhusawal]] (SC)
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Sanjay Waman Sawakare]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Rajesh Tukaram Manvatkar
|-
!13
|[[Jalgaon City Assembly constituency|Jalgaon City]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Suresh Damu Bhole|Suresh Bhole]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Jayshree Mahajan
|-
!14
|[[Jalgaon Rural Assembly constituency|Jalgaon Rural]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Gulabrao Patil (MLA)|Gulabrao Patil]]
| {{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
| [[Gulabrao Deokar]]
|-
!15
|[[Amalner Assembly constituency|Amalner]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Anil Bhaidas Patil]]
|{{ Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Anil Shinde
|-
!16
|[[Erandol Assembly constituency|Erandol]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Amol Patil]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|Satish Anna Patil
|-
!17
|[[Chalisgaon Assembly constituency|Chalisgaon]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Mangesh Chavan]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|[[Unmesh Bhaiyyasaheb Patil]]
|-
!18
|[[Pachora Assembly constituency|Pachora]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Kishor Appa Patil|Kishor Patil]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Vaishali Suryawanshi
|-
!19
|[[Jamner Assembly constituency|Jamner]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Girish Mahajan]]
| {{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|Dilip Khodpe
|-
!20
|[[Muktainagar Assembly constituency|Muktainagar]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Chandrakant Nimba Patil]]
| {{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|[[Rohini Khadse-Khewalkar]]
|-
|rowspan="8"|[[Buldhana district|Buldhana]]
!21
|[[Malkapur Assembly constituency|Malkapur]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Chainsukh Madanlal Sancheti]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Rajesh Panditrao Ekade|Rajesh Ekade]]
|-
!22
|[[Buldhana Assembly constituency|Buldhana]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Sanjay Gaikwad]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Jayshree choudhary
|-
!23
|[[Chikhali Assembly constituency|Chikhali]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Shweta Mahale]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Rahul Siddhvinayak Bondre|Rahul Bondre]]
|-
!Rowspan=2|24
|Rowspan=2|[[Sindkhed Raja Assembly constituency|Sindkhed Raja]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Shashikant Narsingrao Khedekar|Shashikant Khedekar]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)|rowspan=2}}
|rowspan=2|[[Rajendra Shingne]]
|-
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Manoj Kayande]]
|-
!25
|[[Mehkar Assembly constituency|Mehkar]] (SC)
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Sanjay Raimulkar]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|[[Siddharth Kharat]]
|-
!26
|[[Khamgaon Assembly constituency|Khamgaon]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Akash Pandurang Fundkar|Akash Fundkar]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Rana Dilipkumar Gokulchand Sanada
|-
!27
|[[Jalgaon (Jamod) Assembly constituency|Jalgaon (Jamod)]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Sanjay Kute]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Swati Sandip Wakekar
|-
|rowspan="5" |[[Akola district|Akola]]
!28
|[[Akot Assembly constituency|Akot]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Prakash Gunvantrao Bharsakale|Prakash Bharsakale]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Mahesh Gangane
|-
!29
|[[Balapur Assembly constituency|Balapur]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Baliram Sirskar]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|[[Nitin Tale|Nitin Deshmukh]]
|-
!30
|[[Akola West Assembly constituency|Akola West]]
|{{Party name with color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}
|Vijay Agarwal
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Sajid Khan Pathan|Sajid Khan Mannan Khan]]
|-
!31
|[[Akola East Assembly constituency|Akola East]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Randhir Pralhadrao Savarkar|Randhir Savarkar]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Gopal Datarkar
|-
!32
|[[Murtizapur Assembly constituency|Murtizapur]] (SC)
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Harish Marotiappa Pimple]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|Samrat Dongardive
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Washim district|Washim]]
!33
|[[Risod Assembly constituency|Risod]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Bhavana Gawali]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Amit Subhashrao Zanak|Amit Zanak]]
|-
!34
|[[Washim Assembly constituency|Washim]] (SC)
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Shyam Ramcharan Khode]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Siddharth Deole
|-
!35
|[[Karanja Assembly constituency|Karanja]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Sai Prakash Dahake]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|Gyayak Patni
|-
|rowspan="10"|[[Amravati district|Amravati]]
!36
|[[Dhamangaon Railway Assembly constituency|Dhamangaon Railway]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Pratap Adsad]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Virendra Jagtap]]
|-
!37
|[[Badnera Assembly constituency|Badnera]]
|{{Party name with color|Ravi Rana|shortname=RYSP|color=#1A34BB}}
|[[Ravi Rana]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Sunil Kharate
|-
!38
|[[Amravati Assembly constituency|Amravati]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Sulbha Sanjay Khodke|Sulbha Khodke]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Sunil Deshmukh]]
|-
!39
|[[Teosa Assembly constituency|Teosa]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Rajesh Shriramji Wankhade]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Yashomati Chandrakant Thakur|Yashomati Thakur]]
|-
!rowspan=2|40
|rowspan=2|[[Daryapur Assembly constituency|Daryapur]] (SC)
|{{Party name with color|Ravi Rana|shortname=RYSP|color=#1A34BB}}
|[[Ramesh Bundile]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)|rowspan=2}}
| rowspan=2|Gajanan Lawate
|-
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Abhijit Adsul]]
|-
!41
|[[Melghat Assembly constituency|Melghat]] (ST)
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Kewalram Kale
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Hemant Nanda Chimote
|-
!42
|[[Achalpur Assembly constituency|Achalpur]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Pravin Vasantrao Tayade|Pravin Tayde]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Aniruddha Deshmukh
|-
!Rowspan=2|43
|Rowspan=2|[[Morshi Assembly constituency|Morshi]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Chandu Atmaramji Yawalkar]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)|rowspan=2}}
|Rowspan=2|Girish Karale
|-
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Devendra Mahadevrao Bhuyar|Devendra Bhuyar]]
|-
|rowspan="4"|[[Wardha district|Wardha]]
!44
|[[Arvi Assembly constituency|Arvi]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Sumit Wankhede]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|Mayura Kale
|-
!45
|[[Deoli, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Deoli]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Rajesh Bhaurao Bakane]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Ranjit Kamble]]
|-
!46
|[[Hinganghat Assembly constituency|Hinganghat]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Samir Trambakrao Kunawar|Samir Kunawar]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|Atul Wandile
|-
!47
|[[Wardha Assembly constituency|Wardha]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Pankaj Rajesh Bhoyar|Pankaj Bhoyar]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Shekhar Pramodbabu Shende
|-
|rowspan="12"|[[Nagpur district|Nagpur]]
!48
|[[Katol Assembly constituency|Katol]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Charansing Thakur]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)|rowspan=1}}
|Salil Deshmukh
|-
!49
|[[Savner Assembly constituency|Savner]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Ashish Deshmukh]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Anuja  Kedar
|-
!50
|[[Hingna Assembly constituency|Hingna]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Sameer Meghe]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|Rameshchandra Bang
|-
!51
|[[Umred Assembly constituency|Umred]] (SC)
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Sudhir Laxmanrao Parwe|Sudhir Parwe]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Sanjay Meshram]]
|-
!52
|[[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Prafulla Gudadhe-Patil
|-
!53
|[[Nagpur South Assembly constituency|Nagpur South]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Mohan Mate]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Girish Krushnarao Pandav
|-
!54
|[[Nagpur East Assembly constituency|Nagpur East]]
|{{Party name with color| Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Krishna Khopde]]
| {{Party name with color| Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|Duneshwar Pethe
|-
!55
|[[Nagpur Central Assembly constituency|Nagpur Central]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Pravin Datke]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Bunty Shelke
|-
!56
|[[Nagpur West Assembly constituency|Nagpur West]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Sudhakar Kohale]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Vikas Thakre]]
|-
!57
|[[Nagpur North Assembly constituency|Nagpur North]] (SC)
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Milind Mane]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Nitin Raut]]
|-
!58
|[[Kamthi Assembly constituency|Kamthi]]
|{{Party name with color| Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Chandrashekhar Bawankule]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Suresh Yadavrao Bhoyar
|-
!59
|[[Ramtek Assembly constituency|Ramtek]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Ashish Jaiswal]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Vishal Barbate
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Bhandara district|Bhandara]]
!60
|[[Tumsar Assembly constituency|Tumsar]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Raju Manikrao Karemore|Raju Karemore]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|[[Charan Waghmare]]
|-
!61
|[[Bhandara Assembly constituency|Bhandara]] (SC)
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Narendra Bhondekar]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Puja Ganesh Thavkar
|-
!62
|[[Sakoli Assembly constituency|Sakoli]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Avinash Anandrao Brahmankar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Nana Patole]]
|-
|rowspan="4"|[[Gondia district|Gondia]]
!63
|[[Arjuni-Morgaon Assembly constituency|Arjuni-Morgaon]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Rajkumar Badole]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Dilip Waman Bansod
|-
!64
|[[Tirora Assembly constituency|Tirora]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Vijay Bharatlal Rahangdale|Vijay Rahangdale]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|Ravikant Bopche
|-
!65
|[[Gondiya Assembly constituency|Gondiya]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Vinod Agrawal]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Gopaldas Shankarlal Agrawal|Gopaldas Agrawal]]
|-
!66
|[[Amgaon Assembly constituency|Amgaon]] (ST)
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Sanjay Hanmantrao Puram|Sanjay Puram]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Rajkumar Lotuji Puram
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Gadchiroli district|Gadchiroli]]
!67
|[[Armori Assembly constituency|Armori]] (ST)
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Krushna Gajbe
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Ramdas Masram
|-
!68
|[[Gadchiroli Assembly constituency|Gadchiroli]] (ST)
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Milind Ramji Narote
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Manohar Tulshiram Poreti
|-
!69
|[[Aheri Assembly constituency|Aheri]] (ST)
|{{party name with color| Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Dharamrao Baba Atram]]
|{{Party name with color| Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|Bhagyashree Atram
|-
|rowspan="6"|[[Chandrapur district|Chandrapur]]
!70
|[[Rajura Assembly constituency|Rajura]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Deorao Vithoba Bhongle
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Subhash Dhote]]
|-
!71
|[[Chandrapur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Chandrapur]] (SC)
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Kishor Jorgewar]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Pravin Nanaji Padwekar
|-
!72
|[[Ballarpur Assembly constituency|Ballarpur]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Sudhir Mungantiwar]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Santoshsingh Rawat
|-
!73
|[[Bramhapuri Assembly constituency|Bramhapuri]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Krishnalal Bajirao Sahare
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Vijay Wadettiwar]]
|-
!74
|[[Chimur Assembly constituency|Chimur]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bunty Bhangdiya]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Satish Warjurkar
|-
!75
|[[Warora Assembly constituency|Warora]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Karan Sanjay Deotale|Karan Deotale]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Pravin Suresh Kakade
|-
|rowspan="7"|[[Yavatmal district|Yavatmal]]
!76
|[[Wani Assembly constituency|Wani]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Sanjivreddy Bapurao Bodkurwar|Sanjivreddi Bodkurwar]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|[[Sanjay Derkar]]
|-
!77
|[[Ralegaon Assembly constituency|Ralegaon]] (ST)
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Ashok Uike]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Vasant Purke|Vasantrao Purke]]
|-
!78
|[[Yavatmal Assembly constituency|Yavatmal]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Madan Yerawar]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Balasaheb Mangulkar]]
|-
! 79
| [[Digras Assembly constituency|Digras]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
| [[Sanjay Rathod]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Manikrao Thakare]]
|-
!80
|[[Arni Assembly constituency|Arni]] (ST)
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Raju Narayan Todsam]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Jitendra Shivajirao Moghe
|-
!81
|[[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Indranil Naik]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|Sharad Apparaoji Maind
|-
!82
|[[Umarkhed Assembly constituency|Umarkhed]] (SC)
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Kishan Maruti Wankhede
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sahebrao Dattrao Kamble
|-
|rowspan="9"|[[Nanded district|Nanded]]
!83
|[[Kinwat Assembly constituency|Kinwat]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bhimrao Keram]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|[[Pradeep Hemsingh Jadhav|Pradeep Jadhav (Naik)]]
|-
!84
|[[Hadgaon Assembly constituency|Hadgaon]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|Baburao Kadam Kohalikar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Jawalgaonkar Madhavrao Nivruttirao Patil|Madhavrao Nivruttirao Patil]]
|-
!85
|[[Bhokar Assembly constituency|Bhokar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sreejaya Chavan
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Tirupati Kadam Kondhekar
|-
!86
|[[Nanded North Assembly constituency|Nanded North]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Balaji Kalyankar]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Abdul Sattar Abdul Gafur
|-
!87
|[[Nanded South Assembly constituency|Nanded South]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|Anand Shankar Tidke Patil
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Mohanrao Marotrao Hambarde]]
|-
!88
|[[Loha Assembly constituency|Loha]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Prataprao Govindrao Chikhalikar|Prataprao Patil Chikhalikar]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Eknath Pawar
|-
!89
|[[Naigaon Assembly constituency|Naigaon]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Rajesh Sambhaji Pawar|Rajesh Pawar]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Minal Niranjan Patil
|-
!90
|[[Deglur Assembly constituency|Deglur]] (SC)
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Jitesh Antapurkar]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Nivratirao Kondiba Kamble
|-
!91
|[[Mukhed Assembly constituency|Mukhed]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Tushar Rathod]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Hanmantrao Betmogarekar
|-
|rowspan="4" |[[Hingoli district|Hingoli]]
!rowspan=2|92
|rowspan=2|[[Basmath Assembly constituency|Basmath]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Chandrakant Nawghare]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)|rowspan=2}}
|rowspan=2|Jayprakash Dandegaonkar
|-
|{{Party name with color|Jan Surajya Shakti}}
| Gurupadeshwar Shivacharya
|-
!93
|[[Kalamnuri Assembly constituency|Kalamnuri]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Santosh Bangar]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|[[Santosh Kautika Tarfe|Santosh Tarfe]]
|-
!94
|[[Hingoli Assembly constituency|Hingoli]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Tanaji Sakharamji Mutkule|Tanaji Mutkule]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Rupali Patil
|-
|rowspan="4"|[[Parbhani district|Parbhani]]
!95
|[[Jintur Assembly constituency|Jintur]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Meghana Bordikar]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|Vijay Bhamble
|-
!96
|[[Parbhani Assembly constituency|Parbhani]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|Anand Bharose
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|[[Rahul Vedprakash Patil|Rahul Patil]]
|-
!97
|[[Gangakhed Assembly constituency|Gangakhed]]
|{{Party name with color|Rashtriya Samaj Paksha}}
|[[Ratnakar Gutte]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Vishal Kadam
|-
!98
|[[Pathri Assembly constituency|Pathri]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Rajesh Vitekar]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Suresh Warpudkar]]
|-
|rowspan="5"|[[Jalna district|Jalna]]
!99
|[[Partur Assembly constituency|Partur]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Babanrao Lonikar]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Asaram Borade
|-
!100
|[[Ghansawangi Assembly constituency|Ghansawangi]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Hikmat Udhan]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|[[Rajesh Tope]]
|-
!101
|[[Jalna Assembly constituency|Jalna]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Arjun Khotkar]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Kailas Gorantyal]]
|-
!102
|[[Badnapur Assembly constituency|Badnapur]] (SC)
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Narayan Tilakchand Kuche|Narayan Kuche]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|Rupkumar "Bablu" Choudhary
|-
!103
|[[Bhokardan Assembly constituency|Bhokardan]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Santosh Danve]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|[[Chandrakant Danve]]
|-
|rowspan="9"|[[Aurangabad]]

!104
|[[Sillod Assembly constituency|Sillod]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Abdul Sattar (Maharashtra politician)|Abdul Sattar]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Suresh Bankar
|-
!105
|[[Kannad Assembly constituency|Kannad]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Sanjana Jadhav]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|[[Udaysingh Rajput]]
|-
!106
|[[Phulambri Assembly constituency|Phulambri]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Arunadhatai Atul Chavan
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Vilas Autade
|-
!107
|[[Aurangabad Central Assembly constituency|Aurangabad Central]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Pradeep Jaiswal]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Balasaheb Thorat
|-
!108
|[[Aurangabad West Assembly constituency|Aurangabad West]] (SC)
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Sanjay Shirsat]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Raju Shinde
|-
!109
|[[Aurangabad East Assembly constituency|Aurangabad East]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Atul Save]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Lahu Hanmantrao Shewale
|-
!110
|[[Paithan Assembly constituency|Paithan]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Sandipanrao Bhumre]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Dattatray Radhakrishnan Gorde
|-
!111
|[[Gangapur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Gangapur]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Prashant Bamb]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|[[Satish Chavan]]
|-
!112
|[[Vaijapur Assembly constituency|Vaijapur]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Ramesh Bornare]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Dinesh Pardeshi
|-
|rowspan="16" |[[Nashik district|Nashik]]
!113
|[[Nandgaon Assembly constituency|Nandgaon]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Suhas Kande]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Ganesh Dhatrak
|-
! 114
| [[Malegaon Central Assembly constituency|Malegaon Central]]
!colspan=3|{{efn|No Candidate.}}
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Ejaz Baig Aziz Baig
|-
!115
|[[Malegaon Outer Assembly constituency|Malegaon Outer]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Dadaji Bhuse]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Advay Hiray
|-
!116
|[[Baglan Assembly constituency|Baglan]] (ST)
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Dilip Manglu Borse|Dilip Borse]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|Dipika Chavan
|-
!117
|[[Kalwan Assembly constituency|Kalwan]] (ST)
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Nitin Arjun Pawar|Nitin Pawar]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Jiva Pandu Gavit]]
|-
!118
|[[Chandwad Assembly constituency|Chandwad]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Rahul Daulatrao Aher|Rahul Aher]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Shirishkumar Kotwal
|-
!119
|[[Yevla Assembly constituency|Yevla]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Chhagan Bhujbal]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|Manikrao Shinde
|-
!120
|[[Sinnar Assembly constituency|Sinnar]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Manikrao Kokate]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|Uday Sangle
|-
!121
|[[Niphad Assembly constituency|Niphad]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Diliprao Shankarrao Bankar|Diliprao Bankar]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|[[Anil Kadam]]
|-
!122
|[[Dindori, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Dindori]] (ST)
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Narhari Zirwal]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|Sunita Charoskar
|-
!123
|[[Nashik East Assembly constituency|Nashik East]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Rahul Uttamrao Dhikale|Rahul Dhikale]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|Ganesh Gite
|-
!124
|[[Nashik Central Assembly constituency|Nashik Central]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Devayani Farande]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|[[Vasantrao Gite]]
|-
!125
|[[Nashik West Assembly constituency|Nashik West]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Seema Mahesh Hiray|Seema Hiray]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Sudhakar Budgujar
|-
!rowspan=2|126
|rowspan=2|[[Deolali Assembly constituency|Deolali]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Saroj Ahire]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)|rowspan=2}}
|rowspan=2|Yogesh Gholap
|-
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|Rajarshi Harishchandra Ahirrao
|-
!127
|[[Igatpuri Assembly constituency|Igatpuri]] (ST)
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Hiraman Khoskar]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Lucky Jadhav
|-
|rowspan="6"|[[Palghar district|Palghar]]
!128
|[[Dahanu Assembly constituency|Dahanu]] (ST)
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Vinod Suresh Medha
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Vinod Bhiva Nikole]]
|-
!129
|[[Vikramgad Assembly constituency|Vikramgad]] (ST)
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bhoye Harishchandra Sakharam]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|[[Sunil Chandrakant Bhusara]]
|-
!130
|[[Palghar Assembly constituency|Palghar]] (ST)
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Rajendra Gavit]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Jayendra Dubla
|-
!131
|[[Boisar Assembly constituency|Boisar]] (ST)
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Vilas Tare]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Vishwas Valvi
|-
!132
|[[Nalasopara Assembly constituency|Nalasopara]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Rajan Naik]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sandeep Pandey
|-
!133
|[[Vasai (Vidhan Sabha) Constituency|Vasai]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Sneha Pandit]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Vijay Govind Patil
|-
|rowspan="18"|[[Thane district|Thane]]
!134
|[[Bhiwandi Rural Assembly constituency|Bhiwandi Rural]] (ST)
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Shantaram More]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Mahadeo Ghatal
|-
!135
|[[Shahapur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Shahapur]] (ST)
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Daulat Daroda]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|[[Pandurang Barora]]
|-
!136
|[[Bhiwandi West Assembly constituency|Bhiwandi West]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Mahesh Prabhakar Choughule|Mahesh Choughule]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Dayanand Motiram Choraghe
|-
!137
|[[Bhiwandi East Assembly constituency|Bhiwandi East]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|Santosh Shetty
|{{Party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|[[Rais Shaikh]]
|-
!138
|[[Kalyan West Assembly constituency|Kalyan West]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Vishwanath Bhoir]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Sachin Basre
|-
!139
|[[Murbad Assembly constituency|Murbad]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Kisan Kathore]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|Subhash Pawar
|-
!140
|[[Ambernath Assembly constituency|Ambernath]] (SC)
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Balaji Kinikar]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Rajesh Wankhede
|-
!141
|[[Ulhasnagar Assembly constituency|Ulhasnagar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Kumar Ailani]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|Omie Kalani
|-
!142
|[[Kalyan East Assembly constituency|Kalyan East]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sulabha Ganpat Gaikwad
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Dhananjay Bodare
|-
!143
|[[Dombivali Assembly constituency|Dombivali]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Ravindra Chavan]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Dipesh Mahtre
|-
!144
|[[Kalyan Rural Assembly constituency|Kalyan Rural]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Rajesh More]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|[[Subhash Bhoir]]
|-
!145
|[[Mira Bhayandar Assembly constituency|Mira Bhayandar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Narendra Mehta]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Syed Muzaffar Hussain]]
|-
!146
|[[Ovala-Majiwada Assembly constituency|Ovala-Majiwada]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Pratap Sarnaik]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Naresh Manera
|-
!147
|[[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Eknath Shinde]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Kedar Dighe
|-
!148
|[[Thane Assembly constituency|Thane]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Sanjay Mukund Kelkar|Sanjay Kelkar]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|[[Rajan Vichare]]
|-
!149
|[[Mumbra-Kalwa Assembly constituency|Mumbra-Kalwa]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|Najeeb Mulla
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|[[Jitendra Awhad]]
|-
!150
|[[Airoli Assembly constituency|Airoli]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Ganesh Naik]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Manohar Madhavi
|-
!151
|[[Belapur Assembly constituency|Belapur]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Manda Vijay Mhatre|Manda Mhatre]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|[[Sandeep Naik]]
|-
|rowspan="27"|[[Mumbai Suburban district|Mumbai Suburban]]
!152
|[[Borivali Assembly constituency|Borivali]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sanjay Upadhyay
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Sanjay Waman Bhosale
|-
!153
|[[Dahisar Assembly constituency|Dahisar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Manisha Ashok Chaudhary|Manisha Chaudhary]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|[[Vinod Ghosalkar]]
|-
!154
|[[Magathane Assembly constituency|Magathane]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Prakash Surve]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Udesh Patekar
|-
!155
|[[Mulund Assembly constituency|Mulund]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Mihir Kotecha]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress }}
|Rakesh Shetty
|-
!156
|[[Vikhroli Assembly constituency|Vikhroli]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|Suvarna Karanje
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|[[Sunil Raut]]
|-
!157
|[[Bhandup West Assembly constituency|Bhandup West]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Ashok Patil]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|[[Ramesh Korgaonkar]]
|-
!158
|[[Jogeshwari East Assembly constituency|Jogeshwari East]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|Manisha Waikar
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|[[Anant Nar]]
|-
!159
|[[Dindoshi Assembly constituency|Dindoshi]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Sanjay Nirupam]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|[[Sunil Prabhu]]
|-
!160
|[[Kandivali East Assembly constituency|Kandivali East]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Atul Bhatkhalkar]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Kalu Badheliya
|-
!161
|[[Charkop Assembly constituency|Charkop]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Yogesh Sagar]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Yashwant Jayprakash Singh
|-
!162
|[[Malad West Assembly constituency|Malad West]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Vinod Shelar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Aslam Shaikh]]
|-
!163
|[[Goregaon Assembly constituency|Goregaon]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Vidya Thakur]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Sameer Desai
|-
!164
|[[Versova Assembly constituency|Versova]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharati Lavekar]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|[[Haroon Khan (Maharashtra politician)|Haroon Rashid Khan]]
|-
!165
|[[Andheri West Assembly constituency|Andheri West]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Ameet Bhaskar Satam|Ameet Satam]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Ashok Jadhav
|-
!166
|[[Andheri East Assembly constituency|Andheri East]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|Murji Patel
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Rutuja Latke
|-
!167
|[[Vile Parle Assembly constituency|Vile Parle]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Parag Alavani]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Sandeep Naik
|-
!168
|[[Chandivali Assembly constituency|Chandivali]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Dilip Lande]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Naseem Khan (politician)|Naseem Khan]]
|-
!169
|[[Ghatkopar West Assembly constituency|Ghatkopar West]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Ram Kadam]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Sanjay Bhalerao
|-
!170
|[[Ghatkopar East Assembly constituency|Ghatkopar East]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Parag Shah]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|Rakhi Jadhav
|-
!rowspan=2|171
|rowspan=2|[[Mankhurd Shivaji Nagar Assembly constituency|Mankhurd Shivaji Nagar]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Nawab Malik]]
|{{Party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=2}}
|rowspan=2|[[Abu Asim Azmi]]
|-
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|Suresh Patel
|-
!172
|[[Anushakti Nagar Assembly constituency|Anushakti Nagar]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Sana Malik]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|[[Fahad Ahmad]]
|-
!173
|[[Chembur Assembly constituency|Chembur]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|Tukaram Kate
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Prakash Phatarphekar
|-
!174
|[[Kurla Assembly constituency|Kurla]] (SC)
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Mangesh Kudalkar]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Praveena Morajkar
|-
!175
|[[Kalina Assembly constituency|Kalina]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Amarjeet Singh
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|[[Sanjay Potnis]]
|-
!176
|[[Vandre East Assembly constituency|Vandre East]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Zeeshan Siddique]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Varun Sardesai
|-
!177
|[[Vandre West Assembly constituency|Vandre West]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Ashish Shelar]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Asif Zakaria]]
|-
|rowspan="10"|[[Mumbai City district|Mumbai City]]
!178
|[[Dharavi Assembly constituency|Dharavi]] (SC)
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|Rajesh Khandare
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Jyoti Gaikwad]]
|-
!179
|[[Sion Koliwada Assembly constituency|Sion Koliwada]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[R. Tamil Selvan]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Ganesh Kumar Yadav
|-
!180
|[[Wadala Assembly constituency|Wadala]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Kalidas Kolambkar]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|[[Shraddha Jadhav]]
|-
!181
|[[Mahim Assembly constituency|Mahim]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Sada Sarvankar]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Mahesh Sawant
|-
!182
|[[Worli Assembly constituency|Worli]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Milind Deora]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|[[Aaditya Thackeray]]
|-
!183
|[[Shivadi Assembly constituency|Shivadi]]
!colspan=3|{{efn|[[Maha Yuti]] extend its Support to [[Bala Nandgaonkar]] of MNS in Shivadi constituency.}}        
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|[[Ajay Choudhari]]
|-
!184
|[[Byculla Assembly constituency|Byculla]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Yamini Jadhav]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Manoj Jamsutkar
|-
!185
|[[Malabar Hill Assembly constituency|Malabar Hill]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Mangal Lodha]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Bherulal Choudhary
|-
!186
|[[Mumbadevi Assembly constituency|Mumbadevi]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Shaina NC]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Amin Patel]]
|-
!187
|[[Colaba Assembly constituency|Colaba]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Rahul Narwekar]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Heera Devasi
|-
|rowspan="9"|[[Raigad district|Raigad]]
!rowspan=2|188
|rowspan=2|[[Panvel Assembly constituency|Panvel]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|rowspan=2|[[Prashant Thakur]]
|{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
|Balaram Dattatrey Patil
|-
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Leena Garad
|-
!189
|[[Karjat Assembly constituency|Karjat]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Mahendra Thorve]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Nitin Sawant
|-
!rowspan=2|190
|rowspan=2|[[Uran Assembly constituency|Uran]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|rowspan=2|[[Mahesh Baldi]]
|{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
|Pritam J.M. Mhatre
|-
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Manohar Bhoir
|-
!191
|[[Pen Assembly constituency|Pen]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Ravisheth Patil]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Prasad Bhoir
|-
!192
|[[Alibag Assembly constituency|Alibag]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Mahendra Dalvi]]
|{{party name with color| Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
|Chitralekha Patil (Chiutai)
|-
!193
|[[Shrivardhan Assembly constituency|Shrivardhan]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Aditi Tatkare]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|Anil Dattaram Navgane
|-
!194
|[[Mahad Assembly constituency|Mahad]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Bharatshet Gogawale]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Snehal Jagtap
|-
|rowspan="22"|[[Pune district|Pune]]
!195
|[[Junnar Assembly constituency|Junnar]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Atul Vallabh Benke]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|Satyashil Sherkar
|-
!196
|[[Ambegaon Assembly constituency|Ambegaon]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Dilip Walse Patil]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
| Devdutt Nikkam
|-
!197
|[[Khed Alandi Assembly constituency|Khed Alandi]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Dilip Mohite]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|[[Babaji Kale]]
|-
!198
|[[Shirur Assembly constituency|Shirur]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Dnyaneshwar Katke]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|[[Ashok Raosaheb Pawar]]
|-
!199
|[[Daund Assembly constituency|Daund]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Rahul Kul]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|Ramesh Thorat
|-
!200
|[[Indapur Assembly constituency|Indapur]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Dattatray Vithoba Bharne]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|[[Harshvardhan Patil]]
|-
!201
|[[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Ajit Pawar]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|Yugendra Pawar
|-
!Rowspan=2|202
|Rowspan=2|[[Purandar Assembly constituency|Purandar]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Vijay Shivtare]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|rowspan="2"|[[Sanjay Jagtap]]
|-
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|Sambhaji Zende
|-
!203
|[[Bhor Assembly constituency|Bhor]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Shankar Mandekar]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Sangram Anantrao Thopate]]
|-
!204
|[[Maval Assembly constituency|Maval]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Sunil Shelke]]
|{{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|Bapu Bhegade
|-
!205
|[[Chinchwad Assembly constituency|Chinchwad]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Shankar Jagtap]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|Rahul Kalate
|-
!206
|[[Pimpri Assembly constituency|Pimpri]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Anna Bansode]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|Sulakshana Shilwant
|-
!207
|[[Bhosari Assembly constituency|Bhosari]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Mahesh Landge]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|Ajit Gavhane
|-
!208
|[[Vadgaon Sheri Assembly constituency|Vadgaon Sheri]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Sunil Tingre]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|[[Bapusaheb Pathare]]
|-
!209
|[[Shivajinagar, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Shivajinagar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Siddharth Shirole]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Dattatrey Bahirat
|-
!210
|[[Kothrud Assembly constituency|Kothrud]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Chandrakant Patil]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|[[Chandrakant Mokate]]
|-
!211
|[[Khadakwasala Assembly constituency|Khadakwasala]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bhimrao Tapkir]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|Sachin Dodke
|-
!212
|[[Parvati Assembly constituency|Parvati]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Madhuri Misal]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|Ashwini Nitin Kadam
|-
!213
|[[Hadapsar Assembly constituency|Hadapsar]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Chetan Tupe]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|[[Prashant Jagtap]]
|-
!214
|[[Pune Cantonment Assembly constituency|Pune Cantonment]] (SC)
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Sunil Kamble]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Ramesh Bagwe
|-
!215
|[[Kasba Peth Assembly constituency|Kasba Peth]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Hemant Rasane
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Ravindra Dhangekar]]
|-
|rowspan="13"|[[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
!216
|[[Akole Assembly constituency|Akole]] (ST)
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Kiran Lahamate]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|Amit Bhangre
|-
!217
|[[Sangamner Assembly constituency|Sangamner]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Amol Khatal]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Balasaheb Thorat]]
|-
!218
|[[Shirdi Assembly constituency|Shirdi]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Radhakrishna Vikhe Patil]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Prabhavati Ghogare
|-
!219
|[[Kopargaon Assembly constituency|Kopargaon]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Ashutosh Ashokrao Kale|Ashutosh Kale]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|Sandeep Varpe
|-
! Rowspan=2|220
|Rowspan=2|[[Shrirampur Assembly constituency|Shrirampur]] (SC)
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Bhausaheb Malhari Kamble|Bhausaheb Kamble]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|Rowspan=2|Hemant Ogale
|-
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|Lahu Kanade
|-
!221
|[[Nevasa Assembly constituency|Nevasa]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Vitthal Langhe]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|[[Shankarrao Gadakh]]
|-
!222
|[[Shevgaon Assembly constituency|Shevgaon]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Monika Rajiv Rajale|Monika Rajale]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|Pratap Dhakane
|-
!223
|[[Rahuri Assembly constituency|Rahuri]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Shivaji Bhanudas Kardile|Shivaji Kardile]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|[[Prajakt Tanpure]]
|-
!224
|[[Parner Assembly constituency|Parner]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Kashinath Mahadu Date|Kashinath Date]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|Rani Lanke
|-
!225
|[[Ahmednagar City Assembly constituency|Ahmednagar City]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Sangram Arun Jagtap|Sangram Jagtap]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|Abhishek Kalamkar
|-
!226
|[[Shrigonda Assembly constituency|Shrigonda]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Vikram Babanrao Pachpute]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Anuradha Nagavade
|-
!227
|[[Karjat Jamkhed Assembly constituency|Karjat Jamkhed]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Ram Shinde]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|[[Rohit Rajendra Pawar]]
|-
|rowspan="8"|[[Beed district|Beed]]
!228
|[[Georai Assembly constituency|Georai]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Vijaysinh Pandit]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|[[Badamrao Pandit]]
|-
!229
|[[Majalgaon Assembly constituency|Majalgaon]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Prakashdada Solanke]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|Mohan Bajirao Jagtap
|-
!rowspan=2|230
|rowspan=2|[[Beed Assembly constituency|Beed]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|rowspan=2|Yogesh Kshirsagar
|-
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|[[Sandeep Kshirsagar]]
|-
!Rowspan=2|231
|Rowspan=2|[[Ashti Assembly constituency|Ashti]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Suresh Dhas]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)|rowspan=2}}
|Rowspan=2|Mehboob Shaikh
|-
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Balasaheb Ajabe]]
|-
!232
|[[Kaij Assembly constituency|Kaij]] (SC)
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Namita Mundada]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|Pruthviraj Sathe
|-
!233
|[[Parli Assembly constituency|Parli]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Dhananjay Munde]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|Rajasaheb Deshmukh
|-
|rowspan="6"|[[Latur district|Latur]]
!234
|[[Latur Rural Assembly constituency|Latur Rural]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Ramesh Karad]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Dhiraj Deshmukh]]
|-
!235
|[[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur City]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Archana Patil Chakurkar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Amit Deshmukh]]
|-
!236
|[[Ahmedpur Assembly constituency|Ahmedpur]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Babasaheb Mohanrao Patil|Babasaheb Patil]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|[[Vinayakrao Kishanrao Jadhav Patil]]
|-
!237
|[[Udgir Assembly constituency|Udgir]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Sanjay Bansode]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|Sudhakar Bhalerao
|-
!238
|[[Nilanga Assembly constituency|Nilanga]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Sambhaji Patil Nilangekar]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Abhay Satish Salunkhe
|-
!239
|[[Ausa Assembly constituency|Ausa]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Abhimanyu Dattatray Pawar|Abhimanyu Pawar]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Dinkar Baburao Mane
|-
|rowspan="4"|[[Osmanabad district|Osmanabad]]

!240
|[[Umarga Assembly constituency|Umarga]] (SC)
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Dnyanraj Chougule]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Pravin Swami
|-
!241
|[[Tuljapur Assembly constituency|Tuljapur]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Ranajagjitsinha Patil]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Kuldeep Dhiraj Patil
|-
!242
|[[Osmanabad Assembly constituency|Osmanabad]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|Ajit Pingle
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|[[Kailas Patil]]
|-
!243
|[[Paranda Assembly constituency|Paranda]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Tanaji Sawant]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|Rahul Mote
|-
|rowspan="13"|[[Solapur district|Solapur]]
!244
|[[Karmala Assembly constituency|Karmala]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|Digvijay Bagal
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|[[Narayan Patil]]
|-
!245
|[[Madha Assembly constituency|Madha]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|Meenal Sathe
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|Abhijit Patil
|-
!246
|[[Barshi Assembly constituency|Barshi]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Rajendra Raut]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|[[Dilip Gangadhar Sopal|Dilip Sopal]]
|-
!247
|[[Mohol Assembly constituency|Mohol]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Yashwant Mane]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|Raju Khare
|-
!248
|[[Solapur City North Assembly constituency|Solapur City North]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Vijay Deshmukh]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|Mahesh Kothe
|-
!rowspan=2|249
|rowspan=2|[[Solapur City Central Assembly constituency|Solapur City Central]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|rowspan=2|Devendra Rajesh Kothe
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Chetan Narote
|-
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Narsayya Adam
|-
!250
|[[Akkalkot Assembly constituency|Akkalkot]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Sachin Kalyanshetti]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Siddharam Satlingappa Mhetre]]
|-
!251
|[[Solapur South Assembly constituency|Solapur South]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Subhash Deshmukh]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Amar Patil
|-
!rowspan=2|252
|rowspan=2|[[Pandharpur Assembly constituency|Pandharpur]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|rowspan=2|[[Samadhan Autade]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Bhagirath Bhaike
|-
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|Anil Sawant
|-
!253
|[[Sangola Assembly constituency|Sangola]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Shahajibapu Patil]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Dipak Salunkhe
|-
!254
|[[Malshiras Assembly constituency|Malshiras]] (SC)
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Ram Satpute]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|[[Uttamrao Jankar]]
|-
|rowspan="8"|[[Satara district|Satara]]
!255
|[[Phaltan (Vidhan Sabha Constituency)|Phaltan]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Sachin Patil (politician)|Sachin Patil]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|Deepak Chavan
|-
!256
|[[Wai Assembly constituency|Wai]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Makrand Jadhav - Patil]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|Aruna Devi Pisal
|-
!257
|[[Koregaon Assembly constituency|Koregaon]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Mahesh Shinde]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|[[Shashikant Shinde]]
|-
!258
|[[Man Assembly constituency|Man]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Jaykumar Gore]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|Prabhakar Gharge
|-
!259
|[[Karad North Assembly constituency|Karad North]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Manoj Bhimrao Ghorpade
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|Balasaheb Patil
|-
!260
|[[Karad South Assembly constituency|Karad South]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Atul Suresh Bhosale
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Prithviraj Chavan]]
|-
!261
|[[Patan, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Patan]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Shambhuraj Desai]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Harshad Kadam
|-
!262
|[[Satara Assembly constituency|Satara]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Shivendra Raje Bhosale]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Amit Kadam
|-
|rowspan="5"|[[Ratnagiri district|Ratnagiri]]
!263
|[[Dapoli Assembly constituency|Dapoli]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Yogesh Kadam]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Sanjay Kadam
|-
!264
|[[Guhagar Assembly constituency|Guhagar]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|Rajesh Bendal
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|[[Bhaskar Jadhav]]
|-
!265
|[[Chiplun Assembly constituency|Chiplun]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Shekhar Govindrao Nikam|Shekhar Nikam]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|Prashant Yadav
|-
!266
|[[Ratnagiri Assembly constituency|Ratnagiri]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Uday Samant]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Surendranath Mane
|-
!267
|[[Rajapur Assembly constituency|Rajapur]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Kiran Samant]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|[[Rajan Salvi]]
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Sindhudurg district|Sindhudurg]]
!268
|[[Kankavli Assembly constituency|Kankavli]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Nitesh Narayan Rane|Nitesh Rane]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Sandesh Parkar
|-
!269
|[[Kudal Assembly constituency|Kudal]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Nilesh Narayan Rane|Nilesh Rane]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|[[Vaibhav Naik]]
|-
!270
|[[Sawantwadi Assembly constituency|Sawantwadi]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Deepak Vasant Kesarkar]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Rajan Teli
|-
|rowspan="10"|[[Kolhapur district|Kolhapur]]
!271
|[[Chandgad Assembly constituency|Chandgad]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Rajesh Narasingrao Patil|Rajesh Patil]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|Nandinitai Bhabulkar Kupekar
|-
!272
|[[Radhanagari Assembly constituency|Radhanagari]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Prakashrao Abitkar]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|KP Patil
|-
!273
|[[Kagal Assembly constituency|Kagal]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Hasan Mushrif]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|Samarjeetsinh Ghatge
|-
!274
|[[Kolhapur South Assembly constituency|Kolhapur South]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Amal Mahadik]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Ruturaj Patil]]
|-
!275
|[[Karvir Assembly constituency|Karvir]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Chandradip Narke]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Rahul Patil
|-
!276
|[[Kolhapur North Assembly constituency|Kolhapur North]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Rajesh Vinayakrao Kshirsagar|Rajesh Kshirsagar]]
|{{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|Rajesh Latkar
|-
!277
|[[Shahuwadi Assembly constituency|Shahuwadi]]
|{{Party name with color|Jan Surajya Shakti}}
|[[Vinay Kore]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|[[Satyajeet Patil]]
|-
!278
|[[Hatkanangale Assembly constituency|Hatkanangle]] (SC)
|{{Party name with color|Jan Surajya Shakti}}
|Ashokrao Mane
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Raju Awale]]
|-
!279
|[[Ichalkaranji Assembly constituency|Ichalkaranji]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Rahul Prakash Awade
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|Madan Karande
|-
!280
|[[Shirol Assembly constituency|Shirol]]
|{{party name with color|Rajendra Patil|shortname=RSVA|color=#F58E7D}}
|[[Rajendra Patil Yadravkar]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Ganpatrao Appasaheb Patil
|-
|rowspan="8"|[[Sangli district|Sangli]]
!281
|[[Miraj Assembly constituency|Miraj]] (SC)
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Suresh Khade]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Tanaji Satpute
|-
!282
|[[Sangli Assembly constituency|Sangli]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Sudhir Gadgil]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Prithviraj Gulabrao Patil
|-
!283
|[[Islampur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Islampur]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|Nishikant Bhosale Patil
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|[[Jayant Patil]]
|-
!284
|[[Shirala Assembly constituency|Shirala]]
|{{Party name with color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}
|Satyajit Deshmukh
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|[[Mansing Fattesingrao Naik]]
|-
!285
|[[Palus-Kadegaon Assembly constituency|Palus-Kadegaon]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sangram Sampatrao Deshmukh
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Vishwajeet Kadam]]
|-
!286
|[[Khanapur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Khanapur]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Suhas Babar]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|Vaibhav Sadashiv Patil
|-
!287
|[[Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal Assembly constituency|Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Sanjaykaka Patil]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|[[Rohit Patil]]
|-
!288
|[[Jat Assembly constituency|Jat]]
|{{Party name with color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}
|[[Gopichand Padalkar]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Vikramsinh Balasaheb Sawant]]
|-
|}

== Major issues ==

=== Economic concerns ===
With rising inflation and unemployment, particularly in urban areas caused dissatisfaction among voters. In rural regions, issues such as inadequate crop prices and agricultural distress were prominent. According to data from the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) for April-June 2024, the unemployment rate among youth aged 15 to 29 years in urban areas stood at 16.8%.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukherjee |first=Mitali |date=2024-11-23 |title=Maharashtra Assembly Elections 2024: How the BJP-led NDA Won Despite Economic Challenges |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/columns/maharashtra-assembly-election-narendra-modi-bjp-vote-share-shiv-sena-amit-shah-eknath-shinde/article68902000.ece |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=Frontline |language=en |archive-date=3 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203213330/https://frontline.thehindu.com/columns/maharashtra-assembly-election-narendra-modi-bjp-vote-share-shiv-sena-amit-shah-eknath-shinde/article68902000.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jadhav |first=Rajendra |title=Modi's inflation-blowing farm pivot may not be enough to win key Indian state |website=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/modis-inflation-blowing-farm-pivot-may-not-be-enough-win-key-indian-state-2024-11-19/}}</ref>

=== Women's welfare initiatives ===
The BJP-led Maha Yuti's 'Ladki Bahin' scheme proposed a direct cash transfer of ₹1,500 to women, which was later increased to ₹2,100 in response to the Congress-led MVA's pledge of ₹3,000 per woman. Both alliances also announced similar benefits for youth, senior citizens, and farmers. These promises expected to significantly influence voter preferences, particularly in rural areas facing economic challenges. Additionally, infrastructure development proposals and the perception of which alliance could better attract industrial investments to Maharashtra emerged as key electoral issues.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-20 |title=As Maharashtra voted, 7 big factors that could swing the election decisively |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/maharashtra-assembly-election-voting-big-factors-deciders-explained-outcome-result-obc-maratha-bjp-congress-2635802-2024-11-20 |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=2026-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260215160431/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/maharashtra-assembly-election-voting-big-factors-deciders-explained-outcome-result-obc-maratha-bjp-congress-2635802-2024-11-20 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Deshpande |first=Rajeshwari |date=2024-11-24 |title=Maharashtra Assembly elections 2024 {{!}} CSDS-Lokniti Survey: Women sided with Mahayuti for Ladki Bahin Yojana's monthly dole |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/maharashtra-assembly/csds-lokniti-survey-women-sided-with-mahayuti-for-ladki-bahin-yojanas-monthly-dole/article68905679.ece |access-date=2024-12-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=1 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201212324/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/maharashtra-assembly/csds-lokniti-survey-women-sided-with-mahayuti-for-ladki-bahin-yojanas-monthly-dole/article68905679.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Political Stability ===
Between 2019 and 2024, Maharashtra's political landscape was marked by significant instability, characterized by multiple leadership changes and shifting alliances. In 2019, the dissolution of the pre-election alliance between the BJP and Shiv Sena over power-sharing disagreements led to the formation of the Maha Vikas Aghadi (MVA), comprising Shiv Sena, the Nationalist Congress Party (NCP), and the Indian National Congress, with Uddhav Thackeray as Chief Minister. The MVA government faced internal challenges, including a rebellion in June 2022 by senior Shiv Sena leader Eknath Shinde, which resulted in the collapse of the MVA and Shinde assuming the Chief Minister role with BJP support. Further instability followed in July 2023 when NCP leader Ajit Pawar and a faction of MLAs joined the Shinde-led government, causing a split within the NCP. These successive upheavals resulted in three different administrations within five years, creating a climate of political uncertainty.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=Modi's party heads for victory in Maharashtra state election while opposition wins Jharkhand |url=https://apnews.com/article/india-state-election-modi-party-congress-6cc84c72d4b00e0a49160123efdd48e7 |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=AP News |language=en |archive-date=4 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204032612/https://apnews.com/article/india-state-election-modi-party-congress-6cc84c72d4b00e0a49160123efdd48e7 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-20 |title=Elections in 2 Indian states are seen as a test of Prime Minister Modi's popularity |url=https://apnews.com/article/india-elections-two-states-maharashtra-jharkhand-modi-6a402af3a97e7e265a5435c52409ce90 |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=AP News |language=en |archive-date=8 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208050742/https://apnews.com/article/india-elections-two-states-maharashtra-jharkhand-modi-6a402af3a97e7e265a5435c52409ce90 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Voting==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Voters Turnout
|-
!District wise map of Maharashtra||No || Districts || Voter turnout %
|-
| rowspan ="36"| [[File:Maharashtra Divisions Eng.svg|500px]]
| 1 || [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
|72.47
|-
| 2||[[Akola district|Akola]] ||64.76
|-
| 3||[[Amravati district|Amravati]] ||66.40
|-
| 4||[[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]]<ref name="ECI">{{cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/election-details/2024/S13/3 |access-date=12 November 2024 |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>||69.64
|-
| 5||[[Beed district|Beed]] ||68.88
|-
| 6||[[Bhandara district|Bhandara]] ||70.87
|-
| 7||[[Buldhana district|Buldhana]] ||70.60
|-
| 8||[[Chandrapur district|Chandrapur]] ||71.33
|-
| 9||[[Dhule district|Dhule]] ||65.47
|-
| 10||[[Gadchiroli district|Gadchiroli]] ||75.26
|-
| 11||[[Gondia district|Gondia]] ||69.74
|-
| 12||[[Hingoli district|Hingoli]] ||72.24
|-
| 13||[[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]] ||65.80
|-
| 14||[[Jalna district|Jalna]] ||72.67
|-
| 15||[[Kolhapur district|Kolhapur]] ||76.63
|-
| 16||[[Latur district|Latur]] ||67.03
|-
| 17||[[Mumbai City district|Mumbai City]]||52.65
|-
| 18||[[Mumbai Suburban district|Mumbai Suburban]]||56.39
|-
| 19|| [[Nagpur district|Nagpur]]||61.60
|-
| 20|| [[Nanded district|Nanded]] ||69.45
|-
| 21|| [[Nandurbar district|Nandurbar]] ||71.88
|-
| 22|| [[Nashik district|Nashik]] ||69.12
|-
| 23|| [[Osmanabad district|Osmanabad]]<ref name="ECI" />||65.62
|-
| 24|| [[Palghar district|Palghar]] ||66.63
|-
| 25|| [[Parbhani district|Parbhani]]||71.45
|-
| 26 ||[[Pune district|Pune]]||61.62
|-
| 27|| [[Raigad district|Raigad]] ||69.15
|-
| 28|| [[Ratnagiri district|Ratnagiri]] ||65.23
|-
| 29|| [[Sangli district|Sangli]] ||72.12
|-
| 30|| [[Satara district|Satara]] ||71.95
|-
| 31|| [[Sindhudurg district|Sindhudurg]]||71.14
|-
| 32|| [[Solapur district|Solapur]] ||67.72
|-
| 33|| [[Thane district|Thane]] ||56.93
|-
| 34|| [[Wardha district|Wardha]]||69.29
|-
| 35|| [[Washim district|Washim]]||67.09
|-
| 36|| [| [[Yavatmal district|Yavatmal]] ||70.86
|-
! colspan ="3"| '''Maharashtra''' ||66.05
|}

==Exit polls==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:20px"
! rowspan="2" width="150px" |Date published
! rowspan="2" width="250px" |Polling agency
! style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
! style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}" |
! style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Others}}" |
! rowspan="2" width="75px" |Lead
|-
! style="width:75px;"|[[Maha Yuti]]
! style="width:75px;"|[[Maha Vikas Aghadi]]
! style="width:75px;"|Others
|-
| rowspan="13" | 20 November 2024
|P-MARQ
| style="background:#FFD580;" |147-157
|106-146
|2-8
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:black" |2-12
|-
|People's Pulse
| style="background:#FFD580;" |175-195
|85-112
|7-12
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:black" |30-50
|-
|Matrize
| style="background:#FFD580;" |150-170
|110-130
|8-10
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:black" |5-25
|-
|Lokshahi-Marathi Rudra
| style="background:#FFD580;" |148-162
|105-120
|18-23
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:black" |3-17
|-
|JVC
| style="background:#FFD580;"|150-167
|107-125
|13-14
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:black" |5-22
|-
|Today's Chanakya<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2024 |title=Analysis On Maharashtra |url=https://www.todayschanakya.com/maharashtra-assembly-election-analysis-2024.html |access-date=21 November 2024 |website=Today's Chanakya |archive-date=17 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250417061551/https://www.todayschanakya.com/maharashtra-assembly-election-analysis-2024.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| style="background:#FFD580;"|164-186
|89-111
|8-18
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:black" |19-41
|-
|Dainik Bhaskar
|125-140
|135-150
|20-25
| style="background:gray; color:white;" |''Hung''
|-
|KK Survey and strategies
| style="background:#FFD580;" |225
|56
|07
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:black" |150
|-

|Electoral Edge
|148
| style="background:#ADD8E6;"|150
|20
| style="background:{{party color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}; color:black" |5
|-
|Poll Diary
|122-186
|69-121
|10-27
| style="background:gray; color:white;" |''Hung''
|-
|People's Insight
| style="background:#FFD580;"|213
|60
|15
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:black" |120-138
|-
|[[Axis My India]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2024 |title=2024 Maharashtra Legislation Assembly Election Exit Poll - Axis My India |url=https://www.axismyindia.org/assets/MH%20-%20OVERALL%20REPORT%20-%20EXIT%20POLL%20-%20AE%202024%20-%2021-11-24.pdf |access-date=21 November 2024 |website=Axis My India}}</ref>
| style="background:#FFD580;"|178-200
|82-102
|6-12
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:black" |33-55
|-
|CNX Exit Poll <ref>{{Cite web
|date = 20 November 2024
|title = Maharashtra Election CNX Exit Poll Results 2024
|url = https://www.mumbaitak.in/maharashtra-assembly-election-2024/story/maharashtra-assembly-election-2024-cnx-exit-poll-results-victory-of-mahayuti-in-the-survey-is-a-big-blow-to-mahavikas-aghadi-3146177-2024-11-20
|access-date = 26 November 2024
|website = MumbaiTak
|archive-date = 20 November 2024
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20241120141616/https://www.mumbaitak.in/maharashtra-assembly-election-2024/story/maharashtra-assembly-election-2024-cnx-exit-poll-results-victory-of-mahayuti-in-the-survey-is-a-big-blow-to-mahavikas-aghadi-3146177-2024-11-20
|url-status = live
}}</ref>
| style="background:#FFD580;"|160-179
|100-119
|6-12
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:black" |15-34
|}

According to a Lokniti post-poll survey, in the latest election, the Mahayuti garnered 30% of Maratha (including Kunbi) votes and 40% of OBC votes, creating a strong coalition. About 25% of Adivasi voters and 20% of Scheduled Caste (SC) voters supported the Mahayuti. The alliance expanded its base across social groups, while the MVA experienced a decline in support. SC voters displayed diverse voting patterns, with many Buddhists and former Mahars backing parties outside the two alliances. More fragmented voting trends were observed among SCs, Adivasis, and Muslims, as they did not align as strongly with the MVA.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/maharashtra-assembly/maharashtra-assembly-elections-2024-csds-lokniti-survey/article68907257.ece |title=Maharashtra Assembly Elections 2024: CSDS-Lokniti Survey |newspaper=The Hindu |date=24 November 2024 |accessdate=2024-12-10 |archive-date=4 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204150548/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/maharashtra-assembly/maharashtra-assembly-elections-2024-csds-lokniti-survey/article68907257.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Results==
===Results by alliance or party===
{| style="width:88%; text-align:center;"
|- style="color:white;"
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; width:81.59%;" | '''235'''
| style="background:{{party color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}};color:white;width:17.3%;" | '''50'''
| style="background:{{Party color|Independent (politician)}};color:black;width:0.13%;" | '''3'''
|-
| {{color|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|'''MY'''}}
| {{color|{{party color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}|'''MVA'''}}
| {{color|{{party color|Independent (politician)}}|'''Others'''}}
|}
{{wide image|2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election Result Map.svg|800x800px|Map displaying constituencies won by parties}}
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Seat Share (By alliance)
|label1 = [[Maha Yuti]]
|value1 = 85.60
|color1 = {{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|label2 = [[Maha Vikas Aghadi]]
|value2 = 17.36
|color2 = {{Party color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|label3 = Others
|value3 = 1.04
|color3 = {{Party color|Independent (politician)}}
}}
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Vote Share (By alliance)
|label1 = [[Maha Yuti]]
|value1 = 49.30
|color1 = {{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|label2 = [[Maha Vikas Aghadi]]
|value2 = 35.16
|color2 = {{Party color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
|label3 = Others
|value3 = 15.54
|color3 = {{Party color|Independent (politician)}}
}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!colspan="4" rowspan="2"|Alliance/ Party
!colspan="3"|Popular vote
! colspan="3" |Seats
|-
!Votes
!%
!±[[Percentage point|pp]]
!Contested
!Won
!'''+/−'''
|-
|rowspan="8" {{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
!rowspan="8"|[[Maha Yuti|Maha Yuti]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|17,293,650
|26.77
|{{Increase}}1.02
|149
|132
|{{Increase}}27
|-
|{{Party color cell|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]]
|7,996,920
|12.38
|''New''
|81
|57
|{{Increase}}19
|-
|{{Party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|5,816,566
|9.01
|''New''
|59
|41
|{{Increase}}1
|-
|{{party color cell|Jan Surajya Shakti}}
|[[Jan Surajya Shakti|JSS]]
|270,255
|0.41
|{{Increase}}0.05
|3
|2
|{{Increase}}1
|-
|{{party color cell|Rashtriya Samaj Paksha}}
|[[Rashtriya Samaj Paksha|RSPS]]
|141,544
|0.22{{efn|Vote share of only of [[Gangakhed Assembly constituency]] which was contested under the [[Maha Yuti]] alliance.}}
|{{increase}}0.07
|1{{efn|Includes only the [[Gangakhed Assembly constituency]] which was contested under the [[Maha Yuti]] alliance.}}
|1
|{{No change}}
|-
|bgcolor=#1A34FF|
|[[Ravi Rana|RYSP]]
|195,840
|0.30
|''New''
|2
|1
|{{Nochange}}
|-
|bgcolor=#F4826F|
|[[Rajendra Patil|RSVA]]
|134,630
|0.21
|''New''
|1
|1
|{{Increase}}1
|-
|colspan="2"style="background:#fef3e8"|Total
|style="color:black;background:#fef3e8"|'''31,849,405'''
|style="color:black;background:#fef3e8"|'''49.30'''
|style="color:black;background:#fef3e8"|{{increase}}7.14
|style="color:black;background:#fef3e8"|'''286'''
|style="color:black;background:#fef3e8"|'''235'''
|style="color:black;background:#fef3e8"|{{Increase}}49
|-
|rowspan="8" {{Party color cell|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
!rowspan="8"|[[Maha Vikas Aghadi|Maha Vikas Aghadi]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|8,020,921
|12.42
|{{decrease}}3.45
|101
|16
|{{Decrease}}28
|-
|{{Party color cell|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|[[Shiv Sena (UBT)|SS(UBT)]]
|6,433,013
|9.96
|''New''
|95
|20
|{{Increase}}4
|-
|{{Party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar|NCP(SP)]]
|7,287,797
|11.28
|''New''
|86
|10
|{{Decrease}}2
|-
|{{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|247,350
|0.38
|{{increase}}0.16
|9
|2
|{{Nochange}}
|-
|{{Party color cell|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
|[[Peasants and Workers Party of India|PWPI]]
|488,735
|0.76
|{{decrease}}0.11
|5
|1
|{{Nochange}}
|-
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|219,493
|0.34
|{{decrease}}0.03
|3
|1
|{{Nochange}}
|-
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|12,911
|0.02
|{{decrease}}0.04
|1
|0
|{{Nochange}}
|-
|colspan="2"style="background:#e8f3f7"|Total
|style="color:black;background:#e8f3f7"|22,710,220
|style="color:black;background:#e8f3f7"|35.16
|style="color:black;background:#e8f3f7"|
|style="color:black;background:#e8f3f7"|'''288'''
|style="color:black;background:#e8f3f7"|'''50'''
|style="color:black;background:#e8f3f7"|{{decrease}}26
|-
|{{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
|colspan="3"|Other parties
|
|
|
|
|1
|{{Decrease}}10
|-
|{{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
|colspan="3"|[[Independent (politician)|Independents]]
|
|
|
|
|2
|{{Decrease}}11
|-
|style="background:Black; color:White"|
|colspan="3"|[[None of the above (India)|NOTA]]
|461,886
|0.72
|
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |
!
|
|-
!colspan="4"|Total
!64,130,622
!100%
! —
!
!
! —
|-
|}

=== Region-wise break up ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="3" |Region
! rowspan="3" |Total seats
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|- bgcolor="#cccccc"
! [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]]
! [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
! colspan="2" | [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! [[Shiv Sena (UBT)|SS(UBT)]]
! [[Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar|NCP (SP)]]
! Others

|-
! colspan="2" |Seats Won
!Seats Won
!Seats Won
! colspan="2" |Seats Won
!Seats Won
!Seats Won
!Seats Won
|-
| Western Maharashtra
|70
|'''28'''
|{{Increase}}8
|9
|15
|2
|{{Decrease}}10
|2
|8
|6
|-
| Vidarbha
|62
|'''38'''
|{{Increase}}9
|4
|6
|9
|{{Decrease}}6
|4
|0
|1
|-
| Marathwada
|46
|'''19'''
|{{Increase}}3
|13
|8
|1
|{{Decrease}}7
|3
|1
|1
|-
| Thane+Konkan
|39
|'''16'''
|{{Increase}}5
|16
|3
|0
|{{Decrease}}2
|1
|1
|2
|-
| Mumbai
|36
|'''15'''
|{{Decrease}}1
|6
|1
|3
|{{Increase}}1
|10
|0
|1
|-
| North Maharashtra
|35
|'''16'''
|{{Increase}}3
|9
|8
|1
|{{Decrease}}4
|0
|0
|0
|-
! '''Total'''
! 288
!132
!{{Increase}}27
!57
!41
!16
!{{Decrease}}28
!20
!10
!12
|}

=== Alliance-wise Vote Share by Region ===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Region
! Mahayuti (NDA) Vote Share (%)
! Maha Vikas Aghadi (INDIA) Vote Share (%)
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Vidarbha]]
| '''48.1%'''
| 36.0%
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Western Maharashtra]]
| '''48.2%'''
| 36.4%
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Khandesh|North Maharashtra]]
| '''53.1%'''
| 38.2%
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Marathwada]]
| '''45.4%'''
| 30.1%
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Konkan]] & [[Thane]]
| '''50.3%'''
| 24.5%
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Mumbai]]
| '''45.1%'''
| 22.3%
|-
! style="text-align:left" | State Total
! '''50.1%'''
! 35.4%
|}

=== Party wise vote share ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Region
! colspan="3" bgcolor="#FFDEAD" | Mahayuti
! colspan="3" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | Maha Vikas Aghadi
|-
! BJP !! SHS !! NCP !! INC !! SS(UBT) !! NCP(SP)
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Vidarbha]]
| '''31.2%''' || 6.4% || 4.2% || 18.5% || 5.8% || 6.2%
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Khandesh|North Maharashtra]]
| '''33.4%''' || 11.2% || 8.5% || 12.1% || 9.4% || 10.2%
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Marathwada]]
| '''23.5%''' || 14.1% || 7.8% || 11.4% || 10.2% || 8.5%
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Mumbai]]
| '''28.6%''' || 12.4% || 4.1% || 8.2% || 11.5% || 2.6%
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Konkan|Konkan & Thane]]
| '''24.2%''' || 21.5% || 4.6% || 4.5% || 14.8% || 5.2%
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Western Maharashtra]]
| '''24.8%''' || 8.2% || 15.2% || 10.6% || 6.5% || 19.3%
|-
! style="text-align:left" | State Average
! '''26.8%''' !! 12.4% !! 9.0% !! 12.4% !! 10.0% !! 11.3%
|}

=== Strike-rate ===
Strike rate is determined by calculating the number of seats won by a party of the number of seats it contested.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="4" |Alliance/ Party
!Seats contested
!Seats Won
!Strike Rate (%)
|-
|rowspan="8" {{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
! rowspan="8" style="background:#fef3e8" |[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|149
|132
|88.59
|-
|{{Party color cell|Shiv Sena}}
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|81
|57
|70.37
|-
|{{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|59
|41
|69.49
|-
|{{Party color cell|Jan Surajya Shakti}}
|JSS
|3
|2
|66.67
|-
|{{Party color cell|Rashtriya Samaj Paksha}}
|[[Rashtriya Samaj Paksha|RSP]]
|1{{efn|Includes only the [[Gangakhed Assembly constituency]] which the [[Maha Yuti]] supported.}}
|1
|100.00{{efn|Strike rate of only the [[Gangakhed Assembly constituency]] which the [[Maha Yuti]] supported.}}
|-
| bgcolor=#1A34FF|
|RVSP
|2
|1
|50.00
|-
| bgcolor=#F58E7D|
|RSVA
|1
|1
|100.00
|-
| colspan="2" style="background:#fef3e8" |Total
|286
|235
|82.17
|-
|rowspan="8" {{Party color cell|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
! rowspan="8" style="background:#E5F8FF" |[[Maha Vikas Aghadi|MVA]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|102
|16
|15.68
|-
|{{Party color cell|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|[[Shiv Sena (UBT)|SS(UBT)]]
|92
|20
|21.73
|-
|{{Party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)|NCP(SP)]]
|86
|10
|11.62
|-
|{{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|9
|2
|22.22
|-
|{{Party color cell|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
|[[Peasants and Workers Party of India|PWPI]]
|5
|1
|20.00
|-
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|3
|1
|33.33
|-
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|1
|0
|0.00
|-
| colspan="2" style="background:#E5F8FF" |Total
|288
|50
|17.36
|}

=== Division-wise Results ===
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan="4"|Division Name
!rowspan="4"|Seats
|colspan="6" style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}"|
|colspan="6" style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}"|
|colspan="2" style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Others}}"|
|-
!colspan="6"| [[Maha Yuti|MY]]
!colspan="6"| [[Maha Vikas Aghadi|MVA]]
!colspan="2" rowspan="3"| Others
|-
|colspan="2" style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}"|
|colspan="2" style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|
|colspan="2" style="color:inherit;background:#FFC0CB"|
|colspan="2" style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|colspan="2" style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}"|
|colspan="2" style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}"|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
! colspan="2" |[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]]
! colspan="2" |[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
! colspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! colspan="2" |[[Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)|SS(UBT)]]
! colspan="2" |[[Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar|NCP(SP)]]
|-
![[Amravati division]]
!30
|'''17'''
|{{increase}} 2
|2
|{{decrease}} 1
|3
|{{increase}} 1
|3
|{{decrease}} 2
|4
|{{increase}} 3
|0
|{{same}} 0
|1
|{{decrease}}3
|-
![[Aurangabad division]]
!46
|'''19'''
|{{increase}}3
|13
|{{increase}}4
|8
|{{increase}}3
|1
|{{decrease}}7
|3
|{{same}} 0
|1
|{{decrease}} 2
|1
|{{decrease}}1
|-
![[Konkan division]]
!75
|'''31'''
|{{increase}}4
|22
|{{increase}}4
|4
|{{same}}0
|3
|{{decrease}}1
|11
|{{same}} 0
|1
|{{decrease}} 1
|3
|{{decrease}}6
|-
![[Nagpur division]]
!32
|'''21'''
|{{increase}}7
|2
|{{increase}}2
|3
|{{same}}0
|6
|{{decrease}}4
|0
|{{same}} 0
|0
|{{decrease}} 1
|0
|{{decrease}}4
|-
![[Nashik division]]
!47
|'''20'''
|{{increase}}4
|11
|{{increase}}5
|12
|{{increase}}1
|2
|{{decrease}}5
|0
|{{same}} 0
|1
|{{decrease}} 1
|1
|{{decrease}}4
|-
![[Pune division]]
!58
|'''24'''
|{{increase}}7
|7
|{{increase}}2
|11
|{{decrease}}6
|1
|{{decrease}}10
|2
|{{increase}} 2
|7
|{{increase}} 4
|6
|{{decrease}}1
|-
!Total Seats
!288
!'''132'''
!{{increase}}27
!57
!{{increase}}16
!41
!{{decrease}}1
!16
!{{decrease}}29
!20
!{{increase}} 5
!10
!{{decrease}} 1
!12
!{{decrease}}17
|}

=== Results by district ===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2"|District
! rowspan="2"|Seats
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}" |
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Others}}"|
|-
![[National Democratic Alliance|MY]]
![[Maha Vikas Aghadi|MVA]]
!Others
|-
![[Nandurbar district|Nandurbar]]
!4
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white" |3
|1
|0
|-
![[Dhule district|Dhule]]
!5
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white" |5
|0
|0
|-
![[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]]
!11
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white" |11
|0
|0
|-
![[Buldhana district|Buldhana]]
!7
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white" |6
|1
|0
|-
![[Akola district|Akola]]
!5
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white" |3
|2
|0
|-
![[Washim district|Washim]]
!3
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white" |2
|1
|0
|-
![[Amravati district|Amravati]]
!8
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white" |7
|1
|0
|-
![[Wardha district|Wardha]]
!4
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white" |4
|0
|0
|-
![[Nagpur district|Nagpur]]
!12
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white" |9
|3
|0
|-
![[Bhandara district|Bhandara]]
!3
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white" |2
|1
|0
|-
![[Gondia district|Gondia]]
!4
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white" |4
|0
|0
|-
![[Gadchiroli district|Gadchiroli]]
!3
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white" |2
|1
|0
|-
![[Chandrapur district|Chandrapur]]
!6
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white" |5
|1
|0
|-
![[Yavatmal district|Yavatmal]]
!7
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white" |5
|2
|0
|-
![[Nanded district|Nanded]]
!9
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white" |9
|0
|0
|-
![[Hingoli district|Hingoli]]
!3
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white" |3
|0
|0
|-
![[Parbhani district|Parbhani]]
!4
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white" |3
|1
|0
|-
![[Jalna district|Jalna]]
!5
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white" |5
|0
|0
|-
![[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar]]<ref name="ECI" />
!8
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white" |8
|0
|0
|-
![[Nashik district|Nashik]]
!15
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white" |14
|0
|1
|-
![[Palghar district|Palghar]]
!6
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white" |5
|1
|0
|-
![[Thane district|Thane]]
!18
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white" |16
|2
|0
|-
![[Mumbai Suburban district|Mumbai Suburban]]
!26
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white" |18
|8
|0
|-
![[Mumbai City district|Mumbai City]]
!10
|4
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}; color:white" |6
|0
|-
![[Raigad district|Raigad]]
!7
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white" |7
|0
|0
|-
![[Pune district|Pune]]
!21
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white" |18
|2
|1
|-
![[Ahilyanagar district|Ahilyanagar]]
!12
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white" |10
|2
|0
|-
![[Beed district|Beed]]
!6
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white" |5
|1
|0
|-
![[Latur district|Latur]]
!6
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white" |5
|1
|0
|-
![[Dharashiv district|Dharashiv]]<ref name="ECI" />
!4
|2
|2
|0
|-
![[Solapur district|Solapur]]
!11
|5
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}; color:white" |6
|0
|-
![[Satara district|Satara]]
!8
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white" |8
|0
|0
|-
![[Ratnagiri district|Ratnagiri]]
!5
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white" |4
|1
|0
|-
![[Sindhudurg district|Sindhudurg]]
!3
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white" |3
|0
|0
|-
![[Kolhapur district|Kolhapur]]
!10
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white" |9
|0
|1
|-
![[Sangli district|Sangli]]
!8
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white" |5
|3
|0
|-
!Total
!288
!style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; color:white" |235
!50
!3
|}

=== Results by constituency ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="line-height:20px;text-align:center;font-size:94%;"
! colspan="2" |Constituency
! colspan="5" |Winner<ref name="Maharashtra Assembly Election Results 2024: Full list of winners (Constituency Wise) in Maharashtra">{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |title=Maharashtra Assembly Election Results 2024: Full list of winners (Constituency Wise) in Maharashtra |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/maharashtra-assembly-election-results-2024-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-in-maharashtra-9681077/ |access-date=26 November 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126050645/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/maharashtra-assembly-election-results-2024-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-in-maharashtra-9681077/ |archive-date=26 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Maharashtra election results 2024: Constituency-wise full winners list and key highlights">{{cite news |last1=The Times of India |title=Maharashtra election results 2024: Constituency-wise full winners list and key highlights |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/maharashtra-election-results-2024-constituency-wise-full-winners-list-and-key-highlights/articleshow/115585144.cms |access-date=24 November 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124050244/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/maharashtra-election-results-2024-constituency-wise-full-winners-list-and-key-highlights/articleshow/115585144.cms |archive-date=24 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="Maharashtra Election Result 2024: Full List Of Winners And Their Constituencies">{{cite news |last1=Zee News |title=Maharashtra Election Result 2024: Full List Of Winners And Their Constituencies |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/maharashtra-assembly-election-results-2024-full-list-of-winners-and-loser-candidate-their-constituencies-eci-total-votes-margin-bjp-congress-shiv-sena-ncp-sena-ubt-vidhan-sabha-seats-2823583.html |access-date=24 November 2024 |date=24 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124050606/https://zeenews.india.com/india/maharashtra-assembly-election-results-2024-full-list-of-winners-and-loser-candidate-their-constituencies-eci-total-votes-margin-bjp-congress-shiv-sena-ncp-sena-ubt-vidhan-sabha-seats-2823583.html |archive-date=24 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Maharashtra Election 2024: Full list of winners">{{cite news |last1=CNBCTV18 |date=23 November 2024 |title=Maharashtra Election 2024: Full list of winners |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/politics/maharashtra-elections-result-full-list-of-winners-mahayuti-mva-19513238.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124065507/https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/politics/maharashtra-elections-result-full-list-of-winners-mahayuti-mva-19513238.htm |archivedate=24 November 2024 |accessdate=24 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Maharashtra Assembly polls: Independents finish second in 19 constituencies2">{{cite news |last1=The New Indian Express |date=24 November 2024 |title=Maharashtra Assembly polls: Independents finish second in 19 constituencies |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Nov/24/maharashtra-assembly-polls-independents-finish-second-in-19-constituencies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127053518/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Nov/24/maharashtra-assembly-polls-independents-finish-second-in-19-constituencies |archive-date=27 November 2024 |access-date=27 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
! colspan="5" |Runner-up
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type=number|Margin
|-
! No.
! Name
! Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
! data-sort-type=number|Votes
!%
! Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!data-sort-type=number|Votes
!%
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Nandurbar district]]
|-
!1
|[[Akkalkuwa Assembly constituency|Akkalkuwa]] (ST)
|[[Aamshya Padavi]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|72,629
|31.55
|[[Kagda Chandya Padvi]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|69,725
|30.29
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}} ; color:white;" |2,904
|-
!2
|[[Shahada Assembly constituency|Shahada]] (ST)
|[[Rajesh Padvi]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,46,839
|59.86
|Rajendrakumar Gavit
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|93,635
|38.17
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |53,204
|-
!3
|[[Nandurbar Assembly constituency|Nandurbar]] (ST)
|[[Vijaykumar Gavit]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,55,190
|64.62
|Kiran Damodar Tadavi
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|78,943
|32.87
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |76,247
|-
!4
|[[Navapur Assembly constituency|Navapur]] (ST)
|[[Shirishkumar Surupsing Naik|Shirishkumar Naik]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|87,166
|36.14
|Sharad Gavit
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|86,045
|35.67
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |1,121
|-
!colspan="13"|[[Dhule district]]
|-
!5
|[[Sakri Assembly constituency|Sakri]] (ST)
|[[Manjula Gavit]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|1,04,649
|43.20
|Pravin Bapu Chaure
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|99,065
|40.89
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}} ; color:white;" |5,584
|-
!6
|[[Dhule Rural Assembly constituency|Dhule Rural]]
|[[Raghavendra Patil]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,70,398
|58.87
|[[Kunal Rohidas Patil]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,04,078
|35.96
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |66,320
|-
!7
|[[Dhule City Assembly constituency|Dhule City]]
|[[Anup Agrawal (politician)|Anup Agarwal]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,16,538
|52.88
|[[Shah Faruk Anwar]]
|{{party name with color|All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|70,788
|32.12
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |45,750
|-
!8
|[[Sindkheda Assembly constituency|Sindkheda]]
|[[Jayakumar Jitendrasinh Rawal|Jayakumar Rawal]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,51,492
|66.98
|Sandeep Bedse
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|55,608
|24.59
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |95,884
|-
!9
|[[Shirpur Assembly constituency|Shirpur]] (ST)
|[[Kashiram Vechan Pawara|Kashiram Pawara]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,78,073
|76.70
|Jitendra Yuvraj Thakur
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|32,129
|13.84
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |1,45,944
|-
!colspan="13"|[[Jalgaon district]]
|-
!10
|[[Chopda Assembly constituency|Chopda]] (ST)
|[[Chandrakant Sonawane]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|1,22,826
|55.18
|Prabhakarappa Sonawane
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|90,513
|40.66
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}} ; color:white;" |32,313
|-
!11
|[[Raver Assembly constituency|Raver]]
|[[Amol Haribhau Jawale|Amol Jawale]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,13,676
|49.30
|Dhananjay Chaudhari
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|70,114
|30.41
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |43,562
|-
!12
|[[Bhusawal Assembly constituency|Bhusawal]] (SC)
|[[Sanjay Savkare]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,07,259
|58.20
|Rajesh Manwatkar
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|59,771
|32.43
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |47,488
|-
!13
|[[Jalgaon City Assembly constituency|Jalgaon City]]
|[[Suresh Damu Bhole|Suresh Bhole]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,51,536
|62.82
|Jayashri Mahajan
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|64,033
|26.54
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |87,503
|-
!14
|[[Jalgaon Rural Assembly constituency|Jalgaon Rural]]
|[[Gulabrao Patil]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|1,43,408
|60.90
|[[Gulabrao Deokar]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|84,176
|35.75
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}} ; color:white;" |59,232
|-
!15
|[[Amalner Assembly constituency|Amalner]]
|[[Anil Bhaidas Patil]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|1,09,445
|53.50
|[[Shirish Hiralal Chaudhari|Shirish Chaudhari]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|76,010
|37.16
|style="background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} ; color:black;" |33,435
|-
!16
|[[Erandol Assembly constituency|Erandol]]
|[[Amol Patil]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|1,01,088
|49.63
|Satish Anna Patil
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|44,756
|21.97
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}} ; color:white;" |56,332
|-
!17
|[[Chalisgaon Assembly constituency|Chalisgaon]]
|[[Mangesh Chavan]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,57,101
|67.08
|[[Unmesh Bhaiyyasaheb Patil|Unmesh Patil]]
| {{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|71,448
|30.51
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |85,653
|-
!18
|[[Pachora Assembly constituency|Pachora]]
|[[Kishor Appa Patil|Kishor Patil]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|97,366
|41.98
|Vaishali Suryawanshi
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|58,677
|25.30
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}} ; color:white;" |38,689
|-
!19
|[[Jamner Assembly constituency|Jamner]]
|[[Girish Mahajan]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,28,667
|53.84
|Dilip Baliram Khopade
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|1,01,782
|42.59
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |26,885
|-
!20
|[[Muktainagar Assembly constituency|Muktainagar]]
|[[Chandrakant Nimba Patil]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|1,12,318
|51.86
|[[Rohini Khadse-Khewalkar]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|88,414
|40.82
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}} ; color:white;" |26,885
|-
!colspan="13"|[[Buldhana district|Buldhana]]
|-
!21
|[[Malkapur Assembly constituency|Malkapur]]
|[[Chainsukh Madanlal Sancheti|Chainsukh Sancheti]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,09,921
|52.98
|[[Rajesh Panditrao Ekade|Rajesh Ekade]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|83,524
|40.25
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |26,397
|-
!22
|[[Buldhana Assembly constituency|Buldhana]]
|[[Sanjay Gaikwad]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|91,660
|47.06
|Jayashree Shelke
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|90,819
|46.63
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}} ; color:white;" |841
|-
!23
|[[Chikhali Assembly constituency|Chikhali]]
|[[Shweta Mahale]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,09,212
|48.88
|[[Rahul Siddhvinayak Bondre|Rahul Bondre]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,06,011
|47.45
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |3,201
|-
!24
|[[Sindkhed Raja Assembly constituency|Sindkhed Raja]]
|[[Manoj Kayande]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|73,413
|31.85
|[[Rajendra Shingne]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|68,763
|29.84
|style="background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} ; color:black;" |4,650
|-
!25
|[[Mehkar Assembly constituency|Mehkar]] (SC)
|[[Siddharth Kharat]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|1,04,242
|48.68
|[[Sanjay Raimulkar]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|99,423
|46.43
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}} ; color:white;" |4,819
|-
!26
|[[Khamgaon Assembly constituency|Khamgaon]]
|[[Akash Pandurang Fundkar|Akash Fundkar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,10,599
|48.40
|Rana Dilipkumar Sananda
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|85,122
|37.25
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |25,477
|-
!27
|[[Jalgaon (Jamod) Assembly constituency|Jalgaon (Jamod)]]
|[[Sanjay Kute]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,07,318
|47.19
|Swati Wakekar
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|88,547
|38.94
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |18,771
|-
!colspan="13" |[[Akola district|Akola]]
|-
!28
|[[Akot Assembly constituency|Akot]]
|[[Prakash Gunvantrao Bharsakale|Prakash Bharsakle]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|93,338
|43.51
|Mahesh Gangane
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|74,487
|34.72
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |18,851
|-
!29
|[[Balapur Assembly constituency|Balapur]]
|[[Nitin Deshmukh]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|82,088
|37.04
|S. N. Khatib
|{{Party name with color|Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi}}
|70,349
|31.74
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}} ; color:white;" |11,739
|-
!30
|[[Akola West Assembly constituency|Akola West]]
|[[Sajid Khan Pathan]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|88,718
|43.21
|Vijay Agrawal
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|87,435
|42.59
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |1,283
|-
!31
|[[Akola East Assembly constituency|Akola East]]
|[[Randhir Pralhadrao Savarkar|Randhir Savarkar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,08,619
|48.96
|Gopal Datkar
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|58,006
|26.14
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |50,613
|-
!32
|[[Murtizapur Assembly constituency|Murtizapur]] (SC)
|[[Harish Marotiappa Pimple|Harish Pimple]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|91,820
|43.98
|Samrat Dongardive
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|55,956
|26.80
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |35,864
|-
!colspan="13"|[[Washim district|Washim]]
|-
!33
|[[Risod Assembly constituency|Risod]]
|[[Amit Subhashrao Zanak|Amit Zanak]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|76,809
|33.25
|[[Anantrao Vithhalrao Deshmukh|Anantrao Deshmukh]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|70,673
|26.28
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |6,136
|-
!34
|[[Washim Assembly constituency|Washim]] (SC)
|[[Shyam Ramcharan Khode|Shyam Khode]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,22,914
|50.10
|Siddharth Deole
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|1,03,040
|42.01
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |19,874
|-
!35
|[[Karanja Assembly constituency|Karanja]]
|[[Sai Prakash Dahake]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|85,005
|40.64
|Gyayak Patni
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|49,932
|23.87
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |35,073
|-
!colspan="13"|[[Amravati district|Amravati]]
|-
!36
|[[Dhamangaon Railway Assembly constituency|Dhamangaon Railway]]
|[[Pratap Adsad]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,10,641
|49.54
|[[Virendra Jagtap]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|94,413
|42.27
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |16,228
|-
!37
|[[Badnera Assembly constituency|Badnera]]
|[[Ravi Rana]]
| bgcolor=#1A34FF|
|[[Ravi Rana|RVSP]]
|1,27,800
|60.14
|Priti Band
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|60,826
|28.62
|style="background:#1A3AFF ; color:white;" |66,974
|-
!38
|[[Amravati Assembly constituency|Amravati]]
|[[Sulbha Khodke]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|58,804
|27.91
|[[Sunil Deshmukh]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|53,093
|25.40
|style="background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} ; color:black;" |5,413
|-
!39
|[[Teosa Assembly constituency|Teosa]]
|[[Rajesh Shriramji Wankhade|Rajesh Wankhade]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|99,664
|49.10
|[[Yashomati Chandrakant Thakur|Yashomati Thakur]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|92,047
|45.35
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |7,617
|-
!40
|[[Daryapur Assembly constituency|Daryapur]] (SC)
|[[Gajanan Lawate]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|87,749
|42.08
|[[Ramesh Bundile]]
| bgcolor=#1A34FF|
|[[Ravi Rana|RVSP]]
|68,040
|32.63
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}} ; color:white;" |19,709
|-
!41
|[[Melghat Assembly constituency|Melghat]] (ST)
|[[Kewalram Tulsiram Kale|Kewalram Kale]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,45,978
|65.72
|Hemant Nanda Chimote
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|39,119
|17.61
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |1,06,859
|-
!42
|[[Achalpur Assembly constituency|Achalpur]]
|[[Pravin Vasantrao Tayade|Pawan Tayde]]
|{{party name with color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}
|78,201
|36.77
|[[Bacchu Kadu]]
|{{party name with color|Prahar Janshakti Party}}
|66,070
|31.07
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |12,131
|-
!43
|[[Morshi Assembly constituency|Morshi]]
|[[Chandu Atmaramji Yawalkar|Chandu Yawalkar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|99,683
|47.45
|[[Devendra Mahadevrao Bhuyar|Devendra Bhuyar]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|34,695
|16.52
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |64,988
|-
!colspan="13"|[[Wardha district|Wardha]]
|-
!44
|[[Arvi Assembly constituency|Arvi]]
|[[Sumit Wankhede]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,01,397
|52.64
|Mayura Kale
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|61,823
|32.11
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |39,574
|-
!45
|[[Deoli, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Deoli]]
|[[Rajesh Bhaurao Bakane|Rajesh Bakane]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|90,319
|47.31
|Ranjit Kamble
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|81,011
|42.43
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |9,308
|-
!46
|[[Hinganghat Assembly constituency|Hinganghat]]
|[[Samir Trimbakrao Kunawar|Samir Kunawar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,14,578
|53.74
|Atul Namdeo
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|84,484
|39.62
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |30,094
|-
!47
|[[Wardha Assembly constituency|Wardha]]
|[[Pankaj Rajesh Bhoyar|Pankaj Bhoyar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|92,067
|46.65
|Shekhar Shende
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|84,597
|42.86
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |7,470
|-
!colspan="13"|[[Nagpur district|Nagpur]]
|-
!48
|[[Katol Assembly constituency|Katol]]
|[[Charansing Thakur]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,04,338
|52.44
|Salil Deshmukh
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|65,522
|32.93
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |38,816
|-
!49
|[[Savner Assembly constituency|Savner]]
|[[Ashish Deshmukh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,19725
|53.60
|Anuja Sunil Kedar
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|93,324
|41.78
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |26,401
|-
!50
|[[Hingna Assembly constituency|Hingna]]
|[[Sameer Meghe]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,60,206
|59.00
|Rameshchandra Bang
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|81,275
|29.93
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |78,931
|-
!51
|[[Umred Assembly constituency|Umred]] (SC)
|[[Sanjay Meshram]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|85,372
|39.54
|[[Sudhir Laxmanrao Parwe|Sudhir Parwe]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|72,547
|33.60
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |12,825
|-
!52
|[[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West]]
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,29,401
|56.88
|Prafulla Gudadhe Patil
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|89,691
|39.43
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |39,710
|-
!53
|[[Nagpur South Assembly constituency|Nagpur South]]
|[[Mohan Mate]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,17,526
|51.48
|Girish Pandav
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,01,868
|44.63
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |15,658
|-
!54
|[[Nagpur East Assembly constituency|Nagpur East]]
|[[Krishna Khopde]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,63,390
|65.23
|Duneshwar Pethe
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|48,102
|19.20
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |1,15,288
|-
!55
|[[Nagpur Central Assembly constituency|Nagpur Central]]
|[[Pravin Datke]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|90,560
|46.16
|Bunty Baba Shelke
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|78,928
|40.23
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |11,632
|-
!56
|[[Nagpur West Assembly constituency|Nagpur West]]
|[[Vikas Thakre]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,04,144
|47.45
|[[Sudhakar Kohale]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|98,320
|44.80
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |5,824
|-
!57
|[[Nagpur North Assembly constituency|Nagpur North]] (SC)
|[[Nitin Raut]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,27,877
|51.02
|[[Milind Mane]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|99,410
|39.66
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |28,467
|-
!58
|[[Kamthi Assembly constituency|Kamthi]]
|[[Chandrashekhar Bawankule]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,74,979
|54.23
|Suresh Bhoyar
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,34,033
|41.54
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |40,946
|-
!59
|[[Ramtek Assembly constituency|Ramtek]]
|[[Ashish Jaiswal]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|1,07,967
|52.04
|[[Rajendra Mulak]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|81,412
|39.24
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}} ; color:white;" |26,555
|-
!colspan="13"|[[Bhandara district|Bhandara]]
|-
!60
|[[Tumsar Assembly constituency|Tumsar]]
|[[Raju Manikrao Karemore|Raju Karemore]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|1,35,813
|58.61
|[[Charan Waghmare]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|71,508
|30.86
|style="background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} ; color:black;" |64,305
|-
!61
|[[Bhandara Assembly constituency|Bhandara]] (SC)
|[[Narendra Bhondekar]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|1,27,884
|48.82
|Puja Thavakar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|89,517
|34.17
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}} ; color:white;" |38,367
|-
!62
|[[Sakoli Assembly constituency|Sakoli]]
|[[Nana Patole]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|96,795
|41.08
|Avinash Brahmankar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|96,587
|41.01
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |208
|-
!colspan="13"|[[Gondia district|Gondia]]
|-
!63
|[[Arjuni-Morgaon Assembly constituency|Arjuni-Morgaon]] (SC)
|[[Rajkumar Badole]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|82,506
|45.04
|Dilip Bansod
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|66,091
|36.08
|style="background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} ; color:black;" |16,415
|-
!64
|[[Tirora Assembly constituency|Tirora]]
|[[Vijay Bharatlal Rahangdale|Vijay Rahangdale]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,02,984
|57.78
|Ravikant Bopche
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|60,298
|33.83
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |42,686
|-
!65
|[[Gondiya Assembly constituency|Gondiya]]
|[[Vinod Agrawal]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,43,012
|61.21
|[[Gopaldas Shankarlal Agrawal|Gopaldas Agrawal]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|81,404
|34.84
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |61,608
|-
!66
|[[Amgaon Assembly constituency|Amgaon]] (ST)
|[[Sanjay Hanmantrao Puram|Sanjay Puram]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,10,123
|55.83
|Rajkumar Puram
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|77,402
|39.24
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |32,721
|-
!colspan="13"|[[Gadchiroli district|Gadchiroli]]
|-
!67
|[[Armori Assembly constituency|Armori]] (ST)
|[[Ramdas Maluji Masram|Ramdas Masram]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|98,509
|48.46
|[[Krishna Damaji Gajbe|Krishna Gajbe]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|92,299
|45.40
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |6,210
|-
!68
|[[Gadchiroli Assembly constituency|Gadchiroli]] (ST)
|[[Milind Ramji Narote]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,16,540
|50.16
|Manohar Poreti
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,01,035
|43.49
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |15,505
|-
!69
|[[Aheri Assembly constituency|Aheri]] (ST)
|[[Dharamrao Baba Atram]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|54,206
|29.16
|[[Raje Ambrishrao Raje Satyawan Rao Atram|Ambrishrao Atram]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|37,392
|20.12
|style="background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} ; color:black;" |16,814
|-
!colspan="13"|[[Chandrapur district|Chandrapur]]
|-
!70
|[[Rajura Assembly constituency|Rajura]]
|[[Deorao Vithoba Bhongle|Deorao Bhongle]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|72,882
|30.53
|[[Subhash Dhote]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|69,828
|29.25
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |3,054
|-
!71
|[[Chandrapur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Chandrapur]] (SC)
|[[Kishor Jorgewar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,06,841
|48.67
|Pravin Padwekar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|84,037
|38.28
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |22,804
|-
!72
|[[Ballarpur Assembly constituency|Ballarpur]]
|[[Sudhir Mungantiwar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,05,969
|48.23
|Santosh Rawat
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|79,984
|36.41
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |25,985
|-
!73
|[[Bramhapuri Assembly constituency|Bramhapuri]]
|[[Vijay Namdevrao Wadettiwar|Vijay Wadettiwar]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,14,196
|50.93
|Krishnalal Sahare
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,00,225
|44.70
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |13,971
|-
!74
|[[Chimur Assembly constituency|Chimur]]
|[[Bunty Bhangdiya]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,16,495
|50.25
|Satish Warjukar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,06,642
|46.00
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |9,853
|-
!75
|[[Warora Assembly constituency|Warora]]
|[[Karan Sanjay Deotale|Karan Deotale]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|65,170
|32.86
|Mukesh Jiwtode
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|49,720
|25.07
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |15,450
|-
!colspan="13"|[[Yavatmal district|Yavatmal]]
|-
!76
|[[Wani Assembly constituency|Wani]]
|[[Sanjay Derkar]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|94,618
|42.91
|[[Sanjivreddy Bapurao Bodkurwar|Sanjivreddy Bodkurwar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|79,058
|35.85
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}} ; color:white;" |15,560
|-
!77
|[[Ralegaon Assembly constituency|Ralegaon]] (ST)
|[[Ashok Uike]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,01,398
|47.33
|[[Vasant Purke]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|98,586
|46.02
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |2,812
|-
!78
|[[Yavatmal Assembly constituency|Yavatmal]]
|[[Balasaheb Mangulkar]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,17,504
|49.15
|[[Madan Yerawar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,06,123
|44.39
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |11,381
|-
!79
|[[Digras Assembly constituency|Digras]]
|[[Sanjay Rathod]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|1,43,115
|54.24
|[[Manikrao Thakare]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,14,340
|43.33
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}} ; color:white;" |28,775
|-
!80
|[[Arni Assembly constituency|Arni]] (ST)
|[[Raju Narayan Todsam|Raju Todsam]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,27,203
|54.01
|Jitendra Moghe
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|97,890
|41.57
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |29,313
|-
!81
|[[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad]]
|[[Indranil Naik]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|1,27,964
|59.58
|Sharad Maind
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|37,195
|17.39
|style="background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} ; color:black;" |90,769
|-
!82
|[[Umarkhed Assembly constituency|Umarkhed]] (SC)
|[[Kisan Wankhede]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,08,682
|49.42
|Sahebrao Kamble
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|92,053
|41.86
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |16,629
|-
!colspan="13"|[[Nanded district|Nanded]]
|-
!83
|[[Kinwat Assembly constituency|Kinwat]]
|[[Bhimrao Keram]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|92,856
|45.89
|Pradeep Naik
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|87,220
|43.10
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |5,636
|-
!84
|[[Hadgaon Assembly constituency|Hadgaon]]
|[[Baburao Kadam]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|1,13,245
|52.34
|[[Jawalgaonkar Madhavrao Nivruttirao Patil|Madhavrao Patil]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|83,178
|38.45
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}} ; color:white;" |30,067
|-
!85
|[[Bhokar Assembly constituency|Bhokar]]
|[[Sreejaya Chavan]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,33,187
|57.08
|Tirupati Kadam
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|82,636
|35.41
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |50,551
|-
!86
|[[Nanded North Assembly constituency|Nanded North]]
|[[Balaji Kalyankar]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|83,184
|37.68
|Abdul Sattar Gaffoor
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|79,682
|36.10
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}} ; color:white;" |3,502
|-
!87
|[[Nanded South Assembly constituency|Nanded South]]
|[[Anand Tidke]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|60,445
|29.59
|[[Mohanrao Marotrao Hambarde|Mohanrao Hambarde]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|58,313
|28.55
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}} ; color:white;" |2,132
|-
!88
|[[Loha Assembly constituency|Loha]]
|[[Prataprao Govindrao Chikhalikar|Prataprao Chikhalikar]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|72,750
|31.65
|Eknathdada Pawar
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|61,777
|26.87
|style="background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} ; color:black;" |10,973
|-
!89
|[[Naigaon Assembly constituency|Naigaon]]
|[[Rajesh Sambhaji Pawar|Rajesh Pawar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,29,192
|55.63
|Meenal Patil Khatgaonkar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|81,563
|35.12
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |47,629
|-
!90
|[[Deglur Assembly constituency|Deglur]] (SC)
|[[Jitesh Antapurkar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,07,841
|53.83
|Nivrutti Kamble
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|64,842
|32.37
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |42,999
|-
!91
|[[Mukhed Assembly constituency|Mukhed]]
|[[Tushar Rathod]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|98,213
|44.94
|Hanmantrao Patil
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|60,429
|27.64
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |37,784
|-
!colspan="13"|[[Hingoli district|Hingoli]]
|-
!92
|[[Basmath Assembly constituency|Basmath]]
|[[Chandrakant Nawghare]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|1,07,655
|44.41
|Jaiprakash Dandegaonkar
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|78,067
|32.20
|style="background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} ; color:black;" |29,588
|-
!93
|[[Kalamnuri Assembly constituency|Kalamnuri]]
|[[Santosh Bangar]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|1,22,016
|49.66
|[[Santosh Kautika Tarfe|Santosh Tarfe]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|90,933
|37.01
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}} ; color:white;" |31,083
|-
!94
|[[Hingoli Assembly constituency|Hingoli]]
|[[Tanaji Sakharamji Mutkule|Tanaji Mutkule]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|74,584
|32.45
|Rupalitai Rajesh Patil
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|63,658
|27.70
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |10,926
|-
!colspan="13"|[[Parbhani district|Parbhani]]
|-
!95
|[[Jintur Assembly constituency|Jintur]]
|[[Meghana Bordikar|Meghna Bordikar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,13,432
|38.52
|[[Vijay Manikrao Bhamale]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|1,08,916
|36.99
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |4,516
|-
!96
|[[Parbhani Assembly constituency|Parbhani]]
|[[Rahul Vedprakash Patil]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|1,26,803
|54.24
|Anand Bharose
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|92,587
|39.60
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}} ; color:white;" |34,216
|-
!97
|[[Gangakhed Assembly constituency|Gangakhed]]
|[[Ratnakar Gutte]]
|{{Party name with color|Rashtriya Samaj Paksha}}
|141,544
|45.47
|Vishal Kadam
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|1,15,252
|37.02
|style="background:{{party color|Rashtriya Samaj Paksha}} ; color:black;" |26,292
|-
!98
|[[Pathri Assembly constituency|Pathri]]
|[[Rajesh Vitekar]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|83,767
|29.67
|[[Suresh Warpudkar]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|70,523
|25.06
|style="background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} ; color:black;" |13,244
|-
!colspan="13"|[[Jalna district|Jalna]]
|-
!99
|[[Partur Assembly constituency|Partur]]
|[[Babanrao Lonikar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|70,659
|30.89
|Asaram Borade
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|65,919
|28.82
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |4,740
|-
!100
|[[Ghansawangi Assembly constituency|Ghansawangi]]
|[[Hikmat Udhan]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|98,496
|38.43
|[[Rajesh Tope (politician)|Rajesh Tope]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|96,187
|37.53
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}} ; color:white;" |2,309
|-
!101
|[[Jalna Assembly constituency|Jalna]]
|[[Arjun Khotkar]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|1,04,665
|46.74
|[[Kailas Gorantyal]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|73,014
|32.60
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}} ; color:white;" |31,651
|-
!102
|[[Badnapur Assembly constituency|Badnapur]] (SC)
|[[Narayan Tilakchand Kuche|Narayan Kuche]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,38,489
|55.50
|Bablu Chaudhary
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|92,958
|37.26
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |45,531
|-
!103
|[[Bhokardan Assembly constituency|Bhokardan]]
|[[Santosh Danve]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,28,480
|51.18
|Chandrakant Danwe
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|1,05,301
|41.95
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |23,179
|-
!colspan="13"|[[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]]<ref name="ECI"/>
|-
!104
|[[Sillod Assembly constituency|Sillod]]
|[[Abdul Sattar (Maharashtra politician)|Abdul Sattar]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|1,37,960
|47.69
|Suresh Pandurang
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|1,35,540
|46.85
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}} ; color:white;" |2,420
|-
!105
|[[Kannad Assembly constituency|Kannad]]
|[[Sanjana Jadhav]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|84,492
|36.37
|[[Harshvardhan Jadhav]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|66,291
|28.54
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}} ; color:white;" |18,201
|-
!106
|[[Phulambri Assembly constituency|Phulambri]]
|[[Anuradha Chavan]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,35,046
|50.08
|Vilas Autade
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,02,545
|38.03
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |32,501
|-
!107
|[[Aurangabad Central Assembly constituency|Aurangabad Central]]
|[[Pradeep Jaiswal]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|85,459
|38.57
|Naseruddin Siddiqui
|{{Party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|77,340
|34.90
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}} ; color:white;" |8,119
|-
!108
|[[Aurangabad West Assembly constituency|Aurangabad West]] (SC)
|[[Sanjay Shirsat]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|1,22,498
|49.28
|Raju Shinde
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|1,06,147
|42.70
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}} ; color:white;" |16,351
|-
!109
|[[Aurangabad East Assembly constituency|Aurangabad East]]
|[[Atul Save]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|93,274
|43.07
|[[Imtiyaz Jaleel]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|91,113
|42.07
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |2,161
|-
!110
|[[Paithan Assembly constituency|Paithan]]
|[[Vilas Sandipanrao Bhumre|Vilas Bhumre]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|1,32,474
|52.01
|Dattatray Gorde
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|1,03,282
|40.55
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}} ; color:white;" |29,192
|-
!111
|[[Gangapur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Gangapur]]
|[[Prashant Bamb]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,25,555
|46.57
|[[Satish Chavan]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|1,20,540
|44.71
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |5,015
|-
!112
|[[Vaijapur Assembly constituency|Vaijapur]]
|[[Ramesh Bornare]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|1,33,627
|54.56
|Dinesh Pardeshi
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|91,969
|37.55
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}} ; color:white;" |41,658
|-
!colspan="13" |[[Nashik district|Nashik]]
|-
!113
|[[Nandgaon Assembly constituency|Nandgaon]]
|[[Suhas Kande]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|1,38,068
|56.48
|[[Sameer Bhujbal]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|48,194
|19.72
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}} ; color:white;" |89,874
|-
!114
|[[Malegaon Central Assembly constituency|Malegaon Central]]
| [[Mohammed Ismail Abdul Khalique|Ismail Abdul Khalique]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
| 1,09,653
| 45.66
| [[Shaikh Aasif Shaikh Rashid|Shaikh Aasif Rashid]]
|bgcolor=Green|
|ISLAM
| 1,09,491
| 45.59
| style="background:{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}} ; color:white;" | 162
|-
!115
|[[Malegaon Outer Assembly constituency|Malegaon Outer]]
|[[Dadaji Bhuse]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|1,58,284
|61.13
|Pramod Bachhav
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|51,678
|19.96
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}} ; color:white;" |1,06,606
|-
!116
|[[Baglan Assembly constituency|Baglan]] (ST)
|[[Dilip Manglu Borse|Dilip Borse]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,59,681
|77.71
|[[Dipika Sanjay Chavan|Dipika Chavan]]
| {{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|30,384
|14.79
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |1,29,297
|-
!117
|[[Kalwan Assembly constituency|Kalwan]] (ST)
|[[Nitin Arjun Pawar|Nitin Pawar]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|1,19,191
|49.94
|[[Jiva Pandu Gavit]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|1,10,759
|46.41
|style="background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} ; color:black;" |8,432
|-
!118
|[[Chandwad Assembly constituency|Chandwad]]
|[[Rahul Daulatrao Aher|Rahul Aher]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,04,826
|43.78
|Ganesh Nimbalkar
|{{party name with color|Prahar Janshakti Party}}
|55,865
|23.33
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |48,961
|-
!119
|[[Yevla Assembly constituency|Yevla]]
|[[Chhagan Bhujbal]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|1,35,023
|53.85
|Manikrao Shinde
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|1,08,623
|43.32
|style="background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} ; color:black;" |26,400
|-
!120
|[[Sinnar Assembly constituency|Sinnar]]
|[[Manikrao Kokate]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|1,38,565
|56.93
|Uday Sangale
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|97,681
|40.13
|style="background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} ; color:black;" |40,884
|-
!121
|[[Niphad Assembly constituency|Niphad]]
|[[Diliprao Shankarrao Bankar|Diliprao Bankar]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|1,20,253
|54.59
|[[Anil Kadam]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|91,014
|41.31
|style="background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} ; color:black;" |29,239
|-
!122
|[[Dindori, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Dindori]] (ST)
|[[Narhari Zirwal]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|1,38,622
|53.63
|Sunita Charoskar
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|94,219
|36.45
|style="background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} ; color:black;" |44,403
|-
!123
|[[Nashik East Assembly constituency|Nashik East]]
|[[Rahul Uttamrao Dhikale|Rahul Dhikale]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,56,246
|64.28
|Ganesh Gite
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|68,429
|28.15
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |87,817
|-
!124
|[[Nashik Central Assembly constituency|Nashik Central]]
|[[Devayani Farande]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,05,689
|52.67
|[[Vasantrao Gite]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|87,833
|43.77
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |17,856
|-
!125
|[[Nashik West Assembly constituency|Nashik West]]
|[[Seema Mahesh Hiray|Seema Hiray]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,41,725
|51.27
|Sudhakar Badgujar
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|73,548
|26.61
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |68,177
|-
!126
|[[Deolali Assembly constituency|Deolali]] (SC)
|[[Saroj Ahire]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|81,683
|44.48
|Rajashri Ahirrao
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|41,004
|22.33
|style="background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} ; color:black;" |40,679
|-
!127
|[[Igatpuri Assembly constituency|Igatpuri]] (ST)
|[[Hiraman Khoskar]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|1,17,575
|54.68
|Luckybhau Jadhav
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|30,994
|14.41
|style="background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} ; color:black;" |86,581
|-
!colspan="13"|[[Palghar district|Palghar]]
|-
!128
|[[Dahanu Assembly constituency|Dahanu]] (ST)
|[[Vinod Bhiva Nikole|Vinod Nikole]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|104,702
|47.21
|Vinod Medha
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|99,569
|44.90
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;" |5,133
|-
!129
|[[Vikramgad Assembly constituency|Vikramgad]] (ST)
|[[Harishchandra Sakharam Bhoye|Harishchandra Bhoye]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,14,514
|46.02
|[[Sunil Chandrakant Bhusara|Sunil Bhusara]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|73,106
|29.38
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |41,408
|-
!130
|[[Palghar Assembly constituency|Palghar]] (ST)
|[[Rajendra Gavit]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|1,12,894
|52.61
|Jayendra Dubla
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|72,557
|33.81
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}} ; color:white;" |40,337
|-
!131
|[[Boisar Assembly constituency|Boisar]] (ST)
|[[Vilas Tare]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|1,26,117
|45.34
|[[Rajesh Raghunath Patil]]
|{{party name with color|Bahujan Vikas Aghadi}}
|81,662
|29.36
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}} ; color:white;" |44,455
|-
!132
|[[Nalasopara Assembly constituency|Nalasopara]]
|[[Rajan Naik]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,65,113
|47.16
|[[Kshitij Thakur]]
|{{Party name with color|Bahujan Vikas Aghadi}}
|1,28,238
|36.62
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |36,875
|-
!133
|[[Vasai (Vidhan Sabha) Constituency|Vasai]]
|[[Sneha Pandit]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|77,553
|35.38
|[[Hitendra Thakur]]
|{{party name with color|Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi}}
|74,400
|33.94
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |3,153
|-
!colspan="13"|[[Thane district|Thane]]
|-
!134
|[[Bhiwandi Rural Assembly constituency|Bhiwandi Rural]] (ST)
|[[Shantaram Tukaram More|Shantaram More]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|1,27,205
|52.68
|Mahadev Ghatal
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|69,243
|28.68
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}} ; color:white;" |57,962
|-
!135
|[[Shahapur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Shahapur]] (ST)
|[[Daulat Daroda]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|73,081
|35.34
|[[Pandurang Barora]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|71,409
|34.54
|style="background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} ; color:black;" |1,672
|-
!136
|[[Bhiwandi West Assembly constituency|Bhiwandi West]]
|[[Mahesh Prabhakar Choughule|Mahesh Choughule]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|70,172
|38.65
|Riyaj Azmi
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|38,879
|21.41
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |31,293
|-
!137
|[[Bhiwandi East Assembly constituency|Bhiwandi East]]
|[[Rais Shaikh]]
|{{Party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|1,19,687
|62.44
|Santosh Shetty
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|67,672
|35.30
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;" |52,015
|-
!138
|[[Kalyan West Assembly constituency|Kalyan West]]
|[[Vishwanath Bhoir]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|1,26,020
|51.32
|Sachin Basare
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|83,566
|34.03
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}} ; color:white;" |42,454
|-
!139
|[[Murbad Assembly constituency|Murbad]]
|[[Kisan Kathore]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,75,509
|55.04
|Subhash Pawar
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|1,23,117
|38.61
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |52,392
|-
!140
|[[Ambernath Assembly constituency|Ambernath]] (SC)
|[[Balaji Kinikar]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|1,11,368
|60.36
|Rajesh Wankhede
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|59,993
|32.52
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}} ; color:white;" |51,375
|-
!141
|[[Ulhasnagar Assembly constituency|Ulhasnagar]]
|[[Kumar Ailani]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|82,231
|52.98
|[[Pappu Kalani|Omie Pappu Kalani]]
| {{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|51,477
|33.17
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |30,754
|-
!142
|[[Kalyan East Assembly constituency|Kalyan East]]
|[[Sulbha Gaikwad]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|81,516
|42.15
|Mahesh Gaikwad
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|55,108
|28.50
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |26,408
|-
!143
|[[Dombivali Assembly constituency|Dombivali]]
|[[Ravindra Chavan]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,23,815
|70.14
|Dipesh Mhatre
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|46,709
|26.46
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |77,106
|-
!144
|[[Kalyan Rural Assembly constituency|Kalyan Rural]]
|[[Rajesh More]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|1,41,164
|47.68
|[[Pramod Ratan Patil]]
|{{Party name with color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}
|74,768
|25.26
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}} ; color:white;" |66,396
|-
!145
|[[Mira Bhayandar Assembly constituency|Mira Bhayandar]]
|[[Narendra Mehta]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,44,376
|54.87
|Muzaffar Hussain
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|83,943
|31.90
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |60,433
|-
!146
|[[Ovala-Majiwada Assembly constituency|Ovala-Majiwada]]
|[[Pratap Sarnaik]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|1,84,178
|64.50
|Naresh Manera
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|76,020
|26.62
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}} ; color:white;" |1,08,158
|-
!147
|[[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi]]
|[[Eknath Shinde]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|1,59,060
|78.29
|Kedar Dighe
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|38,343
|18.87
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}} ; color:white;" |1,20,717
|-
!148
|[[Thane Assembly constituency|Thane]]
|[[Sanjay Mukund Kelkar|Sanjay Kelkar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,20,373
|51.85
|[[Rajan Vichare]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|62,120
|26.76
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |58,253
|-
!149
|[[Mumbra-Kalwa Assembly constituency|Mumbra-Kalwa]]
|[[Jitendra Awhad]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|1,57,141
|61.93
|Najeeb Mulla
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|60,913
|24.00
|style="background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}} ; color:white;" |96,228
|-
!150
|[[Airoli Assembly constituency|Airoli]]
|[[Ganesh Naik]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,44,261
|54.42
|[[Vijay Chougule]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|52,381
|19.76
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |91,880
|-
!151
|[[Belapur Assembly constituency|Belapur]]
|[[Manda Vijay Mhatre|Manda Mhatre]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|91,852
|39.04
|[[Sandeep Naik]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|91,475
|38.88
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |377
|-
!colspan="13"|[[Mumbai Suburban district|Mumbai Suburban]]
|-
!152
|[[Borivali Assembly constituency|Borivali]]
|[[Sanjay Upadhyay]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,39,947
|68.57
|Sanjay Bhosale
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|39,690
|19.45
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |1,00,257
|-
!153
|[[Dahisar Assembly constituency|Dahisar]]
|[[Manisha Ashok Chaudhary|Manisha Chaudhary]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|98,587
|60.64
|[[Vinod Ghosalkar]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|54,258
|33.37
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |44,329
|-
!154
|[[Magathane Assembly constituency|Magathane]]
|[[Prakash Surve]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|1,05,527
|58.15
|Udesh Patekar
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|47,363
|26.10
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}} ; color:white;" |58,164
|-
!155
|[[Mulund Assembly constituency|Mulund]]
|[[Mihir Kotecha]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,31,549
|71.78
|Rakesh Shetty
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress }}
|41,517
|22.65
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |90,032
|-
!156
|[[Vikhroli Assembly constituency|Vikhroli]]
|[[Sunil Raut]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|66,093
|46.86
|Suvarna Karanje
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|50,567
|35.85
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}} ; color:white;" |15,526
|-
!157
|[[Bhandup West Assembly constituency|Bhandup West]]
|[[Ashok Patil]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|77,754
|42.74
|[[Ramesh Korgaonkar]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|70,990
|39.02
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}} ; color:white;" |6,764
|-
!158
|[[Jogeshwari East Assembly constituency|Jogeshwari East]]
|[[Anant Nar]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|77,044
|43.32
|Manisha Waikar
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|75,503
|42.53
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}} ; color:white;" |1,541
|-
!159
|[[Dindoshi Assembly constituency|Dindoshi]]
|[[Sunil Prabhu]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|76,437
|43.03
|[[Sanjay Nirupam]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|70,255
|39.55
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}} ; color:white;" |6,182
|-
!160
|[[Kandivali East Assembly constituency|Kandivali East]]
|[[Atul Bhatkhalkar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,14,203
|72.39
|Kalu Budhelia
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|30,610
|19.40
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |83,593
|-
!161
|[[Charkop Assembly constituency|Charkop]]
|[[Yogesh Sagar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,27,355
|69.44
|Yashwant Singh
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|36,201
|19.74
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |91,154
|-
!162
|[[Malad West Assembly constituency|Malad West]]
|[[Aslam Shaikh]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|98,202
|49.81
|Vinod Shelar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|91,975
|46.65
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |6,227
|-
!163
|[[Goregaon Assembly constituency|Goregaon]]
|[[Vidya Thakur]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|96,364
|52.39
|Sameer Desai
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|72,764
|39.56
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |23,600
|-
!164
|[[Versova Assembly constituency|Versova]]
|[[Haroon Khan (Maharashtra politician)|Haroon Rashid Khan]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|65,396
|44.21
|[[Bharati Lavekar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|63,796
|43.13
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}} ; color:white;" |1,600
|-
!165
|[[Andheri West Assembly constituency|Andheri West]]
|[[Ameet Bhaskar Satam|Ameet Satam]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|84,981
|54.75
|Ashok Jadhav
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|65,382
|42.12
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |19,599
|-
!166
|[[Andheri East Assembly constituency|Andheri East]]
|[[Murji Patel]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|94,010
|55.66
|[[Rutuja Latke]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|68,524
|40.57
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}} ; color:white;" |25,486
|-
!167
|[[Vile Parle Assembly constituency|Vile Parle]]
|[[Parag Alavani]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|97,259
|61.70
|Sandeep Raju Naik
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|42,324
|26.85
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |54,935
|-
!168
|[[Chandivali Assembly constituency|Chandivali]]
|[[Dilip Lande]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|1,24,641
|51.90
|[[Naseem Khan (politician)|Naseem Khan]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,04,016
|43.31
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}} ; color:white;" |20,625
|-
!169
|[[Ghatkopar West Assembly constituency|Ghatkopar West]]
|[[Ram Kadam]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|73,171
|43.75
|Sanjay Bhalerao
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|60,200
|35.99
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |12,971
|-
!170
|[[Ghatkopar East Assembly constituency|Ghatkopar East]]
|[[Parag Shah]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|85,388
|57.12
|Rakhee Jadhav
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|50,389
|33.71
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |34,999
|-
!171
|[[Mankhurd Shivaji Nagar Assembly constituency|Mankhurd Shivaji Nagar]]
|[[Abu Azmi]]
|{{Party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|54,780
|31.38
|Atique Ahmad Khan
|{{Party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|42,027
|24.07
|style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}} ; color:white;" |12,753
|-
!172
|[[Anushakti Nagar Assembly constituency|Anushakti Nagar]]
|[[Sana Malik]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|49,341
|33.78
|[[Fahad Ahmad]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|45,963
|31.47
|style="background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} ; color:black;" |3,378
|-
!173
|[[Chembur Assembly constituency|Chembur]]
|[[Tukaram Ramkrishna Kate|Tukaram Kate]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|63,194
|44.18
|[[Prakash Phaterpekar]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|52,483
|36.69
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}} ; color:white;" |10,711
|-
!174
|[[Kurla Assembly constituency|Kurla]] (SC)
|[[Mangesh Kudalkar]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|72,763
|46.56
|Praveena Morajkar
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|68,576
|43.88
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}} ; color:white;" |4,187
|-
!175
|[[Kalina Assembly constituency|Kalina]]
|[[Sanjay Potnis]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|59,820
|46.79
|Amarjeet Singh
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|54,812
|42.87
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}} ; color:white;" |5,008
|-
!176
|[[Vandre East Assembly constituency|Vandre East]]
|[[Varun Sardesai]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|57,708
|42.26
|[[Zeeshan Siddique]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|46,343
|33.94
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}} ; color:white;" |11,365
|-
!177
|[[Vandre West Assembly constituency|Vandre West]]
|[[Ashish Shelar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|82,780
|55.51
|[[Asif Zakaria]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|62,849
|42.14
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |19,931
|-
!colspan="13"|[[Mumbai City district|Mumbai City]]
|-
!178
|[[Dharavi Assembly constituency|Dharavi]] (SC)
|[[Jyoti Gaikwad]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|70,727
|53.87
|Rajesh Khandare
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|47,268
|36.00
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |23,459
|-
!179
|[[Sion Koliwada Assembly constituency|Sion Koliwada]]
|[[R. Tamil Selvan]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|73,429
|48.25
|Ganesh Kumar Yadav
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|65,534
|43.07
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |7,895
|-
!180
|[[Wadala Assembly constituency|Wadala]]
|[[Kalidas Kolambkar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|66,800
|55.78
|[[Shraddha Jadhav]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|41,827
|34.93
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |24,973
|-
!181
|[[Mahim Assembly constituency|Mahim]]
|[[Mahesh Sawant]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|50,213
|37.31
|[[Sada Sarvankar]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|48,897
|36.33
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}} ; color:white;" |1,316
|-
!182
|[[Worli Assembly constituency|Worli]]
|[[Aaditya Thackeray]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|63,324
|44.19
|[[Milind Deora]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|54,523
|38.05
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}} ; color:white;" |8,801
|-
!183
|[[Shivadi Assembly constituency|Shivadi]]
|[[Ajay Choudhari]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|74,890
|48.72
|[[Bala Nandgaonkar]]
|{{Party name with color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}
|67,750
|44.08
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}} ; color:white;" |7,140
|-
!184
|[[Byculla Assembly constituency|Byculla]]
|[[Manoj Jamsutkar]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|80,133
|58.09
|[[Yamini Jadhav]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|48,772
|35.36
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}} ; color:white;" |31,361
|-
!185
|[[Malabar Hill Assembly constituency|Malabar Hill]]
|[[Mangal Lodha]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,01,197
|73.38
|Bherulal Choudhary
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|33,178
|24.06
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |68,019
|-
!186
|[[Mumbadevi Assembly constituency|Mumbadevi]]
|[[Amin Patel]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|74,990
|63.34
|[[Shaina NC]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|40,146
|33.91
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |34,844
|-
!187
|[[Colaba Assembly constituency|Colaba]]
|[[Rahul Narwekar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|81,085
|68.49
|Heera Nawaji Devasi
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|32,504
|27.46
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |48,581
|-
!colspan="13"|[[Raigad district|Raigad]]
|-
!188
|[[Panvel Assembly constituency|Panvel]]
|[[Prashant Thakur]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,83,931
|47.90
|Balaram Patil
|{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
|1,32,840
|34.60
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |51,091
|-
!189
|[[Karjat Assembly constituency|Karjat]]
|[[Mahendra Thorve]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|94,871
|39.53
|Sudhakar Ghare
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|89,177
|37.16
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}} ; color:white;" |5,694
|-
!190
|[[Uran Assembly constituency|Uran]]
|[[Mahesh Baldi]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|95,390
|36.19
|Pritam Mhatre
|{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
|88,878
|33.72
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |6,512
|-
!191
|[[Pen Assembly constituency|Pen]]
|[[Ravisheth Patil]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,24,631
|55.02
|Prasad Dada Bhoir
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|63,821
|28.17
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |60,810
|-
!192
|[[Alibag Assembly constituency|Alibag]]
|[[Mahendra Dalvi]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|1,13,599
|47.73
|Chitralekha Patil
|{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
|84,034
|35.31
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}} ; color:white;" |29,565
|-
!193
|[[Shrivardhan Assembly constituency|Shrivardhan]]
| [[Aditi Tatkare]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| 1,16,050
| 70.79
| Anil Navghane
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
| 33,252
| 20.28
| style="background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} ; color:black;" |82,798
|-
!194
|[[Mahad Assembly constituency|Mahad]]
|[[Bharatshet Gogawale]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|1,17,442
|55.05
|Snehal Jagtap
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|91,232
|42.77
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}} ; color:white;" |26,210
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Pune district|Pune]]
|-
!195
|[[Junnar Assembly constituency|Junnar]]
|[[Sharaddada Bhimaji Sonavane|Sharaddada Sonavane]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|73,355
|32.43
|Satyashil Sherkar
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|66,691
|29.48
| style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}} ; color:black;" |6,664
|-
!196
|[[Ambegaon Assembly constituency|Ambegaon]]
|[[Dilip Walse Patil]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|106,888
|48.04
|Devdutt Nikkam
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|105,365
|47.35
|style="background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} ; color:black;" |1,523
|-
!197
|[[Khed Alandi Assembly constituency|Khed Alandi]]
|[[Babaji Kale]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|1,50,152
|57.88
|[[Dilip Mohite]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|98,409
|37.94
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}} ; color:white;" |51,743
|-
!198
|[[Shirur Assembly constituency|Shirur]]
|[[Dnyaneshwar Katke]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|1,92,281
|59.88
|[[Ashok Raosaheb Pawar|Ashok Pawar]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|1,17,731
|36.67
|style="background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} ; color:black;" |74,550
|-
!199
|[[Daund Assembly constituency|Daund]]
|[[Rahul Kul]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,20,721
|51.00
|Rameshappa Thorat
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|106,832
|45.14
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |13,889
|-
!200
|[[Indapur Assembly constituency|Indapur]]
|[[Dattatray Vithoba Bharne|Dattatray Bharne]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|1,17,236
|44.24
|[[Harshvardhan Patil]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|97,826
|36.92
|style="background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} ; color:black;" |19,410
|-
!201
|[[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati]]
| [[Ajit Pawar]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| 1,81,132
| 66.13
| Yugendra Pawar
| {{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
| 80,233
| 29.29
| style="background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} ; color:black;" |100,899
|-
!202
|[[Purandar Assembly constituency|Purandar]]
|[[Vijay Shivtare]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|1,25,819
|44.20
|[[Sanjay Jagtap]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,01,631
|35.71
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}} ; color:white;" |24,188
|-
!203
|[[Bhor Assembly constituency|Bhor]]
|[[Shankar Mandekar]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|1,26,455
|43.23
|[[Sangram Anantrao Thopate|Sangram Thopate]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,06,817
|36.51
|style="background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} ; color:black;" |19,638
|-
!204
|[[Maval Assembly constituency|Maval]]
|[[Sunil Shelke]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|1,91,255
|68.53
|Bapu Bhegade
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|82,690
|29.63
|style="background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} ; color:black;" |1,08,565
|-
!205
|[[Chinchwad Assembly constituency|Chinchwad]]
|[[Shankar Jagtap]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|2,35,323
|60.51
|Rahul Kalate
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|1,31,458
|33.80
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |1,03,865
|-
!206
|[[Pimpri Assembly constituency|Pimpri]] (SC)
|[[Anna Bansode]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|1,09,239
|53.71
|Sulakshana Dhar
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|72,575
|35.68
|style="background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} ; color:black;" |36,664
|-
!207
|[[Bhosari Assembly constituency|Bhosari]]
|[[Mahesh Landge]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|2,13,624
|56.91
|Ajit Gavhane
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|1,49,859
|39.92
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |63,765
|-
!208
|[[Vadgaon Sheri Assembly constituency|Vadgaon Sheri]]
|[[Bapusaheb Pathare]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|1,33,689
|47.07
|[[Sunil Tingre]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|1,28,979
|45.41
|style="background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}} ; color:white;" |4,710
|-
!209
|[[Shivajinagar, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Shivajinagar]]
| [[Siddharth Shirole]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|84,695
|55.24
|Bahirat Datta
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|47,993
|31.30
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |36,702
|-
!210
|[[Kothrud Assembly constituency|Kothrud]]
| [[Chandrakant Patil]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,59,234
|68.40
|[[Chandrakant Mokate]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|47,193
|20.27
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |1,12,041
|-
!211
|[[Khadakwasala Assembly constituency|Khadakwasala]]
|[[Bhimrao Tapkir]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,63,131
|49.94
|Sachin Dodke
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|1,10,809
|33.92
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |52,322
|-
!212
|[[Parvati Assembly constituency|Parvati]]
|[[Madhuri Misal]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,18,193
|58.15
|Ashwini Kadam
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|63,533
|31.26
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |54,660
|-
!213
|[[Hadapsar Assembly constituency|Hadapsar]]
|[[Chetan Tupe]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|1,34,810
|42.46
|Prashant Jagtap
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|1,27,688
|40.22
|style="background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} ; color:black;" |7,122
|-
!214
|[[Pune Cantonment Assembly constituency|Pune Cantonment]] (SC)
|[[Sunil Kamble]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|76,032
|48.44
|Ramesh Bagwe
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|65,712
|41.86
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |10,320
|-
!215
|[[Kasba Peth Assembly constituency|Kasba Peth]]
|[[Hemant Rasane]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|90,046
|53.41
|[[Ravindra Dhangekar]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|70,623
|41.89
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |19,423
|-
!colspan="13"|[[Ahmednagar district|Ahilyanagar]]
|-
!216
|[[Akole Assembly constituency|Akole]] (ST)
|[[Kiran Lahamate]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|73,958
|37.85
|Amit Bhangare
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|68,402
|35.00
|style="background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} ; color:black;" |5,556
|-
!217
|[[Sangamner Assembly constituency|Sangamner]]
|[[Amol Khatal]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|1,12,386
|50.95
|[[Balasaheb Thorat]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,01,826
|46.16
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}} ; color:white;" |10,560
|-
!218
|[[Shirdi Assembly constituency|Shirdi]]
|[[Radhakrishna Vikhe Patil]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,44,778
|64.79
|Prabhavati Ghogare
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|74,496
|33.34
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |70,282
|-
!219
|[[Kopargaon Assembly constituency|Kopargaon]]
|[[Ashutosh Ashokrao Kale|Ashutosh Kale]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|1,61,147
|77.46
|Sandeep Varpe
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|36,523
|17.55
|style="background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} ; color:black;" |1,24,624
|-
!220
|[[Shrirampur Assembly constituency|Shrirampur]] (SC)
|[[Hemant Ogale]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|66,099
|30.22
|Bhausaheb Kamble
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|52,726
|24.10
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |13,373
|-
!221
|[[Nevasa Assembly constituency|Nevasa]]
|[[Vitthal Langhe]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|95,444
|41.91
|[[Shankarrao Gadakh]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|91,423
|40.15
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}} ; color:white;" |4,021
|-
!222
|[[Shevgaon Assembly constituency|Shevgaon]]
|[[Monika Rajiv Rajale|Monika Rajale]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|99,775
|37.92
|Prataprao Dhakne
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|80,732
|30.68
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |19,043
|-
!223
|[[Rahuri Assembly constituency|Rahuri]]
|[[Shivaji Bhanudas Kardile|Shivaji Kardile]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,35,859
|55.73
|[[Prajakt Tanpure]]
|{{Party name with colour|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|1,01,372
|41.58
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |34,487
|-
!224
|[[Parner Assembly constituency|Parner]]
|[[Kashinath Mahadu Date|Kashinath Date]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|1,13,630
|45.65
|Rani Nilesh Lanke
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|1,12,104
|45.03
|style="background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} ; color:black;" |1,526
|-
!225
|[[Ahmednagar City Assembly constituency|Ahmednagar City]]
|[[Sangram Arun Jagtap|Sangram Jagtap]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|1,18,636
|58.12
|Abhishek Kalamkar
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|79,018
|38.71
|style="background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} ; color:black;" |39,618
|-
!226
|[[Shrigonda Assembly constituency|Shrigonda]]
|[[Vikram Babanrao Pachpute|Vikram Pachpute]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|99,820
|39.41
|Rahul Jagtap
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|62,664
|24.74
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |37,156
|-
!227
|[[Karjat Jamkhed Assembly constituency|Karjat Jamkhed]]
|[[Rohit Rajendra Pawar|Rohit Pawar]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|1,27,676
|48.54
|[[Ram Shinde]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,26,433
|48.06
|style="background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}} ; color:white;" |1,243
|-
!colspan="13"|[[Beed district|Beed]]
|-
!228
|[[Georai Assembly constituency|Georai]]
|[[Vijaysinh Pandit]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|1,16,141
|41.74
|Badamrao Pandit
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|73,751
|26.50
|style="background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} ; color:black;" |42,390
|-
!229
|[[Majalgaon Assembly constituency|Majalgaon]]
|[[Prakashdada Solanke]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|66,009
|27.62
|Mohan Jagtap
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|60,110
|25.15
|style="background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} ; color:black;" |5,899
|-
!230
|[[Beed Assembly constituency|Beed]]
|[[Sandeep Kshirsagar]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|1,01,874
|41.97
|Yogesh Kshirsagar
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|96,550
|39.78
|style="background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}} ; color:white;" |5,324
|-
!231
|[[Ashti Assembly constituency|Ashti]]
|[[Suresh Dhas]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,40,507
|48.99
|Bhimrao Dhonde
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|62,532
|21.79
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |77,975
|-
!232
|[[Kaij Assembly constituency|Kaij]] (SC)
|[[Namita Mundada]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,17,081
|47.08
|Pruthviraj Sathe
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|1,14,394
|46.00
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |2,687
|-
!233
|[[Parli Assembly constituency|Parli]]
|[[Dhananjay Munde]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|1,94,889
|75.97
|Rajesaheb Deshmukh
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|54,665
|21.31
|style="background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} ; color:black;" |1,40,224
|-
!colspan="13"|[[Latur district|Latur]]
|-
!234
|[[Latur Rural Assembly constituency|Latur Rural]]
|[[Ramesh Karad]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,12,051
|47.59
|[[Dhiraj Deshmukh]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,05,456
|44.79
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|6,595
|-
!235
|[[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur City]]
|[[Amit Deshmukh]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,14,110
|45.08
|Archana Patil Chakurkar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,06,712
|42.16
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|7,398
|-
!236
|[[Ahmedpur Assembly constituency|Ahmedpur]]
|[[Babasaheb Mohanrao Patil|Babasaheb M. Patil]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|96,905
|40.09
|[[Vinayakrao Kishanrao Jadhav Patil|Vinayakrao Jadhav]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|65,236
|26.99
|style="background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} ; color:black;" |31,669
|-
!237
|[[Udgir Assembly constituency|Udgir]] (SC)
|[[Sanjay Bansode]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|1,52,038
|68.97
|Sudhakar Bhalerao
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|58,824
|26.69
|style="background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} ; color:black;" |93,214
|-
!238
|[[Nilanga Assembly constituency|Nilanga]]
|[[Sambhaji Patil Nilangekar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,12,368
|50.85
|Abhay Salunke
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|98,628
|44.63
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |13,740
|-
!239
|[[Ausa Assembly constituency|Ausa]]
|[[Abhimanyu Dattatray Pawar|Abhimanyu Pawar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,15,590
|54.70
|Dinkar Mane
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|82,128
|38.87
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |33,462
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Osmanabad district|Dharashiv]]<ref name="ECI"/>
|-
!240
|[[Umarga Assembly constituency|Umarga]] (SC)
|[[Pravin Virbhadrayya Swami|Pravin Swami]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|96,206
|48.64
|[[Dnyanraj Chougule]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|92,241
|46.64
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}} ; color:white;" |3,965
|-
!241
|[[Tuljapur Assembly constituency|Tuljapur]]
|[[Ranajagjitsinha Patil]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,31,863
|50.82
|Dhiraj Kadam Patil
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|94,984
|36.60
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |36,879
|-
!242
|[[Osmanabad Assembly constituency|Osmanabad]]
|[[Kailas Patil]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|1,30,573
|53.73
|Ajit Pingle
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|94,007
|38.69
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}} ; color:white;" |36,566
|-
!243
|[[Paranda Assembly constituency|Paranda]]
|[[Tanaji Sawant]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|1,03,254
|44.18
|Rahul Mote
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|1,01,745
|43.53
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}} ; color:white;" |1,509
|-
!colspan="13"|[[Solapur district|Solapur]]
|-
!244
|[[Karmala Assembly constituency|Karmala]]
|[[Narayan Patil]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|96,091
|41.54
|[[Sanjaymama Shinde]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|80,006
|34.59
|style="background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}} ; color:white;" |16,085
|-
!245
|[[Madha Assembly constituency|Madha]]
|[[Abhijeet Dhananjay Patil|Abhijeet Patil]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|1,36,559
|50.73
|Ranjit Shinde
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|1,05,938
|39.35
|style="background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}} ; color:white;" |30,621
|-
!246
|[[Barshi Assembly constituency|Barshi]]
|[[Dilip Gangadhar Sopal|Dilip Sopal]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|1,22,694
|49.07
|[[Rajendra Raut]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|1,16,222
|46.48
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}} ; color:white;" |6,472
|-
!247
|[[Mohol Assembly constituency|Mohol]] (SC)
|[[Khare Raju Dnyanu|Raju Khare]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|1,25,838
|54.06
|[[Yashwant Mane]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|95,636
|41.08
|style="background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}} ; color:white;" |30,202
|-
!248
|[[Solapur City North Assembly constituency|Solapur City North]]
|[[Vijay Deshmukh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|117,215
|60.89
|Mahesh Kothe
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|62,632
|32.54
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |54,583
|-
!249
|[[Solapur City Central Assembly constituency|Solapur City Central]]
|[[Devendra Rajesh Kothe|Devendra Kothe]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|110,278
|54.71
|Farooq Makbool Shabdi
|{{party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|61,428
|30.48
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |48,850
|-
!250
|[[Akkalkot Assembly constituency|Akkalkot]]
|[[Sachin Kalyanshetti]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,48,105
|57.63
|[[Siddharam Satlingappa Mhetre|Siddharam Mhetre]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|98,533
|38.34
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |49,572
|-
!251
|[[Solapur South Assembly constituency|Solapur South]]
|[[Subhash Deshmukh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,16,932
|51.75
|Amar Ratikant Patil
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|39,805
|17.62
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |77,127
|-
!252
|[[Pandharpur Assembly constituency|Pandharpur]]
|[[Samadhan Autade]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,25,163
|47.71
|Bhagirath Bhalake
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,16,733
|44.49
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |8,430
|-
!253
|[[Sangola Assembly constituency|Sangola]]
|[[Babasaheb Deshmukh]]
|{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
|116,256
|44.09
|[[Shahajibapu Patil]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|90,870
|34.46
|style="background:{{party color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}} ; color:white;" |25,386
|-
!254
|[[Malshiras Assembly constituency|Malshiras]] (SC)
|[[Uttamrao Jankar]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|1,21,713
|50.12
|[[Ram Satpute]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,08,566
|44.70
|style="background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}} ; color:white;" |13,147
|-
!colspan="13"|[[Satara district|Satara]]
|-
!255
|[[Phaltan (Vidhan Sabha Constituency)|Phaltan]] (SC)
|[[Sachin Patil (politician)|Sachin Patil]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|1,19,287
|48.77
|[[Dipak Pralhad Chavan|Dipak Chavan]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|1,02,241
|41.80
|style="background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} ; color:black;" |17,046
|-
!256
|[[Wai Assembly constituency|Wai]]
|[[Makrand Jadhav - Patil]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|1,40,971
|59.52
|Arunadevi Pisal
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|79,579
|33.60
|style="background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} ; color:black;" |61,392
|-
!257
|[[Koregaon Assembly constituency|Koregaon]]
|[[Mahesh Shinde]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|1,46,166
|57.94
|[[Shashikant Shinde]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|1,01,103
|40.08
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}} ; color:white;" |45,063
|-
!258
|[[Man Assembly constituency|Man]]
|[[Jaykumar Gore]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,50,021
|57.01
|Prabhakar Gharge
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|1,00,346
|38.13
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |49,675
|-
!259
|[[Karad North Assembly constituency|Karad North]]
|[[Manoj Ghorpade]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,34,626
|58.21
|[[Shamrao Pandurang Patil]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|90,935
|39.32
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |43,691
|-
!260
|[[Karad South Assembly constituency|Karad South]]
|[[Atulbaba Suresh Bhosale|Atulbaba Bhosale]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,39,505
|57.39
|[[Prithviraj Chavan]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,00,150
|41.20
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |39,355
|-
!261
|[[Patan, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Patan]]
|[[Shambhuraj Desai]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|1,25,759
|54.33
|Satyajit Patankar
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|90,935
|39.28
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}} ; color:white;" |34,824
|-
!262
|[[Satara Assembly constituency|Satara]]
|[[Shivendra Raje Bhosale]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,76,849
|80.36
|Amit Genuji Kadam
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|34,725
|15.78
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |1,42,124
|-
!colspan="13"|[[Ratnagiri district|Ratnagiri]]
|-
!263
|[[Dapoli Assembly constituency|Dapoli]]
|[[Yogesh Kadam]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|1,05,007
|53.32
|Sanjay Kadam
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|80,914
|41.09
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}} ; color:white;" |24,093
|-
!264
|[[Guhagar Assembly constituency|Guhagar]]
|[[Bhaskar Jadhav]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|71,241
|47.03
|Rajesh Bendal
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|68,411
|45.16
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}} ; color:white;" |2,830
|-
!265
|[[Chiplun Assembly constituency|Chiplun]]
|[[Shekhar Govindrao Nikam|Shekhar Nikam]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|96,555
|50.15
|Prashant Baban Yadav
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|89,688
|46.58
|style="background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} ; color:black;" |6,867
|-
!266
|[[Ratnagiri Assembly constituency|Ratnagiri]]
|[[Uday Samant]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|1,11,335
|59.35
|Bal Mane
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|69,745
|37.18
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}} ; color:white;" |41,590
|-
!267
|[[Rajapur Assembly constituency|Rajapur]]
|[[Kiran Samant]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|80,256
|51.91
|[[Rajan Salvi]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|60,579
|39.18
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}} ; color:white;" |19,677
|-
!colspan="13"|[[Sindhudurg district|Sindhudurg]]
|-
!268
|[[Kankavli Assembly constituency|Kankavli]]
|[[Nitesh Narayan Rane|Nitesh Rane]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,08,369
|66.43
|Sandesh Parkar
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|50,362
|30.87
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |58,007
|-
!269
|[[Kudal Assembly constituency|Kudal]]
|[[Nilesh Narayan Rane|Nilesh Rane]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|81,659
|51.41
|[[Vaibhav Naik]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|73,483
|46.26
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}} ; color:white;" |8,176
|-
!270
|[[Sawantwadi Assembly constituency|Sawantwadi]]
|[[Deepak Vasant Kesarkar|Deepak Kesarkar]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|81,008
|48.77
|Rajan Teli
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|41,109
|24.75
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}} ; color:white;" |39,899
|-
!colspan="13"|[[Kolhapur district|Kolhapur]]
|-
!271
|[[Chandgad Assembly constituency|Chandgad]]
|[[Shivaji Patil]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|84,254
|33.96
|[[Rajesh Narasingrao Patil|Rajesh Patil]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|60,120
|24.24
|style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}} ; color:black;" |24,134
|-
!272
|[[Radhanagari Assembly constituency|Radhanagari]]
|[[Prakashrao Abitkar]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|1,44,359
|52.87
|[[Krishnarao Patil]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|106,100
|38.86
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}} ; color:white;" |38,259
|-
!273
|[[Kagal Assembly constituency|Kagal]]
|[[Hasan Mushrif]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|1,45,269
|50.65
|Samarjeetsinh Ghatge
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|1,33,688
|46.61
|style="background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} ; color:black;" |11,581
|-
!274
|[[Kolhapur South Assembly constituency|Kolhapur South]]
|[[Amal Mahadik]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,48,892
|52.37
|[[Ruturaj Patil]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,31,262
|46.17
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |17,630
|-
!275
|[[Karvir Assembly constituency|Karvir]]
|[[Chandradip Narke]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|1,34,528
|48.25
|Rahul Sadolikar
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,32,552
|47.54
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}} ; color:white;" |1,976
|-
!276
|[[Kolhapur North Assembly constituency|Kolhapur North]]
|[[Rajesh Vinayakrao Kshirsagar|Rajesh Kshirsagar]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|1,11,085
|55.80
|Rajesh Latkar
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|81,522
|40.95
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}} ; color:white;" |29,563
|-
!277
|[[Shahuwadi Assembly constituency|Shahuwadi]]
|[[Vinay Kore]]
|{{party name with color|Jan Surajya Shakti}}
|1,36,064
|55.68
|Satyajit Patil
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|1,00,011
|40.93
|style="background:{{party color|Jan Surajya Shakti}} ; color:white;" |36,053
|-
!278
|[[Hatkanangale Assembly constituency|Hatkanangle]] (SC)
|[[Ashokrao Mane]]
|{{party name with color|Jan Surajya Shakti}}
|1,34,191
|51.08
|[[Raju Awale]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|87,942
|33.47
|style="background:{{party color|Jan Surajya Shakti}} ; color:white;" |46,249
|-
!279
|[[Ichalkaranji Assembly constituency|Ichalkaranji]]
|[[Rahul Awade]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,31,919
|60.27
|Madan Karande
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|75,108
|34.31
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |56,811
|-
!280
|[[Shirol Assembly constituency|Shirol]]
|[[Rajendra Patil Yadravkar]]
|bgcolor=salmon|
|RSVA
|1,34,630
|51.95
|Ganpatrao Patil
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|93,814
|36.20
|style="background:salmon ; color:white;" |40,816
|-
!colspan="13"|[[Sangli district|Sangli]]
|-
!281
|[[Miraj Assembly constituency|Miraj]] (SC)
|[[Suresh Khade]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,29,766
|56.70
|Tanaji Satpute
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|84,571
|36.95
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |45,195
|-
!282
|[[Sangli Assembly constituency|Sangli]]
|[[Sudhir Gadgil]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,12,498
|49.76
|Prithviraj Patil
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|76,363
|33.78
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |36,135
|-
!283
|[[Islampur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Islampur]]
|[[Jayant Patil]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|1,30,738
|51.72
|Nishikant Bhosale Patil
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|1,08,049
|45.59
|style="background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}} ; color:white;" |13,027
|-
!284
|[[Shirala Assembly constituency|Shirala]]
|[[Satyajit Deshmukh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,30,738
|53.61
|[[Mansing Fattesingrao Naik|Mansing Naik]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|1,08,049
|44.31
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |22,689
|-
!285
|[[Palus-Kadegaon Assembly constituency|Palus-Kadegaon]]
|[[Vishwajeet Kadam]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,30,769
|55.88
|Sangram Deshmukh
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,00,705
|43.03
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |30,064
|-
!286
|[[Khanapur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Khanapur]]
|[[Suhas Babar]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|1,53,892
|61.14
|Vaibhav Patil
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|75,711
|30.08
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}} ; color:white;" |78,181
|-
!287
|[[Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal Assembly constituency|Tasgaon]]
|[[Rohit Patil]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|1,28,403
|54.09
|[[Sanjaykaka Patil]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|1,00,759
|42.45
|style="background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}} ; color:white;" |27,644
|-
!288
|[[Jat Assembly constituency|Jath]]
|[[Gopichand Padalkar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,13,737
|53.39
|[[Vikramsinh Balasaheb Sawant|Vikramsinh Sawant]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|75,497
|35.44
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |38,240
|-
|}

=== Seat shifts and retentions ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="2" |Party<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharashtra 2019 Election: 2019 Maharashtra constituency details along with electoral map |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-map |access-date=4 April 2023 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404104402/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-map |url-status=live }}</ref>
!Seats Retained
!Seats Lost
!Seats Gained
!Final Count
|-
| style="color:inherit;background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|98
|7
|34
|132
|-
| style="color:inherit;background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]]
|35
|6
|22
|57
|-
|style="color:inherit;background-color:#FFC0CB" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|34
|8
|7
|41
|-
| style="color:inherit;background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena (UBT)|SS(UBT)]]
|9
|6
|11
|20
|-
| style="color:inherit;background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|13
|32
|3
|16
|-
| style="color:inherit;background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)|NCP(SP)]]
|5
|6
|5
|10
|-
| style="color:inherit;background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI(M)]]
|1
|0
|0
|1
|-
| style="color:inherit;background-color:{{party color|Jan Surajya Shakti}}" |
|[[Jan Surajya Shakti|JSS]]
|1
|0
|1
|2
|-
| style="color:inherit;background-color:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|2
|0
|0
|2
|-
| style="color:inherit;background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Samaj Paksha}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Samaj Paksha|RSPS]]
|1
|0
|0
|1
|-
| bgcolor=#1A34FF|
|[[Ravi Rana|RVSP]]
|1
|0
|0
|1
|-
| bgcolor=#F58E7D|
|[[Rajendra Patil|RSVA]]
|0
|0
|1
|1
|-
| style="color:inherit;background-color:{{party color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}" |
|[[Peasants and Workers Party of India|PWPI]]
|0
|1
|1
|1
|-
| style="color:inherit;background-color:{{party color|All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}" |
|[[All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|1
|1
|0
|1
|}

== Reactions ==
On 23 November [[Narendra Modi|Prime Minister Narendra Modi]] reacted to the [[BJP]]-led [[Maha Yuti|Mahayuti's]] landslide Maharashtra election victory, emphasizing development, good governance, and unity. He thanked the people of Maharashtra for their historic mandate and praised party workers for their hard work.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title='Development wins! Good governance wins': PM Modi on Mahayuti's landslide victory in Maharashtra |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pm-modi-mahayuti-victory-maharashtra-9686372/ |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=10 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241210020218/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pm-modi-mahayuti-victory-maharashtra-9686372/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The BJP named [[Devendra Fadnavis]] as [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Maharashtra's Chief Minister]] after their victory with over 230 seats. [[Devendra Fadnavis|Fadnavis]] thanked party leaders, allies, and voters, attributing the success of the elections to [[Narendra Modi|Modi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Devendra Fadnavis' first reaction after Maharashtra CM election: 'Modi hai to mumkin hai' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/devendra-fadnavis-first-reaction-after-maharashtra-cm-election-modi-hai-to-mumkin-hai-101733299032059.html |access-date=10 December 2024 |archive-date=4 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204084859/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/devendra-fadnavis-first-reaction-after-maharashtra-cm-election-modi-hai-to-mumkin-hai-101733299032059.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
== Bypolls (2024–2029) ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Date
! colspan="2" | Constituency
! colspan="3" | Previous MLA
! Reason
! colspan="3" | Elected MLA
|-
| TBD
! 223
| [[Rahuri Assembly constituency|Rahuri]]
| [[Shivaji Bhanudas Kardile|Shivaji Kardile]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Died on 17 October 2025<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-17 |title=Maharashtra: Rahuri MLA Shivaji Kardile passes away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/maharashtra-rahuri-mla-shivaji-kardile-passes-away/articleshow/124634089.cms |access-date=2025-10-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
| colspan="3" rowspan="1" | TBD
|-
| TBD
! 201
| [[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati]]
| [[Ajit Pawar]]
| {{Full party name with color| Nationalist Congress Party}}
| Died on 28 January 2026<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-28 |title=Maharashtra: Baramati MLA and DEputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra passes away |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ncp-chief-ajit-pawar-dies-in-plane-crash-baramati-political-journey-of-maharashtras-longest-serving-deputy-cm-alliances/articleshow/127679533.cms |access-date=2026-01-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
| colspan="3" rowspan="1" | TBD
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Politics|India
}}
* [[2024 elections in India]]
* [[Elections in Maharashtra]]
* [[2024 Indian general election in Maharashtra]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywiseresult-S13.htm Election results] at [[Election Commission of India]]
{{Maharashtra elections}}

[[Category:State Assembly elections in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:2024 in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:2024 State Assembly elections in India|Maharashtra]]
[[Category:2020s in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:November 2024 in India]]

Sunfeast

2026-05-01T17:45:52Z

Globaleducollege: Starting New Entry - done

{{Short description|Indian food brand}}{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
'''Sunfeast''' is an Indian food brand made by the conglomerate [[ITC Limited]]. It was launched in July 2003.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Digbijay |last2=Dutt |first2=Ishita Ayan |date=2013-03-10 |title=Sunfeast targets the creamy layer |url=http://www.business-standard.com:80/article/management/sunfeast-targets-the-creamy-layer-113031000300_1.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2026-04-10 |work=[[Business Standard]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Madras High Court restrains sale of Sunfeast Mom’s Magic Butter biscuits in blue wrapper similar to Britannia’s Good Day Butter Cookies |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/madras-high-court-restrains-sale-of-sunfeast-moms-magic-butter-biscuits-in-blue-wrapper-similar-to-britannias-good-day-butter-cookies/article67415468.ece |access-date=2026-04-11 |website=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
{{Infobox brand
| name = Sunfeast
| type = Food brand
| currentowner = [[ITC Limited]]
| origin = [[India]]
| introduced = July 2003
| markets = [[India]], International
| producttype = [[Biscuits]], [[confectionery]], [[instant noodles]], [[beverages]]
}}
== History ==
In July 2003, ITC Limited launched Sunfeast, the range included glucose, [[Marie biscuit|marie]] and cream biscuits.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2003-07-30 |title=ITC launches "Sunfeast" range of biscuits |url=https://itcportal.com/media-centre/press-releases/itc-launches--sunfeast---range-of-biscuits.html |access-date=2026-04-10 |website=itcportal.com |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=How ITC turned biscuits business around |url=https://im.rediff.com/money/2006/jun/28spec.htm |access-date=2026-04-11 |website=im.rediff.com}}</ref>

In 2005, Sunfeast launched Pasta Treat, it was made of [[durum wheat]]. It was India's first instant pasta with sauce maker inside.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2005-03-04 |title=ITC Foods division launches Sunfeast Pasta Treat |url=https://www.afaqs.com/company-briefs/3994_itc-foods-division-launches-sunfeast-pasta-treat |access-date=2026-04-10 |website=www.afaqs.com |language=en}}</ref>

In 2005, Sunfeast launched Dark Fantasy, a premium biscuit range with creme biscuits.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Joshi |first=Devina |title=Sunfeast Dark Fantasy: A feast for the senses? |url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/advertising/29162_sunfeast-dark-fantasy-a-feast-for-the-senses |access-date=2026-04-13 |website=www.afaqs.com |language=en}}</ref>

In 2014, Sunfeast launched Farmlite, a digestive biscuit range with 2 varients, Oats & Almonds and Oats & Raisins.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2014-04-29 |title=ITC Foods launches Sunfeast Farmlite - Restaurant India |url=https://www.restaurantindia.in/news/itc-foods-launches-sunfeast-farmlite.n8231 |access-date=2026-04-10 |website=www.restaurantindia.in |language=en}}</ref>

In 2018, Sunfeast launched Wonderz Milk, starting Sunfeast in its beverage range, it is available exclusively in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Kerala]] and [[Karnataka]]<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-04-25 |title=ITC launches Sunfeast Wonderz Milk range in Kerala |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/itc-launches-sunfeast-wonderz-milk-range-in-kerala/article26941111.ece |access-date=2026-04-10 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2018-12-24 |title=Sunfeast Wonderz Milk: Ready-to-drink milk-based beverage from ITC |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2018/Dec/24/sunfeast-wonderz-milk-ready-to-drink-milk-based-beverage-from-itc-1915930.html |access-date=2026-04-10 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

In late January 2025, Sunfeast launched Wowzers, a [[Cracker (food)|cracker]], it has a 14-layer design for more crunchiness.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-01-29 |title=ITC Sunfeast launches Wowzers Cracker |url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/advertising/itc-sunfeast-launches-wowzers-cracker-8663730 |access-date=2026-04-10 |website=www.afaqs.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ITC vs Britannia: The War of the Titans in India's Biscuit Industry |url=https://www.thecasecentre.org/products/view?id=139990 |access-date=2026-04-11 |website=The Case Centre |language=en}}</ref>

== Products ==

* '''Farmlite''': Farmlite is a digestive biscuit range launched in 2014 with 2 varients, Oats & Almonds and Oats & Raisins and has since expanded the range.<ref name=":1" /> In 2016, Sunfeast launched Farmlite Digestive All Good, which would compete with [[McVitie's]], [[Parle Products|Parle]] and [[Britannia Industries|Britannia]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Maheshwari |first=Richa |date=2016-05-12 |title=ITC Foods launches Sunfeast Farmlite Digestive All Good |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/fmcg/itc-foods-launches-sunfeast-farmlite-digestive-all-good/articleshow/52240994.cms |access-date=2026-04-25 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> In 2023, as part of their ITC Mission Millet initiative, Sunfeast launched Farmlite Super Millets Cookies available in two variants, Multi Millet & Choco-chip Multi Millet.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-05-08 |title=ITC Foods introduces its first millet cookies |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/itc-foods-introduces-its-first-millet-cookies/article66826251.ece |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=[[Business Line]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-05 |title=ITC augments its millet portfolio Launches Sunfeast Farmlite Super Millets Cookies |url=https://itcportal.com/media-centre/press-releases/itc-augments-its-millet-portfolio-launches-sunfeast-farmlite-sup.html |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=itcportal.com |language=en}}</ref>
* '''Dark Fantasy''': Dark Fantasy is a premium biscuit range launched in 2005 with the crème biscuits.<ref name=":2" /> In November 2010, Sunfeast launched Choco Fills, it's most popular product.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-09-13 |title=This is how ITC's Choco Fills became 'the batman of biscuits' |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/this-is-how-itcs-choco-fills-became-the-batman-of-biscuits-5830831.html |access-date=2026-04-25 |work=[[Moneycontrol]]}}</ref> In 2021, Sunfeast launched Dark Fantasy Desserts which is a centre-filled cookie with 2 varients, Choco Chunks and Choco Nut Dipped.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-12-23 |title=ITC launches Sunfeast Dark Fantasy Desserts |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/itc-launches-sunfeast-dark-fantasy-desserts/article38018305.ece |access-date=2026-04-25 |work=[[Business Line]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Food and drink in India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2003]]
[[Category:ITC Limited]]
[[Category:Food and drink companies of India]]

Lollu Sabha Maaran

2026-04-30T22:42:50Z

Globaleducollege: started first page initial version

{{Short description|Indian actor, comedian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox actor
| name = Lollu Sabha Maaran
| image =
| other_names = Comedy Bazaar Maaran
| birth_name = Ilancheran<ref name="லொள்ளு சபாவுக்குமுன் தோழர் மாறன்">{{cite web |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/lollu-sabha-maaran-out-of-topic-interivew |title=Lollu Sabha Maaran |author=மை.பாரதிராஜா |website=[[Ananda Vikatan|Vikatan]] |date=27 January 2022 |access-date=30 April 2022 |archive-date=30 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430125226/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/lollu-sabha-maaran-out-of-topic-interivew |url-status=live }}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Villivakkam]], [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu, India
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|comedian}}
| years_active = 2003–present
| known_for = {{Ubl
| ''[[List of programs broadcast by Jaya TV|Comedy Bazaar]]''
| ''[[Lollu Sabha]]''
}}
}}

'''Ilancheran''', better known as '''Lollu Sabha Maaran''', is an Indian actor and comedian known for his work in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Lollu Sabha Maaran: Movies, Photos, Videos, News, Biography & Birthday {{!}} eTimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/lollu-sabha-maaran |access-date=30 April 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=30 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430125227/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/lollu-sabha-maaran |url-status=live }}</ref> He became a well-known face when he started acting in the television show ''[[List of programs broadcast by Jaya TV|Comedy Bazaar]]'', which aired on [[Jaya TV]].<ref name="cinemavikatan.com">{{Cite web |last=பெ |first=மை பாரதிராஜா,ராகேஷ் |title="4 வயசுல பெரியார் பேச்சை கேட்டேன்; அப்பா திமுக; நான் கம்யூனிஸ்ட்"- லொள்ளு சபாவுக்குமுன் தோழர் மாறன் |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/lollu-sabha-maaran-out-of-topic-interivew |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729092519/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/lollu-sabha-maaran-out-of-topic-interivew |archive-date=29 July 2022 |access-date=30 April 2022 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan|Vikatan]] |date=27 January 2022 |language=ta}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Ilancheran was born to Mani, a political orator for [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]. Ilancheran changed his name to Maaran for his career. Later, he joined the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Communist Party]], and he was interested in [[communist art]]. He also painted communist paintings in his area, which led his father to feel he was against his father's ideology.<ref name="cinemavikatan.com" /> So he changed his thoughts and later worked in a ration shop before entering the television acting industry.

== Career ==
He started his career as an art director for television shows. After that, he got a chance to act in the television shows ''Comedy Bazaar'' and ''[[Lollu Sabha]].''<ref name="cinemavikatan.com" /> After gaining popularity through his television comedy shows, ''Lollu Sabha'' and ''Comedy Bazaar'', he acted as a comedian in many films after making his debut with ''[[Student Number 1]]'' (2003).

In 2014, after acting in [[C. S. Amudhan]]'s ''[[Rendavathu Padam]]'', he made his directorial debut with the film ''Iraimagan''. but due to financial problems, he approached his friend [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] to refer a producer. The film was later shelved. However, at the time, the ''Lollu Sabha'' duo Muruganand (Murugan and Prem Anand) were making their debut as film directors with the film ''[[Inimey Ippadithan]]''. They asked him to help with the additional improvements to the dialogues, so he worked on that film.

In 2016, his friend Mahendran Rajamani also made his directorial debut with a film named ''[[Enakku Vaaitha Adimaigal]]''. Mahendran offered a supporting role in the film. So Maaran acted and also wrote the lyrics for one song. After that, he acted as a comedian in many films with Santhanam. In 2021, ''[[Dikkiloona]]'' was released on [[ZEE5]]. The film received mostly negative reviews, and the dialogues of Maaran were praised. And then he got chances to act in more films like ''[[Naai Sekar]]'', ''[[Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal]]'', and ''[[Naai Sekar Returns]]''.

== Filmography ==

=== As actor ===
* ''All films are in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], unless otherwise noted.''

==== Films ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+List of performances in films
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes and {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2003
|''[[Student Number 1]]'' ||Sathya's classmate
|
|-
|''[[Military (film)|Military]]'' ||
|
|-
|2005
|''[[Neeye Nijam]]'' ||Sankavi
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2006
|''[[Pachchak Kuthira]]'' ||Pachchamuthu's friend
|
|-
|''[[Vanjagan]]'' ||Police constable
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2007
|''[[Deepavali (2007 film)|Deepavali]]'' ||Billu's friend
|
|-
|''[[Veerappu]]'' ||Mokkai
|
|-
|2009
|''[[Madhavi (2009 film)|Madhavi]]'' ||Mani
|
|-
|2016
|''[[Dhilluku Dhuddu]]'' ||Teacher
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
|''[[Enakku Vaaitha Adimaigal]]'' ||Sowmya Narayanan's friend
|
|-
|''[[Sakka Podu Podu Raja (2017 film)|Sakka Podu Podu Raja]]'' ||Film crew member
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|''[[Dhilluku Dhuddu 2]]'' ||"Mike" Maaran
|
|-
|[[A1 (film)|''A1'']] ||Murugan
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Biskoth]]'' ||Ambulance driver
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2021
|''[[Parris Jeyaraj]]'' ||Venkat's uncle
|
|-
|''[[Dikkiloona]]'' ||Kumar
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dikkiloona review – Timepass Entertainer |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/dikkiloona-review---timepass-entertainer-review-tamil-vjkeJSgccaidb.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910051031/https://www.sify.com/movies/dikkiloona-review---timepass-entertainer-review-tamil-vjkeJSgccaidb.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 September 2021 |access-date=15 June 2022 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sabhaapathy]]'' ||Thief
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Sabhaapathy Movie Review: Sabhaapathy is a middling affair |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/sabhaapathy/movie-review/87802990.cms |access-date=15 June 2022 |archive-date=19 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119175728/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/sabhaapathy/movie-review/87802990.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''Gaadi Ulla Body'' ||Drunkard
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2022
|''[[Naai Sekar]]'' ||Maali
|
|-
|''[[Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal]]'' ||Maaran
|
|-
|''[[Bestie (film)|Bestie]]'' ||Madhan
|
|-
|''[[Gulu Gulu]]'' ||Drunkard
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Gulu Gulu Movie Review : Gulu Gulu's inventive plot is let down by inconsistent writing |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/gulu-gulu/movie-review/93206243.cms |access-date=30 July 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=29 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729112120/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/gulu-gulu/movie-review/93206243.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Naai Sekar Returns]]'' ||Raakozhi's friend
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2023
|''[[Kannitheevu]]'' ||Selvam
|
|-
|''[[DD Returns]]'' || Ravi ||
|-
| rowspan="5" |2024
| ''[[Vadakkupatti Ramasamy]]''||Murugesan
|
|-
| ''[[J Baby]]'' || Senthil || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/j-baby-movie-review-urvashi-is-the-mothership-of-this-superficial-film-13746679.html|title=J Baby movie review: Urvashi is the mothership of this superficial film|date=8 March 2024|website=Firstpost}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Star (2024 Indian film)|Star]]'' || Pandian's friend
|
|-
|''[[Inga Naan Thaan Kingu]]'' || Reel Rolex ||
|-
|''[[Miss You (film)|Miss You]]'' || Chals ||
|-
| rowspan="5" |2025 || ''[[Bottle Radha]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Devil's Double Next Level]]'' || "All Language" Arumugam ||
|-
|''[[Thalaivan Thalaivii]]'' || Bus conductor ||
|-
|''[[Coolie (2025 film)|Coolie]]'' || Kumar ||
|-
|''[[Marutham (film)|Marutham]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2026 || ''[[Lockdown (2025 film)|Lockdown]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[TN 2026]]'' || Gandharvan || <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2026 |title=Natty-starrer TN 2026's teaser released |url=https://ianslive.in/natty-starrer-tn-2026s-teaser-released--20260402195141 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260402150750/https://ianslive.in/natty-starrer-tn-2026s-teaser-released--20260402195141 |archive-date=2 April 2026 |access-date=11 April 2026 |website=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANSLive]] |language=en}}</ref>
|}
{{pending films key}}

==== Television ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+List of performances and appearances on television
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Program
! scope="col" | Role(s)
! scope="col" | Channel
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2003–2008
|''[[List of programs broadcast by Jaya TV|Comedy Bazaar]]''
| rowspan="2" |various roles in each episode
|[[Jaya TV]]
|
|
|-
|2005–2008
|''[[Lollu Sabha]]''
|[[Star Vijay|Vijay TV]]
|
|
|-
|2006
|[[Kasthuri (TV series)|''Kasthuri'']]
|
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|
|
|-
|2008
|''Deepavali Deepavali''
|Host
|[[Vasanth TV]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=[[Vasanth TV]] |title=இன்னும் என்னை நீ பைத்யக்காரனாவே நினைச்சுட்டு இருக்க ல {{!}} Facebook {{!}} By Vasanth TV |url=https://www.facebook.com/VasanthTV/videos/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95-%E0%AE%B2/956609271560394/ |access-date=26 July 2022 |via=Facebook |language=ta |archive-date=26 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726183208/https://www.facebook.com/VasanthTV/videos/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95-%E0%AE%B2/956609271560394/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2009
|''Comedy Puram''
|Judge
|
|A Comedy Show presented by Symphony Recordings.
They have also released a music DVD.
|
|-
|2010
|''[[Mama Maaple]]''
|Neelananda Swamiji
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|
|
|-
|2012
|''Adhu Idhu Edhu''
|Guest
|[[Star Vijay|Vijay TV]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adhu Idhu Yedhu – Watch Episode 159 – Udhaya Kumar, Antony, Maran on Disney+ Hotstar |url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/adhu-idhu-yedhu/1674/udhaya-kumar-antony-maran/1000032032 |access-date=23 July 2022 |website=Disney+ Hotstar |language=en |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404155458/https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/adhu-idhu-yedhu/1674/udhaya-kumar-antony-maran/1000032032 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

=== As lyricist ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" |+
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Composer
|-
|2017
|"Mannenna Vepenna"
|''[[Enakku Vaaitha Adimaigal]]''
|[[Santhosh Dhayanidhi]]
|}
===As voice actor===
{| class="wikitable sortable" |+
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Character
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
|2007||''[[Inimey Nangathan]]''||Govind||
|-
|}

== Confusion ==
In May 2021, actor [[Maran (actor)|Manimaran]] died from [[COVID-19]]. Some print and media posted a photo of Lollu Saba Maaran and published the news. Maaran then explained via video that he was fine.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2021 |title=thats not me Actor Lollusabha Maran explanation exclusive byte |url=https://tamil.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-ta/thats-not-me-actor-lollusabha-maran-explanation-exclusive-byte.html |access-date=15 June 2022 |website=Behindwoods |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404155500/https://tamil.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-ta/thats-not-me-actor-lollusabha-maran-explanation-exclusive-byte.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2021 |title=Lollu Sabha fame comedy actor Maaran clarifies about his health – Tamil News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/a1-movie-comedy-actor-maaran-clarifies-about-health-covid-19-coronavirus--tamil-news-286447 |access-date=9 June 2022 |website=IndiaGlitz.com |archive-date=6 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506095225/https://www.indiaglitz.com/a1-movie-comedy-actor-maaran-clarifies-about-health-covid-19-coronavirus--tamil-news-286447 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2021 |title='நான் நன்றாக இருக்கிறேன்' மரணமடைந்ததாக வெளியான வதந்திக்கு லொள்ளு சபா மாறன் முற்றுப்புள்ளி |url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/cinema-lollu-sabha-maran-puts-an-end-to-rumours-that-he-is-dead-scs-463033.html |access-date=9 June 2022 |website=[[News18 Tamil Nadu|News18 Tamil]] |language=ta |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404161003/https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/cinema-lollu-sabha-maran-puts-an-end-to-rumours-that-he-is-dead-scs-463033.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=manimegalai.a |title=பெயரால் வந்த குழப்பம்... பதறிப்போன குடும்பத்தினர் வீடியோ வெளியிட்டு விளக்கம் கொடுத்த 'லொள்ளுசபா' மாறன்.! |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/cinema/lollusabha-maran-clarify-for-name-confusion-for-maran-death-qt18eh |access-date=9 June 2022 |website=[[Asianet News|Asianet News Network]] |language=ta |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404155458/https://tamil.asianetnews.com/cinema/lollusabha-maran-clarify-for-name-confusion-for-maran-death-qt18eh |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=[[Sun News (Indian TV channel)|Sun News]] |title="நான் நலமுடன் இருக்கிறேன்; நீங்களும் எச்சரிக்கையாக, பாதுகாப்பாக இருங்கள்" – நகைச்சுவை நடிகர் மாறன் |url=https://twitter.com/sunnewstamil/status/1392433818812915716 |access-date=26 July 2022 |website=Twitter |language=ta |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512105803/https://twitter.com/sunnewstamil/status/1392433818812915716 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
<references /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-27 |title=Santhanam, Maaran, and Jeeva turn emotional as they pay last respects to their 'Lollu Sabha' co-star Seshu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/santhanam-maaran-and-jeeva-turn-emotional-as-they-pay-last-respects-to-their-lollu-sabha-co-star-seshu/articleshow/108812198.cms |access-date=2024-11-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=12220315|name=Lollu Sabha Maaran}}
* [https://en.kinorium.com/name/6037841/ Lollu Sabha Maaran] at Kinorium

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maaran, Lollu Sabha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian actors]]
[[Category:Tamil comedians]]
[[Category:Male actors from Chennai]]
[[Category:Male actor filmographies]]
[[Category:Tamil male television actors]]
[[Category:Television personalities from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Male actors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]

Esther David

2026-04-29T04:38:18Z

Globaleducollege: Created New Stub

{{short description|Indian Jewish author, artist and sculptor}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox writer 
| image = Esther David.jpg
| imagesize = 200px
| caption =
| name = Esther David
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1945|3|17}}
| birth_place = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], India
| occupation = Author, artist, sculptor
| nationality = Indian
| alma_mater = [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]]
| genre = Fiction, [[anthropology]]
| notableworks = ''[[Book of Rachel]]''
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] 2010
| website = {{URL|http://estherdavid.com}}
}}

'''Esther David''' (born 17 March 1945) is an [[Indian Jewish]] author, an artist and a sculptor.<ref>{{cite book |author=Weil, Shalva |year=2008 |chapter=Esther David: The Bene Israel Novelist who Grew Up with a Tiger |editor1=Shulman, David |editor2=Weil, Shalva |title=Karmic Passages: Israeli Scholarship on India |location=New Delhi |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=232–253 |isbn= }}</ref> She is a recipient of the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]].

==Early life==
She was born into a [[Bene Israel]] Jewish family<ref>{{cite journal |author=Weil, Shalva |year=2012 |title=The Bene Israel Indian Jewish Family in Transnational Context |journal=Journal of Comparative Family Studies |volume=43 |number=1 |pages=71–80 |issn= |doi= }}</ref> in [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]].<ref name="Paniker 2016">{{cite web | last=Paniker | first=Shruti| title=Come, visit my city | website=Ahmedabad Mirror | date=2016-02-14 | url=http://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/others/sunday-read/Come-visit-my-city/articleshow/50978072.cms | access-date=2016-03-28}}</ref> She won [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 2010 for ''The Book of Rachel''.<ref name=x>{{cite news|title=City-based author wins Sahitya Akademi award|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/city-based-author-wins-sahitya-akademi-award-74232|access-date=6 October 2012|newspaper= www.ndtv.com|date=22 December 2010}}</ref>

Her father, [[Reuben David]], was a hunter-turned-veterinarian, who founded the Kamala Nehru Zoological Garden and the Balvatika near [[Kankaria]] lake in Ahmedabad.<ref>{{cite book |author=Roland, Joan |year=2009 |chapter=The Contributions of the Jews of India |editor=Weil, Shalva |title=India's Jewish Heritage: Ritual, Art and Life-Cycle |location=Mumbai |publisher=Marg Publications |orig-date=2002 |edition=3rd |pages= |isbn= }}</ref> Her mother, Sarah, was a school teacher.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{Cite web |url=http://www.easternbookcorporation.com/moreinfo.php?txt_searchstring=12758 |title=My Father's Zoo |author=David, Esther |page=124 |isbn= }}</ref>

After her schooling in Ahmedabad, She was at [[Maharaja Sayajirao University]] of [[Baroda]], as a student of Fine Arts and Art History. There she met Sankho Chaudhary, a sculptor, who taught her sculpture and Art History.<ref name="x"/> After her graduation she returned to Ahmedabad and started her career as a professor in art history and art appreciation. She taught at the [[Sheth Chimanlal Nagindas Vidyalaya|Sheth Chimanlal Nagindas Fine Arts College]], [[CEPT University]] and [[National Institute of Fashion Technology|NIFT]].

She started writing about art and became the ''[[Times of India]]'' art critic, a national English daily. Later she became a columnist for [[Femina (India)|Femina]], a women's magazine, the "Times of India" and other leading national dallies. She is an advisory editor of Eve Times, Ahmedabad.<ref name=bio>{{cite web |title=Esther David Official |url=http://www.estherdavid.com/biography.html |access-date=5 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719073307/http://estherdavid.com/biography.html |archive-date=19 July 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> She has authored several books; and also been an editor and contributor.<ref>{{cite book |author=David, Esther |year=2009 |chapter=Sari-Sutra: Bene Israel Costumes |editor=Weil, Shalva |title=India's Jewish Heritage: Ritual, Art and Life-Cycle |location=Mumbai |publisher=Marg Publications |orig-date=2002 |edition=3rd |pages= |isbn= }}</ref> Her books are related to Bene Israel Jews in Ahmedabad.<ref name="x"/>

The [[Hadassah-Brandeis Institute]] (HBI) featured ''Shalom India Housing Society'' in the Hasassah-Brandeis 2010–2011 calendar, which highlights 12 Jewish women authors across the world whose "writing illuminates a particular city". The title of the calendar was ''Jewish Women Writers and the Cities that Influence Them''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Esther David, Ahmedabad in US calendar on Jewish women writers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Esther-David-Ahmedabad-in-US-calendar-on-Jewish-women-writers/articleshow/6627984.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103124211/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-26/ahmedabad/28241184_1_calendar-city-women-writers |url-status=live |archive-date=3 January 2013 |access-date=6 October 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=26 September 2010}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|title=Ahmedabad: City with a Past|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lrOSCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT56|date=10 February 2016|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India|isbn=978-93-5029-798-8}}
* ''The Walled City'' 1997 East West Books, Madras. Re-published by [[Syracuse University Press]] USA.<ref name="x"/>
* ''By the Sabarmati''<ref name="v">{{cite web|title=Esther David Books|url=http://www.estherdavid.com/books.html|access-date=5 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902205003/http://estherdavid.com/books.html|archive-date=2 September 2013|url-status=dead}} For a review, please refer to: Weil, Shalva. 2003 The Book of Esther by Esther David, reviewed in Biblio: A Review of Books, New Delhi: Manohar, p. 26.</ref>
*''The Book of Esther'' <ref name="v"/>
*''[[Book of Rachel]]'' <ref name="v"/>
*''My Father’s Zoo'' 2007 <ref name=autogenerated1 />
*''[[Shalom India Housing Society]]'' 2007<ref name="v"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Shalom India Housing Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JJDxcBRscdUC|access-date=5 October 2012|isbn = 9781558616455|last1 = David|first1 = Esther|date = April 2009| publisher=The Feminist Press at CUNY }}</ref>
*''One Church, One All Jewish Faith, One God'' 2008 Media Creations, Inc.<ref>{{cite book|title=One Church, One All Jewish Faith, One God|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Y7vNwAACAAJ|access-date=5 October 2012|isbn = 9781595269775|last1 = David|first1 = Esther|date = June 2008| publisher=Media Creations, Incorporated }}</ref>
*''The Man with Enormous Wings'' 2010 [[Penguin Books]]<ref>{{cite book|title=The Man with Enormous Wings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ypC6ZwEACAAJ|access-date=5 October 2012|isbn = 9780143066927|last1 = David|first1 = Esther|year = 2010| publisher=Penguin Books }}</ref>
*''Bombay Brides'' 2019, Harpercollins <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.harpercollins.com/9789352779451/bombay-brides/|title = Bombay Brides}}</ref>
;Contributor
*''Sari Sutra'', contributed a chapter on [[Bene Israel]]i Jewish costumes.<ref>{{cite book |author=Weil, Shalva |year=2009 |chapter=The Heritage and Legacy of Indian Jews |editor=Weil, Shalva |title=India's Jewish Heritage: Ritual, Art and Life-Cycle |location=Mumbai |publisher=Marg Publications |orig-date=2002 |edition=3rd |pages=8–21 |isbn= }}</ref>
*''City Stories'' "The Worry Box and The Laughing Lady" Scholastic India.<ref name="v"/>
*''Growing Up as a Woman Writer'' "Nanki Chirai" Sahitya Academy New Delhi.<ref name="v"/>
*''Gattu's Wildlife Adventures''<ref name="v"/>
;Editor
*''Ane Dhara Dhruji''<ref name="v"/>

==Awards and recognition==
*Writer in Residence at Villa Mont Noir, France in 1999–2000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.m-e-l.fr/fiche-residence.php?id=3|title=Historique des bénéficiaires|website=Bienvenue sur le site de la maison des écrivains et de la littérature|access-date=24 March 2018|archive-date=24 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824145454/http://www.m-e-l.fr/fiche-residence.php?id=3|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*Writer in Residence, Maison des Écrivains Étrangers et des Traducteurs, Saint-Nazaire, France in 2001–2002.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.meetingsaintnazaire.com/Esther-David.html|title=Esther David|website=Meeting Saint Nazaire|access-date=24 March 2018|archive-date=18 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118175858/http://meetingsaintnazaire.com/Esther-David.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[Sahitya Akademi Award]] 2010 for ''The Book of Rachel''.<ref name="x" /><ref>{{cite news|title=They are not on facebook|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20110124-they-are-not-on-facebook-745528-2011-01-13|access-date=6 October 2012|newspaper= India Today|date=14 January 2011}}</ref>
*Hadassah-Brandeis Institute (HBI) Research Award 2011 for ''"I am the seed of the Tree…," A Jewish woman’s search of her Jewish'' ''heritage in India''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.brandeis.edu/hbi/grants/docs/research-2011winners.pdf|title=HBI Research Awards 2011|website=Hadassah-Brandeis Institute|access-date=24 March 2018|archive-date=9 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809115020/http://www.brandeis.edu/hbi/grants/docs/research-2011winners.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*Hadassah-Brandeis Institute (HBI) Research Award 2016 for ''Bene-Appetite (Research on Indian Jewish Food Traditions)''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.brandeis.edu/.../HBI%20Research%20Awards%202016.pdf|title=HBI Research Awards 2016|website=Hadassah-Brandeis Institute}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Indian writers]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |author=Weil, Shalva |year=2009 |chapter=Bene Israel Rites and Routine |editor=Weil, Shalva |title=India's Jewish Heritage: Ritual, Art and Life-Cycle |location=Mumbai |publisher=Marg Publications |orig-date=2002 |edition=3rd |pages=78–89 |isbn= }} Reprinted in Marg: ''A Magazine of The Arts'', 54'''(2)''': 26–37.
* {{cite book |author=Weil, Shalva |chapter=Bene Israel |editor=Baskin, Judith Baskin |title=Cambridge Dictionary of Judaism and Jewish Culture |location=New York |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2011 |page=59 |isbn= }}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.estherdavid.com/}}

{{Sahitya Akademi Award for English}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Literature|Art|Jew|Books}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:David, Esther}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bene Israel]]
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:Indian Jews]]
[[Category:Jewish women writers]]
[[Category:Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda alumni]]
[[Category:Novelists from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in English]]
[[Category:Women writers from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Writers from Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Jewish women artists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women sculptors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian sculptors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women sculptors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sculptors]]
[[Category:Jewish sculptors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women novelists]]

Kabir Rafi

2026-04-27T19:05:40Z

Globaleducollege: adding pg

{{short description|Indian film score composer and musician}}
{{Multiple issues|{{copy edit|date=July 2025}}
{{BLP sources|date=August 2025}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Kabir Rafi
| image = Kabir rafi.jpg
| birth_date = 24 June 1993
| birth_place = [[Visakapatnam]], Andhra Pradesh, India
| origin = [[Hyderabad]], Telangana, India
| genre = Film score & music producer
| occupation = Music composer & playback singer
| instrument = Vocalist, keyboards, guitars
| years_active = 2010–present
| label = Ananda Audio, T series-Lahari, Aditya Audio
| website = {{URL|www.kabirrafi.com}}
}}

'''Kabir Rafi'''<ref name="cinemaexpress.com">{{Cite web |title=Kabir Rafi: Kannadigas have good taste in music |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2023/nov/14/kabir-rafikannadigas-have-good-taste-in-music-49513.html |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=13 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-07-31|title=టాలీవుడ్‌లో యువ సంగీత దర్శకుల హవా|url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/music-directors-special-story-1102755|access-date=2021-05-20|website=Sakshi|language=te}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://epaper.sakshi.com/1223001/Guntur-Amaravathi-District/28-05-2017#page/8/2|title=Sakshi Telugu Daily Guntur Amaravathi District epaper dated Sun, 28 May 17|access-date=2017-06-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://epaper.andhrajyothy.com/1031690/Sunday/11.12.2016#dual/6/1|title=Andhra Jyothy Telugu Daily Sunday epaper dated Sun, 11 December 16|access-date=2016-12-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://epaper.sakshi.com/867313/Hyderabad-District/09-07-2016#page/11/1|title=Sakshi Telugu Daily Hyderabad District epaper dated Sat, 9 Jul 16|access-date=2016-12-28}}</ref> is an [[India]]n music composer, [[playback singer]], independent pop artist, and background score artist. He has produced music for more than 200 [[Telugu language|Telugu]], Kannada, Tamil, Malayalam, Hindi, English and [[silent film]]s. Rafi made his music debut with his first multilingual [[feature film]], titled #PK, which was dubbed in Telugu, Tamil, Hindi, Kannada, and Malayalam and released in August 2022. Several of his productions have gained critical acclaim, such as ''Mana Mugguri Love Story''<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> and ''Mrs Subbalaxmi''.<ref name=":4" /> He composed the music for his first [[Kannada]] commercial debut film, ''[[Sugar Factory (film)|Sugar Factory]]'', released in November 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sugar Factory to have Sonal Monteiro on board|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/nov/09/sugar-factory-to-have-sonal-monteiro-on-board-2221155.html|access-date=2021-03-08|website=The New Indian Express |date=9 November 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Darling Krishna starrer 'Sugar Factory' first look unveiled on Valentine's Day - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/darling-krishna-starrer-sugar-factory-first-look-unveiled-on-valentines-day/articleshow/80922835.cms|access-date=2021-03-08|website=The Times of India|date=15 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

Rafi's projects have featured artists such as [[Armaan Malik]], [[Vijay Prakash]], [[Baba Sehgal]], [[Chandan Shetty]], [[Anurag Kulkarni]], [[Geetha Madhuri]], [[Sri Krishna (singer)|Sri Krishna]], and [[Anudeep Dev]].

== Early life ==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=August 2025}}
Kabir Rafi was born to an Indian army soldier Shaik Abdul Khader in [[Visakhapatnam district|Vishakapatnam]], India. He lived in and then travelled to various cities in India including [[Gujarat]] ([[Bhuj]]), [[Bengaluru, India|Bengaluru]], [[Assam]] ([[Silchar]]) and [[Mumbai]] before settling in [[Hyderabad]]. His family has a military background, with his great-grandfather who was a former "freedom fighter." Rafi's grandfather and father also served in the Indian army where the latter acted as a subedar major. His father's appreciation of playback singer [[Mohammed Rafi]], particularly during his time in military service, led him to name his son in honour of the artist.

Rafi received his education from the [[Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan|Kendriya Vidyalaya]] Central school. He then earned his [[bachelor's degree]] in [[hotel management]] from the Regency College of Culinary Arts in 2009 and became an [[Master of Business Administration]] (MBA) graduate at [[Malla Reddy College of Engineering and Technology]]. He then worked with the [[Justdial]] Internet technology company for 2 years on a contract basis as a video vendor.

Rafi's interest in composing music began in his childhood. Rafi started performing at the age of 12 in various musical stage shows and learned [[Hindustani classical music]] as a vocalist and a [[tabla]] player, following the encouragement of his mother. When his father was transferred to [[Mumbai]] by the Indian military, Rafi started his musical career, mainly as a soundtrack recordist & singer for music directors including Dilip Sen. He later left Mumbai for two years, living in his uncle's home and struggling to find employment, after attempting to enter the entertainment industry by acting in small roles under Balaji Telefilms Ltd, singing several [[jingle]]s for commercials and [[dubbing]] songs. In 2006, Rafi's father was transferred a second time from Mumbai to [[Hyderabad]]. He insisted that Rafi join him and focus on his studies and suggested he further his musical career by auditioning for a position in the [[Telugu film industry]] (informally known as "Tollywood") in Hyderabad.

== Career ==
In Hyderabad, Rafi was given several jobs in the production of film soundtracks for various film and music directors. He also worked as a vocalist. The composer and singer [[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]] allegedly encouraged Rafi early in his career. In 2009, Rafi collaborated with composer Jeevan Thomas for four years in music production.

From 2011 to 2015, Rafi was placed under observation{{Vague|reason=Information seems irrelevant to the rest of the sentence|date=August 2025}} and worked as a member of the team led by music director Jeevan Thomas in the soundtrack production of the movies ''Kuberulu'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-kuberulu.html|title=Kuberulu movie review – Telugu cinema Review – Sivaji & Farzana|website=www.idlebrain.com|access-date=2016-11-15}}</ref> ''First love'' (2013) and ''Yavvanam Oka Fantasy'' (2015). He was also presented with the opportunity to record tracks in Telugu, Kannada and Hindi as playback singer for a few movies.

Rafi gave stage performances as singer for numerous events. In 2014, he completed his first movie, ''Manasu Palike Maya Prema'', and released the audio track of the feature.<ref name="saavn">{{Cite web|url=http://www.saavn.com/s/artist/kabir-rafi-albums/U6oLQW0A2vo_|title=Kabir Rafi|website=www.saavn.com|access-date=2016-11-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/59126/tollywood/manasu-palike-maya-prema-film-latest-news-news-details|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302202645/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/59126/tollywood/manasu-palike-maya-prema-film-latest-news-news-details|url-status=usurped|archive-date=2 March 2014|title=MaNaSu PaLiKe MaYa PrEmA Film Latest News|website=www.supergoodmovies.com|access-date=2016-07-29}}</ref> In 2016, his independent film ''Parinayam'' was released. The audio of his second feature film, ''Komali,''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://chitralahari.in/cinema-news/komalifilm-cd/|title=Komali(Film Cd) {{!}} Chitralahari|website=chitralahari.in|access-date=2017-03-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/komali-movie-audio-launch-kannada-event-70608.html|title='Komali' Movie Audio Launch|website=IndiaGlitz|access-date=2017-03-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chitratara.com/show-content.php?key=Kannada%20Film%20Latest%20News,%20Kannada%20New%20Movies,%20Latest%20Kannada%20Films&title=KOMALI%20IN%20TWIN%20LANGUAGES&id=9007&ptype=News|title=Kannada Movie/Cinema News - KOMALI IN TWIN LANGUAGES - Chitratara.com|website=www.chitratara.com|access-date=2017-03-10}}</ref><ref name="cinecircle.in">{{Cite web|title=cinecircle {{!}} Kannada Movies News {{!}} Kannada Movies Gallery {{!}} TV News {{!}} Kannada Movie Reviews – cinecircle.in|url=http://www.cinecircle.in/cinema_news/KOMALI-film.html|access-date=2017-03-10|website=www.cinecircle.in}}</ref> was released in 2017 in Kannada. As of 2025, Rafi completed over 200 projects since 2015,<ref>{{Citation|title=Kabir Rafi Music Director-Regency Food Festival – Hybiz.tv Online Business News Channel|url=http://www.hybiz.tv/Kabir-Rafi-Music-Director-Regency-Food-Festival/205553|access-date=2016-11-15}}</ref> for short films, independent films, web series, feature films, and commercials. Several of his productions have gained critical acclaim, such as: ''Mana Mugguri Love Story'',<ref name=":1">{{Citation|title=Mana Mugguri Love Story (TV Series 2017– )|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7531114/fullcredits|access-date=2018-05-02}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2017-11-11 |title=Mana Mugguri Love Story: A feel-good web series |url=https://www.telugucinema.com/reviews/mana-mugguri-love-story-feel-good-web-series |access-date=2019-03-07 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://www.gulte.com/movienews/62144/Review-Mana-Mugguri-Love-Story|title=Review: Mana Mugguri Love Story|work=Gulte.com|access-date=2018-05-02|language=en-us}}</ref> ''Mrs Subbalaxmi'',<ref name=":4">{{Citation|title=Mrs.Subbalakshmi|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt9861940/|access-date=2020-03-04}}</ref> ''Konchan Istam Chaala Kastam'', ''I Hate You'', ''Aa Gang Repu'' (Part 1 and 2), ''Maa Naana Kosam'', ''Pilli Kalla Papa'', ''Oye Nandu'', and ''Atu itu nuvvey''. Some of his most popular short films include: ''She'', ''Musalman'', ''Papa'', ''Anandmaaye'', ''Chotu'', and ''Karmama''.

Rafi's upcoming projects yet to be released between 2025 and 2026 include ''Akara'' and ''Love Again''.

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Event
!Award
!Work(s)
!Result
!{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|2015
|Indie Fest Short Film Award
|Best Background Music
|''Aa Gang Repu''
|{{won}}
|<ref name=":13">{{Citation|last=iQlikchannel|title=Aa Gang Repu {{!}}{{!}} New Telugu Short Film 2015 {{!}}{{!}} with Eng Subtitles|date=2015-08-23|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SWlcbXXqyrQ|access-date=2016-07-29}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|VR Films National Award
|Best Music
|''Yedo Maya Chesav''
|{{won}}
|<ref name=":14">{{Citation|last=U&I Entertainments – Telugu Latest Short Films|title="Edo Maya Chesav"{{!}}{{!}} Love {{!}}{{!}} New Telugu Love Short film 2016{{!}}{{!}} By Ram Reddy Pannala{{!}} U&I|date=2016-04-24|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n3SMOZ86wMA|access-date=2016-07-29}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|Lotus Short Film Awards
|Best Song and Singer
|''Maa Naana Kosam'', ''Parinayam''
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|2016
|Lotus Short Film Awards
|Best Music
|''Aa Gang Repu, KICK'' (''Koncham Istam Chaala Kastam)''
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|[[1st SIIMA Short Film Awards|2017]]
|[[SIIMA Short Film Awards|SIIMA Short Film awards]]
|Telugu - Best Short Film Music Director
|''KICK (Koncham Ishtam Chala Kashtam)''
|{{won}}
|<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=http://epaper.prajasakti.com/1208751/Prajasakti-Main/MAIN-NEWS#page/12/2|title=Prajasakti MAIN NEWS epaper dated Tue, 16 May 17|access-date=2017-06-30}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2017/may/16/short-filmmakers-win-accolades-1605540.html|title=Short filmmakers win accolades|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2017-06-30}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news|url=http://epaper.thehansindia.com/c/19123559|title=Clipping of Hyderabad Media House Limited – AMARAVATI CITY TAB|access-date=2017-06-30}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite news|url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/NasData//PUBLICATIONS/THETIMESOFINDIA/HYDERABAD/2017/05/16/PagePrint/16_05_2017_106_1ba50315ea362880f666f1000a1d76e9.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107024628/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/NasData//PUBLICATIONS/THETIMESOFINDIA/HYDERABAD/2017/05/16/PagePrint/16_05_2017_106_1ba50315ea362880f666f1000a1d76e9.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 November 2017|title=times of india}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=http://navikafactory.com/blog/siima-short-films-are-no-more-short/|title=SIIMA : SHORT FILMS ARE NO MORE SHORT|website=Navika Factory|language=en-US|access-date=2017-06-30}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=http://siima.in/short-films/2017/winners|title=SIIMA AWARDS 2017 {{!}} Short Films Nomination 2017|website=siima.in|access-date=2017-06-30}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ragalahari.com/localevents/133371/siima-short-film-awards-2017-photos.aspx|title=SIIMA AWARD FOR BEST MUSIC DIRECTION}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite news|url=http://www.raagalahari.com/localevents/133371/siima-short-film-awards-2017-photos.aspx|title=Exclusive Photos – SIIMA Short Film Awards 2017, Hyderabad|last=Ragalahari|access-date=2017-05-15|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|Lotus Short Film Awards
|Best Singer
|''Voice of Eyes''
|{{won}}
|
|-
|2017
|Short Film Diamond Award
| colspan="2" |Contribution of Music in the Tollywood Short Film Industry{{Vague|date=April 2026}}
|{{won}}
|
|-
|2018
|Melbourne City Independent Film Awards (MCIFA)
|Best Sound Design
|''Insight''
|{{won}}
|<ref name=":15">{{Cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm7283887/awards|title=Kabir Rafi|website=IMDb|access-date=2019-03-07}}</ref>
|-
|
|Studio One Film Awards
|Best Music Director
|
|{{won}}
|
|-
|2018
|Lotus Short Film Awards
|Best Music Director
|''Aa Gang Repu 2''
|{{won}}
|
|-
|
|Telangana State Language and Culture Department Short Film Festival{{Vague|date=April 2026}}
|
||{{nom}}
|
|}
==Discography==

=== Feature films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
!Year
!Film title
!Director
!Lead cast
!Language
!Notes
!Audio channel
!Worked as
!Genre
|-
|2014
|''Manasu Palike Maya Prema''<ref>[http://www.cineradham.com/newsongs/song.php?movieid=4850 ''Manasu Palike Maya Prema'']</ref><ref name="saavn" />
|Munu Swamy
|Murali krishna, Kaajal Sakhare
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|Audio released
|[[Lahari Music]]
|Music director
|Love story, drama
|-
|2017
|''Komali''<ref>[http://www.telugucolours.com/start0-id6-d24-m07-y2015/movie/up-coming-movies ''Komali'']</ref>
|Vikas Madakari
|Murali krishna, Kaajal Sakhare
|[[Kannada]]
|Audio released
|Silly Monk
|Music director
|Love story, drama
|-
|2019
|''RAHASYAM<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ragalahari.com/news/157536/vv-vinayak-unveils-rahasyam-first-look.aspx|title=VV Vinayak releases first look of Rahasyam|website=www.ragalahari.com|date=12 September 2018 |language=en|access-date=2018-09-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.123telugu.com/telugu/news/vv-vinayak-releases-first-look-of-rahasyam.html|title=స్టార్ డైరెక్టర్ చేతుల మీదగా 'రహస్యం' ఫస్ట్ లుక్ విడుదల !|date=2018-09-13|work=Telugu Cinema News in Telugu|access-date=2018-09-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/kabir-rafi.html|title=All you want to know about #KabirRafi|website=FilmiBeat|language=en|access-date=2019-01-31}}</ref>''
|Sagar Sailesh
|Sagar Sailesh, Rithika
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|Released 1 Feb 2019
|Mango Music
|Music director
|Horror, drama
|-
|2020
|''PlayBack''
|Hari Prasad Jakka
|Dinesh, [[Ananya Nagalla|Ananya Nagmalla]],
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|Released 5 March 2021
|AHA
|Sound foley artist
|Suspense thriller
|-
|2022
|''#pk''
|Hemanth p
|Vinny Viyaan, Aashu Reddy
|Telugu, Tamil, Hindi, Kannada, Malayalam.
|Film released 26 August 2022
|[[Lahari Music]]
|Music director
|Love story, action
|-
|2023
|''Sugar Factory''
|Deepak Aras
|[[Krishna (Kannada actor)|Darling Krishna]], [[Sonal Monteiro|sonal montero]]
|[[Kannada]]
|Audio released
|Ananda Audio
|Music director
|Rom-com drama
|-
|2024
|''Thata Manavudu''
|Ram Mandapathi
|[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]]
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|Announced / filming
| -----
|Music director
|Love & Drama
|-
|2025
| ''Love Again (LA)''
|Sashank Voleti
| ----
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|Announced
| -----
|Music director
|Rom-com drama
|-
|2025
|''Akara''
|Raju
|Sai Charan
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|Confirmed
| -----
|Music director
|Suspense thriller
|}

=== OTT film/Web series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Series title
!Language
!Director
!Lead cast
!Released channel
!Notes
!Genre
|-
|2016
|''Nuvvu Pakkanunte Baaguntaadhe''<ref>{{Citation|last=Shreyas Media|title=Latest Telugu Webseries {{!}} Nuvvu Pakkanunte Baaguntaadhe {{!}} Episode 1 {{!}} Shreyas Media|date=2016-08-17|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J3Nys3-vwzc|access-date=2016-11-15}}</ref>
|Telugu
|Eeswar Reddy
|Mohan Bhagath
|[[Shreyas media|Shreyas Media]]
|2 episodes released
|Rom-com
|-
|2017
|''Mana Mugguri love story<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://telugucinema.com/reviews/mana-mugguri-love-story-feel-good-web-series|title=Navdeep Web Series {{!}} Actor Navdeep {{!}} Mana Mugguri Luv Story {{!}}Telugu Filmnagar|website=www.thetelugufilmnagar.com|access-date=2017-09-30}}</ref>''
|Telugu
|Shashank Yeleti Nandini Reddy
|[[Navdeep|Naveep]], Tejeswini, [[Adith Arun|Adith]]
|[[Yug (TV series)|Yup TV]]
|All episodes released
|Rom-com
|-
|2017
|''The Unknown''
|English
|Siva Sai Teja
|Siva Sai Teja
|[[Disney+ Hotstar|Disney hotstar]]
|Released
|Suspense thriller
|-
|2019
|''Mrs. Subbalakshmi<ref name="Mrs Subbalaxmi">{{Citation |title=Mrs Subbalaxmi |url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt9861940/ |access-date=2019-03-10}}</ref><ref name="Ragalahari">{{Cite web |last=Ragalahari |title=Mrs Subbalakshmi – Web-Series From ZEE5 Originals 1st Episode Screening |url=http://www.ragalahari.com/localevents/186369/ms-subbulakshmi-web-series-1st-episode-screening.aspx |access-date=2019-03-10 |website=www.ragalahari.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/when-the-world-warms-to-web-series|title=When the world warms up to web series|last=Pendyala|first=AuthorSweta|website=Telangana Today|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-07}}</ref>''
|Telugu
|N Vamsi Krishna
|[[Lakshmi Manchu]], [[Srinivas Avasarala|Avasarala Srinivas]]
|[[Yug (TV series)|Yup TV]], [[ZEE5|Zee5]]
|All episodes released
|Action-comedy-drama
|-
|2019
|''Missamma Pelli''
|Telugu
|gautami challagulla
|Ad My, Tarun
|[[V6 News|V6 chill]]
|Trailer released
|Rom-com
|-
|2021
|''Ajatha Shatruvu''
|Telugu
|Farooq Roy
|Anirudth,
|[[Madhura Audio|East West Entertainment]] / MX player
|All episodes released
|Action drama
|-
|2025
|''Aa Gang Repu 3''
|Telugu
|Yogee Qumaar
|Preeti Sunder
| ----
|Trailer released
|Suspense thriller
|}

== Singles and album songs ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Album
!Song title
!Language
!Channel
!Singer(s)
!Lyricist
!Notes
|-
|2015
|''I Hate You''
|Nee Kalale Kunuke
|Telugu
|Cinemama
|[[Anudeep Dev]], Vidya
|Pavan Rachepalli
|
|-
|2015
|''Smart Phone''
|Chinni Gundelo
|Telugu
|Kabir rafi Official
|Srikant
|Koushik Pegallapati
|
|-
|2015
|''Inkonchem Premista''
|Kaalama Aagave
|Telugu
|Genuine pictures
|Kabir Rafi, Apurva
|Shoban NV
|
|-
|2016
|''Maa Naana Kosam''
|[[Anudeep Dev|Adugadugu]]
|Telugu
|IQlik channel
|[[Anudeep Dev]], Apurva Garimella, Kabir Rafi
|[[Kittu Vissapragada]]
|Nominated for Lotus Short Film Awards<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/176127132802059/photos/pcb.214816622266443/214816298933142/?type=3&theater Lotus Short Film Awards]</ref> for Best Song, Singer & Lyric
|-
|2016
|''Nee Parichayam''
|Nee Parichayam
|Telugu
|Smart Creations
|Kabir Rafi
|Sunder
|
|-
|2016
|''Edo Maya Chesav''
|Edo Maya Chesav
|Telugu
|U&I Entertainments
|Kabir Rafi
|Poorna Chaari
|Won the Best Song & Singer award at VR Films national award<ref name="VR Films national award">[http://www.telugucinemas.in/2016/06/vr-films-short-films-awards-function.html VR Films national award]</ref>
|-
|2016
|''Parinayam''
|Neeku Nenu
|Telugu
|[[Madhura Audio]]
|Suresh Kumar, Harini Rao, Panchali Tanisha, Kabir Rafi
|Shoban NV
|Nominated at Lotus Short film Awards<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/176127132802059/photos/pcb.214816622266443/214816298933142/?type=3&theater Lotus Short film Awards]</ref> for Best Song, Singer & Lyric
|-
|2017
|''Dream of the Nation''
|Desh Pukare re
|Hindi
|Kabir Rafi Official
|Kabir Rafi
|Kabir Rafi
|
|-
|2017
|''Madahosh Hui Hawa''
|Madahosh Hui Hawa
|Hindi
|DJS Film Production House
|Panchali Mallik, Aradhya Sinde
|Shafi
|
|-
|2018
|''Karmama''
|Sirula
|Telugu
|Klapboard Productions
|Ravi Prakash
|Lakshmi Priyanka
|
|-
|2018
|''Padipoya''
|Padipoya
|Telugu
|Telugu One
|Kabir Rafi
|Arhat Bodhi
|
|-
|2018
|''Okkare Iddaru Aiyaaru''
|Emo Emo
|Telugu
|Klapboard Production
|Kabir Rafi, Amrita Nayak
|Shoban NV
|
|-
|2018
|''Bonaalu Song''
|Dhum Dhum Dhumaar
|Telugu
|Genuine Pictures
|Uma Neha
|Veeru Gaddam
|
|-
|2020
|''Sankuratri''
|Sankuratri Pandaga
|Telugu
|Kabir Rafi Official
|Manasa Acharya, Kabir Rafi
|Lakshmi Priyanka
|
|-
|2022
|''Emo emo Manase''
|Emo Emo Manase
|Telugu
|Marina Official
|Kabir Rafi
|Vamsi Krishna
|
|-
|2025
|''Software Ammai''
|Software Ammai
|Telugu
|Kabir Rafi Official
|Kabir Rafi
|Nikesh Kumar
|
|-
|2026
|''Gobbiyallo''
|Gobbiyallo
|Telugu
|educoz Production kiran kumar
|Kabir Rafi
|Ranjith Kumar Ricky
|
|-
|2026
|''mah-e-ramzan''
|mah-e-ramzan
|Hindi
|educoz Production kiran kumar
|Kabir Rafi
|Kabir Rafi
|
|}

== As playback singer ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Album
!Song title
!Language
!Channel
!Music director
!Lyricist/co-singer
!Notes
|-
|2015
|''Inkonchem Premista''
|Kaalama Aagave
|Telugu
|Genuine Pictures
|Kabir Rafi
|Shoban NV/Apurva
|
|-
|2016
|''Maa Naana Kosam''
|[[Anudeep Dev|Adugadugu]]
|Telugu
|IQlik Channel
|Kabir Rafi
|[[Kittu Vissapragada]], [[Anudeep Dev]], Apurva Garimella
|Nominated at Lotus Short Film Awards for Best Song, Singer & Lyric
|-
|2016
|''Nee Parichayam''
|Nee Parichayam
|Telugu
|Smart Creations
|Kabir Rafi
|Sunder
|
|-
|2016
|''Edo Maya Chesav''
|Edo Maya Chesav
|Telugu
|U&I Entertainments
|Kabir Rafi
|Poorna Chaari/Tanisha
|Won the Best Song & Singer award at VR Films national award<ref name="VR Films national award"/>
|-
|2016
|''Parinayam''
|Yemautunndo
|Telugu
|[[Madhura Audio]]
|Kabir Rafi
|Shoban NV/Panchali Tanisha
|
|-
|2017
|''Dream of the nation''
|Desh Pukare Re
|Hindi
|Kabir Rafi Official
|Jeevan Thomas
|Kabir Rafi
|
|-
|2018
|''Okkare Iddaru Aiyaaru''
|Emo Emo
|Telugu
|Amrita Nayak
|Kabir Rafi
|Shoban NV/Amrita Nayak
|
|-
|2020
|''#PK''
|Khoya Khoya
|Hindi
|Lehari Tseries
|Kabir Rafi
|Nitin/Amrita Nayak
|
|-
|2023
|''Sugar factory''
|Kalkonda ee Premige
|Kannada
|Ananda Audio
|Kabir Rafi
|Arasu Anthre
|
|-
|2025
|''Ninnu Choodaga''
|Ninnu Choodaga
|Telugu
|
|Ullas
| --
|
|}

== As sound designer ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film title
!Director
!Language
!Notes
|-
|2015
|''Aa Gang Repu''
|Yogee Qumaar
|Telugu
|
|-
|2015
|''Shasha''
|Divya
|English
|
|-
|2016
|''Shiva 143''
|Sagar Sailesh
|Telugu
|
|-
|2016
|''SHE''
|Vijay Bharath
|Telugu
|
|-
|2017
|''Beep''
|Raj virat
|Telugu
|
|-
|2017
|''The Unknown''
|Siva Teja
|English
|
|-
|2017
|''Amma Ammay Prema''
|Farooq Roy
|Telugu
|
|-
|2017
|''Second Chance''
|Krishna Kumar
|Telugu
|
|-
|2017
|''Addicted''
|Akhil Raj
|Telugu
|
|-
|2017
|''Chotu''
|Raj Virat
|Telugu
|
|-
|2018
|''Mangamma Gari Manavadu''
|Anu Prasad
|Telugu
|
|-
|2018
|''Hamsaaro''
|Siva Teja
|Telugu
|
|-
|2018
|''Sleepwalker''
|Gopi Narra
|Telugu
|
|-
|2018
|''Okkare Iddaru Aiyaaru''
|Shoban NV
|Telugu
|
|-
|2020
|''From The Night U Left''
|Gautham Krishna
|Telugu
|
|-
|2020
|''Vizag Teeram Lo''
|Raj Kumar
|Telugu
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|url=http://www.kabirrafi.com}}
*{{IMDb name|id=7283887}}
*{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-educationplus/hbs-gets-national-excellence-award/article8265113.ece|title=HBS gets National Excellence award|date=2016-02-22|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-07-28}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rafi, Kabir}}
[[Category:Telugu film score composers]]
[[Category:Indian musicians]]
[[Category:Telugu music]]
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Ministry of Vimukta Jati (Maharashtra)

2026-04-23T07:40:07Z

Globaleducollege: started basic entry with sources

{{Short description|Maharashtra government ministry responsible for Vimukta Jati}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox government agency
| native_name_a = '''मंत्रालय विमुक्त जाती विभाग, महाराष्ट्र शासन'''
| type = ministry
| name = Ministry of Vimukta Jati [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| native_name =
| seal = File:Seal of Maharashtra.svg
| seal_width = 200
| seal_caption = [[Emblem of Maharashtra|Seal of the state of Maharashtra]]
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| picture = Mantralay of Mumbai, Administrative Headquarters 03.jpg
| picture_caption = Building of Administrative Headquarters of Mumbai
| picture_width =
| jurisdiction = {{flagicon|India}} [[Maharashtra]]
| headquarters = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai|Mantralay]], [[Mumbai]]
| minister1_name = '''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]'''
| minister1_pfo = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]
| deputyminister1_name = '''Vacant, TBD'''
since 29 June 2022
| deputyminister1_pfo = [[Government of Maharashtra|Minister of State]]
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency =
| website =
| formed =
| employees =
| budget =
| chief1_name = ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])
| chief1_position =
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| parent_department = [[Government of Maharashtra]]
}}

The '''Ministry of Vimukta Jati''' is a Ministry of the [[Government of Maharashtra]], a [[States and union territories of India|state of India]]. "Vimukta Jati" is a term that refers to some of the [[nomadic tribes in India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 December 2016 |title=Maharashtra to have separate ministry for OBC, VJNT and SBC |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/maharashtra-to-have-separate-ministry-for-obc-vjnt-and-sbc-116122701057_1.html |access-date=23 April 2026 |website=Business Standard}}</ref>

The Ministry is headed by a [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet-level]] minister. [[Devendra Fadnavis]] is the current [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]] and Minister of Vimukta Jati.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-12-28 |title=Maharashtra Cabinet to setup separate ministry for development of OBCs |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/maharashtra-cabinet-to-setup-separate-ministry-for-development-of-obcs-4448058/ |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Head office==
{{Infobox political post
| insignia = Seal of Maharashtra (1).svg
| insigniasize = 150px
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of India]]
| department = '''Ministry of Vimukta Jati (Maharashtra)'''
| style = [[The Honourable]]
| post = {{big|Minister of Vimukta Jati}} '''मंत्री विमुक्त जाती विभाग'''
|image=
| incumbent = [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
| member_of = State Cabinet
| reports_to = '''[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]''', 
'''[[Maharashtra Legislature]]'''
| seat = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai]]
| appointer = '''[[Governor of Maharashtra|Governor]]''' on the advice of the '''[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]'''
| termlength = 5 years
| inaugural = '''[[Balasaheb Desai]]''' 
(1960-1962)
| precursor =
* '''[[Atul Save]]'''
(2022- 2023)
| deputy =
* '''Vacant, TBD'''
since 29 June 2022
| formation = 1 May 1960
| body =
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize = 110px
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| flagborder = yes
| website =
| abbreviation = Cabinet Minister
| incumbentsince = 05 December 2024
}}

==Cabinet Ministers==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="10"| Minister of Vimukta Jati Department
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Balasaheb Bharde|Balasaheb Shivram Bharde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Ahmednagar South Constituency No. 224]]- [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 May}} 1960
|{{small|07 March}} 1962
!{{ayd|1960|05|01|1962|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Yashwantrao Chavan ministry (Maharashtra)|'''Yashwantrao I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Yashwantrao Chavan 2010 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
|-
|02
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Balasaheb Desai]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Patan, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Patan Constituency No. 261]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|08 March}} 1962
|{{small|19 November}} 1962
!{{ayd|1962|03|08|1962|11|19}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Yashwantrao Chavan ministry|'''Yashwantrao II''']]
|-
|03
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''M. G. Mane''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 02 - [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|20 November}} 1962
|{{small|24 November}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|20|1963|11|24}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Kannamwar ministry|'''Kannamwar l''']]
|[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]
|-
|04
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[P. K. Sawant]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Chiplun Assembly constituency|Chiplun Constituency No. 265]]- [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Interim Chief Minister)
|{{small|25 November}} 1962
|{{small|04 December}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|25|1962|12|04}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[P. K. Sawant ministry|'''Sawant''']]
|[[P. K. Sawant]]
|-
|05
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Keshavraoji_Sonawane.png|75px]]
|'''[[Keshavrao Sonawane]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur Constituency No. 235]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|05 December}} 1963
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
!{{ayd|1963|12|05|1967|03|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao I''']]
|rowspan="6" |[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]] [[Vasantrao Naik]]
|-
|06
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:The President of India, Smt. Pratibha Patil.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Pratibha Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Jalgaon City Assembly constituency|Jalgaon City Constituency No. 13]]- [[Jalgaon District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
|{{small|27 October}} 1969
!{{ayd|1967|03|01|1969|10|27}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao II''']]
|-
|07
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vasantrao Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|27 October}} 1969
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
!{{ayd|1969|10|27|1972|03|13}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|08
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Yashwantrao Mohite]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Karad South Assembly constituency|Karad South Constituency No. 260]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
|{{small|04 April}} 1973
!{{ayd|1972|03|13|1973|04|14}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao III''']]
|-
|09
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Shankarrao Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhokar Assembly constituency|Bhokar Constituency No. 85]]- [[Nanded District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|04 April}} 1973
|{{small|17 Match}} 1974
!{{ayd|1973|04|04|1974|03|17}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|10
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vasantrao Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 20 - [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|17 Match}} 1974
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
!{{ayd|1974|03|17|1975|02|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|11
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''R. J. Deotale''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Bhadrawati Constituency No. 72]]- [[Chandrapur District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
|{{small|16 April}} 1977
!{{ayd|1975|02|21|1977|04|16}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao I''']]
|rowspan="1"| [[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|12
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[S. K. Wankhede]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Sawargoan Constituency No. 49]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|17 April }} 1977
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
!{{ayd|1977|04|17|1979|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#88CEEB"|[[First Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|13
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Ramrao Adik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 05 - [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
!{{ayd|1978|03|07|1978|07|18}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="1" bgcolor="#A3A3FF"|[[Second Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada II''']]
|-
|14
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}"|
|
|'''Bhausaheb Surve''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur Central Assembly constituency|Nagpur Central Constituency No. 55]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
|{{small|17 February}} 1980
!{{ayd|1978|07|18|1980|02|17}}
|[[Indian Congress (Socialist)]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#66FF66"| [[First Pawar ministry|'''Pawar I''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:The Union Minister for Agriculture and Food Processing Industries, Shri Sharad Pawar addressing at the launch of the Sahana Group’s New Marathi Channel “Jai Maharashtra”, in Mumbai on April 27, 2013 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|15
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Bhagwantrao M. Gaikwad''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 09 - [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|09 June}} 1980
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
!{{ayd|1980|06|09|1982|01|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Antulay ministry|'''Antulay''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[A. R. Antulay|Abdul Rahman Antulay]]
|-
|16
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Baliram Waman Hiray''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Malegaon Outer Assembly constituency|Dabhadi Constituency No. 74]]- [[Nashik District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
|{{small|02 February}} 1983
!{{ayd|1982|01|21|1983|02|02}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Bhosale ministry|'''Bhosale''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Babasaheb Bhosale.png|75px]] [[Babasaheb Bhosale]]
|-
|17
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Ramprasad Borade''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Jintur Assembly constituency|Jintur Constituency No. 95]]- [[Parbhani District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 February}} 1983
|{{small|05 March}} 1985
!{{ayd|1983|02|07|1985|03|05}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada III''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|18
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Surupsingh Hirya Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Navapur Assembly constituency|Navapur Constituency No. 04]]- [[Nandurbar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|12 March}} 1985
|{{small|03 June}} 1985
!{{ayd|1985|03|12|1985|06|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada IV''']]
|-
|19
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Surupsingh Hirya Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Navapur Assembly constituency|Navapur Constituency No. 04]]- [[Nandurbar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|03 June}} 1985
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
!{{ayd|1985|06|03|1986|03|12}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Nilangekar ministry|'''Nilangekar''']]
|[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]
|-
|20
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Ram Meghe''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Daryapur Assembly constituency|Daryapur Constituency No. 40]]- [[Amravati district|Amravati District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
!{{ayd|1986|03|12|1988|06|26}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1"bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao II''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|21
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur City Constituency No. 235]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
|{{small|03 March}} 1990
!{{ayd|1988|06|26|1990|03|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Pawar ministry|'''Pawar II''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|22
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Sudhakarrao Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|03 March}} 1990
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
!{{ayd|1990|03|03|1991|06|25}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Pawar ministry|'''Pawar III''']]
|-
|23
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Ramrao Adik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 05 - [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
|{{small|22 February}} 1993
!{{ayd|1991|06|25|1993|02|22}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sudhakarrao Naik ministry|'''Sudhakarrao''']]
|rowspan="1" | [[Sudhakarrao Naik]]
|-
|24
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Prabhakar Dharkar''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 16 - [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|06 March}} 1993
|{{small|14 March}} 1995
!{{ayd|1993|03|06|1995|03|14}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Pawar ministry|'''Pawar IV''']]
|[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|25
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Mahadeorao Sukaji Shivankar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Amgaon Assembly constituency|Amgaon Constituency No. 66]]- [[Gondia district]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|14 March}} 1995
|{{small|10 June}} 1997
!{{ayd|1995|03|14|1997|06|10}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Manohar Joshi ministry|'''Joshi''']]
|rowspan="2" | [[File:Manohar Joshi cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Manohar Joshi]]
|-
|26
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Eknath Khadse]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Muktainagar Assembly constituency|Muktainagar Constituency No. 20]]- [[Jalgaon District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|10 June}} 1997
|{{small|01 February}} 1999
!{{ayd|1997|06|10|1999|02|01}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|27
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Vishnu Savara]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Vikramgad Assembly constituency|Vikramgad Constituency No. 129]]- [[Palghar district|Palghar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 February}} 1999
|{{small|11 May}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|02|01|1999|05|11}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Narayan Rane ministry|'''Rane''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Narayan Rane (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Narayan Rane]]
|-
|28
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Dattatraya Rane]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shivadi Assembly constituency|Shivadi Constituency No. 183]]- [[Mumbai City District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|11 May}} 1999
|{{small|17 October}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|05|11|1999|10|17}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|29
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:Chagan Bhujbal.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Chhagan Bhujbal]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 09 - [[Mumbai City District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}} (Deputy Chief Minister)
|{{small|19 October}} 1999
|{{small|27 October}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|10|19|1999|10|27}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|30
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
| '''[[Vasant Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 05 - [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|27 October}} 1999
|{{small|16 January}} 2003
!{{ayd|1999|10|27|2003|01|16}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
|31
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''[[Jaywantrao Awale]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Vadgaon Maval Constituency No. 192]]- [[Pune District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|18 January}} 2003
|{{small|01 November}} 2004
!{{ayd|2003|01|11|2004|11|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sushilkumar Shinde ministry|'''Sushilkumar''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
|-
|32
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:R. R. Patil.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[R. R. Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal Assembly constituency|Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal Constituency No. 287]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Deputy Chief Minister)
|{{small|01 November}} 2004
|{{small|09 November}} 2004
!{{ayd|2004|11|01|2004|11|09}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh II''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|33
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
| '''[[Ganesh Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Belapur Assembly constituency|Belapur Constituency No. 151]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|09 November}} 2004
|{{small|01 December}} 2008
!{{ayd|2004|11|09|2008|12|01}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
|34
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
| '''[[Rajendra Shingne]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Sindkhed Raja Assembly constituency|Sindkhed Raja Constituency No. 24]]- [[Buldhana District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|08 December}} 2008
|{{small|06 November}} 2009
!{{ayd|2008|12|08|2009|11|06}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok I''']]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Ashok Chavan With Coat.jpeg|80px]] [[Ashok Chavan]]
|-
|35
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''[[Radhakrishna Vikhe Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shirdi Assembly constituency|Shirdi Constituency No. 218]]- [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 November}} 2009
|{{small|10 November}} 2010
!{{ayd|2009|11|07|2010|11|10}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok II''']]
|-
|36
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''[[Balasaheb Thorat]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Sangamner Assembly constituency|Sangamner Constituency No. 217]]- [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|11 November}} 2010
|{{small|26 September}} 2014
!{{ayd|2010|11|11|2014|09|26}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Prithviraj Chavan ministry|'''Prithviraj''']]
|rowspan="1"| [[File:Prithviraj Chavan - India Economic Summit 2011.jpg|80px]] [[Prithviraj Chavan]]
|-
|37
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister)
|{{small|31 October}} 2014
|{{small|04 June}} 2016
!{{ayd|2014|10|31|2016|06|04}}
|rowspan="1"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[First Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis I''']]
|rowspan="4" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|38
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
| '''[[Vishnu Savara]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Vikramgad Assembly constituency|Vikramgad Constituency No. 129]]- [[Palghar district|Palghar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|04 June}} 2016
|{{small|16 June}} 2019
!{{ayd|2016|06|04|2019|06|16}}
|rowspan="1"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|39
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
| '''[[Sanjay Kute]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Jalgaon (Jamod) Assembly constituency|Jalgaon (Jamod) Constituency No. 27]]- [[Buldhana District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|16 June}} 2019
|{{small|12 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|06|16|2019|11|12}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|40
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|-
|41
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Nitin Raut.jpeg|75px]]
|'''[[Nitin Raut]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur North Assembly constituency|Nagpur North Constituency No. 57]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|28|2019|12|30}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
|42
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Vijay wadettiwar.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vijay Namdevrao Wadettiwar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bramhapuri Assembly constituency|Bramhapuri Constituency No. 73]]- [[Chandrapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|29}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|43
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|
| [[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi Constituency No. 147]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|14 August}} 2022
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2022|08|14}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]]
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|rowspan="3" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
|44
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Atul Save]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Aurangabad East Assembly constituency|Aurangabad East Constituency No. 109]]- [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar District]] Also Previously Known [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|14 August}} 2022
|{{small|14 July}} 2023
!{{ayd|2022|08|14|2023|07|14}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|45
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|
| [[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi Constituency No. 147]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|14 July}} 2023
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2023|07|14|2024|11|26}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]]
|-
|46
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|05 December}} 2024
|''Incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|05}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Third Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis III''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|}

==Ministers of State ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Deputy Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Minister
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="11"| Deputy Minister of Vimukta Jati
|-
!colspan="04"| ''''' Vacant'''''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Prahar Janshakti Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Omprakash Babarao Kadu]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Achalpur Assembly constituency|Achalpur Constituency No. 42]]- [[Amravati District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|27 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|27}}
|[[Prahar Janshakti Party]] Supported Party [[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
| rowspan="2"|[[Vijay Namdevrao Wadettiwar]]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
|02
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:Dattatray Bharane.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Dattatray Vithoba Bharne]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Indapur Assembly constituency|Indapur Constituency No. 200]]- [[Pune District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} ''Additional_Charge''
|{{small|27 June}} 2022
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2022|06|27|2022|06|29}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
!colspan="04"| '''''Vacant'''''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2024|11|26}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|
*[[Eknath Shinde]] (2022 - 2022)
*[[Atul Save]] (2023 – 2023)
*[[Eknath Shinde]] (2023 – 2024)
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
!colspan="04"| ''''' Vacant'''''
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
|''incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|21}}
|NA
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Third Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis III''']]
| rowspan="1"| [[Devendra Fadnavis]] (2024 – Present)
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{State agencies of Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Government of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Government ministries of Maharashtra]]

Forward Club Agartala

2026-04-22T02:32:43Z

Globaleducollege: Created New Details

{{Short description|Indian association football club based in Agartala}}
{{Multiple issues|{{notability|Sports|date=October 2022}}{{unreliable sources|date=October 2022}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{infobox football club
| clubname = Forward Club Agartala
| image = Forward Club Agartala.svg
| upright = 0.9
| fullname = Forward Club Agartala
| founded =
| nickname =
| ground = [[Swami Vivekananda Stadium]]
| capacity = 8,000
| owner =
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager =
| league = [[Chandra Memorial League]]
| season =
| position =
| current =
| pattern_la1 =
| pattern_b1 = _gal0910h
| pattern_ra1 =
| pattern_sh1 =
| pattern_so1 =
| leftarm1 = FEDF00
| body1 =
| rightarm1 = DC143C
| shorts1 = 000000
| socks1 = 000000
| pattern_la2 =
| pattern_b2 =
| pattern_ra2 =
| pattern_sh2 =
| pattern_so2 =
| leftarm2 = FFFFFF
| body2 = FFFFFF
| rightarm2 = FFFFFF
| shorts2 = FFFFFF
| socks2 = C51E3A
| website =
}}

'''Forward Club Agartala''' is an Indian professional [[association football|football]] club based in [[Agartala]], [[Tripura]]. The club competes in the [[Chandra Memorial League]]. It became the champion of the 2022 Chandra Memorial League.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tripura Football Association |url=https://www.facebook.com/Tripura.Football.Association/posts/pfbid02RreTwJnDFteQUfRMRmU4ZRS1XakHKa1F3j6nkatjJPztpA5VYZ9poz39Q11cHfF2l |access-date=2022-06-18 |website=www.facebook.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Notable players ==
* [[Victor Amobi]]
* [[Christopher Chizoba]]

== See also ==
* [[List of football clubs in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{improve categories|date=October 2022}}

[[Category:Football clubs in Tripura]]
[[Category:Agartala]]

{{India-footyclub-stub}}

Dapoli Assembly constituency

2026-04-20T01:46:49Z

Globaleducollege: Created Pg

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dapoli
| constituency_no = 263
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 263-Dapoli.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Raigad Lok Sabha constituency|Raigad]]
| district = [[Ratnagiri district|Ratnagiri]]
| established = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Yogesh Kadam]]
| party = {{Party index link|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
| incumbent_image =
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| electors =291,526
}}
'''Dapoli Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Maharashtra]] state in western [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

==Overview==
Dapoli constituency is one of the five Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[Ratnagiri district]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |access-date=6 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archive-date=18 March 2010 |df= }}</ref>

Before the delimitation of the parliamentary constituencies in 2008, [[Dapoli]] was part of the [[Ratnagiri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ratnagiri Lok Sabha constituency]]. After the delimitation, it became part of the [[Raigad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raigad Lok Sabha constituency]], along with five other Vidhan Sabha segments, namely [[Guhagar Assembly constituency|Guhagar]] in the Ratnagiri district and [[Pen Assembly constituency|Pen]], [[Alibag Assembly constituency|Alibag]], [[Shrivardhan Assembly constituency|Shrivardhan]] and [[Mahad Assembly constituency|Mahad]] in the [[Raigad district]].<ref name=delimitation2008/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dapoli Vidhan Sabha Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/dapoli.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Purushottam Vasudeo Mandlik|| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || rowspan=3 | Ramchandra Vithal Bhelose || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || rowspan=2 | Gangaram Daulat Sakpal || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Chandrakant Mokal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || rowspan=5 | Suryakant Shivram Dalvi || {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || Sanjay Vasant Kadam || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || rowspan=2 | [[Yogesh Kadam|Yogesh Ramdas Kadam]] || {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Dapoli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Yogesh Kadam|Yogeshdada Ramdas Kadam]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 105,007 |percentage = 53.62% |change={{increase}}1.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kadam Sanjay Vasant |party=Shiv Sena (UBT) |votes = 80,914 |percentage = 41.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Abgul Santosh Sonu |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 4,960 |percentage = 2.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Marchande Pravin Sahadev |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,816 |percentage = 0.93% |change={{decrease}}0.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,117 |percentage = 0.57% |change={{decrease}}0.91 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 24,093 |percentage = 12.30% |change= {{increase}}4.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 196,939 |percentage = 67.55% |change= {{increase}}1.36 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 195,822}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 291,526|ref = |change= {{increase}}3.83 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}1.55 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Dapoli<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Yogesh Kadam|Yogeshdada Ramdas Kadam]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 95,364 |percentage = 52.07% |change={{increase}}21.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kadam Sanjayrao Vasant |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 81,786 |percentage = 44.66% |change={{increase}}11.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,711 |percentage = 1.48% |change={{decrease}}0.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Marchande Pravin Sahadeo |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,015 |percentage = 1.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khopkar Santosh Dattaram |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 1,336 |percentage = 0.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,578 |percentage = 7.41% |change= {{increase}}5.03 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 185,864 |percentage = 66.19% |change= {{increase}}5.93 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 183,150}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 280,785|ref = |change= {{increase}}6.40 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}18.80 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Dapoli<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Kadam Sanjay Vasant |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 52,907 |percentage = 33.27% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dalvi Suryakant Shivram |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 49,123 |percentage = 30.89% |change={{decrease}}22.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dhadave Shashikant Pandurang |party=Independent politician |votes = 19,106 |percentage = 12.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kedar Bhikaji Sathe |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 13,971 |percentage = 8.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khedekar Vaibhav Sadanand |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 8,937 |percentage = 5.62% |change={{decrease}}3.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kishor Desai |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,272 |percentage = 3.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ziman Sujit Bhagoji |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 4,712 |percentage = 2.96% |change={{decrease}}17.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 3,346 |percentage = 2.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,784 |percentage = 2.38% |change= {{decrease}}31.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 162,535 |percentage = 61.59% |change= {{increase}}1.85 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 159,030}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 263,886|ref = |change= {{increase}}10.18 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}20.32 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Dapoli<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Dalvi Suryakant Shivram |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 74,973 |percentage = 53.59% |change={{increase}}4.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhosale Vijay Krishnaji |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 28,169 |percentage = 20.13% |change={{decrease}}4.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Santosh Madhusudan Shirke |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 12,481 |percentage = 8.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pramod Bhosale |party=Independent politician |votes = 6,898 |percentage = 4.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khambe Dnyandev Ramchandra |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 5,615 |percentage = 4.01% |change={{decrease}}1.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chandrakant Ganpat Mohite |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,673 |percentage = 3.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pritam Laxman Ruke |party=Republican Party of India (A) |votes = 4,177 |percentage = 2.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 46,804 |percentage = 33.45% |change= {{increase}}8.98 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 140,799 |percentage = 58.79% |change= {{decrease}}8.08 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 139,907}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 239,495|ref = |change= {{increase}}63.56 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}4.07 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Dapoli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Dalvi Suryakant Shivram |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 48,219 |percentage = 49.52% |change={{decrease}}8.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mokal Chandrakant Jagannath |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 24,385 |percentage = 25.04% |change={{decrease}}7.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Desai Kishor Bhalchandra |party=Independent politician |votes = 19,585 |percentage = 20.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khambe Dnyandev Ramchandra |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 5,186 |percentage = 5.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 23,834 |percentage = 24.48% |change= {{decrease}}0.70 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 97,708 |percentage = 66.73% |change= {{increase}}2.89 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 97,375}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 146,424|ref = |change= {{increase}}6.15 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}8.31 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Dapoli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Dalvi Suryakant Shivram |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 50,738 |percentage = 57.83% |change={{decrease}}5.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ashok Arjunrao Alias Bhai Jagtap |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 28,648 |percentage = 32.65% |change={{decrease}}3.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Posture Daulatrao Pandurang |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,399 |percentage = 5.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jadhav Manohar Gauroji |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,657 |percentage = 4.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 22,090 |percentage = 25.18% |change= {{decrease}}1.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 91,975 |percentage = 66.68% |change= {{decrease}}14.01 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 87,742}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 137,943|ref = |change= {{increase}}4.45 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}5.56 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Dapoli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Dalvi Suryakant Shivram |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 64,975 |percentage = 63.38% |change={{increase}}10.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Posture Daulatrao Pandurang |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 37,539 |percentage = 36.62% |change={{increase}}11.90 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 27,436 |percentage = 26.76% |change= {{decrease}}1.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 106,238 |percentage = 80.44% |change= {{increase}}10.45 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 102,514}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 132,072|ref = |change= {{increase}}0.05 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}10.51 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Dapoli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Dalvi Suryakant Shivram |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 46,882 |percentage = 52.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vidya Belose |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 21,917 |percentage = 24.72% |change={{decrease}}10.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=G. D. Sakpal |party=Janata Dal |votes = 11,788 |percentage = 13.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Uday Alias Bal Belose |party=Independent politician |votes = 6,893 |percentage = 7.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deasi Shahabuddin Abduila |party=Independent politician |votes = 767 |percentage = 0.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 24,965 |percentage = 28.15% |change= {{increase}}25.54 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 90,822 |percentage = 68.80% |change= {{increase}}9.83 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 88,675}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 132,008|ref = |change= {{increase}}17.45 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}18.00 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Dapoli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Chandrakant Mokal |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 22,478 |percentage = 34.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=G. D. Sakpal |party=Janata Party |votes = 20,795 |percentage = 32.26% |change={{decrease}}15.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=R. V. Alies Baburao Belose |party=Independent politician |votes = 14,304 |percentage = 22.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=K. D. Chafe |party=Independent politician |votes = 6,256 |percentage = 9.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mourya Ramdawan Sukhu |party=Independent politician |votes = 519 |percentage = 0.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,683 |percentage = 2.61% |change= {{increase}}0.00 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 66,351 |percentage = 59.03% |change= {{increase}}5.56 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 64,456}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 112,398|ref = |change= {{increase}}9.57 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}12.43 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Dapoli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Sakpal Gangaram Daulat |party=Janata Party |votes = 25,130 |percentage = 47.30% |change={{decrease}}13.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Belose Ramchandra Vithal |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 23,745 |percentage = 44.70% |change={{increase}}41.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mokal Chandramant Jagannath |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,251 |percentage = 8.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,385 |percentage = 2.61% |change= {{decrease}}21.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 55,057 |percentage = 53.67% |change= {{decrease}}13.89 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 53,126}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 102,582|ref = |change= {{decrease}}1.37 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}13.12 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Dapoli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Sakpal Gangaram Daulat |party=Janata Party |votes = 41,273 |percentage = 60.42% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Belose Ramchandra Vithal |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 24,978 |percentage = 36.57% |change={{decrease}}17.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shiwgan Pandoorang Daji |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 2,057 |percentage = 3.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,295 |percentage = 23.86% |change= {{increase}}15.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 72,650 |percentage = 69.85% |change= {{decrease}}0.06 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 68,308}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 104,008|ref = |change= {{increase}}22.39 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}6.32 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Dapoli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Ramchandra Vithal Bhelose |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 30,221 |percentage = 54.10% |change={{increase}}6.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sakpal Gangaram Daulat |party=Independent politician |votes = 25,637 |percentage = 45.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,584 |percentage = 8.21% |change= {{decrease}}11.82 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 59,682 |percentage = 70.23% |change= {{increase}}6.98 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 55,858}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,978|ref = |change= {{increase}}11.02 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}6.47 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Dapoli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Ramchandra Vithal Bhelose |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 21,423 |percentage = 47.63% |change={{decrease}}8.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=G. D. Sakpal |party=Independent politician |votes = 12,416 |percentage = 27.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=A. N. Pawar |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 6,813 |percentage = 15.15% |change={{decrease}}8.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=K. D. Jadhav |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,551 |percentage = 5.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S. D. More |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 1,771 |percentage = 3.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,007 |percentage = 20.03% |change= {{decrease}}12.64 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 50,850 |percentage = 66.43% |change= {{increase}}14.69 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 44,974}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,546|ref = |change= {{increase}}26.16 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}8.34 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Dapoli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Ramchandra Vithal Bhelose |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 14,966 |percentage = 55.98% |change={{increase}}23.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sharad Govind Dandekar |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 6,231 |percentage = 23.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pandurang Daji Shigwan |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 3,805 |percentage = 14.23% |change={{decrease}}52.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kashinath Bhargao Limaye |party=Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha |votes = 1,734 |percentage = 6.49% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,735 |percentage = 32.67% |change= {{decrease}}1.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 30,657 |percentage = 50.53% |change= {{decrease}}9.85 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 26,736}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 60,675|ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.12 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Praja Socialist Party |swing= {{decrease}}11.21 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1957===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Dapoli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Mandlik Purshottam Vasudeo |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 22,004 |percentage = 67.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Peje Shantaram Laxman |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 10,745 |percentage = 32.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,259 |percentage = 34.38% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 32,749 |percentage = 53.91% |change= }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 32,749}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 60,747|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Praja Socialist Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Dapoli]]
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ratnagiri district topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|17|46|00.30|N|73|10|05.06|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Ratnagiri district]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]

E. John Jacob

2026-04-19T06:26:47Z

Globaleducollege: Created Bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Indian patronymic|Jacob|Elanjikal John}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more footnotes needed|date=April 2020}}
{{One source|date=January 2021}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| name = Elanjickal John Jacob
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1913|8|23}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1978|9|26|1913|8|23}}
| death_place =
| office = MLA of Kerala Assembly for Thiruvalla
| term_start =
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| constituency = [[Thiruvalla]]
| party = [[Kerala Congress]]
| spouse = Smt.Saramma Jacob
| website =
| footnotes =
| source = <ref name="Members" />
}}

'''Elanjikal John Jacob''' was a member of 3rd, 4th and 5th [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]. He was from [[Kerala Congress]] party and represented [[Thiruvalla]] constituency.<ref name="Members">{{Cite web|url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members/m243.htm|title = Members - Kerala Legislature}}</ref>

==Positions held==
He was Minister for Food and Civil supplies from 11 April 1977 to 25 April 1977 and from 27 April 1977 to 26 September 1978.
He served Merchant navy as Officer from 1927 to 1940 and commissioned officer in Indian Army from 1942 to 1944. He expired on 26 September 1978, while serving as Minister.<ref name="Members" />

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jacob, E John}}
[[Category:Politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:1913 births]]
[[Category:1978 deaths]]

Annaamalai

2026-04-19T05:57:25Z

Globaleducollege: adding a page

{{short description|1992 film by Suresh Krissna}}
{{other uses of|Annamalai}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Annaamalai poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Suresh Krissna]]
| producer = Rajam Balachander Puspha Kandasamy
| screenplay = Suresh Krissna [[Shanmugasundaram]]
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Khudgarz]]''|[[Rakesh Roshan]]}}
| starring = [[Rajinikanth]] [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] [[Sarath Babu]]
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| cinematography = P. S. Prakash
| editing = Ganesh Kumar
| studio = [[Kavithalayaa Productions]]
| released = {{film date|1992|6|27|df=yes}}
| runtime = 164 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Annaamalai''''' (also spelt '''''Annamalai'''''; {{IPA|ta|aɳɳaːmalaɪ|pron}}) is a 1992 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action drama film]] directed by [[Suresh Krissna]] and produced by [[Kavithalayaa Productions]]. A remake of the 1987 [[Hindi]] film ''[[Khudgarz]]'', itself based on [[Jeffrey Archer]]'s 1979 novel ''[[Kane and Abel (novel)|Kane and Abel]]'', it stars [[Rajinikanth]], [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] and [[Sarath Babu]] with [[Radha Ravi]], [[Nizhalgal Ravi]] and [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] in supporting roles. The film revolves around Annaamalai, a poor milkman, and Ashok, a wealthy hotelier, who have been friends since childhood, a friendship opposed by Ashok's father who creates a rift between the two.

''Annaamalai'' was announced in March 1992 with [[Vasanth]] as director, though he later opted out for personal reasons. Suresh Krissna replaced him as director, and also contributed to the screenplay while [[Shanmugasundaram]] wrote the dialogue. [[Principal photography]] began the same month and the entire filming process lasted 45 working days. The music was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] and the lyrics for the songs were written by [[Vairamuthu]]. The cinematography was handled by P. S. Prakash and the editing by the duo Ganesh Kumar.

''Annaamalai'' was released on 27 June 1992. Although its opening was threatened due to a newly established [[Government of Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu government]] rule where posters of films were prohibited in Madras, the lack of promos only increased the hype and worked to the film's advantage; it ran for 175 days in theatres and was the highest-grossing film in [[Tamil cinema]] to that point. It was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] in 1993 as ''[[Kondapalli Raja]]'' and in [[Kannada]] in 2003 as ''[[Gokarna (film)|Gokarna]]''.

== Plot ==
Annaamalai is a milkman, while Ashok is the owner of a five-star hotel in [[Chennai|Madras]]. They have been very close friends since childhood. Ashok's father Gangadharan, however, never liked his son's friendship with a poor milkman. Annaamalai is kind-hearted and innocent, and falls in love with Subbulakshmi, a college girl he eventually marries. Ashok too falls in love with a poor girl, Shanthi, who works as his secretary. Annaamalai arranges Ashok and Shanthi's wedding which angers Gangadharan as he thinks Shanthi lacks the status to become his daughter-in-law.

Annaamalai clashes with Ekambaram, an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], following which Ekambaram understands Annaamalai's good nature. Annaamalai's small house along with a few cents of empty land is located in a prime location, to which Annaamalai held sentimental values; Gangadharan pressures Ashok to buy it so that they can construct a star hotel. Ashok is initially hesitant as he does not want to mix business and friendship, but later agrees. Annaamalai happily accepts and also agrees to give the land for free, emulating pure friendship. Ashok feels proud of Annaamalai and informs his father that Annaamalai has to be made a shareholder in the new hotel. Gangadharan agrees, but decides to cheat Annaamalai and gets his signature on empty papers.

The star hotel is constructed, and Gangadharan plans to demolish Annaamalai's house which is located next to the hotel. Gangadharan and Ashok's cousin Sargunam forge documents and take control of Annaamalai's empty land. Annaamalai learns of this plan and argues with Gangadharan. Ashok, oblivious to his father's plan, gets angry with Annaamalai for fighting with him, and demolishes Annaamalai's house which is in the memory of Annaamalai's father. In response, Annaamalai lays a challenge that he will become wealthy and take revenge on Ashok.

Ekambaram helps Annaamalai secure funds. Annaamalai starts a small sweets business and, over the course of fifteen years due to hard work and toil, becomes one of the wealthiest hoteliers in Madras; he builds a star hotel which becomes more popular than Ashok's hotel. Sargunam steals money from Ashok and knowing this, Ashok asks him to leave. Sargunam joins Annaamalai's hotel and also marries Annaamalai's sister, Kamala. Annaamalai triumphs over Ashok and becomes the president of the hotel association and Ashok faces financial troubles. When Annaamalai learns that his daughter Priya and Ashok's son Deepak love each other, he opposes this because of his hatred for Ashok.

During the public auction of a plot, Annaamalai tricks Ashok into bidding for {{INRConvert|120|m|lk=no|year=1992}}, even though it is not worth more than {{INR}}30 million. Ashok is forced to sell his bungalow to pay for the plot and Annaamalai purchases Ashok's bungalow, but soon after he gives the registration document to his mother Sivagami and asks her to hand it over to Ashok since he did not want to punish his friend thinking about the old friendship. Ashok and Gangadharan realise their mistake and apologise to Sivagami knowing Annaamalai's kind heart. Annaamalai learns about Gangadharan and Sargunam's document forgery, and that Ashok was unaware of their plans. Sargunam later hires Don, an assassin, to kill Ashok to usurp his wealth. But Annaamalai saves Ashok, kills Don and Sargunam seeks forgiveness. Annaamalai and Ashok reconcile, and fix their children's marriage.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Rajinikanth]] as Annaamalai{{sfn |Ramachandran |2014 |p=149}}
*[[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] as Subbulakshmi{{Sfn |Krissna |Rangarajan |2012 |p=40}}
*[[Sarath Babu]] as Ashok{{sfn |Ramachandran |2014 |p=149}}
*[[Rekha Harris|Rekha]] as Shanthi<ref name="dinamalarnellai" />
*[[Radha Ravi]] as Gangadharan<ref name="IE review" />
*[[Janagaraj]] as Panchu{{Sfn |Krissna |Rangarajan |2012 |p=43}}
*[[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as Sargunam{{Sfn |Krissna |Rangarajan |2012 |p=53}}
*[[Tiger Prabhakar|Prabhakar]] as Don Fernadez<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raman |first=Pratiba |date=16 December 2019 |title=Rajinikanth's Darbar trailer breakdown/review: How is it? Simply superstar! |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/rajinikanth-trailer-breakdown-review-how-is-it-simply-superstar--q2m6ec |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200122050809/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/rajinikanth-trailer-breakdown-review-how-is-it-simply-superstar--q2m6ec |archive-date=22 January 2020 |access-date=22 January 2020 |work=[[Asianet News]]}}</ref>
*[[Vinu Chakravarthy]] as Ekambaram<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sundaram |first=Nandhu |date=28 April 2017 |title=The man who found Silk Smitha: Vinu Chakravarthy reminded us of the classicism in cinema |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/man-who-found-silk-smitha-vinu-chakravarthy-reminded-us-classism-cinema-61116 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216200648/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/man-who-found-silk-smitha-vinu-chakravarthy-reminded-us-classism-cinema-61116 |archive-date=16 December 2017 |access-date=7 September 2019 |work=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>
*[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Sivagami<ref name="IE review" />
*[[Vaishnavi Aravind|Vaishnavi]] as Kamala{{Sfn |Krissna |Rangarajan |2012 |p=80}}
*[[Karan (actor)|Karan]] as Deepak<ref name="dinamalarnellai" />
*Dakshayini as Priya<ref name="dinamalarnellai" />
*L. Muthappa as the [[Parrot astrology|parrot astrologer]] (uncredited)<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2015 |title=ரஜினி சொன்ன வெயில்...! |url=https://www.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/45519- |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519042555/https://www.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/45519- |archive-date=19 May 2020 |access-date=19 May 2020 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
In the first week of March 1992, the newspaper ''[[Dina Thanthi]]'' announced [[K. Balachander]]'s production house [[Kavithalayaa Productions]]' next film ''Annaamalai'', with [[Vasanth]] as director and [[Rajinikanth]] as the lead actor.{{sfn |Krissna |Rangarajan |2012 |p=7}} When the title was announced, some people had misgivings because of the saying "Annamalaikku Arohara" (Hail Hara, Lord of Annamalai) which has negative connotations; however Balachander refused to change it.{{Sfn |Krissna |Rangarajan |2012 |p=15}} After completing work on ''[[Jaagruti]]'' on 8 March, [[Suresh Krissna]] left for [[Chennai|Madras]] the next morning; he had not yet signed any film. Upon arrival the same day, he was informed that Balachander, his mentor, was waiting for him. Krissna visited Balachander, who told him that Vasanth had left ''Annaamalai'', which was scheduled to begin filming in two days and its release fixed for June. When asked if he would direct, Krissna received an advance of {{INRConvert|109|year=1992}} and accepted.{{sfn |Krissna |Rangarajan |2012 |pp=8–9}} Vasanth has never elaborated on why he left, saying it was only due to "personal reasons".{{sfn |Ramachandran |2014 |p=145}} [[Visu]] claimed he was hired as the director before Vasanth, but due to some contradiction with Rajinikanth, he opted out.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_yb192cswUI |title=Rajini is very intelligent and grasps things quickly says Visu {{!}} Heartist {{!}} Bosskey TV |date=17 June 2016 |last=Bosskey |author-link=Bosskey |language=ta |publisher=A Tube |access-date=30 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229005028/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_yb192cswUI |archive-date=29 February 2020 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

At the time of Krissna's arrival, the script was not complete; he met the screenwriter [[Shanmugasundaram]], who narrated the main story: the "friendship between a poor milkman and a rich man, with the former's house being a point of conflict". Krissna realised there was still much work to be done because reasons like "why does his house mean so much to him, why does the rich man's father hate this milkman, what angers the hero so much that he goes against his rich friend" had yet to be established. The story was based on the [[Hindi]] film ''[[Khudgarz]]'' (1987),<ref name="NoAnnamalaiNoBaashha" /> which itself was based on [[Jeffrey Archer]]'s novel ''[[Kane and Abel (novel)|Kane and Abel]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sherwin |first=Adam |date=4 March 2015 |title=Jeffrey Archer accuses Bollywood of stealing his bestselling |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/jeffrey-archer-accuses-bollywood-of-stealing-his-bestselling-storylines-10085842.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101162127/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/jeffrey-archer-accuses-bollywood-of-stealing-his-bestselling-storylines-10085842.html |archive-date=1 November 2019 |access-date=1 November 2019 |work=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> Unlike ''Khudgarz'', where the rich man was the main character, Rajinikanth's character, the poor man, was made the main character. When Krissna asked Shanmugasundaram about the "incomplete pockets" in the story, Shanmugasundaram replied that it could all be developed over the course of production.<ref name="NoAnnamalaiNoBaashha" /> Shanmugasundaram had been hired at Rajinikanth's suggestion,{{sfn |Krissna |Rangarajan |2012 |p=10}} but Balachander wrote the dialogues for a scene involving the title character and the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] Ekambaram ([[Vinu Chakravarthy]]) at Rajinikanth's insistence.{{Sfn |Krissna |Rangarajan |2012 |pp=71–72}} According to Krissna, "We completely went with the flow, sometimes without even knowing what scene would be canned the next day, but we were always alert".<ref>{{Cite web |title='Annamalai' re-release: Director Suresh Krissna on the 1992 Rajinikanth superhit and the fan moment he'll never forget |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/annamalai-re-release-director-suresh-krissna-on-the-1992-rajinikanth-superhit-and-the-fan-moment-hell-never-forget/article70348702.ece |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251208170255/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/annamalai-re-release-director-suresh-krissna-on-the-1992-rajinikanth-superhit-and-the-fan-moment-hell-never-forget/article70348702.ece |archive-date=8 December 2025 |access-date=8 December 2025 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

When Krissna met Rajinikanth, he told him that there was a substantial amount of work to be done in the script, but liked the plot.{{sfn |Krissna |Rangarajan |2012 |pp=10–11}}{{sfn |Ramachandran |2014 |p=146}} Shortly before the beginning of [[principal photography]], which was scheduled to begin on 11 March and continue its first schedule for ten days,{{sfn |Krissna |Rangarajan |2012 |p=11}} only the main cast – Rajinikanth as Annaamalai, [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] as his love interest and [[Sarath Babu]] as his friend Ashok – had been finalised.<ref name="NoAnnamalaiNoBaashha" /> Khushbu's character initially had the same name as her, but this was later changed to Subbulakshmi alias "Subbu".<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2012 |title=விகடன் மேடை: குஷ்பு |trans-title=Vikatan Desk: Khushbu |url=https://www.vikatan.com/oddities/celebrity/16969--2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200512174401/https://www.vikatan.com/story-feed |archive-date=12 May 2020 |access-date=7 September 2019 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> Since the script was not complete, there was no proper shooting schedule, and [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] was initially unavailable. But after another film she had signed got cancelled, she was cast in this film as Annaamalai's mother Sivagami.<ref name="NoAnnamalaiNoBaashha" /> [[Radha Ravi]] was not interested in playing Ashok's father Gangadharan as he had grown weary of playing elderly characters, but agreed to appear in ''Annaamalai'' at Rajinikanth's insistence.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=8 March 2012 |title=Refrains, old and new |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/refrains-old-and-new/article2973933.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417115209/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/refrains-old-and-new/article2973933.ece |archive-date=17 April 2014 |access-date=17 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Pre-production works such as casting and location hunting took place on the day before shooting began.{{sfn |Ramachandran |2014 |p=146}}{{sfn |Krissna |Rangarajan |2012 |p=14}} Balachander's wife Rajam and their daughter Pushpa Kandhaswamy received the producer credit.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nathan |first=Leona |date=12 December 2017 |title=Rajinikanth Birthday Special: Here Are 5 Best Movies Of Superstar To Binge-Watch |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/rajinikanth-birthday-special-5-movies-you-should-binge-watch-today-if-you-are-a-true-fan-of-the-actor-2738258/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525034826/https://www.india.com/entertainment/rajinikanth-birthday-special-5-movies-you-should-binge-watch-today-if-you-are-a-true-fan-of-the-actor-2738258/ |archive-date=25 May 2021 |access-date=25 May 2021 |website=[[India.com]]}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
''Annaamalai'' was launched with a ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' at the Lord Ganapathi temple within [[AVM Productions|AVM Studios]].{{Sfn |Krissna |Rangarajan |2012 |p=15}} Principal photography began on 11 March 1992.<ref name="NoAnnamalaiNoBaashha" /> The [[muhurat shot]] involved Annaamalai breaking a coconut and praying in a temple.{{Sfn |Krissna |Rangarajan |2012 |p=15}} After the muhurat shot, the first scene to be filmed was a comedy scene where Annaamalai would save Ashok, who has been brought to court for a minor offence. Krissna removed the scene from the final cut as he felt it had no bearing on the script.{{Sfn |Krissna |Rangarajan |2012 |pp=17–18}} The introductory song "Vanthenda Paalkaaran" was shot at [[Ooty]]. Krissna wanted the picturisation of the song to be vibrant and colourful like the songs of Hindi films starring [[Amitabh Bachchan]]. The scene in the song where Annaamalai shows his face to the camera was extended in slow motion by Krissna so it would feel if he was looking towards the audience. The song was choreographed by [[Prabhu Deva]].{{Sfn |Krissna |Rangarajan |2012 |pp=31–34}} While filming the scene where Annaamalai challenges Ashok and Gangadharan after they demolish his house, the makers decided to include wind, rain and lightning in the background to show how [[Mother Nature]] was angry at the wrongs meted out to Annaamalai.{{Sfn |Krissna |Rangarajan |2012 |pp=58–60}}

The scene where Annaamalai enters a ladies' hostel and gets terrified by a snake was shot at Chakra House, Alwarpet.{{Sfn |Krissna |Rangarajan |2012 |page=19}} A snake was brought specifically for the scene. The owner of the snake earlier worked in previous films of Rajinikanth. Krissna told cinematographer P. S. Prakash to use a zoom lens so that he could adjust the camera according to the situation. After the scene was finished, the members of the crew enjoyed the shot. Krissna congratulated Rajinikanth and asked him how he performed it so well and if it was planned, and Rajinikanth replied it was not planned; expressions in the scene were a result of his fear. In the same scene, Shanmugasundaram came with initial dialogues to convey Annaamalai's fear. Krissna felt that dialogues were redundant in such a situation. Rajinikanth insisted to keep ''Kadavule Kadavule'' (Oh God! Oh God!) as the dialogue. Krissna agreed as it went well into the situation of the scene.{{Sfn |Krissna |Rangarajan |2012 |pp=19–24}} According to Krissna, nobody on set realised that the snake's mouth was not stitched; it was only after filming ended for that day that the director came to realise that Rajinikanth's life was at risk the entire time.{{sfn |Krissna |Rangarajan |2012 |pp=25–26}}

The title song "Annaamalai Annaamalai" where the title character and Subbu appear in periodic costumes was shot at the [[Fernhills Palace]], Ooty while the matching shots were shot at Sivaji Gardens. Krissna shot the song sequence in a technique where the lip sync is perfect while the dance movements being fast, taking inspiration from the song "Mamavukku Koduma" from ''[[Punnagai Mannan]]'' (1986).{{Sfn |Krissna |Rangarajan |2012 |pp=35–37}} The song "Vetri Nichayam", which is a montage showing Annaamalai's rise to power over the course of several years, was shot in many prestigious places such as Sea Rock Hotel, Bombay.{{Sfn |Krissna |Rangarajan |2012 |pp=53–54}} The song "Rekkai Katti Parakudhu" was shot at Boat Club Road in Adyar and Horticultural Society in Radhakrishnan Road.{{sfn |Krissna |Rangarajan |2012 |pp=40–41}} The scene where Annaamalai and Ashok face each other on opposite escalators was shot at the Centaur Hotel in Bombay as no hotel in Madras had escalators then.{{sfn |Krissna |Rangarajan |2012 |p=64}} Another scene, where Annaamalai beats up Sargunam in a one-sided fight was filmed at [[Egmore#Various buildings|Hotel Ambassador Pallava]].{{sfn |Krissna |Rangarajan |2012 |p=81}} Filming was completed in 45 working days.{{sfn |Ramachandran |2014 |p=146}}

=== Post-production ===
[[File:Super Star Rajni.gif|thumb|The "Super Star" graphic title card]]
''Annaamalai'' was edited by the duo Ganesh Kumar.{{Sfn |Krissna |Rangarajan |2012 |p=68}} It was the first film to feature the introductory "Super Star" graphic title card, where the words 'SUPER' and 'STAR' form in blue dots on the screen followed by R-A-J-N-I in gold, set to the sound of laser beams while the word "Hey!" plays in [[Loop (music)|loop]] in the background.<ref name="SuperStarTitle" />{{sfn |Ramachandran |2014 |p=148}} This idea was conceived by Krissna, who was inspired by the opening [[gun barrel sequence]] in the [[Production of the James Bond films|James Bond films]], and felt that Rajinikanth, who was becoming a phenomenon, "warranted a unique logo to go with his name".{{Sfn |Krissna |Rangarajan |2012 |p=89}}

Rajinikanth initially objected to the inclusion of the Super Star title card as he felt it was "brazen self-aggrandisement" and "embarrassing",{{Sfn |Krissna |Rangarajan |2012 |p=90}} but Krissna convinced him, saying it would generate large applause.{{sfn |Ramachandran |2014 |pp=148–149}} Balachander supported Krissna, and convinced Rajinikanth, who relented.<ref name="SureshKrissnaBehindwoods" /> The Super Star title card was created at [[Prasad Studios|Prasad Labs]] and took a month to complete because "every frame had to be animated by hand".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M |date=12 August 2020 |title=#45YearsOfRajinism: I wanted to have a Bond-like introduction slide for Rajini sir, says Suresh Krissna |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/45yearsofrajinism-i-wanted-to-have-a-bond-like-introduction-slide-for-rajini-sir-says-suresh-krissna/articleshow/77493993.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200814043356/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/45yearsofrajinism-i-wanted-to-have-a-bond-like-introduction-slide-for-rajini-sir-says-suresh-krissna/articleshow/77493993.cms |archive-date=14 August 2020 |access-date=14 August 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The final cut of ''Annaamalai'' was initially {{convert|14950|feet|metres}}, at a time when the length of Tamil films was restricted to {{convert|14500|feet|metres}}, equal to two hours and forty-five minutes. With the removal of the courtroom scene, the final cut was reduced by {{convert|450|feet|metres}}.{{sfn |Krissna |Rangarajan |2012 |pp=17–18}}

== Themes ==
''Annaamalai'' revolves around themes such as friendship, betrayal and revenge.<ref name="NST review" /> According to Krissna, none of the dialogues or scenes in the film were meant to be allegorical to Rajinikanth's enmity with politician [[J. Jayalalithaa]], but they were interpreted by viewers that way. Krissna said an astrologer's dialogue to Annaamalai "Unakku amma naala dhaan problem varum" (Very soon, you are going to have problems because of a woman) was meant to be a "fun introduction" to the character Subbu, and Ekambaram reforming after hearing Annaamalai's words was intended to show "why an MLA turns a new leaf after hearing the words of a milkman", but viewers interpreted both scenes as reflecting "Rajini hitting out at Jayalalithaa".<ref name="NoAnnamalaiNoBaashha" /> He also said the scene of Annaamalai going up an escalator and Ashok's going down one is symbolic of Annaamalai's rise and Ashok's fall.{{sfn |Krissna |Rangarajan |2012 |p=66}}

== Music ==
{{Main|Annaamalai (soundtrack)}}
The soundtrack was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], with lyrics by [[Vairamuthu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Annamalai (1992) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0001968 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117024856/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0001968 |archive-date=17 January 2012 |access-date=8 March 2012 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref> It was released on 8 May 1992,<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6p_9ipxmqq4 |title=Legendary K.Balachander's speech at Annamalai's Audio Launch |date=15 September 2018 |last=Kavithalayaa |author-link=Kavithalayaa Productions |time=2:12 |access-date=15 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027235209/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6p_9ipxmqq4 |archive-date=27 October 2022 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> under the [[Lahari Music|Lahari]] label.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2014 |title=Annamalai |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/annamalai/1sm6jY5EXz8_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716035202/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/annamalai/1sm6jY5EXz8_ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=16 July 2019 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref> The theme song, which does not appear on the soundtrack and plays during the Super Star graphic title card,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yamunan |first=Sruthisagar |date=24 June 2018 |title=How Tamil composer Deva rolled out the hits: 'A film song should immediately register with people' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/883765/how-tamil-composer-deva-churned-out-the-hits-a-film-song-should-immediately-register-with-people |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190906054743/https://scroll.in/reel/883765/how-tamil-composer-deva-churned-out-the-hits-a-film-song-should-immediately-register-with-people |archive-date=6 September 2019 |access-date=6 September 2019 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref> was inspired by the [[James Bond Theme]],<ref name="NoAnnamalaiNoBaashha" /> and was composed by Deva's brother Sabesh of the [[Sabesh–Murali]] duo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajasekar |first=Nagalekshmi |date=29 November 2025 |title=சூப்பர் ஸ்டார் தீம் மியூசிக், இது தேவா இசை அல்ல, அந்த பி.ஜி.எம் இவர் போட்டது; உண்மை உடைத்த இசை கலைஞர்! |url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/music-director-deva-not-composing-the-rajinis-theme-music-read-full-story-10822547 |access-date=1 December 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Release ==
''Annaamalai'' was released theatrically on 27 June 1992.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 June 1992 |title=Annaamalai |url=https://news.google.co.in/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920627&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=28 August 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Its opening was threatened since the [[Government of Tamil Nadu|government]] of Jayalalithaa implemented a new rule where posters of films were prohibited in Madras. Nevertheless, according to Krissna, the lack of promos only increased the hype and worked to the film's advantage.{{sfn |Krissna |Rangarajan |2012 |p=76}} The film completed a 175-day run at the box office.{{Sfn |Krissna |Rangarajan |2012 |page=69}} It was the highest-grossing film in [[Tamil cinema]] to that point,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goyal |first=Divya |date=22 July 2016 |title=Will Kabali be Rajinikanth's Most Revered Film? Here Are His Top 10 Roles |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/regional/will-kabali-be-rajinikanths-most-revered-film-here-are-his-top-10-roles-1434235 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303160854/http://movies.ndtv.com/regional/will-kabali-be-rajinikanths-most-revered-film-here-are-his-top-10-roles-1434235 |archive-date=3 March 2018 |access-date=3 March 2018 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> and started Rajinikanth's "meteoric rise at the box office".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Govardan |first=D. |date=10 December 2006 |title=Only Rajini can |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/only-rajini-can/articleshow/756523.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190715114927/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/only-rajini-can/articleshow/756523.cms |archive-date=15 July 2019 |access-date=15 July 2019 |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> For his performance, Rajinikanth won the Ambika Award for Best Actor.{{sfn |Ramachandran |2014 |p=269}}

== Reception ==
Lalitha Dileep of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' said the film "combines good screenplay, proficient direction and first rate acting. The end result is both entertaining and engrossing". She said the metamorphosis of Annaamalai from a simpleton to a wealthy man was "done in a plausible manner and with great cinematic finesse", praised the editing, the cinematography, the music and lyrics, concluding, "[''Annaamalai''] is enjoyable and touching."<ref name="IE review" /> K. Vijiyan of ''[[New Straits Times]]'' praised the performances of Rajinikanth and Manorama, but felt that for a film depicting the close bonds of friendship, "the reason given for the split between Ashok and [Annaamalai] is rather weak." Vijiyan criticised the revenge plot as stale, the "good friends getting separated" trope for being derivative, and felt some of the songs were unnecessary since they were only slowing the film's pace. He praised the fight sequences, Deva's music and Janagaraj's comedy, but felt Khushbu and [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]] were merely "decorative items", concluding, "[''Annaamalai''] will be a hit with [Rajinikanth's] admirers but a disappointment for Balachander's discerning fans who are looking for a story with a difference."<ref name="NST review" />

A special screening was held for the actor [[Sivaji Ganesan]] who told Krissna, "In my heyday, the camera remained steady while I would move up and down to make an impact as a hero, but you've limited [Rajinikanth's] movements and made the camera whirl around. The dynamism of the shots have helped project heroism better [...] You've showcased another dimension of [Rajinikanth]. The film's plus is its making."{{Sfn |Krissna |Rangarajan |2012 |page=93}} Sundarji of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' noted that Rekha was underutilised, criticised Deva's music for being derivative, but praised Janagaraj's comedy (especially his broken English dialogues) and many of Rajinikanth's dialogues which he felt had political undertones.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சுந்தர்ஜி |date=12 July 1992 |title=அண்ணாமலை |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1992-07-12/page/n65/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230926110056/https://archive.org/details/kalki1992-07-12/page/n65/mode/2up |archive-date=26 September 2023 |access-date=26 September 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=64 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== Legacy ==

''Annaamalai'' set multiple trends in Tamil cinema, including a "mass introduction song for a hero",{{Efn|Two earlier Rajinikanth films, ''[[Vanakkatukuriya Kathaliye]]'' (1977) and ''[[Murattu Kaalai (1980 film)|Murattu Kaalai]]'' (1980) already introduced his character onscreen through a song,{{sfn |Ramachandran |2014 |pp=79–80}} but after ''Annaamalai'' "started the legendary intro songs that have become the quintessential entry point for any actor."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Surendran |first=Anusha |date=5 May 2016 |title=When a Superstar enters |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thread/arts-culture-society/article8560629.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910185735/http://www.thehindu.com/thread/arts-culture-society/article8560629.ece |archive-date=10 September 2017 |access-date=27 June 2020 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>}} a "special background music for the hero", and a poor man's rise to riches depicted during the course of a song.<ref name="SureshKrissnaBehindwoods" /> The ''Superstar'' graphic title card featured in many of Rajinikanth's later films, often with minor variations.<ref name="SuperStarTitle" /> It also inspired many other South Indian films to use similar title cards to promote their lead actors.<ref name="RetroTicket" /> Many dialogues from the film attained popularity such as "Naan solradaiyum seiven, soladadeiyum seiven" (I'll do what I say, I'll also do what I don't say),<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Nivedita |date=12 December 2014 |title=WATCH: All the Rajini fans... Thalaiva's five iconic dialogues |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/watch-all-the-rajini-fans-thalaiva-s-five-iconic-dialogues/story-0dFbrhMGiFejgRQxs9oZeL.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228223156/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/watch-all-the-rajini-fans-thalaiva-s-five-iconic-dialogues/story-0dFbrhMGiFejgRQxs9oZeL.html |archive-date=28 February 2018 |access-date=28 February 2018 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> "Malai da, Annamalai" (Malai, man. Annamalai),<ref>{{Cite web |last=John |first=Pradeep |date=7 November 2019 |title=Celebrating 60 years of movie magic that's Kamal Haasan |url=https://thefederal.com/the-eighth-column/celebrating-60-years-of-movie-magic-thats-kamal-haasan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200216101906/https://thefederal.com/the-eighth-column/celebrating-60-years-of-movie-magic-thats-kamal-haasan/ |archive-date=16 February 2020 |access-date=5 June 2020 |website=[[The Federal]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2012 |title=Rajinikanth's Top 12 Punch Lines |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-rajinikanth-s-most-popular-punch-lines/20121212.htm?print=true |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200605164942/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-rajinikanth-s-most-popular-punch-lines/20121212.htm?print=true |archive-date=5 June 2020 |access-date=5 June 2020 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajini punch lines |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/rajini-punch-lines-imagegallery-15-movies-jdwmUcjfbdhsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200621155501/https://www.sify.com/movies/rajini-punch-lines-imagegallery-15-movies-jdwmUcjfbdhsi.html |archive-date=21 June 2020 |access-date=21 June 2020 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> "Ashok, indha Annamalai un nanban ah than pathiruka, inimey indha Annamalai un virodhiya pakkapora. Indha naal un calendar la kurichi vechikko. Innayilarunthe un azhivu kaalam aarambamaayiduchi" (Ashok, you have seen this Annamalai only as your friend. From now on you will see this Annamalai as your enemy. Mark this date on your calendar. Your downfall begins today),<ref name="parody" /> and "I'm a bad man".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sekhar |first=Arunkumar |date=20 December 2017 |title=Debunking movie myths: The 'Annamalai' style of blowing up cars |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/dec/20/debunking-movie-myths-the-annamalai-style-of-blowing-up-cars-1732814.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200605164510/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/dec/20/debunking-movie-myths-the-annamalai-style-of-blowing-up-cars-1732814.html |archive-date=5 June 2020 |access-date=5 June 2020 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

In 1996, the newly-formed [[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|Tamil Maanila Congress]] chose the character Annaamalai's cycle as its official symbol, "Rekkai Katti Parakudhu" as its theme song, and won the [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] by a huge margin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pramod Kumar |first=G |date=12 December 2016 |title=Rajinikanth's apology to Jayalalithaa, a long-pending closure for the actor |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/rajinikanths-apology-to-jayalalithaa-a-long-pending-closure-for-the-actor-3152106.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127074310/https://www.firstpost.com/politics/rajinikanths-apology-to-jayalalithaa-a-long-pending-closure-for-the-actor-3152106.html |archive-date=27 November 2021 |access-date=27 November 2021 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kolappan |first=B. |date=30 November 2014 |title=Vasan's new party to retain TMC as 'brand name' |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/vasans-new-party-to-retain-tmc-as-brand-name/article6647144.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205163446/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/vasans-new-party-to-retain-tmc-as-brand-name/article6647144.ece |archive-date=5 December 2014 |access-date=17 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sathiya Moorthy |first=N |date=18 April 2001 |title=Rajnikanth may stay away from poll scene |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2001/apr/18tn2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200605090919/https://www.rediff.com/news/2001/apr/18tn2.htm |archive-date=5 June 2020 |access-date=5 June 2020 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> ''Annaamalai'' was remade into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Kondapalli Raja]]'' (1993),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sri |date=15 July 2010 |title=Interview: Ravi Raja Pinisetty |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/interview_ravirajapinishetty2010_3.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231093534/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/interview_ravirajapinishetty2010_3.php |archive-date=31 December 2010 |access-date=8 March 2012 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |page=3}}</ref> and into Kannada as ''[[Gokarna (film)|Gokarna]]'' (2003).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Venkatasubba Rao |first=K. N. |date=4 January 2004 |title=2003, a flop for Kannada cinema |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/01/04/stories/2004010408720500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228162004/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/01/04/stories/2004010408720500.htm |archive-date=28 February 2018 |access-date=28 February 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> It has influenced other films with regards to plot and characterisations such as ''[[Arumugam (film)|Aarumugam]]'' (2009) (also directed by Krissna)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=2 October 2009 |title=True to formula |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/true-to-formula/article3021972.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181030035737/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/true-to-formula/article3021972.ece |archive-date=30 October 2018 |access-date=17 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> and ''[[Engaeyum Eppothum]]'' (2011),<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=Subha J |date=27 October 2013 |title=Hit-man |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/hitman/article5276396.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140830183553/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/hitman/article5276396.ece |archive-date=30 August 2014 |access-date=17 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> while its plot details were parodied or re-enacted in films such as ''[[Pandian (film)|Pandian]]'' (1992),<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. |date=21 November 1992 |title=Hackneyed plot and unconvincing fighting scenes |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=A69UAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TpADAAAAIBAJ&pg=5916%2C147744 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516034947/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=A69UAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TpADAAAAIBAJ&pg=5916%2C147744 |archive-date=16 May 2024 |access-date=27 June 2020 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=25 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> ''[[Paarthale Paravasam]]'' (2001),<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Paarthale Paravasam |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=[[Kavithalayaa Productions]] |year=2001 |time=6:30 to 7:14 |time-caption=From}}</ref> ''[[Boss Engira Bhaskaran]]'' (2010),<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ravi |first=Bhama Devi |date=10 September 2010 |title=Boss Engira Bhaskaran Movie Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Boss-Engira-Bhaskaran/movie-review/6547029.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150731015349/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Boss-Engira-Bhaskaran/movie-review/6547029.cms |archive-date=31 July 2015 |access-date=17 September 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and ''[[Tamizh Padam]]'' (2010).<ref name="parody" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2010 |title=Tamil Padam |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil-padam-review-tamil-pclx0Wibgbecd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228162913/http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil-padam-review-tamil-pclx0Wibgbecd.html |archive-date=28 February 2018 |access-date=28 February 2018 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film has, however, gained criticism for glorifying smoking, a trait Rajinikanth eschewed in his films after ''[[Baba (2002 film)|Baba]]'' (2002).<ref name="RetroTicket" />

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="SureshKrissnaBehindwoods">{{Cite web |last=Bhavanishankar |first=Jyothsna |date=27 June 2017 |title=Rajini was stopped at the entrance of Poes Garden |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/director-suresh-krissna-on-25-years-of-rajinis-film-annamalai.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020192319/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/director-suresh-krissna-on-25-years-of-rajinis-film-annamalai.html |archive-date=20 October 2021 |access-date=28 February 2018 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>
<ref name="SuperStarTitle">{{Cite web |last=Shivakumar |first=Vivek |date=11 December 2018 |title=A Superstar Career Through Titles |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/tamil-features/a-superstar-career-through-titles/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730225954/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/tamil-features/a-superstar-career-through-titles/ |archive-date=30 July 2020 |access-date=15 July 2019 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref>
<ref name="NoAnnamalaiNoBaashha">{{Cite news |last1=Krissna |first1=Suresh |author-link=Suresh Krissna |last2=Suganth |first2=M. |date=27 June 2017 |title=Without Annamalai, there wouldn't be Baashha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/without-annamalai-there-wouldnt-be-baashha/articleshow/59322761.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228223001/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/without-annamalai-there-wouldnt-be-baashha/articleshow/59322761.cms |archive-date=28 February 2018 |access-date=28 February 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
<ref name="IE review">{{Cite news |last=Dileep |first=Lalitha |date=3 July 1992 |title=Soul-mates forever |url=https://news.google.co.in/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920703&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=13 November 2017 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
<ref name="dinamalarnellai">{{Cite web |date=1 August 2017 |title=சாதனை புரிந்த தமிழ் படங்கள் – 306– எஸ்.கணேஷ் |url=http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/cinema/news/32208 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190907154603/http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/cinema/news/32208 |archive-date=7 September 2019 |access-date=7 September 2019 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=Ta |location=Nellai}}</ref>
<ref name="parody">{{Cite web |last=KJ |first=Vignessh |date=17 May 2020 |title=How a Tamil parody song may have foretold FM's announcements 10 yrs ago |url=https://thefederal.com/features/how-a-tamil-parody-song-may-have-foretold-fms-announcements-10-yrs-ago/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605162358/https://thefederal.com/features/how-a-tamil-parody-song-may-have-foretold-fms-announcements-10-yrs-ago/ |archive-date=5 June 2020 |access-date=5 June 2020 |website=[[The Federal]]}}</ref>
<ref name="NST review">{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. |date=11 July 1992 |title=Revenge storyline getting too stale |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=PqRUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=OpADAAAAIBAJ&pg=2717%2C247623 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516045719/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=PqRUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=OpADAAAAIBAJ&pg=2717%2C247623 |archive-date=16 May 2024 |access-date=15 July 2019 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=13 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref>
<ref name="RetroTicket">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hxQmhxdusto |title=Annamalai {{!}} Rajni's greatest mass film? {{!}} Suresh Krissna, Deva {{!}} RetroTicket {{!}} Reel #12 |date=12 December 2020 |publisher=Retro Ticket |access-date=25 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525040806/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hxQmhxdusto |archive-date=25 May 2021 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>
</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last1=Krissna |first1=Suresh |author-link=Suresh Krissna |title=My Days with Baasha |last2=Rangarajan |first2=Malathi |publisher=Westland Ltd. |year=2012 |isbn=978-93-8162-629-0}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |title=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |title-link=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-81-8475-796-5 |orig-date=2012}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Kavithalaya Productions}}
{{Suresh Krissna}}

[[Category:1990s buddy drama films]]
[[Category:1990s masala films]]
[[Category:1992 action drama films]]
[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:1992 Indian films]]
[[Category:1992 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Suresh Krissna]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian buddy drama films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Shahkot Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:26:05Z

Globaleducollege: Starting A Entry - done

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Punjab State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Shahkot
| map_image = 32-Shahkot.svg
| mla = [[Hardev Singh Ladi]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = 2018 by-polls
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| district = [[Jalandhar district|Jalandhar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jalandhar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalandhar]]
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:182103}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=10 May 2022 |access-date= 15 May 2022}}</ref>{{update after|2027|6}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 32
}}
'''Shahkot Assembly constituency''' (Sl. No.: 32) is a [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] constituency in
[[Jalandhar district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state, India.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf|title= List of Punjab Assembly Constituencies|accessdate= 19 July 2016|url-status= dead|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160423033326/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/english/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf|archivedate= 23 April 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1962 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|[[Dalip Singh (Indian politician)|Dalip Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|rowspan=2|[[Ajit Singh Kohar]]
|-
|[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
|2018^
|rowspan=2|[[Hardev Singh Laddi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}
^: by-election

== Election Result ==
=== 2022 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2022]]: Shahkot}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Hardev Singh Laddi]]|votes={{formatnum:51661}}|percentage=38.99|change={{decrease}}24.12}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Shiromani Akali Dal|candidate=[[Bachitar Singh Kohar]]|votes={{formatnum:39582}}|percentage=29.87|change={{decrease}}3.65}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Rattan Singh Kakarkalan|votes={{formatnum:29348}}|percentage=22.15|change={{increase}}20.70}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)|candidate=Sulakhan Singh|votes={{formatnum:5779}}|percentage=4.36|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Narinder Pal Singh Chandi|votes={{formatnum:1449}}|percentage=1.09|change=New}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes={{formatnum:866}}|percentage=0.65|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:12079}}|percentage=9.12|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:132510}}|percentage=72.8|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:182103}}
|ref=<ref name="Punjab Election 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2018===
{{Election box begin | title=By-election, 2018: Shahkot}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Hardev Singh Laddi]]|votes=82,747|percentage=63.11|change={{increase}}32.11}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Shiromani Akali Dal|candidate=[[Naib Singh Kohar]]|votes=43,945|percentage=33.52|change={{decrease}}1.18}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Rattan Singh|votes=1,900|percentage=1.45|change={{decrease}}28.85}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,268|percentage=0.97|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=38,802|percentage=29.59|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,32,391|percentage=76.61|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner =Indian National Congress
|loser =Shiromani Akali Dal
|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2017 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2017"/> <section end="Assembly Election 2017"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2017]]: Shahkot<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Ajit Singh Kohar]]
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:46913}}
|percentage = 34.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Hardev Singh Laddi]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:42008}}
|percentage = 31.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Amarjit Singh Mehatpur]]
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:41010}}
|percentage = 30.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:849}}
|percentage = 0.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:4905}}
|percentage = 3.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:134507}}
|percentage = 78.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:172255}}
|ref=<ref name=electors2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Jalandhar district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Election results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}
{{coord|31.08|75.34|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Jalandhar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in East Punjab]]

Motihari Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:29:42Z

Globaleducollege: started initial data needs work

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Motihari
|type= SLA
| map_image = 19-Motihari constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|incumbent_image =
|mla = [[Pramod Kumar]]
|party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|preceded_by = [[Rama Devi (Bihar politician)|Rama Devi]]
|region =
|state = [[Bihar]]
|district = [[East Champaran district|East Champaran]]
|division = [[Tirhut division|Tirhut]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Purvi Champaran Lok Sabha constituency|Purvi Champaran]]
|constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|19]]
|established = 1951
| electors = 292,635
| reservation = None
|abolished = 
}}
'''Motihari Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[East Champaran district|Purvi Champaran district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]]. In [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]], Motihari will be one of the 36 seats to have VVPAT enabled electronic voting machines.<ref name="election1993">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/EC-move-to-allay-fears-about-errors-in-EVMs/articleshow/49199345.cms|title=EC move to allay fears about errors in EVMs}}</ref><ref name="election2015">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/Current/ImpIns_24092015.pdf|title=General Election to the State Legislative Assembly of Bihar, 2015- Use of EVMs with Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail System(VVPAT)-reg.}}</ref>

==Overview==
As per orders of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, 19. Motihari Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Motihari [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]] including [[Motihari]] nagar parishad and Lautnaha [[notified area]] and Piprakothi CD block.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

Motihari Assembly constituency is part of 3. [[Purvi Champaran (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=commission/> It was earlier part of [[Motihari (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web|title=Motihari Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/motihari.html|access-date=|website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Shakuntala Devi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Bigoo Ram
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Shakuntala Devi
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Chandrika Prasad Yadav
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Ram Sevak Jaiswal
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Prabhawati Gupta]]
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="3" |Triveni Tiwari
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|[[Rama Devi (Bihar politician)|Rama Devi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Pramod Kumar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=6}}
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]

|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Motihari<ref name="election2025">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-15 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/ae/2025/16 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Pramod Kumar]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:106080}}
|percentage = 49.5
|change = {{increase}}0.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Dewa Gupta
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:92517}}
|percentage = 43.17
|change = {{increase}}1.54
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|candidate = Atul Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:6592}}
|percentage = 3.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Divyanshu Bhardwaj
|votes = {{formatnum:2082}}
|percentage = 0.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2801}}
|percentage = 1.31
|change = {{decrease}}0.53
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:13563}}
|percentage = 6.33
|change = {{decrease}}1.48
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:214311}}
|percentage = 73.23
|change = {{increase}}13.56
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = BJP
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2020]]: [[Motihari]]<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-13 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Pramod Kumar]]
|votes = {{formatnum:92733}}
|percentage = 49.44
|change = +1.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Om Prakash Choudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:78088}}
|percentage = 41.63
|change = +5.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party
|candidate = Deepak Kumar Kushwaha
|votes = {{formatnum:3716}}
|percentage = 1.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rameshvar Sah
|votes = {{formatnum:3263}}
|percentage = 1.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Zalaluddin Roy
|votes = {{formatnum:1847}}
|percentage = 0.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3455}}
|percentage = 1.84
|change = +0.3
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:14645}}
|percentage = 7.81
|change = -3.18
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:187555}}
|percentage = 59.67
|change = +2.08
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = BJP
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Motihari<ref name="election2015"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Pramod Kumar]]
|votes = {{formatnum:79947}}
|percentage = 47.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Binod Kumar Shrivastava
|votes = {{formatnum:61430}}
|percentage = 36.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Manoj Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:7619}}
|percentage = 4.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ravi Bhushan Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:6369}}
|percentage = 3.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aap Aur Hum Party
|candidate = Harishchandra Pandit
|votes = {{formatnum:2956}}
|percentage = 1.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Arvind Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2242}}
|percentage = 1.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Tribeni Tiwari
|votes = {{formatnum:1905}}
|percentage = 1.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Tafajjul Hussain
|votes = {{formatnum:1570}}
|percentage = 0.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2589}}
|percentage = 1.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:18517}}
|percentage = 10.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:168493}}
|percentage = 57.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Tirhut Division topics}}
{{coord|26|39|N|84|55|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of East Champaran district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]

Humayun's tomb

2026-04-12T05:56:00Z

Globaleducollege: adding details

{{Short description|Mausoleum in Delhi, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date= June 2016}}
{{Infobox historic building
| name = Humayun's tomb
| image = Tomb of Humayun, Delhi.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption =Panoramic view of tomb in the daylight
| pushpin_map = India New Delhi
| map_caption = Location of Humayun's Tomb in Delhi
| building_type = [[Mausoleum]]
| architectural_style = [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]]
| location = Mathura Road, [[Nizamuddin East]], Nizamuddin, Delhi, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28|35|35.8|N|77|15|02.5|E|region:IN-DL|display=inline,title}}
| groundbreaking_date = {{start date and age|1557}}
| architect = {{ubl|Mirak Mirza Ghiyath|Sayyid Muhammad}}
| website =
| embedded = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| child = yes
| official_name = Humayun's Tomb, Delhi
| criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(ii), (iv)}}(ii), (iv)
| ID = 232bis
| year = 1993
| extension = 2016
| area = {{convert|27.04|ha|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| buffer_zone = {{convert|53.21|ha|sqmi|abbr=on}}
}}
| references =
}}
[[File:Tomb of Humayun Delhi, India . 01.jpg|thumb|Tomb of Humayun Delhi, India . 01]]
'''Humayun's tomb''' ([[Persian language|Persian]]: ''Maqbara-i Humayun'') is the tomb of [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Humayun]] situated in [[Delhi]], India.<ref name="Burke">{{cite book|last=Burke|first=S. M.|title=Akbar, the Greatest Mogul|year=1989|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers|page=191}}</ref> The [[tomb]] was commissioned by Humayun's first wife and chief consort, Empress [[Bega Begum]] under her patronage<ref>{{cite book|last=Eraly|first=Abraham|title=The Mughal world : Life in India's Last Golden Age|url=https://archive.org/details/mughalworldlifei00eral|url-access=limited|year=2007|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0143102625|page=[https://archive.org/details/mughalworldlifei00eral/page/n374 369]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Vincent Arthur|title=Akbar: The Great Mogul 1542–1605|year=1919|publisher=[[Clarendon Press]]|page=125}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Henderson|first=Carol E.|title=Culture and Customs of India|year=2002|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0313305139|page=90}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Humayun's Tomb, Delhi |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/232/ |access-date=2022-06-01 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref><ref name="mau">{{cite news|title=Mausoleum that Humayun never built|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/28/stories/2003042800730200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071206210414/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/28/stories/2003042800730200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 6, 2007|access-date=31 January 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=April 28, 2003}}</ref> in 1558, and designed by Mirak Mirza Ghiyas and his son, Sayyid Muhammad,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archnet.org/sites/1567|title=Humayun's Tomb|website=ArchNet|access-date=April 23, 2018}}</ref> Persian architects chosen by her.<ref name="Cherry" /><ref name="asi" /> It was the first garden-tomb on the [[Indian subcontinent]],<ref name="uno">[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/232 Humayun's Tomb, Delhi] [[World Heritage Committee]], UNESCO.</ref> and is located in [[Nizamuddin East]], Delhi, close to the ''[[Purana Qila|Dina-panah]]'' Citadel, also known as ''[[Purana Qila]]'' (Old Fort), that Humayun found in 1538. It was also the first structure to use red sandstone at such a scale.<ref>[http://india.gov.in/knowindia/humayunstomb.php Humayun's Tomb] [[Government of India|Govt. of India]] Portal.</ref><ref>[[:File:HTSign.jpg|Plaque at Humayun's Tomb Site]].</ref> The tomb was declared a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] in 1993,<ref name="uno" /> and since then has undergone extensive restoration work, which is complete.<ref>{{cite news | title = Facelift for Humayun | newspaper = The Indian Express | date = 19 September 2013 | url = http://www.indianexpress.com/news/facelift-for-humayun/1170991/ | access-date =23 September 2013 }}</ref> Besides the main tomb enclosure of Humayun, several smaller monuments dot the pathway leading up to it, from the main entrance in the West, including one that even pre-dates the main tomb itself, by twenty years; it is the tomb complex of [[Isa Khan Niazi]], an [[Pashtuns|Afghan]] noble in [[Sher Shah Suri|Sher Shah Suri's]] court of the [[Sur Empire]], who fought against the Mughals, constructed in 1547 [[Common Era|CE]].

The complex encompasses the main tomb of the Emperor Humayun, which houses the graves of Empress [[Bega Begum]], Hajji Begum, and also [[Dara Shikoh]], great-great-grandson of Humayun and son of the later Emperor [[Shah Jahan]], as well as numerous other subsequent [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]], including Emperor [[Jahandar Shah]], [[Farrukhsiyar]], [[Rafi Ul-Darjat]], [[Rafi Ud-Daulat]], [[Muhammad Kam Bakhsh]] and [[Alamgir II]].<ref name=del/><ref>[http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/addorimss/m/019addor0001809u00000000.html Mausoleum of Humayun, Delhi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514064710/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/addorimss/m/019addor0001809u00000000.html |date=14 May 2011 }} [[British Library]].</ref> It represented a leap in [[Mughal architecture]], and together with its accomplished [[Charbagh]] garden, typical of [[Persian gardens]], but never seen before in India, it set a precedent for subsequent Mughal architecture. It is seen as a clear departure from the fairly modest mausoleum of his father, the first Mughal Emperor, [[Babur]], called ''[[Bagh-e Babur]]'' (Gardens of Babur) in [[Kabul]] (Afghanistan). Though the latter was the first Emperor to start the tradition of being buried in a [[paradise garden]].<ref name=gar/><ref>[http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/h/019pho000000052u00018000.html Humayun's Tomb and gateway] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514064715/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/h/019pho000000052u00018000.html |date=14 May 2011 }} [[British Library]].</ref> Modelled on ''[[Gur-e Amir]]'', the tomb of his ancestor and Asia's conqueror [[Timur]] in [[Samarkand]], it created a precedent for future Mughal architecture of royal [[mausolea]], which reached its zenith with the [[Taj Mahal]], at [[Agra]].<ref>[http://www.archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=8 Humayun's Tomb] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100417204750/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=8 |date=17 April 2010 }} archnet.org.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=qMqBvtL_nI0C&dq=Humayun%27s+Tomb&pg=PA316 Humayun's Tomb] ''Frommer's India'', by Pippa De Bruyn, Keith Bain, Niloufer Venkatraman, Shonar Joshi. Published by Frommer's, 2008. {{ISBN|0-470-16908-7}}. p. 316.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=iFILG_V4hOMC&dq=Humayun%27s+Tomb&pg=RA1-PA106 The Monuments at Delhi] ''World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India'', by Ali Javid, Tabassum Javeed. Algora Publishing, 2008. {{ISBN|0-87586-482-1}}. pp. 105–106.</ref>

The site was chosen on the banks of [[Yamuna|Yamuna River]], due to its proximity to [[Nizamuddin Dargah]], the mausoleum of the celebrated [[Sufi]] saint of Delhi, [[Nizamuddin Auliya]], who was much revered by the rulers of Delhi, and whose residence, ''Chilla Nizamuddin Auliya'' lies just north-east of the tomb. In later Mughal history, the last Mughal Emperor, [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]] took refuge here, during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], along with three princes, and was captured by [[William Stephen Raikes Hodson|Captain Hodson]] before being exiled to Rangoon.<ref name=asi>[http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_humayuntomb.asp Humayun's Tomb] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410041137/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_humayuntomb.asp |date=10 April 2009 }} [[Archaeological Survey of India]].</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1857/dec/11/the-ex-king-of-delhi-question#S3V0148P0-01950|title=The Ex-king of Delhi – Question. (Hansard, 11 December 1857)|website=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]|access-date=10 July 2009|archive-date=30 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090630121801/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1857/dec/11/the-ex-king-of-delhi-question#S3V0148P0-01950|date=11 December 1857|url-status=live}}</ref> At the time of the [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Slave Dynasty]] this land was under the 'KiloKheri Fort' which was capital of [[Muiz ud din Qaiqabad|Sultan Qaiqabad]], son of [[Nasiruddin Bughra Khan|Nasiruddin]] (1268–1287).

The [[Tombs of Battashewala Complex]] lie in the buffer zone of the World Heritage Site of the Humayun Tomb Complex; the two complexes are separated by a small road but enclosed within their own separate compound wall.<ref name="Bara">{{cite web|url=http://archnet.org/sites/10123|title= Batashewala Complex Conservation|access-date=15 June 2015|publisher=Archnet}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Mughal Emperor Humayun (Mughal art, circa 1650).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Mughal Emperor]], [[Humayun]] (1508–1556)]]
[[File:The capture of the king of delhi by Captain Hodson.jpg|thumb|Capture of the last Mughal emperor [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]] and his sons by [[William Stephen Raikes Hodson|William Hodson]] at Humayun's tomb in September 1857]]

After his death on 27 January 1556, Humayun's body was first buried in his palace in Purana Quila at Delhi. Thereafter, it was taken to [[Sirhind]] in [[Punjab]] by Khanjar Beg, and in 1558, it was seen by Humayun's son, the then Mughal Emperor, [[Akbar]]. Akbar subsequently visited the tomb in 1571, when it was about to be completed.<ref name="mur">[[D. Fairchild Ruggles|Ruggles, D. Fairchild]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=9Jg3AAAAIAAJ&dq=Humayun%27s+Tomb&pg=PA133 Humayun's Tomb] ''Muqarnas: An Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture'', by Oleg Grabar. [[Brill Publishers]], 1988. {{ISBN|90-04-08155-0}}. pp. 133–140.</ref><ref name="cam">{{Cite book |last1=Asher |first1=Catherine Blanshard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ctLNvx68hIC&dq=Humayun's+Tomb&pg=PA46 |title=Architecture of Mughal India |last2=Asher |first2=Catherine Ella Blanshard |last3=Asher |first3=Catherine B. |date=1992-09-24 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-26728-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=sp>[https://books.google.com/books?id=lu5jGGQ8fJkC&dq=Humayun%27s+Tomb&pg=PA39 Humayun's Tomb] ''Speaking stones: world cultural heritage sites in India'', by Bill Aitken. Dept. of Tourism. Published by Eicher Goodearth Limited, 2001. {{ISBN|81-87780-00-2}}. pp. 45–47.</ref>

The tomb of Humayun was built by the orders of his first wife and chief consort, Empress Bega Begum (also known as Haji Begum). Construction began in 1565 and was completed in 1572; it cost 1.5 million rupees,<ref name=asi/> paid entirely by the Empress.<ref>{{cite book|last=Aziz|first=K. K.|title=The Meaning of Islamic Art : Explorations in Religious Symbolism and Social Relevance|year=2004|publisher=Adam Publishers & Distributors|isbn=978-8174353979|page=510}}</ref> Bega Begum had been so grieved over her husband's death that she had thenceforth dedicated her life to a sole purpose: the construction of a memorial to him that would be the most magnificent mausoleum in the Empire, at a site near the Yamuna River in Delhi.<ref name="Takeo">{{cite web |last1=Kamiya |first1=Takeo |title=Humayun's Tomb in Delhi |url=http://www.kamit.jp/02_unesco/12_humayun/hum_eng.htm |access-date=27 January 2017 |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |quote=In 1565 the previous queen of the Mughal Dynasty, Haji Begum, ordered the construction of the largest and the most splendid mausoleum in the empire for her late ill-fated husband, Humayun, near to the Yamuna River.}}</ref> According to the ''[[Ain-i-Akbari]]'', a 16th-century detailed document written during the reign of Akbar, Bega Begum supervised the construction of the tomb after returning from [[Mecca]] and undertaking the ''[[Hajj]]'' pilgrimage.<ref>[http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D07701010%26ct%3D0 Haji Begum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100802030308/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D07701010%26ct%3D0 |date=2 August 2010 }} [[Ain-i-Akbari]]. "He (Qa´sim 'Ali´ Khan) was employed to settle the affairs of Hájí Begum, daughter of the brother of Humáyún's mother (tagháí zádah i wálidah i Jannat-ástání), who after her return from Makkah had been put in charge of Humáyún's tomb in Dihlí, where she died."</ref>

According to [[Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni]], one of the few contemporary historians to mention construction of the tomb, it was designed by the Persian architect Mirak Mirza Ghiyas (also referred to as Mirak Ghiyathuddin), who was selected by the Empress and brought from [[Herat]] (northwest [[Afghanistan]]); he had previously designed several buildings in Herat, [[Bukhara]] (now Uzbekistan), and others elsewhere in India.<ref name=Cherry>{{cite book|first=Gayatri|last=Sinha|chapter=Women Artists in India: Practice and Patronage|editor-last1=Cherry|editor-first1=Deborah|editor-last2=Helland|editor-first2=Janice|title=Local/global : Women Artists in the Nineteenth Century|year=2005|publisher=Ashgate|isbn=978-0754631972|page=70}}</ref> Ghiyas died before the structure was completed and it was completed by his son, Sayyed Muhammad ibn Mirak Ghiyathuddin.<ref name=mur/><ref name=cam/>

An English merchant, William Finch, who visited the tomb in 1611, describes the rich interior furnishing of the central chamber (in comparison to the sparse look of today). He mentions the presence of rich carpets, as well as a ''shamiana'', a small tent above the cenotaph, which was covered with a pure white sheet, and with copies of the [[Quran]] in front along with Humayun's sword, turban and shoes.<ref name=sp/>

The fortunes of the once famous [[Charbagh]] (Four-gardens) made of four squares separated by four promenades, radiating from a central reflection pool. It spread over 13 hectares surrounding the monument, changing repeatedly over the years after its construction. The capital had already shifted to Agra in 1556, and the decline of the Mughals accelerated the decay of the monument and its features, as the expensive upkeep of the garden proved impossible. By the early 18th century, the once lush gardens were replaced by the vegetable gardens of people who had settled within the walled area. During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], British forces captured the last Mughal emperor, [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]], together with the premises of the tomb. The rebellion led the British to take Delhi completely, and in 1860 the Mughal design of the garden was replanted to a more [[English garden]]-style, with circular beds replacing the four central water pools on the axial pathways and trees profusely planted in flowerbeds. This was reversed in the early 20th century, when on [[Viceroy of India|Viceroy]] [[Lord Curzon]]'s orders the original gardens were restored in a major restoration project carried out between 1903 and 1909, which also included lining the plaster channels with sandstone; a 1915 planting scheme added emphasis to the central and diagonal axis by lining it with trees, though some trees were also planted on the platform originally reserved for tents.<ref name=gar>[http://www.archnet.org/library/pubdownloader/pdf/9361/doc/DPC1436.pdf A Tomb Brought to Life] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060226221514/http://archnet.org/library/pubdownloader/pdf/9361/doc/DPC1436.pdf |date=26 February 2006 }} by [[Ratish Nanda]] ''Historic Gardens Review'' Number 13. London: The Historic Gardens Foundation, 2003.</ref>

In 1882, the official curator of ancient monuments in India published his first report, which mentioned that the main garden was let out to various cultivators; amongst them till late were the royal descendants, who grew cabbage and tobacco in it.<ref>{{cite book|title=Preservation of National Monuments – First Report of the Curator of Ancient Monuments in India for the year 1881–82|url=https://archive.org/stream/preservationnat02colegoog#page/n56/mode/2up|year=1882|publisher=The Government Central Branch Press, Simla |page=xxvii}}</ref>

In Ronaldshay's biography of Lord Curzon a letter is quoted from Lord Curzon to his wife in April 1905: "You remember Humayun's tomb? I had the garden restored, the water channels dug out and refilled and the whole place restored to its pristine beauty. I went to England last summer and, the eye of the master being away, the whole place has been allowed to revert. The garden has been let to a native and is now planted with turnips and the work of four years is thrown away! I shall drive out there, and woe betide the deputy commissioner whose apathy has been responsible."

During the [[Partition of India]], in August 1947 the [[Purana Qila]] together with Humayun's Tomb, became major refugee camps for Muslims migrating to the newly founded Pakistan, and was later managed by the government of India. These camps stayed open for about five years, and caused considerable damage not only to the extensive gardens, but also to the water channels and the principal structures. The camps were raided many times by [[jatha]]s which caused vandalism to occur during the early partition days in 1947. Eventually, to avoid vandalism, the cenotaphs within the mausoleum were encased in brick. In the coming years, the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) took on responsibility for the preservation of heritage monuments in India, and gradually the building and its gardens were restored. Until 1985, four unsuccessful attempts were made to reinstate the original water features.<ref name=gar/><ref>{{cite book |title= The long partition and the making of modern South Asia: refugees, boundaries, histories|last=Zamindar |first=Vazira Fazila-Yacoobali |year=2007|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|isbn=978-0-231-13846-8 |page= 34|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EfhqQLr96VgC&q=Purana+Qila&pg=PA34}}</ref>

An important phase in the restoration of the complex began around 1993, when the monument was declared a World Heritage Site. This brought new interest to its restoration, and a detailed research and excavation process began under the aegis of the Aga Khan Trust and the ASI. This culminated in 2003, when much of the complex and gardens were restored, with the historic fountains running once again after several centuries of disuse. The restoration has been a continuous process ever since, with subsequent phases addressing various aspects and monuments of the complex.<ref name=gar/>

==Architecture==
[[File:Humayuns Tomb Plan with Scale For Wikipedia.svg|thumb|Floor plan of tomb structure of Humayun's Tomb]]
[[File:Humayun tomb interior.jpg|thumb|Humayun's cenotaph]]
[[File:Roof of entrance of Humayun's tomb.jpg|thumb|Ceiling of entrance chamber inside]]
[[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent|Turkic and Mughal rule]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]] also introduced [[Central Asian architecture|Central Asian]] and [[Persian architecture|Persian]] styles of [[Islamic architecture]] in the region, and by the late 12th century early monuments in this style were appearing in and around Delhi, the capital of [[Delhi Sultanate]]. Starting with the [[Turkish peoples|Turkic]] [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Slave dynasty]] which built the [[Qutb Minar]] (1192) and its adjacent [[Qutb complex#Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque|Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque]] (1193 CE). [[North India]] was successively ruled by foreign dynasties in the coming centuries, giving rise to the [[Indo-Islamic architecture]]. While the prevailing style of architecture was [[Trabeated|trabeate]], employing pillars, [[Beam (structure)|beam]]s and [[lintel]]s, this brought in the [[Arch|arcuate]] style of construction, with its [[arch]]es and beams, which flourished under Mughal patronage and by incorporating elements of Indian architecture, especially [[Rajasthani architecture]] including decorative [[corbel]] brackets, balconies, [[pendentive]] decorations and indeed kiosks or [[chhatri]]s, to develop a distinct Mughal architecture style, which was to become a lasting legacy of the Mughal rule.<ref name=at/> The combination of red sandstone and white marble was previously seen in [[Delhi Sultanate]] period tombs and mosques, most distinctively in the highly decorative [[Alai Darwaza]] gatehouse in the [[Qutub complex]], [[Mehrauli]], built in 1311, under the [[Khalji dynasty]].<ref name=tc/>

[[File:Humayun's Tomb Garden Enclosure Plan.svg|thumb|Humayun's Tomb Garden Enclosure Plan]]

The high rubble built enclosure is entered through two lofty double-storeyed gateways on the west and south, 16 metres high with rooms on either side of the passage and small courtyards on the upper floors. The tomb, built of [[rubble masonry]] and red sandstone, uses white marble as a [[Cladding (construction)|cladding]] material and also for the flooring, lattice screens ([[jaali]]s), door frames, [[eaves]] ([[chhajja]]), and the main dome. It stands on a vaulted terrace eight metres high and spread over 12,000m2. It is essentially square in design, though [[chamfer]]ed on the edges to appear octagonal, to prepare ground for the design of the interior structure. The [[plinth]] made with rubble core has fifty-six cells all around and houses over 100 gravestones. The entire base structure is on a raised platform, a few steps high.<ref name=mur/>

Inspired by [[Persian architecture]]; the tomb reaches a height of {{convert|47|m}} and the plinth is {{convert|91|m}} wide, and was the first Indian building to use the Persian double dome on a high neck drum, and measures {{convert|42.5|m}}, and is topped by {{convert|6|m}} high brass [[finial]] ending in a [[crescent]], common in [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid]] tombs. The double or 'double-layered' dome, has an outer layer that supports the white marble exterior, while the inner part gives shape to the cavernous interior volume. In contrast to the pure white exterior dome, the rest of the building is made up of red [[sandstone]], with white and black marble and yellow sandstone detailing, to relieve the monotony.<ref>{{cite web|title=Revitalisation of the Gardens of Emperor Humayun's Tomb (completed 2003)|url=http://www.akdn.org/india_humayun.asp|publisher=AKDN|access-date=17 April 2015|archive-date=29 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429154348/http://www.akdn.org/india_humayun.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The symmetrical and simple design on the exterior is in sharp contrast with the complex interior floor plan, of the inner chambers, which is a square ninefold plan, where eight two-storied vaulted chambers radiate from the central, double-height domed chamber. It can be entered through an imposing entrance ''[[iwan]]'' (high arc) on the south, which is slightly recessed, while other sides are covered with intricate ''[[jaali]]s'', stone latticework. Underneath this white dome in a domed chamber (hujra), lies the central octagonal [[sepulcher]], the burial chamber containing a single [[cenotaph]], that of the second [[Mughal Emperor]], [[Humayun]]. The cenotaph is aligned on the north-south axis, as per Islamic tradition, wherein the head is placed to the north, while the face is turned sideways towards [[Mecca]]. The real burial chamber of the Emperor, however, lies in an underground chamber, exactly beneath the upper cenotaph, accessible through a separate passage outside the main structure, which remains mostly closed to the visiting public. This burial technique along with ''[[pietra dura]]'', a marble and even stone [[inlay]] ornamentation in numerous geometrical and arabesque patterns, seen all around the facade is an important legacy of Indo-Islamic architecture, and flourished in many later mausolea of the [[Mughal Empire]], like the [[Taj Mahal]], which also features twin cenotaphs and exquisite ''pietra dura'' craftsmanship.<ref name=at>[http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_humayuntomb_char.asp World Heritage Sites – Humayun's Tomb: Characteristics of Indo-Islamic architecture] [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI).</ref>

The main chamber also carries the symbolic element, a ''[[mihrab]]'' design over the central marble lattice or ''jaali'', facing [[Mecca]] in the West. Instead of the traditional [[Sura 24|Surah 24]], [[An-Noor]] of [[Quran]] being inscribed on the mihrabs, this one is just an outline allowing light to enter directly into the chamber, from ''[[Qibla]]'' or the direction of Mecca, thus elevating the status of the Emperor above his rivals and closer to divinity.<ref name=mur/>

This chamber with its high ceiling is encompassed by four main octagonal chambers on two floors, set at the diagonals with arched lobbies leading to them also connecting them. There are four auxiliary chambers in between, suggesting that the tomb was built as a dynastic mausoleum. Collectively the concept of eight side chambers not only offers passage for [[circumambulation]] of the main cenotaph, a practice common in Sufism and also visible in many Mughal imperial mausoleums, it also reflects the concept of Paradise in [[Islamic cosmology]]. Each of the main chambers has, in turn, eight more, smaller chambers radiating from them, and thus the symmetrical ground plan reveals itself to contain 124 [[Vault (architecture)|vaulted]] chambers in all. Many smaller chambers too, contain cenotaphs of other members of the Mughal royal family and nobility, all within the main walls of the tomb. Prominent among them cenotaphs of Hamida Begum herself are there alongside [[Dara Shikoh]]. In all there are over 100 graves within the entire complex, including many on the first level terrace, earning it the name "Dormitory of the Mughals". Since the graves are not inscribed their identification remains uncertain.<ref name=del/><ref name=cam/>

The building was the first to use its unique combination of red sandstone and white marble, and includes several elements of [[Indian architecture]], like the small canopies or ''[[chhatri]]s'' surrounding the central dome, popular in [[Rajasthani architecture]] and which were originally covered with blue tiles.<ref name=del>[https://books.google.com/books?id=rrdm_XMAiIYC&dq=Humayun%27s+Tomb&pg=PA29 Delhi – Humayun's Tomb and Adjacent Building]{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''Delhi Through Ages'', by S. R. Bakshi. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD., 1995. {{ISBN|81-7488-138-7}}. pp. 29–35.</ref><ref name=cam/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Waugh |first=Daniel C. |title=Humayun's tomb, Delhi |url=http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/cities/india/delhi/humayun/humayun.html |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=depts.washington.edu}}</ref>
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==''Char Bagh''==
While the main tomb took over eight years to build, it was also placed in centre of a {{convert|30|acre|m2|adj=on}} [[Charbagh]], a [[Persian gardens|Persian-style garden]] with a quadrilateral layout. It was the first of its kind in South Asia on such a scale.<ref name="mur" /> The highly geometrical and enclosed [[Paradise garden]] is divided into four squares by paved walkways (khiyabans) and two bisecting central water channels, reflecting the four rivers that flow in ''[[Jannah|jannat]]'', the [[Islamic]] concept of paradise. Each of the four squares is further divided into 8 smaller gardens with pathways, creating 32 miniature gardens in all (with the mausoleum in the centre), a design typical of later [[Mughal gardens]]. The central water channels appear to be disappearing beneath the tomb structure and reappearing on the other side in a straight line, suggesting a Quranic verse which talks of rivers flowing beneath the 'Garden of Paradise'.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=wnKiKy9_2u4C&dq=Humayun%27s+Tomb&pg=PA179 Mughul Tomb Gardens]''The poetics of gardens'', by Charles Willard Moore, William J. Mitchell. MIT Press, 2000. {{ISBN|0-262-63153-9}}. p. 17.</ref><ref name=cam/>

Standing in the center at the place where the main axes intersect, the tomb is similar in form and position to a garden pavilion. But here it marks the place where the body of the deceased ruler rests. "The garden is about sovereignty, and the mausoleum is about dynasty. When the mausoleum is implanted in a garden, as it is at Humayun's tomb, sovereignty and dynasty are combined in a teleological statement that the king is king as he always has been and always will be."<ref name="mur" />

The entire tomb and the garden is enclosed within high rubble walls on three sides. The fourth side was meant to be the river Yamuna, which has since shifted course away from the structure. The central walkways terminate at two gates: a main one in the southern wall, and a smaller one in the western wall. It has two double-storey entrances; the West gate is used now, while the South gate, which was used during Mughal era, is now closed. Aligned at the centre on the eastern wall lies a ''baradari'', which is a building or room with twelve doors designed to allow the free draught of air through it. On the northern wall lies a ''[[Turkish bath|hammam]]'', a bath chamber.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Tom Turner|title=Garden History: Philosophy and Design|year=2005|url=https://archive.org/details/gardenhistoryphi00turn|url-access=limited|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0415317498|page=[https://archive.org/details/gardenhistoryphi00turn/page/n173 163]}}</ref>

[[File:Tomb of Barber(Nai Ka Gumbad).jpg|thumb|Tomb of Barber (Nai Ka Gumbad)]]
[[File:Chillah Nizamuddin.jpg|thumb|Chillah Nizamuddin]]

==Other monuments==
[[File:Isha Khan Niyazi's tomb - Delhi 297 HT.jpg|right|thumb|[[Isa Khan Niyazi]]'s Tomb, dating 1547]]
'''[[Tomb of Isa Khan|Tomb and mosque of Isa Khan]]:''' Several monuments dot the pathway leading up to the tomb enclosure from the main entrance in the West. Prominent among them is one that pre-dates the main tomb itself, by twenty years. Constructed in 1547 CE, it is the tomb complex of [[Isa Khan Niyazi]], an [[Pashtun people|Afghan]] noble in [[Sher Shah Suri|Sher Shah Suri's]] court of the [[Sur Empire]], who fought against the Mughals. The octagonal tomb is positioned within an octagonal garden, which was built during his own lifetime and the reign of [[Islam Shah Suri]], son of Sher Shah. It later served as a burial place for the entire family of Isa Khan. On the western side of the tomb lies a three-bay wide mosque, in red sandstone. The octagonal tomb bears a striking resemblance to other tombs of the [[Sur Empire|Sur dynasty]] monuments in the [[Lodi Gardens]], in Delhi and demonstrates a marked progression in the development of the exquisite architectural style of the main tomb. Some of the architectural details present here were seen later in the main Humayun's tomb, though on a much grander scale, such as the tomb being placed in a walled garden enclosure.<ref name=tc/><ref>[http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.tcl?site_id=11 Isa Khan Niyazi Tomb Complex] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311111642/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.tcl?site_id=11 |date=11 March 2007 }} archnet.org.</ref>
[[File:Bu Halima's Garden and Tomb view.jpg|right|thumb|Bu Halima's Garden and tomb view]]

'''Bu Halima's Tomb and Garden:''' When entering the complex from the West, visitor's first enter a garden complex, known as Bu Halima's Garden, though little is known about her, and since the tomb or the raised platform where it once stood is not at the centre, it appears to be a later addition.<ref name=tc/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/ctsnow/202431441/|title=Bu-Halima's Garden and Tomb on the grounds of Humayun's Tomb complex}}</ref>

'''[[Afsarwala Tomb Complex|Afsarwala Tomb and mosque]]:''' Standing southwest end of the complex, lies the ''Afsarwala'' tomb, dedicated to an unknown person. One of the marble graves inside the tomb is dated 1566-67 CE. The mosque itself can be dated to the same period judging from its siting, standing as it does adjacent to the tomb, rather than away from it.<ref name=tc/>

'''[[Arab Serai]]:''' Literally meaning the ''[[Caravanserai|sarai]]'' (resthouse) for the horses, the structure stands adjacent to the Afsarwala mosque and was built by [[Bega Begum]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Banerji|first=S.K.|title=Humayun Badshah|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.511547|year=1938|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=232}}</ref> around 1560-1561 CE, ostensibly built for the craftsmen who came for the construction work. It could accommodate 300 Arabas. (in Persian ارابه means:[[Cart]] or [[Gari (vehicle)]]).

[[File:Nila Gumbad, Delhi.jpg|right|thumb|''Nila Gumbad'' ca 1625–6, built by courtier [[Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana]], for his servant Fahim Khan]]
'''[[Nila Gumbad]]:''' Standing outside the boundary of the complex is the tomb known as ''Nila Burj'' (now known as ''Nila Gumbad'') or 'Blue Dome', so called because it carries striking blue glazed tiles. It was built by [[Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana]], son of [[Bairam Khan]] also a courtier in Mughal Emperor, [[Akbar]]'s court, for his servant Miyan Fahim. Fahim, who not only grew up with his son, but later also died alongside one of Rahim's own sons, Feroze Khan, while fighting against the rebellion of Mughal general [[Mahabat Khan]] in 1625–26, during the reign of [[Jahangir]].<ref>[http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D00702051%26ct%3D237%26rqs%3D302%26rqs%3D309%26rqs%3D310 Miyan Fahim] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007092053/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D00702051%26ct%3D237%26rqs%3D302%26rqs%3D309%26rqs%3D310 |date=7 October 2016 }} [[Ain-i-Akbari]].</ref>
This structure is known for its unique architecture, as it is octagonal on the outside while square within; its ceiling is decorated with painted and incised plaster, it has a high neck dome and shows a conspicuous absence of a double dome feature, common to tombs of the period.

'''Chillah Nizamuddin Aulia:''' Believed to be the residence of patron saint of Delhi, [[Nizamuddin Auliya]] (d. 1325), is located just outside the main complex, near the northeastern corner of the principal mausoleum and is an example of [[Tughlaq]] period architecture.

Yet further away from the tomb complex, lie Mughal-period monuments, ''Bada Bateshewala Mahal'', the tomb of Muzaffar Husain Mirza, the grand nephew of Humayun, built 1603–04 on platform with five arches on each side, has its interior walls decorated with incised and painted [[Plasterwork|plaster]]; the ''Chote Bateshewala Mahal'' once an arcaded octagonal building with a domed ceiling and stone ''jaalis''. Both of these monuments now lie inside a commercial area facing the complex's parking lot.<ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi's Belly: Unknown city|url=http://www.livemint.com/2011/04/01205634/Delhi8217s-Belly--Unkown-c.html |newspaper=[[Live Mint]] |date=1 April 2011}}</ref> Another period structure is ''Barapula'', a bridge with 12 piers and 11 arched openings, built in 1621 by Mihr Banu Agha, the chief eunuch of [[Jahangir]]'s court.<ref>{{cite web |title= Bridge to the past|url= http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Bridge-to-the-past/488135/|date=12 July 2009 |publisher=[[Indian Express]] |access-date=3 August 2009}}</ref>

'''Barber's Tomb:'''
Towards the south-east corner, within the Char Bagh, lies a tomb known as ''Nai-ka-Gumbad'', or Barber's Tomb, belonging to a royal [[barber]], it is datable to 1590-91 CE, through an inscription found inside. Its proximity to the main tomb and the fact that it is the only other structure within the main tomb complex suggests its importance, however, there are no inscriptions suggesting as to who is interred therein, the name Barbers tomb is the local name of the structure, hence still in use.<ref name=tc>[http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_humayuntomb_complex.asp World Heritage Sites – Humayun's Tomb: Tomb Complex] [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI). retrieved-31 May 2010.</ref>

The tomb stands on a raised platform, reached by seven steps from the south, it has a square plan and consists of a single compartment covered with a double-dome. Inside lie two graves each inscribed with verses from the Quran. Also, one of the graves is inscribed with figure 999 which may stand for the [[Hijra year]] 1590–91. However, in an 1820 watercolour now at ''[[British Library]]'', the [[Persian language|Persian]] caption beneath the structure reads, ''Maqbarah-i-Kokah'' i.e. "Tomb of Kaka", and Kokah or Kaka in Persian stand for [[foster-brother]] (mirak brother), Mirak (a Persian title as sir) though the identity of the person remains unknown, and it might be (incorrectly) referring to another nearby monument in the [[Chausath Khamba]] complex, the [[tomb of Ataga Khan]], the foster brother of Humayun, which lies in [[Nizamuddin West]] area and not to the east of the Humayun's tomb.<ref name=bl2>[http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/addorimss/m/019addor0001809u00000000.html Mausoleum of Humayun, Delhi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514064710/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/addorimss/m/019addor0001809u00000000.html |date=14 May 2011 }} ''[[British Library]]''</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20120717142637/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/contextualize.pl?p.5.steingass.1099751 Koka] [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/steingass/ Koka] ''A Comprehensive Persian-English Dictionary''.</ref><ref>[http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/1200_1299/nizamuddin/chaunsat/chaunsat.html Old images of Chausath Khamba] ''[[Columbia University]]''</ref>
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==Tombs in Monument==

* [[Humayun|Emperor Nasiruddin Muhammad Humayun]]
* [[Hamida Banu Begum]]
* [[Bega Begum]]
* [[Murad Mirza (son of Akbar)|Shahzada Murad Mirza]]
* [[Dara Shikoh|Shahzada Dara Shikoh]]
* [[Muhammad Kam Bakhsh|Shahzada Kam Baksh]]
* [[Bidar Bakht|Shahzada Bidar Bakht]]
* [[Jahandar Shah|Muizuddin Muhammad Jahandar Shah]]
* [[Farrukhsiyar|Muinuddin Muhammad Farrukhsiyar]]
* [[Azim-ush-Shan|Shahzada Azim-ush-Shaan Mirza]]
* [[Rafi-ush-Shan|Shahzada Rafi-ush-Shaan Mirza]]
* [[Jahan Shah (Mughal prince)|Shahzada Jahan Shah Mirza]]
* Shahzada Humayun Mirza
* [[Rafi ud-Darajat]]
* [[Shah Jahan II|Rafi ud-Daulah]]
* [[Alamgir II|Azizuddin Muhammad Alamgir II]]

==Restoration==
[[File:Restoration work at Humayun's tomb, Delhi, 2008.jpg|left|thumb|Restoration work at Humayun's tomb, required removal of 3000 truckloads (12,000 cubic meters) of earth, and special chute installed at the back, from the roof (2008)]]
Before restoration work was undertaken, [[vandalism]] and illegal encroachments were rampant at the site of the tomb, presenting a serious danger to the preservation of the tomb. At the main entrance of Humayun's Tomb, dingy stalls had been put up under a very corrupt system of municipal patronage known as ''tehbazari'', and all sorts of heavy vehicles were allowed to be parked illegally in these open spaces. On the Nila Gumbad side was a huge citadel of India's vote bank politics{{snd}}thousands of "slum dwellers" were kept by an influential section of the political leadership to serve as "bonded voters" during elections. The environment of the dargah of Hazrat Nizamuddin Auliya had also been ruthlessly degraded and the holy tank had become a messy cesspool.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}

Restoration work by the [[Aga Khan Trust for Culture]] (AKTC), in collaboration with [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI), began around 1999 after research work, which started in 1997, and was completed in March 2003. Around 12 hectares of lawns were replanted, and over 2500 trees and plants, including mango, lemon, neem, hibiscus and jasmine cuttings, were planted in the gardens. Installation of a new water circulation system for the walkway channels was also undertaken. To ensure that water flowed naturally through the channels and pools on the 12-hectare (30 acre) site without the aid of hydraulic systems, the water channels were re-laid to an exacting grade of one centimetre every 40 metres (1:4000 slope). This eventually enabled water to flow through the watercourses in the gardens, and dormant fountains to start functioning once again. Other tasks in this mammoth restoration project included setting up a [[rainwater harvesting]] system using 128 ground water recharge pits, and desilting and revitalising old wells that were discovered during the restoration work.<ref>[[:File:Environmental Development at Humayuns Tomb, Delhi.jpg|Plaque about the Experimental development at Humayun's Tomb, Delhi, 2000-2003.]]</ref><ref>[http://www.akdn.org/agency/aktc_humayun.html Revitalisation of the Humayun's Tomb Gardens – AKTC] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041204213614/http://www.akdn.org/agency/aktc_humayun.html |date=4 December 2004 }} [[Aga Khan Trust for Culture]] website.</ref> This was the first privately funded collaborative effort under the aegis of the National Cultural Fund (NCF) by the ASI. Funding included a sum of $650,000 from the Aga Khan Trust for Culture of [[Aga Khan IV|His Highness the Aga Khan]], with help from the Oberoi Hotels Group.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040225055805/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/01/29/stories/2004012900250300.htm ...Aga Khan Trust for Culture and help from the Oberoi Hotels Group] [[The Hindu]], 29 January 2004</ref><ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19991118/ige18138.html Trust's research on Humayun's Tomb over, project to begin] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514075717/http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19991118/ige18138.html |date=14 May 2011 }} [[Indian Express]], 18 November 1999.</ref><ref>[http://www.archnet.org/library/pubdownloader/pdf/8641/doc/DPC1249.pdf Humayun Tomb Gardens Revitalisation, 2000s] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060226203616/http://archnet.org/library/pubdownloader/pdf/8641/doc/DPC1249.pdf |date=26 February 2006 }} Archnet.org.</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/29/magazine/on-the-verge-a-mughal-splendor-regained.html?pagewanted=1 A Mughal Splendor Regained] By [[Celia W. Dugger]]. [[New York Times]], 29 September 2002.</ref> In addition, AKTC is conducting a more significant restoration at [[Bagh-e Babur|Babur's tomb]], the resting place of Humayun's father in [[Kabul]].

After the restoration work, the conditions in and around this complex underwent a sea-change. All the stalls and other intrusions were removed and the monuments and green spaces restored. Elegant gardens now surround the monuments, adding to their dignity and grace. When illuminated at night, the monument looks truly magnificent.

In 2009, as a part of the ongoing restoration work, the ASI and AKTC, after months of manual work using hand-tools, removed from the roof a thick layer of cement concrete that had been exerting pressure of about 1,102 tons on the structure. The cement concrete was originally laid in the 1920s to prevent water seepage, and led to a blockage in water passages. Subsequently, each time there was leakage, a fresh layer of cement was added, leading to an accumulated thickness of about 40 cm; this has now been replaced with a traditional lime-based roof layer. In the next phase, similar treatment was given to the tomb's first ''chabutra'' (plinth), which was originally paved with large blocks of quartzite stone, some weighing over a 1,000 kg. In the 1940s, an uneven settlement in the lower plinth had been corrected by covering it with a layer of concrete, adding to the disfigurement of the original Mughal flooring, which matched with that at the West Gate.<ref>{{cite news |title= At Humayun's tomb, weight is off|url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Delhi/At-Humayuns-tomb-weight-is-off/articleshow/4754636.cms|date=9 July 2009 |publisher=[[Times Of India]] |access-date=3 August 2009 |first1=Richi |last1=Verma}}</ref>

==The Tomb in literature==
[[Letitia Elizabeth Landon]] published the poetical illustration ''The Tomb of Humaioon, Delhi'' in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1833. This reflects on the scene and is based on an engraving of a painting by William Purser, showing a somewhat distant view of the tomb.<ref>{{cite book|last =Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1833|url=https://digital.tcl.sc.edu/digital/collection/annuals/id/9643|section=poetical illustration|pages=36–38|year=1832|publisher=Fisher, Son & Co.}}{{cite book|last =Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1833|url=https://digital.tcl.sc.edu/digital/collection/annuals/id/9644|section=picture|year=1832|publisher=Fisher, Son & Co.}}</ref>
{{Wikisource|Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1833/The Tomb of Humaioon, Delhi|'The Tomb of Humaioon, Delhi', a poetical illustration by L. E. L.}}

==The mausoleum today==
Ill thought out construction plans like The Delhi Government's plans in 2006–2007 to build a new tunnel to connect [[East Delhi]] to [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Delhi]] in [[South Delhi]], and to widen the roads near the tomb for the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]] to connect [[National Highway 24 (India)|National Highway-24]] with [[Lodi Road]], also posed a serious threat to the monument. Urban planners feared that the historic monument would not have been able to withstand the vibrations ensuing from construction work in such close proximity. Finally, the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] was able to halt the plans.<ref>{{cite news |title= Humayun's Tomb faces twin threats |url= http://www.hindu.com/2007/06/13/stories/2007061307570400.htm|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070619082248/http://www.hindu.com/2007/06/13/stories/2007061307570400.htm|url-status= dead|archive-date= 19 June 2007|date=13 June 2007 |access-date=3 August 2009 |work= [[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Delhi govt passes Commonwealth road project |url= http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?tp=on&autono=44854|date= 18 August 2008|publisher=[[Business Standard]] |access-date=3 August 2009}}</ref>

On 30 May 2014, the finial of the tomb was knocked off the dome by a heavy storm which struck the city.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Vincent|first1=Pheroze L.|title=Heavy storm knocks finial off Humayun's Tomb|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/heavy-storm-knocks-finial-off-humayuns-tomb/article6071104.ece|work=The Hindu|access-date=1 June 2014}}</ref> On 19 April 2016, [[India]]'s Union Culture Minister Dr. [[Mahesh Sharma]] unveiled the restored finial of the monument.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=138999|title=Dr. Mahesh Sharma Unveils Gold Finial at Humayun's Tomb|website=pib.nic.in}}</ref> The original finial was conserved and is now displayed at the Humayun Tomb World Heritage Site Museum.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/gold-finial-at-humayuns-tomb-unveiled-2761366/|title=Gold finial at Humayun's Tomb unveiled|date=20 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sandhu |first=Veenu |date=24 July 2024 |title=Unseen artefacts, little-known stories: Humayun's Tomb museum set to open |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/unseen-artefacts-little-known-stories-humayun-s-tomb-museum-set-to-open-124072401332_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725115608/https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/unseen-artefacts-little-known-stories-humayun-s-tomb-museum-set-to-open-124072401332_1.html |archive-date=25 July 2024 |access-date=13 September 2024 |website=Business Standard}}</ref>

==Gallery==

<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Humayun's Tomb Monument.jpg| View of the Southwestern Corner of Humayun's Tomb
File:Humayun's tomb by Shagil Kannur 2.jpg|A reflection
File:The white marble dome and chhatris on the roof of Humayun's tomb.jpg| Six-pointed Stars on One of Humayun's Tomb's Pishtaqs
File:Humayun Delhi 2.jpg|Cenotaphs of [[Daniyal]], [[Murad]], [[Dara Shikoh]] etc. in a side room
File:Jaali or marble lattice screen showing a mihrab, from inside Humayun's tomb, Delhi.jpg| A jali mihrab indicates the qibla direction while one stands inside Humayun's cenotaph's chamber and looks to the west.
File:Humayun's Tomb from the entrance, Delhi.jpg| Humayun's Tomb Seen from Inside the West Gate
File:Details of Entrance portal into Humayuns Tomb, Delhi.jpg| The Western Facade of the West Gate at Humayun's Tomb
File:Isa Khan's mosque, built ca 1547 AD, near Humayun's tomb.jpg|Isa Khan's mosque, across his tomb, also built ca 1547 CE, near Humayun's tomb
File:Gateway into Arab Sarai, near Humayun's tomb complex, Delhi.jpg|Gateway into ''Araba Sarai'', south to the pathway towards Humayun's tomb
File:Afsarwala tomb - Landscape view.JPG|Afsarwala tomb located near Humayun Tomb
File:Humayun's Tomb, with the Barber's Tomb in the foreground, Delhi, 1858 photograph.jpg|Tomb of Humayun, with his barber's tomb (''Nai-ka-Gumbad'') in the foreground, Delhi (1858 photograph)
File:Humayun's Tomb, Delhi. 1860.jpg|[[English garden]]-style roundabouts replaced the square central tanks of the [[Charbagh]] garden in 1860
File:Humayun's Tomb at night 04.jpg|Humayun's Tomb at night
File:A side view of Humayun's Tomb.jpg|A side view of Humayun's Tomb
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Architecture|Islam}}
* [[Sunder Nursery]]
* [[Sabz Burj]]
* [[Aga Khan Historic Cities Support Programme]]
* [[Tomb of Safdarjung]]
* [[Persian Inscriptions on Indian Monuments]]
* [[Dara Shikoh]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last=Begum|first=Gulbadan |author-link=Gulbadan Begum|others=Annette S. Beveridge (trans.)|title=Humayun-nama :The history of Humayun|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofhumayun00gulbrich|year=1902|publisher=Royal Asiatic Society}}
* {{cite book|last=Banerji|first=S K|title=Humayun Badshah|url=https://archive.org/details/humayunbadshah035068mbp|year=1938|publisher=Humphrey Milford Oxford University Press}}
* {{cite book|last=Hearn|first=Gordon Risley|title=The Seven Cities of Delhi|url=https://archive.org/stream/sevencitiesofdel00hear#page/44/mode/2up/search/Kutb|year=1906|publisher=W. Thacker & Co., London|ref=He}}
* ''Humayun's Tomb & adjacent monuments'', by Akbar Naqvi. Published by Archaeological Survey of India, 2002. {{ISBN|81-87780-08-8}}.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=rrdm_XMAiIYC&dq=Humayun%27s+Tomb&pg=PA29 Delhi – Humayun's Tomb and Adjacent Building]{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''Delhi Through Ages'', by S. R. Bakshi. Published by Anmol Publications, 1995. {{ISBN|81-7488-138-7}}. pp. 29–47.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041230061043/http://archnet.org/library/pubdownloader/pdf/3619/doc/dpt0841.pdf ''Orthodoxy, Innovation, and Revival: Considerations of the Past Imperial Mughal Tomb Architecture'' by Michael Brand. 1993]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030819045519/http://archnet.org/library/pubdownloader/pdf/3590/doc/dpt0812.pdf ''Humayun's Tomb: Form, Function, and Meaning in Early Mughal Architecture'', by Glenn D. Lowry, 1987]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100417204742/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=7401 Humayun Tomb Gardens Revitalisation, 2000s, documents and videos]
* Zohreh Bozorg-nia, ''Mimaran-i Iran''. {{ISBN|964-7483-39-2}}, 2004, p. 184.
* ''Mughal Architecture of Delhi : A Study of Mosques and Tombs'' (1556–1627 A.D.), by Praduman K. Sharma, Sundeep, 2001, {{ISBN|81-7574-094-9}}. ''Chapt 10''.
* ''Garden Tomb of Humayun: An Abode in Paradise'', by Neeru Misra and Tanay Misra, Published by Aryan Books International, Delhi, 2003
* [[Ruggles, D. Fairchild]]. 1997. Humayun's Tomb and Garden: Typologies and Visual Order. In Gardens in the Time of the Great Muslim Empires: Theory and Design. Attilio Petruccioli (ed). Leiden; New York: E.J. Brill

==External links==


{{Commons and category|Humayun's tomb|Humayun's Tomb, Delhi}}
* {{Official website|http://www.humayunstomb.com}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090410041137/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_humayuntomb.asp Humayun's Tomb] [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
* [https://s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/mughalarch.com/outline.html Humayun's Tomb Bibliography with Linked Articles]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928044737/http://www.nri-connect.com/IndiaTravelTourism/Heritage-Indian-Sites.htm Compilation of Indian Heritage Sites]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041204213614/http://www.akdn.org/agency/aktc_humayun.html AKTC revitalisation of the Humayun's Tomb Gardens]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080308091920/http://www.delhi-tourism-india.com/forts-monuments/humayu-tomb.htm Humayun's Tomb on Delhi-Tourism-India.com]
* {{Wikivoyage inline}}
* {{OSM way|220385654}}
* [http://journeymart.com/de/india/delhi/new-delhi/humayun's-tomb.aspx Humayun's Tomb Best Time To Visit] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127202615/https://www.journeymart.com/de/india/delhi/new-delhi/humayun%27s-tomb.aspx |date=27 November 2021 }}
;Images

* [https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=28.593264,77.250602&q=28.593264,77.250602&spn=0.002209,0.00537&t=h Satellite picture by Google Maps]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080503074921/http://www.world-heritage-tour.org/asia/south-asia/india/new-delhi/humayun-s-tomb/inside/sphere-quicktime.html Panoramic view on Humayun's Tomb at WHTour]
* [http://www.fotopedia.com/reporter/stories/MgR6-JH9Ksf Humayun's Tomb slideshow] at [[Fotopedia]]



<ref>{{Cite web |title=Humayun's Tomb Tour Guide {{!}} Best time to visit - TTI |url=https://treasuretripin.com/humanyuns-tomb/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |language=en-US}}</ref>

{{Humayun's Tomb complex}}
{{Delhi landmarks}}
{{Delhi}}
{{World Heritage Sites in India}}
{{Mughal Empire|state=autocollapse}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Humayun}}
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1572]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in India]]
[[Category:Mughal gardens in India]]
[[Category:Mughal tombs]]
[[Category:Sandstone buildings in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Delhi]]
[[Category:Mausoleums in Delhi]]
[[Category:Aga Khan Trust for Culture projects]]
[[Category:Landscape design history]]
[[Category:Persian gardens in India]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Delhi]]
[[Category:Akbar]]
[[Category:1572 establishments in India]]
[[Category:16th-century establishments in the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Tombs in Delhi]]
[[Category:16th-century religious buildings and structures in India]]

S. K. Umesh

2026-04-11T23:37:25Z

Globaleducollege: New first details first draft

{{Short description|Indian police officer (1990 - 2023)}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = S K Umesh
| native_name =
| image =
| birth_name = Sorekai Doddi Umesh
| birth_place = Sorekai Doddi, Kanakapura, Ramanagara District
| birth_date =
| death_place =
| order =
| office = [[Karnataka Police|Karnataka Police Service]], [[Government of Karnataka]]
| term_start = 1990
| term_end = 2023
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Civil servant
| father =
| mother =
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
}}

'''S K Umesh''' (also known as '''Sorekaidoddi Kariyappa Umesh''') is a retired Indian [[Superintendent of Police (India)|Superintendent of Police]] credited with a playing a key role in arresting notorious criminals and solving mysterious cases.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/how-bengaluru-cop-s-airtight-case-brought-justice-dell-techie-payal-surekha-111917|title=How this Bengaluru cop's airtight case brought justice to Dell techie Payal Surekha|date=7 November 2019|website=thenewsminute.com|url-status=bot: unknown|access-date=16 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616140913/https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/how-bengaluru-cop-s-airtight-case-brought-justice-dell-techie-payal-surekha-111917|archive-date=16 June 2024}}</ref><ref name=b>{{cite web|title=ಇನ್ಸ್‌ಪೆಕ್ಟರ್‌ಗಳಿಗೆ ಕೊನೆಗೂ ಬಡ್ತಿ; ಉಮೇಶ್ ಡಿವೈಎಸ್ಪಿ |url=https://kannada.oneindia.com/news/karnataka/jayanagar-inspector-umesh-sk-and-102-inspectors-promoted-as-dysp-078003.html |date=April 2013 |language=kn |accessdate=6 June 2024}}</ref>

==Early life==
SK Umesh was born in Sorekaidoddi village, [[Kanakapura]], [[Ramanagara district]] of [[Karnataka]] state. He is married to Shanta Gowda and have two daughters, one of who is [[Sapthami Gowda]], an award-winning actress in [[Kannada & Hindi film industry]] which includes blockbuster movie Kanthara, and Dr Uttare.

==Police service==
SK Umesh joined the [[Karnataka Police|Karnataka State Police Service]] in 1990.<ref name=b />

Umesh retired from service on 31 July 2022.<ref name="b" />

==Honors and awards==
He won the [[Police Medal (India)|President of India's Gold Medal]] three times and the gold medal of the Chief Minister of Karnataka once. .{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Name of Award or Honour
|-
|2023
|President of India Gallantry Gold Medal
|-
|2020
|Central Government Special Task force award
|-
|2015
|President of India Meritorious Service Gold Medal
|-
|2007
|Chief Minister of Karnataka Gold Medal
|-
|2005
|Kempegowda award from Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Paalike
|}

#

== Umesh has authored the following books,==
* Nemmadi Maratakke ide (Year of Publishing:2023)
* Eye witness 1 (Year of publishing:2020)
* Eye Witness II (Year of publishing:2022)
* Blood Warranty (Year of publishing:2022)
* Veerappan Death warrant (Year of publishing:2022)
* Bangalore Underworld(akki Kaalu) (Year of publishing:2022)
* Urida Ooru (Year of Publishing:2023)
* Kariyappa mestru nadadidde daari (Year of publishing:2023)

== In films ==
'''Umesh's some of the investigating stories have become movies, to name some;'''

# [[Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru|Theeran adigaram ondru]]
# [[Kendasampige]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:S K Umesh}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian police officers]]
[[Category:People from Ramanagara district]]
[[Category:Karnataka Police]]

Naresh Kataria

2026-04-11T10:21:15Z

Globaleducollege: started new stub w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]], [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| term_end = 
| constituency = [[Zira Assembly constituency|Zira]]
| majority = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| predecessor = [[Kulbir Singh Zira]]
| successor =
| office2 = 
| term_start2 = 
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| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
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| committees =
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| awards = 
| blank1 =
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| signature_alt =
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| nickname =
}}
'''Naresh Kataria''' is an Indian politician and the MLA representing the [[Zira Assembly constituency]] in the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]. He is a member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref name="List Financialexpress">{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022, Punjab election results 2022, Punjab election winners list, Punjab election 2022 full list of winners, Punjab election winning candidates, Punjab election 2022 winners, Punjab election 2022 winning candidates constituency wise |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-assembly-election-results-2022-check-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-complete-list-of-punjab-results-2022-bjp-congress-akali-dal-aap/2456066/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2022 Winner list">{{cite news |title=All Winners List of Punjab Assembly Election 2022 {{!}} Punjab Vidhan Sabha Elections |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/punjab/all-winners/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He was elected as the MLA in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022 result constituency-wise: Check full list of winners |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/punjab-assembly-election/punjab-election-result-2022-check-constituency-wise-leading-trailing-candidates-full-list-of-winners-aap-bhagwant-mann-congress-charanjit-singh-channi-bjp-akalis-election-news-today-101646877618898.html |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
===2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election===
Kataria defeated [[Janmeja Singh Sekhon]] of [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] by 22,776 votes in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|elections of 2022]].

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
He represents the [[Zira Assembly constituency]] as MLA in Punjab Assembly. The Aam Aadmi Party gained a strong 79% majority in the [[sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly]] by winning 92 out of [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|117 seats]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. MP [[Bhagwant Mann]] was sworn in as [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister]] on 16 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=16 March 2022 |title=AAP's Bhagwant Mann sworn in as Punjab Chief Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/punjab-assembly/aaps-bhagwant-mann-sworn-in-as-punjab-cm/article65230309.ece |access-date=22 March 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

;[[16th Punjab Assembly#Committees|Committee assignments of Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Privileges|Committee on Privileges]]<ref name="Committee on Privileges">{{cite web |title=vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=28&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref>
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Questions & References|Committee on Questions & References]]<ref name="Committee on Questions & References">{{cite web |title=Vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=37&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Zira Assembly constituency}}
{{#section-h:Zira Assembly constituency|2022}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-la}}
{{IN MLA box
| state= Punjab
| constituency= Zira
| before= -
| after=
| years= [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]] – }}
{{s-end}}
{{Aam Aadmi Party |state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kataria, Naresh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Elliott Colvin (died 1883)

2026-04-04T20:41:07Z

Globaleducollege: Created New Entry

{{distinguish|Elliot Colvin (died 1940)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific_prefix =
|name = Elliott Graham Colvin
|honorific_suffix =
|image = Colvin Gate memorial, Bulandshahr.png
|caption = Colvin Gate memorial, Bulandshahr
|office =
|term =
|office1 =
|term1 =
|office3 =
|prime_minister3 =
|predecessor3 =
|successor3 =
|term3 =
|order4 =
|office4 =
|predecessor4 =
|successor4 =
|term4 =
|title =
|birth_place = Calcutta, [[British India]]
|birth_date = 1836
|death_date = 3 November 1883
|death_place = [[Sahanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
|alma_mater =
|spouse =
|children =
|awards =
}}
'''Elliott Graham Colvin''' (1836–1883) was a British [[Indian Civil Service]] (ICS) Officer. He served in [[Mathura]] and [[Meerut]] during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] and later became Meerut's [[Indian Civil Service#Salary and ranks|Commissioner]]. After his death, a gate was erected in his memory in [[Bulandshahr]] on the instructions of [[Frederic Growse]].

==Early life and family==
Elliott Colvin was born in 1836 in Calcutta, now Kolkata, to [[John Russell Colvin]].<ref name=census1851>{{cite web |title=1851 England; Buckinghamshire|url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/imageviewer/collections/8860/images/BKMHO107_1718_1719-0024?treeid=&personid=&hintid=&usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=3950797|access-date=11 March 2023|work=The National Archives of the UK (TNA)|location=Kew, Surrey|date=1951|via=ancestry.co.uk|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=NMGWCUS1880>{{cite news |title=Notices |work= Naval & Military Gazette and Weekly Chronicle of the United Service|date=30 June 1880|page=511|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001681/18800630/036/0013|via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription}}</ref>{{efn|Of the same name was Sir Elliot Graham Colvin, born in 1861 and died in 1940.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sir Elliot Graham Colvin - National Portrait Gallery |url=https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp79373/sir-elliot-graham-colvin?search=sas&sText=elliot |website=www.npg.org.uk |access-date=11 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>}} His siblings included [[Auckland Colvin]] and [[Walter Mytton Colvin|Walter Colvin]].<ref name=ToI1883/><ref name=NMGWCUS30June1880>{{cite news |title=Notices|work= Naval & Military Gazette and Weekly Chronicle of the United Service|date=30 June 1880|page=511|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001681/18800630/036/0013|via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription}}</ref> In 1850 he became a naval cadet.<ref name=DTCPGA1850>{{cite news |title=Naval promotions |work= Dover Telegraph and Cinque Ports General Advertiser|date=18 May 1850|page=3|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002044/18500518/019/0003|via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription}}</ref> He was educated at [[Eton College|Eton]] and from 1853 to 1855 was at [[Haileybury and Imperial Service College|Haileybury]].<ref name=Danvers>{{Cite book |last=Danvers |first=Frederick Charles |url=https://archive.org/details/memorialsoldhai00collgoog/page/458/mode/2up?q=Colvin |title=Memorials of Old Haileybury College |last2=Monier-Williams |first2=Sir Monier |last3=Bayley |first3=Sir Steuart Colvin |last4=Wigram |first4=Percy |last5=Sapte |first5=Brand |date=1894 |publisher=A. Constable |language=en|page=461}}</ref><ref name=ToI1883>{{cite news |title=The late Mr. Colvin |work= The Times of India |date=9 November 1883|page=8|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002850/18831109/076/0003|via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=Eton1850>{{cite web |title=Eton School Lists, 1791-1850 |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/discoveryui-content/view/11584:34790|access-date=11 March 2023|location=London|date=1850|via=ancestry.co.uk|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

On 18 September 1862 in [[Nainital]], he married Edith, the eldest daughter of Peter Cunningham.<ref name=MA1862>{{cite news |title=Marriages |work= Morning Advertiser|date=15 November 1862|page=8|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001427/18621115/059/0008|via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xd8hAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA770 |title=The Gentleman's Magazine |date=1862 |publisher=John Henry and James Parker |location=London |pages=770 |language=en}}</ref>{{efn|She later moved back to England and died there in 1914.<ref name=Cen1911>{{cite web |title=Census Returns of England and Wales, 1911|publisher=The National Archives of the UK|location=Kew, Surrey, England|url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/imageviewer/collections/2352/images/rg14_00442_0559_03?treeid=&personid=&hintid=&usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=1404012|access-date=15 March 2023 |work=1939 England and Wales Register|date=1911|via=ancestry.co.uk|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=Prob1914>{{cite web |title=England & Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995|url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/discoveryui-content/view/1125472:1904|access-date=13 March 2023 |work=1914 England and Wales Register|date=1911|via=ancestry.co.uk|url-access=subscription}}</ref>}} ''[[The Times of India]]'' later noted that "he was peculiarly happy in his married life".<ref name=ToI1883/> He learnt French, German and Russian, and was familiar with several Northern Indian dialects.<ref name=ToI1883/>

==Career==
Colvin returned to India on 6 November 1855.<ref name=NWPOfficers1881>{{cite book |author=Govt. Sectt., N.W.P. and Oudh |title=History of services of gazetted officers employed under the government of the N.W.P. and Oudh |date=1881 |publisher=North-Western Provinces and Oudh Govt. Press |location=Allahabad |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofservice00alla/page/20/mode/2up?q=Colvin|pages=20-21}}</ref> In November 1856 he was attached to the [[North-West Provinces]] where he was posted assistant in the Agra division and then assistant magistrate and collector to Agra.<ref name=NWPOfficers1881/> In May 1857, at the onset of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], he was transferred to [[Mathura]].<ref name=ToI1883/><ref name=NWPOfficers1881/> He fought at [[Hathras]], [[Aligarh]] and the surrounding areas.<ref name=HMICE1877>{{cite news |title=Notices |work= Homeward Mail from India, China and the East|date=22 December 1877|page=1317|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001712/18771222/012/0005|via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=Danvers1894>{{cite book |last1=Danvers |first1=Frederick Charles |last2=Martineau |first2=Harriet |last3=Monier-Williams |first3=Monier |last4=Bayley |first4=Steuart Colvin |last5=Wigram |first5=Percy |last6=Sapte |first6=Brand |title=Memorials of old Haileybury College |date=1894 |publisher=Westminster, A. Constable and Company |page=591 |url=http://archive.org/details/memorialsoldhai00collgoog}}</ref> He also became well known at [[Budaun]].<ref name=ToI1883/> He spent a few months at [[Meerut]] before being appointed as superintendent of the [[Terai|Terai District]] towards [[Rohilkhand]].<ref name=ToI1883/><ref name=BG1861>{{cite news |title=Bengal: from the calcutta and government gazette |work= Bombay Gazette|date=19 April 1861|page=370|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002920/18610419/020/0002|via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Between 1857 and 1878, he also held various posts at Meerat, Bareilly, Moradabad, [[Varanasi|Benares]].<ref name=NWPOfficers1881/>

In 1880 Colvin held posts in [[Muzaffarnagar]] and Benares.<ref name=NMGWCUS1880/><ref name=NWPOfficers1881/> Later, he became settlement officer, collector and commissioner back at Meerut.<ref name=ToI1883/> There, he led the search for European graves and commissioned maintenance of the burial sites.<ref name=HMICE1877/>

==Death and legacy==
At the age of 47, Colvin's health began to deteriorate.<ref name=ToI1883/> He died of "inflammation of the lungs" on 3 November 1883 at [[Sahanpur]], and his body was taken to Meerut.<ref name=ToI1883/><ref name=EO1883>{{cite news |title=News of the week|work= Englishman's Overland Mail|date=13 November 1883|page=1|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002921/18831113/005/0001|via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=Prob.1850>{{cite web |title=England & Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995 |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/discoveryui-content/view/2745714:1904|access-date=11 March 2023|work=Principal Probate Registry|location=London|date=1884|via=ancestry.co.uk|url-access=subscription}}</ref> He was buried at Meerut cemetery.<ref name=ToI1883/> At Meerut, he was succeeded by Mr. Quinton, a member of the [[Imperial Legislative Council|Viceregal Council]].<ref name=EM1883>{{cite news |title=Indian items |work= Evening Mail|date=24 December 1883|page=1|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003187/18831224/007/0001|via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Following his death, a gate in his memory was constructed at a cost of 4,000 rupees at the east wall of Moti Bagh in [[Bulandshahr]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], at the instruction of [[Frederic Growse]].<ref name=Growse1884>{{Cite book |last=Growse |first=Frederic Salmon |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zNKVY1WkfCIC&pg=PA70 |title=Bulandshahr: Or, Sketches of an Indian District: Social, Historical and Architectural |publisher=Medical Hall Press |year=1884 |chapter=III. The rebuilding of Bulandshahr |pages=70|language=en}}</ref> Growse wrote in his 1884 book ''[[Bulandshahr; or, Sketches of an Indian district; social, historical and architectural]]'' that Colvin's "sudden untimely death, on the 3rd November 1883, was deeply felt by all classes of the community".<ref name=Growse1884/> An illustration of the gate was planned for inclusion in the second part of Growse's ''Indian Architecture of To-day as Exemplified in New Buildings in the Bulandshahr District''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Growse |first=Frederic Salmon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=inEIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PT25 |title=Indian Architecture of To-day as Exemplified in New Buildings in the Bulandshahr District. Part I |date=1885 |publisher=North-Western Provinces and Oudh Government Press |location=Allahabad |pages=25 |language=en}}</ref>

===Colvin gate===
<gallery>
File:Colvin Gate, front.png|Facing market
File:Colvin Gate, Bulandshahr.png|Facing Moti Bagh
File:Colvin Gate memorial, Bulandshahr.png|Memorial plaque facing Moti Bagh
File:Colvin gate side.jpg|Inside arch
</gallery>

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Colvin, Elliott Graham}}
[[Category:1836 births]]
[[Category:1883 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century British civil servants]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:People educated at Eton College]]
[[Category:People from Kolkata]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Indian Rebellion of 1857]]

R. D. Burman

2026-03-29T11:04:59Z

Globaleducollege:

{{Short description|Indian musician (1939–1994)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = R. D. Burman
| image = Rahul Dev Burman.jpg
| caption = Burman in 1981
| birth_name = Rahul Dev Burman
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1939|06|27}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], Bengal Presidency, British India (now Kolkata, West Bengal, India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1994|01|04|1939|06|27}}
| death_place = [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai), Maharashtra, India
| occupation = {{hlist|Music director|[[Score composer]]|Singer|Actor|Music Arranger|Music Producer|Musician}}
| years_active = 1961–1994
| parents = {{Plainlist|
* [[S. D. Burman]]
* [[Meera Dev Burman]]
}}
| spouse = {{ublist|{{marriage|Rita Patel|1966|1971|end=div.}}|{{marriage|[[Asha Bhosle]]|1980}}}}
}}

'''Rahul Dev Burman''' ({{audio|Hi-RDBurman.ogg|pronunciation}}; 27 June 1939 – 4 January 1994) was an Indian music director and singer, who is considered to be one of the greatest and most successful music directors of the [[Hindi film music]] industry. From the 1960s to the 1990s, Burman composed musical scores for 331 films, bringing a new level of music ensemble with his compositions.<ref name="Douglas_Spin_1999">{{cite journal | title = SoundFiles: MP3s and other bytes worth your memory | author = Douglas Wolk | author-link = Douglas Wolk | journal = [[Spin (magazine)|Spin]] | volume = 15 | issue = 12 |date=December 1999 | page = 169 | issn = 0886-3032 }}</ref> Burman did his major work with legendary singers [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Asha Bhosle]] and [[Mohammed Rafi]].<ref name= "IELataRD">{{cite news |title=Lata Mangeshkar on R D Burman: Pancham Died Too Young, Unhappy |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/he-died-too-young-unhappy-lata-mangeshkar-on-rd-burman/}}</ref> He also worked extensively with lyricists like [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]], [[Anand Bakshi]] and [[Gulzar]], with whom he created some of the most memorable numbers in his career. Nicknamed '''Pancham''', he was the only son of the composer [[S. D. Burman|Sachin Dev Burman]] and his Bengali lyricist wife Meera Dev Burman.

He was mainly active in the Hindi film industry as a composer, and also provided vocals for a few compositions.<ref name="Tejaswini2004"/> He influenced the next generation of Indian music directors,<ref name="Tejaswini2004">{{cite book | author=Tejaswini Ganti | title=Bollywood: a guidebook to popular Hindi cinema | year=2004 | publisher=Psychology Press | isbn=978-0-415-28854-5 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/bollywoodguidebo0000gant/page/111 111–112] | url=https://archive.org/details/bollywoodguidebo0000gant/page/111 }}</ref> and his songs remain popular in India and overseas. Many years after his death, his songs continued to inspire new singers and composers.<ref name="Nelly Furtado">{{cite news|title=Nelly Furtado's 'Say it Right' samples Asha Bhonsle and RD Burman's Duniya Mein Logon Ko|url=https://www.whosampled.com/sample/768408/Nelly-Furtado-Say-It-Right-Asha-Bhosle-R.D.-Burman-Duniya-Mein-Logon-Ko/}}</ref>

== Early life and career beginnings ==
Burman was born to the Hindi film composer and singer, [[S. D. Burman|Sachin Dev Burman]], and his lyricist wife [[Meera Dev Burman]] (née Dasgupta), in Calcutta. Initially, he was nicknamed Tublu by his maternal grandmother, although he later became known by the nickname Pancham. According to some stories, he was nicknamed ''Pancham'' because, as a child, whenever he cried, it sounded in the fifth note (''Pa''), G note on c major scale, of music notation; in Hindustani Classical Music, ''[[Svara|Pancham]]'' is the name of the fifth scale degree: (IAST: Ṣaḍja, Ṛṣabha, Gandhāra, Madhyama, '''Pañcama''', Dhaivata, Niṣāda). Another theory says that the baby was nicknamed Pancham because he could cry in five different notes. Yet another version is that when the veteran Indian actor [[Ashok Kumar]] saw a newborn Rahul uttering the syllable ''Pa'' repeatedly, he nicknamed the boy ''Pancham''.<ref name="TheHindu_203_Beat">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/07/01/stories/2003070100260100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101022073447/http://hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/07/01/stories/2003070100260100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2010|title=Beat poet|author=Mini Anthikad-Chhibber|date=1 July 2003|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2 March 2012}}</ref>

Burman received his early education in West Bengal from [[Ballygunge Government High School]] in Kolkata. His father S. D. Burman was a noted music director in [[Hindi film|Hindi-language films]], the Mumbai-based Hindi film industry. When he was seventeen years old, R. D. Burman composed his first song, "Aye Meri Topi Palat Ke Aa", which his father used in the film ''[[Funtoosh]]'' (1956). The tune of the song "Sar Jo Tera Chakraaye" was also composed by him as a child and his father included it in the soundtrack of [[Guru Dutt]]'s ''[[Pyaasa]]'' (1957).<ref name="DineshJitendra1996">{{cite book|title=The hundred luminaries of Hindi cinema|publisher=India Book House Publishers|year=1996|isbn=978-81-7508-007-2|page=119|author1=Dinesh Raheja|author-link=Dinesh Raheja|author2=Jitendra Kothari}}</ref>

In Mumbai, Burman was trained by Ustad [[Ali Akbar Khan]] ([[sarod]]) and [[Samta Prasad]] ([[tabla]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/08/18/stories/2010081850140400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100905064855/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/08/18/stories/2010081850140400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 September 2010|title=Backbones take centre stage|author=Deepa Ganesh|date=18 August 2010|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2 March 2012}}</ref> He also considered [[Salil Chowdhury]] his guru.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article2771739.ece?homepage=true|title=Dad's the spirit!|author=Rajan Das Gupta|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=3 January 2012|access-date=2 March 2012}}</ref> He served as an assistant to his father and often played harmonica in his orchestras.<ref name="Tejaswini2004"/>

Some of the notable films in which Burman is credited as the music assistant include ''[[Chalti Ka Naam Gaadi]]'' (1958), ''[[Kaagaz Ke Phool]]'' (1959), ''[[Tere Ghar Ke Samne]]'' (1963), ''[[Bandini (film)|Bandini]]'' (1963), ''[[Ziddi (1964 film)|Ziddi]]'' (1964), ''[[Guide (1965 film)|Guide]]'' (1965) and ''[[Teen Devian]]'' (1965). Burman also played mouth organ for his father's hit composition "Hai Apna Dil To Aawara", which was featured in the film ''[[Solva Saal]]'', and sung by [[Hemanta Mukhopadhyay]].<ref name="TOI_2010_RDX">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/music/news-and-interviews/RDX-unplugged/articleshow/5756770.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103064853/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-04-03/news-and-interviews/28114192_1_documentary-music-film|url-status=live|archive-date=3 January 2013|title=RDX unplugged|author=Avijit Ghosh|date=3 April 2010|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2 March 2012}}</ref>

In 1959, Burman signed up as a music director for the film ''Raaz'', directed by [[Guru Dutt]]'s assistant Niranjan. However, the film was never completed. The lyrics of this Guru Dutt and [[Waheeda Rehman]]-starrer film were written by [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]]. Burman recorded two songs for the film before it was shelved. The first song was sung by [[Geeta Dutt]] and [[Asha Bhosle]], and the second one had vocals by [[Shamshad Begum]].<ref name="Hanif2005">{{cite book|author=Hanif Zaveri|title=Mehmood, a man of many moods|year=2005|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7991-213-3|pages=72–74}}</ref>

Burman's first released film as an independent music director was ''[[Chhote Nawab]]'' (1961). When the noted Hindi film comedian [[Mehmood Ali|Mehmood]] decided to produce ''Chhote Nawab'', he first approached Burman's father Sachin Dev Burman for the music. However, S. D. Burman declined the offer, advising he was unavailable. At this meeting, Mehmood noticed Rahul playing [[tabla]], and signed him as the music director for ''Chhote Nawab''.<ref name="Hanif2005"/> Burman later developed a close association with Mehmood, and made a [[cameo appearance]] in Mehmood's film ''[[Bhoot Bungla]]'' (1965).<ref name="Hanif2005"/>

== Music career ==

=== 1961–1975: Early career and rise to prominence ===

R. D. Burman began his career as a music director with the 1961 film ''[[Chhote Nawab]]'', which proved to be a lukewarm success and so were his next three ventures, ''[[Bhoot Bungla]]'' (1965), ''[[Teesra Kaun (1965 film)|Teesra Kaun]]'' (1965) and ''[[Pati Patni]]'' (1966).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ghosh |first=Avijit |title=A tribute: Five rare gems from the early RD Burman |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/Addictions/a-tribute-five-rare-gems-from-the-early-rd-burman/ |access-date=2024-08-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He established himself with [[Vijay Anand (filmmaker)|Vijay Anand]]'s [[Mystery film|musical mystery]] film ''[[Teesri Manzil]]'' (1966), which starred [[Shammi Kapoor]] and [[Asha Parekh]] in the lead.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/when-dev-anand-came-to-blows-with-nasir-hussain-116102300206_1.html|title=When Dev Anand came to blows with Nasir Hussain|agency=Press Trust of India|date=23 October 2016|via=Business Standard}}</ref> It went on to become a huge success at the box office which was attributed to its superhit songs, "O Haseena Zulfonwali Jane Jahan", "O Mere Sona Re Sona", "Aaja Aaja Main Hoon Pyar Tera", "Deewana Mujhsa Nahin" and "Tumne Mujhe Dekha Hokar Meherban", all of which were featured in the year-end annual list of [[Binaca Geetmala]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.panchamonline.com/articles/thatsmytune.pdf |title=R D Burman – My God, That's My Tune |access-date=23 October 2006 |archive-date=21 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421231829/http://www.panchamonline.com/articles/thatsmytune.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>''Back on air with Geetmala''. Bella Jaisinghani. ''The Financial Express (India)'', Sunday, 11 March 2001. Transcript available online at {{cite web |url=http://www.ameensayani.com/reviews/review_1.htm |title=Ameen Sayani/Press Reviews |access-date=2006-07-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426173952/http://www.ameensayani.com/reviews/review_1.htm |archive-date=26 April 2006 |df=dmy }}, accessed online on 29 July 2006</ref> In addition, the soundtrack of ''Teesri Manzil'' proved to be the seventh best-selling Hindi film album of the 1960s.<ref name="BOIMusicHits">{{Cite web|title=Music Hits 1960–1969|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=281&catName=MTk2MC0xOTY5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215081535/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=281&catName=MTk2MC0xOTY5&PHPSESSID=108b9056cd4ca14236f9c6119d34dcce|archive-date=15 February 2008|access-date=2 September 2013|website=Box Office India}}</ref>

Burman's other notable work of the decade was the soundtrack of the [[Comedy film|musical comedy]] ''[[Padosan]]'' (1968), whose songs like "Ek Chatur Naar", "Mere Samne Wali Khidki Mein", "Mere Bhole Balam" and "Kehna Hai Kehna Hai" remain popular to date and played a major part in making the film a commercial success.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Roshmila |date=9 August 2019 |title=This week, that year: 'Padosan' Saira Banu on her 'guru' Kishore Kumar |language=en |work=Mumbai Mirror |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/this-week-that-year-padosan-saira-banu-on-her-guru-kishore-kumar/articleshow/70595081.cms |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-date=12 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212123710/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/this-week-that-year-padosan-saira-banu-on-her-guru-kishore-kumar/articleshow/70595081.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1969, he composed music for two hit films, ''[[Waris (film)|Waris]]'' and ''[[Pyar Ka Mausam]]'' and, while working as an assistant to his father in [[Shakti Samanta]]'s ''[[Aradhana (1969 film)|Aradhana]]'', he played an instrumental role in making [[Kishore Kumar]] the playback voice of [[Rajesh Khanna]], who became a superstar with the film's blockbuster success. Even Kumar's singing career was boosted, and he became the leading playback singer of Hindi cinema and remained at that position till his death in 1987.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/oct/31burman.htm|title=The Aradhana syndrome and S D Burman|date=31 October 2000|work=Rediff|access-date=24 July 2013|archive-date=5 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005192311/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/oct/31burman.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=RKR>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/the-unforgettable-music-rajesh-khanna-kishore-kumar-and-rd-burman-created-together-606178|title=The unforgettable music Rajesh Khanna, Kishore Kumar and RD Burman created together|date=19 July 2012}}</ref>

Burman emerged as the leading music director of Hindi cinema in the year 1970 with Shakti Samanta's [[Romance film|musical romantic drama]] ''[[Kati Patang]],'' starring Rajesh Khanna and Asha Parekh. At the box office, it went on to become a blockbuster, while almost all of its songs, such as "Yeh Shaam Mastani", "[[Pyaar Deewana Hota Hai (song)|Pyaar Deewana Hota Hai]]", "Yeh Jo Mohabbat Hai", and "Jis Gali Mein Tera Ghar", proving to be chartbusters and playing an important role in the box office success of the film. Its soundtrack became one of the highest-selling [[Hindi film music|Bollywood]] soundtracks of the 1970s.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/blast-from-the-past-kati-patang-1971/article6506448.ece | title=Blast from the Past: Kati Patang (1971)| newspaper=The Hindu| date=16 October 2014| last1=Lokpally| first1=Vijay}}</ref><ref name="boi70s">{{cite web|title=Music Hits 1970–1979|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=282&catName=MTk3MC0xOTc5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205042855/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=282&catName=MTk3MC0xOTc5|url-status=dead|archive-date=2010-02-05|publisher=[[Box Office India]]|date=5 February 2010}}</ref> The same year, he also delivered music in another Rajesh Khanna hit ''[[The Train (1970 film)|The Train]]'', which had the popular songs "Gulabi Aankhen", a solo by [[Mohammed Rafi]] and "Kis Liye Maine Pyar Kiya", a solo by [[Lata Mangeshkar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vijayakar |first=R. M. |date=27 July 2012 |title=Rajesh Khanna: A Look Back at a Legend |url=http://www.indiawest.com/news/5733-rajesh-khanna-a-look-back-at-a-legend.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730064952/http://www.indiawest.com/news/5733-rajesh-khanna-a-look-back-at-a-legend.html |archive-date=30 July 2012 |access-date=30 July 2012 |website=India-West}}</ref>

For the next three years, he worked in top-grossing films, such as ''[[Haré Rama Haré Krishna]]'' (1971), ''[[Caravan (1971 film)|Caravan]]'' (1971), ''[[Mela (1971 film)|Mela]]'' (1971), ''[[Amar Prem]]'' (1972), ''[[Mere Jeevan Saathi (1972 film)|Mere Jeevan Saathi]]'' (1972), ''[[Apna Desh]]'' (1972), ''[[Jawani Diwani]]'' (1972), ''[[Raampur Ka Lakshman]]'' (1972), ''[[Parichay (1972 film)|Parichay]]'' (1972), ''[[Seeta Aur Geeta]]'' (1972), ''[[Samadhi (1972 film)|Samadhi]]'' (1972), ''[[Anamika (1973 film)|Anamika]]'' (1973), ''[[Aa Gale Lag Jaa (1973 film)|Aa Gale Lag Jaa]]'' (1973), ''[[Yaadon Ki Baaraat]]'' (1973) and ''[[Namak Haraam]]'' (1973), all of which had superhit songs like "[[Chadti Jawani Meri Chaal Mastani]]", "[[Piya Tu Ab To Aaja]]" and "Kitna Pyara Wada Hai" (''Caravan''), "[[Dum Maro Dum (song)|Dum Maro Dum]]", "Phoolon Ka Taron Ka" and "Kanchi Re Kanchi" (''Hare Rama Hare Krishna''), "Rut Hai Milan Ki Sathi Mera Aa Re" and "Gori Ke Haath Mein Jaise Ye Challa" (''Mela''), "Raina Beeti Jaye", "Chingari Koi Bhadke", "Kuchh Toh Log Kahenge" and "Yeh Kya Hua" (''Amar Prem''), "O Mere Dil Ke Chain", "Chala Jaata Hoon" and "Aao Na, Gale Laga Lo Na" (''Mere Jeevan Saathi''), "Duniya Mein Logon Ko", "Kajra Lagake Gajra Sajake" and "Ro Na Kabhi Nahin Rona" (''Apna Desh''), "Samne Yeh Kaun Aaya", "Yeh Jawani Hai Deewani" and "Jaan-E-Jaan Dhoondta Phir Raha Hoon Tumhe Raat Din" (''Jawani Diwani''), "Gum Hai Kisi Ke Pyar Mein Dil Subah Sham" and "Rampur Ka Vasi Hoon" (''Raampur Ka Lakshman''), "Musafir Hoon Yaaron" and "Sa Re Ke Sa Re" (''Parichay''), "O Saathi Chal" and "Koi Ladki Mujhe Kal Raat" (''Seeta Aur Geeta''), "Kaanta Laga", "Jab Tak Rahe" and "Jaan-E-Jaana Jao" (''Samadhi''), "Panna Ki Tamanna" (''Heera Panna''), "Meri Bheegi Bheegi Si" and "Bahon Mein Chale Aao" (''Anamika''), "Vaada Karo" and "Tera Mujhse Hain Pehle Ka Nata Koi" (''Aa Gale Lag Jaa''), "Yaadon Ki Baaraat Nikli Hai Aaj Dil Ke Dwaare", "Chura Liya Hai Tumne Jo Dil Ko, Nazar Nahin Churana Sanam", "Lekar Hum Deewana Dil, Phirte Hai Manzil Manzil" and "Meri Soni, Meri Tamanna, Jhuth Nahin Hai Mera Pyar" (''Yaadon Ki Baaraat''), "Diye Jalte Hain Phool Khilte Hain" and "Main Shair Badnaam" (''Namak Haraam'').<ref name="RD">{{cite web|title=Remembering RD Burman: The Man, the Musician, the Legend|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/remembering-rd-burman-the-man-the-musician-the-legend-775907|date=27 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/revisiting-rd-burman-the-last-music-emperor-70644.html|title=Revisiting RD Burman, the last music emperor|date=4 January 2025}}</ref> The soundtrack of ''Caravan'' proved to be one of the best-selling Hindi film albums of the 1970s while that of ''Yaadon Ki Baaraat'' emerged as the second best-selling Hindi film album of the decade.<ref name="boi70s"/> For ''Caravan'', ''Amar Prem'' and ''Yaadon Ki Baaraat'', Burman received three consecutive nominations at [[Filmfare Awards|Filmfare]] for [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Direction]].<ref name="WN">{{Cite web |url=http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf |title=Filmfare Awards (1953–2005)|access-date=5 November 2007 |archive-date=12 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612065210/http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1974, his notable ventures, included ''[[Aap Ki Kasam]]'', ''[[Khote Sikkay]]'', ''[[Ajanabee (1974 film)|Ajanabee]]'' and ''[[Phir Kab Milogi]]'', all of which had evergreen songs like "Karvatein Badalte Rahe", "Jai Jai Shiv Shankar", "Suno Kaho Kaha Suna", "Zindagi Ke Safar Mein, "Jeevan Mein Tu Darna Nahin", "Ek Ajanabee Haseena Se", "Hum Dono Do Premi", "Bheegi Bheegi Raaton Mein" and "Kahin Karti Hogi".<ref name="RKR"/> Burman's peak came in 1975 when he scored music for ''[[Sholay]]'', ''[[Deewaar]]'', ''[[Khel Khel Mein (1975 film)|Khel Khel Mein]]'', ''[[Warrant (film)|Warrant]]'', ''[[Aandhi]]'', ''[[Khushboo (1975 film)|Khushboo]]'' and ''[[Dharam Karam]]'', all of which were hugely successful at the box office, especially ''Sholay'' which emerged as an ''All Time Blockbuster'' and remains the biggest hit in the history of [[Indian cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rewind – Greatest Indian Film Sholay Is 43 Years Old |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4183|publisher=Box Office India}}</ref> Its songs "Mehbooba Mehbooba", "Yeh Dosti Hum Nahin", "Haa Jab Tak Hai Jaan", "Koi Haseena" topped the year-end annual list of Binaca Geetmala and made its soundtrack one of the best-selling Hindi film albums of the 1970s along with winning Burman another nomination in the Best Music Director category at Filmfare.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Morcom |first=Anna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kfVdxiSm-aYC |title=Hindi film songs and the cinema |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7546-5198-7 |access-date=15 July 2016 |archive-date=17 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517041801/https://books.google.com/books?id=kfVdxiSm-aYC&pg=PA212 |url-status=live | page = 209 }}</ref><ref name="boi70s"/> Other notable songs composed by him that year were – "Kehdoon Tumhe Ya Chup Rahoon" (''Deewaar''), "Humne Tumko Dekha", "Ek Main Aur Ek Tu, Dono Mile Is Tarah", "Khullam Khulla Pyar Karenge Hum Dono" (''Khel Khel Mein''), "Sun Bhai Baarati", "Ruk Jana O Jana Humse" (''Warrant''), "Tere Bina Zindagi Se", "Tum Aa Gaye Ho Noor Aa Gaya", "Is Mod Se Jate Hain" (''Aandhi''), "O Majhi Re Apna Kinara" (''Khushboo''), "Ek Din Bik Jayega Mati Ke Mol", "Tere Humsafar Geet Hain Tere" (''Dharam Karam'').<ref name="Vittal2012">{{cite book|author=Anirudha Bhattacharjee Balaji Vittal|title=R. D. Burman: The Man, The Music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tg49WV0j0IAC&pg=PT87|date=2012|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers|isbn=978-93-5029-236-5|pages=85–87}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2013 |title=Khel Khel Mein (1975) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/khel-khel-mein-1975/article5325782.ece |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170313130932/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/khel-khel-mein-1975/article5325782.ece |archive-date=13 March 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=27 June 2021}}</ref>

===1976–1983: Setback and return to success===

With Rajesh Khanna losing superstardom and change of box office equation from romantic musicals to action oriented multi-starrers, Burman saw a career slump in the latter-half of the 1970s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/rajesh-khanna-death-anniversary-how-the-amitabh-bachchan-wave-of-1970s-ruined-bollywoods-first-superstar-rise-and-fall-of-kaka-2636966.html |title=How The Bachchan Wave Of 1970s Ruined Bollywood's First Superstar – Rise And Fall Of 'Kaka' |date=18 July 2023 |access-date=17 January 2024 |archive-date=17 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117103932/https://zeenews.india.com/people/rajesh-khanna-death-anniversary-how-the-amitabh-bachchan-wave-of-1970s-ruined-bollywoods-first-superstar-rise-and-fall-of-kaka-2636966.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1976, most of his releases did not do well commercially, with notable exceptions being ''[[Nehle Pe Dehla]]'', ''[[Balika Badhu (1976 film)|Balika Badhu]]'' and ''[[Mehbooba (1976 film)|Mehbooba]]'', all three of which were moderately successful with hit songs, such as "Sawan Ka Mahina Aa Gaya", "Bade Achhe Lagte Hain" and "Mere Naina Sawan Bhadon", respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/fullstory.php?content_id=9854 |title=Great Gambler |access-date=1 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215152817/http://www.screenindia.com/old/fullstory.php?content_id=9854 |archive-date=15 February 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> His prospects improved, the following year, with Nasir Hussain's musical blockbuster ''[[Hum Kisise Kum Naheen]]'', which had a number of runaway hits, including "[[Bachna Ae Haseeno (song)|Bachna Ae Haseeno]]", "Mil Gaya, Hum Ko Saathi Mil Gaya", "Hai Agar Dushman Zamana, Gham Nahin", "Yeh Ladka Haay Allah Kaisa Hai Deewana", "Kya Hua Tera Vaada, Woh Kasam, Woh Iraada", "Chand Mera Dil, Chandni Ho Tum" and "Tum Kya Jaano Mohabbat Kya Hai".<ref name="auto">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/hum-kisise-kum-naheen-1977/article4484547.ece |title=BLAST FROM THE PAST: Hum Kisise Kum Naheen (1977) |newspaper=The Hindu |date=7 March 2013}}</ref> Also its soundtrack proved to be the fourth-best selling Hindi film album of the decade.<ref name="boi70s"/> His only other notable film that year was Gulzar's directional venture ''[[Kinara (film)|Kinara]]'', which had memorable songs like "Naam Hum Jayega" and "Ek Hi Khwab".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/column/gulzars-madhur-dosti-with-r-d-burman/20230818.htm|title=Gulzar's Madhur Dosti With R D Burman|date=18 August 2023}}</ref> In 1978, Burman composed for [[Amitabh Bachchan]] starrer ''[[Kasme Vaade]]'' and [[Dharmendra]] starrer ''[[Azaad (1978 film)|Azaad]]'', both of which were major box office successes with their songs "Kasme Vaade Nibhayenge Hum", "Aati Rahengi Baharen" in the former and "Raju Chal Raju", "Jaan Ki Kasam" in the latter proving to be very popular, though his other big-budget ventures, such as ''[[Shalimar (1978 film)|Shalimar]]'' and ''[[Bhola Bhala]]'' were commercial failures.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/kasme-vaade-1978/article6938158.ece |title=Kasme Vaade (1978) |last=Lokapally |first=Vijay |date=27 February 2015 |work=The Hindu |access-date=18 December 2018 |archive-date=19 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219000819/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/kasme-vaade-1978/article6938158.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://m.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/azaad-1978/article9193550.ece|title = Azaad (1978)|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 6 October 2016}}</ref> He concluded the decade with a hit in ''[[Gol Maal]]'' and a number of moderately successful films, ''[[Jhoota Kahin Ka]]'', ''[[Jurmana (1979 film)|Jurmana]]'' and ''[[Nauker (1979 film)|Nauker]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/bobbytalk/adminpanel/imagetemp/Trade-Guide-1979-Classificaiton.jpg|title=Trade Guide Classification - 1979|access-date=28 August 2024|archive-date=27 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827205309/https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/bobbytalk/adminpanel/imagetemp/Trade-Guide-1979-Classificaiton.jpg|url-status=dead}}</ref> The songs from these films, such as "[[Aanewala Pal]]" (''Gol Maal''), "Jeevan Ke Har Mod" (''Jhoota Kahin Ka''), "Sawan Ke Jhoole Pade Hai" (''Jurmana''), "Pallo Latke Re Mharo Pallo Latke (''Nauker'') found a spot in the year-end annual list of Binaca Geetmala.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mitra|first=Ananda|title=Television and popular culture in India: a study of the Mahabharat|year=1993|publisher=Sage Publications|isbn=0803991347|pages=[https://archive.org/details/televisionpopula00mitr_0/page/83 83]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/televisionpopula00mitr_0/page/83}}</ref>

The early-1980s saw Burman rise to top once again with two major blockbusters ''[[Love Story (1981 film)|Love Story]]'' (1981) and ''[[Betaab]]'' (1983), both of which emerged two of the best selling soundtrack albums of the decade with songs that remain evergreen, such as "Kaisa Tera Pyaar", "Dekho Maine Dekha Hai Ek Sapna" in the former and "Jab Hum Jawan Honge", "Teri Tasveer Milgayi" in the latter.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=9247|title=Saiyaara Among The Biggest Newcomer Films Of All Time|date=24 July 2025}}</ref><ref name="boi80s">{{cite web |title=Music Hits 1980–1989 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=283&catName=MTk4MC0xOTg5 |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |date=5 February 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205042958/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=283&catName=MTk4MC0xOTg5|archive-date=5 February 2010}}</ref> This phase also saw him getting consecutive [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Direction|Best Music Director]] awards at [[Filmfare]] for ''[[Sanam Teri Kasam (1982 film)|Sanam Teri Kasam]]'' (1982), which had melodies like "Kitne Bhi Tu Karle Sitam" and "Dekhta Hoon Koi Ladki" was again one of the best-selling albums of the 1980s and ''[[Masoom (1983 film)|Masoom]]'' (1983), whose songs "Tujhse Naraz Nahin Zindagi", "Lakdi Ki Kathi", "Do Naina Aur Ek Kahaani" received immense critical acclaim.<ref name="Filmfare">{{Cite web |url=http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf |title=Filmfare Awards (1953–2005)|access-date=5 November 2007 |archive-date=12 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612065210/http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

His other popular numbers during this period were in - "Piya Bawri, Piya Bawri" and "Sun Sun Sun Didi" (''[[Khubsoorat]]''), "Yamma Yamma" and "Jaanu Meri Jaan" (''[[Shaan (1980 film)|Shaan]]''), "Apne Pyar Ke" and "Manchali O Manchali" (''[[Anusandhan (1981 film)|Barsaat Ki Ek Raat]]''), "[[Jahan Teri Yeh Nazar Hai]]" and "Tum Saath Ho Jab Apne" (''[[Kaalia]]''), "Kya Yehi Pyar Hai" and "Aa Dekhen Zara" (''[[Rocky (1981 film)|Rocky]]''), "Preetam Aan Milo" and "Hothon Pe Beeti Baat" (''[[Angoor (1982 film)|Angoor]]''), "Dilbar Mere" and "Dukki Pe Dukki Ho" (''[[Satte Pe Satta]]''), "Yeh Zameen Gaa Rahi Hai" and "Kya Hua Ek Baat Par" (''[[Teri Kasam]]''), "Jane Kaise Kab Kahan" and "Hamne Sanam Ko Khat Likha" (''[[Shakti (1982 film)|Shakti]]''), "Agar Tum Na Hote" and "Dheere Dheere Zara Zara" (''[[Agar Tum Na Hote]]''), "Bachke Rehna Re Baba and "Samandar Mein Nahake" (''[[Pukar (1983 film)|Pukar]]''), all of which were box office successes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/jun/03dinesh.htm|title=The Unchained Melody of R.D. Burman}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/remembering-r-d-burman-the-composers-evergreen-hits/|title=Remembering Rahul Dev Burman: The composer’s evergreen hits|date=22 June 2017}}</ref>

===1984–1994: Later career===

From 1984 onwards, Burman's career as a composer began to decline as almost all the films he composed music for in 1984 and 1985 sank without a trace with two exceptions being [[Ramesh Sippy]]'s romantic musical ''[[Saagar (1985 film)|Saagar]]'' (1985) and [[Rahul Rawail]]'s actioner ''[[Arjun (1985 film)|Arjun]]'' (1985), both of which had lyrics written by [[Javed Akhtar]] and had memorable songs like "Chehra Hai Ya Chand Khila Hai" and "Saagar Kinare" (''Saagar''), "Mammaiya Kero Mamma" and "Dhadkan Pal Pal Badhti Jaaye" (''Arjun''). Also the music of ''Saagar'' proved to be one of the highest-selling [[Hindi film music|Bollywood]] albums of the decade and got him a nomination in the [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] category at [[33rd Filmfare Awards]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=1 May 2020 |title=Ramesh Sippy: One Didn't Need To Direct Rishi Kapoor! |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/ramesh-sippy-one-didnt-need-to-direct-rishi-kapoor/22759224 |access-date=22 September 2020 |website=[[Mid-Day]]}}</ref><ref name="boi80s"/>

In the latter-half of the 1980s, Burman's notable ventures, included Gulzar's romantic drama ''[[Ijaazat]]'' (1987) and [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]]'s [[Crime film|crime thriller]] ''[[Parinda]]'' (1989). Both the films opened to widespread acclaim for their direction, story and songs, such as "[[Mera Kuchh Saamaan]]", "Qatra Qatra Milti Hai" in the former and "Tumse Milke Aisa Laga Tumse Milke", "Kitni Hai Pyari Pyari" in the latter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/the-master-at-his-best/411439/|title=The Master at His Best|access-date=14 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2 July 2014 |title=100 Filmfare Days: 69- Parinda |work=Filmfare |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/100-filmfare-days-69-parinda-6583-1.html |url-status=live |access-date=12 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112132235/https://www.filmfare.com/features/100-filmfare-days-69-parinda-6583-1.html |archive-date=12 November 2017}}</ref>

After a dull beginning to the new decade with flops like ''[[Jeene Do]]'' (1990), ''[[Dushman (1990 film)|Dushman]]'' (1990) and ''[[Indrajeet]]'' (1991), Burman delivered music in [[Priyadarshan]]'s ''[[Gardish]]'' (1993), which proved to be a box office success with hit songs like "Hum Na Samjhe The", sung by [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] and "Yeh Mera Dil To Pagal Hai", a duet by Balasubrahmanyam and [[Asha Bhosle]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kesavan |first=Mukul |author-link=Mukul Kesavan |date=September–October 1993 |title=Gardish |page=36 |work=[[Manushi]] |issue=78 |url=https://www.manushi.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/pdfs_issues/PDF%2078/Gardish.pdf |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> In 1994, he once again collaborated with Vidhu Vinod Chopra for his magnum opus ''[[1942: A Love Story]]''. Although the film did not succeed commercially, its music was a huge hit and the third best-selling Hindi film album of 1994 with songs that remained popular such as "Ek Ladki Ko Dekha", "[[Kuchh Na Kaho]]", both solos by [[Kumar Sanu]] and "Pyar Hua Chupke Se", sung by [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]].<ref name="box">{{cite web|title=1942: A Love Story (1994)| url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3095| url-status=live |website=[[Box office India]]|access-date=9 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223104310/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3095|archive-date=23 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-01-02 |title=BoxOffice India.com |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=284&catName=MTk5MC0xOTk5 |access-date=2024-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102010439/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=284&catName=MTk5MC0xOTk5 |archive-date=2 January 2010 }}</ref> Burman died a few days before the release of the film,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/how-rd-burman-reclaimed-his-musical-legacy-with-his-swan-song-1942-a-love-story-3752859.html|title=How RD Burman reclaimed his musical legacy with his swan song, 1942: A Love Story|date=28 June 2017}}</ref> and was posthumously awarded his third [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] at the [[40th Filmfare Awards]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368622.cms |title=40th Filmfare Awards 1995 Nominations |work=[[Times Internet|Indian Times]] |access-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070708210420/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368622.cms |archive-date=8 July 2007 |agency=[[The Times Group]]}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Burman's first wife was [[Rita P Burman|Rita Patel]], whom he had met in [[Darjeeling]]. Rita, a fan, had bet her friends that she would be able to get a film-date with Burman. They two married in 1966, and divorced in 1971.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_an-ode-to-pancham_1142672 | title = An ode to Pancham | author = Chaitanya Padukone | newspaper = [[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]] | date = 1 January 2008 | access-date = 2 March 2012 }}</ref> The song ''Musafir Hoon Yaaron'' ("I'm a Traveller") from ''[[Parichay (film)|Parichay]]'' (1972) was composed while he was at a hotel after the separation.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-revealed-unknown-facts-about-rd-burman/20110512.htm?print=true | title = Revealed: Unknown facts about RD Burman! | work = rediff.com | date = 5 May 2011 | access-date = 2 March 2012 }}</ref>

Burman married [[Asha Bhosle]] in 1980 after a protracted romance despite his mother's vehement opposition to their relationship. Together, the couple recorded many hit songs and also staged many live performances. However, towards the end of his life, they did not live together.<ref>{{cite news |author=Ajitabh Menon |title=when the beats stopped |work=Panchamonline |url=http://www.panchamonline.com/articles/rddemise.htm |archive-date=7 October 2024 |access-date=27 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007091031/http://www.panchamonline.com/articles/rddemise.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Burman had financial difficulties, particularly later in his life. His mother Meera died in 2007, thirteen years after his death.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/17/stories/2007101753250500.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017210403/http://hindu.com/2007/10/17/stories/2007101753250500.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=17 October 2007 | title = S.D. Burman's wife dead | date = 17 October 2007 | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | access-date = 2 March 2012 }}</ref> She had been suffering from Alzheimer's even before her son's death. Just before her death she had been moved to an old age home, and moved back to her son's residence after the issue became a controversy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/printarticle.aspx?235638 |title=A Bungalow, A Ma-In-Law |publisher=Outlookindia.com |access-date=26 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727013206/http://www.outlookindia.com/printarticle.aspx?235638 |archive-date=27 July 2014 }}</ref>

== Death ==
R.D. Burman died on 4 January 1994 due to a heart attack. Burman had been suffering from [[cardiovascular disease]] for around six years before his death and even underwent a surgery because of an earlier heart attack in 1988.<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2014-01-04 |title=4th January 1994: R.D. Burman, renowned music director, died – |url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/on-this-day/4th-january-1994-r-d-burman-renowned-music-director-died |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=What Happened On This Day in History – Maps of India}}</ref>

== Style ==
Burman has been credited with revolutionizing Hindi film music.<ref name="Outlook46">{{cite journal | title=RD Burman | journal = [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] | volume = 46 | issue = 26–38 | year=2006 | publisher=Hathway Investments }}</ref> He incorporated a wide range of influences from several genres in his scores though his primary inspiration was Bengali folk. Burman's career coincided with the rise of Rajesh Khanna-starrer youth love stories. He made [[electronic rock]] popular in these popular love stories.<ref name="Tejaswini2004"/> He often mixed disco and rock elements with Bengali folk music.<ref name="Kathryn2010">{{cite book | author=Kathryn Marie Kalinak | title=Film music: a very short introduction | url=https://archive.org/details/filmmusicverysho00kali | url-access=limited | year = 2010 | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-537087-4 | page=[https://archive.org/details/filmmusicverysho00kali/page/n128 112] }}</ref> He also used jazz elements, which had been introduced to him by the studio pianist Kersi Lord.<ref name="ETaylor2003">{{cite book | author=E. Taylor Atkins | title=Jazz Planet | url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781578066094 | url-access=registration | year = 2003| publisher=University Press of Mississippi | isbn=978-1-57806-609-4 | page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781578066094/page/67 67] }}</ref>

According to [[Douglas Wolk]], Burman "wrapped sugary string swoops around as many ideas as he could squeeze in at once".<ref name="Douglas_Spin_1999"/> Biswarup Sen describes his popular music as one featuring multicultural influences, and characterized by "frenetic pacing, youthful exuberance and upbeat rhythms".<ref name="GopalMoorti2008">{{cite book | author = Biswarup Sen | editor = Sangita Gopal and Sujata Moorti | chapter = The Sounds of Modernity | title=Global Bollywood: travels of Hindi song and dance | url = https://archive.org/details/globalbollywoodt00gopa | url-access = limited | year = 2008| publisher=University of Minnesota Press | isbn=978-0-8166-4579-4 | page= [https://archive.org/details/globalbollywoodt00gopa/page/n103 97] }}</ref>

Burman was influenced by Western, Latin, Oriental and Arabic music, and incorporated elements from these in his own music.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/07/02/stories/2007070251210300.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130107082317/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/07/02/stories/2007070251210300.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 7 January 2013 | title = Pulsating Pancham | date = 2 July 2007 | work = [[The Hindu]] | access-date = 2 March 2012 }}</ref> He also experimented with different musical sounds produced from methods such as rubbing [[sandpaper]] and knocking bamboo sticks together.<ref name="TOI_2010_RDX"/> He blew into beer bottles to produce the opening beats of "Mehbooba, Mehbooba". Similarly, he used cups and saucers to create the tinkling sound for the song "Chura Liya Hai" from the film ''[[Yaadon Ki Baaraat]]'' (1973).<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.thehindu.com/arts/article113209.ece | title = Melodies and memories | author = Savitha Gautam | work = The Hindu | date = 26 February 2010 | access-date = 2 March 2011 }}</ref> For ''[[Satte Pe Satta]]'' (1982), he made the singer Annette Pinto gargle to produce a background sound.<ref name="TOI_2010_RDX"/> He also rubbed a comb on a rough surface to produce a whooshing sound in the song "Meri Samne Wali Khidki Main" from the film ''Padosan'' (1968).

On multiple occasions, Burman experimented with recording the same song with different singers. For ''[[Kudrat]]'' (1981), he recorded the light semi-classical version of the song "Hume Tumse Pyar Kitna" in the voice of Kishore Kumar, while the classical version was recorded in the voice of [[Parveen Sultana]].

== Controversies ==
=== Allegations of plagiarism ===
Music critics and commentators have long discussed alleged instances of musical borrowing in Burman's work. Journalist Vivek Kaul wrote that "R.D. Burman was accused of plagiarising right through his career... this was probably one question that Pancham had to defend himself against in most of his interviews."<ref>{{cite web |last=Kaul |first=Vivek |date=29 August 2012 |title=Where does inspiration end and plagiarism begin? |url=https://vivekkaul.com/2012/08/29/where-does-inspiration-end-and-plagiarism-begin/ |access-date=18 October 2025 |website=VivekKaul.com}}</ref> A retrospective article on classic Hindi film music similarly stated that "even revered composers such as R. D. Burman and S. D. Burman occasionally adapted foreign tunes."<ref>{{cite web |date=24 August 2012 |title=Plagiarism in Hindi Film Music: Is Imitation the Most Sincere Form of Flattery? |url=https://mrandmrs55.com/2012/08/24/plagiarism-in-hindi-film-music-is-imitation-the-most-sincere-form-of-flattery/ |access-date=18 October 2025 |website=Mr. and Mrs. 55}}</ref>

However researcher Vishaws Nerurkar commented in his book {{cquote|"The late R.D. Burman has often been accused of lifting western tunes and of using them in their original format. This is somewhat true, but in my study of all his work, I cannot discover this piracy in more than 20 to 30 numbers. In a prolific output of over 1500 songs, this can be easily overlooked. And even in these so called 'lifted' tunes, one cannot help but notice how the composer with great dexterity and skill had changed the original "inspiration", only giving us a glimpse now and then of a western tune.

All composers have their influences. Pancham had his. His uniqueness was the variations he created on inspired numbers. On the other hand his severe critics who have heard his other 1450 songs do attribute originality and great fountains of melody. That certainly makes him an original composer."<ref>{{cite book|author=Vishwas Nerurkar|title=Pancham An Anthology of R.D. Burman's Musical Works
|url=https://www.bookganga.com/Preview/BookPreview.aspx?BookId=150312111230&PreviewType=ebooks|date=1997|publisher=Gayatri Publication|isbn=81-903959-5-5|pages=10}}</ref>}}

Burman himself acknowledged using Western dance music "as a source of inspiration" for his compositions.<ref name="Ashoka2006">{{cite book | author = Ashok Da. Ranade | title=Hindi film song: music beyond boundaries | year = 2006 | publisher=Bibliophile South Asia | isbn=978-81-85002-64-4 | page=309 }}</ref> As was common in Hindi films, some of his songs featured the tunes of popular foreign songs. For example, [[Ramesh Sippy]] insisted that the tune of the traditional Cyprus song "Say You Love Me" (arranged and sung by [[Demis Roussos]]) be used for "Mehbooba Mehbooba" (''[[Sholay]]'', 1975), and [[Nasir Hussain]] wanted to use [[ABBA]]'s "[[Mamma Mia (ABBA song)|Mamma Mia]]" for "Mil Gaya Hum Ko Saathi". Other examples of Burman songs inspired by foreign songs include "[[Bhoot Bungla#Music|Aao Twist Karen]]" from ''Bhoot Bungla'' ([[Chubby Checker]]'s "[[Let's Twist Again]]"), "Tumse Milke" ([[Leo Sayer]]'s "[[When I Need You]]"), and "Zindagi Milke Bitaayenge" ([[Paul Anka]]'s "The Longest Day") and "Jahan Teri Yeh Nazar Hai" (Persian artist Zia Atabi's "Heleh Maali") and "Dilbar Mere" ([[Alexandra (singer)|Alexandra]]'s "Zigeunerjunge").

== Legacy ==

Several Hindi films made after Burman's death contain his original songs or their remixed versions. ''[[Dil Vil Pyar Vyar]]'' (2002), which contains several re-arranged hit songs of Burman, was made as a tribute to him.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-19/news-and-interviews/30297326_1_manisha-koirala-music-films | title = Sur, saaz and rockstar: When music is Bollywood's muse | author = Radhika Bhirani | date = 19 October 2011 | newspaper = [[The Times of India]] | access-date = 2 March 2012 }}{{dead link|date=October 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> ''[[Jhankaar Beats]]'' (2003), which catapulted the music director duo [[Vishal–Shekhar]] into the limelight, is also a tribute to him.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sujoy-ghosh-plans-jhankaar-beats-sequel/234838-8-66.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131009030724/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sujoy-ghosh-plans-jhankaar-beats-sequel/234838-8-66.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 9 October 2013 | title = Sujoy Ghosh plans 'Jhankaar Beats' sequel | publisher = [[IBNLive]] | date = 29 February 2012 | access-date = 2 March 2012 }}</ref> In ''[[Khwahish]]'' (2003), [[Mallika Sherawat]]'s character is a Burman fan; the film features repeated references to him.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/NM1/Khwahish/Article1-6402.aspx | title = Khwahish | author = Saibal Chatterjee | newspaper = Hindustan Times | date = 7 June 2003 | access-date = 2 March 2012 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120121104534/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/NM1/Khwahish/Article1-6402.aspx | archive-date = 21 January 2012 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> In 2010, Brahmanand Singh released a 113-minute documentary titled ''Pancham Unmixed: Mujhe Chalte Jaana Hai'', which received critical acclaim.<ref name="TOI_2010_RDX"/> ''Pancham Unmixed'' won 2 National Awards and was premiered at IFFLA, Los Angeles. The film is considered a landmark in documentary biopics in India and set a trend. A coffee-table book, co-authored by Brahmanand Siingh and Gaurav Sharma titled ''Strings of Eternity'' was released with Pancham Unmixed by Shemaroo. Mobius films, the producers of Pancham Unmixed, then went on to release an extended 5 hours version titled ''Knowing Pancham.'' The launch was at prestigious venue Blue Frog in Mumbai and was graced by Manoj Bajpayee, Ashutosh Gowariker, Dolly Thakore, Sachin, Atul Tiwari, Ketan Mehta, Deepa Sahi amongst others. Brahmanand and Gaurav Sharma authored another coffee-table book with the extended version, titled "Diamonds and Rust". The music of ''[[Lootera]]'' (2013) is a tribute to Burman.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/musicindia/lootera-songs-amit-trivedi-s-tribute-to-rd-burman_136293.htm | title = 'Lootera' songs – Amit Trivedi's tribute to R. D. Burman | date = 8 June 2013 | publisher = Zee News }}</ref>
A number of Indian remix albums feature Burman's songs, which are also popular in the country's pubs and discos.<ref name="TheHindu_203_Beat"/> Several of his compositions were re-mixed by the South Asian DJs in the United Kingdom and North America, and feature in popular albums such as [[Bally Sagoo]]'s ''Bollywood Flashback''.<ref name="Tejaswini2004"/> [[Kronos Quartet]]'s ''You've Stolen My Heart'' (2005) contains Burman's compositions sung by his wife Asha Bhosle.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/11/arts/music/11kron.html | title = Kronos Quartet and Asha Bhosle Make Not-So-Strange Bedfellows | author = Allan Kozinn | author-link = Allan Kozinn | newspaper = [[The New York Times]] | date = 11 April 2006 | access-date = 2 March 2012 }}</ref> In the 2012 film ''[[Khiladi 786]]'', [[Himesh Reshammiya]]-composed song "Balma" is also a tribute to R.D. Burman.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/KHILADI-786-RD-Burman-features-with-Akshay-in-new-song/Article1-946617.aspx | title = KHILADI 786: RD Burman features with Akshay in new song | newspaper = Hindustan Times | date = 18 October 2012 | access-date = 17 January 2013 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130320194757/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/KHILADI-786-RD-Burman-features-with-Akshay-in-new-song/Article1-946617.aspx | archive-date = 20 March 2013 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

In 1995, [[Filmfare Awards]] introduced the [[Filmfare RD Burman Award for New Music Talent]] in his memory. The award is given to upcoming music talent in Hindi cinema. In 2009, the [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] named a [[intersection (road)|public square]] in [[Santa Cruz, Mumbai|Santa Cruz]] after Burman.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/R-D-Burman-gets-a-chowk-in-Mumbai/articleshow/3923581.cms | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120701135540/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-01-02/mumbai/28046192_1_r-d-burman-asha-bhosale-music-composer | url-status = live | archive-date = 1 July 2012 | title = R D Burman gets a chowk in Mumbai | author = Clara Lewis | date = 2 January 2009 | newspaper = [[The Times of India]] | access-date = 2 March 2012 }}</ref> On the anniversary of his 77th birthday on 27 June 2016, Google dedicated a [[Google Doodle|Doodle]] of R.D Burman on its Indian home page.<ref>[http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/rd-burman-birthday-google-doodle-tribute-77th-birth-anniversary-2878577/ Google pays tribute to legendary composer R D Burman on his 77th birth anniversary]. The Indian Express (27 June 2016). Retrieved on 2018-11-08.</ref>

Burman inspired many later Hindi film music composers, such as [[Vishal–Shekhar]]. [[Jatin–Lalit]] are considered to have carried on Burman's legacy through the 1990s.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://inhome.rediff.com/movies/2005/sep/08vs.htm | title = Chilling with Bollywood's new songsters | work = [[rediff.com]] | date = 8 September 2005 | access-date = 2 March 2012 }}</ref> Notable musical assistants to Burman include [[Manohari Singh]] and Sapan Chakraborty. His instrumentalists included [[Hari Prasad Chaurasia]], [[Shiv Kumar Sharma]], [[Louis Banks]], [[Bhupinder Singh (musician)|Bhupinder Singh]] and [[Kersi Lord]].<ref name="TOI_2010_RDX"/> He is also noted for his partnership with the lyricist [[Gulzar]], who wrote the words for several of his finest compositions.<ref name="TOI_2010_RDX"/>

== Discography ==
{{main|R. D. Burman filmography}}

== Awards and recognitions ==
[[File:RD Burman 2013 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Burman on a 2013 stamp of India]]

;[[Filmfare Awards]]
;;Wins
* 1983 – [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] – ''[[Sanam Teri Kasam (1982 film)|Sanam Teri Kasam]]''
* 1984 – Best Music Director – ''[[Masoom (1983 film)|Masoom]]''
* 1995 – Best Music Director – ''[[1942: A Love Story]]'' (Posthumous)

;;Nominations
* 1972 – [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] – ''[[Caravan (1971 film)|Caravan]]''
* 1973 – Best Music Director – ''[[Amar Prem]]''
* 1974 – Best Music Director – ''[[Yaadon Ki Baaraat]]''
* 1975 – Best Music Director – ''[[Aap Ki Kasam]]''
* 1976 – Best Music Director – ''[[Khel Khel Mein (1975 film)|Khel Khel Mein]]''
* 1976 – Best Music Director – ''[[Sholay]]''
* 1976 – [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]] – "Mehbooba Mehbooba" from ''[[Sholay]]''
* 1977 – Best Music Director – ''[[Mehbooba (1976 film)|Mehbooba]]''
* 1978 – Best Music Director – ''[[Hum Kisise Kum Naheen]]''
* 1978 – Best Music Director – ''[[Kinara (film)|Kinara]]''
* 1979 – Best Music Director – ''[[Shalimar (1978 film)|Shalimar]]''
* 1981 – Best Music Director – ''[[Shaan (1980 film)|Shaan]]''
* 1982 – Best Music Director – ''[[Love Story (1981 film)|Love Story]]''
* 1984 – Best Music Director – ''[[Betaab (1983 film)|Betaab]]''
* 1985 – Best Music Director – ''Jawaani''
* 1986 – Best Music Director – ''[[Saagar (1985 film)|Saagar]]''

;[[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]]:
;;Win
* 1973 – [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Music Director Award (Hindi)|Best Music Director]] – ''[[Hare Rama Hare Krishna (1971 film)|Hare Rama Hare Krishna]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/197235.htm?_e_pi_=7%2CPAGE_ID10%2C1328874186 |title=STL News | World News | Breaking News | Latest News | Today News |website=www.bfjaawards.com |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080422071853/http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/197235.htm?_e_pi_=7%2CPAGE_ID10%2C1328874186 |archive-date=22 April 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book | author1=Anirudha Bhattacharjee | author2=Balaji Vittal | title=R.D. Burman: the man, the music |year=2011 | publisher=Harper Collins India | isbn=978-93-5029-049-1 }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Rahul Dev Burman}}
{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|d = yes
|q = yes
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 = Bollywood
|portal3 = Music
}}
* {{IMDb name | id=0005983 | name = R. D. Burman }}
* [http://www.panchamonline.com/ Pancham – Rahul Dev Burman] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110804214934/http://www.panchamonline.com/ |date=4 August 2011 }}

{{FilmfareAwardBestMusicDirector}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Burman, R.D.}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:1994 deaths]]
[[Category:Singers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Tripuri people]]
[[Category:Bengali singers]]
[[Category:Bengali musicians]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Performers of Hindu music]]
[[Category:Hindi film score composers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Mangeshkar family]]

Faisal Saif

2026-03-28T18:09:41Z

Globaleducollege: further corrected details as per guidelines further and cleaned formatting per standard format

{{Short description|Indian film director (1976–2022)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Faisal Saif
| image =
| image_size = 150px
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1976|04|27}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2022|09|13|1976|04|27}}
| occupation = Film director, screenwriter, film critic
| awards = ''Indianapolis LGBT Film Festival'' Best Story (2006) ''Indian Leadership Conclave'' Best Director (2015)
| yearsactive = 2006–2022
| footnotes =
}}

'''Faisal Saif''' (27 April 1976 – 13 September 2022) was an Indian film director, film critic and writer. He began his film career as an assistant director on ''[[Aur Ek Prem Kahani]]'', ''Angaar'' and ''[[Grahan (film)|Grahan]]''. He mostly chose controversial horror themes and stories for his films and directed ''[[Jigyaasa]]'', ''[[Main Hoon Part-Time Killer]]'' and ''Islamic Exorcist''.

==Life and career==
Saif was born in [[Mumbai]] on 27 April 1976.<ref>{{cite news |title=Faisal Saif profile |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Faisal-Saif/videos |website=The Times of India |access-date=16 September 2022}}</ref> He started his career as an independent music video director. He directed videos for Catrack Music and Vital Records.

Saif made his first feature film ''[[Come December]]'' in 2003 which received the International Special Award of Cultural Vision in storytelling from the Indianapolis LGBT Film Festival.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/news/type/view/id/1179355/sorttype//International+Award+for+%27Come+December%27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085846/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/news/type/view/id/1179355/sorttype//International+Award+for+%27Come+December%27 |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 March 2016 |title=International Award for 'Come December' | Bollywood News | Hindi Movies News | Celebrity News |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=24 November 2006 |access-date=14 November 2013}}</ref> He then made ''[[Jigyaasa]]'' (2006). India media believed that ''[[Jigyaasa]]'' was based on the life of the sex symbol ''[[Mallika Sherawat]]'',<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1249244.cms |title=Much ado about Mallika – The Times of India |newspaper=The Times of India |date=October 2005 |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |access-date=14 November 2013}}</ref> but Faisal has denied this.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} He made the film ''[[Paanch Ghantey Mien Paanch Crore]]'' with Pakistani actor ''[[Meera (Pakistani actress)|Meera]]''.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/Top-10-Bollywood%27s-hottest-scenes-of-2012/videols/17648739.cms Top 10 Bollywood's hottest scenes of 2012 – Top Lists]. ''The Times of India'' (18 December 2012).</ref>

Faisal was also co-editor of ''[[Global Movie]]'' magazine and a film critic and feature writer for [[Bollywood]] for a number of news portals.

During creative sessions with veteran filmmaker [[Rituparno Ghosh]] while he was directing ''[[Chitrangada: The Crowning Wish]]'' in 2012, Saif discussed having a transgender antagonist dealing their gender identity with Ghosh, something which Saif later incorporated in his upcoming film ''[[Amma (2015 film)|Amma]]''. The character is played by acclaimed actor ''[[Rajpal Yadav]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Whys-Rajpal-Yadav-playing-a-transgender/articleshow/46258524.cms |title=Why's Rajpal Yadav playing a transgender? |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=16 February 2015}}</ref>

==Awards and honors==
* In 2006, Saif won the ''Best Story'' in cultural vision international award for his Festival Film ''[[Come December]]'' from Indianapolis LGBT Film Festival.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1179355/International-Award-for-Come-December |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220141358/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1179355/International-Award-for-Come-December |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 December 2014 |title=International Award for 'Come December' |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=24 November 2006}}</ref>
* Network 7 Media Group awarded Saif the "Best Director" title in 2015 at the 6th Annual ''Indian Leadership Conclave''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ilc2015.in/network-7-media-group-jury-to-felicitate-noted-filmmaker-faisal-saif-at-ilc-power-brand-2015-edition/ |title=Network 7 Media Group ury to felicitate noted Filmmaker Faisal Saif at ILC Power Brand 2015 Edition |publisher=ilc2015.in |access-date=15 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150726120738/http://ilc2015.in/network-7-media-group-jury-to-felicitate-noted-filmmaker-faisal-saif-at-ilc-power-brand-2015-edition/ |archive-date=26 July 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinetalkers.com/faisal-saif-bags-the-best-director-award-at-6th-annual-ilc-awards-2015/ |title=Faisal Saif bags the Best Director award at 6th Annual ILC Awards 2015 |date=16 June 2015 |publisher=cinetalkers.com |access-date=16 June 2015}}</ref>

==Controversies==
===''Main Hoon Rajinikanth''===
On 17 September 2014, Tamil actor [[Rajinikanth]] moved the Madras High Court to stop the release and screening of the film ''[[Main Hoon Part-Time Killer]]'' directed by Saif<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Superstar-Rajinikanth-moves-Madras-high-court-to-stop-release-of-Bollywood-movie-named-after-him/articleshow/42702543.cms|title=Superstar Rajinikanth moves Madras high court to stop release of Bollywood movie named after him
|newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=17 September 2014}}</ref> stating that various press releases, video releases, web articles, posters and information from other sources about this film revealed that the producer had lifted/exploited the image of Rajinikanth from various movies by including in the forthcoming feature film.

Saif, after filing counter to the case denied the allegation about the film being a biopic on the superstar, He also stated he hasn't used any names/image/likeness/caricature and the case being filed on the film is baseless and done with lack of knowledge.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eni.network24.co/entertainment/main-hoon-rajinikanth-is-not-a-biopic-director-faisal-saif-20096_9 |title='Main Hoon Rajinikanth' is not a biopic: Director Faisal Saif |publisher=Network 24 |access-date=26 September 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129085716/http://www.eni.network24.co/entertainment/main-hoon-rajinikanth-is-not-a-biopic-director-faisal-saif-20096_9 |archive-date=29 November 2014}}</ref>

On 3 February 2015, [[Madras High Court]] ruled out the decision in favor of Rajinikanth and restricted Faisal against using the actor's name in his upcoming film. Saif, however agreed finally to change his film's title under the pressure of his film's producers.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional/rajinikanth-wins-legal-battle-against-main-hoon-rajinikanth-makers/article1-1313270.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203194702/http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional/rajinikanth-wins-legal-battle-against-main-hoon-rajinikanth-makers/article1-1313270.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2015|title=Rajinikanth wins legal battle against Main Hoon Rajinikanth makers|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=3 February 2015}}</ref>

===''Bigg Boss 8''===
On 20 November 2014, Saif was supposed to enter the Indian reality show ''[[Bigg Boss]]'' as a Wild Card contestant Saif, however praised the show by refusing his participation and quoted "Why would I be a wild card contestant when ''[[Rajinikanth]]'' has proved the world that I am a strongest contender?".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-bigg-boss-8-fifth-wild-card-contestant-faisal-saif-to-enter-the-house-with-kim-kardashian-2036463|title=Bigg Boss 8: Fifth wild card contestant Faisal Saif to enter the house with Kim Kardashian|publisher=DNA |access-date=18 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-8-faisal-saif-not-going-to-the-house-says-he-doesn-t-need-it/story-AXhK2XJbteirPbIMRrW93M.html|title=Bigg Boss 8: Faisal Saif not going to the house, says he doesn't need it|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=21 November 2014}}</ref>

===''For Adults Only''=== 
In 2015, Saif announced plans to make a film titled ''For Adults Only''. Few details were released about the nature of the proposed film, but media outlets quoted Saif in describing it as "bold" and "dirty". On [[social media]] outlet [[Facebook]], Saif called the film "The most dirtiest film you'll ever see".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Kannada/Movies/News/Shocking-A-film-titled-For-Adults-Only/articleshow/47584937.cms|title=Shocking: A film titled For Adults Only |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=8 June 2015}}</ref> Saif planned to write and direct the film, and said that the film was slated for production by Dimension Pictures, which would have been the company's first Bollywood film, according to Saif.<ref name=SaifForeign /> The film was planned to be produced in [[Hindi]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]].

Saif was looking to cast an international actress as the main character in the film<ref name=SaifForeign>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/faisal-saif-plans-to-cast-foreign-actress-for-next/|title=Faisal Saif plans to cast foreign actress for next |newspaper=[[Indian Express]] |access-date=8 June 2015}}</ref> and ultimately chose [[Dubai]]-based actress [[Andria D'Souza]] for the lead role.<ref name=IndianExpressShelved />

On 1 September 2015, Saif officially announced that the film had been shelved in deference to conservative Indian sentiments and the Indian censor board.<ref name=IndianExpressShelved>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/faisal-saifs-for-adults-only-shelved/|title=Faisal Saif's 'For Adults Only' shelved|newspaper=[[Indian Express]] |access-date=1 September 2015}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

===As director and writer===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Language !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2"|2006 || ''[[Jigyaasa]]'' || [[Hindi language|Hindi]] || (Released on 10 March 2006)
|-
| ''[[Come December]]'' || [[Hindi language|Hindi]], English || (Festival Film) Indianapolis LGBT Film Festival Award Winner
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Paanch Ghantey Mien Paanch Crore]]'' || [[Hindi language|Hindi]] || (Released on 10 August 2012)
|-
| rowspan="2"|2015 || ''[[Main Hoon Part-Time Killer]]'' || [[Hindi language|Hindi]] || (Released on 22 May 2015)
|-
| ''[[Amma (2015 film)|Amma]]'' {{dagger|alt=Film has yet to be released}} || [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Kannada]] || On Hold
|-
| rowspan="1"|2017 || ''Islamic Exorcist'' || [[English language|English]] || (Released on 11 July 2017)
|-
| rowspan="1"|2020 || ''[[Danger (2017 film)|Danger]]'' {{dagger|alt=Film has yet to be released}} || [[Hindi language|Hindi]] || On Hold
|-
|}

===As producer===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Language !! Notes !! Director
|-
| 2017 || ''Sheitaan'' <ref>{{cite web|title=Nirob in Faisal Saif's 'Sheitaan'|url=http://www.daily-sun.com/post/149670/Nirob-in-Faisal-Saifs-Sheitaan|website=The Daily Star|access-date=8 July 2016}}</ref> || [[Urdu language|Urdu]] || || Sameer Khan
|-
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable" text-align:center;"
! Year
! Name
! Role
! Platform
|-
|2020 || ''Kavita Bhabhi'' || Creator, director || [[Ullu App]], [[MX Player]]
|-
|2020 || ''Bhookh'' || Creator, director || Fliz Movies
|-
|2020 || ''Blue Whale'' || Creator, director ||
|-
|2020 || ''Ashuddhi'' || Creator, director ||
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=2312263|name=Faisal Saif}}

{{Faisal Saif}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saif, Faisal}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Indian horror film directors]]

Ghar Banduk Biryani

2026-03-28T08:58:30Z

Globaleducollege:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Ghar Banduk Biryani.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Hemant Jangal Awtade
| writer = Hemant Jangal Awtade [[Nagraj Manjule]]
| producer = Nagraj Manjule Bhushan Manjule
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Akash Thosar]]
*[[Nagraj Manjule]]
*[[Sayaji Shinde]]
*Sayli Patil
}}
| cinematography = Vikram Amladi
| editing = [[Kutub Inamdar]]
| music = [[AV Prafullachandra]]
| studio = {{plainlist|
*[[Zee Studios]]
*[[Aatpat Production]]
}}
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2023|04|07|df=yes}}
| runtime = 161 minutes
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| budget = {{estimation}}{{INR|8–10 crore}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-07 |title=Ghar Banduk Biryani Review: सयाजी शिंदे-नागराज मंजुळेंचा नाद खुळा, 'घर बंदुक बिर्याणी'मध्ये चित्रपट हिट की फ्लॉप? वाचा सविस्तर |url=https://saamtv.esakal.com/entertainment/nagraj-manjule-sayaji-shinde-akash-thosar-movie-ghar-banduk-biryani-review-psd94 |access-date=2023-12-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220211311/https://saamtv.esakal.com/entertainment/nagraj-manjule-sayaji-shinde-akash-thosar-movie-ghar-banduk-biryani-review-psd94 |archive-date=20 December 2023 |website=[[Saam TV]] |language=mr }}</ref>
| gross = {{estimation}}{{INR|5 crore}}<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
}}

'''''Ghar Banduk Biryani''''' ({{Translation|''Home, Gun, Biryani''}}), abbreviated as '''''GBB''''', is a 2023 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[action comedy film]] directed by Hemant Jangal Awtade in his [[directorial debut]], starring [[Akash Thosar]], [[Sayaji Shinde]], [[Nagraj Manjule]], and Sayli Patil in the lead roles. It was jointly produced by [[Zee Studios]] and [[Aatpat Production]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=नागराज मंजुळेंना असं कधीच पाहिलं नसेल! आकाश ठोसरपेक्षा होतेय त्यांच्याच स्वॅगची चर्चा |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/nagraj-manjule-upcoming-movie-ghar-banduk-biryani-teaser-out-starring-akash-thosar-and-sayaji-shinde/articleshow/95077760.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105070138/https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/nagraj-manjule-upcoming-movie-ghar-banduk-biryani-teaser-out-starring-akash-thosar-and-sayaji-shinde/articleshow/95077760.cms |archive-date=2023-01-05 |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=mr}}</ref> The film centres on Pallam, the leader of an who [[insurgency]] in the fictional town of Kolagad, where Raju meets Lakshmi. Lakshmi's father insists Raju has a house, but he can't comply. Meanwhile, Inspector Raya Patil's duty in [[Pune]] causes issues, leading to his transfer to Kolagad.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Critically-acclaimed Marathi film Ghar Banduk Biryani is now streaming on ZEE5 |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/critically-acclaimed-marathi-film-ghar-banduk-biryani-to-stream-on-zee5-date-revealed-595499 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529194816/https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/critically-acclaimed-marathi-film-ghar-banduk-biryani-to-stream-on-zee5-date-revealed-595499 |archive-date=2023-05-29 |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=[[WION]] |date=23 May 2023 |language=en-us}}</ref>

[[Principal photography]] started in [[Vijayadashami|Dussehra]] in 2021. The majority of the shooting took place in [[Gaganbawada]], along with sporadic scenes filmed in [[Pune]]. The score is provided by Vaibhav Deshmukh, and [[AV Prafullachandra]] composed the soundtrack album. The film's makers held several events in college and universities throughout [[Maharashtra]] to promote the film.

''Ghar Banduk Biryani'' was theatrically released on 7 April 2023. The film received positive reviews from critics and grossed over {{INRConvert|5|c}} worldwide, became the ninth [[List of Marathi films of 2023#Box office collection|highest grossing Marathi film of 2023]]. Despite positive reviews, the film underperformed at the box office. It was released on OTT platform [[ZEE5]] on 2 June 2023, along with [[Hindi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] dubbed versions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-30 |title=Ghar Banduk Biryani OTT Release Date: Here's When And Where You Can Watch Nagraj Manjule's Hit Marathi Movie |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/ghar-banduk-biryani-ott-release-date-heres-when-and-where-you-can-watch-nagraj-manjules-hit-marathi-entertaining-movie-zee5-film-10080353 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607083457/https://english.jagran.com/entertainment/ghar-banduk-biryani-ott-release-date-heres-when-and-where-you-can-watch-nagraj-manjules-hit-marathi-entertaining-movie-zee5-film-10080353 |archive-date=2023-06-07 |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=[[Jagran|English Jagran]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
In the Kolagad region, Dacoits under Commander Pallam's leadership terrorize the area with a mission to eliminate the village MLA. However, the situation becomes personal when Pallam's lover, Maria, also a Dacoit, is fatally shot. Inspector Raya Patil, known for his integrity, is transferred to the region after confronting the sons of a top minister for harassing women. Raya's wife, Namrata, unhappy with his frequent transfers and honesty, decides to separate from him. Meanwhile, Raju, a chef at a small Dhaba, falls in love with Laxmi, but her father insists he must own a house within a few months, an impossible feat as Raju is an orphan. Pallam's associate, George, suggests a temporary separation due to police scrutiny and food shortages, but Pallam, driven by revenge for Maria's death, refuses. Pallam's gang kidnaps Raju from his workplace, along with food supplies, recognizing his Biryani's resemblance to Maria's cooking. As Raya assumes control of the Kolagad police station, he struggles to balance his personal life while Raju seeks a gun to pose as a Dacoit, hoping to surrender to the police and secure a reward to be with Lakshmi. Pallam, consumed by grief for Maria and her culinary skills, desires Raju's inclusion in his gang.

== Cast ==
* [[Akash Thosar]] as Raju Achari, a Chef
* [[Sayaji Shinde]] as Pallam, the leader of Naxalite
* [[Nagraj Manjule]] as Police Inspector Raya Patil
* Deepti Devi as Namrata, Raya Patil's wife
* Sayli Patil as Lakshmi
* Shwetambari Ghute as Mariya
* [[Vitthal Kale|Vitthal Nagnath Kale]] as George
*[[Tanaji Galgunde]] as Vishnu
*[[Somnath Awghade]] as Soma
*Pravin Dalimbkar as Gura
*Priyanshu Chetri as Babu Gavas
*Subhash Kambale as Kaka Kero
*Niraj Jamgade as Michael
*Santosh Vhadgir
*[[Suraj Pawar]]
*[[Arbaz Shaikh]]
*Lalit Matale
*Kiran Pralhad Thoke
*Kishore Nilewad
*Girish Krishnat Koravi
*Charan Jadhav
*Ashish Khachane
*Ashok Kangude<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghar Banduk Biryani full cast |url=https://twitter.com/TheZeeStudios/status/1634836158583803905?s=20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430215250/https://twitter.com/thezeestudios/status/1634836158583803905 |archive-date=2023-04-30 |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=[[Twitter]] |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Kishor Kadam]] as MLA's PA

== Production ==
=== Development ===
Before the onset of the [[COVID-19 lockdown in India]], Manjule possessed the script for the film, originally titled solely as "Biryani". At that juncture, Manjule harbored reservations about the narrative's efficacy. However, encouraged by Awtade, the storyline underwent a significant overhaul, culminating in the finalized title, "Ghar Banduk Biryani".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-20 |title=Ghar Banduk Biryani : 'घर बंदूक बिरयानी' हेच नाव का? नागराज अण्णांनी सांगितली नावामागची गोष्ट |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/nagraj-popatrao-manjule-told-the-story-behind-ghar-banduk-biryani-movie-title-a-a590/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511111303/https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/nagraj-popatrao-manjule-told-the-story-behind-ghar-banduk-biryani-movie-title-a-a590/ |archive-date=11 May 2024 |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=आतापर्यंत एक अक्षरी सिनेमांची नावं, आता घर बंदूक बिरयानी एवढं मोठं नाव? नावामागचा किस्सा नागराजच्या तोंडून..! |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/mumbai-news/how-did-the-name-ghar-banduk-biryani-come-about-nagraj-manjule-broke-the-secret/videoshow/98760622.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623173702/https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/mumbai-news/how-did-the-name-ghar-banduk-biryani-come-about-nagraj-manjule-broke-the-secret/videoshow/98760622.cms |archive-date=2023-06-23 |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref> [[Zee Studios]] made an official announcement regarding the film on Dussehra 2021, accompanied by a teaser release.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Ghar Banduk Biryani': Nagraj Manjule teases fans with a sneak peek of his upcoming Marathi film; Watch |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/ghar-banduk-biryani-nagraj-manjule-teases-fans-with-a-sneak-peek-of-his-upcoming-marathi-film-watch/articleshow/87105159.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-04-04 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
{{Multiple image
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = Sayaji Shinde Aamir Khan Bday (cropped).jpg
| image2 = Akash Thosar.jpg
| footer = [[Sayaji Shinde]] (left) played the character of naxal commander and [[Akash Thosar]] (right) secured the central role of chef.
| align = center
| total_width = 250
}}
[[Akash Thosar]] and Sayli Patil, who previously starred together in ''[[Jhund (film)|Jhund]]'', take on the lead roles in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-12 |title=आकाश ठोसर करणार सायली पाटीलसह रोमान्स; 'घर, बंदुक, बिरयानी'मधील पहिल्या गाण्याचा टीझर प्रदर्शित |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/ghar-banduk-biryani-marathi-movie-upcoming-song-teaser-akash-thosar-and-sayli-patil-avn-93-3459087/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607080247/https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/ghar-banduk-biryani-marathi-movie-upcoming-song-teaser-akash-thosar-and-sayli-patil-avn-93-3459087/ |archive-date=2023-06-07 |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref> [[Nagraj Manjule]] and [[Sayaji Shinde]] also join in pivotal roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-28 |title=Title Ghar Banduk Biryani In Sync With Story Of Film: Nagraj Popatrao Manjule |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/nagraj-popatrao-manjule-reveals-how-he-finalised-the-title-ghar-banduk-biryani-7405087.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418020036/https://www.news18.com/movies/nagraj-popatrao-manjule-reveals-how-he-finalised-the-title-ghar-banduk-biryani-7405087.html |archive-date=2023-04-18 |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref> Initially, Manjule intended to portray the Naxalite commander, a role eventually taken on by Sayaji Shinde.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-21 |title=Nagraj Manjule and Sayaji Shinde at MaTa Cafe, Ghar Banduk Biryani |url=https://pipanews.com/nagraj-manjule-and-sayaji-shinde-at-mata-cafe-ghar-banduk-biryani-and-sayaji-shindes-relationship-with-the-bandit-gang-is-sure-to-happen-narrated-by-nagraj-manjule-nagraj-manjule-mata-cafe-t/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331020202/https://pipanews.com/nagraj-manjule-and-sayaji-shinde-at-mata-cafe-ghar-banduk-biryani-and-sayaji-shindes-relationship-with-the-bandit-gang-is-sure-to-happen-narrated-by-nagraj-manjule-nagraj-manjule-mata-cafe-t/ |archive-date=31 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=Pipa News |language=en }}</ref> Supporting roles feature [[Tanaji Galgunde]], Deepti Devi, Shwetambari Ghute, [[Vitthal Kale]], and [[Arbaj Shaikh|Arbaz Shaikh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-20 |title='Not That Bad': Marathi Actor Kiron Mane Reviews Ghar Banduk Biryani |url=https://news.bharattimes.co.in/not-that-bad-marathi-actor-kiron-mane-reviews-ghar-banduk-biryani/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509160729/https://news.bharattimes.co.in/not-that-bad-marathi-actor-kiron-mane-reviews-ghar-banduk-biryani/ |archive-date=2023-05-09 |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=Bharat Times |language=en-US}}</ref> The poster released in March 2023 introduces [[Somnath Awghade]] and [[Suraj Pawar]], both of whom previously appeared in ''[[Fandry]]'' alongside Manjule.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-13 |title=Ghar Banduk Biryani: 'घर बंदूक बिर्रयानी'मधील मोस्ट वॉन्टेड गुंड गँग आली समोर |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/the-most-wanted-gangster-gang-in-ghar-banduk-birrayani-has-come-forward/697778 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314202429/https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/the-most-wanted-gangster-gang-in-ghar-banduk-birrayani-has-come-forward/697778/ |archive-date=2023-03-14 |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=[[Zee 24 Taas]] |language=mr}}</ref> Several of Nagaraj Manjule's colleagues from the police force portray cops in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-21 |title=Nagraj Manjule : 'घर बंदूक बिरयानी'मध्ये रील नाही तर, रिअल पोलीस झळकणार |url=https://www.mumbaitak.in/news/story/nagraj-manjules-ghar-banduk-biryani-the-film-will-be-released-in-theaters-on-april-7-827778-2023-03-21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404041530/https://www.mumbaitak.in/news/nagraj-manjules-ghar-banduk-biryani-the-film-will-be-released-in-theaters-on-april-7/on-april-7/ |archive-date=2023-04-04 |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=Mumbai Tak |language=mr}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[File:View from Karul.jpg|thumb|The film was majorly shot at [[Gaganbawada]]]]
A major part of the film takes place in the forest, so the location was very important. The makers visited the forests of [[Khopoli]], [[Bhor]], [[Nagpur]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] etc. [[Gaganbawada]] in [[Sahyadri mountain ranges]] of [[Kolhapur district]] was decided for filming. 80 percent of the film was shot at [[Gaganbawada]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=दादा कोंडके आणि 'घर बंदूक बिरयानी'चं आहे खास कनेक्शन,नागराज यांनी काय सांगितलं ते वाचाच |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/interview/ghar-banduk-biryani-actor-nagraj-manjule-talks-about-movie-connection-with-dada-kondke/articleshow/99321523.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623150151/https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/interview/ghar-banduk-biryani-actor-nagraj-manjule-talks-about-movie-connection-with-dada-kondke/articleshow/99321523.cms |archive-date=2023-06-23 |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>

===Post-production===
Post-production was wrapped up in December 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhirvandekar |first=Harshada |title=Ghar Banduk Biryani: नागराज मंजुळेंच्या 'घर बंदूक बिर्याणी'ची उत्सुकता वाढली; चार भाषांमध्ये रिलीज होणार चित्रपट! |url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/nagraj-manule-s-upcoming-movie-ghar-banduk-biryani-shooting-completed-141672370996539.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430215250/https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/nagraj-manule-s-upcoming-movie-ghar-banduk-biryani-shooting-completed-141672370996539.html |archive-date=30 April 2023 |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=mr }}</ref>

== Marketing ==

[[File:Sand art by Jayesh Borse Ghar Banduk Biryani.jpg|thumb|[[Sandpainting|Sand Art]] by Jayesh Borse; In the painting, [[Sayaji Shinde]] (left), [[Nagraj Manjule]] (centre), [[Akash Thosar]] (right).]]

The first teaser of ''Ghar Banduk Biryani'' was released on YouTube on 15 October 2021 by [[Aatpat Production]], followed by the second teaser on 25 October 2022 by [[Zee Studios]].<ref name=":3" /> The film’s official trailer was unveiled on 15 March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=अडसूळ |first=नीलेश |date=2022-10-26 |title=Ghar Banduk Biryani: नागराज, सयाजी शिंदे, आकाश ठोसर एकत्र, 'घर बंदूक बिर्याणी'चा टीझर पाहाच! |url=https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/ghar-banduk-biryani-movie-teaser-out-cast-nagraj-manjule-sayaji-shinde-akash-thosar-nsa95 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001161758/https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/ghar-banduk-biryani-movie-teaser-out-cast-nagraj-manjule-sayaji-shinde-akash-thosar-nsa95 |archive-date=1 October 2023 |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=[[Sakal]] |language=mr }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Borade |first=Aarti |title=Nagran Manjule: नागराज मंजुळेंची हवा! 'घर बंदूक बिरयानी'चा ट्रेलर प्रदर्शित |url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/nagran-manjule-upcoming-movie-ghar-banduk-biryani-trailer-is-out-141678949137484.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603113433/https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/nagran-manjule-upcoming-movie-ghar-banduk-biryani-trailer-is-out-141678949137484.html |archive-date=3 June 2023 |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=Hindustan Times Marathi |language=mr }}</ref>

Promotional activities for the film began on 14 March 2023, with a statewide tour across Maharashtra, covering cities such as [[Baramati]], [[Uran Islampur|Islampur]], [[Kolhapur]], [[Jalna, Maharashtra|Jalna]], [[Mumbai]], [[Nagpur]], [[Nashik]], [[Chandrapur]], [[Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar]], [[Pune]], [[Navi Mumbai]], [[Solapur]], [[Pandharpur]], and [[Mangalwedha]].{{Efn|Multiple references<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-21 |title=Cast of Ghar Bandook Biryani in Pune |url=https://punemirror.com/photolist/cast-of-ghar-bandook-biryani-in-pune/cid1679387679.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406013556/https://punemirror.com/photolist/cast-of-ghar-bandook-biryani-in-pune/cid1679387679.htm |archive-date=6 April 2023 |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=[[Pune Mirror]] |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-23 |title=Aakash Thosar and their team visit Kamla Nehru College to promote the film Ghar Banduk Biryani |url=https://thelivenagpur.com/2023/03/23/aakash-thosar-and-their-team-visit-kamla-nehru-college-to-promote-the-film-ghar-banduk-biryani/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520064215/https://thelivenagpur.com/2023/03/23/aakash-thosar-and-their-team-visit-kamla-nehru-college-to-promote-the-film-ghar-banduk-biryani/ |archive-date=20 May 2024 |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=The Live Nagpur |language=en-US }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-28 |title=नागराजनं सांगितली 'घर बंदूक बिरयानी' ची गोष्ट, पाहा Video |url=https://lokmat.news18.com/maharashtra/solapur/nagraj-manjule-reveals-story-behind-his-upcoming-film-ghar-banduk-biryani-in-solapur-856653.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603014735/https://lokmat.news18.com/maharashtra/solapur/nagraj-manjule-reveals-story-behind-his-upcoming-film-ghar-banduk-biryani-in-solapur-856653.html |archive-date=3 June 2023 |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=[[News18 Lokmat]] |language=mr }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-25 |title=नागराज मंजुळे, सयाजी शिंदे यांनी घेतली चंद्रपूर पोलीसांची भेट |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/ghar-banduk-biryani-nagraj-manjule-sayaji-shinde-met-chandrapur-police-1162702 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329234439/https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/ghar-banduk-biryani-nagraj-manjule-sayaji-shinde-met-chandrapur-police-1162702 |archive-date=29 March 2023 |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=[[ABP Majha]] |language=mr }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-28 |title=घर बंदूक बिरयानी' चित्रपटात आर्ची का नाही? |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/ghar-banduk-biryani-movie-actor-nagraj-manjule-on-rinku-rajguru-1163351 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329234440/https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/ghar-banduk-biryani-movie-actor-nagraj-manjule-on-rinku-rajguru-1163351 |archive-date=29 March 2023 |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=ABP Majha |language=mr }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-27 |title='घर बंदूक बिरयानी' चित्रपटाचा साऊथवाले रिमेक करतील; आमदार समाधान आवताडे |url=https://mangalwedhatimes.in/today-team-nagaraj-came-to-mangalvedha-to-promote-the-movie-ghar-banduk-biryani-southwale-remake-of-the-film-mla-awatade/,%20https://mangalwedhatimes.in/today-team-nagaraj-came-to-mangalvedha-to-promote-the-movie-ghar-banduk-biryani-southwale-remake-of-the-film-mla-awatade/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403220833/https://mangalwedhatimes.in/today-team-nagaraj-came-to-mangalvedha-to-promote-the-movie-ghar-banduk-biryani-southwale-remake-of-the-film-mla-awatade/,%20https:/mangalwedhatimes.in/today-team-nagaraj-came-to-mangalvedha-to-promote-the-movie-ghar-banduk-biryani-southwale-remake-of-the-film-mla-awatade/ |archive-date=3 April 2023 |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=Mangalwedha Times |language=en-US }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-22 |title=Dombivali Shobayatra: अभिनेता आकाश ठोसरनं शोभायात्रेत वेधलं लक्ष; ढोलताश्यावर धरला ठेका... |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/gudi-padwa-2023-sairat-fame-actor-akash-thosar-celebrates-gudipadwa-with-co-actor-sayali-patil-in-dombivali-shobha-yatra-for-promoting-his-marathi-film-ghar-banduk-biryani/699737 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330010838/https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/gudi-padwa-2023-sairat-fame-actor-akash-thosar-celebrates-gudipadwa-with-co-actor-sayali-patil-in-dombivali-shobha-yatra-for-promoting-his-marathi-film-ghar-banduk-biryani/699737 |archive-date=30 March 2023 |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=Zee 24 Taas |language=mr }}</ref>}} The campaign concluded in Mumbai with a visit to the [[Siddhivinayak Temple, Mumbai|Siddhivinayak Temple]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='घर बंदूक बिरयानी'च्या टीमने घेतलं सिद्धिविनायकाचं दर्शन; बाप्पासमोर नतमस्तक झाले कलाकार |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/photogallery/entertainment/ghar-banduk-biryani-actors-at-siddhivinayak-temple-for-bappa-blessing/photoshow/99245011.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623150237/https://maharashtratimes.com/photogallery/entertainment/ghar-banduk-biryani-actors-at-siddhivinayak-temple-for-bappa-blessing/photoshow/99245011.cms |archive-date=23 June 2023 |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr }}</ref>

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
''Ghar Banduk Biryani'' was theatrically released on 7 April 2023 in Marathi, along with dubbed versions in [[Hindi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhirvandekar |first=Harshada |title=Ghar Banduk Biryani: नागराज मंजुळेंच्या 'घर बंदूक बिर्याणी'ची उत्सुकता वाढली; चार भाषांमध्ये रिलीज होणार चित्रपट! |url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/nagraj-manule-s-upcoming-movie-ghar-banduk-biryani-shooting-completed-141672370996539.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430215250/https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/nagraj-manule-s-upcoming-movie-ghar-banduk-biryani-shooting-completed-141672370996539.html |archive-date=30 April 2023 |access-date=2023-01-05 |website=Hindustan Times Marathi |language=mr }}</ref> Initially scheduled for 30 March 2023, the film's release was postponed to avoid clashing with ''[[Bholaa]]''. Manjule announced the new release date as 7 April 2023, on 11 February 2023.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=नागराज मंजुळेंच्या 'घर बंदूक बिरयानी'चं प्रदर्शन पुढे ढकललं; अजय देवगण ठरला कारण? |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/nagaraj-manjule-ghar-banduk-biryani-release-date-postpone-on-7th-april/articleshow/97822837.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623173721/https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/nagaraj-manjule-ghar-banduk-biryani-release-date-postpone-on-7th-april/articleshow/97822837.cms |archive-date=23 June 2023 |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr }}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The [[digital streaming]] rights of the film are acquired by [[ZEE5]] and was premiered on 2 June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-29 |title='घर बंदूक बिर्याणी' झी 5वर 2 जूनला होणार रिलीज |url=https://www.saamana.com/ghar-bandook-biryani-to-release-on-zee-5-ott/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530130018/https://www.saamana.com/ghar-bandook-biryani-to-release-on-zee-5-ott/ |archive-date=30 May 2023 |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=[[Saamana]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghar Banduk Biryani on OTT: When and where to watch Nagraj Manjule's film |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/ghar-banduk-biryani-on-ott-when-and-where-to-watch-nagraj-manjules-film/e71b2591f7926 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404054217/https://www.ottplay.com/amp/news/ghar-banduk-biryani-on-ott-when-and-where-to-watch-nagraj-manjules-film/e71b2591f7926 |archive-date=4 April 2024 |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=[[OTTPlay]] }}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical reception ===
Yugandhar Tajne of ''[[Sakal]]'' gave the film 4 stars out of 5 stars, praising director Hamant Jangal Awtade for his skillful storytelling, effective dialogue delivery, strong performances, musical score, composition, and cinematography.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ताजणे |first=युगंधर |date=2023-04-07 |title=Ghar Banduk Biryani Review: 'बिरयानी' 100 टक्के आवडणार! 'राया पाटील एकटा नडला, सगळ्यांना भिडला...' |url=https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/ghar-bandook-biryani-review-nagraj-manjule-dashing-performance-sayaji-shinde-praised-yst88 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409155407/https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/ghar-bandook-biryani-review-nagraj-manjule-dashing-performance-sayaji-shinde-praised-yst88 |archive-date=9 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-29 |website=Sakal |language=mr }}</ref> Mihir Bhanage of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated it 3.5 stars, describing it as a perfect big-screen entertainer and noting the refreshing presence of a Marathi film in the action drama genre.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ghar Banduk Biryani Movie Review : Nagraj Manjule and Sayaji Shinde fire all the right shots |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/ghar-banduk-biryani/movie-review/99319082.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-04-07 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Madhura Nerurkar of ''[[Maharashtra Times]]'' gave 3 out of 5 rating and write "This artwork excels in storytelling, action sequences, and background music, yet certain scenes linger unnecessarily. The actors deliver commendable performances, alongside impressive cinematography and captivating background music, enhancing the overall narrative flow."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nerulkar |first=Madhura |title=घर बंदूक बिरयानी |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/ghar-banduk-biryani/moviereview/99333260.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623151500/https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/ghar-banduk-biryani/moviereview/99333260.cms |archive-date=23 June 2023 |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr }}</ref> Shrikrishna Iyer of ''Koimoi'' gave 3 rating praised performances of Sayaji Shinde and Nagraj Manjule while criticised old [[cliché]] action scenes, said "Despite a few oversights in the story, debutante director Hemant Awtade made an entertaining film to watch. If you like dark humour and action films, Ghar Banduk Biryani is a good watch."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iyer |first=ShriKrishna |date=2023-04-11 |title=Ghar Banduk Biryani Movie Review: Sayaji Shinde Draws All The Attention In This Flavourful Biryani Also Consisting Of Nagraj Manjule |url=https://www.koimoi.com/reviews/marathi-movie-reviews/ghar-banduk-biryani-movie-review-sayaji-shinde-draws-all-the-attention-in-this-flavourful-biryani-also-consisting-of-nagraj-manjule/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826145621/https://www.koimoi.com/reviews/marathi-movie-reviews/ghar-banduk-biryani-movie-review-sayaji-shinde-draws-all-the-attention-in-this-flavourful-biryani-also-consisting-of-nagraj-manjule/ |archive-date=26 August 2023 |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=Koimoi |language=en-US }}</ref> Shaheen Irani of ''[[OTT Play]]'' rated 3/5 and wrote "Even if loud, the film is entertaining for most parts. The music is rare and does not disturb your viewing experience."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Irani |first=Shaheen |title=Ghar Banduk Biryani review: Nagraj Manjule's film is where banduk & biryani rule |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/ghar-banduk-biryani-review-nagraj-manjules-film-is-where-banduk-and-biryani-feel-like-home/53dbe1d2a8536 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622000021/https://www.ottplay.com/review/ghar-banduk-biryani-review-nagraj-manjules-film-is-where-banduk-and-biryani-feel-like-home/53dbe1d2a8536 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=OTTPlay |language=en }}</ref>

''[[Scroll.in]]'' writes "''Ghar Banduk Biryani'', featuring a lovable rebel commander, an expert biryani cook and a principled police officer, may be the world's first song-and-dance Maoist comedy film. Debutant director Hemant Jangal Awtade anticipates almost black humour, elaborately choreographed action scenes and minor subplots."<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 April 2023 |title='Ghar Banduk Biryani' review: An entertaining mishmash of flavours |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1047008/ghar-banduk-biryani-review-an-entertaining-mishmash-of-flavours |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720013435/https://scroll.in/reel/1047008/ghar-banduk-biryani-review-an-entertaining-mishmash-of-flavours |archive-date=20 July 2023 |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |language=en-US }}</ref> Akhilesh Neralekar of ''[[Loksatta]]'' gives a positive review and writes "''Ghar Banduk Biryani'' will certainly be considered as a different experiment for the exciting setting of a simple story, but in terms of business, we sincerely feel that Nagaraj Manjule should not be subjected to a ''[[Jhund (film)|Jhund]]''-like situation again."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Neralekar |first=Akhilesh |date=2023-04-10 |title=Ghar Banduk Biryani Review : गंभीर विषयाची हटके मांडणी, जबरदस्त गाणी अन् दर्जेदार अभिनय; 'घर बंदूक बिरयानी' कसा आहे? जाणून घ्या |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/ghar-banduk-biryani-movie-review-in-marathi-nagraj-manjule-sayaji-shinde-and-akash-thosar-avn-93-3572425/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202091919/https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/ghar-banduk-biryani-movie-review-in-marathi-nagraj-manjule-sayaji-shinde-and-akash-thosar-avn-93-3572425/ |archive-date=2 December 2023 |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=Loksatta |language=mr }}</ref> Pratikshya Mishra of ''[[The Quint]]'' wrote "''Ghar Banduk Biryani'' portrays the good and bad of an otherwise gray world."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Pratikshya |date=2023-04-17 |title=Podcast {{!}} Ghar Banduk Biryani Review: Nagraj Manjule as an Action Star |url=https://www.thequint.com/podcast/ghar-banduk-biryani-nagraj-manjule-review-podcast |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803105450/https://www.thequint.com/podcast/ghar-banduk-biryani-nagraj-manjule-review-podcast |archive-date=3 August 2023 |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=[[The Quint]] |language=en }}</ref> Rutuja Deshmukh from ''[[Anupama Chopra|Film Companion]]'' wrote "''Ghar Banduk Biryani'' is a rare commercial Marathi film to delve into the Maoist issue and engage with the humane side of a political turmoil that is complicated by oppressive tactics on part of the government and administration, as well as caste atrocities."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deshmukh |first=Rutuja |date=2023-04-08 |title=Ghar Banduk Biryani Movie Review: Nagraj Manjule's New Avatar as Super Cop Lacks Flavour |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/marathi-review/ghar-banduk-biryani-review-nagraj-manjules-new-avatar-as-super-cop-lacks-flavour-nagraj-manjule-sayaji-shinde-sayli-patil-akash-thosar-hemant-jangal-awtade |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407050352/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/marathi-review/ghar-banduk-biryani-review-nagraj-manjules-new-avatar-as-super-cop-lacks-flavour-nagraj-manjule-sayaji-shinde-sayli-patil-akash-thosar-hemant-jangal-awtade |archive-date=7 April 2024 |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=[[FilmCompanion]] |language=en }}</ref>

=== Box office ===

The film collected {{INRConvert|62|l}} on its opening day and weekend collection is {{INRConvert|2.23|c}}.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=नागराज मंजुळेंच्या 'घर बंदूक बिरयानी'चा बॉक्स ऑफिसवर कल्ला; ४ दिवसात केली इतक्या कोटींची कमाई |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/ghar-banduk-biryani-movie-box-office-collection-of-five-days/articleshow/99439561.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623173625/https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/ghar-banduk-biryani-movie-box-office-collection-of-five-days/articleshow/99439561.cms |archive-date=23 June 2023 |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr }}</ref> The film earned ₹2.25 crore in five days.<ref name=":4" /> The film grossed over {{INRConvert|5|c}} in its final theatrical run.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-06-02 |title=Nagraj Manjule on facing camera for Ghar Banduk Biryani: 'Would often doubt my acting but had fun' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/nagraj-manjule-on-ghar-banduk-biryani-would-often-doubt-myself-but-had-fun-8642933/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613151936/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/nagraj-manjule-on-ghar-banduk-biryani-would-often-doubt-myself-but-had-fun-8642933/ |archive-date=13 June 2023 |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2023-06-03 |title=Blockbuster Marathi director Nagaraj Manjule's film 'Ghar Banduk Biryani' streams on OTT in Telugu! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/blockbuster-marathi-director-nagaraj-manjules-film-ghar-banduk-biryani-streams-on-ott-in-telugu/articleshow/100723585.cms |access-date=2024-03-30 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ghar Banduk Biryani
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[AV Prafullachandra]]
| cover =
| released = {{Film date|2023|04|10}}
| venue = Mumbai, India
| studio = '''[[Sound recording and reproduction|Recording]]:''' TSM Studios Studio 504 '''[[Audio mixing|Mix]]:''' AV's Music Lab '''[[Mastering (audio)|Master]]:''' NewEdge Studio
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=35|s=37}}
| language = Marathi
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| prev_title = [[Godavari (2021 film)|Godavari]]
| prev_year = 2021
| year = 2023
| next_title = [[Naal 2]]
| chronology = [[AV Prafullachandra]]
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube|hwEhLucqIXs|Ghar Banduk Biryani - Full Album}}
}}
}}

[[AV Prafullachandra]] has given music and background score for this film.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2022-10-26 |title=Second Teaser of Nagraj Manjule's Ghar Banduk Biryani Starring Akash Thosar Out |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/second-teaser-of-nagraj-manjules-ghar-banduk-biryani-starring-akash-thosar-out-6246391.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401122632/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/second-teaser-of-nagraj-manjules-ghar-banduk-biryani-starring-akash-thosar-out-6246391.html |archive-date=1 April 2023 |access-date=2023-01-05 |website=[[News18]] |language=en }}</ref> The song "Gun Gun" was released first, all versions of this song crossed 4 million plus views on YouTube.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Ghar Banduk Biryani' Starrer Akash Thosar And Nagraj Manjule's New Song 'Aaha Hero' Is Out! |url=https://www.indianfilmhistory.com/news-videos/ghar-banduk-biryani-starrer-akash-thosar-and-nagraj-manjules-new-song-aaha-hero-is-out |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404135855/https://www.indianfilmhistory.com/news-videos/ghar-banduk-biryani-starrer-akash-thosar-and-nagraj-manjules-new-song-aaha-hero-is-out |archive-date=4 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=Indian Film History |language=en }}</ref> The second featured song "[[Aaha Hero]]" is choreographed by [[Ganesh Acharya]].<ref>{{Cite news |title='Ghar Banduk Biryani': Akash Thosar and Nagraj Manjule's new song 'Aaha Hero' is out! |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/ghar-banduk-biryani-akash-thosar-and-nagraj-manjules-new-song-aaha-hero-is-out/articleshow/98332031.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-04-13 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The "Title track" is sung by Bollywood singer [[Mohit Chauhan]] and written by Vaibhav Deshmukh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 March 2023 |title=बॉलिवूडचे सुप्रसिद्ध गायक मोहित चौहान यांनी गायले 'घर बंदूक बिरयानी' |url=https://www.mymahanagar.com/entertainment/famous-bollywood-singer-mohit-chauhan-sung-ghar-banduk-biryani/554588/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401131429/https://www.mymahanagar.com/entertainment/famous-bollywood-singer-mohit-chauhan-sung-ghar-banduk-biryani/554588/ |archive-date=1 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=My Mahanagar |language=mr-IN }}</ref> The final released song was "Haan Ki Badiv" sung by AV Prafullachandra, Manish Rajgire and Sahil Kulkarni, entirely filmed on Nagraj Manjule.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-30 |title=सिंघम बिंगम काय नाय, नुसता अण्णा..., नागराज मंजुळेंचा असा कडक लुक तुम्ही कधीच पाहिला नसेल |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/nagraj-manjule-movie-ghar-banduk-biryani-new-song-haan-ki-badiv-out-a-a590/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731230038/https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/nagraj-manjule-movie-ghar-banduk-biryani-new-song-haan-ki-badiv-out-a-a590/ |archive-date=31 July 2024 |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=Lokmat |language=mr }}</ref>

=== Track listing ===

{{Track listing
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| headline = Marathi
| extra_column = Singer (s)
| title1 = Gun Gun
| length1 = 7:24
| lyrics1 = Vaibhav Deshmukh
| extra1 = Ashish Kulkarni, Kavita Raam
| title2 = [[Aaha Hero]]
| length2 = 5:34
| lyrics2 = Vaibhav Deshmukh
| extra2 = Pravin Kuwar
| title3 = Haan Ki Badiv (halgi version)
| length3 = 5:55
| lyrics3 = Vaibhav Deshmukh
| extra3 = [[AV Prafullachandra]], Manish Rajgire
| title4 = Ghar Banduk Biryani
| length4 = 6:01
| lyrics4 = Vaibhav Deshmukh
| extra4 = [[Mohit Chauhan]]
| title5 = Mariya
| length5 = 4:21
| lyrics5 = AV Prafullachandra
| extra5 = AV Prafullachandra
| title6 = Haan Ki Badiv
| length6 = 5:48
| lyrics6 = Vaibhav Deshmukh
| extra6 = AV Prafullachandra, Manish Rajgire
| total_length = 35:37
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Hindi
| extra_column = Singer (s)
| title1 = Gun Gun
| length1 = 7:24
| lyrics1 = Jai Atre
| extra1 = [[Anurag Kulkarni]], Deepali Sathe
| title2 = Aaha Hero
| length2 = 5:33
| lyrics2 = Jai Atre
| extra2 = Pravin Kuwar
| title3 = Maar Dhanaadan
| length3 = 5:48
| lyrics3 = Jai Atre
| extra3 = [[Nakash Aziz]], AV Prafullachandra
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Tamil
| extra_column = Singer (s)
| title1 = Usurula Usurula
| length1 = 7:22
| lyrics1 = [[Yugabharathi]]
| extra1 = [[Anurag Kulkarni]], Aditi Bhavaraju
| title2 = Aaha Hero
| length2 = 5:21
| lyrics2 = Yugabharathi
| extra2 = Mathichiyam Bala
| title3 = Vararay Vararay
| length3 = 5:50
| lyrics3 = Yugabharathi
| extra3 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Telugu
| extra_column = Singer (s)
| title1 = Gun Gun
| length1 = 7:22
| lyrics1 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra1 = [[Anurag Kulkarni]], Aditi Bhavaraju
| title2 = Aaha Hero
| length2 = 5:33
| lyrics2 = [[Ananta Sriram]]
| extra2 = Sai Charan
| title3 = Ichchipadey
| length3 = 5:50
| lyrics3 = Ananta Sriram
| extra3 = [[Nakash Aziz]]
}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=15717192}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|ghar_banduk_biryani}}
* ''[https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/ghar-banduk-biryani/moviereview/99333260.cms Ghar Banduk Biryani]'' at ''[[Maharashtra Times]]''

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2023 action comedy films]]
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[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:2020s gang films]]
[[Category:2020s police procedural films]]
[[Category:2023 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language action comedy films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery comedy-drama films]]
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[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Pune]]
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[[Category:Films set in Pune]]
[[Category:Films set in forests]]
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[[Category:Films scored by AV Prafullachandra]]
[[Category:2023 directorial debut films]]

Naalayira Divya Prabandham

2026-03-28T04:31:54Z

Globaleducollege: expand layout per standard format as per guidelines

{{short description|Work of Tamil Hindu literature}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox religious text|religion=[[Hinduism]]|author=[[Alvars]]|language=[[Tamil language|Tamil]]|caption=[[Nammalvar]], considered the most prominent of the twelve Alvars whose works are compiled as ''Prabandam''|image=File:Manavala mamunigal 03.jpg|verses=4,000|period=9th–10th century CE|name=''Divya Prabandham''}}
{{Hindu scriptures}}
{{Vaishnavism}}
{{Tamil literature}}
The '''Naalayira Divya Prabandham''' ({{langx|ta|நாலாயிரத் திவ்வியப் பிரபந்தம்|lit=Four Thousand Divine Hymns|translit=Nālāyira Divya Prabandham}}) is a collection of 4,000 [[Tamil language|Tamil]] verses composed by the 12 [[Alvars]].{{Sfn|Clooney|2019|p=986}} It was compiled in its present form by [[Nathamuni|Nāthamuni]] during the 9th–10th centuries. The work, an important liturgical compilation of the Tamil [[Alvars]] who lived between 5th and 8th Century CE,{{Sfn|Chari|1997|p=ix}} marks the beginning of the canonisation of 12 ''[[Vaishnava]]'' poet saints, and these hymns are still sung extensively today.

== Description ==
The ''Divya Prabandham'' sings the praises of [[Narayana]] ([[Vishnu]]) and his many forms. The Alvars sang these songs at various sacred shrines known as the [[Divya Desams]]. These hymns were formed during the early phase of bhakti tradition development in South India.{{sfn|Rajarajan|2013|p=37-90}}

The [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ''[[Vaishnavite]]s'', also known as ''Ubhaya Vedanti'' follow both the [[Sanskrit]] [[Vedas]] as well as the Tamil-language ''[[Tiruvaymoli]],'' a work which devotees of Sri Vaishnavism regard as the Tamil Veda.{{sfn|Carman|1989|p=4}} In many temples — [[Srirangam]], for example — the chanting of the Divya Prabandham forms a major part of the daily service, integrating poetic composition with ritual worship and devotional practice.{{sfn|Rajarajan|2013|p=37-90}} It is also recited in some North Indian Vaishnavite temples, such as [[Badrinath Temple|Badrinath]].{{sfn|Prabhu|2013}} The Divya Prabandham is recited along with the Vedas,{{sfn|Ramesh|1992|p=42}} and it is given equal status to the Vedas in the [[Sri Vaishnavism#Tenkalai ("southern art") - Manavala Mamunigal|Tenkalai denomination of Sri Vaishnavism]], largely due to the efforts of [[Ramanuja]] who enshrined the Divya Prabandham on the same pedestal as the Vedas.{{sfn|Gupta|Padmanabhan|2017}}

Prominent among its 4,000 verses are the 1,102 verses known as the ''[[Tiruvaymoli]]'' ("Sacred Mouth Language" i.e. [Tamil] [[Śruti|Sruti]]), composed by [[Nammalvar]] and which forms the third portion of the overall ''Divya Prabandham''. Nammalvar self-identifies as a lovelorn ''[[gopi]]'' pining for [[Krishna]].{{sfn|Carman|1989|p=4}}

The compendium begins with the ''[[Tirupallantu]]'', a benedictory hymn written by [[Periyalvar]], wishing long life to Vishnu.{{sfn|Venkatacharya|1999|p=66}}

=== Structure ===
The text is split into 4 sections of roughly 1000 ''pasurams'' each. They are in order (1) ''Mudalayiram'', (2) ''Irandam Ayiram'', (3) ''Munram Ayiram'', and (4) ''Iyarppa''.{{sfn|Bharati|2000}} This four-section division reflects the later canonical organization of the hymns, which were composed by different Alvars over several centuries.{{sfn|Rajarajan|2013|p=37-90}}

=== Nomenclature ===

==== Pasuram ====
The hymns or songs sung by the Alvars dedicated to Vishnu are specifically designated the term pasuram in Tamil.{{sfn|Pārttacārati| 2008|p=95}}

==== Taniyan ====
The works that make up the Naalayira Divya Prabandham are usually preceded by a taniyan. A taniyan refers to a stray verse,{{sfn|Nayar|1992|p=95}} also referred to as a laudatory verse, that offers a brief synopsis of the life of the Alvar poet, a summary of the themes of the hymns, and emphasises the [[Punya (Hinduism)|merit]] gained from the recitation, listening, or reading of the given text. It serves to glorify both the hymns as well as the composer of the hymns.{{sfn|Venkatesan|2016|p=5}} Six taniyans precede the Tiruvaymoli, the most of any text in the compendium.{{sfn|Nammalvar|2020|p=297}}

==== Vāḻi Tirunamam ====
Following the customary recitation of the hymns of the work, a ''vāḻi tirunamam'' is chanted. This refers to a hymn that serves to commemorate or exalt the poet-saint who composed a given work. For instance, such a verse may hope for the poet-saint to live long, or for their names to be remembered for a millennium.{{sfn|Viraraghavacharya|1979|p=65}}{{sfn|Seetharaman|2009|p=196}}

==Compilation==
The collection, once thought to have been lost, was organised in the form of an anthology by Nathamuni.{{sfn|Sullivan|1997|p=217}} According to tradition, Nathamuni compiled the Naalayira Divya Prabandham in the 10th century, after the Alvars.{{sfn|Rajarajan|2013|p=37-90}}

[[Nathamuni]] was born in Veera Naarayanapuram (Veeranam) or present-day Kaattu Mannaar Koil. There is a long chronological gap between [[Thirumangai Alvar|Tirumangai Alvar]] (the last Alvar) and Nathamuni, a period during which the transmission history of the 4,000 verses is obscure.{{sfn|Rajarajan|2013|p=37-90}}

According to legend, Nathamuni once heard some people reciting the cantos of ''Āravāmude'' of Nammalvar at [[Kumbakonam]]. Captivated by these ''pasurams'' (hymns), he wanted to know more about them. One of the verses also mentioned ''Āyiraththul Ippaththu'' ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: these 10 out of the 1000). When Nathamuni inquired about the remaining 990, the reciters did not know anything about the other verses.

Guided by the name and place of the ''Alvar'' (Kurugoor Satakopan) mentioned in the verses, Nathamuni proceeded to [[Alwarthirunagari Temple|Thirukurugoor]] and asked the people there about [[Nammazhwar|Nammalvar]]'s 1,000 verses.{{sfn|Rengarajan|1999}} The people did not know the 1,000 verses that Nathamuni wanted, but they told him about 11 ''pasurams'' (hymns) of [[Madhurakavi Alvar]], a disciple of Nammalvar, and the ''[[Kanninun Cirutampu]]''. They asked him to go to Thiruppulialvar, the ancient tamarind tree Nammalvar preferred to meditate under during his lifetime, and recite these 11 ''pasurams'' 12,000 times. Nathamuni did as advised, and pleased with his penance, Nammalvar appeared and granted Nathamuni not only his 1,000 ''pasurams'', but the entire 4,000-''pasuram'' collection of all the Alvars.{{sfn|Sadagopan|1997}}

==Hymns==
The following table shows the details of the 4,000 ''pasurams'' (hymns).{{Sfn|Chari|1997|p=32}}{{Refn|group=note|name=first|[[Vedanta Desika|''Vedānta Deśika'']] and his followers do not count ''Tirupallāṇḍu'' as a separate book within the collection, and instead compress ''Śiriya Tirumaḍal'' and ''Periya Tirumaḍal'' into 40 and 78 verses respectively. They include the 108 verses of ''Rāmānuja-nūṟṟandādī'' at the end to bring the total to 4000.{{Sfn|Chari|1997|p=32-33}} }}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 50%"
! No. !! Name !! Starting hymn !! Ending hymn !! Number of hymns !! Poet
|-
|1
|''[[Tirupallantu|Tirupallāṇḍu]]''
| align="right" |1
| align="right" |12
| align="right" |12
|''[[Periyalvar|Periyāḻvār]]''
|-
|2
|''[[Periyalvar Tirumoli|Periyāḻvāra Tirumoḻi]]''
| align="right" | 13
| align="right" | 473
| align="right" | 461
|''[[Periyalvar|Periyāḻvār]]''
|-
|3
|''[[Thiruppavai|Tiruppāvai]]''
| align="right" | 474
| align="right" | 503
| align="right" | 30
|''[[Aandaal|Āṇḍāḻ]]''
|-
|4
|''[[Nachiar Tirumozhi|Nācciyāra Tirumoḻi]]''
| align="right" | 504
| align="right" | 646
| align="right" | 143
|''[[Aandaal|Āṇḍāḻ]]''
|-
|5
|''[[Perumal Tirumoli|Perumāḻa Tirumoḻi]]''
| align="right" | 647
| align="right" | 751
| align="right" | 105
|''[[Kulasekara alvar|Kulaśekhara Āḻvār]]''
|-
|6
|''[[Tiruchanda Viruttam|Tiruccanda Viruttam]]''
| align="right" | 752
| align="right" | 871
| align="right" | 120
|''[[Thirumalisai alvar|Tirumaḻiśai Āḻvār]]''
|-
|7
|''[[Tirumālai]]''
| align="right" | 872
| align="right" | 916
| align="right" | 45
|''[[Thondaradippodi alvar|Toṇḍaraḍippoḍi]]''
|-
|8
|''[[Tirupalliyeḻuchi|Tirupaḻḻi-eḻucci]]''
| align="right" | 917
| align="right" | 926
| align="right" | 10
|''[[Thondaradippodi alvar|Toṇḍaraḍippoḍi]]''
|-
|9
|''[[Amalanatipiran|Amalanādipirāṇa]]''
| align="right" | 927
| align="right" | 936
| align="right" | 10
|''[[Thiruppaan alvar|Tiruppan Alvar]]''
|-
|10
|''[[Kanninun Cirutampu|Kaṇṇinuṇ-Śiruttāmbu]]''
| align="right" | 937
| align="right" | 947
| align="right" | 11
|''[[Madhurakavi Alvar|Madhurakavi Āḻvār]]''
|-
|11
|''[[Periya Tirumoli|Periya Tirumoḻi]]''
| align="right" | 948
| align="right" | 2031
| align="right" | 1084
|''[[Thirumangai alvar|Tirumaṅgai Āḻvār]]''
|-
|12
|''[[Tirukkuruntantakam|Tirukkuruntāṇḍakam]]''
| align="right" | 2032
| align="right" | 2051
| align="right" | 20
|''[[Thirumangai alvar|Tirumaṅgai Āḻvār]]''
|-
|13
|''[[Tirunetuntantakam|Tiruneḍuntāṇḍakam]]''
| align="right" | 2052
| align="right" | 2081
| align="right" | 30
|''[[Thirumangai alvar|Tirumaṅgai Āḻvār]]''
|-
|14
|''[[Mutal Tiruvantati|Mudala Tiruvandādi]]''
| align="right" | 2082
| align="right" | 2181
| align="right" | 100
|''[[Poigai Alvar|Poygai Āḻvār]]''
|-
|15
|''[[Irantam Tiruvantati|Iraṇḍām Tiruvandādi]]''
| align="right" | 2182
| align="right" | 2281
| align="right" | 100
|''[[Bhoothathalvar|Putattāḻvār]]''
|-
|16
|''[[Munram Tiruvantati|Mūṉṟām Tiruvandādi]]''
| align="right" | 2282
| align="right" | 2381
| align="right" | 100
|''[[Peyalvar|Pey Āḻvār]]''
|-
|17
|''[[Nanmukan Tiruvantati|Nāṉmukaṉ Tiruvandādi]]''
| align="right" | 2382
| align="right" | 2477
| align="right" | 96
|''[[Thirumalisai alvar|Tirumaḻiśai Āḻvār]]''
|-
|18
|''[[Tiruviruttam]]''
| align="right" | 2478
| align="right" | 2577
| align="right" | 100
|''[[Nammalvar|Nammāḻvār]]''
|-
|19
|''[[Tiruvasiriyam|Tiruvāciriyam]]''
| align="right" | 2578
| align="right" | 2584
| align="right" | 7
|''[[Nammalvar|Nammāḻvār]]''
|-
|20
|''[[Periya Tiruvantati|Periya Tiruvandādi]]''
| align="right" | 2585
| align="right" | 2671
| align="right" | 87
|''[[Nammalvar|Nammāḻvār]]''
|-
|21
|''[[Tiruvelukkutrirukkai|Tiruveḻukūṟṟirukkai]]''
| align="right" | 2672
| align="right" | 2672
| align="right" | 1
|''[[Thirumangai alvar|Tirumaṅgai Āḻvār]]''
|-
|22
|''[[Ciriya Tirumatal|Śiriya Tirumaḍal]]''
| align="right" | 2673
| align="right" | 2749.5
| align="right" | 77.5
|''[[Thirumangai alvar|Tirumaṅgai Āḻvār]]''
|-
|23
|''[[Periya Tirumatal|Periya Tirumaḍal]]''
| align="right" | 2750.5
| align="right" | 2898
| align="right" | 148.5
|''[[Thirumangai alvar|Tirumaṅgai Āḻvār]]''
|-
|24
|''[[Tiruvaymoli|Tiruvāymoḻi]]''
| align="right" | 2899
| align="right" | 4000
| align="right" | 1102
|''[[Nammalvar|Nammāḻvār]]''
|-
|N/A
|''[[Ramanuja Nootrantati|Rāmānuja-nūṟṟandādī]]''
| align="right" | -
| align="right" | -
| align= "right"| 108
|''Tiruvaraṅgattamudanār''
|-
|
|'''Total'''
| align="right" |
| align="right" |
| align="right" | '''4000'''
|}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite book | last=Bharati | first=Srirama | title=The Sacred Book of Four Thousand | date=2000 | publisher=Sri Sadagopan Tirunarayanaswami Divya Prabandha Pathasala | location=Chennai | url=https://archive.org/details/thesacredbookoffourthousand01nalayiradivyaprabandhamsriramabharati2000}}
* {{cite book | last=Carman | first=John | title=The Tamil Veda: Pillan's Interpretation of the Tiruvaymoli | date=1989 | publisher=University of Chicago Press | location=Chicago | isbn=978-0-226-09306-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aP5PA2OyJbMC}}
* {{cite book | last=Chari | first=S. M. Srinivasa | title=Philosophy and Theistic Mysticism of the Āl̲vārs | date=1997 | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. | isbn=978-81-208-1342-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8TwHhuZrZ-wC | language=en}}
* {{cite journal | last=Clooney | first=Francis X. | title=Review of My Sapphire-hued Lord, My Beloved! Kulacēkara Āḻvār's Perumāl Tirumoḻi | journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society | volume=139 | issue=4 | pages=986–988 | date=2019 | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7817/jameroriesoci.139.4.0986 | jstor=10.7817/jameroriesoci.139.4.0986 | issn=0003-0279}}
* {{cite book | last1=Gupta | first1=Sonika | last2=Padmanabhan | first2=Sudarsan | title=Politics and Cosmopolitanism in a Global Age | date=2017-09-19 | publisher=Routledge | isbn=978-1-317-34132-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ATgCgAAQBAJ | language=en}}
* {{cite book | author=Nammalvar | title=Endless Song | date=2020-02-17 | publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited | isbn=978-93-5305-779-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kt7QDwAAQBAJ&dq=taniyan+divya+prabhandam&pg=PT297 | language=en}}
* {{cite book | last=Nayar | first=Nancy Ann | title=Poetry as Theology: The Śrīvaiṣṇava Stotra in the Age of Rāmānuja | date=1992 | publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag | isbn=978-3-447-03255-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9vG1syVBXKAC&dq=taniyan+stray+verse&pg=PA95 | language=en}}
* {{cite book | last=Pārttacārati | first=Intirā | title=Ramanujar: The Life and Ideas of Ramanuja | date=2008 | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-569161-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-T4aAQAAIAAJ&q=pasuram+meaning | language=en}}
* {{cite news | last=Prabhu | first=S. | title=Dance of Devotion | date=2013-08-08 | work=The Hindu | url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance-of-devotion/article5003192.ece | language=en-IN | access-date=2021-03-06 | issn=0971-751X}}
* {{cite journal | last=Rajarajan | first=R. K. K. | title=Historical sequence of the Vaiṣṇava Divyadeśas. Sacred venues of Viṣṇism | journal=Acta Orientalia, Societates Orientales Danica Fennica Norvegia Svecia | volume=74 | pages=37–90 | date=2013 | url=https://www.academia.edu/12405403}}
* {{cite book | last=Ramesh | first=M. S. | title=108 Vaishnavite Divya Desams: Divya desams in Chola Nadu | date=1992 | publisher=T.T. Devasthanams | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EgdJAQAAIAAJ | language=en}}
* {{cite web | last1=Rengarajan | first1=Sampath | title=thoo nilA muRRam - part 40 - Sri ArA amutha AzhwAr | date=1999-06-20 | publisher=Bhakti List Archives | url=https://ramanuja.org/sri/BhaktiListArchives/Article?p=jun99/0167.html | website=Ramanuja.org | access-date=2024-12-14}}
* {{cite web | last1=Sadagopan | first1=V. | title=Sriman Naatha Muni's Thirunakshthram : A Tribute | date=1997-07-16 | publisher=Bhakti List Archives | url=https://ramanuja.org/sri/BhaktiListArchives/Article?p=jul97/0083.html | website=Ramanuja.org | access-date=2024-12-14}}
* {{cite book | last=Seetharaman | first=Ma. | title=Sri Ramanujar - The brief history and deeds of Vaishnavitse Saint Sri Ramanuja | date=October 2009 | publisher=T. S. Raamalingam Narmadha Pathipagam | location=Chennai | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MPS2G2Db4xAC | language=tamil}}
* {{cite book | last=Sullivan | first=Bruce M. | title=Historical Dictionary of Hinduism | date=1997 | publisher=Scarecrow Press | isbn=9780810833272 | url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio00sull | url-access=limited}}
* {{cite book | last=Venkatacharya | first=T. | title=Śrīveṅkaṭeśasuprabhātam | date=1999 | publisher=Adyar Library and Research Centre | isbn=978-81-85141-28-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fIjXAAAAMAAJ&q=Pallandu+Divya+Prabandham | language=en}}
* {{cite book | last=Venkatesan | first=Archana | title=The Secret Garland: Andal's Tiruppavai and Nacciyar Tirumoli | date=2016-01-10 | publisher=Harper Perennial India | isbn=978-93-5177-577-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u7OSCwAAQBAJ&dq=taniyan+divya+prabhandam&pg=PT5 | language=en}}
* {{cite book | last=Viraraghavacharya | first=T. K. T. | title=History of Tirupati: The Thiruvengadam Temple | date=1979 | publisher=Tirumala-Tirupati Devasthanams | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WvUXAAAAIAAJ&q=Vali+Tirunamam | language=en}}
{{Refend}}

== See also ==
*[[Tiruvaymoli]]
*[[Perumal Tirumoli]]
*[[Periya Tirumoli]]
*[[Nachiyar Thirumozhi|Nachiyar Tirumoli]]
*[[Tiruviruttam]]

== External links ==
;Naalayiram Text in different formats and languages

*[https://prapatti.com/categories/divyaprabandham.php In multiple languages.]
*[https://acharya.org/dp/ With supplementary texts]
*[http://www.srivaishnavam.com/prabandham.htm In Romanized Unicode and multiple other languages.]
*[https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B3Pnee_VmVf7UFhMTnRpUzkzVFU Sorted by the 108 Divya Desams]
*[https://www.trsiyengar.com/12_Azhwars.shtml In Tamil unicode.]

;Nalayiram with Meaning or Vyakyanam (detailed commentary)
*[http://dravidaveda.org/ With PBA Swamy's meaning in Tamil and Araiyar Swami Sri Rama Bharathi's translation in English.]
*[http://www.tamilvu.org/library/l4210/html/l4210tin.htm The Idu commentary on Thiruvoimozhi.]
*[http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/tvm/ Thiruvoimozhi in Roman text and English translation.]
*[http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/tpv/index.html Thiruppavai in Roman text, with English translation and commentary.]

{{Tamil language}}
{{Azhwars}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tamil Hindu literature]]
[[Category:Medieval literature]]
[[Category:Alvars]]
[[Category:Naalayira Divya Prabandham|*]]

Ahmedabad University

2026-03-24T18:45:04Z

Globaleducollege: refine layout and fixed typos after review

{{Short description|Private university in Ahmedabad, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Ahmedabad University
| image = Logo of Ahmedabad University.svg
| caption = [[Seal (emblem)|Seal]] of Ahmedabad University
| logo =
| logo_alt = Liberal Arts Education, Research, Project Based Learning
| established = 2009<ref name="about au">{{citation |last1=Pulakkat |first1=Hari |title=How Sanjay Lalbhai & Pankaj Chandra are trying to build a unique university in Ahmedabad |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/57261389.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=21 February 2017 |access-date=9 October 2018 |archive-date=24 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224164351/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/57261389.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
| type = [[Private university]]
| founder = [[Kasturbhai Lalbhai]] {{small|([[Founder CEO|Founder]])}}
| parent = Ahmedabad Education Society<ref name="about au" />
| chancellor = [[Arvind (company)|Sanjay Lalbhai]]
| vice_chancellor = [[Pankaj Chandra]]
| city = [[Ahmedabad]]
| state = [[Gujarat]]
| postalcode = 380009
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|23.0390|N|72.5560|E|source:wikidata|display=inline,title}}
| website = {{URL|https://ahduni.edu.in}}
}}
'''Ahmedabad University'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ahduni.edu.in/|title=Ahmedabad University - Leading Liberal Education and Research University|website=ahduni.edu.in|accessdate=8 April 2025}}</ref> is a private, non-profit research university located in Gujarat, India. Established in 2009 by the [[Ahmedabad Education Society]], it comprises six schools and ten centres.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ahduni.edu.in/academics/schools-centres/|title=Schools & Centres at Ahmedabad University|website=ahduni.edu.in|accessdate=8 April 2025}}</ref> The university offers a liberal education focused on interdisciplinary learning, research thinking, and experiential learning. Ahmedabad University provides diverse programmes across the humanities, arts, natural sciences, social sciences, engineering, and management.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ahmedabad University - Leading Liberal Education and Research University |url=https://ahduni.edu.in/ |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=ahduni.edu.in |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
Ahmedabad University was established by the Ahmedabad Education Society (AES), a non-profit educational foundation that has founded several prominent Indian academic institutions. The University's foundation is rooted in the vision of Kasturbhai Lalbhai, a distinguished figure in the Indian textile industry, and is guided by the motto of continuous progress of self and society.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Ahmedabad |url=https://ahduni.edu.in/about-ahmedabad/ |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=ahduni.edu.in |language=en}}</ref>

Ahmedabad University's governance structure includes a Board of Governors comprising industry and academic leaders. As of 2025, the Board includes Sanjay Lalbhai (Chancellor, Chairman, and Managing Director of Arvind Limited) and Pankaj Chandra (Vice Chancellor),<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pulakkat |first=Hari |date=2017-02-21 |title=How Sanjay Lalbhai & Pankaj Chandra are trying to build a unique university in Ahmedabad |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/how-sanjay-lalbhai-pankaj-chandra-are-trying-to-build-a-unique-university-in-ahmedabad/articleshow/57261389.cms |access-date=2025-04-08 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> in addition to Naushad Forbes (Co-Chairman of Forbes Marshall), Punit Lalbhai (Vice Chairman of Arvind Limited), Sudhir Mehta (Chairman Emeritus of Torrent Group), Naishadh Parikh (Chairman and Managing Director of Equinox Solutions Ltd.), and Pankaj Patel (Chairman and Managing Director of Zydus Lifesciences), among others.

The Board of Governors, along with the University's deans and an academic board of scholars, oversee academic decisions, curriculum development, research initiatives, and other university-related matters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=People |url=https://ahduni.edu.in/people/ |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=ahduni.edu.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Campus ==
[[File:Arboretum SAS North Ahmedabad University Jul22 A7C 02108.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of [[Stepwell]] from The School of Arts and Sciences]]
[[File:University Centre Arboretum SE Ahmedabad India Jul22 A7C 02104.jpg|thumb|Arboretum and University Centre]][[File:Fab Shop VentureStudio Ahmedabad University Jul22 A7C 02100.jpg|thumb|Fabrication Lab]]

The Ahmedabad University campus<ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-01-06 |title=AES plans Ahmedabad University |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/aes-plans-ahmedabad-university/articleshow/3939513.cms |access-date=2025-04-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> is situated in the Navrangpura area of Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India, often referred to as the "University Area." The 158-acre campus features the internationally recognised University Centre,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dar |first=Vishal K. |date=2025-01-09 |title=Ahmedabad University's new Student Centre is designed to spur social interactions |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/story/ahmedabad-universitys-new-student-centre-is-designed-to-spur-social-interactions/ |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=Architectural Digest India |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A New University Centre: Discovering Yourself |url=https://ahduni.edu.in/stepwell/stepwell-newsletter/a-new-university-centre-discovering-yourself/ |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=ahduni.edu.in |language=en}}</ref> an urban forest with diverse flora and fauna, seven cafeterias,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cafes on Campus |url=https://ahduni.edu.in/academics/schools-centres/office-of-the-dean-of-students/student-life-1/cafes-on-campus/ |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=ahduni.edu.in |language=en}}</ref> and various academic resources,<ref>{{Cite web |title=University Bookstore |url=https://ahduni.edu.in/academics/schools-centres/office-of-the-dean-of-students/student-services/university-bookstore/ |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=ahduni.edu.in |language=en}}</ref> including laboratories,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Research Laboratories |url=https://ahduni.edu.in/research/research-laboratories/ |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=ahduni.edu.in |language=en}}</ref> high-performance computing system,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ahmedabad University Gets High-Performance Computing System to Strengthen its Research Eco |url=https://ahduni.edu.in/academics/schools-centres/school-of-engineering-and-applied-science/news/ahmedabad-university-gets-high-performance-computing-system-to-strengthen-its-research-ecosystem/ |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=ahduni.edu.in |language=en}}</ref> and libraries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Libraries |url=https://ahduni.edu.in/academics/libraries/ |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=ahduni.edu.in |language=en}}</ref>

Ahmedabad University provides comprehensive student facilities, encompassing on-campus accommodation, sports facilities,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sports and Athletics at Ahmedabad University |url=https://ahduni.edu.in/academics/schools-centres/office-of-the-dean-of-students/student-life-1/sports-and-athletics/ |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=ahduni.edu.in |language=en}}</ref> recreational spaces, and a wellness center.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wellness |url=https://ahduni.edu.in/academics/schools-centres/office-of-the-dean-of-students/student-services/wellness/ |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=ahduni.edu.in |language=en}}</ref> Ahmedabad University is an eco-friendly campus that has implemented sustainability strategies<ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate Action at Ahmedabad University |url=https://ahduni.edu.in/climate-action-at-ahmedabad-university/ |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=ahduni.edu.in |language=en}}</ref> to mitigate the effects of extreme heat, reduce water runoff, and expand green spaces for the university community and surrounding area.

==Academics==

=== Undergraduate programmes ===
The university provides multidisciplinary undergraduate programmes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Undergraduate Programmes {{!}} Ahmedabad University |url=https://ahduni.edu.in/academics/programmes/undergraduate-programmes/ |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=ahduni.edu.in |language=en}}</ref> in arts, sciences, humanities, technology, and management. A mandatory Foundation Programme,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Foundation Programme |url=https://ahduni.edu.in/academics/schools-centres/undergraduate-college/foundation-programme/ |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=ahduni.edu.in |language=en}}</ref> consisting of four studio courses focused on diverse aspects of society, precedes major<ref>{{Cite web |title=Majors |url=https://ahduni.edu.in/majors/ |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=ahduni.edu.in |language=en}}</ref> declaration. All undergraduate students are encouraged to undertake a capstone project or engage in undergraduate research project<ref>{{Cite web |title=Undergraduate Research Programme |url=https://ahduni.edu.in/research/undergraduate-research-programme/ |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=ahduni.edu.in |language=en}}</ref> to develop academic research skills. These undergraduate programmes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Undergraduate Programme Structure |url=https://ahduni.edu.in/ug-programme-related-links/undergraduate-programme-structure/ |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=ahduni.edu.in |language=en}}</ref> offer students the flexibility to choose from a variety of courses to make learning interdisciplinary.

=== Graduate programmes ===
Ahmedabad University offers interdisciplinary, research-driven, and practice-oriented graduate degrees.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Graduate Programmes {{!}} Ahmedabad University |url=https://ahduni.edu.in/academics/programmes/graduate-programmes/ |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=ahduni.edu.in |language=en}}</ref> Current offerings include programmes in business administration,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ahduni.edu.in/academics/programmes/graduate-programmes/master-of-business-administration/|title=Master of Business Administration (MBA) Programme|website=ahduni.edu.in|accessdate=8 April 2025}}</ref> heritage management,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ahduni.edu.in/academics/programmes/graduate-programmes/master-of-management-studies-in-heritage-management/|title=Master of Management Studies in Heritage Management|website=ahduni.edu.in|accessdate=8 April 2025}}</ref> economics,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ahduni.edu.in/academics/programmes/graduate-programmes/master-of-science-in-economics/|title=Master of Science (MS) Economics: Details, Eligibility|website=ahduni.edu.in|accessdate=8 April 2025}}</ref> and quantitative finance], and technology with specialisations <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ahduni.edu.in/academics/programmes/graduate-programmes/master-of-science-in-quantitative-finance/in|title=Master of Science in Quantitative Finance Programme|website=ahduni.edu.in|accessdate=8 April 2025}}</ref> composites,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ahduni.edu.in/academics/programmes/graduate-programmes/master-of-technology-in-composites/|title=Master of Technology in Composites: Details, Eligibility|website=ahduni.edu.in|accessdate=8 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PR |first=ANI |date=2023-10-17 |title=Ahmedabad University and ATIRA Partner to Establish a 21st Century Initiative on Composites |url=https://theprint.in/ani-press-releases/ahmedabad-university-and-atira-partner-to-establish-a-21st-century-initiative-on-composites/1807637/ |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> computer science and engineering,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ahduni.edu.in/academics/programmes/graduate-programmes/master-of-technology-in-computer-science-and-engineering/|title=MTech CSE Programme: Details, Eligibility and More|website=ahduni.edu.in|accessdate=8 April 2025}}</ref> and microelectronics and semiconductors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ahduni.edu.in/academics/programmes/graduate-programmes/master-of-technology-in-microelectronics-and-semiconductors/|title=Master of Technology in Microelectronics and Semiconductors|website=ahduni.edu.in|accessdate=8 April 2025}}</ref>

=== Doctoral programmes ===
The university provides interdisciplinary PhD programmes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Graduate Programmes {{!}} Ahmedabad University |url=https://ahduni.edu.in/academics/programmes/graduate-programmes/#doctoral-programmes |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=ahduni.edu.in |language=en}}</ref> in management,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ahduni.edu.in/academics/programmes/doctoral-programmes/phd-at-amrut-mody-school-of-management/|title=PhD at Amrut Mody School of Management | Ahmedabad University|website=ahduni.edu.in|accessdate=8 April 2025}}</ref> arts and sciences,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ahduni.edu.in/academics/programmes/doctoral-programmes/phd-at-school-of-arts-and-sciences/|title=PhD at School of Arts and Sciences | Ahmedabad University|website=ahduni.edu.in|accessdate=8 April 2025}}</ref> engineering and applied science,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ahduni.edu.in/academics/programmes/doctoral-programmes/phd-at-school-of-engineering-and-applied-science/|title=PhD at School of Engineering and Applied Science|website=ahduni.edu.in|accessdate=8 April 2025}}</ref> and public health.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ahduni.edu.in/academics/programmes/doctoral-programmes/phd-at-bagchi-school-of-public-health/|title=PhD at School of Public Health | Ahmedabad University|website=ahduni.edu.in|accessdate=8 April 2025}}</ref>

=== Continuing education and executive programmes ===
Ahmedabad University offers continuing education and executive programmes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Executive Education |url=https://ahduni.edu.in/academics/programmes/continuing-executive-education/executive-education/ |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=ahduni.edu.in |language=en}}</ref> designed for professionals. These programmes include the Global Executive Master of Business Administration in Pharmaceutical Management,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ahduni.edu.in/academics/programmes/continuing-executive-education/the-global-executive-mba-in-pharmaceutical-management/|title=MBA in Pharmaceutical Management | Global Executive MBA|website=ahduni.edu.in|accessdate=8 April 2025}}</ref> Transforming R&D in Indian Firms,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ahduni.edu.in/academics/programmes/continuing-executive-education/transforming-r-d-in-indian-firms/|title=Transforming R&D in Indian Firms|website=ahduni.edu.in|accessdate=8 April 2025}}</ref> and the GROW Executive General Management Programme.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ahduni.edu.in/academics/programmes/continuing-executive-education/grow/|title=GROW|website=ahduni.edu.in|accessdate=8 April 2025}}</ref> These programmes aim to provide advanced knowledge and skills for career advancement.

=== Certificate programmes ===
Ahmedabad University offers certificate programmes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Long Duration Certificate & Diploma Programmes |url=https://ahduni.edu.in/academics/programmes/continuing-executive-education/long-duration-certificate-diploma-programmes/ |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=ahduni.edu.in |language=en}}</ref> that enable participants to enhance their professional portfolios. Current offerings include programmes in business analytics,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ahduni.edu.in/academics/programmes/continuing-executive-education/long-duration-certificate-diploma-programmes/business-analytics/|title=Business Analytics|website=ahduni.edu.in|accessdate=8 April 2025}}</ref> financial analysis,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ahduni.edu.in/academics/programmes/continuing-executive-education/long-duration-certificate-diploma-programmes/financial-analysis/|title=Financial Analysis|website=ahduni.edu.in|accessdate=8 April 2025}}</ref> digital marketing,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ahduni.edu.in/academics/programmes/continuing-executive-education/long-duration-certificate-diploma-programmes/strategic-digital-marketing/|title=Strategic Digital Marketing|website=ahduni.edu.in|accessdate=8 April 2025}}</ref> physiotherapy for the visually impaired, translation and creative writing, and composites.

== Admissions and scholarships ==
Admission to Ahmedabad University's programmes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Admissions at Ahmedabad University |url=https://ahduni.edu.in/admission/ |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=ahduni.edu.in |language=en}}</ref> requires the submission of an application form. For undergraduate programmes, applicants are evaluated based on their Grade XII test scores, application materials, and a personal interview. Graduate programme admissions consider applicants' academic performance in prior graduate studies, competitive examination scores (where applicable), application materials, and a personal interview. The university employs a holistic review process to assess applicants' fit with the University's culture and academic environment.

=== Scholarships ===
Ahmedabad University offers both merit-based and need-based scholarships to eligible students.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fees & Financial Aid {{!}} Ahmedabad University |url=https://ahduni.edu.in/admission/fees-financial-aid/ |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=ahduni.edu.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards and recognitions ==

* Recognised by the Government of Gujarat as a Centre of Excellence<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ahmedabad University Recognised as Centre of Excellence |url=https://ahduni.edu.in/news/ahmedabad-university-recognised-as-centre-of-excellence/ |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=ahduni.edu.in |language=en}}</ref>
* Accredited with an 'A' grade by the National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC)
* Awarded a 5-star rating, one of the highest awarded in the Gujarat State Institutional Rating Framework (GSIRF) for 2021-22 by the Knowledge Consortium of Gujarat (KCG), Department of Education, Government of Gujarat<ref>{{Cite web |title=Press Trust Of India |url=https://www.ptinews.com/press-release/ahmedabad-university-s-focus-on-sustainability-and-climate-action-recognised-with-prestigious-igbc-platinum-rating/1824473?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=www.ptinews.com}}</ref>{{AI-retrieved source|date=March 2026|checked=no}}
* Recognised by the UGC under Section 12(B) of the UGC Act, making it one of the few private research universities to have been awarded this recognition for select research universities<ref>{{Cite web |title=Recognition as a Research University from UGC: Ahmedabad University receives the 12(B) status. |url=https://ahduni.edu.in/news/recognition-as-a-research-university-from-ugc-ahmedabad-university-receives-the-12-b-status/ |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=ahduni.edu.in |language=en}}</ref>
* Recognised as a Highly Commended University for Teaching and Learning Strategy of the Year in the Times Higher Education (THE) Awards Asia 2023<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Times Higher Education Awards Asia 2023 Recognises Ahmedabad University as Highly Commended University for Teaching and Learning Strategy |url=https://ahduni.edu.in/news/times-higher-education-awards-asia-2023-recognises-ahmedabad-university-as-highly-commended-university-for-teaching-and/ |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=ahduni.edu.in |language=en}}</ref>
* Awarded the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) Innovations That Inspire Award 2023 for its Foundation Programme<ref name="auto1"/>
* Awarded Platinum Rating by the Indian Green Building Council for achieving the Green Building Standards at our University Centre<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ahmedabad University Gujarat's Sole Education Institute Receives IGBC Platinum Certificati |url=https://ahduni.edu.in/news/ahmedabad-university-gujarats-sole-education-institute-to-receive-indian-green-building-council-platinum-certification/ |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=ahduni.edu.in |language=en}}</ref>
* Awarded the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) International Award for Excellence 2024 for our University Centre<ref>{{Cite web |title=University Centre of Ahmedabad University Wins RIBA International Award for Excellence' 24 |url=https://ahduni.edu.in/news/university-centre-of-ahmedabad-university-wins-prestigious-royal-institute-of-british-architects-international-award-for/ |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=ahduni.edu.in |language=en}}</ref>
* Ranked 6th in India and 18th in South Asia for climate action in the Times Higher Education (THE) Impact Rankings 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ahmedabad University's Climate Action Initiatives Gets International Recognition |url=https://ahduni.edu.in/news/ahmedabad-universitys-climate-action-initiatives-get-international-recognition/ |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=ahduni.edu.in |language=en}}</ref>
* The Times Higher Education Awards Asia 2025 recognised Ahmedabad University as the Leadership and Management Team of the Year in April 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-22 |title=Times Higher Education Awards Asia 2025: winners announced |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/times-higher-education-awards-asia-2025-winners-announced |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en}}</ref>
* Ahmedabad University's University Centre received an Honourable Mention at The International Architecture Award in August 2025, conferred by The Chicago Athenaeum: Museum of Architecture and Design and The European Centre for Architecture, Art, Design and Urban Studies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Chicago Athenaeum |url=https://www.chi-athenaeum.org/international-architecture-awards-honorable-mentions-2025/2025/07/17/ahmedabad-university-centre-ahmedabad-gujarat-india-2022/ |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=www.chi-athenaeum.org}}</ref>
* The Government of Gujarat recognised Ahmedabad University as a Centre for Excellence (CoE) for a period of six years, marking the second consecutive recognition.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ahmedabad University retains its recognition as a Centre of Excellence (CoE) |url=https://ahduni.edu.in/news/ahmedabad-university-retains-its-recognition-as-a-centre-of-excellence/ |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=ahduni.edu.in |language=en}}</ref>
* Ahmedabad University's High-Performance Computing (HPC) system, Stepwell, ranks among India's top 50 HPC systems, according to the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (CDAC), Bangalore.<ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://topsc.cdacb.in/filterdetailstry?page=50&slug=January2025}}</ref>

== Schools ==

=== Amrut Mody School of Management ===
Amrut Mody School of Management<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ahduni.edu.in/academics/schools-centres/amrut-mody-school-of-management/|title=Amrut Mody School of Management | Programmes|website=ahduni.edu.in|accessdate=8 April 2025}}</ref> at Ahmedabad University.

=== Bagchi School of Public Health ===
The Bagchi School of Public Health.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ahduni.edu.in/academics/schools-centres/bagchi-school-of-public-health/|title=Bagchi School of Public Health|website=ahduni.edu.in|accessdate=8 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=AACSB's prestigious innovations that inspire award for Ahmedabad University's Amrut Mody School of Management |url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/aacsb-s-prestigious-innovations-that-inspire-award-for-ahmedabad-university-s-amrut-mody-school-of-management-123041801026_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122172303/https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/aacsb-s-prestigious-innovations-that-inspire-award-for-ahmedabad-university-s-amrut-mody-school-of-management-123041801026_1.html |archive-date=22 January 2025 |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Livemint |date=2024-07-16 |title=Ahmedabad University launches Bagchi School of Public Health with ₹55-crore grant from Susmita and Subroto Bagchi {{!}} Mint |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/people/ahmedabad-university-launches-bagchi-school-of-public-health-with-rs-55-crore-grant-from-susmita-and-subroto-bagchi-11721043112393.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807162517/https://www.livemint.com/companies/people/ahmedabad-university-launches-bagchi-school-of-public-health-with-rs-55-crore-grant-from-susmita-and-subroto-bagchi-11721043112393.html |archive-date=7 August 2024 |access-date=2025-04-08 |work=mint |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== School of Arts and Sciences ===
The School of Arts and Sciences<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ahduni.edu.in/academics/schools-centres/school-of-arts-and-sciences/|title=School of Arts and Sciences | Ahmedabad University|website=ahduni.edu.in|accessdate=8 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=world |first=STIR |title=Chance encounters at the School of Arts and Sciences by RMA Architects |url=https://www.stirworld.com/see-features-chance-encounters-at-the-school-of-arts-and-sciences-by-rma-architects |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=www.stirworld.com |language=English}}</ref> follows a pedagogical approach. The School has five academic divisions: Biological and Life Sciences, Humanities and Languages, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Performing and Visual Arts, and Social Sciences.

=== School of Engineering and Applied Science ===
The School<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://ahduni.edu.in/academics/schools-centres/school-of-engineering-and-applied-science/|title=School of Engineering and Applied Science | Programmes|website=ahduni.edu.in|accessdate=8 April 2025}}</ref> of Engineering and Applied Science<ref name="auto"/> delivers undergraduate and graduate engineering programmes.

== Research centres ==

=== International Centre for Space and Cosmology ===
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |last=PR |first=ANI |date=2022-05-20 |title=International Centre for Space and Cosmology launched at Ahmedabad University |url=https://theprint.in/ani-press-releases/international-centre-for-space-and-cosmology-launched-at-ahmedabad-university/964163/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

The Centre <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-20 |title=Ahmedabad University launches International Centre for Space and Cosmology |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/jobs-career/education-ahmedabad-university-launches-international-centre-for-space-and-cosmology-2532732/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> works in collaboration nationally and globally with colleagues having related interests.

=== Physiotherapy College for the Visually Impaired ===
The Centre, spanning two campuses – the Blind People's Association and the School for the Deaf and Mute Society, supports the programme in physiotherapy with resources.

=== Sahyog: Centre for Promoting Health ===
Ahmedabad University’s Bagchi School of Public Health partnered with the Self Employed Women’s Association (SEWA) to establish [https://ahduni.edu.in/academics/schools-centres/sahyog-centre-for-promoting-health/ Sahyog: Centre for Promoting Health]. The collaboration combines strengths in health promotion, research, training, epidemiology, community empowerment, and outreach.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SEWA- AU join hands to improve citizens' health |url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/sewa--au-join-hands-to-improve-citizens-health/81861916.html |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=Ahmedabad Mirror |language=en}}</ref>

=== The Climate Institute ===
The Climate Institute<ref>{{cite web | title=The Climate Institute | url=https://ahduni.edu.in/academics/schools-centres/the-climate-institute/ }}</ref> at Ahmedabad University facilitates the development of solutions for climate, energy, and environmental challenges in the Global South by integrating local, national, and international resources. The Centre achieves this through education, research, and strategic partnerships, accelerating the implementation of innovative and impactful solutions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-10 |title=Global research collab, executive education focus at Ahmedabad's newly launched Climate Institute |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/global-research-collab-executive-education-focus-at-ahmedabads-newly-launched-climate-institute-9612690/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-09 |title=Ahmedabad University launches climate institute |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/ahmedabad-university-unveils-new-climate-institute-to-tackle-global-challenges/articleshow/114057125.cms |access-date=2025-04-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== VentureStudio ===
VentureStudio,<ref>{{cite web | title=VentureStudio | url=https://ahduni.edu.in/academics/schools-centres/venturestudio/ }}</ref> the innovation and startup incubation centre<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Venture Studio - Ahmedabad University {{!}} Scholar9 |url=https://scholar9.com/institute/venture-studio-ahmedabad-university-359 |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=scholar9.com}}</ref> at Ahmedabad University, was established in collaboration with Stanford University Design School in 2011. Since its inception, the Centre has supported over 150 startups in diverse science and technology domains such as Healthcare, BioTechnology, Life Sciences, Medical Devices, Diagnostics, Engineering, Agriculture, Fintech, Hardware, Industry 4.0, and Enterprise Software, among others.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-08-18 |title=AU Venture Studio designs wheelchair to enable paraplegics stand up once again |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/au-venture-studio-designs-wheelchair-to-enable-paraplegics-stand-up-once-again/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In 2017, the Department of BioTechnology chose the Centre to support BioIncubation activities in Gujarat.

== Collaborations ==
Ahmedabad University has entered into collaborations with several international research universities for academic development. These include:

*[[Stanford University]]'s Center for Design Research to help develop an entrepreneurial ecosystem through VentureStudio<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-03-24 |title=Ahmedabad, Stanford varsities launch centre for biz design |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/ahmedabad-stanford-varsities-launch-centre-for-biz-design/article23052556.ece |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Olin College|Olin College of Engineering]], USA for accelerating project-based learning specifically in the School of Engineering and Applied Science.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-10-11 |title=Ahmedabad University partners with US college for educational innovation |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/ahmedabad-university-partners-with-us-college-for-educational-innovation/articleshow/49312283.cms |access-date=2025-04-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
*[[University of Valladolid]], Spain and [[University of Ferrara]], Italy for working with the Centre for Heritage Management in developing programmes and research activities in the area of heritage.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-02-11 |title=India's 1st heritage lab launched |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Indias-1st-heritage-lab-launched/articleshow/30189092.cms |access-date=2025-04-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[University of Bradford]] to promote student and faculty exchange and joint research.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-09 |title=University of Bradford strengthens links with India - 2016 - University of Bradford |url=https://bradford.ac.uk/news/2016/bradford-india-trip.php |access-date=2025-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509062004/https://bradford.ac.uk/news/2016/bradford-india-trip.php |archive-date=2019-05-09}}</ref>
*[[ESC Rennes School of Business|Rennes School of Business]], France and Amrut Mody School of Management for students' exchange of BBA and Integrated MBA programmes.
*MoU between [[Rady School of Management]] at [[University of California San Diego|University of California, San Diego]] and Amrut Mody School of Management for close cooperation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ahmedabad University enters into academic collaboration with University of California San Diego – India Education {{!}} Latest Education News {{!}} Global Educational News {{!}} Recent Educational News |url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/ahmedabad-university-enters-academic-collaboration-university-california-san-diego/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719155959/https://indiaeducationdiary.in/ahmedabad-university-enters-academic-collaboration-university-california-san-diego/ |archive-date=19 July 2024 |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=indiaeducationdiary.in |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref>
*MoU with Bronx Community College (BCC) of the City University of New York (CUNY) to promote and develop academic cooperation, including student exchanges, summer schools and faculty-led programmes, and joint research, conferences, and workshops.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Weather Monitoring and Research on Ahmedabad University Campus in Collaboration with City University of New York and US Consulate General, Mumbai |url=https://ahduni.edu.in/news/weather-monitoring-and-research-on-ahmedabad-university-campus-in-collaboration-with-city-university-of-new-york-and-us/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=ahduni.edu.in |language=en}}</ref>
*MoU with the University of Sussex Business School and the Centre for Technology, Innovation and Economic Research (CTIER) in Pune, India to further mutual interests in education and academic research between the UK and India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ahmedabad University signs a new MoU with University of Sussex Business School and Centre for Technology, Innovation and Economic Research |url=https://ahduni.edu.in/news/ahmedabad-university-signs-a-new-mou-with-university-of-sussex-business-school-and-centre-for-technology-innovation-and/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=ahduni.edu.in |language=en}}</ref>
*School of Engineering and Applied Science at Ahmedabad University partnered with Ahmedabad Textile Industry’s Research Association (ATIRA) have joined hands to advance education, research and development, and provide services to the industries in these domains.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ahmedabad University and ATIRA Partner to establish a 21st Century Initiative on Composite |url=https://ahduni.edu.in/academics/schools-centres/school-of-engineering-and-applied-science/news/ahmedabad-university-and-atira-partner-to-establish-a-21st-century-initiative-on-composites/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=ahduni.edu.in |language=en}}</ref>
*MoU with the International Financial Services Centres Authority (IFSCA) focusing on talent development, research, and startup support within the fields of fintech and international financial services.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ahmedabad University signs an MoU with International Financial Services Centers Authority (IFSCA) |url=https://ahduni.edu.in/news/ahmedabad-university-signs-an-mou-with-international-financial-services-centers-authority-ifsca/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=ahduni.edu.in |language=en}}</ref>
*MoU with the Madras Diabetes Research Foundation (MDRF) in Chennai to enhance national and global health through collaborative research and training, focusing on facilitating doctoral research initiatives.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ahmedabad University and MDRF Collaborate for Health Improvement Initiatives |url=https://ahduni.edu.in/academics/schools-centres/bagchi-school-of-public-health/news/ahmedabad-university-and-madras-diabetes-research-foundation-collaborate-for-health-improvement-initiatives/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=ahduni.edu.in |language=en}}</ref>
*School of Engineering and Applied Science at Ahmedabad University signed an MoU with the Composites Excellence Center of Asia (CECA) to create a highly qualified workforce in composites, including design evolution, research and development, creation of tool designs, and promotion of appropriate manufacturing methodology.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ahmedabad University to Collaborate with CECA for Promoting Quality Manpower in Composites |url=https://ahduni.edu.in/academics/schools-centres/school-of-engineering-and-applied-science/news/ahmedabad-university-to-collaborate-with-composites-excellence-center-of-asia-for-promoting-quality-manpower-in-composites/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=ahduni.edu.in |language=en}}</ref>
*School of Engineering and Applied Science at Ahmedabad University signed an MoU with KUKA India Pvt Ltd. to establish the Advanced Industrial Robotic Centre of Excellence at the varsity campus, enhancing academic prowess, training, and industry-academia collaboration.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ahmedabad University Partners with KUKA India Pvt Ltd. To Build Capacity in Robotics |url=https://ahduni.edu.in/academics/schools-centres/school-of-engineering-and-applied-science/news/ahmedabad-university-partners-with-kuka-india-pvt-ltd-to-build-capacity-in-robotics/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=ahduni.edu.in |language=en}}</ref>
*MoU with Physical Research Laboratory to promote joint research initiatives, academic exchange, and access to resources and facilities.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-31 |title=PRL signs MoU with Ahmedabad University for joint research |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/prl-signs-mou-with-ahmedabad-university-for-joint-research/articleshow/112936882.cms |access-date=2025-04-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
*A consortium of Ahmedabad University, IIT Gandhinagar, and UC San Diego,<ref>{{Cite web |last=|first=|date=2024-11-14 |title=Fintech Institute & Innovation Hub launched in GIFT City |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/fintech-institute-innovation-hub-launched-in-gift-city/article68867698.ece |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> in partnership with Gujarat International Finance Tec-City (GIFT City), launched the GIFT International Fintech Institute (GIFT IFI)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-26 |title=GIFT IFI aims to meet shortage of skilled talent for fintech |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/industry-gift-ifi-aims-to-meet-shortage-of-skilled-talent-for-fintech-3760190/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> to establish India as a global leader in fintech by delivering advanced training and research programmes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-16 |title=Ahmedabad University, IIT Gandhinagar, UC San Diego partner with GIFT city to launch International Fintech Institute |url=https://news.careers360.com/ahmedabad-university-iit-gandhinagar-uc-san-diego-partner-gift-city-launch-international-fintech-institute |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=Careers360 |language=en}}</ref>
*The collaboration with the '''University of Bergamo''' advances interdisciplinary research, entrepreneurship, sustainability, and heritage studies. A structured ten-point agenda drives faculty–student exchanges, joint programmes, and an SME corridor linking businesses across both cities. The universities also plan civic engagement between the Mayors, strengthening cultural and educational ties.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From Ahmedabad to Bergamo: A Partnership Between Two Heritage Cities and Their Universitie |url=https://ahduni.edu.in/news/from-ahmedabad-to-bergamo-a-partnership-between-two-heritage-cities-and-their-universities/ |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=ahduni.edu.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Notable faculty ==
Ahmedabad University's faculty comprises approximately 200 academics and industry professionals with expertise in management, technology, humanities, arts, public health, and related fields.{{cn|date=January 2026}}

=== Management ===
Source:<ref>{{cite web | title=Faculty | url=https://ahduni.edu.in/academics/schools-centres/amrut-mody-school-of-management/faculty }}</ref>

* [[C. Rangarajan|Chakravarthi Rangarajan]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramesh |first=M. |date=2024-11-20 |title=Attaining developed country status by 2047 not easy, says Dr Rangarajan |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/attaining-developed-country-status-by-2047-not-easy-says-dr-rangarajan/article68886303.ece |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhatia |first=Tanushree |title=Ahmedabad University gets leading economist C Rangarajan |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/ahmedabad/report-ahmedabad-university-gets-leading-economist-c-rangarajan-2570862 |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Priyadarshi R. Shukla|Priyadarshi Shukla]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Professor Priyadarshi Shukla Honoured with Lifetime Achievement Award by IAMC |url=https://ahduni.edu.in/academics/schools-centres/global-centre-for-environment-and-energy/news/ahmedabad-universitys-professor-priyadarshi-shukla-honoured-with-lifetime-achievement-award-by-the-integrated-assessment/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=ahduni.edu.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Priyadarshi Shukla in the World's Top 2% Scientists 2023 List by Stanford University |url=https://ahduni.edu.in/academics/schools-centres/global-centre-for-environment-and-energy/news/priyadarshi-shukla-recognised-in-the-worlds-top-2-scientists-2023-list-by-stanford-university/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=ahduni.edu.in |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Ramadhar Singh]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoffa |first=Rebecca |date=2022-02-23 |title=Passion for research drives HHS Distinguished Alumni Award recipient to excel in social psychology and management |url=https://www.purdue.edu/hhs/news/2022/02/passion-for-research-drives-hhs-distinguished-alumni-award-recipient-to-excel-in-social-psychology-and-management/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=News {{!}} College of Health and Human Sciences |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Livemint |date=2022-08-08 |title=Prof Ramadhar Singh named first Indian psychologist on US Heritage Wall of Fame {{!}} Today News |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/ahmedabad-university-professor-ramadhar-singh-becomes-first-indian-psychologist-on-us-heritage-wall-of-fame-11659976213341.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213031011/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/ahmedabad-university-professor-ramadhar-singh-becomes-first-indian-psychologist-on-us-heritage-wall-of-fame-11659976213341.html |archive-date=13 December 2024 |access-date=2025-04-14 |work=mint |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Arts and Sciences ===
Source:<ref>{{cite web | title=Faculty | url=https://ahduni.edu.in/academics/schools-centres/school-of-arts-and-sciences/faculty }}</ref>
* [[Kunal Basu]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ahmedabad University Professor wins top Global Marketing Award |url=https://ahduni.edu.in/academics/schools-centres/school-of-arts-and-sciences/news/ahmedabad-university-professor-wins-top-global-marketing-award/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=ahduni.edu.in |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Pankaj Joshi (physicist)|Pankaj Joshi]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pankaj Joshi Recognised in the World's Top 2% Scientists 2023 List by Stanford University |url=https://ahduni.edu.in/academics/schools-centres/international-centre-for-space-and-cosmology/news/pankaj-joshi-recognised-in-the-worlds-top-2-scientists-2023-list-by-stanford-university/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=ahduni.edu.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-17 |title=Demise of stars: Gujarat scientist's work opens fresh frontiers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/demise-of-stars-gujarat-scientists-work-opens-fresh-frontiers/articleshow/118331324.cms |access-date=2025-04-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* [[Balaji Prakash]]
* [[Deepan Sivaraman]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Venkiteswaran |first=C. S. |date=2023-03-23 |title=INTERVIEW {{!}} ITFoK curator Deepan Sivaraman: 'Exposure to top quality international theatre the aim' |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/interview-itfok-curator-deepan-sivaraman-exposure-to-top-quality-international-theatre-the-aim/article66614432.ece |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref>

=== Engineering ===
Source:<ref>{{cite web | title=People | url=https://ahduni.edu.in/academics/schools-centres/school-of-engineering-and-applied-science/people-1 }}</ref>
* [[Ashitava Ghosal]]
* [[Sanjay Chaudhary (writer)|Sanjay Chaudhari]]
* [[Timothy A. Gonsalves|Timothy Gonsalves]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-22 |title=While software & MBA are common routes after BTech, a super choice is innovative engineering: Former IIT Mandi Director writes |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/former-iit-mandi-director-writes-software-mba-common-routes-after-btech-super-choice-is-innovative-engineering-jee-main-jee-advanced-8896882/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cultivating an Engineer's Mind |url=https://ahduni.edu.in/stepwell/stepwell-newsletter/cultivating-an-engineers-mind/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=ahduni.edu.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Student life ==

=== Housing ===
Student residencies offer comfortable, safe, and secure living accommodations that foster a sense of community and celebrate diversity in ideas, lifestyles, and cultural practices.<ref>{{cite web | title=Housing and Dining | url=https://ahduni.edu.in/academics/schools-centres/office-of-the-dean-of-students/student-services/housing-and-dining/ }}</ref>

=== Athletics ===
Ahmedabad University offers a comprehensive sports and games programme. Activities available include indoor and outdoor sports such as basketball, badminton, chess, cricket, carom, football, frisbee, shooting, table tennis, tennis, and volleyball. The University Centre features a gymnasium with modern equipment and a trained instructor.<ref>{{cite web | title=Sports and Athletics at Ahmedabad University | url=https://ahduni.edu.in/academics/schools-centres/office-of-the-dean-of-students/student-life-1/sports-and-athletics/ }}</ref>

=== Student Organisations ===
Ahmedabad University has nearly 30 student clubs and associations, designed to facilitate participation in co-curricular, academic, and social events. These enhance the student experience, enabling students to develop their skills, pursue interests, and build networks.<ref>{{cite web | title=Clubs & Associations | url=https://ahduni.edu.in/academics/schools-centres/office-of-the-dean-of-students/student-life-1/clubs-associations/ }}</ref>

=== Student Support ===
The university's Circle of Care programme provides incoming students with a support network consisting of faculty advisors, senior student mentors, and peer groups. This programme aims to assist students with their transition to university life by offering academic and personal guidance. The university counsellor and career development centre provide additional support.<ref>{{cite web | title=First Year at Ahmedabad | url=https://ahduni.edu.in/academics/schools-centres/office-of-the-dean-of-students/first-year-at-ahmedabad/ }}</ref>

=== Career Development Centre ===
Source:<ref>{{cite web | title=Career Development Centre | url=https://ahduni.edu.in/academics/schools-centres/office-of-the-dean-of-students/student-services/career-development-centre/ }}</ref>

Ahmedabad University's Career Development Centre assists graduating students in preparing for professional careers.

Ahmedabad University student community comprises 4000 students with more than 100 students pursuing PhD.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category-inline}}
* {{Official website|https://ahduni.edu.in/}}

{{Lalbhai Group}}
{{Universities in Gujarat}}
{{Alliance of Asian Liberal Arts Universities}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ahmedabad University]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2009]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Lalbhai Group]]

Pavitra Shankar

2026-03-24T09:05:34Z

Globaleducollege: New new article more to come

{{Short description|Indian entrepreneur}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pavitra Shankar
| image = Pavitra Shankar - 54139319513.jpg
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Bangalore|Bangalore, Karnataka]]
| education = [[Master of Business Administration]]
| occupation = Entrepreneur, Joint Managing Director, [[Brigade Group]], Founder, Brigade Legion Real Estate
| organization = [[Brigade Group]]
| parents = M R Jaishankar
| family = [[Nirupa Shankar]] (Sister)
}}

'''Pavitra Shankar''' is an entrepreneur and managing director of the real estate company [[Brigade Group]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kamath |first=Raghavendra |date=November 21, 2022 |title=We see growth fuelled by all our business domains: Brigade Group MD |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/we-see-growth-fuelled-by-all-our-business-domains-brigade-group-md-122112100876_1.html |work=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Datta |first=Souptik |date=2024-01-11 |title=Brigade Group plans to develop 15 million sq ft in Chennai by FY27, to expand office footprint |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/real-estate/brigade-group-plans-to-develop-15-million-sq-ft-in-chennai-by-fy27-to-expand-office-footprint-12030711.html |access-date= |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-10-11 |title=Brigade Group succession plan {{!}} Pavitra Shankar appointed as MD; Nirupa Shankar is Joint MD |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/real-estate/brigade-group-succession-plan-pavitra-shankar-appointed-as-md-nirupa-shankar-is-new-joint-md-9312491.html |access-date= |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref> M. R. Jaishankar, who founded the company in 1986, serves as its chairman and managing director. He is also the father of Pavitra.<ref name=":4" />

Pavitra was also a founder of Legion Real Estate, which is based in [[Menlo Park, California]].<ref name=":0" />

== Biography ==
Pavitra was born in Bangalore, India, and was educated in the United States. She obtained an economics degree from the [[University of Virginia]] and later earned an MBA in real estate and finance from [[Columbia University]] in [[New York City]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Pavitra Shankar, Executive Director of Brigade Group |url=https://www.theceomagazine.com/executive-interviews/property-real-estate/pavitra-shankar/ |access-date= |website=The CEO Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> where she received the Alexander Bodini Real Estate Fellowship. Following her education, she entered the field of private equity in the United States,<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=The Brigade group rides a crest |url=https://businessindia.co/magazine/the-brigade-group-rides-a-crest |access-date= |website=businessindia.co |language=en}}</ref> with a particular focus on the real estate sector.<ref name=":1" />

In 2016, Pavitra returned to India and was initially appointed as an executive director at Brigade Group.<ref name=":3" /> She was involved in portfolio analytics and fund operations at Rockwood Capital LLC in [[San Francisco]], a real estate private equity firm. Pavitra also contributed to [[Willis Towers Watson]], a human capital consulting firm, working in their actuarial consulting and corporate finance teams.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=October 12, 2022 |title=Brigade announces elevation of top management |url=https://www.hotelierindia.com/operations/brigade-announces-elevation-of-top-management |work=Hotelier India}}</ref>

Before joining Brigade Group as a managing director,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Keen on equity transactions, not debt: Brigade Enterprises' Pavitra Shankar |url=https://www.vccircle.com/keen-on-equity-transactions-not-debt-brigade-enterprises-pavitra-shankar |access-date= |website=VCCircle |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Video {{!}} Live Work Play - The Brigade Way |work=NDTV |url=https://www.ndtv.com/video/business/ndtv-special-ndtv-24x7/live-work-play-the-brigade-way-598862 |access-date=}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2021-05-26 |title=Building a Symphony |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/network/story/building-a-symphony-297008-2021-05-26 |access-date= |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> Pavitra founded and managed Legion Real Estate in [[Menlo Park, California]].<ref name=":0" /> The company provided business development and real estate marketing guidance to Indian developers targeting the NRI market in [[North America]].<ref name=":2" />

== Awards and achievements==
Pavitra Shankar received the [[Businessworld|BW Disrupt Women Entrepreneurship Award 2021]] for her real estate contributions.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suhail |first=Resham |date=21 April 2022 |title=Unending Quest For Entrepreneurial Victory |url=https://www.businessworld.in/article/Unending-Quest-For-Entrepreneurial-Victory/21-04-2022-426107/ |work=BusinessWorld}}</ref> She was also recognized in 2021 as one of Realty Plus' 40 under 40 icons.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Grand Finale of Realty+ 40 Under 40 Conclave & Awards 2021 |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/marketing-news/grand-finale-of-realty-40-under-40-conclave-awards-2021-113858.html |access-date= |website=Exchange4media |language=en}}</ref> In 2022, she received [[The Economic Times|The Economic Times Real Estate Award]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=The Economic Times Real Estate Awards 2022-South rewards excellence in industry - ET RealEstate |url=https://realty.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/the-economic-times-real-estate-awards-2022-south-rewards-excellence-in-industry/93031244 |access-date= |website=ETRealty.com |language=en}}</ref> In November 2024, Pavitra was included in Business Today's Most Powerful Women 2024 list.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Anuja |date=2024-11-08 |title=Trailblazers on Business Today’s Most Powerful Women 2024 list |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/trailblazers-on-business-today-most-powerful-women-2024-list-2630545-2024-11-08 |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> In 2025, she was listed among Fortune India's ‘Most Powerful Women in Business.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Most Powerful Women 2025: This Year's Top Women in Business |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/rankings/most-powerful-women/2025 |access-date= |website=Fortune India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shankar, Pavitra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Ali (actor)

2026-03-24T00:48:47Z

Globaleducollege: Expanded content with additional details

{{Short description|Indian actor, TV presenter (born 1967)}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ali
| image = Ali Telugu actor.jpg
| caption = Ali in 2019
| other names =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1967|10|10|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Happy Birthday Ali: ఆలీ.. కేరాఫ్ నవ్వుల కాట్రవల్లి.. |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/happy-birth-day-tollywood-comedian-ali-ta-332118.html |access-date=14 February 2021 |website=News18 Telugu |date=10 October 2019 |language=te}}</ref>
| birth_name =
| birth_place = [[Rajahmundry]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| otherparty = [[YSR Congress Party]] (2019–2024)<ref>{{cite web |title=Ali: నేనిప్పుడు ఏ పార్టీ మనిషిని కాదు.. వీడియో విడుదల చేసిన అలీ |url=https://www.eenadu.net/videos/playvideo/video-actor-ali-resigned-ysrcp/1/55085 |website=EENADU |language=te}}</ref> [[Telugu Desam Party]] (1999–2019)
| occupation = {{hlist | Actor | television presenter }}
| yearsactive = 1990–present
| works = [[Ali filmography|Full list]]
| relatives = [[Khayyum]] (brother)
| spouse = Zubeda Sultana
| father =
| mother =
| children =
| awards = [[Filmfare Award for Best Comedian – Telugu]]
}}

'''Mohammed Ali''' (born 10 October 1967), known professionally as '''Ali''', is an Indian actor, comedian, and television presenter who works predominantly in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] films and television. He acted in more than 1000 films in Telugu. He is a recipient of two [[Nandi Awards]] and two [[Filmfare Awards South]].

==Personal life==
Ali was born in [[Rajahmundry]], Andhra Pradesh, India, to a [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-speaking [[Muslim]] family. His father was a [[tailor]] and his mother was a home maker. He has one younger brother named [[Khayyum]], who is also an actor.<ref name="nettv4u">{{cite web |title=South Indian movies popular Comedian Ali |url=http://www.nettv4u.com/celebrity/telugu/movie-actor/ali |website=nettv4u.com |access-date=27 October 2016 |archive-date=17 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017124220/http://www.nettv4u.com/celebrity/telugu/movie-actor/ali |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ali married Zubeda Sultana in 1994. The couple has two daughters and a son.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Comedian Ali's mother Mohammad Zebeda passes away - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/comedian-alis-mother-mohammad-zebeda-passes-away/articleshow/72880857.cms |access-date=14 February 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=19 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Ali came into the movie industry with the help of Jit Mohan Mitra, Rajahmundry's musical company. He went to [[Chennai]] when director [[Bharathi Raja]] was looking for child actors for his movie ''[[Seethakoka Chiluka (1981 film)|Seethakoka Chiluka]]'', and was given a role. As a child Ali acted in several movies. When he was too old to be a child actor he struggled to get roles and later became a comedian in [[Telugu cinema]]. Director [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]] gave him comic roles in his movies, creating new roles for him. Ali developed his own style including his Katravalli dialogue and "Endha Chaata" dialogue in ''[[Rajendrudu Gajendrudu]]'' (1993).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.iqlikmovies.com/news/article/2016/02/18/Ali--039-s-Endha-Cheta-Song-in-Discussion/13867 | title=Ali's Endha Cheta Song in Discussion }}</ref> Ali acted in the 2010 [[Kannada]] film, ''[[Super (2010 Indian film)|Super]]'', which was acclaimed.

Ali is a brand ambassador for anti-itching medicine Manmohan Jaadoo Malaam. He became the host for a talkie show called ''Ali Talkies'' on MAA TV.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.in.com/live-tv/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010051833/https://www.in.com/live-tv/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 October 2017 |title=LIVE TV - Watch Indian TV Channels - Live Streaming and Catchup TV - LIVE News Online |website=in.com}}</ref> He also hosts the popular talk show ''[[Alitho Saradaga]]'' on ETV. He also made his ''[[Jabardasth (TV series)|Jabardasth]]'' debut as an ad hoc judge of the show.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jabardasth written update, May 30, 2019: Actor-TV host Ali makes his Jabardasth debut |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/jabardasth-written-update-may-30-2019-actor-tv-host-ali-makes-his-jabardasth-debut/articleshow/69596889.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=31 May 2019 |access-date=31 May 2019}}</ref>

==Political career==
Ali joined [[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]] on 11 March 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indtoday.com/actor-ali-joins-ysrcp/ |title=Actor Ali Joins YSRCP |date=11 March 2019}}</ref> He was appointed as Electronic Media Adviser to [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] on 27 October 2022.<ref name="Tollywood actor Mohammad Ali appointed as media advisor">{{cite news |last1=The New Indian Express |title=Tollywood actor Mohammad Ali appointed as media advisor |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2022/oct/28/tollywood-actor-mohammad-ali-appointed-as-media-advisor-2512489.html |access-date=3 November 2022 |date=28 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103174903/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2022/oct/28/tollywood-actor-mohammad-ali-appointed-as-media-advisor-2512489.html |archive-date=3 November 2022}}</ref><ref name="Actor Ali calls on CM Jagan">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |title=Actor Ali calls on CM Jagan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/actor-ali-calls-on-chief-minister/article66087388.ece |access-date=3 November 2022 |date=3 November 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref> Ali quit [[Politics]] on 28 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IIHQibVUUJM |title=నేనిప్పుడు ఏ పార్టీ మనిషిని కాదు.. వీడియో విడుదల చేసిన అలీ #ali |date=2024-06-28 |last=EENADU |access-date=2024-06-28 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Main|Ali filmography}}

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Film
! Result
|-
|1981
| rowspan="2" |[[Nandi Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008) |trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008) |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf |access-date=27 November 2024 |publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]] |language=Telugu}}</ref>
|[[Nandi Award for Best Child Actor|Best Child Actor]]
|''[[Seethakoka Chiluka (1981 film)|Seethakoka Chiluka]]''
| {{won}}
|-
|1996
|[[Nandi Special Jury Award|Special Jury Award]]
|''[[Pittala Dora (film)|Pittala Dora]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| 2003
| rowspan="2"|[[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Filmfare Best Comedian Award (Telugu)]]
| ''[[Amma Nanna O Tamila Ammayi]]''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/51stFilmfareAwardsTeluguwinnersforBestSupportingVillaincomedianroles | title=51stFilmfareAwardsTeluguwinnersforBestSupportingVillaincomedianroles | date=11 February 2025 }}</ref>
| {{won}}
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Super (2005 film)|Super]]''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/filmfareawards2006/pages/image031.html | title=Filmfare South awards 2006 - Telugu cinema }}</ref>
| {{won}}
|-
|}

==References==
<references />

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=0019382|name=Ali}}

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[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:People from Rajahmundry]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
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[[Category:Indian television talk show hosts]]
[[Category:Indian game show hosts]]

Kathak

2026-03-23T18:18:38Z

Globaleducollege: basic adjusted details as per guidelines additionally and added references per standard format

{{Italic title}}
{{Short description|Classical dance form from North India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Use Indian English |date=May 2017}}
{{cleanup lang|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox dance
| name = ''Kathak''
| genre = [[Indian classical dance]]
| instruments = [[Ghungroo]], [[Tabla]], [[Manjira]]
| image = Kathak contemporary 03.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Shinjini Kulkarni presenting a Kathak performance
| origin = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
}}
{{Hinduism}}

'''''Kathak''''' is one of the eight major forms of [[Classical Indian dance|Indian classical dance]].<ref>{{Cite web|title='Kathak — India's only secular classical dance form'|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1454196|access-date=2018-12-29|website=Dawn|date=29 December 2018 }}</ref> Its origin is attributed to the traveling bards in ancient [[northern India]] known as ''Kathakaar'' ("storyteller"), who communicated stories from the [[Hindu epics]] through dance, songs, and music. Its name derives from the [[Sanskrit]] word ''kathaa'' which means "story", and ''kathakaar'' which means "the one who tells a story" or "to do with stories". As time went on the dance-form acquired aspects of technical movement expertise in addition to the story-telling features, so that nowadays performers usually give equal emphasis to both.

''Kathak'' evolved during the [[Bhakti movement]], particularly by incorporating the [[Krishna legends in Kathak|childhood and stories of the Hindu deity Krishna]], as well as independently in the courts of north Indian kingdoms.<ref name="reenashah8" /><ref name="Lochtefeld2002p358" /> During the period of Mughal rule, the emperors were patrons of ''Kathak'' dance and actively promoted it in their royal courts.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BBC Arts - BBC Arts - Kathak: Does every gesture have a meaning?|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/2MMxwpfq6Dm0b5ywHRJkwHq/kathak-does-every-gesture-have-a-meaning|access-date=2020-06-02|website=BBC|language=en-GB}}</ref> ''Kathak'' performances include Urdu ''[[ghazal]]'' and commonly used instruments brought during the Mughal period.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-10-02|title=Kathak, The Indo-Persian Dance Style {{!}}|url=https://disco.teak.fi/asia/kathak-the-indo-persian-dance-style/|access-date=2020-06-02|website=Asian Traditional Theatre & Dance|language=en-GB}}</ref> As a result, it is the only Indian classical dance form to feature Persian elements.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.neontommy.com/news/2014/06/kathak-dance-puts-hinduism-and-islam-same-circle.html|title = Kathak Dance Puts Hinduism and Islam in the Same Circle}}</ref>

Stylistically, the ''Kathak'' dance form emphasizes rhythmic foot movements, with the ankles adorned with small bells (''Ghungroo'') and the movement harmonized to the music and especially its rhythm.<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p358"/><ref>{{cite book|author=John H. Beck|title=Encyclopedia of Percussion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8U83AgAAQBAJ |year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-74768-0 |pages=170–175 }}</ref> The legs and torso are generally straight, and if a story is being told, it is through a developed vocabulary based on the gestures of arms and upper body movement, facial expressions, neck movements, eyes and eyebrow movement, stage movements, bends, and turns. The main focus of the dance becomes the eyes and the foot movements. The eyes work as a medium of communication of the story the dancer is trying to communicate. With the eyebrows the dancer gives various facial expressions.<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p358"/><ref name="marysnodgrass166"/>

''Kathak'' is mainly found in three styles or schools, called "''gharana''", named after the cities where the ''Kathak'' dance tradition evolved – [[Jaipur]], [[Varanasi|Banares]], and [[Lucknow]]. These forms used to be quite distinct in their style and presentation but in recent years have converged to an extent, although they still retain their specialities. {{Sfn|Williams|2004|p=83}}{{Clarify|date=May 2024|reason=Four distinct forms, but three cities listed }} The Jaipur ''gharana'' focuses on technical expertise, with long pure dance compositions and fast spins and footwork; the Banaras gharana focuses on footwork and story-telling about Krishna, and Lucknow ''gharana'' focus more on grace and elegance. There is a fourth, much smaller gharana which evolved in the court of the king of [[Raigarh]], where the king invited representatives of all three gharanas to his court to serve as court dancers and teachers. The result produced some unique compositions, known as the Raigarh gharana.

''Kathak'' is a performance art that has survived and thrived as an [[oral tradition]], innovated and taught from one generation to another verbally and through practice.<ref name=reenashah9/> It transitioned, adapted, and integrated the tastes of the Mughal courts<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/2MMxwpfq6Dm0b5ywHRJkwHq/kathak-does-every-gesture-have-a-meaning|title=BBC Arts - Kathak: Do every gesture have a meaning? - BBC Arts|website=BBC|access-date=2017-07-29}}</ref> in the 16th and 17th centuries, particularly by [[Akbar]], but stagnated and went into decline during the [[British Raj|British colonial era]],<ref name="Ghuman2014p97"/> then was reborn as India gained independence and sought to rediscover its ancient roots and a sense of national identity through the arts.<ref name=marysnodgrass166>{{cite book|author=Mary Ellen Snodgrass|title=The Encyclopedia of World Folk Dance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DMGpDAAAQBAJ |year=2016|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-5749-8 |pages=165–168 }}</ref><ref name=reenashah9>{{cite book|author=Reena Shah|title=Movement in Stills: The Dance and Life of Kumudini Lakhia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sSKU2DROHMgC&pg=PA8|year=2006|publisher=Mapin |isbn=978-81-88204-42-7 |page=9 }}</ref>

==Etymology and nomenclature==
The term ''Kathak'' is rooted in the [[Vedas|Vedic]] term ''[[Katha (storytelling format)|Katha]]'' ({{langx|sa|कथा}}) which means "story, conversation, traditional tale".<ref name=reenashah8>{{cite book|author=Reena Shah|title=Movement in Stills: The Dance and Life of Kumudini Lakhia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sSKU2DROHMgC&pg=PA8|year=2006|publisher=Mapin |isbn=978-81-88204-42-7 |pages=8 }}</ref><ref name="Lochtefeld2002p358">{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch |url-access=registration|year=2002|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8 |pages=358–359 }}</ref> It differs from the numerous folk dance forms found in the north and other parts of the Indian subcontinent.<ref name="Banham1995p522">{{cite book|author=Martin Banham|title=The Cambridge Guide to Theatre|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgeguideto0000banh|url-access=registration|year=1995|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-43437-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgeguideto0000banh/page/522 522]–525}}</ref>

The ''Kathak'' dancers in ancient India were traveling bards and were known as ''Kathakas''<ref name=reenashah8/> or ''Kathakar''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Margaret E. Walker|title=India's Kathak Dance in Historical Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nC83DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA5|year=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-11737-7 |pages=5 }}</ref><ref name="NettlStone1998p493">{{cite book|author1=Bruno Nettl|author2=Ruth M. Stone, James Porter and Timothy Rice|title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia : the Indian subcontinent|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC |year=1998|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-8240-4946-1|pages=493–494}}</ref>

''Kathak'' has inspired simplified regional variants, such as the ''Bhavai'' – a form of rural theatre focusing on the tales of Hindu people ([[Shakti]]) – and one which emerged in the medieval era, and is presently found in [[Gujarat]], [[Rajasthan]], and [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Martin Banham|title=The Cambridge Guide to Theatre|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgeguideto0000banh |url-access=registration|year=1995|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-43437-9 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgeguideto0000banh/page/103 103]–104 }}</ref> Another variant that emerged from ancient ''Kathak'' is ''[[Thumri]]''.<ref name=koskoff955/>

''[[Thumri]]'' was developed by the [[tawaif]] community who were called "[[nautch]]" dancers by the British. Their history as ''Kathak'' dancers have been erased in modern India. ''Pallabi Chakravorty. (2008)''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chakravorty|first=Pallabi|title=Bells Of Change: Kathak Dance, Women And Modernity In India|publisher=Seagull|year=2008|isbn=978-1905422487|location=India}}</ref>''"Bells Of Change: Kathak Dance, Women And Modernity In India"'', also see ''"The Tawaif And The Item Girl: A Struggle For Identity"'' <ref>{{Cite book|last=Munsi, Chakraborty|first=Urmimala Sankar, Aishika|title=The Moving Space: Women in Dance|publisher=Primus Books|year=2017|isbn=978-9386552501|pages=65–80}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Sharmila Sharma et Rajendra Kumar Gangani 2.jpg|thumb|Performance by Sharmila Sharma and Rajendra Kumar Gangani at the [[Guimet Museum]] (November 2007)|alt=|left]]
{{Quote box | bgcolor=#FFE0BB |align=right
|quote= '''Performance arts and culture'''
<poem>
Let Nātya (drama and dance) be the fifth [[Vedas|vedic scripture]].
Combined with an epic story,
tending to virtue, wealth, joy and spiritual freedom,
it must contain the significance of every scripture
and forward every art.
</poem>
|source =— ''Nātyaśāstra'' 1.14–15<ref>{{Cite web|title=Natyashastra|publisher = Sanskrit Documents| url=http://sanskritdocuments.org/all_pdf/natya01.pdf}}</ref><ref name=mog17>{{cite web|title=The Mirror of Gesture|author=Coormaraswamy and Duggirala|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1917|page=4|url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924012568535#page/n5/mode/2up}}; Also see chapter 36</ref>}}

According to Mary Snodgrass, the ''Kathak'' tradition of India is traceable to 400 BCE.<ref name="marysnodgrass165">{{cite book|author=Mary Ellen Snodgrass|title=The Encyclopedia of World Folk Dance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DMGpDAAAQBAJ |year=2016|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-5749-8 |pages=xxii, 165 }}</ref> The earliest surviving text with ''Kathak'' roots is the ''[[Natya Shastra]]'',<ref name="marysnodgrass165" /> attributed to sage [[Bharata Muni|Bharata]]. Its first complete compilation is dated to between 200 BCE and 200 CE,{{Sfn|Natalia Lidova|2014}}{{Sfn|Tarla Mehta|1995|pp=xxiv, 19–20}} but estimates vary between 500 BCE and 500 CE.{{Sfn|Wallace Dace|1963|p=249}}

The most studied version of the ''Natya Shastra'' text consists of about 6000 verses structured into 36 chapters.{{Sfn|Natalia Lidova|2014}}{{Sfn|Emmie Te Nijenhuis|1974|pp=1–25}} Natalia Lidova states that the text describes the theory of ''Tāṇḍava'' dance ([[Shiva]]), the theory of rasa, of bhāva, expression, gestures, acting techniques, basic steps, and standing postures – all of which are part of Indian classical dances, including ''Kathak''.{{Sfn|Natalia Lidova|2014}}{{Sfn| Kapila Vatsyayan | 2001}}<ref>{{cite book|author1=Cheris Kramarae|author2=Dale Spender|title=Routledge International Encyclopedia of Women: Global Women's Issues and Knowledge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QAOUAgAAQBAJ |year=2004|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-96315-6|page=296}}</ref> Dance and performance arts, states this ancient Hindu text,<ref>{{cite book|author=Guy L. Beck|title=Sonic Liturgy: Ritual and Music in Hindu Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UzUMCAAAQBAJ |year=2012|publisher=University of South Carolina Press|isbn=978-1-61117-108-2|pages=138–139 |quote='''Quote:''' "A summation of the signal importance of the Natyasastra for Hindu religion and culture has been provided by Susan Schwartz, "In short, the Natyasastra is an exhaustive encyclopedic dissertation of the arts, with an emphasis on performing arts as its central feature. It is also full of invocations to deities, acknowledging the divine origins of the arts and the central role of performance arts in achieving divine goals (...)".}}</ref> are a form of expression of spiritual ideas, virtues, and the essence of scriptures.<ref name=mog17/><ref>{{cite book|author=Margaret E. Walker|title=India's Kathak Dance in Historical Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nC83DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA5|year=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-11737-7 |pages=ix }}, Quote: "Like other Indian classical dance forms, Kathak also lays claim to ancient roots and a genesis as a temple dance or religious story telling method, and many dancers both in India and the diaspora will explain their art form in its purest state as a devotional activity, a type of sadhana or spiritual practice".</ref>

The 2nd century BCE panels found in [[Bharhut]] show the dancers in a vertical stance with their arms' positions already suggesting today's ''Kathak'' movements. Most of the dancers have one arm near the ear in a <nowiki>''pataka hasta''</nowiki> ([[mudra]]). In subsequent years, the hasta was lowered to the bust level.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Rhythmic Echos and Reflections KATHAK|last=Narayan|first=Shovana|publisher=Roli Books Pvt Ltd|year=1998|isbn=8174360492|location=India}}</ref>

The term ''Kathakas'' in the sense of "storytellers" appears in ancient Hindu texts, such as the ''[[Mahabharata]]'':<ref name=buitenen400/>

{{Blockquote|
<poem>
{{lang|sa|वेदवेदाङ्गविद्वांसस्तथैवाध्यात्मचिन्तकाः।
चौक्षाश्च भगवद्भक्ताः सूताः पौराणिकाश्च ये॥२॥
'''कथका'''श्चापरे राजञ्श्रमणाश्च वनौकसः।
दिव्याख्यानानि ये चापि पठन्ति मधुरं द्विजाः॥३॥}}

Followed by the scholars of the Vedas and Vedangas, and by those who ponder on their soul,
by persons skilled in music, by the devotees of Bhagavata, (...)
by ''Kathakas'' (reciters of the sacred lore), by dwellers of forests, (...)
by those who sweetly recite celestial histories.
</poem>
|''Adi Parva CCVI.2-3'' | Mahabharat, Book 1<ref name=buitenen400>{{cite book|author=J.A.B. van Buitenen|title=The Mahabharata, Volume 1: Book 1: The Book of the Beginning|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pPVJCgAAQBAJ |year=2011|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-21754-3|page=500}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|The verse number is of the critical edition used by JAB van Buitenen. There are many manuscripts of the Mahabharata, and in some versions such as the one translated by Manmatha Nath Dutt in 1894, this verse is found in his chapter 226.}}}}

Bards, actors, dancers, songsters, and musical reciters of legends and stories are mentioned hundreds of times in the Hindu Epics.<ref>{{cite book|author=J.A.B. van Buitenen|title=The Mahabharata, Volume 1: Book 1: The Book of the Beginning|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pPVJCgAAQBAJ |year=2011|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-21754-3|pages=20–28, 55–58, 122–125, 170, 285, '''347''', 400}}</ref>

===Bhakti movement era===
Textual studies suggest that ''Kathak'' as a classical dance form likely started in Banares ([[Varanasi]]) and from there migrated northwest to Lucknow, Jaipur, and other parts of north and northwest India.<ref name=walker100>{{cite book|author=Margaret E. Walker|title=India's Kathak Dance in Historical Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nC83DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA100|year=2016|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-11737-7 |pages=100–102 }}</ref> The Lucknow tradition of ''Kathak'' dance attributes the style to a [[Bhakti movement]] devotee named Ishwari from the [[Handia, Uttar Pradesh|Handia]] village in [[Prayagraj district|Prayagraj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], who credited Hindu god [[Krishna]] appearing in his dream and asking him to develop "dance as a form of worship".<ref name=walker100/> Ishwari taught his descendants, who in turn preserved the learning and developments through an oral tradition over six generations, ultimately yielding the Lucknow version of the ''Kathak'' dance – a family tree that is acknowledged in both Hindu and Muslim music-related Indian literature.<ref name=walker100/>

[[File:Kathak Dancers Namrata Rai & Vishal Krishna.jpg|thumb|A picture from The Musical - Gita Govinda, Namrata Rai as Radha and Vishal Krishan as Krishna<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/countless-emotions-one-goal/article29459022.ece | title=Countless emotions, one goal | work=The Hindu | date=19 September 2019 | last1=Gupta | first1=Madhur }}</ref>]]
The evolution in ''Kathak'' dance theme during the Bhakti movement centered primarily around divine Krishna, his lover Radha, and milkmaids (''gopis'') – around legends and texts such as the [[Bhagavata Purana]] found in the [[Vaishnavism]] tradition of Hinduism.<ref name="NettlStone1998p493"/> The love between Radha and Krishna became symbolism for the love between [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]] (soul within) and the supreme source (Cosmic soul everywhere), a theme that dance ballet and mimetic plays of ''Kathak'' artists expressed.<ref name="NettlStone1998p493"/> Although central Asian influence of ''Kathak'' rapid whirls has been proposed, [[Sangita Ratnakara|''Sangitaratnakara'']], a 13th-century Sanskrit text on Indian classical music and dance in Chapter 4 mentions a dance movement with rapid whirling around like a wheel keeping the arms in the Dola pose and bending the body inwards called 'Cakramandala'. It is employed in worshipping gods and in vigorous movement.<ref>{{Cite book|last=srangadeva|url=http://archive.org/details/SangitaRatnakaraChapter4|title=Sangita ratnakara chapter 4}}</ref>

The emergence of Raslila, mainly in the Braj region (Mathura in Western U.P.) was an important development. It combined in itself music, dance, and the narrative. Dance in Raslila, however, was mainly an extension of the basic mime and gestures of the ''Kathakars'' or story-tellers which blended easily with the existing traditional dance.

===Mughal era===
With the coming of the Mughals, this dance form received a new impetus. A transition from the temple courtyard to the palace durbar took place which necessitated changes in presentation. In both Hindu and Muslim courts, ''Kathak'' became highly stylized and came to be regarded as a sophisticated Islamic form of entertainment. Under the Muslims, there was a greater stress on nritya and bhavag - the dance's graceful, expressive, and sensuous dimensions.

The Mughal era courts and nobles accepted ''Kathak'' as a form of aristocratic entertainment, which low income families were willing to provide.<ref>{{cite book|author=Mary Ellen Snodgrass|title=The Encyclopedia of World Folk Dance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DMGpDAAAQBAJ |year=2016|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-5749-8 |page=166 }}</ref> According to Drid Williams:

{{Blockquote|
It should be remembered that the first Kathak dancers were, after all, Hindus who danced for Moghul overlords. Too much outward expression of religious belief was without doubt undesirable. It is therefore reasonable to assume that the wide use of 'abstract' dancing, intricate bell work (''tatkar''), dazzling turns and the fleeting, transient, glimpses of Radha and Krishna in Kathak arose both to remind the dancers about their reasons for dancing and (gently, unobtrusively) to deceive their courtly Moghul audiences. Perhaps ''tatkar'' and ''tukras'' formed the bulk of these first dancers' performances. Gradually more and more images, then stories of Krishna and Radha crept in.
|Drid Williams|''Anthropology and the Dance''{{Sfn|Williams|2004|p=85}}}}

[[File:Namrrta Raai (Kathak).jpg|thumb|Namrata Rai (''Kathak'' Dancer) while performing Sufi poetries in a concert]] Over time, the ''Kathak'' repertoire added Persian and Central Asian themes, such as the whirling of Sufi dance. The dress replaced ''sari'' with items that bared midriff and included a transparent veil of the type common with medieval Harem dancers.<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Jonathan Gil Harris]]| year=2015| title=The First Firangis: Remarkable Stories of Heroes, Healers, Charlatans, Courtesans & other Foreigners who Became Indian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y4i7BwAAQBAJ&pg=PT149 |publisher=Aleph |isbn=978-9382277637 |pages=149 }}</ref><ref name="Kugle2016p230">{{cite book|author=Scott Kugle|title=When Sun Meets Moon: Gender, Eros, and Ecstasy in Urdu Poetry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KMo3CwAAQBAJ |year=2016|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|isbn=978-1-4696-2678-9|pages=228–230}}</ref> When the colonial European officials began arriving in India, the ''Kathak'' court entertainment they witnessed was a synthesis of the ancient Indian tradition and Central Asian-Persian dance form.

===British Raj era===
With the expansion of British colonial rule in 19th-century India, ''Kathak'' along with all other classical dance forms were discouraged and it went into decline.<ref name=reenashah9/><ref>{{cite book|author=Leslie C. Orr|title=Donors, Devotees, and Daughters of God: Temple Women in Medieval Tamilnadu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F___xKcP8lMC |year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-535672-4|pages=11–13}}</ref> This was in part the result of the Victorian morality of sexual repressiveness along with Anglican missionaries who criticized Hinduism.<ref name=marysnodgrass166/><ref name="Walker2016p94"/> Reverend James Long, for example, proposed that ''Kathak'' dancers should forget ancient Indian tales and Hindu legends, and substitute them with European legends and Christian tales.<ref name=marysnodgrass166/> Missionaries recorded their frustration in ''Church Missionary Review'' when they saw Hindu audiences applaud and shout "Ram, Ram" during ''Kathak'' performances.<ref name=marysnodgrass166/>

The seductive gestures and facial expressions during ''Kathak'' performances in Temples and family occasions were caricatured in ''The Wrongs of Indian Womanhood'', published at the start of the 20th century, as evidence of "harlots, debased erotic culture, slavery to idols and priests" tradition, and Christian missionaries demanded that this must be stopped, launching the "anti-dance movement" or "anti-nautch movement" in 1892.<ref name=marysnodgrass166/><ref name="Ghuman2014p97">{{cite book|author=Nalini Ghuman|title=Resonances of the Raj: India in the English Musical Imagination, 1897-1947|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BkVZAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA97 |year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-931489-8 |pages=97 footnote 72 }}</ref><ref name="Walker2016p94">{{cite book|author=Margaret E. Walker|title=India's Kathak Dance in Historical Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nC83DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA94|year=2016|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-11737-7 |pages=94–98 }}</ref> Officials and newspapers dehumanized the ''Kathak'' dancers and the sources of patronage were pressured to stop supporting the Kathak performing "nautch girls" (also termed as ''devadasis'' and ''tawa'ifs'' in mid 20th century literature).<ref name="Walker2016p94"/> Many accused the dance form as a front for prostitution,<ref name="NettlStone1998p493"/> while revivalists questioned the constructed histories by the colonial writers.<ref>{{cite book|author=Leslie C. Orr|title=Donors, Devotees, and Daughters of God: Temple Women in Medieval Tamilnadu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F___xKcP8lMC |year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-535672-4|pages=5, 8–17}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=The Hindu Temple-dancer: Prostitute or Nun? |author= Amrit Srinivasan|journal= The Cambridge Journal of Anthropology|volume= 8| number= 1 |year =1983| pages= 73–99|jstor=23816342}}</ref>

Not only did missionaries and colonial officials ridicule the ''Kathak'' dancers, Indian men who had been educated in British institutions and had adapted to Victorian prudery also joined the criticism, states Margaret Walker, possibly because they had lost their cultural connection, no longer understood the underlying spiritual themes behind the dance, and assumed this was one of the "social ills, immoral and backward elements" in their heritage that they must stamp out.<ref name="Walker2016p94"/> However, the Hindu families continued their private tutoring and kept the ''Kathak'' art alive as an [[oral tradition]].<ref name=marysnodgrass166/> ''Kathak'' teachers also shifted to training boys to preserve the tradition, as most of the 20th-century ridicule had been directed at ''Kathak'' "nautch girls".<ref name="Walker2016p94"/>

''Kathak'' was brought to the attention of audiences outside India in the early 20th century through Kalkaprasad Maharaj.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gassner|first=John |author2=Edward Quinn|title=The Reader's Encyclopedia of World Drama|url=https://archive.org/details/readersencyclope0000gass |url-access=registration|year=2002| publisher=Courier Dover Publications|isbn=0-486-42064-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/readersencyclope0000gass/page/453 453]}}</ref>

===Post-independence era===
The movement to end the colonial era and for an independent India, states Walker, also witnessed a revival of ''Kathak'' and more broadly, a cultural ferment and effort to reclaim culture and rediscover history.<ref name="Walker2016p99">{{cite book|author=Margaret E. Walker|title=India's Kathak Dance in Historical Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nC83DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA99|year=2016|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-11737-7 |pages=99–102 }}</ref> [[File:Manisha.JPG|thumb|left|State of 'sam' performed by [[Manisha Gulyani]]]]The ''Kathak'' revival movements co-developed in Hindu ''gharanas'', particularly by the Kathak-Misra community.<ref name="Walker2016p99"/> Of these the Jaipur and Lucknow sub-traditions of ''Kathak'' have attracted more scholarship.<ref name="Walker2016p99"/>

The oldest ''Kathak'' department pat a degree college (university) was formed in 1956 at Indira Kala Sangeet University, a public university located in Khairagarh where [[Puru Dadheech]] instated the first ''Kathak'' syllabus for degree programs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iksv.ac.in/department-kathak-dance|title=Department of Kathak Dance | Indira Kala Sangeet Vishwavidyalaya}}</ref> It was inspired by the diploma syllabus of [[Mohanrao Kallianpurkar]] at Bhatkhande College.<ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/interview-with-kathak-exponent-subhash-chandra/article7481903.ece| title = In tune with the old world - The Hindu| newspaper = The Hindu| date = 30 July 2015| last1 = Rajan| first1 = Anjana}}</ref>

According to a BBC Arts article, ''Kathak'' is unique in being practiced by the [[Islam in India|Muslim community]] of the India, and thus has a "historical link to [[Islam]]."<ref name="bbcartskathak">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/2MMxwpfq6Dm0b5ywHRJkwHq/kathak-does-every-gesture-have-a-meaning|title=BBC Arts - Kathak: Does every gesture have a meaning? - BBC Arts|website=BBC|access-date=2017-07-29}}</ref> Farah Yasmeen Shaikh, a Muslim and a disciple of Pandit Chitresh Das in the [[Lucknow]] school, considers ''Kathak'' as a "confluence of Hindu and [[Muslim culture]]s", and has presented her performance in [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1175112|title=Kathak is a confluence of Hindu and Muslim cultures, says Farah Yasmeen Shaikh|last=Noorani|first=Asif|date=2016-04-06|work=Images|access-date=2017-07-29|language=en}}</ref> In contrast, states BBC, [[Nahid Siddiqui]] (a legendary ''Kathak'' dancer from Pakistan, settled and nurtured in the UK), "has a hard time practising and presenting her [Kathak] art in her birth-country of Pakistan".<ref name=bbcartskathak/>

While most scholars consider ''Kathak'' as an ancient art, some such as Margaret Walker suggest the modern ''Kathak'' is a 20th-century phenomenon, more a form of cultural revival, if one relies on the music-related Indian documents.<ref>{{cite book|author=Margaret E. Walker |title=India's Kathak Dance in Historical Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nC83DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA8|year=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-11737-7|page=8}}</ref>

==Repertoire==
[[File:Kathak 3511900193 986f6440f6 b retouched.jpg|thumb|''Chakkarwala tukra'' is a swirling part, here performed by [[Richa Jain]]]]
A modern ''Kathak'', in all three major sub-traditions called Lucknow, Banares, and Jaipur styles (''gharana''), states Bruno Nettl, consist of three main sections - the invocation, one pure (abstract) dance recital, and one expressive dance.<ref name="NettlStone1998p493"/>

The invocation (''vandana'') consists of the dancer coming to stage and offering respect to his or her [[guru]] and the musicians on the stage. If the team is from the Hindu tradition, the dancer(s) combine facial expressions and hand gestures (''mudra'') to invoke Hindu gods and goddesses; while a Muslim performance replaces the devotional expressions with a ''salami'' (salutation).<ref name="NettlStone1998p493"/>

The pure dance is called a ''nritta'', while the expressive dance is called a ''nritya''.<ref name=koskoff955>{{cite book|author=Ellen Koskoff|title=The Concise Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: The Middle East, South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=73MO0eiQD_EC&pg=PA955 |year=2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-99404-0 |pages=955 }}</ref> A ''Kathak'' performance can be solo, duo, or team. In a technical performance, the speed and energy the dancers exchange with the audience increases in multiples, that is, the tempo doubles or quadruples.<ref name=walker2>{{cite book|author=Margaret E. Walker|title=India's Kathak Dance in Historical Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nC83DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA5|year=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-11737-7 |page=2 }}</ref> During the performance, one or more of the ''Kathak'' artists may come to the microphone, interact with the audience, explain something, tell an anecdote in a particular language, or rhythmically recite a song.<ref name=walker2/>

The dresses of the dancer and the facial cosmetics between a Hindu or Muslim ''Kathak'' dance troupe varies. The stage typically is bare with no distracting background, states Williams, with musicians seated on rugs downstage right (audience's left), and if it is a Hindu performance there is an image of dancing [[Shiva]] ([[Nataraja]]) or a [[Ganesha]] on the stage's left with flowers and perfumed incense burning.{{Sfn|Williams|2004|pp=85-86}}{{Refn|group=note|Alternatively, there may be an image of a spiritual leader or someone that the Kathak artists revere.}}

===Pure dance (''Nritta'')===
The ''nritta'' performance starts off with a ''thàth'' sequence, which is a slower graceful movement of wrists, neck, and eyebrows.<ref name="NettlStone1998p493"/><ref name=walker2/> Thereafter, the dancer gradually increases speed and energy, while completing a sequence of ''bol'' (mnemonic syllables in Indian tradition).<ref name="NettlStone1998p493"/> Each ''bol'' has short sections, similar to technical exercises in Western dance traditions, wherein the dancer engages the audience with ''tora'', ''tukra'', ''[[parhant]]'', ''paran,'' and others stressing footwork, gestures, and turns.<ref name="NettlStone1998p493"/><ref name="Khokar1984p136"/> Each section when completed has a punctuation mark, usually a sharp turn of the head.<ref name="NettlStone1998p493"/> Each ankle is adorned with small bells (''ghungroo''), which may have just one bell or hundreds. The dancer's rapid movements and footwork in a ''nritta'' is perfectly timed to the musical beats (''tala'') and tempos, and the footwork sequences are called ''tatkars''.<ref name="NettlStone1998p493"/><ref name="Khokar1984p136">{{cite book|author=Mohan Khokar|title=Traditions of Indian classical dance |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=prjnAAAAMAAJ |year=1984|publisher=Clarion Books|pages=136–138 |isbn=9780391032750 }}</ref>

Most of the ''Nritta'' performance is abstract, fast, and rhythmic.<ref name=koskoff955/> In a ''Kathak'' ''nritta'', as with all classical Indian dance forms, the viewer is presented with pure movement, wherein the emphasis is the beauty in motion, form, speed, range, and pattern. It aims to engage the senses (prakriti) of the audience.<ref name="Descutner2010p45">{{cite book|author=Janet Descutner|title=Asian Dance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8tCYjXOtkdgC |year=2010|publisher=Infobase|isbn=978-1-4381-3078-1|pages=45–46}}</ref>

===Expressive dance (''Nritya'')===
[[File:Kathak dance India November 2011.jpg|thumb|The expressive (''nritya'') stage of the ''Kathak'' dance, in Hindu dress]]
''Nritya'' is a slower and expressive aspect of ''Kathak'' that attempts to communicate feelings and storyline particularly with spiritual themes in Hindu dance traditions.<ref name=koskoff955/> In a ''nritya'', the dance expands to include words, musical notes, and gestures to articulate a legend or message. It is more than sensory enjoyment; it aims to engage the emotions and mind of the viewer.<ref name="Descutner2010p45"/>
[[File:Kathak Solo Performance (15).jpg|thumb|Facial expressions]]
The expressiveness of ''Kathak'' is also found in other classical dances of India. Its roots are found in the ''Natyashastra'' text which defines drama in verse 6.10 as that which aesthetically arouses joy in the spectator, through the medium of actor's art of communication, that helps connect and transport the individual into a super sensual inner state of being.{{Sfn|Tarla Mehta|1995|p=3}} The ''Natya'' connects through ''abhinaya'' (literally, "carrying to the spectators"),{{Sfn|Massey|1999|p=10}} that is applying body-speech-mind and scene, wherein asserts ''Natyashastra'', the actors communicate to the audience, through song and music.{{Sfn|Tarla Mehta|1995|p=3}} Drama in this ancient Sanskrit text, thus, is an art to engage every aspect of life, in order to glorify and gift a state of joyful consciousness.{{Sfn|Tarla Mehta|1995|p=5}} According to Massey, another important ancient text that has influenced ''Kathak'' is the ''Abhinaya Darpanam'' of Nandikeshvara (~2nd century CE).{{Sfn|Massey|1999|p=10}}

In ''Kathak'', ''abhinaya'' is in the form of expressive gestures and pantomime set to music that usually outlines a legend or the plot of a well known story.<ref name=walker2/> The gestures and facial expressions convey the ''ras'' (sentiment, emotional taste) and ''bhava'' (mood) of the underlying story.{{Sfn|Massey|1999|p=10}} In the Hindu texts on dance, the guru and the artists successfully express the spiritual ideas by paying attention to four aspects of a performance: ''Angik'' (gestures and body language), ''Vachik'' (song, recitation, music, and rhythm), ''Aharya'' (dress, make-up, jewelry), and ''Satvik'' (artist's mental disposition and emotional connection with the story and audience, wherein the artist's inner and outer state resonates).{{Sfn|Massey|1999|pp=10-13}} A ''Kathak nritya'' performance, however, grants flexibility to the artists and invites improvisation, and it may not be accompanied with a song or recital about the legend.{{Sfn|Kapila Vatsyayan|1974|pp=94, 90-96}} The stories in ''Kathak'' performance generally tend to be about the Hindu god Krishna (or in some cases Shiva or Devi), and the stories come from sources such as the [[Bhagavata Purana]] or the Indian Epics. This form of expressiveness is also found in ''thumri'' and Persian ''ghazals''.<ref name=walker2/>

===Dresses===
[[File:Nahid_Siddiqui.jpg|thumb|''Kathak'' maestro [[Nahid Siddiqui]], in Muslim dress]]
The dresses vary among ''Kathak'' performers and find their sources in either Hindu or Muslim culture.{{Sfn|Massey|1999|pp=30-31}}

The Hindu dress for female dancers has two variations.{{Sfn|Massey|1999|pp=30-31}} One is based on a sari, but is worn in a style different from the customary style that goes over the left shoulder. A ''Kathak'' artist generally wraps the sari around the waist and it hangs down from the left.{{Sfn|Massey|1999|pp=30-31}} A blouse called ''choli'' covers the upper body.{{Sfn|Massey|1999|pp=30-31}} The artist may wear a scarf (called ''orhni'' in some places). Hair, face, ear, neck, hand, wrist, and ankle jewelry, typically of gold, may adorn the artist. A ''tika'' or ''[[Bindi (decoration)|bindi]]'' in the middle of the forehead is common.{{Sfn|Massey|1999|pp=30-31}} The second variation of a Hindu ''Kathak'' dancer wears a either a [[Ghagra choli|ghagra]] or [[lehenga]], a long, full (just above the ankle), light-weight skirt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kathak Dance Requirements {{!}} Kathak Dance Dress {{!}} Kathak Dance Costumes |url=https://www.adarshadresspalace.com/kathakdance-requirements.php |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=www.adarshadresspalace.com}}</ref> It will usually have an embroidered border that helps highlight the dance motion. The skirt is contrasted with a different color ''choli'', and a transparent scarf typically drapes over it and the dancer's head. Jewelry is typically present in the second variation.{{Sfn|Massey|1999|pp=30-31}}

The Muslim dress for female dancers also uses a skirt, but includes close fitting [[Churidar|churidar pyjamas]] and sometimes a long coat covering hands and the upper body. The head has a cover scarf and the jewelry is light.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0D3msgEACAAJ|title = The Unity of Music and Dance in World Cultures|isbn = 9780786497157|last1 = Akombo|first1 = David|date = 26 January 2016| publisher=McFarland }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kathak Dance Requirements {{!}} Kathak Dance Dress {{!}} Kathak Dance Costumes|url=https://fancydressnoida.com/kathak-dress/|access-date=2023-02-13|website=www.fancydressnoida.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=David Akombo|title=The Unity of Music and Dance in World Cultures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1ByGCwAAQBAJ |year=2016|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-1-4766-2269-9 |pages=164 }}</ref> Another variation features the Kathak dancer wearing an [[anarkali]], a tunic with a flared skirt that can fall down to the dancer's ankles. The dancers wear churidar pyjamas or trousers underneath the anarkali.<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2024-10-03 |title=The Art of Attire: A Guide to Kathak Dress - Enatyam Blog |url=https://www.enatyam.com/blog/the-art-of-attire-a-guide-to-kathak-dress/,%20https://www.enatyam.com/blog/the-art-of-attire-a-guide-to-kathak-dress/ |access-date=2026-01-07 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The Hindu dress for male ''Kathak'' performers is typically a silk ''[[dhoti]]'' draped around the waist, and covered with a silk scarf tied over the top.{{Sfn|Massey|1999|pp=31-32}} The upper body is usually left bare or with only the Hindu thread, but is sometimes covered with a loose sleeveless jacket. ''Kathak'' male artists also wear jewellery, but often of stones and much simpler than the female artists.{{Sfn|Massey|1999|pp=31-32}}
The Mughal dress for male ''Kathak'' performers is kurta-churidar. The kurta can be a simple one, or cut as an angarkha. There is also the possibility of adapting the angarkha or kurta for dance to incorporate wider flare in the lower portion. Particularly older variety dress includes the small peaked cap too.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}

[[File:Flickr - dalbera - Henri Tournier (spectacle de danse Kathak, musée Guimet).jpg|thumb|left|A tabla drummer and other musicians play for a ''Kathak'' dancer.]]

==Instruments==
The ensemble of musical instruments vary with any ''Kathak'' performer, ranging from two to twelve classical Indian instruments, or more in versions with synthetic innovations.<ref name=walker2/> The most common instruments that go with ''Kathak'' are ''tabla'' (a pair of hand drums) that sync with the dancer's feet rhythms, ''sarangi'', or harmonium with ''manjira'' (hand cymbals) that meters the ''tal'' (cycle), and other instruments to add effect, depth, and structure to the expressive stage of a Kathak performance.<ref name=walker2/><ref>{{cite book|author1=Bruno Nettl|author2=Ruth M. Stone, James Porter and Timothy Rice|title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia : the Indian subcontinent|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC |year=1998|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-8240-4946-1|pages=331–343}}</ref>

==Music==
The ancient music genre of India, [[Dhrupad]], was re-introduced into ''Kathak'' for the first time by India's senior ''Kathak'' exponent Mahamahopadhyay Dr. Pandit [[Puru Dadheech]]. He is India's first ''Kathak'' dancer to bring back Dhrupad on the formal ''Kathak'' stage and this composition in 28 matra. Shankar Pralayankar, his Dhrupad composition, has the unique status of regularly being sung in concerts by Dhrupad maestros the [[Gundecha Brothers]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.afternoondc.in/culture/sunil-performs-the-naayak-in-kathak/article_235028 |title=Sunil performs 'the Naayak' in Kathak |access-date=11 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711061813/http://www.afternoondc.in/culture/sunil-performs-the-naayak-in-kathak/article_235028 |archive-date=11 July 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==''Gharanas''==
''Kathak'' is a diffuse tradition, of which three ''gharanas'' (schools) are most well known and studied – [[Jaipur]], [[Varanasi]], and [[Lucknow]].{{Sfn|Williams|2004|p=83}} The schools place different relative emphasis between aspects of a ''Kathak'' performance, such as the acting versus footwork. The Lucknow style, for example, emphasizes acting while Jaipur style emphasizes the dance and footwork.<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p358"/> Traditionally, the Jaipur ''gharana'' has had a strong spiritual flavor, covering a diverse range of ideas in Vaishnavism and Shaivism.{{Sfn|Massey|1999|pp=25-26}}

[[File:Shovana Narayan.jpg|thumb|[[Shovana Narayan]], recipient of the [[Padma Shri]] for contributions to Indian classical dance]]
The Jaipur ''gharana'' traces its origins to Bhanuji, a famed Shiva Tandava dancer who upon visiting [[Vrindavan]] was inspired and taught Natvari Nritya.<ref name="Devi1990p166"/>{{Sfn|Massey|1999|pp=25-26}} Bhanuji's grandons Laluji and Kanhuji were similarly inspired by Krishna. They returned to Jaipur, and together they began the Jaipur ''gharana'' of ''Kathak''.<ref name="Devi1990p166">{{cite book|author=Ragini Devi|title=Dance Dialects of India|url=https://archive.org/details/dancedialectsofi0000ragi |url-access=registration|year=1990|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0674-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/dancedialectsofi0000ragi/page/166 166]–167 }}</ref> The Jaipur style developed under the sponsorship of Rajput rulers, and they favored the ''Kathak'' dance with Hindu religious themes.{{Sfn|Massey|1999|pp=25-26}} In the modern era, this school has continued their emphasis on dance and footwork with Jai Lal, Janki Prasad, Kundan Lal, Mohan Lal, and Nawal Kishore.{{Sfn|Massey|1999|pp=25-26}} This school is best known for its systematic innovations in rhythmic dancing, and the use of dance movement to express a story.{{Sfn|Massey|1999|pp=36-43, 54-55}}

The Lucknow ''gharana'' of ''Kathak'' dance attributes its origins to a rural Krishna devotee named Ishwari from the village in southeast [[Uttar Pradesh]], who aimed to develop ''Kathak'' dance as a form of loving devotion to Krishna.<ref name=walker100/> This school thrived after the Mughal Empire collapsed, when ''Kathak'' artists moved from Delhi to Lucknow under the sponsorship of Avadh [[nawab]]s who favored court dance culture.{{Sfn|Massey|1999|pp=26-28}} In the modern era, the Lucknow ''gharana'' style influences the dance school in New Delhi with Shambu Maharaj, Birju Maharaj, and Lacchu Maharaj.<ref name="Devi1990p172"/> ''Kathak'' choreography there has developed themes beyond Krishna-Radha, such as those based on the drama works of [[Kalidasa]]'s Shiva-Parvati and [[Bhavabhuti]]'s Malati-Madhav.<ref name="Devi1990p172">{{cite book|author=Ragini Devi|title=Dance Dialects of India|url=https://archive.org/details/dancedialectsofi0000ragi |url-access=registration|year=1990|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0674-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/dancedialectsofi0000ragi/page/172 172]–173 }}</ref> This school has also attempted a Hindu-Muslim ''Kathak'' fusion style, highlighting the court dancers' theme.<ref name="Devi1990p172"/>

The Banares ''gharana'' is the third major style, traditionally believed to be the oldest.<ref name=walker100/> Its history is unclear. According to Kothari, the school started with Janakiprasad from a village near [[Jaipur]] who resettled in Varanasi,<ref>"Kathak Dance" https://www.auchitya.com/kathak-banaras-gharana/</ref> but one whose ancestors were famed dancers and musicians.<ref name="Kothari1989p59"/> Janakiprasad was a dancer and a Sanskrit scholar, and credited with inventing the ''bols'' of Kathak, which are mnemonic syllables within the language of this classical dance of India.<ref name="Kothari1989p59">{{cite book|author=Sunil Kothari|title=Kathak, Indian Classical Dance Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAbMS6ynGJ8C |year=1989|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-223-9 |page=59}}</ref>

According to Nicole Lehmann, modern ''Kathak'' dancers show, to varying degrees, a fusion of the styles from all three ''gharanas''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Nicole Manon Lehmann|title=Sama und die "Schönheit" im Kathak: nordindischer Tanz und seine ihn konstituierenden Konzepte am Beispiel der Lucknow-gharānā|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aTQSh4o9gcUC&pg=PA290 |year=2010|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=978-3-643-10252-2 |pages=290–291|language =de }}</ref>

==Relationship with other art forms==
The north Indian ''Kathak'' dance differs from the south Indian ''[[Bharatanatyam]]'' in several ways, even though both have roots in the Hindu text ''Natya Shastra''. ''Kathak'' expressions – particularly in Hindu devotional styles – are more introverted and withdrawn, while ''Bharatanatyam'' is more extroverted and expansive.{{Sfn|Williams|2004|pp=85-86}} ''Kathak'' is normally performed in a standing form with legs and torso typically straight, while ''Bharatanatyam'' extensively utilizes bent knee form (''ara mandi'', half sitting position that is somewhat similar to ''Demi Plié'' ballet move).{{Sfn|Williams|2004|pp=85-86}}

''Kathak'' is also different from ''[[Kathakali]]'', though both are Indian classical dance traditions of "story play" wherein the stories have been traditionally derived from the Hindu epics and the Puranas.<ref name="claus2003p332"/> ''Kathakali'' emerged in the southwestern region of India (modern [[Kerala]]) and is distinctive in its elaborate codified colorful makeup, masks, and dress.<ref>{{cite book|author=Carol E. Henderson|title=Culture and Customs of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CaRVePXX6vEC |year=2002|publisher=Greenwood |isbn=978-0-313-30513-9 |pages=171–172 }}</ref> ''Kathakali'' traditionally has been troupes of predominantly male actor-dancers, who dress up as hero, heroines, gods, goddesses, demons, demonesses, priests, animals, and daily life characters.<ref name="claus2003p332"/> Both dance forms employ elaborate footwork, choreography, and hand gestures, but ''Kathakali'' integrates south Indian martial arts movements such as leaps and jumps. Both dance forms trace their roots to classical Sanskrit texts, but ''Kathakali'' has relatively more recent origins, more closely follows the ''Hastha Lakshanadeepika'' text, and began flourishing in the 16th century.<ref name="claus2003p332"/><ref name=zarrilli17/> While each has a different musical and dance language, both deploy a host of similar traditional Indian musical instruments.<ref name="claus2003p332">{{cite book|author1=Peter J. Claus|author2=Sarah Diamond|author3=Margaret Ann Mills|title=South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ienxrTPHzzwC |year=2003|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-93919-5 |pages=332–333 }}</ref><ref name=zarrilli17>{{cite book|author=Phillip B. Zarrilli|title=Kathakali Dance-drama: Where Gods and Demons Come to Play|url=https://archive.org/details/kathakalidancedr0000zarr |url-access=registration|year=2000|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-13109-4 |pages=xi, 17–19 }}</ref>

According to Miriam Phillips, the Indian ''Kathak'' and the Spanish [[Flamenco]] dance share many visual, rhythmic, and kinesthetic similarities.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Phillips | title=Becoming the Floor / Breaking the Floor: Experiencing the Kathak-Flamenco Connection | journal=Ethnomusicology | publisher=University of Illinois Press | volume=57 | issue=3 | year=2013 | pages=396–427 | doi=10.5406/ethnomusicology.57.3.0396 }}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Kathak dance.jpg|''Kathak'' facial expressions
File:Kathak Duet Performance (5).jpg|''Kathak'' duet performance
File:Kathak dancer Namrata Rai with her group.jpg|''Kathak'' group performance
File:Kathak Dancers Namrata Rai & Vishal Krishna.jpg|Namrata Rai and Vishal Krishna
File:Kathak Facial Expressions (14).jpg|Sufi style-based ''Kathak''
File:Kathak Rounds (13).jpg|''Kathak'' pirouettes
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[List of Kathak exponents|List of ''Kathak'' exponents]]
* [[Khattak dance|''Khattak'' dance]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
{{Hinduism}}
*{{cite book|author=Natalia Lidova|publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |doi=10.1093/obo/9780195399318-0071 |title= Natyashastra }}
*{{cite book|author=Natalia Lidova |title=Drama and Ritual of Early Hinduism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3TKarwqJJP0C |date=1994 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1234-5 }}
* {{cite journal|last=Williams|first=Drid|title=In the Shadow of Hollywood Orientalism: Authentic East Indian Dancing|url=http://jashm.press.illinois.edu/12.3/12-3IntheShadow_Williams78-99.pdf|journal=Visual Anthropology|volume=17|issue=1|year=2004|pages=69–98|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.1080/08949460490274013|s2cid=29065670|access-date=12 May 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121105/http://jashm.press.illinois.edu/12.3/12-3IntheShadow_Williams78-99.pdf|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book |title=India's Kathak Dance - Past, Present, Future |last=Massey|first=Reginald|year=1999 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=81-7017-374-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yFXkPk3zMeYC }}
* {{cite book |author=Tarla Mehta | title=Sanskrit Play Production in Ancient India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l7naMj1UxIkC | year=1995| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1057-0 }}
*{{cite book|author= Emmie Te Nijenhuis |author-link=Emmie te Nijenhuis |title=Indian Music: History and Structure |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NrgfAAAAIAAJ |year=1974|publisher= BRILL Academic|isbn=90-04-03978-3 }}
*{{cite book|author=Kapila Vatsyayan |title=Bharata, the Nāṭyaśāstra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zKW1PAAACAAJ |year=2001|publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-1220-6}}
*{{cite book| author=Kapila Vatsyayan |title=Classical Indian dance in literature and the arts |year=1977 |publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi |oclc= 233639306}}, [http://library.mpib-berlin.mpg.de/toc/z2008_2719.pdf Table of Contents]
*{{cite book| author=Kapila Vatsyayan |title=Indian classical dance |year=1974 |publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi |oclc= 2238067 }}
*{{cite book| author=Kapila Vatsyayan |title=Aesthetic theories and forms in Indian tradition |year=2008 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |oclc= 286469807| isbn= 978-8187586357}}
*{{cite book| author=Kapila Vatsyayan |title=Dance In Indian Painting |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=58fUibaZdGYC |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-153-9}}
*{{cite journal | author =Wallace Dace | title=The Concept of "Rasa" in Sanskrit Dramatic Theory | journal=Educational Theatre Journal | volume=15 | issue=3 | pages=249–254 | year=1963 | jstor=3204783 | doi=10.2307/3204783 }}
* Kothari, Sunil (1989) ''Kathak: Indian Classical Dance Art'', Abhinav Publications, New Delhi. {{ISBN|81-7017-223-3}}
* Kippen, James and Bel, Andreine ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20060615102638/http://www.pathcom.com/~ericp/kathak.html Lucknow Kathak Dance]'', Bansuri, Volume 13, 1996
* Pt. Birju Maharaj (2002) ''Ang Kavya : Nomenclature for Hand Movements and Feet Positions in Kathak'', New Delhi, Har-Anand, photographs, {{ISBN|81-241-0861-7}}.
* Bharti Gupta (2004) ''Kathak Sagar'', New Delhi, Radha Pub., {{ISBN|81-7487-343-0}}
* [[Sushil Kumar Saxena]] (2006) ''Swinging Syllables Aesthetics of Kathak Dance'', New Delhi, Hope India Publications, {{ISBN|81-7871-088-9}}
* Shivvangini Classes Shiva Mathur(Lucknow Kathak Dance)
* Dr. Puru Dadheech ''Kathak Nritya Shiksha'', Bindu Publications, Indore, MP, India
* Narayan, Shovana (2004) ''Kathak'', Wisdom Tree, {{ISBN|9788186685143}}
* Marami Medhi & Debasish Talukdar (2022) ''Kathak Volume-1 A Theoretical and Practical Guide''{{ISBN|9789357804202}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
*[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.607.7843&rep=rep1&type=pdf Courtesans and Choreographers: The (Re) Placement of Women in the History of Kathak Dance], Margaret Walker (2010)
*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/ethnomusicology.57.3.0396 Becoming the Floor/Breaking the Floor: Experiencing the Kathak-Flamenco Connection], Mariam Phillips (2013)
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ZQeZWj_SRw Ganesh Vandana], [[Meghranjani Medhi]], Section 1: Invocation of a three part Kathak dance
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_KYZ9D3uaXw#t=565 A Kathak performance], Shinjini Kulkarni, Aarohan (2015)

{{Dance in India}}

[[Category:Kathak| ]]
[[Category:Culture of Awadh]]
[[Category:Culture of Delhi]]
[[Category:Culture of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Culture of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Classical dance genres of India]]
[[Category:Dances of Pakistan]]

Krishan Kumar Sharma "Rasik"

2026-03-23T15:53:10Z

Globaleducollege: adding a bio

{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP no footnotes|date=November 2017}}
{{Notability|Biographies|date=October 2011}}
{{BLP sources|date=October 2011}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Krishan Kumar Sharma "Rasik"
| birth_name = Krishan Kumar Sharma
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1983|11|14|df=y}}
| pseudonym = Rasik
| birth_place = [[Samana, Punjab|Samana]], Punjab, India
| alma_mater = [[Giani Zail Singh College of Engineering & Technology]], Bathinda, Punjab
| occupation = Professional, Poet, Writer
}}

'''Krishan Kumar Sharma "Rasik"''' (born 14 November 1983) is a Hindi, [[punjabi language|Punjabi]], English and [[Urdu]] poet and writer.

==Personal life and education==
Born in a [[Brahmin]] family in the town of [[Samana, Punjab|Samana]] in the district of [[Patiala]], Punjab. He received his formal schooling in a public school and then graduated with Mechanical Engineering from [[Giani Zail Singh College of Engineering & Technology]], [[Bathinda]]. Later, he completed his post-graduation in Marketing from [[SCDL]], Pune. He had been active in stage activities, NCC and NSS throughout school and college and has been honored with numerous awards and honors.{{Citation needed|reason=several un-referenced assertions on a biography|date=November 2018}}

==Career==

After completing engineering he moved to Delhi to pursue his career and been deputed in [[Ghaziabad, India|Ghaziabad]], Chennai and [[Bangalore]] cities. He continues his interest in writing. He writes mainly poems and stories in Hindi, [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], English and [[Urdu]].

==List of works==
"{{Lang|hi-latn|[[Ab Har Shaam Niraali Hogi]]}}", "[[It's For You ! It's Only For You...]]", "[[Prem Ka Pyala]]", "[[Pinjre De Azad Panchi]]" and "[[In Search of You, My Dear...]]" are published in 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2019 respectively. His other literary collection has an English Novel for Children, Motivational & Self Improvement Book, a Punjabi Novel, a Hindi Novel and one Urdu (Bi-Lingual Urdu-Hindi) Ghazals book.

== Recognition ==
"{{Lang|hi-latn|[[Ab Har Shaam Niraali Hogi]]}}" and "[[Prem Ka Pyala]]" have been recognized and recommended by Govt. of India, Department of Official Language for the years 2011–12; 2012–13 and 2014–15 respectively. His literary work has been covered in various newspapers like [[Punjab Kesari]], [[Dainik Jagran]], [[Dainik Tribune]], [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]], {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Aaj Samaj]]}}, [[Yugmarg]], [[Dainik Bhaskar]] and [[Amar Ujala]]. Also a short documentary on his work was telecast on [[MH1 News Channel]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2018}}

==References==

{{Reflist}}

* http://rajbhasha.nic.in/pdf/books_list2014.pdf
* https://web.archive.org/web/20111005054451/http://www.indianwriters.org/addresses/State.wise.pdf
* https://archive.today/20140617035653/http://chandigarh.punjabkesari.in/chandigarhkesari/fullstory/150771480_366924
* https://web.archive.org/web/20140929031632/http://yugmarg.com/english/?page_id=594
* http://epaper.tribuneindia.com/c/2762017
* https://web.archive.org/web/20140314134526/http://epaper.jagran.com/ePaperArticle/03-mar-2014-edition-Chandigarh-page_13-52911-7236-261.html
* http://epaper.amarujala.com/svww_zoomart.php?Artname=20140228i_004121007&ileft=449&itop=1053&zoomRatio=177&AN=20140228i_004121007
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051532/http://epaper.bhaskar.com/city-life/266/27022014/cph/2/ bhaskar.com]
* http://dainiktribuneonline.com/2014/01/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AA-%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97/
* https://web.archive.org/web/20140314115846/http://www.etyoungleaders.com/search.php?nameMail=krishan
* https://plus.google.com/u/0/photos?pid=5203920385582610914&oid=112437975318008003056
* Rasik, Krishan Kumar Sharma (2011). ''Ab har shaam niraali hogi'', ARS Publishers, India. {{ISBN|81-8346-027-5}}.
* https://web.archive.org/web/20130514075118/http://rajbhasha.nic.in/IIContent.aspx?t=enbooks_list
* https://web.archive.org/web/20130731171916/http://rajbhasha.nic.in/hindibooks-2012.pdf
* https://web.archive.org/web/20130731165822/http://rajbhasha.nic.in/hindibooks-2011.pdf
* https://www.amazon.in/Search-You-My-Dear/dp/8193573331/ref=pd_ybh_a_1?_encoding=UTF8&psc=1&refRID=XFB1R9CK4TWH2YBHWDYZ

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rasik, Krishan Kumar Sharma}}
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hindi-language poets]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Punjab, India]]

Mahatma Gandhi

2026-03-22T14:13:33Z

Globaleducollege: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{Short description|Indian independence activist (1869–1948)}}
{{Redirect|Gandhi|other uses|Gandhi (disambiguation)}}
{{Good article}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{CS1 config|mode=cs1}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = [[Mahātmā]]
| name = Gandhi
| image = Mahatma-Gandhi, studio, 1931.jpg
| caption = Gandhi in 1931
| other_names = ''Bāpū'' (father), ''Rāṣṭrapitā'' (the [[Father of the Nation]])
| birth_name = Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1869|10|2}}
| birth_place = [[Porbandar]], Kathiawar Agency, British Raj
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1948|1|30|1869|10|2}}
| death_place = New Delhi, India
| death_cause = [[Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi|Assassination by gunshot]]
| monuments = {{plainlist|
* [[Raj Ghat and associated memorials|Raj Ghat]], Delhi
* [[Gandhi Smriti]], New Delhi}}
| module = {{infobox officeholder
| embed = yes
| office = [[President of the Indian National Congress|43rd President of the Indian National Congress]]
| term = December 1924 – April 1925
| successor = [[Sarojini Naidu]]
| predecessor = [[Maulana Azad]]
}}
| known_for = {{ubli|Leadership of the [[Indian independence movement|campaign for India's independence]] from [[British Raj|British rule]]|[[Nonviolent resistance]]}}
| height_m =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] (1920–1934)
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Samaldas Arts College]]{{efn|Did not graduate}}|[[University College London]]{{efn|Informal [[Academic audit|auditing student]] between 1888 and 1891}}}}[[City Law School|Inns of Court School of Law]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Lawyer|activist|politician}}
| years_active = 1893–1948
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Kasturba Gandhi]]|1883|1944|end=died}}
| children = {{hlist|[[Harilal Gandhi|Harilal]]|[[Manilal Gandhi|Manilal]]|[[Ramdas Gandhi|Ramdas]]|[[Devdas Gandhi|Devdas]]}}
| parents = {{ubl|[[Karamchand Gandhi]]|[[Putlibai Gandhi]]}}
| relatives = [[Family of Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi family]]
| signature = Mohandas K. Gandhi signature.svg
| signature_alt = Signature of Gandhi
| module2 = {{listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Gandhi - His Spiritual Message to the World, 17 October 1931.mp3|title=Gandhi's voice|type=speech|description=Gandhi's spiritual message to the world Recorded 17 October 1931}}
}}

'''Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi'''{{efn|{{langx|gu|મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી|Mohanadāsa Karamacaṁda Gāṁdhī}}; Pronounced variously {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ɑː|n|d|i|,_|ˈ|ɡ|æ|n|d|i}} {{Respell|GA(H)N|dee}};<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/gandhi "Gandhi"]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114041417/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/gandhi |date=14 January 2015}} ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.</ref> {{IPA|gu|ˈmoɦəndɑs ˈkəɾəmtʃənd ˈɡɑndʱi}}}} (2{{nbsp}}October 1869{{snd}}30{{nbsp}}January 1948)<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mahatma-Gandhi |title=Mahatma Gandhi |last= |first= |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |date= |publisher= |access-date=24 January 2025 |quote=}}</ref> was an Indian lawyer, [[Nationalism#Anti-colonial|anti-colonial nationalist]], and [[Political thought|political thinker]] who employed [[nonviolent resistance]] to lead the successful [[Indian independence movement|campaign for India's independence]] from [[British Raj|British rule]]. He inspired movements for [[Civil rights movements|civil rights]] and freedom across the world. The honorific ''[[Mahātmā]]'' (from [[Sanskrit]], meaning great-souled, or venerable), first applied to him in [[Union of South Africa|South Africa]] in 1914, is used worldwide.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goswami |first=K.P |url=https://archive.org/details/mahatmagandhichr00kpgo |title=Mahatma Gandhi A Chronology |date=1971 |publisher=Publications Division |isbn=9788123001395 |pages=60}}</ref>

Born and raised in a [[Hindu]] family in coastal [[Gujarat]], Gandhi was trained in the law at the [[Inner Temple]] in London and was [[called to the bar]] at the age of 22. After two uncertain years in India, where he was unable to start a successful law practice, Gandhi moved to South Africa in 1893 to represent an Indian merchant in a lawsuit. He went on to live in South Africa for the next 21 years. Here, Gandhi raised a family and first employed nonviolent resistance in a campaign for civil rights. In 1915, aged 45, he returned to India and soon set about organising peasants, farmers, and urban labourers to protest against discrimination and excessive land tax.

Assuming leadership of the [[Indian National Congress]] in 1921, Gandhi led nationwide campaigns for easing poverty, expanding women's rights, building religious and ethnic amity, ending [[untouchability]], and, above all, achieving ''[[swaraj]]'' or self-rule. Gandhi adopted the short ''[[dhoti]]'' woven with [[Charkha (spinning wheel)|hand-spun]] yarn as a mark of identification with India's rural poor. He began to live in a [[Sabarmati Ashram|self-sufficient residential community]], to eat simple food, and undertake [[List of fasts undertaken by Mahatma Gandhi|long fasts]] as a means of both introspection and political protest. Bringing anti-colonial nationalism to the common Indians, Gandhi led them in challenging the British-imposed [[Salt tax#Impacted regions|salt tax]] with the {{convert|400|km|mi|abbr=on}} [[Salt March|Dandi Salt March]] in 1930 and in calling for the British to [[Quit India Movement|quit India]] in 1942. He was imprisoned many times and for many years in both South Africa and India.

Gandhi's vision of an independent India based on [[religious pluralism]] was challenged in the early 1940s by a [[Muslim nationalism in South Asia|Muslim nationalism]] which demanded a separate homeland for Muslims within [[British India]]. In August 1947, Britain granted independence, but the British Indian Empire was [[Partition of India|partitioned]] into two [[dominion]]s, a Hindu-majority [[Dominion of India|India]] and a Muslim-majority [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]]. As many displaced Hindus, Muslims, and [[Sikh]]s made their way to their new lands, religious violence broke out, especially in [[Punjab region|Punjab]] and [[Bengal]]. Abstaining from the [[Independence Day (India)|official celebration of independence]], Gandhi visited the affected areas, attempting to alleviate distress. In the months following, he undertook several [[hunger strike]]s to stop the religious violence. The last of these was begun in Delhi on 12 January 1948, when Gandhi was 78. The belief that Gandhi had been too resolute in his defence of both Pakistan and [[Indian Muslim]]s spread among some Hindus in India. Among these was [[Nathuram Godse]], a militant [[Hindu nationalist]] from [[Pune]], western India, who [[Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi|assassinated Gandhi]] by firing three bullets into his chest at an interfaith prayer meeting in Delhi on 30 January 1948.

Gandhi's birthday, 2 October, is commemorated in India as [[Gandhi Jayanti]], a [[Public holidays in India|national holiday]], and worldwide as the [[International Day of Non-Violence|International Day of Nonviolence]]. Gandhi is considered to be the [[Father of the Nation]] in post-colonial India. During India's nationalist movement and in several decades immediately after, he was also commonly called ''Bapu'', an endearment roughly meaning "father".
{{TOC limit|limit=3}}

== Early life and background ==

=== Parents ===
Gandhi's father, [[Karamchand Uttamchand Gandhi]] (1822–1885), served as the ''[[dewan]]'' (chief minister) of Porbandar state.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Mohandas K. |year=2009 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=in3_3H1szHYC&pg=PA21 |title=An Autobiography: The Story of My Experiments With Truth |publisher=The Floating Press |isbn=978-1-77541-405-6 |page=21 |access-date=29 March 2024 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329130538/https://books.google.com/books?id=in3_3H1szHYC&pg=PA21#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="GangulyDocker20082">{{cite book |title=Rethinking Gandhi and Nonviolent Relationality: Global Perspectives |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cId9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 |pages=4– |year=2008 |editor-last=Ganguly |editor-first=Debjani |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-134-07431-0 |editor-last2=Docker |editor-first2=John |access-date=21 July 2019 |archive-date=21 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721085146/https://books.google.com/books?id=cId9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 |url-status=live |quote=... marks Gandhi as a hybrid cosmopolitan figure who transformed ... anti-colonial nationalist politics in the twentieth-century in ways that neither indigenous nor westernized Indian nationalists could.}}</ref> His family originated from the then village of [[Kutiyana|Kutiana]] in what was then [[Junagadh State]].{{sfnp|Guha|2015|pp=19–21}} Although Karamchand only had been a clerk in the state administration and had an elementary education, he proved a capable chief minister.{{sfnp|Guha|2015|pp=19–21}}

During his tenure, Karamchand married four times. His first two wives died young, after each had given birth to a daughter, and his third marriage was childless. In 1857, Karamchand sought his third wife's permission to remarry; that year, he married Putlibai (1844–1891), who also came from Junagadh,{{sfnp|Guha|2015|pp=19–21}} and was from a [[Pranami]] [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] family.<ref>{{cite book |author=Misra, Amalendu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aLgB8pZg0qsC&pg=PA67 |title=Identity and Religion: Foundations of anti-Islamism in India |publisher=Sage Publications |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-7619-3227-7 |page=67}}</ref>{{sfnp|Gandhi|2007a|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=TEyXCoc76AEC&pg=PA5 5]}}<ref>{{cite book |author=Malhotra, S.L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fRq21fNfydIC&pg=PA5 |title=Lawyer to Mahatma: Life, Work and Transformation of M. K. Gandhi |year=2001 |isbn=978-81-7629-293-1 |page=5 |publisher=Deep & Deep Publications |access-date=29 March 2024 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329130509/https://books.google.com/books?id=fRq21fNfydIC&pg=PA5 |url-status=live}}</ref> Karamchand and Putlibai had four children: a son, Laxmidas ({{circa|1860}}–1914), a daughter, Raliatbehn (1862–1960), a second son, Karsandas ({{circa|1866}}–1913),{{sfnp|Guha|2015|p=21}}{{sfnp|Guha|2015|p=512}} and a third son, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi,<ref>{{cite book |last=Todd |first=Anne M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=svxDMQZ7fakC&pg=PA8 |title=Mohandas Gandhi |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4381-0662-5 |page=8 |quote=The name Gandhi means "grocer", although Mohandas's father and grandfather were politicians not grocers. |access-date=29 March 2024 |url-status=live |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329130649/https://books.google.com/books?id=svxDMQZ7fakC&pg=PA8#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> who was born on 2 October 1869 in [[Porbandar]] (also known as ''Sudamapuri''), a coastal town on the [[Kathiawar]] Peninsula and then part of the small [[princely state]] of [[Porbandar State|Porbandar]] in the [[Kathiawar Agency]] of the [[British Raj]].{{sfnp|Gandhi|2008|pp=1–3}}

In 1874, Gandhi's father, Karamchand, left Porbandar for the smaller state of [[Rajkot]], where he became a counsellor to its ruler, the Thakur Sahib; though Rajkot was a less prestigious state than Porbandar, the British regional political agency was located there, which gave the state's ''diwan'' a measure of security.{{sfnp|Guha|2015|pp=24–25}} In 1876, Karamchand became ''diwan'' of Rajkot and was succeeded as ''diwan'' of Porbandar by his brother Tulsidas. Karamchand's family then rejoined him in Rajkot.{{sfnp|Guha|2015|pp=24–25}} They moved to their family home [[Kaba Gandhi No Delo]] in 1881.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Kateshiya |first=Gopal B |date=14 July 2024 |title=Know Your City: Gandhi's family house which witnessed his transformation from 'Mohan to Mahatma' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gandhis-family-house-which-sowed-seeds-of-his-transformation-9452843/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=15 July 2024 |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007224423/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gandhis-family-house-which-sowed-seeds-of-his-transformation-9452843/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Childhood ===

[[File:Mohandas K Gandhi, age 7.jpg|thumb|upright|Gandhi in 1876 at the age of 7]]

As a child, Gandhi was described by his sister Raliat as "restless as mercury, either playing or roaming about. One of his favourite pastimes was twisting dogs' ears."{{sfnp|Guha|2015|p=22}} The Indian classics, especially the stories of [[Shravana Kumara|Shravana]] and king [[Harishchandra]], had a great impact on Gandhi in his childhood. In his autobiography, Gandhi states that they left an indelible impression on his mind. Gandhi writes: "It haunted me and I must have acted Harishchandra to myself times without number." Gandhi's early self-identification with truth and love as supreme values is traceable to these epic characters.<ref name="Sorokin2002" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rudolph |first1=Susanne Hoeber |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fi6GDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA48 |title=Gandhi: The Traditional Roots of Charisma |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-226-73136-0 |page=48 |last2=Rudolph |first2=Lloyd I. |name-list-style=amp |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007224423/https://books.google.com/books?id=Fi6GDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA48#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

The family's religious background was eclectic. Mohandas was born into a [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] [[Hindu]] [[Modh]] [[Bania (caste)|Bania]] family.<ref>{{harvp|Guha|2014a|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XS7UAAAAQBAJ&q=%22the+subcaste+the+Gandhis+belonged+to+was+known+as+Modh+Bania,+the+prefix%22&pg=PP42 42]}}. "The subcaste the Gandhis belonged to was known as Modh Bania, the prefix apparently referring to the town of Modhera, in Southern Gujarat."</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Renard, John |year=1999 |title=Responses to 101 Questions on Hinduism |url=https://archive.org/details/responsesto101qu0000rena_e0p7/page/139 |publisher=Paulist Press |isbn=978-0-8091-3845-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/responsesto101qu0000rena_e0p7/page/139 139] |access-date=16 August 2020}}</ref> Gandhi's father, Karamchand, was Hindu and his mother Putlibai was from a Pranami [[Vaishnava]] Hindu family.{{sfnp|Gandhi|2008|pp=2, 8, 269}}<ref name="sharma11">{{cite book |last=Arvind Sharma |url=https://archive.org/details/gandhispiritualb0000shar |title=Gandhi: A Spiritual Biography |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-300-18738-0 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/gandhispiritualb0000shar/page/11 11]–14 |url-access=registration}}</ref> Gandhi's father was of Modh Baniya caste in the [[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]] of [[Vaishya]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rudolph |first1=Susanne Hoeber |title=Gandhi: The Traditional Roots of Charisma |last2=Rudolph, Lloyd I. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fi6GDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-226-73136-0 |page=17 |name-list-style=amp |access-date=29 March 2024 |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007224429/https://books.google.com/books?id=Fi6GDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> His mother came from the medieval [[Krishna]] bhakti-based [[Pranami]] tradition, whose religious texts include the [[Bhagavad Gita]], the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'', and a collection of 14 texts with teachings that the tradition believes to include the essence of the [[Vedas]], the [[Quran]] and the [[Bible]].<ref name="sharma11" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Gerard Toffin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uuuICwAAQBAJ&pg=PT249 |title=Public Hinduisms |publisher=Sage Publications |year=2012 |isbn=978-81-321-1696-7 |editor-last=John Zavos |pages=249–57 |display-editors=etal}}</ref> Gandhi was deeply influenced by his mother, an extremely pious lady who "would not think of taking her meals without her daily prayers... she would take the hardest vows and keep them without flinching. To keep two or three consecutive fasts was nothing to her."{{sfnp|Guha|2015|p=23}}

At the age of nine, Gandhi entered the local school in [[Rajkot]], near his home. There, he studied the rudiments of arithmetic, history, the Gujarati language and geography.{{sfnp|Guha|2015|pp=24–25}} At the age of 11, Gandhi joined the High School in Rajkot, [[Alfred High School (Rajkot)|Alfred High School]].{{sfnp|Guha|2015|pp=25–26}} He was an average student, won some prizes, but was shy and tongue-tied, with no interest in games; Gandhi's only companions were books and school lessons.{{sfnp|Ghose|1991|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5l0BPnxN1h8C&pg=PA4 4]}}

=== Marriage ===
In May 1883, the 13-year-old Gandhi was married to 14-year-old [[Kasturba Gandhi|Kasturbai Gokuldas Kapadia]] (her first name was usually shortened to "Kasturba", and affectionately to "Ba") in an [[arranged marriage]], according to the custom of the region at that time.<ref name="Mohanty2011" /> In the process, he lost a year at school but was later allowed to make up by accelerating his studies.<ref name="Childhood">{{cite web |last=Gandhi |first=Mohandas K. |year=1940 |title=At the High School |url=http://wikilivres.org/wiki/The_Story_of_My_Experiments_with_Truth/Part_I/At_the_High_School |access-date=20 February 2023 |website=[[The Story of My Experiments with Truth]] |publisher=Wikilivres |archive-date=7 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307155915/http://wikilivres.org/wiki/The_Story_of_My_Experiments_with_Truth/Part_I/At_the_High_School |url-status=live}}</ref> Gandhi's wedding was a joint event, where his brother and cousin were also married. Recalling the day of their marriage, Gandhi once said, "As we didn't know much about marriage, for us it meant only wearing new clothes, eating sweets and playing with relatives." As was the prevailing tradition, the adolescent bride was to spend much time at her parents' house, and away from her husband.<ref name="Husband">{{cite web |last=Gandhi |first=Mohandas K. |year=1940 |title=Playing the Husband |url=http://wikilivres.org/wiki/The_Story_of_My_Experiments_with_Truth/Part_I/Playing_the_Husband |access-date=20 February 2023 |website=[[The Story of My Experiments with Truth]] |publisher=Wikilivres |archive-date=7 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307155915/http://wikilivres.org/wiki/The_Story_of_My_Experiments_with_Truth/Part_I/Playing_the_Husband |url-status=live }}</ref>

Writing many years later, Gandhi described with regret the lustful feelings he felt for his young bride: "Even at school I used to think of her, and the thought of nightfall and our subsequent meeting was ever haunting me." Gandhi later recalled feeling jealous and possessive of her, such as when Kasturba would visit a temple with her girlfriends, and being sexually lustful in his feelings for her.{{sfnp|Guha|2015|pp=28–29}}

[[File:Gandhi and Laxmidas 2.jpg|thumb|upright=0.85|Gandhi (right) with his eldest brother Laxmidas in 1886<ref name="Fischer1982p96">{{Cite book |last=Fischer, Louis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=02NWvRxCx64C |title=Gandhi, his life and message for the world |publisher=New American Library |year=1982 |isbn=978-0-451-62142-9 |page=96}}</ref>]]

In late 1885, Gandhi's father, Karamchand, died.{{sfnp|Guha|2015|p=29}} Gandhi had left his father's bedside to be with his wife mere minutes before his passing. Many decades later, Gandhi wrote "if animal passion had not blinded me, I should have been spared the torture of separation from my father during his last moments."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gandhi |first=M. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=in3_3H1szHYC |title=An Autobiography: The Story of My Experiments With Truth |date=1 January 2009 |publisher=The Floating Press |isbn=978-1-77541-405-6 |pages=61–62 |language=en |access-date=4 June 2020 |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007224424/https://books.google.com/books?id=in3_3H1szHYC |url-status=live }}</ref> Later, Gandhi, then 16 years old, and his wife, age 17, had their first child, who survived only a few days. The two deaths anguished Gandhi.{{sfnp|Guha|2015|p=29}} The Gandhis had four more children, all sons: [[Harilal Gandhi|Harilal]], born in 1888; [[Manilal Gandhi|Manilal]], born in 1892; [[Ramdas Gandhi|Ramdas]], born in 1897; and [[Devdas Gandhi|Devdas]], born in 1900.<ref name="Mohanty2011" />

In November 1887, the 18-year-old Gandhi graduated from high school in [[Ahmedabad]].{{sfnp|Guha|2015|p=30}} In January 1888, he enrolled at [[Samaldas College]] in [[Bhavnagar State]], then the sole degree-granting institution of higher education in the region. However, Gandhi dropped out and returned to his family in Porbandar.{{sfnp|Guha|2015|p=32}}

Outside school, Gandhi's education was enriched by exposure to Gujarati literature, especially reformers like [[Narmad]] and [[Govardhanram Tripathi]], whose works alerted the Gujaratis to their own faults and weaknesses such as belief in religious dogmatism.<ref name="Guha 2014">{{Cite book |last=Guha |first=Ramachandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=arDvngEACAAJ |title=Gandhi Before India |date=2014 |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |isbn=978-0-385-53229-7 |language=en}}</ref>

== Three years in London ==
=== Student of law ===
[[File:MAHATMA GANDHI 1869-1948 lived here as a law student.jpg|thumb|upright|Commemorative plaque at 20 Baron's Court Road, Barons Court, London]]
Gandhi had dropped out of the cheapest college he could afford in Bombay.<ref name="Turban">{{cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Mohandas K. |year=1940 |chapter-url=http://wikilivres.ca/wiki/The_Story_of_My_Experiments_with_Truth/Part_I/Preparation_for_England |chapter=Preparation for England |title=[[The Story of My Experiments with Truth]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702043412/http://wikilivres.ca/wiki/The_Story_of_My_Experiments_with_Truth/Part_I/Preparation_for_England |archive-date=2 July 2012}}</ref> Mavji Dave Joshiji, a [[Brahmin]] priest and family friend, advised Gandhi and his family that he should consider law studies in London.{{sfnp|Guha|2015|p=32}}<ref name="B. R. Nanda">{{cite encyclopedia |last=B. R. Nanda |article=Mahatma Gandhi |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |article-url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mahatma-Gandhi |year=2019 |access-date=3 June 2017 |archive-date=13 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513015455/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mahatma-Gandhi |url-status=live | quote=Mahatma Gandhi, byname of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, (born October 2, 1869, Porbandar, India – died January 30, 1948, Delhi), Indian lawyer, politician, ...}}</ref> In July 1888, Gandhi's wife Kasturba gave birth to their first surviving child, Harilal.{{sfnp|Guha|2015|pp=33–34}} Gandhi's mother was not comfortable about Gandhi leaving his wife and family and going so far from home. Gandhi's uncle Tulsidas also tried to dissuade his nephew, but Gandhi wanted to go. To persuade his wife and mother, Gandhi made a vow in front of his mother that he would abstain from meat, alcohol, and women. Gandhi's brother, Laxmidas, who was already a lawyer, cheered Gandhi's London studies plan and offered to support him. Putlibai gave Gandhi her permission and blessing.{{sfnp|Guha|2015|p=32}}{{sfnp|Gandhi|2008|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=FauJL7LKXmkC&pg=PA20 20–21]}}

On 10 August 1888, Gandhi, aged 18, left Porbandar for Mumbai, then known as Bombay. A local newspaper covering the farewell function by his old high school in Rajkot noted that Gandhi was the first Bania from Kathiawar to proceed to England for his Barrister Examination.<ref name="Guha 2014"/> As Mohandas Gandhi waited for a berth on a ship to London he found that he had attracted the ire of the Modh Banias of Bombay.<ref name="Guha 2014"/> Upon arrival in Bombay, he stayed with the local Modh Bania community whose elders warned Gandhi that England would tempt him to compromise his religion, and eat and drink in Western ways. Despite Gandhi informing them of his promise to his mother and her blessings, Gandhi was excommunicated from his caste. Gandhi ignored this, and on 4 September, he sailed from Bombay to London, with his brother seeing him off.<ref name="Turban" />{{sfnp|Guha|2015|pp=33–34}} Gandhi attended [[University College, London]], where he took classes in English literature with [[Henry Morley]] in 1888–1889.<ref>{{cite news |last=Swapnajit Mitra |date=12 October 2014 |title=My Experiment with Truth |work=[[India Currents]] |url=https://indiacurrents.com/my-experiment-with-truth/ |access-date=16 January 2023 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116214150/https://indiacurrents.com/my-experiment-with-truth/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Gandhi student full.jpg|thumb|upright|Gandhi in London as a law student|left]]

Gandhi also enrolled at the [[City Law School|Inns of Court School of Law]] in [[Inner Temple]] with the intention of becoming a [[barrister]].<ref name="B. R. Nanda"/> His childhood shyness and self-withdrawal had continued through his teens. Gandhi retained these traits when he arrived in London, but joined a public speaking practice group and overcame his shyness sufficiently to practise law.<ref>{{cite book |last=Thomas Weber |url=https://archive.org/details/gandhiasdisciple0000webe |title=Gandhi as Disciple and Mentor |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-139-45657-9 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/gandhiasdisciple0000webe/page/19 19]–25 |url-access=registration}}</ref>

Gandhi demonstrated a keen interest in the welfare of London's impoverished dockland communities. In 1889, a [[London dock strike, 1889|bitter trade dispute]] broke out in London, with dockers striking for better pay and conditions, and seamen, shipbuilders, factory girls and other joining the strike in solidarity. The strikers were successful, in part due to the mediation of [[Henry Edward Manning|Cardinal Manning]], leading Gandhi and an Indian friend to make a point of visiting the cardinal and thanking him for his work.<ref>{{cite web |title=Narayan Hemchandra | Gandhi Autobiography or The Story of My Experiments with Truth |url=https://www.mkgandhi.org/autobio/chap22.htm |access-date=20 February 2023 |website=www.mkgandhi.org |archive-date=15 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515111533/https://www.mkgandhi.org/autobio/chap22.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Vegetarianism and committee work ===

[[File:Gandhi-1890.jpg|thumb|Gandhi with the Vegetarian Society on the Isle of Wight, 1890]]

His vow to his mother influenced Gandhi's time in London. Gandhi tried to adopt "English" customs, including taking dancing lessons.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tendulkar |first=Dinanath Gopal |title=Mahatma: 1920-1929 |date=2 September 2008 |publisher=Vithalbhai K. Javeri & D.G. Tendulkar, 1951 |location=the University of Michigan |pages=463}}</ref> However, he didn't appreciate the bland vegetarian food offered by his landlady and was frequently hungry until he found one of London's few vegetarian restaurants. Influenced by [[Henry Stephens Salt|Henry Salt's]] writing, Gandhi joined the [[Vegetarian Society|London Vegetarian Society]] (LVS) and was elected to its executive committee under the aegis of its president and benefactor [[Arnold Hills]].{{sfnp|Brown|1991|p={{page needed|date=July 2024}}}} An achievement while on the committee was the establishment of a [[Bayswater]] chapter.<ref name="Tendulkar1951" /> Some of the vegetarians Gandhi met were members of the [[Theosophical Society]], which had been founded in 1875 to further universal brotherhood, and which was devoted to the study of [[Buddhist]] and [[Hindu]] literature. They encouraged Gandhi to join them in reading the [[Bhagavad Gita]] both in translation as well as in the original.{{sfnp|Brown|1991|p={{page needed|date=July 2024}}}}

[[Thomas Allinson]], another LVS member, had been promoting [[Birth control#Birth control movement|newly available birth control methods]], but Hills disapproved of these, believing they undermined public morality. He believed [[History of vegetarianism#19th century|vegetarianism to be a moral movement]] and that Allinson should therefore no longer remain a member of the LVS. Gandhi shared Hills' views on the dangers of birth control, but defended Allinson's right to differ.<ref name="shyness">{{Cite web |date=1927 |title=Shyness my shield |url=https://www.mkgandhi.org/autobio/chap18.htm |website=Autobiography |access-date=11 August 2019 |archive-date=8 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608201409/https://www.mkgandhi.org/autobio/chap18.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> It would have been hard for Gandhi to challenge Hills; Hills was 12 years his senior and unlike Gandhi, highly eloquent. Hills bankrolled the LVS and was a [[captain of industry]] with his [[Thames Ironworks and Shipbuilding Company|Thames Ironworks]] company employing more than 6,000 people in the [[East End of London]]. Hills was also a highly accomplished sportsman who later founded the football club [[West Ham United]]. In his 1927 ''An Autobiography, Vol. I'', Gandhi wrote:

{{blockquote|The question deeply interested me{{nbsp}}... I had a high regard for Mr. Hills and his generosity. But I thought it was quite improper to exclude a man from a vegetarian society simply because he refused to regard puritan morals as one of the objects of the society<ref name="shyness" />}}

A motion to remove Allinson was raised, and was debated and voted on by the committee. Gandhi's shyness was an obstacle to his defence of Allinson at the committee meeting. Gandhi wrote his views down on paper, but shyness prevented Gandhi from reading out his arguments, so Hills, the President, asked another committee member to read them out for him. Although some other members of the committee agreed with Gandhi, the vote was lost and Allinson was excluded. There were no hard feelings, with Hills proposing the toast at the LVS farewell dinner in honour of Gandhi's return to India.<ref>{{cite web |title=International Vegetarian Union – Mohandas K. Gandhi (1869–1948) |url=https://ivu.org/history/gandhi/1891-11.html |access-date=26 September 2020 |website=ivu.org |archive-date=5 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205030437/http://www.ivu.org/history/gandhi/1891-11.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Called to the bar ===
Gandhi, at age 22, was [[called to the bar]] in June 1891 and then left London for India, where he learned that his mother had died while he was in London and that his family had kept the news from Gandhi.{{sfnp|Brown|1991|p={{page needed|date=July 2024}}}} His attempts at establishing a law practice in [[Bombay]] failed because Gandhi was psychologically unable to [[cross-examine]] witnesses. He returned to Rajkot to make a modest living drafting petitions for litigants, but Gandhi was forced to stop after running afoul of British officer Sam Sunny.{{sfnp|Brown|1991|p={{page needed|date=July 2024}}}}<ref name="Tendulkar1951" />

In 1893, a Muslim merchant in Kathiawar named Dada Abdullah contacted Gandhi. Abdullah owned a large successful shipping business in South Africa. His distant cousin in Johannesburg needed a lawyer, and they preferred someone with Kathiawari heritage. Gandhi inquired about his pay for the work. They offered a total salary of £105 (~$4,143 in 2023 money) plus travel expenses. He accepted it, knowing that it would be at least a one-year commitment in the [[Colony of Natal]], South Africa, also a part of the British Empire.<ref name="Tendulkar1951" />{{sfnp|Herman|2008|pp=82–83}}

== Civil rights activist in South Africa (1893–1914) ==

[[File:Natal Indian Congress.jpg|thumb|left|Gandhi and the founders of the Natal Indian Congress, 1895]]

In April 1893, Gandhi, aged 23, set sail for South Africa to be the lawyer for Abdullah's cousin.{{sfnp|Herman|2008|pp=82–83}}<ref name="NHOA-193">{{cite book |last1=Giliomee |first1=Hermann |author1-link=Hermann Giliomee |last2=Mbenga |first2=Bernard |author2-link=Bernard Mbenga |title=New History of South Africa |publisher=Tafelberg |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-624-04359-1 |editor-last=Roxanne Reid |edition=1st |page=193 |chapter=3 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Gandhi spent 21 years in South Africa where he developed his political views, ethics, and politics.<ref name="Gandhi">{{cite journal |last=Power, Paul F. |year=1969 |title=Gandhi in South Africa |journal=[[The Journal of Modern African Studies]] |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=441–55 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00018590 |jstor=159062 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Keshavjee 2015 p.">{{cite book |last=Keshavjee |first=M.M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_2KmmwEACAAJ |title=Into that Heaven of Freedom: The Impact of Apartheid on an Indian Family's Diasporic History |publisher=Mawenzi House Publishers Limited |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-927494-27-1 |access-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317164705/https://books.google.com/books?id=_2KmmwEACAAJ |archive-date=17 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> During this time Gandhi briefly returned to India in 1902 to mobilise support for the welfare of Indians in South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=High Commission of India, Pretoria, South Africa : Mahatma Gandhi in South Africa |url=https://www.hcipretoria.gov.in/eoi.php?id=Africa |access-date=17 September 2024 |website=www.hcipretoria.gov.in |archive-date=9 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909090657/https://www.hcipretoria.gov.in/eoi.php?id=Africa |url-status=live }}</ref>

Immediately upon arriving in South Africa, Gandhi faced discrimination due to his skin colour and heritage.<ref name="Parekh2001" /> Gandhi was not allowed to sit with European passengers in the stagecoach and was told to sit on the floor near the driver, then beaten when he refused; elsewhere, Gandhi was kicked into a gutter for daring to walk near a house, in another instance thrown off a train at [[Pietermaritzburg]] after refusing to leave the first-class.<ref name="Turban" />{{sfnp|Dhiman|2016|pp=25–27}} Gandhi sat in the train station, shivering all night and pondering if he should return to India or protest for his rights.{{sfnp|Dhiman|2016|pp=25–27}} Gandhi chose to protest and was allowed to board the train the next day.{{sfnp|Gandhi|2002|p={{page needed|date=July 2024}}}} In another incident, the magistrate of a [[Durban]] court ordered Gandhi to remove his turban, which he refused to do.<ref name="Turban" /> Indians were not allowed to walk on public footpaths in South Africa. Gandhi was kicked by a police officer out of the footpath onto the street without warning.<ref name="Turban" />

[[File:Mahatma-Gandhi Suedafrika-1906.jpg|thumb|upright|Gandhi in South Africa, 1906]]

When Gandhi arrived in South Africa, according to Arthur Herman, he thought of himself as "a Briton first, and an Indian second."{{sfnp|Herman|2008|pp=87–88}} However, the prejudice against Gandhi and his fellow Indians from British people that Gandhi experienced and observed deeply bothered him. Gandhi found it humiliating, struggling to understand how some people can feel honour, superiority or pleasure in such inhumane practices.{{sfnp|Dhiman|2016|pp=25–27}} Gandhi began to question his people's standing in the [[British Empire]].<ref name="Allen2011">{{cite book |last=Allen |first=Jeremiah |year=2011 |title=Sleeping with Strangers: A Vagabond's Journey Tramping the Globe |page=273 |publisher=Other Places Publishing |isbn=978-1-935850-01-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyl8f54UToQC&pg=PT273 |access-date=29 March 2024 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329130651/https://books.google.com/books?id=vyl8f54UToQC&pg=PT273 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The Abdullah case that had brought him to South Africa concluded in May 1894, and the Indian community organised a farewell party for Gandhi as he prepared to return to India.{{sfnp|Herman|2008|pp=88–89}} The farewell party was turned into a working committee to plan the resistance to a new Natal government discriminatory proposal. This led to Gandhi extending his original period of stay in South Africa. Gandhi planned to assist Indians in opposing a bill to [[Disfranchisement|deny them the right to vote]], a right then proposed to be an exclusive European right. He asked [[Joseph Chamberlain]], the British Colonial Secretary, to reconsider his position on this bill.<ref name="Gandhi" /> Though unable to halt the bill's passage, Gandhi's campaign was successful in drawing attention to the grievances of Indians in South Africa. He helped found the [[Natal Indian Congress]] in 1894,<ref name="Tendulkar1951"/>{{sfnp|Gandhi|2002|p={{page needed|date=July 2024}}}} and through this organisation, Gandhi moulded the Indian community of South Africa into a unified political force. In January 1897, when Gandhi landed in Durban, a mob of white settlers attacked him.<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi |chapter=March 1897 Memorial |wslink=The_Collected_Works_of_Mahatma_Gandhi/Volume_II}}: correspondence and newspaper accounts of the incident.</ref> Gandhi refused to press charges against any member of the mob.<ref name="Tendulkar1951"/>

[[File:Gandhi Boer War.jpg|thumb|left|Gandhi (middle, third from right) with the stretcher-bearers of the [[Indian Ambulance Corps]] during the [[Boer War]]]]

During the [[Second Boer War|Boer War]], Gandhi volunteered in 1900 to form a group of stretcher-bearers as the [[Natal Indian Ambulance Corps]]. According to Arthur Herman, Gandhi wanted to disprove the British colonial stereotype that Hindus were not fit for "manly" activities involving danger and exertion, unlike the Muslim "[[martial race]]s."{{sfnp|Herman|2008|p=125}} Gandhi raised 1,100 Indian volunteers to support British combat troops against the Boers. They were trained and medically certified to serve on the front lines. They were auxiliaries at the [[Battle of Colenso]] to a White volunteer ambulance corps. At the [[Battle of Spion Kop]], Gandhi and his bearers moved to the front line and had to carry wounded soldiers for miles to a field hospital since the terrain was too rough for the ambulances. Gandhi and 37 other Indians received the [[Queen's South Africa Medal]].{{sfnp|Herman|2008|loc=chapter 6}}<ref name="medals_south_african">{{cite web |date=5 March 1949 |title=South African Medals that Mahatma Returned Put on View at Gandhi Mandap Exhibition |website=Press Information Bureau of India – Archive |url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1949-JAN-DEC-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1949-02-24_076.pdf |access-date=18 July 2020 |archive-date=28 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928203725/http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1949-JAN-DEC-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1949-02-24_076.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Gandhi and Kasturbhai 1902.jpg|thumb|Gandhi and his wife [[Kasturba Gandhi|Kasturba]] (1902)]]

In 1906, the [[Transvaal Colony|Transvaal]] government promulgated a new Act compelling registration of the colony's Indian and Chinese populations. The law required Asians to undergo fingerprint registration and to carry identity certificates that officials could demand at any time.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Breckenridge |first=Keith |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/biometric-state/4A38EA25FF753A196560D6CFB8091E8D |title=Biometric State: The Global Politics of Identification and Surveillance in South Africa, 1850 to the Present |date=2014 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-07784-3 |location=Cambridge}}</ref> Historians have noted that Gandhi's resistance was therefore also a protest against a system of biometric identification that treated Indians as criminal subjects.<ref name=":3" /> Gandhi initially accepted voluntary registration as a gesture of trust, but later realized that once fingerprints were recorded, individuals lost the right to withdraw their consent. This then shaped Gandhi's understanding of Satyagraha as a defense of dignity and personal autonomy.<ref name=":3" /> At a mass protest meeting held in Johannesburg on 11 September that year, Gandhi adopted his still evolving methodology of ''[[Satyagraha]]'' (devotion to the truth), or nonviolent protest, for the first time.<ref name="Rai2000">{{cite book |last=Rai |first=Ajay Shanker |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z9ZSLa6cy-8C&pg=PA35 |title=Gandhian Satyagraha: An Analytical And Critical Approach |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=2000 |isbn=978-81-7022-799-1 |page=35 |access-date=3 June 2020 |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007224938/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z9ZSLa6cy-8C&pg=PA35#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> According to Anthony Parel, Gandhi was also influenced by the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] moral text ''[[Tirukkuṛaḷ]]'' after [[Leo Tolstoy]] mentioned it in their correspondence that began with "[[A Letter to a Hindu]]".<ref name="LetterToAHindu">{{Cite web |last=Tolstoy |first=Leo |date=14 December 1908 |title=A Letter to A Hindu: The Subjection of India-Its Cause and Cure |url=http://www.online-literature.com/tolstoy/2733/ |access-date=12 February 2012 |website=The Literature Network |quote=The Hindu Kural |archive-date=10 November 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061110204732/http://www.online-literature.com/tolstoy/2733/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="gandhi">{{cite book |last=Parel |first=Anthony J. |title=Meditations on Gandhi : a Ravindra Varma festschrift |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kcpDOVk5Gp8C&pg=PA96 |pages=96–112 |year=2002 |editor-last=M. P. Mathai |access-date=8 September 2012 |contribution=Gandhi and Tolstoy |place=New Delhi |publisher=Concept |isbn=978-81-7022-961-2 |author-link=Anthony Parel |editor2-last=M. S. John |editor3-last=Siby K. Joseph}}</ref> Gandhi urged Indians to defy the new law and to suffer the punishments for doing so. His ideas of protests, persuasion skills, and public relations had emerged. Gandhi took these back to India in 1915.{{sfnp|Guha|2013a|loc=Ch. 22}}<ref>{{Cite book |first=Charles R. |last=DiSalvo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9XGtAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR14 |title=M.K. Gandhi, Attorney at Law: The Man before the Mahatma |publisher=Univ of California Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-520-95662-9 |pages=14–15 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007225044/https://books.google.com/books?id=9XGtAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR14#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Europeans, Indians and Africans ===
Gandhi focused his attention on Indians and Africans while he was in South Africa. Initially, Gandhi was not interested in politics, but this changed after he was discriminated against and bullied, such as by being thrown out of a train coach due to his skin colour by a white train official. After several such incidents with [[White South African|Whites in South Africa]], Gandhi's thinking and focus changed, and he felt he must resist this and fight for rights. Gandhi entered politics by forming the Natal Indian Congress.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Constance |last2=Ryan |first2=James |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&pg=PA158 |publisher=Facts On File |location=New York |year=2007 |pages=158–159 |isbn=978-0-8160-5458-9 |access-date=5 July 2024 |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007224940/https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&pg=PA158#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> According to Ashwin Desai and Goolam Vahed, Gandhi's views on racism are contentious in some cases. He suffered persecution from the beginning in South Africa. Like with other coloured people, white officials denied Gandhi his rights, and the press and those in the streets bullied and called Gandhi a "parasite", "semi-barbarous", "canker", "squalid coolie", "yellow man", and other epithets. People would even spit on him as an expression of racial hate.<ref name="Desai2015p26"/>

[[File:Indian_opinion_advertisement_in_1910.jpg|left|thumb|upright|Advertisement of the ''[[Indian Opinion]]'', a newspaper founded by Gandhi]]

While in South Africa, Gandhi focused on the racial persecution of Indians before he started to focus on racism against Africans. In some cases, state Desai and Vahed, Gandhi's behaviour was one of being a willing part of racial stereotyping and African exploitation.<ref name="Desai2015p26"/> During a speech in September 1896, Gandhi complained that the whites in the British colony of South Africa were "degrading the Indian to the level of a raw [[Kaffir (racial term)|Kaffir]]."<ref>{{cite book |last=DiSalvo |first=Charles R. |title=M.K. Gandhi, Attorney at Law: The Man Before the Mahatma |publisher=University of California Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-520-28015-1 |page=153 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=plYlDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA153 |access-date=17 March 2023 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317164248/https://books.google.com/books?id=plYlDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA153 |url-status=live}}</ref> Scholars cite it as an example of evidence that Gandhi at that time thought of Indians and black South Africans differently.<ref name="Desai2015p26"/> As another example given by Herman, Gandhi, at the age of 24, prepared a legal brief for the Natal Assembly in 1895, seeking voting rights for Indians. Gandhi cited race history and European Orientalists' opinions that "Anglo-Saxons and Indians are sprung from the same Aryan stock or rather the Indo-European peoples" and argued that Indians should not be grouped with the Africans.{{sfnp|Herman|2008|pp=88–89}}

Years later, Gandhi and his colleagues served and helped Africans as nurses and by opposing racism. The Nobel Peace Prize winner [[Nelson Mandela]] is among admirers of Gandhi's efforts to fight against racism in Africa.<ref>{{cite web |last=Reddy |first=E.S. |date=18 October 2016 |title=Some of Gandhi's Early Views on Africans Were Racist. But That Was Before He Became Mahatma |url=https://thewire.in/history/gandhi-and-africans |website=The Wire |access-date=11 January 2023 |archive-date=25 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225184538/https://thewire.in/history/gandhi-and-africans |url-status=live }}</ref> The general image of Gandhi, state Desai and Vahed, has been reinvented since his assassination as though Gandhi was always a saint, when in reality, his life was more complex, contained inconvenient truths, and was one that changed over time.<ref name="Desai2015p26"/> Scholars have also pointed the evidence to a rich history of co-operation and efforts by Gandhi and Indian people with nonwhite South Africans against persecution of Africans and the [[Apartheid]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ramsamy |first1=Edward |last2=Mbanaso |first2=Michael |last3=Korieh |first3=Chima |year=2010 |title=Minorities and the State in Africa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-J-EZLTRVRwC |publisher=[[Cambria Press]] |pages=71–73 |isbn=978-1-62196-874-0}}</ref>

In 1903, Gandhi started the ''Indian Opinion'', a journal that carried news of Indians in South Africa, Indians in India with articles on all subjects – social, moral and intellectual. Each issue was multi-lingual and carried material in English, Gujarati, Hindi and Tamil. It carried ads, depended heavily on Gandhi's contributions (often printed without a byline) and was an "advocate" for the Indian cause.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guha |first=Ramachandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=arDvngEACAAJ |title=Gandhi Before India |date=2014 |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |isbn=978-0-385-53229-7 |language=en |access-date=7 September 2024 |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907114829/https://books.google.hu/books/about/Gandhi_Before_India.html?id=arDvngEACAAJ&redir_esc=y |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1906, when the [[Bambatha Rebellion]] broke out in the [[colony of Natal]], the then 36-year-old Gandhi, despite sympathising with the Zulu rebels, encouraged Indian South Africans to form a volunteer stretcher-bearer unit.{{sfnp|Herman|2008|pp=136–137}} Writing in the ''[[Indian Opinion]]'', Gandhi argued that military service would be beneficial to the Indian community and claimed it would give them "health and happiness."{{sfnp|Herman|2008|pp=154–157, 280–281}} Gandhi eventually led a volunteer mixed unit of Indian and African stretcher-bearers to treat wounded combatants during the suppression of the rebellion.{{sfnp|Herman|2008|pp=136–137}}

[[File:Gandhi suit crop.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.85|Gandhi photographed in South Africa (1909)]]

The medical unit commanded by Gandhi operated for less than two months before being disbanded.{{sfnp|Herman|2008|pp=136–137}} By 1910, Gandhi's newspaper, ''Indian Opinion'', was covering reports on discrimination against Africans by the colonial regime. Gandhi remarked that the Africans "alone are the original inhabitants of the land. … The whites, on the other hand, have occupied the land forcibly and appropriated it for themselves."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guha |first=Ramachandra |date=23 December 2018 |title=Setting the Record Straight on Gandhi and Race |url=https://thewire.in/history/setting-the-record-straight-on-gandhi-and-race |access-date=25 December 2022 |website=The Wire |archive-date=25 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225175747/https://thewire.in/history/setting-the-record-straight-on-gandhi-and-race |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1910, Gandhi established, with the help of his friend [[Hermann Kallenbach]], an idealistic community they named [[Tolstoy Farm]] near Johannesburg.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vashi |first=Ashish |date=31 March 2011 |title=For Gandhi, Kallenbach was a friend and guide |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/For-Gandhi-Kallenbach-was-a-friend-and-guide/articleshow/7829668.cms?referral=PM |access-date=20 February 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415150305/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/For-Gandhi-Kallenbach-was-a-friend-and-guide/articleshow/7829668.cms?referral=PM |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Bartley |first=Grant |year=2014 |title=Satuagraha § A Medium for Truth |url=http://philosophynow.org/issues/101/Satyagraha |magazine=Philosophy Now |issue=101 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324184714/http://philosophynow.org/issues/101/Satyagraha |archive-date=24 March 2014}}</ref> There, Gandhi nurtured his policy of peaceful resistance.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Corder, Catherine |last2=Plaut, Martin |year=2014 |title=Gandhi's Decisive South African 1913 Campaign: A Personal Perspective from the Letters of Betty Molteno |journal=[[South African Historical Journal]] |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=22–54 |doi=10.1080/02582473.2013.862565 }}</ref> In the years after black South Africans gained the right to vote in South Africa (1994), Gandhi was proclaimed a national hero with numerous monuments.<ref name="Mbeki2006" />

== Struggle for Indian independence (1915–1947) ==

{{See also|Indian independence movement}}

[[File:Gandhi back in india1915.gif|thumb|Welcome received at Karachi after Gandhi's (seated in carriage on the right) return to India (1916)]]

At the request of [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]], Gandhi returned to India in 1915.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Verma |first1=Radhey Shyam |title=Gopal Krishna Gokhale and his contribution to struggle of people of Indian origin in South Africa |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2010 |volume=70 |pages=860–868 |jstor=44147733}}</ref>

Gandhi joined the [[Indian National Congress]] and was introduced to Indian issues, politics and the Indian people primarily by Gokhale. Gokhale was a key leader of the Congress Party best known for his restraint and moderation, and his insistence on working inside the system. Gandhi took Gokhale's liberal approach based on British [[Whiggism|Whiggish]] traditions and transformed it to make it look Indian.<ref name="Whiggism"/>

Gandhi took leadership of the Congress in 1920 and began escalating demands until on 26 January 1930 the Indian National Congress declared the independence of India. The British did not recognise the declaration, but negotiations ensued, with the Congress taking a role in provincial government in the late 1930s. Gandhi and the Congress withdrew their support of the Raj when the Viceroy declared war on Germany in September 1939 without consultation. Tensions escalated until Gandhi demanded immediate independence in 1942, and the British responded by imprisoning him and tens of thousands of Congress leaders. Meanwhile, the Muslim League did co-operate with Britain and moved, against Gandhi's strong opposition, to demands for a totally separate Muslim state of Pakistan. In August 1947, the British partitioned the land with India and Pakistan each achieving independence on terms that Gandhi disapproved.{{sfnp|Markovits|2002|pp=367–386}}

=== Role in World War I ===

{{See also|Indian Army during World War I|label 1=The role of India in World War I}}

In April 1918, during the latter part of [[World War I]], the [[Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford|Viceroy]] invited Gandhi to a War Conference in Delhi.<ref>[[s:Chronology of Mahatma Gandhi's life/India 1918|Chronology of Mahatma Gandhi's Life:India 1918]] in WikiSource based on the [[s:The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi|Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi]]. Based on public domain volumes.</ref> Gandhi agreed to support the war effort.<ref name="Turban" /><ref name="wikilivres.ca" /> In contrast to the [[Bambatha Rebellion|Zulu War]] of 1906 and the outbreak of World War I in 1914, when he recruited volunteers for the Ambulance Corps, this time Gandhi attempted to recruit combatants. In a June 1918 leaflet entitled "Appeal for Enlistment", Gandhi wrote: "To bring about such a state of things we should have the ability to defend ourselves, that is, the ability to bear arms and to use them... If we want to learn the use of arms with the greatest possible despatch, it is our duty to enlist ourselves in the army."<ref name="CollectedWorks17b">Gandhi (1965), ''Collected Works'', [http://www.gandhiserve.org/cwmg/VOL017.PDF Vol 17.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091015235028/http://www.gandhiserve.org/cwmg/VOL017.PDF |date=15 October 2009}} Chapter "67. Appeal for enlistment", Nadiad, 22 June 1918.</ref> However, Gandhi stipulated in a letter to the [[John Maffey, 1st Baron Rugby|Viceroy's private secretary]] that he "personally will not kill or injure anybody, friend or foe."<ref name="CollectedWorks17c">Gandhi (1965), ''Collected Works'', [http://www.gandhiserve.org/cwmg/VOL017.PDF Vol 17.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091015235028/http://www.gandhiserve.org/cwmg/VOL017.PDF |date=15 October 2009}} "Chapter 8. Letter to J. L. Maffey", Nadiad, 30 April 1918.</ref>

Gandhi's support for the war campaign brought into question his consistency on nonviolence. [[Mahadev Desai|Gandhi's private secretary]] noted that "The question of the consistency between his creed of '[[Ahimsa]]' (nonviolence) and his recruiting campaign was raised not only then but has been discussed ever since."<ref name="wikilivres.ca" /> According to political and educational scientist Christian Bartolf, Gandhi's support for the war stemmed from his belief that true ahimsa could not exist simultaneously with cowardice. Therefore, Gandhi felt that Indians needed to be willing and capable of using arms before they voluntarily chose non-violence.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bartolf |first=Christian |date=22 August 2013 |title=Gandhi and War: The Mahatma Gandhi / Bart de Ligt Correspondence |url=https://www.satyagrahafoundation.org/gandhi-and-war-the-mahatma-gandhi-bart-de-ligt-correspondence |website=Satyagraha Foundation |access-date=5 February 2024 |archive-date=5 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205071823/https://www.satyagrahafoundation.org/gandhi-and-war-the-mahatma-gandhi-bart-de-ligt-correspondence/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In July 1918, Gandhi said that he could not persuade even one individual to enlist for the world war. "So far I have not a single recruit to my credit apart," Gandhi wrote. He added: "They object because they fear to die."<ref name="Jarboe">{{cite book |author=Andrew T. Jarboe |title=Indian Soldiers in World War I: Race and Representation in an Imperial War |publisher=University of Nebraska |year=2021 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GvYrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA238 |page=238 |isbn=9781496206787 |access-date=16 October 2023 |archive-date=21 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021061242/https://books.google.com/books?id=GvYrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA238 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Champaran agitations ===

{{Main|Champaran Satyagraha}}

[[File:Gandhi Kheda 1918.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|Gandhi in 1918, at the time of the Kheda and Champaran Satyagrahas]]

Gandhi's first major achievement came in 1917 with the [[Champaran]] agitation in [[Bihar]]. The Champaran agitation pitted the local peasantry against largely Anglo-Indian plantation owners who were backed by the local administration. The peasants were forced to grow indigo (''[[Indigofera]]'' sp.), a cash crop for [[Indigo dye]] whose demand had been declining over two decades and were forced to sell their crops to the planters at a fixed price. Unhappy with this, the peasantry appealed to Gandhi at his [[ashram]] in Ahmedabad. Pursuing a strategy of nonviolent protest, Gandhi took the administration by surprise and won concessions from the authorities.<ref name="Hardiman2001" />

=== Kheda agitations ===
{{main|Kheda Satyagraha}}
In 1918, [[Kheda]] was hit by floods and famine and the peasantry was demanding relief from taxes. Gandhi moved his headquarters to [[Nadiad]],<ref name="Laboratory">{{cite web |year=2004 |title=Satyagraha Laboratories of Mahatma Gandhi |url=http://www.aicc.org.in/satyagraha_laboratories_of_mahatma_gandhi.htm |access-date=25 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061206050856/http://www.aicc.org.in/satyagraha_laboratories_of_mahatma_gandhi.htm |archive-date=6 December 2006 |website=[[Indian National Congress]] website |publisher=[[All India Congress Committee]]}}</ref> organising scores of supporters and fresh volunteers from the region, the most notable being [[Vallabhbhai Patel]].{{sfnp|Gandhi|2008|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=FauJL7LKXmkC&pg=196 196–197]}} Using non-co-operation as a technique, Gandhi initiated a signature campaign where peasants pledged non-payment of revenue even under the threat of confiscation of land. A social boycott of ''mamlatdars'' and ''talatdars'' (revenue officials within the district) accompanied the agitation. Gandhi worked hard to win public support for the agitation across the country. For five months, the administration refused, but by the end of May 1918, the government gave way on important provisions and relaxed the conditions of payment of revenue tax until the famine ended. In Kheda, Vallabhbhai Patel represented the farmers in negotiations with the British, who suspended revenue collection and released all the prisoners.<ref name="Brown1974" />

=== Khilafat Movement ===

{{further|Khilafat Movement}}

[[File:Gandhi and Tagore 1920.jpg|thumb|upright|Gandhi (wearing a [[Gandhi cap]]) with [[Rabindranath Tagore]] and [[Sharda Mehta]], 1920]]

In 1919, Gandhi sought Muslim co-operation by supporting the defeated [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Nojeim |first=M. |title=Gandhi and King: The Power of Nonviolent Resistance |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-275-96574-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g9a5AAAAIAAJ |page=75 |access-date=3 February 2024 |archive-date=3 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203075416/https://books.google.com/books?id=g9a5AAAAIAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> This was in part motivated by the British promise to reciprocate the help with ''swaraj'' (self-government) to Indians after the war.<ref name="robbins133">{{cite book |last=Keith Robbins |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qnTq4w-Ny3oC |title=The First World War |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-19-280318-4 |pages=133–137}}</ref> Instead, the British government offered only minor reforms, disappointing Gandhi.<ref name="green89">{{cite book |last1=Green |first1=Michael J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0xHnDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA89 |title=A Global History of the Twentieth Century: Legacies and Lessons from Six National Perspectives |last2=Nicholas Szechenyi |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-4422-7972-8 |pages=89–90}}</ref> He announced his ''satyagraha'' (civil disobedience) intentions. The British countered with the [[Rowlatt Act]] to block Gandhi's movement, making civil disobedience a criminal offence and enabling internment without trial.{{sfnp|Minault|1982|pp=68–72, 78–82, 96–102, 108–109}}

Gandhi leveraged the [[Khilafat Movement]], wherein [[Sunni]] Muslims in India championed the Turkish [[Caliph]] as a symbol of Sunni Islam (''[[ummah]]'').{{sfnp|Minault|1982|pp=4–8}}<ref name="paine20">{{cite book |last=Sarah C.M. Paine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cJ9sBgAAQBAJ |title=Nation Building, State Building, and Economic Development: Case Studies and Comparisons |publisher=Routledge |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-317-46409-9 |pages=20–21}}</ref>{{sfnp|Ghose|1991|p=161–164}} Gandhi's support gave mixed results. It initially brought strong Muslim support. However, Hindu leaders including Rabindranath Tagore questioned Gandhi's leadership because they opposed recognising the Caliph.{{efn|{{sfnp|Minault|1982|pp=68–72, 78–82, 96–102, 108–109}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Roderick Matthews |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r9A4AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT31 |title=Jinnah vs. Gandhi |publisher=Hachette |year=2012 |isbn=978-93-5009-078-7 |page=31 |quote=Rabindranath Tagore heavily criticized Gandhi at the time in private letters (...). They reveal Tagore's belief that Gandhi had committed the Indian political nation to a cause that was mistakenly anti-Western and fundamentally negative.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Kham |first=Aqeeluzzafar |year=1990 |title=The All-India Muslim Conference and the Origin of the Khilafat Movement in India |journal=Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=155–162}}</ref><ref name="Roberts1923">{{cite journal |last=Roberts |first=W.H. |year=1923 |title=A Review of the Gandhi Movement in India |journal=Political Science Quarterly |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=227–48 |doi=10.2307/2142634 |jstor=2142634}}</ref>}}

Gandhi's increased Muslim support temporarily stopped Hindu-Muslim communal violence,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bose, Sugata |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qMJIuHL9ksAC&pg=PA112 |title=Modern South History, Culture, Political Economy |last2=Jalal, Ayesha |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-203-71253-5 |pages=112–14 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref>{{sfnp|Brown|1991|pp=140–147}} and helped sideline [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]. Jinna went on to lead the demand for a Muslim homeland. Though they agreed on Indian independence, they disagreed on the means of achieving it. Jinnah favoured constitutional negotiation, rather than agitating the masses.{{sfnp|Minault|1982|pp=113–116}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Akbar S. Ahmed |url=https://archive.org/details/jinnahpakistanis00ahme/page/57 |title=Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity: The Search for Saladin |publisher=Routledge |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-415-14966-2 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/jinnahpakistanis00ahme/page/57 57–71]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Gandhi and Islam |url=https://www.islamicity.org/3910/gandhi-and-islam/ |access-date=18 April 2020 |website=www.islamicity.org |date=17 August 2010 |archive-date=7 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907012817/https://www.islamicity.org/3910/gandhi-and-islam/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1922, the Khilafat Movement collapsed following the end of the [[Non-cooperation movement (1909–22)|non-cooperation movement]] and Gandhi's arrest.<ref name="Bandyopādhyāẏa">{{cite book |last=Bandyopādhyāẏa |first=Ś. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0oVra0ulQ3QC&pg=PA304 |title=From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India |publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=2004 |isbn=978-81-250-2596-2 |page=304 |quote=He was arrested on 10 March 1922 and was sentenced to prison for six years. [...] Gradually the Khilafat movement too died. |access-date=25 August 2023 |archive-date=10 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710131254/https://books.google.com/books?id=0oVra0ulQ3QC&pg=PA304 |url-status=live }}</ref> A number of Muslim leaders abandoned Gandhi and Congress.<ref>{{cite book |last=Brown, Judith Margaret |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Eq7tAAAAMAAJ |title=Modern India: the origins of an Asian democracy |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-19-873112-2 |page=228 |access-date=29 March 2024 |archive-date=2 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702121919/https://books.google.com/books?id=Eq7tAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> Hindu-Muslim communal conflicts reignited, and deadly religious riots re-appeared in numerous cities.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sarkar, Sumit |url=https://archive.org/details/modernindia1885100sark |title=Modern India: 1885–1947 |publisher=Macmillan |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-333-90425-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/modernindia1885100sark/page/n252 233] |url-access=registration}}</ref>{{sfnp|Markovits|2002|p=372}}

=== Non-co-operation ===

{{main|Non-co-operation movement}}

[[File:Gandhi besant madras1921.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|Gandhi with [[Annie Besant]] en route to a meeting in [[Madras]] in September 1921. Earlier, in [[Madurai]], on 21 September 1921, Gandhi had adopted the [[loin-cloth]] for the first time as a symbol of his identification with India's poor.]]

With his book ''[[Hind Swaraj]]'' (1909) Gandhi, aged 40, declared that British rule was established in India with the co-operation of Indians and had survived only because of this. If Indians refused to co-operate, British rule would collapse and ''[[swaraj]]'' (Indian independence) would come.<ref name="GangulyDocker20082" /><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Baldwin |first1=Lewis V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6xdNAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA168%257CYEAR=2013%257CPUBLISHER=WIPF |title=In an Inescapable Network of Mutuality: Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Globalization of an Ethical Ideal |last2=Dekar |first2=Paul R. |date=30 August 2013 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1-61097-434-9 |access-date=6 August 2023 |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005092125/https://books.google.com/books?id=6xdNAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA168%7CYEAR=2013%7CPUBLISHER=WIPF |url-status=live }}</ref> In February 1919, Gandhi cautioned the Viceroy of India that the [[Rowlatt Act]] would result in civil disobedience.{{sfnp|Wolpert|2002a|pp=99–103}} The British government ignored him, and the ''satyagraha'' civil disobedience followed, with British law officers firing on unarmed people.{{sfnp|Wolpert|2002a|pp=99–103}} Riots followed; Gandhi urged peaceful protest.{{sfnp|Wolpert|2002a|pp=99–103}} The [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]] enraged the subcontinent. Gandhi criticised his fellow countrymen for not exclusively using "love" to deal with the "hate" of the British government.{{sfnp|Wolpert|2002a|pp=99–103}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Mohandas Karamchand |title=An Autobiography or The Story of My Experiments With Truth |title-link=The Story of My Experiments with Truth |publisher=Navajivan Publishing House |orig-year=1940 | year=1993 |isbn=0-8070-5909-9 |edition=2nd |location=Ahmedabad |page=[https://archive.org/details/autobiographyst00gand/page/82 82]}} Also available at [[s:An Autobiography or The Story of my Experiments with Truth|Wikisource]].</ref>
Gandhi shifted his attention to ''swaraj'' and political independence for India.<ref name="Chakrabarty2008">{{Cite book |last=Chakrabarty |first=Bidyut |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QzQHZ178C24C&pg=PA154 |title=Indian Politics and Society since Independence: events, processes and ideology |publisher=Routledge |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-415-40868-4 |page=154 |access-date=4 April 2012 |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007230049/https://books.google.com/books?id=QzQHZ178C24C&pg=PA154 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1921, Gandhi became the leader of the Indian National Congress.{{sfnp|Ghose|1991|p=161–164}} Gandhi expanded his nonviolence to include the [[Swadeshi movement|''swadeshi'' policy]] – the boycott of foreign-made goods, especially British goods,{{sfnp|Gandhi|1990a|p=89}} and to boycott British institutions and law courts.{{sfnp|Shashi|1996|p=9}} Gandhi was arrested on 10 March 1922, tried for sedition, and sentenced to six years' imprisonment.{{sfnp|Gandhi|1990a|p=131}}


=== Salt Satyagraha (Salt March/Civil Disobedience Movement) ===

{{Main|Salt Satyagraha}}

[[File:Salt March.ogg|thumb|Original footage of Gandhi and his followers marching to Dandi in the Salt Satyagraha]]

After his release from prison in 1924, Gandhi continued to pursue ''swaraj''. He pushed through a resolution at the Calcutta Congress in December 1928 calling on the British government to grant India [[dominion]] status or face further non-cooperation.{{sfnp|Gandhi|1990|p=172}} The British did not respond favourably.{{sfnp|Herman|2008|pp=419–420}} Gandhi led Congress in a celebration on 26 January 1930 of [[Independence Day (India)|India's Independence Day]] in Lahore. Gandhi launched a new Satyagraha against the British salt tax in March 1930, condemning British rule in a letter to the viceroy.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bakshi, S. R. |title=Gandhi and Gandhi and the Mass Movement |publisher=New Delhi |year=1988 |pages=133–34}}</ref>

This was highlighted by the Salt March from 12 March to 6 April, where Gandhi and volunteers marched {{convert|388|km|mi}} from Ahmedabad to Dandi, Gujarat to make salt himself, with the declared intention of breaking the salt laws, watched by huge crowds.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/viewbydoi/10.1093/acref/9780195176322.013.1384 |title=Salt March |encyclopedia=Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World |date=2008 |access-date=4 January 2021 |publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-517632-2 }}</ref> On 5 May, Gandhi was interned under a regulation dating from 1827 in anticipation of a planned protest. The protest at Dharasana salt works on 21 May went ahead without Gandhi and was brutally suppressed.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fischer, L. |title=Gandhi and the Mass Movement |year=1950 |pages=298–99}}</ref> The campaign succeeded in upsetting the British; Britain responded by imprisoning at least 60,000 people.<ref name="Hatt2002">{{Cite book |last=Hatt |first=Christine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f6vvy-J7vhcC&pg=PA33 |title=Mahatma Gandhi |date=2002 |publisher=Evans Brothers |isbn=978-0-237-52308-4 |page=33 |access-date=5 January 2022 |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007230102/https://books.google.com/books?id=f6vvy-J7vhcC&pg=PA33#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>


=== Gandhi as folk hero ===
[[File:Indian workers on strike in support of Mahatma Gandhi in 1930.jpg|thumb|Indian workers on strike in support of Gandhi in 1930]]

Indian Congress in the 1920s appealed to [[Andhra Pradesh]] peasants by creating Telugu language plays that combined Indian mythology and legends, linked them to Gandhi's ideas, and portrayed Gandhi as a [[messiah]], a reincarnation of ancient and medieval Indian nationalist leaders and saints. The plays built support among peasants steeped in traditional Hindu culture, according to Murali, and this effort made Gandhi a folk hero in Telugu speaking villages, a sacred messiah-like figure.<ref name="Murali1985" />

According to Dennis Dalton, it was Gandhi's ideas that were responsible for his wide following. Gandhi criticised Western civilisation as one driven by "brute force and immorality", contrasting it with his categorisation of Indian civilisation as one driven by "soul force and morality".{{sfnp|Dalton|2012|pp=8–14, 20–23, 30–35}} Gandhi captured the imagination of the people of his heritage with his ideas about winning "hate with love". These ideas are evidenced in his pamphlets from the 1890s, in South Africa, where too Gandhi was popular among the Indian [[Indian indenture system|indentured workers]]. After he returned to India, people flocked to Gandhi because he reflected their values.{{sfnp|Dalton|2012|pp=8–14, 20–23, 30–35}}

[[File:Gandhi first visit to Odisha.jpg|thumb| Gandhi's first visit to [[Odisha]] in 1921, a general meeting held at the riverbed of Kathajodi]]

Gandhi also campaigned hard going from one rural corner of the Indian subcontinent to another. He used terminology and phrases such as ''[[Rama]]-rajya'' from ''[[Ramayana]]'', [[Prahlada]] as a paradigmatic icon, and such cultural symbols as another facet of ''swaraj'' and ''satyagraha''.{{sfnp|Dhiman|2016|pp=46–49}} During Gandhi's lifetime, these ideas sounded strange outside India, but they readily and deeply resonated with the culture and historic values of his people.{{sfnp|Dalton|2012|pp=8–14, 20–23, 30–35}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=John M Levine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wrQ5DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA73 |title=Encyclopedia of Group Processes and Intergroup Relations |last2=Michael A. Hogg |publisher=Sage Publications |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-4129-4208-9 |page=73}}</ref>

=== Negotiations ===
The government, represented by [[E. F. L. Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|Lord Irwin]], the [[Viceroy of India]], decided to negotiate with Gandhi. The [[Gandhi–Irwin Pact]] was signed in March 1931. The British Government agreed to free all [[political prisoner]]s, in return for the suspension of the civil disobedience movement. According to the pact, Gandhi was invited to attend the Round Table Conference in London for discussions and as the sole representative of the Indian National Congress. The conference was a disappointment to Gandhi and the nationalists. Gandhi expected to discuss India's independence, while the British side focused on the Indian princes and Indian minorities rather than on a transfer of power. Lord Irwin's successor, [[Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon|Lord Willingdon]], took a hard line against India as an independent nation, began a new campaign of controlling and subduing the nationalist movement. Gandhi was again arrested, and the government tried and failed to negate his influence by completely isolating him from his followers.{{sfnp|Herman|2008|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=tquxD6dk914C&pg=PA375 375–377]}}

In Britain, [[Winston Churchill]], a prominent Conservative politician who was then out of office but later became its prime minister, became a vigorous and articulate critic of Gandhi and opponent of his long-term plans. Churchill said in a widely reported 1931 speech:

{{blockquote|It is alarming and also nauseating to see Mr Gandhi, a seditious Middle Temple lawyer, now posing as a fakir of a type well known in the East, striding half-naked up the steps of the Vice-regal palace....to parley on equal terms with the representative of the King-Emperor.{{sfnp|Herman|2008|p=359}}}}

Churchill's bitterness against Gandhi grew in the 1930s. He called Gandhi as the one who was "seditious in aim" whose evil genius and multiform menace was attacking the British empire. Churchill called him a dictator, a "Hindu [[Mussolini]]", fomenting a race war, trying to replace the Raj with [[Brahmin]] cronies, playing on the ignorance of Indian masses, all for selfish gain.{{sfnp|Herman|2008|pp=378–381}} Churchill attempted to isolate Gandhi, and his criticism of Gandhi was widely covered by European and American press. It gained Churchill sympathetic support, but it also increased support for Gandhi among Europeans. The developments heightened Churchill's anxiety that the "British themselves would give up out of pacifism and misplaced conscience."{{sfnp|Herman|2008|pp=378–381}}

=== Round Table Conferences ===

[[File:Mahadev Desai and Gandhi 2 1939.jpg|thumb|upright|Gandhi and his personal assistant [[Mahadev Desai]] at Birla House, 1939]]

During the discussions between Gandhi and the British government over 1931–32 at the [[Round Table Conferences (India)|Round Table Conferences]], Gandhi, now aged about 62, sought constitutional reforms as a preparation to the end of colonial British rule, and begin the self-rule by Indians.{{sfnp|Muldoon|2016|pp=92–99}} The British side sought reforms that would keep the Indian subcontinent as a colony. The British negotiators proposed constitutional reforms on a British Dominion model that established separate electorates based on religious and social divisions. The British questioned the Congress party and Gandhi's authority to speak for all of India.{{sfnp|Gandhi|2008|pp=332–333}} They invited Indian religious leaders, such as Muslims and Sikhs, to press their demands along religious lines, as well as [[B. R. Ambedkar]] as the representative leader of the untouchables.{{sfnp|Muldoon|2016|pp=92–99}} Gandhi vehemently opposed a constitution that enshrined rights or representations based on communal divisions, because he feared that it would not bring people together but divide them, perpetuate their status, and divert the attention from India's struggle to end the colonial rule.{{sfnp|Muldoon|2016|p=97}}{{sfnp|Brown|1991|pp=[https://archive.org/details/gandhi00judi/page/252 252–257]}}

The Second Round Table conference was the only time Gandhi left India between 1914 and his death in 1948. He was accompanied by his secretary [[Mahadev Desai]], son [[Devdas Gandhi]] and British supporter [[Mirabehn]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Rajmohan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dEUIqm0jquYC&dq=muriel+lester&pg=PA115 |title=The Good Boatman: A Portrait of Gandhi |date=1997 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-025563-8 |pages=115–118 |language=en}}</ref> Gandhi declined the government's offer of accommodation in an expensive [[West End of London|West End]] hotel, preferring to stay in the [[East End of London|East End]], to live among working-class people, as he did in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mahatma Gandhi | Philosopher & Teacher | Blue Plaques |url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/mahatma-gandhi-kingsley-hall/ |access-date=26 September 2020 |website=English Heritage |archive-date=28 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928214656/https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/mahatma-gandhi-kingsley-hall/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Gandhi based himself in a small [[monastic cell|cell-bedroom]] at his friend [[Muriel Lester]]'s "People's House" at [[Kingsley Hall]] for the three-month duration of his stay.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2017 |title=Peace seeking social reformer who became Gandhi's dear friend |url=https://www.gazette-news.co.uk/news/15496376.the-story-of-muriel-lester-who-went-from-essex-to-befriend-one-of-the-worlds-most-influential-leaders/ |access-date=22 March 2025 |website=Gazette |language=en}}</ref> He was enthusiastically received by East Enders.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gandhi visits the poor people of England in 1931 – Gandhi Video Footage |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sLYIEajnqnI |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002115124/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sLYIEajnqnI&gl=US&hl=en |archive-date=2 October 2012 |access-date=26 September 2020 |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Local children gave him toys for his birthday and Lester noted that he would gently place them on window sills and in carriages during his stay and took them back to India.<ref name=":2" />

[[File:An admiring East End crowd gathers to witness the arrival of Mahatma Gandhi.jpg|thumb|An admiring [[East End of London|East End]] crowd gathers to witness the arrival of Mahatma Gandhi, 1931]]

After Gandhi returned from the Second Round Table conference, he started a new ''satyagraha''. Gandhi was arrested and imprisoned at the [[Yerwada Jail]], Pune. While he was in prison, the British government enacted a new law that granted untouchables a separate electorate. It came to be known as the [[Communal Award]].{{sfnp|Herman|2008|pp=382–390}} In protest, Gandhi started a fast-unto-death, while he was held in prison.<ref name="Dirks2011p267">{{Cite book |last=Nicholas B. Dirks |title=Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of Modern India |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4008-4094-6 |pages=267–74 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UP7vmkFSJhIC&pg=PA268 |access-date=4 June 2017 |archive-date=21 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721085014/https://books.google.com/books?id=UP7vmkFSJhIC&pg=PA268 |url-status=live }}</ref> The resulting public outcry forced the government, in consultations with Ambedkar, to replace the Communal Award with a compromise [[Poona Pact]].<ref name="yer">{{Cite book |last=Kamath, M. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7bRZgojbsPsC&pg=PA24 |title=Gandhi's Coolie: Life & Times of Ramkrishna Bajaj |publisher=Allied Publishers |year=1995 |isbn=81-7023-487-5 |page=24 |access-date=3 June 2020 |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007230103/https://books.google.com/books?id=7bRZgojbsPsC&pg=PA24#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfnp|McDermott |Gordon |Embree |Pritchett |2014 |pp=369–370}}

=== Congress politics ===
In 1934, Gandhi resigned from Congress party membership. He did not disagree with the party's position, but felt that if he resigned, Gandhi's popularity with Indians would cease to stifle the party's membership, which actually varied, including communists, socialists, trade unionists, students, religious conservatives, and those with pro-business convictions, and that these various voices would get a chance to make themselves heard. Gandhi also wanted to avoid being a target for Raj propaganda by leading a party that had temporarily accepted political accommodation with the Raj.{{sfnp|Gandhi|1990|p=246}}

In 1936, Gandhi returned to active politics again with the Nehru presidency and the Lucknow session of the Congress. Although Gandhi wanted a total focus on the task of winning independence and not speculation about India's future, he did not restrain the Congress from adopting socialism as its goal. Gandhi had a clash with Subhas Chandra Bose, who had been elected president in 1938, and who had previously expressed a lack of faith in nonviolence as a means of protest.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghose |first=Sankar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mzRuAAAAMAAJ |title=Jawaharlal Nehru, A Biography |publisher=Allied Publishers |year=1992 |isbn=8170233690 |page=137 |access-date=27 May 2023 |archive-date=27 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527171235/https://books.google.com/books?id=mzRuAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite Gandhi's opposition, Bose won a second term as Congress President, against Gandhi's nominee, [[Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya]]. Gandhi declared that Sitaramayya's defeat was his defeat.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dash |first=Siddhartha |date=January 2005 |title=Gandhi and Subhas Chandra Bose |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/jan2005/englishPdf/Gandhi_subhas.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121224061752/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/jan2005/englishPdf/Gandhi_subhas.pdf |archive-date=24 December 2012 |access-date=12 April 2012 |website=Orissa Review}}</ref> Bose later left the Congress when the All-India leaders resigned en masse in protest of his abandonment of the principles introduced by Gandhi.{{sfnp|Gandhi|1990|pp=277–281}}<ref name="Sarkar2006" />

=== World War II and ''Quit India movement'' ===

{{main|Quit India Movement}}

[[File:Gandhi and Nehru 1942.jpg|thumb|upright|Gandhi talking with [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], his designated political heir, during the drafting of the Quit India Resolution in Bombay, August 1942]]

Gandhi opposed helping the British war effort and campaigned against participation in [[World War II]].{{sfnp|Herman|2008|pp=467–470}} The British government arrested Gandhi and killed over 1,000 members of the movement.<ref name="auto">{{cite book |last=Marques |first=J. |year=2020 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vCrXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT403 |title=The Routledge Companion to Inclusive Leadership |series=Routledge Companions in Business, Management and Marketing |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-03965-8 |page=403 |access-date=8 December 2022 |archive-date=7 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307161050/https://books.google.com/books?id=vCrXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT403 |url-status=live}}</ref> Violent attacks were carried out by nationalists against the British.<ref name="Anderson"/> The movement played a role in weakening British control, and paved the way for Indian independence.{{sfnp|Herman|2008|pp=467–470}}<ref name="Anderson">{{cite book |last1=Anderson|first1=D.|last2=Killingray|first2=D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rni7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA51 |title=Policing and Decolonisation: Politics, Nationalism, and the Police, 1917-65 |publisher=Manchester University Press |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-7190-3033-8 |series=Studies in imperialism |page=51 |quote=Britain's hold over India weakened and an early resumption of Congress rule appeared inevitable |access-date=8 December 2022 |archive-date=7 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307161050/https://books.google.com/books?id=rni7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA51 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Gandhi was motivated by his belief that India could not be party to a war for democratic freedom while that freedom was denied to India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bipan Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0q7xH06NrFkC&pg=PT543 |title=India's Struggle for Independence |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2000 |isbn=978-81-8475-183-3 |page=543}}</ref> He explicitly called for the British to ''Quit India'' in a 1942 speech in Mumbai.{{sfnp|Wolpert|2002a|pp=74–75}}{{sfnp|Gandhi|1990|p=309}} The British government responded quickly, arresting Gandhi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gurcharan Das |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IgbeMDKvkU0C&pg=PA49 |title=A Fine Family |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-14-012258-9 |pages=49–50}}</ref> Indians retaliated by damaging hundreds of government owned railway stations and police stations, and cutting telegraph wires.{{sfnp|Wolpert|2002a|pp=205–211}}

In 1942, Gandhi urged his people to completely stop co-operating with the imperial government, again calling for non-violence.{{sfnp|Wolpert|2002a|pp=74–75}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brock |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vRduAAAAMAAJ |title=The Mahatma and mother India: essays on Gandhiʼs nonviolence and nationalism |publisher=[[Navajivan Publishing House]] |year=1983 |page=34}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Limaye |first=Madhu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WVIwAQAAIAAJ |title=Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru: a historic partnership |publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation |year=1990 |isbn=81-7018-547-5 |page=11 |author-link=Madhu Limaye |access-date=29 March 2024 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329133300/https://books.google.com/books?id=WVIwAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> He urged Indians to ''karo ya maro'' ("do or die") in the cause of their rights and freedoms.{{sfnp|Wolpert|2002a|pp=74–75}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=von Pochhammer, Wilhelm |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mHLB4m75pisC&pg=PA469 |title=India's Road to Nationhood: A Political History of the Subcontinent |publisher=Allied Publishers |year=2005 |isbn=81-7764-715-6 |page=469 |access-date=29 March 2024 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329133128/https://books.google.com/books?id=mHLB4m75pisC&pg=PA469#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Gandhi writing 1942.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Gandhi in 1942, the year he launched the [[Quit India Movement]]]]

His arrest lasted two years.{{sfnp|Wolpert|2002a|pp=205–211}} He was released before the end of the war on 6 May 1944 because of his failing health and necessary surgery; the Raj did not want him to die in prison and enrage the nation. Gandhi and Jinnah had extensive correspondence and the two men met several times in September 1944. Jinnah rejected Gandhi's proposal for Hindu-Muslim coexistence, insisting on partitioning the subcontinent on religious lines to create a Muslim homeland (later Pakistan).<ref name="Khan2007-page1">{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Yasmin |year=2007 |url=https://archive.org/details/greatpartitionma00khan/page/18 |title=The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-12078-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/greatpartitionma00khan/page/18 18] |access-date=1 September 2013 }}</ref> At the end of the war, the British gave clear indications that power would be transferred to Indian hands. Gandhi called off the struggle, and around 100,000 political prisoners were released, including the Congress's leadership.{{sfnp|Shashi|1996|p=13}}

=== Partition and independence ===
{{see also|Indian independence movement|Partition of India}}
[[File:Gandhi Jinnah 1944.jpg|thumb|left|Gandhi with [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] in September 1944]]
[[File:Gandhi Suhrawardy and Mujib.jpg|thumb|Gandhi with Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy (left) and [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] (far right) during [[Noakhali riots]] in October 1946]]
Gandhi [[opposition to the partition of India|opposed the partition of the Indian subcontinent]] along religious lines.<ref name="Khan2007-page1" />{{sfnp|Gandhi|2002|pp=106–108}}<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite book |last=Khan |first=Yasmin |url=https://archive.org/details/greatpartitionma00khan |title=The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-300-12078-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/greatpartitionma00khan/page/n30 1] |access-date=1 September 2013 |url-access=registration | quote=South Asians learned that the British Indian Empire would be partitioned on 3 June 1947. They heard about it on the radio, from relations and friends, by reading newspapers and, later, through government pamphlets. Among a population of almost four hundred million, where the vast majority lived in the countryside, ..., it is hardly surprising that many ... did not hear the news for many weeks afterward. For some, the butchery and forced relocation of the summer months of 1947 may have been the first they know about the creation of the two new states rising from the fragmentary and terminally weakened British empire in India. | quote-page=1}}</ref> The Indian National Congress and Gandhi called for the [[British Empire|British]] to [[Quit India Movement|Quit India]]. However, the [[All-India Muslim League]] demanded "Divide and Quit India."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hermann Kulke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RoW9GuFJ9GIC |title=A History of India |last2=Dietmar Rothermund |publisher=Routledge |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-415-32920-0 |pages=311–12, context: 308–16 |access-date=6 June 2017 |archive-date=23 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223185128/https://books.google.com/books?id=RoW9GuFJ9GIC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Penderel Moon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WpViCTc-YAgC |title=Divide and Quit |publisher=University of California Press |year=1962 |pages=11–28 |author-link=Penderel Moon}}</ref> Gandhi suggested an agreement which required the Congress and the Muslim League to co-operate and attain independence under a provisional government, thereafter, the question of partition could be resolved by a plebiscite in the districts with a Muslim majority.{{sfnp|Jack|1994|p=418}}

Jinnah rejected Gandhi's proposal and called for [[Direct Action Day]], on 16 August 1946, to press Muslims to publicly gather in cities and support his proposal for the partition of the Indian subcontinent into a Muslim state and non-Muslim state. [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]], the Muslim League Chief Minister of Bengal – now [[Bangladesh]] and [[West Bengal]] (excluding [[Cooch Behar district|Cooch Behar]]), gave Calcutta's police special holiday to celebrate the Direct Action Day.{{sfnp|Wolpert|2009|pp=118–121}} The Direct Action Day triggered a mass murder of Calcutta Hindus and the torching of their property, and holidaying police were missing to contain or stop the conflict.{{sfnp|Wolpert|2001a}} The British government did not order its army to move in to contain the violence.{{sfnp|Wolpert|2009|pp=118–121}} The violence on Direct Action Day led to retaliatory violence against Muslims across India. Thousands of Hindus and Muslims were murdered, and tens of thousands were injured in the cycle of violence in the days that followed.{{sfnp|Wolpert|2009|pp=118–127}} Gandhi visited the most riot-prone areas to appeal a stop to the massacres.{{sfnp|Wolpert|2001a}}

[[File:Mountbattens with Gandhi (IND 5298).jpg|thumb|Gandhi (center) in 1947, with [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Louis Mountbatten]], Britain's last Viceroy of India, and his wife [[Edwina Mountbatten, Countess Mountbatten of Burma|Edwina Mountbatten]]]]

[[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell|Archibald Wavell]], the Viceroy and Governor-General of British India for three years through February 1947, had worked with Gandhi and Jinnah to find a common ground, before and after accepting Indian independence in principle. Wavell condemned Gandhi's character and motives as well as his ideas. Wavell accused Gandhi of harbouring the single-minded idea to "overthrow British rule and influence and to establish a Hindu raj", and called Gandhi a "malignant, malevolent, exceedingly shrewd" politician.{{sfnp|Dalton|2012a|pp=64–66}} Wavell feared a civil war on the Indian subcontinent, and doubted Gandhi would be able to stop it.{{sfnp|Dalton|2012a|pp=64–66}}

The British reluctantly agreed to grant independence to the people of the Indian subcontinent, but accepted Jinnah's proposal of partitioning the land into Pakistan and India. Gandhi was involved in the final negotiations, but [[Stanley Wolpert]] states the "plan to carve up British India was never approved of or accepted by Gandhi".{{sfnp|Wolpert|2002|p=7}}

The partition was controversial and violently disputed. More than half a million were killed in religious riots as 10 million to 12 million non-Muslims (Hindus and Sikhs mostly) migrated from Pakistan into India, and Muslims migrated from India into Pakistan, across the newly created borders of India, West Pakistan and East Pakistan.<ref name="MetcalfMetcalf2006">{{Cite book |last1=Metcalf |first1=Barbara Daly |title=A concise history of modern India |last2=Metcalf |first2=Thomas R. |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-86362-9 |pages=221–22 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iuESgYNYPl0C |access-date=29 March 2024 |archive-date=2 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702122602/https://books.google.com/books?id=iuESgYNYPl0C |url-status=live }}</ref>

Gandhi spent the day of independence not celebrating the end of the British rule, but appealing for peace among his countrymen by fasting and spinning in Calcutta on 15 August 1947. The partition had gripped the Indian subcontinent with religious violence and the streets were filled with corpses.<ref name=gs /> Gandhi's fasting and protests are credited for stopping the religious riots and communal violence. His [[List of fasts undertaken by Mahatma Gandhi|final fast]] took place from 13–18 January 1948, just days before his assassination.{{sfnp|Dalton|2012a|pp=64–66}}<ref name="Brown1991-p380">{{harvp|Brown|1991|p=380}}: "Despite and indeed because of his sense of helplessness Delhi was to be the scene of what he called his greatest fast. ... His decision was made suddenly, though after considerable thought – he gave no hint of it even to Nehru and Patel who were with him shortly before he announced his intention at a prayer-meeting on 12 January 1948. He said he would fast until communal peace was restored, real peace rather than the calm of a dead city imposed by police and troops. Patel and the government took the fast partly as condemnation of their decision to withhold a considerable cash sum still outstanding to Pakistan as a result of the allocation of undivided India's assets because the hostilities that had broken out in Kashmir; ... But even when the government agreed to pay out the cash, Gandhi would not break his fast: that he would only do after a large number of important politicians and leaders of communal bodies agreed to a joint plan for restoration of normal life in the city."</ref><ref name="talbot-2016-gandhi-assets">{{Cite book |last=Talbot |first=Ian |title=A History of Modern South Asia, Politics, States, Diasporas |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-300-19694-8 |location=New Haven and London |page=183 |lccn=2015937886 |quote=Disputes over Kashmir and the division of assets and water in the aftermath of Partition increased Pakistan’s anxieties regarding its much larger neighbor. Kashmir’s significance for Pakistan far exceeded its strategic value; its "illegal" accession to India challenged the state’s ideological foundations and pointed to a lack of sovereign fulfillment. The "K" in Pakistan’s name stood for Kashmir. Of less symbolic significance was the division of post-Partition assets. Not until December 1947 was an agreement reached on Pakistan’s share of the sterling assets held by the undivided Government of India at the time of independence. The bulk of these (550 million rupees) was held back by New Delhi because of the Kashmir conflict and paid only following Gandhi’s intervention and fasting. India delivered Pakistan’s military equipment even more tardily, and less than a sixth of the 160,000 tons of ordnance allotted to Pakistan by the Joint Defence Council was actually delivered.}}</ref><ref name="elkins-pakistan-payment">{{Cite book |last=Elkins |first=Caroline |title=Violence: A History of the British Empire |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |year=2022 |isbn=9780307272423 |location=New York, NY |lccn=2021018550 |quote=A few months later, with war-fueled tensions over Kashmir mounting and India refusing to pay Pakistan 550 million rupees, Pakistan's share of Britain’s outstanding war debt, Gandhi began to fast. "This time my fast is not only against Hindus and Muslims," the Mahatma said, "but also against the Judases who put on false appearances and betray themselves, myself and society." The elderly and frail man who was India’s symbolic political and spiritual leader went three days without food before India’s cabinet agreed to pay Pakistan, something Nehru had long promised Jinnah he would do. |author-link=Caroline Elkins}}</ref><ref name="blinkenberg-patel-cash-payments">{{Cite book |last=Blinkenberg |first=Lars |title=India-Pakistan: The History of Unsolved Conflicts: Volume I |publisher=Lindhardt og Ringhof |year=2022 |isbn=9788726894707 |quote=Sardar Patel decided, in the middle of December 1947, that the recent financial agreements with Pakistan should not be followed, unless Pakistan ceased to support the raiders. ... Gandhi was not convinced and he felt—like Mountbatten and Nehru—that the agreed transfer to Pakistan of a cash amount of Rs. 550 million should be implemented despite the Kashmir crisis. Gandhi started a fast unto death, which was officially done to stop communal trouble, especially in Delhi, but "word went round that it was directed against Sardar Patel's decision to withhold the cash balances"... Only because of Gandhi's interference, which was soon to cause his death, Sardar Patel gave in and the money was handed over to Pakistan.}}</ref><ref name="sarkar-modern-india-jan48-1">{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Sumit |title=Modern India: 1885–1947 |publisher=Pearson Education |year=2014 |isbn=9789332535749 |location=Delhi and Chennai |page=375 |quote=This last fast seems to have been directed in part also against Patel’s increasingly communal attitudes (the Home Minister had started thinking in terms of a total transfer of population in the Punjab, and was refusing to honour a prior agreement by which India was obliged to give 55 crores of pre-Partition Government of India financial assets to Pakistan). ‘You are not the Sardar I once knew,’ Gandhi is said to have remarked during the fast. |author-link=Sumit Sarkar}}</ref><ref name="gandhi-suhrud-patel">{{Cite book |last1=Gandhi |first1=Gopalkrishna |title=Scorching Love: Letters from Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi to his son, Devadas |last2=Suhrud |first2=Tridip |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2022 |location=Oxford, UK |quote=The national capital and its surrounding areas are gripped by massacres and the spewing of hate. The two Punjabs on either side of the border are aflame. On 1 January 1948, a Thai visitor comes and compliments him on India’s independence. "Today ... Indian fears his brother Indian. Is this independence?’, Gandhi asks in response. Gandhi smarts at the Government of India’s new cabinet headed by Jawaharlal Nehru deciding to withhold the transfer of Pakistan’s share (Rs 55 crores) of the ‘sterling balance’ that undivided India has held at independence. The attack on Kashmur is cited as a reason for this. Patel says India cannot give money to Pakistan ‘for making bullets to be shot at us’. Gandhi's intense agitation settles into an inner quiet on 12 January when the clear thought comes to him that he must fast. And indefinitely.}} ‘It will end when and if I am satisfied that there is a reunion of hearts of all communities...’</ref><ref name="gurharpal=-shani-patel">{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Gurharpal |title=Sikh Nationalism: From a Dominant Minority to an Ethno-Religious Diaspora |last2=Shani |first2=Georgio |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2022 |isbn=978-1-107-13654-0 |page=107 |lccn=2021017207 |quote=For further evidence of Patel’s involvement in the clearing of Muslims in north India, see Pandey (2001, 196). Against the background of the India-Pakistan conflict in Kashmir, the dispute between the two countries over the division of cash balances and Gandhi’s fast in early 1948, Mountbatten noted the following of his interview with Patel: 'He expressed the view that the only way to re-establish decent relationship between the Muslims and non-Muslim communities was to remove Hindus and Sikhs from Pakistan and drive out the Muslims of the East Punjab and the affected neighbouring areas.' MB1/D76/1. Mountbatten Papers, University of Southampton.}}</ref><ref name="burton-stein-godse">{{Cite book |last1=Stein |first1=Burton |title=A History of India |last2=Arnold |first2=David |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-4051-9509-6 |edition=2nd |series=Blackwell History of the World Series |pages=352–353 |quote=He undertook a fast not only to restrain those bent on communal reprisal but also to influence the powerful Home Minister, Sardar Patel, who was refusing to share out the assets of the former imperial treasury with Pakistan, as had been agreed. Gandhi's insistence on justice for Pakistan now that the partition was a fact ... had prompted Godse's fanatical action. |author-link=Burton Stein |author-link2=David Arnold (historian)}}</ref>

== Death ==
{{Main|Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi}}
[[File:Sushila Yawalkar 1.jpg|thumb|[[Sushila Yawalkar]] painting Gandhi in the year of his death]]
At 5:17 p.m. on 30 January 1948, Gandhi was with his grandnieces in the garden of [[Birla House]] (now [[Gandhi Smriti]]), on his way to address a prayer meeting, when [[Nathuram Godse]], a Hindu nationalist, fired three bullets into Gandhi's chest from a pistol at close range.<ref name="ahmed-godse-assets">{{Cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Raja Qaiser |title=Pakistan Factor and the Competing Perspectives in India: Party Centric View |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2022 |isbn=978-981-16-7051-0 |page=11}}</ref><ref name="CushRobinson2008">{{Cite book |last1=Cush |first1=Denise |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_T0HeWE-EAC&pg=PA544 |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |last2=Robinson |first2=Catherine |last3=York |first3=Michael |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-7007-1267-0 |page=544 |access-date=31 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012221104/http://books.google.com/books?id=i_T0HeWE-EAC&pg=PA544 |archive-date=12 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> According to some accounts, Gandhi died instantly.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahatma Gandhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=USxWAAAAYAAJ |title=The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |year=2000 |isbn=978-81-230-0154-8 |page=130}}</ref><ref name="Gandhi2007">{{Cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Tushar A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x-dsbNz7syQC&pg=PT12 |title="Let's Kill Gandhi !": A Chronicle of His Last Days, the Conspiracy, Murder, Investigation, and Trial |publisher=[[Rupa Publications|Rupa & Company]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-291-1094-7 |page=12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101071616/https://books.google.com/books?id=x-dsbNz7syQC&pg=PT12 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> In other accounts, such as one prepared by an eyewitness journalist, he was carried into the Birla House, into a bedroom. There, he died about 30 minutes later as a family member read verses from Hindu scriptures.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nicholas Henry Pronko |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0VOBAAAAQBAJ |title=Empirical Foundations of Psychology |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-136-32701-8 |pages=342–43}}</ref><ref name="spear-gandhi-1948-preconditions-fast">{{cite book |last=Spear |first=Percival |title=History of India, Volume 2: From the sixteenth century to the twentieth century |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13362/page/n241/mode/2up |page=239 |year=1990 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-140-13836-8 |author-link=Percival Spear |orig-year=1978}}</ref>{{sfnp|McDermott |Gordon |Embree |Pritchett |2014 |p=344}}{{sfnp|Wolpert|2004|p=358}}<ref name="Brown1991-p380" />

Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru addressed his countrymen over the [[All-India Radio]] saying:{{sfnp|Ghose|1991|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5l0BPnxN1h8C&pg=PA367 367]}}

<blockquote>Friends and comrades, the light has gone out of our lives, and there is darkness everywhere, and I do not quite know what to tell you or how to say it. Our beloved leader, Bapu as we called him, the father of the nation, is no more. Perhaps I am wrong to say that; nevertheless, we will not see him again, as we have seen him for these many years, we will not run to him for advice or seek solace from him, and that is a terrible blow, not only for me, but for millions and millions in this country.<ref name="Jai1996">{{Cite book |last=Jai |first=Janak Raj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Wrc1K0uJTgC&pg=PA45 |title=Commissions and Omissions by Indian Prime Ministers |date=July 2002 |publisher=Regency Publications |isbn=978-81-86030-25-7 |pages=45–47}}</ref></blockquote>

[[File:Mohandas K. Gandhi, Memorial assassination spot, 2013.jpg|left|thumb|Memorial at the location of Gandhi's assassination in 1948. His stylised footsteps lead to the memorial.]]

Godse, a Hindu nationalist,<ref name="babb-godse-assets">{{Cite book |last=Babb |first=Lawrence A. |title=Religion in India: Past and Present |publisher=Dunedin Academic Press |year=2020 |isbn=9781780466231 |location=Edinburgh}}</ref><ref name="CushRobinson2008" /><ref name="sarkar-modern-india-jan48-2">{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Sumit |title=Modern India: 1885–1947 |publisher=Pearson Education |year=2014 |isbn=9789332535749 |location=Delhi and Chennai |page=375 |quote=Three days later the Mahatma was dead, murdered by a Hindu fanatic, Nathuram Godse, as a climax to a conspiracy hatched by a Poona Brahman group originally inspired by V.D. Savarkar—a conspiracy which, despite ample warnings, the police of Bombay and Delhi had done nothing to foil. |author-link=Sumit Sarkar}}</ref> with links to the [[Hindu Mahasabha]] and the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]],{{sfnp|Hardiman|2003a|pp=174–176}}<ref name="bell-savarkar">{{cite book |last=Bell |first=J. Bowyer |author-link=J. Bowyer Bell |title=Assassin: Theory and Practice of Political Violence |publisher=Routledge |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-4128-0509-4 |location=London |orig-year=2005}}</ref><ref name="geva-delhi-jan48">{{Cite book |last=Geva |first=Rotem |title=Delhi Reborn: Partition and Nation Building in India's Capital |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=2022 |isbn=9781503631199 |pages=130–131 |lccn=2021051794}}</ref><ref name="talbot-singh-delhi">{{cite book |last1=Talbot |first1=Ian |last2=Singh |first2=Gurharpal |title=The Partition of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=utKmPQAACAAJ&pg=PA118 |pages=118–119 |year=2009 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-85661-4 |quote=It is now almost a cliché that the Partition transformed Delhi from a Mughal to a Punjabi city. The bitter experiences of the refugees encouraged them to support right-wing Hindu parties. ... Trouble began in September (1947) after the arrival from refugees from Pakistan who were determined on revenge and driving Muslims out of properties which they could then occupy. Gandhi in his prayer meetings in Birla House denounced the 'crooked and ungentlemanly' squeezing out of Muslims. Despite these exhortations, two-thirds of the city's Muslims were to eventually abandon India's capital. |access-date=2 December 2021 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328154810/https://books.google.com/books?id=utKmPQAACAAJ&pg=PA118 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Brown1991-p380" /> made no attempt to escape; several other conspirators were soon arrested as well. The accused were [[Nathuram Godse|Nathuram Vinayak Godse]], [[Narayan Apte]], [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]], Shankar Kistayya, Dattatraya Parchure, Vishnu Karkare, Madanlal Pahwa, and [[Gopal Godse]].<ref name="Brown1991-p380" /><ref name="talbot-singh-delhi" />{{sfnp|Khosla|1965|p=15}}<ref name="Jain76">{{cite book |last=Jagdish Chandra Jain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NurqxSttqjoC&pg=PA76 |title=Gandhi, the Forgotten Mahatma |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=1987 |isbn=978-81-7099-037-6 |pages=76–77}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Jay Robert Nash |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9aQlCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA69 |title=Almanac of World Crime |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |location=New York |year=1981 |isbn=978-1-4617-4768-0 |page=69}}</ref>{{sfnp|Khosla|1965|p=38}}

The trial began on 27{{nbsp}}May 1948 and ran for eight months before Justice Atma Charan passed his final order on 10{{nbsp}}February 1949. The prosecution called 149 witnesses, the defence none.{{sfnp|Khosla|1965|p=15–29}} The court found all of the defendants except one guilty as charged. Eight men were convicted for the murder conspiracy, and others were convicted for violation of the Explosive Substances Act. Savarkar was acquitted and set free. Nathuram Godse and Narayan Apte were sentenced to death by [[hanging]]<ref>{{cite web |date=30 July 2015 |title=Yakub Memon first to be hanged in Maharashtra after Ajmal Kasab |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/yakub-memon-first-to-be-hanged-in-maharashtra-after-ajmal-kasab/?SocialMedia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928031701/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/yakub-memon-first-to-be-hanged-in-maharashtra-after-ajmal-kasab/?SocialMedia |archive-date=28 September 2015 |access-date=30 July 2015}}</ref> while the remaining six (including Godse's brother, Gopal) were sentenced to [[Life in prison|life imprisonment]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Vinod Kumar |date=30 January 2014 |title=Revealed: The secret room where Godse was kept after killing Gandh |publisher=Mid-Day |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/revealed-the-secret-room-where-godse-was-kept-after-killing-gandhi/15058009 |url-status=live |access-date=18 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703144825/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/revealed-the-secret-room-where-godse-was-kept-after-killing-gandhi/15058009 |archive-date=3 July 2014}}</ref>

=== Funeral and memorials ===
[[File:Gandhi funeral (cropped).jpg|thumb|Gandhi's funeral was marked by millions of Indians.<ref name="Gandhi94">{{Cite book |last=Mahatma Gandhi |url=https://archive.org/details/gandhireadersou00gand/page/483 |title=The Gandhi Reader: A Sourcebook of His Life and Writings |publisher=Grove Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-8021-3161-4 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/gandhireadersou00gand/page/483 483–89]}}</ref>]]

Gandhi's death was mourned nationwide.<ref name="spear-gandhi-1948-preconditions-fast" />{{sfnp|McDermott |Gordon |Embree |Pritchett |2014 |p=344}}{{sfnp|Wolpert|2004|p=358}}<ref name="Brown1991-p380" /> Over a million people joined the five-mile-long funeral procession that took over five hours to reach Raj Ghat from Birla house, where Gandhi was assassinated, and another million watched the procession pass by.<ref name="Gandhi94" /> His body was transported on a weapons carrier, whose chassis was dismantled overnight to allow a high-floor to be installed so that people could catch a glimpse of Gandhi's body. The engine of the vehicle was not used; instead, four drag-ropes held by 50 people each pulled the vehicle.<ref name=ie48 /> All Indian-owned establishments in London remained closed in mourning as thousands of people from all faiths and denominations and Indians from all over Britain converged at [[India House, London|India House]] in London.<ref name=ie48pg5 />

[[File:Cremation at Rajghat.jpg|thumb|right|Cremation of Mahatma Gandhi at [[Raj Ghat and associated memorials|Rajghat]], 31 January 1948. It was attended by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Louis]] and [[Edwina Mountbatten, Countess Mountbatten of Burma|Edwina Mountbatten]], [[Abul Kalam Azad|Maulana Azad]], [[Rajkumari Amrit Kaur]], [[Sarojini Naidu]] and other national leaders. His son [[Devdas Gandhi]] lit the pyre.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Michaels |first=James |date=31 January 1948 |title=Cremation of Gandhi's body |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1948/01/31/Cremation-of-Gandhis-body/1311719724408/ |access-date=20 February 2023 |website=United Press International |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004072556/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1948/01/31/Cremation-of-Gandhis-body/1311719724408/ |url-status=live }}</ref>]]

Gandhi was cremated in accordance with Hindu tradition. His ashes were poured into urns which were sent across India for memorial services.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LEEEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA76 |title=Life |date=15 March 1948 |page=76 |issn=0024-3019 |access-date=29 March 2024 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329133744/https://books.google.com/books?id=LEEEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA76#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Most of the ashes were immersed at the [[Sangam at Allahabad]] on 12 February 1948, but some were secretly taken away. In 1997, [[Tushar Gandhi]] immersed the contents of one urn, found in a bank vault and reclaimed through the courts, at the Sangam at Allahabad.<ref name="Guardian-2008-ashes" /><ref name="Kumar2006" /> Some of Gandhi's ashes were scattered at the source of the [[Nile River]] near [[Jinja, Uganda]], and a memorial plaque marks the event. On 30 January 2008, the contents of another urn were immersed at [[Girgaum Chowpatty]]. Another urn is at the [[Aga Khan Palace|palace]] of the [[Aga Khan]] in [[Pune]] (where Gandhi was held as a political prisoner from 1942 to 1944<ref>{{cite book |last1=Desai |first1=Ian |title=The History of Reading, Volume 1 |chapter=Books Behind Bars: Mahatma Gandhi's Community of Captive Readers |date=2011 |pages=178–191 |doi=10.1057/9780230316782_12 |isbn=978-1-349-32005-9 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bakshi |first1=S. R. |title=Gandhi and Bhagat Singh |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=1982 |volume=43 |pages=679–686 |jstor=44141310 }}</ref>) and another in the [[Self-Realization Fellowship Lake Shrine]] in Los Angeles.<ref name="Guardian-2008-ashes" /><ref name="GWPM" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mahatma – Life Chronology |website=[[Sabarmati Ashram|Gandhi Ashram]] |url=https://gandhiashramsabarmati.org/en/the-mahatma/life-chronology.html |access-date=29 March 2024 |url-status=live |archive-date=23 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223063304/https://gandhiashramsabarmati.org/en/the-mahatma/life-chronology.html}}</ref>

The Birla House site where Gandhi was assassinated is now a memorial called Gandhi Smriti. The place near Yamuna River where he was cremated is the [[Raj Ghat and other memorials|Rāj Ghāt]] memorial in New Delhi.<ref>{{cite book |last=Margot Bigg |title=Delhi |publisher=Avalon |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-61238-490-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/moonhandbookstaj0000bigg |page=[https://archive.org/details/moonhandbookstaj0000bigg/page/14 14] |url-access=registration}}</ref> A black marble platform, it bears the epigraph "Hē Rāma" ([[Devanagari]]: ''हे ! राम'' or, ''Hey [[Rama|Raam]]''). These are said to be Gandhi's last words after he was shot.<ref name="Misra">{{cite book |last=Misra |first=R.P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kp6x7zDLhfMC |title=Rediscovering Gandhi |publisher=Concept Publishing Company in collaboration with Gandhi Smriti & Darshan Samiti |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-8069-375-5 |series=Gandhian studies and peace research series |page=102 |language=mt |access-date=6 August 2023 |issue=v. 1 |archive-date=6 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806123136/https://books.google.com/books?id=kp6x7zDLhfMC |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Principles, practices, and beliefs ==
{{main|Practices and beliefs of Mahatma Gandhi}}
{{see also|Gandhism}}

Gandhi's spirituality was greatly based on his embracement of the five great vows of Jainism and Hindu Yoga philosophy, viz. ''Satya'' (truth), ''ahimsa'' (nonviolence), ''brahmacharya'' (celibacy), ''asteya'' (non-stealing), and ''aparigraha'' (non-attachment).<ref name="Marbaniang">{{cite book |last1=Marbaniang |first1=Domenic |title=Asian Spiritualities and Social Transformation |chapter=Gandhian Pluralist Spirituality and the Anticorruption Mission of the Aam Aadmi Party in Delhi |date=2023 |pages=247–261 |doi=10.1007/978-981-99-2641-1_14 |isbn=978-981-99-2640-4 }}</ref> He stated that "Unless you impose on yourselves the five vows you may not embark on the experiment at all."<ref name="Marbaniang"/> Gandhi's statements, letters and life have attracted much political and scholarly analysis of his principles, practices and beliefs, including what influenced him. Some writers present Gandhi as a paragon of ethical living and pacifism, while others present him as a more complex, contradictory and evolving character influenced by his culture and circumstances.{{sfnp|Borman|1986|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=U6DE9OUvrTEC&pg=PA192 192]–195, 208–229}}<ref>{{harvp|Dalton|2012|pp=30–35}}. "Yet he [Gandhi] must bear some of the responsibility for losing his followers along the way. The sheer vagueness and contradictions recurrent throughout his writing made it easier to accept him as a saint than to fathom the challenge posed by his demanding beliefs. Gandhi saw no harm in self-contradictions: life was a series of experiments, and any principle might change if Truth so dictated."</ref>

=== Truth and Satyagraha ===

[[File:Mahatma Gandhi on Rumours.jpg|thumb|Plaque displaying one of Gandhi's quotes on rumour]]

Gandhi dedicated his life to discovering and pursuing truth, or ''[[Satya]]'', and called his movement [[satyagraha]], which means "appeal to, insistence on, or reliance on the Truth."<ref>{{cite book |last=Sharp |first=Gene |url=https://archive.org/details/gandhiwieldsweap00shar |title=Gandhi Wields the Weapon of Moral Power: Three Case Histories |publisher=Navajivan |year=1960 |page=[https://archive.org/details/gandhiwieldsweap00shar/page/4 4]}}</ref> The first formulation of the ''satyagraha'' as a political movement and principle occurred in 1920, which Gandhi tabled as "Resolution on Non-cooperation" in September that year before a session of the Indian Congress. It was the ''satyagraha'' formulation and step, states Dennis Dalton, that deeply resonated with beliefs and culture of his people, embedded him into the popular consciousness, transforming him quickly into Mahatma.{{sfnp|Dalton|2012|pp=30–32}}

[[File:God is Truth.jpg|thumb|left|"God is Truth. The way to Truth lies through [[ahimsa]] (nonviolence)" – [[Sabarmati Ashram|Sabarmati]], 13 March 1927]]

Gandhi based ''Satyagraha'' on the Vedantic ideal of self-realisation, ahimsa (nonviolence), vegetarianism, and universal love. William Borman states that the key to his ''satyagraha'' is rooted in the Hindu [[Upanishads|Upanishadic]] texts.{{sfnp|Borman|1986|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=U6DE9OUvrTEC&pg=PA26 26]–34}} According to Indira Carr, Gandhi's ideas on ''ahimsa'' and ''satyagraha'' were founded on the philosophical foundations of Advaita Vedanta.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Indira Carr |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UZQqBgAAQBAJ |title=Biographical Dictionary of Twentieth-Century Philosophers |publisher=Routledge |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-134-92796-8 |editor-last=Stuart Brown |page=264 |display-editors=etal}}</ref> I. Bruce Watson states that some of these ideas are found not only in traditions within Hinduism, but also in Jainism or Buddhism, particularly those about non-violence, vegetarianism and universal love, but Gandhi's synthesis was to politicise these ideas.<ref name="Watson">{{Cite journal |last=Watson |first=I. Bruce |year=1977 |title=Satyagraha: The Gandhian Synthesis |journal=Journal of Indian History |volume=55 |issue=1/2 |pages=325–35}}</ref> His concept of ''satya'' as a civil movement, states Glyn Richards, are best understood in the context of the Hindu terminology of [[Dharma]] and ''[[Ṛta]]''.<ref name="richards1">{{cite journal |last=Richards |first=Glyn |date=1986 |title=Gandhi's Concept of Truth and the Advaita Tradition |journal=Religious Studies |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1017/S0034412500017996 |jstor=20006253 }}</ref>

Gandhi stated that the most important battle to fight was overcoming his own demons, fears, and insecurities. Gandhi summarised his beliefs first when he said, "God is Truth." Gandhi would later change this statement to "Truth is God." Thus, ''satya'' (truth) in Gandhi's philosophy is "God".<ref name="Parel2006">{{cite book |last=Parel, Anthony |title=Gandhi's Philosophy and the Quest for Harmony |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-86715-3 |page=195 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MQhz0fW0HZUC&pg=PA195 |access-date=13 January 2012 |archive-date=21 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721073617/https://books.google.com/books?id=MQhz0fW0HZUC&pg=PA195 |url-status=live }}</ref> Gandhi, states Richards, described the term "God" not as a separate power, but as the Being (Brahman, Atman) of the [[Advaita Vedanta]] tradition, a nondual universal that pervades in all things, in each person and all life.<ref name="richards1" /> According to Nicholas Gier, this to Gandhi meant the unity of God and humans, that all beings have the same one soul and therefore equality, that ''atman'' exists and is same as everything in the universe, ahimsa (non-violence) is the very nature of this ''atman''.<ref name=gier40>{{cite book|author=Nicholas F. Gier|title=The Virtue of Nonviolence: From Gautama to Gandhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tVLt99uleLwC&pg=PA40|year=2004|publisher=[[State University of New York Press]]|isbn=978-0-7914-5949-2|pages=40–42|access-date=1 June 2017|archive-date=21 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721073707/https://books.google.com/books?id=tVLt99uleLwC&pg=PA40|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Gandhi at Dandi, 5 April 1930.jpg|thumb|upright|Gandhi picking salt during [[Salt March|Salt Satyagraha]] to defy colonial law giving salt collection monopoly to the British.<ref>{{cite web|title=Salt March | Definition, Causes, History, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Salt-March|access-date=20 February 2023|website=Britannica |first1=Kenneth |last1=Pletcher |archive-date=21 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121121103/https://www.britannica.com/event/Salt-March|url-status=live}}</ref> His ''satyagraha'' attracted vast numbers of Indian men and women.<ref>{{cite book|author=Sita Anantha Raman|title=Women in India: A Social and Cultural History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KwKrCQAAQBAJ |year=2009|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-01440-6|pages=164–166}}</ref>]]

The essence of [[Satyagraha]] is "soul force" as a political means, refusing to use brute force against the oppressor, seeking to eliminate antagonisms between the oppressor and the oppressed, aiming to transform or "purify" the oppressor. It is not inaction but determined passive resistance and non-co-operation where, states Arthur Herman, "love conquers hate".{{sfnp|Herman|2008|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=tquxD6dk914C&pg=PA176 176]}} A euphemism sometimes used for Satyagraha is that it is a "silent force" or a "soul force" (a term also used by Martin Luther King Jr. during his "[[I Have a Dream]]" speech). It arms the individual with moral power rather than physical power. Satyagraha is also termed a "universal force", as it essentially "makes no distinction between kinsmen and strangers, young and old, man and woman, friend and foe."{{efn|name="rules"|<ref>{{cite book |last=Gandhi |first=M.K. |contribution=Some Rules of Satyagraha ''Young India (Navajivan)'' 23 February 1930 |title=The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi |volume=48 |page=340}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Misra |first=Bijoy |date=18 October 2017 |title=Mahatma Gandhi's Rules for Satyagraha |website=www.lokvani.com |url=https://www.lokvani.com/lokvani/article.php?article_id=13907 |access-date=5 July 2024 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730054534/https://www.lokvani.com/lokvani/article.php?article_id=13907 |url-status=usurped }} (Young India, 27 February 1930, The Gujarati original of this appeared in Navajivan, 23 February 1930)</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Yadav |first=Yogendra |date=9 January 2013 |title=Some Rules of Satyagraha |website=The Gandhi-King Community |url=https://gandhiking.ning.com/profiles/blogs/some-rules-of-satyagraha-1 |access-date=5 July 2024 |archive-date=11 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811213050/https://gandhiking.ning.com/profiles/blogs/some-rules-of-satyagraha-1 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

Gandhi wrote: "There must be no impatience, no barbarity, no insolence, no undue pressure. If we want to cultivate a true spirit of democracy, we cannot afford to be intolerant. Intolerance betrays want of faith in one's cause."<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Prabhu |editor1-first=R.K. |editor2-last=Rao |editor2-first=U.R. |year=1967 |chapter=Power of Satyagraha |chapter-url=http://www.mkgandhi.org/momgandhi/chap34.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070902015645/http://www.mkgandhi.org/momgandhi/chap34.htm |archive-date=2 September 2007 |title=The Mind of Mahatma Gandhi |location=Ahemadabad |publisher=Navajivan Mudranalaya |isbn=81-7229-149-3}}</ref> [[Civil disobedience]] and non-co-operation as practised under Satyagraha are based on the "law of suffering",<ref name="CollectedWorks20">{{cite book |title=Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi |chapter=156. The Law of Suffering |last=Gandhi |first=M.K. |volume=20 |year=1982 |orig-year=Young India, 16 June 1920 |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India |location=New Delhi |edition=electronic |pages=396–99 |chapter-url=http://www.gandhiserve.org/cwmg/VOL020.PDF |access-date=14 January 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120128150127/http://www.gandhiserve.org/cwmg/VOL020.PDF |archive-date=28 January 2012}}</ref> a doctrine that ''the endurance of suffering is a means to an end''. This end usually implies a moral upliftment or progress of an individual or society. Therefore, non-co-operation in Satyagraha is in fact a means to secure the co-operation of the opponent consistently with [[truth]] and [[justice]].<ref name="Sharma2008">{{cite book|last=Sharma|first=Jai Narain|year=2008 |title=Satyagraha: Gandhi's approach to conflict resolution |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxJvoBWTAXoC&pg=PA17|access-date=26 January 2012|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-480-6|page=17|archive-date=21 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721073713/https://books.google.com/books?id=XxJvoBWTAXoC&pg=PA17|url-status=live}}</ref>

While Gandhi's idea of ''satyagraha'' as a political means attracted a widespread following among Indians, the support was not universal. For example, Muslim leaders such as Jinnah opposed the ''satyagraha'' idea, accused Gandhi to be reviving Hinduism through political activism, and began effort to counter Gandhi with Muslim nationalism and a demand for Muslim homeland.<ref>{{cite book|author=R. Taras|title=Liberal and Illiberal Nationalisms|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Npt_DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91|year= 2002|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-59640-5|page=91 | quote=In 1920 Jinnah opposed satyagraha and resigned from the Congress, boosting the fortunes of the Muslim League.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Yasmin Khan |year=2007 |title=The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan |url=https://archive.org/details/greatpartitionma00khan/page/11 |publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-12078-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/greatpartitionma00khan/page/11 11–22]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Rafiq Zakaria|title=The Man who Divided India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2RdITXUpyVgC |year=2002|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7991-145-7|pages=83–85}}</ref> The untouchability leader [[B. R. Ambedkar|Ambedkar]], in June 1945, after his decision to convert to Buddhism and the first [[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Law and Justice minister]] of modern India, dismissed Gandhi's ideas as loved by "blind Hindu devotees", primitive, influenced by spurious brew of Tolstoy and Ruskin, and "there is always some simpleton to preach them".{{sfnp|Herman|2008|p=586}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cháirez-Garza |first1=Jesús Francisco |title=Touching space: Ambedkar on the spatial features of untouchability |journal=Contemporary South Asia |date=2 January 2014 |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=37–50 |doi=10.1080/09584935.2013.870978 }}</ref><ref>Ambedkar, B. R. (1945), [https://archive.org/stream/Dr.BabasahebAmbedkarWritingsAndSpeechespdfsAllVolumes/Volume_09#page/n15/mode/2up/search/ahimsa What Congress and Gandhi have done to the Untouchables], Thacker & Co. Editions, First Edition, pp. v, 282–297.</ref> [[Winston Churchill]] caricatured Gandhi as a "cunning huckster" seeking selfish gain, an "aspiring dictator", and an "atavistic spokesman of a pagan Hinduism." Churchill stated that the civil disobedience movement spectacle of Gandhi only increased "the danger to which white people there [British India] are exposed."{{sfnp|Herman|2008|pp=359, 378–380}}

=== Nonviolence ===

[[File:Gandhi at Darwen with women.jpg|thumb|upright|Gandhi with textile workers at [[Darwen]], Lancashire, 26 September 1931]]

Although Gandhi was not the originator of the principle of nonviolence, he was the first to apply it in the political field on a large scale.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Asirvatham |first=Eddy |title=Political Theory |publisher=S.chand |isbn=81-219-0346-7 |year=1995}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Parel |first=Anthony J. |title=Pax Gandhiana: The Political Philosophy of Mahatma Gandhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bMGSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA202 |pages=202– |year=2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-049146-8 |access-date=21 July 2019 |archive-date=21 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721073651/https://books.google.com/books?id=bMGSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA202 |url-status=live |quote=Gandhi staked his reputation as an original political thinker on this specific issue. Hitherto, violence had been used in the name of political rights, such as in street riots, regicide, or armed revolutions. Gandhi believes there is a better way of securing political rights, that of nonviolence, and that this new way marks an advance in political ethics.}}</ref> The concept of nonviolence (''[[ahimsa]]'') has a long history in Indian religious thought, and is considered the highest dharma (ethical value/virtue), a precept to be observed towards all living beings (''sarvbhuta''), at all times (''sarvada''), in all respects (''sarvatha''), in action, words and thought.<ref>{{cite book |author=Christopher Chapple|title=Nonviolence to Animals, Earth, and Self in Asian Traditions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Y00Q0_mOkAC |year=1993|publisher=[[State University of New York Press]] |isbn=978-0-7914-1497-2|pages=16–18, 54–57}}</ref> Gandhi explains his philosophy and ideas about ''ahimsa'' as a political means in his autobiography ''[[The Story of My Experiments with Truth]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gandhi |first=Mohandis K. |date=11 August 1920 |journal=Young India |publisher=M. K. Gandhi |page=3 |title=The Doctrine of the Sword |url=https://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/datalink/files/ghp_journals/journal_image_3/young_india_vol2_img251.jpg |access-date=3 May 2017 |url-status=live |archive-date=19 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019152536/https://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/datalink/files/ghp_journals/journal_image_3/young_india_vol2_img251.jpg}} Cited from {{harvp|Borman|1986|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=U6DE9OUvrTEC&pg=PA253 253]}}.</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Faisal |last=Devji |title=The Impossible Indian: Gandhi and the Temptation of Violence |publisher=Harvard University Press |date=2012}} {{ISBN?}}</ref>{{sfnp|Johnson|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=dRQcKsx-YgQC&pg=PR11 xi]}}<ref name="Stein20102">{{cite book |last=Stein |first=Burton |title=A History of India |pages=289– |year=2010 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4443-2351-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC&pg=GBS.PA289 |quote=Gandhi was the leading genius of the later, and ultimately successful, campaign for India's independence. |author-link=Burton Stein |access-date=21 July 2019|archive-date=21 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721074132/https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC&pg=GBS.PA289 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Although Gandhi considered non-violence to be "infinitely superior to violence", he preferred violence to cowardice.<ref name="Gupta">{{cite web | last=Gupta | first=Sourabh | title=Gandhi Jayanti: Why non-violent Mahatma Gandhi preferred violence to cowardice | website=India Today | date=2 October 2013 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/featured/story/gandhi-jayanti-non-violent-mahatma-gandhi-preferred-violence-over-cowardice-212996-2013-10-01 | access-date=6 August 2023 | archive-date=6 August 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806103121/https://www.indiatoday.in/featured/story/gandhi-jayanti-non-violent-mahatma-gandhi-preferred-violence-over-cowardice-212996-2013-10-01 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Jahanbegloo 2020"/> Gandhi added that he "would rather have India resort to arms in order to defend her honor than that she should in a cowardly manner become or remain a helpless witness to her own dishonor."<ref name="Jahanbegloo 2020">{{cite book | last=Jahanbegloo | first=R. | title=Mahatma Gandhi: A Nonviolent Perspective on Peace | publisher=Taylor & Francis | series=Peacemakers | year=2020 | isbn=978-1-000-22313-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BBIHEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA69 | page=69 | access-date=6 August 2023 | archive-date=6 August 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806124828/https://books.google.com/books?id=BBIHEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA69 | url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Brahmacharya: abstinence from sex and food ===
Along with many other texts, Gandhi studied the Bhagavad Gita while in South Africa.<ref name="apsharma154">{{cite book|author=A. P. Sharma|title=Indian & Western Educational Philosophy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2o4bTpFQtdIC |year=2010|publisher=Pustak Mahal|isbn=978-81-7806-201-3|pages=154–56}}</ref> This Hindu scripture discusses [[jnana yoga]], [[bhakti yoga]] and [[karma yoga]] along with virtues such as non-violence, patience, integrity, lack of hypocrisy, self restraint and abstinence.<ref>{{cite book|author=Winthrop Sargeant|editor=Christopher Key Chapple|title=The Bhagavad Gita: Twenty-fifth–Anniversary Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=COuy5CDAqt4C|year=2010|publisher=[[State University of New York Press]]|isbn=978-1-4384-2840-6|pages=x–xviii, 285 (verse 6.14), 415 (verse 10.5), 535 (verse 13.7)|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415012931/https://books.google.com/books?id=COuy5CDAqt4C|archive-date=15 April 2017}}</ref> Gandhi began experiments with these, and in 1906 at age 37, although married, he vowed to abstain from sexual relations.<ref name="apsharma154" />

Gandhi's experiment with abstinence went beyond sex, and extended to food. He consulted the [[Jain]] scholar [[Shrimad Rajchandra]], whom he fondly called Raychandbhai.<ref>{{cite book|author=Thomas Weber|title=Gandhi as Disciple and Mentor |url=https://archive.org/details/gandhiasdisciple0000webe |url-access=registration|year=2004|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-1-139-45657-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/gandhiasdisciple0000webe/page/33 33]}}</ref> Rajchandra advised him that milk stimulated sexual passion. Gandhi began abstaining from cow's milk in 1912, and did so even when doctors advised him to consume milk.<ref>{{cite book|author=Mahatma Gandhi|title=An Autobiography: The Story of My Experiments with Truth|url=https://archive.org/details/autobiographyst00gand/page/262|access-date=23 November 2016|volume=39|year=1957|publisher=[[Beacon Press]]|isbn=978-0-8070-5909-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/autobiographyst00gand/page/328 328]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Sankar Ghose|title= Mahatma Gandhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5l0BPnxN1h8C |year=1991|publisher= Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-7023-205-6|pages=66–67}}</ref> According to Sankar Ghose, Tagore described Gandhi as someone who did not abhor sex or women, but considered sexual life as inconsistent with his moral goals.<ref name=ghose354>{{cite book|author=Sankar Ghose|title= Mahatma Gandhi |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=5l0BPnxN1h8C |year= 1991|publisher= Allied Publishers|isbn= 978-81-7023-205-6|pages=354–57}}</ref>

Gandhi tried to test and prove to himself his ''brahmacharya''. The experiments began some time after the death of his wife in February 1944. At the start of his experiment, he had women sleep in the same room but in different beds. He later slept with women in the same bed, often naked. In April 1945, Gandhi referenced sleeping with several "women or girls" in a letter to Birla as part of the experiments.<ref name=parekh210>{{cite book|author=Bhikhu C. Parekh|title=Colonialism, tradition, and reform: an analysis of Gandhi's political discourse|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eXhuAAAAMAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Sage Publications|isbn=978-0-7619-9382-7|pages=210–21|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629120818/http://books.google.com/books?id=exhuAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=29 June 2014}}</ref> According to the 1960s memoir of his grandniece Manu, Gandhi feared in early 1947 that he and she may be killed by Muslims in the run-up to India's independence in August 1947, and asked her when she was 18 years old if she wanted to help him with his experiments to test their "purity", for which she readily accepted.<ref name="jadadams2012">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/thrill-of-the-chaste-the-truth-about-gandhis-sex-life-1937411.html|title=Thrill of the chaste: The truth about Gandhi's sex life|date=2 January 2012|work=[[The Independent]]|author=Jad Adams|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603033106/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/thrill-of-the-chaste-the-truth-about-gandhis-sex-life-1937411.html|archive-date=3 June 2013}}</ref> Gandhi also shared his bed with 18-year-old Abha, wife of his grandnephew Kanu. Gandhi would sleep with both Manu and Abha at the same time to test his celibacy.<ref name="jadadams2012" /><ref name=majumdar224>{{cite book|author=Uma Majmudar|title=Gandhi's Pilgrimage of Faith: From Darkness to Light|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3XombmM30kAC&pg=PA224 |year=2012 |publisher= [[State University of New York Press]]|isbn=978-0-7914-8351-0|pages=224–25}}</ref>

According to Sean Scalmer, Gandhi in his final year of life was an [[ascetic]], and his sickly skeletal figure was caricatured in Western media.<ref>{{cite book|author=Sean Scalmer|title=Gandhi in the West: The Mahatma and the Rise of Radical Protest|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oDcXJxRR4TUC&pg=PA16|year=2011|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|pages=12–17 with footnotes|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101071616/https://books.google.com/books?id=oDcXJxRR4TUC&pg=PA16|archive-date=1 January 2016|isbn=978-1-139-49457-1}}</ref> In February 1947, he asked his confidants such as Birla and Ramakrishna if it was wrong for him to test his ''brahmacharya'' oath.<ref name=ghose354 /> Gandhi's public experiments, as they progressed, were widely discussed and criticised by his family members and leading politicians. However, Gandhi said that if he would not let Manu sleep with him, it would be a sign of weakness. Some of his staff resigned, including two of his newspaper's editors who had refused to print some of Gandhi's sermons dealing with his experiments.<ref name="jadadams2012" /> Nirmalkumar Bose, Gandhi's Bengali interpreter, for example, criticised Gandhi, not because Gandhi did anything wrong, but because Bose was concerned about the psychological effect on the women who participated in his experiments.<ref name=majumdar224 /> Veena Howard states Gandhi's views on brahmacharya and religious renunciation experiments were a method to confront women's issues in his times.<ref name=howard2013>{{cite journal |author=Howard, Veena R. |year=2013|title=Rethinking Gandhi's celibacy: Ascetic power and women's empowerment|journal=[[Journal of the American Academy of Religion]] |volume=81 |issue=1 |pages=130–61 [130, 137] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi= 10.1093/jaarel/lfs103 }}</ref>

Gandhi also supported [[alcohol abstinence]], advocating [[prohibition]] as the only effective way to deal with alcohol usage.<ref>{{cite book |title=Alcohol and Temperance in Modern History An International Encyclopedia · Volume 1 |date=2003 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |page=692}}</ref>

== Literary works ==
[[File:Young India.png|thumb|upright|''[[Young India]]'', a weekly journal published by Gandhi from 1919 to 1932]]
Gandhi was a prolific writer. His signature style was simple, precise, clear and devoid of artificialities.<ref>{{Cite web|title=M.K. Gandhi as a Author {{!}} M.K. Gandhi: Author, Journalist, Printer-Publisher {{!}} Journalist Gandhi|url=https://www.mkgandhi.org/j.a.p/author.htm|access-date=25 January 2022|website=www.mkgandhi.org|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125084617/https://www.mkgandhi.org/j.a.p/author.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> One of Gandhi's earliest publications, ''Hind Swaraj'', published in Gujarati in 1909, became "the intellectual blueprint" for India's independence movement. The book was translated into English the next year, with a copyright legend that read "No Rights Reserved".<ref name=ie12>{{cite news|title=Would Gandhi have been a Wikipedian?|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/would-gandhi-have-been-a-wikipedian/900506/0|access-date=26 January 2012|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=17 January 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121209021916/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/would-gandhi-have-been-a-wikipedian/900506/0|archive-date=9 December 2012}}</ref> For decades, Gandhi edited several newspapers including ''[[Harijan]]'' in Gujarati, in [[Hindi]] and in the English language; ''[[Indian Opinion]]'' while in South Africa and, ''[[Young India]]'', in English, and ''Navajivan'', a Gujarati monthly, on his return to India. Later, ''Navajivan'' was also published in Hindi. Gandhi also wrote letters almost every day to individuals and newspapers.<ref>[http://www.lifepositive.com/Spirit/masters/mahatma-gandhi/journalist.asp "Peerless Communicator"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070804022748/http://www.lifepositive.com/Spirit/masters/mahatma-gandhi/journalist.asp |date=4 August 2007}} by V. N. Narayanan. Life Positive Plus, October–December 2002.</ref>

Gandhi also wrote several books, including his autobiography, ''[[The Story of My Experiments with Truth]]'' ({{Langx|gu|સત્યના પ્રયોગો અથવા આત્મકથા}}), of which Gandhi bought the entire first edition to make sure it was reprinted.<ref name="GreatSoulReview" /> His other autobiographies included: ''Satyagraha in South Africa'' about his struggle there, ''[[Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule]]'', a political pamphlet, and a paraphrase in Gujarati of [[John Ruskin]]'s ''[[Unto This Last]]'' which was an early [[critique of political economy]].<ref name="Unto this last">{{cite book |last=Gandhi |first=M.K. |title=Unto this Last: A paraphrase |url=http://wikilivres.ca/wiki/Unto_This_Last_%E2%80%94_M._K._Gandhi |publisher=Navajivan Publishing House |location=Ahmedabad |isbn=81-7229-076-4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030070419/http://wikilivres.ca/wiki/Unto_This_Last_%E2%80%94_M._K._Gandhi |archive-date=30 October 2012 |url-status=usurped |access-date=21 July 2012}}</ref> This last essay can be considered his programme on economics. Gandhi also wrote extensively on vegetarianism, diet and health, religion, social reforms, etc. Gandhi usually wrote in Gujarati, though he also revised the Hindi and English translations of his books.<ref name="Pareku">{{cite book |last=Pareku |first=Bhikhu |title=Gandhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0chB4q7XeHcC&pg=PT159 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-160667-0 |page=159 |year=2001 |access-date=29 March 2024 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329134137/https://books.google.com/books?id=0chB4q7XeHcC&pg=PT159#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1934, Gandhi wrote ''Songs from Prison'' while prisoned in [[Yerawada Central Jail|Yerawada jail]] in Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite book |last=M.K. Gandhi |url=http://archive.org/details/songsfromprison00mkga |title=Songs From Prison |date=1934 |others=Public Resource}}</ref>

Gandhi's complete works were published by the Indian government under the name ''[[s:The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi|The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi]]'' in the 1960s. The writings comprise about 50,000 pages published in about 100 volumes. In 2000, a revised edition of the complete works sparked a controversy, as it contained a large number of errors and omissions.<ref>{{cite news|title=Revised edition of Bapu's works to be withdrawn |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Revised-edition-of-Bapus-works-to-be-withdrawn/articleshow/1298101.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029052020/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-11-16/india/27838774_1_second-edition-bapu-gujarat-vidyapith|archive-date=29 October 2012|access-date=25 March 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live |date=16 November 2005}}</ref> The Indian government later withdrew the revised edition.<ref>{{cite web |author=Peter Rühe |url=http://www.gandhiserve.org/e/cwmg/cwmg_controversy.htm |title=Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi (CWMG) Controversy |publisher=Gandhiserve.org |access-date=12 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160907204816/http://www.gandhiserve.org/e/cwmg/cwmg_controversy.htm |archive-date=7 September 2016 }}</ref>

== Legacy ==

{{main|Gandhi's legacy}}

[[File:Devi Prasad Roy Chowdhury.jpg|thumb|Indian sculptor [[D. P. Roy Choudhury|Devi Prasad Roy Choudhury]] with his sculpture of Gandhi]]

Gandhi is noted as the greatest figure of the successful [[Indian independence movement]] against the British rule. He is also hailed as the greatest figure of modern India. Accordingly he has left [[Gandhi's legacy|a substantial cultural legacy]].{{efn|<ref name="Vilanilam">{{cite book |last=Vilanilam |first=J.V. |title=Mass Communication In India: A Sociological Perspective |publisher=SAGE Publications |year=2005 |isbn=978-93-5280-570-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0oFjDwAAQBAJ |quote=The greatest of all national leaders (and journalists) of the independence movement was Mahatma Gandhi. |page=68 |access-date=17 March 2023 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317163650/https://books.google.com/books?id=0oFjDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Parker">{{cite book |last=Parker |first=Geoffrey |title=The Times Illustrated History of the World |publisher=HarperCollins |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-06-270010-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bj0sAQAAIAAJ |quote=The hero of Indian independence from the British, and the greatest figure in decolonization, was Mahatma Gandhi |page=290 |access-date=17 March 2023 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317163654/https://books.google.com/books?id=Bj0sAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Douglas">{{cite book |last=Douglas |first=R. |title=The World War 1939–1945: The Cartoonists' Vision |publisher=Routledge |series=Routledge Library Editions: WW2 |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-000-46048-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PpJFEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT192 |quote=Mahatma Gandhi was the most influential of all the Indian politicians in the campaign for independence |page=192 |access-date=17 March 2023 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317163648/https://books.google.com/books?id=PpJFEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT192 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Prashad |first1=G. |last2=Nawani |first2=A. |title=Writings on Nehru: Some Reflections on Indian Thoughts and Related Essays |publisher=Northern Book Centre |year=2006 |isbn=978-81-7211-204-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iXjvbI4ZswIC |quote=Mahatma Gandhi was the greatest absorbant [sic] and the greatest personality of modern India |page=92 |access-date=17 March 2023 |archive-date=20 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220154726/https://books.google.com/books?id=iXjvbI4ZswIC |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Blamberger |first1=G. |last2=Kakar |first2=S. |title=Imaginations of Death and the Beyond in India and Europe |publisher=Springer Nature Singapore |year=2018 |isbn=978-981-10-6707-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mH1TDwAAQBAJ |quote=Mahatma Gandhi, modern India's greatest icon, elevated his search for moksha above any of his social or political goals, including India's freedom from colonial rule. |page=3 |access-date=17 March 2023 |archive-date=20 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220154357/https://books.google.com/books?id=mH1TDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Carson |first=C. |title=The Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr. |publisher=Grand Central Publishing |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-7595-2037-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PTI7AQAAQBAJ |quote=Gandhi is not only the greatest figure in India's history, but his influence is felt in almost every aspect of life and public policy. |page=108 |access-date=17 March 2023 |archive-date=20 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220155912/https://books.google.com/books?id=PTI7AQAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref>}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Religion|Hinduism|India|Philosophy}}
* {{annotated link|Abdul Ghaffar Khan}}
* {{annotated link|Composite nationalism}}
* {{annotated link|Gandhi cap}}
* [[Gandhi Teerth]] – Gandhi International Research Institute and Museum for Gandhian study, research on Mahatma Gandhi and dialogue
* {{annotated link|Gandhian socialism}}
* [[Gandhi's legacy]]
* [[Inclusive Christianity]]
* [[List of civil rights leaders]]
* [[List of peace activists]]
* [[NCERT textbook controversies]] – Rationalisation on topics related to Gandhi
* {{annotated link|Seven Social Sins}}
* [[Trikaranasuddhi]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}<references group="pron" />

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="Brown1974">{{cite book|last=Brown|first=Judith M. |year=1974|title=Gandhi's Rise to Power: Indian Politics 1915–1922 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HUo4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA94 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-09873-1 |pages=94–102}}</ref>

<ref name="Desai2015p26">{{cite book |last1=Desai |first1=Ashwin |last2=Vahed |first2=Goolem |title=The South African Gandhi: Stretcher-Bearer of Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lZZ1CgAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |year=2015 |pages=22–26, 33–38 |isbn=978-0-8047-9717-7}}</ref>

<ref name=gs>{{cite book|last=Lelyveld|first=Joseph|author-link=Joseph Lelyveld|title=Great Soul: Mahatma Gandhi and His Struggle with India |publisher=Random House Digital, Inc. |url=https://archive.org/details/greatsoulmahatma0000lely/page/278 |year=2011|isbn=978-0-307-26958-4|pages=[https://archive.org/details/greatsoulmahatma0000lely/page/278 278–81]}}</ref>

<ref name="GWPM">{{cite news |id={{ProQuest|421687420}} |last1=Ferrell |first1=David |title='A Little Serenity in a City of Madness' |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-sep-27-me-52096-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times |date=27 September 2001 |page =B 2 }}</ref>

<ref name="GreatSoulReview">{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703529004576160371482469358 |title=Among the Hagiographers (A book review of "Great Soul: Mahatma Gandhi and His Struggle With India" by Joseph Lelyveld) |author=Roberts, Andrew |author-link=Andrew Roberts (historian) |date=26 March 2011 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |access-date=14 January 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103114003/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703529004576160371482469358.html |archive-date=3 January 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name="Guardian-2008-ashes">{{cite news |title=Gandhi's ashes to rest at sea, not in a museum |author=Ramesh, Randeep |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jan/16/india.international |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=16 January 2008 |access-date=14 January 2012 |location=London |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901110713/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jan/16/india.international |archive-date=1 September 2013 }}</ref>

<ref name="Hardiman2001">{{cite journal|title=Champaran and Gandhi: Planters, Peasants and Gandhian Politics by Jacques Pouchepadass (Review) |first=David|last=Hardiman|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society|volume=11|issue=1|date=April 2001 |pages=99–101|jstor=25188108 |doi=10.1017/S1356186301450152 }}</ref>

<ref name=ie48pg5>{{cite news|title=Of all faiths and races, together they shed their silent tears|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4cU-AAAAIBAJ&pg=2964%2C2759742|access-date=19 January 2012|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=31 January 1948|page=5 (top centre)|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225055655/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4cU-AAAAIBAJ&pg=2964%2C2759742|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name=ie48>{{cite news|title=Over a million get last darshan|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4cU-AAAAIBAJ&pg=2273%2C2717510|page=1 (bottom left)|access-date=19 January 2012|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=1 February 1948|archive-date=4 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204152021/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4cU-AAAAIBAJ&pg=2273,2717510|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Kumar2006">{{cite book|last=Kumar|first=Shanti|title=Gandhi meets primetime: globalization and nationalism in Indian television|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abPsWgqrmMMC&pg=PA170|year=2006|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=978-0-252-07244-4|page=170}}</ref>

<ref name="Mbeki2006">{{cite web|url=http://www.polity.org.za/article/mbeki-mahatma-gandhi-satyagraha-100th-anniversary-01102006-2006-10-01|title=Mbeki: Mahatma Gandhi Satyagraha 100th Anniversary (01/10/2006)|last=Smith|first=Colleen|date=1 October 2006|work=Speeches |publisher=Polityorg.za|access-date=20 January 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502050531/http://www.polity.org.za/article/mbeki-mahatma-gandhi-satyagraha-100th-anniversary-01102006-2006-10-01|archive-date=2 May 2013}}</ref>

<ref name="Mohanty2011">{{cite journal |last=Mohanty |first=Rekha |year=2011 |title=From Satya to Sadbhavna |journal=Orissa Review |issue=January 2011 |pages=45–49 |url=http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2011/Jan/engpdf/46-50.pdf#page=58 |access-date=23 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101071619/http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2011/Jan/engpdf/46-50.pdf#page=58 |archive-date=1 January 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="Murali1985">{{cite journal |last=Murali |first=Atlury |date=January 1985 |title=Non-Cooperation in Andhra in 1920–22: Nationalist Intelligentsia and the Mobilization of Peasantry |journal=Indian Historical Review |volume=12 |issue=1/2 |pages=188–217 |issn= 0376-9836}}</ref>

<ref name="Parekh2001">{{cite book|last=Parekh|first=Bhikhu C.|title=Gandhi: a very short introduction|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0chB4q7XeHcC|isbn=978-0-19-285457-5|year=2001|page=7}}</ref>

<ref name="Sarkar2006">{{cite journal|title=Power, Hegemony and Politics: Leadership Struggle in Congress in the 1930s|last=Sarkar|first=Jayabrata|journal=[[Modern Asian Studies]]|date=18 April 2006|volume=40|issue=2|pages=333–70|doi=10.1017/S0026749X0600179X }}</ref>

<ref name="Sorokin2002">{{cite book|last=Sorokin|first=Pitirim Aleksandrovich|title=The Ways and Power of Love: types, factors, and techniques of moral transformation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DGCleCxTkbIC&pg=PA169|year=2002|publisher=Templeton Foundation Press|isbn=978-1-890151-86-7|page=169}}</ref>

<ref name="Tendulkar1951">{{cite book|last=Tendulkar|first=D. G.|title=Mahatma; life of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LHJuAAAAMAAJ|year=1951|publisher=Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|location=Delhi}}</ref>

<ref name="Whiggism">{{cite journal |last1=Prashad |first1=Ganesh |date=September 1966 |title=Whiggism in India|journal=[[Political Science Quarterly]] |volume=81 |issue=3|pages= 412–31 |jstor=2147642 |doi=10.2307/2147642}}</ref>

<ref name="wikilivres.ca">{{cite book|author=Desai, Mahadev Haribhai |year=2009|orig-year=1930 |title=Day-to-day with Gandhi: secretary's diary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iDQKAQAAIAAJ |publisher=Sarva Seva Sangh Prakashan|chapter=Preface|chapter-url=http://www.wikilivres.ca/wiki/Day_to_Day_with_Gandhi/Volume_1/Preface|translator=Hemantkumar Nilkanth|isbn=978-81-906237-2-8}} {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20121030070451/http://www.wikilivres.ca/wiki/Day_to_Day_with_Gandhi Alt URL]}}</ref>
}}

== General and cited references ==

'''Books'''
{{refbegin|35em|indent=yes}}
* Ahmed, Talat (2018). ''Mohandas Gandhi: Experiments in Civil Disobedience''. {{ISBN|0-7453-3429-6}}.
* {{cite book|last=Barr|first=F. Mary|title=Bapu: Conversations and Correspondence with Mahatma Gandhi|date=1956|edition=2nd |publisher=International Book House|location=Bombay|oclc=8372568 |title-link=Bapu (book)}} (see [[Bapu (book)|book article]])
* {{cite book|last=Bondurant|first=Joan Valérie|author-link=Joan Bondurant|title=Conquest of Violence: the Gandhian philosophy of conflict |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4hcf8jPrSKYC |year=1971|publisher=[[University of California Press]]}}{{ISBN?}}
* {{Cite book |last=Borman |first=William |title=Gandhi and Non-Violence |publisher=[[State University of New York Press]] |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-88706-331-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U6DE9OUvrTEC}}
* {{cite book|last=Brown|first=Judith Margaret |url=https://archive.org/details/gandhi00judi |year=1991 |title=Gandhi: Prisoner of Hope |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=978-0-300-05125-4}}
* Brown, Judith M. (2004). "Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand [Mahatma Gandhi] (1869–1948)", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press.{{ISBN?}}
* Brown, Judith M., and Anthony Parel, eds. (2012). ''The Cambridge Companion to Gandhi''; 14 essays by scholars.{{ISBN?}}
* {{cite book|last=Chadha|first=Yogesh|title=Gandhi: a life |url=https://archive.org/details/gandhilife0000chad|url-access=registration |year=1997|publisher=John Wiley|isbn=978-0-471-24378-6}}
* {{cite book |last1=Dwivedi |first1=Divya |last2=Mohan |first2=Shaj |last3=Nancy |first3=Jean-Luc |title=Gandhi and Philosophy: On Theological Anti-politics |year=2019 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4MB2DwAAQBAJ&q=gandhi+and+philosophy |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic, UK |isbn=978-1-4742-2173-3}}

* {{Cite book |last=Dalton |first=Dennis |title=Mahatma Gandhi: Nonviolent Power in Action |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-231-15959-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KxUp1igCL_0C}}
* {{Cite book |last=Dalton |first=Dennis |title=Mahatma Gandhi: Nonviolent Power in Action |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |year=2012a |isbn=978-0-231-53039-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=shCQVfWixiAC}}
* {{cite book |last=Dhiman |first=S. |title=Gandhi and Leadership: New Horizons in Exemplary Leadership |publisher=Springer |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-137-49235-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Y2kCgAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book|last=Easwaran|first=Eknath|author-link=Eknath Easwaran|title=[[Gandhi the Man|Gandhi the Man: How One Man Changed Himself to Change the World]]|url=|year=2011 |publisher=Nilgiri Press|isbn=978-1-58638-055-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Hook|first=Sue Vander|title=Mahatma Gandhi: Proponent of Peace|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KMmI6FZYNcIC&pg=PA18 |year=2010|publisher=ABDO|isbn=978-1-61758-813-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Rajmohan |title=Patel, A Life |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayZuAAAAMAAJ |year=1990 |publisher=Navajivan Pub. House}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Gandhi|first1=Rajmohan|date=2007a |title=Mohandas: A True Story of a Man, His People, and an Empire|publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-310411-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TEyXCoc76AEC}}
* {{cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Rajmohan|title=Mohandas: True Story of a Man, His People, and an Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-FDI8LkGsIAC&pg=PT10 |year=2007b|publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |isbn=978-81-8475-317-2 |author-link=Rajmohan Gandhi}}
* {{cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Rajmohan|title=Gandhi: The Man, His People, and the Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FauJL7LKXmkC |author-link=Rajmohan Gandhi|year=2008|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=978-0-520-25570-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Gangrade|first=K.D.|title=Moral Lessons From Gandhi's Autobiography And Other Essays |year=2004 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-8069-084-6 |chapter=Role of Shanti Sainiks in the Global Race for Armaments |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UODB6R_LmWsC}}
* {{cite book|last=Ghose|first=Sankar|title=Mahatma Gandhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5l0BPnxN1h8C|year=1991 |publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-7023-205-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Guha|first=Ramachandra|title=[[Gandhi Before India]]|year=2013|publisher=Vintage Books|isbn=978-0-385-53230-3 |author-link=Ramachandra Guha}}
* {{cite book |last=Guha |first=Ramachandra |url=http://archive.org/details/gandhibeforeindia |title=Gandhi Before India |year=2013a |isbn=978-0-670-08387-9 |publisher=Allen Lane}}
* {{cite book|last=Guha|first=Ramachandra|title=[[Gandhi Before India]]|year=2013x|publisher=[[Penguin Books Limited]]|isbn=978-93-5118-322-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Guha |first=Ramachandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XS7UAAAAQBAJ&q=%22the+subcaste+the+Gandhis+belonged+to+was+known+as+Modh+Bania,+the+prefix%22&pg=PP42 |title=Gandhi before India |date=15 October 2014a |publisher=[[Penguin Books Limited]] |isbn=978-93-5118-322-8 |access-date=24 October 2021 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329130511/https://books.google.com/books?id=XS7UAAAAQBAJ&q=%22the+subcaste+the+Gandhis+belonged+to+was+known+as+Modh+Bania,+the+prefix%22&pg=PP42 |url-status=live }}{{verify source|date=July 2024 |reason=Another "phantom" book on Google, ISBN is not in any database. There is a 2014 edition by another publisher.}}
* {{cite book |last=Guha |first=Ramachandra |title=Gandhi before India |year=2015 |publisher=Vintage Books |isbn=978-0-385-53230-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Hardiman|first=David|title=Gandhi in His Time and Ours: the global legacy of his ideas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UWYV5qYZ3-oC|year=2003 |publisher=C. Hurst & Co.|isbn=978-1-85065-711-8}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hardiman |first=David |title=Gandhi in His Time and Ours: The Global Legacy of His Ideas |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |year=2003a |isbn=978-0-231-13114-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XwStR-MUwPQC |access-date=29 March 2024 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329133801/https://books.google.com/books?id=XwStR-MUwPQC |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book|last=Hatt|first=Christine|title=Mahatma Gandhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f6vvy-J7vhcC|year=2002 |publisher=Evans Brothers|isbn=978-0-237-52308-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Herman|first=Arthur|title=Gandhi & Churchill: The Epic Rivalry that Destroyed an Empire and Forged Our Age |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tquxD6dk914C |year=2008|publisher=Random House Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-553-90504-5}} Ebook: {{ISBN|978-0-553-80463-8}}.
* {{cite book|last=Jai|first=Janak Raj|year=1996|title=Commissions and Omissions by Indian Prime Ministers: 1947–1980 |publisher=Regency Publications |isbn=978-81-86030-23-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Wrc1K0uJTgC}}
* {{cite book|last=Majmudar|first=Uma|title=Gandhi's Pilgrimage of Faith: from darkness to light|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xM4paHEq5oQC|year=2005|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-6405-2}}
* {{Cite book |editor-last=Markovits |editor-first=Claude |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uzOmy2y0Zh4C |title=A History of Modern India, 1480–1950 |publisher=Anthem Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-84331-004-4}}
* {{Cite book |editor-last=McDermott |editor-first=Rachel Fell |editor-last2=Gordon |editor-first2=Leonard A. |editor-link2=Leonard A. Gordon |editor-last3=Embree |editor-first3=Ainslie T. |editor-link3=Ainslie T. Embree |editor-last4=Pritchett |editor-first4=Frances W. |editor-last5=Dalton |editor-first5=Dennis |editor-link5=Dennis Dalton |year=2014 |title=Sources of Indian Traditions, Volume 2: Modern India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-13830-7 |edition=3rd |location=New York}}
* {{cite book|last=Miller|first=Jake C.|title=Prophets of a just society|url=https://archive.org/details/prophetsofjustso0000mill|url-access=registration|year=2002|publisher=Nova Publishers|isbn=978-1-59033-068-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Minault |first=Gail |date=1982 |title=The Khilafat Movement Religious Symbolism and Political Mobilization in India |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=0-231-05072-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Muldoon |first=Andrew |title=Empire, Politics and the Creation of the 1935 India Act: Last Act of the Raj |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-317-14431-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D1gfDAAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book|last=Pāṇḍeya|first=Viśva Mohana|title=Historiography of India's Partition: an analysis of imperialist writings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vu2lu-ZI-vQC|year=2003 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-269-0314-6}}
* {{cite book|author-link1=Marc Pilisuk|last1=Pilisuk|first1=Marc |last2=Nagler|first2=Michael N.|title=Peace Movements Worldwide: Players and practices in resistance to war |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GTJV2UcZVHcC |year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-36482-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Rühe|first=Peter|title=Gandhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-9fWAAAACAAJ|year=2004 |publisher=Phaidon|isbn=978-0-7148-4459-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Schouten|first=Jan Peter|title=Jesus as Guru: the image of Christ among Hindus and Christians in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pIoKdTH7KPsC |year=2008|publisher=Rodopi|isbn=978-90-420-2443-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Sharp|first=Gene|title=Gandhi as a Political Strategist: with essays on ethics and politics |url=https://archive.org/details/gandhiaspolitica0000shar |url-access=registration|year=1979|publisher=P. Sargent Publishers |isbn=978-0-87558-090-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Shashi|first=S. S.|title=Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh|year=1996|publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7041-859-7}}
* {{Cite book|last=Sinha|first=Satya|title=The Dialectic of God: The Theosophical Views Of Tagore and Gandhi|date=2015 |publisher=Partridge Publishing India|isbn=978-1-4828-4748-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qTU_CQAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book|last=Sofri|first=Gianni|title=Gandhi and India: a century in focus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QbCN4R_ZBCUC|year=1999|publisher=Windrush Press|isbn=978-1-900624-12-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Thacker|first=Dhirubhai|editor=Amaresh Datta|title=The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature (Volume Two) (Devraj To Jyoti) |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1345|year=2006|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1194-0|page=1345 |chapter=Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand}}
* {{cite book|last=Todd|first=Anne M.|year=2004|title=Mohandas Gandhi |url=https://archive.org/details/mohandasgandhi0000todd |publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-7910-7864-8}}; short biography for children
* {{cite book|last=Todd|first=Anne M.|year=2009|title=Mohandas Gandhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=svxDMQZ7fakC&pg=PA7 |publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0662-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Wolpert |first=Stanley |title=Gandhi's Passion: The Life and Legacy of Mahatma Gandhi |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-19-515634-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KpBy6BCupe4C |access-date=3 June 2017 |archive-date=21 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721084554/https://books.google.com/books?id=KpBy6BCupe4C |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Wolpert |first=Stanley |chapter=Midnight in Calcutta |title=Gandhi's Passion: The life and legacy of Mahatma Gandhi |chapter-url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/first/w/wolpert-gandhi.html |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001a |isbn=0-19-515634-X |access-date=20 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321161002/http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/w/wolpert-gandhi.html |archive-date=21 March 2016 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Wolpert |first=Stanley |author-link=Stanley Wolpert |title=Gandhi's Passion: the life and legacy of Mahatma Gandhi |year=2002 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ih1VCqkUr4gC&pg=PA197 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-972872-5}}
* {{Cite book |last=Wolpert |first=Stanley |title=Gandhi's Passion: The Life and Legacy of Mahatma Gandhi |year=2002a |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KpBy6BCupe4C |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-515634-8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219190635/https://books.google.com/books?id=KpBy6BCupe4C |archive-date=19 February 2017 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Wolpert |first=Stanley |title=A New History of India |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2004 |edition=7th |isbn=0195166787 |location=New York |author-link=Stanley Wolpert}}
* {{Cite book |last=Wolpert |first=Stanley |title=Shameful Flight: The Last Years of the British Empire in India |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-539394-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zuoMsBWCTBUC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001210558/http://books.google.com/books?id=zuoMsBWCTBUC |archive-date=1 October 2013 |url-status=live}}
{{refend}}

'''Scholarly articles'''
{{refbegin|35em|indent=yes}}
* Danielson, Leilah C. {{"'}}In My Extremity I Turned to Gandhi': American Pacifists, Christianity, and Gandhian Nonviolence, 1915–1941". ''Church History'' 72.2 (2003): 361–388.
* Du Toit, Brian M. "The Mahatma Gandhi and South Africa." ''Journal of Modern African Studies'' 34#4 (1996): 643–660. {{JSTOR|161593}}.
* Gokhale, B. G. "Gandhi and the British Empire", ''History Today'' (Nov 1969), 19#11 pp 744–751 online.
* Juergensmeyer, Mark. "The Gandhi Revival – A Review Article." ''The Journal of Asian Studies'' 43#2 (Feb. 1984), pp. 293–298. {{JSTOR|2055315}}
* {{cite book |last=Khosla |first=G.D. |year=1965 |title=The Murder of the Mahatma (proceedings by the Chief Justice of Punjab) |publisher=Jaico Publishers |url=http://www.mkgandhi.org/ebks/The-Murder-of-the-Mahatma.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921232029/http://www.mkgandhi.org/ebks/the-murder-of-the-mahatma.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2015}}
* Kishwar, Madhu. "Gandhi on Women." ''Economic and Political Weekly'' 20, no. 41 (1985): 1753–758. {{JSTOR|4374920}}.
* Mohammed, Fevin "Gandhi the Great". (2013) (PhD in Historical Research, Coordinated under Prof. Ram Prasad Sharma).
* Murthy, C. S. H. N., Oinam Bedajit Meitei, and Dapkupar Tariang. "The Tale Of Gandhi Through The Lens: An Inter-Textual Analytical Study Of Three Major Films-Gandhi, The Making Of The Mahatma, And Gandhi, My Father." ''CINEJ Cinema Journal'' 2.2 (2013): 4–37. [https://cinej.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/cinej/article/download/66/239 online]
* Power, Paul F. "Toward a Revaluation of Gandhi's Political Thought." ''Western Political Quarterly'' 16.1 (1963): 99–108 excerpt.
* Rudolph, Lloyd I. "Gandhi in the Mind of America." ''Economic and Political Weekly'' 45, no. 47 (2010): 23–26. {{JSTOR|25764146}}.
{{Refend}}

'''Primary sources'''
{{refbegin|35em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite book|author=Abel M|title=Glimpses of Indian National Movement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ox3WE2GCbNAC&pg=PA125 |year=2005 |publisher=ICFAI Books|isbn=978-81-7881-420-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Andrews|first=C. F.|title=Mahatma Gandhi's Ideas Including Selections from His Writings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3EAV6JhQmgkC|year=2008|publisher=Pierides Press|isbn=978-1-4437-3309-0|chapter=VII – The Teaching of Ahimsa|orig-year=1930}}
* {{cite book|editor=Dalton, Dennis|year=1996|title=Mahatma Gandhi: Selected Political Writings|publisher=Hackett Publishing |url=https://archive.org/details/mahatmagandhisel00maha |url-access=registration|isbn=978-0-87220-330-3}}
* {{cite book|editor=Duncan, Ronald|title=Selected Writings of Mahatma Gandhi|url=https://www.questia.com/read/54615149/selected-writings-of-mahatma-gandhi|year=2011|publisher=Literary Licensing, LLC|isbn=978-1-258-00907-6|access-date=4 September 2017|archive-date=1 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001171306/https://www.questia.com/read/54615149/selected-writings-of-mahatma-gandhi}}
* {{cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Mohandas Karamchand|year=1928 |title=Satyagraha in South Africa |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.209598 |publisher=Navajivan Publishing House |location=Ahmedabad |edition=1st |language=gu|translator=Valji G. Desai}}
* {{cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Mohandas Karamchand|year=1994 |title=The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India|isbn=978-81-230-0239-2}} (100 volumes). Free online access from Gandhiserve.
* {{cite journal|last1=Gandhi|first1=Mohandas Karamchand|year=1928 |title=Drain Inspector's Report|journal=The United States of India |volume=5|issue=6–8|pages=3–4|url=http://www.saadigitalarchive.org/item/20111212-545}}
* {{cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Mohandas Karamchand|year=1990a |editor=Desai, Mahadev H. |title=Autobiography: The Story of My Experiments With Truth |publisher=Dover |location=Mineola, N.Y. |isbn=0-486-24593-4|title-link=The Story of My Experiments With Truth}}
* {{cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Mohandas Karamchand|year=2002 |editor=Fischer, Louis |title=[[The Essential Gandhi|The Essential Gandhi: An Anthology of His Writings on His Life, Work and Ideas]] |publisher=Vintage Books|edition=2nd|isbn=978-1-4000-3050-7}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Jack|editor-first=Homer A.|year=1994 |title=The Gandhi Reader: A Source Book of His Life and Writings |url=https://archive.org/details/gandhireadersou00gand |publisher=Grove Press|isbn=978-0-8021-3161-4}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Johnson|editor-first=Richard L. |year=2006 |title=Gandhi's Experiments with Truth: Essential Writings by and about Mahatma Gandhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dRQcKsx-YgQC |publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-1143-7}}
* {{cite book|editor=Parel, Anthony J.|year=2009|title=Gandhi: "Hind Swaraj" and Other Writings Centenary Edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oc47gUOPZfcC |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-14602-9}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==

{{Sister project links|Mohandas K. Gandhi|display=Mahatma Gandhi|wikt=no|v=no|voy=no|n=no|b=no|author=yes|d=Q1001}}
* [https://indianculture.gov.in/other-collections/gandhijis-correspondence-government-1944-47 Gandhi's correspondence with the Indian government 1942–1944]
* {{URL|https://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/|About Mahatma Gandhi}}
* {{URL|www.gandhiashramsabarmati.org/|Gandhi at Sabarmati Ashram}}
* {{Gutenberg author |id=3490| name=Mahatma Gandhi}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Gandhi}}
* {{Librivox author |id=622}}
* {{PM20|FID=pe/005823}}

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Shital Mahajan

2026-03-20T07:56:30Z

Globaleducollege: Starting New Page - done

{{short description|Indian diver}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=November 2019}}
{{like resume|date=November 2019}}
}}

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Padmashri Shital Mahajan
| image = Shital Kamalakar Mahajan, August 29, 2006.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = 19 September 1982
| birth_place = Pune, Maharashtra, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Sportsperson
| yearsactive = since 2004
| spouse = Vaibhav Rane
| domesticpartner =
| children = Vrushabh Rane, Vaishnav Rane
| parents = Kamalakar Mahajan Mamta Mahajan
| website = {{URL||Official web site}}
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] [[Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award]] Godavary Gaurav Puraskar Shiv Chatrapati Maharashtra State Sports Special Award Venutai Chavan Yuva Puraskar
}}
'''Shital Mahajan Rane''' is an Indian extreme sportsperson, [[skydiver]] and the holder of eight world records in the sport.<ref name="Mid Day">{{cite web | url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/a-candid-chat-with-international-skydiver-padma-shri-shital-mahajan/15581187 | title=Mid Day | publisher=Mid Day | date=6 September 2014 | access-date=23 November 2014}}</ref> She is known as the first woman to perform an accelerated free fall jump over Antarctica from 10,000 feet, the youngest woman to jump over both the North and South Poles,<ref name="One India">{{cite web | url=http://www.oneindia.com/2006/12/20/sheetal-mahajan-falls-to-glory-lands-on-south-pole-1166623163.html | title=One India | publisher=One India | date=20 December 2006 | access-date=23 November 2014}}</ref> and the first woman jumper to perform it without trials.<ref name="Times Content">{{cite web | url=http://www.timescontent.com/tss/showcase/preview-buy/37822/Feature/Shital-Mahajan.html | title=Times Content | work=The Times of India| date=29 December 2006 | access-date=23 November 2014}}</ref> The [[Government of India]] honored Mahajan in 2011, with the fourth highest civilian award of [[Padma Shri]].<ref name="Padma Shri">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Shri | publisher=Padma Shri | date=2014 | access-date=11 November 2014}}</ref>

==Biography==
{{quote box|align = left|width=21em|''I wanted to do something different. Many women players have performed well in other sports, but none in para jumping. My achievement will inspire other girls to take up the sport'', says Shital Mahajan.<ref name="DNA India">{{cite web | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-padma-award-winner-shital-mahajan-rane-pune-woman-who-loves-adventures-1499306 | title=DNA India | publisher=DNA India | date=26 January 2011 | access-date=23 November 2014}}</ref>}}
Shital Mahajan was born on 19 September 1982 at [[Jalgaon]] in the Western Indian state of [[Maharashtra]]<ref name="Limca Book of World Records">{{cite web | url=http://www.limcabookofrecords.in/adventure/8.aspx | title=Limca Book of World Records | publisher=Limca Book of World Records | date=2014 | access-date=23 November 2014}}</ref> to Mamta Mahajan and Kamalakar Mahajan, an engineer working with [[Tata Motors]].<ref name="Woodland">{{cite web | url=http://ambassadors.woodlandworldwide.com/ambassadors-elite/shital-mahajan-33.html | title=Woodland | publisher=Woodland | date=2014 | access-date=24 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="DNA 1">{{cite web | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-sheetal-mahajan-will-jump-to-glory-again-1004121 | title=DNA 1 | publisher=DNA India | date=26 December 2005 | access-date=24 November 2014}}</ref> Her education was at the [[Fergusson College]], Pune from where she graduated (BSc) in geology.<ref name="Tribune India">{{cite web | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070120/saturday/main2.htm | title=Tribune India | publisher=Tribune India | date=20 January 2007 | access-date=23 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="NRI Internet">{{cite web|date=9 December 2006|title=NRI Internet|url=http://www.nriinternet.com/NRIsports/A_Z/M/Shital_Mahajan/1_First%20_Jump.htm|access-date=24 November 2014|publisher=NRI Internet}}</ref> Her first maiden jump was on North pole on 18 April 2004 without any training. Till Jan 2022 she has completed 766 jumps.<ref name="Limca Book of World Records" /><ref name="Mid Day" /><ref name="Marathi Wikipedia">{{cite web | url=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8 | title=Marathi Wikipedia | publisher=Marathi Wikipedia | date=2014 | access-date=24 November 2014}}</ref>{{Circular reference|date=April 2022}}

Shital is married to Vaibhav Rane, a software engineer working in Finland. The solemnization of the marriage was performed on a hot air balloon, 600 feet above ground, on 19 April 2008,<ref name="IBN Live">{{cite web | url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/pune-girl-weds-nri-boy-in-hot-air-balloon/63604-19.html | archive-url=https://archive.today/20141123175223/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/pune-girl-weds-nri-boy-in-hot-air-balloon/63604-19.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=23 November 2014 | title=IBN Live | publisher=IBN Live | date=19 April 2008 | access-date=23 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="NRI Internet" /> a feat which has been recorded in the [[Limca Book of World Records]]. The couple has twin sons.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Family, Including Twins, Skydives Over Amsterdam, Sets New Record|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pune-indian-family-including-10-year-old-twins-skydives-over-amsterdam-sets-new-record-2033011|access-date=2021-02-10|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

Shital Mahajan is the founder of ''Phoenix Skydiving Academy'', a skydiving training centre based in Pune.<ref name="Phoenix">{{cite web | url=http://www.phoenixskydivingacademy.com/ | title=Phoenix | publisher=Phoenix | date=2014 | access-date=24 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-08-04|title=This Padma Shri Awardee is the First Woman in the World to Sky-Dive From the North & South Poles|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/63273/this-padmashri-awardee-is-the-first-woman-to-sky-dive-from-the-north-pole/|access-date=2021-02-10|website=The Better India|language=en-US}}</ref> The academy, established in 2012, provides training facilities for aspiring students and prepares students for skydiving competitions around the world.<ref name="Phoenix about">{{cite web | url=http://www.phoenixskydivingacademy.com/about | title=Phoenix about | publisher=Phoenix | date=2014 | access-date=24 November 2014}}</ref>

==Achievements==
Shital Mahajan is the first woman to perform a free fall jump over the South Pole, which was completed on 15 December 2006. She also became the first woman to perform successful jumps over the North and South Poles, without trials,<ref name="IBN Live" /> when she completed her jump over the South Pole.<ref name="Tribune India" /> The attempt also made her the youngest woman to achieve the feat at the age of 24.<ref name="Sakal Times">{{cite web | url=http://www.sakaaltimes.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=5120916134113818158&SectionId=5171561142064258099&SectionName=Pune&NewsDate=20111029&NewsTitle=City | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224143108/http://www.sakaaltimes.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=5120916134113818158&SectionId=5171561142064258099&SectionName=Pune&NewsDate=20111029&NewsTitle=City | url-status=usurped | archive-date=24 December 2014 | title=Sakal Times | date=29 October 2011 | access-date=23 November 2014}}</ref> The first Indian woman to perform a [[Wingsuit flying|wingsuit]] jump, Mahajan is a US certified coach.<ref name="Limca Book of World Records" />

Mahajan was a part of the team that created a world record as the first team to perform free fall parachute jump over Antarctica.<ref name="Mid Day" /> She has also led a team of 85 Indian skydivers to achieve a record for maximum tandem jumps in an hour, the jumps performed on 25 August 2014 at Spain.<ref name="Mid Day" /> Her jump from 13000 feet performed on 19 April 2009 is also a record for the height in women's category.<ref name="Marathi Wikipedia" /> She is also credited with a free fall jump from a hot air ballon at 5800 feet and a jump at 24000 feet.<ref name="Tribune India" />

==Awards and recognitions==
Shital Mahajan was awarded Godavary Gaurav Puraskar in 2005.<ref name="Woodland" /> The same year, she received the Shiv Chatrapati Maharashtra State Sports Special Award<ref name="NRI Internet" /> which was followed by the Venutai Chavan Yuva Puraskar.<ref name="Woodland" /> In 2004, after her successful jump over the North Pole in 2004, Mahajan was awarded the [[Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award]],<ref name="NRI Internet" /><ref name="IBN Live" /> making her the first civilian to receive the award.<ref name="Tribune India" /> In 2001, Mahajan was included the list for [[Indian honours system|Republic Day honours]] for the fourth highest Indian civilian award of [[Padma Shri]].<ref name="Padma Shri" />

==See also==
* [[Skydiving]]
* [[Adventure sports]]
* [[Limca Book of World Records]]

{{portal|India}}

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* {{cite web | url=http://www.sakaaltimes.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=4708068195519745046&SectionId=5034813028789250109&SectionName=People&NewsDate=20120831&NewsTitle=Impossible | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224143110/http://www.sakaaltimes.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=4708068195519745046&SectionId=5034813028789250109&SectionName=People&NewsDate=20120831&NewsTitle=Impossible | url-status=usurped | archive-date=24 December 2014 | title=Interview | work=Sakal Times| date=31 August 2012 | access-date=23 November 2014}}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xjL6ZrK1l6M | title=Skydiving performance | publisher=YouTube | work=Video | date=13 April 2013 | access-date=23 November 2014}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Sports}}
{{Padma Shri Awards}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahajan, Shital}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:People from Pune]]
[[Category:Indian skydivers]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award]]

Trombay

2026-03-16T09:56:43Z

Globaleducollege: Starting Entry - done

{{Short description|Suburb of Mumbai, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2010}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Trombay
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Koli
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Suburb]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Mumbai
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Mumbai, India
| coordinates = {{Coord|19.0|N|72.9|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mumbai Suburban district|Mumbai Suburban]]
| subdivision_type3 = City
| subdivision_name3 = [[Mumbai]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (MCGM)
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Trombay''' is an eastern [[suburb]] of [[Mumbai]] (Bombay), [[India]]. The [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre|Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC)]] is located there.

==History==
[[File:Stamp of India - 1965 - Colnect 371668 - 1 - Atomic Reactor Trombay.jpeg|thumb|left|Atomic Reactor Trombay on 1965 stamp of India.]]

In 1548, Trombay and [[Chembur]] were given to [[Dom Roque Tello de Menezes]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cunha |first=J. Gerson Da |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.38737/page/n105/mode/2up?q=Trombay |title=Origin Of Bombay |date=1900 |pages=96}}</ref> The area contains several ruins of Portuguese churches from the 1620s and 1630s.<ref>Gazetteers of the Bombay Presidency - Thana - http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Thane-III/places_Trombay.html - Retrieved on 3 December 2010.</ref>
[[File:IslandsofBombay1893.jpg|thumb|1893 map showing Trombay]]
In 1928, the Great Indian Peninsular Railway opened the Trombay-Andheri line called the [[Salsette Trombay Railway]] or Central Salsette Tramway.<ref>Times of India - Chembur-Ghatkopar Plus - {{cite web |url=http://chemburghatkoparplus.mumbaimirror.com/index.aspx?Page=article&comments=true&sectname=News&sectid=1&contentid=2010022720100225173641113f0b4d1d4 |title=Untitled Document |access-date=2010-12-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515035953/http://chemburghatkoparplus.mumbaimirror.com/index.aspx?Page=article&comments=true&sectname=News&sectid=1&contentid=2010022720100225173641113f0b4d1d4 |archive-date=15 May 2011 |df=dmy-all }} - Retrieved on 3 December 2010</ref>

The [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre|Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC)]], originally called the Atomic Energy Establishment, Trombay, was established in Trombay in January 1954.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhabha Atomic Research Centre ( BARC ): About us |url=https://barc.gov.in/about/ |access-date=2024-11-29 |website=barc.gov.in}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Anushakti Nagar]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Mumbai metropolitan area}}

[[Category:Suburbs of Mumbai]]

Nigar Sultana (actress)

2026-03-16T07:28:06Z

Globaleducollege:

{{Short description|Indian actress (1932–2000)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nigar Sultana
| image = Nigar Sultana Actress-By Rashid Ashraf.jpg
| caption =
| image_size = 220
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1932|06|21}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], Hyderabad State, [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2000|04|21|1932|06|21}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| spouse = [[S. M. Yusuf]] (divorced) [[K. Asif]]
| occupation = Actress
| yearsactive = 1946 – 1986
| children = 6
}}

'''Nigar Sultana''' (21 June 1932 – 21 April 2000) was an Indian actress who worked in [[Hindi]] films. She appeared in ''[[Aag (1948 film)|Aag]]'' (1948), ''[[Patanga (1949 film)|Patanga]]'' (1949), ''[[Sheesh Mahal (1950 film)|Sheesh Mahal]]'' (1950), ''[[Mirza Ghalib (film)|Mirza Ghalib]]'' (1954), ''[[Yahudi]]'' (1958), ''[[Do Kaliyaan]]'' (1968) but is most notably remembered for playing the role of Bahar Begum in the [[historical epic]] film ''[[Mughal-e-Azam]]'' (1960). She was the wife of filmmaker [[K. Asif]].<ref name=Cinemaazi>{{cite news|url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/people/nigar-|url-status=dead|title=Nigar Sultana profile and filmography|website=Indian Cinema Heritage Foundation (Cinemaazi.com) website|archive-date=21 April 2021|access-date=11 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421101949/https://www.cinemaazi.com/people/nigar-}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Nigar Sultana was born on 21 June 1932 in [[Hyderabad]], India.<ref name=Cinemaazi/><ref name=TOI>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sharmila-tagore-to-sushmita-sen-these-8-bollywood-divas-were-born-in-hyderabad/photostory/81495750.cms?picid=81495780|title=Sharmila Tagore to Sushmita Sen, Bollywood divas born in Hyderabad|newspaper=The Times of India newspaper|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903141121/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sharmila-tagore-to-sushmita-sen-these-8-bollywood-divas-were-born-in-hyderabad/photostory/81495750.cms?picid=81495791|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 September 2021|access-date=11 April 2025}}</ref> She was the youngest daughter of a family of five siblings.<ref name=TOI/> She had two brothers and two sisters. She spent her childhood in Hyderabad where her father held the rank of a Major in the [[Nizam]]'s State Army.<ref name=Cinemaazi/><ref name=TOI/><ref name=Cineplot2>{{cite web|url=http://cineplot.com/nigar-sultana-interview/ |title=Nigar Sultana – Interview in 1953|author=Patricia Pereira|date=1 May 2016|archive-date=22 December 2016|access-date=11 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222042310/http://cineplot.com/nigar-sultana-interview/|website=Cineplot.com website|url-status=dead}}</ref>

She went to school for a while and later studied at home. She took part in a school drama on one occasion and ever after was keen on acting.<ref name=Cineplot2/>

==Career==
The first film Nigar saw was ''[[Hum Tum Aur Woh (1938 film)|Hum Tum Aur Woh]]'' (1938). She was so utterly thrilled by it that when Jagdish Sethi, a friend of her father's, offered her the lead in a film he was making with Mohan Bhavnani, she took it on the spot.<ref name=Cineplot2/>

She entered the film industry with the 1946 film ''Rangbhoomi''. [[Raj Kapoor]]'s ''Aag'' (1948) was her first big break in Hindi films. She played the character of "Nirmala", which was equally appreciated by critics and audience. After that, she played character roles in a number of films.<ref name=Cinemaazi/>

Her first big film was ''Shikayat'' (1948), made in Poona; then came ''Bela'' (1947), a Ranjit production, and after that many more in which she played leading roles. She played the role of the court dancer Bahar, who envies [[Jahangir|Prince Salim]]'s ([[Dilip Kumar]]) love for [[Anarkali]] ([[Madhubala]]) in the film [[Mughal-e-Azam]] (1960). The songs ''Teri Mehfil Mein Qismat'' and ''Jab Raat Hai Aisi Matwali'' were picturised on her.<ref name=Cinemaazi/> ''Dara'' (1953) and ''Khyber''<ref name=Cineplot2/>'', [[Patanga (1949 film)|Patanga]]'' (1949), ''Dil Ki Basti'' (1949), ''[[Sheesh Mahal (1950 film)|Sheesh Mahal]]'' (1950), ''Khel'' (1950), ''Daman'' (1951), ''Anand Bhavan'' (1953), ''[[Mirza Ghalib (film)|Mirza Ghalib]]'' (1954), ''Tankhah'' (1956), ''Durgesh Nandini'' (1956) and ''[[Yahudi]]'' (1958) are among her noted movies. She was most active during the 1950s and appeared in fewer movies later. ''Jumbish: A Movement – The Movie'' in 1986 is her last Hindi film.<ref name="Cinemaazi" />

==Personal life==
Nigar Sultana was linked with Pakistani actor [[Syed Ishrat Abbas|Darpan Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cineplot.com/nigar-sultana-with-her-little-girl/|title=Nigar Sultana with her little girl}}</ref> On 13 June 1959, she held a press conference specifically to deny reports that she had married the Pakistani actor.<ref name=Cineplot>{{cite web|url=http://cineplot.com/vintage-tidbits-indian-actress-nigar-sultana-denying-reports-of-her-marriage-with-pakistani-actor-ishrat-darpan-kumar/|title= Vintage Tidbits – Indian actress Nigar Sultana denying reports of her marriage with Pakistani actor Ishrat (Darpan Kumar) in 1954|website=Cineplot.com website via Filmfare.com website|archive-date=16 June 2012|date=13 May 2012|access-date=11 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616141108/http://cineplot.com/vintage-tidbits-indian-actress-nigar-sultana-denying-reports-of-her-marriage-with-pakistani-actor-ishrat-darpan-kumar/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Later, Nigar Sultana married [[K. Asif]], producer-director of ''[[Mughal-e-Azam]]'' (1960).<ref name=Cinemaazi/> Their daughter was actress [[Heena Kausar]].<ref name=Cinemaazi/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cineplot.com/heena-hina-kausar/|title=Heena (Hina) Kausar | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802223143/http://cineplot.com/heena-hina-kausar/ | archive-date=2020-08-02}}</ref> Heena Kausar appeared in secondary roles in a large number of films during the 1970s and early 1980s.

Two actresses of the 1950s, sisters Chitra (born Afsar-un-nisa)<ref name=Cinemaazi/><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/people/chitra | title=Chitra - Actress | website=www.cinemaazi.com}}</ref> and Paras (born Yusuf-un-nisa) are Nigar Sultana's nieces.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cineplot.com/paras-profile/|title=Paras – Profile | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190131134318/http://cineplot.com/paras-profile/ | archive-date=2019-01-31}}</ref>

==Death==
Nigar Sultana died on 21 April 2000 in [[Mumbai]], India.<ref name=Cinemaazi/>

==Filmography==
[[File:Nigar Sultana Actress-By Rashid Ashraf.jpg|thumb|Sultana in ''[[Aag (1948 film)|Aag]]'' (1948)]]
* ''[[Rangbhoomi]]'' (1946) (her debut film)<ref name=Cinemaazi/><ref name=TOI/>
* ''1857'' (1946)
* ''Bela'' (1947)
* ''Shikayat'' (1948)<ref name=Cinemaazi/>
* ''Nao'' (1948)
* ''Mitti Ke Khiloune'' (1948)
* ''[[Aag (1948 film)|Aag]]'' aka ''Fire'' (1948)<ref name=Cinemaazi/><ref name=TOI/>
* ''[[Patanga (1949 film)|Patanga]]'' (1949)<ref name=Cinemaazi/>
* ''Sunehre Din'' (1949)
* ''[[Bazaar (1949 film)|Bazaar]]'' (1949)<ref name=Cinemaazi/>
* ''[[Balam (1949 film)|Balam]]'' (1949)
* ''[[Sheesh Mahal (1950 film)|Sheesh Mahal]]'' (1950)<ref name=Cinemaazi/>
* ''[[:hi:खेल (1950 फ़िल्म)|Khel]]'' (1950)
* ''Khamosh Sipahi'' (1950)
* ''Phoolan Ke Haar'' (1951)
* ''Daman'' (1951)
* ''Hyderabad Ki Nazneen'' (1952)
* ''Anand Bhawan'' (1953)
* ''Rishta'' (1954)
* ''[[Mirza Ghalib (film)|Mirza Ghalib]]'' (1954)<ref name=Cinemaazi/>
* ''Mastana'' (1954)
* ''Mangu'' (1954)
* ''Khaibar'' (1954)
* ''[[Sardar (1955 film)|Sardar]]'' (1955)
* ''Umer Marvi'' (1956)
* ''Durgesh Nandini'' (1956)
* ''[[Yahudi]]'' (1958)
* ''Commander'' (1959)
* ''[[Mughal-E-Azam]]'' (1960)<ref name=Cinemaazi/>
* ''[[Raaz Ki Baat]]'' (1962)
* ''Taj Mahal''
* ''[[Mere Hamdam Mere Dost]]'' (1968)
* ''[[Do Kaliyaan]]'' (1968)<ref name=Cinemaazi/>
* ''[[Bansi Birju]]'' (1972)<ref name=Cinemaazi/>
* ''Jumbish: A Movement-The Movie'' (1986)<ref name=Cinemaazi/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0631416}}
*{{Bollywood Hungama person|nigar-sultana}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sultana, Nigar}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2000 deaths]]
[[Category:Actresses from Hyderabad, India|Sultana, Nigar]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Urdu cinema]]

Vitthal Kale

2026-03-12T07:54:41Z

Globaleducollege: Starting New Entry

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vitthal Kale
| birth_name = Vitthal Nagnath Kale
| birth_place = Pangaon, [[Solapur district|Solapur]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|writer}}
| children = 1<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-06 |title=छान योगायोग... 'बाप-ल्योक' चित्रपटातील लेक खऱ्या आयुष्यात बनला 'बाप' |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/coincidentally-bap-lyok-films-hiro-vitthal-kale-became-father-in-real-life-too-a-a601/ |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref>
}}
'''Vitthal Nagnath Kale''' is an Indian actor and writer who primarily works in the Marathi film industry. He received two [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]] for his work on ''[[Baaplyok]]'', winning Best Story and Best Supporting Actor.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naik |first=Payal |date=2024-08-22 |title=राज्य मराठी चित्रपट पुरस्कार सोहळा संपन्न; आशा पारेख, अनुराधा पौडवाल, शिवाजी साटम यांसह नामवंतांचा गौरव |url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/maharashtra-state-film-awards-2024-givan-to-anuradha-paudwal-shivaji-satam-asha-parekh-read-winner-list-psn14 |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=Sakal |language=mr}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=मेढे |first=जयदीप |date=2024-08-22 |title=महाराष्ट्र राज्य मराठी चित्रपट पुरस्कार सोहळयात 'बापल्योक' चा डंका, 7 पुरस्कारांवर कोरलं नाव |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/baaplyok-marathi-movie-wins-7-awards-in-maharashtra-state-film-awards-entertainment-news-in-marathi-1307640 |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=ABP Majha |language=mr}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
Kale was born in Pangaon village in [[Barshi]] taluka of [[Solapur district|Solapur district, Maharashtra]].<ref name=":1" /> He completed his schooling at Sant Tukaram Vidyalaya and his college education at Shri Shivaji Vidyalaya. During his college years, he developed an interest in acting and actively participated in youth festivals. After completing his bachelor's degree in English, he pursued a Master’s degree in English Literature from [[Pune]].<ref name=":0" />

As he was unable to secure admission to the filmmaking course at [[Savitribai Phule Pune University|Pune University]], Kale frequently visited the campus with friends and gained practical exposure to acting and production. He later auditioned for a short film that was shown to veteran director [[Chandrakant Kulkarni]], who cast him in his first significant role as Laxman Lohar in the Marathi film ''[[Tukaram (film)|Tukaram]]'', which became a turning point in his career.<ref name=":0" />

After that, Kale performed with actor [[Shashank Shende]] in the theatre group Samanvay and participated in theatre festivals such as the [[Purushottam Karandak]] and the Thespo at the [[Prithvi Theatre]]. Since then, he has acted in many feature films like ''[[Hotel Mumbai]]'', [[The Field (2018 film)|''The Field'']], ''Punashcha Hari Om'', ''[[Kaagar]]'', ''[[Rakshas (film)|Rakshas]]'' and ''[[Ghar Banduk Biryani]]'', in addition to more than 115 short films through independent and digital cinema.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

He also wrote the story for ''[[Baaplyok]]'', a film centred on a father–son relationship, starring Shende as the father and Kale as the son, with Payal Jadhav and Neeta Shende in supporting roles.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghavare |first=Sanjay |date=2023-09-01 |title=Baaplyok Review: नात्याकडे पाहण्याची नवी दृष्टी देणारा सिनेमा |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/reviews/makarand-mane-nagraj-manjule-marathi-movie-baaplyok-review-a-a838-c734/ |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref> For ''Baaplyok'', Kale received [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]] for Best Story and Best Supporting Actor.<ref name=":2" />

==Filmography==
===Film===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Language
!{{Reference column heading|multi=yes}}
|-
|2012
|''[[Tukaram (film)|Tukaram]]''
|Laxman Lohar
|Marathi
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|''[[Hotel Mumbai]]''
|DC Kanu
|Hindi
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Vitthal Kale : बापाचा विठ्ठलरूपी ल्योक |url=https://prahaar.in/2023/08/26/vitthal-kale-baplyok// |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=[[Prahaar (newspaper)|Prahaar]] |language=mr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430142843/https://prahaar.in/2023/08/26/vitthal-kale-baplyok/|archive-date=2025-04-30|url-status=}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Rakshas (film)|Rakshas]]''
|Parsu
|Marathi
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-22 |title=rakshas marathi movie review : न घाबरवणारा राक्षस |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/reviews/rakshas-marathi-movie-review-no-scary-monster/ |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2019
|''[[Kaagar]]''
|Bhavdya
|Marathi
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=2019-04-26 |title='Kaagar' movie review: There's little new in thriller about the big bad world of politics |url=https://scroll.in/reel/921350/kaagar-movie-review-theres-little-new-in-thriller-about-the-big-bad-world-of-politics |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Aatpadi Nights]]''
|Parshuram
|Marathi
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-12-11 |title='Aatpadi Nights': Subodh Bhave unveils a new poster of his upcoming film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/aatpadi-nights-subodh-bhave-unveils-a-new-poster-of-his-upcoming-film/articleshow/72473074.cms |access-date=2026-02-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''Kaajro''
|Tilglya
|Konkani
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-03-23 |title=Kaajro, a rare look at untouchability in Goa, wins nat'l film award |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/kaajro-a-rare-look-at-untouchability-in-goa-wins-natl-film-award/articleshow/81639915.cms |access-date=2026-02-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''Kosa''
|Keshav
|Hindi
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cris |date=2021-02-12 |title=We've been invading Adivasi people's space for long: 'Kosa' director |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/we-ve-been-invading-adivasi-people-s-space-long-kosa-director-143311 |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''Punashchha Hari Om''
|Ravi Parkar
|Marathi
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-08 |title=स्पृहा जोशी आणि विठ्ठ्ल काळे यांनी पुनश्च हरिओम चित्रपटातून साकारलीय लॉकडाऊनमधील 'संघर्ष कथा' |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/spruha-joshi-vitthal-kale-upcoming-marathi-film-punhashcha-hari-om-a591/ |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Jhund (film)|Jhund]]''
|Scorer
|Hindi
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| rowspan="3" |2023
|''[[Ghar Banduk Biryani]]''
|George
|Marathi
|<ref>{{Cite web |title='बापल्योक'मधील विठ्ठल काळे खऱ्या आयुष्यात झाला बाप; अभिनेत्याचा आनंद गगनात मावेना |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/baaplyok-fame-vithhal-kale-became-father-in-real-life-blessed-with-baby-boy/articleshow/103439112.cms |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Tendlya]]''
|Namya
|Marathi
|
|-
|''[[Baaplyok]]''
|Sagar
|Marathi
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jadhav |first=Devendra |date=2023-08-17 |title=Baaplyok Movie: नागराज मंजुळेच्या 'बापल्योक' चित्रपटाची टीम तुळजाभवानीच्या दर्शनाला, केली प्रार्थना |url=https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/nagraj-manjule-baaplyok-marathi-movie-team-visit-tuljapur-tuljabhavani-temple-drj96 |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=Sakal |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|''Apsara''
|Bhaiya Saheb
|Marathi
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=शिकलगार |first=स्वालिया न |date=2024-04-30 |title=Apsara Movie : 'अप्सरा' चित्रपटाचा धमाकेदार ट्रेलर लॉन्च |url=https://pudhari.news/soneri/apsara-movie-trailer-launch |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=Pudhari News |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Like Aani Subscribe]]''
|Faisal
|Marathi
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-20 |title=Like Aani Subscribe Review : विषयमांडणीतील नवलाई |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-movie-like-aani-subscribe-review-zws-70-4661956/ |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[Gondhal]]''
|Mohan
|Marathi
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-10 |title=श्रद्धेच्या आड दडलेलं रहस्य, 'गोंधळ'चा टीझर रिलीज |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/the-mystery-behind-faith-teaser-of-gondhal-movie-released-a-a603/ |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref>
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
!{{Reference column heading|multi=yes}}
|-
|2018
|''[[Ek Thi Begum]]''
|Iqbal Khan
|Marathi Hindi
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|2020
|''The Missing Stone''
|Somnath
|Hindi
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Giri |first=Aditi |date=2020-12-27 |title=Exclusive! Barun Sobti and Bidita Bag on MxPlayer's 'The Missing Stone': 'Every scene has its own charm to keep you hooked till the end' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/exclusive-barun-sobti-and-bidita-bag-on-mxplayers-the-missing-stone-every-scene-has-its-own-charm-to-keep-you-hooked-till-the-end/articleshow/79976963.cms |access-date=2026-02-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Manvat Murders]]''
|Kaachu Paaku
|Marathi
|
|}

===Short film===

*''Aranyak'' (2015)<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-07-08 |title=लॉकडाऊनमध्ये भाजीमंडईत शेंगा विकणारा 'विठ्ठल' चित्रपटाचा 'नायक' असतो तेव्हा... |url=https://www.lokmat.com/mumbai/when-there-hero-movie-vitthal-kale-who-sells-legumes-vegetable-market-lockdown-punasch-hari-om-a601/ |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref>
*''Aushadh'' (2016)<ref name=":1" />
*''[[The Field (2018 film)|The Field]]'' (2018)<ref name=":0" />

==Award and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Nominated work
!Result
!{{Reference column heading|multi=yes}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[58th Maharashtra State Film Awards|2024]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Maharashtra State Film Awards]]
|[[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
| rowspan="6" |''[[Baaplyok]]''
|{{Won}}
| rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Swapnil |date=2024-08-23 |title=५८ वे राज्य मराठी चित्रपट पुरस्कार: लता मंगेशकर पुरस्काराने अनुराधा पौडवाल सन्मानित; बघा विजेत्यांची संपूर्ण यादी |url=https://marathi.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/maharashtra-state-marathi-film-award-anuradha-paudwal-honored-with-lata-mangeshkar-award-rohini-hattangadi |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=marathi.freepressjournal.in |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-22 |title=महाराष्ट्र राज्य मराठी चित्रपट पुरस्कार सोहळ्यात रोहिणी हट्टंगडी आणि अनुराधा पौडवाल यांना खास सन्मान प्रदान |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/maharashtra-rajya-marathi-chitrapat-puraskar-sohla-rohini-hattangadi-anuradha-paudwal-got-special-awards/837808 |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=Zee 24 taas |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|Best Story
|{{Won}}
|-
|Best Screenplay
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Dialogues
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[8th Filmfare Awards Marathi|2024]]
|[[Filmfare Awards Marathi]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Marathi|Best Supporting Actor]]
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare Awards Marathi 2024 Winners - Complete List Out! |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-marathi-2024/winners |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-19 |title=Filmfare Marathi : यंदा 'या' दोन चित्रपटांनी मारली बाजी! सर्वोत्कृष्ट अभिनेता-अभिनेत्री ठरले...; पाहा विजेत्यांची संपूर्ण यादी |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/filmfare-marathi-2024-awards-here-is-the-full-list-of-winners-aatmapamphlet-movie-got-maximum-awards-sva-00-4326290/ |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|[[24th Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar|2024]]
|[[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar]]
|[[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-17 |title='झी मराठी चित्र गौरव'मध्ये 'या' चित्रपटाने मारली बाजी, तर सर्वोत्कृष्ट अभिनेता-अभिनेत्री ठरले…; पाहा विजेत्यांची संपूर्ण यादी |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/zee-marathi-chitra-gaurav-2024-full-list-of-award-winners-read-in-detail-sva-00-4264816/ |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|Goa State Film Festival
|Best Actor
|''Kaajro''
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-23 |title=गोवा चित्रपट महोत्सवात सोलापूरकरांनी मारली बाजी, 'काजरो' फेम विठ्ठल काळे यांचा गौरव |url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/entertainment/kajro-fame-actor-vitthal-kale-get-award-in-goa-film-festival-1476622.html |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=TV9 Marathi |language=mr}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=6939659}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kale, Vitthal}}
[[Category:Marathi actors]]
[[Category:People from Solapur district]]
[[Category:Male actors in Konkani cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian theatre people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi theatre]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Sardaar Ji 2

2026-03-08T02:54:19Z

Globaleducollege: rework details additionally and corrected details for consistency

{{Short description|2016 film by Rohit Jugraj Chauhan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sardaar Ji 2
| image = Sardaarji 2 - Poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[Rohit Jugraj]]
| producer = [[Manmord Sidhu]] Gunbir Singh Sidhu
| writer = Dheeraj Rattan
| screenplay = Dheeraj Rattan
| story = Dheeraj Rattan
| based_on = 
| starring = [[Diljit Dosanjh]] [[Sonam Bajwa]] [[Monica Gill]] [[Jaswinder Bhalla]] [[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Jatinder Shah]] Nick Dhammu
| cinematography = Sandip Patil
| editing = Sandeep Francis Samar Singh
| studio = [[White Hill Studios]]
| distributor = [[White Hill Studios]]
| released = {{Film date|2016|06|24|df=y}}
| runtime = 145 minutes<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/sardaarji-2-2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814101843/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/sardaarji-2-2016|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 August 2016|title=Sardaarji-2|website=www.bbfc.co.uk}}</ref>
| country = [[India]] [[Australia]]
| language = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| budget = {{INR}}10 crore
| gross = {{INR}}24.20 crore<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/box-office-collection-udta-punjab-raman-raghav-2-0-record-slow-week-sardaarji-2-doing-685556|title=Box office collection: 'Udta Punjab' and 'Raman Raghav 2.0' record a slow week; 'Sardaarji 2' doing well worldwide|first=Ankita|last=Mehta|date=5 July 2016|website=www.ibtimes.co.in}}</ref>

}}'''''Sardaar Ji 2''''' (previously '''''The Return of Sardaarji''''') is a 2016 Indian [[Cinema of Punjab|Punjabi]] [[Action comedy|action comedy film]] starring [[Diljit Dosanjh]] in a [[dual role|triple role]] alongside [[Monica Gill]], and [[Sonam Bajwa]] in lead roles<ref name="gulf 2016">{{cite web | author=PTI | title=Diljit Dosanjh to play lead in 'Sardaar Ji 2' | website=GulfNews | date=1 June 2016 | url=http://gulfnews.com/life-style/celebrity/desi-news/bollywood/diljit-dosanjh-to-play-lead-in-sardaar-ji-2-1.1838439 | accessdate=4 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="ANI 2016">{{cite web | author=ANI | title=Diljit Dosanjh back on screen with 'Sardaar Ji 2' | website=Yahoo News India | date=23 April 2016 | url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/diljit-dosanjh-back-screen-sardaar-ji-2-081102303.html | accessdate=23 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="hindustantimes.com/ 2016">{{cite web | title=Diljit Dosanjh back on screen with 'Sardaar Ji 2' | website=hindustantimes.com/ | date=23 April 2016 | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/diljit-dosanjh-back-on-screen-with-sardaar-ji-2/story-O8U6RGgjSD8T0DVEuzvjsN.html | accessdate=23 April 2016}}</ref> and directed by Rohit Jugraj Chauhan.<ref name="Service 2015">{{cite web | last=Service | first=Tribune News | title='Sardaarji' set to return next year | website=tribuneindia.com | date=25 September 2015 | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/-sardaarji-set-to-return-next-year/134526.html | accessdate=25 September 2015 | archive-date=8 November 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108044619/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/-sardaarji-set-to-return-next-year/134526.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> The film was released on 24 June 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/lifestyle/sardaarji-to-return-131802|title=Sardaarji to return|first=Tribune News|last=Service|website=Tribuneindia News Service}}</ref><ref name="Free Press Journal 2016">{{cite web | title=Diljit Dosanjh'sdouble role act in Sardaarji 2 to hit theatres soon | website=Free Press Journal | date=23 May 2016 | url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/diljit-dosanjhsdouble-role-act-in-sardaarji-2-to-hit-theatres-soon/855817 | accessdate=25 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="tribune news 2016">{{cite web | last=Service | first=Tribune News | title=Sardaarji goes shirtless | website=tribuneindia.com | date=25 May 2016 | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/Star%20Track/sardaarji-goes-shirtless/240078.html | accessdate=25 May 2016 | archive-date=24 May 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160524040128/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/Star%20Track/sardaarji-goes-shirtless/240078.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> It is a [[standalone sequel]] to the 2015 film ''[[Sardaar Ji]]''. On release, the film received mixed reviews, unlike the first film which had received positive reviews. The film grossed less than the first film and was declared average at the box-office.

==Cast==
* [[Diljit Dosanjh]] in a [[dual role|triple role]] as
**Sardaarji Jaggi Singh
**Sardaarji Athraa Singh
**Sardaarji Satkaar Singh
* [[Monica Gill]] as Soni
* [[Sonam Bajwa]] as Diljot
* [[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]] as Teja
* Samreen Kaur as Shiney
* Jaswinder Bhalla as Pathan Chacha
* [[Dev Gill]] as Diljyot's fiancée
* [[Mandy Takhar]] (special appearance in "Poplin")
* [[Amritpal Chotu]] as Fauji's son
* [[Anjana Sukhani]] as Dr. Teena (Anger management therapist)

==Planning and shooting==
After the success of ''[[Sardaar Ji]]'', producers decided on a sequel ''The Return of Sardaarji''. The shooting of the film took place in different locations in [[Australia]] mainly.<ref name="Maddox 2016">{{cite web | last=Maddox | first=Garry | title=Media Alliance raises concerns about unsafe work on Indian film Sardaarji Returns in Sydney | website=The Sydney Morning Herald | date=5 February 2016 | url=http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/media-alliance-raises-concerns-about-unsafe-work-on-indian-film-sardaarji-returns-in-sydney-20160205-gmmdrj.html | accessdate=23 March 2016}}</ref> Diljit was mobbed by his Australian fans to his surprise when he reached the airport in Australia.<ref name="hindustantimes16">{{cite web | title=When Diljit Dosanjh got mobbed in Melbourne | website=hindustantimes.com/ | date=31 May 2016 | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/when-diljit-dosanjh-got-mobbed-in-melbourne/story-0SXXXHsROhdQ5OYANeI4cP.html | accessdate=4 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="OfTNN 2016">{{cite web | last=from | first=TNN | title=Diljit Dosanjh has a huge fan following in Australia | website=The Times of India | date=1 June 2016 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Diljit-Dosanjh-has-a-huge-fan-following-in-Australia/articleshow/52532208.cms | accessdate=4 June 2016}}</ref> The crew also shot at [[Macarthur (New South Wales)|the Macarthur region of New South Wales]].<ref name="DailyTelegraph 2016">{{cite web | title=Mega Indian star films in western Sydney | website=DailyTelegraph | date=8 February 2016 | url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/macarthur/indian-superstar-diljit-dosanjh-films-scenes-in-macarthur-region-for-mega-punjabi-film--the-return-of-sardaarji/news-story/ee9507dbad0099392c6ff4b0642f9e87 | accessdate=23 March 2016}}</ref> During the shoot, Diljit rescued Sonam and others from a horrible accident at the set.<ref name="CIEDITOR-PRERNA 2016">{{cite web | author=CIEDITOR-PRERNA | title=Sonam Bajwa grateful to brave Diljit! | website=Canindia News | date=4 June 2016 | url=http://www.canindia.com/sonam-bajwa-grateful-to-brave-diljit/ | accessdate=4 June 2016}}</ref> Diljit had to undergo 6 months of intensive physical training by hiring [[Ranbir Kapoor]]'s personal trainer Pradeep Bhatia.<ref name="Deccan Chronicle/ 2016">{{cite web | title=Find out what Ranbir Kapoor and Diljit Dosanjh have in common | website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] | date=28 May 2016 | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/280516/find-out-what-ranbir-kapoor-and-diljit-dosanjh-have-in-common.html | access-date=4 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="Indias 2016">{{cite web | author=India | title=Trained over months for required physique: Diljit Dosanjh | website=The Indian Express | date=27 May 2016 | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/trained-over-months-for-required-physique-diljit-dosanjh-2821871/ | accessdate=4 June 2016}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==

{{Infobox album
| name = Sardaarji 2
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Jatinder Shah]] & Nick Dhammu
| cover =
| caption =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=y|2016|5|28}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/sardaarji-2-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/id1118825710 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171125155103/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/sardaarji-2-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/id1118825710 |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 November 2017 |title=Sardaarji 2 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |publisher=[[ITunes Store|iTunes]]}}</ref>
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 17:17
| label = Speed Records
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The soundtrack of ''Sardaarji 2'' was composed by [[Jatinder Shah]] & [[Nick Dhammu]] while the lyrics were written by [[Veet Baljit]] and Ranbir Singh.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RvoZGmpL_7Y |title=Poplin - Sardaarji 2 - Diljit Dosanjh, Sonam Bajwa, Monica Gill |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

The video of the film's title track ''Sardaarji'' was shot for two days in a row, created a record as it features 2500 [[Sardar]]s dressed in white attires and turbans, out of which 1200 are Diljit's fans who came specially to shoot for the song.<ref name="Indian 2016">{{cite web | author=India | title=Diljit Dosanjh starrer Sardaarji 2's title track makes a record | website=The Indian Express | date=30 May 2016 | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/diljit-dosanjh-starrer-sardaarji-2s-title-track-makes-a-record-2825452/ | accessdate=4 June 2016}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! S. No. !! Track !! Singer !! Music !! Lyrics
|-
| 1. || "Desi Daaru" || rowspan="6" | [[Diljit Dosanjh]] || rowspan="5" | [[Jatinder Shah]] || Ranbir Singh
|-
| 2. || "Mitran Da Junction" || Ranbir Singh
|-
| 3. || "Poplin" || [[Veet Baljit]]
|-
| 4. || "Razamand" || Ranbir Singh
|-
| 5. || "Sardaarji" || Ranbir Singh
|-
| 6. || "Rumaal" || Nick Dhammu || Ranbir Singh
|}

== Release ==
The movie was released on the big screens on 24 June 2016. It is also available for streaming on the [[Chaupal (streaming)|Chaupal]] Ott.

==Reception==

===Box office===
{{See also|List of highest-grossing Punjabi films}}
The movie broke the record of ''[[Sardaar Ji]]'' in Punjab, grossing {{INRConvert|2.05|c}} on the first day.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/Sardaar-Ji-2-box-office-Diljit-Dosanjh-breaks-his-own-record/articleshow/52915003.cms |title='Sardaar Ji 2' box office: Diljit Dosanjh breaks his own record - Times of India |newspaper=The Times of India |date= |author=TNN |accessdate= July 6, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/sardaarji-2-box-office-collection-diljit-starrer-clocks-highest-opening-punjabi-film-beats-684328 |title='Sardaarji 2' box office collection: Diljit-starrer clocks highest opening for Punjabi film, beats 'Sardaarji' records |newspaper=Ibtimes.co.in |date= |author= |accessdate= July 6, 2016}}</ref> The film minted a total of {{INRConvert|14.25|c}} in its first week on 350 screens in India<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/dongroves/2016/07/03/punjabi-star-diljit-dosanjh-runs-hot-in-india-with-sardaar-ji-2-and-udta-punjab/#4cf3986a57e3 |title=Punjabi Star Diljit Dosanjh Runs Hot In India With 'Sardaar Ji 2' And 'Udta Punjab' |newspaper=Forbes |date= July 3, 2016 |author= |accessdate= July 6, 2016}}</ref> while from the overseas markets, the film grossed {{INRConvert|6.05|c}}<ref name="MyUser_Ibtimes.co.in_July_6_2016c">{{cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/box-office-collection-udta-punjab-raman-raghav-2-0-record-slow-week-sardaarji-2-doing-685556 |title=Box office collection: 'Udta Punjab' and 'Raman Raghav 2.0' record a slow week; 'Sardaarji 2' doing well worldwide |newspaper=Ibtimes.co.in |date= |author= |accessdate= July 6, 2016}}</ref> including {{INRConvert|4.25|c}} only from U.S. box office in 10-days.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/gentleman-us-box-office-collection-nani-starrer-fares-better-sardaarji-2-3rd-weekend-685595 |title='Gentleman' US box office collection: Nani starrer fares better than 'Sardaarji 2' in 3rd weekend |newspaper=Ibtimes.co.in |accessdate=July 6, 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160706084442/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/gentleman-us-box-office-collection-nani-starrer-fares-better-sardaarji-2-3rd-weekend-685595 |archivedate=6 July 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

===Accolades===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width: 99%"
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Nominee(s)
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" | {{Refh}}
|-
! rowspan="6" scope="row"|[[Filmfare Awards Punjabi]]
| rowspan="6" |2017
| Best Director
| Rohit Jugraj
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="6" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Filmfare Awards Punjabi 2017 Nominations |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-punjabi-2017/nominations |website=Filmfare |access-date=21 April 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |title=Filmfare Awards Punjabi 2017 Winners |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-punjabi-2017/winners |website=Filmfare |access-date=21 April 2024}}</ref>
|-
| Best Music Album
| Jatinder Shah
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Foreign Talent
| Tiffany Jones
| {{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=2|Best Lyrics
| Ranbir Singh – "Mitran da junction"
| {{nom}}
|-
| Veet Baljit – "Poplin"
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Playback Singer (Male)
| Diljit Dosanjh – "Mitran da junction"
| {{won}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt5701172}}
{{Rohit Jugraj Chauhan}}

[[Category:Films directed by Rohit Jugraj Chauhan]]
[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2016 Punjabi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Jatinder Shah]]
[[Category:Films shot in Australia]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:Indian-Australian films]]
[[Category:Films shot in New South Wales]]
[[Category:Films set in Australia]]
[[Category:Occupational safety and health]]
[[Category:2016 controversies]]
[[Category:Stagecraft]]

Boita

2026-03-05T20:57:24Z

Globaleducollege: minor enhance intro for accuracy

{{Short description|Ships built in the ancient Kalinga region}}
{{About|the Indian ships|the commune in Romania|Boița|Boïta in Guinea|Nzérékoré Prefecture}}
[[File:Boita - Konark Museum.jpg|200px|thumb|Model of a Boita at Konark ASI Museum]]
[[File:Boita- the larger boat.jpg|200px|thumb|Silver filigree of a boita at Odisha Crafts Museum]]
'''Boitas''' ({{langx|or|ବୋଇତ}}) were larger [[boat]]s and [[ship]]s that were built in the ancient [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]] region during its [[Maritime history of Odisha|maritime history]].<ref name=OHRJPatra/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Pham |first1=Charlotte Minh-Hà L. |title=Asian Shipbuilding Technology |page=35 |date=2012 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=978-92-9223-414-0 |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CLT/images/630X300/UNIT14.pdf}}</ref> Kalinga's sea facing regions consisting of coastal [[Odisha]] had major trading ports for which ''boita''s were used. Ancient [[Sadhaba]]s (mariner merchants) sailed from Kalinga to distant lands such of Sri Lanka and [[South-East Asia]] including both mainland and insular Southeast Asian regions for trade.<ref name=KandarpaPatel/><ref>{{cite book|title=Orissa Review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MwlDAAAAYAAJ|year=1987|publisher=Home Department, Government of Orissa}}</ref>

==Construction==
Rules and regulations regarding construction of ships were recorded in the [[Sanskrit]] text {{Transliteration|or|Yuktikalpataru}} ({{lang|or|ଯୁକ୍ତିକଲ୍ପତରୁ}} Juktikalpataru) authored by King [[Bhoja]]. The {{Transliteration|or|Madalapanji}} ({{lang|or|ମାଦଳପାଞ୍ଜି}}) records that king Bhoja built many ships with local wood.<ref name=Mahalik2004/> The recovery of many woodworking adzes and other artifacts from [[Chilika Lake]] ({{lang|or|ଚିଲିକା}}) shows that [[Golabai]] was a boat-building center.<ref name=OHRJPatra/>

===Yuktikalpataru===
The treatise ''Yuktikalpataru'' has sections on ships which deals with classification and characteristics of ship building such as varieties of woods best suited for construction of ships, the classification of vessels for river-going(''sāmānya'') and sea-going vessels(''viśeṣa''), their names and respective measurements, types of decorations and painting of ships, various types of ship cabins etc.<ref name="shipping" >{{cite book |title=Indian Shipping A History of the Sea-borne Trade and Maritime Activity of the Indians from the Earliest Times |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QovNAAAAMAAJ&q=Indian%20Shipping:%20A%20History%20of%20Seaborne%20Trade%20and%20Maritime%20Activity%20of%20the%20Indians%20from%20the%20Earliest%20Times |author=Radha Kumud Mookerji |date=1912 |publisher=Longmans, Green and Company |access-date=8 April 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Yukti-kalpataru |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.513517/page/n1/mode/2up |author=Bhoja |editor=Isvara Chandra Sastri |date=1917 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=A Boat Model and State Ritual in Eastern India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43732572 |publisher=École française d’Extrême-Orient |page=110 |last=Guy |first=John |journal = Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient|date=1999 |volume = 86|doi = 10.3406/befeo.1999.3407|jstor = 43732572|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

===Wood for the construction of ships===
For the construction of ships, four kinds of woods were distinguished.
*Brahmajati: this group consists of wood that is light and soft and can easily be joined to any other kind of wood.
*Kshetrahati: the wood is light and hard but cannot be joined on to other woods
*Vaisyajati: the wood is soft and heavy
*Sudrajati: the wood is characterised by both hardness and heaviness
*Dvijati: the wood is of mixed variety which has blended properties of two separate groups

The text also mentions that iron was not used in sea-going vessels, hence referring to dominance of stitched [[sewn boat]]s, where the hulls were stitched together with a rope rather than nailed across a frame.<ref name="Churn">{{Cite book|last=Sanyal|first=Sanjeev|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oNekDAAAQBAJ&dq=the+ocean+of+churn&pg=PP1|title=The Ocean of Churn: How the Indian Ocean Shaped Human History|quote="Stitched Ships"|page=100|date=2016-08-10|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-93-86057-61-7|language=en}}</ref><ref>[[A.H.J. Prins]], 1986. ''Handbook of Sewn Boats: The Ethnography and Archaeology of Archaic Plank-Built Craft.'' Maritime Monographs and Reports No.59. Greenwich, London: The National Maritime Museum.</ref>

===Classification of Ships===
The ships are classified into two groups:<ref name="shipping" /><ref name="Yukti">{{citation|author=Mamata Chaudhuri|title=Ship-Building in the Yuktikalpataru and Samarangana Sutradhara|date=20 November 1975|url=http://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol11_2_5_MChaudhuri.pdf|publisher=Indian National Science Academy|access-date=8 April 2021}}</ref>
*river-going or ordinary called sāmānya (ସାମାନ୍ୟ)
*sea-going or special called viśeṣa (ବିଶେଷ)

The names and measurements of the two classified groups of ships are as follows:<ref>{{cite book |title=Indian Shipping A History of the Sea-borne Trade and Maritime Activity of the Indians from the Earliest Times |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QovNAAAAMAAJ&q=Indian%20Shipping:%20A%20History%20of%20Seaborne%20Trade%20and%20Maritime%20Activity%20of%20the%20Indians%20from%20the%20Earliest%20Times |author=Radha Kumud Mookerji |date=1912 |pages=22–24 |publisher=Longmans, Green and Company |access-date=8 April 2021 }}</ref>

====Riverine/river-going/ordinary ships (Sāmānya)====
The ships used in river traffic or waterways fall in this class. It is divided into ten groups with different dimensions.

{| class="wikitable"
! Name !! Length in ft (m) !! Breadth in ft (m) !! Height in ft (m)
|-
| kṣudra (କ୍ଷୁଦ୍ର) || 24 (7.32) || 6 (1.83) || 6 (1.83)
|-
| madhyamā (ମଧ୍ୟମା) || 36 (10.97) || 28 (8.53) || 12 (3.66)
|-
| bhimā (ଭିମା) || 60 (18.29) || 30 (9.14) || 30 (9.14)
|-
| capalā (ଚପଲା) || 72 (21.95) || 36 (10.97) || 36 (10.97)
|-
| paṭalā (ପଟଲା) || 96 (29.26) || 48 (14.63) || 48 (14.63)
|-
| bhayā (ଭୟା) || 108 (32.92) || 54 (16.46) || 54 (16.46)
|-
| dīrghā (ଦୀର୍ଘା) || 132 (40.23) || 66 (20.12) || 66 (20.12)
|-
| patrapuṭā (ପତ୍ରପୁଟା) || 144 (43.89) || 72 (21.95) || 72 (21.95)
|-
| garbharā (ଗର୍ଭରା) || 168 (51.21) || 84 (25.6) || 84 (25.6)
|-
| mantharā (ମନ୍ଥରା) || 180 (54.86) || 90 (27.43) || 90 (27.43)
|}

====Marine/sea-going/special ships (Viśeṣa)====
The sea-going or special ships are divided into two categories:
*dīrghā (ଦୀର୍ଘା)- noted for their length
*unnatā (ଉନ୍ନତା)- noted for their height

{| class="wikitable"
|+ dīrghā type
|-
! Name !! Length in ft (m) !! Breadth in ft (m) !! Height in ft (m)
|-
| dīrghikā (ଦୀର୍ଘିକା) || 48 (14.63) || 6 (1.83) || 4.5 (1.37)
|-
| taraṇī (ତରଣୀ) || 72 (21.95) || 9 (2.74) || 6 (1.83)
|-
| lolā (ଲୋଲା) || 96 (29.26) || 12 (3.66) || 9 (2.74)
|-
| gatvarā (ଗତ୍ୱରା) || 120 (36.58) || 15 (4.57) || 12 (3.66)
|-
| gāminī (ଗାମିନୀ) || 144 (43.89) || 18 (5.49) || 13.5 (4.11)
|-
| tarī (ତରୀ) || 168 (51.21) || 21 (6.4) || 16.5 (5.03)
|-
| jaṅghālā (ଜଙ୍ଗାଲା) || 192 (58.52) || 24 (7.32) || 18 (5.49)
|-
| plāvinī (ପ୍ଲାବିନୀ) || 216 (65.84) || 27 (8.23) || 21 (6.4)
|-
| dhāriṇī (ଧାରିଣୀ) || 240 (73.15) || 30 (9.14) || 24 (7.32)
|-
| veginī (ବେଗିନୀ) || 264 (80.47) || 33 (10.06) || 25.5 (7.77)
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ unnatā type
|-
! Name !! Length in ft (m) !! Breadth in ft (m) !! Height in ft (m)
|-
| ūrddhavā (ଊର୍ଦ୍ଧବା) || 48 (14.63) || 24 (7.32) || 24 (7.32)
|-
| anūrddhavā (ଅନୁର୍ଦ୍ଧବା) || 72 (21.95) || 36 (10.97) || 36 (10.97)
|-
| svarṇamukhī (ସ୍ୱର୍ଣମୁଖୀ) || 96 (29.26) || 48 (14.63) || 48 (14.63)
|-
| garbhiṇī (ଗର୍ଭିଣୀ) || 120 (36.58) || 60 (18.29) || 60 (18.29)
|-
| mantharā (ମନ୍ଥରା) || 144 (43.89) || 72 (21.95) || 72 (21.95)
|}

===Decoration and painting of Ships===
Yuktikalpataru also gives elaborate directions for decorating and furnishing of ships.<ref name="shipping" /><ref name="Yukti" />

====Metals used for decorations====
Kinds of Metals recommended for decorative purposes:
*Gold
*Silver
*Copper
*Compound of all above three

====Colours====
Types of colours recommended for the types of vessels(with masts):

{| class="wikitable"
! Vessel(with masts) !! Colour
|-
| Vessel with 4 masts || White
|-
| Vessel with 3 masts || Red
|-
| Vessel with 2 masts || Yellow
|-
| Vessel with 1 mast || Blue
|}

====Ship prow and body section decorations====
The prows of the ships are also decorated with a great variety of fanciful shapes and forms like the heads of lion, buffalo, serpent, elephant, tiger, birds such as duck, peahen or parrot, frog and human. After painting the ship with the respective colour with regards to the mast, the body of the ship is then painted with pictures of celestial bodies such as sun, moon etc., deities, swan, peacock, parrot, lion, elephant, serpent, tiger and bees.

Other decorations used on the ships include thin sheets of metal on all sides (such ships are called ''kamalā''), with a type of avājñāsika cloth (composed of mixed white, red, spotted yellow, black colours), decked with pearls (ships resembled the umbrella of ''navadaṇḍa'' type) and garlands of gold are also attached and hung from the ships.

===Ship cabin types===
Three classes of ships are classified according to the length and position of the cabins.<ref name="shipping" /><ref name="Yukti" />
*Sarvamandirā (ସର୍ବମନ୍ଦିରା)
*Madhyamandirā (ମଧ୍ୟମନ୍ଦିରା)
*Agramandirā (ଅଗ୍ରମନ୍ଦିରା)

{| class="wikitable"
! Ship with cabin type !! Feature !! Function
|-
| Sarvamandirā || largest cabins, extending from one end of the ship to the other || goods, animals, passengers
|-
| Madhyamandirā || cabins located in the middle part || suitable during rainy season, royal voyages
|-
| Agramandirā || cabins located towards the prow section || convenient during dry season and also for long voyages, used by navies
|}

== Depictions ==
[[File:Miniature Boita at Odisha Maritime museum.png|200px|thumb|Boita replica at Odisha Maritime museum]]
Terracotta seals from [[Bangarh]] and [[Chandraketugarh]] (400–100 BCE) depict sea going vessels carrying containing corn. The ships have a single mast with a square sail.<ref name=Tripati/> The earliest depiction of ships in Odisha is in a sculptured frieze showing two ships, found near the [[Brahmeswara Temple]], [[Bhubaneswar]], and now preserved in the [[Odisha State Museum]]. The first ship has standing elephants in the front part, two people seated in the center and two sailor with oars at the rear steering the ship.<ref name=OHRJPatra/>

A temple in Bhubaneswar called [[Vaital Deula]] named after the shape of its roof, which resembles an overturned boat. According to scholars, the name is derived from Vaita Kakhara, also called Vaitalu or Vaital, hence the phonetics deriving from Boita.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44144822 |publisher=Indian History Congress |page=1136 |last=Dora |first=Jayanti |title = Sakta Monuments: With Special Reference to the "Khakhara" Temples of Bhubaneswar|journal = Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|date=2004 |volume = 65|jstor = 44144822}}</ref> The [[Lingaraj Temple]] of [[Bhubaneswar]] has a representation of a boat being steered with an oar by a woman, dated to the 11th century CE. A sculpture from [[Konark]] in the 13th century CE shows a boat rowed by four people, with a cabin in the center in which a man is seated, armed with a bow and arrow. A boat depicted in the [[Konark Sun Temple|Sun Temple of Konarak]] contains a giraffe, indicating trade with Africa.<ref name=OHRJPatra/>

==Boita Bandana==
{{main|Boita Bandana|Bali Jatra}}
[[Boita Bandana]] also known as Danga Bhasa, is a traditional Odia festival celebrated annually throughout [[Odisha]]. The name could be translated as "to float ritual boats and worshipping with lighted lamp" and comes from the tradition of making decorated boats, which are then floated on a river as a symbolic gesture of their ancestors' voyage. During the ceremony, men, women and children dressed up in traditional costumes place tiny boats made from banana peels, paper or solapitha with lighted lamps inside and Odia women perform the rite of the festival to pay homage to the [[Sadhaba]]s (ancient Odia mariner merchants) who embarked on the voyage to distant lands for trade, commerce and cultural exchange.
The festival is similar to festivals of ''Masakapam Kepesih'' of Bali, [[Loi Krathong]] of Thailand and [[Bon Om Touk]] of Cambodia, which involve the ritualistic floating of boats lit with lamps held during the full moon day of the same month in the year.<ref>{{citation |title=Kalinga Maritime history |publisher=Indo Nordic Author's Collective |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344443146 |author=Uday Dokras |date=October 2020 |access-date=9 February 2021 }}</ref>

Its major occasion held at [[Cuttack]] on the banks of the [[Mahanadi]] river is called [[Bali Jatra]] which literally means ' A Voyage to [[Bali]]', and celebrates the ancient maritime tradition and the connection with Southeast Asia. Miniature Boitas are used today as children's toys during the Odia festival of Bali Jatra.<ref name="orissatourism" />

==Gallery==
<gallery>

File:Boita- Brahmeswara Temple.jpg|Sculptured frieze depicting two Boitas found near Brahmeswara Temple
File:WestBengalSealofShip.png|Terracotta seal portraying ''boita'' circa 400 BCE–100 BCE
File:Patachitra.jpg|Boita on a Pattachitra painting
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Maritime history of Odisha]]
* [[Sadhaba]]

==References==
{{reflist|1|refs=
<ref name=KandarpaPatel>{{cite web
|url=http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Journal/Journal2/pdf/ohrj-017.pdf
|title=Maritime relation of Kalinga with Sri Lanka
|author=Kandarpa Patel
|work=OHRJ, Vol. XLVII, No. 2
|access-date=2010-11-17
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125091622/http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Journal/Journal2/pdf/ohrj-017.pdf
|archive-date=2015-11-25
}}</ref>
<ref name=Mahalik2004>{{cite web
|url=http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/Sept2004/englishPdf/maritime.pdf
|title=Maritime Trade of Ancient Orissa
|author=Nirakar Mahalik
|work=Orissa Review
|date=September 2004
|access-date=2010-11-17
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125072743/http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/Sept2004/englishPdf/maritime.pdf
|archive-date=2015-11-25
}}</ref>
<ref name=OHRJPatra>{{cite web
|url=http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Journal/Journal2/pdf/ohrj-014.pdf
|title=Archaeology and the maritime history of ancient Odisha
|author=Sushanta Ku. Patra & Dr. Benudhar Patra
|work=OHRJ, Vol. XLVII, No. 2
|access-date=2010-11-16
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125080447/http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Journal/Journal2/pdf/ohrj-014.pdf
|archive-date=2015-11-25
}}</ref>
<ref name=orissatourism>{{cite web
|url = http://www.orissatourism.in/Bali-Yatra.html
|title = Bali Yatra
|work = Odisha Tourism
|access-date = 2010-11-16
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110721180800/http://www.orissatourism.in/Bali-Yatra.html
|archive-date = 2011-07-21
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>
<ref name=Tripati>{{cite web
|url=http://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/2264/127/3/Man_Environ_27_117.pdf
|title=Early Maritime Activities of Orissa on the East Coast of India: Linkages in Trade and Cultural Developments
|author=Sila Tripati
|publisher=Marine Archaeology Centre, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula
|access-date=2010-11-17}}</ref>
}}
{{Commons category|Boita}}
{{Sailing Vessels and Rigs}}

[[Category:Kalinga (India)]]
[[Category:Maritime history of India]]
[[Category:Ship types]]

Wildlife Institute of India

2026-03-04T13:54:11Z

Globaleducollege: basic adjust page per standard format

{{Short description|Indian government institute}}
{{primary source|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = Wildlife Institute of India
| logo = Logo of the Wildlife Institute of India.svg
| formed = 1982
| parent_department = [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]], [[Government of India]]
| website = https://www.wii.gov.in/
}}
{{Wildlife of India}}
The '''Wildlife Institute of India''' ('''WII''') is a research institution established in 1982 under the [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate change]] of [[Government of India]]. It is engaged in wildlife research in areas of study like biodiversity, endangered species, wildlife policy and management, wildlife forensics, ecology, [[ecotoxicology]], and climate change. It also aids in conducting wildlife census. It has a {{cvt|180|acre}} facility in [[Chandrabani]] in [[Dehradun district]] of [[Uttarakhand]].<ref name=About>{{cite web|url=https://wii.gov.in/mandated-background|title=Mandated background|publisher=Wildlife Institute of India|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=About us|url=https://wii.gov.in/contact-us|publisher=Wildlife Institute of India|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

==Directors==
The WII is headed by a director.<ref>{{cite news|last=Azad |first=Shivani |date=4 December 2019 |title=Dhananjai Mohan appointed director of Wildlife Institute of India |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/72354559.cms }}</ref>

* V. B. Saharia (1982-1985)<ref name=About/>
* [[Hemendra Singh Panwar]] (1985 to 1994)<ref>{{cite web|last=Panwar |first=Hemendra Singh |date=29 October 2015 |title=What ails DPR and EIA of Ken-Betwa Link Project: A Note for EAC of MoEF&CC |publisher=South Asia Network on Dams, Rivers and People (SANDRP) |url=https://sandrp.in/2015/10/29/what-ails-dpr-and-eia-of-ken-betwa-link-project-a-note-for-eac-of-moefcc/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515185922/https://sandrp.in/2015/10/29/what-ails-dpr-and-eia-of-ken-betwa-link-project-a-note-for-eac-of-moefcc/ |archive-date=15 May 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Priya Ranjan Sinha (September 2004 to June 2013)<ref>{{cite web|title=Mr. P.R. Sinha |publisher=Wildlife Institute of India |url=https://wii.gov.in/dehradun_pr_sinha |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515183415/https://wii.gov.in/dehradun_pr_sinha |archive-date=15 May 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Farewell: Shri P.R. Sinha |date=2013 |url=https://wii.gov.in/images/images/documents/enewsletter_summer_2013.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318112840/https://wii.gov.in/images/images/documents/enewsletter_summer_2013.pdf |publisher=Wildlife Institute of India |archive-date=18 March 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Radha Krishna Goel (June 2013 to February 2014)<ref name=WII>{{cite web|title=Appointment of Dr. V.B. Mathur as Director, WII |date=9 March 2014 |publisher=Wildlife Institute of India |url=https://wii.gov.in/dr-v-b-mathur-appointed-as-wii-director |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517200051/https://wii.gov.in/dr-v-b-mathur-appointed-as-wii-director |archive-date=17 May 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Vinod Bihari Mathur (February 2014 to June 2019)<ref name=WII/>
* Dhananjai Mohan (December 2019-present)<ref>{{cite news |author=Shivani Azad|date=4 December 2019 |title=Dhananjai Mohan appointed director of Wildlife Institute of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/dhananjai-mohan-appointed-director-of-wildlife-institute-of-india/articleshow/72354559.cms |access-date=2022-06-13 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Arid Forest Research Institute]]
* [[Forest Research Institute (India)]]
* [[Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education]]
* [[Laboratory for the Conservation of Endangered Species]]
* [[List of Environment and Forest Research Institutes in India]]
* [[List of think tanks in India]]
* [[Van Vigyan Kendra]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.wii.gov.in/ Wildlife Institute of India official website]
* [http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/envis/database.html ENVIS Centre: Wildlife & Protected Areas (Secondary Database)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091227234702/http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/envis/database.html |date=27 December 2009 }}; Wildlife Institute of India (WII)
* [http://www.envfor.nic.in/ Official website of: Government of India, Ministry of Environment & Forests]

{{Dehradun}}
{{Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (India)}}
{{Zoos of India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Research institutes in Dehradun]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Wildlife conservation in India]]
[[Category:Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]]
[[Category:Think tanks based in India]]
[[Category:Wildlife conservation organizations]]
[[Category:1982 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Nature conservation in Asia]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Environmental studies institutions in India]]

Opera House (film)

2026-03-04T04:00:05Z

Globaleducollege: New a post needs work

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2018}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Opera House
| image = Opera House (1961).jpg
| caption = Showcard
| director = [[P.L. Santoshi]]
| producer = [[A.A. Nadiadwala]]
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring = [[Ajit Khan|Ajit]] [[B. Saroja Devi]] [[K.N. Singh]] [[Lalita Pawar]]
| music = [[Chitragupta (composer)|Chitragupta]]
| cinematography =
| editing = Dharamvir
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1961}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''Opera House''' is a 1961 [[India]]n [[Hindi]]-language [[mystery film]] produced by A.A. Nadiadwala and directed by P.L. Santoshi. The film stars [[Ajit Khan|Ajit]], [[B. Saroja Devi]], [[K.N. Singh]] and [[Lalita Pawar]] among others.
==Plot==
Saroj (B. Saroja Devi) lives a poor lifestyle in [[Nagpur]] along with her widowed mother, Leela Sharma (Lalita Pawar) and a younger sister, Nanhi. She gets employed as a singer/dancer in [[Bombay]] and relocates there. Once there, she meets with Ajit Rai (Ajit), and the couple fall in love. Circumstances compel her to re-locate to Nagpur and seek employment with another dance/drama company run by Chunilal. Ajit decides to follow her to Nagpur, and visits her mother and sister. It is from here he locates the dance/drama company and does meet Saroj — only to find out that she has changed her name to Mary D'Souza. Ajit will eventually discover that Saroj had witnessed the murder of Chunilal and the killer(s) are now out to silence her — and whoever else dares to come in their way...

==Cast==

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Character!!Actor
|-
|Ajit Rai||[[Ajit Khan|Ajit]]
|-
|Saroj Sharma/Mary D'Souza||[[B. Saroja Devi]]
|-
|Danial||[[K.N. Singh]]
|-
|Leela Sharma||[[Lalita Pawar]]
|-
|Lily||[[Bela Bose]]
|-
|Peter||[[Marutirao Parab|Maruti Rao]]
|-
|Street Singer||Johnny Whisky
|-
|Chunilal|| S.N. Banerjee
|-
|Nanhi Sharma|| Leela
|-
|Munshi Munakka|| Munshi Munakka
|-
|Mirza Panwala||Mirza Musharraf
|-
|Sarju|| Sarjoo
|-
|Mr. Ranjit Rai|| Niranjan Sharma
|-
|Mrs. Ranjit Rai||[[Mumtaz Begum (actress)|Mumtaz Begum]]
|}

==Soundtrack==
Music in the film has been given by [[Chitragupta (composer)|Chitragupta]] and Lyricist is [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]]. The song "Dekho Mausam Kya Bahar Hai" is based on the [[Jim Reeves]] song "[[Bimbo (song)|Bimbo]]".<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-bollywood-retrospect-10-memorable-songs-by-music-composer-chitragupt-shrivastava-2145070 |title=Bollywood Retrospect: 10 memorable songs by music composer Chitragupt Shrivastava |last=Arunachalam |first=Param |date=14 November 2015 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |access-date=15 March 2018}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!#!!Title!!Singer
|-
|1||"Dekho Mausam Kya Bahar Hai"||[[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]], [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
|2||"Balma Maane Na, Bairi Chup Na Rahe"||Lata Mangeshkar
|-
|3||"Na Milte Hum To Kaho Tum"||Lata Mangeshkar and Mukesh
|-
|4||"Raste Mein Tere Kab Se Hain Khade"||Lata Mangeshkar and [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
|5||"Sona Na Sitaron Ka Hai Kahna"||Lata Mangeshkar
|-
|6||"Saiyan Hae Hae Tere Gaon Mein"||Lata Mangeshkar
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0269665|Opera House}}

[[Category:1961 films]]
[[Category:1961 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films scored by Chitragupta]]

{{1960s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Devar

2026-03-04T03:54:13Z

Globaleducollege: improve page per standard format and improved wording for clarity

{{Short description|1966 Hindi film}}
{{otheruses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Devar
| image = Devar film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| alt =
| director = Mohan Segal
| producer = Mohan Segal
| screenplay = [[K.A. Narayan|K. A. Narayan]] {{infobox|decat=yes|child=yes|label1= Dialogues by|data1= Sarshar Sailani}}
| story = [[Tarashankar Bandopadhyay]]
| based_on = {{Based on|''Naa'' (1961 novel)|Tarashankar Bandopadhyay}}
| starring = [[Dharmendra]] [[Sharmila Tagore]] [[Shashikala]] [[Deven Verma]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = [[MN Malhotra|M. N. Malhotra]]
| editing = Pratap Dave
| music = [[Roshan (music director)|Roshan]]
| studio = Mohan Segal Productions
| distributor = De-lux Films
| released = {{Film date|1966}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}
'''''Devar''''' is a 1966 Hindi tragic-drama film directed by Mohan Sehgal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20051021/ttlife.htm#6|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - The Tribune Lifestyle|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=2020-04-04|archive-date=13 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613001229/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20051021/ttlife.htm#6|url-status=live}}</ref> It stars [[Dharmendra]] and [[Sharmila Tagore]] in the lead roles, supported by [[Shashikala]] and [[Deven Verma]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Devar - Review |url=http://www.molodezhnaja.ch/devar.htm |website=Molodezhnaja |accessdate=26 September 2020 |archive-date=27 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627152544/http://www.molodezhnaja.ch/devar.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The music is by [[Roshan (music director)|Roshan]] and the lyrics by [[Anand Bakshi]]; this is their only film together that met with success.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Arunachalam |first1=Param |date=July 19, 2015 |title=Bollywood Retrospect - The enduring lyrics of Anand Bakshi: Anand Bakshi's long career speaks about his success in adapting himself to changing times |work=D.N.A. Sunday |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-bollywood-retrospect-the-enduring-lyrics-of-anand-bakshi-2105701 |id={{ProQuest|1697064272}} |access-date=9 March 2022 |archive-date=9 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209194345/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-bollywood-retrospect-the-enduring-lyrics-of-anand-bakshi-2105701 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The film is based on the short novel ''Naa'' by the Bengali writer [[Tarashankar Bandopadhyay]]. This novel was already adapted into a 1954 Bengali film of the same name, and the 1962 Tamil movie ''[[Padithaal Mattum Podhuma]]''.

==Plot==
The film revolves around two childhood sweethearts, Shankar and Bhawariya, who are separated in their youth by unfortunate circumstances. Shankar grows up to be a somewhat less-educated hunter, while Bhawariya, now known as Madhumati, is a traditional and beautiful woman.

Shankar's cousin, Suresh, is a well-educated advocate. When marriage proposals come for both Shankar and Suresh, family traditions dictate that the boys cannot see their intended brides beforehand, but they are allowed to see the other boy's intended bride. Shankar's proposal is for Madhumati. Suresh's proposal is for Shaanta. Shankar sees Shaanta and finds her suitable for his cousin. Suresh, however, is immediately captivated by Madhumati's beauty when he sees her (as Shankar's intended bride). He decides to deceive both Shankar and Madhumati, in order to marry Madhumati himself.

He devises a wicked scheme. He writes two anonymous "poison-pen" letters to the families of both prospective brides. In these letters, he maligns both Shankar and himself in a way calculated to scuttle the existing proposals. Despite the letter, Shaanta's family, impressed by Shankar's personality when they meet him, agrees to give her hand to him (not realizing he is not as educated as they believed). Suresh, portraying himself as a martyr, agrees to marry Madhumati, thus achieving his ultimate goal. On the wedding night, Shaanta discovers the truth about Shankar's lack of education and feels cheated, leading to a breakdown in their relationship. As the details of the poison-pen letters surface, everyone, including his parents, suspects Shankar of writing them out of jealousy.

Feeling isolated and heartbroken, Shankar finds his only solace in his cousin's kind and understanding wife, Madhumati, who becomes his bhabhi (sister-in-law). Madhumati also becomes fond of his “devar” (brother-in-law), Shankar. Accidentally, Shankar discovers the shocking truth: Madhumati is actually his long-lost childhood sweetheart, Bhawariya. He elects to suffer in silence by keeping it secret. Meanwhile, Madhumati's brother, a handwriting expert, discovers Suresh's wicked plot and the truth about the letters. He confronts Suresh, but Shankar overhears the entire confession. In the resulting emotional confrontation and rift between Shankar and Suresh, Suresh dies in an accidental death.

Shankar is unjustifiably held responsible and charged as the culprit. Madhumati is initially determined to see her husband's killer (Shankar) hanged. However, during the trial, Madhumati, for reasons of her own compassion or perhaps affection, changes her testimony at the last moment, which ultimately saves Shankar from conviction. The story concludes with Shankar being acquitted, but the bittersweet and tragic irony remains: Madhumati never learns that Shankar is her childhood love, a painful secret he keeps to himself.

==Reception==
''The Essential Guide to Bollywood'' (2005) says that the film "contained deep elements of Bengali literature... The film is remarkable for projecting the ironic twists of fate in an unconventional format with the lead pair bound to the 'wrong' spouses till the very end."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jha |first1=Subhash K. |last2=Bachchan |first2=Amitabh |title=The Essential Guide to Bollywood |date=2005 |publisher=Lustre Press |isbn=9788174363787 |page=30 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s1mVuJJPm3UC |accessdate=26 September 2020}}</ref> In 2014, ''[[The Friday Times]]'' noted that this film was "probably the only role that comedian Deven Verma played that had shades of grey...."<ref>{{cite news |title=In memoriam: the suave humorist |work=[[The Friday Times]] |date=December 14, 2014 |id={{ProQuest|1635816081}}}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Dharmendra]] as Shankar: Bhawariya's childhood sweetheart, who is tragically manipulated by Suresh into marrying Shanta
* [[Sharmila Tagore]] as Bhawariya / Madhumati: Shankar's childhood sweetheart, whom Suresh marries through an act of trickery
* [[Shashikala]] as Shanta: the woman Shankar marries due to Suresh's deceit
* [[Deven Verma]] as Suresh: Shankar's wicked cousin who, through deceit, marries Madhumati, Shankar's childhood sweetheart
* [[Dhumal (actor)|Dhumal]] as Ram Bharose
* [[Durga Khote]] as Madhumati's mother
* [[Mumtaz Begum (actress)|Mumtaz Begum]] as Shankar's mother
* Lalita Kumari as Basanti
* [[Sulochana Latkar]] as Shakuntala
* Sabita Chatterjee as Lily
* [[Raj Mehra]] as Thakur Mahendra Singh
* [[Tarun Bose]] as Advocate Gopinath
* [[D. K. Sapru]] as Diwan Jaswant Rai (as Sapru)
* [[Bela Bose]] as dancer in 'roothe saiyan' song
* [[Brahm Bhardwaj]] as Public Prosecutor
* [[Nazir Kashmiri]] as judge
* [[Pardeep Singh]]

==Music and soundtrack==
The music of the film was composed by [[Roshan (music director)|Roshan]] and the songs were penned by [[Anand Bakshi]].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Songs !! Singer
|-
| "Aaya Hai Mujhe Phir Yaad"
| [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]]
|-
| "Baharon Ne Mera Chaman"
| Mukesh
|-
| "Duniya Mein Aisa Kahan"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Kajalwale Nain Milake"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| "Roothe Saiyan Hamare"
| Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| "Main Mar Gayi, Mushkil Mein Pad Gayi Jaan"
| [[Usha Mangeshkar]], [[Asha Bhosle]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0060306}}

[[Category:1966 films]]
[[Category:1966 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1966 Indian films]]

Nadodikkattu

2026-03-03T21:06:07Z

Globaleducollege: enhance section and fixed typos for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nadodikkattu
| image = Nadodikkattu.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Sathyan Anthikad]]
| producer = {{plainlist|
* Century Kochumon
* [[Mohanlal]]
* [[I. V. Sasi]]
* [[Mammootty]]
}}
| screenplay = [[Sreenivasan]]
| story = [[Siddique-Lal]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Mohanlal]]
* [[Sreenivasan]]
* [[Shobana]]
* [[Thilakan]]
}}
| music = [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]]
| cinematography = [[Vipin Mohan]]
| editing = [[K. Narayanan]]
| studio = Casino Productions
| distributor = Century Films
| released = {{Film date|1987|11|6|df=y}}
| runtime = 158 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| budget = {{INR}}17 lakhs<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sathyan-anthikad-and-lal-jose-winning-hearts-malayalam-family-audience-64648?amp|title=Sathyan Anthikad and Lal Jose: Winning the hearts of the Malayalam 'family' audience|work=[[The News Minute]]|date=4 July 2017}}</ref>
}}

'''''Nadodikkattu''''' ({{Translation|The Nomad Wind}}) is a 1987 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[satire (film and television)|satirical]] [[comedy film]] directed by [[Sathyan Anthikad]] and written by [[Sreenivasan]] based on a story by the [[Siddique–Lal]] duo. It stars [[Mohanlal]] and [[Sreenivasan]] in the lead roles, along with an [[Ensemble cast|ensemble]] supporting cast featuring [[Shobhana]], [[Thilakan]], [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]], [[Mamukkoya]] and [[Captain Raju]]. The story revolves around two impecunious young men, [[Dasan and Vijayan|Ramdas]] and [[Dasan and Vijayan|Vijayan]] who not being able to find any job in [[Kerala]], plan to immigrate to [[Dubai]] to make their fortunes but get deceived and end up in [[Chennai]]. The film drew upon relevant social factors affecting Kerala of the 1980s such as widespread [[Unemployment in Kerala|unemployment]] and [[Economy of Kerala#Unemployment rate|poverty]].<ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Blast-from-the-past-The-duo-who-stole-our-hearts/articleshow/11722642.cms |title=Blast from the past: The duo who stole our hearts |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927085953/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-02/kochi/31016603_1_malayalis-greener-pastures-vijayan |archive-date=27 September 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Critics consider the film represents popular [[Malayalam cinema]] at its satirical best and established the Mohanlal-Sreenivasan onscreen combination as one of its most memorable and bankable cinematic pairs. The story, screenplay and characters have achieved [[classic]] status.<ref name="indiatimes1"/> The film was produced by Casino Productions, a production company owned by Century Kochumon, [[Mohanlal]], [[I. V. Sasi]], and [[Mammootty]].

==Plot==

Ramdas, known as Dasan, and Vijayan work as underpaid peons at a company. Dasan, a 'B-Com first class' graduate who is proud of it, constantly expresses his dissatisfaction at having to serve less qualified superiors and settling for less than what he believes he deserves in life. His only friend and less-educated roommate is Vijayan. Dasan always show insulting attitude due to his education and good looks, which severely irritates Vijayan. Their friendship is full of comic tension. Later in the movie, several humorous scenarios make use of this characteristic of the protagonists. Dasan frequently orders Vijayan to perform all of the housework.

When the new managing director starts working for their organization, Dasan and Vijayan eagerly await his appointment of leadership in the hopes of obtaining a better position. On the other hand, one day as they are leaving for work, they get into an unnecessary fight with an unidentified person. Dasan verbally criticizes the person and pushes him into a puddle of rainwater in an attempt to attract the attention of a lady. Vijayan punctures his car tires. When they get at work, they discover that the guy with whom they had chosen to fight is now their new managing director. Both disappear from their workplaces and then resurface the next day, Dasan donning a pair of dark [[sunglasses]] and Vijayan sporting a full beard. They both make an effort to persuade their boss that they were extremely ill the day before, but they are both forced to report to the new managing director. They succeed in duping him at first and begin to work, but the managing director quickly learns the truth from old office photos, and they are both fired.

Because they are unemployed, their landlord persuades them to take out a bank loan to purchase two [[Cattle|cows]]. Positive about their new business venture, Dasan and Vijayan begin to see a prosperous future. They quickly learn, though, that the cows produce very little milk, and the enterprise fails. Due to their failure to make loan payments, the bank contacts them. To get away, Vijayan sells the cows and makes plans for them to travel to [[Dubai]] with the proceeds. They meet Gafoorka, who offers to take them on his native boat, a "[[Uru (boat)|Uru]] (boat)," to the Persian Gulf. Gafoorka informs them that although his boat is actually headed for [[California]] , it will detour past the coast of Dubai just for them. Along with teaching them a few Arabic words, Gafoorka gives them instructions on how to trick the authorities by dressing in traditional Arabic clothing, or [[thawb]]. Dasan and Vijayan begin to fantasize about the bright and rich life that awaits them.

On reaching the sea shore that Gafoorka identifies as Arabia, both swim to the shore and change into Arabian attire. Two strangers follow Dasan and Vijayan and forcefully exchange their suitcases. Confused, Dasan and Vijayan start exploring the city. They are surprised to see no Arabs in the city and soon find signboards in Tamil. They realize that they have been cheated by Gafoorka who has off loaded them in [[Chennai]]. Dasan and Vijayan check the suitcase and find drugs inside. They contact local police and hand over the [[suitcase]]. Meanwhile, the strangers who are actually gang members of Ananthan Nambiar a smuggler and underworld don, find out that they were mistaken. Ananthan Nambiar believes that those men in Arabic dress were Crime Investigation Department officers in disguise.

Dasan and Vijayan with the help of Dasan's [[taxi]] driver friend Balan, get jobs at Ananthan Nambiar's office. They rent a small house in the suburbs. Dasan meets his colleague Radha who turns out to be their neighbour as well. But soon Dasan and Vijayan get fired by Ananthan Nambiar who believes that they are undercover officers. On the road again, Vijayan tries to get a chance to act in films. He visits noted film director [[I. V. Sasi]]'s home and meets Sasi's wife and actress [[Seema (actress)|Seema]].

Dasan starts a small push-cart vegetable business with Radha's help. A minor romance develops between Dasan and Radha. In the colony, Kovai Venkatesan, a well-connected businessman/politician who is originally a Malayali, tries to forcibly evict the locals to make room for a new private hospital. Dasan and Vijayan stand up against this eviction, earning them the respect of the locals. Meanwhile, Ananthan Nambiar hires contract killer Pavanayi to murder Dasan and Vijayan. Pavanayi arrives at Chennai airport with a briefcase containing his ‘tools of trade’. He opens the box and displays various options for killing the targets: a bomb, a gun, a set of [[arrow]]s and even a traditional Malappuram dagger. Very soon Pavanayi becomes an object of ridicule because of his boasting nature. However, Pavanayi dies while trying to kill Dasan and Vijayan. This irks Ananthan Nambiar even more and makes him all the more paranoid about these two "officers".

As the story proceeds to the climax, Dasan and Vijayan are called to a rundown factory by Kovai Venkatesan on the pretext of offering them a job, where he plans to kill them for ruining his plans to evict the poor people of the area. Dasan and Vijayan find themselves surrounded by Ananthan Nambiar's gang as well, the latter also having selected the location to finalize a drug deal. However, both gangs mistake each other as enemies and a mixed [[Combat|fight]] breaks out. Dasan and Vijayan manage to lock all the others inside the building as the police arrive and arrest everyone.

The movie concludes as Dasan and Vijayan get selected into the Tamil Nadu police as [[Criminal Investigation Department (India)|Crime Investigation Department]] officers and they along with Radha drive away in a jeep.

==Cast==
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| width =
| footer = [[Mohanlal]] (Dasan) and [[Sreenivasan]] (Vijayan) played two struggling unemployed youth, while [[Shobana]], played the female lead (Radha), love interest of Dasan
| image1 = Mohanlal Viswanathan BNC.jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = ശ്രീനിവാസൻ സ്റ്റേജ് ഷോ.jpg
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| image3 = Shobhana (cropped).jpg
| alt3 =
| caption3 =
}}'''Principal cast'''
{{Cast listing|
* [[Mohanlal]] as [[Dasan and Vijayan|Dasan]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/language-no-barrier/article5000627.ece|title=Language, no barrier|first=Saraswathy|last=Nagarajan|newspaper=The Hindu |date=8 August 2013|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-12/news-and-interviews/34388978_1_malayalam-thattathin-marayathu-anoop-menon |title=M-Town's betting on lucky pairs |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615102301/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-12/news-and-interviews/34388978_1_malayalam-thattathin-marayathu-anoop-menon |archive-date=15 June 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Sreenivasan]] as [[Dasan and Vijayan|Vijayan]]<ref name="indiatimes1" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Gulati |first1=Triya |title=Actor-writer Sreenivasan dies at 69. Malayalam cinema loses its sharpest satirist |url=https://theprint.in/feature/actor-writer-sreenivasan-malayalam-cinema/2809758/ |website=ThePrint |access-date=20 December 2025 |date=20 December 2025}}</ref>
* [[Shobana]] as Radha
* [[Thilakan]] as Ananthan Nambiar
* [[Innocent Vincent|Innocent]] as Balan aka Balettan
* [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]] as Kovai Venkatesan
* [[Captain Raju]] as P. V. Narayanan ("Pavanayi")
* [[Mamukkoya]] as Gafoorka
* [[Meena (Malayalam actress)|Meena]] as Lathika, Radha's mother
* [[Sankaradi]] as Ramankutty, House owner
* [[C.I. Paul]] as Cleetus, Police Inspector
* [[Kundara Johny]] as Varghese (Nambiar's henchman)
* [[Ajith Kollam]] as Johny (Nambiar's henchman)
* [[Santha Devi]] as Ramdas' mother
* [[T. P. Madhavan]] as Mohanakrishnan, Managing Director
* [[Bobby Kottarakkara]] as Charlie, broker
* [[Kothuku Nanappan]] as Office Staff
* Rajan Padur as [[Milk delivery|Milkman]]
* Vijayan Peringode as A. N. Traders Staff
'''Cameo appearances'''
* [[K. P. Ummer]] as Ashok IPS, DIG Tamil Nadu Police
* [[Seema (actress)|Seema]] as Herself
* [[I. V. Sasi]] as Himself
* [[M. G. Soman]] as Himself
}}

==Production==
The film was produced by Casino Productions, a film production house co-owned by Century Kochumon, [[Mohanlal]], [[I.V. Sasi]], [[Seema (actress)|Seema]] and [[Mammootty]], on a shoe-string budget of Rs 17 lakh.<ref name="indiatimes1"/> Mammootty was initially considered for the role of Pavanai in the film.<ref>{{Citation |title=Mammootty as Pavanayi😲 മമ്മൂട്ടി ആയിരുന്നു പവനായി ആയി വരാൻ ഇരുന്നത് എന്ന് നിങ്ങൾക്ക് അറിയാമോ😃😲🤩 | date=7 February 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wPugeL2hWAs |access-date=2023-07-11 |language=en}}</ref>

The characters of Dasan and Vijayan were replicated from a story formulated by famous director duo [[Siddique (director)|Siddique]] and [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] who were working as assistant directors then. Sathyan Anthikkad discussed these characters to [[Sreenivasan]] who later developed them into a screen play.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/interviews/sathyan-anthikad/|title=The Sathyan Anthikad Interview: "It Hurt When 'Pingami' Flopped"|date=20 August 2017}}</ref> It was later revealed that Sathyan Anthikkad asked Sreenivasan to give a different treatment to the climax, thus they were able to come up with an agreeable climax for the script than that to the first version. Later they had creative differences during the same climax shooting and even stopped talking to each other. However, being best of friends, they re-united during dubbing of the film.<ref name="indiatimes1"/>

== Soundtrack ==

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length = 12:43
| all_lyrics = [[Yusufali Kechery]]
| all_music = [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]].
| title1 = Karakana
| extra1 = [[K. J. Yesudas]] and [[C. O. Anto]]
| length1 = 4:25
| title2 = Vaisakha Sandhye
| note2 = Male
| extra2 = K. J. Yesudas
| length2 = 4:09
| title3 = Vaisakha Sandhye
| note3 = Female
| extra3 = [[K. S. Chitra]]
| length3 = 4:09
}}

==Reception==
When first released, ''Nadodikkattu'' received negative critical reviews, but favorable word-of-mouth publicity helped it to become a box office success.<ref>[https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2016/interesting-facts-about-nadodikkattu/articlecontent-pf157584-225334.html 29 Years of Nadodikkattu: Interesting Facts!] - [[Oneindia|Filmibeat]]</ref> The film was a box office success, completing a 175-day run in theatres. The film was also well received in the [[Persian Gulf]], where it had a 50-day theatrical run.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uploads.tapatalk-cdn.com/20181014/ce300330b7c390b53af585bd89fb384f.jpg|title=Nadodikkattu 75th day poster}}</ref> The film grossed a total of ₹39,72,763 in 21 days from 501 shows.<ref>''Nadodikkattu'' 21 days poster: [https://uploads.tapatalk-cdn.com/20171107/833b6b7f9e05df4e356d466af44f3e86.jpg Original]</ref>

==Legacy==
Dialogues such as "Eda Vijaya? Enthada Daasa?","Namukku entha ee buddhi neretthe thonathathu?","Ellathinum Athindhedaaya Samayamundu Daasa", "Angane Pavanayi Shavamayi", "Eda Daasa, etha ee alavalathi?", "Hello Mr. Perera!", "Enthokke bahalam aayirunnu? [[Malappuram]] katthi, machine gun, bomb, olaykkadu moodu", and so on. These dialogues are still remembered fondly by Malayalis today and find their way into the daily conversation of Malayalees. This movie has been considered the best example of the Mohanlal-Sreenivasan on-screen combination, spawning two sequels with the same duo, ''[[Pattanapravesham]]'' and ''[[Akkare Akkare Akkare]]'', as well as a spin-off film called ''Mr. Pavanayi 99.99''.

The film was a breakthrough for Mamukkoya. The characters of [[Mamukkoya]], ''Gafoorka'' and [[Captain Raju]], ''Pavanayi'' enjoys a cult following in Kerala. The movie is considered one of the most popular Malayalam movies of all time. Even after more than 35 years, the movie draws huge audience whenever it is telecast on television channels. "The secret of the duo still being alive in the Malayali's consciousness may be because it's a story of two unemployed youngsters told using a humorous narrative. Unemployment was one of the biggest issues and migration to greener pastures was typical of Malayali experience. This has continued to the current decade. So, the audience has no problem relating to Dasan and Vijayan," says Sathyan Anthikkad, who directed the movie. According to Anthikkad, it was the convergence of a script-writer, director and actors at the subtlest level that resulted in its success.<ref name="thehindu1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/siddique-speaking/article4605926.ece|title=Siddique speaking|first=Vijay|last=George|newspaper=The Hindu |date=11 April 2013|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

"Comedies were not much in demand here before films such as Nadodikattu happened. Lal and I were instrumental in popularising comedies to a great extent." says Siddique.<ref name="thehindu1"/>

The story and screenplay is considered one of the classics of mainstream Malayalam films, portraying a cross-section of Kerala's social issues at the time, primarily the struggle of unemployed Malayali youths and the means they pursue to find employment, such as seeking job opportunities in the Persian Gulf region, the scramble for formal educational qualifications (reflected through the character Ramdas' boasting about his graduate degree in commerce with First Class), etc., through amusing comic dialogues.

The movie dialogue was mentioned in the climax of 2024 Malayalam movie ''[[Varshangalkku Shesham]]'' directed by [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]] starring [[Pranav Mohanlal]] and [[Dhyan Sreenivasan]]

== Future ==
===Sequel===
The movie has two sequels:
*''[[Pattanapravesham]]'' (1988)
*''[[Akkare Akkare Akkare]]'' (1990).<ref name="indiatimes1"/>

===Spin-off===
A spin off of the film titled ''Mr. Pavanayi 99.99'' was released on 2019 with [[Captain Raju]] reprising his role of Pavanayi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/pavanayi-as-james-bond/articleshow/15092750.cms|title=Pavanayi as James Bond|date=10 January 2017|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>

===Remakes===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!style="width:150pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Title
!style="width:80pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Language
!style="width:150pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Year
|-
|''[[Katha Nayagan (1988 film)|Katha Nayagan]]''
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|1988<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/34110/cinema/Kollywood/Mohanlal-movies-and-their-remakes.htm|title=மோகன்லாலும், பின்னே தமிழ் ரீமேக்கும்...|date=2015-07-05|work=Dinamalar|access-date=2018-05-19}}</ref>
|-
|''Chennapatnam Chinnollu''
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|1989
|-
| ''[[Tenali Rama (film)|Tenali Rama]]''
|[[Kannada]]
|2006<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/tenali/20061211.htm | title=Tenali Rama disappoints }}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0282778}}

{{DV film series}}

{{Sathyan Anthikad}}
{{Lal Films}}

[[Category:1987 films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Sreenivasan]]
[[Category:1987 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sathyan Anthikad]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shyam (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian satirical films]]
[[Category:Malayalam films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Malayalam films in series|DasanVijayan1]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kozhikode]]

Balaram Gharti Magar

2026-02-28T09:47:33Z

Globaleducollege: improved section also and corrected details

{{Short description|Nepali politician (1937–2025)}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2010}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Balaram Gharti Magar
| native_name =
| image = Balaram Gharti Magar 2015.jpg
| caption = Magar in 2015
| office =
| term_start =
| term_end =
| president =
| primeminister =
| party = [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1937|8|2|df=y}}
| birth_place = Upallothar Mukhyadera, Rolpa district, Nepal
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2025|7|11|1937|8|2|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Lalitpur, Nepal|Lalitpur]], Nepal
}}

'''Balaram Gharti Magar''' (2 August 1937 – 11 July 2025) was a Nepali politician. He became minister 11 times, during the [[Panchayat System]], and after the declaration of multi-party system. Roughly, he remained in different governments as a minister for about 30 years. He was a Central Committee Member, Senior Member, of the [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party]] (RPP).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://rppnepal.org/?page_id=21 |title=Central Committee | Rastriya Prajatantra Party (RPP) |access-date=15 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100925092728/http://rppnepal.org/?page_id=21 |archive-date=25 September 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He still actively took part in his party activities until his death. He visited his birthplace, [[Rolpa District|Rolpa]], and Rolpali people from time to time.

==Family==
Magar was born at [[Mijhing]] VDC, Ward No 5, [[Upallothar Mukhyadera]], [[Rolpa District|Rolpa]] District in [[Nepal]] on 18 Shravan 1994 [[Bikram Samwat|BS]] (2 August 1937).<ref>Balaram Gharti Magar. 1999. Roots. Tr. Tara Nath Sharma. Lalitpur: Bala Ram Gharti Magar.</ref> His parents were Nar Bahadur Gharti Magar and Tika Kumari Gharti Magar. He had two brothers and a younger sister. He later studied Politics and Law in [[Kanpur]], India.

==Early politics==
In 2017 BS{{Clarify|date=March 2010}}, he went to Kanpur where he spent a year. He was influenced by political activities there. Although political activities in Nepal were banned, in India it was free to open different unions. Every day after hearing the speeches from the Union leaders there, he learnt the methods of conducting speeches and dealing with the political masses. He returned to Rolpa in 2018 BS and met resident of Gajul VDC, Khadananda Subedi. He was [[Nepali Congress]] party leader of Rolpa and was Member of Parliament (MP) during the Nepali Congress-led Government. Subedi advised him to take active participation in politics. Gharti Magar was influenced by Nepali Congress party during that time.

==Later politics==
During the election of ''Pradhanpancha'', he was elected as a ''Pradhanpancha'' of his village in 2018 BS. He was 24 years old when he became ''Pradhanpancha'' for the first time. The next year, there was District Panchayat's election, he got elected as a deputy chairman of District ''Panchaya''t. [[National Panchayat]] Member (NPM) election was held in the same year and he was elected without any opposition. In Baishakh 2020 BS, meeting of National ''Panchayat'' was held formally. One of his well wishers, knowing he was so young, had suggested he not be a minister because that post would have destroyed him. He was only 25 years of age at that time. The third election was held in Chaitra 2030 BS and he was reelected in NPM and in the meantime, he became Assistant Minister of Home Affairs for the first time. He was 37 years old at that time. Later he became Defence State Minister. After one year, he became Construction and Transport State Minister in 2035 BS under the premiership of Dr [[Tulsi Giri]]. In 2034 BS, when [[Kirti Nidhi Bista]] became Prime Minister (PM), he became Construction and Transport Minister. Later when [[Surya Bahadur Thapa]] became PM, he became Defence Minister. There was another election in 2038 BS, he was again reelected with a huge majority of votes, with about 28,000. After becoming Defence Minister for one year, he became Local Development Minister. After one year, he became Industry Minister. Meantime, he became Health Minister too. In 2040 BS, he remained only NPM during the premiership of [[Lokendra Bahadur Chand]]. There was another election during 2043 BS, he was reelected in NPM.

After the multiparty democracy in Nepal, in 2051BS, he was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) from RPP. When Surya Bahadur Thapa became PM, he was appointed Construction and Transport Minister. Later when [[Sher Bahadur Deuba]] became PM, he became Housing and Physical Planning Minister. Later again when Sher Bahadur Deuba became PM, he became Science and Technology Minister for the last time.

==Death==
Magar died in Lalitpur on 11 July 2025, at the age of 87.<ref>[https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/former-minister-balaram-gharti-magar-passes-away-74-99.html Former minister Balaram Gharti Magar passes away]</ref><ref>[https://kirib.co/balaram-gharti-magar-from-rolpa-dies-at-87/ Balaram Gharti Magar, political figure from Rolpa, dies at 87]</ref>

==Works==
Magar published five books: ''Mool'', ''Rajyog Sadhana Sutra'', ''Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow'', ''Sandhi Patra Grantha'', and ''Yogi Narharinath Sangraha''. He published his autobiography "Aitihasik Ghatanakram Part 1" in which he compiled his experience in Nepalese politics.

==Awards==
Magar was awarded Gorkha Dakshin Bahu First and Second Class, Trishakti Patta Second Class, Shubharajyavishek Padak, Birendra Aishwarya Sewa Padak, Sewa Padak, and Coronation Medal.<ref>Balaram Gharti Magar. Ibid.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Magar people]]

==References==

{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Magar, Balaram Gharti}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Rolpa District]]
[[Category:Nepali Congress politicians from Lumbini Province]]
[[Category:Government ministers of Nepal]]
[[Category:Rastriya Prajatantra Party politicians]]
[[Category:Nepal MPs 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Members of the Rastriya Panchayat]]
[[Category:Members of the National Assembly (Nepal)]]

Schistura sijuensis

2026-02-27T11:02:16Z

Globaleducollege: Starting Info - done

{{Short description|Species of fish}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}
{{Speciesbox
| status = EN
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 15 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Vishwanath, W. |date=2020 |title=''Schistura sijuensis'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T19977A177145523 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T19977A177145523.en |access-date=15 November 2021}}</ref>
| taxon = Schistura sijuensis
| authority = ([[Ambat Gopalan Kutty Menon|Menon]], 1987)<ref name = FB>{{FishBase | genus = Schistura | species = sijuensis | month = October | year = 2017}}</ref>
| synonyms =
}}

'''''Schistura sijuensis''''' is a [[Cavefish|troglobitic]] species of [[Nemacheilidae|stone loach]] [[endemism|endemic]] to [[India]].

It is only recorded from Siju cave in the [[Garo Hills]] of [[Meghalaya]] state, [[Northeast India]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1940057}}

[[Category:Schistura|S]]
[[Category:Cyprinid fish of Asia]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Freshwater fish of India]]
[[Category:Cave fish]]
[[Category:Environment of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Vulnerable fauna of Asia]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1987]]
[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]]

{{Schistura-stub}}

Thanni Beach

2026-02-27T07:22:16Z

Globaleducollege: Starting A Data - done

{{Short description|One of the important beach in Kerala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox landform
| name = Thanni Beach
| image = Paravur-Kollam Coastal Road at Thanni, Dec 2015.jpg
| caption = [[Kollam-Paravur Coastal Road|Coastal Road]] near Thanni Beach
| pushpin_map = India Kerala
| location = Mukkam, [[Kollam]], [[India]]
| length = 400+ m
| type = Beach
| coordinates = {{coord|8.824|76.641|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| free_label_2 = Hazard rating
| free_data_2 = '''Low'''
| free_label_3 = Access
| free_data_3 = [[Kollam KSRTC Bus Station|Bus Station]] {{rint|bus}} - 11.2 m, [[Paravur railway station|Railway Station]] {{rint|rail}} - 7.1 km, [[Kollam KSWTD Ferry Terminal|Ferry Terminal]] {{rint|ferry}} - 11.2 km
| embedded = {{succession links|left=Pozhikkara Beach|right=[[Mundakkal Beach]]}}
}}

'''Thanni Beach''' is a beach situated approximately 10 kilometers from [[Kollam]] City in Kerala, India.<ref>{{cite web |title=താന്നി ബീച്ച് പരിസരത്തെ മാലിന്യം നീക്കാൻ നടപടി |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/kollam/2022/06/29/kollam-thanny-beach-road-waste-removed.html |website=www.manoramaonline.com |language=ml}}</ref> Situated beside the [[Kollam-Paravur Coastal Road|Kollam Coastal Road]], the beach is also accessible from both [[Kollam Beach]] and [[Mayyanad]] via the Thanni Bridge,<ref>{{cite web |title=Thanni Beach (Pozhikkara) {{!}} DTPC |url=https://www.dtpckollam.com/destination/thanni-beach-pozhikkara |website=DTPC kollam |language=en}}</ref> making it popular among locals and tourists alike.<ref>{{cite web |title=Thanni Beach {{!}} Tourist Places in Kollam {{!}} Top Beaches in Kerala |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/kerala-article/2023/thanni-beach-kollam/1269 |website=Kerala Tourism |language=en}}</ref> Tetrapod breakwaters, locally called Pulimuttu, line the shore to reduce wave intensity and create a safe swimming area. Uniquely, a thin landmass separates the beach from [[Paravur Lake]], offering visitors the chance to experience both backwaters and beachfront in close proximity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://prdlive.kerala.gov.in/news/101673|title=PRD Live - നവീകരിച്ച താന്നി ബീച്ച് നാടിന് സമര്‍പ്പിച്ചു}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=QResorts Admin |date=2021-04-25 |title=Thanni Beach a must visit attraction in Kollam. |url=https://qresorts.in/blog/tourist-attractions-kollam/thanni-beach-a-must-visit-attraction/215/ |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=Quilon Beach Hotel |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kollam}}

[[Category:Beaches of Kollam district]]

List of Marathi people

2026-02-22T12:38:26Z

Globaleducollege: Expanded content with additional details

{{short description|None}}

{{More citations needed|date=May 2017}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}
This is a list of notable [[Marathi people]] an [[ethnolinguistic group]] that speaks [[Marathi language|Marathi]], an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] language as their [[First language|native language]].
{{dynamic list}}

==Dynasties ==
[[File:Gautami Putra Satkarni Statue in Amaravathi.jpg|alt=|thumb|150x150px|[[Gautamiputra Satakarni]]]]
[[File:Shivaji Rijksmuseum.jpg|alt=|thumb|189x189px|[[Shivaji|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj]]]]
[[File:Sambhaji & Kubkullus.jpg|alt=|thumb|181x181px|[[Sambhaji|Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj]]]]
[[File:Maharani Tarabai of Karvir.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Tarabai]]|alt=]]
[[File:Enlarged painting of Bajirao I(cropped).jpg|thumb|200x200px|[[Baji Rao I|Peshwa Bajirao]]]]
;Ancient Maharashtrian kingdoms
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|

*[[Satavahana Empire]]
*[[Traikutaka dynasty]]
*[[Vakataka dynasty]]
*[[Rashtrakuta Empire]]
*[[Shilahara|Shilahara dynasty (Konkan)]]
*[[Yadava dynasty|Yadava Empire]]
}}

;Mediaeval Maratha kingdoms

;;The Bhosales (Maharashtra)
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Chattrapati Shahu]]<ref name=mar/>
* [[Maloji Bhosale]]
* [[Raghoji I Bhonsle]]
* [[Rajaram Chhatrapati]]<ref name=mar/>
* [[Ramaraja]]<ref name=mar/>
* [[Sambhaji]]<ref name="mar">{{cite web | title = Maratha History |publisher = Gatewayforindia.com | url = http://www.gatewayforindia.com/history/maratha.htm | archive-url = https://archive.today/20121216064527/http://www.gatewayforindia.com/history/maratha.htm | url-status = usurped | archive-date = 16 December 2012 | access-date = 24 August 2010}}</ref>
* [[Shahaji]]
* [[Shivaji]]<ref>{{cite web | title = Maratha King Shivaji |publisher = kamat.com | url = http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/maharashtra/shivaji.htm | access-date = 24 August 2010}}</ref>
* [[Tarabai]]
}}

;;The Jadhavs (Sindkhed Raja-Maharashtra)
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Lakhuji Jadhav]]
* [[Jijabai]]
* [[Dhanaji Jadhav]]
}}

;;The Peshwe
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Moropant Trimbak Pingle]]
* [[Moreshvar Pingale|Nilakanth Moreshvar Pingale]]
* [[Ramchandra Pant Amatya]]
* [[Bahiroji Pingale]]
* [[Parshuram Pant Pratinidhi|Parshuram Trimbak Kulkarni]]
* [[Balaji Vishwanath]]
* [[Madhavrao II|Madhav-Rao II]]
* [[Raghunathrao|Raghunath-Rao]]
* [[Narayanrao Peshwa|Narayan-Rao]]
* [[Bajirao|Baji Rao I]]
* [[Nanasaheb Peshwa|Balaji Bajirao]]
* [[Madhavrao I|Madhav-Rao I]]<ref>{{cite web | title = Moropant Pingle |publisher = Museumstuff.com | url = http://www.museumstuff.com/learn/topics/peshwa::sub::Moropant_Pingle | access-date = 24 August 2010}}</ref>
}}

;;The Bhosales (Thanjavur-Tamil Nadu)
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Ekoji I]]
* [[Serfoji II]]<ref name="Prince of ophthalmology">{{cite web | title = Prince of ophthalmology | publisher = Hinduonnet.com | url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2004/10/10/stories/2004101000410200.htm | access-date = 24 August 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090110095443/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2004/10/10/stories/2004101000410200.htm | archive-date = 10 January 2009 | url-status = usurped }}</ref>
* [[Shahuji I of Thanjavur|Shahuji I]]
* [[Serfoji I]]
* [[Tukkoji]]
* [[Pratapsingh of Thanjavur|Pratapsingh]]
* [[Thuljaji]]
* [[Shivaji of Thanjavur|Shivaji]]
* [[Venkoji]]
}}

;;The Holkars (Indore-Madhya Pradesh)
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Ahilyabai Holkar]]
* [[Malhar Rao Holkar]]
* [[Shivajirao Holkar]]
* [[Tukojirao Holkar (II)]]
* [[Krishna Bai Holkar]]
* [[Hari Rao Holkar]]
* [[Tukojirao Holkar III]]
* [[Yashwantrao Holkar]]<ref>Notes relative to the transactions in the Marhatta empire</ref>
* [[Yeshwantrao Holkar II]]
}}

;;The Shinde/Scindia (Gwalior-Madhya Pradesh)
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Daulatrao Scindia]]
* [[Jankoji Rao Scindia I]]
* [[Dattaji Rao Scindia]]
* [[Kadarji Rao Scindia]]
* [[Manaji Rao Scindia]]
* [[George Jivajirao Scindia|George Jivaji Rao Scindia]]
* [[Madho Rao Scindia]]
* [[Jayajirao Scindia]]
* [[Jayapparao Scindia]]
* [[Mahadji Shinde]]<ref>{{cite book | title = The Great Maratha |isbn = 9788185431529 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=uPq640stHJ0C&pg=PA1 | access-date = 24 August 2010|last1 = Rathod |first1 = N. G. |year = 1994 |publisher = Sarup & Sons }}</ref>
* [[Ranojirao Scindia]]
}}

;;The Newalkars (Jhansi-Uttar Pradesh)
[[File:Rani of jhansi.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Rani of Jhansi|Rani Lakshmibai]]]]
*[[Gangadhar Rao Newalkar]]
* [[Lakshmibai]]<ref>{{cite web | title = Jhansi Ki Rani Lakshmibai Biography |publisher = Liveindia.com | url = http://www.liveindia.com/freedomfighters/jhansi_ki_rani_laxmi_bai.html | access-date = 24 August 2010}}</ref>

;;The Gandekars ([[Bhor State|Bhor]]-Maharashtra)
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Shankarrao Chimnajirao Gandekar]]
* [[Raghunathrao Shankarrao Gandekar]]
}}

;;The Pawar (Dhar-Madhya Pradesh)
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Hemendra Singh Rao Pawar]]
* [[Krishnajirao III|Krishnaji Rao III Puar]]
* [[Tukoji Rao Pawar|Tukoji Rao IV Puar]]
* [[Tukojirao III|Tukoji Rao III Puar]]
* [[Vikram Singh Rao II Puar]]
}}

;;The Ghorpade (Sandur-Karnataka)
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Murari Rao]]
* [[Shivashanmukha Rao]]
* [[Ramachandra Vitthala Rao]]
* [[Venkata Rao III]]
* [[Yeshwantrao Ghorpade]]
}}

;;The Gaekwad (Baroda-Gujarat)
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Fatehsinghrao Gaekwad]]
* [[Pilaji Rao Gaekwad]]
* [[Gayatri Devi]]
* [[Damaji Rao Gaekwad]]
* [[Indira of Baroda|Indira Raje]]
* [[Sayajirao Gaekwad III]]<ref>{{cite web | title = Baroda History | publisher = Dancewithshadows.com | url = http://www.dancewithshadows.com/harman/baroda-asp.asp | access-date = 24 August 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100504143850/http://www.dancewithshadows.com/harman/baroda-asp.asp | archive-date = 4 May 2010 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref>
* [[Pilaji Rao Gaekwad]]<ref>{{cite book|title=[[Imperial Gazetteer of India|Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 7]]|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V07_038.gif|year=1908|publisher=Oxford, Clarendon Press|page=31|chapter=Baroda State: History}}</ref>
* [[Pratap Singh Gaekwad]]
}}

==Historic warriors==

;Satavahana Empire(2nd century BCE–Early 3rd century CE)
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
*[[Satakarni]]
*[[Simuka]]
*[[Kanha (Satavahana dynasty)|Kanha]]
*[[Gautamiputra Satakarni]]
*[[Vasishthiputra Pulumavi]]
*[[Hāla]]
*[[Vashishtiputra Sātakarni]]
*[[Satakarni II]]
*[[Shalivahana]]
}}

;Vakataka dynasty (Mid 3rd century CE-Early 6th century)
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Pravarasena I]]
* [[Vindhyasena]]
* [[Narendrasena]]
* [[Harishena]]
}}

;Rashtrakuta Empire (753 CE–982 CE)
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Dantidurga]]
* [[Krishna I]]
* [[Dhruva Dharavarsha]]
* [[Govinda III]]
* [[Krishna III]]
}}

;
;Shilahara dynasty of North Konkan (Early 9th century CE-Mid 13th century CE)
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Aparajita]]
* [[Arikesarin]] a.k.a. Keshideva I
* [[Aparaditya I]]
}}

;Yadava Empire (Mid 9th century CE-Early 14th century CE)
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Bhillama V|Bhillama]] a.k.a. Bhillamadeva
* [[Simhana]] a.k.a. Singhaṇadeva
* [[Krishna of Devagiri|Krishna]] a.k.a. Kānharadeva
* [[Mahadeva of Devagiri|Mahādeva]]
* [[Ramachandra of Devagiri|Rāmachandra]] a.k.a Rāmadeva
}}

;During 17th century and Shivaji's reign<ref>[[:commons:File:Baji_Rao_I.png|File:Baji Rao I.png - Wikipedia]]{{Circular reference|date=June 2022}}</ref>
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Baji Rao I|Peshwa Baji Rao I]]
* [[Khemirao Sarnaik]]
* [[Govind Rao Khare]]
* [[Bajaji Rao Naik Nimbalkar]]
* [[Bajiprabhu|Baji Prabhu Deshpande]]<ref>{{cite web | title = About Shivaji |publisher = Punepages.com| url = http://www.punepages.com/about-shivaji| access-date = 26 August 2010}}</ref>
* [[Dhanaji Jadhav]]<ref>{{cite web | title = Chhatrapati Rajaram |publisher = history-timeline.deepthi.com | url = http://www.history-timeline.deepthi.com/india-timeline-history/chhatrapati-rajaram.html | access-date = 21 December 2010}}</ref>
* [[Firangoji Narsala]]<ref name="shi">{{cite web| title = Chattrapati shivaji maharaj| publisher = Herosofindia.com| url = http://herosofindia.com/?p=72| access-date = 26 August 2010| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110711163656/http://herosofindia.com/?p=72| archive-date = 11 July 2011| df = dmy-all}}</ref>
* [[Gomaji Naik]]
* [[Hambirrao Mohite]]<ref>{{cite web | title = Hambirrao Mohite |publisher = sahyadribooks.com | url = http://www.sahyadribooks.org/books/senapatihambirraomohite.asp?bid=277 | access-date = 16 December 2010}}</ref>
* [[Kanhoji Angre]]
* [[Kanhoji Jedhe]]<ref>{{cite web | title = Kanhoji Jedhe |publisher = Maayboli.com | url = http://www.maayboli.com/arch/1/shivaji/kanhoji.shtml | access-date = 24 August 2010}}</ref>
* [[Khanderao Dabhade]]
* [[Maynak Bhandari]]
* [[Murarbaji Deshpande]]<ref>{{cite web | title = Purandar |publisher = Trailingfeet.com| url = http://trailingfeet.com/web/maharashtra/places-to-see/-/wiki/Main/Purandar;jsessionid=1D94782A2F8C6F2F44E3B7882141F73D| access-date = 26 August 2010}}</ref>
* [[Netaji Palkar]]<ref name=shi/>
* [[Prataprao Gujar]]<ref>{{cite web| title = City historian claims to have found rare document of Shivaji Maharaj's era| publisher = Punekar.in| url = http://punekar.in/site/2009/03/17/city-historian-claims-to-have-found-rare-document-of-shivaji-maharajs-era/| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200213032056/http://punekar.in/site/2009/03/17/city-historian-claims-to-have-found-rare-document-of-shivaji-maharajs-era/| url-status = dead| archive-date = 13 February 2020| access-date = 29 August 2010}}</ref>
* [[Rango Narayan Orpe]]<ref>{{cite web | title = Vishalgad: History |publisher = Museumstuff.com| url = http://www.museumstuff.com/learn/topics/Vishalgad::sub::History| access-date = 26 August 2010}}</ref>
* [[Santaji Ghorpade]]<ref>{{cite web | title = ranzunzar senapati santaji ghorpade |publisher = sahyadribooks.org | url = http://www.sahyadribooks.org/books/ranzunjarsantajighorpade.asp?bid=246 | access-date = 21 December 2010}}</ref>
* [[Tanaji Malusare]]<ref>{{cite web| title = Tanaji Malusare| publisher = Manase.org| url = http://www.manase.org/en/maharashtra.php?mid=68&smid=23&pmid=4&id=956| access-date = 29 August 2010| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111006163355/http://www.manase.org/en/maharashtra.php?mid=68&smid=23&pmid=4&id=956| archive-date = 6 October 2011| df = dmy-all}}</ref>
}}

;During 18th century and Peshwa rule
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Chimnaji Appa]]
* [[Chimnaji Phatak]]
* [[Malhar Rao Holkar]]
* [[Ranoji Bhoite]]
* [[Raghuji Bhonsle]]
* [[Tukoji Rao Holkar]]
* [[Sadashivrao Bhau]]
* [[Vishwasrao]]
* [[Nana Fadnavis]]
* [[Balkrishna Phatak]]
* [[Latey family|Balkrishna Latey]]
}}

;The 27-year war - India's longest fought war (1680–1707)
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Ramchandra Pant Amatya]]
* [[Shankaraji Narayan Gandekar]]
* [[Pralhad Niraji]]
* [[Santaji Ghorpade]]
* [[Khanderao Dabhade]]
* [[Dhanaji Jadhav]]
* [[Tarabai]]
}}

;Leaders of Anglo Maratha Wars I, II, III (1775–1818)
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Bapu Gokhale]]
* [[Mahadaji Shinde|Mahadji Shinde]]
* [[Raghunath Rao]]
* [[Raghoji II Bhonsle|Raghoji II Bhonsale]]
* [[Yashwantrao Holkar]]
* [[Daulat Scindia]]
* [[Baji Rao II|Peshwa Baji Rao II]]
* [[Mudhoji II Bhonsle]]
* [[Janoji Bhonsle]]
* [[House of Holkar|Malharrao Holkar III]]
}}

==Indian independence movement==

[[File:Bal G. Tilak.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]]]]
;
[[File:GKGokhale.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]]]]
;
[[File:Shahu of Kolhapur 1979 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|200x200px|[[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar|Shahu of Kolhapur]]]]
;

;
[[File:Mphule.jpg|thumb|212x212px|[[Shripad Amrit Dange|Jyotirao Phule]]]]
;
[[File:Vishnu Ganesh Pingle.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Vishnu Ganesh Pingle]]]]
;Leaders of Ist War of Indian Independence (1857)

{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Nana Sahib]]
* [[Rani Lakshmibai]]
* [[Tantya Tope|Tatya Tope]]
* [[Jhalkari Bai]]
}}

;Revolutionaries
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|* [[B R Ambedkar]]
* [[Bhaurao Patil]]
* [[Anant Laxman Kanhere]]
* [[Panjabrao Deshmukh]]
* [[Abasaheb Khedkar]]
* [[Babarao Savarkar]]
* [[Ganesh Damodar Savarkar]]
* [[Hari Shivaram Rajguru]]
* [[Krishnaji Gopal Karve]]
* [[Nana Patil]]
* [[Pandurang Sadashiv Khankhoje]]
* [[Veer Bhai Kotwal]]
* [[Vishnu Ganesh Pingle]]

}}

;Father of Indian unrest
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]]
}}

;Father of Indian armed struggle{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Vasudev Balwant Phadke]]
}}

;First political murder in Indian freedom struggle{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Chapekar brothers]]
}}

;First Secret Society for Independence{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]]
}}

;Others
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|* [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
* [[Keshavrao Jedhe]]
* [[K. B. Hedgewar]]
* [[Achyut Patwardhan]]
* [[Gangadhar Adhikari]]
* [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
* [[B. S. Moonje]]
* [[Babu Genu]]
* [[Shripad Amrit Dange]]
* [[Dada Dharmadhikari]]
* [[Ganesh Shrikrishna Khaparde]]
* [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]]
* [[Rango Bapuji Gupte]]
* [[Narahar Vishnu Gadgil]]
* [[Madhav Shrihari Aney]]
* [[Gangadharrao Balkrishna Deshpande]]
* [[Narasimha Chintaman Kelkar]]
* [[Thakurdas Bang]]
* [[Narayan Malhar Joshi]]
* [[Ravindra Kelekar]]
* [[Senapati Bapat]]
* [[Mohan Ranade]]
* [[Vasukaka Joshi]]
* [[Shankarrao Deo]]
* [[Vinoba Bhave]]
* [[Reuben Dhondji Ashtumkar]]
* [[Vasantdada Patil]]
* [[Nagnath Naikwadi]]
* [[Swami Ramanand Tirtha]]
* [[Nath Pai]]
*[[Ranjit Sitaram Pandit|Ranjit Pandit]]
*[[Shivlinga Shivacharya|Shivlinga Shivacharya Maharaj]]
}}

==Humanitarians and reformers==
[[File:Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Babasaheb Ambedkar]]]]
[[File:Mphule.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Jyotirao Phule]]]]
[[File:Maharajah of Kolhapur 1912.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Shahu of Kolhapur|Rajarshi Shahu Maharaj]]]]

;Father of renaissance of western India
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Mahadev Govind Ranade]]
}}

;Reformers
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[B. R. Ambedkar]]
* [[Dhondo Keshav Karve]]
* [[Gopal Ganesh Agarkar]]
* [[Gopal Hari Deshmukh]]
* [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]]
* [[Atmaram Pandurang]]
* [[Jyotiba Phule]]
* [[Shahu of Kolhapur|Rajarshi Shahu Maharaj]]
* [[Panjabrao Deshmukh]]
* [[Vinayak Damodar Sawarkar]]
* [[Maharshi Vitthal Ramji Shinde]]
* [[Savitribai Phule]]
* [[Dinkarrao Javalkar]]
}}

;Bene Israeli reformer and scholar
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Joseph Ezekiel Rajpurkar]]
}}

;Social activists
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Abhay and Rani Bang]]
* [[Anna Hazare]]
* [[Annabhau Sathe]]
* [[Baba Amte]]
* [[Karmaveer Bhaurao Patil]]
* [[Nana Patekar]]
* [[Nanaji Deshmukh]]<ref name="TNIE1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140108043818/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/article216806.ece Social activist Nanaji Deshmukh dead] [[The New Indian Express]] – 28 February 2010</ref>
* [[Nanasaheb Parulekar]]
* [[Narayan Chandavarkar]]
* [[Narendra Dabholkar]]
* [[Pandita Ramabai]]
*[[Ramabai Ranade]]
* [[Prakash Amte]]
* [[Mandakini Amte]]
* [[Raghunath Karve]]
* [[R. G. Bhandarkar]]
* [[Sharad Anantrao Joshi]]
* [[Eknath Ranade]]
* [[Durgabai Deshmukh|Durgabai]]
* [[Shobhana Ranade]]
* [[Damodar Bapat]]
*[[Ram Ingole]]}}

;Philanthropists
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Nirmala Deshpande]]
* [[Gopal Baba Walangkar]]
* [[Sindhutai Sapkal]]
* [[Jagannath Shankarshet]]
* [[Sane Guruji]]
* [[Purushottam Kakodkar]]
* [[V. M. Tarkunde]]
* [[Kaka Kalelkar]]
}}

== Defence leaders ==
;Father of Indian Navy
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj]]
}}

;First living recipient of the Param Vir Chakra
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
*[[Rama Raghoba Rane]]
}}

;Third woman in the Indian Armed Forces to be promoted to a Three-star rank
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
*[[Madhuri Kanitkar]]
}}

;ARMY
;Generals
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[J. R. Bhonsle]]
* [[Gopal Gurunath Bewoor]]
* [[Arun Shridhar Vaidya]]
* [[Manoj Mukund Naravane]]
}}
;Lieutenant Generals
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[S. P. P. Thorat]]
* [[Rajendra Ramrao Nimbhorkar]]
* [[Vinod G. Khandare]]
* [[Madhuri Kanitkar]]
* [[D. B. Shekatkar]]
* [[Shailesh Tinaikar]]
}}

;Others
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Brigadier]] [[John Dalvi]]
* [[Jagannath Raoji Chitnis]]
* [[Avinash Sarwate|A.K. Sarwate]]
* [[Sudhir Sawant]]
}}

;NAVY
;Admirals
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Bhaskar S. Soman]]
* [[Jayant Ganpat Nadkarni]]
* [[Vishnu Bhagwat]]
}}
;Vice/Rear Admirals
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Manohar Prahlad Awati]]
* [[S. G. Karmarkar]]
* [[Murlidhar Sadashiv Pawar]]
* [[Satish Namdeo Ghormade]]
* [[SV Bhokare]]
* [[Benjamin Abraham Samson]]
* [[Ravindra Jayant Nadkarni]]
* [[Rajesh Pendharkar]]
}}
;Others
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Mohan Narayan Rao Samant]]
* [[Dilip Donde]]
* [[Kulbhushan Jadhav]]
}}
;AIR FORCE
;Air Chief Marshal
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Hrushikesh Moolgavkar]]
* [[Lakshman Madhav Katre]]
* [[Anil Tipnis]]
* [[Pradeep Vasant Naik]]
* [[Vivek Ram Chaudhari]]
}}
;Air Marshal
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Shirish Baban Deo]]
* [[Suryakant Chintaman Chafekar]]
}}

;Others
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Vijay Karnik|Squadron Leader Vijay Karnik]]
* [[Vijay Vasant Tambay|Flt lt V. V. Tambay]]
}}

==Religion and spirituality==
;Father of Hindu Nationalism in India
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]]
}}

;Datta Sampradaya
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Narsimha Saraswati]]
* [[Saraswati Gangadhar]]
* [[Swami Samarth]]
* [[Rang Avadhoot]]
* [[Gagangiri Maharaj]]
* [[Vasudevanand Saraswati]]
* [[Nana Maharaj Taranekar]]
* [[Janardan Swami]]
}}

;Mahanubhava Sampradaya
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Chakradhar Swami]]
* [[Mhaimbhat]]
}}

;Warkari Movement
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Dnyaneshwar]]
* [[Muktabai]]
* [[Nivruttinath]]
* [[Sopan]]
* [[Namdev]]
* [[Chokhamela]]
* [[Eknath]]
* [[Tukaram]]
* [[Savata Mali]]
}}

;Ganapatyas
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Morya Gosavi]]
}}

;Late medieval period Saints (1200–1526)
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Mukundraj]]
* [[Gora Kumbhar]]
* [[Santaji Jagnade]]
* [[Samarth Ramdas]]
* [[Changdev Maharaj]]
* [[Janabai]]
* [[Kanhopatra]]
* [[Damaji]]
}}

;Early modern period Saints (1526–1858)
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Swami Samarth]]
* [[Brahma Chaitanya]]
}}

;Swadhyaya Movement
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Pandurang Shastri Athavale]]
* [[Jayshree Talwalkar]]
}}

;Prarthana Samaj
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Dadoba Pandurang]]
* [[Atmaram Pandurang]]
* [[Narayan Chandavarkar]]
* [[Vithal Krishnaji Khedkar]]
}}

;Modern period, independence and after (1858–1947)
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Gagangiri Maharaj]]
* [[Pant Maharaj Balekundrikar]]
* [[Nana Dharmadhikari]]
* [[Sant Gadge Baba]]
* [[Shirdi Sai Baba]]
* [[Gajanan Maharaj]]
* [[Upasni Maharaj]]
* [[Gulabrao Maharaj]]
* [[Jangali Maharaj]]
* [[Shri Madhavnath Maharaj]]
* [[Tukdoji Maharaj]]
* [[Nisargadatta Maharaj]]
* [[Tukamai]]
* [[Nana Maharaj Taranekar]]
* [[Shri Mataji Nirmala Devi]]
* [[Ezekiel Isaac Malekar]]
}}

;RSS Members
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|

* [[M. S. Golwalkar]]
* [[Laxman Vasudev Paranjape]]
* [[Mohan Bhagwat]]
* [[Nathuram Godse]]
}}

; Marathi Kirtankar
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Indurikar Maharaj]]
}}

==Politics==
;Speaker of Lok Sabha
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar]]
* [[Shivraj Patil]]
* [[Manohar Joshi]]
* [[Sumitra Mahajan]]
}}

;First female President of India
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Pratibha Patil]]
}}

;Deputy Prime Minister of India
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
}}

;First female Chief Minister of Goa
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Shashikala Kakodkar]]
}}

;First female Chief Minister of Rajasthan
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Vasundhara Raje]]
}}

;First Chief Minister of Goa
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
*[[Dayanand Bandodkar]]
}}

;First Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
*[[Govind Ballabh Pant]]
}}

;First Chief Minister of Bombay State
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[B. G. Kher]]
}}

;First Hindu and first man of Indian descent to be elected to the Scottish Parliament
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Sandesh Gulhane]]
}}

;First General Secretary of the Communist Party of India.
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
*[[S.V. Ghate]]
}}

;Founder of All India Trade Union Congress
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
*[[Narayan Malhar Joshi]]
}}

;Goa's first woman parliamentarian
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
*[[Sanyogita Rane]]
}}

;Samyukta Maharashtra Movement
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Keshavrao Jedhe]]
* [[Shreedhar Mahadev Joshi]]
* [[Shripad Amrit Dange]]
* [[Narayan Ganesh Gore]]
* [[Pralhad Keshav Atre]]
* [[Keshav Sitaram Thackeray]]
* [[Pandurang Mahadev Bapat]]
* [[S.K. Patil]]
}}

;Union Cabinet Ministers
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[B. R. Ambedkar]]
* [[R. R. Diwakar]]
* [[Narhar Vishnu Gadgil|N.V. Gadgil]]
* [[B. V. Keskar]]
* [[C. D. Deshmukh]]
* [[Govind Ballabh Pant]]
* [[Dr.Panjabrao Deshmukh]]
* [[Hari Vinayak Pataskar]]
* [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
* [[Madhu Dandavate]]
* [[Tukaram Shrangare]]
* [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
* [[Vasant Sathe]]
* [[Saroj Khaparde]]
* [[Madho Rao Scindia]]
* [[Shivraj Patil]]
* [[Sharad Pawar]]
* [[Nitin Gadkari]]
* [[Suresh Prabhu]]
* [[Jyotiraditya Scindia]]
}}

;Others
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Marotrao Kannamwar]]
* [[Ashok Chavan]]
* [[Ajit Pawar]]
* [[Anant Gadgil]]
* [[Anand Dighe]]
* [[Babasaheb Ambedkar]]
* [[Bal Thackeray]]
* [[Balasaheb Vikhe Patil]]
* [[Balasaheb Desai]]
* [[Chhagan Bhujbal]]
* [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
* [[Dhulappa Bhaurao Navale]]
* [[Eknath Khadse]]
* [[Eknath Shinde]]
* [[K. B. Hedgewar]]
* [[Dutta Samant]]
* [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]]
* [[Gopinath Munde]]
* [[Harshavardhan Patil]]
* [[K.C. Pant|Krishna Chandra Pant]]
* [[Kapil Moreshwar Patil]]
* [[Lokmanya Tilak]]
* [[Manohar Joshi]]
* [[Narayan Rane]]
* [[Prakash Ambedkar]]
* [[Pramod Mahajan]]
* [[Pratapsinh Rane]]
* [[Prithviraj Chavan]]
* [[Ramdas Athavale]]
* [[Radhakrishna Vikhe Patil]]
* [[Raj Thackeray]]
* [[Ratnappa Kumbhar]]
* [[R. R. Patil]]
* [[Raksha Khadse]]
* [[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]
* [[Shivajirao Adhalarao Patil]]
* [[Shivraj Patil]]
* [[Shrikant Shinde]]
* [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
* [[Vasantdada Patil]]
* [[Vasantrao Naik]]
* [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
* [[Vinod Tawde]]
* [[Vitthalrao Gadgil]]
* [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
* [[Sanjay Dhotre]]
* [[Anil Shirole]]
* [[Siddharth Shirole]]
* [[S. R. Patil]]
* [[Vivek Narayan Shejwalkar]]
* [[Yashodhara Raje Scindia]]
* [[Chandrakant Patil]]
* [[Udaysingrao Gaikwad]]
* [[Raju Shetti]]
* [[Ruturaj Patil]]
* [[Dhananjay Mahadik]]
* [[Satej Patil]]
* [[C. R. Patil]]
* [[Chandroji Angre]]
* [[Sambhaji Angre]]
* [[Dinkar Rao]]
* [[Kushabhau Thakre]]
}}

;United Kingdom and Irish politics
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Pratap Chitnis, Baron Chitnis]]
* [[Leo Varadkar]]
}}

;American politics
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Ameya Pawar]]
* [[Kumar P. Barve]]
* [[Kshama Sawant]]
* [[Nitin Pradhan]]
* [[Swati Dandekar]]
* [[Ajit V. Pai]]
* [[Shri Thanedar]]
}}

;Goa legislative Assembly

* [[Govind Gaude]]
* [[Ramesh Tawadkar]]
* [[Subhash Phal Desai]]
* [[Sudin Dhavalikar]]
* [[Nilkanth Halarnkar]]

==Bureaucrats and diplomats==
[[File:Leo Varadkar 2016.jpg|thumb|150px|Leo Varadkar- Irish [[Fine Gael]] politician and [[Taoiseach]]]]
[[File:Y N Sukhtankar.jpg|thumb|150px|Yashwant Narayan Sukthankar was the second [[Cabinet Secretary of India]].
]]
;Foreign Service
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[R. D. Sathe]]
* [[Ambassador Dnyaneshwar Mulay]]
* [[Ashok B. Gokhale]]
* [[Apa Sahib]]
* [[Ravindra Mhatre]]
* [[Atul Khare]]
* [[Vijay Keshav Gokhale]]
}}

;Indian Administrative Service
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Avinash Dharmadhikari]]
* [[C. B. Bhave]]
* [[C. D. Deshmukh]]
* [[Kiran Karnik]]
* [[Vijay Kelkar]]
* [[B. G. Kher]]
* [[Narayan Ganesh Gore|N. G. Gore]]
* [[Uttam Khobragade]]
* [[Devyani Khobragade]]
* [[Amit Khare]]
* [[Bhausaheb Ubale]]
* [[Gautam Bambawale]]
}}

;Indian Civil Service
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[N. Vittal]]
* [[Y. N. Sukthankar]]
* [[B.G. Deshmukh]]
* [[Achyut Madhav Gokhale]]
* [[J. W. Bhore]]
* [[Gurunath Venkatesh Bewoor]]
* [[C. R. Krishnaswamy Rao Sahib]]
* [[D. S. Joshi]]
* [[R. Ramachandra Rao]]
}}

== Founder, jurists and lawyers ==
;Law and Justice Minister
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[B.R. Ambedkar]]
}}

;Chief Justice of India
* [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud|D. Y. Chandrachud]]
* [[P. B. Gajendragadkar]]
* [[Y. V. Chandrachud]]
* [[V.N. Khare]]
* [[Sharad Arvind Bobde]]
* [[Uday Umesh Lalit]]

;Supreme Court Judges
* [[Ajay Manikrao Khanwilkar]]
*
* [[P. B. Sawant]]
* [[Sudhakar Panditrao Kurdukar]]
* [[H. L. Gokhale|Hemant Laxman Gokhale]]
* [[Bhushan Ramkrishna Gavai]]
* [[U. U. Lalit]]
* [[Sujata Manohar]]
* [[V. D. Tulzapurkar]]
* [[J. R. Mudholkar]]
* [[Hemant Gokhale]]

;International lawyers
* [[Harish Salve]]
* [[M. R. Jayakar]]
* [[Sakharam Ganesh Pandit]]

;Others
* [[Moropant Vishvanath Joshi]]
* [[G. S. Khaparde]]
* [[Prabodh Dinkarrao Desai]]
* [[J. R. Mudholkar]]
* [[Naresh Harishchandra Patil]]
* [[Ujjwal Nikam]]
* [[S. B. Tambe]]
* [[V. S. Sirpurkar]]

==Business, trade and industries==
[[File:Baba Kalyani at the India Economic Summit 2009.jpg|thumb|150px|Baba Kalyani was chairman and managing director of [[Bharat Forge]].]]
;Father of Indian Trade Union Movement
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|

* [[Narayan Meghaji Lokhande]]
}}
;Founder of the Asia's first Cooperative sugar factory.
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
*[[Vithalrao Vikhe Patil]]
}}
;Others
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Abasaheb Garware]]
* [[Chandrashekhar Agashe]]
* [[Dnyaneshwar Agashe]]
* [[Baba Kalyani]]
* [[Baburao Govindrao Shirke]]
* [[Baburaoji Parkhe]]
* [[Deepak Ghaisas]]
* [[Dinesh Keskar]]
* [[Vasudev Salgaocar]]
* [[DSK Group|D.S.Kulkarni]]
* [[Girish Paranjpe]]
* [[Harsh Chitale]]
* [[Kalpana Saroj]]
* [[Kiran Karnik]]
* [[Laxmanrao Kirloskar]]
* [[Nitin Paranjpe]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hll.com/knowus/board_of_director.asp|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511095657/http://www.hll.com/knowus/board_of_director.asp|url-status=dead|title=Hindustan Unilever Limited|archivedate=11 May 2008}}</ref>
* [[Panditrao Agashe]]
* [[Rajendra Pawar]]
* [[Raosaheb Gogte]]
* [[Ravi Pandit]]
* [[Sanjay Kirloskar]]
* [[Shri Thanedar]]
* [[Subhash Runwal]]
* [[Suhas Patil]]
* [[Suresh Haware]]
* [[Vikram Pandit]]
* [[Vivek Ranadive]]
* [[Vasantrao Ghatge]]
* [[Dilip Dandekar]]
* [[Mandar Agashe]]
* [[Rajeev Samant]]
* [[Sunil Khandbahale]]
* [[Dajikaka Gadgil]]
* [[Vithal Balkrishna Gandhi]]
* [[Leena Tewari]]
* [[Prakash Apte]]
* [[Vivek Ranadivé]]
* [[Sachin S. Lawande]]
* [[Abhi Talwalkar]]
* [[Rajendra Singh Pawar]]
}}

==Fiscal policy leaders==

;First Indian to be appointed the Governor of the Reserve Bank of India.
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[C. D. Deshmukh]]
}}
;RBI Governors
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[C. D. Deshmukh]]
* [[K. G. Ambegaonkar]]
* [[B. N. Adarkar]]
}}

;Economists
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Bhalchandra Mungekar]]
* [[Narendra Jadhav]]
* [[Srikant Datar]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-10|title=मराठी पाऊल पडते पुढे! श्रीकांत दातार हार्वर्ड बिझनेस स्कूलचे नवे डीन|url=https://www.lokmat.com/international/indian-origin-srikant-datar-new-dean-harward-university-a597/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010083516/https://www.lokmat.com/international/indian-origin-srikant-datar-new-dean-harward-university-a597/|archive-date=10 October 2020|access-date=2020-10-10|website=Lokmat|language=mr-IN}}</ref>
* [[Sukhadeo Thorat]]
* [[Ajit Ranade]]
* [[Avinash Dixit]]<ref name="rbi-cdd">{{cite web
|url=http://www.rbi.org.in/Content/Annual_CDMemorial.aspx
|title=Chintaman Deshmukh Memorial Lectures
|access-date=8 December 2006
|publisher=Reserve Bank of India
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061230044744/http://www.rbi.org.in/Content/Annual_CDMemorial.aspx
|archive-date=30 December 2006
}}</ref>
* [[Dattatreya Gopal Karve]]
* [[Devdatta Dabholkar]]
* [[Dhananjay Ramchandra Gadgil]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pravara.com/philosophy.html |title=Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences University – Medical university, India offering medical education in medicine, biotechnology, physiotherapy, dental, bioscience management, nursing, MBA. Medical College Maharashtra India |publisher=Pravara.com |access-date=23 October 2013}}</ref>
* [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]]
* [[Lalita D. Gupte]]
* [[Ram G. Takwale]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.col.org/SiteCollectionDocuments/EDEA2_CITATIONS.pdf |title=Excellence in Distance Education Awards. 1 August 2002. page 12 |access-date=17 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222130304/http://www.col.org/SiteCollectionDocuments/EDEA2_CITATIONS.pdf |archive-date=22 December 2010 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* [[Sukhadeo Thorat]]
* [[Vivek Kulkarni]]
* [[Suresh Tendulkar]]
* [[Usha Thorat]]
* [[Amrita Narlikar]]
* [[Vijay Kelkar]]
* [[Vikram Limaye]]
}}

==Academicians/educationists==
[[File:Dr Dhondo Keshav Karve Cropped.png|thumb|[[Dhondo Keshav Karve]]|150px]]

;Ancient Maharashtrian academicians
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Nagarjuna]]
* [[Śrīpati|Shripati]]
* [[Bhāskara II|Bhaskaracharya]]
* [[Hemadri]] a.k.a. Hemāḍi Panḍita or Hemāḍapanta
* [[Dnyaneshwar|Jñaneśvara]]
* [[Jayatirtha]]
* [[Gaṇeśa Daivajna]]
* [[Bhattoji Dikshita]]
* [[Munishvara]]
* [[Kamalakara]]
* [[Gaga Bhatt|Gagabhatta]]
* [[Jagannatha Samrat]]
* [[Bhaskararaya]]
}}

;Founder of India's First Women University
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Dhondo Keshav Karve]]
}}

;Founder of Indian Sociology & Sociology in India
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[G. S. Ghurye]]
}}

;Founder and president of the [[Symbiosis Society]]
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[S. B. Mujumdar]]
}}

;Founding director of the [[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur]]
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[P. K. Kelkar]]
}}

; Founder of Fergusson College
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Lokmanya Tilak]]
}}

;First female teacher of India
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Savitribai Phule]]
}}

;First female Indian anthropologist
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Irawati Karve]]
}}

;Most qualified person of India
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Shrikant Jichkar]]
}}

;Pioneers in women's education
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Jyotiba Phule]]
* [[Shalini Moghe]]
* [[Mahadev Govind Ranade|Justice Ranade]]
* [[Ramakrishna Gopal Bhandarkar]]
}}

;Founder of Balwadi
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|}}
* [[Tarabai Modak]]

;Indologists
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Pandurang Vaman Kane]]
* [[Vishnu Sitaram Sukthankar|V.S. Sukthankar]]
* [[Irawati Karve]]
* [[G. T. Deshpande]]
* [[Malati Shendge]]
* [[R. N. Dandekar]]
}}

;Global Teacher Prize recipient
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Ranjitsinh Disale]]
}}

;Father of Marathi journalism.
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Balshastri Jambhekar]]
}}

;Others
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Gopal Ganesh Agarkar]]
* [[Achyut Kanvinde]]
* [[Ajit Rangnekar]]
* [[Anutai Wagh]]
* [[D. Y. Patil]]
* [[Dilip Gaonkar]]
* [[Jayant Pandurang Naik|Jayant Naik]]
* [[Madho Rao Scindia]]
* [[T. Gopala Rao]]
* [[Laxmanshastri Joshi]]
* [[C. D. Deshpande]]
* [[Surendra Sheodas Barlingay]]
* [[Chitra Naik]]
* [[Anand Teltumbde]]
* [[T. Madhava Rao]]
* [[Prabhakar Vaidya]]
* [[Anant Raje]]
* [[Uday Salunkhe]]
* [[Vishnushastri Krushnashastri Chiplunkar|Vishnushastri Chiplunkar]]
* [[Pravin Patkar]]
* [[P. A. Inamdar]]
* [[Shivrampant Damle]]
* [[Jyoti Gogte]]
* [[Trimbak Krishna Tope]]
}}

== Sciences ==
[[File:Dr. Anandibai Joshee, M.D., Class 1886.jpg|thumb|150px|Dr. Anandi Gopal Joshi, first Indian lady doctor and physician]]
[[File:Jayant Vishnu Narlikar - Kolkata 2007-03-20 07342.jpg|thumb|150px|Astrophysicists Jayant Narlikar]]

=== Chemistry ===
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Bal Dattatreya Tilak]]
* [[N. K. Naik]]
* [[Raghunath Anant Mashelkar]]
* [[Shankar Abaji Bhise]]
* [[Shridhar Ramachandra Gadre]]
* [[Shridhar Sathe]]
* [[Waman Bapuji Metre]]
* [[B. D. Kulkarni]]
* [[Vivek Ranade]]
* [[Ashish Kishore Lele]]
* [[Jyeshtharaj Joshi|J. B. Joshi]]
* [[G. D. Yadav]]
* [[Narasinh Narayan Godbole]]
* [[Pramod P. Wangikar]]
* [[Yogesh M. Joshi]]
* [[Amol Arvindrao Kulkarni]]
* [[Samir Mitragotri]]
* [[Sagar Jamane]]}}

===Earth sciences===
;First Indian Women to Antarctica
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Aditi Pant]]
}}

;Seed Mother of India
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Rahibai Soma Popere]]
}}

;Father of the Indian Seed Industry
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[B. R. Barwale]]
}}

;Others
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Pandurang Khankhoje]]
* [[Waman Bapuji Metre]]
* [[Ashok Gadgil]]
* [[Raghunath Vithal Khedkar]]
* [[Madhav Gadgil]]
* [[Nalini Nadkarni]]
* [[Atmaram Sadashiv Jayakar]]
* [[Nandini Nimbkar]]
* [[P.V.Sukhatme|Pandurang Vasudeo Sukhatme]]
* [[Raghavendra Gadagkar]]
* [[Shya Chitaley]]
* [[S. B. Mujumdar]]
* [[Shankar Purushottam Agharkar]]
* [[Shripad Dabholkar]]
* [[B. V. Nimbkar]]
* [[Satish Ramnath Shetye]]
* [[Natasha Mhatre]]
* [[Prafullachandra Vishnu Sane]]
* [[K. V. Ghorpade]]
* [[Atmaram Bhairav Joshi]]
* [[Dadaji Ramaji Khobragade]]
* [[Isaac David Kehimkar]]
* [[Sharad P. Kale]]
* [[B.G. Matapurkar]]
}}

=== Engineering and technology ===
;Father of Indian Super Computers
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Vijay P. Bhatkar]]
}}

;First U.S. Chief Data Scientist
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[DJ Patil]]
}}

;Others
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Abhi Talwalkar]]
* [[Arvind Joshi]]
* [[Aniruddha M. Gole]]
* [[Atul Chitnis]]
* [[Aravind Joshi]]
* [[Girish Wagh]]
* [[Prashant Ranade]]
* [[Satyendra Pakhale]]
* [[Shamkant Navathe]]
* [[Subhash Khot]]
* [[Arun G. Phadke]]
* [[Anil Kamath]]
* [[Suhas Patankar]]
* [[Vikas Joshi]]
* [[Vishnu Madav Ghatage]]
* [[Yashavant Kanetkar]]
* [[Shakuntala Bhagat|Shakuntala Joshi]]
* [[Ramesh Raskar]]
* [[Deepak B. Phatak]]
* [[Sarita Adve]]
* [[Sunil Khandbahale]]
* [[Ashwin Gumaste]]
* [[Achyut Godbole]]
* [[Sanjay Govind Dhande]]
}}

===Mathematics and statistics===
;First Indian to be Senior Wrangler
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[R. P. Paranjpye]]
}}

;Others
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Eknath Ghate]]
* [[Bapudeva Sastri]]
* [[Damodar Dharmananda Kosambi]]
* [[Chandrashekhar Khare]]
* [[D. R. Kaprekar]]
* [[Dinesh Thakur (mathematician)|Dinesh Thakur]]
* [[Kapil Hari Paranjape]]
* [[M. N. Vartak]]
* [[Narendra Karmarkar]]
* [[Rahul Pandharipande]]
* [[Mangala Narlikar]]
* [[Rajeeva Karandikar]]
* [[S. S. Shrikhande]]
* [[Shreeram Shankar Abhyankar]]
* [[Vinay V. Deodhar]]
* [[Vivek Borkar]]
* [[P.V.Sukhatme|Pandurang Vasudeo Sukhatme]]
* [[Subhash Khot]]
* [[Ravindra Shripad Kulkarni]]
* [[Vishnu Vasudev Narlikar]]
* [[Ravindra Bapat]]
}}

=== Medicine and surgery ===
;First Indian Female Physician
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Anandi Gopal Joshi]]
}}
;First Indian Female to receive PhD
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Kamala Sohonie]]
}}
;Father of Pathology and Medical Research
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[V. R. Khanolkar]]
}}
;ICMR Scientists
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Chintaman Govind Pandit]]
* [[Raman Gangakhedkar]]
}}

;Immunologist
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[K. B. Sainis]]
* [[Dinakar M. Salunke]]
}}
;Others
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Abhay and Rani Bang]]
* [[Amit Prabhakar Maydeo]]
* [[Atul Gawande]]
* [[Bhau Daji]]
* [[Chetan E. Chitnis]]
* [[Nilima Arun Kshirsagar]]
* [[Dwarkanath Kotnis]]
* [[Himmatrao Bawaskar]]
* [[Irawati Karve]]
* [[Krishna Chandra Chunekar]]
* [[Kamal Ranadive]]
* [[Prakash Amte]]
* [[S. B. Mujumdar]]
* [[Kanhoba Ranchoddas Kirtikar]]
* [[Shekhar C. Mande]]
* [[Shashank R. Joshi]]
* [[Shubha Tole]]
* [[Suresh Jayakar]]
* [[Bhalchandra Nilkanth Purandare]]
* [[Vithal Nagesh Shirodkar]]
* [[Kshama Metre]]
* [[Ramakant Krishnaji Deshpande]]
* [[Jayant B. Udgaonkar]]
* [[Rajesh Sudhir Gokhale]]
* [[N. R. Pathak]]
* [[Sanjeev Galande]]
* [[Sakharam Arjun]]
* [[Kshama Metre]]
* [[Tatyarao Lahane]]
* [[Ashok Laxmanrao Kukade]]
* [[Suhas Pandurang Sukhatme]]
* [[Rajendra Achyut Badwe]]
* [[Pramod P. Wangikar]]
* [[Jerusha Jhirad]]
* [[Jyeshtharaj Joshi]]
* [[Vikas Mahatme]]
* [[Mansukh C. Wani]]
* [[Maneesha S. Inamdar]]
* [[Milind Vasant Kirtane]]
* [[Jagannath Dixit]]
* [[Nikhil Dhurandhar]]
* [[Prabhu B. Patil]]
* [[Ganesh Bagler]]
* [[Suresh Jadhav (biotechnology executive)]]
}}

===Physics===
;Astronomy
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Venkatesh Ketakar|Venkatesh Bapuji Ketakar]]
* [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]]
}}
;Nuclear scientists
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Anil Kakodkar]]
* [[Suhas Pandurang Sukhatme]]
* [[Vijay Raghunath Pandharipande]]
* [[Shivram Baburao Bhoje]]
* [[Waman Dattatreya Patwardhan]]
}}
;Fellow of Royal Society
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Raghunath Anant Mashelkar]]
* [[Subhash Khot]]
}}
;Theoretical physicists
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Abhay Ashtekar]]
* [[Atish Dabholkar]]
* [[Rohini Godbole]]
}}
;Astro - physicists
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Jayant Narlikar]]
* [[Amol Dighe]]
* [[Avinash Deshpande]]
* [[Nissim Kanekar]]
* [[Shashikumar Chitre|S.M. Chitre]]
* [[Chanda Jog]]
* [[Shrinivas Kulkarni]]
}}
;ISRO and DRDO scientists
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Vasant Gowarikar]]
* [[Pramod Kale]]
* [[Vasudev Kalkunte Aatre]]
}}
;Indian Institute Of Technology(IIT) - Chairman/Directors
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[P. K. Kelkar]]
* [[Abhay Karandikar]]
}}
;Aerospace engineering
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[N. K. Naik]]
* [[Shivkar Bapuji Talpade]]
}}
;Others
[[File:Ramesh Mashelkar Apr09.jpg|thumb|[[Raghunath Anant Mashelkar]]|150px]]
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Anupam Saraph]]
* [[Sachin Lawande]]
* [[Arun Nigavekar]]
* [[Gopal H. Gaonkar]]
* [[Pramod Khargonekar]]
* [[Sulabha K Kulkarni]]
* [[Umesh Waghmare]]
* [[Sanjay Govind Dhande]]
* [[D. D. Bhawalkar|Dilip Devidas Bhawalkar]]
* [[Sanjeev Dhurandhar]]
* [[Sunil Khandbahale]]
* [[Neelima Gupte]]
* [[Vivek Borkar]]
* [[Mandar Madhukar Deshmukh]]
}}

===Industrial design===

* [[Satyendra Pakhale]]
* [[Sumant Moolgaokar]]

==Arts==

===Cinema and theatre===
;Father of Indian Cinema
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
[[Dadasaheb Phalke]] - Maker of India's first full-length feature ''[[Raja Harishchandra]]''
}}

[[File:Kochadaiiyaan Rajini.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Rajinikanth]] -Shivaji Rao Gaekwad]]
[[File:Nana Patekar snapped at the press meet for movie on Baba Amte 06.jpg|thumb|150px|Nana Patekar]]
[[File:Dr Vidyadhar Oke.jpg|thumb|150px|Dr. Vidyadhar Oke with 22-microtone harmonium]]
[[File:Lata Mangeshkar - still 29065 crop.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Lata Mangeshkar]]]]

;First Indian to receive the Oscar
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
[[Bhanu Athaiya]]
}}

;First female actress of India
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
[[Durgabai Kamat]]
}}

;Dada Saheb Phalke Award - Lifetime contribution to Indian Cinema
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Durga Khote]]
* [[V. Shantaram]]
* [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
* [[Bhalji Pendharkar]]
* [[Asha Bhosle]]
* [[Rajinikanth]]
}}
; Actors
[[File:Ashaji.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Asha Bhosle]]]]
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Ajinkya Dev]]
* [[Ashok Saraf]]
* [[Amol Palekar]]
* [[Bharat Jadhav]]
* [[Dada Kondke]]
* [[David Abraham Cheulkar]]
* [[Dilip Prabhavalkar]]
* [[Kanan Kaushal]]
* [[Kashinath Ghanekar]]
* [[Kuldeep Pawar]]
* [[Laxmikant Berde]]
* [[Mahesh Kothare]]
* [[Makrand Deshpande]]
* [[Milind Gunaji]]
* [[Milind Soman]]
* [[Mohan Agashe]]
* [[Mohan Gokhale]]
* [[Nana Patekar]]
* [[Nagesh Bhosale]]
* [[Nitish Bharadwaj]]
* [[Nilu Phule]]
* [[Prashant Damle]]
* [[Prasad Oak]]
* [[Rajnikant]]
* [[Ramesh Bhatkar]]
* [[Raqesh Vashisth]]
* [[Riteish Deshmukh]]
* [[Sachiin J Joshi]]
* [[Sachin Khedekar]]
* [[Sachin Pilgaonkar]]
* [[Sadashiv Amrapurkar]]
* [[Sanjay Narvekar]]
* [[Sayaji Shinde]]
* [[Shivaji Satam]]
* [[Shreyas Talpade]]
* [[Shriram Lagoo]]
* [[Siddharth Jadhav]]
* [[Subodh Bhave]]
* [[Sudhir Joshi]]
* [[Upendra Limaye]]
* [[Vikram Gokhale]]
* [[Vijayendra Ghatge]]
* [[Viju Khote]]
* [[Vivek Lagoo]]
* [[Mohan Joshi]]
* [[Ankush Chaudhari]]
* [[Arun Sarnaik]]
* [[Ravindra Mahajani]]
* [[Gashmeer Mahajani]]
* [[Akash Thosar]]
* [[Umesh Kamat]]
* [[Pushkar Shrotri]]
* [[Swapnil Joshi]]
* [[Keshavrao Date]]
* [[Shrikant Moghe]]
* [[Master Vithal]]
* [[Harshvardhan Rane]]

}}

[[File:Madhuridixit.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Madhuri Dixit]]]][[File:Ashutosh Gowariker at the launch of T P Aggarwal's trade magazine 'Blockbuster' 15.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Ashutosh Gowariker]], directed ''[[Lagaan]]'' (nominated for [[Academy Awards|Oscars]], has 5 [[Filmfare Awards|filmfare]], 7 international awards)<ref name="Ashutosh Gowariker- Biography IMDB">{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0332950/|title=Ashutosh Gowariker- Biography IMDB|website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0169102/awards|title=Lagaan: Once Upon a Time in India (2001) Awards|website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref>]]
{{columns-list|colwidth=15
}}
; Actresses
{{Columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Aditi Sarangdhar]]
* [[Aaditi Pohankar]]
* [[Amruta Khanvilkar]]
* [[Amruta Patki]]
* [[Ankita Lokhande]]
* [[Anjana Mumtaz]]
* [[Antara Mali]]
* [[Ashalata Wabgaonkar]]
* [[Ashwini Bhave]]
* [[Bhagyashree Patwardhan]]
* [[Bhargavi Chirmule]]
* [[Durga Khote]]
* [[Durgabai Kamat]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian cinema@100: First women on screen: Durgabai Kamat and her daughter Kamlabai Ghokhle|first=Riya|last=Chakravarty|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/indian-cinema-100-40-firsts-in-indian-cinema-362362|publisher=NDTV|date=3 May 2013|access-date=9 May 2013|archive-date=4 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504160827/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/indian-cinema-100-40-firsts-in-indian-cinema-362362|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=toi>{{cite news |title=Vikram Gokhale has an illustrious family lineage|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/us |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629123325/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-23/did-you-know-/32605578_1_lineage-artiste-durgabai-kamat |url-status=live |archive-date=29 June 2013 |date=23 January 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=9 May 2013}}</ref>
* [[Hansa Wadkar]]
* [[Shanta Apte]]
* [[Gauri Pradhan Tejwani]]
* [[Jayshree Gadkar]]
* [[Jyothika]]
* [[Kajal Kiran]]
* [[Kajol]]
* [[Kimi Katkar]]
* [[Kavita Lad]]
* [[Leela Chitnis]]
* [[Lalita Pawar]]
* [[Madhuri Dixit]]
* [[Madhu Sapre]]
* [[Mamta Kulkarni]]
* [[Manasi Moghe]]
* [[Manjari Phadnis]]
* [[Mayuri Kango]]
* [[Mithila Palkar]]
* [[Mrinal Kulkarni]]
* [[Mrunal Thakur]]
* [[Mugdha Godse]]
* [[Mukta Barve]]
* [[Nagma]]
* [[Namrata Shirodkar]]
* [[Nanda (actress)|Nanda]]
* [[Nikki Tamboli]]
* [[Nishigandha Wad]]
* [[Nivedita Joshi]]
* [[Nutan]]
* [[Padmini Kolhapure]]
* [[Pallavi Joshi]]
* [[Priya Bapat]]
* [[Priya Tendulkar]]
* [[Radhika Apte]]
* [[Ranjana Deshmukh]]
* [[Reema Lagoo]]
* [[Renuka Shahane]]
* [[Rinku Rajguru]]
* [[Sagarika Ghatge]]
* [[Sakhi Gokhale]]
* [[Sai Tamhankar]]
* [[Saiyami Kher]]
* [[Sandhya Shantaram]]
* [[Sarika]]
* [[Shakuntala Paranjpye]]
* [[Shashikala]]
* [[Shilpa Shirodkar]]
* [[Shilpa Tulaskar]]
* [[Shobhana Samarth]]
* [[Shibani Dandekar]]
* [[Smita Patil]]
* [[Sonali Bendre]]
* [[Shraddha Kapoor]]
* [[Sonalee Kulkarni]]
* [[Sonali Kulkarni]]
* [[Ruby Myers|Sulochana]]
* [[Sharvari Wagh]]
* [[Shriya Pilgaonkar]]
* [[Supriya Pilgaonkar]]
* [[Supriya Karnik]]
* [[Sulbha Arya]]
* [[Tanuja]]
* [[Tanvi Azmi]]
* [[Tara Deshpande]]
* [[Urmila Matondkar]]
* [[Usha Kiran]]
* [[Vandana Gupte]]
* [[Varsha Usgaonkar]]
* [[Shilpa Shinde]]
* [[Vidya Malvade]]
* [[Rohini Hattangadi]]
* [[Sai Deodhar]]
* [[Shivani Surve]]
* [[Meenakshi Shirodkar]]
* [[Leena Chandavarkar]]
* [[Isha Koppikar]]
* [[Nalini Jaywant]]
}}

;Directors
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Abhinay Deo]]
* [[Amol Gupte]]
* [[Amol Palekar]]
* [[Anand Patwardhan]]
* [[Ashutosh Gowariker]]
* [[Bhalji Pendharkar]]
* [[Bhagwan Dada]]
* [[Baburao Mistry]]
* [[Dadasaheb Phalke]]
* [[Deepak Kadam]]
* [[Deepshikha Deshmukh]]
* [[Dinkar D. Patil]]
* [[Dadasaheb Torne]]
* [[Gauri Shinde]]
* [[Jabbar Patel]]
* [[Kunal Deshmukh]]
* [[Madhur Bhandarkar]]
* [[Master Vinayak]]
* [[Mahesh Kothare]]
* [[Mahesh Manjrekar]]
* [[N. Chandra]]
* [[Nagraj Manjule]]
* [[Nishikant Kamat]]
* [[Paresh Mokashi]]
* [[Raja Nawathe]]
* [[Raja Paranjpe]]
* [[Raja Thakur]]
* [[Sachin Kundalkar]]
* [[Sachin Pilgaonkar]]
* [[Sai Paranjpe]]
* [[Umesh Vinayak Kulkarni]]
* [[V Shantaram]]
* [[Vishram Sawant]]
* [[Vishnupant Damle]]
* [[Swapna Waghmare Joshi]]
* [[Satish Rajwade]]
* [[Anant Mane]]
}}

;Models and beauty pageant winners
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Aditi Gowitrikar]]
* [[Anusha Dandekar]]
* [[Madhu Sapre]]
* [[Mugdha Godse]]
* [[Rakhi Sawant]]
* [[Ujjwala Raut]]
* [[Sonali Raut]]
* [[Manasi Moghe]]
* [[Lopamudra Raut]]
* [[Namrata Shirodkar]]
* [[Meera Deosthale]]
}}

;Hollywood
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Aditya J Patwardhan]]
* [[Omi Vaidya]]
* [[Deep Katdare]]
* [[Shirish Korde]]
* [[Devika Bhise]]
* [[Michelle Khare]]
* [[Janina Gavankar]]
* [[Nivedita Kulkarni]]
* [[Karsh Kale]]
}}

;Bigg-Boss (Hindi) show winners

*[[Shilpa Shinde]]
*[[Tejasswi Prakash]]

===Literature===
[[File:Vijay Tendulkar.jpg|thumb|150px|Playwright Vijay Tendulkar]]

;Ancient Maharashtrian litterateurs
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Hāla]]
* [[Pravarasena II]]
* [[Bharavi]]
* [[Daṇḍin|Dandi]]
* [[Bhavabhuti]]
* [[Akalajalada]]
* [[Rajashekhara]]
* [[Neelakantha Chaturdhara]]
}}

;Jnanpith Award winners - Outstanding contribution in Indian Literature

{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Vishnu Sakharam Khandekar]]
* [[Vinda Karandikar]]
* [[Ravindra Kelekar]]
* [[Bhalchandra Nemade]]
* [[Kusumagraj]]
* [[D. R. Bendre]]
}}

'''Noted Marathi writers in non-Marathi languages'''

*[[D. R. Bendre ]]- Considered as the greatest Kannada lyric poet of the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ajjampur|first=Madhav|date=2020-01-30|title=The universe's inner voice|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/the-universes-inner-voice/article30691007.ece|access-date=2022-02-11|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
*[[Gajanan Madhav Muktibodh]] - One of the pioneers of modern Hindi poetry.
*[[Kaloji Narayana Rao]]- One of the greatest Telugu poets. His birth anniversary is celebrated as [[Telangana Language Day]]
*[[Madhavrao Sapre]] - Writer and journalist in [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
;Others
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Acharya Atre]]
* [[Annabhau Sathe]]
* [[Arun Kolatkar]]
* [[Arun Sadhu]]
* [[Balwant Moreshwar Purandare]]
* [[Bahinabai Chaudhari]]
* [[Bal Samant]]
* [[Dattaram Maruti Mirasdar]]
* [[Daya Pawar]]
* [[Dilip Chitre]]
* [[D. M. Mirasdar]]
* [[G. A. Kulkarni]]
* [[Gajanan Digambar Madgulkar]]
* [[Ganesh Trimbak Deshpande]]
* [[Gangadhar Gadgil]]
* [[Gopal Ganesh Agarkar]]
* [[Govind Purushottam Deshpande]]
* [[Hamid Dalwai]]
* [[Hari Narayan Apte]]
* [[Hemant Divate]]
* [[Indira Sant]]
* [[Irawati Karve]]
* [[Jaywant Dalvi]]
* [[Laxman Mane]]
* [[Madhu Limaye]]
* [[Nirja]]
* [[Madhu Mangesh Karnik]]
* [[Mahesh Elkunchwar]]
* [[Malati Bedekar]]
* [[Manya Joshi]]
* [[Manohar Malgonkar]]
* [[Mohan Samant]]
* [[Anant Kanekar]]
* [[Nagnath S. Inamdar]]
* [[Namdev Dhasal]]
* [[Narayan Gangaram Surve]]
* [[Narayan Hari Apte]]
* [[Purushottam Bhaskar Bhave]]
* [[Purushottam Laxman Deshpande]]
* [[Ram Ganesh Gadkari]]
* [[Ranjit Desai]]
* [[Ratnakar Matkari]]
* [[Sadanand Rege]]
* [[Saleel Wagh]]
* [[Sandeep Khare]]
* [[Satish Alekar]]
* [[Shanta Shelke]]
* [[Shivaji Sawant]]
* [[Shridhar Bhaskar Warnekar]]
* Shrikrishna Raut
* [[Sharmila Rege]]
* [[Suresh Bhat]]
* [[Vasant Abaji Dahake]]
* [[Vasant Purushottam Kale]]
* [[Vasant Kanetkar]]
* [[Vasudha Patil]]
* [[Vijay Tendulkar]]
* [[Vilas Sarang]]
* [[Vishnu Vaman Shirwadkar]]
* [[Vishram Bedekar]]
* [[Vishwas Patil]]
* [[Gopal Nilkanth Dandekar]]
* [[Jagdish Khebudkar]]
* [[Shakuntala Karandikar]]
}}

==== Columnists and journalists ====
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Arun Sadhu]]
* [[Balshastri Jambhekar]]
* [[Sham Raj II|Raja Shamraj]]
* [[Nanasaheb Parulekar]]
* [[Waman Gopal Joshi]]
* [[Madhavrao Bagal]]
* [[Atmaram Raoji Bhat]]
* [[Yadunath Thatte]]
* [[Madhav Yeshwant Gadkari]]
* [[Govind Talwalkar]]
* [[Ganpatrao Jadhav]]
* [[Vidyadhar Gokhale]]
* [[Praful Bidwai]]
* [[Nikhil Wagle]]
* [[Anubha Bhonsle]]
* [[Uttam Kamble]]
* [[Sanjay Raut]]
* [[Rajdeep Sardesai]]
* [[Shobhaa De]]
}}

====Historians====
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Amrit Gangar]]
* [[Anant Sadashiv Altekar]]
* [[Babasaheb Purandare]]
* [[Conjeevaram Hayavadana Rao]]
* [[D. R. Bhandarkar]]
* [[Dattatray Balwant Parasnis]]
* [[Dattatraya Ganesh Godse]]
* [[Datto Vaman Potdar]]
* [[Dinkar G. Kelkar]]
* [[Gangadhar Pathak]]
* [[Govind Sakharam Sardesai]]
* [[K. N. Dikshit]]
* [[M. N. Deshpande]]
* [[Madhukar Keshav Dhavalikar|M. K. Dhavalikar]]
* [[Ninad Bedekar]]
* [[Prachi Deshpande]]
* [[Prakashchandra Pandurang Shirodkar]]
* [[Ramchandra Narayan Dandekar]]
* [[S. T. Joshi]]
* [[Sadashiv Ranade]]
* [[Sadashiv Vasantrao Gorakshkar]]
* [[Sethu Madhav Rao Pagadi]]
* [[Shridhar Venkatesh Ketkar]]
* [[Tryambak Shankar Shejwalkar]]
* [[V. S. Wakaskar]]
* [[Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi]]
* [[Vidyadhar Johrapurkar]]
* [[Vishnushastri Krushnashastri Chiplunkar]]
* [[Vishwanath Kashinath Rajwade]]
* [[Vasudeo Sitaram Bendrey]]
}}

=== Other applied arts ===

'''Father of Indian Circus''' - [[Vishnupant Moreshwar Chatre]]

'''First Ventriloquist in Modern India''' - [[Y. K. Padhye]]

'''Father of Indian Comic Books''' - [[Anant Pai]]

;Photographers/cinematographers
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Atul Kasbekar]]
* [[Baburao Painter]]
* [[Gautam Rajadhyaksha]]
* [[Waman Thakre]]
* [[Debu Deodhar]]
* [[Amol Gole]]
* [[Jagdish Mali]]
* [[Anna Salunke]]
}}

;Costume/fashion designers
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Bhanu Athaiya]]
* [[Nachiket Barve]]
* [[Anita Dongre]]
}}

;Production designers
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Nitin Chandrakant Desai]]
* [[Vishnupant Govind Damle]]
}}

;Cartoonists
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Bal Thackeray]]
* [[S. D. Phadnis]]
* [[D. G. Kulkarni]]
* [[Maya Kamath]]
* [[S. N. Gorakshakar]]
* [[Vasant Sarwate]]
* [[Raj Thackeray]]
}}

;Sculptors
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Valay Shende]]
* [[Ram V. Sutar]]
* [[Sadashiv Sathe]]
* [[Pramod Kamble]]
* [[Subodh Kerkar]]
* [[Vinayak Pandurang Karmarkar]]
* [[Bhalchandra Dattatray Mondhe]]
}}

;Painters
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Gopi Kukde]]
* [[Pratap Mullick]]
* [[S. K. Bakre]]
* [[H. A. Gade]]
* [[D. G. Kulkarni]]
* [[N. S. Bendre]]
* [[M. V. Dhurandhar]]
* [[Pralhad Anant Dhond]]
* [[M. R. Acharekar]]
* [[Shripad Damodar Satwalekar]]
* [[Amruta Patil]]
* [[Sawlaram Haldankar|Sawlaram Lakshman Haldankar]]
* [[Ketaki Pimpalkhare]]
* [[Sambhaji Kadam (artist)|Sambhaji Kadam]]
* [[Tryambak Vasekar]]
* [[Sudhir Patwardhan]]
* [[Prafulla Dahanukar]]
* [[S. M. Pandit]]
* [[B. Prabha|Prabha Badgelwar]]
* [[Jivya Soma Mashe]]
* [[Vasudeo S. Gaitonde]]
* [[Raghunath Krishna Phadke]]
}}

;Calligraphers/typographers
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[R K Joshi|Raghunath K. Joshi]]
* [[Vinay Saynekar]]
}}

== Music ==

=== Hindustani classical music ===
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Ajay Pohankar]]
* [[Ajit Kadkade]]
* [[Anand Bhate]]
* [[Arati Ankalikar-Tikekar]]
* [[Ashwini Bhide-Deshpande]]
* [[Bal Gandharva]]
* [[C. R. Vyas]]
* [[Mysore Sadashiva Rao]]
* [[Hirabai Badodekar]]
* [[Jyotsna Bhole]]
* [[Jitendra Abhisheki]]
* [[Kesarbai Kerkar]]
* [[Kishori Amonkar]]
* [[Krishnarao Phulambrikar]]
* [[Kumar Gandharva]]
* [[Mahesh Kale]]
* [[Manik Varma]]
* [[Mogubai Kurdikar]]
* [[Prabha Atre]]
* [[Rahul Deshpande]]
* [[Manjusha Kulkarni-Patil]]
* [[Satish Vyas (musician)|Satish Vyas]]
* [[Sanjeev Abhyankar]]
* [[Shrikrishna Narayan Ratanjankar]]
* [[Shrinivas Khale]]
* [[Shruti Sadolikar]]
* [[Sureshbabu Mane]]
* [[Ulhas Kashalkar]]
* [[Devaki Pandit]]
* [[Uday Bhawalkar]]
* [[V. G. Jog]]
* [[Vasantrao Deshpande]]
* [[Padma Talwalkar]]
* [[Veena Sahasrabuddhe]]
* [[Vidyadhar Oke]]
* [[Vikas Kashalkar]]
* [[Vishnu Digambar Paluskar]]
* [[Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande]]
* [[Vinayakrao Patwardhan]]
* [[K. G. Ginde]]
* [[Sumati Mutatkar]]
* [[Shounak Abhisheki]]
* [[D. V. Paluskar]]
* [[Deenanath Mangeshkar]]
* [[Bhaskarbuwa Bakhale]]
* [[Sawai Gandharva]]
* [[Dhondutai Kulkarni]]
* [[Balakrishnabuwa Ichalkaranjikar]]
* [[B. R. Deodhar]]
* [[Ramdas Kamat]]
* [[Narayanrao Vyas]]
*
}}

===Music directors===
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Arun Paudwal]]
* [[Anil Mohile]]
* [[Anand Modak]]
* [[C. Ramchandra]]
* [[Datta Naik]]
* [[Datta Davjekar]]
* [[Hridaynath Mangeshkar]]
* [[Laxmikant Kudalkar]]
* [[Ram Kadam (composer)|Ram Kadam]]
* [[Raamlaxman|Ram-Laxman]]
* [[Sudhir Phadke]]
* [[Shrinivas Khale]]
* [[Shridhar Phadke]]
* [[Vasant Desai]]
* [[Vasant Prabhu]]
* [[Ashok Patki]]
* [[Govindrao Tembe]]
* [[Sneha Khanwalkar]]
* [[Yashwant Dev]]}}

=== Modern music ===
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Ajay–Atul]]
* [[Amitraj]]
* [[Ashutosh Phatak]]
* [[Avdhoot Gupte]]
* [[Ajit Parab]]
* [[AV Prafullachandra]]
* [[Digvijay Bhonsale]]
* [[Gaurav Dagaonkar]]
* [[Karsh Kale]]
* [[Kaushal Inamdar]]
* [[Milind Date]]
* [[Milind Ingle]]
* [[Nilesh Moharir]]
* [[Salil Kulkarni]]
* [[Sandeep Shirodkar]]
* [[Sneha Khanwalkar]]
* [[Rohan-Rohan]]
* [[Rahul Ranade]]}}

=== Singers ===
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Aarya Ambekar]]
* [[Adarsh Shinde]]
* [[Anupama Deshpande]]
* [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
* [[Arun Date]]
* [[Asha Bhosle]]
* [[Bela Shende]]
* [[Hema Sardesai]]
* [[Babla & Kanchan|Kumari Kanchan Dinkarrao Mali-Shah]]
* [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
* [[Manik Varma]]
* [[Meena Mangeshkar]]
* [[Nihira Joshi]]
* [[Sudesh Bhosle]]
* [[Prajakta Shukre]]
* [[Rahul Vaidya]]
* [[Rohit Raut|Rohit Shyam Raut]]
* [[Sadhana Sargam]]
* [[Sanjivani (singer)|Sanjivani]]
* [[Shalmali Kholgade]]
* [[Shahir Vitthal Umap]]
* [[Sudhir Phadke]]
* [[Shridhar Phadke]]
* [[Swapnil Bandodkar]]
* [[Suresh Wadkar]]
* [[Usha Mangeshkar]]
* [[Vaishali Mhade]]
* [[Vaishali Samant]]
* [[Avadhoot Gupte]]
* [[Swanand Kirkire]]
* [[Digvijay Bhonsale]]
}}

; Winner of Indian Idol (Season 1)
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Abhijeet Sawant]]
}}

==Sports==
[[File:Sachin Tendulkar at MRF Promotion Event.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Sachin Tendulkar]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/proud-34-maharashtrian-tendulkar-says-mumbai-belongs-to-india-574.html|title=I am proud to be a Maharashtrian - Sachin Tendulkar.|website=IndiaTv|date=13 November 2009}}</ref>]]
[[File:Sunny Gavaskar Sahara.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Sunil Gavaskar]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sunny Days : Sunil Gavaskar's Own Story.}}</ref>|alt=]]

;First Individual Olympic Medal for India
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Khashaba Dadasaheb Jadhav]]
}}

;First Individual Paralympic Medal for India
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Murlikant Petkar]]
}}

;First Indian to score 100 international 100's
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Sachin Tendulkar]]
}}

;First Indian woman to cross Gobi Desert
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Sucheta Kadethankar]]
}}

; First Indian woman to obtain WIM title
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Jayshree Khadilkar]]
}}

; India's first Olympic Marathon runner
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
*[[Phadeppa Dareppa Chaugule]]
}}

=== Cricket ===
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Aavishkar Salvi]]
* [[Abey Kuruvilla]]
* [[Aditya Tare]]
* [[Ajinkya Rahane]]
* [[Ajit Agarkar]]
* [[Ajit Wadekar]]
* [[Arjun Tendulkar]]
* [[Anshuman Gaekwad]]
* [[Armaan Jaffer]]
* [[Ashutosh Agashe]]
* [[Bapu Nadkarni]]
* [[Baloo Gupte]]
* [[Chandu Sarwate]]
* [[Chandrakant Pandit]]
* [[Chandrasekhar Gadkari]]
* [[Chandrakant Patankar]]
* [[Chandu Borde]]
* [[Arundhati Kirkire]]
* [[Sanjay Jagdale]]
* [[Dhawal Kulkarni]]
* [[Dattu Phadkar]]
* [[Dattaram Hindlekar]]
* [[Dilip Sardesai]]
* [[Dilip Vengsarkar]]
* [[Eknath Solkar]]
* [[Hemu Adhikari]]
* [[Hemant Kanitkar]]
* [[Hrishikesh Kanitkar]]
* [[Khandu Rangnekar]]
* [[Kiran More]]
* [[Kedar Jadhav]]
* [[Lisa Sthalekar]]
* [[Manohar Hardikar]]
* [[Mona Meshram]]
* [[Nilesh Kulkarni]]
* [[Rahul Dravid]]
* [[Paras Mhambrey]]
* [[Poonam Raut]]
* [[Pranav Dhanawade]]
* [[Pravin Amre]]
* [[Ramesh Powar]]
* [[Ramnath Parkar]]
* [[Ramakant Achrekar]]
* [[Rohan Gavaskar]]
* [[Rohit Sharma]]
* [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]]
* [[Sachin Tendulkar]]
* [[Salil Ankola]]
* [[Sameer Dighe]]
* [[Sanjay Bangar]]
* [[Subhash Gupte]]
* [[Sairaj Bahutule]]
* [[Sandeep Patil]]
* [[Shardul Thakur]]
* [[Sanjay Manjrekar]]
* [[Shubhangi Kulkarni]]
* [[Smriti Mandhana]]
* [[Surya Kumar Yadav]]
* [[Sunil Gavaskar]]
* [[Sushil Nadkarni]]
* [[Vinod Kambli]]
* [[Umesh Yadav]]
* [[Vijay Hazare]]
* [[Vijay Manjrekar]]
* [[Zaheer Khan]]
* [[Wasim Jaffer]]
* [[Pravin Tambe]]
* [[Viraj Bhosale]]
* [[Datta Gaekwad]]
* [[Shivajirao Gaekwad]]
* [[Abhijit Karambelkar]]
* [[C. R. Mohite]]
* [[Nana Joshi]]
* [[Tushar Deshpande]]
* [[Rajvardhan Hangargekar]]
* [[Darshan Nalkande]]
* [[B. B. Nimbalkar]]
}}

=== Chess ===
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Abhijit Kunte]]
* [[Akshayraj Kore]]
* [[Anupama Gokhale]]
* [[Bhagyashree Thipsay]]
* [[Divya Deshmukh]]
* [[Eesha Karavade]]
* [[Jayshree Khadilkar]]
* [[Mrunalini Kunte]]
* [[Praveen Thipsay]]
* [[Rohini Khadilkar]]
* [[Ramchandra Sapre]]
* [[Shardul Gagare]]
* [[Swapnil Dhopade]]
* [[Vasanti Khadilkar]]
* [[Abhimanyu Puranik]]
* [[Vidit Gujrathi]]
}}

=== Others ===
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|

* [[Aditi Mutatkar]] – Badminton
* [[Anjali Bhagwat]] - Shooter
* [[Ashish Mane]] - Mountaineer
* [[Brahmanand Sankhwalkar]] – Footballer
* [[Damayanti Tambay]] – Badminton
* [[Gaurav Natekar]] – Tennis
* [[Kavita Raut]] – Runner
* [[Krushnaa Patil]] – Mountaineer
* [[Mahesh Gawli]] – Footballer
* [[Nandu M. Natekar]] – Badminton
* [[Nikhil Kanetkar]] – Badminton
* [[Rahi Sarnobat]] - Shooter
* [[Raju Gaikwad]] - Footballer
* [[Ramchandra Parab]] – Footballer
* [[Ramesh Gokhale]] - Bridge
* [[Sameer Naik]] – Footballer
* [[Tejaswini Sawant]] - Shooter
* [[Tushar Khandekar]] – Field hockey
* [[Harsha Bhogle]] – Commentator
* [[Meghana Erande]] - Voice artist
* [[Shridhar Chillal]] – Longest fingernails
* [[Savitri Khanolkar]] – Designer of PVC
* [[Arundhati Pantawane]] – Badminton
* [[Tanvi Lad]] – Badminton
* [[Sanjivani Jadhav]] – Runner
* [[Sundeep Waslekar]] - Strategic Foresight Group
* [[Jyoti Amge]] - Smallest women
* [[Bhimrao Kesarkar]] - Silver medalist in men's javelin at Summer Paralympics 1984
* [[Sangram Chougule]] - Bodybuilding
* [[Sunil Jadhav]] - Bodybuilding
}}

==Outside Maharashtra==
;Bene Israel
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Eli Ben-Menachem]]
* [[Liora Itzhak]]
* [[Samson Kehimkar]]
* [[Eban Hyams]]
* [[Nissim Ezekiel]]
* [[Jerusha Jhirad]]
* [[Ezra Mir]]
* [[Leela Samson]]
* [[Reuben Dhondji Ashtumkar]]
* [[David Abraham Cheulkar]]
}}

;Thanjavur
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Reddy Row]]
* [[Serfoji I]]
* [[Serfoji II]]<ref name="Prince of ophthalmology"/>
* [[Shahuji I]]
* [[Thanjavur Subha Rao]]
* [[Tukkoji]]
* [[V. P. Madhava Rao]]
* [[N. Vittal]]
* [[Palladam Sanjiva Rao]]
* [[R. Balaji Rao]]
* [[R. Ramachandra Rao]]
* [[R. Raghunatha Rao]]
* [[Sir T. Madhava Rao]]
* [[R. Venkata Rao]]
* [[T. Ananda Rao]]
* [[T. Rama Rao (administrator)|T. Rama Rao]]
* [[T. Venkata Rao]]
* [[Nakul Abhyankar]]
* [[N. Madhava Rao]]
* [[T. R. Ramachandran]]
* [[Bharati Shivaji]]
}}

;Uttarakhand
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Govind Ballabh Pant]]
*[[K.C. Pant]]
*[[Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan]]
}}

;United Kingdom, Ireland and Europe
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Pratap Chitnis, Baron Chitnis]]
* [[Leo Varadkar]] - [[Ireland (state)|Ireland]] P.M
* [[Atul Chitnis]]
* [[Satyendra Pakhale]]
* [[Mangesh Panchal]]
* [[Arvinn Gadgil]]
* [[Sandesh Gulhane]]
}}

;Mexico
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
*[[Pandurang Sadashiv Khankhoje]]
}}

;South East and Far East
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Dwarkanath Kotnis]]
* [[Yogendra Puranik]]
}}

;Canada
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Natasha Mhatre]]
}}

;Australia
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Anusha Dandekar]]
* [[Neel Kolhatkar]]
* [[Minoti Apte]]
* [[Lisa Sthalekar]]
}}

;United States
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Sakharam Ganesh Pandit]]
* [[Pramod Khargonekar]]
* [[Dinesh Thakur (mathematician)|Dinesh Thakur]]
* [[Chandrashekhar Khare]]
* [[Anil Nerode]]
* [[Avinash Kamalakar Dixit]]
* [[Aravind Joshi]]
* [[Abhay Ashtekar]]
* [[Ashok Gadgil]]
* [[Shrinivas Kulkarni]]
* [[Janina Gavankar]]
* [[Nivedita Kulkarni]]
* [[Deep Katdare]]
* [[Omi Vaidya]]
* [[DJ Patil]]
* [[Karsh Kale]]
* [[Shirish Korde]]
* [[Abhi Talwalkar]]
* [[Sachin Lawande]]
* [[Srikant Datar]]
* [[Vikram Pandit]]
* [[Vivek Ranadivé]]
* [[Suhas S. Patil]]
* [[Arun G. Phadke]]
* [[S. T. Joshi]]
* [[Kumar P. Barve]]
* [[Swati Dandekar]]
* [[Kshama Sawant]]
* [[Ameya Pawar]]
* [[Ramesh Raskar]]
* [[Atul Gawande]]
* [[Sushil Nadkarni]]
* [[Nalini Nadkarni]]
* [[Devika Bhise]]
* [[Shreeram Abhyankar]]
* [[Narendra Karmarkar]]
* [[Nitin Pradhan]]
* [[Gopal H. Gaonkar]]
* [[Rahul Pandharipande]]
* [[Ajit V. Pai]]
* [[Samir Mitragotri]]
* [[Vijay Raghunath Pandharipande]]
* [[Bharti Kirchner]]
* [[Saurabh Netravalkar]]
* [[Aditya J Patwardhan]]
* [[Shya Chitaley]]
* [[Shri Thanedar]]
* [[Raj Date]]
* [[Michelle Khare]]

}}

;UAE
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|

* [[Zulekha Daud]] UAE's first Woman Doctor

}}

== Awardee ==
;First Indian to receive Magsaysay Award (Asia's Nobel)
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Vinoba Bhave]]
}}

;Ramon Magsaysay - Asia's Noble
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Vinoba Bhave]]
* [[Pandurang Shastri Athavale]]
* [[Baba Amte]]
* [[Rajanikant Arole]]
* [[Mabelle Arole]]
* [[Prakash Amte]]
* [[Mandakini Amte]]
* [[Harish Hande]]
}}

;Bharat Ratna - Highest Civilian Award
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Govind Ballabh Pant]]
* [[Dhondo Keshav Karve]]
* [[Pandurang Vaman Kane]]
* [[Vinoba Bhave]]
* [[B. R. Ambedkar]]
* [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
* [[Sachin Tendulkar]]
* [[Nanaji Deshmukh]]
}}

;Ashok Chakra - India's highest peacetime military decoration award for valour, courageous action or self-sacrifice away from the battlefield.

* [[Hemant Karkare]]
* [[Vijay Salaskar]]
* [[Ashok Kamte]]
* [[Tukaram Omble]]
* [[Jagannath Raoji Chitnis]]
* [[Vijay Salaskar]]

;Param Vir Chakra - India's highest military decoration, awarded for displaying distinguished acts of valour during wartime.

* [[Rama Raghoba Rane]]
* [[Ardeshir Tarapore]]

;Victoria Cross

* [[Yeshwant Ghadge]]
* [[Namdeo Jadhav]]

;Padma Vibhushan- Second Highest Civilian Award of India

*[[Balasaheb Gangadhar Kher]]
*[[Hari Vinayak Pataskar]]
*[[Kaka Kalelkar]]
*[[Dattatraya Shridhar Joshi]]
*[[P. B. Gajendragadkar]]
*[[C. D. Deshmukh]]
*[[Premlila Vithaldas Thackersey]]
*[[Baba Amte]]
*[[Lakshman Shastri Joshi]]
*[[Pandurang Shastri Athavale]]
*[[Nanaji Deshmukh]]
*[[Lata Mangeshkar]]
*[[Kishori Amonkar]]
*[[Jayant Narlikar]]
*[[Nirmala Deshpande]]
*[[V. N. Khare]]
*[[Asha Bhosle]]
*[[Sachin Tendulkar]]
*[[Anil Kakodkar]]
*[[Vijay Kelkar]]
*[[Raghunath Anant Mashelkar]]
*[[Sharad Pawar]]
*[[Balwant Moreshwar Purandare]]
*[[Prabha Atre]]
*[[M. F. Husain]]
*[[Arun Shridhar Vaidya]]
*[[Vasudev Kalkunte Aatre]]
*[[Rajinikanth]]
*[[Madhav Shrihari Aney]]
*[[Kaloji Narayana Rao]]

;Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize

*[[Prafullachandra Vishnu Sane]]
*[[Madhav Gadgil]]
*[[Jayant B. Udgaonkar]]
*[[Dinakar Mashnu Salunke]]
*[[Shekhar C. Mande]]
*[[Sanjeev Galande]]
*[[Shubha Tole]]
*[[Rajesh Sudhir Gokhale]]
*[[Raghavendra Gadagkar]]
*[[Bal Dattatreya Tilak]]
*[[Shridhar Ramachandra Gadre]]
*[[Girjesh Govil]]
*[[Pramod Sadasheo Moharir]]
*[[Janardan Ganpatrao Negi]]
*[[Shridhar Ramachandra Gadre]]
*[[Ashwin Gumaste]]
*[[Amol Arvindrao Kulkarni]]
*[[Yogesh M. Joshi]]
*[[Ashish Kishore Lele]]
*[[Vivek Ranade]]
*[[Vivek Borkar]]
*[[Jyeshtharaj Joshi]]
*[[B. D. Kulkarni]]
*[[Suhas Pandurang Sukhatme]]
*[[Raghunath Anant Mashelkar]]
*[[Kapil Hari Paranjape]]
*[[Rajeeva Laxman Karandikar]]
*[[Eknath Prabhakar Ghate]]
*[[Jayant Vishnu Narlikar]]
*[[Ramanath Cowsik]]
*[[Varun Sahni]]
*[[Atish Dabholkar]]
*[[Umesh Waghmare]]
*[[Nissim Kanekar]]
*[[Mandar Madhukar Deshmukh]]
*[[Chetan Eknath Chitnis]]
*[[Santosh G. Honavar]]
*[[Vidita Ashok Vaidya]]

== Criminals and Gangsters ==
*[[Arun Gawli]], Indian gangster turned politician
*[[Dawood Ibrahim Kaskar]], Indian crime lord and terrorist who was founder of [[D-company]].
*[[Shabir Ibrahim Kaskar]], Indian gangster
*[[Rajendra Sadashiv Nikalje]] (often known as Chota Rajan), Indian gangster
*[[Maya Dolas]], Indian gangster and former member of [[D-company]]
*[[Manya Surve]], Indian gangster
*[[Dilip Buwa]], Indian gangster and sharpshooter
*[[Ravi Pujari]], Indian gangster and extortionist
*[[Chota Shakeel]], Indian gangster and lieutenant of Dawood Ibrahim.

== See also ==
* [[List of people from Maharashtra]]
* [[List of people from Nagpur]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Social groups of Maharashtra}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marathi People, List Of}}
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Lists of people by ethnicity]]

Radha (Sundara Travels actress)

2026-02-15T14:47:52Z

Globaleducollege: New first post needs work

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Radha
| image =
| imagesize =
| birthname =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = Actress
| othername =
| yearsactive = 2002-2008 2012 2023-Present
| spouse =
| parents =
}}

'''Radha''' is an Indian actress who has appeared in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film industry]]. The actress won critical acclaim for her performance in ''[[Sundara Travels]]'' (2002) and later appeared in other Tamil language films.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ammuvagiya-Naan-Bharathi-still-busy/articleshow/3377819.cms|title=Ammuvagiya Naan Bharathi still busy|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Career==
Radha made her debut in the comedy film ''[[Sundara Travels]]'' (2002). The film opened to average reviews and had a successful run at the box office, with the performances of her co-actors [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]] and [[Vadivelu]] being praised.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/09/06/stories/2002090601410201.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030210213606/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/09/06/stories/2002090601410201.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2003-02-10|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2002-09-06|title=Sundara Travels}}</ref> After the release of the film, Radha alleged that the film's producer S. V. Thangaraj had offered her a role in his next film if she slept with him, creating media attention.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} Radha then starred alongside [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] in the long-delayed production ''[[Game (2002 film)|Game]]'' (2002), before portraying small roles in the [[Sathyaraj]]-starrer ''[[Adavadi]]'' (2007) and ''[[Kathavarayan (2008 film)|Kathavarayan]]'' (2008), several years later. She later moved on to appear in television dramas such as ''Bhairavi'' (2012).

In November 2013, Radha lodged a complaint against entrepreneur Faizul, claiming that he had refused to marry her after a six-year live-in relationship and had threatened to make their private videos public. She further alleged that director Erode Soundar been an accessory to Faizul's wrongdoing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Actor-says-lover-blackmailed-her-with-sleazy-clips/articleshow/26233423.cms|title=Actor says lover blackmailed her with sleazy clips|work=The Times of India}}</ref> Within three weeks, she withdrew her complaint against Faizul.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kollytalk.com/cinenews/radha-volte-face-withdraws-complaint-faisool-128054.html|title=Radha does a volte-face, withdraws complaint against Faisool|author=admin|date=20 December 2013|work=KOLLY TALK|access-date=26 September 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063522/http://www.kollytalk.com/cinenews/radha-volte-face-withdraws-complaint-faisool-128054.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In August 2016, Radha claimed that a gangster named Vairam from [[Puzhal Central Prison]] called and threatened her about her relationship with film producer, Munivel. She lodged a police complaint following the incident, though following her press statement, Munivel's wife came out and criticised the actress for damaging her relationship with her husband.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/220816/actress-gets-threat-call-from-puzhal-jail.html | title=Actress gets threat call from Puzhal jail | date=22 August 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eenaduindia.com/states/south/tamil-nadu/chennai-city/2016/08/12112854/Woman-alleges-actor-Radhas-hand-in-husbands-disappearance.vpf|title=Woman alleges actor Radha's hand in husband's disappearance|work=Eenadu India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825184031/http://www.eenaduindia.com/states/south/tamil-nadu/chennai-city/2016/08/12112854/Woman-alleges-actor-Radhas-hand-in-husbands-disappearance.vpf|archive-date=25 August 2016}}</ref>

==Filmography==
;Films
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2"|2002 || ''[[Sundara Travels]]'' || Vasanthy ||
|-
| ''[[Game (2002 film)|Game]]'' || Jaya ||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Maanasthan]]'' || Selvarasu's love interest || Cameo Appearance
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Adavadi]]'' || Chandini ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Kathavarayan (2008 film)|Kathavarayan]]'' || Sarrosa ||
|-
| 2026 || ''[[Sweety Naughty Crazy]]'' || ||
|-
|}

; Television
* 2012 ''[[Bhairavi Aavigalukku Priyamanaval]]'' (Sun TV) - Bhairavi
* 2023 ''[[Bharathi Kannamma 2]]'' (Vijay TV) - Sharmila
* 2024-2025 ''[[Pavithra (TV series)|Pavithra]]'' (Kalaignar TV) - Gayathri

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Living people]]
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Bhel puri

2026-01-31T00:12:44Z

Globaleducollege: cleanup structure to improve readability also and updated info based on references

{{short description|Indian snack}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox prepared food
| name = Bhel puri
| image = File:Behael Puri (6105489342).jpg
| alt = A bowl of several ingredients, including round crisps of dough, thin strands of dough, puffed rice, chutney, and vegetables
| caption = Bhel puri
| place_of_origin = [[Cuisine of Mumbai|Mumbai]]
| associated_cuisine = [[Gujarati cuisine]]
| creator = [[Vithal Bhelwala]] (claimed)
| type = [[Chaat]], [[farsan (food)|farsan]], [[salad]]
| served =
| main_ingredient = [[Muri (food)|Puffed rice]], [[sev (food)|sev]], [[papri]], [[chutney]]
| minor_ingredient = [[Potato]], [[onion]], etc.
| variations = {{hlist|[[Jhalmuri]]|[[masala puri]]|[[churumuri]]}}
| similar_dish = {{hlist|[[Panipuri]]|[[sev puri]]}}
| calories =
| other =
}}
'''Bhel puri''' (also '''bhelpuri''', '''bhel poori''',<ref name="Ayto" /> or simply '''bhel'''<ref name="Krishna" />) is a savoury snack and a type of [[chaat]], commonly served as [[street food]]. It is made of [[puffed rice]], crunchy [[puri (food)|puri]]s, and [[sev (food)|sev]], which are layered with ingredients such as [[potato]] and [[onion]] and topped with [[chutney]]s—typically a [[coriander leaf]] chutney and a tangy [[tamarind]] chutney. Combining as many as fifteen ingredients, it incorporates contrasting textures and flavours. Bhel puri is originally from [[Mumbai]] and is rooted in [[Gujarati cuisine]]. Many similar versions of puffed rice snacks exist across India, including [[jhalmuri]], [[masala puri]], and [[churumuri]].

Bhel puri is the most popular [[Street food of Mumbai|street food in Mumbai]], popular on the city's beaches, and is also served at restaurants. Its origin is disputed. Bhel puri may have been invented by Gujarati migrants in Mumbai as an adaptation of [[North Indian cuisine|North Indian]] chaats. Among other theories on the snack's origin, Mumbai's [[Vithal Bhelwala|Vithal]] restaurant (established 1875) claims to have invented the dish. It began being sold as street food by [[Uttar Pradesh]]i migrants, while Gujaratis and other communities in Mumbai created variations. By the mid-twentieth century, it was a popular dish among all of the city's ethnic groups. Bhel puri is a popular street food in many parts of India, including [[Street food of Kolkata|in Kolkata]]; it is also served by Indian restaurants in other countries.

== Description ==
Bhel puri has a base of [[puffed rice]], [[papri]] (thin, crispy [[puri (food)|puri]]s), and [[sev (food)|sev]] (thin, deep fried pieces of flour), layered with ingredients such as boiled [[potato]]es and chopped [[onion]]s, and topped with [[chutney]].{{sfn|Bindloss|2012|p=24}}<ref name="Khamgaonkar" /><ref name="Packel" /> Various vendors have different recipes, using different proportions of these common ingredients.<ref name="Khamgaonkar">{{Cite news |last=Khamgaonkar |first=Sanjiv |date=12 July 2017 |title=40 Mumbai foods we can't live without |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/mumbai-food-dishes |access-date=9 December 2025 |work=[[CNN Travel]]}}</ref> It is typically made with two chutneys: a spicy, tangy [[tamarind]] chutney (made with [[date (fruit)|date]]s and [[jaggery]]) and a [[coriander leaf]] chutney (made with [[Mentha#Culinary|mint]], [[Chili pepper|chilli]], and [[peanut]]s).{{sfnm|1a1=Trefler|1y=2011|1p=303|2a1=Khoja-Moolji|2y=2023|2p=141}} A red garlic chutney may additionally be used.<ref name="Vijayakar" /> Other ingredients used include coriander leaf, [[tomato]], fried [[lentil]]s, nuts, and spices such as chilli, [[cumin]], and salt.<ref name="Vijayakar" /><ref name="Saberi" />{{sfnm|1a1=Malhi|1y=2004|1p=216|2a1=Trefler|2y=2011|2p=303|3a1=Bindloss|3y=2012|3p=24}} In [[Mumbai]], bhel puri commonly includes raw [[mango]].<ref name="Elsa">{{Cite news |last=Elsa |first=Evangeline |date=May 17, 2021 |title=Pani puri and chaat: Everything you need to know about the great Indian leveller |url=https://gulfnews.com/food/pani-puri-and-chaat-everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-great-indian-leveller-1.1613487889043 |access-date=11 December 2025 |work=[[Gulf News]]}}</ref>

[[File:Indian cuisine-Chaat-Bhelpuri-06.jpg|thumb|alt=A street food vendor spoons onions onto newsprint to serve. His stall has several ingredients, including puffed rice, peanuts, tomatoes, lemons, and chillis.|Bhel puri vendors mix ingredients one at a time.]]
Bhel puri is a type of [[chaat]], or savoury snack.{{sfn|Bindloss|2012|p=24}} Like other chaats, it uses deep fried ingredients; however, it does not use [[dahi (curd)|dahi]], and it may have as many as fifteen basic components, unlike typical chaats with only two or three.{{sfn|Sanghvi|2004|p=101}} Bhel puri has a balance of sweet, tart, and spicy flavours, as well as different textures; the dish is prepared by adding one ingredient at a time to preserve each texture.{{sfn|Mallapragada|2017|p=93}} According to food writer [[Vir Sanghvi]], the texture relies on precise timing and proportion, and the complexity of the texture is not typical of [[Indian cuisine]].{{sfn|Sanghvi|2004|p=101}} Some people classify bhel puri as a [[salad]].{{sfn|Bindloss|2012|p=24}}


Bhel puri is a [[street food]], usually eaten while standing; it is traditionally eaten by hand, using the papri to hold the food,<ref name="Packel" /> although a spoon may be used.{{sfn|Bindloss|2012|p=24}} Vendors, known as {{lang|hi-Latn|bhel[[Wallah|wallas]]}}, serve it on [[leaf plate]]s{{sfn|Trefler|2011|p=303}} or [[newsprint]].<ref name="Vijayakar" /> Bhel puri is most commonly an evening snack.<ref name="Khamgaonkar" />{{sfn|Custodio|Ynion|Samaddar|Cuevas|2021|p=6}} It is also served as a [[farsan (food)|farsan]], a category of [[afternoon tea]] snack in [[Gujarati cuisine]].{{sfn|Sen|2009|p=407}} Bhel puri, like many street foods, is served raw, which is a risk factor for [[foodborne illness]].{{sfn|Sabharwal|Arya|Verma|2020|pp=82}} Some studies have found high rates of bacteria such as ''[[E. coli]]'' in bhel puri.{{efn|Studies have found bacteria in bhel puri from street vendors in [[Vadodara]], Gujarat, in 2005; [[Bangalore]] in 2010;{{sfn|Das|Rath|Mohapatra|2011|pp=567–568}} and [[Buldhana District]], Maharashtra, in 2012.{{sfn|Sabharwal|Arya|Verma|2020|pp=81}}}}

Ingredients similar to bhel puri are also used for the chaats [[panipuri]], [[sev puri]], and [[dahi puri]], which are instead made with small, spherical puris and do not use puffed rice.<ref name="Vijayakar" /> Bhel puri is one of many snacks based on puffed rice;{{sfn|Malhi|2004|p=216}} other versions exist in many parts of India, modified to suit local cuisines.<ref name="Sripathi">{{Cite news |last=Sripathi |first=Apoorva |date=24 September 2015 |title=Relish the local flavour |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Food/chennais-indigenous-chaat-masala-pori-tapioca-chips-and-more/article7565909.ece |access-date=11 December 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The [[Bengali cuisine|Bengali]] variant of bhel puri is called [[jhalmuri]], which is made with [[mustard oil]].{{sfnm|1a1=Malhi|1y=2004|1p=152|2a1=Dev Kumar|2a2=John Muthiah|2a3=Adhikari|2y=2025|2p=18}} [[Masala puri]] is another version, made with boiled peanuts.<ref name="Sripathi" /> In the [[cuisine of Karnataka]], a similar dish is [[churumuri]] (also called mandakki), which, unlike bhel puri, is mixed to order; a variant of mandakki called girmit also includes cooked ingredients.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narayan |first=Shoba |author-link=Shoba Narayan (writer)|date=8 June 2023 |title=Better than bhel puri: Girmit or mandakki |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/the-ecosystem-of-karnataka-s-churmuri-and-girmit-a-connection-between-people-and-a-customised-snack-experience-101686167215117.html |access-date=11 December 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> An [[Indo-Chinese cuisine|Indo-Chinese]] chaat dish called [[Chinese bhel]] is based on bhel puri<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mishan |first=Ligaya |date=1 August 2013 |title=The Marriage of Indian and Chinese Cuisines |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/07/dining/reviews/hungry-city-spice-symphony-in-midtown-east.html?searchResultPosition=13 |access-date=11 December 2025 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> and uses noodles, [[scallion]]s, and [[chilli sauce]].<ref name="Krishna">{{Cite news |last=Krishna |first=Priya |author-link=Priya Krishna (journalist) |date=17 August 2020 |title=Chaat Is More Than the Sum of Its Many Flavors |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/17/dining/chaat-recipes-maneet-chauhan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250503134416/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/17/dining/chaat-recipes-maneet-chauhan.html |archive-date=3 May 2025 |access-date=9 December 2025 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

== History ==
=== Origin ===
{{Multiple image|total_width=260
| image1=Shew mothi.jpg |alt1=A long strand of sev
| image2=Puffed Rice 1.jpg |alt2=Puffed rice
| footer=[[Sev (food)|Sev]] and [[puffed rice]] are ingredients used in [[Gujarati cuisine]].
}}
Sanghvi writes that, while the category of chaats originated in [[North Indian cuisine]]—particularly [[Uttar Pradesh cuisine|that of Uttar Pradesh]]—bhel puri is generally said to have originated in the [[cuisine of Mumbai]].<ref name="Sanghvi 2020" /> Rooted in both Uttar Pradeshi chaat and Gujarati foods,<ref name="Sanghvi 2020" /> it is considered a Gujarati dish.<ref name="Ayto" />{{efn|Sanghvi states that bhel is "probably" a Gujarati dish, despite being from Mumbai, Maharashtra, considering it an inconsequential distinction as Maharashtra and Gujarat [[Bombay State|had no official division before 1960]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sanghvi |first=Vir |author-link=Vir Sanghvi |date=10 September 2016 |title=Who invented the rasgulla and Mysore pak? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/who-invented-the-rasgulla-and-mysore-pak/story-WQ2sOek81dov6l6q0W7wkK.html |access-date=11 December 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>}} Sanghvi describes it as the only chaat dish that did not originate in North India.{{sfn|Sanghvi|2004|p=101}} According to food writer Vikram Doctor, it is based on chaat as well as the category of puffed rice snacks, which is from East and South India.<ref name="Packel">{{Cite news |last=Packel |first=Dan |date=19 October 2011 |title=Inside India's Street Food Paradise |url=https://www.afar.com/magazine/indias-street-food-paradise--2 |access-date=12 December 2025 |work=[[AFAR (magazine)|AFAR]]}}</ref> According to Sanghvi, the ingredients like sev and puffed rice are of Gujarati origin,<ref name="Sanghvi 2020">{{Cite news |last=Sanghvi |first=Vir |author-link=Vir Sanghvi |date=26 July 2020 |title=Rude Food by Vir Sanghvi: A requiem for Bombay bhelpuri |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/rude-food-by-vir-sanghvi-a-requiem-for-bombay-bhelpuri/story-rDn9SJCh72ABULSJS0FBMK.html |access-date=9 December 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> and, according to food writer [[Kunal Vijaykar]], the use of these ingredients is rooted in the Gujarati farsan.<ref name="Vijayakar">{{Cite news |last=Vijayakar |first=Kunal |author-link=Kunal Vijaykar |date=23 June 2018 |title=Maska Maarke: An ode to the bhel puri walla bhaiyya |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/maska-maarke-an-ode-to-the-bhel-puri-walla-bhaiyya/story-yl7seR9GO3419GFCyfriiP.html |access-date=28 November 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Anthropologist Harris Solomon writes, "bhel puri has a lineage connected to groups ranging from Gujaratis to others as far away as [[West Bengal]]."{{sfn|Solomon|2016|p=243}} The term ''bhel puri'' comes from Hindi ''bhel'', which means 'mixture'.<ref name="Ayto">{{Cite book |last=Ayto |first=John |title=The Diner's Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-19-174443-3 |edition=2nd |entry=Bhel puri |entry-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199640249.001.0001/acref-9780199640249-e-1477 |entry-url-access=subscription}}</ref>

The exact origin of bhel puri is disputed.{{sfn|Sanghvi|2004|p=101}} A restaurant called [[Vithal Bhelwala|Vithal]], near the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus railway station|Victoria Terminus station]] in Mumbai, was founded in 1875 and has claimed to have invented bhel puri.{{sfn|Sanghvi|2004|p=101}}<ref name="Vijayakar" /> Vithal is widely credited with the dish's invention,{{sfn|Sanghvi|2004|p=140}} but, according to Vijaykar, its claim is apocryphal.<ref name="Vijayakar" /> A legend says the dish originated during the rule of seventeenth-century [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] emperor [[Shivaji]], who wanted a snack to be made and eaten quickly by soldiers before battle.{{sfn|Bindloss|2012|p=24}}{{Additional citation needed|date=January 2026}} Another theory is that it was invented on Mumbai's [[Chowpatty Beach]].<ref name="Vijayakar" /> According to Sanghvi, bhel puri was conceived by the city's [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] community, who made it by adding complex flavours to the simple North Indian chaat.{{sfn|Sanghvi|2004|p=101}} The earliest known recorded recipe for bhel puri is from the [[British Raj|British colonial era]], by William Harold, a cook sent by the [[British Army]] to Bombay to research the dish so it could be served by army canteens.{{sfn|Bindloss|2012|p=24}}{{Additional citation needed|date=January 2026}}

According to Sanghvi, Uttar Pradheshi chaat vendors in Mumbai began selling bhel puri soon after the dish's creation.{{sfn|Sanghvi|2004|p=140}} Gujarati housewives soon created several homemade versions of the dish,{{sfn|Sanghvi|2004|p=102}} with fewer spices than modern bhel puri, and using ingredients such as [[date (fruit)|date]] chutney rather than tamarind.<ref name="Sanghvi 2020" /> Many of Mumbai's communities made their own variations.{{sfn|Sanghvi|2004|p=102}}

=== Widespread popularity ===
[[File:Drummond Street, Euston - geograph.org.uk - 548880.jpg|thumb|alt=A restaurant on a city street.|[[Diwana Bhel Poori House]] introduced the dish to [[London]].]]
In the 1960s and 1970s, many of Mumbai's bhel puri vendors were from Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="Sanghvi 2020" /> Thus, Mumbaikars address bhel puri vendors as {{lang|hi-Latn|[[bhaiyya (term)|bhaiyya]]}}, a term used for North Indian men.<ref name="Vijayakar" />{{sfn|Sanghvi|2004|p=101}} Mumbai at the time was a city with distinct ethnic populations, and bhel puri was popular among all ethnic groups. It became a popular [[street food]] on the city's beaches<ref name="Sanghvi 2020" /> and was also served at restaurants. Mumbai's [[Udupi cuisine|Udipi]] restaurants—such as Shetty, owned by migrants from [[Mangalore]]—made a version of the dish with heavy use of lemon, and another popular version was made by [[Sindhi people]] at the Kailash Parbat Chaat House in the [[Colaba]] neighbourhood.{{sfn|Sanghvi|2004|p=102}}

The chaat restaurant [[Swati Snacks|Swati]] was established in the early 1960s<ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=17 June 2025 |title=Swati Snacks' Asha Jhaveri, known for pioneering Indian chaat, passes away at 79 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/swati-snacks-asha-jhaveri-indian-chaat-passes-away-at-79-10071649/ |access-date=11 December 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> by Gujarati migrants in Mumbai and quickly gained popularity. Its version of bhel puri became known as the true version, and bhel puri became more associated with Gujaratis than Uttar Pradeshis.<ref name="Sanghvi 2020" /> Bhel puri was introduced to [[London]] by Jayant Shah, an immigrant from Mumbai who established the restaurant [[Diwana Bhel Poori House]] in 1972, as he felt nostalgic for the dish.{{sfn|Basu|2003|p=32}}

Sanghvi wrote in 2020 that Mumbaikars no longer saw bhel puri as the city's favourite dish, instead seeing it as similar to [[panipuri]], while more modern, mass-produced dishes, such as [[vada pav]] and [[pav bhaji]], had become more emblematic of the city.<ref name="Sanghvi 2020" />

== Consumption ==
[[File:Bhel Puri at Juhu Beach.jpg|thumb|alt=Bhel puri being eaten with a spoon on an outdoor table.|Bhel puri served as street food at [[Juhu Beach]], Mumbai]]
Bhel puri is the most common dish in the [[street food of Mumbai]].<ref name="Khamgaonkar" />{{sfn|Trefler|2011|p=303}} It is available across the city<ref name="Khamgaonkar" /><ref name="Vijayakar" /> from street vendors and restaurants.{{sfn|Bindloss|2012|p=24}} It is particularly popular on the beaches of Mumbai, such as [[Girgaum Chowpatty|Chowpatty]] or [[Juhu Beach|Juhu]].<ref name="Khamgaonkar" /> Many vendors in the city attract followings.<ref name="Khamgaonkar" /> It has been considered as the city's favourite street food dish;{{sfn|Solomon|2016|p=243}} food writer [[Madhur Jaffrey]] described the dish's popularity:<ref name="Saberi">{{Cite book |last=Saberi |first=Helen |year=2014 |title=[[The Oxford Companion to Food]] |chapter=Poori |chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199677337.001.0001/acref-9780199677337-e-1907 |chapter-url-access=subscription |editor-last=Davidson |editor-first=Alan |editor-link=Alan Davidson (food writer) |editor-last2=Jaine |editor-first2=Tom |edition=3rd |doi=10.1093/acref/9780199677337.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-175627-6}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|text=
But there is one equalizer in Bombay to which everyone succumbs—[[Parsi]] millionaires, movie stars and taxi drivers alike—and that is bhel-poori. Bhel-poori is a snack. The place to have it is Chowpatty Beach, the time sundown, when most of Bombay like to promenade by the sea to 'eat the air'.
|title=''Madhur Jaffrey's Flavours of India'' (1995)}}

Like other Mumbai street foods, bhel puri has spread to most parts of India.{{sfn|Dev Kumar|John Muthiah|Adhikari|2025|p=18}} In both urban and rural areas, the snack is culturally associated with street vendors at busy locations such as beaches and marketplaces.{{sfn|Mallapragada|2017|p=93}} It is a popular [[Street food of Kolkata|street food in Kolkata]]. The area of the city around [[Lake Kalibari]] has two popular bhel puri stalls, Khirkiwala (since the 1930s) and Bhelwala (since 1983),<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gomes |first=Lygeia |date=6 August 2022 |title=The 'tok', 'jhal' and mostly 'mishti' tales behind Lake Kalibari's bhel puri stalls |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/food/bepul-khirkiwala-and-chandu-bhelwala-the-stories-of-kolkatas-famed-bhelpuri-and-papdi-chaat-stalls-near-lake-kalibari-on-southern-avenue/cid/1878622 |access-date=11 December 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref> and is known for a version called Lake bhelpuri, which contains [[dhokla]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gomes |first=Lygeia |date=5 August 2022 |title=In pictures: Eight Kolkata street food favourites, and where to try them |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/food/where-to-find-kolkatas-famous-street-foods-from-moong-dal-vadas-bhelpuri-and-dhokla-chaat-to-beef-rolls-pork-momos-and-malai-kebabs-photogallery/cid/1878397?slide=1 |access-date=11 December 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref> Street food vendors in Kolkata also serve bhel puri on bread, known as "bhelpuri toast".<ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=30 October 2021 |title=Harsh Goenka calls Kolkata's bhelpuri toast a 'must try'; netizens agree |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/harsh-goenka-calls-kolkata-s-bhelpuri-toast-a-must-try-netizens-agree-11635588205826.html |access-date=12 December 2025 |work=[[Livemint]]}}</ref> In the United States, Indian restaurants commonly serve bhel puri as an [[appetizer]], along with other street foods and other Western Indian dishes. It is also served at Indian snack shops in the country.<ref>{{Cite book |editor-last=Smith |editor-first=Andrew F. |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-19-973922-6 |edition=2nd |entry=Indian American Food |entry-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199734962.001.0001/acref-9780199734962-e-0420 |entry-url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Supermarkets stock [[Convenience food|ready-to-eat]] packets of bhel puri and similar snacks like sev puri.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mumbai: A gastronomic's paradise!|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-27/food-reviews/28197690_1_world-cuisine-restaurants-thai-pavilion|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615130100/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-27/food-reviews/28197690_1_world-cuisine-restaurants-thai-pavilion|archive-date=15 June 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 July 2009}}</ref> The snack company [[Haldiram's]] sells a version of bhel puri, which it markets in Western India.{{sfn|Ahmed|Ahmed|Talukder|Sultana|2020|pp=247–248}} Bhel mix is a product that includes puffed rice, papri, and sev, to be used as a base for bhel puri or as a snack on its own.{{sfn|Bladholm|2000|p=162}} Another product sold in grocery stores is bhel chutney, consisting of tamarind chutney with puffed rice and sev.{{sfn|Bladholm|2000|p=162}}

== See also ==
* [[Sev mamra]]
* [[Ghugni]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
=== Works cited ===
* {{Cite journal |last1=Ahmed |first1=Jashim Uddin |last2=Ahmed |first2=Asma |last3=Talukder |first3=Niza |last4=Sultana |first4=Ishrat |last5=Anika |first5=Farzana Haque |date=December 2020 |title=Haldiram's in India |journal=Journal of Operations and Strategic Planning |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=240–256 |doi=10.1177/2516600X20968966 |issn=2516-600X}}
* {{Cite book |last=Basu |first=Shrabani |author-link=Shrabani Basu |url=https://archive.org/details/currystoryofnati0000basu/page/32 |title=Curry: The Story of the Nation's Favourite Dish |publisher=[[Sutton Publishing]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7509-3374-2 |edition=1st |orig-date=1999 |url-access=registration |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bindloss |first=Joe |url=https://archive.org/details/worldsbeststreet0000unse/page/24/ |title=The world's best street food: where to find it & how to make it |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-74220-593-9 |edition=1st |url-access=registration |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bladholm |first=Linda |title=The Indian Grocery Store Demystified |date=12 August 2000 |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers]] |url=https://archive.org/details/indiangrocerysto00blad/ |url-access=registration |page=167 |via=[[Internet Archive]] |isbn=1-58063-143-6}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Custodio |first1=Marie Claire |last2=Ynion |first2=Jhoanne |last3=Samaddar |first3=Arindam |last4=Cuevas |first4=Rosa Paula |last5=Mohanty |first5=Suva Kanta |last6=Ray (Chakravarti) |first6=Anindita |last7=Demont |first7=Matty |date=March 2021 |title=Unraveling heterogeneity of consumers' food choice: Implications for nutrition interventions in eastern India |journal=Global Food Security |volume=28 |article-number=100497 |doi=10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100497 |doi-access=free |pmc=7937786 |pmid=33738189 |bibcode=2021GlFS...2800497C }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Das |first1=Madhuchhanda |last2=Rath |first2=Chandi C. |last3=Mohapatra |first3=U. B. |date=12 January 2011 |title=Bacteriology of a most popular street food (Panipuri) and inhibitory effect of essential oils on bacterial growth |journal=[[Journal of Food Science and Technology]] |volume=49 |issue=5 |pages=564–571 |doi=10.1007/s13197-010-0202-2 |issn=0022-1155 |pmc=3550854 |pmid=24082267}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Dev Kumar |first1=Govindaraj |chapter=Eating and Drinking in India: A Cultural Perspective |date=2025 |title=Handbook of Eating and Drinking |pages=1–29 |editor-last=Meiselman |editor-first=Herbert L. |place=Cham |publisher=[[Springer Nature Switzerland]] |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-75388-1_204-1 |isbn=978-3-319-75388-1 |last2=John Muthiah |first2=Johana L. |last3=Adhikari |first3=Koushik}}
* {{Cite book |last=Khoja-Moolji |first=Shenila |author-link=Shenila Khoja-Moolji |title=Rebuilding Community: Displaced Women and the Making of a Shia Ismaili Muslim Sociality |date=22 July 2023 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-764206-1 |pages=151–164 |chapter=Culinary Placemaking |doi=10.1093/oso/9780197642023.001.0001}}
* {{Cite book |last=Malhi |first=Manju |author-link=Manju Malhi |url=https://archive.org/details/indiawithpassion0000manj |title=India with Passion |date=14 October 2004 |publisher=[[Mitchell Beazley]] |isbn=978-1-84000-947-7 |url-access=registration |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mallapragada |first=Madhavi |chapter=The Wired Home: Commodified Belonging for the Transnational Family |title=Virtual Homelands: Indian Immigrants and Online Cultures in the United States |date=2017-04-20 |publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]] |volume=1 |language=en |doi=10.5406/illinois/9780252038631.003.0004}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Sabharwal |first1=Prabhjot Kaur |chapter=Street Foods: Safety and Potential |date=2020 |title=Emerging Technologies in Food Science |pages=79–84 |editor-last=Thakur |editor-first=Monika |place=Singapore |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer Singapore]] |doi=10.1007/978-981-15-2556-8_7 |isbn=978-981-15-2555-1 |last2=Arya |first2=Vandana |last3=Verma |first3=Chaynika |editor2-last=Modi |editor2-first=V. K.}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sanghvi |first=Vir |author-link=Vir Sanghvi |title=Rude Food: The Collected Food Writings of Vir Sanghvi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eK1uGVxmEiUC&pg=PA100 |year=2004 |publisher=[[Penguin Books India]] |isbn=978-0-14-303139-0 |pages=100–102 |via=[[Google Books]]}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Colleen Taylor |author-link=Colleen Taylor Sen |chapter=Indian meals |date=2009 |title=Meals in Science and Practice |pages=394–412 |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |doi=10.1533/9781845695712.6.394 |isbn=978-1-84569-403-6}}
* {{Cite book |last=Solomon |first=Harris |title=Metabolic Living: Food, Fat, and the Absorption of Illness in India |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-8223-7444-2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Trefler |first=Caroline |title=Essential India |publisher=[[Fodor's Travel Publications]] |year=2011 |isbn=9781400005291 |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781400005291/ |url-access=registration |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}

{{Indian Dishes}}
{{Bangladeshi dishes}}
{{Mumbai topics}}
{{Street food}}

[[Category:Puri (food)]]
[[Category:Indian snack foods]]
[[Category:Jharkhandi cuisine]]
[[Category:Indian fast food]]
[[Category:Culture of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Gujarati cuisine]]
[[Category:Bengali cuisine]]
[[Category:Street food in India]]
[[Category:Vegetarian dishes of India]]

Rithika Tamil Selvi

2026-01-25T16:52:25Z

Globaleducollege: New first info w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian television actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rithika Tamil Selvi
| image =
| birth_date =
| othername = Rithika
| birth_place = [[Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2018 {{endash}} present
| spouse = Vinu (m. 2022)
| children = 1
}}

'''Rithika Tamil Selvi''' is an Indian television actress who predominately appears in Tamil television shows.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil-serial-actress-ritika-tamil-aruvi-lifestyle-update-350970/|title=வறுமை.. பார்ட்டைம் வேலை… சோகம் கலந்த பாக்யலட்சுமி அமிர்தாவின் ரியல் லைப்}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> She is well known for appearing on the comedy-cooking show [[Cooku with Comali (season 2)|''Cooku'' ''With Comali'']]. She is the first runner-up of the comedy reality show ''[[Comedy Raja Kalakkal Rani]]''.

==Career==
Rithika first appeared in the TV serial as an actress ''[[Raja Rani (Tamil TV series)|Raja Rani]]'' in 2018 playing a character named Vinothini. After her debut she played a major role in another Vijay TV serial called ''[[Baakiyalakshmi]]'' in 2020. In 2021, she participated as a contestant in the popular comedy cooking show ''[[Cooku With Comali]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldhab.com/cook-with-comali-2-wild-card-entry-who-is-the-new-contestant-in-cwc-season-2/|title=Vijay TV actress Rithika is a new contestant|website=www.worldhab.com|date=3 February 2021|access-date=11 December 2021|archive-date=11 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211091109/https://www.worldhab.com/cook-with-comali-2-wild-card-entry-who-is-the-new-contestant-in-cwc-season-2/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2021, she also appeared in many special shows.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://getindianews.com/single-ponnunga-today-11th-july-2021-full-episode-rithikas-special-kavithai-for-bala/|title=Rithika's Special Kavithai for Bala!|website=getindianews.com|access-date=11 December 2021|archive-date=11 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211091110/https://getindianews.com/single-ponnunga-today-11th-july-2021-full-episode-rithikas-special-kavithai-for-bala/|url-status=dead}}</ref> She later also appeared in reality shows such as ''Nammavar Kamal'', ''Start Music (season 2)'' and ''Comedy Raja Kalakkal Rani'' which she emerged as the first runner-up.{{fact|date=December 2023}}

==Personal life==
In 2022, Rithika married a business man named Vinu.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-11-15 |title='Cook With Comali' fame Rithika to get married soon |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/cook-with-comali-fame-rithika-to-get-married-soon/articleshow/95535368.cms |access-date=2023-06-04 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/actress-rithika-marriage-who-is-rithika-husband-cooku-with-comali-2-bhagyalakshmi-raja-rani-tamil-news-327415|title='Bhagyalakshmi' fame actress Rithika to get married soon - DEETS|website=www.indiaglitz.com|access-date=26 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-11-21 |title='Cooku with Comali' fame actress Rithika gets married |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/cooku-with-comali-fame-actress-rithika-gets-married/articleshow/95659903.cms |access-date=2023-06-04 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She is currently pregnant with their first child.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Baakiyalakshmi star Rithika aka Tamil Selvi ANNOUNCED her pregnancy|work=Tellychakkar |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/regional/south/baakiyalakshmi-star-rithika-aka-tamil-selvi-announced-her-pregnancy-240316}}</ref>

==Television==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Show !! Role !! class=unsortable|Notes
|-
| 2018–2019 || ''[[Raja Rani (Tamil TV series)|Raja Rani]]'' || Vinodini ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2019–2020 || ''[[Siva Manasula Sakthi (TV series)|Siva Manasula Sakthi]]'' || Archana ||
|-
||''[[Chocolate (Tamil TV series)|Chocolate]]'' || Amrudha a.k.a. Ammu ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2020–2021 ||''Thirumagal'' || Megathi Kesavan ||
|-
|[[Cooku with Comali (season 2)|''Cooku with Comali'']]|| Contestant ||Top 6
|-
| [[Start Music (TV show)|''Start Music'']] ||Contestant||Star Player
|-
|2020||''4G''|| ||Short Film
|-
| 2021–2023 ||''[[Baakiyalakshmi]]'' || Amritha ||
|-
|rowspan="3"|2021||''Single Ponnunga''||rowspan="2"|Herself||
|-
|''Nammavar kamal''||Guest
|-
|''[[Comedy Raja Kalakkal Rani]]''||Herself||{{runner-up|1st Runner-Up}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|2022||''[[Raju Vootla Party]]''||Herself||
|-
|''[[Pandian Stores]]''||Amritha||Special appearance
|}

==Films==
* ''[[Sattam En Kaiyil (2024 film)|Sattam En Kaiyil]]'' (2024) - Nivetha, Gautham's sister

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|12288803}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tamil Selvi, Rithika}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]

{{India-tv-actor-stub}}

Kakkad Hydro Electric Project

2026-01-22T17:59:41Z

Globaleducollege: adding stub - done

{{more footnotes|date=March 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = Kakkad Hydro Electric Project
| name_official =
| image_caption = The dam as viewed from near the visitor center
| location_map_caption = Pathanamthitta
| coordinates =
| country = [[India]]
| purpose = Hydroelectric
| status = Completed
| construction_began = 1999
| owner = [[Kerala State Electricity Board]]
| plant_type = Hydro Power Plant
| plant_capacity = 50 MW (2 x 25 MW)
|website = [http://www.kseb.in Kerala State Electricity Board]
| image =
}}

The '''Kakkad Hydroelectric Power Plant''' is located near [[Seethathode]], in the [[Pathanamthitta district]] of the Indian state of [[Kerala]]. It is operated by the [[Kerala State Electricity Board]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Kakkad_Hydroelectric_Project_JH01238|title=Kakkad Hydroelectric Project JH01238 -|website=india-wris.nrsc.gov.in|language=en|access-date=2018-03-20}}</ref>

This hydropower plant has a design capacity of 50 [[Watt#MWe|MWe]]. It has 2 turbines, commissioned in 1998 and 1999.

==Features==

The project is in the second stage of development. The installed capacity is 50 MW (2 x 25MW). This scheme utilizes the tail race water from Sabarigiri power station and water from the [[Moozhiyar Dam|Moozhiyar]] and Velluthode rivers. Two dams store water for the powerhouse. The main reservoir is on the Moozhiyar. The second reservoir is formed by the [[Veluthodu dam]], across the Velluthode river. After generating power, water is released to the [[Kakkattar|Kakkad River]]. [[Allunkal Dam|Ullunkal]] and Karikkayam power stations use this water for power generation and then release it into the [[Maniyar Dam|Maniyar reservoir]] for power generation at the Maniyar power station.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Kerala hydropower station
! Attribute !! Value
|-
|State Name||Kerala
|-
|District||Pathanamthitta
|-
|River||Moozhiyar, Veluthodu /Pamba
|-
|Basin Name||West flowing rivers from Tadri to Kanyakumari
|-
|Hydro Elec Region||Southern HE Region
|-
|Total Installed Capacity (MW)||50
|-
|Type of Project||Hydroelectric Powerplant
|-
|Project Status||Completed
|-
|Project Owner Type||Government
|-
|Owner Name||Kerala State Electricity Board
|-
|Inter Basin Project||No
|-
|Project Sharing||None
|-
|Inter State Agreement- (Ratio like 50:50)
|-
|International Sharing||None
|}

==Related projects==
*Kakkad Power House
*[[Upper Moozhiyar Dam]]
*Upper Moozhiyar Spillway Dam
*Veluthoda Forebay (Kakkad) Dam
* [[Moolamattom hydro power station]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{stack|{{Portal|India|Water|Renewable energy}}}}
* http://globalenergyobservatory.org/geoid/43256 [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] This article contains quotations from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/us/ Attribution 3.0 United States (CC BY 3.0 US) license].
* http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Kakkad_Hydroelectric_Project_JH01238
* https://web.archive.org/web/20180419021140/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Kakkad_Hep_Power_House_PH01245
* http://www.kseb.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=70&Itemid=717&lang=en{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=15gYl0vntP4

[[Category:Hydroelectric power stations in Kerala]]
[[Category:Pamba River]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Pathanamthitta district]]

Agnipariksha (2009 TV series)

2026-01-13T20:58:27Z

Globaleducollege: adding a article

{{short description|2009 Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Agnipariksha Bengali Soap Opera Poster.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Indian Soap Opera]]
| creator = [[Acropoliis Entertainment Pvt. Ltd.]]
| based_on =
| developer =
| screenplay = Puja Chatterji Soumyava Goswami Asita Dialogue Chandan, Kunal, Arpita, Sourav
| director = Sudipto Das<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.in.com/tv/shows/zee-bangla-324/agnipariksha-26191.html|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130517025611/http://www.in.com/tv/shows/zee-bangla-324/agnipariksha-26191.html|archive-date = 17 May 2013|title = Latest Entertainment News: Celebrity News, Latest News on TV Reality Shows, Breaking News & Trending Stories News18}}</ref>
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring =
| judges =
| voices =
| narrator =
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 1533
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Snigdha Basu
| editor =
| location = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| cinematography =
| camera =
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = [[Acropoliis Entertainment Pvt. Ltd.]]
| network = [[Zee Bangla]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2009|5|18}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2014|4|5}}
| related =
}}

'''Agnipariksha''' ({{Translation|''Trial by Fire''}}) was an Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]] television serial, starring [[Sonali Chowdhury]] and popular cine-actor [[Bhaswar Chatterjee]] in lead roles that was telecasted by [[Zee Bangla]] between 2009 and 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bengali.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/tollywood-movies-actor-bhaswar-chatterjee-remembering-their-good-days-memory-of-agniparikhsa-bengali-serial-pb-353873.html|title=ভাস্বর ও সোনালির জুটি ছিল সবচেয়ে রোমান্টিক ! দশ বছর পর স্মৃতিচারণায় অভিনেতা|website=Bengali News 18}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/viewership/zee-bangla-brings-back-8-old-shows-to-entertain-viewers-200331|title=Zee Bangla brings back 8 old shows to entertain viewers|website=Indian Television}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/zee-bangla-brings-back-ek-akasher-niche-agnipariksha-bhutu-and-other-old-shows-207020/|title=ফিরছে 'এক আকাশের নীচে', 'অগ্নিপরীক্ষা', লকডাউনে নস্টালজিয়া জি বাংলায়|website=bengali.indianexpress.com|language=bn}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The serial is about the story of a dark-skinned girl. It revolved around a girl and her everyday struggles of colorimeter and life generally.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tvshows.sulekha.com/agni-pariksha_on_zee-bangla-tv_home.htm |title=Agni Pariksha Zee Bangla TV Program|Agni Pariksha TV Program Videos|Agni Pariksha TV Program Pictures & Stills |access-date=2015-02-26 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150227042804/http://tvshows.sulekha.com/agni-pariksha_on_zee-bangla-tv_home.htm |archive-date=2015-02-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ibollytv.com/showmovie_info.php?movie_name=Agnipariksha |title=Watch Agnipariksha (Zee Bangla) Bengali TV Show Watch Online |access-date=2015-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226091752/http://www.ibollytv.com/showmovie_info.php?movie_name=Agnipariksha |archive-date=2015-02-26 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://serialzone.in/bengali/zee-bangla/5090-agni-pariksha-serial|title=Agni Pariksha Serial - Zee Bangla TV Serial Episodes|date=20 January 2013|website=SerialZone}}</ref>

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Sonali Chowdhury]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/exclusive-interview-of-actor-sonali-chowdhury-dgtl/cid/1357459|title= Sonali Chowdhury: মাতৃত্বযাপন, ‘বডি শেমিং’, ক্যামেরার সামনে ফেরার লড়াইয়ের কথা শোনালেন সোনালী|website=Anandabazar}}</ref> as Aparna Debroy (née Aparna Maitra): Nirupama's elder daughter; Doyel and Rai's sister; Saikat's wife; Ayushi's mother.
* [[Bhaswar Chatterjee]] as Saikat Debroy: Dibakar and Sutapa's elder son; Bashudha and Mayukh's brother; Aparna's husband.
*Swaralipi Chatterjee as Doyel Adhikary (née Doyel Maitra): Nirupama's second daughter; Aparna and Rai's sister; Rudro's wife; Neel's mother.
* Shoumo Banerjee as Rudronil Adhikary/Rudro: Doyel's husband; Neel's father.
* Sarbani Chakraborty as Rai Bose (née Rai Maitra): Nirupama's younger daughter; Aparna and Doyel's sister; Krishanu's wife.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/actress-wife-for-subhas-son-agnipariksha-star-is-now-daughter-in-law-of-late-sports-minister-shifts-to-salt-lake/cid/416687|title=Actress wife for Subhas son - Agnipariksha star is now daughter-in-law of late sports minister, shifts to Salt Lake|website=Telegraph India}}</ref>
* [[Dwaipayan Das]] as Krishanu Bose: Rai's husband.
* Anindita Bhattacharya / Piyali Mukherjee as Ayushi Debroy Chatterjee: Aparna and Saikat's daughter; Mekhla's cousin sister; Agni's wife
* [[Rupsa Chatterjee]] as Mekhla Debroy Chatterjee: Mohona and Mayukh's daughter; Ayushi's cousin sister; Ani's wife.
* Abhishek Saha / Arnab Chowdhury as Ani Chatterjee: Mekhla's husband; Ayushi's former lover; Agni's brother.
* Biresh Chakraborty as Agni Chatterjee: Ayushi's husband; Ani's elder brother.

=== Recurring ===
* [[Rimjhim Mitra]] as Mohona Debroy: Mayukh's wife; Mekhla's mother.
* Dhrubajyoti Sarkar as Mayukh Debroy: Dibakar and Sutapa's younger son; Saikat and Bashudha's brother; Mohona's husband; Mekhla's father.
* Dr. Basudeb Mukherjee as Dibakar Debroy: Saikat, Mayukh and Bashudha's father; Sutapa's husband; Aparna's father-in-law. Head of Debroy Family.
* Nandini Chatterjee as Sutapa Debroy: Saikat, Mayukh and Bashuda's mother; Dibakar's wife; Aparna's Mother-in-law.
* Lopamudra Sinha / [[Samata Das]] as Bashudha: Dibakar and Sutapa's daughter; Saikat and Mayukh's sister; Rono's wife.
* [[Debshankar Haldar]] as Rono: Bashudha's husband.
* [[Kamalika Banerjee]] / Ranjini Chattopadhayay as Jayanti: Sutapa's sister; Saikat, Mayukh and Bashudha's Maternal aunt; Debojit's wife.
* Debarati Paul as Piu: Jayanti's daughter.
* Biplab Banerjee as Debojit: Jayanti's husband; Saikat, Mayukh and Bashudha's Maternal Uncle.
* Papiya Sen as Tui Maa: Sutapa's Elder sister; Saikat, Mayukh and Bashudha's Maternal Aunt.
* Animesh Bhaduri as Rajat: Saikat's friend; Aparna's former fiancée.
* [[Ankita Chakraborty]] as Madhura: Ananda's daughter; Saikat's former fiancée.
* Mayna Banerjee as Lily: Sasankha's daughter; Dibakar's niece; Saikat, Mayukh and Bashudha's cousin sister.
* [[Bratya Basu]]<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=http://www.in.com/tv/shows/zee-bangla-324/agnipariksha-26191.html |title=Agnipariksha Show on Friday 17th May on Zee Bangla: Agnipariksha Show Schedule, Songs and Trailer Videos |website=www.in.com |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517025611/http://www.in.com/tv/shows/zee-bangla-324/agnipariksha-26191.html |archive-date=17 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> as Sasankha: Dibakar's brother; Lily's father; Saikat, Mayukh and Bashudha's Paternal uncle.
* Goutam Dey as Ananda: Dibakar's friend; Madhura's father.
* Rupsha Guha as Chandra Chowdhury: Meera's daughter; Rudro's lover; Rishi's adopted mother.
* Rajat Ganguly as Someshwar Adhikary: Rudro's father; Doyel's Father-in-law. Head of Adhikary family.
* Aparajita Ghosh as Rajeshwari Roychowdhury aka Raji: Someshwar's sister; Rudro's Paternal aunt.
* Baisakhi Marjit as Meera Chowdhury: Chandra's mother; Adhikary family's caretaker.
* [[Manasi Sinha]] as Rohini Maitra: Sandip and Sujan's mother; Aparna, Doyel and Rai's Paternal aunt.
* Phalguni Chatterjee as Monotosh Maitra: Rohini's husband; Sandip and Sujan's father; Aparna, Doyel and Rai's Paternal uncle.
* Sandip Chakraborty as Sandip Maitra: Aparna, Doyel and Rai's cousin brother; Sujan's elder brother.
* [[Soma Dey]] as Nirupoma: Aparna, Doyel and Rai's mother.
* Sourav Das as Sujan Maitra: Aparna, Doyel and Rai's cousin brother; Sandip's brother.
* [[Promita Chakraborty]] as Muskan.
* Atonu as Irfan: Muskan's husband; Sandip's childhood friend.
* Anindya Banerjee as Arjun Sinha.
* [[Kushal Chakraborty]] as Dr. Satrughna.
* [[Sritama Bhattacharjee]] as Binni: Sujan's girlfriend.
* Anindya Chakrabarti as Chandan Roy Chowdhury: Urmila's father
* Sreetama Roy Chowdhury / Rumpa Das as Ahona: Ani and Agni's cousin sister; Rishi's fiancée.
* [[Mithu Chakraborty]] as Agni's mother; Ayushi and Mekhla's Mother-in-law.
* Sumanta Mukherjee as Agni's father; Ayushi and Mekhla's Father-in-law.
* Prerona Bhattacharjee as Urmila Maitra: Sujan's Wife; Chandan's Daughter; Monotosh and Rohini's younger daughter-in-law.
* Rajiv Bose as Adult Sujan Maitra.<ref>{{cite web|url=
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/actor-rajiv-bose-turns-emotional-about-agniparikhsa-days/articleshow/74969557.cms|title= Actor Rajiv Bose turns emotional about 'Agnipariksha' days|website= The Times of India}}</ref>
* Priyanka Rati Pal as Ruby: Agni's love interest.
* Sudip Sarkar as Rishi: Chandra's adoptive son; Ahona's fiancé.

== Leap ==
The show took a 18-year leap in 2013 and gain more trp ratings, After the leap the story was focused on the love story between Ayushi, Agni and Mekhla.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=2288243}}

{{Acropolis Entertainment Pvt. Ltd.}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agnipariksha}}
[[Category:Zee Bangla original programming]]
[[Category:2009 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2014 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Bengali-language television programming in India]]
[[Category:Acropoliis films]]

A Region in Turmoil

2026-01-12T04:30:08Z

Globaleducollege: adding a post

{{Short description|South Asian conflicts book article}}
{{Infobox book
| italic title = 
| name = A Region in Turmoil: South Asian Conflicts since 1947
| image = A Region in Turmoil - South Asian Conflicts since 1947.jpg
| image_size =
| border = yes
| alt = An image of the book cover for this book
| caption = Book cover
| author = Rob Johnson
| audio_read_by =
| title_orig =
| orig_lang_code =
| title_working =
| translator =
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = England
| language =
| series = Contemporary Worlds
| release_number =
| subject = History of South Asia, Insurgency, Postcolonialism, Military history
| genre = Nonfiction
| set_in = South Asia
| publisher = Reaktion Books
| publisher2 = and University of Chicago Press
| pub_date = 2005
| english_pub_date =
| published =
| media_type = Print, E-Book
| pages = 268
| awards =
| isbn = 1861892578
| isbn_note = and 9781861892577
| oclc = 59356415
| dewey =
| congress = DS341 .J64 2006
| preceded_by = 
| followed_by = 
| native_wikisource =
| wikisource =
| notes =
| exclude_cover =
| website = [https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/R/bo3621503.html Official website]
}}
'''''A Region in Turmoil: South Asian Conflicts since 1947''''' is a scholarly nonfiction book written by Rob Johnson and published by [[Reaktion Books]], London, in 2005.<ref name=gill>{{cite journal | jstor=4138108 | last1=Gill | first1=John H. | title=Reviewed work: A Region in Turmoil: South Asian Conflicts since 1947, Rod Johnson; Kargil: From Surprise to Victory, V. P. Malik | journal=The Journal of Military History | year=2007 | volume=71 | issue=1 | pages=292–293 | doi=10.1353/jmh.2007.0025 | s2cid=162276401 }}</ref><ref name=talbot>{{cite journal | jstor=3806227 | last1=Talbot | first1=Ian | title=Reviewed work: A Region in Turmoil: South Asian Conflicts since 1947, Rob Johnson | journal=The English Historical Review | year=2006 | volume=121 | issue=491 | pages=643–644 | doi=10.1093/ehr/cel092 }}</ref><ref name=ganguly>{{cite journal | jstor=40022117 | last1=Ganguly | first1=Sumit | title=Reviewed work: A Region in Turmoil: South Asian Conflicts Since 1947, Rob Johnson | journal=Pacific Affairs | year=2006 | volume=79 | issue=3 | pages=550–551 }}</ref><ref name=choice>{{cite journal| url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/225722594 | title=A region in turmoil: South Asian conflicts since 1947|journal=Choice (Middletown)|volume=43|issue=10|date=2006}} [[ProQuest]]</ref>

==Synopsis==
John H. Gill, reviewing the book for ''[[The Journal of Military History]]'', defines the region of [[South Asia]] as encompassing a territory that extends from [[Afghanistan]] to [[Bangladesh]]. He says the author also includes [[Burma]] (present day [[Myanmar]]) to enable discussion of border concerns it has with India. Gill also says, the author further elaborates on other issues pertaining to this smaller region.<ref name=gill/> Gill additionally observes that the author maintains an objective, but not sterile narration.

The book overviews the numerous conflicts that have occurred in the region since the British withdrawal after World War II. In doing so, this overview outlines the interconnections between the forms of volatile conflicts; the roots of the tensions and disputes, including religion, ethnic tension, ideology, and historical experiences; while also connecting the results.<ref name=gill/><ref name=talbot/> This method allows the author to portray the diverse settings for violent behavior in this southern region. This approach illuminates the complex interrelations that are involved.<ref name=gill/><ref name=talbot/><ref name=choice/>

Thus, this book is a [[comparative study]] of the parallels drawn from the variety of conflicts occurring since 1947. These conflicts share a common methodology including "armed confrontations, insurrections, communal riots, insurgencies, acts of terrorism, and wars."<ref name=choice/> The nations involved are: India, [[Pakistan]], Afghanistan, Bangladesh, [[Sri Lanka]], [[Nepal]], and Myanmar. Also, global influences impact this region in the form of "conflicts, insurgency, terror, and peace making."<ref name=choice/> Such influences also result in diasporas but the effects of nationalism from abroad are not covered.<ref name=talbot/>

==Reception==
R.D. Long writing for Choice says, "Johnson has provided a sophisticated and informative analysis. Summing Up: Highly recommended." However, John H. Gill, of The Journal of Military History, among other criticisms says "...the narrative traverses the broad features of South Asia's political-diplomatic and military history rather erratically without giving sufficient focus to the themes raised in the introduction." He also says the book introduces errors in some of the events it covers.<ref name=gill/>

==Chapters==
Below are the titles of the book chapters:<ref>{{cite book | url=https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/R/bo3621503.html | title=A Region in Turmoil: South Asian Conflicts since 1947|publisher=University of Chicago Press|access-date=August 22, 2022}} Distributed for [[Reaktion Books]].</ref>
# The significance of conflicts in South Asia
# Conflicts in India
# Conflicts in Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal and Myanmar
# Global influences on South Asian conflicts
# The Kashmir dispute, 1947-2004
# The India-China conflict of 1962
# The India-Pakistan wars of 1965 and 1971, and the Bangladesh war of independence
# Afghanistan : the Soviet occupation, 1979–89
# Afghanistan : the Civil War, 1989-2001
# Insurgency, terror and peace-making
# Conclusion : points of conflict in South Asia

==See also==
* ''[[The American War in Afghanistan: A History]]'' (2021 Oxford University Press, 2021) by [[Carter Malkasian]].
* ''[[Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia]]'' (Yale University Press, 2000), by [[Ahmed Rashid]].
* [[Sumit Ganguly]] Professor of Political Science at Indiana University.
* [[Partition of India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Official website|https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/R/bo3621503.html}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Region in Turmoil}}
[[Category:British non-fiction books]]
[[Category:2005 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Books about Asia]]
[[Category:Books about Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Books about Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Books about Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Books about Nepal]]
[[Category:Books about Myanmar]]
[[Category:Books about Pakistan]]
[[Category:Books about India]]
[[Category:Military history of Asia]]
[[Category:Non-fiction books about war]]
[[Category:Books about terrorism]]
[[Category:English-language non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Reaktion Books books]]

Panrui

2026-01-04T11:08:04Z

Globaleducollege: New new data initial version

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Panrui
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.78024|N|87.60722|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 61
| population_total = 1146
| population_as_of = 2016
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 731121
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bolpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolpur]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Labpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Labpur]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:ᱯᱟᱺᱰᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ.jpg|thumb|Panrui Market]]

'''Panrui''' is a village in [[Sainthia (community development block)|Sainthia]] and a [[community development block]] in the [[Suri Sadar subdivision]] of the [[Birbhum district]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. It is about {{Convert|160|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Kolkata]] and {{Convert|18|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Visva-Bharati University]]. It is also {{Convert|18|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Siuri, Nepal|Siuri]], the sadar town of [[Birbhum district]]. It has a population of 1,146.

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=380| height=300| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|53|30|N|87|27|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in Suri Sadar subdivision of Birbhum district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, B: Barrage. Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|54|46|N|87|29|38|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1=Karidhya | numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Karidhya]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=13| mark-size1=13|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|54|0|N|87|30|28|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2=Kalipur | numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Kalipur, Birbhum]] (CT)|
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|50|20|N|87|41|28|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Ahmedpur | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Ahmedpur, Birbhum]] (CT)|
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|57|16|N|87|18|50|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Rajnagar | numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Rajnagar, Birbhum]] (CT)|
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|54|24|N|87|31|38|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5=Suri |label-size5=14 | numbered5=M| mark-title5= [[Suri, Birbhum]] (M)|label-color5=#800000
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|56|30|N|87|40|49|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6=Sainthia | numbered6=M| mark-title6= [[Sainthia]] (M)|label-color6=#800000
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|48|43|N|87|22|30|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7=Dubrajpur | numbered7=M| mark-title7= [[Dubrajpur]] (M)|label-color7=#800000
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|59|38|N|87|34|19|E}} | label-pos8=top|label8= Mohammad Bazar| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Mohammad Bazar, Birbhum]] (R)|shape-color8=#A40000
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|52|10|N|87|17|4|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Lokpur| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Lokpur]] (R)|shape-color9=#A40000
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|55|42|N|87|23|6|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Chandrapur| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Chandrapur, Birbhum]] (R)|shape-color10=#A40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|46|49|N|87|36|26|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Panrui| numbered11=R| mark-title11= Panrui (R)|shape-color11=black| label-size11=13|label-color11=black 
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|47|0|N|87|15|56|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Khoyrasol| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Khoyrasol]] (R)|shape-color12=#A40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|46|15|N|87|12|20|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Kankartala| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Kankartala]] (R)|shape-color13=#A40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|50|7|N|87|27|20|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= BTPP Township| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Bakreswar Thermal Power Plant Township]] (R)|shape-color14=#A40000
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|58|39|N|87|35|45|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15= Angar Garia| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Angar Garia]] (R)|shape-color15=#A40000
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|51|55|N|87|34|43|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Purandarpur| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Purandarpur]] (R)|shape-color16=#A40000
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|46|40|N|87|24|12|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Hetampur|numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Hetampur]] (R)|shape-color17=#A40000
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|49|2|N|87|34|30|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Abinashpur|numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Abinashpur]] (R)|shape-color18=#A40000
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|48|25|N|87|15|31|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Nakrakonda|numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Nakrakonda]] (R)|shape-color19=#A40000
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|57|53|N|87|28|22|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20= Bara Chaturi|numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Bara Chaturi]] (R)|shape-color20=#A40000
|mark-coord21={{coord|24|2|48|N|87|34|56|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= Deucha|numbered21=R| mark-title21= [[Deucha]] (R)|shape-color21=#A40000
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|52|48|N|87|22|12|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22= Bakreshwar|numbered22=R| mark-title22= [[Bakreshwar]] (R)|shape-color22=#A40000
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|55|37|N|87|26|4|E}} | label-pos23=top|label23= Patharchapuri|numbered23=R| mark-title23= [[Patharchapuri]] (R)|shape-color23=#A40000
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|56|45|N|87|31|31|E}} | label-pos24=right|label24= Tilpara |labela24=Barrage| numbered24=B| mark-title24= [[Mayurakshi River#Tilpara Barrage]] (B)|shape-color24=#0048BA
|mark-coord25={{coord|24.0048|87.3818}}| label25=Mayurakshi |labela25=River| label-color25 = #77A1CB| label-angle25=48| label-pos25=top| label-size25=10| mark-size25=0| mark-title25 =none
|mark-coord26={{coord|23.7868|87.5254}}| label26=Bakreshwar|labela26= River| label-color26 = #77A1CB| label-angle26=2| label-pos26=top| label-size26=10| mark-size26=0| mark-title26 =none
|mark-coord27={{coord|23.7224|87.3245}}| label27=Ajay River| label-color27 = #77A1CB| label-angle27=2| label-pos27=top| label-size27=10| mark-size27=0| mark-title27 =none}}

[[File:Panrui Birbhum.jpg|thumb|Panrui during winter]]

==Police station==
The Panrui police station has jurisdiction over the panrui community development block.<ref name=handbook2008>{{cite web| url = http://birbhum.nic.in/dept/BAES_DIST_STAT_BK_2008.pdf |title = District Statistical Handbook 2008, Birbhum |work = Table 2.1 | publisher= Bureau of Applied Economics and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | accessdate = 11 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://birbhumpolice.org/policestation.php | title = Birbhum Police | work = Police Stations | publisher = West Bengal Police | accessdate = 11 February 2018 | archive-date = 12 February 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180212131641/http://birbhumpolice.org/policestation.php | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Panrui had a total population of 923 people, 478 (52%) of which were males and 445 (48%) were females. There were 114 persons under the age of six. The total number of literate people in Panrui was 632 (78.12% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 11 February 2018 }}</ref>

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Panrui
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Panrui
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|width=
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|Orange|93.29}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam|Muslim]]|Green|6.71}}
}}

[[File:Panrui Union Amjad High School.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Panrui Union Amjad High School]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Birbhum District}}

[[Category:Villages in Birbhum district]]

Shiva Advaita

2025-11-30T01:49:55Z

Globaleducollege: brief update information further and improved wording for consistency

{{Short description|Shaivite school of philosophy from Southern India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Hindu philosophy}}
'''Shiva Advaita''' ([[Devanagari]]:शिवाद्वैत, Tamil: சிவாத்வைதம், ''Śivādvaitam'', {{langx|kn|ಶಿವಾದ್ವೈತ}}, {{IAST|Śivādvaita}}), also known as {{IAST|Śiva Viśiṣṭādvaita}} or [[Shaivite]] ''[[Vishishtadvaita|qualified nondualism]]'',{{sfn|Chaudhuri|1962|p=2}}{{sfn|Subramuniyaswami|2003|p=1223}} refers to Śrīkaṇṭha Śivācārya's (dated 11th-15th century CE{{sfn|Radhakrishna|1960|pp=66}}{{sfn|Chaudhuri|1962|p=7}}{{sfn|Subramuniyaswami|2003|p=1223}}{{sfn|Johnson|2009}}{{sfn|Dalal|2014}}{{sfn|Duquette|2016|p=68, note 2}}) [[Southern India]] [[Shaivism|Shaivite]] commentary on the [[Brahma Sutras]], which considers [[Shiva]] supreme,{{sfn|Johnson|2009}} and to Appayya's 16th century CE{{sfn|Duquette|2016|p=67}} commentary on Śrīkaṇṭha Śivācārya's stance.{{sfn|Duquette|2016|p=68, note 1}}

==Origins==
Śrīkaṇṭha Śivācārya (also known as Nīlakaṇṭha Śivācārya) composed the Srikanta Bhashyam,{{sfn|Kantha|1897}} a commentary on the [[Brahma Sutras]], which became known as Śivādvaita.{{sfn|Ramesan|1972|p=67}} The time frame of Śrīkaṇṭha's work is not exactly known, but it is argued to fall somewhere between the 11th and 11 century,{{sfn|Radhakrishna|1960|pp=66}}{{sfn|Chaudhuri|1962|p=7}}{{sfn|Subramuniyaswami|2003|p=1223}}{{sfn|Johnson|2009}}{{sfn|Dalal|2014}}{{sfn|Duquette|2016|p=68, note 2}} with the 14th to 15th century being more likely, according to Duquette.{{sfn|Duquette|2016}}{{efn|Kasivasi Senthinatha Iyer places it in the 7th century, arguing that it appeared before all the [[Brahma Sutras|Bhashyams]] like [[Shankaracharya|Shankara]], [[Ramanuja]], and [[Madhvacharya|Madhva]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=தமிழில் காசிவாசி செந்திநாதையர் |url=http://archive.org/details/Acc.No.16426BrahmasutraSivadvaitaSaivapadiyam2005 |title=பிரமசூத்திர சிவாத்துவித சைவபாடியம் |date=2005}}</ref>}} [[Appayya Dikshita|Sri Appayya Dikshita]] (16th century CE{{sfn|Duquette|2016|p=67}}) contributed further to Shiva Advaita by expounding Śrīkaṇṭha's philosophy in his Sivarka Mani Dipika.{{sfn|Ramesan|1972|p=67}}

==Tenets==
The theory of ''Śivadvaita'' resembles very closely Ramanuja's ''[[Vishishtadvaita|Viśiṣṭādvaita]]'' non-dualism doctrine,{{efn|Compared to the Smārta tradition of Advaita, which regards Shiva as a manifestation of saguṇa Brahman ultimately dissolving into the impersonal nirguṇa Brahman, Srikanta’s Shiva Advaita is more sectarian and theistic, emphasizing Shiva as the unique and supreme Parabrahman.}} but differs in who is considered Supreme. While Ramanuja considers Vishnu to be supreme, Śrīkaṇṭha considers Shiva supreme.{{sfn|Ramesan|1972|p=67}}{{sfn|Subramuniyaswami|2003|p=1223}}{{sfn|Ramesan|1972|p=67}} While Śrīkaṇṭha does not deny [[Nirguna Brahman]], which is central to [[Advaita Vedanta|Advaita]],{{sfn|Duquette|2016}} he affirms the supremacy of [[Saguna brahman|Saguna Brahman]], typical of qualified non-dualism. However, Appayya affirms a form of pure non-dualism, and recasts Śrīkaṇṭha's work in an effort to establish Shiva Advaita in his ''Śivādvaitanirṇaya''.{{sfn|Duquette|2016}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}

* {{cite book | last =Chaudhuri | first =Roma | year =1962 | title =Doctrine Of Srikantha Vol 1&2 | publisher =Institute of Oriental Learning | url =https://archive.org/details/doctrine-of-srikantha-2vols/Doctrine%20of%20Srikantha%20Vol%2001/page/n7/mode/1up}}

* {{cite book | last =Dalal | first =Roshen | year =2014 | author-link =Roshen Dalal | chapter =Shivadvaita | title =Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|isbn=9788184752779 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Duquette |first=Jonathan |date=2016 |title=Reading Non-Dualism in Śivādvaita Vedānta: An Argument from the Śivādvaitanirṇaya in Light of the Śivārkamaṇidīpikā |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44157294 |journal=Journal of Indian Philosophy |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=67–79 |doi=10.1007/s10781-014-9231-x |jstor=44157294 |s2cid=171076332 |issn=0022-1791|url-access=subscription }}

* {{cite book| last =Johnson | first =W. J. | year =2009 | title =A Dictionary of Hinduism
| url = http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198610250.001.0001/acref-9780198610250-e-2285 | publisher =Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-861025-0 | via=[[Oxford Reference]]}} {{closed access}}

* {{Cite book |last=Kantha |date=1897| title =The Vedanta Sutras With SriKantha Bhashya | translator-last =Mahadeva Sastri |url=http://archive.org/details/TheVedantaSutrasWithSriKanthaBhashya_201712 }}

* {{cite book | last =Radhakrishna | first =Sarvepalli | author-link =Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan | year =1960 | title =Brahma Sutra, The Philosophy of Spiritual Life | url =https://archive.org/stream/Sarvepalli.Radhakrishnan-Brahma.Sutra-The.Philosophy.of.Spiritual.Life/Radhakrishnan-Brahma.Sutra-The.Philosophy.of.Spiritual.Life#page/n21/mode/2up}}
* {{Cite book | last=Ramesan |first=N. | date =1972 | title=Sri Appayya Dikshita |publisher=Srimad Appayya Dikshitendra Granthavali Prakasana Samithi; [sole distributors: B. G. Paul, Madras |pages=67 |language=en|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KAkYAAAAIAAJ }}

* {{cite book|last=Subramuniyaswami|first=Satguru Sivaya|year=2003|title=Merging with Śiva: Hinduism's contemporary metaphysics|publisher=Himalayan Academy Publications|isbn=978-0-945497-99-8}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | last =Chaudhuri | first =Roma | year =1962 | title =Doctrine Of Srikantha Vol 1&2 | publisher =Institute of Oriental Learning | url =https://archive.org/details/doctrine-of-srikantha-2vols/Doctrine%20of%20Srikantha%20Vol%2001/page/n7/mode/1up | ref=none}}

[[Category:Hindu philosophy]]
[[Category:Advaita]]
[[Category:Shaivism]]
[[Category:Schools and traditions in ancient Indian philosophy]]
[[Category:Advaita Shaivism]]

{{Hindu-philo-stub}}