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Ahmad Yar Khan Naeemi

2026-05-06T13:11:53Z

GlennVarner228: starting new article

{{Short description|Islamic scholar and writer}}

{{Infobox religious biography
| name = Mufti Ahmad Yaar Khan Naeemi
| birth_date = {{birth date|1894|03|01}} 4 Jamadi ul-Ula 1324
| birth_place = [[Budaun]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]], [[British India]] (present-day [[Budaun]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{Date of death and age|1971|10|24|1894|03|01}} 3 Ramadan 1391
| death_place = [[Gujrat, Pakistan]]
| resting_place = [[Gujrat, Pakistan]]
| resting_place_coordinates = {{coord|32.577072|74.081815|display=inline,title}}
| nationality = [[Pakistani]]
| education = Madrasa Shamsul Uloom, [[Budaun]]
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
| denomination = [[Sunni]]
| jurisprudence = [[Hanafi]]
| creed = [[Maturidi]]
| movement = [[Barelvi]]
| Sufi_order = [[Qadri]]
| notable works = ''Aik Islam'' ''Ameer Muawiyah Radi-Allah-Anhu par Aik Nazar'' ''Asrar al-Ahkam'' ''Diwan-e-Salik'' ''Fatawa Naeemiya'' ''[[Ilm al-Miras]]'' ''[[Ilm al-Quran]]'' ''Islam ki Chaar Usooli Istilahain'' ''Islami Zindagi'' ''[[Ja al-Haq]]'' ''Mirat al-Manajih (8 Volumes)'' ''Naeem al-Bari fi Inshirah al-Bukhari'' ''Rehmat Khuda ba-Waseela Awliya Allah'' ''Risalah Noor'' ''Safar Namay'' ''Shaan Habib ur-Rahman'' ''Saltanat e Mustafa'' ''[[Tafsir Naeemi|Tafsir Naeemi (11 Volumes)]]'' ''[[Tafsir Noor ul-Irfan]]''
| children = Mufti Mukhtar Ahmad Khan 
Mufti Iqtadar Ahmad Khan
| relatives = Father: Mawlana Muhammad Yar Khan ibn Munawwar Khan
}}

'''Mufti Ahmed Yaar Khan Naeemi''' was a [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Islamic]] scholar, commentator, jurist, and [[Sufi]] from the [[Indian subcontinent]]. He was honored with the title [[Hakim (title)|Hakim]] al-[[Ummah|Ummat]] (Wise Leader of the Nation). He is well known for his theological contributions and his magnum opus, ''[[Tafseer Naeemi|Tafsir Naeemi]]'', which is a comprehensive exegesis of the [[Quran|Holy Quran]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ta'ala |first=Allama Qari Luqman Shahid Hafizahullahu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=23eyEAAAQBAJ&dq=%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86+%D9%86%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C&pg=PA547 |title=Tehreerate Luqman |date=2023-03-08 |publisher=Abde Mustafa Official |language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Naṣīr |first=Gul K̲h̲ān |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=caxFAQAAMAAJ&q=%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86 |title=Tārīk̲h̲-i Balūcistān |date=1979 |publisher=Qallāt Pablisharz |language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pakistan |first=Research Society of |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YMrjAAAAMAAJ&q=%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86 |title=Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan |date=2006 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Anonymous |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YAP1DwAAQBAJ&dq=%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86&pg=PT463 |title=Kitāb shināsi-yi āthār-i Fārsi-yi chāp shuda dar shibh-i qāra (Hind, Pākistān, Banglādish), 1160-1387/1195-1428/1781-2007. Volume 4 |date=2019-05-15 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-40608-7 |language=fa}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
He was born in the month of [[Shawwal]] in the year 1894, to Muhammad Yaar Khan in the district of [[Budaun]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.

He began his education under the guidance of his father until the age of 10. His life was marked by a deep engagement with Islamic education, which laid the foundation for his future contributions to Islamic scholarship. After completing his education, he remained in India for some time, where he was involved in teaching, issuing [[Fatwa|fatwas]] (Islamic legal opinions), and writing. His scholarly pursuits were not confined to one place; he later [[Muhajir (Pakistan)|moved to Pakistan]], dedicating his life to serving Islam through various scholarly activities. Naeemi's educational journey equipped him with the knowledge and skills that would later influence his extensive writings and theological discussions. His works, particularly in the form of fatwas and his exegesis of the Quran, reflect a profound understanding of [[Fiqh|Islamic jurisprudence]] and theology, which he acquired through his rigorous education and scholarly endeavors.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Qadri |first=Muhammad Khan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yQdBBQAAQBAJ&dq=%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86+%D9%86%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C&pg=PA258 |title=Prophecy & Verses of Koran: Knowledge Article |publisher=Urdu-Books |language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rizwi |first=Javed Aslam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SOVoBQAAQBAJ&dq=%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86&pg=PA25 |title=Modulus of Heaven: Door of Heavem |publisher=Urdu-Books |language=ur}}</ref>

== Life ==
He is a testament to his dedication to [[Islamic sciences|Islamic scholarship]] and [[Sufism|spirituality]]. He then pursued advanced studies in Islamic jurisprudence, theology, and philosophy, which laid the foundation for his future contributions. In 1916, he attended Madrasa Shamsul Uloom in [[Budaun]], where he studied until 1919. His quest for knowledge took him to [[Moradabad]], where he delved deeper into Islamic sciences under the tutelage of Maulana Qader Bakhsh Budauni. It was during this period that he met Imam [[Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi]], a meeting that would have a profound impact on his intellectual and spiritual journey. After completing his studies at [[Jamia Naeemia Moradabad]], he began teaching and writing, eventually [[Muhajir (Pakistan)|moving to Pakistan]].

There, he continued his scholarly work, which included issuing fatwas and writing his magnum opus, ''[[Tafsir Naeemi]]''. His theological insights and interpretations in this exegesis are considered innovative within Sunni orthodoxy and continue to influence Islamic discourse today. Naeemi's life was marked by a relentless pursuit of knowledge and a deep commitment to serving the Islamic community. His legacy as a scholar, jurist, and Sufi is preserved through his extensive writings and the impact he had on Islamic thought and practice. His works, particularly ''[[Tafsir Naeemi]]'', remain a valuable resource for scholars and students of Islam.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Madani |first=Muhammad Sajid |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2viTEAAAQBAJ&dq=%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86+%D9%86%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C&pg=PA27 |title=Iman Afroz Tahareer |date=2022-10-10 |publisher=Abde Mustafa Official |language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tube |first=Urdu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LDmTCgAAQBAJ&dq=%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86&pg=PA225 |title=Suspense Oct 15: Urdu Digest |publisher=Urdu-Books |language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=International |first=Darut Tahqiqat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PIKYEAAAQBAJ&dq=%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86&pg=PT22 |title=Mahnama Tehqeeqat (Rabiul Awwal 1444 Hijri) |date=2022-10-29 |publisher=Abde Mustafa Official |language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kichhouchvi |first=Hazrat Ashraful-ulema Abul Hasan Shykh Saiyed Mohammed Ashraf Ashrafi-Jilani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NdiEDwAAQBAJ&dq=%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86&pg=PT47 |title=MAHNAMA SUFI E MILLAT VOL-2: JANUARY 2019 |date=2019-01-05 |publisher=Hind Technologies |language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jalali |first=Shuaib Attari |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrmiEAAAQBAJ&dq=%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86&pg=PA26 |title=Firqa -e- Batila Ka Taqub |date=2022-12-19 |publisher=Abde Mustafa Official |language=ur}}</ref>

== Literary works ==
His literary contributions include a variety of works that have been influential in Islamic scholarship.<ref>{{Cite book |last=International |first=Darut Tahqiqat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PIKYEAAAQBAJ&dq=%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86+%D9%86%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C&pg=PT70 |title=Mahnama Tehqeeqat (Rabiul Awwal 1444 Hijri) |date=2022-10-29 |publisher=Abde Mustafa Official |language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Anjum |first=Vakīl |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pGcaAAAAMAAJ&dq=%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86&pg=PA177 |title=سىاست کے فرعون |date=1896 |publisher=فىروز سنز، |isbn=978-969-0-01126-8 |language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ashrafi |first=Muhammad Muneer Ahmad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0cqTEAAAQBAJ&dq=%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86&pg=PA138 |title=Zar Khana -e- Ashraf |date=2022-10-08 |publisher=Abde Mustafa Official |language=ur}}</ref> These works reflect Naeemi's deep engagement with Islamic theology, jurisprudence, and spirituality. His writings continue to be studied and respected for their insights and contributions to Islamic thought.<ref>{{Cite book |last=BESANT |first=Thomas Henry Gatehouse |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7QteAAAAcAAJ&dq=%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86&pg=PT88 |title=Fārsī aur Urdū kī inshā. The Persian and Urdu Letter-Writer, with an English translation and vocabulary. Compiled and translated by Captain T. H. G. Besant ... with the assistance of Namat Khan, Munshi Akbarabadi. Second edition |date=1845 |publisher=Ostell & Lepage |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1hs3AQAAMAAJ&dq=%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86&pg=PT88 |title=Persian and Urdu Letter-writer |date=1845 |publisher=Ostell and LePage, British Library |language=en}}</ref> Some of his works are in alphabetical order:

* ''Aik Islam''
* ''Ameer Muawiah radiy-Allāhu-anhu par ek nazar''
* ''Deewaan-e-Saalik''
* ''Haqeeqat-e-Nasab''
* ''[[Ilm ul-Quran]]''
* ''Ilm-ul-Miraṡ:'' It explains the Islamic laws of [[inheritance]].
* ''Islam ki Chaar Usooli Istilaahen''
* ''Islami Zindagi: A work that delves into the principles of living an Islamic life.''
* ''Israr-ul-Ahkaam Ba Anwaar-ul-Qu’ran''
* ''[[Ja al-Haq]]: It is a groundbreaking book, in which the beliefs, doctrines, and practices of [[Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘ah|Ahl al-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘ah]] are presented with strong scholarly and logical arguments.''
* ''Mawaa’az Naeemiya''
* ''[[Mirat ul-Manajih Sharah Mishkat ul-Masabih]]: It is the sharh of the famous hadith book [[Mishkat al-Masabih|Mishkat ul-Masabih]] in 8 Volumes.''
* ''Naeem-ul-Bari Fee Inshirah al-Bukhari:'' It is a sharh of ''[[Sahih al-Bukhari|Sahih Bukhari]]''.
* ''Rahmat-e-Khuda ba Waseela e Auliya Allāh''
* ''Risala-e-Noor: A collection that includes various short stories, articles, and other writings.''
* ''Safar Namay: A book that discusses astonishing events and situations in the Islamic context.''
* ''Saltanat-e-Mustafa (sallallāhu alaihi wasallam) Dar Mamlikat e Kibriya''
* ''Shaan-e-Habeeb-ur-Rahmān''
* ''[[Tafseer Naeemi|Tafsir Naeemi]]'': This is his magnum opus, a comprehensive exegesis of the [[Quran|Holy Quran]] that spans multiple volumes.
* ''[[Tafsir Noor ul-Irfan|Tafsir Noor-ul-Irfan]]'': It is a concise tafsir of the Holy Quran in one volume. Despite its brevity, it is highly comprehensive.<ref>Maulana Mufti Abdul Hameed Naeemi (2011). ''Hayat-e-Hakeem al-Ummat'', “Chapter 4: Hakeem al-Ummat as a Mufassir.” Naeemi Kutub Khana: Lahore. p. 105.</ref> It conveys the following in a simple and effective manner:<ref>Ali Hussain Hashmi Hadawi (2020). [https://urdu.islamonweb.net/translations-and-interpretations-of-the-Holy-Quran-by-Indian-Sunni-Scholars “Translations and Interpretations of the Holy Qur'an by Indian Sunni Scholars''”'']'','' 18 August 2020, Islam on Web. Accessed Tuesday, 23 April 2024.</ref> explains phrase-by-phrase, and sometimes even word-by-word, brings in or refers to other relevant Quranic verses and hadiths, explains grammatical points, expounds occasions of revelation, presents juristic rulings, mentions spiritual insights, derives solutions to contemporary issues and important lessons and many more things.<ref>Qazi Abd al-Nabi Kokab (1971) [Date of publication not mentioned; however, the author has recorded the date in the preface as follows]. ''Hayat-e-Salik.'' Maktaba Islamiya, Gujrat: Pakistan. p. 60.</ref>

== Teachers ==
He was influenced by several teachers and mentors who played a significant role in shaping his intellectual and spiritual development. Some of his teachers are as follows.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tube |first=Urdu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9IlQBAAAQBAJ&dq=%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86&pg=PA52 |title=Tale Aug 14: Urdu Digest |publisher=Urdu Movies |language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nizami |first=Prof Khaleeq Ahmad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PKtNAgAAQBAJ&dq=%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86&pg=PT204 |title=History of Scholars of Chishti Order: Urdu |publisher=Urdu Movies |language=ur}}</ref>

* [[Naeem-ud-Deen Muradabadi|Naeemuddin Muradabadi]]
* Qadir Bakhs Badayuni
* [[Mushtaq Ahmad Siddiqi Kanpuri]]
* Ahmad Hasan Kanpuri

== Legacy ==
His ''[[Tafsir Naeemi]]'' is among the most widely read commentaries on the Quran. He established Madrasa Ghausia Naeemia, where he dedicated himself to teaching until the end of his life. He was the follower and caliph of [[Naeem-ud-Deen Muradabadi|Syed Naeem-ud-din Qadri Moradabadi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Qadri |first=Muhammad Khan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yQdBBQAAQBAJ&dq=%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86&pg=PA285 |title=Prophecy & Verses of Koran: Knowledge Article |publisher=Urdu-Books |language=ur}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He had two sons:

* Mufti Mukhtar Ahmad Khan<ref name=":0" />
* Mufti Iqtidar Ahmad Khan<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Beale |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JZctk5Kbf2wC&dq=%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86&pg=PA30 |title=The Oriental Biographical Dictionary |date=1881 |language=en}}</ref>

== Death ==
He died on 3 Ramadan, 1391 [[Hijri year|AH]], which corresponds to 24 October 1971. in the region of [[Gujrat, Pakistan]], where his shrine is also located.<ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻĀlam |first=Maḥbūb |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HfIzAAAAMAAJ&q=%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86 |title=Cādar aur cūṛiyān̲: jurm aur surāg̲h̲rasānī kī saccī aur sansanī k̲h̲ez kahāniyon̲ kā majmūʻah |date=1990 |publisher=Maktabah-yi Dāstān |language=ur}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
=== Primary ===
<ul>
<li>Mawlana Mehr Ali Shah, ''[https://archive.org/download/alyawaqeetalmehariafisharhaalsoratulhindiyabyallamaghulammeharaligolarvir.a./Alyawaqeet%20al%20meharia%20%20fi%20sharha%20Al%20sora%20tul%20hindiya%20%20%20%20by%20Allama%20%20Ghulam%20Mehar%20Ali%20golarvi%20r.a..pdf Al-Yawaqit al-Mihriyyah fi Sharh al-Thawrah al-Hadiyyah]'', Maktabat al-Mihriyyah: Chishtian, Bahawalnagar. [Date not printed, but 1384 AH / 1964 CE is mentioned in the "Muqaddimah".]</li>
<li>Qazi Abd al-Nabi Kokab, ''[https://archive.org/download/20230507_20230507_1515/%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%20%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%DB%8C%20%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF%20%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%20%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%20%D9%86%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%20%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C%20%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%B5%DB%8C%D8%AA%20%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA.pdf Hayat-e-Salik]'', Maktaba Islamiyyah, Gujrat: Pakistan. [Not dated, but recorded as 1391 AH / 1971 CE in the preface "Arz-e-Awwal".]</li>
<li>Shaykh Bilal Ahmad Siddiqi, ''[https://archive.org/download/HalatEZindhadiHakeemUlUmmatMuftiAhmedYaarKhan/Halat%20e%20Zindhadi%20Hakeem%20ul%20Ummat%20Mufti%20Ahmed%20Y.pdf Life of Hakim al-Ummat Mufti Ahmad Yar Khan Naeemi]'', Naeemi Kutub Khana, Gujrat: Pakistan, 2004.</li>
</ul>

=== Secondary ===
<ul>
<li>Mawlana Mufti Abdul Hameed Naeemi, ''[https://archive.org/download/HayatEHakeemUlUmmat/Hayat%20e%20Hakeem%20ul%20Ummat.pdf Hayat-e-Hakim al-Ummat]'', Naeemi Kutub Khana: Lahore, 2011.</li>
<li>Al-Madinah al-‘Ilmiyyah, ''[https://data2.dawateislami.net/Data/Books/Download/ur/pdf/2016/1573-1.pdf?fn=faizan-e-mufti-ahmed-yar-khan-naeemi Faizan-e-Mufti Ahmad Yar Khan Naeemi]'', Maktaba al-Madina: Karachi, [2016].</li>
<li>Mawlana Muhammad Naveed Kamal Madani, ''[https://archive.org/download/TafseerENaeemiSyHikmatBariMisalain/Tafseer%20e%20Naeemi%20Sy%20Hikmat%20Bari%20Misalain.pdf Wisdom-filled Examples from Tafsir Naeemi]'', Maktaba Aala Hazrat: Lahore, 1439 AH / 2018.</li>
<li>Ali Muhammad, Dr. Muhammad Naveed, and Dr. Muhammad Ansar, ''[https://jsakbar.edu.pk/index.php/ahrj/article/view/56 Mufti Ahmad Yar Khan Naeemi's Rational Style in Sufi Discourse]'', ''Al-Hameed Islamic Studies Research Journal'', Vol. 3, No. 1, 2024, Lahore. ISSN: 2959-1767, 259-1759.</li>
<li>Ansar Mahmood, ''[https://thesis.asianindexing.com/thesis.php?ari_id=1676732909373&title= Life and Services of Mufti Ahmad Yar Khan Naeemi]'', Minhaj University: Lahore.</li>
<li>Faisal Munir, ''[https://thesis.asianindexing.com/thesis.php?ari_id=1676732909373&title= Literary Contributions of Mufti Ahmad Yar Khan Naeemi]'', Imperial College of Business Studies: Lahore.</li>
<li>Sajid Mahmood Abid, ''[https://thesis.asianindexing.com/thesis.php?ari_id=1676732909373&title= Hakim al-Ummat Mufti Ahmad Yar Khan Naeemi and His Contributions in Tafsir]'', Bahauddin Zakariya University: Multan.</li>
<li>Muhammad Irfan, ''[https://thesis.asianindexing.com/thesis.php?ari_id=1676732909373&title= Methodology of Tafsir by Mufti Ahmad Yar Khan Naeemi with Reference to Sufism]'', Bahauddin Zakariya University: Multan.</li>
<li>Muhammad Afzal Qadri, ''[https://thesis.asianindexing.com/thesis.php?ari_id=1676732909373&title= Takhrij of Ja’ al-Haqq: Part One]'', Minhaj University: Lahore.</li>
<li>Dilawar Hussain, ''[https://thesis.asianindexing.com/thesis.php?ari_id=1676732909373&title= Takhrij of Ja’ al-Haqq: Part Two]'', Minhaj University: Lahore.</li>
</ul>

== References ==
<references />
{{Authority Control}}
[[Category:1904 births]]
[[Category:1971 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Pakistani Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Indian Sufi religious leaders]]
[[Category:Pakistani Sufi religious leaders]]
[[Category:Muhajir people]]
[[Category:People from Budaun district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Pakistani writers]]
[[Category:People from Gujrat, Pakistan]]

Ambala-Shamli Expressway

2026-05-02T02:48:01Z

GlennVarner228: starting pg - done

{{Short description|Road in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
The '''Ambala Shamli Expressway''', part of larger {{convert|450|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} six-lane '''Bareilly–Ludhiana Economic Corridor''' (Bareilly-Ludhiana Expressway), is an under construction 6-lane access-controlled {{convert|121.786|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} expressway in the Indian states of [[Haryana]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-15 |title=Montecarlo Wins Shamli – Ambala Expressway's Package 3 |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2022/07/15/montecarlo-wins-shamli-ambala-expressways-package-3/ |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref>
{{Infobox road
| country = IND
| name = Ambala Shamli Expressway
| map =
| length_km = 121
| direction_a = West
| direction_b = East
| terminus_a = Sadopur, [[Ambala district]], [[Haryana]]
| junction =
| terminus_b = Gogwan Jalalpur (Interchange with Delhi Dehradun expressway), [[Shamli district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| established = December 2024 (expected)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/jaipur/work-on-ambala-shamli-expressway-started-this-is-how-rajasthan-will-be-connected-to-haryana-up-and-punjab/1820393/amp |title=Work on Ambala Shamli Expressway started this is how Rajasthan will be connected to Haryana UP and Punjab |Ambala Shamli Expressway : अंबाला-शामली एक्‍सप्रेसवे का काम शुरू, हरियाणा पंजाब और UP से ऐसे जुड़ेगा राजस्थान | Hindi News, जयपुर }}</ref>
| formed =
| history =
| states = [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Haryana]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| maint = [[National Highways Authority of India]] (NHAI)
| cities =
}}

==Bareilly–Ludhiana Economic Corridor==
{{anchor | Bareilly}}

Bareilly–Ludhiana Economic Expressway is partially access-controlled, partially greenfield & rest upgrade of brownfield highway with following three sections:
* "[[National Highway 44 (India)|NH 44]] Ambala-Ludhiana Highway", {{convert|90|km|mi|adj=on}} brownfield upgrade:
* "Ambala-Shamli Expressway" (Sadopur-Gogwan Jalalpur Expressway), {{convert|121.78|km|mi|adj=on}} greenfield:
* "Shamli-Bareilly Expressway", {{convert|220|km|mi|adj=on}} greenfield:

The extension of Bareilly–Ludhiana Economic Expressway is [[Bareilly]]-[[Gorakhpur]] Expressway, which will connect with [[Siliguri–Gorakhpur Expressway]].<ref name=ue5>[https://themetrorailguy.com/nhai-bareilly-ludhiana-economic-corridor-route-map-status-update/ Bareilly-Ludhiana Economic Corridor – Information & Status], The Metro Guy, accessed 7 December 2022.</ref>

== Construction==

Construction contractors for 3 packages are as follows:

{| Class=wikitable width=50%
!Sr No.
!Package
!Length in [[Km]]
!Contractor
|-
| 1.
| Gogwan Jalapur ([[Shamli District]]) - Dala Mazra ([[Shamli District]])
| style="text-align:center;"|45.5
| Rajshayama Construction LTD.
|-
| 2.
| Dala Mazra ([[Shamli District]]) - Shahbad ([[Haryana]])
| style="text-align:center;"|39.5
| Apco Infratech
|-
| 3.
| Shahbad ([[Haryana]]) - Sodapur ([[Ambala District]], Haryana)
| style="text-align:center;"| 36.5
| Monitech pvt limited
|}

==Route==

===Route length by states===

{| Class=wikitable width=50%
! State
! Length in [[Km]]
|-
| Haryana
| 75
|-
| Uttar Pardesh
| 45
|}

===Detailed route===

Ambala-Shamli Expressway will connect Saharanpur and Shamli districts of West UP via [[Ambala]], [[Kurukshetra]], [[Karnal]] and [[Yamunanagar]] districts of Haryana state. This expressway start at Sadopur village of [[Ambala District]] and end at Gogwan Jalalpur in [[Shamli District]] where it connects to the Delhi-Dehradun Expressway. Its route is as follows:<ref name=ue4/>

* Haryana
** [[Ambala]] city:
*** [[Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Sadopur|Sadopur]] in north of Ambala,
*** Then runs as the northern and eastern bypass for Ambala city (via [[Panjokhra]]) of Ambala,
** [[Saha, Ambala|Saha]]: as Southwestern bypass of Saha.
** [[Barara]]: as southwestern bypass of Barara (with additional spur from Barara to [[National Highway 344 (India)|NH 344]] by upgrading [[List of highways in Haryana|HR-SH4]]),
** [[Radaur]]: as the western bypass of Radaur (east of [[Ladwa]] and [[Kurukshetra]]).
** [[Chandro]] (bridge on [[yamuna]]).

* Uttar Pradesh
** [[Gangoh]]: as eastern bypass of Gangoh.
** [[Gogwan Jalalpur]] on [[Delhi-Saharanpur-Dehradun Expressway]]: just east of [[Thanabhawan]] in [[Shamli district]].<ref name=ue4>[https://themetrorailguy.com/2022/08/03/apco-wins-shamli-ambala-expressway-package-2s-work/ APCO Wins Shamli – Ambala Expressway Package 2’s Work], The Metro Guy, accessed 7 December 2022.</ref>

==Interconnectivity==

Ambala-Shamli Expressway interconnects with the following:

* [[Ambala–Chandigarh Expressway]] at Ambala

* [[Delhi–Dehradun Expressway]] at Gogwan Jalalpur (northeast of Shamli)

* [[Uttar_Pradesh_Expressways_Industrial_Development_Authority#PGE|Panipat-Gokarhpur Expressway]] via Delhi–Dehradun Expressway

== Current status==

* '''2022 Jan''': Tenders invited for all 3 packages.<ref>[https://themetrorailguy.com/nhai-bareilly-ludhiana-economic-corridor-route-map-status-update/ Bareilly-Ludhiana Economic Corridor – Information & Status], themetrorailguy.com, accessed 24 Oct 2024.</ref>

* '''2024 Nov''': 40% work complete in Shamli district. Revised completion date for Ambala-Shamli Express is December 2025.<ref name=revup1>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/grap-norms-bring-nhai-projects-to-halt/ GRAP norms bring NHAI projects to halt], The Tribune, 28 Nov 2024.</ref>
* '''2026 Jan''': Approach roads, overbridge and road laying work is underway. According to NHAI officials the official inauguration window is shifted to '''''December 2026'''.''

==See also==

* [[List_of_highways_in_Haryana#Expressways|Expressways in Haryana]]
* [[Uttar_Pradesh_Expressways_Industrial_Development_Authority#Expressways|Expressways in Uttar Pradesh]]
* [[Expressways of India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Expressways in Haryana]]
[[Category:Expressways in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Transport in Ambala]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Haryana]]

{{India-road-stub}}

Early Pandyan government

2026-04-30T21:47:52Z

GlennVarner228: made details.

{{TNhistory}}{{More sources|date=February 2024}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
The [[Early Pandyan Kingdom|Early Pandyas]] were one of the dynasties that ruled the ancient Tamil country from the pre-Christian era to about 200 CE. Most of the information about the administration and government under the early Pandyas comes to use through Sangam literature.

== The king and his court ==
The head of the government was the king, a hereditary monarch, who ruled with unaided discretion.{{Sfn|Subrahmanian|1972|pp=302, 305}} The ascension to the throne was normally hereditary, sometimes through [[usurper|usurpation]] and occasionally based on unusual methods of choosing a king such as sending out the royal elephant to select a person of its choice by garlanding them. The king could be crowned at any age and reigned as long as he chose to or lived. He was highly revered by his subjects and was even equated to God. The king, in turn, had onerous duties towards his subjects and was held responsible for any misfortune that befell them.{{Sfn|Subrahmanian|1972|p=308}} The dynastic emblem of the Pandyas was the double [[carp]], which was used for all official purposes of royal authentication. Coins issued by the kings, seals on letters as well as exported and imported cargo stocked in the ware houses at ports bore this emblem.{{Sfn|Subrahmanian|1972|p=307}}

The king's court consisted of royal officers like the ministers, generals, commanders and accountants. His power was restricted by the ''Aimberunguzhu'' (Tamil: ஐம்பெருங்குழு) or the Five Great Assemblies.{{Sfn|Husaini|1962|p=30}}{{Sfn|Sastri|1972|p=28}}{{Sfn|Kanakasabhai|1904|p=109}} They consisted of the representatives of the people, priests, physicians, astrologers and the ministers. The council of representatives (''Maasanam'', Tamil: மாசனம்) safeguarded the rights and privileges of the people; the priests (''Paarpar'', Tamil: பார்ப்பார்) directed all religious ceremonies; the physicians (''Maruthar'', Tamil: மருத்தர்) attended to all matters affecting the health of the king and his subjects; the astrologers (''Nimithar'', Tamil: நிமித்தர்) fixed auspicious times for public ceremonies and predicted important events; the ministers (''Amaichar'', Tamil: அமைச்சர்) attended to the collection of revenue and expenditure and also the administration of justice.{{Sfn|Kanakasabhai|1904|p=110}} There was another assembly of officials that served the king called the ''Enberaayam'' (Tamil: எண்பேராயம்) or the Eight Groups of Attendants. While some scholars believe it consisted of attendants on the king's person{{Sfn|Kanakasabhai|1904|p=110}} like the perfumers, dressing valets, etc., others believe it consisted of more important persons like the people of the capital city, the leaders of the elephant corps and of the cavalry.{{Sfn|Sastri|1972|p=29}} The principal officers of State were the high priest, the chief astrologer, the ministers and the commanders of the army.

== Administration ==
The king divided his territory into a number of administrative units, each called a ''Koorram'' (Tamil: கூற்றம்). It was further divided into provinces called ''Mandalam'', which in turn was divided into many sub-provinces called ''Nadus'', with each Nadu consisting of many villages. {{Sfn|Subrahmanian|1972|p=332}} A locality inside a town or village was called ''Ur'' and each neighborhood inside an Ur was called a ''Cheri''.{{Sfn|Subrahmanian|1972|p=328}} While the king ruled over his entire territory from the capital, he often placed one or more principalities (Koorram) under the near-sovereign government of some senior member of the royal family or a feudatory. The [[Cilappatikaram]] mentions that while Nedunj Cheliyan I ruled from [[Madurai]], his younger brother was placed in charge of the [[Korkai]] principality.{{Sfn|Subrahmanian|1972|p=304}} The villages that come under a principality, were each governed by the elders in the respective villages, almost autonomously. This arrangement can be roughly equated to a central government (the king), under which operated a set of feudal governments (the principalities), which in turn oversaw the local governments (the villages).{{Sfn|Subrahmanian|1972|p=305}}

Madurai, the capital city from which the king ran the central government, was large, populous and prosperous. It had a simple police and sanitation system wherein the watchmen walked the streets, lamp in hand. The streets were kept clean by fresh sand being laid, thereon. Separate cheris existed for different sections of the society like the priests, merchants etc. Hospitals and educational institutions were set up by royal order or the philanthropy of the wealthy.{{Sfn|Subrahmanian|1972|p=328}}

The village was the most fundamental unit of administration under the Pandyas. The affairs of a village were the responsibility of its elders, who were not elected but were recognized and appointed based on their age and status in society.{{Sfn|Subrahmanian|1972|p=328}} There were two institutions for managing the affairs of a village – ''Ambalam '' and ''Manram'', the only difference between the two being the locations from which they operated. The ''Manram'' or ''Podiyil'' was a simple structure around the foot of a tree in the centre of the village, while the ''Ambalam'' or ''Avai'' was a small building on a slightly raised platform.{{Sfn|Subrahmanian|1972|p=329}} The functions of these institutions were judicial, administrative and financial – they looked after the police duties, hearing and settling disputes, justice, sanitation, communicating royal orders, land surveys, revenue assessment and maintenance of roads and irrigation facilities.{{Sfn|Subrahmanian|1972|p=334}} Only the transmission of locally collected taxes to the royal coffers was left to the king's revenue officers.{{Sfn|Subrahmanian|1972|p=329}}

== Judicial system ==
Justice was administered free of charge, by special officers appointed as judges and magistrates, but the king was supreme and the final arbiter in all civil and criminal cases.{{Sfn|Husaini|1962|p=30}} The monarchs prided themselves on the justness of their government. The Cilapatikaram mentions a Pandyan king who died of remorse on realizing his guilt of injustice.{{Sfn|Subrahmanian|1972|p=312}} The officers appointed as judges were expected to be learned, straightforward, experienced and aged.{{Sfn|Balambal|1998|p=50}} Mortgage, lease, trust property, loans, breach of contract were some common sources of civil litigation, which had no time bar.{{Sfn|Subrahmanian|1972|p=312}} Theft, adultery, forgery and treason were some types of criminal offences.{{Sfn|Balambal|1998|pp=52-54}}{{Sfn|Subrahmanian|1972|p=314}}

In the capital city, dispensation of justice was organized by the king in his own court, while in the villages, it was the elders that meted out justice. The committees of justice in the village assemblies were the Nyayattars and they met under ceremonial trees to conduct the trial and pronounce judgements. Trials were mostly characterized by elaborate judicial procedure, setting down of evidence and judgement. However, there have been instances where the trial-by-ordeal system was practiced, in which the defendant was put through some form of torture and if he escaped unscathed, he was deemed innocent.{{Sfn|Balambal|1998|p=50}}{{Sfn|Subrahmanian|1972|p=312-314}}

The punishments were very severe and hence crimes were rare: one caught in the act of burglary, adultery or spying was given the death penalty and one giving false testimony would have his tongue cut off.{{Sfn|Husaini|1962|p=30}}{{Sfn|Kanakasabhai|1904|pp=111-112}}{{Sfn|Balambal|1998|p=|pp=52-53}} Prisons were used to hold not only the guilty but also captives taken in war. Prisoners were chained and were watched over by warders.{{Sfn|Subrahmanian|1972|pp=314-315}}{{Sfn|Balambal|1998|p=52}} It was common practice to release prisoners on festive occasions and in some cases, they were asked to go into sea for pearl-fishing.{{Sfn|Balambal|1998|p=52, 55}}

== Military and warfare ==
The king was the chief commander of the army and usually led his army in the battlefield. The military was said to be fourfold : the infantry, the cavalry, the elephantry and the chariotry. A wide variety of war weapons filled the military arsenal including shields, swords, spears, tridents, maces, bows and arrows.{{Sfn|Subrahmanian|1972|pp=316-318}} A successful war could lead to annexation of territories or the submission of the enemy, who would then recognize the hegemony of the victor and start paying tributes.{{fact|date=August 2020}}

Battles of this age were of two kinds – those fought in the open and those fought around a fort under siege. The [[Maturaikkāñci|Maduraikanci]] gives a vivid picture of the sophisticated defence mechanism that was in place to protect the fort of Madurai during siege warfare. There were four gates to the fort surmounted by high towers, with massive walls built of rough-hewn stone. Surrounding the fort on its outside was a deep moat and around the moat was a thick jungle of thorny trees. The roads leading to the gates of the fort were wide enough to permit several elephants to pass abreast. There were all kinds of weapons and missiles concealed on the walls on both the sides of the entrance, ready to be discharged on an enemy.{{Sfn|Husaini|1962|p=22}} Many curious engines were mounted on the battlements to shoot arrows or to fling stones on those that besiege them. There were machines like the fishing rod and angle to catch and drag up those that approach the wall and machines like iron fingers to seize and tear them to pieces. There were also furnaces from which hot oil and molten metal might be poured on those that attempt to scale the wall and iron spokes and spears to shove down those that might succeed in mounting the ramparts. While besieging a fort, the method adopted by the invading army was to first cut open a wide passage through the jungle around the fort, then fill up the moat to enable the army to approach the walls and finally scale the wall with ladders or break open the gates with the help of elephants trained to do the work.{{Sfn|Kanakasabhai|1904|p=130}}

When the battle lines were drawn up, the elephants were placed first, the chariots and cavalry were ranged behind them and the infantry occupied the rear. The chariots and elephants carried the royalty and the generals that led the army and were armed with lances or swords and shields adorned with gold. The infantry consisted of archers and lancers who also carried swords and large bucklers. The cavalry carried lighter arms than the infantry. Since the elephants always formed the most formidable part of an army, it was deemed a great feat of valour to kill an enemy elephant.{{Sfn|Kanakasabhai|1904|p=131}}

== Revenue and expenditure ==
The main sources of royal revenue were taxes, tributes, customs duties and tolls.{{Sfn|Kanakasabhai|1904|p=112}} Taxes were called Karai or Irai, tributes called Tirai and customs tolls and duties were called Sungam. Levy of taxes as well as expenditure was at the discretion of the king who decided the rate and incidence of taxes, as well as any remissions.{{Sfn|Subrahmanian|1972|p=321}} Land tax, paid in money or in kind, and income tax, equal to one-sixth of an individual's income, were the major types of taxes collected.{{Sfn|Subrahmanian|1972|p=323}} Other sources of revenue include tributes paid by feudal subordinates, war booty presents by loyal and visiting subjects, treasure troves besides land revenue, cess and forced gifts. Tolls were collected on the trunk-roads used by caravans and at the frontier of each kingdom. Customs were levied at seaports where the imported goods landed.{{Sfn|Kanakasabhai|1904|p=112}} The export of locally manufactured goods such as textiles, pearls etc. earned a lot of foreign exchange for the royal treasury. The king took one-tenth of the total earnings from pearl-diving and sale of pearls as his royalty.{{Sfn|Subrahmanian|1972|p=325}}

The items incurring expenditure for the king include the military, gifts to poets and temples, maintenance of educational and health services, building infrastructure such as roads and irrigation and the palace household expenses. Tax remission also deprived the king of some revenue.{{Sfn|Subrahmanian|1972|p=323}} Expenses incurred in connection with the recruitment and maintenance of the army and waging of war were a considerable drain on the treasury. The palace consisted of not only the members of the royal family but a vast crowd of merchants, officials and entertainers all of whom had to be compensated for their services – this was also a major item of expenditure.{{Sfn|Subrahmanian|1972|p=321}}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book
| last = Kanakasabhai
| first = V
| title = The Tamils Eighteen Hundred Years Ago
| year = 1904
| publisher = Asian Educational Services, New Delhi}}
* {{cite book
| last = Subrahmanian
| first = N
| title = History of Tamilnad
| year = 1972
| publisher = Koodal Publishers, Madurai}}
* {{cite book
| last = Balambal
| first = V
| title = Studies in the History of the Sangam Age
| year = 1998
| publisher = Kalinga Publications, Delhi}}
* {{cite book
| last = Husaini
| first = Dr. S.A.Q.
| title = The History of the Pandya Country
| year = 1962
| publisher = Selvi Pathippakam, Karaikudi}}
* {{cite book
| last = Sastri
| first = K.A. Nilakanta
| title = The Pandyan Kingdom: From the Earliest Times to the Sixteenth Century
| year = 1972
| publisher = Swathi Publications, Madras}}

{{Pandya dynasty}}

[[Category:Sangam period]]
[[Category:Pandya dynasty]]

Brijmohan Kotwal

2026-04-29T19:59:38Z

GlennVarner228: made a data.

{{Short description|Indian politician (died 2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
'''Brijmohan Kotwal''' (died 21 May 2020) was an Indian politician and member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. Kotwal was a member of the [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Srinagar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Srinagar constituency]] in [[Pauri Garhwal district]].<ref>https://www.myneta.info/utk07/candidate.php?candidate_id=91</ref><ref>https://votesmart.in/politician/brijmohan_kotwal</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:People from Pauri Garhwal district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian politicians]]

{{Uttarakhand-BJP-politician-stub}}

Jonnalagadda Padmavathy

2026-04-25T03:25:47Z

GlennVarner228: Adding a data

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jonnalagadda Padmavathy
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]], [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Andhra Pradesh]]
| constituency = [[Singanamala Assembly constituency|Singanamala]]
| predecessor = B. Yaminibala
| successor = [[Bandaru Sravani Sree]]
| term_start = 2019
| term_end = 2024
| party = [[YSR Congress Party]]
}}

'''Jonnalagadda Padmavathy''' is an Indian politician from the state of Andhra Pradesh. She is elected as the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] in the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Singanamala Assembly constituency|Singanamala]].<ref name="Singanamala Constituency Winner List in AP Elections 2019">{{Cite news |last=Sakshi |date=2019 |title=Singanamala Constituency Winner List in AP Elections 2019 |work= |url=https://www.sakshi.com/election-2019/results/andhra_pradesh/constituency/singanamala |url-status=live |access-date=10 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710093814/https://www.sakshi.com/election-2019/results/andhra_pradesh/constituency/singanamala |archive-date=10 July 2021}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Padmavathy was born to J. Chennakesavulu and J. Nirmala Devi in 1979 in [[Nellore]], [[Andhra Pradesh]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}} She completed her M.Tech. from JNTU College of Engineering, Anantapur.<ref name="Singanamala MLA Padmavathi's Husband gets a key post in the Andhra Pradesh govt">{{cite news |last1=The Hans India |first1= |title=Singanamala MLA Padmavathi's Husband gets a key post in the Andhra Pradesh govt |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/singanamala-mla-padmavathis-husband-gets-a-key-post-in-the-andhra-pradesh-govt-577408 |accessdate=10 July 2021 |work=www.thehansindia.com |date=1 November 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710101829/https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/singanamala-mla-padmavathis-husband-gets-a-key-post-in-the-andhra-pradesh-govt-577408 |archivedate=10 July 2021 |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Political career ==
Padmavathi joined the [[YSR Congress Party]] in 2014 and contested the [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from Singanamala constituency and lost to her closest rival [[Telugu Desam Party]] candidate B. Yaminibala by a margin of 4,584 votes. Padmavathi contested the 2019 assembly elections again from the Singanamala constituency and won as the MLA for the first time by winning with a majority of 46,242 votes over her closest rival Telugu Desam Party candidate [[Bandaru Sravani Sree]].<ref name="ఇక్కడ ఎవరు గెలిస్తే ఆ పార్టీదే అధికారం">{{Cite news |last=Sakshi |date=25 May 2019 |title=ఇక్కడ ఎవరు గెలిస్తే ఆ పార్టీదే అధికారం |language=te |work=Sakshi |url=https://m.sakshi.com/news/politics/jonnalagadda-padmavathi-win-singanamala-1192364 |url-status=live |access-date=10 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710102121/https://m.sakshi.com/news/politics/jonnalagadda-padmavathi-win-singanamala-1192364 |archive-date=10 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Benjamin |first=Ravi P. |date=2019-03-24 |title=It's woman Vs woman in Singanamala |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/its-woman-vs-woman-in-singanamala-514705 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Achievements ==
Padmavathi achieved a special recognition for an atmospheric moveable cabin designed by her in the innovation competition organized by the National Research and Development Corporation for making an innovation that protects the lives of the doctors who are serving the people during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name="ఎమ్మెల్యే పద్మావతి ఆవిష్కరణకు జాతీయ స్థాయి గుర్తింపు">{{Cite news |last=Sakshi |date=18 July 2020 |title=ఎమ్మెల్యే పద్మావతి ఆవిష్కరణకు జాతీయ స్థాయి గుర్తింపు |language=te |work=Sakshi |url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/andhra-pradesh/national-recognition-invention-mla-padmavati-1302245 |url-status=live |access-date=10 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710103339/https://www.sakshi.com/news/andhra-pradesh/national-recognition-invention-mla-padmavati-1302245 |archive-date=10 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="‘Atmospheric moveable cabin’ to replace PPEs in hospitals">{{Cite news |last=The Hindu |first= |date=19 July 2020 |title='Atmospheric moveable cabin' to replace PPEs in hospitals |language=en-IN |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/atmospheric-moveable-cabin-to-replace-ppes-in-hospitals/article32132817.ece |access-date=6 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206181933/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/atmospheric-moveable-cabin-to-replace-ppes-in-hospitals/article32132817.ece |archive-date=6 December 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Padmavathy, Jonnalagadda}}
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]

Niral Mehta

2026-04-24T13:24:07Z

GlennVarner228: data

{{Short description|Judge of Gujarat High Court}}
{{Notability|1=Biographies|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Judge]] of [[Gujarat High Court]]
| name = Niral Rashmikant Mehta
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1976|10|28|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Justice
| term_start = 18 October 2021
| term_end =
| nominator = [[N. V. Ramana]]
| appointer = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| alma_mater = [[L.A. Shah Law College]]
}}

'''Niral Rashmikant Mehta''' (born 28 October 1976)<ref name="nic">{{Cite web |title=High Court of Gujarat |url=https://gujarathighcourt.nic.in/cjjfull?jid=5061 |access-date=2022-06-04 |website=gujarathighcourt.nic.in}}</ref> is an Indian [[judge]], presently serving on the [[Gujarat High Court]].<ref name="nic"/><ref name="indiatimes">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/hc-to-get-seven-new-judges/articleshow/86663823.cms|title=Supreme court: Gujarat high court to get 7 new judges | Ahmedabad News|website=The Times of India|date=2021-10-01|access-date=2022-06-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-16 |title=Seven judges appointed in Gujarat HC |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/seven-judges-appointed-in-gujarat-hc-1041228.html |access-date=2022-06-04 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== Life ==
Justice Niral R. Mehta was born on 28 October 1976 in [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]] [[India]].<ref name="nic"/>

He studied [[Bachelor of Commerce]] from H L College for Commerce, Ahmedabad, and [[Bachelor of Laws|L.L.B]] from Sir L.A. Shah College, Ahmedabad.<ref name="nic"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mehta, Niral}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Faridpur Durgapur

2026-04-23T11:18:38Z

GlennVarner228: made new article.

{{for|other places with similar name|Faridpur (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Faridpur-Durgapur
| other_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| motto =
| image_skyline =
| imagesize =
| image_caption =
| image_flag =
| flag_size =
| image_seal =
| seal_size =
| image_map = File:Faridpur Durgapur in Paschim Bardhaman (West Bengal).svg
| mapsize =
| map_caption = Location in West Bengal
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_mapsize =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Paschim Bardhaman district|Paschim Bardhaman]]
| government_type = Block
| governing_body =
| subdivision_type3 = Parliamentary constituency
| subdivision_name3 = [[Asansol (Lok Sabha constituency)|Asansol]]
Member Of Parlament = Satrughna Sinha
| subdivision_type4 = Assembly constituency
| subdivision_name4 = [[Pandaveswar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pandaveswar]]
Member of Assembly = Narendranath Chakraborty
| leader_title = Block Development Officer
| leader_name = Debdip Bairagi
| established_title =
| established_date =
| area_magnitude =
| unit_pref = Imperial
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 155.97
| area_land_km2 =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_note =
| population_total = 115,924
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5.30
| coordinates = {{coord|23|40|04.8|N|87|18|34.2|E|display=inline}}
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 108
| elevation_ft =
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 713381 (Natundanga)713383 (Laudoha) 713363 (Sarpi) 713377 (Gourbazar)
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code
| area_code = 0341
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-37,[[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-38,[[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-41,[[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-42,[[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-44
| blank_name = Literacy Rate
| blank_info = 74.14 per cent
| website = http://paschimbardhaman.gov.in/
| footnotes =
| name =
}}

'''Durgapur Faridpur''' is a [[Community Development Block|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in [[Durgapur subdivision]] of [[Paschim Bardhaman district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==History==
Faridpur is an old village. The area was earlier densely forested.<ref>Chattopadhyay, Akkori, Bardhaman Jelar Itihas O Lok Sanskriti (History and Folk lore of Bardhaman District.), {{in lang|bn}} , Vol I, p 17, Radical Impression. {{ISBN|81-85459-36-3}}</ref> Some ancient Buddhist sculptures were discovered in the village of Pratapur under Faridpur police station.<ref>Chattopadhyay, Akkori, p 255</ref> Peterson's Gazetteer of 1910 mentions five police stations under Asansol subdivision – [[Asansol]], [[Raniganj]], [[Kanksa]], [[Barakar]] and Faridpur.<ref>Chattopadhyay, Akkori, p 370</ref>

==Geography==
Laudoha, a constituent gram panchayat of Durgapur-Faridpur CD Block, is located at {{coord|23|40|04.8|N|87|18|34.2|E||}}.
[[File:Map of Paschim Bardhaman district.jpg|600px|thumb|center|Map of Paschim Bardhaman district]]
The southern part of Durgapur Faridpur CD Block is part of the Ajay Damodar Barakar tract. This area is sort of an extension of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]]. It is a rocky undulating area with [[laterite]] soil, with the [[Ajay River|Ajay]] on the north, the [[Damodar River|Damodar]] on the south and the [[Barakar River|Barakar]] on the west. The northern part of the CD Block is part of the Kanksa Ketugram plain. For ages the area was heavily forested and infested with plunderers and marauders. The discovery of coal, in the eighteenth century, led to industrialisation of the area and most of the forests have been cleared.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1909_PART_A_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf |title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal: District Census Handbook, Barddhaman |work = Physiography, pages 13-14| publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 23 January 2017}}</ref><ref>Chattopadhyay, Akkori, ''Bardhaman Jelar Itihas O Lok Sanskriti'' (History and Folk lore of Bardhaman District.), {{in lang|bn}}, Vol I, pp 14-15, Radical Impression. {{ISBN|81-85459-36-3}}</ref>

Durgapur Faridpur CD Block is bounded by [[Dubrajpur (community development block)|Dubrajpur]] and [[Ilambazar (community development block)|Ilambazar]] CD Blocks, in Birbhum district, on the north, [[Kanksa (community development block)|Kanksa]] CD Block on the east, [[Durgapur]] (municipal corporation), with [[Barjora (community development block)|Barjora]] CD Block, in Bankura district, beyond it, on the south and [[Andal (community development block)|Andal]] and [[Pandabeswar (community development block)|Pandabeswar]] CD Blocks on the west.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/barddhman.html |title = Tehsil Map of Barddhaman |work = CD Block/ Tehsil | publisher= Maps of India | access-date = 23 January 2017}}</ref>

Durgapur Faridpur CD Block has an area of 155.97 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 6 [[gram panchayat]]s, 88 gram sansads (village councils), 54 [[mouza]]s and 48 inhabited villages. [[Laudoha#Police station|Faridpur]] and [[Durgapur#Police stations|New Township]] police stations serve this block.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Burdwan |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 22 January 2017 |url-status = usurped |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170729135056/http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php |archive-date = 29 July 2017 }}</ref> Headquarters of this CD Block is at [[Laudoha]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1909_PART_A_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Barddhaman | work= Map of Barddhaman with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 22 January 2017 }}</ref>

[[Kunur River]], one of main tributaries of the [[Ajay River|Ajay]], 112 km in length, has its origin near Bansgara in the Faridpur police station area. With water from several small streams swelling it during the monsoons, it often floods large areas of [[Ausgram I (community development block)|Ausgram]] and [[Mangalkot]] police stations. It joins the Ajay near Ujani village.<ref>Chattopadhyay, Akkori, p. 35</ref>

[[Gram panchayat]]s of Durgapur-Faridpur block/[[panchayat samiti]] are: Gogla, Gourbazar, Ichapur, Jemua, Laudoha and Protappur.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Bardhaman - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 30 January 2017}}</ref>

==Demographics==

===Population===
As per the [[2011 Census of India]] Durgapur Faridpur CD Block had a total population of 115,924, of which 85,370 were rural and 30,554 were urban. There were 60,478 (52%) males and 55,446 (48%) females. Population below 6 years was 13,309. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 36,641 (31.61%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 8,073 (6.96%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 16 January 2017}}</ref>

As per 2001 census, Durgapur Faridpur block had a total population of 108,619, out of which 59,253 were males and 49,336 were females. Durgapur-Faridpur block registered a population growth of 19.00 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for Bardhaman district was 14.36 per cent.<ref name=census>{{cite web | url = http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_9.htm | title = Provisional population totals, West Bengal, Table 4, Barddhaman District | access-date = 4 February 2017 | work = Census of India 2001 | publisher = Census Commission of India|url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110928205026/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_9.htm|archive-date= 28 September 2011}}</ref> Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84 per cent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/FrameTable4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date=2011-08-26 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721163257/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/FrameTable4_1.htm |archive-date=2011-07-21 }}</ref> [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled castes]] at 35,692 formed around one-third the population. Scheduled tribes numbered 8,211.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/HouseListingF/SCST/All_distSCST(TRU1)9.htm
|title=TRU for all Districts (SC & ST and Total)
|access-date=2008-08-26
|work=Census 2001
|publisher=Census Commission of India
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719040022/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/HouseListingF/SCST/All_distSCST(TRU1)9.htm
|archive-date=2011-07-19
}}</ref>

[[Census Town]]s in Durgapur Faridpur CD Block are (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Mandarbani]] (4,592), [[Banagram, Paschim Bardhaman|Banagram]] (5,635), [[Sirsha, India|Sirsha]] (4,600), [[Nabaghanapur]] (5,383), [[Sarpi, Paschim Bardhaman|Sarpi]] (5,549) and [[Ichhapur, Paschim Bardhaman|Ichhapur]] (4,795).<ref name=census2011/>

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Durgapur Faridpur CD Block are (2011 census figures in brackets):[[Shyamsundarpur, Paschim Bardhaman|Shyamsundarpur]] (6,273), Jemua (5,976) and [[Madhaipur]] (5,140).<ref name=census2011/>

Other villages in Fardipur Durgapur CD Block are (2011census figures in brackets): [[Laudoha]] (2,399), Gogla (1,799), Pratappur (1,644), [[Tilaboni]] (1,659) and [[Jhanjra]] (2,125).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
As per the 2011 census the total number of literates in Durgapur Faridpur CD Block was 76,080 (74.14% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 43,951 (82.05% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 32,129 (65.50% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 16.55%.<ref name=census2011/>

As per 2001 census, Durgapur-Faridpur block had a total literacy of 67.34 per cent for the 6+ age group. While male literacy was 77.94 per cent female literacy was 55.14 per cent. Bardhaman district had a total literacy of 70.18 per cent, male literacy being 78.63 per cent and female literacy being 60.95 per cent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table5_9.htm |title=Provisional population totals, West Bengal, Table 5, Bardhaman District |access-date=2011-08-26 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928211117/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table5_9.htm |archive-date=2011-09-28 }}</ref>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Bardhaman district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Faridpur Durgapur CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|85.33}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|13.89}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.78}}
}}

In the 2011 census Hindus numbered 98,921 and formed 85.33% of the population in Durgapur Faridpur CD Block. Muslims numbered 16,105 and formed 13.89% of the population. Christians numbered 179 and formed 0.15% of the population. Others numbered 719 and formed 0.62% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Faridpur Durgapur CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 82.59 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 10.27 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value3 = 5.93 |color3 = darkturquoise
|label4 = Others |value4 = 1.21 |color4 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 82.59% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 10.27% [[Hindi]], and 5.93% [[Santali language|Santali]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
As per poverty estimates obtained from household survey for families living [[Below Poverty Line (India)|below poverty line]] in 2005, [[rural poverty]] in Durgapur Faridpur CD Block was 28.84%.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/District%20DEV%20Report.%20Burdwan%20%202012%20total%20Book%20Curve%20Red.pdf |title = District Human Development Report: Bardhaman |work = Table 4.2: Empirical Measurement of Rural Poverty in Bardhaman 2005, page 94 |publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2011 |access-date = 30 January 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170814062640/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/District%20DEV%20Report.%20Burdwan%20%202012%20total%20Book%20Curve%20Red.pdf |archive-date = 14 August 2017 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Economy==

===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Faridpur Durgapur CD Block'''
|value1 = 10.35
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 29.83
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 2.60
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 56.59
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In Durgapur Faridpur CD Block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 4,405 and formed 10.35% of the total workers, agricultural labourers numbered 11,969 and formed 29.83%, household industry workers numbered 1,044 and formed 2.60% and other workers numbered 22,704 and formed 56.59%. Total workers numbered 40,122 and formed 34.61% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 75,802 and formed 65.39% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1909_PART_A_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Bardhaman, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 96, Table 33: Distribution of Workers by Sex in Four Categories of Economic Activity in Sub-district 2011; Page 86, Table 30: Number and Percentage of Main Workers, Marginal Workers and Non-workers by sex in sub-districts, 2011| publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 22 September 2018}}</ref>

Coalmines are spread across the Andal, Pandaveswar, Raniganj, Jamuria, Barabani and Salanpur region, including municipal areas. Livelihood in this region is coal-centred. The mining area does not produce much of agricultural products. Overall work participation rate, and female work participation rate, in the mining area are low. Interestingly the work participation rate in the predominantly agricultural rural areas of erstwhile Bardhaman district is higher than in the predominantly urbanised mining area. Human development in the mining area does not at all look good. However, in the composite livelihood index the mining area performs much better than the non-mining areas of erstwhile Bardhaman district. The decadal (1991-2001) change in composition of workers shows the growing pressure of population growth, as well as of migrants from adjacent Jharkhand.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report| title = District Human Development Report: Bardhaman| work = Pages 294-300| publisher = Department of Planning, Statistics and Programme monitoring, Government of West Bengal, 2011| access-date = 22 September 2018| archive-date = 19 January 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180119150840/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report| url-status = dead}}</ref> Durgapur Faridpur is partly coal-mining area and partly agricultural area.

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the [[Factories Act,1948, India|Factories Act]]. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1909_PART_A_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Bardhaman, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Census Concepts and Definitions, Page 33 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 22 September 2018}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
All 54 or 100% of mouzas in Durgapur Faridpur CD Block were electrified by 31 March 2014.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bardhaman | work = Tables 2.7, 2.1, 8.2, 16.1, 17.2, 18.1, 18.2, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 30 January 2017 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref>

All 54 mouzas in Durgapur Faridpur CD Block had drinking water facilities in 2013–14. There were 44 fertiliser depots, 10 seed stores and 26 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in the CD Block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Coal mining===
Some underground mines of [[Eastern Coalfields]] have been selected for modernisation. Mass production technology has been introduced by deploying continuous miner combined with shuttle car at [[Jhanjra]] and [[Sarpi, Paschim Bardhaman|Sarpi]] projects. [[Tilaboni]] colliery would also be modernized.<ref name=eclplanning>{{cite web| url = http://www.easterncoal.gov.in/planning.html |title = Planning | publisher= Eastern Coalfields Limited | access-date = 30 January 2017}}</ref> and Madhaipur OCP Has Started

See also – [[Pandaveswar Area]] of [[Eastern Coalfields]] and [[Jhanjra]]

===Agriculture===
Although the Bargadari Act of 1950 recognised the rights of [[bargadar]]s to a higher share of crops from the land that they tilled, it was not implemented fully. Large tracts, beyond the prescribed limit of land ceiling, remained with the rich landlords. From 1977 onwards major land reforms took place in West Bengal. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 7 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Following [[Land reform in India|land reforms]] land ownership pattern has undergone transformation. In 2013–14, persons engaged in agriculture in Durgapur Faridpur CD Block could be classified as follows: [[bargadar]]s 16.58%, patta (document) holders 18.72%, small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 4.64%, marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 15.67% and agricultural labourers 44.39%.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2003-04 net cropped area in Durgapur Faridpur CD Block was 10,127 hectares and the area in which more than one crop was grown was 4,060 hectares.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/District%20DEV%20Report.%20Burdwan%20%202012%20total%20Book%20Curve%20Red.pdf | title = District Human Development Report, Bardhaman | work = Table 3.10, Gross Cropped Area, Net Cropped Area and Cropping Intensity of different blocks of Bardhaman district 2003-04, Page 53 | publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, May 2011 | access-date = 30 January 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170814062640/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/District%20DEV%20Report.%20Burdwan%20%202012%20total%20Book%20Curve%20Red.pdf | archive-date = 14 August 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 2013–14, Durgapur Faridpur CD Block produced 3,061 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop from 2,005 hectares, 22 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from7 hectares, 90 tonnes of wheat from 30 hectares and 1,290 tonnes of potatoes from 43 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013–14, the total area irrigated in Durgapur Faridpur CD Block was 278.44 hectares, out of which 223.81 hectares were irrigated by canal water, and 54.63 hectares by river lift irrigation.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Banking===
In 2013–14, Durgapur Faridpur CD Block had offices of 9 commercial banks and 2 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2014/>

==Transport==
Durgapur Faridpur CD Block has 31 originating/ terminating bus routes.<ref name=handbook2014/>

==Education==
In 2013–14, Durgapur Faridpur CD Block had 66 primary schools with 6,574 students, 6 high school with 3,759 students and 6 higher secondary schools with 6,477 students. Durgapur Faridpur CD Block had 1 technical/ professional institution with 96 students, 192 institutions for special and non-formal education with 7,120 students<ref name=handbook2014/>

==Healthcare==
In 2014, Durgapur Faridpur CD Block had 1 block primary health centre and 2 primary health centres with total 27 beds and 4 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 15 family welfare subcentres. 1,487 patients were treated indoor and 82,807 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Laudoha Rural Hospital, with 30 beds, at [[Laudoha]], is the major government medical facility in the Durgapur Faridpur CD block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at Lowapur, PO [[Ichhapur, Paschim Bardhaman|Ichhapur]] (with 6 beds) and Kantaberia, PO Dhabani (with 10 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =12 May 2020 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 12 May 2020 | archive-date = 21 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180421215645/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Durgapur Faridpur CD Block is one of the areas of Bardhaman district which is affected by a low level of arsenic contamination of ground water.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb7.htm | title = Groundwater Arsenic contamination in West Bengal-India (20 years study )| access-date = 9 September 2011 | work = Bardhaman | publisher = SOES }}</ref>

==Politics==
During the period 1967 to 1972, there was an assembly constituency named Faridpur. Ajit Kumar Bandopadhyay of INC won the seat in 1972.<ref>[http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf Assembly elections 1972] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070616182858/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |date=2007-06-16 }}</ref> Sanat Kumar Banerjee of CPI (M) won it in 1971.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/SR_KeyHighLights/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title=Assembly elections 1971 |access-date=2007-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930094156/http://www.eci.gov.in/SR_KeyHighLights/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |archive-date=2007-09-30 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Manoranjan Bakshi of Bangla Congress won it in 1969 and 1967.<ref>[http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf Assembly elections 1969] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071129141351/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf |date=November 29, 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/SR_KeyHighLights/SE_1967/Statistical_report_WB1967.pdf |title=Assembly elections 1967 |access-date=2007-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930083607/http://www.eci.gov.in/SR_KeyHighLights/SE_1967/Statistical_report_WB1967.pdf |archive-date=2007-09-30 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://bardhaman.gov.in/blocks/blocks.htm District map showing blocks]

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Paschim Bardhaman topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Paschim Bardhaman district]]
[[Category:Mining communities in West Bengal]]

Subhasis Talapatra

2026-04-23T05:54:07Z

GlennVarner228: Adding a pg initial version

{{Short description|33rd Chief Justice of Orissa High Court}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Subhasis Talapatra
| image = Subhasis Talapatra.jpg
| office = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Orissa High Court|33rd Chief Justice]] of [[Orissa High Court]]
| term_start = 8 August 2023
| term_end = 3 October 2023
| appointer = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| nominator = [[D. Y. Chandrachud]]
| predecessor = [[S. Muralidhar]]
| successor = {{ubl|[[Chakradhari Sharan Singh|C. S. Singh]]|[[Bidyut Ranjan Sarangi|B. R. Sarangi]] ''(acting)''}}
| office1 = [[Judge]] of [[Orissa High Court]]
| term_start1 = 10 June 2022
| term_end1 = 7 August 2023
| appointer1 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| nominator1 = [[N. V. Ramana]]
| office2 = [[Judge]] of [[Tripura High Court]]
| term_start2 = 13 September 2013
| term_end2 = 9 June 2022
| appointer2 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| nominator2 = [[P. Sathasivam]]
| status3 = [[Acting (law)|Acting]] [[Chief Justice]]
| term_start3 = 11 November 2019
| term_end3 = 15 November 2019
| appointer3 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| predecessor3 = [[Sanjay Karol]]
| successor3 = [[Akil Kureshi]]
| term_start4 = 2 November 2018
| term_end4 = 13 November 2018
| appointer4 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| predecessor4 = [[Ajay Rastogi]]
| successor4 = [[Sanjay Karol]]
| office5 = [[Judge]] of [[Gauhati High Court]]
| term_start5 = 15 November 2011
| term_end5 = 12 September 2013
| nominator5 = [[S. H. Kapadia]]
| appointer5 = [[Pratibha Patil]]
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Chief Justice (Retd.)
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1961|10|4|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Udaipur, Tripura]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Calcutta]]
}}

'''Subhasis Talapatra''' (born 4 October 1961) is a retired Indian judge. He is a former [[Chief Justice]] of [[Orissa High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Profile : Subhasis Talpatra |url=https://www.orissahighcourt.nic.in/judges/former-chief-justices/hon-ble-mr-justice-subhasis-talapatra/ |access-date=15 January 2026 |website=Orissa High Court}}</ref> He has also served as [[judge]] of [[Orissa High Court]] and [[Tripura High Court]] and as [[Acting (law)|Acting]] [[Chief justice|Chief Justice]] of Tripura High Court.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Biju|first=Rintu Mariam|title=Subhasis Talapatra appointed as the Acting Chief Justice of Tripura High Court|url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/subhasis-talapatra-appointed-as-the-acting-chief-justice-of-tripura-high-court|access-date=2021-02-08|website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news|date=11 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref> In September 2020 Justice Talapatra, was selected as a member of the Telangana [[Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=TRIPURAINFO : The first news, views & information website of TRIPURA.|url=https://tripurainfo.com/TripuraNews/Justice-Shubhashis-Talapatra-is-a-member-of-the-Krishna-Water-Disputes-Tribunal8449.html|access-date=2021-02-08|website=tripurainfo.com}}</ref>

==Career==
Talapatra was born in 1961 at [[Udaipur, Tripura|Udaipur]] in [[Tripura]]. He passed [[LL.B]]. from [[Department of Law, University of Calcutta]] and enrolled with [[Bar Council of Assam|Bar Council of Assam, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Manipur, Tripura, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh]] on 12 September 1990. He started practice in the High Courts of [[Northeast India|North East India]] since 1990. Talapatra worked on Civil, Criminal and Constitutional issues in Agartala Bench of [[Gauhati High Court]]. He became the Senior Advocate on 21 December 2004.

He was elevated as an Additional [[Judge]] of [[Gauhati High Court]] on 15 November 2011. On 13 September 2013 he was appointed as the permanent [[Judge]] of [[Tripura High Court]]. Talapatra has also served as [[Acting (law)|Acting]] [[Chief Justice]] of [[Tripura High Court]] twice.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to High Court of Tripura|url=https://thc.nic.in/STJprofile.html|access-date=2021-02-08|website=thc.nic.in}}</ref> He was transferred as [[Judge]] of [[Orissa High Court]] on 10 June 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://odishabytes.com/justice-subhasis-talapatra-justice-sanjay-kumar-mishra-sworn-in-as-orissa-hc-judges/ |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=odishabytes.com}}</ref> He was elevated as [[Chief Justice]] of [[Orissa High Court]] on 8 August 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |last=AIR |first=News On |date=2023-08-08 |title=Justice Subhasis Talapatra takes oath as 33rd Chief Justice of Orissa High Court - |url=https://www.newsonair.gov.in/justice-subhasis-talapatra-takes-oath-as-33rd-chief-justice-of-orissa-high-court/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250526025555/https://www.newsonair.gov.in/justice-subhasis-talapatra-takes-oath-as-33rd-chief-justice-of-orissa-high-court/ |archive-date=2025-05-26 |access-date=2026-01-15 |language=en-US}}</ref> He retired on 3 October 2023.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Talapatra, Subhasis}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Justices of the Tripura High Court]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]

Elamanchili Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:21:55Z

GlennVarner228: made new pg.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Elamanchili
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (32-Elamanchili highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Elamanchili Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[Sundarapu Vijay Kumar]]
| party = {{Party index link|Janasena Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Anakapalli district|Anakapalli]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Anakapalli Lok Sabha constituency|Anakapalli]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 197,602
| established = 1951
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 32
}}

'''Elamanchili Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Anakapalli district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|format=PDF|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Anakapalli Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=18, 30|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

[[Kanna Babu]] (Uppalapati Venkata Ramanamurti Raju) is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[YSR Congress Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Assembly Election 2019 |url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> As of 2019, there are a total of 197,602 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|format=PDF|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|7}} The constituency was established in 1951, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1951)''.

== Mandals ==

The four mandals that form the assembly constituency are:<ref name="constituencies" />

{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Rambilli]]
|-
| [[Munagapaka]]
|-
| [[Atchutapuram]]
|-
| [[Elamanchili]]
|}

<mapframe text="Mandals in Elamanchili Assembly Constituency" width=300 height=300 align=center >{ "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q58347683,Q59902706,Q59902704,Q4673951"}</mapframe>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Pappala Bapunaidu
| {{Full party name with color|Krishikar Lok Party}}
|-
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
| Chintalapati Venkata Suryanarayana Raju
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Veesam Sanyasinaidu
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Nagireddi Satyanarayana
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Kakaralapudi K Venkata
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Veesam Sanyasinaidu
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| K. K. V. Satyanarayana Raju
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan=4 |[[Pappala Chalapathirao]]
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| rowspan=2 |[[Kanna Babu]] (Uppalapati Venkata Ramanamurti Raju)
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Panchakarla Ramesh Babu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Kanna Babu]] (Uppalapati Venkata Ramanamurti Raju)
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Sundarapu Vijay Kumar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janasena Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 1952 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Yellamanchili<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Pappala Bapunaiudu |party=Krishikar Lok Party |votes=17,193 |percentage=44.07% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Missule Suryanarayanamoorthy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,536 |percentage=29.57% |change=29.57% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Orugandi Somasundaram |party=Independent politician |votes=10,281 |percentage=26.35% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,657 |percentage=14.50% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=39,010 |percentage=51.34% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 75,984 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Krishikar Lok Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1955 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election]]: Yellamanchili}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Chintalapati Raju
|votes = 13,621
|percentage = 43.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India|candidate=Kandregula Ramajogi|votes=9,961|percentage=32.14|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Krishikar Lok Party|candidate=Pappala Bapunaidu (incumbent)|votes=7,408|percentage=23.90|change={{decrease}}20.17}}
{{Election box majority||votes=3,660|percentage=11.81|change={{decrease}}2.69}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=30,990|percentage=49.38|change={{decrease}}1.96}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Independent
|loser = Krishikar Lok Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1962 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Elamanchili}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Veesam Sanyasinaidu
|votes = 14,992
|percentage = 56.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India|candidate=Velaga Veerabhadra Rao|votes=11,366|percentage=43.12|change={{increase}}10.98}}
{{Election box majority||votes=3,626|percentage=13.75|change={{increase}}1.94}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=26,358|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Independent
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1967 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Elamanchili}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Nagireddi Satyanarayana
|votes = 22,994
|percentage = 45.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Veesam Sanyasinaidu (Incumbent)|votes=20,639|percentage=40.52|change={{decrease}}16.35}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India|candidate=P.V. Ramana|votes=7,297|percentage=14.33|change={{decrease}}28.79}}
{{Election box majority||votes=2,355|percentage=4.63|change={{decrease}}9.12}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=50,930|percentage=67.82|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Independent
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1972 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Elamanchili}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Kakaralapudi K Venkata
|votes = 31,938
|percentage = 53.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Veesam Sanyasinaidu|votes=25,390|percentage=42.18|change={{increase}}1.66}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Koilada Nookaraju|votes=2,865|percentage=4.76|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=6,548|percentage=10.88|change={{increase}}6.25}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=60,193|percentage=72.31|change={{increase}}4.49}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Independent
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1978 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Elamanchili}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Veesam Sanyasinaidu
|votes = 37,969
|percentage = 52.5
|change = {{increase}}10.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janata Party|candidate=Nagireddi Satyanarayana|votes=28,032|percentage=40.5|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress (I)|candidate=Akella Srihari|votes=3,407|percentage=4.7|change={{decrease}}20.7}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Koyilada Nookaraja|votes=1,712|percentage=2.4|change={{decrease}}2.36}}
{{Election box majority||votes=8,667|percentage=11.6|change={{increase}}0.72}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=74,461|percentage=76.1|change={{increase}}3.79}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Independent
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1983 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Elamanchili}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = K. K. V. Satyanarayana Raju
|votes = 38,707
|percentage = 53.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Veesam Sanyasinaidu|votes=30,879|percentage=43|change={{decrease}}9.5}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Lokdal|candidate=Ranga Swamy|votes=1,202|percentage=1.7|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Chintalli Salla|votes=887|percentage=1.2|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Koilada Nookaraju|votes=226|percentage=0.3|change={{decrease}}2.1}}
{{Election box majority||votes=7,828|percentage=10.7|change={{decrease}}0.9}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=73,378|percentage=70.5|change={{decrease}}5.6}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1985 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Elamanchili}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Pappala Chalapathirao]]
|votes = 44,597
|percentage = 56.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Vesam Sanyasi Naidu|votes=34,677|percentage=43.7|change={{increase}}0.7}}
{{Election box majority||votes=9,920|percentage=12.2|change={{increase}}1.5}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=81,063|percentage=73.2|change={{increase}}2.7}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1989 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Elamanchili}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Pappala Chalapathirao]]
|votes = 40,286
|percentage = 44.5
|change = {{decrease}}11.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Veesam Sanyasi Naidu|votes=28,032|percentage=31|change={{decrease}}12.7}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Raju Kakarlapudi|votes=20,814|percentage=23|change={{decrease}}20.7}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Bera Samba Murty|votes=1,431|percentage=1.6|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=12,254|percentage=12.9|change={{increase}}0.7}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=94,654|percentage=75.6|change={{increase}}2.4}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1994 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Elamanchili}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Pappala Chalapathirao]]
|votes = 57,793
|percentage = 61.1
|change = {{increase}}16.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Nagireddi Prabhakararao|votes=33,547|percentage=35.5|change={{increase}}12.5}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=S.R.K.K.V.K.N. Kotababu|votes=1,293|percentage=1.4|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Pittapurapu Sreeramulu|votes=978|percentage=1.0|change={{decrease}}0.6}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Koyilada Nookaraju|votes=523|percentage=0.6|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Malla Nookunaidu|votes=280|percentage=0.3|change={{increase}}12.5}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Sarakanam Krishnamurthy|votes=113|percentage=0.1|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=24,246|percentage=25.1|change={{increase}}12.2}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=96,414|percentage=74.1|change={{decrease}}1.5}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1999 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Elamanchili}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Pappala Chalapathirao]]
|votes = 52,583
|percentage = 51.8
|change = {{decrease}}9.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Raju Uppalapati|votes=45,529|percentage=44.8|change={{increase}}9.3}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Anna Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Sanyasinaidu Veesam|votes=3,430|percentage=3.4|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=7,054|percentage=6.8|change={{decrease}}18.3}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=104,435|percentage=74.7|change={{increase}}0.6}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Elamanchili}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Kanna Babu]]
|votes = 54,819
|percentage = 51.77
|change = +6.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Gontina Venkata Nageswara Rao]]|votes=48,956|percentage=46.24|change=-5.54}}
{{Election box majority||votes=5,863|percentage=5.53|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=105,885|percentage=81.13|change=+8.47}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Elamanchili}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Kanna Babu]]
|votes = 53,960
|percentage = 37.02
|change = -14.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Praja Rajyam Party|candidate=[[Gonthina Venkata Nageswara Rao]]|votes=43,870|percentage=30.09|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Lalam Bhaskara Rao]]|votes=39,525|percentage=27.11|change=-19.13}}
{{Election box majority||votes=10,090|percentage=6.93|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=145,773|percentage=83.58|change=+2.45}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Elamanchili}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Panchakarla Ramesh Babu]]
|votes = 80,563
|percentage = 50.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Pragada Nageswara Rao]]|votes=72,188|percentage=45.34|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=8,375|percentage=5.26|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=159,218|percentage=85.72|change=+2.14}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Elamanchili}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party=YSR Congress Party
|candidate=[[Kanna Babu]]
|votes= 71,934
|percentage= 42.62
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Panchakarla Ramesh Babu]]|votes=67,788|percentage=40.17|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janasena Party|candidate=[[Sundarapu Vijay Kumar]]|votes=20,074|percentage=11.72|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=4,146|percentage=2.45|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,68,766|percentage=85.40|change=-0.32}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Elamanchili}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Janasena Party|candidate=[[Sundarapu Vijay Kumar]]|votes=1,09,443|percentage=61|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Kanna Babu]]|votes=60,487|percentage=33.71|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=NOTA|candidate=None Of The Above|votes=2409|percentage=1.34|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=48,956|percentage=27.28|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=179,427|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Janasena Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =

}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Coord|17.55|82.85|display=title}}
{{Anakapalli district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Anakapalli district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Roza Bal

2026-04-11T10:48:32Z

GlennVarner228:

{{short description|Shrine located in the Khanyar quarter in downtown area of Srinagar in Kashmir}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
[[File:Roza Bal Tomb in Srinagar Kashmir.jpg|thumb|The Roza Bal shrine in [[Srinagar]], [[Kashmir Valley|Kashmir, India]], believed by Ahmadi Muslims to be the tomb of Jesus.<ref name="alislam.org">{{•}} {{cite web|author=|date=2020|title=Jesus Son of Mary – Islamic Beliefs|url=https://www.alislam.org/articles/jesus-son-of-mary-islamic-beliefs/|access-date=14 July 2021|website=Alislam.org|publisher=[[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadiyya Muslim Community]]}} {{•}} {{cite web|last=Goraya|first=Azhar Ahmad|date=2020|title=Jesus Christ died a Natural Death|url=https://www.alislam.org/articles/jesus-christ-died-natural-death/|access-date=14 July 2021|website=Alislam.org|publisher=[[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadiyya Muslim Community]]}} {{•}} {{cite web|last=Iqbal|first=Farhan|date=2020|title=30 Verses of the Holy Quran which prove the Natural Death of Jesus Christ|url=https://www.alislam.org/articles/30-verses-of-holy-quran-which-prove-natural-death-of-jesus-christ/|access-date=14 July 2021|website=Alislam.org|publisher=[[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadiyya Muslim Community]]}}</ref><ref name="Korbel-Preckel 2016">{{cite book|last1=Korbel|first1=Jonathan|title=Religious Dynamics under the Impact of Imperialism and Colonialism|last2=Preckel|first2=Claudia|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|year=2016|isbn=978-90-04-32511-1|editor1-last=Bentlage|editor1-first=Björn|series=Numen Book Series|volume=154|location=[[Leiden]]|pages=426–442|chapter=Ghulām Aḥmad al-Qādiyānī: The Messiah of the Christians—Peace upon Him—in India (India, 1908)|doi=10.1163/9789004329003_034|editor2-last=Eggert|editor2-first=Marion|editor3-last=Krämer|editor3-first=Hans-Martin|editor4-last=Reichmuth|editor4-first=Stefan|editor4-link=Stefan Reichmuth (academic) |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtY6DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA426}}</ref><ref name="Leirvik 2010">{{cite book|last=Leirvik|first=Oddbjørn|title=Images of Jesus Christ in Islam|publisher=[[Continuum International Publishing Group|Continuum International]]|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4411-7739-1|edition=2nd|location=[[London]]|pages=34–36, 129–132|chapter=Christ in the Qurʾān and in Ḥadīth|doi=10.5040/9781472548528.ch-002|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gzd_I2AFswwC&pg=PA34}}</ref>]]

{{Ahmadiyya|Key sites}}

The '''Roza Bal''' or '''Rouza Bal''' is a shrine located in the [[Khanyar]] quarter in [[Downtown Srinagar|downtown]] area of [[Srinagar]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India. The word ''roza'' means tomb, the word ''bal'' means place.<ref>Ghulām Muhyi'd Dīn Sūfī Kashīr, being a history of Kashmir from the earliest times to our own 1974 – Volume 2 – Page 520 "Bal, in Kashmiri, means a place and is applied to a bank, or a landing place."</ref><ref>B. N. Mullik – My years with Nehru: Kashmir – Volume 2 1971 – Page 117 "Due to the presence of the Moe-e-Muqaddas on its bank the lake gradually acquired the name Hazratbal (Bal in Kashmiri means lake) and the mosque came to be known as the Hazratbal Mosque. Gradually the present Hazratbal village grew ..."</ref><ref>Nigel B. Hankin ''Hanklyn-janklin: a stranger's rumble-tumble guide to some words'' 1997 Page 125 (Although bal means hair in Urdu, in this instance the word is Kashmiri for a place – Hazratbal – the revered place.) HAZRI n Urdu Lit. presence, attendance. In British days the word acquired the meaning to Europeans and those associated with ..."</ref><ref>Andrew Wilson The Abode of Snow: Observations on a Journey from Chinese Tibet to ... 1875 reprint 1993– Page 343 Bal means a place, and Ash is the satyr of Kashmir traditions."</ref><ref>Parvéz Dewân Parvéz Dewân's Jammû, Kashmîr, and Ladâkh: Kashmîr – 2004 Page 175 "Manas means 'mountain' and 'bal' means 'lake' (or even 'place'). Thus, the ..."</ref> Locals believe a sage is buried here, [[Yuz Asaf]],<ref name="Korbel-Preckel 2016"/> alongside another [[Wali|Muslim holy man]], Mir Sayyid Naseeruddin.

The shrine was relatively unknown until the founder of the [[Ahmadiyya]] movement, [[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad]], asserted in 1899 that it is actually the [[tomb of Jesus]].<ref name="Korbel-Preckel 2016"/><ref name="Leirvik 2010"/> This view is maintained by Ahmadis today,<ref name="alislam.org"/><ref name="Korbel-Preckel 2016"/><ref name="Leirvik 2010"/> though it is rejected by the local caretakers of the shrine, one of whom said "the theory that Jesus is buried anywhere on the face of the earth is blasphemous to Islam."<ref>[[Times of India]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20130710063559/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-05-08/india/28322287_1_srinagar-shrine-jesus Tomb Raider: Jesus buried in Srinagar?] 8 May 2010 "One of the caretakers of the tomb, Mohammad Amin, alleged that they were forced to padlock the shrine ... He believed that the theory that Jesus is buried anywhere on the face of the earth is blasphemous to [[Islam]]."</ref>

==Building==
The structure stands in front of a Muslim cemetery.<ref>[http://www.jantareview.com/Srinagar/biz_473940/Ziarati-Hazrati-Youza-Asouph map]</ref> It consists of a low rectangular building on a raised platform, surrounded by railings at the front and an entry. Within is a shrine to [[Yuz Asaf|Youza Asouph]].<ref>J. Gordon Melton The Encyclopedia of Religious Phenomena – Page 337 – 2007 "It stands in front of a Muslim cemetery in the Rozabal area of Khanyar, district of Srinagar, the capital of Kashmir. Inside is a wooden sepulcher surrounded by four recently installed glass walls. The sepulcher is empty, though, and the entombed personage ...."</ref> The building also houses the burial tomb of a Shia Muslim saint, Mir Sayyid Naseeruddin, a descendant of [[Ali Al-Ridha|Imam Ali-Rida]], 8th Imam of the Shia Muslims whose shrine is in [[Mashhad]].

The structure was previously maintained by the local community, but is now maintained by a board of directors consisting of [[Sunni Muslims]].<ref name=BABrown>''Three Testaments: Torah, Gospel, and Quran'' edited by Brian Arthur Brown 2012, {{ISBN|1442214929}} [[Rowman & Littlefield]] page 196</ref> According to Kashmiri writer [[Fida Hassnain]], a supporter of the Ahmadiyya views of Jesus, the tomb contains a rock carving that is said to show feet bearing crucifixion wounds and the body is buried according to what Hassnain considers are the [[Jewish]] tradition of directions and not according to the Islamic tradition.<ref name="doc"/> Academic reception of Hassnain's works has been highly critical - academics dismissing these claims includes [[Günter Grönbold]], [[Wilhelm Schneemelcher]], [[Norbert Klatt]], [[Per Beskow]], and [[Gerald O'Collins]].<ref>Mark Bothe Die "Jesus-in-Indien-Legende" - Eine alternative Jesus-Erzählung? - 2011 - Page 30 "1.4.2 Fida Hassnain - Fida M. Hassnain wurde 1924 in Srinagar, Kaschmir, ..."</ref>

==History==

===Buddhist and Hindu period===
There is no record of the shrine during [[History of Kashmir|Kashmir's Buddhist period]], nor during the Kashmir Sultanate (1346–1586) when many Buddhist temples were converted into mosques, such as the [[Shankaracharya Temple]] or "Throne of Solomon."<ref>W. Wakefield The Happy Valley: Sketches of Kashmir and Kashmiri 1996 – Page 61 "Sketches of Kashmir and Kashmiri W. Wakefield. 6. 1. Originally a Buddhist temple, like the country, later on, it became Mohammedan, and was converted into a mosque; while the presence within it at the present day of this emblem of the worship of Siva, testifies that it has also been utilized by the followers of the Hindu religion."</ref>

===Muhammad Dedamari, 1747===
The shrine is first mentioned in the ''Waqi'at-i-Kashmir'' (Story of Kashmir, published 1747), also known as the ''Tarikh Azami'' (History by Azam)<ref>Khwaja Muhammad 'Azam Didamari, Waqi'at-i-Kashmir being an Urdu translation of the Persian MSS Tarikh-i-Kashmir 'Azmi, translated by Khwaja Hamid Yazdani), Jammu and Kashmir "Islamic" Research Centre, Srinagar, 1998, p. 117.</ref> by the [[Khwaja Muhammad Azam Didamari]], a local Srinagar Sufi writer. Muhammed Azam states that the tomb is of a foreign prophet and prince, Yuzasuf, or in modern local Kashimiri transcription Youza Asouph. The name may derive from the Urdu "Yuzasaf" in the legend of [[Barlaam and Josaphat|Balauhar and Yuzasaf]], Yuzasaf being a name for [[Gautama Buddha]].<ref>[[Per Beskow]] in ''The Blackwell Companion to Jesus'' ed. Delbert Burkett 2011 "Only later did Ahmad's disciples invent the compromise that Jesus had been twice in India. Ahmad's primary source is a legend, known in the West as the tale of Barlaam and Josaphat. It was widely read all through the Middle Ages as an edifying... Yuzasaf as the principal character is named in Urdu, is helped on his way by the wise Bilhawar ... Ahmad divided Yuzasaf in two: Yuz Asaf. He declared that Yuz signified Jesus (who is not called by that name in any"</ref> Yuzasaf occurs as a spelling in the ''[[Rasail Ikhwan al-Safa]]'' of the [[Brethren of Purity]] and other sources.<ref>''The March of India'' The Contemporary Society for Contemporary Studies Volume 7, No.1 1963 – Page 119 "Ibn Babuya of Qum incorporated an adaptation of it in his treatise, Kitabi Kamal al Din wa Itman ... Akbar al Furs wa'l Arab. The authors of Rasail Ikhwan al-Safa refers to Balauhar's conversation with Budasaf (given here in the form of Yuzasaf). Thus the legend of Sakya Muni Gautam, the Buddha, entered into the religious thought of Islam with results that have not yet been properly assessed by scholars. In the development of Muslim mysticism, India's contribution is unmistakable."</ref> [[David Marshall Lang]] (1960) notes that the connection of the Buddhist Yuzasaf with Kashmir in part results from a printing error in the Bombay Arabic edition referencing the legend of the [[Wisdom of Balahvar]] which makes its hero prince Yuzasaf die in "Kashmir" (Arabic: كشمير) by confusion with [[Kushinara]] ([[Pali language|Pali]]: كوشينر), the traditional place of the original Buddha's death.<ref>John Rippon in ''Journal of Ecclesiastical History'' Volume 18, Issue 02, October 1967, pp 247–248, [http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=7804863 online] "In The Wisdom of Balahvar Professor Lang assembled the evidence for the Buddhist origins of the legends of the Christian saints Barlaam and Josephat. He suggested the importance of Arabic intermediaries, showing that confusion of diacritical markings turned Budhasaf (Bodhisattva, the Buddha-to-be) into Yudasaf, Iodasaph, Yuzasaf and Josaphat. By a curious roundabout journey this error reappears in once Buddhist Kashmir where the modern Ahmadiyya Muslims, well known for their Woking mosque, claim that a tomb of Yus Asaf was the tomb of Jesus who died in Kashmir, after having been taken down live from the cross; though the Bombay Arabic edition of the book Balahvar makes its hero die in Kashmir, by confusion with Kushinara the traditional place of the Buddha's death."</ref><ref>Trilok Chandra Majupuria, Indra Majupuria ''Holy places of Buddhism in Nepal & India: a guide to sacred places''-1987 Page 295 "(Kushinara-Pali) (Place of Parinirvana) The Pali name of this town where Buddha entered mahaparinir-vana is Kushinara, while the Sanskrit name for it is Kushinagara, Kushinagri, Kushigrama, Kushigramaka, etc."</ref>

===Court case 1770===
A court case was brought mentioning the shrine in 1184[[Hijri year|AH]]/1770AD:<ref>Fida Hassnain, The Fifth Gospel, Dastgir Publications Srinagar, Kashmir, Printed by Leo Printers of Delhi, 1988 Pp. 222–223; confirmed by citation in Mark Bothe ''Die "Jesus-in-Indien-Legende" – Eine alternative Jesus-Erzählung?'' 2011 – Page 53.</ref>
{{quotation|The Seal of The Justice of Islam Mullah Fazil 1184-A.H. Verdict: Now this Court, after obtaining evidence, concludes that during the reign of Raja Gopadatta, who built and repaired many temples, especially the Throne of Solomon, Yuz Asaph came to the Valley. Prince by descent, he was pious and saintly and had given up earthly pursuits. He spent all his time in prayers and meditation. The people of Kashmir, having become idolators, after the great flood of Noah, the God Almighty, sent Yuz Asaph as a prophet to the people of Kashmir. He proclaimed the oneness of God till he passed away. Yuz‐Asaph was buried at Khanyar on the banks of the lake and his shrine is known as Roza Bal. In the year 871 A.H. Syed Nasir-ud-Din, a descendant of Imam Musa-Raza, was also buried besides the grave of Yuz Asaph. Orders – Since the shrine is visited by devotees, both high and common, and since the applicant, Rehman Khan, is the hereditary custodian of the shrine, it is ordered that he be entitled to receive the offerings made at the shrine as before, and no one else shall have any right to such offerings. Given under our hand, 11th Jamad-ud-sani, 1184 A.H" (translation by Fida Hassnain 1988)}}
Hassnain's translation follows Ghulam Ahmad in dividing the name of [[Yuzasaf]], found in the [[Bilhawar and Yuzasaf]] tradition about Gautama Buddha, into two components, "Yuz Asaf."<ref>[[Per Beskow]] in ''The Blackwell Companion to Jesus'' Delbert Burkett 2011 {{ISBN|140519362X}} p463 "During the transmission of the legend, this name underwent several changes: to Budhasaf, Yudasaf, and finally Yuzasaf. In Greek, his name is Ioasaph; in Latin, Josaphat, the name of one of the kings of Israel. Ahmad divided Yuzasaf in two: Yuz Asaf ..."</ref> Yuzasaf, Arabic ''Yūdhasaf'' or ''Būdhasaf'', is derived from the Sanskrit ''[[Bodhisattva]]''. The Sanskrit word was changed to ''Bodisav'' in Persian texts in the 6th or 7th century, then to ''Budhasaf'' or ''Yudasaf'' in an 8th-century Arabic document (from Arabic initial "b" ﺑ to "y" ﻳ by [[Arabic alphabet|duplication of a dot]] in handwriting).<ref>Emmanuel Choisnel ''Les Parthes et la Route de la soie'' 2004 Page 202 "Le nom de Josaphat dérive, tout comme son associé Barlaam dans la légende, du mot Bodhisattva. Le terme Bodhisattva passa d'abord en pehlevi, puis en arabe, où il devint Budasaf. Étant donné qu'en arabe le "b" et le "y" ne different que ..."</ref>

===Indo-Pakistan War, 1965===
In the aftermath of the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]] and continuing Hindu-Muslim and Muslim-Muslim tensions and incidents the Ziarat Rozabal was desecrated and the grave dug up on 27 October 1965. Indian columnist [[Praveen Swami]] (2006) identified the culprits as a "stay-back cell" of Pakistani operatives, but this is not confirmed by other sources.<ref>[[Praveen Swami]] ''India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad: The Covert War in Kashmir'' 2006 Page 70 "Then, on October 27, Cell members dug up the grave of a Saint interred at the Ziarat Rozabal, a shrine in downtown Srinagar."</ref>

==Ahmadiyya claims==
[[File:Roza Bal Tomb in Srinagar Kashmir Interior.jpg|thumb|Interior of Roza Bal shrine.]]
{{main|Jesus in Ahmadiyya}}

===Mirza Ghulam Ahmad===

The founder of Ahmadiyya, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, inferring from the Verse 23:50 of the Quran, believed that the only occasion in the life of Jesus, son of Mary, that his life was seriously threatened, when an attempt was made to kill him by the cross. The Quran saying that "We...prepared an abode for them in an elevated part of the earth, being a place of quiet and security, and watered with running springs";<ref>George Sale Trans: "And we appointed the son of Mary, and his mother, for a sign: and we prepared an abode for them in an elevated part of the earth, being a place of quiet and security, and watered with running springs." [G Sale, page 261, the Quran 23:50][https://archive.org/details/TheKoranTranslatedByGeorgeSale]</ref> Ahmad says, may very fittingly apply to the Valley of Kashmir.<ref>The Quran 23:50, may apply to Kashmir. Book "Ijaz e Ahmadi (Zameema Nazool ul Mahih)", (p.23) (RK Vol 19, page 127 [http://www.alislam.org/library/browse/volume/Ruhani_Khazain/book/Ijaz_e_Ahmadi/?l=Urdu#page/127/mode/1up]</ref><ref>The Quran 23:50, may apply to Kashmir. Book 'Kashti e Noah' [the Ark of Noah], page 19, (footnote) and page 77 (footnote), Published 5 October 1902. [Ruhani Khazain, Volume 19, p.33]. [http://www.alislam.org/library/browse/volume/Ruhani_Khazain/book/Kashti_Nooh/?l=Urdu#page/19/mode/1up]</ref narration from Muhammad, as recorded in Kanz ul Ummal of Ali Muttaqi, 3/158 , Hadith No. 5955, which says: "Allah revealed this to Jesus; O Jesus keep moving from one place to another lest they know you and tease you." is also referred to in support of this interpretation of Quran 23:50.</ref>

In his book ''[[Jesus in India (book)|Jesus in India]],'' he elaborately claimed that Roza Bal was the tomb of Jesus (Urdu 1899, English 1944 مسیح ہندوستان میں ''Masih Hindustan-mein'').<ref>J. Gordon Melton ''The Encyclopedia of Religious Phenomena'' 2007 p377 "His tomb has been traced and found in Khanyar Street, Srinagar. This tradition, though attributed to ... Ahmad specifically repudiated Notovich on Jesus' early travels to India, but claimed that Jesus did go there late in His life. The structure identified by Ahmad as Jesus' resting place is known locally as the Roza Bal (or Rauza Bal)."</ref><ref name=PubV>The publisher's note (page v) at the beginning of the book states: "Written in 1899, and partly serialized in ''[[Review of Religions]]'' in 1902 and 1903, the book itself was posthumously published on 20th November 1908." ''Jesus in India'' by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (1 July 2003) {{ISBN|1853727237}}</ref> The book was fully published in 1908, and the first complete English translation in 1944.<ref name=PubV/> Ahmad had separately advocated the view that Jesus did not die by crucifixion, but travelled to the Indian subcontinent and died there at age 120.<ref>''Merriam Webster's Collegiate Encyclopedia'' by Mark A. Stevens (Jan 2001) {{ISBN|0877790175}} page 26</ref><ref name=OCollins169>''Focus on Jesus'' by [[Gerald O'Collins]] and Daniel Kendall (1 September 1998) {{ISBN|0852443609}} Mercer Univ Press pages 169–171</ref> [[Per Beskow]] states that Ghulam Ahmad separated Yuzasaf into two components Yuz and Asaf, interpreted Yuz as Jesus and Asaf (the Hebrew for gather) as signifying "Jesus the gatherer".<ref>[[Per Beskow]] "Mystifications: Jesus in Kasmir" pages 458–475 of ''The Blackwell Companion to Jesus'' ed. Delbert Burkett 2011 {{ISBN|140519362X}} "Ahmad divided Yuzasaf in two: Yuz Asaf. He declared that Yuz signified Jesus (who is not called by that name in any language) and that Asaf was the Hebrew verb for “gather.” Yuz Asaf would then be “Jesus the Gatherer."</ref>

The Ahmadiyya writer [[Khwaja Nazir Ahmad]]'s ''Jesus in Heaven on Earth'' (1952) developed Ghulam Ahmad's ideas.<ref>Mark Bothe Die "Jesus-in-Indien-Legende" – Eine alternative Jesus-Erzählung? -2011 Page 19 "Der wahrscheinlich erste Autor, der diesen Schritt vollzieht, ist Al-Haj Khwaja Nazir Ahmad, Mitglied der AhmadiyyaBewegung, der sein Buch „Jesus in Heaven on Earth“ 1952 als programmatische Untermauerung von Ghulam Ahmads Thesen verfasst."</ref> There are ruins of a Hindu temple near Srinagar where Ghulam Ahmad claimed Jesus had preached.<ref>Delbert Burkett ''The Blackwell Companion to Jesus'' 2011 "This very addition is the origin of the legend of Yuz Asaf's arrival in Srinagar and of his tomb in Mohalla Khaniyar. Ahmad referred to a Persian inscription on a Hindu temple near the city, which had already then been obliterated, but where Yuz Asaf was said to have been ..."</ref> Due to the lack of other western sources, the Ahmadi rely on the 3rd century [[apocrypha]]l [[Acts of Thomas]] and generally post-15th century Muslim sources in their reconstruction of an eastern travel path for Jesus.<ref name=Pappas77>''Jesus' Tomb in India: The Debate on His Death and Resurrection'' by [[Paul C. Pappas]] 1991 {{ISBN|0895819465}} ; page 77: "Because of the absence of any western records of Jesus' travels from Nisibis and on, the Ahmadis rely on the Acts of Thomas and Muslim sources written primarily since the fifteenth century in their endeavor to trace Jesus' journey to the East"</ref>

[[J. Gordon Melton]] states that having assumed the ''mujaddid'' (faith renewer) appellation in the 1880s, and having declared himself the [[Second Coming|Promised Messiah]] for the Christians, Ghulam Ahmad simply picked up the legend that Jesus had visited India to increase his self-identification with Jesus.<ref name=Melton55>''Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices'' Second Edition, {{ISBN|978-1-59884-203-6}} ABC-CLIO page 55</ref> [[Gerald O'Collins]] states that no historical evidence has been provided to support Ghulam Ahmad's theory that Jesus died in India.<ref name=OCollins169/> Simon Ross Valentine classifies the theory as a legend and considers the burial of Jesus in Roza Bal a myth in the scale of the legend of [[Joseph of Arimathea]] taking the [[Holy Grail]] to Britain.<ref>''Islam and the Ahmadiyya Jama'at: History, Belief, Practice'' by Simon Ross Valentine (14 October 2008) [[Columbia University Press]] {{ISBN|0231700946}} page 28</ref> [[Paul C. Pappas]] states that from a historical perspective, the Ahmadi identification of Yuzasaf with Jesus was derived from legends and documents which include a number of clear historical errors (e.g. confusing the reign of [[Gondophares]]) and that "it is almost impossible to identify Yuz Asaf with Jesus".<ref>''Jesus' Tomb in India: The Debate on His Death and Resurrection'' by [[Paul C. Pappas]] 1991 {{ISBN|0895819465}} ; page 155: "Al-Haj Nazir Ahmad's work ''Jesus in Heaven on Earth'', which constitutes the Ahmadi's best historical defense of Jesus' presence in Kashmir as Yuz Asaf, appears to be full of flaws, especially concerning [[Gondophares]]' reign", page 100: "The Ahmadi thesis can rest only on eastern legends recorded in oriental works, which for the most part are not reliable, not only because they were written long after the facts, but also because their stories of Yuz Asaf are different and in contradiction", page 115: "It is almost impossible to identify Yuz Asaf with Jesus"</ref>

Ghulam Ahmad's theory that Jesus died in India is distinct from the 1894 suggestion of [[Nicolas Notovitch]] that Jesus travelled to India in his earlier years (before the start of [[Ministry of Jesus|his ministry]]) during the [[unknown years of Jesus]] and Ghulam Ahmad specifically disagreed with Notovitch.<ref>''Jesus in India'' by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (1 July 2003) {{ISBN|1853727237}} pages iv–v</ref> Notovitch's claims to have found a manuscript about Jesus' travels to India have been totally discredited by modern scholarship as a hoax.<ref name=Ehrman282>{{cite book|last1=Ehrman|first1=Bart D.|author-link1=Bart D. Ehrman|title=Forged: Writing in the Name of God—Why the Bible's Authors Are Not Who We Think They Are.|format=EPUB|access-date=8 September 2011|edition=First Edition. EPub|date=February 2011|publisher=HarperCollins e-books|location=New York|isbn=978-0-06-207863-6|pages=282–283|chapter=8. Forgeries, Lies, Deceptions, and the Writings of the New Testament. Modern Forgeries, Lies, and Deceptions|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/55685655/Forged|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215031916/http://www.scribd.com/doc/55685655/Forged|archive-date=15 February 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Notovitch later confessed to having fabricated his evidence.<ref name="McG">''Indology, Indomania, and Orientalism'' by [[Douglas T. McGetchin]] (1 January 2010) Fairleigh Dickinson University Press {{ISBN|083864208X}} page 133 "Faced with this cross-examination, Notovich confessed to fabricating his evidence."</ref> Modern scholars generally hold that in general there is no historical basis to substantiate any of the claims of the travels of Jesus to India.<ref name=Losch>''All the People in the Bible'' by Richard R. Losch (1 May 2008) Eerdsmans Press {{ISBN|0802824544}} page 209</ref><ref>Van Voorst, Robert E (2000). ''Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence''. Eerdmans Publishing. {{ISBN|0-8028-4368-9}} page 17</ref>

===20th century===

====Khwaja Nazir Ahmad====
After Notovich and Ahmad the next widely noticed text was the 1908 ''[[The Aquarian Gospel of Jesus Christ]] – Transcribed from The Book of God's Remembrance (Akashic Records)'', which [[Levi H. Dowling]] (1844–1911) claimed he had transcribed from lost "Akashic" records.<ref>[[J. Gordon Melton]] ''The Encyclopedia of Religious Phenomena'' 2007 Page 337 "The theses articulated by Notovich and Ahmad have generated a variety of writings through the twentieth century, including one relatively famous text, the Aquarian Gospel of Jesus Christ, by Levi Dowling. The idea of the Srinagar site being the grave ofJesus has been severely hindered by antagonism toward the Ahmadiyya movement by mainstream Islam, which has declared the movement heretical. Its most recent exponent is German Holger Kersten......"</ref>

[[Khwaja Nazir Ahmad]], an Ahmadi missionary in Woking, developed Ghulam Ahmad's ideas in the 1940s. He also claimed that Moses was buried at Boot on Mt. Niltoop near Bandipur.<ref>Balraj Puri, 5000 years of Kashmir Institute of Jammu and Kashmir Affairs – 1997 – Page 100- "He identified his grave at a village called Boot. He also holds that Jesus Christ, too, came to Kashmir and is buried at Rozabal at Khanyar in Srinagar (Kashmir). It has been authoritatively said by many that Buddha also came to Kashmir to .."</ref> His book (1952) contained a translated section of the Ikmal al-din of Shia authority [[Ibn Babawayh]] (d. 991, called "as-Saduq") where Yuzasaf (Ahmad "Yuz Asaf") is mentioned.

{{quotation|He compared the tree with 'Bushra' towards which he used to draw people; the spring with learning, and the birds with the people who sat around him and accepted the religion he preached. Then Yuz Asaf, after roaming about in many cities, reached that country which is called Kashmir. He travelled in it far and wide and stayed there and spent his remaining life there until death overtook him. He left the earthly body and was elevated towards the Light. But before his death, he sent for a disciple of his, Ba'bad (Thomas) by name who used to serve him and was well-versed in all matters. Translation into English from Original Arabic of ''Ikmal al-din'' of [[Ibn Babawayh]], republished [[Khwaja Nazir Ahmad]] "Jesus in Heaven on earth" 1952 Page 362 (insertion "Thomas" not in original Ghulam Ahmad 1908 translation).}}

The claim that this text relates to Isa (Jesus) and not [[Barlaam and Josaphat]] originates in Ahmad's earlier 1902 use of the same text. Ahmadiyya claims that this section of the ''Ikmal al-din'' of [[Ibn Babawayh]] relates to Isa (Jesus) is rejected by Shia Muslims.<ref>Al-Shikh-us-Sadiq Abi Ja-far Muhammed Ibn 'Ali ibn Husain – Kamal-ud-Din vas TmamunNi'mat fi Ashat-ul-Ghaibat was Kaf-ul-Hairet. in Persian Sayyid-us-Sanad Press. 1882</ref> The Orientalist [[Max Müller]] had already translated this section into German (1894) when refuting the claims of [[Nicolas Notovitch]].<ref>[[Per Beskow]] in ''The Blackwell Companion to Jesus'' Delbert Burkett – 2011 "Its main propagandist in the West was Andreas Faber-Kaiser with his book Jesus Died in Kashmir (1978), where he ... This claim, however, was severely refuted by the famous orientalist Max Müller (1894), who had himself visited Himis and had ..."</ref>

Ahmadi websites and print sources cite various local documents and traditions in support of Ghulam Ahmad's identification of the Srinagar shrine as Jesus's tomb. These include: 
(1) Islamic versions of the legend of [[Barlaam and Josaphat]], in Arabic Budasaf or Yuzasaf:
* [[Ikmal-ud-Din]] of [[Ibn Babuyah]] (d.962 AD) – regarded by scholars as concerning the [[Barlaam and Josaphat]] legend.
* [[Qisa-shazada]], Qisa Shazada Yuzasaph wo hakim Balauhar (The Story of the Prince Yuzasaph and the Philosopher Balauhar) 18th–19th century Urdu version of the Book of [[Balauhar and Budasaf]].
* The ''[[Ain-ul-Hayat]]'' of [[Ibn-i-Muhammad Hade Muhammad Imail]], Allamah Majlisi (1616–1698)<ref>Mahdi Muntazir Qa'im Jesus: Through the Qur'an and Shi'ite Narrations 2007 – Page 19 "Bihar al-Anwar is a collection of hadiths in Arabic written by Mawla Muhammad Baqir ibn Muhammad Taqi, known as Majlisi the Second, or simply 'Allamah Majlisi (A.H. 1037–1110). He is one of the most prolific Shi'i writers, and "</ref>
(2) Texts mentioning Jesus (Isa)
* ''[[Rauzat-us-Safa]]'' of [[Mir Muhammad Bin Khawand]] (1417, published 1852 Bombay) – which contains a version of the legend of [[Abgar]] concerning the conversion of the king of [[Edessa]] (called [[Nasibain]] or [[Nisibis]] in Persian) in Turkey before Jesus' crucifixion. Ghulam Ahmad (Urdu, 1899, English 1978) gives a paraphrase of the [http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D13501032%26ct%3D45 original].
* [[Bhavishya Maha Purana]] (after 1739), a Hindu text with a section discussing Jesus and Mohammed, also Queen Victoria
(3) Local history of Kashmir
* A 1946 photograph of a single page purporting to be from [[Tarikh-i-Kashmir]], (History of Kashmir) a lost history by [[Mullah Nadri]] 1420 AD, used as a source by [[Haidar Malik]] (1620s). [[Khwaja Nazir Ahmad]] printed this photograph in ''Jesus in Heaven on Earth'' (1952)<ref>[[Khwaja Nazir Ahmad]] ''Jesus in Heaven on Earth'' (1952) page 393 (11 of pdf) "Photograph of a folio from Tarikh-i-Kashmir (See page 401)"</ref> The text in the photograph contains mention of Yuzasaf, but the standard text of the Mullah Nadri traditions transmitted by [[Haidar Malik]] contain no mention of Yuzasaf, and no historian cites Tarikh-i-Kashmir as containing a Yuzasaf tradition. The original page, which Ahmad tried to buy in 1946 is now lost, so no tests can be conducted to the age of the document.
* ''Waqiat-i-Kashmir'' of [[Muhammed Azam Didamari]] (1747) History of Kashmir, mention of Prince Yuzasaf
* Official Decree of 1770 court case, – identifying the two saints at the Rozabal as Yuzasaf and Sayyid Naseeruddin.
* ''Bagh-i-Sulaiman'' (The Garden of Solomon) of [[Mir Saadullah Shahabadi Kashmiri]] (1780), a history of Kashmir which comments on the other Muslim holy man buried at the Roza Bal shrine, Sayyid Naseeruddin.<ref>Mir Saadullah Shahabadi Kashmiri Bagh-i-Sulaiman "Virtuous Sayyid Naseeruddin: The assembly of believers owes its existence to him. His tomb exists in Khanyar in Anzimar. This tomb is significant because of the illuminated grave of a Prophet. All those who visit this sacred place receive aroma of perfumes! It has been narrated that a prince came, abandoned materialistic life, and adopted the path of piety and righteousness. God liked his obedience to Him [and] raised him to the status of an Apostle. He guided the people towards the Truth [and was] a mercy to the Valley (of Kashmir). It is due to this reason that his tomb is famous all over the country."</ref>
* ''[[Wajeesut Tawarikh]]'' of [[Abdul Nabi Khanyari]] (1857) – History of the Sikh period of Kashmir which mentions the Rozabal as grave of Sayyid Naseeruddin and prince Yuzasaf.
* [[Takhat Sulaiman]] (Throne of Solomon), remains of a temple on hill near [[Dal Lake]] in Srinagar, Kashmir
* ''[[Tahrik-i-kabir-Kashmir]]'', of [[Haji Mohiuddin]], (Amritsar, Suraj Prakash Press, 1902) – the first source to mention that some believe the Roza Bal to be the tomb of Jesus (Isa), three years after Mirza Ghulam Ahmad's identification.<ref>[http://www.arifkhan.co.uk/TOJ/core/historical_sources/index.html Arifkhan.co.uk "Historical Sources" New Ahmadi website] redirecting from tombofjesus.com in earlier article references</ref>

[[Paul C. Pappas|Pappas]] states that the analysis of any possible combinations of date assignment to Nazir Ahmad's theory about the travels of Jesus indicates that none of the scenarios can be consistent with the generally accepted historical dates such as the reign of Gondophares, in part because Nazir Ahmad relied on the dating methods used in the court of [[Zayn al-Abidin the Great|Zain-ul-Abidin]] (1423–1474).<ref>''Jesus' Tomb in India: The Debate on His Death and Resurrection'' by [[Paul C. Pappas]] 1991 {{ISBN|0895819465}} ; page 116 presents a detailed analysis and a table of the possible date assignments to [[Khwaja Nazir Ahmad]]'s story and concludes that none of them can be consistent with the general historical records. Page 116 of Pappas states: ".. as indicated previously, the [[Kalyugi era]] is rejected by Ahmad in favor of the [[Laukika era|Laukika]] (Haptrakesh-waran) era only because Mullah Ahmad, the fifteenth-century historian of the court of Sultan [[Zayn al-Abidin the Great|Zain-ul-Abidin]], maintained that this era was used in Kashmir until the conversion of Ratanju ([[Sultan Sadruddin|Sultan Sadr-ud-Din]]) to Islam in 1324 A.D."</ref>

====Andreas Faber-Kaiser and Holger Kersten====
In 1976 [[Andreas Faber-Kaiser]], a Spanish [[UFOlogist]], and in 1983 [[Siegfried Obermeier]] and [[Holger Kersten]], two German writers on esoteric subjects, popularised the subject in ''Christ died in Kashmir'', ''Christ in Kashmir'' and ''Christ Lived in India'' respectively.<ref>''Jesus Lived in India: His Unknown Life Before and After the Crucifixion'' by Holger Kersten 1981 {{ISBN|0143028294}} Penguin India</ref> Kersten's ideas were among various expositions of the theory critiqued by [[Günter Grönbold]] in ''[[Jesus in Indien. Das Ende einer Legende]]'' (Munich, 1985).<ref>''Gregorianum'' Page 258 Pontificia università gregoriana (Rome) "The whole story of how this legend was simply created (without a shred of evidence in its support), spread widely among a gullible public and still finds such latter-day exponents as Holger Kersten is splendidly told by Günt[h]er Grönbold."</ref> [[Wilhelm Schneemelcher]] a German theologian states that the work of Kersten (which builds on Ahmad and ''[[The Aquarian Gospel of Jesus the Christ|The Aquarian Gospel]]'') is fantasy and has nothing to do with historical research.<ref>''New Testament Apocrypha, Vol. 1: Gospels and Related Writings'' by [[Wilhelm Schneemelcher]] and R. Mcl. Wilson (1 December 1990) {{ISBN|066422721X}} page 84. Schneemelcher states that Kersten's work is based on "fantasy, untruth and ignorance (above all in the linguistic area)"</ref> [[Gerald O'Collins]] an Australian Jesuit priest, states that Kersten's work is simply the repackaging of a legend for consumption by the general public.<ref name=OCollins169/>

The interpretation that the tomb is aligned East-West{{clarify|date=September 2019}} is found in the Ahmadi publications such as, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad's ''Kashti Noh''<ref>The Site Map of the Grave attested by a Jewish Scholar Suleman Yousaf Ishaq on 12 June 1899. Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, Kashti Noah, page 78, in Hebrew. [https://archive.org/stream/RuhaniKhazainVol19_201305/Ruhani-Khazain-Vol-19#page/n107/mode/2up]</ref> and Ahmadiyya official magazines ''[[Islamic Review]]'' 1981 and ''[[Review of Religions]]'' 1983.<ref>[[Review of Religions]] Ahmadiyya Community Srinagar 1983 Volume 78 – Page 32 "As one reads the legends of Yuz Asaf gathered by the Ahmadiyya from sources as far apart as Iran and Sri Lanka – the conviction ... While the stone cover of the tomb is of Muslim date, underneath is a more ancient burial aligned east-west."</ref><ref>Trevor Drieberg -Jammu and Kashmir: a tourist guide – 1978 Page 99 "To the people of Rozabal, this is the tomb of Yuz Asaf, the name under which Christ is said to have lived in Kashmir. ... on the mountain pointing east-west like Jewish graves is called the shrine of the Prophet of the Book by inhabitants of the "</ref> Ahmadis claim that this is supported by the reference from [[Ibn Babawayh]]'s version of the [[Barlaam and Josaphat|Yuzasif]]-[[Gautama Buddha]] story in [[Ikmal al-Din]] "Then he stretched out his legs and turned his head to the west and his face to the east. He died in this position."<ref>[https://www.scribd.com/doc/27461079/Kamal-Al-Deen-wa-Tamam-Al-Ni-mah-Volume-2 Kammaaluddin wa Tamaamum Ni'ma English translation]</ref><ref>''The India magazine of her people and culture'' Volume 3 1982 – Page 57 "there an old tomb, blackened by time, which bears the signs of a recent It. The tomb, as all Jewish tombs t, is oriented East-West. ... Yuz Asaf – the oriental historian says – preached to the people in parables and on page 327 p the Kamal-ud-Din, a parable »hich"</ref><ref>Ibn Babuwayah Bombay Arabic edition, Kamal-ud-Din English translation section Kamaaluddin wa Tamaamun Ni’ma p275</ref>

====Ahmaddiya claims in Popular media====
[[Richard Denton (BBC)|Richard Denton]] wrote and produced a documentary for [[BBC Four]] titled ''Did Jesus Die?'' in 2004. It is narrated by [[Bernard Hill]] and features [[Elaine Pagels]], [[Peter Stanford]], [[John Dominic Crossan]], [[Paula Fredriksen]], Father [[Jerome Murphy-O'Connor]], [[N. T. Wright|Tom Wright]], Thierry LaCombe (French [[Knights Templar]] conspiracy theorist), [[The Tomb of God|Richard Andrews]], [[James Tabor]], [[Steve Mason (biblical scholar)|Steve Mason]], and Ahmadi editor [[Aziz Kashmiri|Abdul Aziz Kashmiri]].<ref>Dean R. Eyerly ''Between Heaven & Hell: The Historical Jesus'' 2010 Page 106 "In 2004, the BBC aired a special called Did Jesus Die? In this documentary, biblical scholars and scientists concluded "that is certainly a possibility". "</ref> The documentary explores the [[swoon hypothesis|survival from the cross]] theory and, in passing, mentions theories such as a journey to India by Jesus, with a section on the story of Yuz Asaf.<ref name="doc">{{cite web|last=Wynne-Jones|first=Jonathan|title=Did Jesus die?|agency=The Daily Telegraph|date=16 March 2008|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1581838/Why-the-BBC-thinks-Christ-did-not-die-this-way.html|access-date=25 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090404100625/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1581838/Why-the-BBC-thinks-Christ-did-not-die-this-way.html|archive-date=4 April 2009|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>

In 2007 [[Channel 4]] showed the documentary ''The Hidden Story of Jesus'' presented by [[Robert Beckford]], which included filming inside Roza Bal, and an interview with Fida Hassnain about the shrine and Jesus "Indian connection".<ref>''The Hidden Story of Jesus'', c. 1:02:00, as Prof. Fida Hussnain</ref> Gerald O’Collins criticised several aspects of the documentary, and stated that Hassnain "showed how he lives in an odd world of fantasy and misinformation."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=O'Collins |first1=Gerald |title=The Hidden Story of Jesus |journal=[[New Blackfriars]] |date=November 2008 |volume=89 |issue=1024 |pages=711 |doi=10.1111/j.1741-2005.2008.00244.x |jstor=43251281 }}</ref>

Around 2010 the tomb at Roza Bal began to gain popularity among western tourists as the possible tomb of Jesus.<ref name=BBCRoz>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/8587838.stm|title=Tourists flock to 'Jesus's tomb' in Kashmir|publisher=BBC|access-date=27 November 2010|first=Sam|last=Miller|date=27 March 2010}}</ref> According to a 2010 [[BBC]] correspondent report, the old story may have been recently promoted by local shopkeepers who "thought it would be good for business", and its inclusion in the [[Lonely Planet]] travel guide to India helped drive the tourist business.<ref name=BBCRoz/> The novel ''[[The Rozabal Line]]'' by [[Ashwin Sanghi]] makes reference to the shrine.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chhibber |first1=Mini Anthikad |title=Lining up the thrills |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Lining-up-the-thrills/article15925947.ece |access-date=23 September 2019 |work=The Hindu |date=14 September 2010 |language=en-IN}}</ref> In 2010, a 53-minute documentary was launched by the Indian film director Rai Yashendra Prasad with the name ''Roza Bal Shrine of Srinagar''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jesus Christ: Was The Savior Buried in Kashmir, India? |url=https://www.ibtimes.com/jesus-christ-was-savior-buried-kashmir-india-1519716 |access-date=23 September 2019 |work=International Business Times |date=24 December 2013}}</ref>

==Mainstream Muslims belief==
Since mainstream Muslims, and secular historians do not accept the Ahmadiyya claims of [[Jesus in India|a visit by Jesus of Nazareth to India]], mainstream Muslims and scholars also reject any possibility that the Roza Bal shrine is the tomb of Jesus. After [[Howard Walter]] visited the shrine in 1913, investigating Ghulam Ahmad's claims, he reported that local Muslims were of the opinion that the shrine had previously been a Hindu grave until the 14th century when Sayyid Sharfud'-Din 'Abdur Rahman, (d. 1327 CE, popularly known as [[Bulbul Shah]]) had brought Islam to Kashmir, and declared the grave to be not of a boddhisvatta but of a Muslim saint.<ref>H. A. Walter, The Ahmadiya Movement ("Religious Life of India" series), Calcutta, 1918, Chapter 9</ref> German indologist [[Günter Grönbold]] notes that like the [[Yuzasaf]] legend, the tomb itself is one of many sacred Buddhist and Hindu sites in Kashmir re-purposed to Islamic shrines over the course of Kashmir's history.<ref>[[Günter Grönbold]] ''Jesus in Indien. Das Ende einer Legende'' 1985 p.53 "vom vorislamischen Hinduismus ubernimmt. ... Das ist nun das ganze Geheminis um das Grab Rauzabal in der Khanyar-Strasse in Srinagar.".</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Abba Yahiyya]], leader of a 'Jesus in India' faith.
* [[Mai Mari da Ashtan]], proposed grave of Mary, mother of Jesus, in Pakistan.
* [[Swoon hypothesis]], ideas that Jesus did not die on the cross.
* [[Tomb of Jesus]], proposed graves of Jesus.
* [[Unknown years of Jesus]], ideas on what Jesus did in a time not described in the New Testament, and after supposedly surviving crucifixion.
* [[Yusmarg]], proposed as a place Jesus stayed at in India.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{commons category-inline|Roza Bal}}

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{{Jammu and Kashmir topics}}
{{Municipalities of Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Kashmir Valley}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Srinagar]]
[[Category:Alleged tombs of Jesus]]
[[Category:Ahmadiyya]]

Firozpur–Rameswaram Humsafar Express

2026-04-08T08:29:17Z

GlennVarner228: made a data.

{{short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
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| image_width = 350
| caption = Firozpur Cantt.–Rameswaram Humsafar Express at [[Itarsi Junction railway station|Itarsi Junction]].
| type = [[Humsafar Express]]
| status =
| locale = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]],[[Haryana]] [[Rajasthan]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Telangana]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] & [[Tamil Nadu]]
| first = * {{start date and age|df=yes|2018|10|2}} (Inaugural){{efn|Scheduled date of commencement}}
* {{start date and age|df=yes|2023|10|03}} (extended up to {{rws|Firozpur Cantonment}})
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| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
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| end = {{rws|Rameswaram}} (RMM)
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| journeytime = 60 hours (Approx.)
| frequency = Weekly{{efn|Train.No.20973 on Saturdays and Train.No.20974 on Tuesdays}}
| class = {{ubl|Sixteen AC [[Couchette car|3-tier]]|One [[Pantry car]]|Two [[End on generation|EOG]] cars}}
| line_used = {{ubl|Ajmer–Bhopal Line ('''{{abbrlink|AII|Ajmer Junction railway station}}{{snd}}{{abbrlink|BPL|Bhopal Junction railway station}}''')|[[Bhopal–Nagpur section]] ('''{{abbrlink|BPL|Bhopal Junction railway station}}{{snd}}{{abbrlink|NGP|Nagpur Junction railway station}}''')|[[Nagpur–Hyderabad line]] ('''{{abbrlink|NGP|Nagpur Junction railway station}}{{snd}}{{abbrlink|KZT|Kazipet Junction railway station}}''')|[[Kazipet–Vijayawada section]] ('''{{abbrlink|KZT|Kazipet Junction railway station}}{{snd}}{{abbrlink|BZA|Vijayawada Junction railway station}}''')|[[Vijayawada–Gudur section]] ('''{{abbrlink|BZA|Vijayawada Junction railway station}}{{snd}}{{abbrlink|GDR|Gudur Junction railway station}}''')|[[Gudur–Chennai section]] ('''{{abbrlink|GDR|Gudur Junction railway station}}{{snd}}{{abbrlink|KOK|Korukkupet railway station}}''')|[[North Line, Chennai Suburban|North Line]] ('''{{abbrlink|KOK|Korukkupet railway station}}{{snd}}{{abbrlink|MSB|Chennai Beach railway station}}''')|[[South Line, Chennai Suburban|South Line]] ('''{{abbrlink|MSB|Chennai Beach railway station}}{{snd}}{{abbrlink|VM|Viluppuram Junction railway station}}''')|[[Chord Line, Tamil Nadu|Chord Line]] ('''{{abbrlink|VM|Viluppuram Junction railway station}}{{snd}}{{abbrlink|TPJ|Tiruchirappalli Junction railway station}}''')|Tiruchirappalli–Manamadurai Line ('''{{abbrlink|TPJ|Tiruchirappalli Junction railway station}}{{snd}}{{abbrlink|MNM|Manamadurai Junction railway station}}''')|[[Manamadurai–Rameswaram branch line]] ('''{{abbrlink|MNM|Manamadurai Junction railway station}}{{snd}}{{abbrlink|RMM|Rameswaram railway station}}''')}}
| seating = No
| access = {{Access icon|20px}}
| sleeping = [[Couchette car]]
| autorack =
| catering = On-board Catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Overhead racks Baggage carriage
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach|LHB Humsafar]]
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm}}
| el = [[25 kV AC]], [[Utility frequency|50 Hz]]
| maintenance = {{rws|Firozpur Cantonment}}
| trainnumber = 20973 / 20974
| speed = {{cvt|57|km/h}}
| map = {{Firozpur–Rameswaram Humsafar Express Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The 20498 / 20497 '''Firozpur Cantonment–Rameswaram Humsafar Express''' is an express train of the Indian Railways connecting {{rws|Firozpur Cantonment}} with {{rws|Rameswaram}}. It is currently being operated with 20973/20974 train numbers on a weekly basis. After its extension from [[Ajmer Junction railway station|Ajmer]] to Firozpur, It became as the Longest Running Humsafar category train by just surpassing [[Agartala–SMVT Bengaluru Humsafar Express|SMVT Bangalore Agartala Humsafar express]]. And also became as [[Longest train services of Indian Railways|5th longest train service]] by Indian Railways.

== Background ==
The inaugural service, bearing train number No.09603 of this service was launched on 27 September 2018 at ({{rws|Laxmibai Nagar Junction}}) by [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha]], [[Sumitra Mahajan]].<ref>{{Cite tweet |user=WesternRly|author-link=Western Railway zone|number=1045164443896672256|date = 27 September 2018 |title=Moving towards better connectivity & infrastructure. Smt. @S_MahajanLS to start new Ajmer-Rameshwaram Humsafar Exp via Ratlam-Laxmibai Nagar(Indore). Also laying of foundation stone for proposed station building at Dr. Ambedkar Nagar & Tunnel T1 on new Indore-Dahod rail line.|access-date=29 September 2018||archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230203832/https://twitter.com/WesternRly/status/1045164443896672256 |archive-date=30 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |user=WesternRly|author-link=Western Railway zone|number=1045287105197469696|date = 27 September 2018 |title=A new train, Ajmer-Rameshwaram Humsafar Express, was flagged off through video conferencing by Speaker, Lok Sabha Smt. Sumitra Mahajan. This train will run via Ratlam-Laxmibai Nagar (Indore), benefitting the passengers with direct connectivity to Rameshwaram. @RatlamDRM|access-date=29 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230204146/https://twitter.com/WesternRly/status/1045287105197469696|archive-date=30 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="starting">{{cite news |last1=Devanjana |first1=Nag |title=Indian Railways to introduce Humsafar Express between Ajmer-Rameswaram; 5 things to know about the new train |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/indian-railways-to-introduce-humsafar-express-between-ajmer-rameswaram-5-things-to-know-about-the-new-train/1328576/ |accessdate=29 September 2018 |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]] |date=27 September 2018|archive-date=26 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026184451/https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/indian-railways-to-introduce-humsafar-express-between-ajmer-rameswaram-5-things-to-know-about-the-new-train/1328576/}}</ref> The regular services are scheduled to commencing from 2 October 2018 at {{rws|Rameswaram}} on every Tuesdays and 6 October 2018 at {{rws|Ajmer Junction}} on every Saturdays bearing train numbers 20974 and 20973 respectively.<ref name="regular">{{cite news |title=New express train between Ajmer Jn-Rameswaram |url=http://www.uniindia.com/new-express-train-between-ajmer-jn-rameswaram/states/news/1362414.html |accessdate=29 September 2018 |work=[[United News of India]] |date=26 September 2018 |location=[[Hyderabad]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026182642/http://www.uniindia.com/new-express-train-between-ajmer-jn-rameswaram/states/news/1362414.html|archive-date=26 October 2018}}</ref><ref name="scraiirmm">{{Cite tweet |user=SCRailwayIndia|author-link=South Central Railway zone|number=1044951987844861952|date = 26 September 2018 |title=#Introduction of New #Humsafar Weekly Express between Ajmer Jn – Rameswaram (via Vijayawada) @RailMinIndia|access-date=29 September 2018|archive-date=30 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230204732/https://twitter.com/SCRailwayIndia/status/1044951987844861952}}</ref> It was then extended to Firozpur Cantonment from 2 October 2023.

== Rakes ==

The service is completely fitted with 3-tier AC coaches designed by [[Indian Railways]] with features like LED screen display to show information about stations, train speed and will have announcement system as well, Vending machines for tea, coffee and milk, Bio toilets in compartments as well as CCTV cameras.<ref name="hse">{{cite news |title=First look of Humsafar Express: An all new 3-Tier AC train |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/infrastructure/first-look-of-humsafar-express-an-all-new-3-tier-ac-train/slideshow/54347422.cms |accessdate=29 September 2018 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |publisher=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |date=15 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929190148/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/infrastructure/first-look-of-humsafar-express-an-all-new-3-tier-ac-train/slideshow/54347422.cms|archive-date=29 September 2018}}</ref><ref name="upgrade">{{cite news |title=Indian Railways introduce upgraded 'Humsafar Express' coaches |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/indian-railways-introduce-upgraded-humsafar-express-coaches-117061401088_1.html |accessdate=29 September 2018 |work=[[Business Standard]] |publisher=[[Press Trust of India]] |date=14 June 2017 |location=[[New Delhi]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930034109/https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/indian-railways-introduce-upgraded-humsafar-express-coaches-117061401088_1.html|archive-date=30 September 2018}}</ref><ref name="firsthse">{{cite web |title=Minister of Railways Flags Off Country's First Humsafar Train |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=155585 |website=[[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]] |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |accessdate=29 September 2018 |location=[[New Delhi]] |date=16 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930034117/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=155585|archive-date=30 September 2018}}</ref> Apart from 16 AC 3-tier coaches earmarked for passengers, the train will also have 1 Pantry Car and 2 End-on Generator coaches. Earlier was [[WDM-3A]] pull it now [[WAP-7]] take a turn to pull it regularly.<ref name="starting"/><ref name="hsesr">{{cite news|title=New train from Rameswaram to Ajmer|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/new-train/article25076465.ece|work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=29 September 2018 |date=29 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230205554/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/new-train/article25076465.ece|archive-date=30 December 2018}}</ref>

== Route ==
This weekly service originates every Saturday traverses about {{cvt|3431|km}} through {{rws|Bathinda Junction}},{{rws|Mandi Dabwali}},
{{rws|Hanumangarh Junction}}, {{rws|Sadulpur Junction}}, {{rws|Churu Junction}}, {{rws|Sikar Junction}}, {{rws|Ringas Junction}}, {{rws|Jaipur Junction}}, {{rws|Ajmer Junction}}, {{rws|Chittaurgarh Junction}}, {{rws|Ratlam Junction}}, {{rws|Fatehabad Chandrawatiganj Junction}}, {{rws|Laxmibai Nagar Junction}} (Indore Suburban),{{efn|The service reverses its rakes to continue the journey.}} {{rws|Dewas Junction}}, {{rws|Bhopal Junction}}, {{rws|Itarsi Junction}}, {{rws|Nagpur Junction}}, {{rws|Balharshah Junction}}, {{rws|Vijayawada Junction}}, {{rws|Gudur Junction}}, {{rws|Chennai Egmore}}, {{rws|Viluppuram Junction}},{{rws|Tiruchirappalli Junction}} and {{rws|Manamadurai Junction}} reaching on Tuesdays. On the return journey, it leaves the same Tuesday traverses the same route and reaches Firozpur Cantonment on Fridays.<ref name="regular"/> It takes 62 hours approximately to completely the service at a rate of {{cvt|57|km/h}}.<ref name="scraiirmm"/><ref name="hsesr"/>

==Developments==
There are also demands for this train to make a stop at [[Ramanathapuram railway station|Ramanathapuram]], Paramakudi, [[Sivaganga railway station|Sivagangai]] [[Karaikkudi Junction railway station|Karaikudi Junction]] and [[Vriddhachalam Junction railway station|Vriddhachalam Junction]]<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2019-06-26 |title=Karti Chidambaram for re-scheduling of some trains |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/karti-chidambaram-for-re-scheduling-of-some-trains/article28158570.ece |access-date=2021-12-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Train Schedules |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-firozpur-cantt-rameswaram-humsafar-express-20498/89419/105/1508 |website=www.indiarailinfo.com |access-date=13 February 2024 |ref=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref> as it runs with low patronage between [[Chennai Egmore railway station|Chennai Egmore]] and [[Rameswaram railway station|Rameswaram]].

== See also ==

* [[Sri Ganganagar – Tiruchirappalli Humsafar Express]]
* [[Ajmer Junction railway station]]
* [[Rameswaram railway station]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/ajmer-rameswaram-humsafar-express-19603/89419/280/1507 19603/Ajmer - Rameswaram Humsafar Express]
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/rameswaram-ajmer-humsafar-express-19604/89420/1507/280 19604/Rameswaram - Ajmer Humsafar Express]

{{Humsafar Express}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ajmer - Rameswaram Humsafar Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Ajmer]]
[[Category:Transport in Rameswaram]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2018]]
[[Category:Humsafar Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Telangana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]

Raja Vijayaraghavan V.

2026-04-05T18:31:46Z

GlennVarner228: stub

{{Short description|Judge of the Kerala High Court}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Raja Vijayaraghavan V
| honorific_prefix = '''Hon'ble Justice'''
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Judge]] [[Kerala High Court]]
| term_start = 10 April 2015
| term_end =
| appointer = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| predecessor =
| nominator = [[Rajendra Mal Lodha]]
| office2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| office3 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| office4 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| office5 =
| term_start5 =
| term_end5 =
| office6 =
| term_start6 =
| term_end6 =
| office7 =
| term_start7 =
| term_end7 =
| office8 =
| term_start8 =
| term_end8 =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1967|5|28|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kollam]]
| citizenship = [[India]]n
| parents =
| website = {{URL|http://highcourtofkerala.nic.in/rvv.html|High Court of Kerala}}
}}
'''Raja Vijayaraghavan Valsala''' (born 28 May 1967) is a judge of the [[Kerala High Court]], the highest court in the [[Indian state]] of [[Kerala]] and in the [[Union Territory]] of [[Lakshadweep]].<ref name="hc">{{cite web|url=http://highcourtofkerala.nic.in/rvv.html|title=Official website if Kerala High Court|accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="PIB">{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=118220|title=Appointment of Additional Judges in Kerala High Court|work=Press Information Bureau - Government of India|accessdate=13 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="PIONEER">{{cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2015/india/karnataka-hc-chief-justice-transferred-22-addl-judges-appointed.html|title=Karnataka HC Chief Justice transferred, 22 Addl Judges appointed|work=dailypioneer.com|accessdate=14 April 2015}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
Raja completed his schooling from Deva Mata Convent School, Kollam, [[Trinity Lyceum School, Kollam]], [[St. Aloysius Higher Secondary School|St. Aloysius Higher Secondary School, Kollam]] and [[Fatima Mata National College|Fatima Mata National College, Kollam]], graduated from [[Thangal Kunju Musaliar College of Engineering|Thangal Kunju Musaliar College of Engineering, Kollam]] and obtained a law degree from [[Kerala Law Academy]] [[Law College]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. Raja enrolled as an Advocate in 1994 and started practice at Kollam, later shifting his practice to Kerala High Court. On 10 April 2015 he was appointed as an additional judge of Kerala High Court and became permanent from 5 April 2017.<ref name="hc"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://highcourtofkerala.nic.in High Court of Kerala]

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Judges of the Kerala High Court]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:1967 births]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

Chunnilal Garasiya

2026-04-04T04:17:31Z

GlennVarner228: made new details

{{Short description|Indian politician from Rajasthan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Chunnilal Garasiya
| image = Chunnilal Garasiya.jpg
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start = 3 April 2024
| constituency = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Rajasthan]]
| office1 = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Member of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term1 = 1990 - 1998
| constituency1 = [[Udaipur Rural Assembly constituency|Udaipur Rural]]
| education = [[Intermediate education|Intermediate]]
| alma_mater = [[Bhupal Noble's College]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| predecessor = [[Bhupender Yadav]]
}}

'''Chunnilal Garasiya''' is an [[Indian politician]] from [[Rajasthan]] who served as [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|member of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from [[Udaipur Rural Assembly constituency|Udaipur Rural seat]] from 1990 till 1998. A member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], he is serving as [[member of Rajya Sabha]] from Rajasthan state since 2024.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-27 |title=Rajya Sabha Elections 2024: Full list of winners in polls to 56 Upper House seats |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/rajya-sabha-elections-2024-full-list-of-winners-in-polls-to-56-upper-house-seats/3406893/ |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-13 |title=Madan Rathore & Garasiya get the nod from BJP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/bjp-jaipur-chooses-madan-rathore-garasiya-for-rajya-sabha-polls/articleshow/107644686.cms |access-date=2024-03-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Education==
Garasiya studied till intermediate in [[Bhupal Noble's College]], Udaipur.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-12 |title=BJP announces Madan Rathore, Chunnilal Garasiya as its RS pick from Rajasthan |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bjp-rajya-sabha-nominations-rajasthan-9158001/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==

Garasiya went on to be elected twice from Udaipur Rural Assembly seat in 1990 and 1993. From 1990 till 1992 he served as minister of state (Independent Charge) for the Government of Rajasthan<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-20 |title=Sonia Gandhi, Chunnilal Garasiya and Madan Lal Rathore elected 'unopposed' to RS from Rajasthan - Goa Chronicle |url=https://goachronicle.com/sonia-gandhi-chunnilal-garasiya-and-madan-lal-rathore-elected-unopposed-to-rs-from-rajasthan/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |language=en-US}}</ref> in Tribal Areas Development, Public Works Department (PWD), Health and Family Welfare offices.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=MLA Chunni Lal Garasiya (MLA), Minister Govt. of Rajasthan, Chunni Lal Garasiya - MLA |url=https://rajasthanlink.com/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=Rajasthan Link |language=English}}</ref>

He assumed the role of state vice president in BJP.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2024-02-12 |title=BJP fields ex-minister Chunnilal Garasiya, ex-MLA Madan Rathore for RS polls in Rajasthan |url=https://theprint.in/india/bjp-fields-ex-minister-chunnilal-garasiya-ex-mla-madan-rathore-for-rs-polls-in-rajasthan/1963945/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He married Sushila Garasia in 1979. He has three daughters.<ref name=":2" />

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Garasiya, Chunnilal}}
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 1990–1992]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 1993–1998]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from the Bharatiya Janata Party]]

Tejas Express

2026-03-27T06:30:22Z

GlennVarner228:

{{Short description|Series of Indian Semi-high speed train}}
{{Further|Tejas-Rajdhani Express}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Tejas Express
| color = FFA500
| image = The rake of the TEJAS Train, being inspected by the Union Minister for Railways, Shri Suresh Prabhakar Prabhu, at Safdarjung Railway Station, in New Delhi on May 19, 2017.jpg
| image_width = 300px
| caption = Brand new Tejas Express coaches at Delhi Safdarjung railway station.
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]]
| status = Active
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2017|05|24}}
| operator = [[Indian Railways]] (Public) [[IRCTC]] (Corporate)
| website = https://indianrail.gov.in
| line_used = 4
| class = {{plainlist|
* [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Executive chair car (EC)]]
* AC chair car (CC)
}}
| access =
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| catering = On-board catering, Tea and coffee vending machines, Local cuisine, Celebrity chef menu
| observation = Large windows in all carriages; services operated by both state and corporate operators.
| entertainment = Magazines, Electric outlets, On-board Wi-Fi
| baggage = Overhead racks on Chair car rake
Underneath storage of the bearths on Sleeper car rake
| otherfacilities = Automatic doors, Smoke alarms, CCTV cameras, Hand dryers, Odour control system, Sensor based water taps, Bio-vacuum toilets, Water level indicators, Fire and smoke detection, Suppression system.
| stock = LHB-Tejas Rake
| gauge = [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|Indian gauge]] {{RailGauge|1676mm|allk=on}}
| electrification = 25 kV AC at 50 Hz
| speed = {{convert|130|km/h|abbr=on}}; Tested speed: {{convert|200|km/h|abbr=on}}
}}

The '''Tejas Express''' is a [[Higher-speed rail|semi-high speed]] [[Air conditioning|fully air-conditioned train]] introduced by [[Indian Railways]] to connect major cities within a short time, skipping most of the stops, completing the journey before night. It features modern onboard facilities with doors which are operated automatically. Tejas means "sharpness", "lustre", or "brilliance" in many Indian languages. It is one of 3 [[Higher-speed rail|semi-high speed trains]] running in [[India]], the others being the [[Vande Bharat Express]] and the [[Gatimaan Express]].<ref>[http://www.ibtimes.co.in/luxury-train-tejas-express-running-without-safety-clearance-736179 Luxury train Tejas Express running without safety clearance], ''ibtimes.com'', 27 July 2017</ref>

==History==
The inaugural run of Tejas Express was on 24 May 2017 from [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]], [[Maharashtra]] to [[Karmali railway station|Karmali]], [[Goa]]. It covered 552 km in 8 hours and 30 minutes.<ref name = "dna1">{{cite web|title=Mumbai-Goa route gets Railways' premium train Tejas|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-mumbai-goa-route-gets-railways-premium-train-tejas-2260090|website=dna|access-date=15 October 2016|date=30 September 2016}}</ref> On 1 March 2019, the second Tejas Express of the country was flagged off between [[Chennai Egmore railway station|Chennai Egmore]] and [[Madurai Junction]] by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/new-trains-2019-tejas-express-chennai-egmore-madurai-train-no-22672-22671-schedule/1502482/|title=Madurai-Chennai Tejas Express flagged off! After Vande Bharat, it's the swankiest Indian Railways train|date=1 March 2019|website=The Financial Express|access-date=3 March 2019}}</ref> It covered 497 km in 6 hours and 30 minutes.

The [[Lucknow Junction railway station|Lucknow]] – [[New Delhi]] route (currently running) has been included in the current Trains at Glance, the official train time-table booklet, with "Date of Introduction to be declared" condition. At the same time news websites have quoted railway officials saying a hold of three years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/2-months-on-high-speed-tejas-express-on-chandigarh-delhi-route-yet-to-hit-the-tracks/story-vZEyz5Dc3KKMZ6hCtnahzK.html|title=2 months on, high speed Tejas Express on Chandigarh-Delhi route yet to hit the tracks|date=12 October 2018|website=hindustantimes.com|language=en|access-date=3 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/delhi-chandigarh-tejas-express-timings-2018-time-table-indian-railways-route-features/1283757/|title=Delhi to Chandigarh in 3 hours! This luxury train in Indian Railways new time-table will make it possible|date=17 August 2018|website=The Financial Express|access-date=3 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/TAG/Antyodaya_Uday_Train.pdf|title=Trains at Glance|website=Indian Railways|access-date=3 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/tejas-express-from-lucknow-is-also-running-three-years/articleshow/67587417.cms| title=Tejas Express from Lucknow to Delhi flagged by CM Yogi Aditya Nath|website=The Times of India| date=18 January 2019|access-date=3 March 2019}}</ref> Meanwhile, the train service which was expected to be launched on [[Mumbai]] – [[Surat]] and [[New Delhi]]- [[Jalandhar]] route has also been put on hold.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/surat-mumbai-tejas-train-not-feasible/articleshow/62907431.cms|title='Surat-Mumbai Tejas train not feasible' – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=14 February 2018 |access-date=3 March 2019}}</ref>

[[Lucknow – New Delhi Tejas Express]], which was inaugurated on 4 October 2019, is India's first train operated by private operators, [[IRCTC]], a subsidiary of [[Indian Railways]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Delhi-Lucknow Tejas Express set to be first train to be run by private operators |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/delhi-lucknow-tejas-express-set-to-be-first-train-to-be-run-by-private-operators-1562591525201.html|work=Livemint |date=21 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=India's first private train Lucknow-Delhi Tejas Express flagged off today |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/india-s-first-private-train-lucknow-delhi-tejas-express-starts-today-key-things-11570164891093.html|work=Livemint |date=4 October 2019}}</ref>

The [[Ahmedabad–Mumbai Central Tejas Express|Ahmedabad – Mumbai Tejas]] express, also operated by IRCTC, was inaugurated on 17 January 2020.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ahmedabad-Mumbai Tejas Express to be Flagged off Today |url=https://www.railpost.in/ahmedabad-mumbai-tejas-express-to-be-flagged-off-today/|work=Railpost.in |date=17 January 2020}}</ref>

==Technical specifications==
[[File:Inner view of the TEJAS Train, being inspected by the Union Minister for Railways, Shri Suresh Prabhakar Prabhu, at Safdarjung Railway Station, in New Delhi on May 19, 2017.jpg|thumb|Interior of the Tejas Express,|left|261x261px]]
The coaches of the first Tejas Express of India, which runs between Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (CSMT), Mumbai and Karmali are manufactured at [[Rail Coach Factory, Kapurthala]] in Kapurthala district of Punjab. The coaches of the second Tejas express, which runs between Chennai Egmore and Madurai, were manufactured at [[Integral Coach Factory]], [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/icf-rolls-out-modern-coaches-for-tejas-express/article25636642.ece|title= ICF rolls out modern coaches for Tejas Express|newspaper= The Hindu Businessline |date=30 November 2018 |access-date=22 April 2021}}</ref> The train is designed to run at a maximum speed of {{convert|200|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} but the maximum operating speed allowed is {{convert|130|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} due to track and safety constraints.<ref>[http://www.asianage.com/metros/mumbai/230517/indias-1st-high-speed-train-tejas-makes-debut.html India’s first high-speed train Tejas makes debut], ''asianage.com'', 23 May 2017</ref> Presently, the train runs at an average speed of {{convert|65|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}.<ref>[https://indiarailinfo.com/trains/tejas], indianrailinfo.com</ref>

There are 14 non-executive chair cars and they can seat up to 72 passengers each in 3+2 configuration. The coaches have energy-efficient LED lights and digital destination display boards. It also has two executive chair cars in 2+2 configuration. The executive chair cars have a seating capacity of 56 passengers with adjustable head-rests, arm support and leg support. The leg support is not available in non-executive chair cars. The seats on tejas express are also very comfortable in terms of height on the contrary of regular AC chair car seats. The Tejas Express also give it to [[Rajdhani Express]] trains replaces LHB red coaches and some Tejas Express trains run with [[WDP-4D]] , [[WDP-3A]] , [[WAP-5]] and [[WAP 7]]

Coaches have bio-vacuum toilets, water level indicators, tap sensors, hand dryers, integrated braille displays, LED TV for each passenger with phone sockets, local cuisine, celebrity chef menu, WiFi, tea & coffee vending machines, magazines, snack tables, CCTV cameras, fire & smoke detection and suppression system.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.luxurytrainindia.org/blog/tejas-express-digital-new-interiors-yummy-catering-onboard/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515182800/http://www.luxurytrainindia.org/blog/tejas-express-digital-new-interiors-yummy-catering-onboard/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=15 May 2017|title=All about Tejas Express: Digital New Interiors, Yummy Catering Onboard – Orient Rail Journeys Blog|website=luxurytrainindia.org|date=23 June 2023 }}</ref> The fares will be 20% to 30% more than [[Shatabdi Express|Shatabdi]] fares.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/travel-on-tejas-trains-to-be-costlier-than-shatabdi-1454299|title=Travel on Tejas Trains To Be Costlier Than Shatabdi|publisher=ndtv.com}}</ref> The Tejas Express has redesigned seats with eco-leather. Toilets are equipped with soap dispensers, touch-less water taps, odour-control systems and occupancy indicators. Doors are centrally controlled.<ref>{{citation |title=Tejas trains to give passengers feel of world-class travel with personal video screens, Wi-Fi, coffee vending machines |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/tejas-trains-to-give-passengers-feel-of-world-class-travel-with-personal-video-screens-wi-fi-coffee-vending-machines/articleshow/53139221.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=10 July 2016 }}</ref>

==Routes==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="color: black; background-color: orange | S. No.
! style="color: black; background-color: orange | Train No.
! style="color: black; background-color: orange | Originating Station
! style="color: black; background-color: orange | Terminal Station
! style="color: black; background-color: orange | Halts
! style="color: black; background-color: orange | Frequency
! style="color: black; background-color: orange | Distance
! style="color: black; background-color: orange | Travel Time
! style="color: black; background-color: orange | Average Speed
! style="color: black; background-color: orange | Inauguration
! style="color: black; background-color: orange | Operator
|-
| 1
| [[Mumbai CSMT - Madgaon Tejas Express|22119/22120]]
| [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus|CSMT Mumbai]]
| [[Madgaon Junction railway station|Madgaon Jn]]
| 7
| 5 Days/wk
| {{convert|580|km|abbr=on}}
| 09h 10m
| {{convert|63|km/h|0|abbr=on}}
| 24 May 2017
| [[Indian Railways]]
|-
| 2
| [[Chennai Egmore–Madurai Tejas Express| 22671/22672]]
| [[Chennai Egmore railway station|Chennai Egmore]]
| [[Madurai Junction railway station|Madurai Jn]]
| 3
| Except Thursday
| {{convert|493|km|abbr=on}}
| 06h 15m
| {{convert|79|km/h|0|abbr=on}}
| 1 March 2019
| [[Indian Railways]]
|-
| 3
| [[Lucknow–New Delhi Tejas Express|82501/82502]]
| [[Lucknow Junction railway station|Lucknow]]
| [[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]]
| 3
| Except Tuesday
| {{convert|512|km|abbr=on}}
| 06h 15m
| {{convert|82|km/h|0|abbr=on}}
| 4 October 2019
| [[Indian Railways Catering and Tourism Corporation|IRCTC]]
|-
| 4
| [[Ahmedabad – Mumbai Central Tejas Express| 82901/82902]]
| [[Ahmedabad Junction railway station|Ahmedabad]]
| [[Mumbai Central railway station|Mumbai Central]]
| 6
| Except Thursday
| {{convert|492|km|abbr=on}}
| 06h 25m
| {{convert|77|km/h|0|abbr=on}}
| 17 January 2020
| [[Indian Railways Catering and Tourism Corporation|IRCTC]]
|-
|}

==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[AC Express (Indian Railways)|AC Superfast Express]]
* [[Mumbai - Ahmedabad Bullet Train|Bullet train (Mumbai-Ahmedabad)]]
* [[Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[Gatimaan Express]]
* [[Humsafar Express]]
* [[Mahamana Express]]
* [[Double Decker Express]]
* [[Duronto Express]]
* [[Rajdhani Express]]
* [[Shatabdi Express]]
* [[Jan Shatabdi Express]]
* [[Garib Rath Express]]
* [[Antyodaya Express]]
* [[Uday Express]]
* [[Yuva Express]]
* [[Ramayana Express]]
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://indianrail.gov.in/ Indian Railways] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140601030217/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ |date=1 June 2014 }}

{{Tejas Express}}
{{Indian Railways}}
{{Higher-speed rail}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tejas Express trains| ]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2017]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2016]]
[[Category:2017 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Modi administration initiatives]]

Valnai–Meeth Chowky metro station

2026-03-26T12:36:38Z

GlennVarner228: Adding new data v1

{{Short description|Mumbai Metro's Yellow Line 2A metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Valnai–Meeth Chowky
| native_name = {{white|{{nobold|वळनई–मीठ चौकी}}}}
| style = Mumbai Metro
| style2 = Yellow
| image = Valnai-Meeth Chowky Metro Station (Mumbai) - Signage.jpg
| image_upright = 1.3
| image_caption =
| address = Malad, Mithchowki, Malad West, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400064
| coordinates = {{coord|19.1968293|N|72.8337752|E|format=dms|region:IN|display=title, inline}}
| line = {{rcb|Mumbai Metro|Line 2A|croute}}
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]]
| platform = 2 [[side platforms]]
| owned = [[File:MMRDA logo cropped.svg|22px]] [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]]
| operator = {{rint|mumbai|m}} Maha Mumbai Metro Operation Corporation Ltd.
| depth =
| tracks =
| parking = No
| bicycle =
| opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|2023|January|19}}

| code = '''210'''
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Mumbai Metro|line=2A|right=Dahanukarwadi|left=Malad (West)}}
| route_map = {{MM Line 2}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Mumbai Metro|Line 2}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Valnai – Meeth Chowky''' (formerly known as '''Valnai''') is an elevated metro station on the north–south corridor of the [[Line 2 (Mumbai Metro)|Yellow Line 2A]] of [[Mumbai Metro]] in [[Mumbai]], India. The station is located in [[Malad]], Mumbai. This station is owned by the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] (MMRDA), and was inaugurated on 19 January 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Travel guide for Mumbai Metro lines 2A and 7; PM Modi likely to launch the stretches on Jan 19 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/mumbai/travel-guide-for-mumbai-metro-lines-2a-and-7-pm-modi-likely-to-launch-the-stretches-on-jan-19-article-96900767 |access-date=13 January 2023 |date=11 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-19 |title=Mumbai Metro: These 2 lines to get operational today. Check route, other details |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/mumbai-metro-rail-lines-2a-7-to-get-operational-today-check-route-other-details-11674107578757.html |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
Valnai metro station was announced to be built in the second package of [[Line 2 (Mumbai Metro)|line 2A]]. J. Kumar Infraprojects was awarded the construction work contract for both packages of line 2A in June 2016. The cost of package was estimated at ₹700 crore each. J. Kumar Infraprojects bid below the reserve price. As per the agreement, the company started the construction of Valnai metro station along with the elevated [[viaduct]]s and other stations of the second package.<ref name="dnaindia">{{cite web |date=9 August 2016 |title=Tainted J Kumar Infraporjects bags Dahisar-DN Nagar Metro 2A project |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-tainted-j-kumar-infraporjects-bags-dahisar-dn-nagar-metro-2a-project-2242773 |access-date=14 January 2023 |website=www.dnaindia.com}}</ref>

The station was originally named Valnai. The MMRDA renamed the station Valnai – Meeth Chowky on 10 April 2023 due to public demand.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai: Three Metro stations renamed on public demand |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/mumbai-three-metro-stations-renamed-on-public-demand |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

== Station layout ==
{| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;vertical-align:top;border-top:solid 1px gray;" rowspan=4;|'''2nd Floor'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|{{small|[[Side platform]] {{access icon}}}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 height=45|'''Platform 1'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=390| {{0|→}} towards {{ltl|Mumbai Metro|line 2A|Right}} {{small|([[Dahanukarwadi metro station|Dahanukarwadi]])}} →
|-
| height=45|'''Platform 2'''
| ← towards {{ltl|Mumbai Metro|line 2A|Left}} {{small|([[Malad West metro station|Malad (West)]])}}
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;text-align:center;" colspan=2|{{small|[[Side platform]] {{access icon}}}}
|-
|style="vertical-align:top"|'''1st Floor'''
|style="vertical-align:top"|Mezzanine
|style="vertical-align:top"|Fare control, station agent, Metro QR ticket vending machines, crossover
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=50 |'''Ground'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=100 |Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=420 |Exit/Entrance
|}

=== Power and signaling system ===
Like all other stations and railways of [[Mumbai Metro|Mumbai metro]], Valnai station also uses 25,000 volt AC power system by [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]] to operate the trains.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mumbai Metro navbox|line 2=yes}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2023]]
[[Category:Mumbai Metro stations]]

Andhra Pradesh and Madras Alteration of Boundaries Act, 1959

2026-03-25T23:27:42Z

GlennVarner228:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Andhra Pradesh and Madras (Alteration of Boundaries) Act, 1959
| legislature = [[Parliament of India]]
| image =
| imagesize =
| long_title = An Act to provide for the alteration of boundaries of the States of Andhra Pradesh and Madras and for matters connected therewith.
| citation = [https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/1409 Act No. 56 of 1959]
| territorial_extent =
| enacted_by =
| date_passed =
| date_enacted = 24 December 1959
| enacted_by2 =
| date_passed2 =
| assented_by = President
| date_assented = 24 December 1959
| date_commenced = 1 April 1960
| date_effective =
| date_repealed =
| bill_history_url =
| bill =
| bill_citation =
| introduced_by =
| passed_for =
| passed_against =
| passed2_for =
| passed2_against =
| amends =
| repeals =
| amended_by =
| repealed_by =
| related_legislation =
| related_cases =
| struck_down_by =
| summary =
| keywords =
| status = in force
}}

The '''Andhra Pradesh and Madras (Alteration of Boundaries) Act, 1959''' (Act No. 56 of 1959),<ref>{{Cite web |title=MINISTRY OF LAW (Legislative Department)-An Act to provide for the alteration of boundaries of the States of Andhra Pradesh and Madras and for matters connected therewith.-Be it enacted by Parliament in the Tenth Year of the Republic of India as follows |url=https://egazette.gov.in/(S(dxxcit4wnm2kal3jhembzlpb))/ViewPDF.aspx |access-date=30 July 2025 |website=egazette.gov.in}}</ref> enacted by the [[Parliament of India]] under the provisions of article 3 of the [[Constitution of India|constitution]], went into with effect from 1 April 1960. Under the act, Tirutani [[taluk]] and Pallipattu sub-taluk of [[Chittoor]] district of [[Andhra Pradesh]] were transferred to [[Madras State]] in exchange for territories from the Chingelput ([[Chengalpattu]]) and [[Salem District]]s.<ref name="tnhist">[http://www.tn.gov.in/misc/histn.htm Government of Tamil Nadu — Tamil Nadu Secretariat — Brief History] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20070106185926/http://www.tn.gov.in/misc/histn.htm |date=2007-01-06 }}</ref><ref>[http://kanchi.nic.in/history.htm Historical Importance of Kanchipuram] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060518021820/http://kanchi.nic.in/history.htm |date=18 May 2006 }}</ref>

A total of 319 villages from three different [[taluk]]s of Chitoor district and a small forest area were transferred from Andhra Pradesh to Madras State in exchange for 148 villages of Chingelput district and three villages from Salem district, together with certain forest areas.{{citation needed|date=November 2018}}

The parliamentary constituencies of Chittoor in Andhra Pradesh and the Chingleput and Tiruvallur in Madras were considerably altered by this exchange of territories. As the greater parts of Tiruttani and [[Ramakrishnarajapet]] assembly constituencies in Andhra Pradesh were transferred to Madras in exchange for a smaller area, which was constituted into one taluk by the name of [[Sathyavedu]], these two constituencies (one two-member and the other single-member) were replaced by a two-member assembly constituency of Sathyavedu. Consequently, the total number of seats in the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh was reduced from 301 to 300. Meanwhile, the Madras Legislative Assembly gained one seat, the total increasing from 205 to 206. A new assembly constituency called [[Tiruttani]] came into being in Madras and the extent and boundaries of [[Ponneri]], [[Gummidipundi]] and [[Tiruvallur]] assembly constituencies were considerably altered.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eci.gov.in/Eci_Publications/books/genr/ThirdGenElection-Vol-I-62.pdf |title=Election Commission of India - Report on the Third General Elections in India, 1962 |access-date=2 June 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930033546/http://eci.gov.in/Eci_Publications/books/genr/ThirdGenElection-Vol-I-62.pdf |archive-date=30 September 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[States Reorganisation Act]]
* [[History of Tamil Nadu]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 1959]]
[[Category:Reorganisation of Indian states]]
[[Category:1959 in India]]
[[Category:1950s in Madras State]]
[[Category:1950s in Andhra Pradesh]]

Bhoomidevi Pushpiniyayi

2026-03-24T07:35:20Z

GlennVarner228:

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bhoomidevi Pushpiniyayi
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Hariharan (director)|Hariharan]]
| producer = P. K. Kaimal
| writer = Balamurukan [[S. L. Puram Sadanandan]] (dialogues)
| screenplay = S. L. Puram Sadanandan
| starring = [[Prem Nazir]] [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] [[Sukumari]] [[Jayabharathi]], Vidhubala
| music = [[G. Devarajan]]
| cinematography = [[Melli Irani]]
| editing = M. S. Mani
| studio = Thirumeni Pictures
| distributor = Thirumeni Pictures
| released = {{Film date|1974|11|29|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Bhoomidevi Pushpiniyayi''''' is a 1974 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film directed by [[Hariharan (director)|Hariharan]] and produced by P. K. Kaimal. The film stars [[Prem Nazir]], [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Sukumari]] and [[Jayabharathi]] in the lead roles. The film has musical score by [[G. Devarajan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=534|title=Bhoomidevi Pushpiniyaayi|accessdate=2014-10-15|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006093209/http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=534|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/s.php?1147|title=Bhoomidevi Pushpiniyaayi|accessdate=2014-10-15|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414003022/http://malayalasangeetham.info/s.php?1147|archivedate=14 April 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/bhoomi-devi-pushpiniyayi-malayalam-movie/|title=Bhoomi Devi Pushpiniyayi|accessdate=2014-10-15|publisher=spicyonion.com|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031355/http://spicyonion.com/title/bhoomi-devi-pushpiniyayi-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped}}</ref> The film was a remake of the Tamil film ''[[Ponnukku Thanga Manasu]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://oldmalayalam.blogspot.in/2010/12/original-tamil-malayalam-remake-nalla.html |title=Old is Gold: Tamil Movies made in Malayalam |access-date=29 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006032806/http://oldmalayalam.blogspot.in/2010/12/original-tamil-malayalam-remake-nalla.html |archive-date=6 October 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Plot==
Jagadeesh invites his stepmother wrath when he welcomes his old friend Sethumadhavan into his home, because he does not have a place to stay.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Prem Nazir]] as Sethumadhavan
*[[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] as Jagadeesh
*[[Sukumari]] as Bhanu
*[[Jayabharathi]] as Indu
*[[KPAC Lalitha]] as Meenakshi
*[[Adoor Bhasi]] as Menon
*[[Muthukulam Raghavan Pillai]] as Panicker
*[[Sankaradi]] as Pachupilla
*Mookkannoor Sebastian
*[[Bahadoor]] as Appunni
*[[K. P. Ummer]] as Madhava Menon
*[[Meena (Malayalam actress)|Meena]] as Doctor
*[[Santo Krishnan]]
*[[Vidhubala]] as Jaya
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[G. Devarajan]] and the lyrics were written by [[Vayalar Ramavarma]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Chorathudikkum" || [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[K. P. Brahmanandan]] || [[Vayalar Ramavarma]] || 3:23
|-
| 2 || "Danthagopuram" || [[P. Madhuri]] || Vayalar Ramavarma || 3:20
|-
| 3 || "Nadikal Nadikal" || K. J. Yesudas, P. Madhuri, Chorus || Vayalar Ramavarma || 4:54
|-
| 4 || "Paathiraathanuppu" || [[P. Susheela]] || Vayalar Ramavarma || 3:09
|-
| 5 || "Panineer Mazha" || K. J. Yesudas || Vayalar Ramavarma || 3:24
|-
| 6 || "Panthayam Oru Panthayam" || P. Madhuri, [[L. R. Eeswari]], Chorus || Vayalar Ramavarma || 3:10
|-
| 7 || "Thirunellikkaattilo" || [[P. Jayachandran]], P. Madhuri || Vayalar Ramavarma ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0230037|Bhoomi Devi Pushpiniyayi}}

[[Category:1974 films]]
[[Category:1974 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1974 Indian films]]
[[Category:Malayalam remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Hariharan]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. Devarajan]]

{{1970s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Gladrags Manhunt and Megamodel Contest

2026-03-22T17:27:34Z

GlennVarner228: Updated article with clearer structure

{{Short description|Indian beauty pageant}}
{{Sources exist|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Gladrags Manhunt and Megamodel Contest
| image = gladrags manhunt2.jpg
| image_border =
| size =
| founder = Maureen Wadia
| caption = 2008 contest winners
| map =
| msize =
| mcaption =
| motto =
| formation = 1994
| subsidiaries =
| type = 
| purpose = Beauty pageant
| headquarters = [[Mumbai]]
| location = India
| membership = 
| affiliations = {{ubl|[[Manhunt International]]|Best Model of the World Miss Intercontinental|[[Miss Tourism International]]}}
| language = [[Hindi]], English
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = Maureen Wadia
| parent_organisation = [[Gladrags (India)|Gladrags India]]
| key_people =
| num_staff =
| budget =
| website = {{URL|www.gladrags.in/}}
}}
The '''Gladrags Manhunt and Megamodel Contest''' is an annual unisex pageant conducted by the Indian [[Gladrags]] magazine. The most appealing male and female models are selected and promoted by the magazine.

They first conduct a round of selection from the regions and then post all the elimination rounds for the final contestants. The group undergoes training including physical fitness, grooming, catwalk, diction and speech.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-04-02 |title=Contestants get teased by stream of questions at Gladrags Mega Model and Manhunt Contest |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/20010402-contestants-get-teased-by-stream-of-questions-at-gladrags-mega-model-and-manhunt-contest-775412-2001-04-01 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Gladrags Manhunt Contest==

===History===
The Gladrags Contest is an annual modeling event established in the early 1990s by [[Maureen Wadia]], wife of industrialist [[Nusli Wadia]], who owns [[Bombay Dyeing]], one of India's oldest textile companies.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharjya |first=Manjima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rvdgDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Gladrags+Manhunt%22&pg=PT30 |title=Mannequin: Working Women in India's Glamour Industry |publisher=Zubaan |isbn=978-93-85932-58-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-03-08 |title=Model manners |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/model-manners/article6969473.ece |access-date=2024-11-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Initially started to support Bombay Dyeing's promotional efforts, Maureen Wadia created the [[Gladrags|Gladrags magazine]], which functioned both as a fashion publication and a men's magazine, featuring swimsuit images of models.<ref name=":4" /> The contest later expanded to include Mrs. India and Little Miss and Master contests.<ref name=":4" />

The contest provided Bombay Dyeing with a source of models for its products, including bath and bed linens, while winners gained visibility that could launch careers in modeling or film.<ref name=":4" /> Unlike other beauty pageants, Gladrags contest was notable for its focus on the swimsuit round, with winners often featured on the magazine cover.<ref name=":4" />

The first Gladrags Manhunt Contest India was held in 1994.<ref name="baddieraju">{{cite news |date=26 July 2004 |title=Baddie cool |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/07/26/stories/2004072601040400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040930134011/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/07/26/stories/2004072601040400.htm |archive-date=30 September 2004 |access-date=11 November 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> [[Rajat Bedi]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] was the first winner.<ref name="baddieraju" /> He represented India at [[Manhunt International 1994]] held in Greece and was fourth runner up.

At the 2017 contest was held at the [[Mahalaxmi Racecourse]] in [[Mumbai]]<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=16 March 2017 |title=WHERE STARS ARE BORN |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/ht-cafe/20170316/281565175572765 |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> In the Little Miss & Master India Pageant, Mishika Sonkar and Shaurya Saraswat won the juniors’ division, and Tithi Surti and Nikhil Chhabria won in the seniors’ category.<ref name=":5" /> Arni Sapkal won the Mrs. India Mumbai title, and Hina Azad and Bobby Vij were named winners of the Megamodel Manhunt Mumbai pageant.<ref name=":5" />

===International achievements===
In 2001, [[Rajeev Singh]] of [[Rajasthan]] became the first Asian and Indian{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} to win the [[Manhunt International]] contest.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-11-12 |title=I am not a typical model-model, says Gladrags Manhunt 2001 winner Rajeev Singh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/20011112-i-am-not-a-typical-model-model-says-gladrags-manhunt-2001-winner-rajeev-singh-774618-2001-11-11 |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He also won two sub-awards at the contest including Sharmoon Best Dressed Gentleman Award and Best in National Costume.{{citation needed|date=August 2025}}

India has produced many runners-up at the pageant, most notably [[Dino Morea]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-04-22 |title=Dino Morea on why models looking for a Bollywood career have it tough now: 'There was a craze, at par with actors' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/dino-morea-recalls-how-models-were-at-par-with-actors-during-his-modeling-days-thats-not-the-case-anymore-8567815/ |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> [[Zulfi Syed]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sondhi |first=Aditya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGDiBQAAQBAJ&dq=%22Gladrags+Manhunt%22&pg=PT212 |title=The Order of the Crest: Tracing the Alumni of Bishop Cotton Boys' School, Bangalore (1865–2015) |date=2014-12-18 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-5118-905-3 |language=en}}</ref> and [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-09-07 |title=Only actors get ads now, not supermodels: John Abraham |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/only-actors-get-ads-now-not-supermodels-john-abraham-802702 |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref> all of whom have since established themselves in the [[Bollywood]] industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The John Abraham Interview |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2003/jan/14john.htm |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref> The contest has also given India some of the finest models ever seen by Indian fashion industry like supermodel [[Muzamil Ibrahim]],<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Muzamil Ibrahim wants to help restore peace in Kashmir |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/muzamil-ibrahim-wants-to-help-restore-peace-in-kashmir-596537 |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> actor and model [[Sidharth Shukla]],<ref name=":3" /> model [[Farhad Shahnawaz]], actor and model Abhimanyu Jain, 4th runner up [[Manhunt International 2006]] and Arry Dabas, semifinalist in 2012. Other notable winners include Romeo Gates,<ref>{{cite web|title=Romeo Gates, Mahima Chaudhary win Gladrags Megamodel and Manhunt Contest|url=http://www.oneindia.com/2007/04/08/mahima-choudhury-romeo-gates-win-gladrags-megamodelmanhunt-contest-1176141140.html|work=oneindia.com|access-date=24 Jan 2014}}</ref> Ahran Chaudhary and Ravi Awana.{{citation needed|date=August 2025}}

In 2005, [[Sidharth Shukla]], runner-up of Gladrags Manhunt 2004, represented India at the Best Model Of The World contest held in Turkey and became the first Indian to win the title. Later Shukla became a model in India and starred in [[Bollywood]] films.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Payal Tarafdar (L), and Karan Ambardar (R) are the winners of Gladrags mega model and manhunt held at Spring Mill ground Wadala in Mumbai - Photogallery |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/beauty-pageants/miss-india/gladrags-megamodel-and-manhunt/articleshow/2949329.cms |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=photogallery.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-03-03 |title=One and only |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/one-and-only/ |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gladrags Mega model and Manhunt contest 2007 |url=https://www.indiaforums.com/gallery/gladrags-mega-model-and-manhunt-contest-2007_526 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=India Forums |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - The Tribune Lifestyle |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110116/ttlife1.htm |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref>

===Winners of Gladrags Manhunt India===
{|class="wikitable"
!Year!!Winner!!State
!Ref
|-
|1994
| [[Kelly Dorji]], Rishabh Loomba, [[Rajat Bedi]]
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Let's Talk Sex {{!}} Wedding Season is Here! Premarital Medical Tests for Ensuring a Healthy Marriage |url=https://www.news18.com/lifestyle/lets-talk-sex-wedding-season-is-here-premarital-medical-tests-for-ensuring-a-healthy-marriage-9107664.html |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|1995
| [[Dino Morea]]
| [[Karnataka]]
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|1996-97
|[[Zulfi Syed]]
|[[Karnataka]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-08-07 |title=Imran Khan had a gala time meeting his old friends |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/imran-khan-had-a-gala-time-meeting-his-old-friends/articleshow/53583527.cms |access-date=2024-11-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|1998
|[[Tarun Arora]]
|[[Assam]]
|
|-
|1999
| [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]]
|[[Maharashtra]]
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|2000
| Regi Verghese
|[[Hyderabad]]
|
|-
|2001
|[[Rajeev Singh]]
|[[Rajasthan]]
|
|-
|2002
| Nitin Singh
|[[Maharashtra]]
|
|-
|2003
|Muzamil Ibrahim
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|2004
|[[Hrishant Goswami]]
|New Delhi
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-24 |title='Badhaai Do' fame Chum Darang dating former Bigg Boss contestant Hrishant Goswami |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/badhaai-do-fame-chum-darang-dating-former-bigg-boss-contestant-hrishant-goswami/articleshow/98207937.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-11-08 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
|-
|2005
|Pawan Setpal
|[[Maharashtra]]
|
|-
|2006
|Abhimanyu Jain
|[[Rajasthan]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sporting a crown to conquer |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/sporting-a-crown-to-conquer/cid/1657552}}</ref>
|-
|2007
|Romeo Gates
|London
|
|-
|2008
|Karan Ambardar
|New Delhi
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khatoon |first=F. |date=2019-06-18 |title=Model turned anchor Karan Ambardar is living his dreams by hosting ICC World Cup 2019 |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/sports-entertainment/2019/Jun/18/model-turned-anchor-karan-ambardar-is-living-his-dreams-by-hosting-icc-world-cup-2019-15776.html |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2009
|Prateek Balhara
|Haryana
|
|-
|2010
|Aaran Chaudhary
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|
|-
|2011-12
|Sam Kapoor
|London, UK
|
|-
|2013-14
|Ravi Awana
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|
|-
|2016-17
|Ansh Duggal
|New Delhi
|
|-
|}

===Representatives to Manhunt International===
* The winner of the Gladrags Manhunt represents India at Manhunt International, but if for any reason the winner is unable to compete then a runner up is sent to the pageant.
{| class="wikitable"
! width=63|Year !!width=200| Representative !!width=200| State !!width=250| Ranking !!width=300|Special awards
|-
| style="background:#fadadd;"|[[Manhunt International 1994|1994]]
| style="background:#fadadd;"|[[Rajat Bedi]]
| style="background:#fadadd;"|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| style="background:#fadadd;"|{{center|4th Runner Up}}
|style="background:#fadadd;"|
|-
|style="background:#fadadd;"|[[Manhunt International 1995|1995]]
|style="background:#fadadd;"|[[Dino Morea]]
|style="background:#fadadd;"|[[Karnataka]]
|style="background:#fadadd;"|{{center|1st Runner Up}}
|style="background:#fadadd;"|
|-
|style="background:#fadadd;"|[[Manhunt International 1997|1997]]
|style="background:#fadadd;"|[[Zulfi Syed]]
|style="background:#fadadd;"|[[Karnataka]]
|style="background:#fadadd;"|{{center|4th Runner Up}}
|style="background:#fadadd;"|
|-
| style="background:lightyellow;"|[[Manhunt International 1998|1998]]
| style="background:lightyellow;"|Balbir Meena
|style="background:lightyellow;"|[[Rajasthan]]
| style="background:lightyellow;"|{{center|''Unplaced''}}
|style="background:lightyellow;"|
|-
|style="background:#fadadd;"|[[Manhunt International 1999|1999]]
|style="background:#fadadd;"|[[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]]
|style="background:#fadadd;"|[[Maharashtra]]
|style="background:#fadadd;"|{{center|1st Runner Up}}
|style="background:#fadadd;"|
|-
|style="background:lightyellow;"| [[Manhunt International 2000|2000]]
|style="background:lightyellow;"| Regi Verghese
|style="background:lightyellow;"|[[Hyderabad]]
| style="background:lightyellow;"|{{center|''Unplaced''}}
|style="background:lightyellow;"|
|-
|style="background:palegreen;"|[[Manhunt International 2001|2001]]
|style="background:palegreen;"|[[Rajeev Singh]]
|style="background:palegreen;"|[[Rajasthan]]
|style="background:palegreen;"|{{center|[[Manhunt International 2001]]}}
|style="background:palegreen;"|{{center|Sharmoon Best Dressed Gentleman Best National Costume}}
|-
|style="background:lavender;"|[[Manhunt International 2002|2002]]
|style="background:lavender;"|Nitin Singh
|style="background:lavender;"|[[Maharashtra]]
|style="background:lavender;"|{{center|Top 15}}
|style="background:lavender;"|
|-
|style="background:lightyellow;"|[[Manhunt International 2005|2005]]
|style="background:lightyellow;"| Pawan Setpal
|style="background:lightyellow;"|[[Maharashtra]]
|style="background:lightyellow;"|{{center|''Unplaced''}}
|style="background:lightyellow;"|{{center|Mr. Photogenic - 1st Runner Up}}
|-
|style="background:lavender;"|[[Manhunt International 2006|2006]]
|style="background:lavender;"|Aryan Baruah
|style="background:lavender;"|
|style="background:lavender;"|{{center|Top 15}}
|style="background:lavender;"|{{center|Mister Personality - 2nd Runner Up}}
|-
|2007
|[[Vivian Dsena]]
|[[Ujjain]]
|Top 10
Finalist
|
|-
|style="background:#fadadd;"|[[Manhunt International 2007|2007]]
|style="background:#fadadd;"|Abhimanyu Jain
|style="background:#fadadd;"|[[Rajasthan]]
|style="background:#fadadd;"|{{center|4th Runner Up}}
|style="background:#fadadd;"|
|-
|style="background:lavender;"|[[Manhunt International 2008|2008]]
|style="background:lavender;"|Romeo Gates
|style="background:lavender;"|London
|style="background:lavender;"|{{center|Top 15}}
|style="background:lavender;"|{{center|Mister Internet Popularity}}
|-
|style="background:lavender;"|2010
|style="background:lavender;"|Ahran Chaudhary
|style="background:lavender;"|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|style="background:lavender;"|{{center|Top 16}}
|style="background:lavender;"|{{center|Mister Internet Popularity}}
|-
|style="background:lightyellow;"|[[Manhunt International 2011|2011]]
|style="background:lightyellow;"| Shashvath Seth
|style="background:lightyellow;"|[[Maharashtra]]
|style="background:lightyellow;"|{{center|''Unplaced''}}
|style="background:lightyellow;"|
|-
|style="background:lavender;"|2012
|style="background:lavender;"|Arry Dabas
|style="background:lavender;"|[[Karnataka]]
|style="background:lavender;"|{{center|Top 15 }}
|style="background:lavender;"|{{center|Mister Photogenic }}
|-
|2014
|Gaurav Kumar
|New Delhi
|
|
|-
|}

===Representatives to Best Model of the World===
* The winner of the Gladrags Manhunt represents India at the Best Model of the World contest, but if for any reason the winner is unable to compete then a runner up is sent to the pageant.
{| class="wikitable"
! width=63|Year !!width=200| Representative !!width=200| State !!width=250| Ranking !!width=300|Special awards
!Ref.
|-
|style="background:lightyellow;"|2000
|style="background:lightyellow;"|Shabbir Ali
|style="background:lightyellow;"|[[Karnataka]]
|style="background:lightyellow;"|{{center|''Unplaced''}}
|style="background:lightyellow;"|{{center|Best Asian Model}}
|
|-
|style="background:lightyellow;"|2001
|style="background:lightyellow;"| [[Abhinav Gautam]]
|style="background:lightyellow;"|[[Maharashtra]]
|style="background:lightyellow;"|{{center|''Unplaced''}}
|style="background:lightyellow;"|{{center|Best Asian Model}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-09-16 |title=Abhinav Gautam is truly a star in the making, here's why! |url=https://www.asianage.com/entertainment/tv/160919/abhinav-gautam-is-truly-a-star-in-the-making-heres-why.html |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=www.asianage.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|style="background:#fadadd;"|2002
|style="background:#fadadd;"|Vijay Balhara
|style="background:#fadadd;"|[[Maharashtra]]
|style="background:#fadadd;"|{{center|4th Runner Up}}
|style="background:#fadadd;"|{{center|Best Gentleman}}
|
|-
|style="background:lightyellow;"|2003
|style="background:lightyellow;"|[[Ganesh Venkatraman]]
|style="background:lightyellow;"|[[Maharashtra]]
|style="background:lightyellow;"|{{center|''Unplaced''}}
|style="background:lightyellow;"|
|
|-
|style="background:palegreen;"|2005
|style="background:palegreen;"|[[Sidharth Shukla]]
|style="background:palegreen;"|[[Maharashtra]]
|style="background:palegreen;"|{{center|Best Model of the World}}
|style="background:palegreen;"|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 September 2021 |title=Abhinav Shukla participated with Sidharth Shukla in Gladrags 2004 contest, shares pic as he mourns his death |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/abhinav-shukla-participated-with-sidharth-shukla-in-gladrags-2004-contest-shares-pic-as-he-mourns-his-death-101630587095777.html}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2022-09-02 |title=Sidharth Shukla Defines Beauty Marvelously In This Old Video From Gladrags Manhunt Contest |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/sidharth-shukla-defines-beauty-gladrags-manhunt-video-578692.html |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=Indiatimes |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|style="background:#fadadd;"|2006
|style="background:#fadadd;"|Abhimanyu Jain
|style="background:#fadadd;"|[[Rajasthan]]
|style="background:#fadadd;"|{{center|3rd Runner Up}}
|style="background:#fadadd;"|{{center|Mister Photo-model}}
|
|-
|style="background:lightyellow;"|2007
|style="background:lightyellow;"|Romeo Gates
|style="background:lightyellow;"|London
|style="background:lightyellow;"|{{center|''Unplaced''}}
|
|
|-
|style="background:lightyellow;"|2009
|style="background:lightyellow;"|Prateek Balhara
|style="background:lightyellow;"|[[Maharashtra]]
|style="background:lightyellow;"|{{center|''Unplaced''}}
|style="background:lightyellow;"|
|
|-
|}

===Photographs of some notable winners of Gladrags Manhunt Contest===
<gallery>

File:DinoMorea.jpg|[[Dino Morea]], Gladrags Manhunt India 1995 and [[Manhunt International 1995]] - 1st Runner Up
File:Zulfi Syed at the opening of Fluke store.jpg|[[Zulfi Syed]], Gladrags Mahnunt India 1996-97 and [[Manhunt International 1997]] - 4th Runner Up
File:JohnAbraham.jpg|[[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]], Gladrags Manhunt India 1999 and [[Manhunt International 1999]] - 1st Runner Up

File:Sidharth Shukla (cropped).jpg|[[Sidharth Shukla]], Best Model of the World 2005 and Gladrags Best Model 2004 runner-up
</gallery>

==Gladrags Mega model Contest==

===History===
The first Mega model contest was held in 1994, and girls all across the country competed for the coveted title. [[Shweta Menon]] of [[Kerala, India|Kerala]] was declared the winner.

Lara Dutta later established herself as a leading [[Bollywood]] actress.

===Winners===
{|class="wikitable"
!year !! Winner !! Age !! Height !! State !! Country
!Ref
|-
|1994
|[[Shweta Menon]]
|
|{{height|m=1.69}}
|[[Kerala, India|Kerala]]
|India
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-05-03 |title=Shwetha Menon competed in Miss India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/did-you-know/shwetha-menon-competed-in-miss-india/articleshow/15312837.cms |access-date=2024-11-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|1995
|[[Lara Dutta]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2005-04-13 |title=Lara Dutta wins Gladrags battle |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/lara-dutta-wins-gladrags-battle/articleshow/1076583.cms |access-date=2024-11-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
| 16
| {{height|m=1.73}}
|[[Karnataka]]
|India
|
|-
|1996
|[[Aditi Gowitrikar]]
| 22
| {{height|m=1.70}}
| [[Maharashtra]]
|India
|
|-
|1997-98
| Tora Khasigar
| 17
| {{height|m=1.77}}
|[[Assam]]
|India
|
|-
| 1999
| [[Aanchal Kumar]]
| 19
| {{height|m=1.79}}
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|India
|
|-
|2000
|[[Candice Pinto]]
|19
|{{height|m=1.78}}
|[[Maharashtra]]
|India
|
|-
|2001
|[[Koena Mitra]]
|16
|{{height|m=1.73}}
|[[Maharashtra]]
|India
|
|-
|2002
|[[Mugdha Godse]]
|16
|{{height|m=1.75}}
|[[Maharashtra]]
|India
|
|-
|2003
|Deepti Gujral
| 17
|{{height|m=1.75}}
|[[Maharashtra]]
|India
|
|-
|2004
|Deepa Chari
|19
|{{height|m=1.75}}
|[[Maharashtra]]
|India
|
|-
|2005
|Niki D Souza
|20
|{{height|m=1.74}}
|[[Maharashtra]]
|India
|
|-
|2006
|Arti Sharma
|23
|{{height|m=1.74}}
|[[Haryana]]
|India
|
|-
|2007
|Mahima Chaudhary
|17
|{{height|m=1.73}}
|[[Pune]]
|India
|
|-
|2008
|Payal Tarafdar
| 20
|{{height|m=1.71}}
|[[Assam]]
|India
|
|-
|2009
|Ankita Mohapatra
|23
|{{height|m=1.77}}
|[[Odisha]]
|India
|
|-
|2010
|Arshina Trivedi
|21
|{{height|m=1.80}}
|London
|United Kingdom
|
|-
|2011-12
|Sakshi Chaudhary
|19
|{{height|m=1.75}}
|New Delhi
|India
|
|-
|2013-14
|Charlotte Claire
|23
|{{height|m=1.74}}
| [[Mumbai]]
|India
|
|-
|2015
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|2016-17
|Karuna Singh
|20
|
|[[Chandigarh]]
|India
|<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2016-09-12 |title=Fashion Forward: India Today |url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=f6h&AN=117999474&site=eds-live&scope=site |journal=India Today |pages=1}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Representatives to Miss Intercontinental===
* The winner of Gladrags Mega model represented India at Miss Intercontinental from 1997 to 2003.
* Earlier Femina Teen Princess held the franchise of Miss Intercontinental pageant in India.
* From 2011, Indian Princess holds the franchise of Miss Intercontinental in India.
{| class="wikitable "
|-
! width=63|Year !!width=200| Representative !!width=200| State !!width=250| Ranking !!width=300|Special awards
|-
|style="background:palegreen;"|1997
|style="background:palegreen;"|[[Lara Dutta]]
|style="background:palegreen;"|[[Karnataka]]
|style="background:palegreen;"|{{center|Miss Intercontinental 1997}}
|style="background:palegreen;"|
|-
|style="background:lightyellow;"|1998
|style="background:lightyellow;"|Tora Khasigar
|style="background:lightyellow;"|[[Assam]]
|style="background:lightyellow;"|{{center|''Unplaced''}}
|style="background:lightyellow;"|
|-
|style="background:lavender;"|1999
|style="background:lavender;"|[[Aanchal Kumar]]
|style="background:lavender;"|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|style="background:lavender;"|{{center|Semi-finalist}}
|style="background:lavender;"|
|-
|style="background:lavender;"|2001
|style="background:lavender;"|[[Koena Mitra]]
|style="background:lavender;"|[[Maharashtra]]
|style="background:lavender;"|{{center|Top 12}}
|style="background:lavender;"|
|-
|style="background:lavender;"|2002
|style="background:lavender;"|Rakhee Chaudhary
|style="background:lavender;"|[[Karnataka]]
|style="background:lavender;"|{{center|Semi-finalist}}
|style="background:lavender;"|
|-
|style="background:#fadadd;"|2003
|style="background:#fadadd;"|Deepti Gujral
|style="background:#fadadd;"|[[Maharashtra]]
|style="background:#fadadd;"|{{center|3rd Runner Up}}
|style="background:#fadadd;"|
|}

===Representatives to [[Miss Tourism International]]===
* The winner of the Gladrags Mega model contest represented India at [[Miss Tourism International]] contest, but if for any reason the winner was unable to compete then a runner up was sent to the pageant.
* Earlier [[Femina Miss India]] held the franchise of [[Miss Tourism International]] pageant in India.
* From 2011 Indian Princess holds the franchise of [[Miss Tourism International]] in India.
{| class="wikitable "
|-
! width=63|Year !!width=200| Representative !!width=200| State !!width=250| Ranking !!width=300|Special awards
|-
|style="background:palegreen;"|2001
|style="background:palegreen;"|[[Candice Pinto]]
|style="background:palegreen;"|[[Maharashtra]]
|style="background:palegreen;"|{{center|[[Miss Tourism International|Miss Tourism International 2001]]}}
|style="background:palegreen;"|
|-
|style="background:lightyellow;"|2002
|style="background:lightyellow;"|Tejinder Kaur
|style="background:lightyellow;"|New Delhi
|style="background:lightyellow;"|{{center|''Unplaced''}}
|style="background:lightyellow;"|
|-
|style="background:lightyellow;"|2003
|style="background:lightyellow;"|Deepa Chari
|style="background:lightyellow;"|[[Maharashtra]]
|style="background:lightyellow;"|{{center|''Unplaced''}}
|style="background:lightyellow;"|
|-
|style="background:lightyellow;"|2004
|style="background:lightyellow;"|Parul Chaudhry
|style="background:lightyellow;"|[[Maharashtra]]
|style="background:lightyellow;"|{{center|''Unplaced''}}
|style="background:lightyellow;"|
|-
|style="background:#fadadd;"|2005
|style="background:#fadadd;"|Shriya Singh
|style="background:#fadadd;"|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|style="background:#fadadd;"|{{center|2nd Runner Up}}
|style="background:#fadadd;"|
|-
|style="background:lightyellow;"|2009
|style="background:lightyellow;"|Anousha Chauhan
|style="background:lightyellow;"|New Delhi
|style="background:lightyellow;"|{{center|''Unplaced''}}
|style="background:lightyellow;"|
|-
|style="background:lavender;"|2010
|style="background:lavender;"|Mahima Chaudhary
|style="background:lavender;"|[[Pune]]
|style="background:lavender;"|{{center|Top 10}}
|style="background:lavender;"|
|}

===Representatives to Miss Tourism Queen International===
{| class="wikitable "
|-
! width=63|Year !!width=200| Representative !!width=200| State !!width=250| Ranking !!width=300|Special awards
|-
|style="background:palegreen;"|2004
|style="background:palegreen;"|[[Zabina Abdul Rashid Khan|Zabina Khan]]
|style="background:palegreen;"|[[Maharashtra]]
|style="background:palegreen;"|{{center|Miss Tourism Queen International 2004}}
|style="background:palegreen;"|{{center|Miss Disco Queen Miss Charm - 2nd Runner Up}}
|-
|style="background:lightyellow;"|2005
|style="background:lightyellow;"|Neha Oberoi
|style="background:lightyellow;"|[[Maharashtra]]
|style="background:lightyellow;"|{{center|''Unplaced''}}
|style="background:lightyellow;"|
|-
|style="background:lavender;"|[[Miss Tourism Queen International 2006|2006]]
|style="background:lavender;"|Rupali Suri
|style="background:lavender;"|[[Maharashtra]]
|style="background:lavender;"|{{center|Top 16}}
|style="background:lavender;"|{{center|Miss Personality - 2nd Runner Up}}
|-
|style="background:lavender;"|[[Miss Tourism Queen International 2007|2007]]
|style="background:lavender;"|Mahima Chaudhary
|style="background:lavender;"|[[Maharashtra]]
|style="background:lavender;"|{{center|Top 16}}
|style="background:lavender;"|{{center|Miss Personality Best Evening Gown - 2nd Runner Up}}
|-
|style="background:lightyellow;"|[[Miss Tourism Queen International 2008|2008]]
|style="background:lightyellow;"|Devyani Mandavgane
|style="background:lightyellow;"|[[Maharashtra]]
|style="background:lightyellow;"|{{center|''Unplaced''}}
|style="background:lightyellow;"|{{center|'Disco Queen}}
|-
|}

===Representatives to Miss Tourism Queen of the Year International===
{| class="wikitable "
|-
! width=63|Year !!width=200| Representative !!width=200| State !!width=250| Ranking !!width=300|Special awards
|-
| 2005
|Roopa Howaldar
|
|
|
|-
| style="background:lavender;"|2004
| style="background:lavender;"|Amanpreet Kaur Wahi
|style="background:lavender;"|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| style="background:lavender;"|{{center|Top 10 Semi-finalists}}
| style="background:lavender;"|
|}

===Representatives to Best Model of the World===
* The winner of the Gladrags Mega model contest represented India at Best Model of the World contest, but if for any reason the winner was unable to compete then a runner up was sent to the pageant.
{| class="wikitable "
|-
! width=63|Year !!width=200| Representative !!width=200| State !!width=250| Ranking !!width=300|Special awards
|-
|style="background:lightyellow;"|2000
|style="background:lightyellow;"|Jacqueline D’souza
|style="background:lightyellow;"|[[Karnataka]]
|style="background:lightyellow;"|{{center|''Unplaced''}}
|style="background:lightyellow;"|
|-
|style="background:lightyellow;"|2001
|style="background:lightyellow;"|Zinobia Boocha
|style="background:lightyellow;"|New Delhi
|style="background:lightyellow;"|{{center|''Unplaced''}}
|style="background:lightyellow;"|
|-
|style="background:lightyellow;"|2002
|style="background:lightyellow;"|[[Mugdha Godse]]
|style="background:lightyellow;"|[[Maharashtra]]
|style="background:lightyellow;"|{{center|''Unplaced''}}
|style="background:lightyellow;"|
|-
|style="background:lightyellow;"|2003
|style="background:lightyellow;"|Deepa Chari
|style="background:lightyellow;"|[[Maharashtra]]
|style="background:lightyellow;"|{{center|''Unplaced''}}
|style="background:lightyellow;"|
|-
|style="background:lightyellow;"|2006
|style="background:lightyellow;"|Aarti Sharma
|style="background:lightyellow;"|[[Haryana]]
|style="background:lightyellow;"|{{center|''Unplaced''}}
|style="background:lightyellow;"|
|-
|style="background:lightyellow;"|2007
|style="background:lightyellow;"|Mahima Chaudhary
|style="background:lightyellow;"|[[Maharashtra]]
|style="background:lightyellow;"|{{center|''Unplaced''}}
|style="background:lightyellow;"|{{center|''Miss Friendship''}}
|-
|style="background:lightyellow;"|2008
|style="background:lightyellow;"|Payal Tarafdar
|style="background:lightyellow;"|[[Assam]]
|style="background:lightyellow;"|{{center|''Unplaced''}}
|style="background:lightyellow;"|
|-
|style="background:lightyellow;"|2009
|style="background:lightyellow;"|Ankita Mohapatra
|style="background:lightyellow;"|[[Odisha]]
|style="background:lightyellow;"|{{center|''Unplaced''}}
|style="background:lightyellow;"|
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100311194325/http://www.gladrags.in/contests/megamodel_manhunt/ Gladrags Megamodel Manhunt]
{{Beauty pageants in India}}

[[Category:Indian awards]]
[[Category:Male beauty pageants]]
[[Category:Beauty pageants in India]]
[[Category:1994 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Wadia Group]]

All India Railwaymen's Federation

2026-03-22T16:57:12Z

GlennVarner228: small changes

{{short description|Trade union in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox organization
|name = All India Railwaymen's Federation
|location_country= [[India]]
|affiliation =
|members =
|full_name =
|native_name =
|image =
|founded = 16 February 1925
|dissolved =
|merged =
|headquarters = Railway Colony, Paharganj, New Delhi, Delhi 110002, India
|key_people = N. Kanniah, President
|website = https://www.airfindia.org/
|footnotes =
}}
The '''All India Railwaymen's Federation''' ('''AIRF''') is the largest [[trade union]] of [[Indian Railways]] workers with a membership of 1.4 million. AIRF was founded on 16 February 1925.<ref name="ET0613">{{cite news|title=Indian Railways headed for first indefinite strike in October |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/indian-railways-headed-for-first-indefinite-strike-in-october/articleshow/20825762.cms| work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=29 June 2013|first=Vikas |last=Dhoot}}.</ref><ref name="CoC">{{cite book|title=Challenge of Change: Industrial Relations in Indian Industry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pnI7-soFMcUC&pg=PA500|page=500|editor1-last=Venkataraman|editor1-first=CS|editor2-last=Varma|editor2-first=Anil|publisher = Allied Publishers|year=1997|contribution=A perspective on human resource management in Indian Railways|last=Subba Rao|first=P|isbn = 9788170236511|access-date=16 July 2017}}</ref> It is affiliated with the socialist [[National trade union center|trade union centre]] [[Hind Mazdoor Sabha]].<ref name="HMS">{{cite web |title=List of Federations |url=http://www.hindmazdoorsabha.com/office-details.php?ID=6 |publisher=[[Hind Mazdoor Sabha]] |access-date=7 July 2017 |archive-date=21 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721071046/http://www.hindmazdoorsabha.com/office-details.php?ID=6 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

By the late 1940s, AIRF had begun to be dominated by socialists and communists. The union's president between 1947 and 1953 was the socialist [[Jayaprakash Narayan]], while the future communist chief minister of West Bengal, [[Jyoti Basu]] was vice-president. Worried by this, the ruling [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]] formed its own railway wing, the Indian National Railway Workers' Federation (INRWF) in 1948. In March 1949, AIRF was set to launch a strike but withdrew the strike notice after the government attempted conciliation. The communist wing of the union attempted to continue staging strikes. The government launched a crackdown. Troops were deployed, 7,000 workers were arrested and 2,000 were dismissed. Communist-linked unions and members were expelled from the union.In 1953, AIRF merged with INRWF to form the [[National Federation of Indian Railwaymen]]. This unity was short-lived and AIRF became independent again in 1955. Despite favouritism towards the Congress-aligned unions by the Indian Railways management, AIRF continued to maintain strong influence among railway workers.<ref name=CoC/>
<ref>{{cite book|title= Decolonization in South Asia: Meanings of Freedom in Post-independence West Bengal, 1947-52 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vt95AgAAQBAJ&dq=jyoti+basu+railwaymen&pg=PT172|publisher = Routledge|year=2009|last=Bandopadhyay|first=Sekhar|isbn = 9781134018239|access-date=4 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="Bear">{{cite book|title= Lines of the Nation: Indian Railway Workers, Bureaucracy, and the Intimate Historical Self |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ChDDThfsVFcC&pg=PA231|publisher = Columbia University Press|page =231|year=2007|last=Bear|first=Laura|isbn = 9780231140027|author-link=Laura Bear|access-date=4 August 2017}}</ref>

Past AIRF presidents include Venkat Varah Giri (V. V. Giri, Ex President of India) [[Peter Alvares]] (1968–1973), [[George Fernandes]] (1973–1976), Priya Gupta (1976–1979)<ref name="Bear"/> and Umraomal Purohit (1979–2014).

In May 1974, AIRF President [[George Fernandes]] led a [[1974 railway strike in India|nationwide railway strike]] that was suppressed by the Government of India.<ref>{{cite news|title=Looking back at anger |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/lr/2002/01/06/stories/2002010600140200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020827175452/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/lr/2002/01/06/stories/2002010600140200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 August 2002|date=6 January 2002|work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=7 July 2017}}</ref> The strike lasted from 8 to 27 May 1974.<ref name="f1">{{cite news |last1=Sridhar |first1=V |title=Chronicle of a strike |url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1819/18190750.htm |access-date=5 June 2018 |work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |date=15 September 2001}}</ref> The 20-day strike by 1.7 million (17 [[lakh]]) workers is the largest recorded [[industrial action]] in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1819/18190750.htm |title=Chronicle of a strike |work=Frontline |access-date=11 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110219024133/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1819/18190750.htm |archive-date=19 February 2011 |url-status=usurped }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,944832,00.html |title=India: Strangulating Strike |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=20 May 1974 |access-date=11 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222065706/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,944832,00.html |archive-date=22 December 2008}}</ref><ref name=b>Sherlock, Stephen (14 October 1989). [https://www.jstor.org/pss/4395459 "Railway Workers and Their Unions: Origins of 1974 Indian Railways Strike"]. ''[[Economic and Political Weekly]]''. '''24''' (41): 2311–2322.</ref>

In 2007, Indian Railways was ordered by courts to hold secret ballot elections for the first time to determine union representation in each of its seventeen zones. The court case was precipitated by the then [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]-led government's decision in 2002 to unilaterally grant recognition to its affiliate [[Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh]]. The criteria for recognition in a zone was 35% of the votes polled or 30% of the total electorate in a given zone. Unions winning over 50% of the votes would become the only recognized union. The elections saw AIRF emerge as the largest union, winning recognition in sixteen zones, including becoming the sole recognized union in four. NFIR affiliated with [[INTUC]] won recognition in nine.<ref>{{cite news|title=For first time, railwaymen vote to elect unions, derail Left|first=Vikas |last=Dhoot |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=6 December 2007 |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/for-first-time-railwaymen-vote-to-elect-unions-derail-left/247283/|access-date=16 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= Railway Unions Get Ready for First, Critical Elections in 154 Years|publisher=Livemint|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/s9ZQuq30R5qih4QdXCG1tK/Railway-unions-get-ready-for-first-critical-elections-in-15.html|first=Sudha |last=Menon|date=13 November 2007 |access-date=16 July 2017}}</ref> In the second elections held in 2013, AIRF again won recognition in sixteen zones, five as sole representative whereas NFIR won recognition in twelve.<ref>{{cite web|title=Compilation of Results - SBE_2013|url=http://www.airfindia.com/Results/Compilation%20of%20Results%20SBE_2013.pdf|publisher=AIRF|access-date=16 July 2017}}</ref>

AIRF is led by President N. Kanniah and General Secretary Shiva Gopal Mishra.<ref name="HMS"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Indian Railways}}
{{Trade unions in India navbox}}

[[Category:Trade unions in India]]
[[Category:Hind Mazdoor Sabha-affiliated unions]]
[[Category:Trade unions in Indian Railways]]
[[Category:Trade unions established in 1924]]
[[Category:1924 establishments in India]]

Ragini (Telugu actress)

2026-03-22T16:39:28Z

GlennVarner228:

{{Short description|Indian comedian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ragini
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu
| family = Krishnaveni (Sister)
}}

'''Ragini''' is a [[Telugu language|Telugu]] comedic actress. She made her debut in TV serials aired on [[Doordarshan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-06 |title=ఒకప్పటి టాలీవుడ్ హీరోయిన్.. జీతం కోసం అమెరికాలో పని మనిషిగా.. |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/tollywood-senior-actress-krishnaveni-opens-about-her-life-secrets-and-facts-pk-751854.html |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=News18 Telugu |language=te}}</ref> She has acted in 550 serials and 190 Telugu films as a supporting character.<ref>{{Cite web |title=12 ఏట పెళ్లి.. వాడు నన్ను పడుకునైనా పెంచమనేవాడు: నటి రాగిణి లైఫ్ సీక్రెట్స్ |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/tv/news/telugu-tv-serial-and-movie-actress-ragini-reveals-her-personal-life-secrets/articleshow/75273027.cms |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=Samayam Telugu |language=te}}</ref> She is the sister of Telugu actress Krishnaveni.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.manatelugumovies.net/2012/03/comedy-club-27th-mar-with-lohithragini.html |title=Comedy Club - 27th Mar with Lohith,Ragini |publisher=ManaTeluguMovies |date=2012-03-27 |accessdate=2012-10-03 |archive-date=25 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525101920/http://www.manatelugumovies.net/2012/03/comedy-club-27th-mar-with-lohithragini.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-21 |title=Actresses Who are Leading a Solo Life Even after the Demise of Their Husbands |url=https://filmyfocus.com/web-stories/actresses-who-are-leading-a-solo-life-even-after-the-demise-of-their-husbands |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=Filmy Focus |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=satish.reddy |title=ఇండస్ట్రీలో బాగున్నారా.. అంటే వస్తావా అని అడిగారు: నటి రాగిణి |url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/tv-actress-ragini-revealed-facts-about-casting-couch-q9al9n |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=te}}</ref> She won the [[Nandi Awards|Nandi Award]] for Best Comedian Actress for her role in ''[[Ammamma.com]]''.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh State Nandi TV Film Awards for the Year 2007 |url=https://apsftvtdc.in/pdf/TV-Awards-GOs-and-Results/Nandi%20tv%20Awards%202007.pdf |access-date=19 December 2024 |website=Andhra Pradesh State Film, Television & Theatre Development Corporation}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{incomplete list|date=January 2018}}
{{Colbegin}}
* ''[[Chantabbai]]'' (1986)
* ''Daada'' (1987)
* ''[[Tiragabadda Telugubidda]]'' (1988)
*''Jeevana Vedam'' (1993)
*''[[Gaayam]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Therpu]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Kishkinda Khanda]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Thapassu]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Pavitra Bandham]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Jabilamma Pelli]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Akkum Bakkum]]'' (1996)
* ''Illalu'' (1997)
* ''Allari Pellikoduku'' (1997)
* ''Nayanamma'' (1997)
* ''[[Pellichesukundam]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Dongaata (1997 film)|Dongaata]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Ganesh (1998 film)|Ganesh]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Manasichanu]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Jabili]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Raa (film)|Raa]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Vijayam]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Bhadradri Ramudu]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Allare Allari]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Ashta Chamma]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Parugu]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Baanam]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Ee Rojullo]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Julayi]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Bhale Bhale Magadivoy]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Babu Bangaram]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Mahanubhavudu]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Shailaja Reddy Alludu]]'' (2018)
{{Colend}}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! TV Serial
! Role
! Channel
|-
|1996–1997
|[[Lady Detective (TV series)|''Lady Detective'']]
|Various
|ETV
|-
|1997–1999||''[[Anveshitha]]''|| ||[[ETV Network|ETV]]
|-
|2001–2007||[[Amrutham (TV series)|''Amrutham'']]||Shantha
|[[Gemini TV]]- 2007 Nandi Award TV – Best Comedy Actress
|-
|2003–2004||[[Nanna (serial)|''Nanna'']]||Suguna||[[Gemini TV]]- 2004 Nandi Award TV – Best Supporting Actress
|-
|2003–2004||''Seetharam Chitapatalu ''|| ||[[Gemini TV]]- 2005 Nandi Award TV – Best Comedy Actress
|-
|2006–2008||''[[Radha Madhu]]''||Padma Sri||[[Star Maa]]
|-
|2007–2008||''[[Ammamma.com]]''|| ||[[Maa TV]]
|-
|2007–2008||''[[Gangatho Rambabu]]''|| Senior Ganga/Gangubhai||[[Zee Telugu]]
|-
|2012–2013||''My Name Is Mangathayaru''|| Ganga||[[Zee Telugu]]
|-
|2012–2013||''[[My Name Is Mangamma]]''|| Ganga||[[Zee Tamil]]
|-
|2013–2016||''[[Sasirekha Parinayam]]''|| ||[[Star Maa]]
|-
|2015||''Iddaru Ammayilu''|| ||[[Zee Telugu]]
|-
|2017–2020
|''AgniSakshi''||Durga
|[[Star Maa]]
|-
|2018–2020||[[Rendu Rellu Aaru (TV series)|''Rendu Rellu Aaru'']]||Madhu||[[Gemini TV]]
|-
|2020–2021
|''[[Amrutham Dhvitheeyam]]''
|Shantha
|[[ZEE5]]
|-
|2021–present||''Chelleli Kapuram''||Neelaveni||[[Star Maa]]
|-
|2021–present
|''Aa Okkati Adakku''
|
|[[Gemini TV]]
|-
|2023–present||''[[Brahmamudi (TV series)|Brahmamudi]]''||Meenakshi||[[Star Maa]]
|}

== Awards ==

* [[Nandi Awards|Nandi TV Award]] for Best Comedian Actress for ''[[Ammamma.com]]<ref name=":5" />''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.bharatwaves.in/pictures/Ragini-photos-pics-1982.html Ragini photos]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ragini}}
[[Category:Telugu comedians]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian women comedians]]

{{India-screen-actor-stub}}

LifeSpring Hospitals

2026-03-18T07:59:13Z

GlennVarner228: slightly correct lead per standard format and fixed typos

{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox company
| name = LifeSpring Hospitals
| logo = LifeSpring Hospitals.svg
| caption =
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]] (joint venture of [[HLL Lifecare Limited|HLL]] and [[Acumen Fund|Acumen]])
| genre =
| fate =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2005|12|10}}
| founder =
| defunct =
| location_city =
| location_country =
| location = [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], India
| locations = 10 (2025)
| area_served =
| key_people = Dr Roy Sebastian, Head (HR); Subba Rao, Head (Finance)
| industry =
| products =
| services = [[health care]]/maternity care
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees =
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.lifespring.in}}
| footnotes =
| intl =
}}

'''LifeSpring Hospitals''' is an Indian [[hospital chain]], which provides [[maternity care]] to women from the low-income group in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], India.<ref name="fi">{{cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/hindustan-latex-venture-fund-in-pact-for-hospital-chain/285545/0|title=Hindustan Latex, venture fund in pact for hospital chain|date=18 March 2008|work=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]}}</ref> Established in 2005, it is a 50-50 [[joint venture]] between $30-million [[Acumen Fund]], a U.S.-based nonprofit global [[venture philanthropy]] fund and [[HLL Lifecare Limited]], a [[Government of India]] [[Government-owned corporation|-owned corporation]] and the largest manufacturer of condoms in the world.<ref name="fi"/><ref>[http://www.financialexpress.com/news/Hindustan-Latex-is-worlds-largest-condom-producer/242979/ Hindustan Latex is world's largest condom producer] ''[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]'', 24 November 2007.</ref><ref name="min">{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/2011/02/03220620/How-services-firms-in-India-ar.html|title=How services firms in India are using disruptive innovation|date=3 February 2011|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref><ref name="nyt">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/24/opinion/24kristof.html|title=A Most Meaningful Gift Idea|date=23 December 2009|work=The New York Times}}</ref>

As of October 2025 it provided affordable healthcare to 5,500,000 women with its ten hospitals in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], providing maternity and [[pediatric]] care at 30-50 percent of market rates, and is the first healthcare chain to join the 'Business Call to Action' (BCA), an initiative of [[United Nations Development Programme]] (UNDP) and [[UN Global Compact]] amongst others, to reduce poverty, hunger, disease, and maternal and child deaths by 2015.<ref name="un">{{cite web|url=http://content.undp.org/go/newsroom/2010/april/indian-hospital-chain-to-fight-maternal-mortality.en |title=Indian hospital chain to fight maternal mortality : LifeSpring Hospitals to provide 82,000 women with affordable healthcare through Business Call to Action initiative |date=8 April 2010 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723180201/http://content.undp.org/go/newsroom/2010/april/indian-hospital-chain-to-fight-maternal-mortality.en |archivedate=23 July 2011 }}</ref>

==History==
The first LifeSpring hospital was established on 10 December 2005 in [[Moula-Ali]], on the outskirts on [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], India, as a pilot project within Hindustan Latex Family Planning Promotion Trust (HLFPPT) of [[Hindustan Latex Limited]], now [[HLL Lifecare Limited]] (HLL) for low-cost healthcare.<ref name="bu">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2005/12/16/stories/2005121600151100.htm|title=Hindustan Latex targets Rs 1,000-cr turnover|date=16 December 2005|work=Business Line}}</ref> In February 2008, it was formed as into a private limited company with 50-50 joint venture between [[Acumen Fund]], a U. S.-based nonprofit global venture philanthropy fund and HLL. The project was headed by Anant Kumar, who was till then the business head of Social Franchising in HLFPPT, who later became Life-Spring's CEO.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lifespring.in/our-team.html |title=Our Team |publisher=LifeSpring website |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721162634/http://www.lifespring.in/our-team.html |archivedate=21 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lifespring.in/current-investors.html|title=Current Investors|publisher=LifeSpring website|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721162656/http://www.lifespring.in/current-investors.html|archivedate=21 July 2011}}</ref> HLL is a [[public-sector undertaking]] under the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]], [[Government of India]], while New York-based Acumen, was established in 2001, with seed capital from the [[Rockefeller Foundation]], [[Cisco Systems]] Foundation and three individual philanthropists.

The hospital established a model of building a chain of small-sized (25-bed) hospitals specializing in standard maternity services thus provide low-cost services in high-density area populated by low-income groups. It also provides pediatric care, including immunizations, and offers diagnostic services, pharmacy and healthcare education to the local communities.<ref name="acu">{{cite web|url=http://www.acumenfund.org/investment/lifespring.html|title=LifeSpring Hospitals|publisher=[[Acumen Fund]] website|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222172527/http://www.acumenfund.org/investment/lifespring.html|archivedate=22 December 2010}}</ref><ref name="ab">{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Health/lifespring-hospitals-bringing-maternity-care-poor-mothers-india/story?id=12459083|title=LifeSpring Hospitals: Bringing Maternity Care to Poor Mothers in India| date=23 December 2010|publisher=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref><ref name="ec">{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/business/2009/04/16/lessons-from-a-frugal-innovator|title=Health care in India : Lessons from a frugal innovator|date=16 April 2009|work=The Economic Times}}</ref> It uses [[Customer relationship management|CRM]] to track customers in real time and runs a web-based patient database.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessworld.in/index.php/Information-Technology/Waiting-For-The-Rain.html |title=INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY: Cost saving is the key reason for firms adopting cloud computing |date=25 July 2009 |publisher=Business World |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803212831/http://www.businessworld.in/index.php/Information-Technology/Waiting-For-The-Rain.html |archivedate= 3 August 2009 }}</ref>

Mr. Anant Kumar was part of the roundtable of "entrepreneurs with innovative models", at the Trident Hotel, Mumbai, during the November 2010, visit of US president, [[Barack Obama]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Obama-talks-business-with-industry-heads/articleshow/6881925.cms|title=Obama talks business with industry heads|date=7 November 2010|work=The Times of India}}</ref> Mr. Anant Kumar was the CEO of LifeSpring till January 2013. Later, Mr. Sushmit Mitra the CEO till June 2017.

Currently, LifeSpring Hospitals offers its services through 10 branches spread out in the twin cities of Hyderabad-Secunderabad, Telangana, India. Since inception LifeSpring has delivered a total of 85,000 healthy babies. Annually, LifeSpring Hospitals deliver about 6% babies born in the city of Hyderabad.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}

==References==
{{Reflist|33em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.lifespring.in/ Official website]
*[http://www.moneycontrol.com/gestepahead/innovation-and-leadership/video/sushmit-mitra-on-low-cost-maternity-care-5174581-99.html Sushmit Mitra, CEO (interview)]

[[Category:Hospital networks in India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Health care companies of India]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in 2005]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Social enterprises]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Maternity in India]]
[[Category:Maternity hospitals in India]]

Sarola Brahmin

2026-03-15T21:09:34Z

GlennVarner228: adjust section also and updated info

{{short description|Garhwali brahmin sub-caste from Uttarakhand, India}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox caste
|caste_name= Sarola\Saryul\Serul
|classification= [[Brahmin]]
|populated_states=[[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]
|languages= [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]]
|related= [[Garhwali people]]
|religions= [[File:Om.svg|15px]] [[Hinduism]]
}}

'''Sarola Brahmin''', also called '''Saryul''' and '''Serul,''' are the oldest [[Garhwali people|Garhwali]] [[Brahmins]] from [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PAU3AQAAMAAJ|title=Garhwal: Ancient and Modern|first=Pati|last=Ram|year=1916|publisher=Army Press|pages=82–83|via=Google Books}}</ref> These families were founded in the 6th and 7th centuries by scions of multiple Brahmin [[magnate]] clans to rule as the sacerdotal [[Aristocracy (class)|aristocracy]] of the Himalayan Kingdoms.
== History ==
The Sarolas originally were 12 ancient houses: [[Nautiyal|Nautiyals]], Maitwanas, Khanduras, Raturis, [[Thapliyal|Thapliyals]], Chamolis, [[Semwal]]s, Lakheras, Semaltis, [[Gairola|Gairolas]], Kothiyals and Dimris.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dobhal |first=Girdhari Lal |title=Development of the Hill Areas |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=1986 |isbn=81-8069-223-X |edition=1st |location=New Delhi |pages=56 |language=English}}</ref> However, the oldest families, often exclusively Sarola and with the most illustrious lineages, such as the [[Kanyakubja Brahmin|Kanyakubja]] Joshis (the oldest of the leading Satkuli or 7 Brahmin lineages of [[Kumaon Kingdom|Kumaon]] where they served as hereditary prime ministers since the Sixth century) or the [[Rajpurohit]] [[Gaur Brahmins|Gaur]] Nautiyals (hereditary prime ministers in Garhwal) or the [[Maithil Brahmin|Maithil]] Uniyals (in Garhwal) held a higher ducal status as [[Taluqdar|Taluqdars]] or [[Thakur (title)|Thakurs]] and were themselves descendants of royal and leading Brahmin ducal houses from the pre-medieval kingdoms of their origins such as the Nautiyals of [[Malwa]], Joshis of the [[Carnatic region|Carnatic]] or Uniyals of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Basak |first=Sudeshna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=laksAAAAIAAJ |title=Socio-cultural Study of a Minority Linguistic Group: Bengalees in Bihar, 1858-1912 |date=1991 |publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation |isbn=978-81-7018-627-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Prahalad |title=Rajpurohit Jati ki Itihas |publisher=Rajasthani Granthagar |year=1978 |isbn=978-93-90179-06-0 |location=Jodhpur |trans-title=A History of the Rajpurohit Houses}}</ref>

The [[Uniyal|Uniyals]], [[Bahuguna|Bahugunas]], Dobhals, and Dangwals were the oldest [[Gangari Brahmin|Gangari Brahmins]] founded in the 8th century after the first Sarola families, but due to their ancient lineage from classical dynasties of the Gangetic Plains of Bihar, Bengal and Ayodhya, they were afforded the same high status as the Sarola Houses and formed the class of Chauthoki aristocrats. The Chauthoki houses were pre-eminent nobility in [[Tehri Garhwal district|Tehri Garhwal]] as counterpart to the Sarolas being the high lords in [[Pauri|Pauri Garhwal]] and [[Chamoli district|Chamoli Garhwal]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Saklani |first=Atul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UOItAAAAMAAJ&q=chauthogi |title=The History of a Himalayan Princely State: Change, Conflicts, and Awakening : an Interpretative History of Princely State of Tehri Garhwal, U.P., A.D. 1815 to 1949 A.D. |date=1987 |publisher=Durga Publications |language=en}}</ref>

These Brahmin houses maintained vast interests in landholding, finance and hereditary ministerial positions along with custodianship of the great temples of North India as hereditary 'Ravals' (high priests or archbishops) such as [[Yamunotri Temple|Yamunotri]] under the Uniyals, [[Gangotri Temple|Gangotri]] under the Semwals, [[Kedarnath Temple|Kedarnath]] under the Dimris, [[Joshimath]] under the Joshis, [[Nanda Devi]] under the Nautiyals, and the highest Hindu ecclesiastical authority in the north: the temple of [[Badrinath Temple|Badrinath]] under the Nambudris who bore the dynastic title of 'Shankaracharya' (pontiff) due to their direct descent from [[Adi Shankara|Adisankara]] of the eighth century who established all these great temples in North India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Dinesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a4XXAAAAMAAJ |title=The Sacred Complex of Badrinath: A Study of Himalayan Pilgrimage |date=1991 |publisher=Kisohr [i.e. Kishor] Vidya Niketan |language=en}}</ref> The greatest ecclesiastical seats of Hinduism are the 4 Pontifical Thrones of the [[Char Dham]] (Badrinath, Puri, Rameswaram, Dwarka) and the 4 High Sees of the [[Chota Char Dham]] (Badrinath - ''Joshimath'', Kedarnath - ''Nanda Devi'', Yamunotri, Gangotri) as well as the 12 [[Jyotirlinga|Jyotrlingas]] of which Kedarnath is the highest and most sacred due to its proximity to the divine abode of Lord Shiva at Kailasa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=info@traveltoindia.org |first=Travel To India- |title=Kedarnath Dham Yatra- Temple & Travel Information |url=https://www.traveltoindia.org/kedarnath-dham.html |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=Travel To India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Government of Uttarakhand |title=Shri Kedarnath Dham |url=https://badrinath-kedarnath.gov.in/AboutUs/shri-kedarnath.aspx#:~:text=A%20conical%20rock%20formation%20inside,Kedarnath%20is%20highest%20among%20them. |website=Shri Badarinath Kedarnath Temple Committee}}</ref>

The Sarolas and Chauthokis settled as [[Rajpurohit|Rajpurohits]] (grand viziers), royal astrologers, [[Pandit|high priests]], ritual cooks, r[[guru|oyal Guru]]s, and royal advisors and ministers. They were also designated the task of cooking ritual temple offerings on auspicious occasions and also on royal occasions by the King of Garhwal, thus named "Sarola" ([[Garhwali language|Garhwali]] for cooking offerings) due to the ritual purity of the Sarola Brahmins which meant only their hand could prepare the oblations.<ref>{{Cite book |last=General |first=India (Republic) Office of the Registrar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3-kcAQAAMAAJ&q=sarola+brahmin+cooking+food |title=Census of India 1961 |date=1961 |publisher=Manager of Publications |language=en}}</ref>
==See also==
* [[Gangari Brahmin]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarola Brahmin}}
[[Category:Brahmin communities of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:History of Garhwal]]

Utkala kingdom

2026-03-14T12:03:25Z

GlennVarner228: Adding a pg needs work

{{Short description|Ancient kingdom in Odisha, India}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=November 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
'''Utkala kingdom''' was located in the northern and eastern portion of the modern-day [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Utkala, Utkalā: 18 definitions |url=http://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/utkala |website=www.wisdomlib.org |access-date=12 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829132053/http://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/utkala |archive-date=August 29, 2019 |language=en |date=1 August 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Bharati Pal |title="Utkaladesa" in Orissan Inscriptions |url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/apr-2007/engpdf/page55-57.pdf |website=magazines.odisha.gov.in |access-date=12 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003085939/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/apr-2007/engpdf/page55-57.pdf |archive-date=October 3, 2021 |pages=55{{ndash}}57 |language=en |date=April 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> This kingdom was mentioned in the epic [[Mahabharata]], with the names ''Utkala'', ''Utpala'', and ''Okkal''. It is mentioned in India's national anthem, [[Jana Gana Mana]].

==Early Sanskrit Literature==
The early [[Sanskrit]] medieval literature says "उत्कृष्ट कलायाः देशः यः सः उत्कलः" ({{IAST|utkṛṣṭa kalāyāḥ deśaḥ yaḥ saḥ utkalaḥ}}), meaning the land having an "excellent opulence of artists". The [[Puranas|Puranic]] division of ''Utkala desa'' was bounded on the north by the river Kapisa, on the south by the river [[Mahanadi]], on the east by the [[Bay of Bengal]] and to the west by [[Maikal Hills|Mekala hills]].

== Mahabharata ==
The [[Dasarna kingdom|Dasarnas]], the [[Mekala kingdom|Mekalas]] (a kingdom to the west of Utkala) and the Utkalas were mentioned as kingdoms of Bharata Varsha (Ancient India) (6:9). Utkalas were mentioned as taking part in the [[Kurukshetra War]] siding with the [[Kauravas]]. Many Mekalas, Utkalas, [[Kalinga (Mahabharata)|Kalingas]], Nishadas, and Tamraliptakas, advanced against [[Nakula]], showering their [[shafts]] and [[lance]]s, desirous of slaying him (8:22).

The Utpalas, the Mekalas, the [[Pundra kingdom|Paundras]], the [[Kalinga (Mahabharata)|Kalingas]], the Nishadas, the [[Trigarta kingdom|Trigartas]], and the [[Bahlika kingdom|Valhikas]], were all vanquished by [[Karna]] (7:4).

== See also ==
* [[Kingdoms of Ancient India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* [[Mahabharata]] of [[Krishna Dwaipayana Vyasa]], translated to English by Kisari Mohan Ganguli

{{Tribes and kingdoms of the Mahabharata}}

[[Category:Kingdoms in the Mahabharata]]

{{hindu-myth-stub}}

Lakshya Sen

2026-03-11T03:51:43Z

GlennVarner228: added info

{{Short description|Indian badminton player (born 2001)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox badminton player
| name = Lakshya Sen
| image = Lakshya Sen in 2018.jpg
| caption = Sen at the [[2018 Youth Olympics]]
| birth_name =
| country = India
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|2001|8|16}}
| birth_place = [[Almora]], Uttarakhand, India<ref>{{Cite web |title=From Almora To Olympic Semifinals: Meet Lakshya Sen, Indian Badminton Player Who Made History At Paris Olympics 2024 |url=https://zeenews.india.com/other-sports/from-almora-to-olympic-semifinals-meet-lakshya-sen-indian-badminton-player-who-made-history-at-paris-olympics-2024-2773365.html |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>
| height = 1.80 m
| weight =
| years_active = 2014–present
| handedness = Right
| coach = {{ubl|[[Yoo Yong-sung]]|[[U. Vimal Kumar|Vimal Kumar]]|[[Prakash Padukone]]|[[Park Tae-sang]]}}
| event = Men's singles
| career_record = 210 wins, 116 losses
| highest_ranking = 6
| date_of_highest_ranking = 8 November 2022
| current_ranking = 12
| date_of_current_ranking = 3 March 2026
| honours = [[Arjuna Award]]
| medal_templates =
{{MedalSport|Men's [[badminton]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[BWF World Championships|World Championships]] }}
{{MedalBronze|[[2021 BWF World Championships|2021 Huelva]]|[[2021 BWF World Championships – Men's singles|Men's singles]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Thomas Cup]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2022 Thomas & Uber Cup|2022 Bangkok]]|Men's team}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Badminton at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[Badminton at the 2022 Commonwealth Games|2022 Birmingham]]|[[Badminton at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's singles|Men's singles]]}}
{{MedalSilver|2022 Birmingham|[[Badminton at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Mixed team|Mixed team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Badminton at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[Badminton at the 2022 Asian Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Badminton at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's team|Men's team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Badminton Asia Mixed Team Championships|Asia Mixed Team Championships]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2023 Badminton Asia Mixed Team Championships|2023 Dubai]]|Mixed team}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Badminton Asia Team Championships|Asia Team Championships]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2020 Badminton Asia Team Championships|2020 Manila]]|Men's team}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Badminton at the Summer Youth Olympics|Youth Olympic Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[Badminton at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics|2018 Buenos Aires]]|[[Badminton at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics – Boys' singles|Boys' singles]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[BWF World Junior Championships|World Junior Championships]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2018 BWF World Junior Championships|2018 Markham]]|[[2018 BWF World Junior Championships – Boys' singles|Boys' singles]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Badminton Asia Junior Championships|Asian Junior Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2018 Badminton Asia Junior Championships|2018 Jakarta]]|[[2018 Badminton Asia Junior Championships – Boys' singles|Boys singles]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2016 Badminton Asia Junior Championships|2016 Bangkok]]|[[2016 Badminton Asia Junior Championships – Boys' singles|Boys' singles]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{flagicon|IOC}} [[Mixed-NOCs at the Youth Olympics|Mixed-NOCs]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|Youth Olympic Games}}
{{MedalGold|2018 Buenos Aires|[[Badminton at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics – Mixed teams|Mixed team]]}}
| bwfbadminton_id = 68870/lakshya-sen
}}

'''Lakshya Sen''' (born 16 August 2001) is an Indian [[badminton]] player.<ref>{{cite web |title=Players: Lakshya Sen |url=http://bwfbadminton.com/player/68870/lakshya-sen |publisher=[[Badminton World Federation]] |access-date=27 November 2016 |archive-date=14 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814193251/http://bwfbadminton.com/player/68870/lakshya-sen}}</ref> He is a bronze medalist at the [[BWF World Championships|World Championships]] and a gold medalist at the [[Badminton at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]].<ref name="cwg22">{{Cite web |title=CWG 2022: 20-year-old Lakshya Sen Wins Gold Medal In Badminton Men's Singles |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/commonwealth-games/commonwealth-games-2022-badminton-final-lakshya-sen-vs-ng-tze-yong-live-score-india-s-lakshya-sen-eyes-maiden-cwg-gold-medal-in-birmingham-match-live-updates-101659942387234.html |date=2022-08-08 |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809131656/https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/commonwealth-games/commonwealth-games-2022-badminton-final-lakshya-sen-vs-ng-tze-yong-live-score-india-s-lakshya-sen-eyes-maiden-cwg-gold-medal-in-birmingham-match-live-updates-101659942387234.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Sen won the gold at the [[Thomas Cup]], and silver at the [[Asian Games|Asian]] and [[Commonwealth Games]] with the team. He also won bronze medals at the [[Badminton Asia Team Championships|Asia Team]] and [[Badminton Asia Mixed Team Championships|Asia Mixed Team Championships]]. Sen competed in the [[Badminton at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Men's singles|men's singles event]] at the [[2024 Olympics]], where he finished fourth after narrowly losing the bronze medal match.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Anjishnu |date=5 August 2024 |title=Paris 2024 Olympics: Lakshya Sen falls short of historic badminton bronze medal, loses to Lee Zii Jia |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/paris-2024-olympics-badminton-india-lakshya-sen-men-singles-fourth |website=Olympics}}</ref>

==Early life==
Sen was born on 16 August 2001 to parents Nirmala and Dhirendra Sen in the [[Almora]] district of [[Uttarakhand]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inside Indian badminton star Lakshya Sen's net worth, income, career, education and more |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/worth/news/inside-indian-badminton-star-lakshya-sens-net-worth-income-career-education-and-more-639277.html |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=India Times |date=3 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref> They shifted to [[Bangalore]] for the sake of his badminton career. Sen is a third generation shuttler from his family. His grandfather Chandra Lal Sen and his father were badminton players.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-01 |title=Teenage shuttler Lakshya Sen wants to focus on the basics |url=https://www.mid-day.com/sports/other-sports/article/Teenage-shuttler-Lakshya-Sen-wants-to-focus-on-the-basics-22185185 |access-date=2024-08-11 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> His elder brother [[Chirag Sen]] is also a professional shuttler.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Joy for Sen family as brothers Chirag and Lakshya named in Indian squad for BATC |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/joy-for-sen-family-as-brothers-chirag-and-lakshya-named-in-indian-squad-for-batc/articleshow/106669686.cms |access-date=2024-08-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Career==
===2009: Early steps===
Sen was about ten years old when he walked into [[U. Vimal Kumar|Vimal Kumar]]'s office at the Karnataka Badminton Association in [[Bengaluru]], stood on his toes to reach the table and gave him a handwritten note with scoreline details. He wanted to join the academy to get better at badminton to beat his opponents.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The wind beneath Lakshya's wings |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/olympics/the-wind-beneath-lakshya-s-wings-101721238909520-amp.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

===2016: Junior level tournaments===
[[File:2018-10-12 Badminton Boys Singles Final at 2018 Summer Youth Olympics by Sandro Halank–177.jpg|thumb|left]]
Having trained at the [[Prakash Padukone Badminton Academy]], Sen showed his talent as a badminton player at a young age.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India Open 2024: Lakshya Sen inspired by Prakash Padukone's words of wisdom |url=https://www.business-standard.com/amp/sports/other-sports-news/india-open-2024-lakshya-sen-inspired-by-prakash-padukone-s-words-of-wisdom-124011500839_1.html |website=Business Standard}}</ref> In 2014, he won the Swiss Junior International. He also had a brilliant year in the 2016 junior badminton circuit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lakshya Sen, the new poster boy of Indian badminton |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/lakshya-sen-badminton-achievements |website=Olympics}}</ref> He won the bronze medal at the [[2016 Badminton Asia Junior Championships – Boys' singles|Junior Asian Championship]] after losing to [[Sun Feixiang]] 12–21, 16–21. Coincidently, Sen lost to Sun again in the pre-quarters of [[2016 BWF World Junior Championships – Boys' singles|Junior World Championship]] 21–17, 8–21 and 13–21. His team finished 8th in the [[2016 BWF World Junior Championships – Teams event|team event]]. Sen then competed at the senior international level and won the 2016 India International Series tournament title.

===2017: World junior #1===
Sen started off at [[2017 Syed Modi International Grand Prix Gold|Syed Modi International]] where he lost in pre-quarters to compatriot [[Sourabh Verma]] 14–21, 16–21. He then became the number one junior singles player in BWF World Junior ranking in February 2017.<ref>{{cite news |first=Gaurav |last=Talwar |title=Lakshya Sen becomes World No 1 junior badminton player |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/lakshya-sen-becomes-world-no-1-junior-badminton-player/articleshow/56936876.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=2 February 2017 |access-date=22 July 2018 |archive-date=21 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821045837/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/lakshya-sen-becomes-world-no-1-junior-badminton-player/articleshow/56936876.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> At the [[2017 Badminton Asia Junior Championships – Boys' singles|Junior Asian Championship]], Sen was seeded as No.1 but lost in the pre-quarters to [[Lin Chun-yi (badminton)|Lin Chun-yi]] 21–13, 23–25 and 20–22. Sen reached the Quarter-finals of [[2017 Vietnam Open Grand Prix|Vietnam Open]] before losing to [[Kodai Naraoka]] 21–17, 21–23 and 10–21. Sen was then seeded as No. 2 at the [[2017 BWF World Junior Championships – Boys' singles|Junior World Championship]] but in the quarter-finals, he lost to [[Kodai Naraoka]] 21–14, 17–21, 14–21.

===2018: Asian Junior Champion and Youth Olympics medalist===
Sen defeated [[Cheam June Wei]], a much higher ranked player than him 21–11, 21–16 in straight games at the [[2018 New Zealand Open (badminton)|New Zealand Open]] but lost to 2 time Olympic gold medallist and seed No.1 [[Lin Dan]] 21–15, 15–21 and 12–21. At the [[2018 Australian Open (badminton)|Australian Open]], he lost to seed No.7 [[Lee Cheuk Yiu]] 20–22, 21–13 and 19–21. Sen emerged as the champion at the [[2018 Badminton Asia Junior Championships|2018 Asian Junior Championships]] defeating the top seeded World Junior No. 1 [[Kunlavut Vitidsarn]] in the final 21–19, 21–18.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lakshya Sen stuns World No 1 to bag badminton gold in Asian Junior Championships |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/badminton/lakshya-sen-badminton-gold-asian-junior-championship-5269939/ |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |date=22 July 2018 |access-date=22 July 2018 |archive-date=22 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722155633/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/badminton/lakshya-sen-badminton-gold-asian-junior-championship-5269939/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

At the [[2018 Hyderabad Open (badminton)|Hyderabad Open]], Sen lost to seed No. 8 [[Heo Kwang-hee]] 13–21 and 12–21. Sen defeated seed No.2 [[Sitthikom Thammasin]] 21–14, 21–19 at the [[2018 Bangka Belitung Indonesia Masters|2018 Indonesia Masters]] but lost to seed No.7 [[Lin Yu-hsien]] 21–12, 20–21 and 14–21 in the Quarter-finals.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Achal |first=Ashwin |date=2018-07-24 |title=Lakshya sets his eyes on the bigger prize |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/badminton/lakshya-sets-his-eyes-on-the-bigger-prize/article24503693.ece/ |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref>

Sen participated at the [[Badminton at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics|2018 Summer Youth Olympics]] as the fourth seeded. He settled for the silver medal in the [[Badminton at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics – Boys' singles|boys' singles]] after losing to Chinese player Li Shifeng in straight games 15–21, 19–21.<ref>{{cite news |title=Youth Olympics 2018: Lakshya Sen settles for silver medal in Badminton |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/badminton/youth-olympics-2018-lakshya-sen-silver-badminton-5400191/ |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |date=13 October 2018 |access-date=13 October 2018 |archive-date=14 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014053033/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/badminton/youth-olympics-2018-lakshya-sen-silver-badminton-5400191/ |url-status=live}}</ref> He also competed in the [[Badminton at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics – Mixed teams|mixed team]] event, and helped team Alpha win the gold medal.<ref>{{cite news |title=Youth Olympics: Why Lakshya Sen's gold, Manu Bhaker's silver won't be added to India's medal count |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-youth-olympics-why-lakshya-sen-s-gold-manu-bhaker-s-silver-will-not-be-added-to-india-s-medal-count-at-yog-2018-2674872 |publisher=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]] |date=13 October 2018 |access-date=13 October 2018 |archive-date=13 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013213516/https://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-youth-olympics-why-lakshya-sen-s-gold-manu-bhaker-s-silver-will-not-be-added-to-india-s-medal-count-at-yog-2018-2674872 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Sen clinched the bronze medal at the [[2018 BWF World Junior Championships – Boys' singles|BWF Junior World Championships]] after losing to the eventual champion [[Kunlavut Vitidsarn]] in the semi-finals 22–20, 16–21, 13–21.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Achal |first=Ashwin |date=2019-01-21 |title=Lakshya Sen: Sense and sensibility! |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/magazine/lakshya-sen-badminton-bengaluru-prakash-padukone-olympics/article26051813.ece/ |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref>

===2019–2021: Back-to-back tour titles===
Sen won the 2019 [[Belgian International]] tournament by beating [[Victor Svendsen]] 21–14 and 21–15. He clinched his first BWF Tour title by winning the [[2019 Dutch Open (badminton)|Dutch Open]] title after beating [[Yusuke Onodera]] of Japan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lakshya Sen Wins Dutch Open To Clinch Maiden BWF World Tour Title {{!}} Badminton News |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/badminton/lakshya-sen-wins-dutch-open-to-clinch-maiden-bwf-world-tour-title-2116164 |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=NDTVSports.com |language=en}}</ref> In November, he won the [[2019 SaarLorLux Open|Hylo Open]] held in [[Saarbrücken]], Germany. He defeated China's [[Weng Hongyang]] to claim the title.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/sensational-lakshya-sen-claims-saarlorlux-open-title/articleshow/71881552.cms |title=Sensational Lakshya Sen claims SaarLorlux Open title |work=The Times of India |date=3 November 2019 |access-date=2019-11-04 |archive-date=4 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104124828/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/sensational-lakshya-sen-claims-saarlorlux-open-title/articleshow/71881552.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> He won the 2019 [[Scottish Open (badminton)|Scottish Open]] next, with a victory against Brazilian [[Ygor Coelho]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/lakshya-sen-wins-scottish-open-badminton-title/article30079497.ece |title=Lakshya Sen wins Scottish Open badminton title |date=2019-11-25 |work=The Hindu |access-date=2019-11-26 |agency=PTI |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=26 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191126111738/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/lakshya-sen-wins-scottish-open-badminton-title/article30079497.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

Sen was a member of the [[India national badminton team|Indian team]] which clinched the bronze at [[2020 Badminton Asia Team Championships]]. He reached the 2nd round of [[2020 All England Open]], his first BWF Super 1000 Tournament before losing to champion and world No.1 [[Viktor Axelsen]] 17–21 and 18–21.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-20 |title=All England Open final highlights: Lakshya Sen loses to Viktor Axelsen in straight games |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/badminton/story/lakshya-sen-vs-viktor-axelsen-all-england-open-2022-live-score-updates-1927332-2022-03-20 |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He lost to [[Hans-Kristian Vittinghus]] 21–15, 7–21 and 15–21 in 2nd round of the [[2020 Denmark Open]]. Sen was seeded as No.2 at [[2020 SaarLorLux Open|2020 Hylo Open]] but withdrew due to an injury. The [[Covid-19 Pandemic|Covid-19 pandemic]] restricted him from playing more international [[Badminton World Federation|BWF]] tournaments that year.

In December, he reached the semifinal of the [[2021 BWF World Championships – Men's singles|2021 World Championships]] where he lost to compatriot [[Srikanth Kidambi]] in a hard-fought match 21–17, 14–21, 17–21 and settled for a bronze medal during [[2021 BWF World Championships|the edition]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Anab |first=Mohammad |title=Lakshya Sen clinches bronze at World Badminton Championship |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/lakshya-sen-clinches-bronze-at-world-badminton-championship/articleshow/88378494.cms |work=The Times of India |date=20 December 2021 |access-date=19 January 2022 |archive-date=19 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119134626/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/lakshya-sen-clinches-bronze-at-world-badminton-championship/articleshow/88378494.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

===2022: Thomas Cup victory and Commonwealth gold===
In January, he defeated the reigning world champion [[Loh Kean Yew]] in the [[2022 India Open (badminton)|India Open]] final, thus clinching his first Super 500 title. Sen defeated him in two straight games 24–22, 21–17.<ref>{{cite web |title=India Open: Lakshya Sen stuns world champion Loh Kean Yew to win maiden Super 500 title |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/india-open-lakshya-sen-stuns-world-champion-loh-kean-yew-to-win-maiden-super-500-title/articleshow/88934522.cms |work=The Times of India |date=16 January 2022 |access-date=19 January 2022 |archive-date=19 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119042659/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/india-open-lakshya-sen-stuns-world-champion-loh-kean-yew-to-win-maiden-super-500-title/articleshow/88934522.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[2022 German Open (badminton)|German Open]], Sen defeated World No.1 [[Viktor Axelsen]] in the semifinals, but lost the finals to [[Kunlavut Vitidsarn]]. He then defeated World No. 3 [[Anders Antonsen]] and World No. 7 [[Lee Zii Jia]] to reach the finals of the [[2022 All England Open]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Hoover |first=Mashoor |date=March 18, 2022 |url=https://mashoor.media/lakshay-sen-defeated-world-number-3-player-in-all-england-badminton-championships/ |title=Laskhay Sen defeated World Number 3 Player In All England Badminton Championship |access-date=March 24, 2022 |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809053800/https://mashoor.media/ |url-status=live}}</ref> He lost the finals to [[Viktor Axelsen]] 10–21, 15–21.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=PTI |date=Mar 21, 2022 |title=Lakshya Sen's impressive run ends in agony at All England final {{!}} Badminton News – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/lakshya-sens-impressive-run-ends-in-agony-at-all-england-final/articleshow/90340389.cms |access-date=2022-03-21 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=21 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321021627/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/lakshya-sens-impressive-run-ends-in-agony-at-all-england-final/articleshow/90340389.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

Sen was a part of the men's team for [[2022 Thomas & Uber Cup|2022 Thomas Cup]]. The team went on to win the final by beating Indonesia 3–0, with him winning his match against [[Anthony Sinisuka Ginting]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Sukumar |first=Dev |title=India Complete Ascent to Summit |url=https://bwfthomasubercups.bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2022/05/15/india-complete-ascent-to-summit/ |publisher=Badminton World Federation |date=15 May 2022 |access-date=11 August 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515142540/https://bwfthomasubercups.bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2022/05/15/india-complete-ascent-to-summit/ |archive-date=15 May 2022}}</ref> He became the Commonwealth champion at the [[Badminton at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's singles|2022 Commonwealth Games]], defeating [[Ng Tze Yong]] of Malaysia in the final. Sen was also a part of the team that won the silver in the [[Badminton at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Mixed team|mixed team]] event.<ref>{{cite web |last=Venkat |first=Rahul |title=Commonwealth Games 2022 badminton: India's Lakshya Sen clinches maiden gold |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/commonwealth-games-2022-badminton-men-singles-final-india-lakshya-sen-result |publisher=International Olympic Committee |date=8 August 2022 |access-date=11 August 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809195521/https://olympics.com/en/news/commonwealth-games-2022-badminton-men-singles-final-india-lakshya-sen-result |archive-date=9 August 2022}}</ref>

===2023: Canada Open title and Asian Games silver===
In February, Sen was a member of the Indian team that clinched the bronze medal at [[Badminton Asia Mixed Team Championships|Asia Mixed Team Championships]]. In July, he defeated China's [[Li Shifeng]] in straight sets 21-18, 22-20 in the finals and won the [[2023 Canada Open]].<ref>{{cite web |first=Ali Asgar |last=Nalwala |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/canada-open-2023-badminton-india-lakshya-sen-final-results |publisher=Olympics |title=Canada Open 2023 badminton: Lakshya Sen beats All England Open champ Li Shi Feng to win title |date=10 July 2023 |access-date=10 July 2023}}</ref> Sen was a part of the team that won the silver medal in the men's team event at [[2022 Asian Games]].<ref>{{cite web |first=Zenia |last=D'Cunha |url=https://www.espn.in/badminton/story/_/id/38538376/asian-games-2022-china-winners-badminton-india-historic-silver-team-lakshya-prannoy-srikanth-satwik-chirag |publisher=ESPN |title=Asian Games: China winners again as India's historic badminton silver a story of what ifs |date=1 October 2023 |access-date=1 October 2023}}</ref>

===2024: 4th at Paris Olympics===
Sen participated in the [[Badminton at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Men's singles|Olympic Games]] held in Paris. He defeated third seeded [[Jonatan Christie]] in the group stage and progressed to the knockout stage. After winning against his compatriot [[Prannoy H. S.]] in the round of 16, he defeated [[Chou Tien-chen]] in the quarter finals. However he was stopped by the second seeded [[Viktor Axelsen]] in the semifinal stage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lakshya Sen scripts history, becomes first Indian to reach badminton men's singles semi-finals at Olympics |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/olympics/lakshya-sen-scripts-history-becomes-first-indian-to-reach-badminton-mens-singles-semi-finals-at-olympics-101722613705564-amp.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lakshya Sen falls to Denmark's Viktor Axelsen in Badminton semis at Paris Olympics |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/olympics/badminton-at-olympics-sen-falls-to-axelsen-in-semis-to-play-bronze-medal-playoff/article68484681.ece |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=16 August 2024 |date=4 August 2024}}</ref> He finished fourth after losing the bronze medal match to [[Lee Zii Jia]], scripting the best ever performance by a male badminton player from India.<ref>{{cite web |first=Anjishnu |last=Roy |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/paris-2024-olympics-badminton-india-lakshya-sen-men-singles-fourth |title=Paris 2024 Olympics: Lakshya Sen falls short of historic badminton bronze medal, loses to Lee Zii Jia |website=Olympics |date=5 August 2024 |access-date=13 August 2024}}</ref> Post his journey at the Olympics, Sen won the S300 title of [[Syed Modi International Badminton Championships|Syed Modi International]] by defeating Singaporean [[Jason Teh]] 21-6, 21-7 in a dominating match.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-01 |title=Lakshya Sen wins Syed Modi International for 1st time, crushes Jia Teh in final |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/story/badminto-syed-modi-international-lakshya-sen-wins-title-jia-teh-2643161-2024-12-01 |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He ended the year by winning the bronze medal at the inaugural Kings Cup hosted by icon [[Lin Dan]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Lakshya Sen bags bronze at the King Cup International Badminton Open |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/lakshya-sen-bags-bronze-at-the-king-cup-international-badminton-open/articleshow/116769495.cms |access-date=2025-01-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

===2025–now: Australian Open champion===
At the [[2025 All England Open]], he started off with a tricky win against [[Su Li-yang]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-12 |title=All England badminton: Lakshya Sen faces Jonatan test in second round |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/badminton/all-england-lakshya-faces-jonatan-christie-test-in-second-round-9883559/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He carried the momentum forward in the next round where he faced defending champion [[Jonatan Christie]]. Sen won in straight sets with a scoreline of 21–13, 21–10.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-13 |title=All England: How Lakshya Sen upstaged defending champion Jonatan Christie |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/badminton/all-england-2025-how-lakshya-sen-upstaged-jonatan-christie-9885642/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Through the year, he had few early exits but managed to get to [[2025 Hong Kong Open (badminton)|Hong Kong Open final]] and [[2025 Denmark Open|Denmark Open]] as well as [[2025 Hylo Open|Hylo Open quarter-finals]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hylo Open 2025: Unnati Hooda powers to semi-finals; Lakshya Sen, Ayush Shetty crash out in quarterfinals |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sports/hylo-open-2025-unnati-hooda-powers-to-semi-finals-lakshya-sen-ayush-shetty-crash-out-in-quarterfinals/ |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> His first title of the year came at [[2025 Australian Open (badminton)|Australian Open]] when he beat [[Yushi Tanaka]] 21–15, 21–11 to clinch the awaited title.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-23 |title=Resurgent Lakshya Sen wins Australian Open, ends wait for first title of the year |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/badminton/story/lakshya-sen-wins-sydney-super-500-title-2824620-2025-11-23 |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Coaching==
[[Vimal Kumar]] is his coach while former player [[Prakash Padukone]] is his mentor.<ref>{{cite news |first=Shirish |last=Nadkarni |title=Decoding Lakshya Sen: How the world's No 1 junior has taken the badminton world by storm |url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/decoding-lakshya-sen-how-the-worlds-no-1-junior-has-taken-the-badminton-world-by-storm-3272018.html |publisher=[[Firstpost]] |date=8 February 2017 |access-date=22 July 2018 |archive-date=20 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520171817/https://www.firstpost.com/sports/decoding-lakshya-sen-how-the-worlds-no-1-junior-has-taken-the-badminton-world-by-storm-3272018.html |url-status=live}}</ref> For brief periods of time, Sen has been coached by [[Yoo Yong-sung]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Korean coach Yoo Yong-sung back in Lakshya Sen's team ahead of Paris Olympics |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/badminton/korean-coach-yoo-yong-sung-back-in-lakshya-sens-team-ahead-of-paris-olympics-101718640234457.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> He has also undergone training stints under [[Morten Frost]] and [[Peter Gade]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-17 |title=How Morten Frost's advice, playing with Viktor Axelsen and tactical maturity helped Lakshya Sen soar |url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/how-morten-frosts-advice-playing-with-viktor-axelsen-and-tactical-maturity-helped-lakshya-sen-soar-10291681.html/amp |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> His conditioning coach is [[Paddy Upton]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Acharya |first=Shayan |date=2024-08-09 |title="Lakshya is on the journey of learning," says mental conditioning coach Paddy Upton |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/badminton/lakshya-sen-paris-olympics-2024-axelsen-lee-zii-jia-medal-chance-paddy-upton-interview/article68505497.ece |access-date=2024-08-11 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref> In addition to his training sessions, Sen takes on ice baths, steam and sauna, and joint mobilisation work routines.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-09 |title=Discover Lakshya Sen's attention to detail that goes into fitness training |url=https://www.redbull.com/in-en/lakshya-sen-fitness-details |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=Red Bull |language=en}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Result
! Ref
|-
|2019
|[[Indian Sports Honours]]
|Emerging Sportsman of the Year
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners {{!}} ISH 2019 |url= https://indiansportshonours.com/edition-ish-2019/ |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=Indian Sports Honours |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| [[Arjuna Award]]
|Outstanding Performance in Sports
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-30 |title=From Sharath Kamal to Lakshya Sen: Here's the full list of winners of National Sports Awards 2022 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/from-sharath-kamal-to-lakshya-sen-heres-the-full-list-of-winners-of-national-sports-awards-2022-article-95888057/amp |access-date=2024-08-18 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=4|2023
|[[Sportstar Awards]]
|Sportsman of the Year Racquet Sports
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2023-02-27 |title=Sharath Kamal and Lakshya Sen win Sportsman of the Year (Racquet Sports) at Sportstar Aces Awards 2023 |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/aces-awards/aces-2023/sharath-kamal-lakshya-sen-win-sportsman-of-the-year-racquet-sports-sportstar-aces-awards-2023-table-tennis-badminton/article66550856.ece# |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Times of India Sports Awards]]
|Singles Player of the Year Male
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=TOISA 2023: Badminton stars nominated for the award |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/toisa-2023-badminton-stars-nominated-for-the-award/articleshow/107826790.cms |access-date=2025-02-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Indian Sports Honours]]
|Emerging Sportsman of the Year
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Edition ISH 2023 Winner – ISH |url=https://indiansportshonours.com/edition-ish-2023-winner/ |access-date=2025-02-22 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|Electrifying Performance of the Year
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|2025
|[[Times of India Sports Awards]]
|Badminton Player of the Year Male
|{{tba}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-18 |title=TOISA 2024: Badminton Aces Among the Nominees |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/toisa-2024-badminton-aces-among-the-nominees/articleshow/118272687.cms |access-date=2025-02-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

== Achievements ==
=== World Championships ===
''Men's singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Venue
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#F3E6D7"
| align="center" | [[2021 BWF World Championships – Men's singles|2021]]
| align="left" | [[Palacio de los Deportes Carolina Marín]], [[Huelva]], Spain
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Srikanth Kidambi]]
| align="left" | 21–17, 14–21, 17–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med 3.png|Bronze]] '''Bronze'''
|}

===Commonwealth Games===
''Men's singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Venue
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#FFE4B5"
| align="center" | [[Badminton at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's singles|2022]]
| align="left" | [[National Exhibition Centre]], [[Birmingham]], England
| align="left" | {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Ng Tze Yong]]
| align="left" | 19–21, 21–9, 21–16
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med 1.png|Gold]] '''Gold'''
|}

===Youth Olympic Games===
''Boys' singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Venue
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#FBCEB1"
| align="center" | [[Badminton at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics – Boys' singles|2018]]
| align="left" | [[Tecnópolis]], [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Li Shifeng]]
| align="left" | 15–21, 19–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{OG2}} '''Silver'''
|}

=== World Junior Championships ===
''Boys' singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Venue
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#98FB98"
| align="center" | [[2018 BWF World Junior Championships - Boys' singles|2018]]
| align="left" | [[Markham Pan Am Centre]], [[Markham, Ontario|Markham]], Canada
| align="left" | {{flagicon|THA}} [[Kunlavut Vitidsarn]]
| align="left" | 22–20, 16–21, 13–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med 3.png|Bronze]] '''Bronze'''
|}

=== Asia Junior Championships ===
''Boys' singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Venue
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#AABBCC"
| align="center" | [[2016 Badminton Asia Junior Championships – Boys' singles|2016]]
| align="left" | CPB Badminton Training Center, [[Bangkok]], Thailand
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Sun Feixiang]]
| align="left" | 12–21, 16–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med 3.png|Bronze]] '''Bronze'''
|- style="background:#AABBCC"
| align="center" | [[2018 Badminton Asia Junior Championships – Boys' singles|2018]]
| align="left" | Jaya Raya Sports Hall Training Center, [[Jakarta]], Indonesia
| align="left" | {{flagicon|THA}} [[Kunlavut Vitidsarn]]
| align="left" | 21–19, 21–18
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med 1.png|Gold]] '''Gold'''
|}

===World Tour (6 titles, 4 runners-up)===
The World Tour was announced on 19 March 2017 and implemented in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |last=Alleyne |first=Gayle |title=BWF Launches New Events Structure |url=http://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2017/03/19/bwf-launches-new-event-structure/ |publisher=[[Badminton World Federation]] |date=19 March 2017 |access-date=29 November 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201164159/http://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2017/03/19/bwf-launches-new-event-structure/ |archive-date=1 December 2017}}</ref> It's a series of badminton tournaments sanctioned by the [[Badminton World Federation]]. The BWF World Tour is divided into levels of World Tour Finals, Super 1000, Super 750, Super 500, Super 300, and the BWF Tour Super 100.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sukumar |first=Dev |title=Action-Packed Season Ahead! |url=http://bwfworldtour.com/news-single/2018/01/10/action-packed-season-ahead/ |publisher=Badminton World Federation |date=10 January 2018 |access-date=15 January 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113162925/http://bwfworldtour.com/news-single/2018/01/10/action-packed-season-ahead/ |archive-date=13 January 2018}}</ref>

''Men's singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Level
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
! Ref
|-
| align="center" | [[2019 Dutch Open (badminton)#Finals|2019]]
| align="left" | [[Dutch Open (badminton)|Dutch Open]]
| align="left" | Super 100
| align="left" | {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yusuke Onodera]]
| align="left" | 15–21, 21–14, 21–15
| style="text-align:left; | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2019-10-13 |title=Lakshya Sen wins Dutch Open, bags first BWF World Tour title |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/badminton/dutch-open-lakshya-sen-wins-maiden-bwf-world-tour-title-super-100/article29673203.ece/ |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[2019 SaarLorLux Open#Finals|2019]]
| align="left" | [[Hylo Open]]
| align="left" | Super 100
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Weng Hongyang]]
| align="left" | 17–21, 21–18, 21–16
| style="text-align:left; | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-04 |title=With SaarLorLux win, Lakshya Sen completes a hat-trick of gold medals, and breaks into BWF top-50 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/with-saarlorlux-win-lakshya-sen-completes-a-hat-trick-of-gold-medals-and-breaks-into-bwf-top-50-7599191.html/|access-date=2025-02-17 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[2022 India Open#Finals|2022]]
| align="left" | [[India Open]]
| align="left" | Super 500
| align="left" | {{flagicon|SIN}} [[Loh Kean Yew]]
| align="left" | 24–22, 21–17
| style="text-align:left;| {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=India Open: Lakshya Sen Beats World Champion Loh Kean Yew to Win Men's Singles Crown |url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/india-open-lakshya-sen-beats-world-champion-loh-kean-yew-to-win-mens-singles-crown-4664294.html |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[2022 German Open (badminton)#Finals|2022]]
| align="left" | [[German Open (badminton)|German Open]]
| align="left" | Super 300
| align="left" | {{flagicon|THA}} [[Kunlavut Vitidsarn]]
| align="left" | 18–21, 15–21
| style="text-align:left; | {{silver2}} '''Runner–up'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-13 |title=German Open Super 300: Kunlavut Vitidsarn outclasses Lakshya Sen 21-18, 21-15 to win men’s singles title |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/badminton/story/german-open-super-300-kunlavut-vitidsarn-outclasses-lakshya-sen-21-18-21-15-to-win-men-s-singles-title-1924935-2022-03-13 |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[2022 All England Open#Finals|2022]]
| align="left" | [[All England Open Badminton Championships|All England Open]]
| align="left" | Super 1000
| align="left" | {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Viktor Axelsen]]
| align="left" | 10–21, 15–21
| style="text-align:left; | {{silver2}} '''Runner–up'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white" | <ref name="ae22">{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2022-03-20 |title=Lakshya Sen loses to Viktor Axelsen in All England Open final |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/lakshya-sen-loses-to-viktor-axelsen-to-finish-runner-up-at-all-england-open-final/article65244163.ece |access-date=2025-09-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[2023 Canada Open#Finals|2023]]
| align="left" | [[Canada Open]]
| align="left" | Super 500
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Li Shifeng]]
| align="left" | 21–18, 22–20
| style="text-align:left; | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white" | <ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2023-07-10 |title=Indian shuttler Lakshya Sen wins Canada Open 2023 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/indian-shuttler-lakshya-sen-wins-canada-open-2023/article67062882.ece/ |access-date=2025-02-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[2024 Syed Modi International#Finals|2024]]
| align="left" | [[Syed Modi International Badminton Championships|Syed Modi International]]
| align="left" | Super 300
| align="left" | {{flagicon|SGP}} [[Jason Teh]]
| align="left" | 21–6, 21–7
| style="text-align:left; | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Malik |first=Varun |date=2024-12-01 |title=Lakshya Sen wins Syed Modi International 2024 final, registers first title win of the year |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/other/lakshya-sen-wins-syed-modi-international-2024-final-registers-first-title-win-of-the-year-2024-12-01-964273 |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=India Tv News |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[2025 Hong Kong Open (badminton)#Finals|2025]]
| align="left" | [[Hong Kong Open (badminton)|Hong Kong Open]]
| align="left" | Super 500
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Li Shifeng]]
| align="left" | 15–21, 12–21
| style="text-align:left; | {{silver2}} '''Runner–up'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hong Kong Open: Lakshya Sen Bags Silver As Li Shi Feng Ensures Clean Sweep For China |url=https://www.news18.com/sports/hong-kong-open-lakshya-sen-bags-silver-as-li-shi-feng-ensures-clean-sweep-for-china-9570707.html |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[2025 Australian Open (badminton)#Finals|2025]]
| align="left" | [[Australian Open (badminton)|Australian Open]]
| align="left" | Super 500
| align="left" | {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yushi Tanaka]]
| align="left" | 21–15, 21–11
| style="text-align:left; | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2025-11-23 |title=Australian Open 2025 Badminton: Lakshya Sen beats Yushi Tanaka to clinch title |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/badminton/lakshya-sen-wins-australian-open-2025-final-yush-tanaka-match-result-score-highlights/article70313673.ece |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[2026 All England Open#Finals|2026]]
| align="left" | [[All England Open]]
| align="left" | Super 1000
| align="left" | {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Lin Chun-yi (badminton)|Lin Chun-yi]]
| align="left" | 15–21, 20–22
| style="text-align:left; | {{silver2}} '''Runner–up'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white" | <ref name="ae26">{{cite web |title=Lakshya Sen vs Lin Chun-Yi Highlights All England Open 2026 Final: Lakshya Sen Fails To Create History, Loses vs Lin Chun-Yi |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/badminton/lakshya-sen-vs-lin-chun-yi-live-score-all-england-open-2026-final-live-scorecard-updates-badminton-11185241 |website=NDTV Sports |access-date=8 March 2026 |date=8 March 2026}}</ref>
|}

=== International Challenge / Series (7 titles, 3 runners-up) ===
''Men's singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 2016
| align="left" | India International Series
| align="left" | {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Lee Zii Jia]]
| align="left" | 11–13, 11–3, 11–6
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 2017
| align="left" | [[Bulgarian International|Bulgarian Open]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Zvonimir Đurkinjak]]
| align="left" | 18–21, 21–12, 21–17
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 2017
| align="left" | India International Series
| align="left" | {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Chong Yee Han]]
| align="left" | 21–15, 17–21, 21–17
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2017
| align="left" | [[India International Challenge]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|THA}} [[Sitthikom Thammasin]]
| align="left" | 21–15, 14–21, 19–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner–up'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2018
| align="left" | India International Challenge
| align="left" | {{flagicon|THA}} [[Kunlavut Vitidsarn]]
| align="left" | 21–15, 21–10
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2019
| align="left" | [[Polish Open (badminton)|Polish Open]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|THA}} [[Kunlavut Vitidsarn]]
| align="left" | 17–21, 14–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner–up'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2019
| align="left" | [[Belgian International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Victor Svendsen]]
| align="left" | 21–14, 21–15
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2019
| align="left" | [[Scottish Open (badminton)|Scottish Open]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Ygor Coelho]]
| align="left" | 18–21, 21–18, 21–19
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2019
| align="left" | [[Bangladesh International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Leong Jun Hao]]
| align="left" | 22–20, 21–18
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2021
| align="left" | [[Dutch Open (badminton)|Dutch Open]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|SGP}} [[Loh Kean Yew]]
| align="left" | 12–21, 16–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner–up'''
|}
: {{Color box|#D8CEF6|border=darkgray}} [[BWF International Challenge]] tournament
: {{Color box|#D5D5D5|border=darkgray}} [[BWF International Series]] tournament
: {{Color box|#E9E9E9|border=darkgray}} [[BWF Future Series]] tournament

=== Junior International (2 titles, 1 runner-up) ===
''Boys' singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#BDB8AD"
| align="center" | 2014
| align="left" | Swiss Junior International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[B. M. Rahul Bharadwaj]]
| align="left" | 11–5, 11–6, 6–11, 11–6
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#AE9C45"
| align="center" | 2015
| align="left" | India Junior International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Chirag Sen]]
| align="left" | 21–18, 21–15
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#AE9C45"
| align="center" | 2017
| align="left" | German Junior International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Lee Chia-hao]]
| align="left" | 21–19, 11–21, 18–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner–up'''
|}
: {{Color box|#AE9C45|border=darkgray}} BWF Junior International Grand Prix tournament
: {{Color box|#C6D4E1|border=darkgray}} BWF Junior International Challenge tournament
: {{Color box|#BDB8AD|border=darkgray}} BWF Junior International Series tournament
: {{Color box|#EBE7E0|border=darkgray}} BWF Junior Future Series tournament

== Performance timeline ==
{{Performance key (badminton)}}

===Tournaments===
''Senior events''
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%; text-align:center"
! Tournament
! 2018
! 2019
! 2020
! 2021
! 2022
! 2023
! 2024
! 2025
! 2026
|-
! colspan=10|Individual
|-
| bgcolor="#ECF2FF"; align="left" | [[Badminton at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| A
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| bgcolor=FFFF00 | [[Badminton at the 2024 Summer Olympics - Men's singles|4th]]
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| style=color:#ccc | NH
|-
| bgcolor="#ECF2FF"; align="left"|[[BWF World Championships|World Championships]]
| A
| A
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| bgcolor=CD7F32 | [[2021 BWF World Championships – Men's singles|B]]
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2022 BWF World Championships – Men's singles|3R]]
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2023 BWF World Championships – Men's singles|3R]]
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2025 BWF World Championships – Men's singles|1R]]
|
|-
| bgcolor="#ECF2FF"; align="left"|[[Badminton Asia Championships|Asian Championships]]
| A
| A
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2022 Badminton Asia Championships#Men's singles 2|1R]]
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2023 Badminton Asia Championships#Men's singles|1R]]
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2024 Badminton Asia Championships#Men's singles|1R]]
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2025 Badminton Asia Championships#Men's singles|1R]]
|
|-
| bgcolor="#ECF2FF"; align="left"|[[Badminton at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]
| A
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| A
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| style=color:#ccc | NH
|
|-
| bgcolor="#ECF2FF"; align="left"|[[Badminton at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]
| A
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| bgcolor=gold | [[Badminton at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's singles|G]]
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| style=color:#ccc | NH
|-
! colspan=10|Team
|-
| bgcolor="#ECF2FF"; align="left"|[[Thomas Cup]]
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2018 Thomas & Uber Cup|GS]]
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| A
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| bgcolor=gold | [[2022 Thomas & Uber Cup|G]]
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| bgcolor=FFEBCD | [[2024 Thomas & Uber Cup|QF]]
| style=color:#ccc | NH
|
|-
| bgcolor="#ECF2FF"; align="left"|[[Sudirman Cup]]
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| A
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| A
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| A
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2025 Sudirman Cup|GS]]
| style=color:#ccc | NH
|-
| bgcolor="#ECF2FF"; align="left"|[[Badminton at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]
| A
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| bgcolor=silver | [[Badminton at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's team|S]]
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| style=color:#ccc | NH
|
|-
| bgcolor="#ECF2FF"; align="left"|[[Badminton Asia Championships#Badminton Asia Team Championships|Asian Team Championships]]
| A
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| bgcolor=CD7F32 | [[2020 Badminton Asia Team Championships|B]]
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| A
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| bgcolor=FFEBCD | [[2024 Badminton Asia Team Championships|QF]]
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| bgcolor=FFEBCD | [[2026 Badminton Asia Team Championships|QF]]
|-
| bgcolor="#ECF2FF"; align="left"|[[Badminton Asia Mixed Team Championships|Asian Mixed Championships]]
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| A
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| bgcolor=CD7F32 | [[2023 Badminton Asia Mixed Team Championships|B]]
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| bgcolor=FFEBCD | [[2025 Badminton Asia Mixed Team Championships|QF]]
| style=color:#ccc | NH
|-
| bgcolor="#ECF2FF"; align="left"|[[Badminton at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]
| A
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| bgcolor=silver | [[Badminton at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Mixed team|S]]
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| style=color:#ccc | NH
|}

''Junior events''
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%; text-align:center"
! Tournament !! 2016 !! 2017 !! 2018
|-
! colspan=4|Individual
|-
| bgcolor="#ECF2FF"; align="left" | [[Badminton at the Youth Olympic Games|Olympic Games]]
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| bgcolor=silver | [[Badminton at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics – Boys' singles|S]]
|-
| bgcolor="#ECF2FF"; align="left" | [[BWF World Junior Championships|World Championships]]
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2016 BWF World Junior Championships – Boys' singles|4R]]
| bgcolor=FFEBCD | [[2017 BWF World Junior Championships – Boys' singles|QF]]
| bgcolor=CD7F32 | [[2018 BWF World Junior Championships – Boys' singles|B]]
|-
| bgcolor="#ECF2FF"; align="left" | [[Badminton Asia Junior Championships|Asian Championships]]
| bgcolor=CD7F32 | [[2016 Badminton Asia Junior Championships – Boys' singles|B]]
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2017 Badminton Asia Junior Championships – Boys' singles|4R]]
| bgcolor=gold| [[2018 Badminton Asia Junior Championships – Boys' singles|G]]
|-
! colspan=4|Team
|-
| bgcolor="#ECF2FF"; align="left" | [[BWF World Junior Championships|World Championships]]
| bgcolor=FFEBCD | [[2016 BWF World Junior Championships – Teams event|QF]]
| bgcolor=FFEBCD | [[2017 BWF World Junior Championships – Teams event|QF]]
| bgcolor=FFEBCD | [[2018 BWF World Junior Championships – Teams event|QF]]
|-
| bgcolor="#ECF2FF"; align="left" | [[Badminton Asia Junior Championships|Asian Championships]]
| bgcolor=FFEBCD | [[2016 Badminton Asia Junior Championships – Teams event|QF]]
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2017 Badminton Asia Junior Championships – Teams event|2R]]
| bgcolor=FFEBCD | [[2018 Badminton Asia Junior Championships – Teams event|QF]]
|}

===World Tour===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%; text-align:center"
! rowspan=2|Tournament
! [[BWF Grand Prix Gold and Grand Prix|Prix]]
! colspan="9"|[[BWF World Tour|World Tour]]
! rowspan=2| Best
! rowspan=2| Ref
|-
! 2017 !! [[2018 BWF World Tour|2018]] !! [[2019 BWF World Tour|2019]] !! [[2020 BWF World Tour|2020]] !! [[2021 BWF World Tour|2021]] !! [[2022 BWF World Tour|2022]] !! [[2023 BWF World Tour|2023]] !! [[2024 BWF World Tour|2024]] !! [[2025 BWF World Tour|2025]] !! [[2026 BWF World Tour|2026]]
|-
| align=left | [[Malaysia Open (badminton)|Malaysia Open]]
| colspan="3" | A
| colspan="2" style=color:#ccc | NH
| A
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | [[2023 Malaysia Open (badminton)|1R]]
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | [[2024 Malaysia Open (badminton)|1R]]
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | [[2025 Malaysia Open (badminton)|1R]]
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | '''[[2026 Malaysia Open (badminton)|2R]]'''
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | '''2R''' ('26)
|
|-
| align=left | [[India Open]]
| colspan="3" | A
| colspan="2" style=color:#ccc | NH
| bgcolor="#00FF00" | '''[[2022 India Open|W]]'''
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | [[2023 India Open|2R]]
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | [[2024 India Open|1R]]
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | [[2024 India Open|1R]]
| bgcolor="#FFEBCD" | [[2026 India Open|QF]]
| bgcolor=00FF00 | '''W''' ('22)
|<ref name="ind22">{{cite web |title=India Open: Lakshya Sen stuns world champion Loh Kean Yew to win maiden Super 500 title |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/india-open-lakshya-sen-stuns-world-champion-loh-kean-yew-to-win-maiden-super-500-title/articleshow/88934522.cms |work=The Times of India |date=16 January 2022 |access-date=19 January 2022 |archive-date=19 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119042659/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/india-open-lakshya-sen-stuns-world-champion-loh-kean-yew-to-win-maiden-super-500-title/articleshow/88934522.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left | [[Indonesia Masters]]
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| colspan="2" | A
| bgcolor="#F0F8FF" | Q1
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | [[2021 Indonesia Masters|2R]]
| bgcolor="#FFEBCD" | '''[[2022 Indonesia Masters|QF]]'''
| bgcolor="#FFEBCD" | '''[[2023 Indonesia Masters|QF]]'''
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | [[2024 Indonesia Masters|2R]]
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | [[2025 Indonesia Masters|2R]]
| bgcolor="#FFEBCD" | '''[[2026 Indonesia Masters|QF]]'''
| bgcolor="#FFEBCD" | '''QF''' ('22, '23, '26)
|
|-
| align=left | [[German Open (badminton)|German Open]]
| colspan="3" | A
| colspan="2" style=color:#ccc | NH
| bgcolor="#D8BFD8" | '''[[2022 German Open (badminton)|F]]'''
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | [[2023 German Open (badminton)|1R]]
| colspan="3" | A
| bgcolor="#D8BFD8" | '''F''' ('22)
| <ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-13 |title=Lakshya Sen loses in German Open Super 300 final |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/lakshya-sen-loses-in-german-open-super-300-final/articleshow/90188791.cms |access-date=2025-11-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| align=left | [[All England Open Badminton Championships|All England Open]]
| colspan="3" | A
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | [[2020 All England Open|2R]]
| bgcolor="#FFEBCD" | [[2021 All England Open|QF]]
| bgcolor="#D8BFD8" | '''[[2022 All England Open|F]]'''
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | [[2023 All England Open|2R]]
| bgcolor="#FFFF00" | [[2024 All England Open|SF]]
| bgcolor="#FFEBCD" | [[2025 All England Open|QF]]
| bgcolor="#D8BFD8" | '''[[2026 All England Open|F]]'''
| bgcolor="#D8BFD8" | '''F''' ('22,26)
| <ref name="ae20">{{Cite web |date=2022-03-20 |title=All England Open final highlights: Lakshya Sen loses to Viktor Axelsen in straight games |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/badminton/story/lakshya-sen-vs-viktor-axelsen-all-england-open-2022-live-score-updates-1927332-2022-03-20 |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ae22"/><ref name="ae26"/>
|-
| align=left | [[Ruichang China Masters]]
| style=color:#ccc | N/A
| A
| bgcolor="#FFFF00" | '''[[2019 Lingshui China Masters|SF]]'''
| colspan="3" style=color:#ccc | NH
| colspan="4" | A
| bgcolor="#FFFF00" | '''SF''' ('19)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Swiss Open (badminton)|Swiss Open]]
| colspan="3" | A
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | [[2021 Swiss Open (badminton)|1R]]
| [[2022 Swiss Open (badminton)|{{Tooltip|w/d|Withdrew}}]]
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | [[2023 Swiss Open (badminton)|1R]]
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | '''[[2024 Swiss Open (badminton)|2R]]'''
| colspan="2" | A
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | '''2R''' ('24)
| <ref name="sui22">{{Cite web |date=2022-03-21 |title=Lakshya Sen withdraws from Swiss Open |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/badminton/lakshya-sen-withdraws-from-swiss-open-7829384/ |access-date=2022-03-22 |publisher=The Indian Express |archive-date=22 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322115248/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/badminton/lakshya-sen-withdraws-from-swiss-open-7829384/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left | [[Orléans Masters]]
| style=color:#ccc | N/A
| A
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | '''[[2019 Orléans Masters|1R]]'''
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| colspan="6" | A
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | '''1R''' ('19)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Thailand Open (badminton)|Thailand Open]]
| colspan="4" | A
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| A
| bgcolor="#FFFF00" | '''[[2023 Thailand Open (badminton)|SF]]'''
| A
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | [[2025 Thailand Open (badminton)|1R]]
|
| bgcolor="#FFFF00" | '''SF''' ('23)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Malaysia Masters]]
| colspan="3" | A
| bgcolor="#F0F8FF" | Q1
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| A
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | '''[[2023 Malaysia Masters|2R]]'''
| colspan="2" | A
|
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | '''2R''' ('23)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Singapore Open (badminton)|Singapore Open]]
| colspan="3" | A
| colspan="2" style=color:#ccc | NH
| A
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | '''[[2023 Singapore Open (badminton)|1R]]'''
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | '''[[2024 Singapore Open (badminton)|1R]]'''
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | '''[[2025 Singapore Open (badminton)|1R]]'''
|
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | '''1R''' ('23, '24, '25)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Indonesia Open (badminton)|Indonesia Open]]
| colspan="3" | A
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | [[2021 Indonesia Open|1R]]
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | [[2022 Indonesia Open|1R]]
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | [[2023 Indonesia Open|2R]]
| bgcolor=FFEBCD | '''[[2024 Indonesia Open|QF]]'''
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | [[2025 Indonesia Open|1R]]
|
| bgcolor="#FFEBCD" | '''QF''' ('24)
|
|-
| align=left | [[U.S. Open Badminton Championships|U.S. Open]]
| colspan="2" | A
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | [[2019 U.S. Open (badminton)|2R]]
| colspan="3" style=color:#ccc | NH
| bgcolor="#FFFF00" | '''[[2023 U.S. Open (badminton)|SF]]'''
| colspan="2" | A
|
| bgcolor="#FFFF00" | '''SF''' ('23)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Canada Open]]
| colspan="2" | A
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | [[2019 Canada Open (badminton)|2R]]
| colspan="2" style=color:#ccc | NH
| A
| bgcolor=00FF00 | '''[[2023 Canada Open|W]]'''
| [[2024 Canada Open|{{Tooltip|w/d|Withdrew}}]]
| A
|
| bgcolor=00FF00 | '''W''' ('23)
| <ref name="can23">{{cite web |first=Ali Asgar |last=Nalwala |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/canada-open-2023-badminton-india-lakshya-sen-final-results |publisher=Olympics |title=Canada Open 2023 badminton: Lakshya Sen beats All England Open champ Li Shi Feng to win title |date=10 July 2023 |access-date=10 July 2023}}</ref>
|-
| align=left | [[Japan Open (badminton)|Japan Open]]
| colspan="3" | A
| colspan="2" style=color:#ccc | NH
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | [[2022 Japan Open|1R]]
| bgcolor="#FFFF00" | '''[[2023 Japan Open|SF]]'''
| A
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | [[2025 Japan Open|2R]]
|
| bgcolor="#FFFF00" | '''SF''' ('23)
|
|-
| align=left | [[China Open (badminton)|China Open]]
| colspan="3" | A
| colspan="3" style=color:#ccc | NH
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | '''[[2023 China Open (badminton)|1R]]'''
| A
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | '''[[2025 China Open (badminton)|1R]]'''
|
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | '''1R''' ('23, '25)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Macau Open Badminton Championships|Macau Open]]
| colspan="3" | A
| colspan="3" style=color:#ccc | NH
| style=color:#ccc | N/A
| A
| bgcolor="#FFFF00" | '''[[2025 Macau Open (badminton)|SF]]'''
|
| bgcolor="#FFFF00" | '''SF''' ('25)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Vietnam Open (badminton)|Vietnam Open]]
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | '''[[2017 Vietnam Open Grand Prix|3R]]'''
| colspan="2" | A
| colspan="2" style=color:#ccc | NH
| colspan="4" | A
|
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | '''3R''' ('17)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Hong Kong Open (badminton)|Hong Kong Open]]
| colspan="3" | A
| colspan="3" style=color:#ccc | NH
| colspan="2" | A
| bgcolor="#D8BFD8" | '''[[2025 Hong Kong Open (badminton)|F]]'''
|
| bgcolor="#D8BFD8" | '''F''' ('25)
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2025-09-14 |title=Satwik-Chirag, Lakshya finish runners-up at Hong Kong Open |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/satwik-chirag-lakshya-finish-runners-up-at-hong-kong-open/article70049098.ece |access-date=2025-11-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| align=left | [[China Masters]]
| colspan="3" | A
| colspan="3" style=color:#ccc | NH
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | [[2023 China Masters|1R]]
| bgcolor="#FFEBCD" | '''[[2024 China Masters|QF]]'''
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | [[2025 China Masters|1R]]
|
| bgcolor="#FFEBCD" | '''QF''' ('24)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Indonesia Masters Super 100|Indonesia Masters S100]]
| style=color:#ccc | N/A
| bgcolor="#FFEBCD" | '''[[2018 Bangka Belitung Indonesia Masters|QF]]'''
| A
| colspan="2" style=color:#ccc | NH
| colspan="4" | A
|
| bgcolor="#FFEBCD" | '''QF''' ('18)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Korea Open (badminton)|Korea Open]]
| colspan="3" | A
| colspan="2" style=color:#ccc | NH
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | '''[[2022 Korea Open (badminton)|2R]]'''
| colspan="3" | A
|
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | '''2R''' ('22)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Arctic Open]]
| colspan="6" style=color:#ccc | N/A
| A
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2024 Arctic Open|2R]]'''
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2025 Arctic Open|1R]]
|
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''2R''' ('24)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Denmark Open]]
| colspan="3" | A
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | [[2020 Denmark Open|2R]]
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | [[2021 Denmark Open|2R]]
| bgcolor="#FFEBCD" | '''[[2022 Denmark Open|QF]]'''
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | [[2023 Denmark Open|1R]]
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | [[2024 Denmark Open|1R]]
| bgcolor=FFEBCD | '''[[2025 Denmark Open|QF]]'''
|
| bgcolor="#FFEBCD" | '''QF''' ('22, '25)
|
|-
| align=left | [[French Open (badminton)|French Open]]
| colspan="3" | A
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| bgcolor="#FFEBCD" | [[2021 French Open (badminton)|QF]]
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | [[2022 French Open (badminton)|1R]]
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | [[2023 French Open (badminton)|1R]]
| bgcolor="#FFFF00" | '''[[2024 French Open (badminton)|SF]]'''
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | [[2025 French Open (badminton)|1R]]
|
| bgcolor="#FFFF00" | '''SF''' ('24)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Hylo Open]]
| colspan="2" | A
| bgcolor=00FF00 | '''[[2019 SaarLorLux Open|W]]'''
| [[2020 SaarLorLux Open|{{Tooltip|w/d|Withdrew}}]]
| bgcolor="#FFFF00" | [[2021 Hylo Open|SF]]
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | [[2022 Hylo Open|1R]]
| colspan="2" | A
| bgcolor="#FFEBCD" | [[2025 Hylo Open|QF]]
|
| bgcolor=00FF00 | '''W''' ('19)
| <ref name="sll19">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/sensational-lakshya-sen-claims-saarlorlux-open-title/articleshow/71881552.cms |title=Sensational Lakshya Sen claims SaarLorlux Open title |work=The Times of India |date=3 November 2019 |access-date=2019-11-04 |archive-date=4 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104124828/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/sensational-lakshya-sen-claims-saarlorlux-open-title/articleshow/71881552.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=left | [[Japan Masters (badminton)|Japan Masters]]
| colspan="6"style=color:#ccc | N/A
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | [[2023 Japan Masters|1R]]
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | [[2024 Japan Masters|1R]]
| bgcolor="#FFFF00" | '''[[2025 Japan Masters|SF]]'''
|
| bgcolor="#FFFF00" | '''SF''' ('25)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Australian Open (badminton)|Australian Open]]
| A
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | [[2018 Australian Open (badminton)|1R]]
| bgcolor="#F0F8FF" | Q2
| colspan="2" style=color:#ccc | NH
| [[2022 Australian Open (badminton)|{{Tooltip|w/d|Withdrew}}]]
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | [[2023 Australian Open (badminton)|1R]]
| A
| bgcolor="#00FF00" | '''[[2025 Australian Open (badminton)|W]]'''
|
| bgcolor="#00FF00" | '''W''' ('25)
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2025-11-23 |title=Lakshya Sen wins Australian Open Super 500, first title of 2025 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/badminton/lakshya-sen-wins-australian-open-super-500-first-title-of-2025-10381410/ |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align=left | [[Syed Modi International Badminton Championships|Syed Modi International]]
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | [[2017 Syed Modi International Grand Prix Gold|3R]]
| A
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | [[2019 Syed Modi International|2R]]
| colspan="2" style=color:#ccc | NH
| [[2022 Syed Modi International|{{Tooltip|w/d|Withdrew}}]]
| A
| bgcolor="#00FF00" | '''[[2024 Syed Modi International|W]]'''
| A
|
| bgcolor="#00FF00" | '''W''' ('24)
| <ref name="syed24">{{Cite web |date=2024-12-01 |title=Lakshya Sen wins Syed Modi International for 1st time, crushes Jia Teh in final |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/story/badminto-syed-modi-international-lakshya-sen-wins-title-jia-teh-2643161-2024-12-01 |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align=left | [[BWF World Tour Finals|World Tour Finals]]
| colspan="4" | {{Tooltip|DNQ|Did not qualify}}
| bgcolor="#FFFF00" | '''[[2021 BWF World Tour Finals|SF]]'''
| colspan=4| {{Tooltip|DNQ|Did not qualify}}
|
| bgcolor="#FFFF00" | '''SF''' ('21)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Dutch Open (badminton)|Dutch Open]]
| colspan="2" | A
| bgcolor=00FF00 | '''[[2019 Dutch Open (badminton)|W]]'''
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| colspan="6" style=color:#ccc | N/A
| bgcolor=00FF00 | '''W''' ('19)
| <ref name="ned19">{{Cite web |title=Lakshya Sen Wins Dutch Open To Clinch Maiden BWF World Tour Title {{!}} Badminton News |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/badminton/lakshya-sen-wins-dutch-open-to-clinch-maiden-bwf-world-tour-title-2116164 |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=NDTVSports.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align=left | [[Hyderabad Open (badminton)|Hyderabad Open]]
| style=color:#ccc | N/A
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | '''[[2018 Hyderabad Open (badminton)|2R]]'''
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | [[2019 Hyderabad Open (badminton)|1R]]
| colspan="7" style=color:#ccc | NH
| bgcolor=afeeee| '''2R''' ('18)
|
|-
| align=left | [[New Zealand Open (badminton)|New Zealand Open]]
| A
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | '''[[2018 New Zealand Open (badminton)|2R]]'''
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | [[2019 New Zealand Open (badminton)|1R]]
| colspan="7" style=color:#ccc | NH
| bgcolor="#afeeee" | '''2R''' ('18)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Spain Masters]]
| style=color:#ccc | N/A
| A
| bgcolor="#F0F8FF" | '''Q1'''
| colspan="2" | A
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| A
| [[2024 Spain Masters|{{Tooltip|w/d|Withdrew}}]]
| colspan="2" style=color:#ccc | NH
| bgcolor="#F0F8FF" | '''Q1''' ('19)
|
|-
! Year-end ranking
! 2017; | 87
! 2018; | 109
! 2019; | 32
! 2020; | 27
! 2021; | 17
! 2022; | 7
! 2023; | 16
! 2024; | 12
! 2025; | 13
! 2026; |
! Best; colspan="2" | 6
|}

== Record against opponents ==
Record against Year-end Finals finalists, World Championships semi-finalists, and Olympic quarter-finalists. Accurate as of 3 March 2026.
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center; font-size:small"
|-
! width="200" | Player
! width="50" | Matches
! width="50" | Win
! width="50" | Lost
! width="50" | {{abbr|Diff.|Difference}}
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Victor Lai]]
| 1 || 1 || 0 || bgcolor="#ccffcc | +1
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Lin Dan]]
| 2 || 0 || 2 || bgcolor="#ffddee" | –2
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Shi Yuqi]]
| 6 || 2 || 4 || bgcolor="#ffddee" | –2
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhao Junpeng]]
| 1 || 1 || 0 || bgcolor="#ccffcc" | +1
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Chou Tien-chen]]
| 8 || 4 || 4 || bgcolor="#fffff0" | 0
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Viktor Axelsen]]
| 9 || 1 || 8 || bgcolor="#ffddee" | –7
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Anders Antonsen]]
| 8 || 3 || 5 || bgcolor="#ffddee" | –2
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Hans-Kristian Vittinghus]]
| 4 || 2 || 2 || bgcolor="#fffff0" | 0
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Christo Popov]]
| 8 || 6 || 2 || bgcolor="#ccffcc" | +4
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|GUA}} [[Kevin Cordón]]
| 2 || 2 || 0 || bgcolor="#ccffcc | +2
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Srikanth Kidambi]]
| 3 || 0 || 3 || bgcolor="#ffddee" | –3
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center; font-size:small"
|-
! width="200" | Player
! width="50" | Matches
! width="50" | Win
! width="50" | Lost
! width="50" | {{abbr|Diff.|Difference}}
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Parupalli Kashyap]]
| 1 || 1 || 0 || bgcolor="#ccffcc" | +1
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Prannoy H. S.]]
| 9 || 6 || 3 || bgcolor="#ccffcc" | +3
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} [[Anthony Sinisuka Ginting]]
| 3 || 3 || 0 || bgcolor="#ccffcc" | +3
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kento Momota]]
| 3 || 1 || 2 || bgcolor="#ffddee" | –1
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kodai Naraoka]]
| 8 || 2 || 6 || bgcolor="#ffddee" | –4
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Lee Zii Jia]]
| 7 || 5 || 2 || bgcolor="#ccffcc" | +3
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|SGP}} [[Loh Kean Yew]]
| 10 || 7 || 3 || bgcolor="#ccffcc" | +4
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Heo Kwang-hee]]
| 2 || 0 || 2 || bgcolor="#ffddee" | –2
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Son Wan-ho]]
| 1 || 0 || 1 || bgcolor="#ffddee" | –1
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|THA}} [[Kunlavut Vitidsarn]]
| 11 || 4 || 7 || bgcolor="#ffddee" | –3
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|THA}} [[Kantaphon Wangcharoen]]
| 6 || 4 || 2 || bgcolor="#ccffcc" | +2
|}
{{col-end}}

== See also ==
*[[Badminton in India]]
*[[India national badminton team]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Lakshya Sen}}
* {{BWFB|68870}}
* {{BWFT|308281C5-9A0C-4016-B8BD-672AB2D833A7}}
* {{Olympics.com}}
* {{Olympedia}}
* {{InterSportStats}}
* {{Instagram}}

{{Footer Thomas Cup Champions Badminton Team Men}}
{{Badminton in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sen, Lakshya}}
[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Almora]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Indian male badminton players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Badminton players at the 2024 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic badminton players for India]]
[[Category:Badminton players at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics]]
[[Category:Badminton players at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games badminton players for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Badminton players at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists in badminton]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists in badminton]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games badminton players for India]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists in badminton]]

Sofiya Qureshi

2026-03-09T02:27:05Z

GlennVarner228: Adding some article v1

{{Short description|Indian Army officer and peacekeeping commander}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox military person
| name = Sofiya Qureshi
| honorific_prefix = [[Colonel (India)|Colonel]]
| honorific_suffix = [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]]
| native_name =
| image = Colonel Sofiya Qureshi addressing the media on ‘Operation Sindoor’ at National Media Centre.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Vadodara]], [[Gujarat]], India
| allegiance = {{IND}}
| branch = {{Army|India}}
| serviceyears =
| servicenumber = IC-74110K<ref>{{cite web |title=77th Republic Day: President approves Gallantry awards to 70 Armed Forces personnel, including six posthumous |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=2218540&reg=3&lang=1 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]] [[Government of India]] |access-date=25 January 2026 |archive-url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=2218540®=3&lang=1 |archive-date=26 January 2026}}</ref>
| rank = [[File:Colonel of the Indian Army.svg|25px]] [[Colonel]]
| unit = [[Indian Army Corps of Signals |Army Signal Corps]]
| commands = UN Peacekeeping Force ([[Democratic Republic of the Congo|DRC]]) Indian Cyber Defence Command Indian Rapid Deployment Unit
| battles = [[2025 India–Pakistan conflict]]
| awards = [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]] [[Special Service Medal (India)|Special Service Medal]] [[Operation Vijay Medal]] [[Operation Parakram Medal]] [[Sainya Seva Medal]] [[Videsh Seva Medal]] [[75th Independence Anniversary Medal]] [[Awards and decorations of the Indian Armed Forces|20 Years Long Service Medal]] [[Awards and decorations of the Indian Armed Forces|9 Years Long Service Medal]] [[United Nations Medal]]
 [[Gandhi Peace Award]] (2019)
| laterwork = Guest faculty at [[National Defence College (India)|National Defence College]]
}}

[[Colonel]] '''Sofiya Qureshi,''' [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]] is a senior officer in the [[Indian Army]]. She is notable for being the first woman to lead an Indian contingent in a [[United Nations peacekeeping]] mission and she gained national attention for her role during the [[2025 India–Pakistan conflict]].

== Early life and education ==
Sofiya Qureshi was born in [[Vadodara]] to Mohammad Qureshi and Amina Qureshi.<ref name=raja>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-08 |first=Aditi | last=Raja|title='We spoke yesterday… she did not mention a word': Col Sofiya Qureshi's twin sister |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/colonel-sophia-qureshi-twin-sister-operation-sindoor-9988402/ |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> She earned a degree in biotechnology at the [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-07 |title=Operation Sindoor: Internet hails Colonel Sofiya Qureshi, IAF Wing Commander Vyomika Singh, who led media briefing |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/operation-sindoor-internet-hails-colonel-sofiya-qureshi-wing-commander-vyomika-singh-9987747/ |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sophia Qureshi: Who is Lieutenant Colonel Sophia Qureshi, who told the whole story of 'Operation Sindoor' |url=https://www.amarujala.com/lifestyle/operation-sindoor-who-is-lieutenant-colonel-sophia-qureshi-kaun-hain-know-biography-achievement-in-hindi-2025-05-07 |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

== Military education ==
* [[Officers Training Academy]], Chennai - 1999<ref>* https://leaderbiography.com/colonel-sophia-qureshi</ref>
* [[Defence Services Staff College]], Wellington – Master’s in Defence and Strategic Studies (2005–06)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who is Colonel Sofiya Qureshi the decorated Army officer who briefed media on Operation Sindoor Indian Army |url=https://www.jagran.com/news/national-who-is-colonel-sophia-qureshi-the-decorated-army-officer-who-briefed-media-on-operation-sindoor-indian-army-23932612.html |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>
* [[National Defence College (India)|National Defence College]], New Delhi (2018) – Strategic cybersecurity<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Statesman News |date=2025-05-08 |title=Col Sofia Qureshi's MP connection |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/col-sofia-qureshis-mp-connection-1503430075.html |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref>

== Military career ==
Commissioned in 1999 after graduating from the [[Officers Training Academy]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://leaderbiography.com/colonel-sophia-qureshi/ | title=Colonel Sophia Qureshi: Biography, Age, Education, Career, Personal Life | date=7 May 2025 }}</ref> into the Army Signal Corps, Qureshi served in counter-insurgency operations in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[North-East India]]. In 2001, she helped develop the Army’s first mobile digital communication network.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-09 |title=Colonel Sophia Qureshi's achievements in Supreme Court verdict |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/special-pages/operation-sindoor/col-sofia-qureshi-supreme-court-ruling-1.10573323 |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>

In 2016, as a colonel, she led 40 Indian troops during exercise Force 18—the first woman to lead an Indian training contingent.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Military Exercise FORCE 18 kicked off in Pune |url=https://affairscloud.com/military-exercise-force-18-kicked-off-in-pune/ |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=affairscloud.com}}</ref>

=== Role in 2025 India–Pakistan conflict ===
{{Main|2025 India–Pakistan strikes}}
Qureshi led press conferences along with Wing Commander Vyomika Singh and Foreign Secretary [[Vikram Misri]] about Operation Sindoor.

== Recognition and awards ==
* Global Peace Gandhi Award (2019) <ref>{{Cite news |title=The many laurels of Colonel Sofiya Qureshi: 15 things you need to know about her |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/the-many-laurels-of-colonel-sofiya-qureshi-15-things-you-need-to-know-about-her/articleshow/120980864.cms |access-date=2025-05-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* First Provost Marshall in her unit<ref>{{Cite news |title=The many laurels of Colonel Sofiya Qureshi: 15 things you need to know about her |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/the-many-laurels-of-colonel-sofiya-qureshi-15-things-you-need-to-know-about-her/articleshow/120980864.cms |access-date=2025-05-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>{{Clarify|reason=What does this mean?|date=May 2025}}
== Personal life ==
She married Colonel Tajuddin Bagewadi in 2015 and together they have a son.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2025-05-08 |title=Family proud of Belagavi's daughter-in-law Col Sofia Qureshi who unveiled Operation Sindoor's success |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/May/08/family-proud-of-belagavis-daughter-in-law-col-sofia-qureshi-who-unveiled-operation-sindoors-success |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Colonel Sofia Qureshi's Family Tree: Service To The Nation Since The Revolt Of 1857 |url=https://www.news18.com/india/colonel-sofia-qureshis-family-tree-service-to-the-nation-since-the-revolt-of-1857-ws-dkl-9328189.html |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SC Cited Col Sofia Qureshi's Achievements in Landmark Ruling for Women Army Officers |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/when-sc-praised-col-sofiya-qureshi-in-granting-permanent-commission-to-women-army-officers-3530624 |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.indianarmy.nic.in Official Indian Army website]
* [https://peacekeeping.un.org/en United Nations Peacekeeping]
* [https://www.mod.gov.in/dod/sites/default/files/WomeninIndianArmedForces.pdf Women in Indian Armed Forces – Ministry of Defence]
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Qureshi, Sofiya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:People from Lucknow]]
[[Category:Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Indian women in war]]
[[Category:Defence Services Staff College alumni]]
[[Category:National Defence College, India alumni]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Uttar Pradesh]][https://www.sanjaikumar.com/2025/05/colonel-sofiya-qureshi-profile.html}]

Apoorva Sagodharargal (1949 film)

2026-03-06T03:37:17Z

GlennVarner228: fixed formatting as per guidelines and improved wording

{{About|the 1949 film|the 1989 film|Apoorva Sagodharargal (1989 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Apoorva Sagodharargal
| image = Apoorva Sagodharargal 1949 poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Film Poster
| native_name = 
| director = [[T. G. Raghavachari|Acharya]]
| producer = K. J. Mahadevan [[S. S. Vasan]]
| writer =
| screenplay = Acharya, Sangu, Kittu, Naina, [[Kothamangalam Subbu|Subbu]], Ki. Ra.
| story =
| based_on = 
| starring = [[M. K. Radha]] [[P. Bhanumathi]]
| narrator =
| music = [[S. Rajeswara Rao|Rajeswara Rao]] [[M. D. Parthasarathy]] R. Vaidyanathan
| cinematography = [[Kamal Ghosh]]
| editing = Chandru
| studio = [[Gemini Studios|Gemini]]
| distributor = Gemini Pictures Circuit Ltd.
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1949|10|21|Tamil/Hindi|ref1={{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=81}}|1950|01|14|Telugu|ref2=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiancine.ma/AKBD|title=Apoorva Sahodarulu (1950)|website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>}}
| runtime =
| country =
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[Hindi]] [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Apoorva Sagodharargal''''' ({{langx|en|italic=yes|Strange Brothers}}) is a 1949 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action film]] directed by [[T. G. Raghavachari|Acharya]]. The film which was adapted from [[Alexandre Dumas]]' 1844 novella ''[[The Corsican Brothers]]'' stars [[M. K. Radha]] and [[P. Bhanumathi]], with Nagendra Rao and Suryaprabha playing supporting roles. It revolves around the two lookalike brothers who were separated during childhood by their cruel uncle who murdered his parents, rest of the film shows how two brothers join in avenging the death of their parents.

''Apoorva Sagodharargal'' was simultaneously produced in Tamil, [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Hindi]] languages by [[Gemini Studios]]. The Telugu version '''''Apoorva Sahodarulu''''' ({{langx|en|italic=yes|Strange Brothers}}) was directed by [[C. Pullayya]], and the Hindi version '''''Nishan''''' ({{langx|en|italic=yes|Mark}}) by [[S. S. Vasan]]. While the Telugu version had the same cast as the Tamil version, the Hindi version had [[Ranjan (actor)|Ranjan]] replacing Radha and a slightly different supporting cast.

==Plot==
Mahendra Bhoopathi and Marthandan are rival kings. When Bhoopathi's wife gives birth to conjoined twins, Dr. Nanjappa separates them skillfully. In a surprise attack, Marthandan and his men set fire to Bhoopathi's fort thinking that the entire Bhoopathi clan perishes. But the good doctor has taken the babies to the safety of his house. And thereafter the elder twin Vijayan grows up in the city, while the younger twin Vikraman is brought up in the forest by the loyal Marudhu. When they are 25 years old, the doctor sends for them and introduces them to each other and makes them aware of their history. The twins swear to avenge the dastardly killing of their father and restore the glory of their kingdom. Meanwhile, Vijayan saves the beautiful Kanchana from the aging yet lust-filled Marthandan and his men. Vijayan and Kanchana fall in love in due course. Problems arise between the brothers in the forest, as Vikraman too falls for Kanchana. And being the younger of the conjoined twins, Vikraman aches with frustrating feelings of physical desire whenever Vijayan and Kanchana are together. Not wanting to be the cause for the brothers turning against each other and in order to enable them to reach their avowed objective without further distraction, Kanchana leaves Vijayan in the forest, only to fall straight into the clutches of Marthandan. The rescue of Kanchana, and Marthandan getting his retribution forms the rest of the exciting tale.

== Cast ==
Cast according to the opening credits of the Tamil version and the respective songbooks:<ref name="songbook">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/sok.AboorvaSagothirargal_Acharya_1949 |title=அபூர்வ சகோதரர்கள் |publisher=[[Gemini Studios]] |year=1949 |language=ta |type=[[song book]]}}</ref><ref name=Telugusongbook>{{Cite book|url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/AHF/2|title=అపూర్వ సహోదరులు|publisher=Gemini Studios|year=1951|language=te|type=[[song book]]|access-date=22 February 2020|archive-date=22 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222163440/https://indiancine.ma/documents/AHF/2|url-status=live}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
! Cast (Tamil)
!Cast (Telugu)
! Cast (Hindi)
! Role (Tamil)
! Role (Telugu)
! Role (Hindi)
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | [[P. Bhanumathi]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Kanchana || style="text-align:center;"|Ranjana
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[M. K. Radha]] || style="text-align:center;"| [[Ranjan (actor)|Ranjan]] || style="text-align:center;"| Vijayasimhan, Vikramasimhan || style="text-align:center;"| Vijaya, Vikrama || style="text-align:center;"| Vijay Singh, Vikram Singh
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | [[R. Nagendra Rao|Nagendra Rao]] || style="text-align:center;"| Marthandan || style="text-align:center;"| Marthandavarma || style="text-align:center;"| Zorawar Singh
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | Narayana Rao || style="text-align:center;"|Marthandan's servant || Marthandavarma's servant || style="text-align:center;"| Zorawar's servant
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | G. Pattu Iyer || style="text-align:center;"| J. S. Casshyap || style="text-align:center;"| Doctor Nanjappa || style="text-align:center;"| Doctor Gaurinath || style="text-align:center;"| Doctor Shanker
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | V. P. S. Mani || style="text-align:center;"| Jambu || style="text-align:center;"| Shambhu || style="text-align:center;"| Himmat
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | [[D. Balasubramaniam|D. Balasubramanian]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Mahendra Bhoopathi|| style="text-align:center;"| Mahendra Singh
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | Suryaprabha ||style="text-align:center;"| Maragatham ||style="text-align:center;"| Manikyam || style="text-align:center;"| Al Beli
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | Lakshmiprabha || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Neelaveni || style="text-align:center;"| Neelam
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | Venkumamba || style="text-align:center;"|Rajeswari Devi || style="text-align:center;"| Rani || style="text-align:center;"|Mahendra Singh's Wife
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | Krishna Bai || colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| Doctor's sister
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | Shyam Sunder || colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| Doctor's brother-in-law
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Stunt Somu || style="text-align:center;"| Balkrishna Kalla || style="text-align:center;"| Maruthappa || style="text-align:center;"| Madhav Singh || style="text-align:center;"| Madho Singh
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | J. S. Casshyap || style="text-align:center;"| G. Pattu Iyer || style="text-align:center;"| Rajasekharar || style="text-align:center;"| Rajasekharam || style="text-align:center;"| Raj Sekhar
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | Ramakrishna Rao || colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| Messenger
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Velayutham || style="text-align:center;"| K. S. Sengar || style="text-align:center;"| Mayanti || style="text-align:center;"| Maraiah || style="text-align:center;"| Chandan
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | Vijaya Rao || rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;" | Marthandan's soldiers || rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;" | Marthandavarma's soldiers || rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | Zorawar Singh's soldiers
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | Sampath Kumar
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| Anand
| style="text-align:center;" | G. V. Sharma|| style="text-align:center;" | Anand
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | Balaram || rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Mahendra Singh's soldiers
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | T. S. B. Rao
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| G. V. Sharma
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| — || colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |Shop servant
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | Gemini Boys and Girls || colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|}

==Production==
''Apoorva Sagodharargal'' was adapted from Alexandra Duma's novel ''The Corsican Brothers''. Gregory Ratoff adapted the film and Douglas Fairbanks Jr played the dual role of the conjoined twins Lucien and Mario Franchi.<ref name="hindu2">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=27 June 2008 |title=Apoorva Sagodharargal |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/article3023062.ece |access-date=25 December 2019 |archive-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207080119/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/apoorva-sahodarargal-1949/article3023062.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The film became successful which inspired Vasan to adapt the film in Tamil. [[T. G. Raghavachari]] alias Acharya lawyer turned film maker was selected to direct the film. M. K. Radha was selected to play the lead characters with Bhanumathi playing the lead actress.<ref name = hindu2/> For the negative character, Vasan approached P. U. Chinnappa who refused fearing his image with Kannada actor Nagendra Rao being finalised for the role.<ref name = hindu2/> "Stunt" Somu who did the stunt choreography appeared in the role of Marudhu, close associate of Bhoopathi.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=82}} This film was often considered an unofficial sequel to ''Chandralekha''.<ref name="indolink">{{Cite web |last=Film News Anandan |author-link=Film News Anandan |year=1998 |title=Tamil Cinema History — The Early Days: 1945–1953 |url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Memories/98/fna/fna3.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712005710/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Memories/98/fna/fna3.htm |archive-date=12 July 2012 |access-date=27 June 2013 |website=Indolink}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[S. Rajeswara Rao|Rajeswara Rao]], [[M. D. Parthasarathy]] and R. Vaidyanathan and lyrics were written by Kothamangalam Subbu and V. Seetharaman. The song "Laddu Laddu" sung by Bhanumathi was well received.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=82}}<ref name = hindu2/> A duet meant for the Hindi version was composed on the piano by Rajeswara Rao, and Vasan liked it so much he wanted it for the Tamil version too. This song was added after the shoot was over.<ref name = hindu2/> Malayalam lyrics written by P [[P. Bhaskaran|Baskaran]]

{| class="wikitable"
! No. !! Song !! Singer/s !! Lyricist !! Duration(m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Enga Rasa Vanthan" || Chorus || rowspan=11|Kothamangalam Subbu
| 00:32
|-
| 2 || "Thalelo Rajakumarargale" || Chorus || 03:09
|-
| 3 || "Maya Vinthaiyethane"|| T. A. Mothi & P. Leela || 3:54
|-
| 4 || "Manum Mayilum Adum Solai" || [[P. Bhanumathi]] || 2:55
|-
| 5 || "Laddu Laddu Mittai Venumaa" || P. Bhanumathi || 06:02
|-
| 8 || "Manamohaname Vanavaasame" || P. Bhanumathi || 02:31
|-
| 9 || "Aaha Aaduvene Geetham Paduvene" || P. Bhanumathi & T. A. Mothi || 03:30
|-
| 10 || "Paradhesame Pogaadhe" || T. A. Mothi || 05:39
|}

==Release and reception ==

''Apoorva Sagodharargal'' was released on 21 October 1949.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 October 1949 |title=Strange Brothers |page=1 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=t6hKUfryX1MC&dat=19491021&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=16 March 2021 |archive-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207080117/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=t6hKUfryX1MC&dat=19491021&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was a major success both at the box-office and with the critics.<ref name = hindu2/> Dhananjayan praised M. K. Radha's acting as "finest and best in his career" and appreciated director Acharya for "bringing out the best performance from everyone and presenting an entertaining and engaging film".{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=83}} Randor Guy of ''The Hindu'' wrote that the film "is remembered for the excellent performances of Bhanumathi and Nagendra Rao, and for the music".<ref name = hindu2/> The film was simultaneously shot in Telugu as ''Apoorva Sahodarulu'', with Radha reprising the character. It was also remade in Hindi as ''Nishan'' with Ranjan replacing Radha. Bhanumathi was the lead actress for all the three versions.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=83}}

== Legacy ==
The film introduced the concept of identical twins and their feelings and eventually became a trendsetter for similar themes.<ref>{{cite news|title=A Trailblazer|work=[[The Hindu]]|author=Randor Guy|author-link=Randor Guy|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article1546580.ece|date=17 March 2011|access-date=25 December 2019|archive-date=20 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320220347/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article1546580.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Later, the 1999 film ''[[Vaalee (1999 film)|Vaalee]]'', starring [[Ajith Kumar]] also had a similar concept.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=83}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |title=Pride of Tamil Cinema: 1931–2013 |title-link=Pride of Tamil Cinema |publisher=Blue Ocean Publishers |year=2014 |oclc=898765509 |author-link=G. Dhananjayan}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0254966}}

{{The Corsican Brothers}}
{{S. S. Vasan}}
{{Gemini Studios}}

[[Category:1949 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1949 Indian films]]
[[Category:1949 films]]
[[Category:Films based on The Corsican Brothers]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. Rajeswara Rao]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Kothamangalam Subbu]]
[[Category:Gemini Studios films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Twins in Indian films]]

Dima Hasao district

2026-03-02T07:42:54Z

GlennVarner228: general refined details per standard format additionally and corrected details

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dima Hasao district
| native_name =
| official_name =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Assam|District]] of [[Assam]]
| image_skyline = Barail Range in Dima Hasao district.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Barail Range]] in Dima Hasao
| image_map = Dima Hasao in Assam (India).svg
| image_map1 =
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Assam
| coordinates = {{coord|25.18|N|93.03|E|type:adm2nd|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[List of states and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of Assam|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Central Assam Division|Central Assam]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 = [[Assam Hill Districts]]
| established_title = District created
| established_date = 2 February 1970
| founder =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Haflong]]
| government_footnotes =
| government_type = [[Autonomous district council|Autonomous district]]
| governing_body = [[Dima Hasao Autonomous Council]]
| leader_title = Chief Executive Member
| leader_name = Debolal Gorlosa, [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| leader_title1 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name1 = [[Autonomous District Lok Sabha constituency|Autonomous District]] (shared with Karbi Anglong & West Karbi Anglong district)
| leader_title2 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name2 = [[Haflong Assembly constituency|Haflong]]
| unit_pref =
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank = 2
| area_total_km2 = 4890
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 513
| population_total = 214,102
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = 43.667
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[English language|English]]
| demographics1_title2 = Most spoken
| demographics1_info2 = See {{Section link|Dima Hasao district|Languages|nopage=y}}
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 788XXX
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91 - (0) 03673
| registration_plate = AS-08
| website = [https://dimahasao.assam.gov.in/ dimahasao.assam.gov.in]
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-AS]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Dima Hasao district''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|ɪ|m|ə|_|h|ə|ˈ|s|aʊ}}), is an administrative district in the state of [[Assam]], [[India]]. As of 2011, it is the least populous district of Assam.<ref name="districtcensus">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Dima Hasao |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/212/download/498/DH_2011_1816_PART_A_DCHB_DIMA_HASAO.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dimahasao.assam.gov.in/information-services/district-at-a-glance|title=District at a Glance | Dima Hasao District | Government of Assam, India}}</ref>

Dima Hasao district is one of two autonomous hill districts of Assam. The district headquarters [[Haflong]] is the only [[hill station]] in the state.<ref>{{cite news |title=Haflong: The only hill station in Assam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/haflong-the-only-hill-station-in-assam/articleshow/104606224.cms |work=The Times of India |date=21 October 2023 |access-date=4 June 2024}}</ref>

==Etymology==
"Dima Hasao" means "Dimasa Hills" in the [[Dimasa language]].<ref name="GoA_GoI">{{cite web |title=Dimahasao District - NC Hills Autonomous Council |url=https://dimahasao.assam.gov.in/information-and-services/nc-hills-autonomous-council |website=Government Of Assam, India |access-date=8 November 2023}}</ref>

==History==
===Dimasa kingdom===
{{Main|Möng Mao}}

From {{Circa|1500}}, Dima Hasao was part of the [[Dimasa Kingdom]] (or Kachar kingdom), with its capital at [[Maibang]] and [[Dimapur]].{{sfn|Shin|2020|p=64}}{{sfn|Shin|2020|p=70}}{{sfn|Bhattacharjee|1987|p=222}} As per Ahom [[Buranji]], the kingdom stretched from the [[Kopili river]] in present-day [[Nagaon district]] to the [[Dhansiri river]] in present-day [[Golaghat district]]. This included parts of Cachar and North Cachar (Dima Hasao), the districts of Hojai, Nagaon, Golaghat and Karbi Anglong of [[Assam]] and Dimapur district, in [[Nagaland]].{{sfn|Ramirez|2007|p=93}}{{sfn|Phukan|1992|p=57}}[[File:India Map 1860.png|thumb|260px|right|{{center|Tularam Senapati's territory depicted in the map of [[British India]] created by W. G. Blackie in 1860}}]]
[[File:Bengal gazetteer 1907.jpg|thumb|260px|right|{{center|Map of [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]] created by J. G. Bartholomew in 1907. A part of Tularam's territory (stretching from Jamuna river to [[Lumding]]) was transferred to [[Sivasagar district]] and the rest (stretching from Lumding to Maibang) was transferred to Cachar district.}}]]
In the colonial period, Khaspur in present-day Cachar district was the administrative centre. However an internal schism led to the division of the old Kachar Kingdom into two parts. The last Dimasa king, Govinda Chandra Hasnusa, assigned Kashi Chandra the hilly tract of Kachar (i.e. the area between Mahur river and the [[Naga Hills]] in the south, the Doyang river on the west, the Dhansiri River on the east and Jamuna river in the north.) for administrative purposes. Soon the latter declared his independence over the hilly portion. That led to the treacherous murder of Kashi Chandra by Raja Govinda Chandra Hasnusa.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}} Incensed, the son of Kashi Chandra, Tularam Senapati, incessantly created political turbulence, asserting his sovereignty over hilly portion of Kachar Kingdom. Finally, with British assistance, Tularam succeeded in carving out his own territory from Kachar Kingdom. David Scott, agent to the British Raj in 1829<ref>Rhodes, NG & Bose, SK. (2006) History of the Dimasa -Kachari As seen Through the coinage. Mira Bose: Dhubri (Assam).</ref> made an arrangement to recognise Tularam as the ruler of hilly tract of Kachar. In 1850, Tularam died and the frequent Angami raids and a grave incident at [[Semkhor]] village paved the ground to extend British influence over Tularam's territory. In 1852, his territory was annexed and made part of the [[Nagaon district|Nowgong district]] of British Assam as a subdivision, with [[Asalu]] as its headquarter.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2021 |title=Historical Demarcation of Nagaland-Assam Border - Eastern Mirror |url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/historical-demarcation-of-nagaland-assam-border/ |access-date=28 May 2023 |website=easternmirrornagaland.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref group=Note name=Note01/><ref name="Assam Information"/><ref>Stewart, Lieutenant R. "Notes on Northern Cachar (1855).</ref>

=== British administration ===
In 1866, this sub-division was abolished and apportioned into three parts among the [[Cachar district|Cachar]], [[Naga Hills District, British India|Naga Hills district]], and Nowgong district. The present area of the Dima Hasao district was included in the old Cachar district.<ref name="Ved_Prakash">{{cite book |last1=Prakash |first1=Col Ved |title=Encyclopaedia of North-East India |date=2007 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-269-0703-8 |page=268,269 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ic4UCdaxbHIC&pg=PA268}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Gait |first=Edward Albert |title=A History of Assam |date=9 January 2024 |publisher=Thacker, Spink & Company |page=307 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GvcRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA307}}</ref> In 1880, this portion was constituted into a sub-division with headquarters at Gunjung under Cachar district.<ref name="Assam Information">{{cite book |title=Assam Information |date=1981 |publisher=Directorate of Information & Public Relations. |pages=47–50 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W7e1AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA47}}</ref> This headquarters was shifted to [[Haflong]] in 1895. Since then, Haflong continued to be the headquarters till 1951.<ref name="Assam Information"/>

===Since Indian independence===
On 17 November 1951, '''United Mikir and North Cachar Hills''' District was created with area occupying present-day Dima Hasao district, [[Karbi Anglong district|Karbi Anglong]] and [[West Karbi Anglong district]].<ref name="GoA_GoI"/><ref>{{cite web |title=District Profile of Karbi Anglong |url=https://karbianglong.gov.in/information-services/district-profile |website=Government Of Assam, India |access-date=8 November 2023}}</ref> On 2 February 1970, the government declared an independent administrative district, viz. '''North Cachar Hills''' District with the geographical boundary of present-day Dimapur Hasao district.<ref name="GoA_GoI"/> On 30 March 2010, the district was further renamed to '''Dima Hasao''' district.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tribes in Assam hill district seek separate autonomous council |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/tribes-in-assam-hill-district-seek-separate-autonomous-council/article66360275.ece |work=The Hindu |date=11 January 2023 |access-date=10 October 2024}}</ref>

==Geography==
The district headquarters are located at [[Haflong]]. Dima Hasao district occupies an area of {{convert|4888|km2|sqmi}},<ref name="Reference Annual">{{cite book|last1=Srivastava |first1=Dayawanti |title=India 2010: A Reference Annual |publisher=Additional Director General, Publications Division, [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)]], [[Government of India]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-81-230-1617-7 |edition=54th |location=New Delhi, India |pages=1116 |chapter=States and Union Territories: Assam: Government}}</ref> It is the second-largest district of [[Assam]] after [[Karbi Anglong]].<ref name="Distt_Profile"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Districts - Assam State Portal |url=https://assam.gov.in/about-us/396 |website=assam.gov.in |access-date=8 November 2023}}</ref> Dima Hasao District is surrounded by [[Karbi Anglong district]] and Nagaland on the northeast, [[Manipur]] on the east, [[Hojai]] District to the north, [[West Karbi Anglong district]] on the northwest, [[Meghalaya]] on the west and [[Cachar district]] in the south.<ref>{{cite web |title=Administrative Division Map of Assam (Census - 2011) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1369 |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=8 November 2023}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=40,812|13=1911|14=27,296|15=1921|16=28,913|17=1931|18=32,844|19=1941|20=37,361|21=1951|22=39,663|23=1961|24=54,319|25=1971|26=76,047|27=1991|28=1,50,801|29=2001|30=1,88,079|31=2011|32=2,14,102|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=right}}

===Population===
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Dima Hasao had a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 214,102, giving it a ranking of 588th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]). The district had a population density of {{convert|44|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}. Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 13.53%. Dima Hasao had a [[sex ratio]] of 931 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 78.99%.<ref name=districtcensus/>

====Ethnic groups====
[[Dima Hasao]] is one of the three hill districts in Assam with a tribal majority population, the others being [[Karbi Anglong]] and [[West Karbi Anglong district|West Karbi Anglong]].<ref name="GoA_GoI"/> The tribal population in Dima Hasao accounts for about 70.92% of the total population of the district according to the 2011 census, the highest percentage in the state, including [[Dimasa people|Dimasa Kachari]], [[Zeme people|Zeme Naga]], [[Hmar people|Hmar]], [[Kuki people|Kuki]], [[Karbi people|Karbi]], [[Khasi people|Khasi]], [[Hrangkhol people|Hrangkhol]] and [[Biate people|Biate]].<ref name="languages"/><ref name="GoA_GoI"/> Scheduled Castes are 2.02%.<ref name="Distt_Profile">{{cite web |title=District Profile - Dimahasao District |url=https://dimahasao.assam.gov.in/about-us/district-profile |website=Government Of Assam, India |access-date=8 November 2023}}</ref> Non-tribal communities includes [[Bengalis]], [[Indian Gorkha|Nepalis]], [[Hindi]]-speakers and few other communities who have made the district their home.<ref name="languages"/>

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Dima Hasao district (2011)<ref name="Religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Assam|Hinduism]]|darkorange|67.07}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Assam|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|29.57}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Assam|Islam]]|green|2.04}}
{{bar percent|Others (Tribal religion)|chartreuse|0.55}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.77}}
}}
As of the 2011 census, 67.07% of the population are Hindus, 29.57% Christians and 2.04% Muslims.<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion: Assam |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11365/download/14478/DDW18C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=census.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |access-date=9 November 2023}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Ethnic Group
!Decadal growth rate !! 2001<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/DigitalLibrary/MFTableSeries.aspx|title=WELCOME TO CENSUS OF INDIA : Census India Library}}</ref> !! 2011<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14.html|title = Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref> !! Religion (2001) !! Religion (2011)
|-
| '''Total'''
| '''+13.83%'''|| '''188,079''' || '''214,102''' || '''Hindu - 69.91%''' || '''Hindu - 67.07%'''
|-
| Dimasa
| +14.83% || 64,881 || 74,502 || Hindu - 98.73% || Hindu - 99.19%
|-
| Kuki
| +43.69% || 16,757 || 24,079 || Christian - 91.98%, Hindu - 7.56% || Christian - 93.17%, Hindu - 6.03%
|-
| Naga
| +21.98% || 17,078 || 20,832 || Christian - 52.20%, Hindu - 43.72%, Animist - 3.43% || Christian - 53.67%, Hindu - 40.46%, Animist - 5.14%
|-
| Hmar
| +8.7% || 13,863 || 15,070 || Christian - 98.71% || Christian - 99.18%
|-
| Karbi
| +16.59% || 7,973 || 9,296 || Hindu - 63.18%, Christian - 36.52% || Hindu - 50.77%, Christian - 48.69%
|-
| Khasi
| +17.89% || 3,157 || 3,722 || Christian - 95.31% || Christian - 96.94%
|-
| Smaller tribes
| -8.6% || 4,719 || 4,342 || Christian - 59.00%, Hindu - 38.12% || Christian - 62.92%, Hindu - 34.94%
|-
| Non-tribal
| +3.41% || 59,651 || 61,686 || Hindu - 86.57%, Muslim - 7.34%, Christian - 4.57% || Hindu - 85.80%, Muslim - 6.50%, Christian - 5.57%
|}

===Languages===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages of Dima Hasao (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Dimasa language|Dimasa]] |value1 = 35.72 |color1 = powderblue
|label2 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value2 = 11.80 |color2 = orchid
|label3 = [[Zeme language|Zeme]] |value3 = 9.65 |color3 = thistle
|label4 = [[Hmar language|Hmar]] |value4 = 7.65 |color4 = lavender
|label5 = [[Nepali language|Nepali]] |value5 = 6.36 |color5 = lightcoral
|label6 = [[Kuki-Chin languages|Kuki]] |value6 = 5.11 |color6 = slateblue
|label7 = [[Karbi language|Karbi]] |value7 = 4.46 |color7 = darkblue
|label8 = [[Hindi]] |value8 = 3.14 |color8 = orange
|label9 = [[Khasi language|Khasi]] |value9 = 1.93 |color9 = aqua
|label10 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]] |value10 = 1.89 |color10 = purple
|label11 = Others |value11 = 12.29 |color11 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 35.72% of the district spoke [[Dimasa language|Dimasa]], 11.80% [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 9.65% [[Zeme language|Zeme]], 7.65% [[Hmar language|Hmar]], 6.36% [[Nepali language|Nepali]], 5.11% [[Kuki-Chin languages|Kuki]], 4.46% [[Karbi language|Karbi]], 3.14% [[Hindi]], 1.93% [[Khasi language|Khasi]], 1.89% [[Assamese language|Assamese]].<ref name="languages">{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-16 Population By Mother Tongue: Assam |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10195/download/13307/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1800.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |access-date=9 November 2023}}</ref>

==Government and politics==
===Politics===
{{Main|Dima Hasao Autonomous Council}}
Dima Hasao district is an [[Autonomous District Council|autonomous district]] with Sixth Schedule status granted by the [[Constitution of India]]. The Dima Hasao District is administered by [[Dima Hasao Autonomous Council]] (DHADC). Members of the Autonomous Council (MAC) are elected by people of Dima Hasao. The Political party who has majority MACs form the ruling party. The Autonomous Council is a powerful body and almost all the department of government are under its control except the police and Law & Order is under Assam Government.<ref name="GoA_GoI"/>

===Administration===
Dima Hasao comprises three subdivisions: Haflong, Maibang, and Diyungbra. The district consists of five Community Development Blocks: Jatinga Valley, Mahur; Diyung Valley, Maibang; Harangajao ITD Block, Harangajao; Diyungbra ITD Block, Diyungmukh; and New Sangbar, Sangbar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dima Hasao District |url=http://nchills.gov.in/NCHILLS-ADMIN.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921184021/http://nchills.gov.in/NCHILLS-ADMIN.htm |archive-date=21 September 2019 |access-date=19 September 2018 |publisher=North Cachar Hills - Government of Assam}}</ref>

==Economy==
In 2006, the Indian government named Dima Hasao one of the country's 250 [[Poverty in India|most backward districts]] (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]). It is one of the eleven districts in Assam currently receiving funds from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund|Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme]] (BRGF).<ref name=brgf>{{cite web|author=Ministry of Panchayati Raj |date=8 September 2009 |title=A Note on the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme |publisher=National Institute of Rural Development |url=http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |access-date=27 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405033402/http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |archive-date=5 April 2012 }}</ref>

===Energy===
[[Kopili Hydro Electric Project]] is a power project near [[Umrangso]], involving two dams on Kopili river and Umrong nalla, a [[tributary]] of Kopili. There are two power stations as part of Kopili HEP, Khandong Stage I & II (75 MW) and Kopili Stage I & II (200 MW), with total output of 275 MW.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Kopili_Hydroelectric_Project_JH00099|title=Kopili Hydro Electric Project|website=Water Resources Information System of India|access-date=23 February 2019|archive-date=20 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220041715/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Kopili_Hydroelectric_Project_JH00099|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Tourism==
===Place of interest===
*[[Jatinga]] village
The village [[Jatinga]] is known for mysterious 'suicide of birds', between the months of September and November.<ref name="Assam Information"/><ref>{{cite news |title=The Valley of Death: Jatinga, the Assam village, where birds are 'suicidal' |url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/the-valley-of-death-jatinga-the-assam-village-where-birds-are-suicidal-13052212.html |access-date=8 November 2023 |work=Firstpost |date=29 August 2023}}</ref> Large number of tourists visit that time of the year to witness the phenomenon.<ref name="Assam Information"/>

*Panimur waterfall
[[Panimur]] is also located in the Dima Hasao district of [[Assam]], [[India]]. It is most famous for the Panimur Waterfall, also known as the Niagara of Northeast,<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2021 |title=পানীমূৰ- নায়েগ্ৰা অৱ নর্থইষ্ট - Mahabahu.com |url=https://mahabahu.com/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A7%B0-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%B1-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5/ |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=mahabahu.com |language=en-US}}</ref> which forms from the [[Kopili River]] as it flows over rocky terrain, creating a wide, cascading waterfall that is a major attraction for tourists and photographers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2020 |title=Panimur waterfall – The Niagara of Assam |url=https://destinationassam.org/2020/10/01/panimur-waterfall-assam/ |access-date=30 September 2024 |website=Destination Assam |language=en}}</ref> Additionally, the surrounding areas offer unique opportunities for eco-tourism and adventure activities, making it a favourite among explorers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 January 2024 |title=Eco-tourism in Assam: Exploring the natural wonders of Dima Hasao |url=https://assamtourism.gov.in/eco-tourism-dima-hasao |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Assam Tourism |language=en}}</ref>

*[[Maibang]]
The town of [[Maibang]] is notable for its rock-cut temple carved out of a single black sandstone in triangular dimension. It houses the Hindu goddess [[Chandi|Ranachandi]] or [[Mahamaya]]. The town was the capital of the [[Dimasa Kingdom]] in the 16th century.<ref name="Assam Information"/>

*[[Umrangso]]
Notable for its hydroelectric power project and wildlife reserves, the town of Umrangso is a destination for sightseeing, fishing, camping and trekking. It is a popular resting place of the [[Amur falcon]], and it also host the annual [[Falcon Festival]] for the same.

*Garampani
The Garampani settlement, which is also known for its hot-springs, is situated 10 km from Umrangso.<ref name="Assam Information"/>

==Education==
Average literacy rate of Dima Hasao in 2011 were 77.54% compared to 67.62% of 2001. All schools of Dima Hasao are run by the state government or private organisations. English is the primary languages of instruction in most of the schools. The schools are recognised either by the [[Board of Secondary Education, Assam]], the [[Assam Higher Secondary Education Council]], or the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]]. All Dima Hasao colleges are affiliated to [[Assam University]], a central university, which imparts education in both the general as well as professional streams.

===College===


* [[Haflong Government College]], Haflong

===Schools===


*[[Ever Green High School]], Maibang

==Media==
===Television===
{|class=wikitable
|+
|-
! Channel
! Year founded
! Language
! Owned by
! Ref
|-
|| NDH (News Dima Hasao) || || [[Dimasa language|Dimasa]], [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]||Viraj Nag || [https://web.archive.org/web/20151031132014/http://newsdimahasao.today/]
|-
|| Assam Talks || || [[Assamese language|Assamese]] || Mahmadhul Hussan ||
|-
|| News Live || || [[Assamese language|Assamese]] || Swadeep Hasam ||
|-
|| News Time Assam || || [[Assamese language|Assamese]] || Anup Biswas ||
|-
|| Prag News || || [[Assamese language|Assamese]] || ||
|-
|| DY365 || || [[Assamese language|Assamese]] || Samsul Alam ||
|-
|| NKTV || || Assamese || Monku Das ||
|-
|| Hills Live TV || || || ||

|-
|| DD News|| || English, Hindi and Assamese || Suroj Barman ||
|-
|| Pratidin Times || || Assamese || Pankaj Tumung ||
|}

===Radio===
* [[All India Radio]], Akashvani Haflong broadcasts from Haflong at 100.02 megahertz on [[FM broadcasting|FM]] band.

==Notable place==
*[[Haflong]]
*[[Maibang]]
*[[Panimur]]
*[[Umrangso]]

==See also==
*[[List of districts of Assam]]
*[[2024 Dima Hasao Autonomous Council Election]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=Note|refs=
<ref name=Note01>In the given article published by Eastern Mirror, it has not been mentioned which area had been annexed to the Nowgong district as a subdivision in 1852. But, since Asalu has historically been a part of Tularam's territory, it can be implied that the same territory was annexed to the Nowgong district.</ref>
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
* {{Cite journal| last = Bhattacharjee| first=J B| title = The Economic Content of the Medieval State Formation Processes among the Dimasas of North East India | journal= Proceedings of the Indian History Congress| volume=48 | year=1987| pages= 222–225| jstor=44141683|issn=2249-1937}}
* {{Citation |last=Phukan |first=J. N. |contribution=Chapter III The Tai-Ahom Power in Assam |editor-last=Barpujari |editor-first=H. K. |title=The Comprehensive History of Assam |volume=II |pages=49–60 |publisher=Assam Publication Board |place=Guwahati |year=1992}}
* {{citation |last=Ramirez |first=Philippe |year=2007 |chapter=Politico-ritual variations on the Assamese fringes: Do social systems exist? |pages=91–107 |title=Social Dynamics in the Highlands of Southeast Asia Reconsidering Political Systems of Highland Burma |editor-first=Mandy |editor-last=Sadan |editor-first2=François |editor-last2=Robinne. |place=Boston |publisher=Brill}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Shin|first1=Jae-Eun|year=2020|title=Descending from demons, ascending to kshatriyas: Genealogical claims and political process in pre-modern Northeast India, The Chutiyas and the Dimasas|journal=The Indian Economic and Social History Review|volume=57|issue=1|pages=49–75|doi=10.1177/0019464619894134|s2cid=213213265}}

== External links ==
{{Wikivoyage|Dima Hasao}}
* [https://dimahasao.assam.gov.in/ Dima Hasao District Official Website]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Dima Hasao district
|North = [[Nagaon district]]
|Northeast = [[Karbi Anglong district]] (Eastern)
|East = [[Peren district]], [[Nagaland]]
|Southeast = [[Tamenglong district]], [[Manipur]]
|South = [[Cachar district]]
|Southwest =
|West = [[Jaintia Hills district]], [[Meghalaya]]
|Northwest = [[Karbi Anglong district]] (Western)
}}

{{Assam}}
{{Autonomous Areas of Northeast India}}

{{Minority Concentrated Districts in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Dima Hasao district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Assam]]
[[Category:1970 establishments in Assam]]

Lalmohan Ganguly

2026-03-01T07:07:17Z

GlennVarner228:

{{Short description|Fictional character}}{{Other uses|Jatayu (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2009}}
{{Infobox character
| name = Lalmohan Ganguly {{small|Jatayu}}
| series = [[Feluda (series)|Feluda]]
| image = Jatayu Lalmohan Ganguly.png
| first = ''[[Sonar Kella]]''(1971)
| last = "[[Robertsoner Ruby]]" (1991)
| creator = [[Satyajit Ray]]
| portrayer = [[Santosh Dutta]] [[Rabi Ghosh]] [[Anup Kumar (actor)|Anup Kumar]] [[Bibhu Bhattacharya]] [[Anirban Chakrabarti]] [[Abhijit Guha (director)|Abhijit Guha]]
| alias = Jatayu Lalmohan Garg (in Kissa Kathmandu Mein)
| occupation = Writer
| gender = Male
| nationality = Indian
| lbl21 = Born
| data21 = Sarbogya Gongopadhyay 1936
| relatives = {{plainlist|
* Lalitmohan Ganguly ([[Great grandfather]])
* Pyaricharan Ganguly (Grandfather)
* Mohinimohan Ganguly (Uncle)
* Durgamohan Ganguly (Uncle)}}
| lbl22 = Residence
| data22 = Garpar, [[Kolkata]]
| lbl23 = [[Alma mater]]
| data23 = Athenium Institution
| lbl24 = Friends
| data24 = {{plainlist|
* [[Feluda]]
* [[Topshe]]}}
| lbl25 = Car
| data25 = Green [[Hindustan Ambassador|Ambassador]]
| lbl31 = Driver
| data31 = Haripada Babu
| lbl32 = Height
| data32 = {{height|feet=5|inches=3.5}}(in Sonar Kella book)
{{height|feet=5|inches=4}}(in Royal Bengal Rahasya book)
{{height|feet=5|inches=5}}(in Joi Baba Felunath film)
| title = [[Ganguly (surname)|Ganguly]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}

'''Lalmohan Ganguly''', alias '''Jatayu'''<ref name="Roy2008">{{cite book|author=Pinaki Roy|title=The Manichean Investigators: A Postcolonial and Cultural Rereading of the Sherlock Holmes and Byomkesh Bakshi Stories|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cF3WegP2WzAC&pg=PA110|access-date=24 June 2012|date=1 January 2008|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-849-4|pages=110–}}</ref> ({{Langx|bn|জটায়ু}}) is a fictional character in the [[Feluda]] stories written by [[Satyajit Ray]].<ref name="RayGupta">{{cite book|author1=Ray|author2=Satyajit & Sen Gupta|author3=Subhadra (text)|title=Feluda Mysteries : The Criminals Of|date=2011 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ei0bfvG_tvIC&pg=PT2|access-date=24 June 2012|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-333154-4|pages=2–}}</ref> He writes pulp crime thrillers, but is quite weak and nervous in real life. He is fairly wealthy due to the immense sales of his books. He writes at a frequency of two books a year. His crime fiction stories have interesting and catchy names, often characterised by [[alliterations]] like 'Sahara-ey Shiharan (Shivers of Sahara)', 'Honduras-e Hahakar (Shouts at Honduras)', 'Borneo-r Bibhishika (Terror of Borneo)', 'Durdharsh Dushman (Fatal Antagonist)', 'Vancouver-er Vampire (Vampire of Vancouver)', 'Himalaye Hritkampo (Heart Vibration of Himalay)', 'Atlantic-er Atanka (Fright of Atlantic)', 'Anobik Danob (Atomic Monster)', 'Naroker Naam Karakoram (KArakoram is the Name of Hell)', 'Bidghute Bodmash (Weird Villain)', 'Arokto Arab (Bloody Arab)' etc. The names of several Feluda stories also exhibit this feature, for example ''Joto Kando Kathmandute'', ''[[Gangtokey Gondogol]]'', ''[[Royal Bengal Rahashya (novel)|Royal Bengal Rahasya]]'', Robertsoner Ruby, ''[[Gosainpur Sargaram]]'', ''Bombaiyer Bombete'', ''[[Gorosthane Sabdhan (film)|Gorosthaney Sabdhan!]]'', [[Kailashey Kelenkari (novel)|''Kailashey Kelenkari'']], ''[[Bhuswargo Bhayankar]]'', etc. The detective of Jatayu's novel, '''Prakhar Rudra''', is a character with incredible intellect and power. Lalmohan's grandfather gave his name "'''Sarbogya Gongopadhyay'''" but Lalmohan does not use that name. In the Hindi Telefilm [[Kissa Kathmandu Mein]], his name was Lalmohan Garg (not Ganguly, probably so that the viewers understand).

==Overview==
He first meets [[Feluda]] in the story ''[[Sonar Kella]]'' (The Golden Fortress) and from then on he accompanies [[Feluda]] and [[Topshe]] on all their major adventures. He collects weapons but is often reluctant to use them. Weapons collected by him during different adventures include boomerang, [[Kukri]] (knife), smoke bomb and even a [[Pestle]] etc. His whole demeanour is of hilarity and he regularly provides the comic relief in Feluda stories. He has a history with the villain Maganlal Meghraj who had a circus performer throw knives at him in ''[[Joi Baba Felunath (film)|Joi Baba Felunath]]'' (The Mystery of the Elephant God) and fed him the drug [[LSD]] in [[Jato Kando Kathmandutey]] (The Criminals of Kathmandu). The last time Jatayu met Meghraj was at [[The Mystery of the Pink Pearl|Golapi Mukta Rahasya]].

Though in the Feluda adventures his activities invoke quite an amount of comedy, his character is far from a typical comic relief. Rather he often epitomizes an average Bengali person. However, Jatayu's qualities also improve with time and with his association with Feluda gradually making him more knowledgeable, smart and intelligent.

In the movie version (not in the original story) of the first story, ''Sonar Kella'', the criminal Mandar Bose escapes due to the [[foolishness|folly]] of Jatayu. But in the later stories (Joy Baba Felunath, for example) we find Jatayu being of great help to Feluda in his work. In a lot of stories, he is seen to suggest important clues mostly unintentionally which is of great help in the investigation. In "Sonar Kella" (movie) he uttered "sonar pathorbati" (a Bengali phrase used to describe something practically impossible) but that immediately enlightened Feluda and he got his most necessary clue to ultimately solve the case. In <nowiki>''</nowiki>Gorosthan e sabdhan", his prized possession of an antique repeater([[watch]]) is used tactfully by Feluda to apprehend the culprits. In a number of stories, he actively took part as the saviour when the sleuth (and all three of them) are cornered helplessly by antagonists. e.g.- in "[[Baksho Rahasya]]", his timely use of the [[boomerang]] subdues Prabir, the [[antagonist]] and in " Tintorettor Jishu" he picks up a wooden box and successfully delivers a blow to a goon's head to knock him unconscious. He even interrogated the suspects as a proxy of Feluda in "Apsara theatre er mamla".

Jatayu is a fan of Baikuntha Mallick, a teacher in Athenaeum Institution, [[Kolkata]], who is also a poet. Jatayu often recites his poems, which are also a source of comedy due to their peculiarity. Jatayu walks two miles daily to keep fit and refers to encyclopaedias for writing novels. He is a bachelor and owns three houses. He loves travelling.

'Jayatu Jatayu!' a book written by Shuvadip Adhikari is a compendium of facts on Jatayu. All the facts mentioned in the stories of Feluda are compiled in a single volume.

In the Hindi Telefilm [[Kissa Kathmandu Mein]], his name was Lalmohan Garg (not Ganguly, probably so that the viewers understand).

== Characterization ==
In the first two movies on [[Feluda]], the character of Jatayu was played by eminent actor cum advocate [[Santosh Dutta]], and due to his performance, [[Satyajit Ray]]'s later stories on Feluda had Jatayu adapting himself to the looks and mannerisms of [[Santosh Dutta]]. Veteran actor [[Rabi Ghosh]] played the role in the telefilm [[Baksho Rahashya (film)|Baksho Rohoshyo]], while [[Anup Kumar (actor)|Anup Kumar]] was Jatayu in the telefilm [[Bosepukure Khunkharapi]]. [[Bombaiyer Bombete (film)|Bombaiyer Bombete]], [[Kailashey Kelenkari (film)|Kailashey Kelenkari]] & [[Tintorettor Jishu (film)|Tintorettor Jishu]] saw Jatayu being played by [[Bibhu Bhattacharya]]. [[Mohan Agashe]] played Jatayu (Jatayu's original name was Lalmohan Garg here) in ''[[Kissa Kathmandu Mein]]'', in Hindi TV series Satyajit Ray Presents.<ref name=toirevisited>{{cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/Jatayu-revisited/articleshow/10364419.cms| title=Jatayu revisited| date=15 October 2011| accessdate=31 December 2020|work=Times of India}}</ref> In the 2020 web series [[Feludar Goyendagiri|Feludar Pherot]], Anirban Chakrabarti essayed the role.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Feluda}}
{{Satyajit Ray}}

[[Category:Satyajit Ray]]
[[Category:Fictional Indian people in literature]]
[[Category:Indian film characters]]
[[Category:Characters created by Satyajit Ray]]
[[Category:Feluda]]
[[Category:Fictional Hindus]]

Devender Pal Singh

2026-02-27T07:57:20Z

GlennVarner228: made bio.

{{Short description|Indian playback singer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Devender Pal Singh
| image = Devenderpal-singh.png
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| occupation = Singer
| known_for = Sufi and Classical Singing Style
| website =
}}

'''Devender Pal Singh''' is an Indian [[playback singer]] who made his debut in the 2012 film ''[[Luv Shuv Tey Chicken Khurana]]''. He first gained recognition as a singer as a top 5 finalist on series 6 of ''[[Indian Idol]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title= Local lad Devenderpal reaches top 5 in Indian idol|url= http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/local-lad-devenderpal-reaches-top-5-in-indian-idol/984382/ |work= [[Indian Express]] |accessdate= 6 August 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Meet the three finalists of ''Indian Idol'' 6|url= https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-meet-the-three-finalist-of-indian-idol-6/20120830.htm|work= [[Rediff.com]] |accessdate= 30 August 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Asha Bhosle promises to attend Indian Idol contestant's wedding |url= https://tribune.com.pk/story/408678/asha-bhosle-promises-to-attend-indian-idol-contestants-wedding/|work= [[The Express Tribune]] |accessdate= 15 July 2012 }}</ref>

==Discography==
===Playback singing===
{| class="sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Song
! Composer
! Language
! Co-singer
|-
|2021
![[Haseen Dillruba]]
|"Lakeeran"
|[[Amit Trivedi]]
|[[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|[[Asees Kaur]]
|
|-
|2020
![[Jai Mummy Di]]
|"Jai Mummy Di"
|Parag Chhabra
|[[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|[[Nikhita Gandhi]], Vivek Hariharan, Parag Chhabra
|
|-
| 2019
! scope="row"| ''[[Ardaas Karaan (film)|Ardaas Karaan]]''
| "Satgur Pyare" "Bandeya"
| Jatinder Shah
|[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
|[[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|
|-
|-
| 2018
! scope="row"| ''[[Manmarziyaan]]''
| "Bijlee Giregi"
|[[Amit Trivedi]]
|[[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|Babu Haabi
|-
|-
| 2017
! scope="row"| ''[[Firangi]]''
| "Gulbadan"
|[[Jatinder Shah]]
|[[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|[[Mamta Sharma]]
|-
|2012
!scope="row"|''[[Luv Shuv Tey Chicken Khurana]]''
|"Luni Hasi"
|[[Amit Trivedi]]
|Hindi
|Harshdeep Kaur
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Devender Pal}}
[[Category:Indian Idol participants]]
[[Category:Indian male singers]]

Expulsion of Asians from Uganda

2026-02-23T18:16:44Z

GlennVarner228: general refined section for accuracy and updated info

{{Short description|1972 expulsion of Indians by Idi Amin}}
[[File:Aziaten die Oeganda uitgewezen zijn op Schiphol, groep Aziaten na aankomst, Bestanddeelnr 926-0503.jpg|thumb|260px|Indians expelled from Uganda arriving at [[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol]], November 1972]]
{{Idi Amin sidebar}}
{{History of Uganda}}
In early August 1972, the [[President of Uganda]] [[Idi Amin]] ordered the expulsion of his country's [[Indians in Uganda|Indian minority]], giving them 90 days to leave the country.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Desai |first1=Niranjan |last2=Journal |first2=Indian Foreign Affairs |date=2012 |title=Revisiting the 1972 Expulsion of Asians from Uganda |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341851 |journal=Indian Foreign Affairs Journal |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=446–458 |jstor=45341851 |issn=0973-3248}}</ref><ref name="BBC On This Day">{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/7/newsid_2492000/2492333.stm |title=1972: Asians given 90 days to leave Uganda |date=7 August 1972 |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=29 October 2016}}</ref> At the time, South Asians in East Africa were simply known as "Asians".<ref name="washpo">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/08/04/uganda-idi-amin-asians-1992/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |title=50 years ago, Uganda ordered its entire Asian population to leave |author=Meghan Garrity |date=4 August 2022}}</ref> Having first arrived in the late 1800s as migrant laborers to build the [[Uganda Railway]], they would go on to dominate trade in the country.<ref name="washpo" />

The original August 4 order applied only to British subjects of South Asian origin, but was expanded on August 9 to citizens of Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan.<ref name="itv">[https://www.itv.com/news/central/2022-07-17/how-brutality-in-uganda-forced-tens-of-thousands-of-asians-from-home Why Ugandan Asians were expelled by Idi Amin and how they ended up in UK]</ref> It was later expanded to include 20,000 Ugandan citizens of South Asian ethnicities (later rescinded).<ref name="itv" /><ref name="washpo" /> At the time of the expulsion, there were about 80,000 individuals of Indian descent in Uganda, of whom 23,000 had their applications for citizenship both processed and accepted.<ref name="Amin-Indophobia" /><ref name="Jørgensen1981">{{harvnb|Jørgensen|1981|pp=285–290}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Garrity |first=Meghan M. |date=2023 |title=What Enables or Constrains Mass Expulsion? A New Decision-Making Framework |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09636412.2023.2229238 |journal=Security Studies |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=537–567 |language=en |doi=10.1080/09636412.2023.2229238 |s2cid=260007842 |issn=0963-6412|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The expulsion took place against the backdrop of [[anti-Indian sentiment]] and [[black supremacy]] in Uganda, with Amin accusing a minority of the Indians of disloyalty, non-integration, and commercial malpractice, claims that Indian leaders disputed.<ref name="Amin-Indophobia" /> Amin defended the expulsion by arguing that he was "giving Uganda back to ethnic Ugandans".<ref name="Jørgensen1981" />

Many of those who were expelled were [[citizens of the United Kingdom and Colonies]] and 27,200 emigrated to the [[United Kingdom]]. Of the other refugees who were accounted for, 6,000 went to [[Canada]], 4,500 refugees ended up in [[India]] and 2,500 went to nearby [[Kenya]] or to [[Pakistan]].<ref name="Jørgensen1981" /> Departing Asians were limited to $120 and {{cvt|485|lb}} of property.<ref name="washpo" /> In total, some 5,655 firms, ranches, farms, and agricultural estates were confiscated, along with cars, homes and other household goods.<ref name="Jørgensen1981" />

The expulsion did significant damage to both Uganda's economy and international reputation. Many world leaders condemned the expulsion and several nations, particularly the United Kingdom and India, cut diplomatic ties as a result. The economy suffered a significant drop in gross domestic product. Following the accession of [[Yoweri Museveni]] to the presidency, some Indian Ugandans returned.

== Background ==
The presence of Indians in Uganda was the result of deliberate choices by the British administration that ruled Uganda from 1894 to 1962.<ref name=":0">{{harvnb|Henckaerts|Sohn|1995|pp=22–24}}.</ref> They were brought to the [[Uganda Protectorate]] by the British to work "between Europeans and Africans in the middle rungs of commerce and administration".<ref name="Jørgensen1981" /> In addition, in the 1890s, 32,000 labourers from British Indians were [[Indian diaspora in Southeast Africa|brought to Southeast Africa]] under indentured labour contracts to work on the construction of the [[Uganda Railway]].<ref>{{harvnb|Jørgensen|1981|p=43}}.</ref> Most of the surviving Indians returned home, but 6,724 individuals decided to remain in the [[African Great Lakes]] after the line's completion.<ref name=":2">{{cite journal |last=Jamal |first=Vali |date=November 1976 |title=Asians in Uganda, 1880–1972: Inequality and Expulsion |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=602–616 |doi=10.2307/2595346 |jstor=2595346 |issn=0013-0117 |oclc=716168303 |ref=none}}</ref> At the time of the expulsion, there were approximately 80,000 individuals of South Asian descent in Uganda, of whom 23,000 had had their applications for citizenship both processed and accepted.<ref name="Amin-Indophobia">{{harvnb|Patel|1972|pp=12–19}}.</ref> Up to 50,000 were British passport holders,<ref name="BBC On This Day" /> though Amin himself used the apparently exaggerated figure of 80,000 British passport holders in his initial expulsion speech.<ref name="Amin-Indophobia" />

The British had invested in the education of the Asian minority, in preference to that of indigenous Ugandans.<ref name=":0" /> By the early 1970s, many Indians in Southeast Africa and Uganda were employed in the [[Tailor|sartorial]] and [[banking]] businesses<ref name=":2" /> and [[Indophobia]] was already engrained by the start of Amin's rule in February 1971.<ref name="Amin-Indophobia" /> While not all Ugandan Indians were well off, they were on average better off than the indigenous communities,<ref name="Amin-Indophobia" /> constituting 1% of the population while earning a fifth of the national income.<ref name="toi">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Gujaratis-survived-Idi-Amin-fuelled-East-Africas-economy/articleshow/3625352.cms |title=Gujaratis survived Idi Amin, fuelled East Africa's economy |date=October 22, 2008 |first1=Ashish |last1=Vashi |first2=Ankur |last2=Jain |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Indians were stereotyped as "merely traders" and labelled as "dukahwallas" (traders, an occupational term that degenerated into an anti-Indian slur during Amin's time<ref name=":2" />), who tried to cheat unsuspecting purchasers and looked out only for their own families.<ref name=":1">{{harvnb|Patel|1972|pp=19–21}}.</ref> Racial segregation was institutionalised.<ref name=":1" /> Gated ethnic communities offered elite and exclusive healthcare and schooling services. Additionally, the tariff system in Uganda had historically been oriented toward the economic interests of South Asian traders.<ref name="Journal of Modern African Studies">{{harvnb|Jamal|1976}}.</ref>

[[Milton Obote]]'s government had pursued a policy of "Africanisation" which included policies targeted at Ugandan Indians. The 1968 Committee on the "Africanisation in Commerce and Industry", for example, had made far-reaching Indophobic proposals and a system of work permits and trade licences was introduced in 1969 to restrict the role of non-citizen Indians in economic and professional activities. Nevertheless, Amin's policies represented a significant acceleration.<ref name=":1" /> In August 1971, Amin announced a review of the citizenship status awarded to Uganda's Asian community, followed by the declaration of a [[census]] of Uganda's Asian population in October that year.<ref name="Jørgensen1981" /><ref name="Amin-Indophobia" /> In order to resolve the "misunderstandings" regarding the role of Uganda's Asian minority in society, he convened an Indian 'conference' for 7–8 December. In a memorandum presented on the second day of the conference, he set out his hope that "the wide gap" between Ugandan Indians and Africans would narrow.<ref name="Amin-Indophobia" /> While paying tribute to Indians' contribution to the economy and the professions, he accused a minority of the Asian population of disloyalty, non-integration and commercial malpractice, claims Indian leaders disputed.<ref name="Amin-Indophobia" /> On the vexed question of citizenship, he said his government would recognise citizenship rights already granted, but all outstanding applications for citizenship (which by this point were thought to number more than 12,000) would be cancelled.<ref name="Amin-Indophobia" />

This expulsion of an ethnic minority was not the first in Uganda's history as the country's [[Kenya]]n minority, numbering approximately 30,000, had been expelled in 1969–70.<ref name="Jørgensen1981" /><ref>{{harvnb|Mutibwa|1992|p=67}}.</ref>

== Expulsion ==
[[File:Idi Amin -Archives New Zealand AAWV 23583, KIRK1, 5(B), R23930288.jpg|thumb|upright|Idi Amin, pictured shortly after the expulsion]]

On 4 August 1972, Amin declared that Britain would need to take on the responsibility for caring for British subjects who were of Indian origin,<ref name="Jørgensen1981" /> accusing them of "sabotaging Uganda's economy and encouraging corruption".<ref name="Amin-Indophobia" /> The deadline for British subjects to leave was confirmed as three months, which came to mean 8 November. On 9 August, the policy was expanded to include citizens of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.<ref name="Jørgensen1981" /> The position of the 23,000 Indians who had been granted Ugandan citizenship (and in particular those who held no other citizenship) was less clear. Not originally included, on 19 August, they were seemingly added to the list, before being re-exempted three days later following international protest. Many chose to leave rather than endure further intimidation, with only 4,000 known to have stayed.<ref name="Jørgensen1981" /> Exemptions for certain professions were added, then later removed.<ref name="Jørgensen1981" /><ref name="Amin-Indophobia" />

The precise motivation for the expulsion remains unclear. Some of Amin's former supporters suggest that it followed a dream in which, he claimed, [[God in Islam|Allah]] had told him to expel them, as well as plot vengeance against the British government for refusing to provide him with arms to invade Tanzania.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Idi-Amin-had-targeted-Indians-in-70s/articleshow/1911455.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324184819/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-04-15/india/27882308_1_devang-raval-museveni-indians |url-status=live |archive-date=24 March 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Idi Amin had targeted Indians in 70s |date=15 April 2007}}</ref> Amin defended the expulsion by arguing that he was giving Uganda back to the ethnic Ugandans:

{{quote|We are determined to make the ordinary Ugandan master of his own destiny, and above all to see that he enjoys the wealth of his country. Our deliberate policy is to transfer the economic control of Uganda into the hands of Ugandans, for the first time in our country's history.|Idi Amin|quoted in ''Uganda: a modern history''.<ref name="Jørgensen1981" />}}

The expulsion and redistribution of property were officially termed "Operation Mafuta Mingi".{{sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983|p=182}} Ugandan soldiers during this period engaged in theft and physical and sexual violence against the Indians with impunity.<ref>{{cite web |title=When Idi Amin expelled 50,000 'Asians' from Uganda |url=https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/when-idi-amin-expelled-50000-asians-from-uganda |access-date=2020-08-17 |website=Adam Smith Institute |date=4 August 2019 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Letters from Asians told of being stopped on the way out by bands of Ugandan soldiers. All of their belongings would be taken and the men would be forced to lie down on the ground while the women were raped.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mamdani |first=Mahmood |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zLFAi7-rLGoC&q=from+citizen+to+refugee |title=From Citizen to Refugee: Uganda Asians Come to Britain |date=2011-12-08 |publisher=Fahamu/Pambazuka |isbn=978-1-906387-57-0 |language=en}}</ref> Furthermore, there were tellings of Asians who had been kidnapped by soldiers, of families who paid fortunes for the returns of the male members, and of other families who lost their father or brothers because they had no money to pay a ransom.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mamdani |first=Mahmood |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zLFAi7-rLGoC&q=from+citizen+to+refugee |title=From Citizen to Refugee: Uganda Asians Come to Britain |date=2011-12-08 |publisher=Fahamu/Pambazuka |isbn=978-1-906387-57-0 |language=en}}</ref> Restrictions were imposed on the sale or transfer of private businesses by Ugandan Indians and on 16 August Amin made it clear that after he was done with Indian-owned businesses, European-owned businesses would be next.<ref name="Amin-Indophobia" />

During this time, every Asian came to a realisation—through painful personal experiences throughout the expulsion—of the realness of color and its political implications.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mamdani |first=Mahmood |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zLFAi7-rLGoC&q=from+citizen+to+refugee |title=From Citizen to Refugee: Uganda Asians Come to Britain |date=2011-12-08 |publisher=Fahamu/Pambazuka |isbn=978-1-906387-57-0 |language=en}}</ref> The fact that the Asians held a Ugandan or British passport did not matter. Instead, what mattered was the color of their skin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mamdani |first=Mahmood |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zLFAi7-rLGoC&q=from+citizen+to+refugee |title=From Citizen to Refugee: Uganda Asians Come to Britain |date=2011-12-08 |publisher=Fahamu/Pambazuka |isbn=978-1-906387-57-0 |language=en}}</ref>

== Impact ==
{{Quote box|width=246px|bgcolor=#c6dbf7|align=left|quote=The Indians only milked the cow, but they did not feed it to yield more milk. There are now Black faces in every shop and industry. All the big cars in Uganda are now driven by Africans, and not the former bloodsuckers. The rest of Africa can learn from us.|source=—President [[Idi Amin]]{{sfn|Seftel|2010|p=155}}}}

Amin's decrees drew immediate worldwide condemnation, including from India. The Indian government warned Uganda of dire consequences, but took no action when Amin's government ignored the ultimatum.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paralumun.com/waridiamin.htm |title=Idia Amin Biography |access-date=29 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927025444/http://www.paralumun.com/waridiamin.htm |archive-date=27 September 2011 |url-status=usurped}}</ref> Initially, India maintained diplomatic ties with Uganda<ref>{{cite book |last=Yadav |first=S.N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hEvAa0WiQqkC&q=UN%20Indian%20expulsion%20Uganda&pg=PA201 |title=India-Uganda Relations: A New Model for South-south Cooperation |publisher=Global Vision Pub House |year=2008 |isbn=978-8182202962 |location=New Delhi |pages=201}}</ref> but later severed diplomatic relations with Amin's regime.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/kids/read-about-how-idi-amins-vengeance-drives-the-asian-community-out-of-uganda/article7507451.ece | title=Asian expulsion | newspaper=The Hindu | date=6 August 2015 | last1=Subramanian | first1=Archana }}</ref> The United Kingdom froze a £10.4 million loan which had been arranged the previous year; Amin ignored this.<ref name="Amin-Indophobia" /> Journalists Tony Avirgan and Martha Honey described the expulsion as "the most explicitly racist policy ever adopted in black Africa."{{sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983|p=5}}

Many of the Ugandan Asians were citizens of the United Kingdom & Colonies. 27,200 refugees subsequently emigrated to the [[United Kingdom]]. Refugees were initially housed in empty military camps, such as Heathfield Camp, near [[Honiton]] in [[Devon]], and Houndstone Camp, near [[Yeovil]] in [[Somerset]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/ugandan-asians/ |website=UK National Archives|title=Ugandan Asians |access-date=27 May 2024}}</ref>

Of the other refugees who were accounted for, 6,000 went to [[Canada]], 4,500 ended up in [[India]] and 2,500 went to nearby [[Kenya]]. [[Malawi]], [[Pakistan]], [[West Germany]] and the [[United States]] took 1,000 refugees each, with smaller numbers emigrating to [[Australia]], [[Austria]], [[Sweden]], [[Norway]], [[Mauritius]] and [[New Zealand]]. About 20,000 refugees were unaccounted for.<ref name="Jørgensen1981" /><ref name="socialorigins">{{harvnb|Kasozi|Musisi|Sejjengo|1994}}.</ref> Only a few hundred remained behind.<ref name="Amin-Indophobia" />

Reluctant to expand its newly introduced immigration quota, the British government had sought agreement from some of its remaining overseas territories (including [[Bermuda]], the [[British Virgin Islands|Virgin Islands]], [[British Honduras]], [[British Hong Kong|Hong Kong]], [[Seychelles]] and the [[British Solomon Islands|Solomon Islands]]) to resettle them; however, only the [[Falkland Islands]] responded positively.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2003/jan/01/past.politics |title=Ministers hunted for island to house Indians|first=Alan |last=Travis |work=The Guardian |date=1 January 2003 |access-date=22 April 2016}}</ref> [[Kenya]] and [[Tanzania]] similarly closed their borders with Uganda to prevent an influx of refugees.<ref name="Amin-Indophobia" />

Some of those expelled were [[Nizari Ismaili]] [[Muslims]]. The [[Aga Khan IV]], the Imam of Nizari Ismailis, phoned his acquaintance Canadian Prime Minister [[Pierre Trudeau]]. Trudeau's government agreed to allow thousands of Nizari Ismailis to emigrate to Canada.<ref name="macleansHolyMan">{{harvnb|Geddes|2010}}.</ref> The exodus of Ugandan Indians took on a new level of urgency in the September following a telegram from Amin to the UN Secretary General [[Kurt Waldheim]], in which it appeared that Amin was sympathetic to Hitler's treatment of Jews and an airlift was organised.<ref name="Amin-Indophobia" /> The UN dispatched the Executive Secretary of the [[United Nations Economic Commission for Africa|Economic Commission for Africa]], [[Robert K. A. Gardiner]], who attempted in vain to convince Amin to reverse his decision.{{sfn|Sherwood|2014|p=43}}

A military committee was made responsible for the reallocation of the confiscated property, though Amin also personally redirected some material.{{sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983|p=5}} In total, some 5,655 firms, ranches, farms, and agricultural estates were reallocated, along with cars, homes and other household goods.<ref name="Jørgensen1981" /> For political reasons, most (5,443) were reallocated to individuals, with 176 going to government bodies, 33 being reallocated to semi-state organisations and 2 going to charities. Possibly the biggest winner was the state-owned [[Uganda Development Corporation]], which gained control over some of the largest enterprises, though both the rapid nature of the growth and the sudden lack of experienced technicians and managers proved a challenge for the corporation, resulting in a restructuring of the sector in 1974–75.<ref name="Jørgensen1981" /> Though some of the property fell into the hands of Uganda's traditional businessmen, most of the direct beneficiaries were soldiers and government officials. By the time Amin's regime collapsed in 1979, it was rumoured that there were no more than 50 Indians in Uganda.{{sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983|p=5}}

===Economic impact===
Despite Amin's claims of returning control of the economy to ordinary Ugandans, the expulsion greatly harmed the economy of the country. The gross domestic product of Uganda fell by 5% between 1972 and 1975, while manufacturing output tumbled from 740 million [[Ugandan shilling]]s in 1972 to 254 million shillings in 1979. At the time of their deportation Indians owned 90% of the country's businesses and accounted for 90% of Uganda's tax revenue. The real value of salaries and wages plummeted by 90% in less than a decade following the expulsion, and although some of these businesses were handed over to native Ugandans, Uganda's industrial sector, which was seen as the backbone of the economy, was damaged due to the lack of skilled workers.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.aliran.com/thinking-allowed-online/idi-amins-expulsion-of-asians-in-1972-devastated-ugandas-economy | title=Idi Amin's expulsion of Asians in 1972 pummelled Uganda's economy | date=14 August 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://theconversation.com/taking-stock-of-ugandas-economy-55-years-after-independence-85238 | title=Taking stock of Uganda's economy 55 years after independence | date=8 October 2017 }}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
The expulsion drew widespread condemnation on the international stage and strained Uganda’s diplomatic relations, particularly with the United Kingdom and India. The British government facilitated the resettlement of approximately 27,000 Ugandan Asians who held British passports, while others relocated to Canada, India, and several other countries.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2022 |title=Why Ugandan Asians were expelled by Idi Amin and how they ended up in UK |url=https://www.itv.com/news/central/2022-07-17/how-brutality-in-uganda-forced-tens-of-thousands-of-asians-from-home |access-date=15 July 2025 |website=itv}}</ref>

In the wake of the expulsion, [[Leicester]] became a focal point for resettling Ugandan Asians. Initially, the city placed advertisements in Ugandan newspapers advising against relocating there - citing limited housing and employment opportunities - but these efforts were largely ineffective, as many people preferred to join existing South Asian communities in the city. Around 6,000 Ugandan Asians ultimately settled in Leicester, supported by local council initiatives and community grants that helped refurbish neighborhoods and establish businesses.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nasar |first=Saima |date=2022-08-12 |title=When Uganda Expelled Its Asian Population in 1972, Britain Tried to Exclude Them |url=https://newlinesmag.com/essays/when-uganda-expelled-its-asian-population-in-1972-britain-tried-to-exclude-them/ |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=New Lines Magazine |language=en}}</ref>

In the decades following the expulsion, Uganda's leadership took steps to repair relations with the Asian community. Under President Yoweri Museveni, policies were introduced in the 1990s to encourage the return of expelled families and the restoration of seized properties. Some former residents and their descendants have since returned to Uganda.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Taylor |first=Liam |date=2022-12-02 |title=Insight: Expelled Ugandan Asians fight for seized properties 50 years on |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/markets/commodities/expelled-ugandan-asians-fight-for-seized-properties-50-years-on-idUSL8N32E1ZA/ |access-date=2025-07-15 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
{{refimprove|section|date=November 2025}}
The expulsion of Asians from Uganda has been referenced or depicted in various works, including:
* In ''[[Angels (TV series)|Angels]]'' (BBC television series),{{when|date=November 2025}} the character Sita Patel is portrayed as having fled Uganda with her family.
* ''[[Charas (1976 film)|Charas]]'' (1976 Bollywood film), is set against the backdrop of the expulsion.
* ''[[Rise and Fall of Idi Amin]]'' (1981 film by Sharad Patel), dramatizes the events surrounding Idi Amin’s regime.
* ''[[Mississippi Masala]]'' (1991 film by [[Mira Nair]]), portrays an Indian family that resettles in Mississippi after fleeing Uganda<ref>{{cite interview|interviewer-first= Mira|last=Nair | interviewer-last=Lahr | first=John | title=Whirlwind | website=The New Yorker | date=31 July 2000 | url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2002/12/09/the-whirlwind | url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022030926/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2002/12/09/the-whirlwind| archive-date= 22 October 2014| url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''The Last King of Scotland'' ([[The Last King of Scotland|1998 novel]] by Giles Foden; [[The Last King of Scotland (film)|2006 film adaptation]]), depicts Amin's rule, including the expulsion.
* In ''[[Life on Mars (British TV series)|Life on Mars]]'' (2006 BBC television series), the character Ravi Gandhi is portrayed as having fled Uganda during Amin's expulsion of South Asians in 1972.
* The 2025 movie ''[[Christmas Karma]]'' has the expulsion as a central narrative in the story of the main character.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cecelia King - CHRISTMAS KARMA |url=https://ceceking.com/christmas-karma |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250316064514/https://ceceking.com/christmas-karma |archive-date=2025-03-16 |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=ceceking.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Uganda}}
*[[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin]]
*[[Indian diaspora in Southeast Africa]]
*[[Zanzibar Revolution]]
*[[Deportation]]
*[[Remigration]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Avirgan |first1=Tony |title=War in Uganda: The Legacy of Idi Amin |last2=Honey |first2=Martha |date=1983 |publisher=Tanzania Publishing House |isbn=978-9976-1-0056-3 |location=Dar es Salaam}}
* {{citation | last1=Geddes | first1=John | journal=Maclean's | title=A holy man with an eye for connections | url=http://www.macleans.ca/2010/10/27/a-holy-man/ | date=27 October 2010 | access-date=17 April 2012 }}
* {{citation|title=Mass Expulsion in Modern International Law and Practice|last1=Henckaerts|first1=Jean-Marie|last2=Sohn|first2=Louis B.|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff|year=1995|isbn=90-411-00725|location=Dordrecht}}
* {{citation|jstor=160072|title=Expulsion of a minority: essays on Ugandan Asians (Review)|first=Vali|last=Jamal|journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies|volume=14|number=2|date=June 1976|pages=357–361|publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/s0022278x00053404|s2cid=155061156 }}
* {{citation|last=Jørgensen|first=Jan Jelmert|title=Uganda: a modern history|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=09MNAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA288|access-date=12 August 2010|year=1981|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-85664-643-0}}
* {{citation |last1=Kasozi |first1=Abdu Basajabaka Kawalya |first2=Nakanyike |last2=Musisi |first3=James Mukooza |last3=Sejjengo |title=The Social Origins of Violence in Uganda, 1964–1985 |location=Montreal |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |year=1994 |page=119 |isbn=0-7735-1218-7}}
*{{citation|title=Uganda since independence: a story of unfulfilled hopes |first=Phares Mukasa|last=Mutibwa |page=67 |year=1992 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yURMdAfadS4C&pg=PA67 |access-date=17 August 2010 |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. |location=United Kingdom |isbn=1-85065-066-7}}
* {{citation|last=Patel|first=Hasu H.|year=1972|title=General Amin and the Indian Exodus from Uganda|journal=Issue: A Journal of Opinion|volume=2|issue=4|pages=12–22|doi=10.2307/1166488|jstor=1166488}}
* {{cite journal |last=Sherwood |first=Marika |author-link=Marika Sherwood |title=Robert Kweku Atta Gardiner (1914–1994): An unrecognised Ghanaian Pan-Africanist Par-Excellence |journal=Contemporary Journal of African Studies |volume=2 |issue=1 |publisher=Institute of African Studies, University of Ghana |location=Accra |date=2014 |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/contjas/article/view/107948 |issn=2343-6530}}{{subscription required}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Seftel |editor-first=Adam |title=Uganda: The Bloodstained Pearl of Africa and Its Struggle for Peace. From the Pages of Drum |publisher=Fountain Publishers |date=2010 |orig-year=1st pub. 1994 |location=Kampala |isbn=978-9970-02-036-2}}
{{Refend}}

[[Category:1972 in Uganda]]
[[Category:Anti-immigration politics in Africa]]
[[Category:Anti-Indian racism in Africa]]
[[Category:Asian diaspora in Uganda]]
[[Category:Ethnic cleansing in Africa]]
[[Category:Far-right politics in Uganda]]
[[Category:Forced migration]]
[[Category:Ugandan refugees|*]]
[[Category:Persecution]]
[[Category:Political history of Uganda]]
[[Category:Xenophobia in Africa]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora in Africa]]
[[Category:Pakistan–Uganda relations]]
[[Category:Racism in Africa]]
[[Category:Racially motivated violence in Africa]]
[[Category:Discrimination in Uganda]]

New Barauni Junction

2026-02-20T04:23:27Z

GlennVarner228:

{{Short description|Railway station in Begusarai, Bihar, India}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|50px]] {{font color|blue|NEW BARAUNI JUNCTION}}
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image =New bju.jpg
| image_caption = New Barauni Junction Railway Station
| address = [[Barauni]], [[Begusarai district]], [[Bihar]]
| country = {{flagu|India}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|25|27|44|N|85|59|17|E|display=inline,title}}
| elevation =
| line = [[Barauni - Mokama Section]] [[Barauni–Katihar section|Barauni–Katihar section]] [[Barauni–Guwahati line]] [[Munger Ganga Bridge|Jamalpur line]]
| other = [[Barauni Junction]] [[Begusarai ]] [[Mokama Junction]] [[Kiul Junction]]
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| platform = 2
| tracks = 04
| parking = yes
| opened = {{start date and age|df=yes | 2009|07|}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 2001–02<ref name=elec>{{cite web|title=History of Electrification|url=http://www.irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html|work=information published by CORE (Central Organisation for Railway Electrification)|publisher=CORE (Central Organisation for Railway Electrification)|access-date=1 April 2012}}</ref>
| accessible = No
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = NBJU
| zone = [[East Central Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Sonpur}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railways]]
| services_collapsible = yes
| route_map = {{Barauni–Katihar section|inline=y}}
| status = Functioning
| former = East Indian Railway
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India Bihar#India
| map_dot_label = New Barauni Junction
}}

''' New Barauni Junction railway station''' (station code '''NBJU'''), is a railway station in the [[Sonepur, Bihar|Sonpur]] division of [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/new-barauni-junction-nbju/10631|title=New Barauni Railway Station Map/Atlas ECR/East Central Zone - Railway Enquiry|first=Prabhat|last=Sharan|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/begusarai/story-passenger-facilities-will-be-better-at-new-barauni-junction-will-cost-27-crores-5745798.html|title=न्यू बरौनी जंक्शन पर बेहतर होंगी यात्री सुविधाएं, खर्च होंगे 27 करोड़ Passenger facilities will be better at New Barauni Junction Will cost 27 crores|website=Hindustan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/begusarai-now-the-name-of-barauni-will-be-known-as-new-barauni-junction-platform-number-one-21160075.html|title=अब न्यू बरौनी जंक्शन के नाम से जाना जायगा बरौनी का जं. प्लेटफॉर्म संख्या-एक Now the name of Barauni will be known as New Barauni-Junction-platform number one |date = 12 December 2020|website=Dainik Jagran}}</ref> New Barauni Junction is located in [[Barauni]] city in [[Begusarai district]] in the Indian state of [[Bihar]].

{{Mokama–Barauni section|collapse=y}}

==Platforms and facilities==

New Barauni Junction has two platforms reached with foot [[overbridge]]s. A second foot overbridge will be built at this station.
The major facilities available are waiting rooms, toilets, tea stall, fruit stall, meal stall etc. Vehicles are allowed to enter the station premises.

==See also==
*[[Barauni Junction railway station]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2009]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Begusarai district]]
[[Category:Railway junction stations in Bihar]]
[[Category:Sonpur railway division]]
[[Category:Transport in Barauni]]

Beed

2026-02-16T23:22:01Z

GlennVarner228:

{{About|the municipality in Maharashtra, India|its namesake district|Beed district}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=July 2015}}
{{original research|date=May 2017}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Beed
| native_name = Bīḍ
| native_name_lang = mr
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = Kankaleshwar Temple Beed.jpg
| imagesize = 200px
| image_alt = Kankaleshwar Temple
| image_caption =
| image_flag =
| flag_alt =
| image_seal =
| seal_alt =
| image_shield =
| shield_alt =
| etymology =
| nickname =
| motto =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 6
| mapframe-point = none
| map_alt = Beed is in the Center part of India, in the northwest of Maharashtra State.
| map_caption = Beed in Maharashtra
| pushpin_map = India
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| pushpin_mapsize =
| pushpin_label_position =
| coordinates = {{coord|18.99|N|75.76|E|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Maharashtra.svg}} [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Beed District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Divisions of Maharashtra|Division]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Beed District]]
| established_title = Champavati Nagar
| established_date = AD {{start date and age|758}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.maharashtratourism.net/cities/pune/history.html |title=Pune History – Origin and History of Poona India |access-date=25 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225223610/https://www.maharashtratourism.net/cities/pune/history.html |archive-date=25 February 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| founder = Rani Champavati
| seat_type =
| seat =
| government_footnotes = Beed
| government_type = Municipal Council
| governing_body = Beed Municipal Council
| leader_party = [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = Premlata Parwe
| leader_title1 = Vice-President
| leader_name1 = Vinod Rohidas Muluk
| leader_title3 = Chief Executive Officer
| leader_name3 = Utkarsh Gutte
| unit_pref = Metric

| area_footnotes =
| area_urban_footnotes = 
| area_rural_footnotes = 
| area_metro_footnotes = 
| area_note =
| area_water_percent =
| area_rank =
| area_blank1_title =
| area_blank2_title = 
| area_total_km2 = 45
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_urban_km2 =
| area_rural_km2 =
| area_metro_km2 =
| area_blank1_km2 =
| area_blank2_km2 = 
| area_total_ha = 4500
| area_land_ha =
| area_water_ha =
| area_urban_ha =
| area_rural_ha =
| area_metro_ha =
| area_blank1_ha =
| area_blank2_ha =
| length_km =
| width_km =
| dimensions_footnotes =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 515
| population_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 146709
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_note =
| population_demonym = Beedkar
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 431 122
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|02442]]
| area_codes = 
| iso_code =
| module =
| footnotes =
| blank2_name_sec1 = Child sex ratio
| blank2_info_sec1 = 843 [[female|♀]]/[[male|♂]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank3_info_sec1 = 88.56%
| blank4_name_sec1 = Male literacy
| blank4_info_sec1 = 94.01%
| blank5_name_sec1 = Female literacy
| blank5_info_sec1 = 82.81%
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]]
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|666|mm|in}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|40|°C|°F}}
| blank4_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank4_info_sec2 = {{convert|15|°C|°F}}
| blank6_name_sec1 = {{nowrap|[[Official language]]}}
| blank6_info_sec1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<ref name="NCLMreport">[http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf National Commissioner Linguistic Minorities 50th report, page 131] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |date= 8 July 2016 }}. Government of India. Retrieved 15 July 2015.</ref>
| website = {{URL|https://beed.gov.in/|beed.gov.in}}
}}
'''Beed''' (Marathi pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Marathi|[biːɖ]]]) is a city and headquarters of eponymous [[Beed district]] of [[Maharashtra]] state in [[India]].<ref name="Maharashtra India">{{Cite web
|publisher = citypopulation.de
|title = Maharashtra India
|url= http://www.citypopulation.de/India-Maharashtra.html
|access-date=23 October 2014
}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of Beed}}

Beed is a historical city of possibly medieval origin. Its early history is obscure. Historians speculate, based on archaeological remains, that the city might have been founded by the Yadava rulers (1173–1317) of Devagiri ([[Daulatabad, Maharashtra|Daulatabad]]). Beed was later governed by the [[Nizam]]s during the period of [[British India]]. The [[Annexation of Hyderabad]] '''Operation Polo''', the code name of the Hyderabad "Police Action", was a military operation in September 1948 in which the Indian Armed Forces invaded the [[State of Hyderabad]] and overthrew its Nizam, annexing the state into [[India]]. Beed remained in annexed Hyderabad state until 1956 when it was included in [[Bombay Presidency]]. On 1 May 1960 [[Maharashtra]] state was created on a linguistic basis, and Marathi Hindu & Muslim dominated [[Beed district]] became part of Maharashtra.<ref name="PLACE_BHIR">{{Cite web| publisher= maharashtra.gov.in (Government of Maharashtra)| title= Gazetteers Department – Bhir| url= http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Beed/places_bhir_town.html| access-date= 27 February 2007| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070224064424/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Beed/places_bhir_town.html| archive-date= 24 February 2007| url-status= dead| df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="SOCIO_ECO">{{Cite web
|publisher = beed.nic.in
|title = New Page 4
|url = http://beed.nic.in/htmldocs/socioeco.htm
|access-date = 4 March 2007
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070928012021/http://beed.nic.in/htmldocs/socioeco.htm
|archive-date = 28 September 2007
|url-status = dead
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>

===Foundation and name===
The early history of Beed is unknown and there are contradictions in the historical accounts concerning its foundation and early history. According to legend, Beed was an inhabited place in the period of [[Pandavas]] and [[Kuru (kingdom)|Kuru]]s as ''Durgavati''. Its name was subsequently changed to ''Balni''. Champavati, who was sister of [[Vikramaditya]], after captured and renamed it as ''Champavatinagar''. After that the city fell to [[Chalukya]], Rashtrkuta and [[Yadava dynasty|Yadava]] dynasties before falling to [[Islam in India|Muslim]] rule. However, some scholars say that it was possibly founded by the Yadava rulers of Devagiri ([[Daulatabad, Maharashtra|Daulatabad]]).

''Tārīkh-e-Bīr'' (history of Beed) mentions that [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] named it ''Bir'' ([[Arabic]] بئر meaning 'well') after building a fort and several wells in and around the city. Ground water was abundant in the city and when wells were built, water was found just several feet down.<ref name="PLACE_BHIR" /><ref name="NATHAPURI" /><ref name="QUAZI">{{Cite book
| title = Tārīkh e Bīr (History of Beed)
| author = Quazi M. Q. Bīri
| publisher = Quazi M. Q. Bīri
| year = 1898
| language = ur
| page= 90
}}</ref> Until recent times, wells were abundant in the city. They became less important due to a modern system of water supply, hence subsequently most of them were filled. It is unclear as to how the present name Beed came into use. There are at least two different traditions. The first tradition says that since the district is situated at the foot of Balaghat Range as if it is in a hole, it was named as ''Bil'' (बील Marathi for hole) which in course of time corrupted to ''Bid''. According to the second tradition a ''Yavana'' (यवण) ruler of ancient India named it ''Bhir'' (Persian ٻھېڔ for water)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Everett-Heath |first=John |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780191882913.001.0001/acref-9780191882913;jsessionid=A09C5F14F7FEE27766EABF1A85C4E526 |title=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Place Names |date=2019-10-24 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-188291-3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1093/acref/9780191882913.001.0001}}</ref> after finding water at a very low depth<ref name="PLACE_BHIR"/> and Bhir might have become Beed in course of time.
The first tradition seems to be untrue, because with no angle,{{clarify|date=August 2020}} the entire district can be called a 'hole'. Only the north eastern part of the district is at lower heights and a vast area of 10,615 km2 can not be called a 'hole' just because of slight depression. Furthermore, ''Bil'' (बील hole) in Marathi is spoken for a deep and narrow hole and not for a slight depression.

The second tradition though have some distortion, appears to be true and in accord with ''Tārīkh-e-Bīr'' of Quazi Muhammad Qutubullah (1898). The word 'Yavana' in early [[Indian literature]] meant a [[Greeks|Greek]] or any foreigner. At a much later date it was frequently applied to the [[Islam in India|Muslim]] invaders of India.<ref>{{Cite book
| title = Encyclopædia Britannica 2007 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD
| publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica Inc
| chapter = Yavana
| year = 2007
}}</ref> It is quite possible that [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] may have been referred to in this tradition as Yavana ruler. Muslims ruled the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] for centuries and almost all Muslim rulers had [[Persian language|Persian]] as their court language. It seems that Arabic word 'Bir' was eventually pronounced 'Bhir' in the Indian accent and the people mistakenly took this [[Arabic language|Arabic]] word as Persian since the court language of the rulers was Persian. Until recent times after independence, the city was called 'Bir' and 'Bhir' in the official documents.

===In mythology===
[[File:Katba on Babuzzafar.jpg|thumb|A plaque in Persian (فارسى) on Bab-uz-zafar (Kotwali gate) states the re-construction of eastern protection wall by Amir Nawaz Jang in 1835.]]
According to legend, when [[Ravana]], demon king of ''Lanka'' ([[Sri Lanka]]), abducted [[Sita]] (wife of [[Hinduism in India|Hindu]] deity [[Rama]]) and was taking her to Lanka, ''Jatayu'' (eagle) tried to stop him. Ravana cut its wings and wounded Jatayu fell on the ground. When Rama reached there in search of his beloved wife, Jatayu told him the whole story and died. The place where he died is said to be in Beed city and ''Jatashankar'' temple is standing at the place, which is; according to scholars, possibly built by [[Yadavas of Devagiri]].<ref name="PLACE_BHIR"/> However, Jatashankar temples are abundant in other parts of India with same narrations. Another legend also narrates that Beed was called ''Durgavati'' in the period of Pandavas and Kurus who fought a legendary war of [[Mahabharata]].

===Early history===
Early history of the Beed is obscure until it became part of Tughluq empire. If the city was founded in Yadava era then possibly it happened in king Singhana's (1210–47) period, when [[Yadava dynasty]] was at its height. Singhana may have built Kankaleshwar temple with a small surrounding city. Beed came under Muslim rule for the first time in 1317 when Qutb-ud-Din Mubarak Shah (1316–20), the last [[Khalji dynasty|Khalji]], captured Devagiri and Yadava dynasty was ended. Beed remained under Khaljis until 1320 when Ghiyas-ud-Din Tughluq (1320–25) took over. In 1327 [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] (1325–51) made Daulatabad his capital. Firishta narrates that Tughluq and his army camped near Bīr city in 1341 (AH 742 [[Islamic calendar]]) while on the journey back to Daulatabad from [[Warangal]]. The emperor lost one of his teeth here, which he ordered to be buried with much ceremony and a tomb was constructed at the place.<ref>{{Cite book
| title = History of The Rise of The Mahomedan Power in India
| publisher = Longman, London
| author = Firishta, Muhammad Qasim
| year = 1829
| no-pp = true
| page= Volume I, Page 424
| others = John Briggs (translation from original persian text)
}}</ref> The tomb of Tughluq's tooth is in about to collapse condition on a hill near the village ''Karjani'' about 13 km south of the city. Junna Khan one of the governors of Tughluq empire is said to have resided in Beed for quite some time and introduced many reforms for the welfare of the ruled. He diverted the course of Bensura from west to east by constructing a protection wall around the city. Before his time there was no such protection for the city and it was situated on the eastern bank of the river. After that the population was largely shifted to the western part.<ref name="QUAZI"/>
{{wide image|Western view of the remains of Beed fort.jpg|1500px|''Panoramic view of eastern wall of the Fort. It works as a shield for old city from rare but violent floods of Bensura (Bendsura) river which is seen in the photo as a plain area with plenty of shrubs. The wall & burjs of the fort have lost the splendor and is about to crumble.''}}
In 1347 Beed came under Bahmani rule when [[Hasan Gangu]] (1347–58), founder of [[Bahmani Sultanate]], rebelled against Tughluq rule and ascended throne of Daulatabad as Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah. [[Muhammad bin Tughluq|Muhammad Tughluq]] acted vigorously and came to Deccan to subdue the rebels. He recaptured the province of Daulatabad, of which, Beed was a part. Hasan Gangu and other insurgents fled to [[Bidar]] and [[Gulbarga]] through Beed. Before the matter is fully settled a rebel broke in Gujarat and the sultan approached to Gujarat appointing Imad-ul-Mulk as governor in [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]]. Meanwhile, Hasan Gangu attacked Daulatabad and marched towards Beed and captured it. After that the city remained under Bahmanid rule and is said to be flourished under Firuz Shah Bahmani's (1397–1422) rule. During the reign of Humayun Shah Bahmani (1451–61), famous as ''Zālim'' (cruel), his brother Hasan Shah rebelled and came to Beed. A Jagirdar (feudatory) of Beed, Habibullah Shah was his supporter. Humayun Shah sent an army and after a fierce fighting in the grounds of Kankaleshwar temple, the rebellion armies defeated Humayun's army. Humayun became furious and sent another force to defeat the rebels. This time rebels were defeated, Habibullah Shah was killed and captured Hasan Shah was taken to the capital and was put before a hungry lion.<ref name="NATHAPURI"/>

===1600 to 1858===
[[File:Inside of Jama Masjid Beed.jpg|thumb|Inside of the Jama Masjid جامع مسجد (Grand Mosque) of Beed. One of the largest Masjids in Beed, this magnificent structure is built completely in stone and has ten domes. All the domes of Masjid are unique in design and does not match with each other.]]

After the decline of Bahmani Sultanate, the city fell to Nizam Shahi rulers of Ahmadnagar. Several wars were fought in Beed between Nizam Shahi and Adil Shahi rulers of [[Adil Shahi|Bijapur]] to take the control of Beed. In 1598 Mughals captured Beed from [[Chand Bibi]] of Ahmadnagar. A year later Nihang Khan retook it but soon it fell again to [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]]. Mughal army camped here for some time. During the reign of [[Jahangir]] (1569–1627), Jan Sipar Khan was administering Beed city. He constructed Jama Masjid of Beed in 1036 AH (1627).

[[Aurangzeb]] (1658–1707), appointed Haji Sadar Shah in Beed as ''Naib-e-Subadar'' (assistant of governor). Sadar Shah did some good changes and constructions in the city. He built ''Eid Gah'' (place of Eid prayer) in 1702 and a new habitation on the heights in the eastern part as ''Ghazi Pura'' (now Islam Pura) in 1703. The remains of it are still visible. He also constructed a citadel (1703) inside the old fort which was worn out after standing for several hundred years, from Tughluq period. A stone plate in Persian script at the main entry of Jama Masjid sets the year of construction of citadel by Haji Sadar Shah in the year 1115 AH (1703). In his period economy of the city also flourished. Chhagal (water container made from leather), Gupti (hidden sword in wooden stick) etc. made in Beed were popular in the region.<ref name="QUAZI"/>

Beed was quite a beautiful city during Bahmanis and Mughals. ''Tārīkh-e-Bīr'' mentions many gardens and amenities of these periods. Until the 1960s there were two well maintained gardens in the city.
In 1724 Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah founded Asaf Jahi kingdom, seizing Deccan against the rule of Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah (1719–48). In Nizams' era no major addition or construction was done to the citadel because the old building was serving the purpose and the citadels were losing importance with the advent of modern fighting techniques.

[[Maratha]] ruler of [[Gwalior]], [[Mahadji Scindia]] (1761–94) was missing after a severe injury and defeat in the third war of [[Panipat]] in 1761. His wife, who is said to be from Beed, went to a Muslim [[Sufi]] of Beed Mansur Shah and told him to prey for the return of Mahadji. When Mahadji returned to Gwalior, he called the Sufi to Gwalior but he refused and sent his son Habib Shah instead. Mahadji remained thankful to Mansur Shah for all his life. His tomb is in eastern Beed which was built by Scindias.

Reign of sixth Nizam [[Mir Mahbub Ali Khan]] (1869–1911) proved eventful in the history of Beed. Rebels, great famine and floods happened in his reign. Jagirdars were replaced by collectors (''Awwal Taluqdars'') in his father's reign and Jivanji Ratanji came as the first collector of Beed in 1865. Districts were created and Beed district was formally settled in 1883.<ref name="IMPERIAL_GAZETTEER" /> He constructed one habitation and market ''Mahbub Gunj'' (now Hiralal Chowk) on the eastern bank of Bensura, remains of that can still be seen. After a very scarce rainfall in three successive years 1897–99, great famine occurred in Beed in 1900. Thousands of cattle and Hundreds of humans died of starvation and thousands migrated to the neighbouring parts of the country. The census in 1901 reported remarkable decrease of 150,464 in the population of Beed district.<ref name="IMPERIAL_GAZETTEER"/> [[Mir Osman Ali Khan]] (1911–48) came after death of Mahbub Ali Khan as seventh and the last Nizam of Hyderabad State. His period was full of reforms in the government system, education and healthcare. Kotwalis, Police Stations, Schools, Hospitals and Dispensaries were built during his period. He established big libraries with the high schools in the state.<ref>{{Cite web| publisher= maharashtra.gov.in (Government of Maharashtra)| title= Gazetteers Department – Bhir| url= http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Beed/medical_history.html| access-date= 27 February 2007| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070224064022/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Beed/medical_history.html| archive-date= 24 February 2007| url-status= dead| df= dmy-all}}</ref>

Nizams were allies of the [[British Empire]] in India. During the countrywide [[Indian independence movement|movement for independence]], in 19th and 20th centuries they tried to suppress the feelings of [[nationalism]] which were spreading due to nationwide efforts of the freedom fighters. [[Nationalist]]s in the state of Hyderabad did not like Nizam's friendship with the [[British Empire]]. Beed was the place in Marathwada region where freedom struggle first started in 1818.<ref name="JAWWAD">{{Cite book
| title = Riyāsat e Hyderābād mein Jadd o Jahd e Āzādi 1800 – 1900 (Freedom struggle in the state of Hyderabad 1800 – 1900)
| publisher = Bureau for Promotion of Urdu Language, Ministry of Human Resource Development, India.
| author = Rizvi, S. M. Jawwād
| year = 1992
| language = ur
| page=79
}}</ref>

In 1818 during the rule of Nizam Sikandar Jah (1803–29) first rebel broke out in Beed under the leadership of Dharmaji 'Pratap Rao' Garje along with the Peshwa Bajirao II.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.501728 |title=Papers Respecting The Pindarry And Mahratta Wars |date=1824 |language=Unknown}}</ref> Nizam sent the Risala of Navab Murtaza Yar Jang under the command of British Lieutenant John Sutherland. The rebel leader and his brother were captured and a long run rebellion movement in Beed came to an end.<ref name="JAWWAD"/><ref>{{Cite web| publisher= maharashtra.gov.in (Government of Maharashtra)| title= Gazetteers Department – Bhir| url= http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Beed/his_modern_period.html| access-date= 27 February 2007| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070224064538/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Beed/his_modern_period.html| archive-date= 24 February 2007| url-status= dead| df= dmy-all}}</ref>

===1858 to Present===
{{wide image|Beed_Panorama.jpg|1500px|''Panoramic view of a part of Beed city from the eastern hills on a rainy day. Eastern hills in the city and western hill range are visible in the view''}}
Another rebellion broke in 1858 but all the rebels were captured. After this many small incidents of defiance happened against [[British rule]] but all were suppressed by force. A major rebel broke under the leadership of Baba Saheb alias Rao Sahab Deshpande in 1898. The important leaders of this movement were [[Brahmin]]s of Beed and the Deshastha Brahmin officials in police and judiciary also supported the movement. . But after a short fight the rebels were captured and the movement came to an end. But the feelings of defiance could not be suppressed and different movements under the leadership of Swami Ramanand Teerth continued in Marathwada and the state. After independence, Mir Osman Ali Khan was reluctant to join India. Finally, on 12 September 1948 a military action [[Operation Polo]] was launched and the state was easily captured within six days as Nizam's army resisted little. Although Operation Polo caused relatively few casualties, the following communal carnage was all the more terrible. Beed was one of the eight worst hit districts in the state. After calm down, a team visited the town on behalf of Indian government and sent a report to the centre. According to official, [http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1805/18051140.htm Sundarlal Report], 27,000–40,000 Muslims were killed throughout the state. Horrible crimes of abduction and rape of Muslim women's & girls, loot, arson, desecration of masjids, forcible conversions and seizure of houses and lands were mentioned in the report.<ref>{{Cite web
|publisher = Frontline
|title = From the Sundarlal Report
|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1805/18051140.htm
|date= 3–16 March 2001
|access-date=7 March 2007
}}</ref> Some unofficial reports, however, puts the figure of killings up to 50,000 and some even to a few hundred thousand.<ref>{{Cite web
|publisher = Frontline
|title = Of a massacre untold
|author = Noorani, A. G.
|url = http://www.flonnet.com/fl1805/18051130.htm
|date = 3–16 March 2001
|access-date = 7 March 2007
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20051120022556/http://www.flonnet.com/fl1805/18051130.htm
|archive-date = 20 November 2005
|url-status = dead
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>
A plebiscite was held shortly after the military action in which the population voted overwhelmingly in favour of joining India. Many Muslims during and after 1948 migrated to [[Pakistan]]. The city has witnessed communal strife several times in modern India. In 1949 Bendsura Project was launched to provide drinking and irrigation water supply to the city and nearby villages. The project was completed in 1956. In 1952, Beed ''Nagar Pālika'' (Municipal Council) was established under the undivided Hyderabad State. In 1962, a year after the creation of Maharashtra State, Beed District Council (''krushna temple'') came into being after dissolving all the local bodies.<ref name="PLACE_BHIR"/>

== Beed district consists of 11 talukas (tehsils) ==

# [[Ambajogai]]
# [[Ashti, Beed|Ashti]]
# Beed
# [[Dharur, Beed|Dharur]]
# [[Gevrai|Georai]]
# [[Kaij]]
# [[Majalgaon]]
# [[Parli Vaijnath]]
# [[Patoda]]
# [[Wadwani]]
# [[Shirur Kasar]]

These talukas (tehsils) are administrative subdivisions that help manage the region's governance and services like healthcare, education, and infrastructure

==Topography==
[[File:Kapildhara in Balaghat range.jpg|thumb|upright|The Kapildhar fall in Balaghat range about 18 km south of Beed city.]]

===Location===
Beed is situated on the [[Deccan Plateau]], on the banks of the ''Bensura'' river (also called ''Bendsura'' or ''Bindusara''). Bensura is a sub-tributary of [[Godavari]] river originating in the hills of Balaghat range, about 30 km south-west of Beed near the village of ''Waghira''. The river divides the city into smaller eastern and larger western parts. Balaghat Range stretches very close, up to 10 km south of the city resulting in undulating terrain in the eastern part of the city. Soil is coarse and rocky largely consisting of basalt. Thin layers of fertile black soil are also seen in the northern part of the city.
Bensura is a rapid and seasonal river. ''Bendsura Project'' (capacity 7.106 mm3) was constructed on the river in 1955 near the village ''Pāli'', about 10 km south of the city.<ref>{{Cite web
|publisher = maharashtra.gov.in (Government of Maharashtra)
|title = Gazetteers Department – Bhir
|url=http://maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Beed/agri_irrigations.html
|access-date=27 February 2007
| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070224064133/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Beed/agri_irrigations.html| archive-date= 24 February 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref> At some places in the city, the river is narrow and looks like a stream. The river has slop due to undulating terrain which contributes to violent floods when it rains heavy. Floods have repeatedly caused substantial loss of property and life in the history of the city, most recently on 23 July 1989 when a massive flooding of three habitations in the city caused a number of dead or missing and property losses of millions of rupees.<ref name="NATHAPURI">{{Cite book
| title = Zilla Bīr Kī Tārīkh (History of Beed District)
| author = Nathapuri, Abdul Hamīd
| publisher = Asian Printing Press, Gulshan Colony, Jogeshwari (W) Mumbai
| year = 1998
| language = ur
}}</ref> Beed falls under Seismic Hazard Zone-III in India according to the new seismic hazard map updated in 2000 by the [http://www.bis.org.in/''Bureau of Indian Standards'']. The city was under Zone-I prior to this update.<ref>{{Cite web
|publisher = Amateur Seismic Centre – Pune
|title = Amateur Seismic Centre – Pune
|url=http://www.asc-india.org/seismi/seis-maharashtra.htm
|access-date=4 March 2007
}}</ref>
Beed is 400 km from Mumbai.

===Climate===
[[File:Bensura river in Beed city of Maharashtra.jpg|thumb|The Bensura River(Bendsura). It is cleaned of debris and garbage before a monsoon to facilitate the flow of flooding water. Photographed in the monsoon season.]]
The city has [[Semi-arid]], hot and dry climate consisting mainly of three seasons. Summers are long, ranging almost five months from mid February to June. Temperatures in summer fall between 31 °C (87.8 °F) – 40 °C (104 °F) (1997 average). However, it may reach higher than 40 °C in searching summer. May is the hottest month of a year with an average day temperature of 42 °C (107.6 °F). Winters are short with temperatures ranging within 12 °C (53.6 °F) – 20 °C (68 °F). December is the coldest month in a year. Occasionally, temperature may fall as low as 3 °C (37.4 °F) or 4 °C (39.2 °F) due to northern cold waves. Relative humidity in winter is the lowest and December is the driest month in a year with the relative humidity as low as 30%.
Rains are scarce and occur only during the [[Monsoon]] from mid June to September. Annual average rainfall is 66.6 cm (26.22 inches).<ref name="SOCIO_ECO"/> The average rain fall has dropped 9.6 cm from the averages recorded during the 1900s.<ref name="IMPERIAL_GAZETTEER">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V08_120.gif|title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India|date=1908|publisher=Oxford, Clarendon Press|pages=114–117 (volume 8)|chapter=Bhir District|access-date=26 April 2007}}</ref> Average number of rainy days in a year is 41. September gets the maximum rainfall in a year while July has the maximum rainy days. Highest rainfall recorded in 24 hours (19.18 cm) occurred on 17 August 1887.<ref>{{Cite web
|publisher = maharashtra.gov.in (Government of Maharashtra)
|title = Gazetteers Department – Bhir
|url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Beed/gen_climate.html
|access-date=27 February 2007
| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070224062806/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Beed/gen_climate.html| archive-date= 24 February 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref>
Climate of Beed can be compared with that of Pune city's climate.
Beed receives low rainfall because it is located in rain shadow area.

{{Weather box
| location = Beed (1991–2020, extremes 1960–2020)
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 35.0
| Feb record high C = 38.4
| Mar record high C = 43.6
| Apr record high C = 44.6
| May record high C = 47.0
| Jun record high C = 44.3
| Jul record high C = 38.9
| Aug record high C = 38.8
| Sep record high C = 37.8
| Oct record high C = 37.7
| Nov record high C = 34.6
| Dec record high C = 34.0
| year record high C = 47.0
| Jan high C = 29.8
| Feb high C = 32.2
| Mar high C = 36.7
| Apr high C = 39.0
| May high C = 40.7
| Jun high C = 36.2
| Jul high C = 31.2
| Aug high C = 30.6
| Sep high C = 31.1
| Oct high C = 31.8
| Nov high C = 30.1
| Dec high C = 29.0
| year high C = 33.2
| Jan low C = 13.8
| Feb low C = 15.1
| Mar low C = 19.5
| Apr low C = 22.9
| May low C = 25.4
| Jun low C = 24.8
| Jul low C = 23.4
| Aug low C = 22.7
| Sep low C = 21.9
| Oct low C = 20.3
| Nov low C = 16.0
| Dec low C = 12.4
| year low C = 19.9
| Jan record low C = 4.0
| Feb record low C = 4.6
| Mar record low C = 9.4
| Apr record low C = 13.0
| May record low C = 16.5
| Jun record low C = 20.2
| Jul record low C = 19.8
| Aug record low C = 18.0
| Sep record low C = 15.7
| Oct record low C = 10.5
| Nov record low C = 5.0
| Dec record low C = 5.0
| year record low C = 4.0
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 1.1
| Feb rain mm = 2.3
| Mar rain mm = 6.2
| Apr rain mm = 10.2
| May rain mm = 9.2
| Jun rain mm = 115.9
| Jul rain mm = 145.7
| Aug rain mm = 128.5
| Sep rain mm = 190.7
| Oct rain mm = 79.9
| Nov rain mm = 8.7
| Dec rain mm = 6.7
| year rain mm = 705.0
| Jan rain days = 0.1
| Feb rain days = 0.1
| Mar rain days = 0.5
| Apr rain days = 0.9
| May rain days = 0.9
| Jun rain days = 6.3
| Jul rain days = 8.5
| Aug rain days = 7.8
| Sep rain days = 9.7
| Oct rain days = 4.4
| Nov rain days = 0.7
| Dec rain days = 0.3
| year rain days = 40.2
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 38
| Feb humidity = 29
| Mar humidity = 24
| Apr humidity = 29
| May humidity = 25
| Jun humidity = 48
| Jul humidity = 65
| Aug humidity = 68
| Sep humidity = 64
| Oct humidity = 54
| Nov humidity = 50
| Dec humidity = 46
|year humidity = 45
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = April 8, 2024
}}</ref><ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Bir (Beed) Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 153–154
| access-date = 3 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M139
| access-date = 3 April 2020}}</ref>
}}

==Demographics==

At the time of the 2011 census, Beed Municipal Council has a population of 146,709. Males are 75,566 and females 71,143, for a sex ratio of 941 females per 1000 males. 13.60% of the population is under 6 years of age, and the child sex ratio is 854. Beed has a literacy rate of 89.34%. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 9.51% and 0.90% of the population respectively.<ref name="districtcensus">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Beed |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/782/download/2778/DH_2011_2727_PART_A_DCHB_BID.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

Death rate is 3 which is lower than the national average of 8.2. Infant mortality rate is 71 per thousand live births which is much higher than the national average of 54.6 deaths for thousand live births. Maternal mortality rate however, is 1 which is extremely lower than the national average of 540.<ref name="POOR">{{Cite web
|publisher = Empower Poor.Com
|title = Empower Poor.Com
|url = http://www.empowerpoor.com/districtdetail.asp?district=46
|access-date = 20 April 2007
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071018012251/http://www.empowerpoor.com/districtdetail.asp?district=46
|archive-date = 18 October 2007
|url-status = dead
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>
Beed district has got the lowest [[sex ratio]] in Maharashtra State. Beed has the lowest male-female sex ratio in the age group of 0–6 years (801 as against 1000 male children) as per the 2011 census. Maharashtra's sex ratio in the age group of 0–6 years is 883 girls as against 1000 boys.<ref name="IBN">{{Cite web
|publisher=IBN Live
|title = Mah govt worried over skewed sex ratio in Beed; meet on May 20, IBN Live News
|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/mah-govt-worried-over-skewed-sex-ratio-in-beed-meet-on-may-20/687466.html
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015105245/http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/mah-govt-worried-over-skewed-sex-ratio-in-beed-meet-on-may-20/687466.html
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=15 October 2012
|access-date=18 May 2011
}}</ref>

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Beed City (2011)<ref name="Religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Maharashtra|Hinduism]]|darkorange|53.75}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Maharashtra|Islam]]|green|40.63}}
{{bar percent|[[Marathi Buddhists|Buddhism]]|mediumblue|3.22}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism in Maharashtra|Jainism]]|pink|1.60}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.80}}
}}

Even this small town is an evidence of India's religious and cultural diversity. 69.15 km2 of land is home for Hindu, Muslim, [[Buddhist]], [[Jain]], [[Christians|Christian]] and [[Sikh]] communities. A calculated Hindu population in the town comprises around 54%. 12,307 Hindus were living in the town in 1901, which was 69.64% of the then population.<ref name="IMPERIAL_GAZETTEER"/> Moreover, Jain population was also considered as Hindu at that time. 4,993 Muslims were living in the town in 1901 which was 28.25% of the then population.<ref name="IMPERIAL_GAZETTEER"/> Today Muslims are nearly 41% of the population in the city.<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religious Community: Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=census.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> Buddhists and Jains are small minorities.

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Language in Beed City (2011)<ref name="Language"/>
|label1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value1 = 52.35 |color1 = red
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 35.47 |color2 = green
|label3 = [[Hindi]] |value3 = 7.80 |color3 = orange
|label4 = [[Marwari language|Marwari]] |value4 = 2.32 |color4 = maroon
|label5 = Other |value5 = 2.06 |color5 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 52.35% of the population spoke [[Marathi language|Marathi]], 35.47% [[Urdu]], 7.80% [[Hindi]] and 2.32% [[Marwari language|Marwari]] as their first language.<ref name="Language">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Maharashtra (Town level) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10253/download/13365/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Culture==
[[File:Jatra Khandeshwari.jpg|thumb|''Jatra'' — night view of Khandeshwari jatra which is held during Dussehra each year.]]
{{See also|Tourism in Marathwada}}

There are no public places in the city except cinema halls and a small, little maintained garden. Till few years back there were seven cinema halls, but now in 2018 only two are remaining; namely 'Asha' and 'Santoshimata'. Two parks were maintained until 1969 by the municipal council.<ref name="PLACE_BHIR"/>

==Economy==
Beed has a growing economy with a rapid growth. In 1997, Sarma committee listed Beed as one of the 100 most rapid growing districts in [[India]].{{citation needed|date=December 2017}} After this listing the government of India and the government of Maharashtra specified Beed town as 'D' zone and declared tax holiday and concessions to lure the investors in the district.<ref>{{Cite web
|publisher = Government of Maharashtra
|title = www.mah.nic.in/beed_district/dicothe.html
|url = http://www.mah.nic.in/beed_district/dicothe.html
|access-date = 17 November 2007
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090414131617/http://www.mah.nic.in/beed_district/dicothe.html
|archive-date = 14 April 2009
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> Without proper arrangement of water supply and transport facility, this declaration resulted nothing. Economic backwardness is attributed to the lack of natural resources, frequent droughts, lack of good transport facilities and corruption.<ref name="PROFILE" /> Economy entirely depends on monsoon dependent agriculture, service sector and small businesses. Beed is one of the poorest districts of Maharashtra (in the bottom 10 in 2019-2022) with Per capita [[Gross Domestic Product|GDP]] of [[Rupee|Rs]] 128,660 (about $1812) which was much lower than the [[Maharashtra]] State average GDP [[Rupee|Rs]] 229,488 (about $3232) in 2019-2020.<ref name="SIES-DDPM">{{Cite web
|title=District Domestic Product of Maharashtra 2011-12 to 2019-20
|author1=Kamdar, S.
|author2=Basak, A.
|name-list-style=amp
|publisher=DIRECTORATE OF ECONOMICS & STATISTICS, PLANNING DEPARTMENT, GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA, MUMBAI.
|url=https://mahades.maharashtra.gov.in/files/report/SIES-DISTRICT_2011-12.pdf
|access-date=23 January 2023
}}</ref>

==Health==
Beed was in the international news in August 1994 for the outbreak of [[Bubonic Plague]]. To some researchers, though, the disease detected here resembled Plague but could not be substantiated as per [[World Health Organization|WHO]] criteria.<ref>{{Cite book
| title = Plague that never was: A review of the alleged Plague outbreaks in India in 1994
| author = Deodhar/ Yemul/ Banerjee
| publisher = Journal of Public Health Policy, Vol. 19, No. 2
| year = 1998
}}</ref>

==Media and communication==
[[File:Akshwani Beed landscape.jpg|thumb|Radio transmission tower of Akashwani Beed from the eastern hills]]More than a dozen [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and two [[Urdu]] dailys are published from the city. Beed Reporter (newspaper), Champavati Patra, Lok Prashna, Lokasha, Parshv Bhumi and Zunjar Neta are major Marathi dailies.alhilal times one and only Urdu news paper daily published Local and regional news, crime stories and articles on local issues and politics are common features of the dailies. Marathi, Urdu, Hindi and English dailies including national dailies publishing from different cities of India also have consumers in city. No magazines are published in the city, but all the major national magazines do have readers.

[[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited]] (BSNL), a state owned telephone service provider, has more than 15,000 customers. It has also introduced broadband [[internet]] lines.

Some enthusiasts have started a local cable channel ‘Beed News’. It provides local news coverage and plays movies rest of the time.

[[All India Radio]] Beed, at [[Frequency modulation|FM]] 102.9 MHz,<ref>{{Cite web
|author = Alan G. Davies
|publisher = Asiawaves
|title = Radio Stations in Maharashtra – India
|url=http://www.asiawaves.net/india/maharashtra-radio.htm
|access-date=4 March 2007
| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070227054433/http://www.asiawaves.net/india/maharashtra-radio.htm| archive-date= 27 February 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref> broadcasts news, film and folk music, programmes of ''Vividh Bharti'' and programmes based on agriculture and health education.

==Issues and challenges in the 21st century==
Beed district as a whole —
* Population below poverty line = 32.4%
* Sex ratio = 912 (rural) [[female|♀]]/[[male|♂]]
* Estimated coverage of safe drinking water (habitations) = 66.1%
* Villages not connected by paved roads = 52.82%<ref>{{Cite web
|publisher = Empower Poor.Com
|title = Empower Poor.Com
|url = http://www.empowerpoor.org/backgrounder.asp?report=19
|access-date = 27 February 2007
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070822212524/http://www.empowerpoor.org/backgrounder.asp?report=19
|archive-date = 22 August 2007
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

Beed has a long history as a neglected and backward area. Industrial and economic backwardness, lack of good transport facility, electricity and literacy were the issues in the 1960s and they are the same even today.<ref name="PROFILE">{{Cite web |title = Marathwada Profile |author = Srinivasan, S. | work = Rediff.com |url=http://www.rediff.com/election/2004/oct/06maha1.htm |access-date=26 February 2007 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070205104313/http://www.rediff.com/election/2004/oct/06maha1.htm| archive-date= 5 February 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|publisher = maharashtra.gov.in (Government of Maharashtra)
|title = Gazetteers Department of Beed district
|url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Beed/ind_intro.html
|access-date=27 February 2007
| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070224062249/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Beed/ind_intro.html| archive-date= 24 February 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref> Many elections have been fought with the issue of [[railway]] line facility. In the recent times the list of issues has gone up with a shortage of drinking water supply and electricity, frequent droughts, failing crops and suicide of farmers, unemployment, corruption and increasing crimes.<ref name="PROFILE"/> Beed also records highest power theft in Maharashtra. Nearly 60% power supplied to the district is stolen before it can reach to the consumers who pay for it. Further, unpaid electricity bills runs to almost [[Rupee]]s 4540 million (about $113 M) .<ref>{{Cite news| url = http://www.ndtv.com/morenews/showmorestory.asp?category=National&id=101803| title = Beed Records Highest Power Theft| work = Ramachandran, Anupama | publisher = NDTV.com | date = 6 March 2006}}</ref>

The district ranks 143rd in literacy in India based on IndianNgos.com research and analysis of 586 districts throughout India.<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=IndianNGOs.com |title=IndianNGOs.com |url=http://www.indianngos.com/districts.beed_about.htm |access-date=1 March 2007 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|publisher=IndianNGOs.com
|title=IndianNGOs.com
|url=http://www.indianngos.com/issue/education/districts/beed.htm
|access-date=1 March 2007
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070309005616/http://www.indianngos.com/issue/education/districts/beed.htm
|archive-date=9 March 2007
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> On [[Human Development Index]] (HDI), using [[United Nations Development Programme|UNDP]] method, Beed ranks 18th out of 30 districts in the State of Maharashtra, with 0.47 HDI. It is 7th poorest district in the state with [[Human Poverty Index]] (HPI) of 21.21.<ref name="HDI">{{Cite web
|title=Beyond the Human Development Index, Preliminary Notes on Deprivation and Inequality
|author1=Kamdar, S.
|author2=Basak, A.
|name-list-style=amp
|publisher=Mumbai University
|url=http://www.mu.ac.in/economics/File60_Sangitawp1.pdf
|access-date=27 February 2007
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060209151700/http://www.mu.ac.in/economics/File60_Sangitawp1.pdf
|archive-date=9 February 2006
}}</ref>
Deforestation, desertification, frequent droughts, shrinking water reservoirs and extreme shortages of drinking water, especially in rural areas are major issues which needs urgent attention. Beed district, according to the official statistics, has only 2.47% forest area, that too of lower quality.<ref name="SOCIO_ECO"/>
Attitude of people is the major concern. As the literacy is quite low, bringing change starts with change in the outlook and behaviour of people.

==Historical buildings==
[[File:Fateh Burj of Bab uz Zafar (Kotwali Gate) in Beed.jpg|thumb|Bāb-uz-Zafar (Gate of success) — now known as Kotwali Ves (Kotwali gate) was re-built in 1835 on the western bank of Bendsura. The gate is now in poor condition and the adjacent Fatah Burj on left is almost gone.]]
[[File:India2012 Maharashtra Bid Khandoba Tempel.jpg|thumb|[[Khandoba Temple, Beed]]]][[File:Kankaleshwar temple beed.jpg|thumb|Kanakaleshwar Temple]]
[[File:Shahinsha wali beed.jpg|thumb|upright|This main entrance of ''Kochak Shah'' alias Shahinshah Wali tomb was constructed by Amīr Nawāz Jang in 1830.]]
[[File:Mansur Shah tomb.jpg|thumb|''Mansur Shah'' tomb in the eastern part of Beed city.]]
[[File:Khazana well near Beed city.jpg|thumb|[[Khajana Bawdi|Khajana well]] about 6 km south of the city.]]

Beed is home to several historical buildings,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/docs/default-source/district-draft-toursim-plans/beed---district-tourism-plan.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=18 July 2016 |archive-date=21 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821063129/https://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/docs/default-source/district-draft-toursim-plans/beed---district-tourism-plan.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> some of the noteworthy are:

The Kanakaleshwar Temple which is one of old temples in beed. It is a temple of Lord Shiva. It is surrounded by water from all sides.

The [[Khandoba]] temple is situated on the eastern hills. Built in [[Hemadpanti architecture|Hemadpanti]] style. Two symmetrical, octagonal ''dīpmal'' (tower of light) rising 21.33 meters (70 ft) are standing in front of the temple. Towers have carved figures of humans and animals, now most of them defaced. There are two stories about the construction of this temple. One says that it was built by Sultanji Nimbalkar a Jagirdar of Nizam era. The other says that it was built by [[Mahadji Scindia]]. ''Tārīkh-e-Bīr'' (History of Beed) mentions it with Nimbalkar.<ref name="QUAZI" />

The Jama Masjid (Grand Mosque) is a Masjid situated in the centre of the city at ''Quila'' (fort) and is one of the largest Masjids of Beed city. It was built during the period of [[Mughal emperor]] Jahāngīr (1605–27) by his official in Beed ''Jān Sipār Khan'' in 1627 (1036 Islamic Year).<ref name="NATHAPURI"/> Constructed completely in stone, it has ten huge domes and four minarets. All the domes are having different designs from inside and does not match with each other.

The Shahinshah Wali tomb: Shahinshah Wali was a [[Sufi]] of the 14th century from Chishtiya clan. He came to Beed during the rule of [[Muhammad bin Tughluq|Muhammad Tughluq]]. His tomb and surrounding areas were built in different periods from 1385 to 1840. The details can be seen in the history of Beed. It is situated on the eastern elevations. Each year an ''Urs'' (fair) is held here on 2nd day of ''Rabi’ Al-Awwal'', third month of [[Islamic calendar]].<ref name="NATHAPURI"/>

The Mansur Shah tomb: Mansur Shah was 18th century Sufi of ''Suharwardy'' clan of Sufis. He is said to be a ''Dharma Guru'' (spiritual teacher) of Mahadji Scindia. His tomb is in the eastern part of Beed near Khandeshwari temple. The dome of the shrine is made of marble.<ref name="NATHAPURI"/>

==Notable people==

*[[Bhaskaracharya]], famous mathematician
*[[Sundarrao Solanke]], Indian politician who served as Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra state
*[[Gopinath Munde|Gopinathrao Munde]], senior leader of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
*[[Pankaja Munde]], Indian politician belonging to the Bharatiya Janata Party
*[[Dhananjay Munde]], member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]], representing the [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
*[[Sanjay Bangar]], Cricket player and Indian team coach<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/sanjay-bangar-16-facts-about-indias-batting-coach-who-once-played-for-the-country-509091|title=Sanjay Bangar: 16 facts about India's batting coach who once played for the country|first=Chinmay|last=Jawalekar|date=11 October 2017|work=Cricket County}}</ref>
*[[Makarand Anaspure]], Marathi actor and producer
*[[Sandeep Pathak (actor)|Sandeep Pathak]], Marathi Actor
*[[Mohammad Nubairshah Shaikh]], Chess - [[International Master]] & Recipient of the [[Shiv Chhatrapati Award]]<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XRUjn4yQ5XY |title=20 people from the village of Beed came to witness him winning the award! :) |date=2018-02-17 |last=ChessBase India |access-date=2026-02-05 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
*[[Prakashdada Solanke]] MLA
*[[Suresh Dhas]], member of the Maharashtra Legislative Council and former state minister Maharashtra
*[[Vimal Mundada]], Indian politician belonging to the [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
*[[Sachin Dhas]], Indian cricketer u-19 represent India team in 2024

==See also==
*[[Marathwada]]
*[[Sonesangavi]]
*[[Kaij]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* Qazi, M. Q. Bīri (1898): ''Tārīkh-e-Bīr (History of Beed in Urdu).''
* Nathapuri, Abdul Hamīd (1998): ''Zila Bīr Kī Tarīkh (History of Beed District in Urdu).'' Asian Printing Press, Gulshan Colony, Jogeshwari (W) Mumbai.
* [http://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Beed/home.html ''Gazette of Beed district (1969)''] Gazetteers department–Bhir (Beed). Out of print but available online at the government of Maharashtra web site.
* [http://beed.nic.in Official website of Beed district]
* [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer ''The Imperial Gazetteer of India.''] New edition, published under the authority of His Majesty's secretary of state for India in council. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1908–1931. Editors – Hunter, William Wilson, Sir, 1840–1900 /Cotton, James Sutherland, 1847–1918 ed./Burn, Richard, Sir, 1871–1947 joint ed./Meyer, William Stevenson, Sir, 1860–1922. joint ed.
* {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20071016201841/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1805/18051140.htm ''From the Sundarlal Report'']}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20010710073820/http://www.flonnet.com/ Frontline], Volume 18, Issue 05, 3–16 March 2001
* {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20011230164312/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1805/18051130.htm Noorani, A. G. ''Of a Massacre Untold''.]}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20010710073820/http://www.flonnet.com/ Frontline], Volume 18, Issue 05, 3–16 March 2001

==External links==
{{Sister project links|Beed|voy=Yes}}
*[http://beed.nic.in Official website of the Beed district]

{{Authority control}}

{{Geographic location
| Centre = Beed
| North = [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], [[Jalna (city)|Jalna]]
| Northeast = [[Parbhani]]
| East = [[Ambajogai]], [[Parli, Maharashtra|Parli]]
| Southeast = [[Latur]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]
| South = [[Osmanabad]], [[Gulbarga]]
| Southwest = [[Barshi]], [[Solapur]]
| West = [[Ahmednagar]], [[Pune]], [[Mumbai]]
| Northwest = [[Nashik]], [[Sangamner]]
}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Beed district]]
[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Cities in Maharashtra]]

Salma Sultan

2026-02-13T11:56:44Z

GlennVarner228: Adding first post more to come

{{Short description|Indian television journalist and director}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Salma Sultan
| birth_name =
| image =
| caption = Salma Sultan – renowned Journalist/DD Director
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1947|3|16}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| known_for =
| education = {{nowrap|[[Indraprastha College for Women]]}}
| occupation = [[News anchor]] at [[Doordarshan]]
| years_active= 1967–2005
| relatives =
| spouse = Aamir Kidwai
| children = 2
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Salma Sultan''' (born 16 March 1947) is an Indian television journalist and director. Having worked as a [[news anchor]] in [[Doordarshan]] from 1967 till 1997, she later went into directing television shows.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/stoi/The-Doordarshan-Divas/articleshow/2677780.cms |title=The Doordarshan Divas |work=The Times of India |date=6 January 2008 |accessdate=13 October 2013}}</ref> Sultan had initiated a trend-wearing a signature rose tucked under her left ear in her hair, and draping the border of her sari around her neck in a modern yet traditional way. It was later picked up by almost all the women newsreaders.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/02/25/stories/2010022550070100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015194804/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/02/25/stories/2010022550070100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 October 2013 |title=Metro Plus Madurai / Miscellany : Gracefully yours! |date=25 February 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=13 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.timescrest.com/culture/the-sultan-of-news-3687 |title=The Sultan of news | Culture |publisher=Times Crest |date=9 October 2010 |accessdate=13 October 2013 |archive-date=15 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015033015/http://www.timescrest.com/culture/the-sultan-of-news-3687 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20071001-we-the-eyeballs-734164-2007-09-23 |title=We the eyeballs : Cover Story |work=India Today |date=24 September 2007 |access-date=13 October 2013}}</ref>

==Early life and education==

Salma Sultan was born as second child to scholar and secretary in the Ministry of Agriculture, Mohammed Asghar Ansari, and a homemaker mother. Salma had an elder sister [[Maimoona Sultan]] (a four-time [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] Member of Parliament from [[Bhopal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhopal]]). Salma and Maimoona were great-great-granddaughter of [[Shuja Shah Durrani|Shah Shuja]] of Afghanistan. Salma did her schooling and graduation from [[Bhopal]]. She did her post graduation in English from [[Indraprastha College for Women]], [[Delhi]] and simultaneously gave audition for an announcer on [[Doordarshan]] at the age of 23.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19990405/ige05140.html |title=Cycling down sepia-toned lanes of Chandni Chowk |work=The Indian Express |date=5 April 1999 |accessdate=13 October 2013}}</ref>

==Career==

[[Pratima Puri]] and Gopal Kaul were regular faces then in [[Doordarshan]], which started its operations on 15 September 1959.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070110/himplus1.htm |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Himachal PLUS |work=The Tribune |accessdate=13 October 2013}}</ref> Doordarshan began a 5-minute news bulletin in 1965. Salma Sultan gave the first news of [[assassination of Indira Gandhi]] on [[Doordarshan]]'s evening news on 31 October 1984, more than 10 hours after she was shot.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-riots-that-could-not-be-televised/536471/ |title=The riots that could not be televised |work=The Indian Express |date=3 November 2009 |accessdate=13 October 2013}}</ref>

===As director===
After her retirement, Salma Sultan moved to directing serials on social topics for Doordarshan under her production house Lensview Private Limited.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/849481/three-doordarshan-era-anchors-recall-what-a-dignified-era-of-television-news-looked-like |title=Three Doordarshan-era anchors recall what a dignified era of television news looked like |date=25 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Rana Siddiqui Zaman |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/gracefully-yours/article110223.ece |title=Gracefully yours! |work=The Hindu |date=22 February 2010 |accessdate=13 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/age-of-innocence/article661957.ece |title=Age of innocence |work=The Hindu |date=25 October 2009 |accessdate=13 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{ cite news|title=Wide Angle Screen|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/wide-angle-screen/1170953/|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=22 September 2013|accessdate=18 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name=widow>{{cite web |title=Lost And Found-ANNIVERSARY ISSUE: 30 LOST AND FOUND |url=http://archives.digitaltoday.in/indiatoday/20060703/lostfound.html |work=[[India Today]] |date=3 July 2006 |accessdate=3 July 2006}}</ref> Her serials Panchtantra Se, Suno Kahani, Swar Mere Tumhare and Jalte Sawal drew attention. Panchantra Se used to be telecast soon after [[Mahabharat (1988 TV series)|Mahabharata]] in 1989 and did very well.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/03/25/stories/2004032501030400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041226190547/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/03/25/stories/2004032501030400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 December 2004 |title=The Queen of Roses |date=25 March 2004 |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=13 October 2013}}</ref> Jalte Sawal was a serial on women issues, which was telecasted in 2004 on DD News on Sundays at 11 a.m.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040222/punjab1.htm |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Punjab |work=The Tribune |accessdate=13 October 2013}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Salma Sultan is widow of Aamir Kidwai, who worked for [[Engineers India]] (EIL). Sultan's son Saad Kidwai is an Income Tax Commissioner and her daughter Sana is a choreographer. Salma has two grandchildren.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20060703-thirty-newsmakers-from-the-pages-of-indian-history-782869-2006-07-02 |title=Lost and found-Thirty newsmakers from the pages of Indian history and where they are now: Cover Story – India Today |work=[[India Today]] |date=3 July 2006 |access-date=3 July 2006}}</ref> Saad Kidwai is married to Geti Khan Kidwai (born 1978), a designer and they have two children- Samar and Mehar. Saad and Geti are now settled in BRS Nagar, [[Ludhiana]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-18/ludhiana/32730179_1_royal-women-women-score-style-icons |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016085912/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-18/ludhiana/32730179_1_royal-women-women-score-style-icons |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 October 2013 |title=She brought 'ghararas' to Ludhiana |date=18 July 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=18 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-15/ludhiana/30629440_1_autobiography-clothes-bollywood-celebs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016083448/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-15/ludhiana/30629440_1_autobiography-clothes-bollywood-celebs |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 October 2013 |title=Geti wants to design clothes for Aishwarya |date=15 January 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=15 January 2012}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* {{YouTube|L148mipv3_Q|Salma Sultan reading news of Indira Gandhi's death}}
* {{YouTube|wZhYoQ0qnOE|Doordarshan history by Salma Sultan}}
* {{YouTube|R8DoJdc_83c|Panchtantra Se serial episode}}
* {{YouTube|S4EvYSV3Gdk|Suno Kahani serial episode}}
* {{YouTube|BsEdbf9gpJg|Swar Mere Tumhare serial promo}}
* {{YouTube|h_OKaiwLyGs|Roshni Ka Safar serial promo}}
* {{YouTube|yH2_JnPG_FY|Doordarshan 50 years in 2009}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sultan, Salma}}
[[Category:Indian women television journalists]]
[[Category:Indian television news anchors]]
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Journalists from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indraprastha College for Women alumni]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian women television directors]]
[[Category:Indian television directors]]
[[Category:Doordarshan journalists]]
[[Category:People from Raisen district]]
[[Category:Indian women television presenters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Women writers from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women journalists]]

Subhash Palekar

2026-02-12T02:54:26Z

GlennVarner228: Adding basic post first draft

{{short description|Indian agriculturist (born 1949)}}
{{Infobox person
| name= Subhash Palekar
| image= [[File:Subhas Palekar.JPG|200px|Subhash Palekar]]
| caption= Subhash Palekar
| birth_date= {{Birth date and age|1949|7|1|df=y}}
| birth_place= [[Iyo, Ehime|Maharashtra]], India
| known_for= Philosophy, [[Natural farming]]
| notable_works= 'Holistic Spiritual Farming'
| occupation= [[Agricultural science|Agricultural scientist]], farmer, author
| education=
| awards=
| website=
}}

'''Subhash Palekar''' (born 1 July 1949) is an Indian [[agriculturist]] who practiced and wrote many books about Subhash Palekar Natural Farming (previously called [[Zero Budget Natural Farming]]).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2018/dec/09/train-zbnf-farmers-in-english-chief-minister-1909152.html|title=ZBNF farmers must be trained in English: Andhra CM Chandrababu Naidu|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2019-06-09}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/centre-discusses-palekar-farming-pattern-for-natl-use/articleshow/64992712.cms|title=Centre discusses Subhash Palekar farming pattern for national use |date=July 15, 2018|first=Snehlata |last=Shrivastav |website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-06-09}}</ref>

Palekar was born in 1949<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/himachal-pradesh/shimla-interview-dr-subhash-palekar-18501661.html|title=नहीं चाहता कि मेरी पत्नी की तरह जहरीले खाद्य से कोई मरे : डॉ. सुभाष पालेकर|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi|access-date=2019-06-09}}</ref> in a small village Belora in the [[Vidarbha|Vidarbha region]] of [[Maharashtra]] in India, and he has an agricultural background. He practised Zero Budget [[Natural Farming]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.atimysore.gov.in/PDF/action_research1.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-12-03 |archive-date=2015-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501090140/http://www.atimysore.gov.in/PDF/action_research1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> without using pesticides to cultivate. He has conducted many workshops all over India and was awarded India's fourth highest civilian award the [[Padma Shri]] in 2016<ref name=":3">{{cite web | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/parliamentary-affairs-minister-m-venkaiah-naidu-congratulates-farmer-winning-padma-shri/ | title=Venkaiah Naidu congratulates farmer on winning Padma Shri | publisher=[[Indian Express]] | date=25 January 2016 | accessdate=25 January 2016}}</ref>

==Education and profession==

Palekar has a bachelor's degree in agriculture from the Shri Shivaji Agriculture College, Amravati.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/opinion/natural-wisdom-can-save-agriculture-1502680003.html|title=Natural wisdom can save agriculture|date=2018-09-01|website=The Statesman|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-09}}</ref> During college education he was working with tribal people in Satpuda Tribal region. In 1972 he joined the family farm with his father, a natural farmer.<ref name=":4" /> Having learned of pesticides and artificial fertilizers at college, Palekar started applying them on his farm. While working from 1972 to 1990, he also wrote many media articles on agriculture, while experimenting with new farming techniques.

He was attracted to the philosophy (Indian ancient thinking) of the [[Vedas]], [[Upanishads]], and all ancient Granthas. His Spiritual background was inspired by Saint Dhnyaneshwar, Saint Tukaram and Saint Kabir. Searching for truth, he studied [[Gandhi]] and [[Karl Marx]] comparatively. Gandhi's philosophy of non-violence appealed to him more. Prominent Indian personalities like Gandhi, Shivaji, Jyotiba Phule, Vivekananda and Tagore helped reinforce his belief in absolute natural truth and nonviolence (Satya & Ahimsa). From 1972 to 1985, while farming with [[Green Revolution]] chemical inputs, his agricultural production increased. But after this date, yields started declining. After searching the causes for three years he concluded agricultural science was inferior to natural farming methods.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/zbnf-is-suitable-for-all-of-states-agro-climatic-zones-subhash-palekar/article24962849.ece|title=ZBNF is suitable for all of State's agro-climatic zones: Subhash Palekar|last=Kumar|first=B. s Satish|date=2018-09-17|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-06-09|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==New beginning==
While at college, he studied tribal peoples' lifestyles and social structure, and forest ecosystems. He realized the forest does not require human assistance for its existence and growth. The forests have fruit-bearing trees such as [[Mango]], Ber, [[Tamarind]], Jamulum and Custard Apple which feed the forest inhabitants. Therefore, he embarked on a research on the natural growth of trees. For twenty years studied forest vegetation, and applying forest principles on his farm from 1989 to 1995 in 154 research projects. These provided the basis for Zero Budget Natural Farming, his unique approach to farming involving manures and agroecology. Study materials have been offered to farmers throughout India by means of continuous workshops, seminars, and books in Marathi, Hindi, English, Kannada, Telugu, and Tamil. Thousands of models farms exist throughout India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/909758/can-andhra-pradeshs-ambitious-plan-to-stop-the-use-of-chemicals-in-farms-succeed|title=Can Andhra Pradesh's ambitious plan to stop the use of chemicals in farms succeed?|last=Bhattacharya|first=Aritra|website=Scroll.in|date=13 February 2019 |language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-09}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/9-day-programme-to-be-held-in-tiruchy-for-farmers-119010400804_1.html|title=9-day programme to be held in Tiruchy for farmers|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2019-01-04|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2019-06-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/natural-wisdom-made-him-a-farmer-with-a-difference/article26475978.ece|title='Natural' wisdom made hima farmer with a difference|last=Umashanker|first=K.|date=2019-03-09|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-06-09|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/it-is-back-to-nature-for-these-urban-farmers/article25266501.ece|title=It is back to nature for these urban farmers|last=K|first=Sarumathi|date=2018-10-20|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-06-09|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Palekar was in the editorial team of Bali Raja, a renowned Marathi Agricultural Magazine in Pune, Maharashtra until 1998. He has written more than 20 books in Marathi, 4 books in English, and 3 books in Hindi. All the books in Marathi are to be translated in all Indian languages.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}} His movement has attracted the attention of the media, politicians and thinkers. More than 30 million farmers throughout India are practicing Zero Budget Natural Farming, in parts of [[Maharashtra]], [[Karnataka]], [[Telangana]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Kerala]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Gujarat]] and [[West Bengal]].<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":0" />

On 14 June 2017, Sri. Subhash Palekar was appointed as advisor to the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] on Zero Budget Farming with the aim of encouraging natural farming. The advisor role is equivalent to cabinet rank. [[Himachal Pradesh]] state government and [[Karnataka]] state government is also keen on using Palekar's techniques.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/himachal-set-to-emerge-as-natural-farming-hub.html|title=Himachal set to emerge as natural farming hub|website=The Pioneer|language=en|access-date=2019-06-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/himachal-pradesh-50000-farmers-to-be-trained-in-natural-farming/articleshow/69497586.cms|title=Himachal Pradesh: 50,000 farmers to be trained in natural farming|last1=Anand|first1=Bodh |date=May 25, 2019|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-06-09}}</ref> Palekar has given presentation to [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] on zero budget natural farming.<ref name=":1" />

==Awards==
Palekar received fourth highest civilian award [[Padma Shri|Padma shri]] in 2016 from Government of India thus becoming first active Indian farmer to do so.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/kids/Go-natural/article14412569.ece|title=Go natural|last=Kurian|first=Nimi|date=2016-06-09|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-06-09|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Natural farming|Natural Farming]]
*[[Shripad Dabholkar]]
*[[Bhaskar Save]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
Official site:

{{DEFAULTSORT:Palekar, Subhash}}
[[Category:Indian agronomists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in other fields]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian farmers]]

2026 Delhi Queer Pride

2026-02-09T17:00:49Z

GlennVarner228: Redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Delhi Queer Pride Parade]]

[[Category:February 2026 in India]]

Om Namah Shivay (1997 TV series)

2026-02-03T04:19:22Z

GlennVarner228: Article updated with improved flow

{{short description|Indian mythological television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Distinguish | Om Namah Shivay (2018 TV series)}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Om nama shivayaa title card.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Spirituality]]
| creator =
| director = [[Dheeraj Kumar]]
| screenplay = Darshan Laad
| writer = Vikas Kapoor
| music = Sharang Dev
| opentheme = [[Jasraj|Pt. Jasraj]]
| starring = [[Samar Jai Singh]] Yashodhan Rana Gayatri Shastri
| narrated = [[Rishabh Shukla]] Dilip Sinha
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 208<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k2/nov/nov136.htm|title=Sony to run old DD mytho in afternoon band|date=30 November 2002|publisher=Indiantelevision.com|accessdate=30 November 2009}}</ref>
| producer = Zuby Kochhar
| runtime = 45 minutes
| company = Creative Eye
| network = [[DD National]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|1997|01|19}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19970115-doordarshan-tries-to-prop-up-its-national-channel-dd-831717-1997-01-14|title=Doordarshan tries to prop up its national channel DD1}}</ref>
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2001|01|07}}
}}
'''Om Namah Shivay''' is an Indian television series that aired on [[DD National]] based on the [[Shiva Purana]].

==Plot==
The plot centers around Shiva and brings Hindu theology to life in a series of interconnected stories. The serial begins with the creation of the universe and the other Devas, then guides the viewer through Shiva's marriage to Sati, Sati's death, Shiva's marriage to Parvati, and tales of many devotional acts, demonic battles, and important religious events (such as the creation of the twelve [[Jyotirlinga]]s). It ends with events covered in the ''[[Mahābhārata]]'' and the blessing of the hero [[Arjuna]] by Shiva.

Sources included ''[[Vayu Purana]], Shiva Purana, [[Skanda Purana]], [[Linga Purana]], Tantra Churamani, [[Ramayana|Valmiki Ramayana]], [[Shvetashvatara Upanishad]], [[Vamana Purana]], [[Varaha Purana]], [[Kurma Purana]], Rudra Yamala Tantra, [[Padma Purana]], [[Devi-Bhagavata Purana|Devi Bhagavata Purana]],'' and ''[[Bhagavata Purana]].'' The director, [[Dheeraj Kumar]] oversaw nine years of research.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Keshri |first1=Shweta |date=12 June 2020 |title=Dheeraj Kumar: We spent 9 years on research for Om Namah Shivay |language=en |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/dheeraj-kumar-we-spent-9-years-on-research-for-om-namah-shivay-1688264-2020-06-12 |url-status=live |access-date=2 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228145410/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/dheeraj-kumar-we-spent-9-years-on-research-for-om-namah-shivay-1688264-2020-06-12 |archive-date=2022-02-28}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2023}}
* [[Samar Jai Singh]] as [[Shiva]] (1997, 2000–01)
**Yashodhan Rana replaced Singh as Shiva (1997–2000). He also portrayed the role of Kamadeva initially.
*Gayatri Shastry as [[Parvati]] and other forms of [[Shakti]]
**[[Manjeet Kullar]] as [[Sati (Hindu goddess)|Sati]]
**Priyanka Putran as [[Kaushiki]]
*Jagesh Mukati as [[Ganesha]]
*Saurabh Agarwal as [[Kartikeya]]
* [[Rajeshwari Sachdev]] as [[Rati]]
*[[Amit Pachori]] as [[Vishnu]]
*[[Anita Kulkarni]]/[[Reena Kapoor]] as [[Lakshmi]]
*Sunil Nagar as [[Brahma]]
*Mona Parekh as [[Saraswati]]
*Sandeep Mehta as [[Narada]]
* Kishori Shahane Vij as Sumati/Sandhya/[[Chhaya]]
*[[Sameer Dharmadhikari]] as Priyavrata
*Roma Bali as [[Rohini (goddess)|Rohini]]/Barhismati
*Jyoti Joshi as [[Ila (Hinduism)|Ila]]/[[Tapti River|Tapti]]
*Sandeep Mohan as [[Rama]]/Vajrasena
*Siraj Mustafa Khan as [[Krishna]]
*Sanjay Swaraj as [[Indra]]
*Shailey Chowdhary as [[Indrani|Shachi]]
*Firdaus Mevawala as [[Brihaspati]]
*Bhakti Narula as [[Tara (Hindu goddess)|Tara]]
*Santosh Kumar Shukla as [[Chandra]]
*Dharmendra Rana as [[Varuna]]
*Gautam Chaturvedi as Bhadrayu/[[Yudhishthira]]/[[Vasu]]
* [[Shalini Kapoor Sagar]] as [[Kumbhakarna|Karkati]]
* Chand Dhar as [[Shukracharya|Shukra]]
* [[Gajendra Chauhan]] as [[Daksha]]/[[Kartavirya Arjuna|Kartravirya Arjuna]]
*Kshama Raj as [[Prasuti]]/[[Vishvakarma|Ghritachi]]
* [[Virendra Razdan]] as [[Vishvakarma|Vishwakarma]]
* [[Nimai Bali]] as [[Jalandhara]]/[[Shani]]/ [[Duryodhana]] /Sindurasura
* [[Rajesh Shringarpure|Rajesh Shringarpore]] as [[Arjuna]]
* [[Gufi Paintal]] as [[Shakuni]]
* [[Sarvadaman D. Banerjee]] as Vrishadhvaja/[[Kannappa]]
* [[Upasana Singh]] as [[Mohini]]
*Kaushal Kapoor as [[Andhaka]]/ Kadamba
* [[Vaquar Shaikh]] as [[Ravana]]
* Manish Raj Sharma as Indrajita
* [[Sudhir Dalvi]] as [[Pulastya]]
*Pappu Polyester as [[Nandi (Hinduism)|Nandi]]
*Kulraj Bedi as Durgamasura / [[Kumbhakarna]]
*[[Raman Khatri]] as [[Vibhishana]]/[[Hiranyakashipu|Hiranyakashapu]]/ [[Bhasmasura]]
*Govind Khatri as [[Hiranyaksha]] / [[Rambha (asura)|Rambha]] / [[Mount Meru]]
*Radhakrishna Dutta as [[Vidura]] / [[Markandeya]] / [[Dadhichi]]
*Pankaj Kalra as [[Durvasa]]
*Qasim Ali as [[Dushasana]]
*Navneet Chaddha as [[Nakula]]
* [[Keerti Gaekwad Kelkar]] as [[Draupadi]]
*Daman Maan as [[Mahishasura]]
*Utkarsha Naik as [[Kaikesi]] / [[Diti]]
*Arun Mathur as [[Sumali]] / [[Mount Mandara]] / Ruru / Mandhata
*Manish Sharma as Indrajita
*[[Amrit Pal (actor)|Amrit Pal]] as [[Tārakāsura|Tarakasura]]
*Mahendra Ghule as Kamalaksha / Bhima / [[Hanuman]] / Singhrasura
* [[Deepak Jethi]] as Vidyunmali
*Sanjeev Siddharth as Tarakaksha
*Prateek Bohara as [[Shumbha and Nishumbha|Shumbha]] /[[Surya]] / Parshurama / [[Jamadagni]]
* Anil Yadav as [[Shumbha and Nishumbha|Nishumbha]] / [[Parashurama]]
*Firoz Ali as [[Agni]]
*Renuka Israni as Ketumati
*Jitendra Trehan as [[Vasuki]]
* Arup Pal as Chitrangada/[[Kubera]]
*Jaya Mathur as Simantini
* Kirti Singh as [[Tilottama]] / [[Vrinda]]
*Sanjeev Sharma as [[Prahlada]] / [[Bhagiratha]]
*Sunila Karambelkar as [[Ganga]]
* [[Anita Hassanandani Reddy]] as [[Devayani]]
*Aparna Aaskarkar as Kanheri
* [[Mulraj Rajda]] as Bhadrasena
* [[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]] as Shiva Charan, and father of Somadutta, and so called father Bhadrayu

==Soundtrack==
Songs from many well-known Indian singers are featured in this serial; a few examples include the title song "Om Namah Shivay" ([[Pandit Jasraj]]), "Rudra Rudra" ([[Vinod Rathod]] and [[Udit Narayan]], episode 53), and "Trikal Darsh" (episode 89), "Man Mein Ek Kamna" (episode 62), and "Maha Shivratri Aayi" ([[Alka Yagnik]]). Sharang Dev composed music and Abhilash provided lyrics.<ref>{{cite news |date=16 June 2020 |title=TV series ''Om Namah Shivay'' had 52 songs by top singers: Director Dheeraj Kumar |language=en |work=[[Outlook India]] |agency=IANS |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/tv-series-om-namah-shivay-had-52-songs-by-top-singers-director-dheeraj-kumar/1868023 |url-status=dead |access-date=2 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202134735/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/tv-series-om-namah-shivay-had-52-songs-by-top-singers-director-dheeraj-kumar/1868023 |archive-date=2021-12-02}}</ref>

==Home video==
In 2003, ''Om Namah Shivay'' was released as a two-part, 42-DVD set, distributed by Madhu Entertainment and Media. It includes an option for English subtitles and a choice of four languages for audio ([[Hindi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], and [[Malayalam]]).<ref>{{cite news |date=2003-07-25 |title=Om Namah Shivay on DVD |publisher=[[Indian Express Group]] |url=https://www.screenindia.com/old/fullstory.php?content_id=5117 |access-date=2009-11-30}}{{dead link|date=November 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0853973|Om Namah Shivay}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Om Namah Shivay (TV Series)}}
[[Category:1997 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2001 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:DD National original programming]]
[[Category:Indian television series about Hindu deities]]

Gulbarga Lok Sabha constituency

2026-01-30T21:17:48Z

GlennVarner228: made a data

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Gulbarga
| type = LS
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| established = 1952
| district = [[Gulbarga]]
| assembly_cons = [[Afzalpur Assembly constituency|Afzalpur]] [[Jevargi Assembly constituency|Jewargi]] [[Gurmitkal Assembly constituency|Gurmitkal]] [[Chittapur Assembly constituency|Chittapur]] [[Sedam Assembly constituency|Sedam]] [[Gulbarga Rural Assembly constituency|Gulbarga Rural]] [[Gulbarga Dakshin Assembly constituency|Gulbarga Dakshin]] [[Gulbarga Uttar Assembly constituency|Gulbarga Uttar]]
| electors = 20,65,018 (2024)
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| reservation = SC
| mp = [[Radhakrishna (politician)|Radhakrishna]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok_Sabha_constituencies/2019/Karnataka/Gulbarga.map}}
| map_caption = Gulbarga Lok Sabha Constituency Map
}}
[[File:Gulbarga (SC) Parliamentary Constituency.gif|Constituency Map by Assembly and Taluk borders|thumb]]

'''Gulbarga Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 28 [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies in Karnataka state in India.This constituency was created before the first [[general election]]s in 1951.<ref name="Gulbarga Was a Dual-member Lok Sabha Constituency in 1957">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Gulbarga Was a Dual-member Lok Sabha Constituency in 1957 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2014/Mar/27/gulbarga-was-a-dual-member-lok-sabha-constituency-in-1957-591219.html |access-date=22 March 2025 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=27 March 2014 |archive-date= |language=en}}</ref>

==Assembly segments==
Presently, Gulbarga Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following eight Legislative Assembly segments:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2"|Party Leading (in [[2024 Indian general election|2024]])
|-
|34
|[[Afzalpur Assembly constituency|Afzalpur]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kalaburagi district|Kalaburagi]]
|[[M. Y. Patil]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|35
|[[Jevargi Assembly constituency|Jewargi]]
|[[Ajay Singh (Karnataka politician)|Ajay Singh]]
|-
|39
|[[Gurmitkal Assembly constituency|Gurmitkal]]
|[[Yadgir district|Yadgir]]
|[[Sharanagouda Kandakur]]
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|-
|40
|[[Chittapur Assembly constituency|Chittapur]] (SC)
| rowspan="5" |[[Kalaburagi district|Kalaburagi]]
|[[Priyank Kharge]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|41
|[[Sedam Assembly constituency|Sedam]]
|[[Sharan Prakash Patil]]
|-
|43
|[[Gulbarga Rural Assembly constituency|Gulbarga Rural]] (SC)
|[[Basawaraj Mattimud]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|44
|[[Gulbarga Dakshin Assembly constituency|Gulbarga Dakshin]]
|[[Allamprabhu Patil]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|45
|[[Gulbarga Uttar Assembly constituency|Gulbarga Uttar]]
|[[Kaneez Fathima]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[Swami Ramananda Tirtha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=7}}
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Mahadevappa Rampure]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|Dharamrao Afzalpurkar
|-
|1974^
| rowspan="2" |Sidram Reddi
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|[[Dharam Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes|rowspan=2}}
|-
|1980^
|[[C. M. Stephen]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[Veerendra Patil]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| rowspan="2" |[[B.G. Jawali]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Qamar ul Islam]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[Basavaraj Patil Sedam]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Iqbal Ahmed Saradgi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Mallikarjun Kharge]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Umesh. G. Jadhav|Umesh Jadhav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Radhakrishna (politician)|Radhakrishna]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}
^-bypoll

== Election results==

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Gulbarga]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Gulbarga">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Gulbarga |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S105.htm |access-date=22 March 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322111017/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S105.htm |archive-date=22 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Gulbarga Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024">{{cite news |title=Gulbarga Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/karnataka/gulbarga |access-date=22 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322111147/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/karnataka/gulbarga |archive-date=22 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Radhakrishna (politician)|Radhakrishna Doddamani]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=6,52,321|percentage=49.78|change=+5.66}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Umesh. G. Jadhav]]
|party= Bhartiya Janata Party
|votes=6,25,116
|percentage=47.70
|change=-4.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=8,429|percentage=0.64|change=-0.26}}
{{Election box majority||votes=27,205|percentage=2.08|change=-5.94}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=13,11,233|percentage=62.48|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bhartiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Gulbarga]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Umesh. G. Jadhav|Umesh Jadhav]]
|votes = 620,192
|percentage = 52.14
|change = +8.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Mallikarjun Kharge]]|votes=524,740|percentage=44.12|change=-8.27}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=K. B. Vasu|votes=10,865|percentage=0.91|change=-0.23}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=10,487|percentage=0.88|change=-0.11}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = SVP
|candidate = Vijay Jadhav
|votes = 6,507
|percentage = 0.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority||votes=95,457|percentage=8.02|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=11,90,471|percentage=61.18|change=+3.22}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing = +8.54
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Gulbarga]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Mallikarjun Kharge]]|votes 000000000|votes=5,07,193|percentage=50.82|change=+5.36}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Revu Naik Belamgi|votes=4,32,460|percentage=43.33|change=-0.37}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janata Dal (Secular)|candidate=D. G. Sagar|votes=15,690|percentage=1.57|change=-2.00}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Mahadev B. Dhanni|votes=11,428|percentage=1.14|change=-0.65}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=B. T. Lalitha Naik|votes=9,074|percentage=0.91|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=9,888|percentage=0.99|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=74,733|percentage=7.49|change=+5.73}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=9,98,086|percentage=57.96|change=+8.77}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing = +5.36
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Gulbarga]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Mallikarjun Kharge]]|votes=3,45,241|percentage=45.43|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Revu Naik Belamgi|votes=3,31,837|percentage=43.67|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janata Dal (Secular)|candidate=Babu Honna Naik|votes=27,130|percentage=3.57|change=}}
{{Election box candidate ||party=[[Independent politician|IND]]|candidate=Shivakumar Kollur|votes=13,818|percentage=1.82|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Mahadev B. Dhanni|votes=13,575|percentage=1.79|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=13,404|percentage=1.76|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=7,59,693|percentage=49.22|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Yadgir Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Kalaburagi district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Election Commission of India]] -http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}

{{coord|17.3|76.8|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Kalaburagi district]]

PCMC Bhavan metro station

2025-12-19T17:47:21Z

GlennVarner228: new

{{short description|Pune Metro's Purple Line terminal metro station in Pimpri-Chinchwad, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = PCMC Bhavan
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| symbol_location =
| symbol =
| type = {{Pune Metro Infobox station line|line = Purple}}
| style = Pune Metro
| image = Facade of PCMC Bhavan metro station.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| address = Morewadi, Pimpri Colony, [[Pimpri Chinchwad]], Maharashtra 411018
| borough =
| country =
| coordinates = {{coord|18.6294|73.8033|region:IN|display=inline,title|format=dms}}
| owned = [[Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited]] (MAHA-METRO)
| operator = [[Pune Metro]]
| line = {{rcb|Pune Metro|Purple|croute}}
| distance =
| platforms = 2 [[Side platform]]
| tracks =
| train_operators =
| connections =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| levels =
| parking =
| bicycle =
| architectural_style =
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code = PIM
| zone =
| website =
| opened = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2022|03|6}}
| closed = 
| passengers = {{increase}} 5,85,753 <ref>{{cite web|title=Significant Increase in Pune Metro's Daily Ridership in September 2024|website=[[Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited]]|access-date=2024-12-22|date=2024-10-03|url=https://punemetrorail.org/download/Increase-ridershipPune%20-English%20PR.pdf}}</ref>
| pass_year = Sept 2024
| pass_rank =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Pune Metro|line1=Purple|right1=Sant Tukaram Nagar|to-right1=Swargate}}
| other_services =
| map_type =
| map_size =
| map_dot_label =
| route_map = {{Pune Metro Purple Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Pune Metro|Purple}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''PCMC Bhavan''' is an elevated metro station serving as the northern terminal of [[Purple Line (Pune Metro)|Purple Line]] of [[Pune Metro]] in [[Pimpri Chinchwad]], India. The station was opened on 6 March 2022 as an inauguration of Pune Metro.<ref>{{cite news |title=PM Modi inaugurates Pune Metro line; check routes and ticket prices here
|url=https://zeenews.india.com/railways/breaking-pm-narendra-modi-inaugurates-pune-metro-line-check-routes-ticket-prices-and-other-details-2442614.html|work=[[Zee News]] |editor1-first=Pallavi |editor1-last=Mehra |date=7 March 2022 |access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref> From March 2022 to July 2023, the Purple Line operated between PCMC Bhavan and [[Phugewadi metro station|Phugewadi]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Passenger operations on 12 km routes of Pune Metro launched know all about |url=https://www.urbantransportnews.com/news/passenger-operations-on-12-km-routes-of-pune-metro-launched-know-all-about |work=Urban Transport News |first1=Naomi |last1=Pandya |date=6 March 2022 |access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref> but from 1 August 2023 the section between Phugewadi and [[Civil Court metro station]] came into use, so trains ran from PCMC Bhavan to Civil Court.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/prime-minister-modi-to-inaugurate-pune-metro-stretches-on-august-1-including-crucial-civil-court-interchange-station-101690481441750.html |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=27 July 2023 |title=It's official, PM to open Pune Metro service on two sections on Aug 1 |first1=Siddharth |last1=Gadkari }}</ref> On 29 September 2024, the launch of Pune Metro Phase I was completed and the Purple Line was fully operational from PCMC to Swargate.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-28 |title=PM to inaugurate Pune Metro section of District Court to Swargate |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2059884 |access-date=2024-09-29 |work=pib.gov.in}}</ref> An extension has been planned which will move PCMC station's terminal status and extend the line to [[Nigdi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-19 |title=Maha-Metro awaits Centre’s nod to extend two Pune routes |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/mahametro-awaits-centre-s-nod-to-extend-two-pune-routes-101674151345682.html |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==Station layout==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = PCMC Bhavan track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Pune Metro|Purple}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to Train Terminates Here
*'''P2'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P1'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Pune Metro|Sant Tukaram Nagar}}
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''Southbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|Towards → [[Swargate metro station|Swargate]] '''Next Station:''' [[Sant Tukaram Nagar metro station|Sant Tukaram Nagar]]
|-
|'''Platform 2''' '''Northbound'''
|Towards ← Train Terminates Here
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|
|-
|}
==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File:Nameboard of PCMC Bhavan metro station.jpg|Nameboard of PCMC Bhavan metro station.jpg.
File:Facade of PCMC Bhavan metro station.jpg|Facade of PCMC Bhavan metro station
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Pune]]
* [[Maharashtra]]
* [[Urban rail transit in India#Rapid transit|Rapid Transit in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Official website|https://www.punemetrorail.org/station/pcmc/}}
{{Pune Metro}}

[[Category:Pune Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2022]]

Ashtavakra

2025-12-18T10:11:22Z

GlennVarner228: further updated citations also and updated info

{{short description|Ancient sage in Hinduism}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{for|the genus of spiders|Astavakra}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| name = Ashtavakra
| image = Ashtavakra.jpg
| caption = Aṣṭāvakra was born with physical handicap and grew up into a celebrated sage in Hinduism, 19th-century painting.
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| spouse = Suprabha
| father = [[Kahoda]]
| mother = Sujata
| birth_place = [[Videha]], present day [[Janakpur, Nepal]]
| region = [[Mithila region]]
| teachers = [[Uddalaka Aruni]]
| known_for = Ashtavakra - [[Vandin|Acharya Bandi]] Shastrarth
| occupation = [[Professor]] [[Philosopher]]
| alma_mater = Uddalaka Aruni Ashram
[[Ancient Mithila University]]
| institute = Uddalaka Aruni Ashram
}}

'''Ashtavakra''' ({{langx|sa|अष्टावक्रः|lit=eight deformities}}, {{IAST3|Aṣṭāvakraḥ}}) is a revered [[Vedas|Vedic]] sage in [[Hinduism]]. His maternal grandfather was the Vedic sage [[Aruni]], his parents were both Vedic students at Aruni's school. Ashtavakra studied, became a sage and a celebrated character of the Hindu [[Itihasa]] epics and [[Puranas]].<ref name="Dalal2010p43"/>

Ashtavakra is the author of the text ''[[Ashtavakra Gita|Aṣṭāvakra Gītā]]'', also known as ''Aṣṭāvakra Saṃhitā'', in Hindu traditions. The text is a treatise on [[Brahman]] and [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Ātman]].<ref name=lochtefeld66>{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC|year=2002|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8|page=66}}</ref>

==History==
Little is known about the life or century in which Ashtavakra actually lived, except for the accounts found in the major Indian Chronicle (the ''Ramayana'' and the ''Mahabharata'') and the Puranas. The legends state that sage [[Uddalaka|Aruni]], mentioned in the [[Chandogya Upanishad|Chāndogya Upaniṣad]], ran an [[ashram]] teaching the [[Veda]]s. Kahoḍa was one of his students, along with Aruni's daughter Sujata. Aruni's daughter married Kahoḍa. She got pregnant, and during her pregnancy, the developing baby heard the chanting of the Vedas and learnt the correct recitation.<ref>{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| pages= [https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/71 71–2]|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref> According to one version of the legends surrounding Ashtavakra, his father was once reciting the Vedas, but erred in correct intonation. The fetus spoke from the womb and told his father about the limited knowledge he was aware of from the Vedic books, there is much more to know apart from these books. The father got angry and cursed him to be born with eight deformities, hence the name 'Ashtavakra'.<ref name="Dalal2010p43">{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC|year=2010|publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-341421-6|page=43}}</ref>

His father, Kahoda, once went to ask for riches, to Janaka, the ancient king of [[Videha]], for his family was poor. He was, there, defeated in debates of science by [[Vandin]], and in consequence was drowned in water. Hearing of the drowning of her husband, Sujata kept it secret from her child. When Ashtavakra grew up, he learned everything about his curse and his father. Then he asked his mother to come with him to witness the great sacrifice of king Janaka. He was stopped from entering the king's sacrifice as only learned Brahamanas and Kings were allowed to enter, and he was just in his tenth year. With the proficiency of speaking, he had the king amazed with the knowledge he possessed; so, he was allowed to enter. There, he challenged the Vandin for controversy. After a heated debate, he defeated Vandin in knowledge by words. And asked the king, as Vandin used to cast Brahmanas into the water, let him meet with the same fate. Vandin then revealed that he is the son of Varun, and explained that the reason he drowned those Brahmins was a ritual that his father is performing for twelve years and needed a large number of Brahmins. By then, the ritual was done and thus all the Brahmins he drowned, including Ashtavakra's father Kahoda, were freed. Kahoda was very impressed with his son, Ashtavakra, and while going back home, asked him to take a dip in the river Samanga. As Ashtavakra came out of the river, it was seen all of his deformities had been cured.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Aṣṭāvakra|author2=Radhakamal Mukerjee|title=Aṣṭāvakragītā (the Song of the Self Supreme): The Classical Text of Ātmādvaita by Aṣṭāvakra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hL-0qeeuVVIC |year=1971|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1367-0|pages=1–2}}</ref>

==Attributed texts==
{{Hinduism}}
Ashtavakra is credited as the author of the [[Ashtavakra Gita]] ({{IAST-hi1|Ashtavakra Gītā}}), which means "song of Ashtavakra". The text is also known as ''[[Ashtavakra Samhita|Ashtavakra Saṃhitā]]''.<ref name=stroud42>{{cite journal | last=Stroud | first=Scott R. | title=Narrative as Argument in Indian Philosophy: The Astavakra Gita as Multivalent Narrative | journal=Philosophy and Rhetoric | publisher=The Pennsylvania State University Press | volume=37 | issue=1 | year=2004 | pages=42–71 | doi=10.1353/par.2004.0011 | s2cid=144425928 }}, Quote: "Philosophical dialogues such as the Bhagavad Gita and the Astavakra Gita (also known as the Astavakra Samhita ) use a portrayed conversation involving a guru or deity to convey didactic lessons and values to the receptive audience, both ancient and modern."</ref> The ''Ashtavakra Gita'' examines the metaphysical nature of existence and the meaning of individual freedom, presenting its thesis that there is only one Supreme Reality (Brahman), the entirety of universe is oneness and manifestation of this reality, everything is interconnected, all Self ([[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]], soul) are part of that one, and that individual freedom is not the end point but a given, a starting point, innate.<ref name=lochtefeld66/>

{{Quote|
<poem>
If you wish to be free,
Know you are the Self,
The witness of all these,
The heart of awareness.
Set your body aside.
Sit in your own awareness.
You will at once be happy,
Forever still, Forever free.
(...)
You are everywhere,
Forever free.
If you think you are free, You are free.
If you think you are bound, You are bound.
Meditate on the Self.
One without two,
Exalted awareness.
</poem>
|''Ashtavakra Gita 1.4–14''|Translator: Thomas Byrom<ref>{{cite book|author=Thomas Byrom|title=The heart of awareness: a translation of the Ashtavakra Gita |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H9rtAAAAIAAJ |year=1990| publisher=Shambhala |isbn=978-0-87773-574-8|pages=7–9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Aṣṭāvakra|author2=Hari Prasad Shastri (Transl)|title=Ashtavakra Gita|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F1IIAQAAIAAJ|year=1949|publisher=Shanti Sadan|pages=1–3|oclc= 768088461}}</ref>}}

According to American scholar [[Jessica Wilson]], the Sanskrit [[poetics]] in ''Ashtavakra Gita'' is not driven by critical [[syllogism]], but is rich in philosophical premises, spiritual effectiveness and its resonant narrative because of "textual indeterminacy between the audience's disposition and the foregrounded theme of [[individuation|non-individuation]] in the text. This tension... results in consistency building by the audience, which enables the transcendence of these two viewpoints (reader and text)".<ref name=stroud42/><ref>{{cite journal| author=Jessica Wilson| title=Narrative as Philosophy: Methodological Issues in Abstracting from Hebrew Scripture| year=2014| journal=Journal of Analytic Theology| volume=2| pages=276–277| url=http://journalofanalytictheology.com/jat/index.php/jat/article/viewFile/jat.2014-1.090400220813a/237| access-date=8 January 2017| archive-date=3 March 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303084822/http://journalofanalytictheology.com/jat/index.php/jat/article/viewFile/jat.2014-1.090400220813a/237| url-status=dead}}</ref>

According to [[Radhakamal Mukerjee]], the ''Ashtavakra Gita'' was likely composed after the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' but before the start of the common era, and attributed to sage Ashtavakra out of reverence for his ideas.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Aṣṭāvakra|author2=Radhakamal Mukerjee|title=Aṣṭāvakragītā (the Song of the Self Supreme): The Classical Text of Ātmādvaita by Aṣṭāvakra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hL-0qeeuVVIC |year=1971|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1367-0|pages=4–5}}</ref>

== Literature ==

===Ramayana===
Ashtavakra is referenced in verse 6.119.17 of [[Rāmāyaṇa#Yuddha Kanda|Yuddha Kāṇḍa]] in [[Valmiki|Vālmikī]]'s Rāmāyaṇa. When [[Dasharatha|Daśaratha]] comes to see [[Rāma]] from heaven after the war of the Rāmāyaṇa, he tells Rāma –<ref>{{Citation|title=Valmiki Ramayana – Book VI:Yuddha Kanda – Book Of War – Chapter 119|date=April 2020|url=http://www.valmikiramayan.net/yuddha/sarga119/yuddhaitrans119.htm|access-date=22 April 2020}}</ref>

<blockquote>
{{Cquote| O son! I have been conveyed across (redeemed) by you, who a deserving son and a great being; like the virtuous Brahmana Kahoḍa [was redeemed] by [his son] Aṣṭāvakra. ॥ 6.119.17 ॥}}
</blockquote>

In the ''Aranya Kanda'' of [[Adhyatma Ramayana]], the demon [[Kabandha]] narrates his story to Rama and Lakshmana, in which he says that he was a [[Gandharva]] earlier who was cursed by Ashtavakra to become a demon when he laughed on seeing him (Ashtavakra).<ref name="arkabandha">{{cite book | last=Munilal | title=अध्यात्मरामायण – हिन्दी अनुवादसहित |trans-title=Adhyatma Ramayana, with Hindi translation | language=sa, hi | isbn=978-81-293-0014-0 | year=2008 | publisher=[[Gita Press]] | location=Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India | page=136}}</ref> When the Gandharva then bowed down to Ashtavakra, Ashtavakra said that he would be released from the curse by Rama in [[Treta Yuga]].<ref name="arkabandha"/>

===Mahābhārata===
[[File:Ramabhadracharya Works - Painting in Ashtavakra (2010).jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[Janaka]] debating with Ashtavakra. Art from the epic [[Ashtavakra (epic)|Ashtavakra]] (2010).]]
In the [[Vana Parva]] of the [[Mahabharata|Mahābhārata]], the legend of Ashtavakra is described in greater detail. On losing the game of dice with the [[Kaurava]]s, the five [[Pandava|Pāṇḍava]] princes and [[Draupadi]] are exiled for twelve years. On their pilgrimage, they meet the sage Lomaśa, and he narrates to the Pāṇḍava princes the legend of Ashtavakra, over three chapters of [[Vana Parva]] of the Mahābhārata.<ref>{{Citation | last = Ganguli | first = Kisari Mohan | title = The Mahābhārata, Book 3: Vana Parva: Tirtha-yatra Parva:Section CXXXII-CXXIV | date = 26 February 2006 | url = http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03132.htm | access-date = 7 April 2011 }}</ref><ref name=vb>[[J. A. B. van Buitenen]] (Translator), The Mahabharata, Volume 2, 1981, {{ISBN|978-0226846644}}</ref> Ashtavakra's wisdom on various aspects of human existence is recited in the Mahābhārata. For example:
{{quote|text=
<poem>
A grey head does not make an elder,
Not by years, not by grey hairs, not by riches nor by relations did the seers make the Law,
He who is great to us, is one who has learning.
</poem>
|sign=Ashtavakra|source=Vana Parva, [[Mahabharata]] Book iii<ref name=vb/>}}

===Puranas===
Ashtavakra and Śvetaketu made his way to [[Janaka]]'s palace. Ashtavakra first faced the gatekeeper who tried to keep the young boy out. On convincing the gatekeeper that he was well versed in the scriptures and hence old, he was let in. Then Janaka tested Ashtavakra with cryptic questions which Ashtavakra answered with ease. Janaka decided to let Ashtavakra face Vandin. Vandin and Ashtavakra began the debate, with Vandin starting. They alternately composed six extempore verses on the numbers one to twelve. Then Vandin could only compose the first half of a verse on the number thirteen. Ashtavakra completed the verse by composing the second half and thus won the argument against Vandin. This unique debate is full of enigmas and latent meanings which lie under the simple counts of the numbers one to thirteen.<ref>{{Citation | last = Ganguli | first = Kisari Mohan | title = The Mahābhārata, Book 3: Vana Parva: Tīrtha-yātrā Parva:Section CXXXIV | date = 26 February 2006 | url = http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03134.htm#fn_25 | access-date = 8 March 2011 | pages=Footnotes on pages 277–279}}</ref>

==In arts==
* Ashtavakra is one of the characters in the First Act of the Sanskrit play ''Uttara-Rāmacaritam'' composed by [[Bhavabhuti]] in the 8th century.
* The 571st volume of the [[Amar Chitra Katha]], first published in 1976, is titled ''Dhruva and Ashtavakra''.<ref>{{citation | year=1976 | title = Dhruva and Ashtavakra | editor1-first=Anant | editor1-last=Pai | first=Shailaja | last=Ganguly| editor1-link=Anant Pai | publisher=Amar Chitra Katha | isbn=8-18482-011-9 | volume=571}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | title = Dhruva and Ashtavakra (571) | url = http://www.amarchitrakatha.com/dhruva-and-ashtavakra-571 | access-date = 7 April 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905011520/http://www.amarchitrakatha.com/dhruva-and-ashtavakra-571 | archive-date=September 5, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The second half of the volume presents the narrative of Ashtavakra.
* A puppet play on Ashtavakra was staged by the Dhaatu Artist group in [[Ranga Shankara]] in [[Bangalore]] in 2010.<ref>{{Citation | agency = DHNS | work = [[Deccan Herald]] | title = Storytelling through puppet play | date = 12 March 2010 | url = http://www.deccanherald.com/content/57728/tv-talk.html | access-date = 7 April 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040353/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/57728/tv-talk.html | archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Ashtavakra Gita became very popular after Indian Spiritual leader Sri Sri Ravi Shankar gave a commentary in [[Bangalore]] in 1991.

==See also==
*[[Agastya]]
*[[Ashtavakra Gita]]
*[[Ancient Mithila University]]
* [[Kubja|Trivakra]], a legendary hunchbacked woman, who was deformed at three places.

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[https://archive.org/details/AshtavakraGitaEnglishAudioBook Ashtavakra Gita English Audio Book]
*[https://archive.org/details/AshtavakraGitaHindiAudiobook Ashtavakra Gita Hindi Audio Book]
*[https://archive.org/details/AshtavakraGita-MarathiAudiobook Ashtavakra Gita Marathi Audio Book]
* [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03132.htm Ashtavakra Story in the Mahābhārata]
* [http://oshosearch.net/Convert/Articles_Osho/The_Mahageeta_Volume_1/Osho-The-Mahageeta-Volume-1-00000004.html Ashtavakra (in middle of text)]

{{Hindudharma}}
{{Rishis of Hindu mythology}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rishis]]http://oshosearch.net/Convert/Articles_Osho/The_Mahageeta_Volume_1/Osho-The-Mahageeta-Volume-1-00000004.html
[[Category:Hindu poetry]]
[[Category:Sanskrit literature]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophers and theologians]]
[[Category: Ancient Indian philosophers]]
[[Category: Ancient Indian poets]]
[[Category:Sanskrit and Vedic learning in Mithila]]
[[Category:People from Videha]]

Annapurna Temple, Titagarh

2025-12-12T06:20:11Z

GlennVarner228: starting new place - done

{{Short description|Hindu Temple in West Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Annapurna Temple
| image = Annapurna Temple of Titagarh-Barrackpore in North 24 Parganas 19.jpg
| alt =
| caption = The Annapurna Temple
| map_type = India West Bengal
| map_caption = Location in West Bengal
| coordinates = {{coord|22.74923|88.36614|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = {{flag|India}}
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
| location = [[Titagarh]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Shiva]], [[Annapurna (goddess)|Annapurna]]
| year_completed =
| architecture =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Annapurna Temple''', is a [[Hindu temple]] [[Navaratna (architecture)|''navaratna'']] (nine-pinnacled) heritage<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Explore heritage along the Hooghly, bend by bend|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/wbtdcs-hooghly-ganges-river-tour-covers-serampore-chandernagore-chinsurah-bandel-and-barrackpore/cid/1846290|access-date=2022-02-15|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> situated on the bank of the [[Ganges]] at Rasmani ghat at [[Titagarh]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=NORTH 24 PARGANAS - West Bengal Tourism, Experience Bengal, Dept. of Tourism, Govt. of W. B. |url=https://wbtourism.gov.in/destination/district/north_24_parganas |access-date=2022-04-11 |website=wbtourism.gov.in}}</ref> [[Barrackpore]] in [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Paragana]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Murshid|first=Ghulam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9o4SEAAAQBAJ&dq=Annapurna+Temple+Barrackpore&pg=PT386|title=Bengali Culture Over a Thousand Years|date=2018-01-25|publisher=Niyogi Books|isbn=978-93-86906-12-0|language=en}}</ref> The temple is similar to the [[Dakshineswar Kali Temple|Bhavatarini temple]] at [[Dakshineswar]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Chatterjee|first1=Uday|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ileEAAAQBAJ&dq=Annapurna+Temple+Barrackpore&pg=PA73|title=Advances in Urbanism, Smart Cities, and Sustainability|last2=Biswas|first2=Arindam|last3=Mukherjee|first3=Jenia|last4=Majumdar|first4=Sushobhan|date=2022-04-21|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-000-57655-9|language=en}}</ref> Inside the main temple sanctum, you can see [[Lord Shiva]] and [[Annapurna (goddess)|Maa Annapurna]] idols. The idol of [[Lord Shiva]] is made of [[silver]] and of [[Annapurna (goddess)|Maa Annapurna]] is made of [[ashtadhatu]] (astha means eight and dhatu means metal) which is an alloy of eight metals.

==History==
[[File:অন্নপূর্ণা মন্দির নাটমন্দির, টিটাগড়.jpg|thumb|Natmandir of the temple]][[File:অন্নপূর্ণা মন্দির সিংহদুয়ার, টিটাগড়.jpg|thumb|Front gate along with lion statue]][[File:অন্নপূর্ণা মন্দির, টিটাগড়.jpg|thumb]]
Annapurna Temple was built on 12 April 1875, by Jagadamba Devi, youngest daughter of [[Rani Rashmoni]]. She was married to [[Mathurmohan Biswas|Mathur Mohan Biswas]], who after the death of his first wife Karunamoyee, married Jagadamba Devi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sengupta |first=Nabanita |date=2022-05-27 |title=Annapurna Temple: A Daughter’s Saga |url=https://eastindiastory.com/annapurna-temple-a-daughters-saga/ |access-date=2025-12-12 |website=East India Story |language=en-US}}</ref> Their son Dwarikanath Biswas made all the arrangements for the establishment of this temple.<ref>{{Cite web|last=ভট্টাচার্য|first=বিভূতিসুন্দর|title=মঙ্গলকাব্যের প্রভাবেই বাংলায় শুরু হয় অন্নপূর্ণা আরাধনা|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/mangal-kāvya-influenced-to-start-annapurna-puja-in-bengal-dgtl-1.591330|access-date=2022-02-15|website=www.anandabazar.com|language=bn}}</ref> The temple was opened to devotees by [[Ramakrishna]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=অনলাইন|first=খবর|date=2021-04-17|title=অন্নপূর্ণাপুজো: ব্যারাকপুর অন্নপূর্ণা মন্দিরে এ বার শারীরিক দূরত্ববিধি মেনেই পুজো|url=https://www.khaboronline.com/religion/annapurna-puja-at-annapurna-temple-in-barrackpur/|access-date=2022-02-15|website=KhaborOnline|language=bn}}</ref> Inside the temple complex there is a ''Natmandir'', six Shiva temples and two ''Nahabatkhanas''.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1875 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Ramakrishna]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in North 24 Parganas district]]

==External links==
{{commons category-inline}}

Urdu Defence Association

2025-11-14T15:41:58Z

GlennVarner228: Page refined with updated information

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
The '''Urdu Defence Association''' was an organisation developed by [[Mohsin-ul-Mulk]], starting in 1900, for the advocacy of [[Urdu]] as the ''lingua franca'' of the [[Muslim]] community of [[India]]. The association is regarded as an offshoot of the [[Aligarh Movement]].

== Background ==
{{Aligarh Movement}}
{{Arabic-script sidebar|Persian}}
{{See also|Urdu#History|Urdu movement}}

During the last days of the Muslim rule in [[Indian Sub-continent]], Urdu (with [[Perso-Arabic script]]) emerged as the most common language of the northwestern provinces of India. Its vocabulary developed under [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Turkic languages|Turkic]], and [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] influence. Urdu had taken almost 900 years to develop to its present form.<ref name="bbc-lang-urdu-1">{{cite web|url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/other/guide/urdu/history.shtml|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061028013927/http://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/other/guide/urdu/history.shtml|url-status = dead|archive-date = 28 October 2006| title = A brief history of Urdu|publisher = BBC|access-date = 2010-07-01}}</ref> It began taking shape during the [[Delhi Sultanate]] as well as [[Mughal Empire]] (1526–1858) in [[South Asia]]. Urdu was mainly developed in Delhi and its surrounding areas which was the seat of Royal court of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. It also became a language of Muslim nobility. After Persian language, it was most widely used in the Mughal Royal Court. It was declared the official language, and all official records were written in this language. In 1876, some Hindus began to demand that Hindi should be made an official language in place of Urdu, and they started a movement in Banaras in which they demanded the replacement of Urdu with Hindi, and the Perso-Arabic script with the [[Devanagari]], script as the court language in the northwestern provinces. The reason for opposing Urdu was that the language was written in Persian script, which was similar to the Arabic script, and Arabic was the language of the Quran, the Holy Book of the Muslims. The movement grew quickly and within a few months spread throughout the Hindu population of the northwestern provinces of India. The headquarters of this movement were in Allahabad.{{fact|date=December 2022}}

This situation provoked the Muslims to come out in order to protect the importance of the Urdu language. The opposition by the Hindus towards the Urdu language made it clear to the Muslims of the region that Hindus were not ready to tolerate the culture and traditions of the Muslims.{{fact|date=December 2022}}

The [[Hindi-Urdu controversy|Urdu-Hindi controversy]] had a great effect on the life of Sir [[Syed Ahmad Khan]]. Before this event he had been a great advocate of [[Hindu-Muslim unity]] and was of the opinion that the "two nations are like two eyes of the beautiful bride, India". But this movement completely altered his point of view. He put forward the Two-Nation Theory, predicting that the differences between the two groups would increase with the passage of time and the two communities would not join together in anything wholeheartedly.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://storyofpakistan.com/urdu-hindi-controversy/|title=Urdu-Hindi Controversy &#124; Muslim rule, Urdu emerged as the most common language of the northwestern provinces of India.|date=1 June 2003}}</ref>

== Vision of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan ==
[[File:SirSyedAhmedKhan.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Sir Syed Ahmed Khan]]

Sir [[Syed Ahmed Khan]] perceived Urdu as the ''lingua franca'' of Muslims. Having been developed by Muslim rulers of India, Urdu was used as a secondary language to Persian, the official language of the Mughal court. Since the decline of the Mughal dynasty, Sir Syed promoted the use of Urdu through his own writings. Under Sir Syed, the Scientific Society translated Western works only into Urdu. The schools established by Sir Syed imparted education in the Urdu medium. The demand for Hindi, led largely by Hindus, was to Sir Syed an erosion of the centuries-old Muslim cultural domination of India. Testifying before the British-appointed education commission, Sir Syed controversially exclaimed that "Urdu was the language of [[gentry]] and Hindi that of the vulgar." His remarks provoked a hostile response from Hindu leaders, who unified across the nation to demand the recognition of Hindi.

Khan had once stated,<ref name="ReferenceA">Hayat-i-Javed A Biographical Account of Sir Sayyid, by Hali Altaf Husain Hali, translated by Mathews David J. Qadiri K.H., published by Idarah-I-Adabiyat-I-Delli, 1979, Delhi</ref> "I look to both Hindus and Muslims with the same eyes & consider them as two eyes of a bride. By the word nation I only mean Hindus and Muslims and nothing else. We Hindus and Muslims live together on the same soil under the same government. Our interest and problems are common and therefore I consider the two factions as one nation." Speaking to Mr. Shakespeare, the governor of [[Varanasi|Banaras]], after the language controversy heated up, he said "I am now convinced that the Hindus and Muslims could never become one nation as their religion and way of life was quite distinct from one another."<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

Sir Syed later said "now I am convinced that both these communities will not join whole heartedly in anything. At present there is no open hostility between the two communities but it will increase immensely in the future."

In the last three decades of the 19th century, the controversy flared up several times in [[North-Western Provinces|North-Western provinces]] and [[Oudh]]. The Hunter commission, appointed by the Government of India to review the progress of education, was used by the advocates of both Hindi and Urdu for their respective causes.

== Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk ==
[[File:Mohsinulmulk.jpg|thumb|150px|right | Nawab Mohsin ul Mulk]]

Later the followers of Sir Syed tried their level best to save the [[Urdu]] language. Mohsin-ul-Mulk was the outstanding person who organized the Muslims in defense of Urdu. Towards the beginning of the 20th century, the Hindi-Urdu controversy again flared up in the United Provinces. Mohsin-ul-Mulk took up the pen in defense of '''[[Urdu]]''' in collaboration with the Urdu Defense Association.

Earlier, the success of the Hindi movement led Sir Syed to further advocate [[Urdu]] as the symbol of Muslim heritage and as the language of all Indian Muslims. His educational and political work grew increasingly centered on and exclusively for Muslim interests. He also sought to persuade the British to give Urdu extensive official use and patronage. His colleagues and protégés such as [[Mohsin-ul-Mulk]] and [[Maulvi Abdul Haq]] developed organisations such as the Urdu Defence Association and the [[Anjuman Taraqqi-i-Urdu]], committed to the perpetuation of Urdu. Sir Syed's protégé [[Shibli Nomani]] led efforts that resulted in the adoption of Urdu as the official language of the [[Hyderabad State]] and as the medium of instruction in the [[Osmania University]].<ref>Muslim Politics and Leadership in the South Asian Sub-continent |publisher=Institute of Islamic History, Culture and Civilization, Islamic University (Islamabad)</ref> To Muslims in northern and western India, Urdu had become an integral part of political and cultural identity. However, the division over the use of Hindi or Urdu further provoked communal conflict between Muslims and Hindus in India.

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk's patronage of Urdu led to its widespread use amongst Indian Muslim communities and following the partition of India, its adoption as the national language of [[Pakistan]].<ref name=Dawn>{{cite web|url=https://epaper.dawn.com/DetailImage.php?StoryImage=23_05_2017_118_007 |title=National language and Pakistani languages: the only way out|author=Rauf Parekh|date=23 May 2017|newspaper=Dawn (newspaper)|access-date=1 September 2019}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A133 Urdu-Hindi Controversy | Muslim rule, Urdu emerged as the most common language of the northwestern provinces of India.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427090301/http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A133 |date=27 April 2006 }}

{{Aligarh}}

[[Category:Urdu]]
[[Category:Aligarh Movement]]

National Highway 28C (India, old numbering)

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#REDIRECT [[National Highway 927 (India)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R with history}}
}}

Sawarai

2025-10-04T18:58:41Z

GlennVarner228: Adding basic article needs work

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sawarai
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19.8757102|N|73.04908276|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Palghar district|Palghar]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Vikramgad]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 145
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 565
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 551770
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sawarai''' is a village in the [[Palghar district]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Vikramgad]] [[taluka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |title=Maharashtra villages |publisher=Land Records Information Systems Division, NIC |accessdate=2015-08-17 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095320/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Sawarai has 119 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 62.95%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |title=District census data |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |accessdate=2015-08-17 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 565 || 293 || 272
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 125 || 67 || 58
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 561 || 291 || 270
|-
| Literates || 277 || 177 || 100
|-
| Workers (all) || 338 || 162 || 176
|-
| Main workers (total) || 332 || 158 || 174
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 296 || 141 || 155
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 22 || 8 || 14
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 3 || 1 || 2
|-
| Main workers: Other || 11 || 8 || 3
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 6 || 4 || 2
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 1 || 1 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 5 || 3 || 2
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Non-workers || 227 || 131 || 96
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Vikramgad taluka}}

[[Category:Villages in Vikramgad taluka]]

Soumya Sadanandan

2025-09-28T14:39:47Z

GlennVarner228: Adding new pg needs work

{{Short description|Indian filmmaker and actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = 
| image = {{CSS image crop
|Image = Soumya Sadanandan.jpg
|bSize = 640
|cWidth = 185
|cHeight = 220
|oTop = 100
|oLeft = 195
|Location = center
}}
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_place = [[Alappuzha]], [[Kerala]], India
| other_names = Sou Sadanandan
| occupation = Filmmaker
| years_active = 2012–present
}}

'''Soumya Sadanandan''' is an Indian filmmaker and actor who works in Malayalam Film Industry.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150928/entertainment-mollywood/article/documenting-life-legend |title=Documenting the life of a legend |date=29 September 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/Soumya-Sadanadanan-makes-docu-on-Chembai/articleshow/49102291.cms |title=Soumya Sadanadanan makes docu on Chembai - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://silverscreen.in/malayalam/features/interview-with-actress-nimisha-sajayan-i-dont-want-my-characters-to-resemble-me-at-all/ |title=Childhood, Cinema & Career Choices: A Conversation With 'Eeda' Actress Nimisha Sajayan |date=16 January 2018 }}{{dead link|date=February 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> She was popular as the Television Host of a film based show in [[Kappa TV]], called 'Film Lounge' (2013–2017). She was a member of the Jury and Selection Committee of [[International Film Festival of Kerala|IFFK]] 2017<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kerala |first=26th International Film Festival of |title=Jury 2017 – 26th International Film Festival of Kerala |url=https://iffk.in/jury-2017/ |access-date=14 November 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> and [[International Documentary and Short Film Festival of Kerala|IDSFFK]] 2021.

==Early life==
She was born at Mepallikutti, [[Alappuzha]], [[Kerala]]. She completed her schooling from [[Kendriya Vidyalaya Pattom]] and secured a degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from [[College of Engineering, Thiruvananthapuram|College Of Engineering Thiruvananthapuram]], Kerala.

==Filmography==
;As Director / Producer
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Category
!Credit
!Awards
|-
|2018
|[[Mangalyam Thanthunanena]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Simple plots excite director Soumya Sadanandan {{!}} Pix |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interviews/2018/09/08/mangalyam-thanthunanena-director-soumya-sadanandan-interview.html |access-date=14 November 2021 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>
|Malayalam Feature Film
|Director
|
|-
|2017
|Rabbit Hole<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sou-sadanandan-on-her-short-film-rabbit-hole/article22608721.ece |title='Rabbit Hole' discusses depression |last=M |first=Athira |newspaper=The Hindu |date=31 January 2018 }}</ref>
|Short Film
|Director
|2018 Best cinematography, Best Sound Design and Special Mention for Screenplay at Eastern Global Short film festival 2018{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}
|-
|2016
|[[Chembai: My discovery of a legend]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/i-hope-the-national-award-helps-in-some-way-to-elevate-chembai-music-festival-to-something-like-a-tyagaraja-fest-soumya-sadanandan/articleshow/58195201.cms |title=I hope the National Award helps in some way to elevate Chembai music festival to something like a Tyagaraja fest: Soumya Sadanandan - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=16 April 2017 }}</ref>
|Documentary
|Director, Narrator, Producer
|2017 Special Jury Award at 64th National Film Awards{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

2016 Signs Film Festival, Kerala{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

2016 Best Documentary at Allahabad International film festival{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}
|-
|2016
|[[C/O Saira Banu]]
|Malayalam Feature Film
|Language Coach
|
|-
|2015
|[[Olappeeppi]]
|Malayalam Feature Film
|Chief Associate Director
|
|-

|2013
|[[David & Goliath (2013 film)|David and Golaith]]
|Malayalam Feature Film
|Assistant Director / Lead Artist
|
|-
|2013
|[[Ceylon (film)|Inam]]
|Tamil Feature Film
|Assistant Director / Supporting Artist
|
|-
|2012
|[[Jawan of Vellimala]]
|Malayalam Feature Film
|Assistant Director
|
|-
|2012
|[[Cinema Company]]
|Malayalam Feature Film
|Assistant Director / Junior Artist
|
|}
;As Artist
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Category
!Director
|-
|2015
|[[Mili (2015 film)|Mili]]||Mili's Friend
|Supporting Artist
|Feature Film
|Rajesh Pillai
|-
|2014
|[[Ormayundo Ee Mukham]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/I-have-no-diet-plan-Soumya-Sadanandan/articleshow/45296274.cms |title=I have no diet plan: Soumya Sadanandan - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=27 November 2014 }}</ref>
| Neethu
|Supporting Artist
| Feature Film
|Anvar Sadik
|-
|2013
|[[David & Goliath (2013 film)|David and Goliath]]|| Sharon
|Lead Artist
|Feature Film
|Rajeevnath
|-
|2013
|[[Ceylon (film)|Ceylon]]||Aisha
|Supporting Artist
| Feature Film
|Santosh Sivan
|-
|2012
|[[Cinema Company]]||Journalist
|Junior Artist
|Feature Film
|Mamas K Chandran
|}

== Awards ==
* 2016 Chembai: My discovery of a legend - Special Jury Award for Best Documentary at the 64th National Film Awards.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}
* 2016 Chembai : My discovery of a legend - Best Documentary at Allahabad International film festival.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/malayalam-cinema-has-lots-to-cheer/article17882557.ece |title=Malayalam cinema has lots to cheer |newspaper=The Hindu |date=8 April 2017 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|9321875}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sadanandan, Soumya}}
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:People from Kerala]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]

Malayalappuzha Devi Temple

2025-08-07T16:12:18Z

GlennVarner228: adding a bio...

{{Short description|Bhadrakali temple in Kerala, India}}
{{moresources|date=September 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
[[File:Malayalappuzha Devi Temple.jpg|thumb|Malayalappuzha Devi Temple]]'''Malayalappuzha Devi Temple''' is a [[Bhadrakali]] temple situated at [[Malayalappuzha]] in [[Pathanamthitta]] in [[Kerala]], [[India]]. Nearest Railway station is [[Chengannur railway station]] It is believed that the temple was built more than 1000 years ago.<ref>{{cite web|title=സാമൂഹിക-സംസ്ക്കാരിക ചരിത്രം|url=http://lsgkerala.in/malayalapuzhapanchayat/history/|publisher=Malayalappuzha gram panchayat|access-date=22 November 2013|archive-date=15 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215061649/http://lsgkerala.in/malayalapuzhapanchayat/history/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In the temple, Bhadrakali is seen in a ferocious form soon after the killing of the demon, [[Darika]]. The main [[murti|idol]] is 5.5 feet high, made from ''katu sarkara yogam''. In addition to this idol, two other idols are also erected inside the [[sanctum sanctorum]]; one used for [[abhisheka]] and the other for ''sreebali'', a daily ritual.<ref name=Manorama />

==Worshiping==

Malayalapuzha Devi is believed to grant boons for extending prosperity to all the devotees. The goddess is worshiped for protecting devotees from enemies, getting the unmarried girls married, obtaining jobs for the unemployed, and helping businesses flourish. This popular belief and faith makes the temple visited by devotees from far locations. The devi is also known as Goddess Idathattil Bhagwathi

==Legend==

Once upon a time, two revered members of the Namboothiri caste from northern Travancore—belonging to the Aikireth Illam and Eravimangalath Illam —undertook a sacred pilgrimage to the holy shrine of Mookambika. With them, they carried an idol of Bhadrakali, to whom they devoted themselves in deep and prolonged meditation.

Moved by their unwavering devotion, Goddess Bhadrakali bestowed upon them a divine oracle, proclaiming that her perpetual presence would dwell within the idol they bore. Empowered by this divine revelation, the two Namboothiris resumed their pilgrimage, bearing the sacred idol with reverence.

As time passed and age wearied their bodies, the Goddess again manifested before them—this time to guide them to their final destination. She revealed that Malayalappuzha was the most auspicious land to enshrine her divine form. Obedient to her command, the Namboothiris journeyed to Malayalappuzha and consecrated the idol, establishing what would become a powerful and revered temple of Bhadrakali.

To this day, the descendants of the Aikireth Illam and Eravimangalath Illam faithfully perform the daily rituals and poojas, preserving the sacred legacy passed down through generations, and continuing to serve the divine.<ref name=Manorama>{{cite web|title=മലയാലപ്പുഴ ദേവീ ക്ഷേത്രം|url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/localContentView.do?district=Christian&contentId=8357995&programId=1073760382&tabId=16&BV_ID=@@@|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130801103229/http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/localContentView.do?district=Christian&contentId=8357995&programId=1073760382&tabId=16&BV_ID=@@@|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-08-01|publisher=Malayal a Manorama}} </ref>

==Features==

Malayalapuzha Devi Temple features beautiful wall paintings and artistic stone carvings. The temple features a unique statue of Goddess Parvati feeding baby Ganapathy on her lap. An idol of Veera Bhadra can be seen on the entry to the sanctum. Sub deities in the temple are Brahma Rakshas, Nagaraja and a swayambu Shiva Linga.

==Festival==

The annual festival is celebrated for 11 days. The festival starts on the Thiruvathira nakshtra in the Kumba masam (February – March). Kathakali is conducted on the fourth and fifth day.

==Visiting Hours==

The temple is open for darshan from 5 AM to 1 PM and in the evening 5 PM to 8 PM.

==Contact Details==

Malayalapuzha Devaswam Phone Number is +91 468 2300260

==How to Reach==

Chengannur Railway Station, around 33 km, is the nearest major station for those coming in train. Trivandrum International Airport is the nearest air terminal around 107 km away.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* https://www.templespedia.com/malayalappuzha-devi-kerala/

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Pathanamthitta district]]
[[Category:Devi temples in Kerala]]

Tarsar Lake

2025-08-02T01:51:02Z

GlennVarner228: Adding new details basic info

{{Short description|Lake in Jammu and Kashmir, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox body of water
| name = Tarsar Lake
| image = Tarsar lake Aru.jpg
| alt = View of Tarsar lake
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| pushpin_map_alt = Location of Tarsar lake within Jammu and Kashmir
| location = [[Anantnag district]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| coordinates = {{coord|34|8|26|N|75|8|54|E|display=inline,title}}
| basin_countries = [[India]]
| type = [[oligotrophic lake]]
| inflow = snowmelt
| outflow = Basmai Nalla (a tributary of [[Lidder River]])
| length = {{convert|2|km|mi}}
| width = {{convert|0.8|km|mi}}
| area = {{convert|2|km2|abbr=on}}
| elevation = {{convert|3795|m|ft}}
| frozen = December to March
}}
The '''Tarsar Lake''' or '''Tar Sar''' is an almond-shaped, [[oligotrophic lake|oligotrophic]] [[Alpine climate|alpine lake]] situated in the Anantnag
district of Jammu and Kashmir. On its west side lies [[Dachigam National Park]], and on its south side lies [[Tral]]. The shortest route for reaching it, is from Surfraw [[Ganderbal]], but it has a difficult terrain. Other trek routes to the lake are from Lidderwat and Nagaberan forest areas which fall in south Kashmir.<ref name="Tarsar lake almond shaped">{{cite book | author=Dr Shiv Sharma |title=India—A Travel Guide | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=COHI7LlpkSAC&q=Tarsar+lake&pg=PA209 |year=2008 | publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.| isbn=9788128400674 | pages=209–}}</ref><ref name="Tarsar near kolhoi">{{cite book | author=Parmanand Parashar | title=Kashmir The Paradise Of Asia | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gylNFls7xxoC&q=tarsar+lake+near+kolahoi+in+the+kashmir+valley&pg=PA97 | accessdate=17 December 2012 |year=2004 | publisher=Sarup & Sons, 2004| isbn=9788176255189 | page=97}}</ref>

==Geography==
The Tarsar Lake is dominated by the peaks of the [[Kolahoi Peak|Kolahoi]] mountain some 20 km to the east. The lake is separated by a mountain with a minimum peak elevation of {{convert|4000|m|ft}} from another lake of the same nature known as [[Marsar Lake]], which is in the vicinity of [[Dachigam National Park]].<ref name="Tarsar marsar diveded">{{cite book | author=S. Maqbul Ahmad | title=Historical geography of Kashmir: based on Arabic and Persian sources from A.D. 800 to 1900 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_MLAAAAIAAJ&q=tarsar+marsar+lakes | accessdate=16 December 2012 |year=1984 | publisher=Ariana Pub. House, 1984| isbn=9788176487863 | page=155}}</ref> Together these two lakes are referred to as the twin sisters.<ref name="Tarsar marsar twin sisters"/> The 16th-century Kashmiri ruler [[Yusuf Shah Chak]] mentioned the twin lakes in his poetry, writing to his beloved: {{quote|When I remember the two tresses of the comely beloved,
Tears begin to flow from my eyes like streams from Tarsar and Marsar.<ref name="Tarsar marsar twin sisters">{{cite book | author=S. L. Sadhu | title=Eng Hali (15) | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OKe-uYdOVX8C&q=twin+sisters+tarsar+marsar&pg=PA28 | year=2004 | publisher=Sahitya Akademi| isbn=9788126019540 | page=28}}</ref>}}

The Tarsar Lake is drained by an outlet stream which falls into the [[Lidder River]] at [[Lidderwat]], 15 km to the east. Being the nearest seasonal settlement, Lidderwat is located on the trek route to the lake from [[Aru, Jammu and Kashmir|Aru]], [[Pahalgam]]. The Marsar Lake on the other hand drains out and flows in the opposite direction of the Tarsar Lake.<ref name="Tarsar lake almond shaped"/><ref name="Tarsar marsar diveded"/><ref name="Tarsar kashmir fauna"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://jktdc.in/destinations/pahalgam.html|title=Pahalgam page JKTDC|publisher=jktdc.in|accessdate=2012-12-06|archive-date=26 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126033135/http://jktdc.in/destinations/pahalgam.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>


==Flora and fauna==
During the winter, the Tarsar Lake freezes and is covered by heavy snow; it has floating ice even in the summer. The basin of the lake is surrounded by a sheet of alpine flowers. The [[geum]], [[blue poppy]], [[potentilla]] and [[gentian]] are relatively common. [[Hedysarum]] flowers are found in late spring throughout the area around the lake.<ref name="Tarsar alpine">{{cite book | author=S. R. Bakshi | title=Kashmir: History and People ''Volume 1 of'' Kashmir Through Ages | url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_U1LEY1yWmagC | quote=fish alpine lakes kashmir tarsar. | year=1997 | publisher=Sarup & Sons | isbn=9788185431963 | pages=6–}}</ref><ref name="Tarsar lake frozen">{{cite book | author=Michael Shaw |title=In Search of Time Wasted: Peregrinations from Seil Island | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7U0Gc1eJ1BEC&q=Tarsar+lake&pg=PA117 |year=2008 | publisher=AuthorHouse| isbn=9781434344434 | pages=117–}}</ref>

During summer there are breeding colonies of migratory birds, including [[bar-headed goose|bar-headed geese]], [[lammergeyer]]s, high-flying [[chough]]s, Himalayan [[golden eagle]]s, [[cinnamon sparrow]]s and [[black bulbul]]s. The basin of Tarsar and the adjoining Dachigam National Park constitute one of the most important habitats of the [[Kashmir stag]] (hangul), [[ibex]], [[musk deer]], [[snow leopard]], [[Himalayan brown bear]] and in the higher reaches, the [[Long-tailed marmot|golden marmot]].<ref name="Tarsar lake fauna">{{cite book | author=Valmik Thapar |title=Land of the Tiger: A Natural History of the Indian Subcontinent | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Dvx6EoLwa4C&q=Tarsar+Marsar&pg=PA33 |year=1977 | publisher=University of California Press| isbn=9780520214705 | pages=32–}}</ref>

==Access==
The Tarsar Lake is accessible only during the summer preferably from June to Mid September; during the winter, the treks are closed because of the heavy snowfall. It can be reached from [[Srinagar]], via a 102 km motorable road which leads through Anantnag and [[Pahalgam]] to the Aru trekking camp. The alpine meadow of Lidderwat lies at the halfway point of the two-day trek to the lake and happens to be mostly the basecamp for most of the trekkers. One could visit the lake and come back to his basecamp at Lidderwat in the same day.

An alternate route leads through Ganderbal and a trekking starting point at Surfraw in the Sind Valley. Due to the steepness of the trek, it is preferable to approach the lake by the Aru-Lidderwat trek and return via the Surfraw [[Sind Valley]] trek. On this route, walkers may see the Uppar portion and Nallah of Surfraw (Soraf Raw) village.<ref name="Tarsar kashmir fauna">{{cite book | author=Garry Weare | title=Trekking in the Indian Himalaya: 30 great treks| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Edyaya74boC&q=Tar+sar+kashmir&pg=PA98 | year=2009 | publisher=Lonely Planet| isbn=9781740597685 | pages=96–98}}</ref> Another accessible route to Tarsar and Marsar is a place called Naga-Baren via [[Tral]].

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{commonscat|Tarsar Lake}}

[[Category:Lakes of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Anantnag district]]

Temperance movement in India

2025-06-07T07:29:49Z

GlennVarner228: Adding initial data w/ infobox

{{short description|Social movement in India}}
The [[temperance movement]] in [[India]] aims at curbing the use of alcohol in that country. In some places, the temperance movement has led to [[alcohol prohibition in India]], with many temperance organisations continuing their work today.

== History ==
In the 19th and 20th centuries, the temperance movement in India was well connected with the [[Temperance movement in the United Kingdom|Temperance movement in Great Britain]]<ref name="Carroll2008">{{cite journal|last=Carroll|first=Lucy|year=2008|title=The Temperance Movement in India: Politics and Social Reform|journal=Modern Asian Studies|volume=10|issue=3|page=417|issn=0026-749X|doi=10.1017/S0026749X00013056|s2cid=145333549 |language=English}}</ref> and the missionary movements of the United States.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tyrrell |first1=Ian |title=Reforming the World: The Creation of America's Moral Empire |date=2013 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton}}</ref> The World [[Woman's Christian Temperance Union]] (WWCTU) began organizing local unions there as early as August of 1887 with the arrival of [[Mary Greenleaf Clement Leavitt]] who toured the country for nearly a year, leaving Mrs. M.D. MacDonald (a Scottish Presbyterian missionary) as the provisional national president. When [[Pandita Ramabai]] opened her school for young Hindu widows in Mumbai in the spring of 1889, the WWCTU supported her work and commissioned her as a WCTU National Lecturer. In August 1893, the WCTU of India was officially organized and based in Lucknow with [https://sites.rootsmagic.com/PomeroyEltweed/individual.php?p=65301 Jeannette Hauser] appointed in a paid position as president.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Osborne |first1=Lori |editor1-last=Waldschmidt-Nelson |editor1-first=Britta |editor2-last=Schuler |editor2-first=Anja |title=The World Woman's Christian Temperance Union: An Early Transnational Women's Organization and its Work in India, 1883-1900 |journal=Bulletin of the German Historical Institute Washington, Supplement |date=2017 |volume=13 |pages=129–142 |url=https://legacy.ghi-dc.org/fileadmin/user_upload/GHI_Washington/Publications/Supplements/Supplement_13/129.pdf |accessdate=20 October 2020 |trans-title=Forging Bonds Across Borders: Transatlantic Collaborations for Women’s Rights and Social Justice in the Long Nineteenth Century |archive-date=22 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022194336/https://legacy.ghi-dc.org/fileadmin/user_upload/GHI_Washington/Publications/Supplements/Supplement_13/129.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 1907, Sir Bhalchandra Kishna, the president of the Bombay Temperance Council, said that the cause of temperance as one that would unite people from all castes and religions.<ref name="BlockerFahey2003"/>

The [[Punjab Legislative Assembly (British India)|Punjab Legislative Assembly]] enacted pro-temperance legislation in 1919.<ref name="BlockerFahey2003"/>

In June 1919, the South Indian Missionary Association, a Christian association, adopted a resolution supporting the efforts of Hindu and Muslim reformers pushing for the government to impose complete prohibition in India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/archives/from-the-archives-june-7-1919-prohibition-movement/article27582501.ece|title=From the Archives (June 7, 1919): Prohibition Movement|date=2019-06-07|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-08-12|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In 1921, [[William E. Johnson (prohibitionist)|William E. Johnson]] toured [[British Raj|India]] for the Anglo-Indian Temperance Society and the [[World League Against Alcoholism]], giving temperance speeches that were popular among crowds.<ref name="BlockerFahey2003"/>

The [[Woman's Christian Temperance Union]] (WCTU) became established in India, printing the ''Indian Temperance News and White Ribbon''.<ref name="Union1937">{{cite book|last=Union|first=World's Woman's Christian Temperance|title=Report of the World's Woman's Christian Temperance Union|year=1937|publisher=[[Woman's Christian Temperance Union|WCTU]]|language=English|pages=79, 108}}</ref> It aided Indians, both Christian and non-Christian, in fighting against alcohol.<ref name="Martin2014"/> J.H. Chitamber, the wife of India's first bishop of the [[Methodist Episcopal Church]], served as the president of the WCTU during this time.<ref name="Affairs1936">{{cite book|title=World's Woman's Christian Temperance Union Hearings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gj9WlnqZBowC|accessdate=2 July 2018|year=1936|publisher=[[United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs]]|language=English|page=6}}</ref>

The temperance movement in India became closely tied with the [[Indian independence movement]] as [[Mahatma Gandhi]] viewed alcohol as being a foreign importation.<ref name="BlockerFahey2003">{{cite book|last1=Blocker|first1=Jack S.|last2=Fahey|first2=David M.|last3=Tyrrell|first3=Ian R.|title=Alcohol and Temperance in Modern History: An International Encyclopedia|year=2003|publisher=ABC-CLIO|language=English|isbn=9781576078334|page=310}}</ref> He viewed foreign rule as the reason that national prohibition was not yet established at his time.<ref name="BlockerFahey2003"/> Starting in 1914,{{Contradict-inline|reason=The year mentioned here (1914) seems to be incorrect. The article on Gandhi states that he returned to India only in 1915 and the first major agitation under his leadership happened in 1918 or later.|date=August 2019|article=Mahatma Gandhi}} Indians peacefully picketed saloons under Gandhi's direction, which resulted in decreased alcohol consumption among Indians.<ref name="BlockerFahey2003"/>

Upon India's independence in 1947, several states implemented prohibition, with some, such as [[Gujarat]] introducing it later.<ref name="BlockerFahey2003"/>

In 2016, many women blamed in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]] alcohol for societal ills, such as [[Domestic violence in India|domestic violence]], and thus took to the polls to elect a pro-prohibition leader.<ref name="Thekaekara2016">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/may/25/tamil-nadu-women-alcohol-banned-prohibition-domestic-violence|title=Why Tamil Nadu's women want alcohol banned|last=Thekaekara|first=Mari Marcel|date=25 May 2016|work=[[The Guardian]]|language=English|accessdate=2 July 2018}}</ref> Their effort succeeded and when former Chief Minister [[Jayalalithaa|J Jayalalithaa]] was voted in, she shutdown five hundred liquor shops on her first day in office.<ref name="Thekaekara2016"/> In 2017, women agitated for temperance and the prohibition of alcohol in the state of [[Bihar]];<ref name="Anand2017">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/15/world/asia/india-bihar-alcohol-ban-women.html|title=Alcohol Ban Succeeds as Women Warn, 'Behave, or We'll Get Tough'|last=Anand|first=Geeta|date=15 April 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|language=English|accessdate=2 July 2018}}</ref> they campaigned for the election of [[Nitish Kumar]], who upon the request of women, pledged that he would prohibit alcohol.<ref name="Anand2017"/> Since signing prohibition legislation, "Murders and gang robberies are down almost 20 percent from a year earlier, and riots by 13 percent. Fatal traffic accidents fell by 10 percent."<ref name="Anand2017"/>

Temperance organisations, such as AMADA and the WCTU, continue their work in India, focusing on anti-alcohol legislation and health education.<ref name="Kolås2017">{{cite book|last=Kolås|first=Åshild|title=Women, Peace and Security in Northeast India|date=14 June 2016|publisher=Zubaan|language=English|isbn=9789385932519|page=163}}</ref><ref name="Martin2014">{{cite book|last=Martin|first=Scott C.|title=The SAGE Encyclopedia of Alcohol: Social, Cultural, and Historical Perspectives|date=16 December 2014|publisher=SAGE Publications|language=English|isbn=9781483374383|page=1911}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Alcohol laws of India]]
*[[Alcohol prohibition in India]]
*[[Drug policy of India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.facebook.com/WctuIndia/ WCTU India]

[[Category:Alcohol in India]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Temperance movement by country|India]]
[[Category:Social movements in India]]

Violence against women in Tamil Nadu

2025-05-24T17:26:14Z

GlennVarner228: Adding a info w/ refs

{{short description|Public health issue of violent acts against women}}
{{Violence against women}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
'''Violence against women in Tamil Nadu''' includes molestation, abduction, dowry-related violence, and domestic violence. The police recorded 1,130 cases during the first seven months in 2013, compared to 860 for the corresponding period in 2012. In [[Usilampatti]] Taluk, around 6,000 female children were killed in a span of 2 years during 1987–88, accounting to the single largest instance of recorded female infanticide.

A major underlying cause of violence against women is the perception that married women are the property of their husbands. Alcohol use and the portrayal of women in the society and cinemas as sex objects are also believed to be major factors.

Tamil Nadu is the first [[India]]n state to set up "all women police stations" to deal with crimes against women. After the [[2012 Delhi gang rape]] case in 2013, in which a girl was gang-raped in a moving bus, leading to her death, the Tamil Nadu government unveiled a 13-point action plan including installation of closed-circuit television (CCTV) in all public buildings and booking offenders in [[Goondas Act]] of 1982, that gives non-bailable retention up to 1 year.

==Violence==
The categories of violence against women reported in Tamil Nadu crime statistics are rape, dowry death, molestation, abduction, sexual harassment, and physical abuse by husband and his relatives.<ref>[[#police2007|Tamil Nadu Police Crime Report 2007]], p. vii</ref> During the period of January to July 2013, the state police registered 1,130 cases compared to 860 during the corresponding period in 2012. The number of rape cases in the state were 436 during the same period, comprising 42 in [[Chennai]], 32 in [[Villupuram]] and 11 in [[Coimbatore]]. The police also reported a decrease in the rape and abduction cases and an increase of 32 per cent cases related to cruelty by husbands and relatives.<ref name=times/> As per the crime report of Tamil Nadu Police in 2007, a total of 6,612 cases relating to crime against women were registered by the police, which was 39 per cent over the number in 2006.<ref>[[#police2007|Tamil Nadu Police Crime Report 2007]], p. v</ref> Of these, cruelty by husband and relatives and molestation accounted for 53 per cent of the cases.<ref name="ReferenceA">[[#police2007|Tamil Nadu Police Crime Report 2007]], p. ix</ref> The corresponding Acts under which cases were filed include Indecent Representation of women Act, Child Marriage Restraint Act, Tamil Nadu Prohibition of Harassment of Women (Amended) Act 2002, Tamil Nadu Prohibition of Sexual harassment of Women Act 2000,<ref>[[#police2007|Tamil Nadu Police Crime Report 2007]], p. 12</ref> and Dowry Prohibition Act.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> The sections under the Indian Penal Code related to women are IPC 376 for Rape, IPC 363 -373 related to account Kidnapping & Abduction, 302/304-B related to Homicide for Dowry, Dowry Deaths or their attempts, 498-A related to Cruelty by husband or Relatives, 354 elated to Molestation, 509 related to Sexual Harassment, 366-B related to Importation of Girls up to 21 years. In 2007, the state police filed 523 (7.91%) cases of rape, 718 (16.59%) related to kidnapping and abduction, 187 (3.15%) dowry deaths, 1,247 (29.89%) related to cruelty by husbands and relatives, 1,179 (23.29%) related to molestation, 852 (13.23%) on sexual harassment, 35 (0.38%) on indecent representation of women and 81 (5.57%) related to dowry prohibition. Among districts, Chennai recorded the maximum of 705 cases while [[Nilgiris district]] was the lowest with 40 cases. The victims in the age group 19–30 years was the maximum, accounting for 62.41%, followed by age group 15–18 years at 19.36% and 11–14 years at 7.71%.<ref name=p38>[[#police2007|Tamil Nadu Police Crime Report 2007]], pp. 38-43</ref>

==Major forms of violence==
{| class="toccolours" style="clear:right; float:right; background:#ffffff; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em; width:220"
|-
!style="background:#A8BDEC" align="center" colspan="3"|'''Crimes'''
|-
!style="background:#A8BDEC" align="center" |'''Year'''||style="background:#A8BDEC" align="center"|'''Rape'''||style="background:#A8BDEC" align="center"|'''Dowry deaths'''
|-
|align="center"| 2003||557||220
|-
|align="center"| 2004||618||225
|-
|align="center"| 2005||571||215
|-
|align="center"| 2006||457||187
|-
|align="center"| 2007||523||208<ref>[[#police2007|Tamil Nadu Police Crime Report 2007]], p. 28</ref>
|}

===Dowry death===
[[Dowry death]], also known as "bride burning", is a crime related to the [[dowry system in India]], which is the practise of the bride's family giving gifts to the family of the groom. The practise is believed to have originated in Hindu marriage customs, but in many cases in modern times is visualised as a business transaction negotiated between the families of the bride and groom. Dowry harassment and dowry death occur in situations in which the groom's family becomes dissatisfied with the dowry or with delays in receiving it, then reacts by humiliating the bride and subjecting her to physical abuse. In India, most family disputes that result in violence are disputes over dowry transactions.<ref name=Natarajan68-70/> According to [[Indian Penal Code]] (IPC) 304B, if a woman dies during the first seven years of marriage from burns, bodily injury or other "unnatural circumstance", authorities are required to investigate the possibility of dowry harassment. If the death is determined to be a dowry death, the victim's husband and in-laws can be held liable. If a dying woman testifies to a magistrate regarding the cause of her injuries, her testimony can be used for prosecution.<ref name=RamanathanTimes2009/> The nation recorded 12,612 dowry deaths during the years of 1998 and 1999.<ref name=Natarajan68-70>[[#Natarajan|Natarajan 2012]], pp. 68-70</ref> Tamil Nadu reported 198 dowry-related deaths during 2008. Dowry deaths, like other crimes against women, are believed to be under-reported; many cases of burns or other injuries that are recorded as accidents may actually be due to dowry harassment.<ref name=Natarajan68-70/><ref name=RamanathanTimes2009/> Few cases of dowry death result in punishment for the perpetrators. As of January 2009, there had been only one conviction resulting from Tamil Nadu's 198 dowry-death cases in 2008 and there were no convictions for the 208 cases in 2007.<ref name=RamanathanTimes2009>{{cite news|title=194 dowry deaths in Tamil Nadu in 2008|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/194-dowry-deaths-in-Tamil-Nadu-in-2008/articleshow/4014265.cms|last=Ramanathan|first=Lakshmy|work=TNN|publisher=The Times of India|date=22 January 2009|access-date=1 January 2014}}</ref>

===Female infanticide===
Female infanticide was more common during the 1980s in the southern districts of Tamil Nadu. In [[Usilampatti taluk]], a taluk in [[Madurai District]], around 6,000 female children were killed in a span of 2 years during 1987–88. The crime was detected in one of the maternity homes that reported loss of 95% female children born during the period.<ref>[[#UNESCO|Kosambi 1993]], p. 8</ref> The female infants were fed with the poisonous juice of oleander plant almost on the day of the birth of the child. The practice was reported even during 1993. The other districts which had prevalence were [[Salem district|Salem]], [[Dharmapuri district|Dharmapuri]], [[Vellore district|Vellore]] (formerly North Arcot), [[Erode district|Erode]], [[Dindigul district|Dindigul]] and [[Madurai district|Madurai]], with North Salem, South Dharmapuri, South Dindigul and West Madurai accounting for 70 per cent of all cases. While the practice was initially considered to be prevalent in the lower sections of [[Thevar]] and [[Nadar (caste)|Nadar]] community, it was found out with other castes like [[Gounder]], [[Vanniyar]], [[Pallar]] and [[Paraiyar]]. The people considered marrying the girl in the future a menace on account of their financial constraints. The then government headed by [[Jayalalithaa]] launched a cradle baby scheme in 1992 in Salem district that urged the parents to drop the child in the cradles instead of killing them. There were educational programmes launched by the child health and welfare department of the state to create awareness.<ref>{{cite news|title=Born to die|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/oct/24spec.htm|publisher=Rediff|date=24 October 2001|access-date=1 January 2014}}</ref> Dharmapuri district recorded as many as 1,002 registered cases of infanticide, the highest in the state during the year and it reduced to one during 2012. During the simultaneous period, the cradles baby scheme had 1,338 children having 1,272 girls.<ref>{{cite news|title=A district notorious for female infanticide back in focus|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/a-district-notorious-for-female-infanticide-back-in-focus/article3362883.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|last=R.|first=Arivanantham|date=28 April 2013|location=Dharmapuri|access-date=1 January 2014}}</ref> The government also launched another campaign in which the parents of girls undergoing sterilisation were compensated and a gold ring was presented to the girl on her 20th birthday to ease her marriage expenses.<ref>{{cite news|title=Harmful Practices to the female body; Part 4 Female Infanticide|url=http://my.telegraph.co.uk/hatefsvoiceofpeace/hatefsvoice/381/harmful-practices-to-the-female-body-part-4-female-infanticide/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115215009/http://my.telegraph.co.uk/hatefsvoiceofpeace/hatefsvoice/381/harmful-practices-to-the-female-body-part-4-female-infanticide/|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 January 2016|newspaper=Telegraph|date=20 August 2011|access-date=1 January 2014}}</ref>

===Trafficking===
The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956 (ITPA) imposes prevention of trafficking women and children. While it was initially targeted at sex workers with a female majority, it was gradually extended to trafficking of human beings. The Tamil Nadu police created an Anti-Trafficking Cell in the Crime Branch CID, that has inter-state connectivity to deal with trafficking. During 2007, 1,199 cases were registered in the state related to trafficking, with a majority against pimps, brothel owners and traffickers. The state capital, [[Chennai]] had the highest in 2007 with 202 cases followed by [[Coimbatore]] with 143, [[Coimbatore district]] with 107 and [[Trichy]] with 100 cases.<ref>[[#police2007|Tamil Nadu Police Crime Report 2007]], p. 92</ref> Tamil Nadu recorded the highest number of domestic violence cases against women in 2011 with 3,983 cases, out of the national total of 9,431.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tamil Nadu tops in domestic violence cases|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/tamil-nadu-tops-in-domestic-violence-cases/1038554/|newspaper=The New Indian Express|location=New Delhi|date=30 November 2012|access-date=25 February 2014}}</ref> A survey conducted by [[World Health Organization]] across different states in 2005-06 indicated that the crime against women in the state was at 41.9 per cent, with most incidents reported in urban locations than in rural.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Addressing Domestic Violence Against Women: An Unfinished Agenda|last1=Kaur|first1=Ravneet|last2=Garg|first2=Suneela|journal=Indian Journal of Community Medicine|volume=33|issue=2|pages=73–76|date=April 2008|issn=1998-3581|pmc=2784629|pmid=19967027|doi=10.4103/0970-0218.40871 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In one of the publicised rescue operations in 1990, 913 females were rescued from brothels in [[Mumbai]] and the state promised a rehabilitation for all of them. But a few months later, all of them returned to the brothels as their families abandoned them and the government relief measures did not reach them.<ref>[[#UNESCO|Kosambi 1993]], p. 21</ref>

===Acid attack===
[[Acid attack]]s involve throwing acid to dismember or mutilate women. As per a report published on the attacks between March 2014 to September 2015, 200 attacks were recorded, 70.2% were on women. The major reason cited for 51% of the cases involved disgruntled persons who were denied love by the women involved and 42% were attacked by anonymous persons. The state had three fatalities during the period of 2012–14.<ref>{{cite news|title=Acid attack on women unchecked and unabated|work=The Hindu|location=Madurai|date=13 September 2014|last=S.|first=Poorvaja}}</ref>

==Causes==
An analysis by the government of Tamil Nadu states that a major underlying cause of violence against women is the perception that married women are the property of their husbands. Within this cultural context, suspicions of infidelity, alcoholism, antagonism over dowries, a couple's [[infertility]], and instigation by a man's relatives can lead to episodes of violence against women. Violence in films and media portrayals of women as sex objects are also cited as contributing to violence against women.<ref>[[#TamilNaduGov|Tamil Nadu Government 2003]], p. 101</ref> In Tamil Nadu's patriarchal society, women sometimes have been punished by men for not producing a male heir.<ref>[[#Sigal|Sigal 2013]], p. 41</ref> The political party [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] and social activists, including [[Tamilaruvi Manian]] and [[Sasi Perumal]], have named [[alcoholic beverage|alcohol]] use as a major cause of rape and other forms of violence against women in Tamil Nadu and have cited this as one reason for calling for reinstatement of [[prohibition in Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=times/><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/vaiko-vows-to-work-for-total-prohibition/article4379657.ece | title=Vaiko vows to work for total prohibition | work=The Hindu | date=5 February 2013 | access-date=24 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/women-shgs-to-spearhead-campaign-against-liquor/article5209549.ece | title=Women SHGs to spearhead campaign against liquor | work=The Hindu | date=7 October 2013 | access-date=7 April 2014}}</ref> In rural scenario, [[Dalit]] women, the lower caste in the society, faced the triple burden of caste, class and gender. Dalit women were forced into prostitution to their higher caste landlords. The police were also reported to target and torture the lower caste women to punish their male relatives.<ref>[[#Narula|Narula 1999]], pp. 2-3</ref> As per the Home Department of Tamil Nadu, out of 1,747 women homicides committed in the state in 2011, 440 were accounted to family quarrels, 325 to wordy quarrel, 421 to personal enmity and 347 to love and sexual causes.<ref>{{cite web|title=India 2013 Crime and Safety Report: Chennai| url=https://www.osac.gov/pages/ContentReportDetails.aspx?cid=13704| publisher=OSAC, Bureau of Diplomatic Security, United States Department of State| access-date=25 February 2014}}</ref>

==Situation in other states==
As per the crime report released by the [[National Crime Records Bureau]], Tamil Nadu ranked 13th during 2012 among all the states in India. The state registered 7,192 cases against that of [[Karnataka]] having 10,336 cases, [[Andhra Pradesh]] having 28,171 cases and [[West Bengal]] with 30,942 cases. But the state ranked first in terms of human trafficking, where 500 cases were registered, which was 19.5 per cent over the previous year.<ref>{{cite news|title=TN ranks 13 in crimes against women: NCRB|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/TN-ranks-13-in-crimes-against-women-NCRB/2013/06/15/article1635404.ece#.Uwl4wPldUxU|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307235500/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/TN-ranks-13-in-crimes-against-women-NCRB/2013/06/15/article1635404.ece#.Uwl4wPldUxU|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 March 2014|newspaper=The New Indian Express|location=Chennai|date=15 June 2013|access-date=1 January 2014}}</ref> The then [[Madhya Pradesh]] Home minister Babu Lal Gaur, who visited Chennai on 11 January 2014 stated that the crime in the city is less compared to that of [[Bhopal]] as the women in Chennai dress fully and go to temples regularly. The comment drew lot of controversy as the opposition claimed that he entirely vouched for the anti-socials by taking a religious stand.<ref>{{cite news|title=Fully dressed Chennai women safe as they visit temples: M.P. Minister|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/fully-dressed-chennai-women-safe-as-they-visit-temples-mp-minister/article5562517.ece|location=Chennai|last=Vincent|first=Pheroze L.|newspaper=The Hindu|date=10 January 2014|access-date=25 February 2014}}</ref> The number of cases involving domestic violence was maximum in Tamil Nadu in 2013 with 3,983 registered cases, out of the total 9,431 registered cases. Gujarat and West Bengal were next only Tamil Nadu with 3,266 and 1,661 registered cases.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tamil Nadu records most no. of domestic violence cases|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Tamil-Nadu-records-most-no-of-domestic-violence-cases/articleshow/17457070.cms|publisher=The Times of India|last=R.|first=Vasundara|work=TNN|date=3 December 2012|access-date=1 January 2014}}</ref>

==Awareness==
{{quote box
| border=2px
| align=right
| bgcolor =
|width = 30%
| title=Crime against women
| halign=center
| quote="We will strictly implement the requirement of installing CCTV in key public places and buildings as it enables surveillance of sexual harassment against women and catching the culprits."
| salign=right
|source= ~ J Jayalalithaa, Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu,''More crime against women in Tamil Nadu'', 23 February 2013<ref name=deccan/>
}}
Tamil Nadu is the first state in India to set up "all women police stations" (AWPSs) to deal with crimes against women. The scheme was initiated by the then-chief minister of the state, [[J Jayalalithaa]], during her first tenure in 1991–95.<ref>[[#Natarajan|Natarajan 2012]], p. 111</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Indian Police Take On 'Eve-Teasers';As Women Gain Public Roles, Sexual Harassment and Crimes Grow|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-820951.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611073049/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-820951.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 June 2014|last=Moore|first=Molly|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=14 February 1995|access-date=1 January 2014}}</ref> As of 2003, the state had around 188 AWPSs all over the state, most of which were located in the same building as the regular police station. The AWPSs were set to handle cases related to women like sexual harassment, marital discord, child abuse, eve teasing, trafficking, suicides and dowry harassment. Activists believed that after the establishment of AWPSs, women were able to come out and report dowry-related crimes freely to the police women. The police women also reported that they received complaints related to sex tortures, which otherwise went unreported to their male counterparts.<ref>{{cite news|title=Super Women Cops|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-507270541.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611073051/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-507270541.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 June 2014|publisher=Women's Feature Service|date=12 May 2003|access-date=1 January 2014|location=Chennai}}</ref>

There is a wide consensus across the world that crime against women is often under-reported. It is also reported that every twenty minutes, a woman is sexually assaulted.<ref>{{cite news|title=Crimes against women are underreported, experts say|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Crimes-against-women-are-underreported-experts-say/articleshow/26866651.cms|work=TNN|publisher=The Times of India|last=Chandrababu|first=Divya|date=3 December 2013|access-date=25 February 2014}}</ref> Some sections believe that there is a skew in the reported crime data against women.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3070262471.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611073100/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3070262471.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=11 June 2014 | title=An Epidemic of Crimes against Women? | date=13 September 2013 | access-date=1 January 2014 | newspaper=Mint | location=New Delhi}}</ref> The Tamil Nadu police have reported that the awareness among women has improved and they were less afraid to file complaints. The [[2012 Delhi gang rape]] case in 2013, where a girl was gang-raped in a moving bus leading to her fatal death, was reported to have increased the awareness. Activists in that state have reported that the police who were earlier not registering such cases, have started registering them.<ref name=times>{{cite news|title=Rape cases rise by 50% in Tamil Nadu|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Rape-cases-rise-by-50-in-Tamil-Nadu/articleshow/22130441.cms?referral=PM|publisher=The Times of India|work=TNN|last=A|first=Selvaraj|date=29 August 2013|access-date=1 January 2014}}</ref> The Chief Minister of the State, [[J Jayalalithaa]], announced in the assembly that a 13-point action plan was unveiled by the government post the Delhi Gang Rape like installation of Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) in all public buildings and booking offenders in [[Goondas Act]] of 1982, that provides for non-bailable retention up to one year.<ref name=deccan>{{cite news|title=More crime against women in Tamil Nadu|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/328076/more-crime-against-women-tamil.html|date=23 April 2013|access-date=1 January 2014|location=Chennai|newspaper=Deccan Herald}}</ref> The government ruled that educational institutions, hospitals, cinema theatres, banks, ATM counters, shopping malls, petrol bunks and jewellery shops would be covered under the Tamil Nadu Urban Local Bodies (Installation of Closed Circuit TV Units in Public Buildings) Rules, 2012. It also ruled that state and central government offices with 100 employees or more and having an area of {{convert|500|sqm|acre}} or more would be covered under the rule. The rule also stipulated a time period of six months for the installation in existing buildings, failing which, the licenses would remain cancelled or suspended.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tamil Nadu Government makes mandatory CCTVs in public buildings|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/south/tamil-nadu-government-makes-mandatory-cctvs-in-public-buildings-314820|publisher=NDTV|date=8 January 2013|access-date=1 January 2014|work=Press Trust of India|location=Chennai}}</ref> During 2013, the state government also launched a 24*7 women's helpline monitored by senior police officials. The government also ordered speedy investigation in all the pending cases related to crime against women and setting up of fast track district courts to speed justice. The state also proposed to the centre to modify existing rules to render heavy punishments to the offenders to the tune of death and chemical castration.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tamil Nadu: Rapists Will Be Booked under Modified 'Goondas Act'|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2854297761.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611073058/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2854297761.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 June 2014|publisher=Hindustan Times|location=Chennai|date=1 January 2013|access-date=1 January 2014}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite report|title=Crime review Tamil Nadu 2007|url=http://www.tnpolice.gov.in/PDFS/CII2007.pdf|publisher=State Crime Records Bureau, Crime Branch CID, Chennai, Tamil Nadu|page=v|year=2007|access-date=1 January 2014|ref=police2007}}
* {{cite report|title=Violence perpetrated against women in India|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0009/000966/096629eo.pdf|last=Kosambi|first=Meera|publisher=UNESCO Principal Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific|location=Bangkok|year=1993|ref=UNESCO}}
* {{cite book|title=Broken People: Caste Violence Against India's "untouchables"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kd28Ay09adgC&pg=PA115|last=Narula|first=Smita |publisher=Human Rights Watch|year=1999|isbn=9781564322289|ref=Narula}}
* {{cite book|title=Women Police in a Changing Society: Back Door to Equality|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RKnClbGW9-AC&pg=PA69|last=Natarajan|first=Professor Mangai|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=9781409491385|year=2012|ref=Natarajan}}
* {{cite book|title=Violence against Girls and Women: International Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lWejAQAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA56|last1=Sigal|first1=Janet A|last2=Denmark|first2= Florence L. |ref=Sigal|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2013|isbn=9781440803369}}
* {{cite book|title=Tamil Nadu, Human Development Report|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_W0iP0ZWQPgC&pg=PA100|author=Tamil Nadu Government|publisher=Berghahn Books|year=2003|isbn=9788187358145 |ref=TamilNaduGov}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite journal | last = Vedhanayagi | first = P. | title = Agro-feminism: an ideology of hope for Dalit women | journal = [[Asian Journal of Women's Studies]] | volume = 19 | issue = 3 | pages = 186–200 | publisher = [[Ewha Womans University Press]] | date = September 2013 | url = http://itlboard.ewha.ac.kr/ys_board/view.htm?oid=26&mcode=56&page=3&serial=91023 | doi = 10.1080/12259276.2013.11666162 | s2cid = 146671570 | url-access = subscription }}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [https://www.proquest.com/openview/e0464e11ea4c12704fa4cb877e6a9b61/1?pq-origsite=gscholar Abstract on ProQuest.] Describes the work of Thendral Movement which encourages women's claims for land ownership to address violence against women.
::See also: {{Cite news | last = Sundaram | first = Shanmugha | title = Feminist on a mission to uplift Dalit women | work = [[The Indian Express]] | page = 3 | publisher = [[Indian Express Limited]] | date = 21 August 2012 | url = http://thendralmovement.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/agro-feminism-concept-is-pioneered-by-ms.html }}

[[Category:Crime in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Violence against women in India]]
[[Category:Tamil society]]

Koil tehsil

2025-04-28T09:36:50Z

GlennVarner228:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Koil Tehsil
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = UP
| website = {{URL|up.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Koil''' is a [[tehsil]] in the [[Aligarh district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]. Koil is the old name for the city of [[Aligarh]], and originally, the name was used for the area that is now covered by the Aligarh district. The present-day Koil tehsil is a part of Aligarh city. It covers the area beside the [[Grand Trunk Road]].

The origin of the name of Koil is obscure. In some ancient texts, Koil has been referred to in the sense of a tribe or caste, name of a place or mountain and name of a sage or demon.

[[Ibn Batutah]] the famous Arab geographer and traveler has written an account of Kol in his travelogue. This was the area where he was robbed of all his possessions and left unclad:<ref>National Geographic Dec. 1991: "Fortunately, Ibn Battuta who now had almost nothing more to rob, was able to convince his captors to let him go in exchange for his clothes. Eight days later, exhausted, barefooted and wearing nothing but his trousers,..."</ref> while en route to China from Delhi as [[Muhammad Tughlaq]]'s envoy to [[Ukhaantu Khan]]'s court. Which according to [[H A R Gibb]] "...spring some of the most lively passages of his narrative, such as his escape from Koel (the modern Aligarh)."<ref>Travels In Asia And Africa, 1325-54 By Ibn Batuta, translated by [[H A R Gibb]]</ref>

== References ==
<references/>

== See also ==

* [[Aligarh]]
* [[Ibn Battuta]]
{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Aligarh district]]
[[Category:Tehsils of Uttar Pradesh]]

{{Aligarh-geo-stub}}

1981 census of India

2025-03-27T00:31:55Z

GlennVarner228: starting a pg - done

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox census
| name = 1981 census of India
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| country = [[India]]
| date = {{start date|1981}}
| population = {{formatnum:685184692}}
| percent_change = 25.04%
| annual_percent_change =
| most_populous = [[Uttar Pradesh]] (105,113,300)
| least_populous = [[Sikkim]] (316,840)
| previous_census = 1971 census of India
| previous_year = 1971
| next_census = 1991 census of India
| next_year = 1991
}}
The '''1981 census of India''' was the 12th in a series of [[census of India|censuses]] held in [[India]] every decade since [[Census of India prior to independence|1872]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vijayanunni, M.|date=26–29 August 1998|title=Planning for the 2001 Census of India based on the 1991 Census|url=http://www.ancsdaap.org/cencon98/papers/india/india.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119080707/http://www.ancsdaap.org/cencon98/papers/india/india.pdf|archive-date=19 November 2008|access-date=25 March 2021|website=18th Population Census Conference|publisher=Association of National Census and Statistics Directors of America, Asia, and the Pacific|location=Honolulu, Hawaii, US}}</ref> The population of India was counted as 685,184,692 people.<ref name="census1981">{{cite web |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/310/1/49962_1981_POR.pdf |title=Census of India 1981 - A Hand Book of Population Statistics |date=18 April 1988 |author=V. S. Verma |access-date= 19 May 2021 |url-status=live |archive-date=19 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519084528/http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/310/1/49962_1981_POR.pdf}}</ref>

==Population by state==
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsable"
|+ Population of Indian states and union territories in 1981
|-
!State/Union Territory
!Population
|-
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|align=right|{{nts|53549673}}
|-
|[[Assam]]{{efn|[[Population projection|projected figure]] for 1981}}
|align=right|{{nts|19896843}}
|-
|[[Bihar]]
|align=right|{{nts|69914734}}
|-
|[[Gujarat]]
|align=right|{{nts|34085799}}
|-
|[[Haryana]]
|align=right|{{nts|12922618}}
|-
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]
|align=right|{{nts|4280818}}
|-
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|align=right|{{nts|5987389}}
|-
|[[Karnataka]]
|align=right|{{nts|37135714}}
|-
|[[Kerala]]
|align=right|{{nts|25453680}}
|-
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|align=right|{{nts|52178844}}
|-
|[[Maharashtra]]
|align=right|{{nts|62784171}}
|-
|[[Manipur]]
|align=right|{{nts|1420953}}
|-
|[[Meghalaya]]
|align=right|{{nts|1335819}}
|-
|[[Nagaland]]
|align=right|{{nts|774930}}
|-
|[[Orissa]]
|align=right|{{nts|26370271}}
|-
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|align=right|{{nts|16788915}}
|-
|[[Rajasthan]]
|align=right|{{nts|34261862}}
|-
|[[Sikkim]]
|align=right|{{nts|316385}}
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|align=right|{{nts|48408077}}
|-
|[[Tripura]]
|align=right|{{nts|2053058}}
|-
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|align=right|{{nts|110862013}}
|-
|[[West Bengal]]
|align=right|{{nts|54580647}}
|-
|[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] (UT)
|align=right|{{nts|188741}}
|-
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]] (UT)
|align=right|{{nts|631839}}
|-
|[[Chandigarh]] (UT)
|align=right|{{nts|451610}}
|-
|[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] (UT)
|align=right|{{nts|103676}}
|-
|[[Delhi]] (NCT)
|align=right|{{nts|6220406}}
|-
|[[Goa]], [[Daman and Diu]] (UT)
|align=right|{{nts|1086730}}
|-
|[[Lakshadweep]] (UT)
|align=right|{{nts|40249}}
|-
|[[Mizoram]] (UT)
|align=right|{{nts|493757}}
|-
|[[Puducherry (union territory)|Pondicherry]] (UT)
|align=right|{{nts|604471}}
|}
{{notelist}}

==Religious demographics==
{{Pie chart
|caption = Major religious groups in India in 1981<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/handle/123456789/321 |title=Household Population by Religion of Head of Household, Series-1, Paper 3 of 1984, India |date=4 July 1984 |author=V. S. Verma |access-date= 1 December 2021}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Hinduism]] |value1 = 82.4|color1 = orange
|label2 = [[Islam]] |value2 = 11.35 |color2 = green
|label3 = [[Christianity]]|value3 = 2.43 |color3 = blue
|label4 = [[Sikhism]]|value4 = 1.97 |color4 = gold
|label5 = [[Buddhism]]|value5 = 0.71 |color5 = orchid
|label6 = Others|value6 = 0.42|color6 = red
|label7 = Not stated|value7 = 0.01|color7 = purple
|thumb = right
}}
{{Clear}}

==See also==
*[[Demographics of India]]

== References ==
{{notelist}}
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/}}

{{Census of India}}

[[Category:1981 in India|Census Of India, 1978]]
[[Category:Censuses in India]]
[[Category:Political history of India]]
[[Category:1981 censuses|India]]