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Nawab

2026-05-07T00:39:40Z

GlendaBancroft: adjust formatting and cleaned formatting for accuracy

{{short description|Mughal title given to Muslim rulers of princely states in the Indian subcontinent}}
{{About|the honorific title|the nawab butterfly|Polyura}}
{{redirect|Naib}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2026}}
{{Indo-Persian royal and noble ranks}}

'''Nawab'''{{efn|[[Balochi language|Balochi]], [[Pashto language|Pashto]], [[Urdu]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] {{small|([[Shahmukhi]])}}, [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]: {{nq|نواب}} {{langx|ar|نواب}} {{langx|bn|নবাব/নওয়াব}} {{langx|hi|नवाब}} [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] {{small|([[Gurmukhi]])}}: ਨਵਾਬ}}{{efn|Also spelled Nawaab, Navaab, Navab, Nowab, Nabob, Nawaabshah, Nawabshah or Nobab.}} is a [[royal title]] indicating a ruler, often of a South Asian state, in many ways comparable to the Western title of [[Prince]]. The relationship of a Nawab to the Emperor of India has been compared to that of the [[Kingdom of Saxony|Kings of Saxony]] to the [[German Emperor]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sir Robert |first1= Lethbridge |title=The Golden Handbook of India |date=1893 |page= x}}</ref> In earlier times the title was ratified and bestowed by the reigning [[List of emperors of the Mughal Empire|Mughal emperor]] to semi-autonomous [[Muslim]] rulers of subdivisions or [[princely states]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]] loyal to the [[Mughal Empire]], for example the [[Nawabs of Bengal]]. Various Nawabs were permitted to maintain this title under the [[suzerainty]] of the [[Maratha Empire]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Students' Britannica India: A to C (Abd Allah ibn al-Abbas to Cypress) |date=2000 |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica |page=199 |language=en}}</ref>

"Nawab" usually refers to males and literally means ''Viceroy''; the female equivalent is "[[Begum]]" or "''Nawab Begum''". The primary duty of a Nawab was to uphold the sovereignty of the Mughal emperor along with the administration of a certain province.

The title of "nawabi" was also awarded as a personal distinction by the paramount power, similar to a [[British peerage]], to persons and families who ruled a princely state for various services to the Government of [[British Raj|India]]. In some cases, the titles were also accompanied by [[jagir]] grants, either in cash revenues and allowances or land-holdings. During the [[British Raj]], some of the chiefs, or [[sardar]]s, of large or important tribes were also given the title, in addition to traditional titles already held by virtue of chieftainship.

The term ''"[[Zamindar]]i"'' was originally used for the ''[[subahdar]]'' (provincial governor) or viceroy of a ''[[Subah (province)|subah]]'' (province) or regions of the Mughal Empire.

==History==
[[Image:Lord Clive meeting with Mir Jafar after the Battle of Plassey.jpg|right|thumb|upright=0.90|[[Robert Clive]], meeting with [[Mir Jafar]] after the [[Battle of Plassey]], by [[Francis Hayman]]]]
[[File:Sadeq Mohammad Khan.jpg|left|thumb|upright|[[General]] [[Sadeq Mohammad Khan V|Nawab Sir Sadeq Mohammad Khan V]], the last ruling Nawab of [[Bahawalpur]]]]

Nawab was a [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] term, used in [[Urdu language|Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Pashto language|Pashto]] and many other North-Indian languages, borrowed via [[Persian language|Persian]] from the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] honorific plural of ''naib'', or "deputy". In some areas, especially [[Bengal]], the term is pronounced ''nobab''. This later variation has also entered English and other foreign languages as [[:wikt:nabob|nabob]].

[[File:Asif musicians 1812.jpg|250px|thumb|The winter [[Divan|diwan]] of a [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] nawab]]

The [[Subahdar]] was the head of the Mughal provincial administration. He was assisted by the provincial ''Diwan'', ''[[Bakhshi (Mughal Empire)|Bakhshi]]'', ''[[Faujdar]]'', ''[[Kotwal]]'', ''[[Qadi|Qazi]]'', ''Sadr'', ''Waqa-i-Navis'', ''Qanungo'' and ''[[Patwari]]''. As the [[Mughal empire]] began to dissolve in the early 18th century, many ''subahs'' became effectively independent.<ref name="Whitworth1885">{{cite book |last=Whitworth |first=George Clifford |title=An Anglo-Indian Dictionary: A Glossary of Indian Terms Used in English, and of Such English Or Other Non-Indian Terms as Have Obtained Special Meanings in India |publisher=K. Paul, Trench |year=1885 |pages=301– |chapter=Subah |access-date=13 July 2020 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7tAOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA301 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209112831/https://books.google.com/books?id=7tAOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA301#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=9 February 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> The term ''nawaab'' is often used to refer to any Muslim ruler in north or [[south India]] while the term ''[[nizam]]'' is preferred for a senior official; it literally means "governor of region". The [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] had several nawabs under him: Nawabs of Cuddapah, Sira, Rajahmundry, Kurnool, Chicacole, et al. ''Nizam'' was his personal title, awarded by the Mughal Government and based on the term ''nazim'' as meaning "senior officer". ''Nazim'' is still used for a district collector in many parts of India. The term ''nawab'' is still technically imprecise, as the title was also awarded to Hindus and [[Sikh]]s, as well, and large [[zamindar]]s and not necessarily to all Muslim rulers. With the decline of that empire, the title, and the powers that went with it, became hereditary in the ruling families in the various provinces.

Under later British rule, nawabs continued to rule various [[princely states]] of [[Amb (princely state)|Amb]], [[Bahawalpur]], [[Balasinor]], [[Baoni]], [[Banganapalle]], [[Bhopal]], [[Cambay]], [[Jaora]], [[Junagadh]], [[Kurnool]] (the main city of Deccan), [[Kurwai]], Mamdot, [[Multan]], [[Palanpur]], [[Pataudi]], [[Radhanpur]], [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]], [[Malerkotla]], [[Sachin, Gujarat|Sachin]], and [[Tonk (princely state)|Tonk]]. Other former rulers bearing the title, such as the nawabs of Bengal and [[Oudh State|Awadh]], had been deprived by the British or others by the time the Mughal dynasty finally ended in 1857.
[[File:Nawab Alivardi Khan with his grandson Siraj ud-Daulah.jpg|thumb|Nawab '[[Alivardi Khan]] with his grandson [[Siraj-Ud-Daulah]] sit opposite his nephew Sayyid Ahmad Khan (Saulat Jang) and his Wazir another one is high rank amartya of durbar, Murshidabad.]]
Some princes became nawab by promotion. For example, the ruler of [[Palanpur]] was "diwan" until 1910, then "nawab sahib". Other nawabs were promoted are restyled to another princely style, or to and back, such as in [[Rajgarh State|Rajgarh]] a single rawat (rajah) went by nawab.

The style for a nawab's wife is ''[[begum]]''. Most of the nawab dynasties were male [[primogeniture]]s, although several ruling [[Begum of Bhopal|Begums of Bhopal]] were a notable exception.

Before the incorporation of the [[Indian subcontinent#The Subcontinent|Subcontinent]] into the [[British Empire]], nawabs ruled the kingdoms of Awadh (or Oudh, encouraged by the British to shed the Mughal suzerainty and assume the imperial style of Badshah), Bengal, [[Arcot]] and Bhopal.

==Ruling nawab families==
[[File:The procession of Yusef Ali Khan.jpg|right|thumb|''The Procession of [[Yusef Ali Khan]]'', a painting depicting Yusef Khan on his way to an encampment for the [[durbar (court)|durbar]] held at [[Fatehgarh]] in 1859]]

===Nawabi dynasties acceding to India===
{{div col}}
* Nawab of Akbarpur - Asmatara Farida Begum
* Nawab [[Mir Osman Ali Khan|Mir Osman Ali Khan Bahadur]], the 7th [[Nizam of Hyderabad]]
* Nawab of Ashwath
* Nawab Babi of [[Balasinor State|Balasinor]]
* [[Nawab of Banganapalle]], previously [[Nawab of Masulipatam|Masulipatam]]
* Nawab of [[Baoni State|Baoni]]
* Nawab of Basai, Nawab Khwaja Muhammad Khan
* Nawab of [[Berar Province|Berar]] styled Mirza of Berar (title held by the heir to the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]])
* Nawab of [[Bhikampur and Datawali (Aligarh) State|Bhikampur and Datawali]]
* [[Nawab of Bhopal]] (female rulers were known as Nawab Begum)
* [[Cambay State|Nawabs of Cambay]]
* the former [[Nawab of the Carnatic|Nawabs of the Carnatic]], restyled Princes of Arcot
* Nawab of Dujana
* [[Nawab of Farrukhabad]]
* Nawab of [[Jaora State|Jaora]]
* Nawab Sahib of [[Junagadh State|Junagadh]]
* Nawab of [[Malerkotla State|Malerkotla]]
* Nawab of [[Mohammadgarh State|Muhammadgarh]]
* Nawab Sahib of [[Palanpur State|Palanpur]] (''Diwan'' until 1910)
*Nawab of Awadh
* Nawab of [[Pathari State|Pathari]]
* [[Nawab of Radhanpur]]
* [[Nawab of Rampur]]
* [[Nawab of Sachin]]
* [[Nawab of Sardhana]]
* [[Nawab of Tonk]], India
* Nawab of [[Ghazipur]]
{{div col end}}

===Nawabi dynasties in India abolished before independence===
* [[Nawab of Kurwai]]
* [[Nawab of Pataudi]]
* [[Nawab of Savanur]]
* [[Nawab of Mamdot]]
* Nawab of [[Tarakote State]]
* Nawab of Banda (Bundelkhand)
* Nawab of Farukhnagar
* Nawab of Jhajjar
* [[Nawab of Surat]]
* Nawab of Mohna

===Nawabi dynasties acceding to Pakistan===
{{div col}}
* [[Nawab of Kalabagh]]
* [[Nawab of Amb]]
* [[Nawab of Bahawalpur]]
* Nawab of [[Dir (princely state)|Dir]]
* Nawab of [[Swat (princely state)|Swat]]
* Nawab Sahib of [[Junagadh]]
* Nawab of [[Kharan (princely state)|Kharan]]
* Nawab of [[Maler Kotla]]
* Nawab of [[Jogezai]]
* Nawab of [[Bugti]]
* Nawab of [[Marri (tribe)]]
* [[Nawab of Sanghar]]{{div col end}}

===Nawabi dynasties acceding to Bangladesh ===
{{div col}}
* [[Nawab of Bengal]]
* [[Nawab of Dhaka]]
* [[Nawab of Longla]] (Sylhet)
{{div col end}}

===Former dynasties which became political pensioners===
* [[Padshah-i-Oudh]], formerly [[Nawab of Awadh|Nawab Wazir]] of Awadh,
:: also imperial [[Vizier|Wazir]] of all Mughal India, both hereditary
* [[Nawabs of Bengal]], as [[Nawabs of Murshidabad]]
* Nawab of Marauli
* Nawab of Patna
* Nawab of Surat
* [[Nawab of Longla]] (Sylhet)

=== Rohilla Confederation===

All of these states were at some point under the authority of the Nawab of Rohilkhand, later made the Nawab of Rampur. Most of these states were annexed at the close of the [[First Rohilla War]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hamilton |first1=Charles |title=An Historical Relation of the origin, progress and final dissolution of the Rohilla Afghans in the northern provinces of Hindostan |pages=90–92|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Kingdom of Rohilkhand|Nawab of Badaun]]
* [[Kingdom of Rohilkhand|Nawab of Moradabad]]
* [[Kingdom of Rohilkhand|Nawab of Bareilly]]
* [[Kingdom of Rohilkhand|Nawab of Najibabad]]
* [[Kingdom of Rohilkhand|Nawab of Philibit]]
* [[Kingdom of Rohilkhand|Nawab of Farrukhabad]]
* [[Kingdom of Rohilkhand|Nawab of Bisollee]]

== Miscellaneous nawabs ==

=== Personal nawabs ===

The title ''nawab'' was also awarded as a personal distinction by the paramount power, similarly to a [[British peerage]], to persons and families who never ruled a princely state. For the Muslim elite various Mughal-type titles were introduced, including nawab. Among the noted British creations of this type were Nawab [[Hashim Ali Khan]] (1858–1940), Nawab [[Khwaja Abdul Ghani]] (1813–1896), [[Nawab Abdul Latif]] (1828–1893), Nawab [[Faizunnesa Choudhurani]] (1834–1904), Nawab [[Syed Nawab Ali Chowdhury|Ali Chowdhury]] (1863–1929), [[Nawaab Syed Shamsul Huda]] (1862–1922), [[Nawab Sirajul Islam]] (1848–1923), [[Nawab Alam yar jung Bahadur]], M.A, Madras, B.A., B.C.L., Barr-At-Law (1890–1974). There also were the Nawabs of Dhanbari, Nawabs of Ratanpur, Nawabs of [[Baroda]] and such others.

===Nawab as a court rank===
[[Image:Saadat Ali Khan I.jpg|right|thumb|upright=0.70|A picture of whom is believed to be the first ever "Nawab" of [[Mughal Empire]], "Saadat Ali Khan I" of [[Nawab of Awadh|Awadh]].]]

''Nawab'' was also the rank title—again not an office—of a much lower class of [[Muslim]] nobles—in fact retainers—at the court of the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] and [[Berar Province|Berar]] State, ranking only above [[Khan (title)|Khan Bahadur]] and Khan, but under (in ascending order) [[Khan (title)|Jang]], [[Al-Dawla|Daula]], [[Malik|Mulk]], [[Umara]] and [[Jah]]; the equivalent for Hindu courtiers was [[Raja Bahadur]].

==Related titles==
===Nawabzada===
[[File:The Navab's arrival before Clive's position.jpg|left|thumb|The [[Nawab of Bengal]], [[Mir Qasim]] 1757]]

This style, adding the Persian suffix ''-zada'' which means son (or other male descendants; see in other cases prince), etymologically fits a nawab's sons, but in actual practice various dynasties established other customs.

For example, in [[Bahawalpur (princely state)|Bahawalpur]] only the nawab's [[heir apparent]] used ''nawabzada'' before his personal name, then ''Khan Abassi'', finally ''Wali Ahad Bahadur'' (an enhancement of Wali Ehed), while the other sons of the ruling nawab used the style [[sahibzada]] before the personal name and only Khan Abassi behind. "Nawabzadi" implies daughters of the reigning nawbab.

Elsewhere, there were rulers who were not styled nawbab yet awarded a title nawabzada to others.

===Naib (Ottoman, Iranian, Arabic title)===
{{See also|Dar Niaba}}

The word ''naib'' ({{langx|ar|نائب}}) has been historically used to refer to any [[suzerain]] leader, [[feudatory]], or [[regent]] in some parts of the [[Ottoman Empire]], successive early modern [[Persianate]] kingdoms ([[Safavids]], etc.), and in the eastern [[Caucasus]] (e.g. during [[Caucasian Imamate]]). In the [[Sultanate of Morocco]], the Naib was the Sultan's [[Ambassador|emissary]] to the foreign legations in [[Tangier]] between 1848 and 1923, when the creation of the [[Tangier International Zone]] led to its replacement by the office of the [[Mendoub]].

Today, the word is used to refer to directly elected legislators in lower houses of parliament in many Arabic-speaking areas to contrast them against officers of upper houses (or [[Shura]]). The term [[Majlis al-Nuwwab (disambiguation)|Majlis al-Nuwwab]] ({{langx|ar|مجلس النواب}}, literally ''council of deputies'') has been adopted as the name of several legislative lower houses and unicameral legislatures.

"Naib" has also been used in the [[Malay language]] (especially of the [[Malaysian language|Malaysian variant]]) to translate the component of "deputy" or "vice" in certain titles (e.g "Vice President" - ''Naib Presiden'')<ref>{{Cite web|title=vice - Kamus Bahasa Inggeris|url=http://prpm.dbp.gov.my/Cari1?keyword=vice&d=139128&#LIHATSINI|website=Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu|publisher=[[Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka]]|access-date=25 May 2020|archive-date=25 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025163245/https://prpm.dbp.gov.my/Cari1?keyword=vice&d=139128&#LIHATSINI|url-status=live}}</ref> aside from ''timbalan'' and ''wakil'' (latter predominant in the [[Indonesian language|Indonesian variant]]).

=="Nabob", derived colloquial term==

{{Other uses|Nabob (disambiguation)}}
In colloquial usage in English (since 1612),<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/nabob?show=0&t=1284641928 Origin of NABOB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203060951/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/nabob?show=0&t=1284641928 |date=3 December 2016 }}, Merriam-Webster.com. Retrieved 16 September 2010.</ref> adopted in other Western languages, the [[transliteration]] "nabob" refers to commoners: a merchant-leader of high social status and wealth. "Nabob" derives from the [[Bengali language|Bengali]] pronunciation of "nawab": {{langx|bn|নবাব}} ''nôbab''.

During the 18th century in particular, it was widely used as a disparaging term for British merchants or administrators who, having made a fortune in India, returned to Britain and aspired to be recognised as having the higher social status that their new wealth would enable them to maintain. [[Vanity Fair (novel)#Joseph Sedley|Jos Sedley]] in [[Vanity Fair (novel)|Thackeray's ''Vanity Fair'']] is probably the best known example in fiction.

From this specific usage it came to be sometimes used for ostentatiously rich businesspeople in general.

"Nabob" can also be used metaphorically for people who have a grandiose sense of their own importance, as in the famous alliterative dismissal of the news media as "''nattering nabobs of negativism''" in a speech that was delivered by [[Richard Nixon|Nixon]]'s vice president [[Spiro Agnew]] and written by [[William Safire]].<ref>[http://politicaldictionary.com/words/nattering-nabobs-of-negativism/ "nattering nabobs of negativism"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210050026/http://politicaldictionary.com/words/nattering-nabobs-of-negativism/ |date=10 February 2017 }}, PoliticalDictionary.com. Retrieved 7 April 2015.</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="125" heights="100" caption="Some Nawabs of India">
File:Major-General the Hon. Arthur Wellesley being received in durbar at the Chepauk Palace Madras by Azim al-Daula Nawab of the Carnatic 18th February 1805.jpg|[[Azim-ud-Daula]]
File:Oziashumphrey.jpg|Hyder Beg Khan of [[Awadh]]
File:CheetahHunt.jpg|Nawabs hunting a [[blackbuck]] with their [[Asiatic cheetah]]
File:Javanbakht.jpg|[[Nawab of Awadh]] (left) and [[Mughal Empire|Mughal prince]] and [[Heir apparent]] [[Mirza Jawan Bakht (born 1749)|Mirza Jawan Bakht]] (right)
File:Cheetahs nawab oudh1844.jpg|Nawabs and [[cheetah]]s
File:Nawab of Kalabagh Malik Amir Mohammad khan.jpeg|[[Nawab Malik Amir Mohammad Khan]] The [[Nawab of Kalabagh]] and chief of the Awan tribe
File:A Nawab of Awadh, Lucknow, India. 19th century.jpg|[[Afsharid]]s and a [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] nawab
File:Stinger Lawrence and Nawab Wallajah.JPG|[[Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah]] the [[Nawab of Carnatic]]
File:Nawab shuja ud daulah.jpg|[[Shuja-ud-Daula]] the [[Nawab of Awadh]]
File:Shujah ud-Daulah and his sons shoberl.jpg|[[Shuja-ud-Daula]] and his sons and relative
File:Adina Beg tells his beads (6124587257) (cropped).jpg|[[Adina Beg Khan]], the only [[List of monarchs of Punjab#Nawab of Punjab|Nawab of Punjab]]
File:The Third battle of Panipat 13 January 1761.jpg|Nawabs in battle during the [[Battle of Panipat (1761)]]
File:Death of the Nabob of the Carnatic by Paul Philippoteaux.jpg|[[Nawab of the Carnatic]] in battle
File:A Nawab of Mughal dynasty, India, 17th-18th century.jpg|A nawab, during the reign of the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Shah Jahan]]
File:Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan.jpg|[[Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan]] the [[Nawab of Bengal]]
File:Muhammad Anwaruddin.jpg|[[Anwaruddin Muhammed Khan]] the [[Nawab of the Carnatic]]
File:Nawab of Bengal.jpg|[[Nawab of Bengal]]
File:Ali Bahadur.jpg|[[Ali Bahadur I]] the Nawab of Bundelkhand
</gallery>

==Princely states ruled by Nawabs==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*[[Amb (princely state)|Amb (Tanoli)]]
*[[Arcot]]
*[[Awadh]]
*[[Bahawalpur]]
*[[Balasinor]]
*[[Banganapalle]]
*[[Baoni]]
*[[Bengal]]
*[[Berar Province|Berar]] (nominally under Nizam of Hyderabad)
*[[Banda State|Banda]]
*[[Bhopal State|Bhopal]]
*[[Cambay]]
*[[Dir (princely state)|Dir]]
*[[Farrukhabad]] ([[Uttar Pradesh]], India)
*[[Farrukhnagar]]
*[[Hyderabad]]
*[[Jaora]]
*[[Junagadh]]
*[[Janjira State|Janjira]]
*[[Ghazipur]]
*[[Tarakote State]]
*[[Kurwai]]
*[[Kalabagh]]
*[[Malerkotla]]
*[[Mamdot]]
*[[Manavadar]]
*[[Warcha]]
*[[Palanpur]] ([[Gujarat]], India)
*[[Pataudi]]
*[[Radhanpur]]
*[[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]]
*[[Sachin, Gujarat|Sachin]]
*[[Tonk (princely state)|Tonk]]
{{div col end}}

==See also==
* [[Subahdar]]
* [[Mughal Empire]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Akbar |first=M Ali |year=2012 |chapter=Dhaka Nawab Estate |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Dhaka_Nawab_Estate |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}
* {{cite book |last=Islam |first=Sirajul |year=2012 |chapter=Nawab |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Nawab |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}
*[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=nabob&searchmode=none Etymology OnLine]
*{{EB1911|wstitle=Nawab|volume=19|page=317}}

[[Category:Nawabs of India| ]]
[[Category:Gubernatorial titles]]
[[Category:Heads of state]]
[[Category:Noble titles]]
[[Category:Royal titles]]
[[Category:Titles in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Titles in India]]
[[Category:Titles in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Titles of national or ethnic leadership]]

Nalanda BCA College

2026-05-05T22:25:00Z

GlendaBancroft: done!

{{Short description|Private college in Karnataka, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{no footnotes|date=November 2014}}
{{One source|date=June 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox University
|name = Nalanda BCA College
|image = Nalanda bca.png
|image_size = 220px
|motto = Quality Education with Government Specified Fees
|established = 2008
|type = Education and Private [[institution]]
|principal = Manjula Rottimath
|city = [[Hubli]]
|state = [[Karnataka]]
|country = [[India]]
|coor = {{coord|15|21|53.29|N|75|14|12.5|E|region:IN|display=title}}
|nickname = NALANDians
|website = [http://nbca.in http://nbca.in]
}}

'''Nalanda BCA College''' Vidyaranya, Gadag Road, Bhadiwad, [[Hubli]], in the Indian state of [[Karnataka]] offers a 3 year Bachelor of Computer Application Degree Course. It was founded in 2008. The college works under the aegis of "Sidhu Vidya Samsthe" a charitable nonprofit educational trust. It was registered under Bombay Trust Act 1951 at Charity Commissioner Office Belgaum on 8 August 2000.

==History==
"Nalanda" is a [[Sanskrit]] word meaning 'Continuous Education Charity'.

Nalanda BCA college was founded in 2008 by shri H.S.Nabhapur chairman Sidhu Vidya Samsthe.

==Campus==
Spread across over 4 acres, the Campus contains various buildings with old architecture. Its amenities include class rooms, libraries, laboratories and a playground.

==Educational Programs==
The Bachelor of Computer Applications (BCA) is a three year degree program with an annual enrolment of 50 students. The program is spread over six semesters and affiliated to [[Karnatak University]] [[Dharwad]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubli/Jobs-right-at-their-doorstep-students-hail-campus-interviews/articleshow/20401818.cms | title=Jobs right at their doorstep, students hail campus interviews | date=3 June 2013 | first=Srinivas | last=Reddy | newspaper=Times of India | accessdate=24 February 2019}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nalanda BCA College}}
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Hubli-Dharwad]]

Tani peoples

2026-04-29T20:47:22Z

GlendaBancroft: adding new pg!

{{Short description|Tibeto-Burman ethnic group from India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Tani
| image = File:Lhoba tanyi women.jpg
| caption =
| total =
| total_year =
| popplace =
| region1 = {{flag|India}}
| pop1 = 2,170,250
| region2 = {{flag|China}}
| pop2 = 10,000
| langs = [[Tani languages]], [[Hindi]]
| rels = [[Donyi-Polo]], [[Christianity]], [[Buddhism]], [[Hinduism]]
| related = Other [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman people]]
| native_name = Tani
| native_name_lang = hi
}}
The '''Tani people''' include the [[Adi people|Adi]], [[Apatani people|Apatani]], [[Galo People|Galo]], [[Mising people|Mising]], [[Nyishi people|Nyishi]], and [[Tagin people|Tagin]] ethnic groups of India and China. As members of the [[Tibeto-Burman]] [[ethnic group]], they speak various [[Tani languages]] and primarily reside in the Indian states of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] and [[Assam]], as well as the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]] in China.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YVADAQAAQBAJ&q=tani+arunachal+pradesh&pg=PP13|title=Shifting Cultivation and Tribal Culture of Tribes of Arunachal Pradesh, India|last=Riba|first=Tomo|date=5 March 2013|publisher=Rubi Enterprise|isbn=9789843373045|language=en}}</ref>

The Tani population is approximately 2.17 million.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2019 |title=North East India Tribal Odyssey ~ A journey across the region to visit the life, culture, traditions and heritage of the indigenous people of Assam, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland |url=https://kaziranganationalparkassam.in/north-east-india-tribal-odyssey-a-journey-across-teh-region-to-visit-the-life-culture-traditions-and-heritage-of-the-indigenous-people-of-assam-meghalaya-arunachal-pradesh-and-nagaland/ |access-date=22 November 2024 |website=Kaziranga National Park and Tiger Reserve|language=en-US}}</ref>
== See also ==
* [[List of people of Tani descent]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Tibetan people]]
[[Category:Tani peoples| ]]

{{India-ethno-stub}}
{{ArunachalPradesh-stub}}

Sumesh Shokeen

2026-04-21T22:45:42Z

GlendaBancroft: adding a entry

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Sumesh Shokeen
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| constituency = [[Matiala (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Matiala]]
| office = [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Member of the Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2008
| term_end = 2013
| predecessor = Constituency Established
| successor = [[Rajesh Gahlot]]
| constituency2 =
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| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| death_date =
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| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| partner =
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| occupation =
| profession = politician
| cabinet =
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| signature =
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| footnotes =
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}}
'''Sumesh Shokeen''' is an Indian politician and a leader of [[Aam Aadmi Party]]. He was elected to [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]] from [[Matiala Assembly constituency|Matiala]] constituency in [[4th Delhi Assembly|Fourth Delhi Assembly]].

Sumesh Shokeen joined [[Aam Aadmi Party]] in the presence of its national convener [[Arvind Kejriwal]] on 18 November 2024<ref name="Ex-Congress MLA Sumesh Shokeen joins AAP">{{cite news |date=18 November 2024 |title=Ex-Congress MLA Sumesh Shokeen joins AAP |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/ex-cong-mla-sumesh-shokeen-joins-aap/articleshow/115408519.cms?from=mdr |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250316130656/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/ex-cong-mla-sumesh-shokeen-joins-aap/articleshow/115408519.cms?from=mdr |archivedate=16 March 2025 |accessdate=16 March 2025 |publisher=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref name="Former Delhi Congress MLA Sumesh Shokeen joins AAP">{{cite news |date=18 November 2024 |title=Former Delhi Congress MLA Sumesh Shokeen joins AAP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/former-delhi-congress-mla-sumesh-shokeen-joins-aap/articleshow/115408001.cms |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250316130648/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/former-delhi-congress-mla-sumesh-shokeen-joins-aap/articleshow/115408001.cms |archivedate=16 March 2025 |accessdate=16 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India}}</ref> and contested as AAP candidate from [[Matiala (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Matiala]] in 2025 Assembly Elections and lost to [[Sandeep Sehrawat]] of BJP with a margin of 28,723 votes.<ref name="Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Matiala">{{cite news |title=Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Matiala |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0534.htm |access-date=16 March 2025 |publisher=Election Commission Of India |date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250316115849/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0534.htm |archive-date=16 March 2025}}</ref><ref name="Matiala Constituency Election Results 2025">{{cite news |title=Matiala Constituency Election Results 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/matiala |access-date=16 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250316120451/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/matiala |archive-date=16 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sumesh, Shokeen}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Delhi MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Delhi-politician-stub}}

Cyclone Giri

2026-04-17T04:48:41Z

GlendaBancroft: Created new info first draft.

{{Short description|North Indian cyclone in 2010}}
{{Infobox weather event
| name = Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Giri
| image = Giri 2010-10-22 0655Z.jpg
| caption = Cyclone Giri near peak intensity on October 22
| formed= October 20, 2010
| dissipated = October 23, 2010
}}{{Infobox weather event/IMD
| winds=105
| pressure = 950
}}{{Infobox weather event/JTWC
| winds = 135
| pressure = 922
}}{{Infobox weather event/Effects
| year = 2010
| fatalities = 157 direct, 10 indirect
| damages = 359000000
| affected = [[Myanmar]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Thailand]], [[Yunnan]]
}}{{Infobox weather event/Footer
| season = [[2010 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]
}}
'''Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Giri'''{{efn|The name ''Giri'' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: গিরি; [[Help:IPA/Bengali|[giɾiˑ]]]) was contributed by [[Bangladesh]] and means "mountain" in [[Bengali language|Bengali]].}} ([[India Meteorological Department|IMD]] designation: '''BOB 04''', [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center|JTWC]] designation '''04B''', also known as '''Cyclone Giri''') was a powerful [[tropical cyclone]] in terms of 1-minute sustained wind speed which caused catastrophic damage in parts of [[Myanmar]] in late October 2010. Originating from an [[Low-pressure area|area of low pressure]] over the [[Bay of Bengal]] on October 19, the system began as a weak [[Tropical cyclone#Tropical depression|depression]] 250 km (155 mi) south of Myanmar. Over the following few days, the depression underwent [[Rapid intensification|explosive intensification]], reaching its peak intensity with winds of 195 km/h (120 mph 3-minute [[maximum sustained wind|sustained]]) on October 22. Cyclone Giri made [[landfall]] roughly {{convert|50|km|mi|abbr=on}} northwest of [[Kyaukpyu]], shortly after peaking. Within hours of moving onshore, the system had substantially weakened. By the following day, Giri had degenerated into a tropical depression and the final advisory was issued on the storm.

Unlike during [[Cyclone Nargis]] in 2008, the [[Government of Myanmar]] took steps to ensure the safety of residents in the path of Cyclone Giri. An estimated 53,000 are believed to have evacuated Kyaukphyu before the arrival of the storm. Throughout central Myanmar, at least 157 people are known to have been killed by Giri. Thousands of structures near where the storm made landfall were destroyed, leaving more than 70,000 people homeless. An international relief effort began shortly after the storm passed to assist survivors of the storm. Local and foreign media initially criticized the Myanmar government for not giving residents enough warning of the storm and then for keeping quiet on the situation, but the focus later shifted to the loss of life and relief efforts.

==Meteorological history==
{{storm path|Giri 2010 track.png}}
Cyclone Giri was first identified by the [[India Meteorological Department|India Meteorological Department (IMD)]] as an [[Low-pressure area|area of low pressure]] over the [[Bay of Bengal]] on October 19. Early on October 20, the system was classified as a depression and given the name BOB 04; and at that time, the system was situated roughly 250 km (155 mi) southwest of [[Sittwe]], [[Myanmar]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=India Meteorological Department |date=October 20, 2010 |access-date=October 23, 2010 |title=Depression over east-central Bay of Bengal |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204201221/http://imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |archive-date=December 4, 2010 }}</ref> Continued development took place as [[Atmospheric convection|convection]] consolidated around the system and [[Rainband|banding features]] formed along the western side of the low. As the depression was situated in an area of weak [[wind shear]], further development was anticipated over the following days.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |date=October 20, 2010 |access-date=October 23, 2010 |title=Significant Tropical Weather Outlook for the Indian Ocean |url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ab/abio10.pgtw..txt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100808121248/http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ab/abio10.pgtw..txt |archive-date=August 8, 2010 }}</ref> Early on October 21, the IMD upgraded the system to a deep depression and expected it to further intensify into a cyclonic storm within 24 hours.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=India Meteorological Department |date=October 21, 2010 |access-date=October 23, 2010 |title=Deep Depression over east-central Bay of Bengal |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204201221/http://imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |archive-date=December 4, 2010 }}</ref> Shortly thereafter, the [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) issued their first advisory on the depression, classifying it as Tropical Cyclone 04B. The system rapidly developed throughout the day on October 21, developing an [[Eye (cyclone)|eye]] embedded within deep convection. In response to a near-[[equator]]ial [[Ridge (meteorology)|ridge]] to the south, the system slowly tracked towards the northeast, placing Myanmar within its path.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |date=October 21, 2010 |access-date=October 23, 2010 |title=Tropical Cyclone 04B Advisory One |url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtio31.pgtw..txt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203125711/http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtio31.pgtw..txt |archive-date=December 3, 2010 }}</ref> Around 0600 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]], the IMD upgraded the system to a cyclonic storm, assigning it the name "Giri".<ref>{{cite web|publisher=India Meteorological Department |date=October 21, 2010 |access-date=October 23, 2010 |title=Cyclonic storm "Giri" over east-central Bay of Bengal |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204201221/http://imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |archive-date=December 4, 2010 }}</ref>

Tracking over an area of high [[sea surface temperature]]s, [[rapid intensification]] ensued during the latter half of October 21.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |date=October 21, 2010 |access-date=October 23, 2010 |title=Tropical Cyclone 04B Advisory Two |url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtio31.pgtw..txt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203125711/http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtio31.pgtw..txt |archive-date=December 3, 2010 }}</ref> Following the development of very intense convection, with estimated cloud top temperatures between {{convert|-70|and|-80|C|F|abbr=on}}, Giri strengthened into a severe cyclonic storm, having sustained winds of at least 95 km/h (60 mph 3-minute sustained).<ref>{{cite web|publisher=India Meteorological Department |date=October 21, 2010 |access-date=October 23, 2010 |title=Tropical Storm Giri Advisory Six |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmc.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204200056/http://imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmc.htm |archive-date=December 4, 2010 }}</ref> Around 1800 UTC, the JTWC estimated that the system intensified into a [[Category 1 hurricane|Category 1 equivalent]] cyclone on the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |date=October 21, 2010 |access-date=October 23, 2010 |title=Tropical Cyclone 04B (Giri) Advisory Four |url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtio31.pgtw..txt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203125711/http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtio31.pgtw..txt |archive-date=December 3, 2010 }}</ref> Early on October 22, Giri further strengthened into a very severe cyclonic storm as it slowly moved towards the central coast of Myanmar.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=India Meteorological Department |date=October 22, 2010 |access-date=October 23, 2010 |title=Very Severe Cyclonic storm "Giri" over east-central & adjoining northeast Bay of Bengal |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204201221/http://imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |archive-date=December 4, 2010 }}</ref> Throughout the day, the storm underwent [[Rapid deepening#Explosive intensification|explosive deepening]], attaining winds of 240 km/h (145 mph 1-minute sustained) by 0900 UTC. Satellite imagery depicted a well-defined {{convert|46|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide eye surrounded by deep convection. Accompanied by strong poleward [[Outflow (meteorology)|outflow]], additional strengthening took place despite Giri's proximity to land.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |date=October 22, 2010 |access-date=October 23, 2010 |title=Tropical Cyclone 04B (Giri) Advisory Six |url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtio31.pgtw..txt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203125711/http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtio31.pgtw..txt |archive-date=December 3, 2010 }}</ref>

In the hours before landfall on October 22, Giri attained its peak intensity with winds of 165 km/h (105 mph 3-minute sustained) and a [[barometric pressure]] of 950 mbar (hPa; {{convert|950|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4|disp=out}}).<ref>{{cite web|publisher=India Meteorological Department |date=October 22, 2010 |access-date=October 23, 2010 |title=Tropical Storm Giri Advisory Ten |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmc.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204200056/http://imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmc.htm |archive-date=December 4, 2010 }}</ref> However, the JTWC estimated that Giri was a substantially stronger storm, nearly attaining [[Category 5 hurricane|Category 5 status]]; peak winds were believed to have reached 250 km/h (155 mph 1-minute sustained) along with an estimated pressure of 922 mbar (hPa; {{convert|922|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4|disp=out}}).<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |date=October 22, 2010 |access-date=October 23, 2010 |title=Tropical Cyclone 04B (Giri) Advisory Seven |url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtio31.pgtw..txt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203125711/http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtio31.pgtw..txt |archive-date=December 3, 2010 }}</ref> Around 1400 UTC, Cyclone Giri made [[landfall]] near Hunter's Bay, roughly {{convert|50|km|mi|abbr=on}} northwest of Kyaukpyu at peak intensity.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=India Meteorological Department |date=October 22, 2010 |access-date=October 23, 2010 |title=Very Severe Cyclonic storm "Giri" over northeast Bay of Bengal |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204201221/http://imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |archive-date=December 4, 2010 }}</ref> Upon doing so, Giri became the most intense storm to ever strike Myanmar, surpassing [[Cyclone Nargis]] which struck the [[Irrawaddy Delta]] region as a low-end Category 4 equivalent in [[2008 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|May 2008]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Jeff Masters|publisher=Weather Underground|date=October 22, 2010|access-date=October 23, 2010|title=Little change to Richard; Giri strongest cyclone ever to hit Myanmar; Megi nears China|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=1669|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101024121351/http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=1669|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 24, 2010}}</ref> However, according to the [[International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies]], substantial weakening had taken place within the hours before landfall; they estimated that Cyclone Giri struck the coastline with winds of 175 km/h (110 mph 1-minute sustained).<ref>{{cite web|author=International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=October 24, 2010|access-date=October 25, 2010|title=Myanmar: Cyclone Giri Information bulletin n° 1, 24 October 2010|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/MCOI-8AJFX6?OpenDocument&rc=3&emid=TC-2010-000211-MMR}}</ref> Once overland, the cyclone rapidly decayed as convection dissipated.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |date=October 22, 2010 |access-date=October 23, 2010 |title=Tropical Cyclone 04B (Giri) Advisory Eight (Final) |url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtio31.pgtw..txt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203125711/http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtio31.pgtw..txt |archive-date=December 3, 2010 }}</ref> By early October 23, only scattered bursts of convection remained around the center of Giri as it degenerated into a tropical depression.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=India Meteorological Department |date=October 23, 2010 |access-date=October 23, 2010 |title=Tropical Storm Giri Advisory Seventeen |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmc.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204200056/http://imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmc.htm |archive-date=December 4, 2010 }}</ref> The final advisory from the IMD was issued later that day as the system weakened further.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=India Meteorological Department |date=October 23, 2010 |access-date=October 23, 2010 |title=Tropical Storm Giri Advisory Eighteen (Final) |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmc.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204200056/http://imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmc.htm |archive-date=December 4, 2010 }}</ref>

==Preparations==
Shortly after Giri was classified a very severe cyclonic storm, warnings were issued for the coastline of Myanmar. Relative to the storm's intensity, preparations were minimal; however, this was because forecasters did not anticipate Giri to strengthen as quickly as it did.<ref name="girimyanmarnoprep">{{cite web|title=Cyclone Giri likely to cross Myanmar coast on Friday night|url=http://netindian.in/news/2010/10/22/0008413/cyclone-giri-likely-cross-myanmar-coast-friday-night|publisher=NetIndian News Network|access-date=22 October 2010}}</ref> The greatest fear of the residents was the aftermath of the storm. There were concerns that the cyclone could cause devastation similar to that of [[Cyclone Nargis]] in May 2008 which killed an estimated 140,000 people in the [[Irrawaddy Delta]].<ref name="myanmarfeargirilikenargis">{{cite web|title=Western Burma battens down as Cyclone Giri lashes coast|url=http://www.mizzima.com/news/breaking-and-news-brief/4482-western-burma-battens-down-as-cyclone-giri-lashes-coast.html|publisher=Mizzima News|access-date=22 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101024100440/http://www.mizzima.com/news/breaking-and-news-brief/4482-western-burma-battens-down-as-cyclone-giri-lashes-coast.html|archive-date=24 October 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> The chief of the [[Myanmar Climate Change Watch]], a branch within the [[Myanmar Meteorology and Hydrology Department]], urged people to move to higher grounds and into sturdy buildings as a [[storm surge]] up to 3.6 m (12 ft) was anticipated. Warnings of the storm were constantly broadcast through television, radio and newspapers. In [[Sittwe]], the capital of [[Rakhine State]], authorities used loudspeakers to warn residents about Cyclone Giri.<ref name="giriprerpinmyanmar">{{cite news|title=Cyclone Giri forecast to hit Myanmar on Saturday|url=https://www.usatoday.com/weather/storms/2010-10-22-cyclone-myanmar_N.htm|work=USA Today|access-date=22 October 2010|date=October 24, 2010}}</ref> According to the [[military junta]], an estimated 53,000 are believed to have evacuated Kyaukphyu before the arrival of the storm.<ref>{{cite web|agency=The Associated Press |work=The New York Times |date=October 25, 2010 |access-date=October 26, 2010 |title=27 Were Killed in Cyclone, Myanmar Government Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/26/world/asia/26myanmar.html?_r=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430002912/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/26/world/asia/26myanmar.html?_r=1 |archive-date=April 30, 2018 }}</ref>

Even though the storm was not expected to hit [[Bangladesh]], the [[Bangladesh Meteorological Department]] issued storm signal five, "danger level", at ports of [[Cox's Bazar]] and [[Chittagong]].<ref name="bangladeshwarning|nostormanyway">{{cite web|title=6-8 feet surge may hit Cox's Bazar|url=http://bdnews24.com/details.php?id=176799&cid=2|publisher=bdnews24.com|access-date=22 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722134706/http://bdnews24.com/details.php?id=176799&cid=2|archive-date=22 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ships and vessels were also asked to return to shore quickly.<ref name="bangladeshshipsbackasgiriin">{{cite web|title=Bangladesh on alert as cyclone nears coast|url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/SGE69L0I1.htm|agency=Reuters|access-date=22 October 2010}}</ref> On October 23, the warning signals were lowered as the threat from Giri diminished.<ref name="coxposrsignaldown">{{cite web|title=Cox's Bazar maritime port asked to lower signal |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/latest_news.php?nid=26551 |publisher=The Daily Star |access-date=23 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630002726/http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/latest_news.php?nid=26551 |archive-date=30 June 2018 }}</ref>

==Impact==
{{wikinews|Cyclone Giri makes landfall in Myanmar, kills one}}
According to local media, Cyclone Giri brought a [[storm surge]] up to {{convert|3.7|m|ft|abbr=on}}, along with waves up to {{convert|8|m|ft|abbr=on}} and winds in excess of {{convert|260|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}.<ref name="HT1"/> In Kyaukphyu, much of the city was left more than {{convert|1.2|m|ft|abbr=on}} under water by the storm. Residents stated that most of Kyaukphyu was destroyed by Giri, with nearly every tree and lamppost felled and all structures damaged or destroyed.<ref name="DVB1"/> Later reports confirmed that roughly 70% of the city had been destroyed by Giri.<ref name="RW1">{{cite web|author=Democratic Voice of Burma|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=October 25, 2010|access-date=October 25, 2010|title=Death toll rises on cyclone-hit coast|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900SID/ASAZ-8AKHFE?OpenDocument&rc=3&emid=TC-2010-000211-MMR}}</ref> In the Ashey Paing ward, an entire village was flattened by the storm as roughly 1,000 homes were destroyed. Near the Gangawtaw Pagoda in Kyaukphyu, nearly 100 homes were completely destroyed.<ref name="DVB1"/> The [[Myanmar Red Cross Society|local Red Cross]] office in the city was also destroyed after a large tree fell on it due to high winds.<ref name="PTI1">{{cite web|author=PTI |publisher=Zee News |date=October 23, 2010 |access-date=October 23, 2010 |title=Myanmar cyclone leaves at least one dead, thousands affected |url=http://www.zeenews.com/news663352.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607055111/http://www.zeenews.com/news663352.html |archive-date=June 7, 2022 }}</ref> [[Myebon Township]] was the hardest-hit area in the country: several villages were completely destroyed by the storm and many others were severely damaged.<ref>{{cite web|agency=Xinhua |work=People's Daily Online |date=October 25, 2010 |access-date=October 25, 2010 |title=At least 12 people die in cyclone Giri in Myanmar: local media |url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90777/90851/7176728.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629081515/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90777/90851/7176728.html |archive-date=June 29, 2018 }}</ref> According to the [[United Nations]], roughly 15,000 homes were destroyed by the storm throughout [[Rakhine State]].<ref name="TI2">{{cite web|author=Ba Kaung |publisher=The Irrawaddy |date=October 30, 2010 |access-date=October 30, 2010 |title=Relief Efforts Slow to Reach Arakan's Devastated Coast |url=http://www.irrawaddy.org/highlight.php?art_id=19893 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5ts2Nt4mc?url=http://www.irrawaddy.org/highlight.php?art_id=19893 |archive-date=October 30, 2010 }}</ref>

In the Seikphyu Township, flood waters up to {{convert|4.6|m|ft|abbr=on}} deep inundated 20 villages after overflow from a dam was released without warning. Of the few reports coming from the region, there were indications of fatalities in outlying villages. Most of the livestock in the area perished as there was no time to bring them to higher ground safely.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ko Htwe |publisher=The Irrawaddy |date=October 29, 2010 |access-date=October 30, 2010 |title=Flash floods Hit Pakokku |url=http://www.irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=19881 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101103220131/http://irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=19881 |archive-date=November 3, 2010 }}</ref> The overall timing of the cyclone's landfall was also devastating for the region. It came at the only harvest of the year for Rakhine State. According to the [[United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization]], 16,187 hectares (40,000 acres) of rice paddies were destroyed and another 40,468 hectares (100,000 acres) were damaged.<ref>{{cite web|author=Staff Writer |publisher=Integrated Regional Information Networks |date=November 8, 2010 |access-date=November 8, 2010 |title=Urgent need to rebuild livelihoods after Giri |url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=91023 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125051329/http://irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=91023 |archive-date=November 25, 2010 }}</ref>

Within a day of Giri striking Myanmar, three people were reported to have been killed by the storm and tens of thousands of residents were believed to have been left homeless.<ref name="DVB1">{{cite web|author=Staff Writer |publisher=Democratic Voice of Burma |date=October 23, 2010 |access-date=October 23, 2010 |title=Cyclone Giri flattens coastal towns |url=http://www.dvb.no/news/cyclone-giri-flattens-coastal-towns/12380 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101024132452/http://www.dvb.no/news/cyclone-giri-flattens-coastal-towns/12380 |archive-date=October 24, 2010 }}</ref> By October 25, officials in Myanmar stated that the death toll had risen to 50 and at least 30 people in the Pyin Wan Village were missing. Press reports stated that "The situation here is alarming", as more bodies were discovered.<ref>{{cite web|author=Staff Writer |publisher=Narinjara |date=October 25, 2010 |access-date=October 25, 2010 |title=Death Toll Rises and Thousands Left Homeless in Giri Aftermath |url=http://www.narinjara.com/details.asp?id=2775 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101105133528/http://www.narinjara.com/details.asp?id=2775 |archive-date=November 5, 2010 }}</ref> Offshore, more than 100 fishermen from Myanmar and Bangladesh were reported missing after 21 ships were caught in rough seas produced by the cyclone.<ref name="HT1">{{cite web|title=100 fishermen missing as Cyclone Giri strikes |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/100-fishermen-missing-as-Cyclone-Giri-strikes/Article1-616757.aspx |author=Indo-Asian News Service |work=Hindustan Times|access-date=October 23, 2010 |date=October 23, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101109173657/http://www.hindustantimes.com/100-fishermen-missing-as-Cyclone-Giri-strikes/Article1-616757.aspx |archive-date=November 9, 2010 }}</ref> By October 29, at least 94 people were confirmed to have been killed by Giri. Of these fatalities, 84 were in Myebon Township (Mray Bon) and 10 in Pauktaw Township.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ba Kaung |publisher=The Irrawaddy |date=October 26, 2010 |access-date=October 26, 2010 |title=Cyclone Death Toll Increases to 84 |url=http://www.irrawaddy.org/highlight.php?art_id=19819 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101026234605/http://www.irrawaddy.org/highlight.php?art_id=19819 |archive-date=October 26, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Staff Writer |publisher=Narinja |date=October 29, 2010 |access-date=October 30, 2010 |title=List of Deceased from Cyclone Giri in Mray Bon Township |url=http://www.narinjara.com/details.asp?id=2783 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101105133547/http://www.narinjara.com/details.asp?id=2783 |archive-date=November 5, 2010 }}</ref> However, according to local relief groups, the death toll had risen over 100.<ref name="TI2"/>

By November 2, 157 fatalities had been confirmed as a result of Cyclone Giri. Of these fatalities, 138 were in Myebon Township, 11 in Pauktaw Township, 5 in Minbya Township and 3 in Kyaukpyu Township.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Narinjara |date=November 2, 2010 |access-date=November 2, 2010 |title=List of Damages and Deceased Caused by Cyclone Giri in Pauktaw Township |url=http://www.narinjara.com/details.asp?id=2786 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101105133426/http://www.narinjara.com/details.asp?id=2786 |archive-date=November 5, 2010 }}</ref> According to officials in Kyaukpyu Township, damage from the storm amounted to [[Myanmar kyat|Ks.]]2.34 billion (US$359 million).<ref>{{cite web|author=Than Htike Oo |publisher=Myanmar Times |date=November 5, 2010 |access-date=November 5, 2010 |title=Housing and livelihoods top priorities for Giri victims |url=http://www.mmtimes.com/2010/news/548/news54813.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110221245/http://www.mmtimes.com/2010/news/548/news54813.html |archive-date=November 10, 2010 }}</ref>

==Aftermath==
Immediately following the storm, urgent requests for food and clean water were made by residents in the hardest hit areas. By the afternoon of October 23, the Red Cross began deploying relief supplies to the affected region; 300 tents and 150 bags of rice were planned to be distributed to Kyaukphyu where at least 5,000 people were left homeless.<ref>{{cite web|author=Staff Writer |publisher=The Irrawaddy |date=October 23, 2010 |access-date=October 23, 2010 |title=Relief Urgently Needed as Cyclone Giri Leaves Dozens Missing |url=http://www.irrawaddy.org/highlight.php?art_id=19812 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101221192057/http://www.irrawaddy.org/highlight.php?art_id=19812 |archive-date=December 21, 2010 }}</ref> According to the [[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] (OCHA), a total of 176,823 people were affected by the storm and 70,795 were left homeless.<ref name="OCHA3">{{cite web|author=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=October 26, 2010|access-date=October 26, 2010|title=Myanmar: Cyclonic Storm Giri Situation Report # 3, 26 October 2010|url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/B6772E96F0D4108F852577C80054BEEB-Full_Report.pdf}}</ref> By October 30, the number affected and homeless had risen to 1.1 million and roughly 100,000 respectively.<ref name="Narinja2">{{cite web|author=Staff Writer |publisher=Narinja |date=October 30, 2010 |access-date=October 30, 2010 |title=Urgent Appeal for Cyclone Victims in Arakan |url=http://www.narinjara.com/details.asp?id=2784 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101105133625/http://www.narinjara.com/details.asp?id=2784 |archive-date=November 5, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Staff Writer |publisher=International Rescue Committee |date=October 28, 2010 |access-date=October 30, 2010 |title=IRC responds after Cyclone Giri batters Myanmar |url=http://www.theirc.org/news/irc-responds-after-cyclone-giri-batters-myanmar-9629 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101031092226/http://www.theirc.org/news/irc-responds-after-cyclone-giri-batters-myanmar-9629 |archive-date=October 31, 2010 }}</ref> Red Cross officials also reported that an estimated 60,000 people were in need of assistance throughout Myanmar.<ref name="PTI1"/> Later that day, a relief charity was opened in [[Rangoon]] to aid victims of the storm; in short order, the charity had received donations of [[Myanmar kyat|Ks.]]10 million ($10,000 [[United States dollar|USD]]).<ref>{{cite web|author=Staff Writer |publisher=Mizzima News |date=October 23, 2010 |access-date=October 23, 2010 |title=Cyclone damage spurs calls for aid as 3,000 homes suffer |url=http://www.mizzima.com/news/inside-burma/4489-cyclone-damage-spurs-calls-for-aid-as-3000-homes-suffer-.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101024100237/http://mizzima.com/news/inside-burma/4489-cyclone-damage-spurs-calls-for-aid-as-3000-homes-suffer-.html |archive-date=October 24, 2010 }}</ref> By October 25, temporary shelter camps set up by relief agencies housed an estimated 5,000 people.<ref name="BBC1"/>

By October 26, the Government of the Union of Myanmar had begun distributing 60,000 [[Zinc (roof)|zinc roof sheets]] and the Ministry of Forestry provided 200 tonnes (220 tons) of timber. Through the end of October, six non-governmental organizations in Myanmar planned to distribute emergency food supplies, such rice, oil, salt and [[Pulse (legume)|pulses]], to 5,000 residents in Kyaukpyu and Myebon. Health supplies were also being distributed at relief camps by [[UNICEF]] in the hardest-hit areas. About 500 family kits containing non-food items, such as [[tarpaulin]]s and [[mosquito net]]s, had been distributed by the Myanmar Red Cross Society and another 1,200 were being sent to the area.<ref name="OCHA3"/> By the start of November, the government of Myanmar requested medial aid from the United Nations as a [[cholera]] outbreak began to unfold. Additional post-storm diseases such as [[diarrhoea]], [[dysentery]], eye infections and skin diseases became prevalent as well. According to locals, at least six people died as a result of cholera.<ref>{{cite web|author=Thea Forbes |publisher=Mizzima News |date=November 1, 2010 |access-date=November 27, 2010 |title=Regime seeks UN agencies' help with Giri medical aid |url=http://www.mizzima.com/news/inside-burma/4518-regime-seeks-un-agencies-help-with-giri-medical-aid.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130013931/http://www.mizzima.com/news/inside-burma/4518-regime-seeks-un-agencies-help-with-giri-medical-aid.html |archive-date=November 30, 2010 }}</ref> At least 200 people were infected with dysentery and four were killed by the disease in the towns of Kyaukphyu, Minbya and Myebon. The cause of the outbreak was linked to a lack of clean water.<ref>{{cite web|author=Staff Writer |publisher=Democratic Voice of Burma |date=November 1, 2010 |title=Post-cyclone dysentery kills 4 |url=http://www.dvb.no/news/post-cyclone-dysentery-kills-4/12495 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124013810/http://www.dvb.no/news/post-cyclone-dysentery-kills-4/12495 |archive-date=November 24, 2010 }}</ref>

===International assistance===
On October 26, [[United States Secretary of State]] [[Hillary Clinton]] stated that the country would provide emergency assistance and aid to Myanmar.<ref>{{cite web|author=Staff Writer |publisher=Agence-France-Presse |date=October 26, 2010 |access-date=October 26, 2010 |title=US offers aid to cyclone-hit Myanmar |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jraIOyZJ3aSIg2K2avAVz39ka4xA?docId=CNG.2d0f5d7b7806ca46d1395b01928daa94.b1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240522014404/https://www.webcitation.org/5tlx77nN2?url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jraIOyZJ3aSIg2K2avAVz39ka4xA%3FdocId=CNG.2d0f5d7b7806ca46d1395b01928daa94.b1 |archive-date=May 22, 2024 }}</ref> Roughly a week after the passage of Cyclone Giri, the government of Australia pledged about US$200,000 to victims of the storm. The governments of Britain and Japan also pledged to donate US$700,000 and US$500,000 respectively to Myanmar.<ref name="MizzimaNov25">{{cite web|author=Kyaw Kha |publisher=Mizzima News |date=November 25, 2010 |access-date=November 27, 2010 |title=US donates further US$3m for Cyclone Giri victims |url=http://www.mizzima.com/news/inside-burma/4607-us-donates-further-us3m-for-cyclone-giri-victims-.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129025420/http://mizzima.com/news/inside-burma/4607-us-donates-further-us3m-for-cyclone-giri-victims-.html |archive-date=November 29, 2010 }}</ref> The [[World Food Programme]] sent 900 tonnes (992 tons) of rice with another 300 tonnes (330 tons) on the way; stocks of rice in Kyaukpyu itself had reportedly been exhausted.<ref name="OCHA3"/> By late-November, the World Food Programme had allocated US$2.8 million in relief funds.<ref name="MizzimaNov25"/> Roughly 1,500 households in Kyaukpyu township were being cared for by [[Save the Children]].<ref name="OCHA3"/> Through the United Nations, organizations pledged to provide a total of US$54 million in aid. In late-November, the United States provided an additional US$3 million in relief funds.<ref name="MizzimaNov25"/>

===Criticism of the Junta===
{{See also|2010 Burmese general election}}
International and local media criticized the military government for inadequate warnings prior to Giri's landfall in the country. However, the junta claims to have informed the public appropriately.<ref name="BBC1">{{cite web|author=Staff Writer |publisher=BBC News |date=October 25, 2010 |access-date=October 25, 2010 |title=Cyclone Giri pummels west Burma |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-11617613 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028050835/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-11617613 |archive-date=October 28, 2010 }}</ref> Little assistance had reached thousands of survivors days after the storm's passage, fueling anger from local media sources. Government relief slowly reached the area; however, workers only cleared debris left by the storm and only encouraged residents to rebuild by giving them the supplies needed to do so.<ref name="RW1"/> Further criticism was made about the government withholding information on the loss of life and scale of damage.<ref>{{cite web|agency=The Associated Press |work=Independent Online |date=October 25, 2010 |access-date=October 26, 2010 |title=Myanmar mum on cyclone damage |url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/world/myanmar-mum-on-cyclone-damage-1.688604 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628223158/http://www.iol.co.za/news/world/myanmar-mum-on-cyclone-damage-1.688604 |archive-date=June 28, 2018 }}</ref> Requests were also made to postpone a [[2010 Burmese general election|national election]] for residents in Arakan State;<ref name="TI2"/> however, no response was given and the elections were still planned to be held on November 7.<ref name="Narinja2"/>

Additional criticism continued even a week after the storm, especially over the scale of the disaster. The government claimed that only 27 people had been killed by Giri while numerous local and international agencies stated significantly higher totals. They were also blamed for downplaying the amount of damage, resulting in slower distribution of aid to areas in desperate need.<ref name="TI2"/> Two weeks after Giri struck Myanmar, little attention was given to the ongoing disaster by the Junta. The Myanmar government continued to keep other countries out of the area and prevent them from knowing what was going on in the hardest hit areas. Thousands of survivors continued to suffer due to the insufficient relief making it into the region.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Mission Network News |date=November 8, 2010 |access-date=November 8, 2010 |title=Burma cyclone ignored, government quiet |url=http://www.onenewsnow.com/Missions/Default.aspx?id=1226762 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110060847/http://www.onenewsnow.com/Missions/Default.aspx?id=1226762 |archive-date=November 10, 2010 }}</ref> On November 8, local media discovered that the junta was threatening to sever aid to the region if residents did not vote for them in the national election. According to Mizzima, the opposing party won landslide victories in numerous townships; however, in the cyclone affected areas, the Junta had complete victories.<ref>{{cite web|author=Thea Forbes |publisher=Mizzima News |date=November 8, 2010 |access-date=November 8, 2010 |title=Junta held storm victims' aid as ransom for votes |url=http://www.mizzima.com/news/inside-burma/4553-junta-held-storm-victims-aid-as-ransom-for-votes-.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101108215709/http://www.mizzima.com/news/inside-burma/4553-junta-held-storm-victims-aid-as-ransom-for-votes-.html |archive-date=November 8, 2010 }}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Tropical cyclones}}
*[[Cyclone Nargis]]
*[[Cyclone Mala]]
*[[Cyclone Maarutha]]
*[[Cyclone Mocha]]
*[[Tropical cyclones in Myanmar]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{2010 North Indian Ocean cyclone season buttons}}
{{Good article}}

[[Category:Extremely severe cyclonic storms|Giri]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Myanmar|Giri]]
[[Category:2010 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|Giri]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in 2010|Giri]]

Jaimangla Garh Temple

2026-04-11T08:30:05Z

GlendaBancroft: Created

{{citation style|date=September 2024}}
{{Short description|Hindu Temple}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Jaimangla Garh Temple
| native_name = Jaimangla dham
| image = Jaimanglagarh Temple.jpg
| image size =

| religious_affiliation = [[Hinduism]]
| deity = Chandi Mangla Devi
| functional_status = Active
| festival =
| festivals = [[Navratri]], Jaimangla Utsav, [[Chhath]]

| location = [[Manjhaul]]
| locale =
| district = [[Begusarai]]
| state = [[Bihar]]
| province =
| country = [[India]]

| footnotes =
}}

'''Jaimangla Garh Temple''' is an ancient historical Hindu temple in [[Begusarai]] district of [[Bihar]] state of [[India]]. It is surrounded by [[Kanwar Lake Bird Sanctuary|Kanwar Lake]]. It is dedicated to the goddess Chandi Mangla Devi. An idol of the goddess is enshrined there.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://begusarai.nic.in/tourist-place/jaimangla-garh/|title=Jaimangla Garh | District website of Begusarai | India}}</ref>

==Accessibility==
Nearest railway station is [[Begusarai railway station]].Nearest Airport is Loknayak Jay Prakash Narayan Airport in [[Patna]],Bihar

==Mythology==
According to Hindu mythology, the temple is a shaktipeetha,a place where body parts of goddess Sati fell upon the Earth.{{citation needed|date= September 2024}}

==History==
The temple is believed to have been founded by the rulers of the Pala Dynasty in the ninth or tenth Century CE, although ancient remains found here date back to the period of the Lord Buddha. Archaeological remains have been found at the southern gate.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-11 |title=भगवान भोले शंकर ने किया था यहां माता का आह्वान, पौराणिक काल से प्रसिद्व है यह मंदिर |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/bihar/state/begusarai/historical-jay-mangla-garh-temple-in-begusarai-kanwar-lake/bh20190611124530131}}</ref>Archaeological excavations have
unearthed coins dating to 721 CE
and Buddhist sculptures indicating
Pala period origins. Structures
belonging to the Gupta dynasty
(400-600 AD) have been identified,
confirmed by an earthen seal. The
temple underwent significant
renovations in the 15th century
under the Oinwar patrons.

== References ==
== Significance ==

The temple is considered one of the 51 Shakti Peethas of India.<ref>https://example.com</ref> Surrounding archaeological mounds are still being studied for artifacts from the Buddhist era.<ref>https://example.com</ref>

== Kanwar Jheel ==
The temple is located on an island within Kanwar Lake — Bihar's first Ramsar site and Asia's largest freshwater oxbow lake, covering 2,620 hectares and hosting over 221 bird species.<ref>https://example.com</ref>

== Festivals ==
* Navratri
* Jaimangla Utsav
* Chhath
* Mahashivaratri

== Tourism ==
Located 25 km from Begusarai. Visitors travel by boat from Manjhaul. Nearest railway station: Begusarai. Nearest airport: Patna (130 km).<ref>https://example.com</ref>
{{reflist}}

{{coord|25.59220|86.16128|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Bihar]]
[[Category:Begusarai district]]

{{India-Hindu-temple-stub}}

Koyye Moshenu Raju

2026-04-10T05:04:57Z

GlendaBancroft: Done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Koyye Moshenu Raju
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[List of chairpersons of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council| Chairperson of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]]
| governor =
* [[Biswabhusan Harichandan]]
* [[Syed Abdul Nazeer]]
| 1blankname = [[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Leader of the House]]
| 1namedata =
* [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]
* [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| 2blankname = Deputy
| 2namedata = [[Zakia Khanam]]
| term_start = 19 November 2021
| predecessor = [[Shariff Mohammed Ahmed]]
| office1 = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council|Member of Legislative Council Andhra Pradesh]]
| constituency1 = Nominated by Governor
| term_start1 = 16 June 2021
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| father = Koyye Sundara Rao
| mother = Koyye Mariamma
| party = [[YSR Congress Party]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1965|04|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = {{Plainlist|
*Gunupudi, [[Bhimavaram]],
*[[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
}}
| spouse = Koyye Annamani
| children = 3 (1 daughter & 2 sons) Koyye Sundara Raju Koyye Chitti Raju
| other_party = [[Telugu Desam Party]] [[Indian National Congress]]
}}
'''Koyye Moshenu Raju''' (born 10 April 1965) is an [[Indian politician]] and [[Member of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]] who is serving as 10th [[Chairperson of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]] since 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chairman of Legislative Council |url=http://aplegislature.org/web/legislative-council/chairman |access-date=6 November 2022 |website=Andhra Pradesh Legislature}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2021 |title=Andhra Pradesh: Koyye Moshen Raju takes charge as chairman of AP legislative council |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-koyye-moshen-raju-takes-charge-as-chairman-of-ap-legislative-council-716054 |access-date=6 November 2022 |website=The Hans India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=19 November 2021 |title=Moshen Raju elected Council Chairman unanimously |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/moshen-raju-elected-council-chairman-unanimously/article37590151.ece |access-date=6 November 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He was nominated for the post by [[YSR Congress Party]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=YSRCP named MLC Koyye Mosenu Raju as candidate for legislative council chairman post |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/ysrcp-named-mlc-koyye-mosenu-raju-as-candidate-for-legislative-council-chairman-post/articleshow/87788284.cms |access-date=6 November 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=19 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Moshen Raju elected Council Chairman unanimously">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |date=19 November 2021 |title=Moshen Raju elected Council Chairman unanimously |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/moshen-raju-elected-council-chairman-unanimously/article37590151.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506153751/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/moshen-raju-elected-council-chairman-unanimously/article37590151.ece |archive-date=6 May 2024 |access-date=6 May 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raju, Koyye Moshenu}}
[[Category:Chairs of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Members of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]]
[[Category:People from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{AndhraPradesh-politician-stub}}

Magic Mushrooms (film)

2026-04-06T10:05:01Z

GlendaBancroft: stub!

{{short description|Indian Malayalam film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Magic Mushrooms
| image = Magic Mushrooms Movie Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical Release Poster
| director = [[Nadirshah]]
| writer = Akash Dev
| producer = Asharaf Pilakkal
| starring = [[Vishnu Unnikrishnan]] Akshaya Meenakshi Dinesh [[Harisree Ashokan]] [[Aju Varghese]] [[Sidharth Bharathan]] [[Johny Antony]] [[Jaffar Idukki]]
| cinematography = [[Sujith Vasudev]]
| editing = [[Johnkutty]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Nadirshah]] '''Score:''' Manikandan Ayyappa
| studio = Manjadi Creations
| distributor = Bhavana Release
| released = {{Film date|2026|01|23|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}
'''''Magic Mushrooms''''' (also marketed as '''''Magic Mushrooms from Kanjikkuzhi'''''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nadirshah and Vishnu reunite for ‘Magic Mushrooms from Kanjikkuzhi’ |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/nadirshah-and-vishnu-reunite-for-magic-mushrooms-from-kanjikkuzhi-k8678rsf |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=english.mathrubhumi.com}}</ref>) is a 2026 Indian [[Malayalam]] film composed and directed by [[Nadirshah]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-06-04 |title=Nadirshah-Vishnu Unnikrishnan's new film titled Magic Mushrooms from Kanjikkuzhi |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Jun/11/nadirshah-vishnu-unnikrishnans-new-film-titled-magic-mushrooms-from-kanjikkuzhi |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>. The film stars [[Vishnu Unnikrishnan]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-11 |title=Vishnu Unnikrishnan's Magic Mushrooms gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Nov/30/vishnu-unnikrishnans-magic-mushrooms-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> and Akshaya in lead role.<ref>{{Cite web |title=നാദിർഷ - വിഷ്ണു ഉണ്ണികൃഷ്ണൻ ചിത്രം 'മാജിക് മഷ്റൂംസ്'; ഫസ്റ്റ് ലുക്ക് |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2025/10/20/magic-mushrooms-movie-first-look.html |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=നാദിർഷ - വിഷ്ണു ഉണ്ണികൃഷ്ണൻ ചിത്രം 'മാജിക് മഷ്റൂംസ്'; ഫസ്റ്റ് ലുക്ക് |language=ml}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Vishnu Unnikrishnan]] as Ayon Jose aka Kocherukkan
*Akshaya Udayakumar as Janaki
*Meenakshi Dinesh as Jewel
*[[Pooja Mohanraj]] as Anitha
*Abin Bino as Gokulan
*Bobby Kurian as Aravindan
*[[Sidharth Bharathan]] as Vasanthan Kumar
*[[Jaffar Idukki]] as Jose, Ayon's father
*[[Harisree Ashokan]] as Shakespeare Gopalankutty, drama artist
*[[Althaf Salim]] as Akash
*[[Aju Varghese]] as Biju (Cameo)
*[[Johny Antony]] as Tony Kurishingal

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Magic Mushroom
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Nadirshah
| released = 12 December 2025 {{ndash}} 9 January 2026
| genre = Filmi
| label = 123Musix
}}

The music is composed by [[Nadirshah]] and the lyrics are penned by B. K. Harinarayanan, Santhosh Varma, Rajeev Alungal, Rajeev Govindan and Yadhu Krishnan R.
===Tracklisting===
{{Tracklisting
|extra_column = Singer(s)
|total_length =
|title1 = Thaloadi Marayuvathevide Nee
|extra1 = Shreya Ghoshal, Hanan Shah
|lyrics1 = B. K. Harinarayanan
|length1 = 4:19
|title2 = Thithaaram Maarippenne
|extra2 = Jassie Gift, Nadirshah, Ranjini Jose
|lyrics2 = Santhosh Varmma
|length2 = 3:50
|title3 = Aaraane Aaraane
|extra3 = K. S. Chithra, Rimi Tomy
|lyrics3 = Rajeev Govindan
|length3 = 3:56
}}

== Production ==
The film title was announced on 9 June 2025 through the crew’s official social media handles.

== Release ==
The film's launch was scheduled for 16 January 2026<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nadirshah reunite with Vishnu Unnikrishnan for ‘Magic Mushrooms’, hitting cinemas on 16 January |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/nadirshah-reunite-with-vishnu-unnikrishnan-for-magic-mushrooms-hitting-cinemas-on-16-january-tq52hjow |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=english.mathrubhumi.com}}</ref> but was postponed to 23 January 2026. The teaser was released on 24 December 2025<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vAdPrG6pv1k |title=Magic Mushrooms {{!}} Official Teaser {{!}} Nadirshah {{!}} Vishnu Unnikrishnan {{!}} Akshaya {{!}} Abin Bino |date=2025-12-24 |last=123Musix |access-date=2025-12-28 |via=YouTube}}</ref>. It was a box office disaster.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Improve categories|date=December 2025}}

[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:2026 Malayalam-language films]]

Nesi (film)

2026-04-05T06:37:26Z

GlendaBancroft: Made

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nesi
| image = Nesi (film).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Poster
| native_name = 
| director = Saravanan Krishna
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = J. S. Kannan
| starring = Vikas Sonia Suri
| narrator =
| cinematography = [[G. Ramesh]]
| editing =
| music = [[Sirpy]]
| studio = 
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2009|8|7}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Nesi''''' ({{translation|Be affectionate}}) is a 2009 Indian Tamil-language romantic drama directed by Saravana Krishna and produced by J. S. Kannan. The film stars newcomers Vikas and Sonia Suri. The film released on 7 August 2009 and was a box office failure.{{Cn|date=November 2024}}

== Cast ==
*Vikas as Siva
*Sonia Suri as Anjali
*[[Kadhal Sukumar]] as Siva's friend
*[[Mahadevan (actor)|Mahadevan]] as Anjali's father
*[[Meera Krishnan]] as Siva's mother
*[[Chitti Babu (Tamil actor)|Chitti Babu]]
*[[Vijay Krishnaraj]]
*[[Sampath Ram]]
*Kamakshinathan

== Production ==
Choreographer John Babu's son, Vikas, made his debut alongside model Sonia Suri, who was spotted after acting in a jewellery advertisement.<ref name="V">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/audio-beat-kandathum-kanathathum/article3364384.ece|title=Audio Beat: Kandathum Kanathathum|date=28 April 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]|first=S. R. Ashok|last=Kumar|access-date=4 June 2023|archive-date=20 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520052328/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/audio-beat-kandathum-kanathathum/article3364384.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="S">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/My-First-Break-mdash-Sonia-Suri/article16190529.ece|title=My First Break — Sonia Suri|work=[[The Hindu]]|last=Ashok Kumar|first=S. R.|date=8 July 2010|access-date=4 June 2023|archive-date=2 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602105549/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/My-First-Break-mdash-Sonia-Suri/article16190529.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> To prepare for his debut, Vikas learnt acting, dancing and fighting.<ref name="V"/> The film was shot in [[Chennai]], [[Karaikudi]] and [[Kodaikanal]].{{Cn|date=November 2024}}

== Music ==
The music for the film was composed by [[Sirpy]]. The lyrics were written by [[Palani Bharathi]].{{Cn|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Nesi
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Sirpy]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2009
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 21:34
| language = Tamil
| label = [[S. Kathiresan|Five Star Audio]]
| producer =
| chronology = [[Sirpy]]
| prev_title = [[Unnai Kann Theduthe]]
| prev_year = 2009
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{external media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|i90dTAvLCXE|Nesi – Jukebox}}}}
}}
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ennodaya
| length1 = 4:21
| extra1 = [[Harish Raghavendra]], [[Shweta Mohan]]
| title2 = Algebra
| length2 = 3:52
| extra2 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
| title3 = Kadhal
| length3 = 4:13
| extra3 = Balram, [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]
| title4 = Kalar
| length4 = 4:45
| extra4 = Tippu
| title5 = Nee Oru
| length5 = 4:22
| extra5 = [[Anuradha Sriram]], [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]
| total_length = 21:34
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Dinamalar]]'' wrote that "the film will convince parents to think about opposing love".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/79/|title=நேசி|language=ta|work=[[Dinamalar]]|date=1 September 2009|access-date=4 June 2023|archive-date=2 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602105537/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/79//|url-status=live}}</ref> Sonia Suri received congratulatory calls from some audience members who had watched the film.<ref name="S"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sirpy]]
[[Category:2009 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2009 Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Amar Haldipur

2026-03-26T06:42:28Z

GlendaBancroft: Added a info

{{unreliable sources|date=March 2012}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Amar Haldipur
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| image_size =
| landscape =
| birth_name =
| alias =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| origin =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| genre = [[Folk music|Folk]], [[Pop music|Pop]], [[Bhangra (popular music)|Bhangra]]
| occupation = [[Music director]], [[Composer]], [[Violin]]ist
| instrument = [[Violin]]
| years_active = 
| label =
| associated_acts =
| website = 
}}

'''Amar Haldipur''' is a noted music director or composer of Indian music industry.<ref name=ti>{{cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/its-was-bollywood-calling-for-haldipur-brothers_100548714.html|title=It's was Bollywood calling for Haldipur brothers|author=|date=10 July 2011|publisher=|accessdate=19 Mar 2012}}</ref><ref name=it>{{cite news |title= BMC razes Andheri recording studios|author=Sharad Vyas |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-14/mumbai/28362818_1_illegal-structures-studios-illegal-construction|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215202608/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-14/mumbai/28362818_1_illegal-structures-studios-illegal-construction|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 15, 2013|date=Jan 14, 2011|newspaper= [[The Times of India]]|accessdate=19 March 2012}}</ref><ref name=pn>{{cite news|title=Jagjit crooned his last film song for Ubale's 'Anandache Dohi'|url=http://punjabnewsline.com/content/jagjit-crooned-his-last-film-song-ubales-anandache-dohi/33483?qt-gallery=0|newspaper=Punjab Newsline|accessdate=19 March 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130131202039/http://punjabnewsline.com/content/jagjit-crooned-his-last-film-song-ubales-anandache-dohi/33483?qt-gallery=0|archive-date=31 January 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He composed music for number of Bollywood as well as Punjabi movies including [[Shaheed-E-Mohabbat]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/184396/Shaheed-E-Mohabbat-Boota-Singh/credits|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130130082544/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/184396/Shaheed-E-Mohabbat-Boota-Singh/credits|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 January 2013|title=Shaheed-E-Mohabbat Boota Singh (1999)|author=|date=|department=Movies & TV Dept.|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=19 Mar 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.induna.com/1000002074-productdetails/|title=Shaheed-E-Mohabbat DVD|author=|date=|publisher=www.induna.com|accessdate=19 Mar 2012}}</ref> and Channa Sachi Muchi.<ref name=mdc>{{cite web|url=http://www.moviesdatacenter.com/Movies/Channa-Sachi-Muchi-2010.html|title=Channa Sachi Muchi|author=|date=|publisher=www.moviesdatacenter.com|accessdate=19 Mar 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116023059/http://www.moviesdatacenter.com/Movies/Channa-Sachi-Muchi-2010.html|archive-date=16 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> His sons [[Siddharth Haldipur]] and Sangeet Haldipur are also doing well in music.<ref name=ti/>

A Violinist, Music Arranger, music director.
Arranged & wrote music for [[Lata Mangeshkar]] with the English Wren Orchestra, at Albert Hall in London.
He has worked with Bollywood actor Amitabh Bachchan on films like SHEHANSHAH and MAIN AZAAD HOON.
Arranged music for Asha Bhosle & Ghulam Ali's Album titled Meeraj - E - Gazal.
All his albums of Pankaj Udhas made Gazal popular in India.
Worked as music Arranger for Laxmikant Pyarelal, Khayyam, Rajesh Roshan, Shanker Jaikishan, Usha Khanna, Anu Malik, Nadeem Shravan, Madan Mohan, Hridaynath Mageskar, Nusaratfateh Ali Khan.
Have arranged about 6000 songs. Played Violin Solos, performed all over the world, with Lata Mangeshkar, Pankaj Udhas, Kishore Kumar in their Concerts.
His Violin solo on Mohd. Rafi's song DARD-E-DIL from film KARZ is a master piece.
Composed & Arranged Background Scores for nearly 150 films.
Also owned of a Recording studio in partnership with Gazal Singer Late Jagjit Singh.
Composed a symphony music in Indian Ragas in collaboration with Pandit Hariprasad Chaurasia with English orchestra in England titled Krishna.
Produced Marathi and Bengali films.
The Bengali Film Ai Toh Jibon, starring Victor Bannerjee, Moushmi chatterjee, Moon moon Sen, Shoumitra Chatterjee is a great piece of work.
Acted in Baba Saheb Ambedkar film in English & Hindi.
Distributed Bhojpuri film's.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haldipur, Amar}}
[[Category:Indian violinists]]
[[Category:Indian male composers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian violinists]]
[[Category:21st-century male musicians]]

Umdat-ut-Tawarikh

2026-03-23T05:33:29Z

GlendaBancroft: adding a post!

{{Short description|Sikh historical chronicle}}
{{Italic title}}
[[File:Title_page_of_the_'Umdat-ut-Tawarikh'_by_Lala_Sohan_Lal_Suri,_lithograph,_1888.png|thumb|Title page of the ''Umdat-ut-Tawarikh'' by Lala Sohan Lal Suri, lithograph, 1888]]
{{Sikh literature}}
The '''''Umdat-ut-Tawarikh''''' is a Sikh [[Historiography|historiographical]] work by [[Sohan Lal Suri]] covering the period of the [[Sikh gurus]] to the [[Sikh Empire]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Yasmeen|first=Robina|date=December 2025|title=Unlocking the Daftar: Unexplored Archives of the Sikh Empire in Lahore (1801–1849)|url=https://www.academia.edu/145773998/Unlocking_the_Daftar_Unexplored_Archives_of_the_Sikh_Empire_in_Lahore_1801_1849|journal=Pakistan Vision|volume=26|issue=2|pages=1–14|via=academia.edu}}</ref> The Umdat-ut-Twarikh originally consisted of around 7,000 pages in-total written in ''shikasta'' running Persian script.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Suri |first=V. S. |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjabi University |year=2004 |isbn=817380530X |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Harbans |edition=2nd |volume=4: S–Z |location=Patiala |pages=226–27}}</ref> Sohan Lal penned events at the Lahore Durbar in Persian, contiguous with the rule of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. The work, in five ''daftars'' or volumes, was translated into English in the twentieth century by Vidya Sagar Suri, his descendant.<ref name="Suri 2002">{{Cite book |last=Suri |first=Sohan Lal |title=Umdat ut-tawarikh |publisher=Guru Nanak University |year=2002 |isbn= |location=Amritsar |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|General Preface}}

== Structure ==

* '''Daftar 1:''' History of the Sikhs from the birth of Guru Nanak in 1469 to 1771.
* '''Daftar 2''' Charts the career of Charat Singh and the rise of Ranjit Singh and covers the period from 1772 to 1830.
* '''Daftar 3''' Is divided into five parts and covers the events in the court of Lahore from 1831 to 1839, the year Ranjit Singh died.
* '''Daftar 4''' Is divided into three parts and covers significant events in the Sikh Court from 1839 to 1845. A part of the narrative from this period is missing. After the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]], Sohan Lal Suri gave the account of the wars from 29 September 1845 to 20 September 1846 between the ‘Singhs’ and the ‘glorious Sahibs’ to [[Herbert Benjamin Edwardes]] who served at the Punjab Frontier to peruse. Edwardes did not return the records. As there was no copy, this period is missing from the ''Umdat-ut-tawarikh'', the Lahore court chronicle.<ref name="Suri 2002" />{{rp|373 vol IV part 3 —translator's note}}
* '''Daftar 5''' This volume deals with the period commencing in 1845 till 1849, the year the [[Sikh Empire]] was annexed by the [[British East India Company|East India Company]].

== Legacy ==
[[Claude Martin Wade]] was appointed the political agent by the [[British East India Company|East India Company]] and was ordered to report the proceedings of Maharaja Ranjit Singh's court. In speaking of the indigenous work, he said—

"Allowing for the partiality of the writer’s views and opinions, as regards the fame and credit of his patron, yet, as a record of dates and a chronicle of events, tested by a minute comparison with other authorities, and my own personal investigations into its accuracy during a residence of seventeen years among the Sikhs, I am enabled to pronounce it, in those two respects, as a true and faithful narrative of Runjeet Singh’s eventful life."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Morley |first=W.H. |title=A Descriptive Catalogue of the Historical Manuscripts |publisher=John W. Parker & Son |year=1854 |location=London |pages=90}}</ref>

According to Bayly, a twenty-first-century specialist in global and Indian history, Sohan Lal Suri's ''Umdat-ut-Tawarikh'' gives ‘a good impression of the density of information coming in to Ranjit Singh…’.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bayly |title=Empire and Information |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |publication-date=1996 |pages=133 ft nt}}</ref>

== Manuscripts ==
The original manuscript of the Umdat-ut-Twarikh is lying somewhere in the disorganized and poorly kept collection of the Punjab Archives in Lahore.<ref name=":2">{{cite news |last=Sheikh |first=Majid |date=April 17, 2024 |title=The mysterious genius who was a double-agent |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1056656 |access-date=April 17, 2024 |work=Dawn |location=Lahore, Pakistan}}</ref> Another early copy is with the Royal Asiatic Society Library in London.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title='Umdat al-tawarikh. (See f199a) [manuscript] |url=https://ras.koha-ptfs.co.uk/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=3192&query_desc=kw%2Cwrdl%3A%20wade |access-date=27 August 2024 |website=Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland}}</ref>

== Printing and translation ==
[[File:Photograph_of_Lala_Harbhagwan_Das_Suri,_grandson_of_Lala_Sohan_Lal_Suri,_taken_by_the_photographer_Gopaldas,_Karachi,_ca.1886.jpg|thumb|Photograph of Lala Harbhagwan Das Suri, grandson of Lala Sohan Lal Suri, taken by the photographer Gopaldas, Karachi, ca.1886]]
The Persian work was published under the orders of Sohan Lal Suri's son and grandson, Mul Chand and Har Bhagwan Das, by the Albert Press in Lahore in 1886.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=Lot 262: 'Umdat al-Tawarikh, four lithograph volumes of the life and times of Maharajah Ranjit Singh and a survey of the history of the Sikh empire, in Persian and some English, by Suhan La'l Suri (d. 1852), the court chronicler and the vakil of the Sikh court, Albert Press, Lahore, 1886 |url=https://www.bonhams.com/auction/30703/lot/262/umdat-al-tawarikh-four-lithograph-volumes-of-the-life-and-times-of-maharajah-ranjit-singh-and-a-survey-of-the-history-of-the-sikh-empire-in-persian-and-some-english-by-suhan-lal-suri-d-1852-the-court-chronicler-and-the-vakil-of-the-sikh-court-albert-press-lahore-18864/ |access-date=6 June 2025 |website=Bonham's}}</ref> This publishing was scribed by Narani (Nurayni) Das, resident of Salkut. A colophon by the scribe gives the date of 17 September 1886.<ref name=":0" /> For the work, a subsidy was bestowed from the Punjab University College of Lahore of which [[Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner|G. W. Leitner]] was the registrar.<ref name=":0" /> Only 500 copies were lithographed.<ref name=":0" /> This print was to be translated into English by [[Richard Carnac Temple|R. C. Temple]].<ref name=":0" />[[File:Title-page of volume III, part II of the Umdat-ut-Tawarikh of Sohan Lal Suri, published under the orders of Mul Chand and Har Bhagwan Das, Gumti Bazar, Lahore, 1888.jpg|thumb|Title-page of volume III, part II of the ''Umdat-ut-Tawarikh'' of Sohan Lal Suri, published under the orders of Mul Chand and Har Bhagwan Das, Gumti Bazar, Lahore, 1888]]The 1880s publishing of the work, consisting of around 2,000 pages in-total, was subdivided as follows:<ref name=":0" />

* Volume I: from the birth of Guru Nanak in 1469 to Ahmad Shah Durrani in 1771 (184 pages);<ref name=":0" />
* Volume II: from Charat Singh to the rise of Maharajah Ranjit Singh until 1830 (400 pages);<ref name=":0" />
* Volume III (consisting of five parts): on events in the court of Lahore, such as the birth of Duleep Singh, Lord Auckland's interview, and the death of Ranjit Singh, from 1831 to 1839 (930 pages);<ref name=":0" />
* Volume IV: on events between 1839 and 1845, covering the accession of Kharak Singh to the throne and the First Anglo-Sikh war (230 pages);<ref name=":0" />
* Volume V: on events between 1845 and 1849, the Second Anglo-Sikh war and disintegration of the Sikh Empire, when the Punjab was annexed by the British (200 pages);<ref name=":0" />
* Appendix to Volumes I & II: a sketch of the rise of the Sikhs up until 1825 (60 pages).<ref name=":0" />

Eventually, the work was translated into English by Vidya Sagar Suri, a descendant of the original author, in the 20th century.<ref name="Suri 2002" />{{rp|General Preface}}

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

* [[iarchive:umdat ut tvareekh 1-4 vol/umdat-ut-tawareekh-daftar-001-lala-sohan-lal-ebooks/|Digitized ''Umdat-ut-Tawarikh'' print (vols. I–IV, vol. V is missing)]]

{{morecat|date=September 2025}}
[[Category:Historiography of Asia]]
[[Category:1886 books]]

Casimiro Monteiro

2026-03-16T10:00:08Z

GlendaBancroft: small correct details after review and corrected details

{{short description|Portuguese military intelligence officer and law enforcement officer (1920–1993)}}
'''Casimiro Emérito Rosa Teles Jordão Monteiro''' (28 December 1920 – 25 January 1993),<ref name="govapuri">{{cite journal |publisher=[[Institute Menezes Braganza]] |publication-place=[[Goa]], [[India]] |journal=Govapuri |pages=61–65 |volume=10 |issue=4 |year=2016 |first1=P. |last1=Varela Gomes |first2=Paul |last2=Castro |translator=Paul Castro |title=My name is Casimiro Monteiro |editor1-first=Sanjay |editor1-last=Harmalkar |editor2-first=Pundalik Raut |editor2-last=Dessa }}</ref> also known as '''Agente Monteiro''', was a Portuguese [[covert operation]]s [[military intelligence]] officer and [[law enforcement]] officer during the [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]] regime. He carried out [[State terrorism|state-sanctioned bombings]] and assassinations in Portugal, [[Mozambique]] and [[Goa]]. His actions were mostly focused against members of independence movements that existed in the [[Portuguese colonial empire]].<ref name="govapuri" /><ref>{{cite news |first=Ana Maria |last=Simões |url=https://sol.sapo.pt/artigo/732445/angoche-o-maior-misterio-da-guerra-colonial |language=Portuguese |date=24 April 2021 |title=Angoche, o maior mistério da guerra colonial |access-date=7 September 2021 |editor1-first=Mário |editor1-last=Ramires |editor2-first=Vítor |editor2-last=Rainho |editor3-first=José |editor3-last=Cabrita Saraiva |editor4-first=Marta F. |editor4-last=Reis |editor5-first=José António |editor5-last=Saraiva |editor6-first=Afonso |editor6-last=de Melo |editor7-first=Felícia |editor7-last=Cabrita |editor8-first=Sónia |editor8-last=Peres Pinto |editor9-first=Joana |editor9-last=Andrade |editor10-first=Laura |editor10-last=Ramires |publisher=Editor Newsplex, S.A./Impressão Sogapal Distribuição VASP |publication-place=[[Porto Salvo]], [[Oeiras, Portugal]] |work=Nascer do SOL |archive-date=8 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508214001/https://sol.sapo.pt/artigo/732445/angoche-o-maior-misterio-da-guerra-colonial }}</ref>

As a [[PIDE]] [[Espionage#Agents in espionage|agent]], Monteiro tortured [[Indian people|Indian]]s in Goa (e.g. [[Mohan Ranade]], an Indian independence activist) who were demanding the union of [[Portuguese India]] territories with the recently independent [[India]].<ref name="monteiro" /><ref name="navhindtimes1" /><ref>{{cite web |first=Sanjeev V. |last=Sardesai |date=29 June 2019 |title=The lost gem of Goan freedom -Mohan Ranade |access-date=7 September 2021 |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2019/06/29/magazines/zest/the-lost-gem-of-goan-freedom-mohan-ranade |work=The Navhind Times |publisher=Navhind Papers & Publications (Dempo Group/Dempo Industries Pvt. Ltd.) |publication-place=[[Goa]], [[India]] |editor1-first=Pramod |editor1-last=Revankar |editor2-first=Arun |editor2-last=Sinha }}</ref> Monteiro is believed to have carried out the high-profile assassinations of [[Humberto Delgado]]<ref name="delgros" /><ref name="tracking" /> and [[Eduardo Mondlane]].<ref name="tracking" /><ref name="govapuri" />

Following the [[Carnation Revolution]] in 1974, Monteiro lost his job and his [[immunity from prosecution]]. He received [[political asylum]] in [[Flag of South Africa (1928–1994)|apartherid South Africa]] and lived there in poverty as well as obscurity till his death.<ref name="tracking" /><ref name="govapuri" /><ref name="monteiro" />

==Early life==
Monteiro was born on 28 December 1920 in [[Portuguese Goa State|Portuguese Goa]] to a [[Portuguese (people)|Portuguese]] father and his [[Goan Catholic]] wife, an ''aguadeira'' (water supplier) from the city of [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]].<ref name="navhindtimes1">{{cite web |first=Mário |last=Cabral e Sá |date=28 January 2012 |access-date=29 August 2021 |title=The case of the CM's bungalow |work=The Navhind Times |publisher=Navhind Papers & Publications (Dempo Group/Dempo Industries Pvt. Ltd.) |url-status=dead |publication-place=[[Goa]], [[India]] |editor1-first=Pramod |editor1-last=Revankar |editor2-first=Arun |editor2-last=Sinha |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130218024152/http://www.navhindtimes.in/elections/case-cm-s-bungalow |archive-date=18 February 2013 |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2012/01/28/magazines/panorama/elections-case-cm-s-bungalow }}</ref> He lived in Portugal for some time before joining [[General Franco]]'s army in the [[Spanish Civil War]].<ref name="maillistgoanvo">{{cite mailing list |mailing-list=Goan Voice Newsletter |first=Eddie |last=Fernandes |publication-place=[[London]], United Kingdom of Great Britain |date=23 July 2014 |access-date=29 August 2021 |url=http://www.goanvoice.org.uk/printerfile.php?link=2014-07-23 |publisher=Goan Voice UK |title=Goan Voice Newsletter: Wednesday 23 Jul. 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite mailing list |mailing-list=Goan Voice Newsletter |first=Eddie |last=Fernandes |publication-place=[[London]], United Kingdom of Great Britain |publisher=Goan Voice UK |url=http://www.goanvoice.org.uk/printerfile.php?link=2019-01-26 |title=Goan Voice Newsletter: Saturday 26 Jan. 2019 |date=26 January 2019 |access-date=7 September 2021 }}</ref>

After the [[World War II|war]], Monteiro moved to the United Kingdom, where he worked for a butcher whose daughter he married<ref name="navhindtimes1"/> and had a son; although he abandoned his family after the [[Carnation Revolution]] when he lost the protection of the Portuguese government and was forced to flee Portugal to avoid prosecution and extradition to India.<ref name="tracking" />

==Portuguese Goa Era==
In the 1950s, Monteiro joined the Portuguese Colonial Police in Goa, where he interrogated [[Goan liberation movement]] activists.<ref name="resjour" /><ref name="monteiro" /> Much of the brutal torture during interrogations took place at Valpoi Police Station and, eventually, Monteiro became infamous and feared throughout [[Portuguese India]];<ref name="tracking" /> by the closing years of Portuguese rule in India there were even several local theatre songs of the feared Agent Monteiro.<ref name="resjour">{{cite journal |title=Goan freedom struggle and 'Hom-kand' started by Jeevanmukt Maharaj |journal=Research Journey |volume=183 |issue=A |pages=1–8 |last=Madgaonkar |first=Vinay |publisher=Swatidhan Publications |issn=2348-7143 |date=1 April 2019 |url=http://irgu.unigoa.ac.in/drs/bitstream/handle/unigoa/5870/Res_Journey_183%28A%29_2019_1-8.pdf |editor1-first=Dhanraj Totaram |editor1-last=Dhangar |editor2-first=Swati V. |editor2-last=Lawange |publication-place=[[Nashik]], [[India]] }}</ref>

==PIDE agent==
After Goa's annexation by the [[Indian Army]] in 1961, Monteiro was recruited by the [[Polícia Internacional e de Defesa do Estado]] (PIDE), the Portuguese Secret Service.<ref name="delgros">{{cite news |title=A terceira morte do Gen. Delgado |first=Frederico |last=Delgado Rosa |date=3 May 2008 |access-date=29 August 2021 |url=https://www.dn.pt/arquivo/2008/a-terceira-morte-do-gen-delgado-998893.html |publication-place=[[Lisbon]], [[Portugal]] |website=Diário de Notícias |language=Portuguese |editor1-last=de Andradem |editor1-first=Domingos |editor2-last=Tecedeiro |editor2-first=Helen |editor3-last=Sequeira |editor3-first=Pedro |editor4-last=Ferro |editor4-first=Carlos |editor5-last=Cassiano |editor5-first=Artur |editor6-first=Elsa |editor6-last=Rocha |editor7-first=Carlos |editor7-last=Nogueira |editor8-first=Manuel |editor8-last=Molinos |editor9-first=Marcelo |editor9-last=Leite |publisher=Global Media Group (Global Noticias, Media Group, S.A.) |archive-date=30 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830000732/https://www.dn.pt/arquivo/2008/a-terceira-morte-do-gen-delgado-998893.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Initially, he participated in a campaign to organise an anti-Indian resistance among Goans code named Plan Gralha. PIDE agents used the Emissona Nacional, radio station which continued to broadcast after 1961, to broadcast stories of Goan non-cooperation with Indian authorities. Plans were made to sabotage port facilities at Mormugao and Bombay. In 1962, a bomb was planted at Vasco Municipal School in March 1962, and another at a different location in October.<ref name="monteiro">{{cite web |first=Lisa |last=Monteiro |date=5 June 2017 |access-date=29 August 2021 |title=When Portugal made one last effort to recapture Goa from India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/when-portugal-made-one-last-effort-to-recapture-goa-from-india/articleshow/58998725.cms |publisher=[[Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.]] ([[The Times Group]]) |publication-place=[[Gurgaon]], [[Haryana]], [[India]] |editor1-first=Jadeep |editor1-last=Bose |website=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 |oclc=23379369 |editor2-first=Vineet |editor2-last=Jain |editor2-link=Vineet Jain |editor3-first=V. |editor3-last=Sivaukumar }}</ref> Casimiro was implicated in bomb blasts on June 20, 1964.<ref name="newsp14">{{cite news |volume=21 |issue=157 |page=15 |newspaper=[[The Asian Age]] |department=Books section |publication-place=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |date=23 July 2014 |via=PressDisplay (PressReader) |title=Goa blasts: Lens on 2 Portuguese (50 Years Ago In Deccan Chronicle) |url=http://www.pressdisplay.com/pressdisplay/showlink.aspx?bookmarkid=LNDP1YIXVM48&preview=article&linkid=c92b1c46-fe60-4850-ac79-5e0c88aae447 |editor1-first=Aditya |editor1-last=Sinha |editor2-first=Seema |editor2-last=Mustafa |editor2-link=Seema Mustafa |publisher=Deccan Chronicle Holdings Limited |language=English |access-date=29 August 2021 }}</ref> The Portuguese government, in an official statement to the UN, later claimed that the attacks were acts of revolt against Indian rule.<ref name="12recdonegoa">{{cite web |archive-date=12 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112013205/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Records-show-colonizers-were-not-done-with-Goa/articleshow/11162999.cms |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Records-show-colonizers-were-not-done-with-Goa/articleshow/11162999.cms |title=Records show colonizers were not done with Goa |date=19 December 2011 |access-date=29 August 2021 |publisher=[[Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.]] ([[The Times Group]]) |publication-place=[[Gurgaon]], [[Haryana]], [[India]] |editor1-first=Jadeep |editor1-last=Bose |website=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 |oclc=23379369 |editor2-first=Vineet |editor2-last=Jain |editor2-link=Vineet Jain |editor3-first=V. |editor3-last=Sivaukumar |author=Editorial staff }}</ref>

In 1965, he assassinated General Humberto Delgado in Spain.<ref name="barradot">{{cite web |website=elDiario.es |date=27 March 2015 |access-date=29 August 2021 |first=Mercedes |last=Barrado Timón |publisher=Diario de Prensa Digital S.L. |editor1-first=Ignacio |editor1-last=Escolar |editor2-first=Jual Luis |editor2-last=Sánchez |editor3-first=Toño |editor3-last=Fraguas |editor4-first=Jaime |editor4-last=Sevilla |editor5-first=Marta |editor5-last=Barandela |language=Spanish |editor6-first=Juan |editor6-last=Checa |url=https://www.eldiario.es/extremadura/cultura/humberto-delgado-frederico_1_4308046.html |title="La democracia portuguesa ha dado todos los honores a Humberto Delgado" |publication-place=[[Madrid]], [[Spain]] }}</ref><ref name="casaco">{{cite web |language=Portuguese |website=Expresso |publisher=IMPRESA PUBLISHING S.A. |editor1-first=Francisco |editor1-last=Pinto Balsemão |editor2-first=Francisco Maria |editor2-last=Balsemão |editor3-first=Francisco Pedro |editor3-last=Balsemão |editor4-first=Paulo |editor4-last=de Saldanha |editor5-first=Paulo Miguel |editor5-last=Reis |editor6-first=Nuno Miguel |editor6-last=Conde |editor7-first=Cristina |editor7-last=Vaz Tomé |editor8-first=Ricardo |editor8-last=Costa |editor9-first=João |editor9-last=Vieira Pereira |publication-place=[[Paço de Arcos]], [[Lisbon metropolitan area]], [[Portugal]] |title="Como matámos Humberto Delgado" |url=https://expresso.pt/actualidade/como-matamos-humberto-delgado=f107152 |first=António |last=Rosa Casaco }}</ref> General Delgado was the Opposition Leader against the Salazar government.<ref name="elpais">{{cite news |access-date=29 August 2021 |publication-place=[[Madrid]], [[Spain]] |editor1-first=Joaquín |editor1-last=Estefanía |editor2-last=Mónica Ceberio |editor3-link=Ignacio Polanco |editor3-first=Ignacio |editor3-last=Polanco Moreno |editor4-first=Juan Luis |editor4-last=Cebrián Echarri |editor4-link=Juan Luis Cebrián |publisher=Ediciones El País, S.L. ([[PRISA|Promotora de Informaciones, S.A. (PRISA)]]) |issn=1576-3757 |first=Luis |last=Otanduy |title=Los asesinos de Humberto Delgado en libertad |date=25 June 2018 |url=https://www.elpais.com/diario/1980/06/26/internacional/330818403_850215.html |website=[[El País]] |language=Spanish |archive-date=14 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814180214/https://www.elpais.com/diario/1980/06/26/internacional/330818403_850215.html }}</ref> Monteiro, who had shot Delgado and strangled his secretary, was found guilty by the Spanish courts and was sentenced to 19 years ''[[trial in absentia|in absentia]]''.<ref name="newsp14" /><ref name="casaco" />

In the late 1960s, Monteiro went to [[Portuguese Mozambique]] (as a PIDE agent) to fight FRELIMO (Frente de Libertação de Moçambique), a movement fighting for independence against the internationally recognized Portuguese Government. Most of the Frelimo fighters were based in Tanzania.<ref>{{cite news |first=Vivke |last=Menezes |date=3 September 2018 |access-date=7 September 2021 |publisher=[[Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.]] ([[The Times Group]]) |publication-place=[[Gurgaon]], [[Haryana]], [[India]] |editor1-first=Jadeep |editor1-last=Bose |website=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 |oclc=23379369 |editor2-first=Vineet |editor2-last=Jain |editor2-link=Vineet Jain |editor3-first=V. |editor3-last=Sivaukumar |title=Memories of Salazar flooding back again |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/memories-of-salazar-flooding-back-again/articleshow/65649595.cms |archive-date=1 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101122810/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/memories-of-salazar-flooding-back-again/articleshow/65649595.cms }}</ref> Monteiro crossed into Tanzania, and using a parcel bomb assassinated [[Eduardo Mondlane]], the founding leader of FRELIMO.<ref name="tracking" /><ref name="govapuri" />

==Later life==
He returned to Portugal, but after the 1974 [[Carnation Revolution]], which overthrew the ''[[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]]'', Monteiro took refuge in the South African Embassy. He later moved to South Africa, where he spent the remainder of his life under the alias 'José Fernandez'. Almost blind and destitute (helped by the South African police), he died in 1993 at [[Richards Bay]], South Africa.<ref name="tracking">{{cite web |title=Tracking Goa's dreaded agent via cyberspace |first=Frederick |last=Noronha |date=29 May 2008 |access-date=29 August 2021 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/tracking-goa-s-dreaded-agent-via-cyberspace/story-gFKbGMozaw31MkJaXV8b4H.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |publisher=[[HT Media]] |publication-place=[[Delhi]], [[India]] |issn=0972-0243 |oclc=231696742 |editor1-first=Sukumar |editor1-last=Ranganathan |editor2-first=Shobhana |editor2-last=Bharia |editor2-link=Shobhana Bhartia }}</ref>

== Citations ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Monteiro, Casimiro}}
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:1993 deaths]]
[[Category:Foreign volunteers in the Spanish Civil War (National faction)]]
[[Category:People convicted in absentia]]
[[Category:Portuguese anti-communists]]
[[Category:Portuguese expatriates in Portuguese India]]
[[Category:Portuguese assassins]]
[[Category:Portuguese emigrants to South Africa]]
[[Category:Portuguese expatriates in South Africa]]
[[Category:People from Richards Bay]]
[[Category:Torturers]]
[[Category:War criminals]]
[[Category:Estado Novo (Portugal)]]

Chakkaramuthu

2026-03-12T03:47:57Z

GlendaBancroft: updated page

{{short description|Indian film directed by A. K. Lohithadas}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Chakkaramuthu
| image = Chakkara Muthu.jpg

| alt =
| caption = VCD cover
| director = [[A. K. Lohithadas]]
| producer = G. P. Vijayakumar
| writer = A. K. Lohithadas
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]]|[[Kavya Madhavan]]|[[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]]|[[Jishnu|Jishnu Raghavan]]}}
| music = [[M. Jayachandran]] (songs) [[Ouseppachan]] (background music)
| cinematography = Raajaratnam
| editing = [[Raja Mohammad]]
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2006|11|17}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Chakkaramuthu''''' ({{translation|Sugar pearl}}) is a 2006 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film directed by [[A. K. Lohithadas]] and starring [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]], [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]], [[Jishnu]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/what-jishnu-raghavan-posted-on-facebook-days-before-he-died-1290548|title=What Jishnu Raghavan Posted on Facebook Days Before he Died|website=ndtv.com|date=26 March 2016 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/malayalam-actor-jishnu-raghavan-breathes-his-last-1056788/|title=Malayalam Actor Jishnu Raghavan Breathes His Last!|website=www.india.com|date=25 March 2023|language=en}}</ref> and [[Kavya Madhavan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/meenakshi-dileep-drops-a-lovely-photo-on-kavya-madhavans-birthday/articleshow/94318216.cms|title=Meenakshi Dileep drops a lovely photo on Kavya Madhavan's birthday|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> Made by Seven Arts International and produced by G. P. Vijayakumar, the film was distributed by Seven Arts Release. The story, screenplay, and dialogue are by A. K. Lohithadas. Dileep plays the role of a person with an intellectual disability.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/nov/10chak.htm|title = Lohithadas disappoints with Chakkaramuthu |author=Paresh C Palicha |website=Rediff |date=10 November 2006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.webindia123.com/movie/regional/nov2006/chakkara/index.htm|title=Chakkaramuththu (2006) |website=Webindia123}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/lohithadas-flays-ban/article3047543.ece|title=Lohithadas flays ban|newspaper=The Hindu|date=13 November 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=An Onam sans Dileep: Mollywood stares at another first |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2017/08/29/dileep-no-onam-malayalam-movies-high-court-bail.html |access-date=6 February 2019 |work=[[Malayala Manorama]] |date=29 August 2017 |archive-date=7 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207020037/https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2017/08/29/dileep-no-onam-malayalam-movies-high-court-bail.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ritzmagazine.in/actor-jishnu-raghavan-still-an-inspiration/|title=Actor Jishnu Raghavan still an inspiration|website=ritzmagazine.in|date=25 March 2016|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=19 September 2017 |title=Kavya Madhavan turns 33 years old today: Controversies that rocked her life |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/kavya-madhavan-turns-33-years-old-controversies-that-rocked-her-life-4849765/ |url-status=live |access-date=15 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501230359/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/kavya-madhavan-turns-33-years-old-controversies-that-rocked-her-life-4849765/ |archive-date=1 May 2018}}</ref>

==Plot==
Aravindan is a sought-after tailor, specialising in blouses, and works in a shop owned by Kumaran. Despite his evident mental difficulty, he is shown as worldly-wise, with his own way of dealing with things.

He loves Anitha deeply while she feels pity for him. In fact, he is known as her black cat security. One day, at the instigation of his friend Santosh, he tries to kiss her. She is shocked but later uses the incident to cover up her relationship with Jeevan from her strict mother, who wants her to marry a doctor, Rajiv.

Anitha's uncle, a police officer, and her mother fix her marriage after learning about her affair. She elopes with Jeevan and goes to Bangalore with the help of Aravindan but soon realizes that Jeevan is a pervert. The rest of the film narrates Anitha's future and Aravindan's deep love for her.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/movies/chakkaramuthu/story.html |title =Chakkaramuthu |website=Filmibeat}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] as Aravindan
* [[Kavya Madhavan]] as Anitha, Aravindan's Love Interest
* [[Lakshmy Ramakrishnan]] as Anitha's Mother (voice dubbed by Sreepriya)
* [[Malayalam|Jishnu Raghavan]] as Jeevan George, Anitha's Fake Lover
* [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]] as DYSP Ramankutty, Anitha's Uncle
* [[Cochin Haneefa]] as Kumaran / Kumarettan, Aravindan's Friend
* [[Kalabhavan Navas]] as Santhosh, Aravindan's Friend
* [[Manikandan Pattambi]] as Shivanandan, Aravindan's Elder Brother
* [[Santhakumari (Malayalam actress)|Santhakumari]] as Servant
* [[Mahesh (Malayalam actor)|Mahesh]] as Ravi, Anitha's Uncle
* [[Sarath Das (actor)|Sarath]] as Rajeev, Anitha's Fiancé
* [[Sarayu (actress)|Sarayu]] as Dhanya, Anitha's Friend
* [[Kochu Preman]] as Kundara Ramachandran
* Sreekala as Aravindan's Mother
* Lakshmipriya
* Dimple Rose
* Ravindran
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0924212|Chakkara Muthu}}

{{A. K. Lohithadas|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2006 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. Jayachandran]]
[[Category:2006 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by A. K. Lohithadas]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Palakkad]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. K. Lohithadas]]

Rajkumar (1996 film)

2026-03-03T23:42:08Z

GlendaBancroft: cleanup

{{short description|1996 film by Pankaj Parashar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rajkumar
| image = Rajkumar (1996).jpg
| director = [[Pankaj Parashar]]
| writer =[[Vinay Shukla]], [[Kamlesh Pandey]]
| producer =Tutu Sharma
| studio =Tutu films
| music =Laxmikant-Pyarelal
| editing =Afaque Hussain
| cinematography =Kabir Lal
| narrator =
| starring = [[Naseeruddin Shah]] [[Anil Kapoor]] [[Madhuri Dixit]] [[Danny Denzongpa]] [[Reena Roy]] [[Farida Jalal]] [[Sanjai Mishra]]
| released ={{film date|df=y|1996|3|22}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''Rajkumar''' ({{translation}} Prince) is a 1996 Indian [[Hindi]] [[historical fantasy]] film directed by [[Pankaj Parashar]]. The film stars [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Madhuri Dixit]], [[Naseeruddin Shah]] and [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/6181/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011132730/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/6181/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 October 2008|title=Cast & Crew-RajKumar|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> The film was a disaster at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=202&catName=MTk5Ng==|title=Box Office 1996|publisher=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=1 July 2011|archive-date=21 July 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120721102828/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=202&catName=MTk5Ng==|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Plot==
Rani Maa's husband is killed by the neighbouring kingdom's evil Prime Minister Man Singh. The Prime Minister absolves himself from this killing and blames it on the king, the father of Rajkumari Vishaka. Rani Maa swears to avenge the death of the Rajkumari. Man Singh also has a twin brother, Surjan Singh, who is not evil at all, albeit a little naive. Rani Maa is shocked and aghast when she finds out that her only son, Rajkumar, is in love with Rajkumari. She sets out to oppose this marriage, while Rajkumar will leave no stone unturned to marry Rajkumari. The stage is set for mother and son to decide whether it is in their best interest to include someone in the family who has killed a husband and a father, respectively.

== Cast ==
* [[Anil Kapoor]] as Rajkumar
* [[Madhuri Dixit]] as Rajkumari Vishaka
* [[Naseeruddin Shah]] as Man Singh/Surjan Singh
* [[Danny Denzongpa]] as Ali
* [[Saeed Jaffrey]] as Bhanuwala
* [[Reena Roy]] as Rani Maa
* [[Farida Jalal]] as Panna (Dai maa)
* [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]]
* [[Vijayendra Ghatge]]
* [[Aruna Irani]]
* [[Arun Bali]]
*Pradeep Rawat

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by Laxmikant-Pyarelal, and the lyrics were penned by Anand Bakshi. "Payal Meri" is based on "[[Faith (George Michael song)|Faith]]" by [[George Michael]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/know-which-popular-indian-songs-are-inspired-by-george-michael |title=Know which popular Indian films copied George Michael songs |last=Barua |first=Richa |date=29 December 2016 |work=[[Asianet News Network]] |access-date=20 August 2018 |archive-date=30 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830112253/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/know-which-popular-indian-songs-are-inspired-by-george-michael |url-status=live }}</ref>

* "Payal Meri" [5:55] - [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Udit Narayan]]
* "Yeh Khubsoorat Badan" [7:01] - Alka Yagnik
* "Aankhon Ke Aage Peeche" [7:40] - [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
* "Aaja Aaja Tu Aanewale" [6:30] - Iqbal Afzai, Sabri, [[Sukhwinder Singh]], Jayshree Shivram
* "Bechain Hoon Main" [5:12] - Alka Yagnik, Udit Narayan
* "O Mere Rajkumar" [04:47] - Alka Yagnik
* "Tu Bijli Hai" [05:51] - Alka Yagnik, Udit Narayan

==Reception==
[[India Today]] wrote, "The film meanders through witch lairs and palaces but accomplishes little. Madhuri Dixit's dances seem repetitive and even the director's occasional flashes of brilliance are not enough to prop up the threadbare script."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/19960415-film-review-rajkumar-starring-anil-kapoor-and-madhuri-dixit-835131-1996-04-14|title=Film review: Rajkumar, starring Anil Kapoor and Madhuri Dixit|date=14 April 1996|website=India Today|access-date=4 March 2024|archive-date=4 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304162641/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/19960415-film-review-rajkumar-starring-anil-kapoor-and-madhuri-dixit-835131-1996-04-14|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0117436|title=Rajkumar}}

[[Category:1996 films]]
[[Category:1996 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1996 Indian films]]
[[Category:1990s historical fantasy films]]
[[Category:1990s romantic musical films]]
[[Category:1990s musical fantasy films]]
[[Category:1990s fantasy action films]]
[[Category:1990s historical romance films]]
[[Category:1990s romantic fantasy films]]
[[Category:1990s historical action films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
[[Category:Films about royalty]]
[[Category:Indian historical fantasy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic musical films]]
[[Category:Indian musical fantasy films]]
[[Category:Indian epic films]]
[[Category:Historical epic films]]
[[Category:Romantic epic films]]
[[Category:Epic fantasy films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy action films]]
[[Category:Indian historical musical films]]
[[Category:Indian historical romance films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Pankuj Parashar]]
[[Category:Indian historical action films]]
[[Category:Films about princes]]
[[Category:1996 musical films]]

{{1990s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Aa Karaala Ratri

2026-03-03T21:18:53Z

GlendaBancroft: refined structure per sources and cleaned formatting based on references

{{short description|2018 film by Dayal Padmanabhan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aa Karaala Ratri
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Dayal Padmanabhan]]
| producer = D Pictures
| writer = Mohan Habbu
| screenplay = Dayal Padmanabhan
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = {{Ubl |[[Naveen Krishna]]}}
}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Karthik Jayaram]]
* [[Anupama Gowda]]
* [[Rangayana Raghu]]
* [[Veena Sundar]]
}}
| music = R. S. Ganesh Narayanan
| cinematography = P. K. H. Das
| editing = Sri CrazyMindzz
| studio = D Pictures
| distributor = D Distributors
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2018|07|13|ref1=<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.ibtimes.co.in/aa-karaala-ratri-movie-review-celebs-critics-give-thumbs-dayal-padmanabhans-creation-774565|title=Aa Karaala Ratri movie review: Celebs, critics give a thumbs-up for Dayal Padmanabhan's creation|website= IBTimes|date=11 July 2018}}</ref>}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Aa Karaala Ratri''''' ({{translation|'That Intense Dark Night'}}) is a 2018 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[thriller film]] directed and produced by [[Dayal Padmanabhan]]. The film is based on a Kannada play by Mohan Habbu which was translated from the tragic English play ''Lithuania'' by [[Rupert Brooke]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/aa-karala-ratri-what-happened-when-bhagavan-proposed-the-film-to-legendary-filmmaker-rajkumar-40-years-ago/articleshow/65019169.cms|title= Aa Karala Ratri: What happened when Bhagavan proposed the film to legendary filmmaker Rajkumar 40 years ago|date=17 July 2018|website=Bangalore Mirror|access-date=17 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|number=1274925632028172290|user=sssmoviereviews|title=From play to film to book! The film#AaKaralaRatri was based on a play translated from English to Kannada by Mohan…|date=22 June 2020}}</ref>

In September 2020, director Dayal announced that he will be directing the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] remake of the movie which would be produced by [[Allu Aravind]]. The Telugu remake titled ''[[Anaganaga O Athidhi]]'' was directly released on the [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/telugu-review/anaganaga-o-athidhi-review-aha-there-is-no-fire-in-this-remake-of-kannada-thriller-aa-karaala-ratri-telugu-movies-payal-rajput|title = Review of Anaganaga O Athidhi on Aha: There's No Fire in This Remake of Kannada Thriller Aa Karaala Ratri|date = 21 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/seven-films-to-stream-on-ott-platforms-in-november-telugu-news-272934|title=SEVEN FILMS TO STREAM ON OTT PLATFORMS IN NOVEMBER!|website=India Glitz|date=30 October 2020}}</ref> He had also revealed that he would be directing the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] remake.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/director-dayal-padmanabhan-is-remaking-his-film-aa-karaala-ratri-in-telugu-and-tamil/articleshow/77973429.cms|title=Director Dayal Padmanabhan is remaking his film Aa Karaala Ratri, in Telugu and Tamil|website=Times Of India|date=7 September 2020|access-date=17 November 2020}}</ref> The Tamil version, titled ''[[Kondraal Paavam]],'' was released in 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dayal Padmanabhan set to make his Kollywood debut |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/dayal-padmanabhan-set-to-make-his-kollywood-debut/articleshow/95193273.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-03-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film was remade in Malayalam in 2023 as ''[[Pakalum Paathiravum]],''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |date=2023-03-03 |title='Pakalum Pathiravum' movie review: Kunchacko Boban, Rajisha Vijayan's thriller is felled by mediocre filmmaking |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pakalum-pathiravum-movie-review-kunchacko-boban-rajisha-vijayans-thriller-is-felled-by-mediocre-filmmaking/article66576036.ece |access-date=2024-03-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> making it the fifth Kannada film to be remade in three other South Indian languages after ''[[School Master (1958 film)|School Master]]'', ''[[Sampathige Savaal]]'', ''[[Devara Kannu]]'' and ''[[U Turn (2016 film)|U Turn]]''. Both the Tamil and Malayalam versions were released in March 2023 within one week of each other.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakalum Pathiravum Movie Review: A thriller that needed toning down |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/pakalum-pathiravum/amp_movie_review/98389210.cms |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
In an interior village, deep in Karnataka, a fortune teller visits a poverty-stricken family and foretells that their fortunes will change overnight. A mysterious traveller (played by Jayaram Karthik) visits their home on the same day and requests to be allowed to stay overnight. What happens during that one intense night forms rest of the story.

==Cast==
*[[Karthik Jayaram]] as Channa Keshava
* [[Anupama Gowda]] as Mallika 'Malli'
* [[Rangayana Raghu]] as Muthanna 'Onti Mane Muthanna'
* [[Veena Sundar]] as Gowramma
* Jaya Srinivasan
* Ashitha Chandrappa
* [[Navarasan]] as Kannappa
* [[Naveen Krishna]] in a cameo appearance

==Production==
The film is based on a Kannada play by Mohan Habbu which was based on the play ''Lithuania'' by [[Rupert Brooke]]. Director [[S. K. Bhagavan]] had revealed that during the making of 1978 Kannada film ''[[Shankar Guru (1978 film)|Shankar Guru]]'', he had narrated this story to actor [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]].The film was planned to be shot in [[Ladakh]] and some preparation was undertaken, but in the end Rajkumar backed out as he felt the story was too dark.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/aa-karala-ratri-what-happened-when-bhagavan-proposed-the-film-to-legendary-filmmaker-rajkumar-40-years-ago/articleshow/65019169.cms |title=Aa Karala Ratri: What happened when Bhagavan proposed the film to legendary filmmaker Rajkumar 40 years ago |publisher=Bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com |date=17 July 2018 |access-date=16 November 2018}}</ref>

Impressed by Mohan Habbu's story, Dayal decided to acquire the rights and make it into a full-length feature film.<ref>{{cite news |date=8 December 2017 |title=Dayal Padmanabhan's next to have "Bigg Boss 5" contestants |url=https://www.newskarnataka.com/sandalwood/dayal-padmanabhans-next-to-have-bigg-boss-5-contestants}}</ref> When Dayal entered the [[Bigg Boss Kannada|''Bigg Boss'']] house as a contestant his idea was strengthened when his fellow contestants JK and [[Anupama Gowda]] agreed to be a part of the film if it was made. Dayal then completed the entire script, along with co-dialogue writer Naveen Krishna, and narrated the full script to JK and Anupama.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/jk-and-anupama-in-dayal-padmanabhans-next-film/articleshow/62777432.cms|title=JK and Anupama in Dayal Padmanabhan's next film|date=5 February 2018}}</ref>

Once the lead pair was fixed, Dayal zeroed in on [[Rangayana Raghu]] and [[Veena Sundar]] for other pivotal roles. Many of Dayal's contestant friends from ''[[Bigg Boss Kannada]]'' like Jaya Srinivasan, Ashitha and Diwakar appeared in the film.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/former-bigg-boss-contestant-anupama-gowda-to-make-her-kollywood-debut/articleshow/62831903.cms|title=Former Bigg Boss contestant Anupama Gowda to make her Kollywood debut?|date=8 February 2018}}</ref>

==Reception==
''[[The News Minute]]'' mentions that "seasoned" actors and "clever" director came together hand-in-hand to make an interesting suspense thriller flick.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/aa-karaala-ratri-review-dayal-padmanabhan-delivers-interesting-suspense-flick-84695 |title='Aa Karaala Ratri' review: Dayal Padmanabhan delivers an interesting suspense flick |publisher=The News Minute |date=13 July 2018 |access-date=16 November 2018}}</ref> Shyam Prasad S of ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' said the film is one of the best movies of the year and credited the convincing performances and brilliant technical execution for the success.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/aa-karala-ratri-movie-review-one-of-the-best-films-this-year/articleshow/64952315.cms |title=Aa Karala Ratri movie review: One of the best films this year – Bangalore Mirror |publisher=Bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com |date=13 July 2018 |access-date=16 November 2018}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organizations are in alphabetical order.}}
! scope="col" | Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Recipient(s)
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" |[[Karnataka State Film Awards]]
| rowspan="3" |[[2018 Karnataka State Film Awards|10 January 2020]]
|[[Karnataka State Film Award for First Best Film|First Best Film]]
|[[Dayal Padmanabhan]]
|{{won}}
| rowspan="3" |<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=10 January 2020 |title=KARNATAKA STATE FILM AWARDS 2018: RAGHAVENDRA RAJKUMAR AND MEGHANA RAJ BAG TOP HONOURS; CHECK OUT ALL WINNERS |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/karnataka-state-film-awards-2018-raghavendra-rajkumar-and-meghana-raj-bag-top-honours-check-out-all-winners/articleshow/73186197.cms |access-date=21 January 2020 |website=bangalore mirror}}</ref>
|-
|[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|Dayal Padmanabhan
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|[[Veena Sundar]]
|{{won}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|[[8th South Indian International Movie Awards|15 August 2019]]
|Best Supporting Actor
|[[Karthik Jayaram]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2019 |title=SIIMA Awards 2019: Here's a complete list of nominees |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/siima-awards-2019-heres-a-complete-list-of-nominees/articleshow/70287216.cms |access-date=19 January 2020 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|}

== Notes ==
<references group="lower-alpha" />
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|8043456}}

[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:2010s mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:2018 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2018 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Kannada films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films directed by Dayal Padmanabhan]]

Love 24x7

2026-03-03T20:39:06Z

GlendaBancroft: improve layout per sources per standard format

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Love 24x7
| image = Love-24x7 film poster.jpg

| caption =
| director = [[Sreebala K Menon]]
| producer = Mukesh R. Mehta [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]]
| writer = Sreebala K. Menon
| narrator =
| starring = [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] [[Nikhila Vimal]] [[Sreenivasan]] [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]] [[Sashi Kumar]] [[Lena (actress)|Lena]]
| music = [[Bijibal]]
| cinematography = Sameer Haq
| editing = [[Mahesh Narayanan]]
| studio = E4 Entertainment Graand Production
| released = {{film date|df=yes|2015|7|18|India}}
| runtime = 137 minutes
| country = India
| gross = 
| language = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
}}
'''''Love 24x7''''' is a 2015 [[India]]n [[Malayalam film|Malayalam]] [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by debutante [[Sreebala K Menon]] starring [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] and [[Nikhila Vimal]] in lead roles while [[Sreenivasan]], [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]], [[Sashi Kumar]], [[Lena (actress)|Lena]] and [[Alencier Ley Lopez]] play the supporting roles. Mukesh R Mehta and [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] co-produced the film for E4 Entertainment in association with Graand Production.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/dileep-love-24x7-teaser-malayalam-film-plays-a-news-anchor.html|title=Love 24x7 teaser: Dileep plays a news anchor|publisher=manorama Online |date=2015-06-01 |accessdate=2015-07-14}}</ref> The music was composed by [[Bijibal]] while the lyrics were written by [[Rafeeq Ahmed]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/Bijibal-composes-music-for-Love-247/articleshow/46783727.cms |title=Bijibal composes music for Love 24*7|publisher=Times of India |date=2015-04-02 |accessdate=2015-07-14}}</ref> The film was released on [[Ramadan]] day, 18 July 2015.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Akhila Menon|title=Dileep's Love 24x7: 5 Reasons To Watch|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2015/dileep-love-24x7-reasons-to-watch-190887.html|publisher=Filmibeat.com|accessdate=18 July 2015|date=17 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/love-24x7-review-dileep-sreebala-suhasini-malayalam-movie-review.html|title = 'Love 24x7': Love in the time of corporate culture}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-love-24x7-is-impressive/20150720.htm|title = Review: Love 24x7 is impressive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/love-24-x-7/movie-review/48173722.cms|title=Love 24 X 7 Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Love 24 X 7 by Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/love-24-x-7-review-malayalam-phvj4uehififc.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723022348/http://www.sify.com/movies/love-24-x-7-review-malayalam-phvj4uehififc.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 July 2015|title=Love 24 X 7|website=[[Sify]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/good-beyond-all-the-news-and-bytes/article7442494.ece|title=Love 24X7: Good, beyond all the news and bytes|newspaper=The Hindu|date=19 July 2015|last1=Kumar|first1=P. k Ajith}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/love-24x7-review-malayalam-movie-19887|title = Love 24x7 review. Love 24x7 Malayalam movie review, story, rating}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/reviews/2015/love-24x7-movie-review-190952.html|title = Love 24x7 Movie Review: A Realistic Entertainer|date = 17 July 2015}}</ref>

==Plot==
Roopesh, a media executive, falls in love with Kabani, a trainee, who works her way up to become a news presenter. The story also focuses on the love story of two old ex-lovers who were separated due to their careers. History repeats itself with Roopesh and Kabani becoming stars of their separate channels.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] as Roopesh Nambiar
* [[Nikhila Vimal]] as Kabani "Karthika"
* [[Sreenivasan]] as Ummar Abdullah
* [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]] as Dr. Sarayu
* [[Sashi Kumar]] as Dr. Satheesh
* [[Lena (actress)|Lena]] as Jayashree
* [[Anjali Nair (actress, born 1988)|Anjali Nair]] as Nandhini
* [[Sudhi Koppa]] as Joshy
* Nandhini Sree as Soya Sreedharan
* [[Sidhartha Siva]] as Anthony
* [[Manju Pillai]] as Jessica Moses (Kabani's mother)
* [[Alancier Ley Lopez]] as Karthikeyan, Kabani's uncle
* [[Shankar Ramakrishnan]] as Murali Gopalakrishna Pillai
* [[Abhija Sivakala]] as Swetha Pillai
* Fara Shibila
* Saran Puthumana
* Jayapraksh Koolour as Senior Reporter
* Kottayam Purushan as Cabinet Minister Thommikkunju
* [[Dinesh Prabhakar]]
* [[Thesni Khan]]
* [[Idavela Babu]]
* [[Santhosh Pandit]]
* [[Krishna Praba]] as Nimisha
* [[Dileesh Pothan]] as News Reporter
* Moly Kannamali as himself (cameo appearance)
* [[Pauly Valsan]] as Canteen person
}}

==Production==
It is the first independent film of [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Humour|Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]] winning writer [[Sreebala K Menon]] who was the former associate of director [[Sathyan Anthikad]] in five of his films.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Nikhila-all-praise-for-Dileep/articleshow/47935412.cms |title=Nikhila all praise for Dileep|publisher=Times of India |date=2015-07-04 |accessdate=2015-07-14}}</ref> Sreebala, initially written the script, started it as the plot for a short story, but later weaved into a feature film with some changes. About the media-oriented theme, Sreebala says, "In Malayalam we have seen stories revolving around the life of reporters, the risks they take and the drama happening, both in the print and visual media. But what happens behind the camera, the normal life of news presenters, who in themselves are celebrities these days, are not explored much. Love 24x7 delves into those things."<ref>{{cite news|author1=Aswathy K|title=Love on Air|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Love-on-Air/2015/07/14/article2918676.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724233743/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Love-on-Air/2015/07/14/article2918676.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 July 2015|accessdate=18 July 2015|agency=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=14 July 2015}}</ref>

The filming wrapped up in the last week of June 2015.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Akhila|title=Dileep wraps Up Love 24x7|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2015/dileep-wraps-up-love-24x7-188711.html|publisher=[[One India|Filmibeat.com]]|accessdate=18 July 2015|date=30 June 2015}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
Music: [[Bijibal]], lyrics: [[Rafeeq Ahamed]]

* "Venal Ozhiyunu" - [[Ganesh Sundaram]], [[Sithara Krishnakumar]]
* "Veyilarum" - [[Minmini]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{facebook|Love24x7malayalammovieofficialpage}}

[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language romantic comedy films]]

{{2010s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Umesh Reddy

2026-02-28T12:32:21Z

GlendaBancroft: adding a article

{{Short description|Indian serial rapist and serial killer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox serial killer
| name = Umesh Reddy
| image =
| caption =
| birthname = BA Umesh
| alias = Rajulu, Ramesh, Venkatesh
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1969}}
| birth_place = Basappa Malige, [[Karnataka]], India
| cause =
| conviction = [[Murder]] (9 counts) [[Rape]]
| sentence = [[Capital punishment in India|Death]] (2009); [[Commutation (law)|commuted]] to 30-year [[imprisonment]] (2022)
| victims = 18+
| beginyear = 1996
| endyear = 2002
| country = India
| states = [[Karnataka]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]]
| apprehended =
}}
'''Umesh Reddy''' (born 1969) is a [[serial killer]] and [[serial rapist]] from India. He confessed to killing 18 women,<ref name="Telegraph_foul_2009"/> and was convicted in 9 cases.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=57010 |title=Bangalore: It's Death for Cop-turned-serial-rapist Killer Umesh Reddy |date=2009-02-19 |publisher=Dajiworld }}</ref> The police believe that he raped at least 20 women in the states of [[Karnataka]], [[Maharashtra]] and [[Gujarat]]. They also suspect that several of his crimes have not been reported, because the victims feared [[social stigma]].<ref name="DNA_life_2009"/>

The [[Karnataka High Court]] sentenced Reddy to death in 2009, a decision upheld by the [[Supreme Court of India]] in 2011. After Reddy filed a mercy petition, the Supreme Court commuted his death sentence to a 30-year sentence in 2022.<ref name="HT_2022"/>

== Early life ==

Umesh Reddy was born BA Umesh in 1969, in Basappa Malige, a village in [[Chitradurga district]], Karnataka.<ref name="TH_2014_rogues">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/the-city-has-a-long-list-of-rogues/article6102833.ece |title=The city has a long list of rogues |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2014-06-11 }}</ref>

After being selected in the [[Central Reserve Police Force]] (CRPF), he was posted in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. While on duty as a guard at the house of a commandant, he attempted to rape the commandant's daughter. He then fled to Chitradurga district.<ref name="ToI_gallows_2009"/> In 1996, he managed to join the District Armed Reserve (DAR) Police, who were not aware of his background in CRPF.<ref name="ToI_caught_2002"/> Reddy had been charged in a road rage incident, but the local DAR inspector chose to ignore this "petty case".<ref name="ToI_gallows_2009"/> Reddy completed his police training in [[Madhya Pradesh]], and then returned to Karnataka.<ref name="DNA_life_2009">{{cite news |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report-life-and-times-of-a-psychopath-killer-1232240 |title=Life and times of a psychopath-killer |date=2009-02-19 |author=Srikanth Hunasavadi |newspaper=DNA |archive-date=10 August 2022 |access-date=10 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810235009/https://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report-life-and-times-of-a-psychopath-killer-1232240 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Crimes ==

Reddy carefully selected his victims. He usually targeted [[housewife|housewives]] between 11 am and 3 pm, when there would be no men at home. He would gain entry into the victims' house on the pretext of asking for water or an address. He then threatened them with a knife, forced them to remove their clothes, tied them up, and raped them.<ref name="DNA_life_2009"/> He often choked his victims, and raped them while they were unconscious. After the rape, Reddy killed his victims and removed their jewellery to make the crime appear like a robbery.<ref name="ToI_gallows_2009"/> He then escaped with the victim's undergarments.<ref name="DNA_life_2009"/> Reddy was found wearing women's [[lingerie]] under his clothes, whenever the police arrested him.<ref name="ToI_gallows_2009"/>

In November 1996, Reddy attempted to rape a high school girl, who was walking at KEB Colony in [[Chitradurga]]. The girl hit him with a stone and managed to escape.<ref name="ToI_gallows_2009"/> On 6 December 1996, Reddy allegedly raped and murdered 16-year-old Roopa, when she was returning to her house in the same locality. The next month, he was arrested and dismissed from service, when his first victim identified him at a [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] police parade by chance.<ref name="DNA_life_2009"/>

Reddy, along with four others, was charged with Roopa's murder, and remanded to judicial custody (later, in 2004, he was acquitted in this case due to lack of sufficient evidence).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/08/08/stories/2004080804100400.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |title=All six accused in Rupa murder case acquitted |date=2004-08-08 }}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> A court asked him to be shifted to [[Bellary]] jail. In March 1997, while the Chitradurga police were handing him over to the Bellary prison authorities, Reddy escaped. He then killed an income tax officer's wife in [[Bangalore]], a girl in [[Ahmedabad]], two girls in [[Baroda]] and a widow in [[Kunigal]].<ref name="ToI_caught_2002"/>

Reddy would steal lingerie put up for drying in the backyards of houses. On 7 July 1997, he was arrested by [[Peenya]] police for stealing women's undergarments. When the police raided his room, they recovered a [[gunny bag]] full of lingerie. At the time of his arrest in Peenya, he told the police that his name was "Ramesh". Reddy escaped within 24 hours while being transferred to the [[Arekere Mico Layout|MICO Layout]] police station for interrogation in another case. The police initially tried to hush up his escape, but Reddy's father filed a [[habeas corpus]] petition in the High Court. Two police personnel were then suspended, and a lookout notice was issued in the name of Ramesh.<ref name="ToI_gallows_2009">{{cite news |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=pastissues2&BaseHref=TOIBG%2F2009%2F02%2F19&ViewMode=HTML&PageLabel=1&EntityId=Ar00101&AppName=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711103751/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=pastissues2&BaseHref=TOIBG%2F2009%2F02%2F19&ViewMode=HTML&PageLabel=1&EntityId=Ar00101&AppName=2 |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 July 2015 |title=It's gallows for Umesh Reddy: Sessions Court Sentence Upheld |newspaper=The Times of India |date=2009-02-18 }}</ref>

On 28 February 1998, Reddy raped and murdered 37-year-old widow Jayashree Maradi Subbaiah in [[Peenya]]. The police believe that he repeatedly [[necrophilia|had sex with the dead body]].<ref name="ToI_gallows_2009"/> When her 8-year-old son Suresh returned from school, he saw Reddy in his house. Reddy told the boy that an [[evil spirit]] had entered his mother's body, so he had tied her to the window [[grillwork|grill]]. He then fled saying that he was going to get a doctor.<ref name="Telegraph_foul_2009">{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1091108/jsp/7days/story_11713568.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030002431/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1091108/jsp/7days/story_11713568.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 October 2012 |title=Murders most foul |author=Varun Verma |date=2009-11-08 }}</ref> Reddy then attempted to rape another woman in Peenya. When the woman raised the alarm, he tried to escape by jumping from the first floor of the house. He sprained his ankle, and was caught by the neighbours, who handed him over to the police.<ref name="ToI_gallows_2009"/>

In 1999, Reddy once again escaped from the police custody near [[Hirekerur]]. Before he could commit any crime, he was arrested by inspector Nyame Gowda, in [[Chikkaballapur]].<ref name="ToI_gallows_2009"/>

On the night of 3–4 March 2002, Reddy escaped from police custody again, while being transferred from Bellary to Bangalore in a [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]] bus. The District Armed Reserve (DAR) personnel of Bellary, who accompanied him, claimed that he was handcuffed at the time, but Reddy denied this when he was arrested two months later.<ref name="TH_nabbed_2002">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2002/05/18/stories/2002051802850300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091026154526/http://www.thehindu.com/2002/05/18/stories/2002051802850300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-10-26 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |title=Notorious criminal Umesh Reddy nabbed |date=2002-05-18 }}</ref> He stated that he bought rum and chicken for the policemen, and earned their trust. When the bus stopped at a [[dhaba]] near Hiriyur bypass, he requested the policemen to remove his handcuffs on the pretext that he needed to answer the call of nature. Once free, he ran into the fields and escaped.<ref name="ToI_caught_2002"/>

Over the next two months, Reddy raped three girls in [[Davangere]], [[Hubli-Dharwad]] and [[Pune]]. He also stole three mobile phones and two credit cards. He worked as a waiter in a Pune hotel. He stole cash and clothes from there, and then fled to Dharwad.<ref name="TH_nabbed_2002"/><ref name="ToI_caught_2002"/>

On 17 May 2002, Reddy arrived in Bangalore from [[Tumkur]], and left his luggage in the cloakroom at the [[Yesvantpur Junction railway station|Yeshwanthpur railway station]]. Around 8 am, he visited a salon in [[Yeshwanthpur]] area, to get a haircut and a clean shave. As he entered the salon, an [[auto-rickshaw]] driver Sathyavelu recognized him from a newspaper photograph and an earlier court appearance. The driver called his elder brother Rajendran from a telephone booth and asked him to fetch the police. Meanwhile, he kept a vigil outside the salon. When Reddy exited the salon and started walking towards the railway station, Sathyavelu tipped off the police and followed him. Inspector Nagaraja Urs intercepted Reddy near Sharief Nagar and arrested him. At first, Reddy claimed to be somebody else but admitted that he was the serial killer, after being taken to the police station. The police rewarded the driver with {{INR}} 20,000. Reddy was found wearing a bra and panties. His baggage, seized from the cloakroom, contained several women's garments: 18 pairs of panties, 10 bras, 8 [[churidar]]s, 6 [[sari]]s, 4 [[blouse]]s and 2 [[nightie]]s.<ref name="ToI_caught_2002">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Rapist-killer-Umesh-Reddy-caught/articleshow/10197747.cms |title=Rapist-killer Umesh Reddy caught |date=2002-05-17 |newspaper=The Times of India |archive-date=17 June 2016 |access-date=10 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617065442/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Rapist-killer-Umesh-Reddy-caught/articleshow/10197747.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Death sentence ==

Reddy was tried and convicted in 9 cases, including the rape of Jayashree Subbaiah. He was acquitted in 11 cases due to lack of sufficient evidence.<ref name="ToI_gallows_2009"/> On 26 October 2006, Judge K Sukanya of the Bengaluru city fast-track court gave him multiple [[sentence (law)|sentences]] including a death sentence, a 7-year sentence plus {{INR}} 25,000 fine and a 10-year sentence plus {{INR}} 25,000 fine. Reddy tried to win the judge's mercy by saying that he wanted to study and take care of his mother, but the judge did not relent. Since the death sentence was the heaviest sentence, the case was referred to the High Court as per procedure.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Bangalores-Jack-the-Ripper-gets-death/articleshow/192549.cms? |title=Bangalore's Jack the Ripper gets death |date=2006-10-27 |archive-date=24 September 2016 |access-date=10 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924113539/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Bangalores-Jack-the-Ripper-gets-death/articleshow/192549.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 4 October 2007, a division bench of the [[Karnataka High Court]] also convicted Reddy, but the judges differed on the death sentence. Justice V G Sabhahit upheld the death penalty, but Justice Ravi B Naik advocated [[rigorous imprisonment]] for life with no scope for [[amnesty]]. A third judge, Justice [[S. R. Bannurmath]], was appointed to resolve the tie. On 18 February 2009, Bannurmath upheld the death sentence, and thus, the High Court confirmed the death penalty for Umesh Reddy. On 1 February 2011, the Supreme Court also upheld the death sentence. Justices [[Altamas Kabir]] and A K Pathak argued that Reddy was incapable of [[rehabilitation (penology)|rehabilitation]], and that his rape and murder of Jayashree fell under "rarest of the rare" category, a requirement for [[capital punishment in India]].<ref name="ToI_ripper_2011">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Its-death-for-ripper-Umesh-Reddy/articleshow/7407738.cms |title=It's death for ripper Umesh Reddy |date=2011-02-02 |newspaper=The Times of India |archive-date=24 September 2016 |access-date=10 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924122950/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Its-death-for-ripper-Umesh-Reddy/articleshow/7407738.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Reddy immediately filed a [[pardon|mercy]] petition before the [[President of India]]. On 7 May 2012, the [[Government of Karnataka]] rejected Reddy's mercy plea.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/247659/karnataka-govt-rejects-mercy-plea.html |title=Karnataka govt rejects mercy plea of serial rapist Umesh Reddy |date=2012-05-07 |newspaper=Deccan Herald |archive-date=11 July 2015 |access-date=10 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711234647/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/247659/karnataka-govt-rejects-mercy-plea.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Subsequently, the President of India also rejected his mercy petition on 12 May 2013. Reddy then filed a fresh petition, following which on 4 November 2022, the Supreme Court commuted his death sentence to 30 years imprisonment.<ref name="HT_2022">{{cite news |title=SC commutes death sentence of BA Umesh, gives him 30-year sentence |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/sc-commutes-death-sentence-of-ba-umesh-101667672698445.html |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=2022-11-06 |archive-date=12 December 2022 |access-date=12 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212060249/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/sc-commutes-death-sentence-of-ba-umesh-101667672698445.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== In popular culture ==

The [[Kannada language]] movie ''Umesh'' (2013) is a fictionalized version of Umesh Reddy's life.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Umesh-Reddy-inspires-filmmakers-in-Kannada/articleshow/20424926.cms |title=Umesh Reddy inspires filmmakers in Kannada |date=2013-06-04 |newspaper=The Times of India |archive-date=27 November 2018 |access-date=10 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127041141/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Umesh-Reddy-inspires-filmmakers-in-Kannada/articleshow/20424926.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Khatarnak (2013 film)|Khatarnak]]'' or ''Khataranak Umesh Reddy'' (2013), another Kannada movie, was also based on Umesh Reddy's life.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Kannada-film-on-Umesh-Reddy-gets-a-new-name/articleshow/23360516.cms |title=Kannada film on Umesh Reddy gets a new name |date=2013-10-01 |author=Kavya Christopher |newspaper=The Times of India |archive-date=27 November 2018 |access-date=10 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127081607/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Kannada-film-on-Umesh-Reddy-gets-a-new-name/articleshow/23360516.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/Movie-review-Khatarnak/articleshow/26223657.cms |title=Movie review: Khatarnak |author=Shyam Prasad S |newspaper=Bangalore Mirror |date=2013-11-22 |archive-date=5 April 2023 |access-date=21 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405030509/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/Movie-review-Khatarnak/articleshow/26223657.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> His character was also portrayed by Adi Lokesh in ''[[Dandupalya 2]]'' & ''[[Dandupalya 3]]'', where he is seen as one of the inmates of Dandupalya gang in Hindalga Prison.

A three-episode documentary called ''Beast of Bangalore: Indian Predator''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.netflix.com/pk/title/81610578 | title=Watch Beast of Bangalore: Indian Predator | Netflix Official Site | website=[[Netflix]] }}</ref> was released on Netflix on 16 December 2022 depicting Umesh's heinous crimes. The documentary included interviews with local police officials, victims and associates who helped Umesh in some of his crimes. <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2022/12/15/who-is-umesh-reddy-cop-turned-serial-killer-on-whom-indian-predator-beast-of-bangalore-is-based.html |title=Who is Umesh Reddy, cop-turned-serial killer on whom 'Indian Predator: Beast of Bangalore' is based |date=2022-12-15 |newspaper=The Week |archive-date=16 December 2022 |access-date=16 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216144141/https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2022/12/15/who-is-umesh-reddy-cop-turned-serial-killer-on-whom-indian-predator-beast-of-bangalore-is-based.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of serial killers by country]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://indiankanoon.org/doc/93179628/ B.A.Umesh vs Regr.Gen.High Court Of Karnataka on 1 February 2011]

{{Rape in India}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, Umesh}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian murderers]]
[[Category:Crime in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Escapees from Indian detention]]
[[Category:Indian escapees]]
[[Category:Indian people convicted of murder]]
[[Category:Indian prisoners sentenced to death]]
[[Category:Indian rapists]]
[[Category:Indian serial killers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Necrophiles]]
[[Category:People convicted of murder by India]]
[[Category:People from Chitradurga district]]
[[Category:Prisoners sentenced to death by India]]
[[Category:Indian people convicted of rape]]

Zoilus II

2026-02-26T05:23:41Z

GlendaBancroft: adding stub!

{{Infobox monarch
| name = Zoilus II Soter ("The Saviour")
| succession = [[Indo-Greek]] king
| image = Zoilos II portrait.jpg
| caption = Portrait of Zoilus II
| reign = 55–35 BC
| coronation =
| full name =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| spouse =
| issue =
| royal house =
| dynasty =
| father =
| mother =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
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}}
[[File:Zoilos II as a balding man.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Coin of Zoilus II, as a balding man. '''Obv:''' Bust of Zoilus with Greek legend ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ ΖΩΙΛΟΥ "Of King Zoilos the Saviour". '''Rev:''' [[Athena]] advancing left, with thunderbolt and shield covered with [[aegis]] (type of [[Menander I]]). [[Kharosthi]] legend: MAHARAJASA TRATARASA JHOILASA "King Zoilus the Saviour".]]
'''Zoilus II Soter''' ({{langx|grc|Ζωΐλος Σωτήρ|Zōïlos Sōtēr}}; [[epithet]] means "the Saviour") was an [[Indo-Greek]] king who ruled in eastern [[Punjab region|Punjab]]. Bopearachchi dates his reign to c. 55–35 BC, a date approximately supported by R. C. Senior. It is possible that some of his coins were issued by a separate king, Zoilus III.

==Rule==
[[File:Zoilos II coin with Apollo and small elephant behind him.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Coin of Zoilus II, with Apollo and small elephant behind him. Tripod on the reverse.]]
[[File:Coin of Indo-Greek king Zoilos II.jpg|thumb|Elephant and tripod.]]
Zoilus seems to have been one of the rulers who succeeded the last important Indo-Greek king [[Apollodotus II]] in the eastern parts of his former kingdom. All these kings use the same symbol as Apollodotus II, the fighting [[Pallas Athene]] introduced by Menander I, and usually also the same epithet ''Soter'' (Saviour). It is therefore possible that they belonged to the same dynasty, and Zoilus II could also have been related to the earlier king [[Zoilus I]], but the lack of written sources make all such conjections uncertain.

He may have been the Bactrian ally of [[Mark Antony]] and [[Cleopatra VII]] referred to by [[Virgil]] in his vision of the [[Battle of Actium]] in :
{{Verse translation|Hinc ope barbarica variisque Antonius armis,
victor ab Aurorae populis et litore rubro,
Aegyptum viresque Orientis et ultima secum
Bactra vehit.
|Antony, with barbarous wealth and strange weapons, conqueror of eastern peoples and the Indian shores, bringing Egypt,
and the might of the Orient, with him, and furthest Bactria.|attr1=Virgil, ''The [[Aeneid]],'' 8.688<ref>[[Francis Henry Skrine]] and [[Edward Denison Ross]], ''The Heart of Asia: A History of Russian Turkestan and the Central Asian Khanates from the Earliest Times,'' by London, Methuen, 1899, p.19; E. Drouin, “Bactriane”, ''La Grande Encyclopédie: Inventaire Raisonné des Sciences, des Lettres et des Arts,'' Paris, Lamirault, 1885-1902, Tome 4, pp.1115-1122, nb 1118.</ref>}}

===Coinage===
Zoilus II issued silver drachms with diademed portrait and Pallas Athene in rather crude style, and two sorts of bronzes in various denominations: "Apollo, with tripod and small elephant", and "Elephant and tripod".

===Zoilus III, a separate king?===

[[File:Coin of Zoilos II Soter.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Coin of full-haired Zoilus with later "boxy" mint-mark, hypothesized to be Zoilus III. '''Obv:''' Bust of king with Greek legend ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ ΖΩΙΛΟΥ "Of King Zoilos the Saviour". '''Rev:''' [[Athena]] advancing left, with thunderbolt and shield covered with [[aegis]] (type of [[Menander I]]). [[Kharosthi]] legend: MAHARAJASA TRATARASA JHOILASA "King Zoilus the Saviour".]]
[[File:Zoilos II Indian standard with boxy mintmark.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Zoilus II Indian-standard coin with "boxy" mint-mark, possibly characteristic of Zoilus III. '''Obv''' Standing god Apollo, holding an arrow and a bow.'''Rev''' Tripod.]]
[[File:Zoilos II Soter Maharajasa tratarasa Jhahilasa.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Monolingual coin of Zoilus II Soter with "boxy" mint-mark. '''Obv''' Standing [[Apollo]] with [[bead and reel]] border. '''Rev''' Diadem with Kharoshthi legend "Maharajasa tratarasa Jhahilasa" (Saviour King Zoilus). ]]
The portraits attributed to Zoilus II could be divided into two groups; one depicting a balding man with hollow cheeks, the other a seemingly younger man with a fringe and round cheeks. As numismatic evidence indicates that the younger portraits are later, recent research has suggested that they be attributed to a younger king, Zoilus III Soter, who would then have been a son and successor of the older Zoilos.<ref name="JJ">{{cite journal|last1=Jakobsson|first1=J|title=A Possible New Indo-Greek King Zoilos III, and an Analysis of Realism on Indo-Greek Royal Portraits|journal=Numismatic Chronicle|date=2010}} [https://www.jstor.org/stable/42678881 JSTOR article]</ref>

In particular, the mint mark which is characteristic of the coins of Zoilos with a full head of hair, is a later mint mark used down to the last Indo-Greek kings [[Strato II]] and [[Strato III]], suggesting a later reign for Zoilus III.<ref name="JJ"/> This mint-mark however was never used by the "balding" Zoilus II, or by any king before him.<ref name="JJ"/>

====Indo-Scythian imitations====
The [[Indo-Scythian]] king [[Bhadayasa]] also copied coins of Zoilus II, or the hypothetical Zoilus III, only mentioning his own name on the [[Kharoshthi]] legend of his coins.<ref name="JJ"/>
<gallery>
Image:IGM62.jpg|The "boxy" mint mark characteristic of Zoilus III and later Indo-Greek kings.
File:Coin of Zoilos II.jpg|Another coin of the proposed Zoilus III.
File:Bhadrayasha coin.jpg|Coin of [[Bhadayasa]], an imitation of the proposed Zoilus IIII.
</gallery>

===Monograms===
Many of the [[monogram]]s on the coins of Zoilus II are in Kharoshti, indicating that they were probably made by an Indian moneyer. This is a characteristic of several of the Indo-Greek kings of the eastern Punjab, such as [[Strato I]], [[Apollodotus II]], and sometimes [[Apollophanes]] and [[King Dionysios|Dionysios]]. Furthermore, the monogram is often identical on their coins, indicating that the moneyer, or the place of mint, were the same.

The coins of Zoilus II combine Greek monograms with [[Kharoshthi]] ones, indicating that some of the [[celator]]s may have been native Indians. The [[Kharoshthi]] monograms are the letters for: sti, ji, ra, ga, gri, ha, stri, ri, bu, a, di, stra, and śi. The "Apollo and tripod" and "Elephant and tripod" types only have Kharoshthi monograms, while the portrait types usually have combinations of Greek and Kharoshthi monograms. The monogram 62 (below) has been shown to be the last Indo-Greek monogram, and only appears on the younger portraits that may belong to Zoilus III.
<gallery>
Image:IGM62.jpg
Image:IGM50.jpg
Image:IGM45.jpg
Image:IGM51.jpg
</gallery>

===Findspots===
[[File:ZoilosIICoin.JPG|thumb|upright=1.5|Coin of Zoilus II/III, younger portrait.]]
[[File:Taxila1.jpg|thumb|left|Coins of Zoilus II were found under a peripheral stupa in the [[Dharmarajika]] Buddhist monastery.]]
The coins of Zoilus II have been found in the [[Sutlej River|Sutlej]] and [[Sialkot]] II hoards, and in [[Punjab region|Punjab]] hoards east in the [[Jhelum River|Jhelum]] ([[Bopearachchi]], p138).

Also, 25 coins of Zoilus II were found under the foundations of a 1st-century BC rectangular chapel in the monastery of [[Dharmarajika]], near [[Taxila]].<ref>"Another group of coins which was found in greater numbers at religious sites, at Dharmarajika in particular, than at Sirkap is that of Zoilos II. A hoard of 25 drachms from the monastery are the only silver coins of Zoilos Soter found at Taxila" Numismatic Digest - Volume 4 - Page 13, 1980</ref><ref>John Marshall, "Taxila, Archaeological excavations", p. 248 "The only minor antiquities of interest found in this building were twenty-five debased silver coins of the Greek king Zoilus II, which were brought to light beneath the foundations of the earliest chapel".)</ref>

Two coins of Zoilus II were also found in the Bara hoard near [[Peshawar]], together with coins of the Indo-Scythian kings [[Azes I]], [[Azilises]], [[Azes II]].<ref>[http://www.coinarchives.com/a/lotviewer.php?LotID=43045&AucID=46&Lot=541 Reference]</ref>

===Overstrikes===
A coin of Zoilus II was overstruck on a coin of [[Apollodotus II]].

==See also==
* [[Greco-Bactrian Kingdom]]
* [[Seleucid Empire]]
* [[Greco-Buddhism]]
* [[Indo-Scythians]]
* [[Indo-Parthian Kingdom]]
* [[Kushan Empire]]

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
* ''The Greeks in Bactria and India'', W. W. Tarn, Cambridge University Press.
* ''Indo-Greek Coins'', R. B. Whitehead, 1914.

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[King Dionysios|Dionysios]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Indo-Greek|Indo-Greek Ruler]] (in [[Punjab region|Eastern Punjab]])|years=55 – 35 BC}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Apollophanes]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Indo-Greek kings}}
{{Hellenistic rulers}}

[[Category:Indo-Greek kings]]
[[Category:1st-century BC monarchs in Asia]]
[[Category:Greek Buddhist monarchs]]
[[Category:People of the War of Actium]]

Nazareth Academy, Gaya

2026-02-22T17:26:21Z

GlendaBancroft: new!

{{More citations needed|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Nazareth Academy
| native_name =
| latin_name =
| logo = Nazareth Academy Gaya logo.png
| logo_size = 150
| image = Hqdefaultnazareth.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = The School Entrance
| location =
| address = [[Old Karimganj, Gaya|Old Karimganj]]
| city = [[Gaya, India|Gaya]]
| state = [[Bihar]]
| postal_code = 823001
| country = India
| Contact =
| denomination = [[Roman Catholic]]
| affiliation = Central Board of Secondary Education
| trustee = Sisters of Charity of Nazareth
| specialist =
| principal = Sister Anita Tigga
| principal1 =
| asst principal =
| staff = 20
| faculty = 70
| gender = Co-education
| lower_age =
| upper_age =
| houses = Blue, Green, Red, Yellow
| former_name = St. Michael's School (1939–1953)
| schooltype = Convent
| type =
| system =
| enrolment = 2000+
| language = English
| classrooms =
| campus =
| campus_size = 4 acres
| athletics =
| motto = The love of Christ impels us
| accreditation = [[Central Board of Secondary Education]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icbse.com/schools/nazareth-academy/330001|title=Nazareth Academy School Gaya Bihar|website=iCBSE|accessdate=9 July 2018}}</ref>
| nickname = Nazareth
| colours =
| yearbook = Nazareth Darpan
| publication =
| opened =
| established = 1939
| founded =
| status =
| enrollment =
| alumni = Nazareth Old Students Association
| picture =
| website = {{URL|www.nazarethgaya.org}}
}}
'''Nazareth Academy''' (formerly '''St. Michael’s School''', 1939–1953) is a private [[Catholic school|Roman Catholic]] [[secondary school]] in [[Old Karimganj, Gaya|Old Karimganj]], [[Gaya, India|Gaya]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]. Established in 1939 and administered by the Sisters of Charity of Nazareth, the school is affiliated with the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] and operates under the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Patna]]. It serves students from [[Primary school|primary]] through senior secondary levels.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/Nidhi-Kumari-a-class-X-student-of-Nazareth-Academy-was-felicitated-by-Gaya-Nagrik-Manch-at-a-function-organised-in-the-Renaissance-auditorium-Nidhi-was-felicitated-for-her-poetic-creation-outpours-of-a-teenage-soul-a-collection-of-53-poems-The-poetic-collection-was-earlier-released-by-Bihar-Dy-CM-Sushil-Modi-in-Patna-/articleshow/13051623.cms|title=Nidhi Kumari a class X student of Nazareth Academy was felicitated by Gaya Nagrik Manch at a function organised in the Renaissance auditorium. Nidhi was felicitated for her poetic creation 'outpours of a teenage soul' a collection of 53 poems. The poetic collection was earlier released by Bihar Dy CM Sushil Modi in Patna|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=9 July 2018}}</ref>

==History==
The school was established as Saint Michael's School [[Gaya, Bihar]] in 1939. Nazareth Academy, [[Gaya, India|Gaya]] was founded in 1953, under the control of the Sisters of Charity of Nazareth by Sister Ann Bernadette, Sister Patricia Mary and Sister Ellen Maria. It is associated with the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Patna]].<ref>''The Catholic directory of India'', by Pious Society of St. Paul, Catholic Church. Bishops' Conference of India. Published by St. Paul Publications., 1972. ''Page 355''.</ref>

Though it has been a school for more than 50 years, it has not always been Nazareth Academy. The school opened on 2 February 1939 under the banner of Saint Michael's School. Under the leadership of Mother Engelbert, the Sisters of the Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary came to establish this first [[convent school]] in Gaya.{{citation needed|date=January 2026}} The school was originally a Hindi medium, though it slowly evolved into two sections - Hindi and English - and ultimately it became an English medium with Hindi as a subject.{{citation needed|date=January 2026}}
[[File:Mannkibaatnazareth.jpg|thumb|Students watching the Indian Prime Minister]]
[[File:P1 (1).jpg|right|frameless|The new wing constructed in 2009 along with the residence quarters]]
By 1953 ground was broken for a school building with five new classrooms. In 1955, the former Mazumdar property next door was purchased. 1964 saw the third story put on the building from 1953 plus a further wing of nine more classrooms. The school hall and library room were added in 1969, followed in 1974-76 by the high school building with twelve more classrooms. The administration block was built in 1990 and the primary section block was built in 1993. The newest construction on the campus, situated in front of the auditorium, consisting of two state-of-the-art computer labs, and mathematics and language labs, was inaugurated on 22 October 2009.{{citation needed|date=January 2026}}

The first location of the school was in a house on Katari Hill Road. Two moves after that, by 1942, it had shifted to the present site, which had been originally a Masonic Lodge, and later a private residence expanded by the owner into its present form.

Mother Engelbert, Sister Carina, Sister Melita, and Sister Stanislaus laid a foundation; World War II came, and by mid-1942, the Sisters, who belonged to the German Loreto Sisters, had to leave Gaya for their larger institutions in India.

A second group of Sisters, the Irish Loreto Mothers, took over the school in 1943. The school, under its second name, Loreto Convent, continued to grow in numbers. It had been co-educational from the very beginning. Classes were added on and by the late 1940s students were being prepared for both Junior and Senior Cambridge examinations, which they took as private candidates in the recognized Cambridge schools in [[Patna]]. Again history intervened. The large Loreto institutions in India needed more personnel, and in 1950 the administration decided to close the institution which was to be Nazareth Academy.

Nazareth Academy had its [[Platinum jubilee|Platinum Jubilee]] in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://scnfamily.tumblr.com/post/104097815721|title=Platinum Jubilee Celebration of Gaya Nazareth Academy|website=Sisters of Charity of Nazareth|accessdate=9 July 2018}}</ref>

== Curriculum ==
The course of studies has changed considerably. The Junior and Senior Cambridge Courses were eventually discarded, and for some years the students became private candidates for the Bihar Board examinations. For a few years, boys were allowed only up to class VII, but by 1975 they were again admitted for all classes up through matriculation. In 1981 recognition from the Central Board of Secondary Education in Delhi was obtained, and the first candidates passed in 1983. Each year has seen a class of approximately 140 boys and girls passing the [[All India Secondary School Examination]] of the Delhi Board. At present it is a [[Senior secondary school|Senior Secondary School]].

== Campus ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2026}}

=== Nazareth Gyan Jyoti School ===
[[File:Nazaraethschool.jpg|thumb|Pre-School]]
Nazareth Gyan Jyoti School (Formerly known as After Noon School) is an integral part of Nazareth Academy's outreach program. It was begun in 1975 when the Sisters became acutely aware of education for the non-school-going children of their neighbourhood. Non-formal classes were conducted after regular school hours. In later years as the number of children increased, the school was formally organized with a set of teachers and formal classes for three hours daily. At present, there are over 300 children from classes KG to VIII. some of the older children attend government schools in the morning hours and make use of the benefits provided by the government.

== Alumni ==
The school maintains an alumni association that supports former students and institutional initiatives. Nazareth Old Students Association (NOSA) is an alumnus organization for graduates of Nazareth Academy.

== Former headteachers ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2026}}
With increased enrollment, the school staff has also expanded. The first two Principals were Sister Charles Miriam and Sister James Leo. The teaching staff expanded, and the school passed from American to Indian hands. Subsequent Principals have been: Sister Anne Marie, Sister Ann George, Sister Ann Palatty, Sister Reena, Sister Vijaya and the present principal Sister Sophia Joseph.

Mother Helena, Mother Pauline, Mother Raphael, Mother Victorine, Mother Germaine and Mother Agnes (both died in Gaya), Mother Pauline and Sister Jude and others were among the Sisters who had continued building up the educational institution which was Loreto Convent, which, in January 1951, became Nazareth Academy. The band of four Sisters of Charity of Nazareth who arrived on 28 December 1950 to staff the school were: Sister Charles Miriam, Sister Ann Bernadette, Sister Ann Roberta, and Sister Ellen Maria. Sister Charles Miriam took up the administration as Principal.[[File:Sistersophiajoseph.jpg|thumb|The current Principal of the school - Sr. Anita Tigga]]
[[File:Basketballnazareth.jpg|thumb|Basketball Court]]

== Photo gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed">
Adminblocknazareth.jpg|The Administrative Block
P2 (1)LIBRARY.jpg|Library
Secondarywingnazareth.jpg|The Secondary Section
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.nazarethgaya.org/ Official website]
*[http://wikimapia.org/207249/Nazareth-Academy-Gaya School location]
{{Portal bar|Education|India|Schools}}

{{Authority control}}

{{coord|24.7936|84.9931|type:edu_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:1939 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Catholic secondary schools in India]]
[[Category:Schools in Bihar]]
[[Category:Education in Gaya, India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1939]]
[[Category:Central Board of Secondary Education]]

District Voluntary Force

2026-02-05T04:21:59Z

GlendaBancroft: Created new place initial version.

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
|agencyname = District Voluntary Force
|abbreviation = DVF
|formedyear = 2009
|formedmonthday =
|employees = 500
|budget =
|nongovernment =
|country = India
|local = yes
|police = yes
|divtype = State
|divname = Odisha
|parentagency = [[Odisha Police]]
|headquarters = [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]], India
|website =
|footnotes = Data for organisation as at December 2011
}}

'''District Voluntary Force''' (DVF) is a special [[constabulary]] unit of the [[Odisha Police]]. They are primarily used in [[Maoist|anti-Maoist]] operations. It was formed in 2009.<ref name=Cutting>{{cite news|title=Small force that provides the cutting edge|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/small-force-that-provides-the-cutting-edge/1169616/0|accessdate=20 February 2015|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=16 September 2013}}</ref>

==Organisation==
Odisha has 500 personnel under the DVF. They do not wear special lapels or badges. 40% are recruited from former [[Special Operation Group (Odisha)|Special Operation Group]] (SOG) agents, as they retire after 35; and rest from the local police who speak the local dialects and know the terrain. They work in groups of 8–10. Some of them gather information and other carry out operations. They don't require the approval of Superintendent of Police for operations, unlike the SOG. However, for bigger operations, SOG is sent to avoid casualties, as DVF lacks the training. DVF agents have 30% higher salary than the local police.<ref name=Cutting/>

In January 2011, the state government announced that they would increase the number of DVF personnel. The number of district with DVF units would be increased from 11 to 17.<ref name=Anti-Red>{{cite news|title=State to enhance anti-Red strength|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110116/jsp/orissa/story_13446953.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150221150935/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110116/jsp/orissa/story_13446953.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 February 2015|accessdate=21 February 2015|work=[[The Telegraph (India)]]|date=15 January 2011}}</ref>

==Notable operations and incidents==

In early March 2014, a DVF team killed two Maoist in [[Koraput district]].<ref name=TwoMao>{{cite news|title=Two Maoists gunned down in Orissa|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/two-maoists-gunned-down-in-orissa/|accessdate=21 February 2015|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=5 March 2014}}</ref> In mid-May 2014, Purna Huluka (alias Khatru) was shot dead by a DVF team in [[Koraput district]]. He had a bounty of {{currency|100,000|INR}} on his head.<ref name=ShotDead.>{{cite news|title=Maoist shot dead in encounter in Odisha|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/odisha/maoist-shot-dead-in-encounter-in-odisha_932065.html|accessdate=21 February 2015|work=[[Zee News]]|date=14 May 2014}}</ref>

In mid-September 2014, a DVF team killed a wanted Maoist leader, Erra Madkami (alias Sundhi Dalei), in [[Malkangiri district]]. Madkami had a {{currency|400,000|INR}} bounty on his head.<ref name=Nabbed>{{cite news|title=Maoist nabbed in Malkangiri|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/maoist-nabbed-in-malkangiri/article6424812.ece|accessdate=21 February 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 September 2014}}</ref> In late December 2014, acting on a tip-off a joint team of DVF and SOG raided a Maoist hideout and captured two Maoists in [[Sambalpur district]].<ref name=Sambalpur>{{cite news|title=Two maoists arrested in Sambalpur|url=http://post.jagran.com/Two-maoists-arrested-in-Sambalpur-1420014675|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106021031/http://post.jagran.com/two-maoists-arrested-in-sambalpur-1420014675|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 January 2015|date=31 December 2014|work=[[Dainik Jagran|Jagran]]|accessdate=21 February 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Special Operation Group (Odisha)]] ([[Odisha Police]])
* [[Special Tactical Unit]] ([[Odisha Police]])

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Odisha Police]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Orissa]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 2009]]

Binod Kumar Roy

2026-02-05T04:11:24Z

GlendaBancroft: Created some bio w/ infobox

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Short description|Indian judge (1944–2019)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Binod Kumar Roy
| birth_date = {{birth date|1944|12|26|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2019|06|20|1944|12|26|df=y}}

| office = Chief Justice of the [[Sikkim High Court]]
| term_start = 30 September 2005
| term_end = 26 December 2006
| appointer = [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
| predecessor = [[Radha Krishna Patra]]
| successor = [[Ajoy Nath Ray]]

| office1 = Chief Justice of the [[Gauhati High Court]]
| term_start1 = 21 May 2005
| term_end1 = 29 September 2005
| appointer1 = [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
| predecessor1 = [[P. P. Naolekar]]
| successor1 = [[B. Sudarshan Reddy]]

| office2 = [[Punjab and Haryana High Court#List of chief justices|Chief Justice of the Punjab and Haryana High Court]]
| term_start2 = 14 October 2002
| term_end2 = 21 February 2005
| appointer2 = [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
| predecessor2 = [[G. S. Singhvi]]
| successor2 = [[H. S. Bedi]]
}}

'''Binod Kumar Roy''' (26 December 1944 – 20 June 2019) was an Indian Judge and former Chief Justice of three [[High courts of India|High Courts of India]].

==Career==
Roy was born in 1944. He studied in [[Patna College]] and passed [[LL.B]] from [[Magadh University]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hon'ble Mr. Justice Binod Kumar Roy|url=http://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/Judges/ex-judges/binodkumarroy.htm|access-date=2021-08-11|website=www.allahabadhighcourt.in}}</ref> He started his career in the [[Patna High Court]] as an advocate. Roy was elevated as a Judge of the Patna High Court on 31 October 1988. In April 1994 he was transferred to the [[Allahabad High Court]]. Roy became the Chief Justice of [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]] on 14 October 2002.<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 October 2002|title=Binod Kumar Roy takes oath as state's chief justice|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/binod-kumar-roy-takes-oath-as-states-chief-justice/articleshow/25148946.cms|access-date=2021-08-11|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> He was subsequently moved to the [[Gauhati High Court]] and served there as the Chief Justice. On 30 September 2005, Justice Roy became the Chief Justice of the [[Sikkim High Court]] after retirement of Justice [[Radha Krishna Patra]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Chief Justice {{!}} High Court of Sikkim|url=https://hcs.gov.in/hcs/formerchiefjustice#collapseFive|access-date=2021-08-11|website=hcs.gov.in}}</ref> He retired as a judge on 27 December 2006. He died on 20 June 2019 after prolonged illness.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2019-06-20|title=Renowned jurist dies in Patna|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/renowned-jurist-dies-in-patna-119062000809_1.html|access-date=2021-08-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Renowned jurist dies in Patna |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/renowned-jurist-dies-in-patna-119062000809_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506082235/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/renowned-jurist-dies-in-patna-119062000809_1.html |archive-date=2025-05-06 |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Binod Kumar}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:Judges of the Patna High Court]]
[[Category:Judges of the Allahabad High Court]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Punjab and Haryana High Court]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Gauhati High Court]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Sikkim High Court]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Magadh University alumni]]
[[Category:Patna University alumni]]

Tapioca chips

2026-02-01T20:11:17Z

GlendaBancroft: adding a stub!

{{Short description|Deep fried thin slice of cassava root}}
[[File:Tapioca Chips.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|A close-up view of seasoned tapioca chips]]

'''Tapioca chips''' are a [[snack]] food made from thin wafers of deep-fried [[cassava]] root. It is commonly found in [[South India]], and [[Sri Lankan cuisine|Sri Lanka]], as well as in [[Indonesian cuisine|Indonesia]] where it is known as '''''kripik singkong''''' (cassava chips), and in Malaysia known as ''kerepek ubi''.

It is also a bulk commodity product that is produced and traded, and in this form is used to create products such as alcohol, animal feed, biofuel, and starch.

==Overview==
The dish is prepared using raw cassava tubers, whereby the inner rind and outer skin are removed.<ref name="Subhaschandran 1969"/> The chips are then fried or deep-fried in [[coconut oil]], salted, and often spiced with red [[chili powder]].

Tapioca chips have a longer shelf life compared to raw cassava tubers.<ref name="Ninan 1986"/> The snack is sometimes purveyed and consumed as a [[street food]].<ref name="Hindu coimbatore">{{cite web | last=Philip | first=Susan Joe | title=Humans of Coimbatore- Roadside Food Vendors | website=[[The Hindu]] | date=December 22, 2017 | url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/humans-of-coimbatore-road-side-food-vendors/article22260056.ece | access-date=January 27, 2018}}</ref>

Some companies [[Mass production|mass-produce]] and purvey prepared tapioca chips that are packaged in bags.<ref>{{cite book | title=Snack Food | publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Publications | issue=v. 80 | year=1991 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AMYgAQAAMAAJ | access-date=January 27, 2018 | page=42}}</ref>

==Variations==
===India and Sri Lanka===
[[File:Cassava chips from Kerala.jpg|thumbnail|300px|Plain tapioca chips from Kerala]]
[[File:Spicy and Non Spicy Tapioca Chips.jpeg|thumbnail|300px|Spiced and plain tapioca chips]]

The snack is widely available in [[Tamil Nadu]],<ref name="Hindu coimbatore"/> [[Kerala]],<ref name="Ninan 1986"/> [[Karnataka]], and [[Sri Lanka]]. High in carbohydrates, it is a crunchy and flavorful snack food, and the chips are crunchier compared to [[banana chip]]s and [[potato chips]]. Common variants include the non-spicy and spicy (red chili pepper powder<ref>{{cite web | last=Sripathi | first=Apoorva | title=Relish the local flavour | website=The Hindu | date=September 24, 2015 | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Food/chennais-indigenous-chaat-masala-pori-tapioca-chips-and-more/article7565909.ece | access-date=February 2, 2018}}</ref> and other spices added).

===Indonesia===
{{main|Kripik}}
[[File:Keripik sanjay.JPG|thumb|right|Indonesian ''kripik singkong'' (cassava chips)]]
Thinly sliced cassava is deep fried to be made as ''[[kripik]] singkong'' crackers (cassava chips or tapioca chips).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cookpad.com/id/resep/1521274-homemade-keripik-singkong-cassava-chips|title=Resep Homemade Keripik Singkong (Cassava Chips) oleh Intan Nastiti|website=Cookpad|language=id|access-date=2018-01-27}}</ref> Next to potato chips, cassava chips are a popular snack in Indonesia and are often spiced with various flavors. Some are mass-produced and purveyed under various brand names in stores and supermarkets.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kusukachips.com/en/kusuka-cassava-chips/|title=Kusuka Cassava Chips|website=Kusuka|access-date=2018-01-27|archive-date=2018-12-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212050253/http://kusukachips.com/en/kusuka-cassava-chips/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

A variant of hot and spicy ''kripik singkong'' coated with sugar and chili pepper is known as ''kripik [[Balado (food)|balado]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/indonesian/2014-02-07/warga-australia-pun-belajar-membuat-keripik-balado/1261030|title=Warga Australia Pun Belajar Membuat Keripik Balado|website=www.radioaustralia.net.au|language=id|access-date=2018-01-27}}</ref> or ''[[keripik sanjai]]'', a specialty of [[Bukittinggi]] city in West Sumatra.

==Commercial tapioca chips==
Tapioca chips and pellets are also produced, sold, and traded in bulk as a commodity, and are used to make starch, alcohol, and [[biofuel]].<ref>{{cite web | title=China seen facing tapioca shortage for ethanol | website=U.S. | date=January 21, 2008 | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/china-biofuel-tapioca/china-seen-facing-tapioca-shortage-for-ethanol-idUSPEK13096320080121 | access-date=January 27, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title=Cassava in Asia, Its Potential and Research Development Needs: Proceedings of a Regional Workshop Held in Bangkok, Thailand, 5-8 June, 1984 | publisher=CIAT | year=1986 | isbn=978-84-89206-48-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HxSaBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA134 | access-date=January 27, 2018 | page=134}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1=Bradlow | first1=D.D. | last2=Finkelstein | first2=J.G. | title=Negotiating Business Transactions: An Extended Simulation Course | publisher=Wolters Kluwer Law & Business | series=Aspen Coursebook Series | year=2014 | isbn=978-1-4548-3838-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k8XfDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT74 | access-date=January 27, 2018 | page=74}}</ref> The product is also used as animal feed in Kerala and [[Chennai]], India, and for this purpose, processing typically involves only the removal of the outer skin of the tubers.<ref name="Subhaschandran 1969"/> Commercial varieties typically consist of the sliced and dried cassava tuber and are not fried in oil.<ref>{{cite book | title=Cassava in Tropical Africa: A Reference Manual | publisher=[[International Institute of Tropical Agriculture]] | year=1990 | isbn=978-978-131-041-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m9WuNp5PpLoC&pg=PA108 | access-date=January 27, 2018 | page=108}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Food}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Banana chip]]s
* [[Cassava-based dishes]]
* [[List of deep fried foods]]
* [[List of street foods]]
* [[Tapioca]]
* [[Vegetable chip]]s
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Ninan 1986">{{cite book | last=Ninan | first=K.N. | title=Cereal Substitutes in a Developing Economy: A Study of Tapioca, Kerala State | publisher=Concept Publishing Company | year=1986 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k2jEG4mBvIoC&pg=PA215 | access-date=January 27, 2018 | page=215}}</ref>
<ref name="Subhaschandran 1969">{{cite book | last=Subhaschandran | first=D.V. | title=A Text Book on Animal Nutrition: For the Use of Veterinary Faculty Members, Graduates, and Post-graduates in Veterinary Colleges | publisher=Krishna Subaschandran | year=1969 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LwAqAQAAMAAJ | access-date=January 27, 2018 }}</ref>
}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web | author=Whitworth, Joseph Janes | title=Hydrocyanic acid forces recall of Tapioca chips | website=Food Quality News | date=October 24, 2014 | url=https://www.foodqualitynews.com/Article/2014/10/24/Poisonous-chemical-found-in-Tapioca-chips | access-date=January 27, 2018}}

==External links==
* {{commons-inline|Special:Search/Tapioca chips|Tapioca chips}}
* {{cite web|url=https://ankierenique.wordpress.com/2012/04/30/manioc-a-sri-lankan-all-time-favourite/ |title=Manioc, a Sri Lankan all Time Favourite |date=29 April 2012 |publisher=Ankierenique.wordpress.com}}

{{Chips and crisps}}
{{Sri Lankan cuisine}}
{{Deep fried foods}}

[[Category:Deep fried foods]]
[[Category:Indian snack foods]]
[[Category:Indonesian snack foods]]
[[Category:Kerala cuisine]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan snack food]]
[[Category:Cassava dishes]]

Christophe Ernest Bonjean

2026-01-28T17:52:32Z

GlendaBancroft: Created first stub w/ refs.

{{Short description|French Catholic Archbishop (1823–1892)}}
{{Infobox bishop
| name = Christophe Ernest Bonjean
| image = Archbishop_Christophe_Ernest_Bonjean_(1823-1892).png
| church = Roman Catholic
| archdiocese = [[Colombo]], Ceylon
| term_start = 25 November 1886
| predecessor = ''Office newly created''
| ordination = 11 December 1846 as Priest and 24 August 1868 as Bishop
| consecration = 25 November 1886 as Archbishop of Colombo
| consecrated_by = Archbishop Joseph Hippolyte Guibert
| successor = [[André-Théophile Mélizan|André Mélizan]]
| birth_date = 21 September 1823
| birth_place = [[Riom]], France
| death_date = 3 August 1892 (aged 68)
| death_place = Colombo
| retired = 1892
| nationality = French
}}

'''Christophe Ernest Bonjean''' (21 September 1823 – 3 August 1892) was a French Catholic missionary and priest who became the first [[Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Colombo#Bishops|Archbishop]] of [[Colombo]], [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]] in 1886.

== Early life and education ==
Bonjean was born on 21 September 1823 in [[Riom]], France. In 1846, he was ordained as a priest of the Catholic missionaries, [[Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate|Oblates of Mary Immaculate]], and in the following year was sent to India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Archbishop Christophe-Ernest Bonjean [Catholic-Hierarchy] |url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bbonj.html |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=www.catholic-hierarchy.org}}</ref>

== Career ==
After beginning his missionary work in India in 1847, Bonjean went to [[Jaffna]], Ceylon in 1856 and joined there the Oblates mission. On 24 July 1868, he was appointed [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jaffna|Vicar Apostolic of Jaffna]], and [[Titular bishop|Titular Bishop]] of [[Médéa|Medea]], and was ordained on 24 August 1868.<ref name=":0" />

In 1883, he was transferred from Jaffna to Colombo after the Southern Vicariate was divided in two with the [[Benedictines]] retaining the Diocese of Kandy and the Diocese of Colombo being given to the Oblates. On 1 September 1886, the Diocese of Colombo was elevated to an Archdiocese, and on 25 November 1886, he was appointed the first Archbishop of Colombo.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archdiocese of Colombo |url=https://www.catholic.com/encyclopedia/archdiocese-of-colombo |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=Catholic Answers}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us - Archdiocese of Colombo Sri Lanka |url=https://archdioceseofcolombo.lk/about |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=archdioceseofcolombo.lk}}</ref>

Known for his educational reforms, Bonjean was regarded as "the father of the denominational school system". During the 1860s, he proposed to the government the establishment of schools administered by the main religious faiths: Christian, Buddhist, Muslim and Hindu, with each entitled to state aid. He fought for equal treatment of all schools and thanks to his efforts, in 1869, the government decided that any religious denomination could open schools for its children, and that a grant would be provided.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Arnold Wright |url=http://archive.org/details/twentiethcentury00arno |title=Twentieth century impressions of Ceylon : its history, people, commerce, industries, and resources |date=1907 |publisher=Lloyd's Greater Britain Pub. Co., London, 1907 |others=Public Resource |isbn=978-81-206-1335-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Remarkable legacy of a priest in education! |url=https://www.dailymirror.lk/amp/news-features/The-Remarkable-legacy-of-a-priest-in-education/131-253970 |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=www.dailymirror.lk}}</ref>

Bonjean also recognised the need to improve education to prepare students for employment in the professions and in government. In 1892, he prepared plans for the establishment of a college for higher education which became [[St. Joseph's College, Colombo|St. Joseph's College]], Colombo when it opened in 1896 with over 300 pupils. He opened a number of elementary schools both English and Tamil. Recognising the need for more priests and missionaries he also founded the St Bernard's Ecclesiastical Seminary in [[Borella]].<ref name=":1" />

In 1892, Bonjean retired as Archbishop due to poor health, and died in Colombo on 3 August 1892.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=31 December 1892 |title=Obituary for 1892 |work=Times |pages=7}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bonjean, Christophe Ernest}}

[[Category:1823 births]]
[[Category:1892 deaths]]
[[Category:French Roman Catholic bishops in Asia]]
[[Category:French Roman Catholic archbishops]]
[[Category:19th-century French Roman Catholic bishops]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic missionaries in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Bishops in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:People from Riom]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan people of French descent]]

Matigara (community development block)

2026-01-27T10:07:20Z

GlendaBancroft: minor reworked citations after review

{{Other uses|Matigara (disambiguation){{!}}Matigara}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Matigara
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Community development block in India|Community development block]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Matigara in Darjeeling (West Bengal).svg
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.716667|N|88.383333|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 143.00
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 197,278
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darjeeling]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Matigara-Naxalbari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Matigara-Naxalbari]], [[Kurseong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kurseong]]
| website = {{URL|darjeeling.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Matigara''' is a [[Community development blocks in India|community development block (CD block)]] that forms an administrative division in the [[Siliguri subdivision]] of the [[Darjeeling district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
Matigara is located at {{coord|26|43|0|N|88|23|0|E}} at an elevation of 127 m above sea level.<ref>http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/28/Matigara.html Map and weather of Matigara</ref>

Matigara CD block is bounded by the [[Kurseong (community development block)|Kurseong]] CD block on the north, [[Rajganj (community development block)|Rajganj]] CD block in Jalpaiguri district on the east, [[Phansidewa (community development block)|Phansidewa]] CD block on the south and [[Naxalbari (community development block)|Naxalbari]] CD block on the west.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1901_PART_A_DCHB_DARJILING.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Darjeeling, Series 20, Part XII A, 2011 Census of India| work= Map of Darjeeling district on the fifth page| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 12 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/jalpaiguri.html | title = Tehsil map of Jalpaiguri| publisher = Maps of India|access-date = 12 February 2020}}</ref>

The Matigara CD block has an area of 143.00 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 5 [[gram panchayat]]s, 123 gram sansads (village councils), 79 [[mouza]]s, 59 inhabited villages and 6 [[census town]]s. [[Matigarahat#Police station|Matigara]] police station serves this block. Pradhan Nagar Police Station has jurisdiction over a part of the Siliguri Municipal Corporation.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Darjeeling |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 12 February 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name=census2001>{{cite web| url = http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm| title = Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal, Table 4| publisher = Census Commissioner of India| work = Census of India 2001, Darjeeling district (01)| access-date = 12 February 2020| url-status=dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110719040244/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm| archive-date = 19 July 2011| df = dmy-all}}</ref> Headquarters of this CD block is at [[Bairatisal]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1901_PART_A_DCHB_DARJILING.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Darjiling | work= Map of District Darjiling with CD block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 12 February 2020 }}</ref> As per map of Matigara CD block in the District Census Handbook, Matigara Police Station is shown in Matigarahat mouza and Pradhan Nagar Police Station is shown as being a part of the Siliguri Municipal Corporation area. In both the cases, the places are not named but indicated by symbols indicating PS.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1901_PART_A_DCHB_DARJILING.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Darjiling | work= Map of Matigara CD block on page 265) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 12 February 2020 }}</ref>

[[Gram panchayat]]s in Matigara CD block are: Atharakhai, Patharghata, Matigara I, Matigara II and Champasari.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://darjeeling.gov.in/misc/District-Detail.pdf | title = Egiye Bangla Darjeeling | work= Miscellaneous - District Detail| publisher = District administration |access-date = 12 February 2020}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], the Matigara CD block had a total population of 197,278, of which 135,583 were rural and 61,695 were urban. There were 101,023 (51%) males and 96,255 (49%) females. There were 24,760 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 70,527 (35.75%) and the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 26,484 (13.42%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = CD block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 12 February 2020}}</ref>

[[Census town]]s in the Matigara CD block are (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Kalkut, Siliguri|Kalkut]] (9,184), [[Tari, Siliguri|Tari]] (14,558), [[Bairatisal]] (4,916), [[Jitu, Siliguri|Jitu]] (5,892), [[Mathapari]] (11,529) and [[Bara Mohansingh]] (15,616).<ref name=census2011/>

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in the Matigara CD block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Khaprail (4,004), Khopalasi (5,284), Pachanai (5,105), Palash (4,204), Mahishmari (6,010), Baniakhari (5,088), Kaukhali (6,615), Kalam (5,664), Patiram (8,315), Tomba (9,632), [[Matigarahat]] (4,710), Gaurcharan (4,124) and Daknikata (4,497).<ref name=census2011/>

Other villages in the Matigara CD block include (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Mohorgon Tea Garden]] (3,169).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
According to the 2011 census the total number of literate persons in the Matigara CD block was 129,006 (74.78% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 72,352 (81.75% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 56,654 (67.43% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 14.32%.<ref name=census2011/>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD blocks of Darjeeling district (2011) |collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Matigara CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|87.51}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in West Bengal|Christian]]|dodgerblue|5.37}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|5.22}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism]]|Yellow|1.45}}
{{bar percent|Others|Maroon|0.45}}
}}

In the 2011 census, Hindus numbered 172,637 and formed 87.51% of the population in the Matigara CD block. Christians numbered 10,591 and formed 5.37% of the population. Muslims numbered 10,305 and formed 5.22% of the population. Buddhists numbered 2,855 and formed 1.45% of the population. Others numbered 890 and formed 0.45% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Matigara CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 44.26 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 12.41 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Rangpuri language|Rajbongshi]] |value3 = 12.22 |color3 = plum
|label4 = [[Nepali language|Nepali]] |value4 = 12.14 |color4 = lightcoral
|label5 = [[Nagpuri language|Sadri]] |value5 = 10.11 |color5 = burlywood
|label6 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] |value6 = 1.42 |color6 = gold
|label7 = 'Other' Bengali |value7 = 1.32 |color7 = mediumpurple
|label8 = Others |value8 = 6.12 |color8 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 44.26% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 12.41% [[Hindi]], 12.22% [[Rangpuri language|Rajbongshi]], 12.14% [[Nepali language|Nepali]], 10.11% [[Nagpuri language|Sadri]] and 1.42% [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] as their first language. 1.32% were recorded as speaking 'Others' under Bengali. Other languages spoken in the district include [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]], [[Boro language (India)|Boro]], [[Munda languages|Munda]] and [[Santali language|Santali]].<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Rural Poverty==
According to the Rural Household Survey in 2005, 24.40% of the total number of families were [[Below Poverty Line|BPL]] families in the Darjeeling district.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://220.225.90.38/Summary/WestBengal.htm| title = West Bengal Summary| work = Rural Household Survey 2005| publisher = Department of Panchayat & Rural Development, Government of West Bengal| access-date = 12 February 2020| archive-date = 13 January 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200113235534/http://220.225.90.38/Summary/WestBengal.htm| url-status = dead}}</ref> According to a World Bank report, as of 2012, 4-9% of the population in Darjeeling, North 24 Parganas and South 24 Parganas districts were below poverty level, the lowest among the districts of West Bengal, which had an average 20% of the population below poverty line.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/315791504252302097/pdf/119344-BRI-P157572-West-Bengal-Poverty.pdf| title = West Bengal: Poverty, Growth and Inequality| publisher = World Bank Group|access-date = 12 February 2020}}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Matigara CD block'''
|value1 = 2.46
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 1.28
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 2.34
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 93.92
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In the Matigara CD block in 2011, among the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 1,852 and formed 2.46%, agricultural labourers numbered 964 and formed 1.28%, household industry workers numbered 1,765 and formed 2.34% and other workers numbered 70,786 and formed 93.92%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1901_PART_A_DCHB_DARJILING.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Darjiling, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 33: Distribution of Workers by Sex in Four Categories of Economic Activity in Sub-district 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 12 February 2020}}</ref> Total workers numbered 76,367 and formed 38.20% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 121,911 and formed 61.80% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1901_PART_A_DCHB_DARJILING.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Darjiling, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 30: Number and percentage of Main workers, Marginal workers and Non workers by Sex, in Sub-districts, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 12 February 2020}}</ref>

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the [[Factories Act,1948, India|Factories Act]]. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1901_PART_A_DCHB_DARJILING.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Darjiling, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Census Concepts and Definitions, Page 31 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 12 February 2020}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 59 inhabited villages in the Matigara CD block, as per the ''District Census Handbook'', Darjiling, 2011. 100% villages have power supply. 100% villages have drinking water supply. 6 villages (10.17%) have post offices. 57 villages (96.61%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 52 villages (88.14%) have pucca (paved) approach roads and 18 villages (30.51%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 3 villages (5.08%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1901_PART_A_DCHB_DARJILING.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Darjiling, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 85, Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities, 2011 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 13 February 2020}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
In 2012-13, there were 2 fertiliser depots, 2 seed stores, 18 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in Matigara CD block.<ref name=handbook2013>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Darjeeling | work = Table No. 16.1, 18.1, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 12 February 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 2013–14, Matigara CD block produced 1,242 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop, from 784 hectares, 24 tonnes of Aus paddy (summer crop) from 18 hectares, 12 tonnes of wheat from 17 hectares, 23 tonnes of maize from 10 hectares, 409 tonnes of jute from 29 hectares and 425 tonnes of potatoes from 23 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.<ref name=handbook2013/>

===Tea gardens===
[[Darjeeling tea]] “received the iconic status due to its significant aroma, taste and colour… the first Indian product to be marked with the [[Geographical indication|Geographical Indication]] (GI) tag in 2003… As per the definition, “Darjeeling Tea” can only refer to tea that has been cultivated, grown, produced, manufactured and processed in tea gardens in few specific hilly areas of the district.” Apart from the hill areas, tea is also grown in the plain areas of the terai and dooars, but such gardens are not covered under the GI tag.<ref name=tea>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1901_PART_A_DCHB_DARJILING.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Darjiling, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 26: Tea industry of Darjeeling district | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 13 February 2020}}</ref>

As of 2009-10, there were 87 tea gardens covered under the GI tag, employing 51,091 persons. Total land under cultivation was 17,828.38 hectares and total production was 7.36 million kg. A much larger population is indirectly dependent on the tea industry in the district. The average annual production including those from the plain areas, exceeds 10 million kg.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Darjeeling | work = Table No. 5.3 (f): Area, production and employment in the tea industry | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 12 February 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name=tea/>

As of 2013, Darjeeling subdivision had 46 tea estates, Kalimpong subdivision had 29 tea estates and Kurseong subdivision had 6 tea gardens. This added up to 81 tea estates in the hill areas. Bannackburn Tea Estate and Lingia Tea Estate in Darjeeling were the first to come up in 1835. Siliguri subdivision in the terai region had 45 tea estates.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://wblc.gov.in/download/Synopsis-of-Tea-Garden-Survey-Final-Report.pdf | title = Synopsis on Survey of Tea Gardens| publisher = Regional Labour Offices under jurisdiction of Joint Labour Commissioner, North Bengal Zone |access-date = 5 March 2020}}</ref>

===Banking===
In 2012-13, Matigara CD block had offices of 9 commercial banks and 4 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2013/>

==Transport==
{{Darjeeling Himalayan Railway|collapse=yes}}
{{Katihar–Siliguri line|collapse=yes|inline=}}
Matigara CD block has 5 originating/ terminating bus routes. The nearest railway station is 3 km from the block headquarters.<ref name=handbook2013/>

[[National Highway 110 (India)|National Highway 110]] /Hill Cart Road passes through Matigara CD block.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/E_574_2012_016.pdf|title=New Numbering of National Highways notification - Government of India|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=21 February 2020}}</ref>

[[State Highway 12 (West Bengal)|State Highway 12]] passes through Matigara CD block.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |title = List of State Highways in West Bengal | publisher= West Bengal Traffic Police | access-date = 21 February 2020}}</ref>

==Education==
In 2012-13, Matigara CD block had 120 primary schools with 15,022 students, 5 middle schools with 1,545 students, 7 high schools with 2,618 students and 7 higher secondary schools with 11,209 students. Matigara CD block had 3 general degree colleges with 3,618 students, 7 technical/ professional institutions with 2243 students, 392 institutions for special and non-formal education with 25,625 students<ref name=handbook2013/>

See also – [[Education in India]]

According to the 2011 census, in Matigara CD block, among the 59 inhabited villages, 3 villages did not have a school, 24 villages had two or more primary schools, 22 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 16 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1901_PART_A_DCHB_DARJILING.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Darjiling, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 394, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 12 February 2020}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
In 2013, Matigara CD block had 2 hospitals, 1 block primary health centres and 2 private nursing homes with total 599 beds and 83 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 15 family welfare subcentres. 75,199 patients were treated indoor and 663,066 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD block.<ref name=handbook2013/>

Matigara Block Primary Health Centre, with 10 beds at [[Matigarahat]], is the major government medical facility in the Matigara CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Block Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 28 February 2020 | archive-date = 16 August 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200816074737/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 28 February 2020 | archive-date = 21 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180421215645/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

==External links==
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Siliguri}}

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Darjeeling}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Darjeeling district]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Siliguri]]

Warning 2

2026-01-27T07:24:53Z

GlendaBancroft: /* Plot */removed typo

{{short description|Indian action drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Warning 2
| image = Warning 2 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Amar Hundal
| writer = Gippy Grewal Nasir Zaman
| producer = [[Gippy Grewal]] Siddharth Anand Kumar Vikram Mehra.
| starring = Gippy Grewal [[Prince Kanwaljit Singh]] [[Jasmin Bhasin]]
| cinematography = [[Baljit Singh Deo]]
| editing = Gurjeet Hundal
| music = Mad Mix Avvy Sra
| studio = Humble Motion Pictures
| released = {{Film date|2024|02|02|df=y}}
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| gross = {{INR|15.25 crore}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sacnilk.com/quicknews/Warning_2_2024_Box_Office_Collection_Day_14|title="Warning 2 Box Office Collection Day 14"}}</ref>
}}

'''''Warning 2''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]-language [[action drama]] film directed by Amar Hundal, written by [[Gippy Grewal]] and Nasir Zaman. The film is produced by Gippy Grewal, Siddharth Anand Kumar, and Vikram Mehra. The film stars Gippy Grewal, [[Prince Kanwaljit Singh]], [[Jasmin Bhasin]] and [[Dheeraj Kumar (actor)|Dheeraj Kumar]]. The film was released on 2 February 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Warning 2' hits theatres today; Gippy Grewal says, "This film is a labor of love" |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/warning-2-hits-theatres-today-gippy-grewal-says-this-film-is-a-labor-of-love/articleshow/107351538.cms |access-date=2024-08-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-08-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830092634/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/warning-2-hits-theatres-today-gippy-grewal-says-this-film-is-a-labor-of-love/amp_articleshow/107351538.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Warning 2 trailer: Gippy Grewal, Prince Kanwaljit Singh back to take revenge, fans call it 'masterpiece' |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-warning-2-trailer-gippy-grewal-prince-kanwaljit-singh-back-to-take-revenge-fans-call-it-masterpiece-3074405/amp |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.dnaindia.com |archive-date=2024-08-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830150438/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-warning-2-trailer-gippy-grewal-prince-kanwaljit-singh-back-to-take-revenge-fans-call-it-masterpiece-3074405/amp |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==
In the present, Geja (Gippy Grewal) is serving time in prison after failing to assassinate his rival Pamma (Prince Kanwaljit Singh), who is lodged in the same jail under heavy security. Still determined to kill Pamma, Geja becomes entangled in a volatile ecosystem of inmates that includes gangs led by Gela, Bhamakad and Zora, each with their own vendettas and shifting loyalties. The predator–prey dynamic between Geja and Pamma intensifies as both men navigate betrayals, covert attacks and uneasy alliances behind bars.

The situation escalates when a ruthless police officer, Ranjit Singh (Rahul Dev), decides to transfer the most dangerous prisoners, including Geja and Pamma, to another facility in Rajasthan, using the move to assert control and settle old scores. As the convoy journey unfolds, rival criminals and hidden enemies exploit the transfer to strike, turning the route into a battleground where multiple factions attempt to eliminate Geja and Pamma. The events of the transfer force long-standing grudges and dark secrets from Geja’s past to the surface, pushing all involved deeper into a cycle of violence, revenge and moral compromise.

== Cast ==
* [[Gippy Grewal]] as Geja
*[[ Kanchan sangha]] as Geja sister
* [[Prince Kanwaljit Singh]] as Pamma
* [[Jasmin Bhasin]] as Ronak
* [[Jaggi Singh (actor)|Jaggi Singh]] as Rana
* [[Dheeraj Kumar (actor)|Dheeraj Kumar]] as Keepa
* [[Rahul Dev]] as Inspector Ranjit Singh
* [[Hobby Dhaliwal]] as Gurdyal Singh (Ronak's father)
* [[Rupinder Rupi]] as Ronak's mother
* [[Sardar Sohi]] as Geja's father
* Raj Singh Jhinjar as Gella
* Raghveer Boli as Setti

==Release==
The film was released worldwide in cinemas on 2 February 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Trailer of Gippy Grewal's 'Warning' to release on THIS date |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/trailer-of-gippy-grewals-warning-to-release-on-this-date/articleshow/106664124.cms |access-date=2024-09-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Gippy Grewal's 'Warning 2' postponed; now to release on THIS date |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/gippy-grewals-warning-2-postponed-now-to-release-on-this-date/articleshow/102100482.cms |access-date=2024-09-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901113914/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/gippy-grewals-warning-2-postponed-now-to-release-on-this-date/amp_articleshow/102100482.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
Sukhpreet Kahlon, for ''[[The Indian Express]]'', found, "Despite some intriguing elements, Gippy Grewal starrer ''Warning 2'' is a sequel that fails to do more than take forward a needlessly complicated circle of revenge."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-02 |title=Warning 2 movie review: Prince Kanwaljit Singh shines in this crowded, straightforward action saga |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/warning-2-review-prince-kanwaljit-singh-shines-in-this-crowded-straightforward-action-saga-9141153/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2024-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618035241/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/warning-2-review-prince-kanwaljit-singh-shines-in-this-crowded-straightforward-action-saga-9141153/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In a review for ''[[The Times of India]]'', Archika Khurana described the film as "a far-fetched continuation of the narrative packed with electrifying action scenes."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Warning 2 Movie Review : Gippy Grewal's sequel is a complicated story with electrifying action sequences |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movie-reviews/warning-2/movie-review/107370235.cms |access-date=2024-09-17 |archive-date=2024-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615043926/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movie-reviews/warning-2/movie-review/107370235.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Sequel ==
A month after the release, the production company announced a third instalment.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tomar |first=Vidushi |title=Warning 3: Third Installment Of Gippy Grewal & Prince Kanwaljit Singh Starrer Warning Announced |url=https://punjabimania.com/post/warning-3-third-installment-of-gippy-grewal-prince-kanwaljit-singh-starrer-warning-announced/#google_vignette |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Punjabi Mania |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-09-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917091010/https://punjabimania.com/post/warning-3-third-installment-of-gippy-grewal-prince-kanwaljit-singh-starrer-warning-announced/#google_vignette |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=16220010}}

[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language Indian films]]

Khordha

2026-01-23T08:59:55Z

GlendaBancroft: cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khordha
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = or
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Odisha#India
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Odisha, India
| coordinates = {{coord|20.18|N|85.62|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Odisha]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Khordha district|Khordha]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Municipality
| governing_body = Khordha Municipality
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 75
| population_total = 120,204<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=423606 | title=Census of India: Search Details}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 752055,752057,752056
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 06755
| registration_plate = OD-02
| website = {{URL|odisha.gov.in}}
}}

'''Khordha''' is a city and a Municipality area in [[Khordha District]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Odisha]]. [[Bhubaneswar]], is the capital of Odisha located within the Khordha district and is only 25 km from Khordha town. [[Odisha State Highway 1]] and [[National Highway 16 (India)|National Highway 16]] run via this town.

==Geography==
Khordha is located at {{Coord|20.18|N|85.62|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/21/Khordha.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Khordha]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> It has an average elevation of {{convert|75|m|ft|abbr=on}}. Area of the district is 2,888 square kilometers (1,115 square miles). From climatological point of view, the average annual precipitation over the district is about 1,200–1,400 mm. Moderate temperature prevails over the area throughout the year barring the summer season (March–June), where the maximum temperature even exceeds 45 °C. The average minimum temperature over the district is 9.6 °C.<ref name="ARIMAKHORDHA2018">{{cite book |last1=Swain|display-authors=etal |first1=S |title=Recent Findings in Intelligent Computing Techniques |chapter=Development of an ARIMA Model for Monthly Rainfall Forecasting over Khordha District, Odisha, India |journal=Recent Findings in Intelligent Computing Techniques (Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing |volume=708 |pages=325–331) |doi=10.1007/978-981-10-8636-6_34 |series=Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing |year=2018 |isbn=978-981-10-8635-9 }}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} [[2001 Indian census|Indian census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=16 June 2004|title=Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=1 November 2008|publisher=Census Commission of India|url-status=dead}}</ref> Khordha had a population of 39,034. The population of Khordha, as estimated in late 2006([http://population-of.com/en/India/21/Khordha/]), was 42,526. Khordha had a population Census of 2011 total 120,204.

==Notable people==
* [[Baidyanath Misra]] - former Vice-Chancellor of the [[Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology]], Chairman of Odisha State Planning Board and Chairman of Odisha's First State Finance Commission.
* [[Godabarish Mishra]] - freedom fighter, writer, teacher
* [[Lokanath Misra]] - former Governor of Assam (1991–1997)
* [[Pragyan Ojha]] - cricketer
* [[J. B. Patnaik]]- former Governor of Assam, Former CM of [[Odisha]]
* [[Manasi Pradhan]]- recipient of 2013 Rani Lakshmibai [[Stree Shakti Puraskar]]

==Politics==
Khordha is part of [[Bhubaneswar (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.swapnainfo.tk/p/best-web-design-company-in-bhubaneswar.html|title=Best web design company in Bhubaneswar, Khordha, Odisha|publisher=Swapna InfoTech Bhubaneswar|access-date=1 November 2008|website=swapnainfo.tk|archive-date=19 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819183456/https://www.swapnainfo.tk/p/best-web-design-company-in-bhubaneswar.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from Khordha assembly constituency is prashant jagdev (BJP Candidate), who had also won this seat in 2024 state elections.<ref>http://www.elections.in/Orissa/assembly-constituencies/Khordha.html {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref>

Previous MLAs from this seat were:
* Rajendra Kumar Sahoo who won it for [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] in 2014 election and as an independent candidate in 2009 state elections.
*Jyotindra Nath Mitra who won it for [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] in 2000 & 2004, and also as a candidate of [[Indian National Congress|INC(I)]] in 1980
*[[Janaki Ballabh Pattanaik]] of INC in 1985
*Sudarshan Mohanty of JNP in 1977.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.swapnainfo.tk/p/best-web-design-company-in-bhubaneswar.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819183456/https://www.swapnainfo.tk/p/best-web-design-company-in-bhubaneswar.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2019|title=Best web design company in Bhubaneswar, Khordha, Odisha|publisher=Swapna InfoTech Bhubaneswar|access-date=1 November 2008}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Khordha district}}
{{Municipalities of Odisha}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Khordha]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Khordha district]]

Tamil Tigress

2026-01-14T22:44:26Z

GlendaBancroft: quick update

{{short description|Book by Niromi de Soyza}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Australian English|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Tamil Tigress
| image = Tamil Tigress (2011 book) cover art.jpg
| caption =
| author = Niromi de Soyza
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = Australia
| language = English
| subject =
| genre =
| publisher = [[Allen & Unwin]]
| pub_date = July 2011
| media_type =
| pages = 320
| isbn = 978-1-74237-518-2
| oclc =
}}
'''''Tamil Tigress''''' is a book by Niromi de Soyza (a [[pen name]] based on that of [[Richard de Zoysa]]),<ref name=SLG>{{cite web |url= http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2011/08/captivating-fiction-with-political.html |title=Sri Lanka Guardian: A Captivating Fiction with a Political Slant? |first=Michael |last=Roberts |work=srilankaguardian.org |year=2011 |access-date=12 September 2011}}</ref> which tells the autobiographical story of a former [[child soldier]] of the [[Sri Lanka]]n guerrilla army [[LTTE|Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] (LTTE) and one of its first female fighters.<ref name="The Australian -- 23May2009 -- Drew Warne-Smith -- Cause remains for Tamil Tiger in our midst ">{{cite news|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/cause-remains-for-tamil-tiger-in-our-midst/story-e6frg6nf-1225715005848|title=Cause remains for Tamil Tiger in our midst |last=Warne-Smith|first=Drew|date=23 May 2009|work=[[The Australian]]|access-date=10 September 2011}}</ref> This is the first narration of a Sri Lankan female guerrilla soldier to be published as a memoir in English. It was initially written as a diary while at boarding school after the author fled Sri Lanka. The author was inspired to rewrite the book for publication after seeing the negative reaction to those fleeing from the civil war in Sri Lanka.<ref name=NDSNS>{{Cite web|url=https://www.northernstar.com.au/news/niromi-tells-of-life-as-a-child-soldier-sri-lanka/1102375/|title=Book gives boat people a voice|website=Northern Star}}</ref>

The book was first published by Allen & Unwin in May 2011. It is included in the 50 Books You Can't Put Down' list as part of the Get Reading programme sponsored by the Australian Ministry for the Arts and the [[Creative Australia|Australia Council]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.getreading.com.au/50-books-you-cant-put-down/|title= 50 Books you Can't Put Down|work= getreading.com.au|access-date= 27 September 2011|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110911173816/http://www.getreading.com.au/50-books-you-cant-put-down/|archive-date= 11 September 2011}}</ref> It was subsequently published in the United States and India in May 2012, and in the UK in August 2012.

==Pen name==
The name Niromi de Soyza is based on that of [[Richard de Zoysa]],<ref name=SLG/> a well-known Sri Lankan journalist and human rights activist who was abducted and murdered in 1990,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2005/01/29/new21.html |title=Online edition of Daily News - News |author=Sandasen Marasinghe |work=dailynews.lk |year=2005 |access-date=12 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050406232900/http://www.dailynews.lk/2005/01/29/new21.html |archive-date=6 April 2005 }}</ref> by suspected government agents.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=44942 |title=SRI LANKA: Radio Play Poses New Questions About Journalist's Murder - IPS ipsnews.net |author=Feizal Samath |work=ipsnews.net |year=2011 |access-date=12 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205071642/http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=44942 |archive-date=5 December 2008 }}</ref>

==Author==
At the time of publishing the work in 2011, the author of the book is the mother of two children, and living in Sydney, Australia.<ref name=sun>{{cite web |url= http://www.mysunshinecoast.com.au/events/events-display/sunshine-coast-business-womens-network-breakfast,45044,62884 |title=Sunshine Coast Business Women's Network breakfast | Sunshine Coast Queensland |work=mysunshinecoast.com.au |year=2011 |access-date=12 September 2011}}</ref> She was raised in Sri Lanka by a middle-class Tamil Christian family, and at the age of 17 ran away from her [[convent school]] to join the Tigers.<ref name=gerald>{{cite web |url= http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/books/tamil-tigress-20110901-1jmmv.html |title=Tamil Tigress book review |author=Gerard Windsor |work=smh.com.au |year=2011 |access-date=12 September 2011}}</ref> After leaving the Tigers she was sent by her family to a boarding school in India, and then gained [[political asylum in Australia]]<ref name="NDSNS"/> at a time when the Tigers were not regarded as a terrorist organisation by the Australian government.<ref name=AUSDFAT>{{Cite web|url=http://dfat.gov.au/geo/sri-lanka/pages/sri-lanka-country-brief.aspx|title=Sri Lanka country brief|website=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade}}</ref>

==Responses==

===Australian Media response===
The book received wide publicity in Australia,<ref name="The Australian -- 23May2009 -- Drew Warne-Smith -- Cause remains for Tamil Tiger in our midst " /><ref name=sun /><ref name=gerald /><ref name=MT /><ref name=telegraph>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/srilanka/5283438/Life-as-a-female-Tamil-Tiger-guerilla-relived-by-one-of-first-female-soldiers.html|title=Life as a female Tamil Tiger guerilla relived by one of first female soldiers|date=8 May 2009|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref><ref name=nikki>{{Cite web|url=https://licensing-publishing.nine.com.au/C.aspx?VP3=CMS3&VF=FXJO50_1|title=Fairfax Syndication Photo Print Sales and Content Licensing|website=licensing-publishing.nine.com.au}}</ref> drawing in general sympathetic comment from Australian media personnel.<ref name="The Australian -- 23May2009 -- Drew Warne-Smith -- Cause remains for Tamil Tiger in our midst " /><ref name=MT /><ref name=nikki /> Gordon Weiss,<ref name=GW>[http://www.au.timeout.com/sydney/books/events/26193/niromi-de-soyza-in-conversation-with-gordon-weiss Niromi de Soyza in conversation with Gordon Weiss: Tue 5 Jul 2011]</ref> the Australian-born former UN spokesman in Sri Lanka and author of ''The Cage: The Fight for Sri Lanka and the Last Days of the Tamil Tigers'', responded warmly to the book, saying<ref name=nikki /> <blockquote>''I found it incredibly moving, you get the perspective of a young person, coming of age and experiencing oppression in extraordinary circumstances, who then joins in great innocence this organisation which seems to offer so much hope. She ultimately sees (the LTTE) as no solution and leaves, because she doesn't want to become like them. It's really a story of redemption. A young woman drags herself back from the precipice and literally, one day, casts off her uniform and walks out of the forest''.</blockquote>

===Reviews===
[[Gerard Windsor]] reviewing<ref name=gerald /> Tamil Tigress came to the conclusion that the form of the book is more that of a [[literary realism|realist novel]] than a memoir, leading him to tell us that there must be a creative element here, although he was probably unaware that the book was first written in diary form immediately after de Soyza fled Sri Lanka. He commented that action, often pedestrian and repetitious, rather than thoughtfulness, is what moves the book forward with a mature, briskly businesslike de Soyza only entering the book in its final pages.

Prof. V.Suryanarayan in the Eurasia Review<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/12052012-the-god-that-failed-memoirs-of-a-tamil-tigress-book-review/|title=The God That Failed: Memoirs Of A Tamil Tigress – Book Review|date=12 May 2012}}</ref> calls it an absorbing account "which describes the best and the worst of the Tigers."

[[Publishers Weekly]], in relation to the US release, describes<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-1-7423-7518-2|title = Nonfiction Book Review: Tamil Tigress: My Story as a Child Soldier in Sri Lanka's Bloody Civil War by Niromi de Soyza. Allen & Unwin (IPG, dist.), $19.95 trade paper (310p) ISBN 978-1-7423-7518-2}}</ref> the book as an engaging memoir where readers "will both empathize with and judge de Soyza's experiences in the Tamil struggle."

The Book Review Literary Trust in India describes the memoir as deeply moving, very humane, and a "jaw-dropping true story."<ref name="TBRLT">[http://www.thebookreviewindia.org/articles/archives-1005/2012/september/9/a-lost-cause-under-the-microscope.html] A Lost Cause Under the Microscope</ref> The reviewer, M.R. Narayan Swamy, comments, "Indeed, I have not read another more honest and candid account of the now vanquished Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), that too from the inside," stating that the book is more than just an autobiographical journey, but is a rare microscope that takes its readers into the heart of the LTTE.

===Historical detail===
The book's authenticity has been challenged by some on the grounds that it makes an error in historical detail.<ref name=SLG /><ref name=Is>Michael Roberts (September 2011) ''Forbidden Fruits? Niromi de Soyza, Noumi Kouri and Helen Demidenko?'' The Island [http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-detTamil Tigressails&code_title=33739 Part 1], [http://pdfs.island.lk/2011/09/05/p12.pdf Part 2 .]
</ref><ref name=GV>Michael Roberts, [http://groundviews.org/2011/08/31/forbidden-fruits-niromi-de-soyzas-tamil-tigress-noumi-kouri-and-helen-demidenko/ ''Forbidden Fruits: Niromi de Soyza's "Tamil Tigress", Noumi Kouri and Helen Demidenko?''], Groundviews, 31 Aug 2011</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2011/08/farce-of-fake-tigress.html|title=The Farce of a Fake Tigress}}</ref> They allege a misrepresentation by the author of the identity of her combat adversaries which contradicts the historical context of her claimed fighting tenure<ref name=SLG /><ref name=Is /><ref name=GV /> (late 1987 to 1988 according to ''Tamil Tigress'' ).

From late July 1987 to early 1990, the signing of the [[Indo-Sri Lanka Accord]] and the consequent arrival of the [[IPKF]] ensured the withdrawal of the Sri Lankan troops from the Battlefield. Under the terms of the agreement,<ref name=iclq>{{Cite journal|title=Ethnic Politics and Constitutional Reform: The Indo-Sri Lankan Accord|first=M. L.|last=Marasinghe|date=20 July 1988|journal=International & Comparative Law Quarterly|volume=37|issue=3|pages=551–587|doi=10.1093/iclqaj/37.3.551}}</ref><ref name=atimes>{{Cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DD13Df02.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20021001211331/http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DD13Df02.html|url-status=unfit|archive-date=2002-10-01|title=Sri Lanka: The Untold Story Chapter 35: Accord turns to discord}}</ref>[[Colombo]] agreed to a devolution of power to the provinces, the Sri Lankan troops were to be withdrawn to their barracks in the north and the Tamil rebels were to surrender their arms.<ref name= TamilNation>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tamilnation.org/intframe/india/88saty.htm|title=New Delhi & the Tamil Struggle. The Indo Sri Lanka Agreement. Satyendra N. Tamil Nation}}</ref><ref name=TN>Text of the Peace accord.[http://www.tamilnation.org/conflictresolution/tamileelam/87peaceaccord.htm#a1 Tamil Nation]</ref> When the LTTE was at war with the [[IPKF]] from early October, 1987 to end of 1989, not one of the three arms of the Sri Lankan forces participated in joint action with the IPKF or had any integrated command structure.<ref name=RG>{{Cite book |title=Indian intervention in Sri Lanka: The role of India's intelligence agencies |publisher=South Asian Network on Conflict Research |year=1993 |author=Rohan Gunaratna |isbn=978-955-95199-0-4 }}</ref> The Sri Lankan forces stayed clear of direct combat with the [[LTTE]] during this period, apart from the limited operations undertaken at sea by the Sri Lankan Navy.<ref name=RG />
In contrast the blurb<ref name=blurb>{{Cite web|url=http://www.allenandunwin.com/default.aspx?page=94&book=9781742375182|title=Title at Allen and Unwin}}</ref> of ''Tamil Tigress'' announces,<ref name=SLG /><ref name=Is /><ref name=GV />

<blockquote>"Two days before Christmas in 1987, at the age of 17, Niromi de Soyza found herself in an ambush as part of a small platoon of militant Tamil Tigers fighting government forces in the bloody civil war that was to engulf Sri Lanka for decades…"</blockquote>

This is not a publisher's mistake confined to a publisher's blurb as the author herself makes specific reference to who the Tigers fought during this time.<ref name=Is /><ref name=GV /> When she joined 'the Indian forces had arrived and the Tigers had chosen to fight the Indian forces as well as the Sri Lankan forces.'<ref name=MT>Margaret Throsby,[http://www.abc.net.au/classic/throsby/2011_07.htm ''With Niromi de Soyza''], Thursday 21 July 2011</ref> When the war resumed, 'just as Prabhakaran had predicted', they 'were fighting not only the government troops but the peacekeepers, too'.<ref name=telegraph />
She 'put down her gun and fled the violence she'd become a part of, unable to deal any longer with the brutality of her fellow Tigers or the viciousness of the Sri Lankan armed forces'.<ref name=nikki /> Most of her time with the Tigers was 'spent running and hiding from government soldiers'.<ref name=nikki />

In her [[Margaret Throsby|Throsby]] interview, responding to a question about a film - the "four corners documentary", which is a documentary covering the atrocities committed by the Sri Lankan Government Forces during the final stages of the Elam War, Niromi de Soyza makes another statement, which can be linked to this misrepresentation of the historical context of the period.<ref name=MT /><ref name=Is /><ref name=GV />

<blockquote>"I watched it. I forced myself to watch it… It distressed the whole time….I couldn't sleep that night… but at the same time it wasn't new. This was something that I knew had happened. I mean I had witnessed much of it and I knew when… the Tamil tigers were caught by the soldiers those things would happen …they would be shot in the head, raped, tortured all of those things. It was nothing new."-(between 35.56 and 36.23)</blockquote>

Michael Roberts, a Sri Lankan-Australian historical anthropologist<ref name=Uade>{{Cite web|url=https://www.adelaide.edu.au/library/special/mss/roberts/|title=Michael Roberts Papers, mainly on Sri Lanka ca. 1800-1999 | Rare Books & Special Collections|website=www.adelaide.edu.au}}</ref><ref name=NUS>[http://usp.nus.edu.sg/calendar/2006/PersonhoodandSuicidalDevotion.html ''Personhood and Suicidal Devotion to Cause: Kamikaze, Jihadist, Tiger''. University Scholars Programme, 19 October 2006]</ref><ref name=abc>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/unleashed/michael-roberts-27308.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110401154627/http://www.abc.net.au/unleashed/michael-roberts-27308.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-04-01|title=Michael Roberts. The Drum Opinion(Australian Broadcasting Corporation)|website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] }}</ref><ref name=Phil>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/latenightlive/tropical-amsterdam/3587778|title=Tropical Amsterdam|date=19 September 2011|website=Radio National}}</ref> who has a history of asking his readers to disbelieve Tamil accounts of the war in Sri Lanka,<ref name=MRTTT>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/opinion/taken-in-by-tamil-tall-tales/story-e6frg6zo-1225794053578|title=Taken in by Tamil tall tales}}</ref><ref name=MRCR>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/unleashed/27306.html|title=Crude reasoning|website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] }}</ref> has interpreted this contextual misrepresentation by the author as an attempt to give the book greater contemporary currency by projecting the Sri Lankan Forces (contemporary target for war crimes allegations<ref name=SLWC>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/national/sri-lanka-faces-pressure-on-war-crimes-claim-20111017-1ltfa.html|title=Sri Lanka faces pressure on War Crimes claim}}</ref><ref name=SLWC2>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/subscribe/news/1/?sourceCode=TAWEB_WRE170_a&dest=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fsecrecy-and-denial-are-also-war-crimes%2Fnews-story%2F602447d4bace32f0f61b1e07383c2c62&memtype=anonymous&mode=premium&nk=0145cb0221d96cb07a1702904bf9d381-1574284968|title=Subscribe to The Australian | Newspaper home delivery, website, iPad, iPhone & Android apps|website=www.theaustralian.com.au}}</ref><ref name=SLWC3>{{Cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/australian-police-study-sri-lanka-war-crimes-dossier-2372046.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220526/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/australian-police-study-sri-lanka-war-crimes-dossier-2372046.html |archive-date=26 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Australian police study Sri Lanka 'war crimes' dossier|date=18 October 2011|website=The Independent}}</ref>) into the fighting experiences attributed to Niromi de Soyza in Tamil Tigress.<ref name=SLG /><ref name=Is /><ref name=GV />

A review of the memoir in Ceylon Today<ref name=CLNTDY>{{Cite web|url=https://ceylontoday.lk/35-12420-news-detail-tamil-tigress-a-review.html|title=Ceylon Today | Sri Lanka Breaking News Updates 24/7|website=ceylontoday.lk}}</ref> states that while some of the arguments put forward to question its authenticity may have some veracity, they are excusable, whereas the other arguments put forward are "a load of nonsense." The reviewer states that most of the debunking allegations are rather arbitrary and petty, and that Jaffna Tamils who have actually read the book point out that its portrayal of Jaffna life at that time is quite authentic.

===Sri Lankan Government response===
The quibbles regarding the book's authenticity would seem to be rendered irrelevant by the Sri Lankan government, who do not seem to have any reservation confirming that de Soyza was indeed a member of the LTTE, and that the claims she makes are true.<ref name=SLGCP>[http://www.priu.gov.lk/news_update/Current_Affairs/ca201207/20120713ltte_tortured_killed_while_fighting_Indians.htm Sri Lankan Government on Tamil Tigress]</ref>

===Author's response===
As part of an "inspirational address" to an Australian women's business network, it was reported that while "Sri Lankan critics have questioned Niromi's incredible story, she stands by her memoirs."<ref name="NDSNS"/>

When asked about the allegations of authenticity in a Q&A, the author responded, "Many have dispelled these myths. I trust in the intelligence of the readers - to read the book with an open mind without agendas and to listen to my many interviews and make up their own mind."<ref name=TIQA>{{Cite web|url=http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=61808|title=The Island|website=www.island.lk}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book |title= Tamil Tigress |last= de Soyza|first= Niromi|year= 2011|publisher= [[Allen & Unwin]]|location= [[Sydney]]|isbn=978-1-74237-518-2}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
*[http://blogs.abc.net.au/files/tamil-tigress-1.mp3 Interview with Ashley Walsh], 14 July 2011
* [http://sundaytimes.lk/110925/Plus/plus_07.html ''Writing and truth:The instance of Niromi de Soyza's Tamil Tigress'', By Charles Ponnuthurai Sarvan, ''the Sunday Times Plus'', 25 September 2011]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sri Lankan civil war books]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan diaspora]]
[[Category:Memoirs]]
[[Category:2011 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Allen & Unwin books]]
[[Category:Indian Peace Keeping Force]]

Antonette Mendes

2026-01-14T19:25:45Z

GlendaBancroft: Added stub

{{Short description|Indian singer and actress (1944–2024)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Antonette Mendes
| image = Antonette Mendes at Tiatr Day, 2017 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Mendes at the [[Kala Academy]], 2017
| birth_name = Maria Antonia D'Souza
| birth_date = {{birth date|1944|5|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2024|4|7|1944|5|10|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Bandra, Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India
| citizenship = {{ubl|
* [[British Raj]] (until 1947)
* India (from 1947)}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|actress|playwright|director}}
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Romeo Mendes]]|1966|1999|end=died}}
| father = [[A. K. D'Souza]]
| children = 3
| years_active = 1960–2010s
| relatives = {{ubl|
* [[Fatima D'Souza]] (sister)
* [[Anil Kumar (actor)|Anil Kumar]] (brother-in-law)
* [[Jose Rod]] (son-in-law)}}
| notable_works = {{ubl|
* ''[[Amchem Noxib]]''
* ''[[Nirmon]]''
* ''[[Mohabbat Zindagi Hai (1966 film)|Mohabbat Zindagi Hai]]''}}
| website = {{URL|https://facebook.com/antonette.mendes.7}}
| awards = [[Tiatr Academy of Goa|TAG]]'s "Lifetime Contribution to Tiatr Award" (2009)
}}

'''Antonette Mendes''' (born '''Maria Antonia D'Souza'''; 10 May 1944 – 7 April 2024) was an Indian singer, actress, playwright, and theatre director known for her work in [[Konkani cinema|Konkani]] films and ''[[tiatr]]'' productions. Referred to as the "Melody Queen", she was known as the "queen of the Konkani stage", prior to [[Lorna Cordeiro]]'s emergence in the [[Goan music|Konkani music]] scene.

==Early life==
Antonette Mendes, originally named Maria Antonia D'Souza, was born on 10 May 1944, in [[Princess Street (Mumbai)|Princess Street]], [[Chira Bazaar]], [[Bombay]], which was part of the [[Bombay Presidency]] during [[British India]] (now Mumbai, [[Maharashtra]]). Her father, [[A. K. D'Souza]], was a [[sailor]], as well as a known figure in the theatrical realm, as an actor, director, and writer. Her mother, Innocencia D'Souza, fulfilled the role of a [[homemaker]] within the family.<ref name=":1" />

[[File:Young Antonette Mendes.jpg|thumb|Mendes during her youth, 1960s]]
As the eldest child, Mendes displayed a deep love for music and actively engaged in a variety of co-curricular pursuits during her schooling years. She had a brother Joaquim,<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Melody queen Antonette Mendes will sing no more |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Melody-queen-Antonette-Mendes-will-sing-no-more/219909 |access-date=8 April 2024 |website=[[O Heraldo]] |date=8 April 2024 |archive-date=8 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408031253/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Melody-queen-Antonette-Mendes-will-sing-no-more/219909 |url-status=live }}</ref> and a sister named [[Fatima D'Souza|Fatima]], who has made a name for herself as a [[Konkani language|Konkani]] actress.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=N. T. |date=23 June 2019 |title=Bombay to Goa… …for the love of tiatr – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2019/06/23/magazines/buzz/bombay-to-goa-for-the-love-of-tiatr/ |access-date=7 January 2024 |language=en-US |archive-date=7 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107200223/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2019/06/23/magazines/buzz/bombay-to-goa-for-the-love-of-tiatr/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Their father enjoyed a close professional relationship with prominent figures in the dramatic arts, such as [[Minguel Rod]] and the [[trio (music)|trio]] Kid-Young-Rod ([[Kid Boxer]], Young Menezes, and Minguel Rod).<ref name=":1" />

==Career==
===''Hanv To Tarvotti'' and directorial debut (1960–1970s)===
Mendes commenced her stage career as a vocalist at the age of 15, making her debut in her father's ''[[tiatr]]'' production titled ''Hanv To Tarvotti'' (It's me, the Seaman)<ref name=":4" /> at the Princess Theatre in Bhangwadi. Her father, [[A. K. D'Souza]], a modest writer and director of [[Konkani language|Konkani]] ''tiatrs'' during that era, regularly orchestrated the production of these theatrical works.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |title=100 Years of Konkani Tiatro |date=2000 |publisher=Government of Goa, Directorate of Art & Culture |pages=182–183 |language=en |access-date=7 January 2024 |archive-date=7 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107200151/https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> This early exposure led Mendes to partake in the ''tiatr Fuddar'' (Future), helmed by the Konkani playwright [[Kid Boxer]], which was performed in [[Bombay]] and [[Goa]]. This significant opportunity served as a turning point in D'Souza's career, subsequently affording her the prospect of embarking on a journey to [[East Africa]], where she showcased her talents in three ''tiatrs'': Kid Boxer's ''Bancruttam Bancrutt'', as well as ''Fuddar'' (Future) and [[Alfred Rose (singer)|Alfred Rose]]'s ''Dotor Advogad'' (Doctor Advocate).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |first1=Pio |last1=Esteves |date=24 April 2017 |title=A voice that is eternal |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Voice-Of-Tiatr/A-voice-that-is-eternal/114352 |access-date=7 January 2024 |website=[[O Heraldo]] |archive-date=7 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107065533/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Voice-Of-Tiatr/A-voice-that-is-eternal/114352 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Shortly thereafter, Mendes ventured into the realm of directing, marking her directorial debut with her father's ''tiatr'' ''Dilolo Jurament''. She continued to expand her creative horizons by writing and directing her own ''tiatrs'', including productions such as ''Obgath'', ''Tum Saiba Konn'', and ''Don Ghoram'' (Two Houses). Her abilities paved the way for her participation in [[Chris Perry (musician)|Chris Perry]]'s seminal [[musical show]] in [[Bahrain]] in 1978, as well as her involvement in Rico Rod's ''tiatr Bailek Lagon'' in [[Kuwait]]. Additionally, Mendes embarked on extensive tours alongside various ''tiatr'' troupes, across East Africa, Canada, Germany, United Kingdom, United Arab Emirates, Oman, and Qatar. Initially acclaimed for her vocal prowess, Mendes subsequently garnered admiration for her portrayal of compelling [[character role]]s as an actress. Her memorable contributions encompassed not only her acclaimed songs released by [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]] but also her appearances in [[M. Boyer]]'s ''tiatrs''. [[Wilson Mazarello]] writes, "Mendes' performances drew numerous ''tiatr'' aficionados, who were enticed by the mellifluous quality of her voice and the heartfelt manner in which she delivered her renditions."<ref name=":0" /> Over the course of her career, Mendes had the privilege of collaborating with directors, including [[J. P. Souzalin]], [[Kid Boxer]], [[Master Vaz]], [[C. Alvares]], [[Prem Kumar (Konkani actor)|Prem Kumar]], [[Alfred Rose (singer)|Alfred Rose]], [[M. Boyer]], [[Remmie Colaço]], Joe Rose, [[Jacinto Vaz]], Bab Peter, Rosario Rodrigues, Mendes Brothers, [[Anil Kumar (actor)|Anil Kumar]], [[Titta Pretto]], [[H. Britton]], Paul Romy, and various others. These performances garnered her recognition and acclaim.<ref name=":1" />

===Association with M. Boyer and Konkani cinema===
Mendes holds the distinction of being one of the longest-serving cast under [[M. Boyer]]'s tutelage. Her association with Boyer commenced with the tiatr production ''titled Besanv'' (Blessing), marking the beginning of a long and fruitful collaboration. Known for his exacting standards, Mendes fondly recalled Boyer's commitment to perfection in both singing and acting. Throughout her career, Mendes delivered memorable performances, but it is her portrayal in ''Mauli'' (Gardener), a non-stop ''[[tiatr]]'' written and directed by her son-in-law, [[Jose Rod]], that stands out as her most unforgettable achievement. In the past, she had several major successful ''tiatrs'' such as ''Sounsar Sudhorlo'', ''Adim Tem, Atam Hem'', ''Mog Kazar Divorce'' (Love, Marriage, Divorce), ''Angvonn'', ''Darunn Voddil'', and ''Gharachem Sukh''. Mendes's artistic endeavors extended beyond the realm of ''tiatr'', leading her to make contributions to the [[Konkani cinema|Konkani film industry]]. Her talent and professionalism on stage earned her roles in three Konkani films. [[Pio Esteves]] of ''[[O Heraldo]]'' writes, in the film ''[[Amchem Noxib]]'' (1963), directed by A. Salaam, Mendes's chemistry and lively performance alongside the comedian [[Anthony Mendes]] remain etched in the memories of audiences. Notably, her spirited rendition of "Tum Nasloi Punn Tuka Sweater Kori" showcased her versatility and garnered widespread acclaim.<ref name=":1" />

Another significant film in Mendes's filmography is ''[[Nirmon]]'' (1966), also directed by A. Salaam, where her melodious interpretation of "Claudia" resonated deeply with audiences. Interestingly, it was during the production of ''Nirmon'' that Mendes encountered her life-partner, [[Romeo Mendes]], who portrayed her [[on-screen]] brother. This serendipitous meeting added a personal dimension to the film's significance in her life. In addition to her contributions to Konkani cinema, Mendes showcased her talent in [[Al Jerry Braganza]]'s ''Sukhachem Sopon'', a film that further exemplified her range as an actress. Her presence extended beyond the Konkani film industry, as she also appeared in Bonifacio Pereira's ''Zababdari'' and portrayed a comedic role in Jagdish Narulia's [[Hindi cinema|Hindi film]] ''[[Mohabbat Zindagi Hai (1966 film)|Mohabbat Zindagi Hai]]'' (1966). Furthermore, Mendes displayed her artistic versatility by playing a significant role in [[Cyrus Mistry (writer)|Cyrus Mistry]]'s English play titled ''The Legacy of Rage''.<ref name=":1" />

===Introduction to Konkani music and audio albums (1980s–1990s)===
[[Pio Esteves]] of ''[[O Heraldo]]'' writes, in the realm of [[Goan music|Konkani music]], Mendes made a significant impact and stands out as a pioneering female singer. Prior to the rise of [[Lorna]], Mendes held the position of being the unrivalled "queen of the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]]". Mendes's entry into the music world was facilitated by [[Alfred Rose (singer)|Alfred Rose]], who provided her with opportunities to showcase her talent through [[LPs]] for [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]]. Her popular solo performances include "Nursichem Fugasaum" and "Cheddum Xetcamteachem." Collaborating with Alfred Rose, Mendes delivered memorable duets such as "Kazari Bhoinnik Lagon," "Fottoilem Deva," and "Ago Mojea Sundorea."<ref name=":1" /> Her songs garnered popularity and were frequently requested on [[All India Radio]].<ref name=":0" />

In addition to her musical achievements, Mendes also ventured into writing and directing ''[[tiatrs]]'', having created three productions as of 1995: ''Abghat'', ''Tum Saiba Konn'', and ''Khuimchem Mojem Ghor'' (Which one's my house?). One of her collaborations was with the Konkani musician [[Chris Perry (musician)|Chris Perry]], resulting in the creation of the masterpiece "Piti Piti Mog". Mendes boasts an extensive discography, with her vocals featured in over 500 [[audio cassette]]s, CDs, and LPs by various artists, including her son-in-law [[Jose Rod]] and [[Anil Kumar (actor)|Anil]]-[[Fatima D'Souza|Fatima]]. During the 1980s, Mendes and her husband Romeo created a collection of audio cassettes, starting with ''Jivit Ek Sopon'', which was successful. The series was introduced by [[Bollywood]] actor [[Amitabh Bachchan]], who gave an opening speech in [[Konkani language|Konkani]]. They went on to release albums like ''Rosacho Dis'', ''Padr Agnel'', and more, ultimately producing a total of 15 [[audio album]]s together.<ref name=":1" /> Mendes not only produced numerous audio cassettes featuring her own songs but also recorded for His Master's Voice. As a ''[[tiatrist]]'', she travelled extensively to foreign countries, including Africa, England, and the [[Gulf countries]]. As of 1995, despite the passage of time, Mendes remained an active singer and actress, regularly appearing in ''tiatrs'' directed by popular directors.<ref name=":0" />

==Personal life==
===Marriage and children===
Mendes entered into matrimony with [[Romeo Mendes]], a theatre contractor and [[theatre producer|producer]], in the year 1966. The couple together had three daughters named Judy, June, and Lara. Notably, their eldest daughter, Judy, subsequently married [[Jose Rod]], a [[Konkani language|Konkani]] singer. Prior to her marriage to Romeo, Mendes showcased her acting skills in one of his theatrical productions at [[Gowalia Tank]], [[Bombay]], specifically at Tejpal Hall. Romeo played a pivotal role in introducing [[Prince Jacob]] to the Mumbai theatre scene.<ref name=":1" />

===Residence and health===
As of the year 1995, Mendes resided in [[Goa Velha]], [[Goa]], and shared her abode with her family in [[Bandra, Bombay]].<ref name=":0" /> Her husband Romeo died on 10 September 1999, at the age of 59 in [[Mumbai]].<ref name=":0" /> According to the 2012 ''Directory of Tiatr Artistes'', Mendes resided near Ambedkar Road, Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=45_WlAEACAAJ |title=Directory of Tiatr Artistes, 2012 |date=2012 |publisher=Tiatr Academy of Goa |language=en |access-date=7 January 2024 |archive-date=27 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827202743/https://books.google.com/books?id=45_WlAEACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], Mendes contracted [[COVID-19]] but managed to recover, though she required supplemental [[oxygen support]] during her recuperation.<ref name=":3" /> She had a love for reading, and among all authors, [[Sidney Sheldon]] stood out as her favorite, with ''[[If Tomorrow Comes (novel)|If Tomorrow Comes]]'' holding a special place as her top choice.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Pereira |first1=J.P. |date=14 April 2024 |title=Antonette Mendes irreplaceable |newspaper=The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2024/04/14/magazines/panorama/antonette-mendes-irreplaceable/ |access-date=14 April 2024 |language=en-US |archive-date=14 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414012337/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2024/04/14/magazines/panorama/antonette-mendes-irreplaceable/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Style and reception==
In relation to her craft as an actress and singer, Mendes underscored the significance of effectively portraying characters through appropriate costuming and emotive performances, thereby garnering the appreciation of the audience. With respect to singing, she emphasized the creation of enduring songs that stand the test of time, as such compositions leave a lasting impact while critiques tend to diminish over time. Vocal modulation and suitable attire also played vital roles in her artistic presentations. Despite encountering various obstacles, Mendes considered herself fortunate to have achieved substantial success in her stage career. As of 2017, she remained resolute in her commitment to continue contributing to the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]] until her last breath.<ref name=":1" />

==Death==
On 7 April 2024, Mendes died in [[Bandra, Mumbai]] at the age of 79 following an extended period of illness.<ref name=":4" /> The news of her demise was met with condolences from various ''[[tiatr]]'' personalities and enthusiasts, including her sister [[Fatima D'Souza]], Alexin de Morjim, Peter D'Souza, Ophelia "Ophy" Fernandes,<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |first1=Clinton |last1=D'Souza |date=8 April 2024 |title='Melody Queen' & noted tiatrist of yesteryears fades into eternity |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/%E2%80%98melody-queen%E2%80%99-noted-tiatrist-of-yesteryears-fades-into-eternity/111985.html |access-date=8 April 2024 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en |archive-date=8 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408032345/https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/%E2%80%98melody-queen%E2%80%99-noted-tiatrist-of-yesteryears-fades-into-eternity/111985.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Tomazinho Cardozo]], [[Cyriaco Dias]], Kenny Zuzarte, and Caraciol D'Souza.<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Pio |last1=Esteves |date=9 April 2024 |title=Bidding adeus to the Melody Queen |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Bidding-adeus-to-the-Melody-Queen/219943 |access-date=9 April 2024 |website=[[O Heraldo]] |archive-date=9 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409023716/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Bidding-adeus-to-the-Melody-Queen/219943 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Selected stage works==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|1960
|''Hanv To Tarvotti''
|
|Professional debut
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
|1950s/1960s
|''Fuddar''
|
|
|rowspan="3"|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|1950s/1960s
|''Bancruttam Bancrutt''
|
|
|-
|1950s/1960s
|''Dotor Advogad''
|
|
|-
|1950s/1960s
|''Dilolo Jurament''
|Director
|Debut as director
|rowspan="6"|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|
|''Obgath''
|Writer/director
|
|-
|
|''Tum Saiba Konn''
|Writer/director
|
|-
|
|''Don Ghoram''
|Writer/director
|
|-
|
|''Bailek Lagon''
|
|
|-
|
|''Besanv''
|
|
|-
|1990s
|''Mauli''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Pio |last1=Esteves |date=10 December 2018 |title=A voice made for the stage |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Voice-Of-Tiatr/A-voice-made-for-the-stage/139878 |access-date=23 February 2024 |website=o Heraldo |archive-date=23 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223180834/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Voice-Of-Tiatr/A-voice-made-for-the-stage/139878 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1" />
|-
|
|''Sounsar Sudhorlo''
|
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|1997
|''Adim Tem, Atam Hem''
|
|
|<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />
|-
|1970s
|''Mog Kazar Divorce''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Tomazinho |last1=Cardozo |date=22 December 2012|title=Depiction of violence in tiatrs |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/depiction-of-violence-in-tiatrs/2437.html |access-date=23 February 2024 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en |archive-date=23 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223180051/https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/depiction-of-violence-in-tiatrs/2437.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1" />
|-
|1961
|''Angvonn''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Pio |last1=Esteves |date=15 January 2017 |title=Take a cue from him! |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/Voice-Of-Tiatr/Take-a-cue-from-him/110471 |access-date=23 February 2024 |website=o Heraldo |archive-date=23 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223175835/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/Voice-Of-Tiatr/Take-a-cue-from-him/110471 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1" />
|-
|
|''Darunn Voddil''
|
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|2014
|''Gharachem Sukh''
|
|
|<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |first1=Michael Jude |last1=Gracias |date= 19 August 2022 |title=How Minguel Rod set the stage for tiatrs in Canada |url=https://www.thegoan.net/global-goenkar/%EF%BB%BFhow-minguel-rod-set-the-stage-for-tiatrs-in-canada/87911.html |access-date=16 February 2024 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en |archive-date=20 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220134147/https://www.thegoan.net/global-goenkar/%EF%BB%BFhow-minguel-rod-set-the-stage-for-tiatrs-in-canada/87911.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1" />
|-
|
|''Khuimchem Mojem Ghor''
|Writer/director
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{discogs artist|Antonette Mendes}}
* {{IMDb name|4107691}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mendes, Antonette}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Singers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian women singers]]

Ravi Krishna (actor, born 1989)

2026-01-13T10:28:36Z

GlendaBancroft:

{{short description|Indian actor, born 1989}}
{{About|Ravi Krishna, an Indian actor active since 2004|the Tamil and Telugu actor active from 2004 to 2011|Ravi Krishna (actor, born 1983)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date = December 2020}}
{{Infobox actor
| name = Ravi Krishna
| birth_name = Thota Ravi Krishna
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1989|06|09|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/biography/ravi-krishna-biography-age-career-physical-appearance-family-serials-list-movies-795581 | title=Virupaksha Fame Ravi Krishna Biography: Age, Career, Physical Appearance, Family, Serials List, Movies | date=2 May 2023 }}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Vijayawada]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2004–present
| television =
}}

'''Thota Ravi Krishna''' is an Indian actor works in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu films]] and television shows.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Aame Katha actor Ravikrishna's amazing transformation gives you the right dose of fitness motivation - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/aame-katha-actor-ravikrishnas-amazing-transformation-gives-you-the-right-dose-of-fitness-motivation/articleshow/77651886.cms |access-date=2020-12-09 |website=The Times of India |date=20 August 2020}}</ref> He is known for television shows ''[[Mogali Rekulu]]'' (2008–2013), ''Varudhini Parinayam'' (2013–2016) and ''Aame Katha'' (2019–2021). He has debuted in cinema with a supporting role in ''[[Anubhavinchu Raja]]'' (2021) and got his breakthrough in [[Virupaksha (film)|''Virupaksha'']] (2023). He later did lead role in ''[[The Birthday Boy]]'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sekhar |first=Vineela |date=2024-07-03 |title=‘The Birthday Boy’ Teaser: A Fresh Comedy Drama Set to Entertain |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/the-birthday-boy-teaser-a-fresh-comedy-drama-set-to-entertain-889053 |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Ravikrishna was born on 9 June 1989 in [[Vijayawada]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]. After completing his degree, he went to [[Chennai]] with an interest in acting and joined as an assistant director.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-02 |title=Virupaksha Fame Ravi Krishna Biography: Age, Career, Physical Appearance, Family, Serials List, Movies |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/biography/ravi-krishna-biography-age-career-physical-appearance-family-serials-list-movies-795581 |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=[[The Hans India]]}}</ref>

== Career ==
He started his career as an assistant director in ''Vijetha'' of [[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]] and later came to Hyderabad and worked as an assistant director again. Then as a replacement hero at the end of the serial called ''Bommarillu'', he was selected as the lead actor for which he was already working as the assistant director. He then acted in a few [[independent film]]s.

After a long break, he was selected in the auditions and acted in the popular drama series ''[[Mogali Rekulu]]''. Then he starred in some Telugu TV shows but became known with the [[soap opera]] ''Varudhini Parinayam'' and later became well known in the series ''That Is Mahalakshmi'', ''Srinivasa Kalyanam'', ''Sundarakanda'', ''Bava Maradallu''.

In 2020, he was affected with [[Coronavirus disease 2019|Coronavirus disease]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-05|title=Telugu TV actor Ravi Krishna tests positive for coronavirus|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/bigg-boss-3-contestant-actor-ravi-krishna-coronavirus-positive-6489526/|access-date=2020-12-09|website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-04|title=Telugu TV Actor Ravi Krishna Tests Positive for Covid-19, Says 'I Went Blank at First'|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/telugu-tv-actor-ravi-krishna-tests-positive-for-covid-19-says-i-went-blank-at-first-2700867.html|access-date=2020-12-09|website=[[News18]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-04|title=Telugu TV actor Ravi Krishna tests positive for COVID-19|url=https://www.yovizag.com/telugu-tv-actor-ravi-krishna-tests-positive-for-covid-19/|access-date=2020-12-09|website=Vizag}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+List of acting roles in films
!Year
!Title
!Role
!class="unsortable" | Notes
!class="unsortable" |Ref.
|-
|2021
|''[[Anubhavinchu Raja]]''
|Rahul
|
|
|-
|2023
|[[Virupaksha (film)|''Virupaksha'']]
|Bhairava/Kumar
|Nominated{{Ndash}}[[SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actor – Telugu]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2023-05-02 |title=Virupaksha Fame Ravi Krishna Biography: Age, Career, Physical Appearance, Family, Serials List, Movies |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/biography/ravi-krishna-biography-age-career-physical-appearance-family-serials-list-movies-795581 |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2024
|''[[Geethanjali Malli Vachindi]]''
|Ushaanjali's Boyfriend
|
|
|-
|''[[Aa Okkati Adakku (2024 film)|Aa Okati Adakku]]''
| Subramanyam
|
|
|-
|[[Love Me (2024 Indian film)|''Love Me'']]
|Prathap
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-25 |title=Love Me Review: A total borefest! |url=https://telugucinema.com/reviews/love-me-review-a-total-borefest |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=Telugu Cinema |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|''[[The Birthday Boy]]''
|Bharat
|Debut in lead role
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-18 |title=Telugu film ‘The Birthday Boy’, sparked by real incidents that turned birthday revelry awry |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/telugu-film-the-birthday-boy-sparked-by-real-incidents-that-turned-birthday-revelry-awry/article68417296.ece |access-date=2024-10-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
|''[[Kingdom (2025 film)|Kingdom]]''
|Selva
|
|
|-
|''[[Dhandoraa]]''
|Ravi
|
|
|-
|{{TableTBA}}
|{{Pending film|SDT18}}
|{{TableTBA}}
|
|
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of television appearances
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Network
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|2004
|''Hrudayam''
|Jaswanth
|[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]
|Debut in Television
|
|-
|2007
|''Bommarillu''
|Gautham
|[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]
|Debut as a lead actor
|
|-
|2008–2013
|''[[Mogali Rekulu]]''
|Durga
|[[Gemini TV]]
|
|
|-
|2013–2016
|''Varudhini Parinayam''
|Krishna Chaitanya a.k.a. Paradhu
|[[Zee Telugu]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=హీరోయిన్‌తో రవికృష్ణ గొడవ.. ఆ సీరియల్ ఆగిపోవడానికి కారణం ఇదే!|url=https://telugu.samayam.com/tv/news/actor-ravi-krishna-reveals-reason-on-varudhini-parinayam-serial-stopped/articleshow/75770782.cms|access-date=2020-12-09|website=Samayam Telugu|language=te}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014
|''Wow S2''
| rowspan="2" |Himself
|[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Game show]]
|
|-
|''Great Game Show''
|Tollywood TV
|
|-
|2015–2016
|''Srinivasa Kalyanam''
|Srinivas
|[[Star Maa]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2016
|[[Konchem Touch Lo Unte Chepta|''KTUC Super Sundays'']]
| rowspan="4" |Himself
| rowspan="2" |[[Zee Telugu]]
|Episode 9; [[Talk show]]
|
|-
|''Big Celebrity Challenge''
|
|
|-
|''Cinema Choopistha Maava''
|[[ETV Plus]]
| rowspan="2" |
|
|-
|''Cash S1''
| rowspan="2" |[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]
|
|-
|2016–2019
|''[[Manasu Mamata]]''
|Siddu/Anand
|Dual role
|
|-
|2017–2018
|''That is Mahalakshmi''
|Sree
|[[Zee Telugu]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2018
|''Vachhadayyo Swami''
| rowspan="3" |Himself
| rowspan="2" |[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]
|Telefilm
|
|-
|''Cash S2''
|
|
|-
|''Gold Rush''
|[[Zee Telugu]]
|
|
|-
|2018–2019
|''Sundarakhanda''
|Abhiram
|[[Star Maa]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-09-23|title=Sundarakanda Maa TV Serial Starting On 25th September 2017 At 9.00 PM|url=https://www.indiantvinfo.com/sundarakanda-star-maa-serial-online/|access-date=2020-12-09|website=Indian Television}}</ref>
|-
|2018–2020
|''Bava Maradallu''
|Srinivas
|[[Zee Telugu]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2019
|[[Bigg Boss (Telugu season 3)|''Bigg Boss 3'']]
| rowspan="3" |Himself
|[[Star Maa]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Exclusive - Bigg Boss Telugu 3: At times I was frustrated with the 'Manchodu' tag, says Ravikrishna - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/exclusive-bigg-boss-telugu-3-at-times-i-was-frustrated-with-the-manchodu-tag-says-ravikrishna/articleshow/71393873.cms|access-date=2020-12-09|website=The Times of India|date=October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Telugu 3 Grand Finale Highlights: Rahul Sipligunj wins the trophy : Nagarjuna signs off thanking guest Chiranjeevi, audiences and the contestants for the memorable journey|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/bigg-boss-telugu-3-grand-finale-live-updates-who-will-be-the-winner-tonight/liveblog/71877399.cms|access-date=2020-12-09|website=The Times of India|date=3 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
|''Bigg Boss 3 Buzz''
|[[Star Maa Music]]
|
|
|-
|''F3-Fun, Frustration & Family''
| rowspan="4" |[[Star Maa]]
|
|
|-
|2019-2021
|''Aame Katha''
|Gautham
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title='ఆమెకథ' ఆగస్ట్ 5 ఎపిసోడ్ : ఉత్కంఠగా మారిన కథ! గౌతమ్ అరెస్ట్.. వెంకట్ ఇంట్లో మహీని చూసి..|url=https://telugu.samayam.com/tv/news/aame-katha-telugu-serial-written-updates-5-august-2020-shyamala-devi-helps-gautham/articleshow/77367813.cms|access-date=2020-12-09|website=Samayam Telugu|language=te}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|''Start Music''
| rowspan="6" |Himself
|
|
|-
|''Sixth Sense S3''
|
|
|-
|2020
|''Jaatharoo Jaathara''
|[[Zee Telugu]]
|Telefilm
|
|-
|
|''Cash S2''
| rowspan="2" |[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]
| rowspan="2" |
|
|-
|
|''Wow S3''
|
|-
|2022
|''Star Maa Parivaar League S2''
|[[Star Maa]]
|
|
|-
|2022
|''Dhee''
|Himself
|[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]
|
|
|-
|2023
|''BB Jodi''
|Himself
|[[Star Maa]]
|
|
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Indian television actors]]
* [[Lists of Indian actors]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishna, Ravi}}
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu television]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Vijayawada]]
[[Category:Male actors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Vijayawada]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1989 births]]

Ayali (2023 TV series)

2026-01-11T13:09:37Z

GlendaBancroft:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Ayali.jpg
| caption =
| genre = Family [[Crime thriller|Thriller]]
| director = Muthukumar
| writer = Muthukumar
| producer = Kushmavathi
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| starring = {{ubl|
* [[Abi Nakshatra]]
* [[Anumol]]
* Madhan
* [[Linga (actor)|Linga]]
* [[Singampuli]]
}}
| country = India
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 8
| language = Tamil
| music = [[Revaa]]
| cinematography = [[Ramji (cinematographer)|Ramji]]
| editor = Ganesh Siva
| runtime = 40-50 minutes
| company = Estrella Stories
| network = [[ZEE5]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2023|01|26|df=y}}
| last_aired =
}}

'''''Ayali''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil-language]] [[streaming television]] series written and directed by Muthukumar for [[ZEE5]] which focuses on the patriarchal aspects of Tamil society and Indian society in general. The principal characters of the series include [[Abi Nakshatra]], [[Anumol]], Madhan, [[Linga (actor)|Linga]] and [[Singampuli]]. The eight episodic series premiered on [[ZEE5]] on 26 January 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.webdunia.com/article/tamil-cinema-news-movie-film/ayali-web-series-in-zee-5-ott-123011900105_1.html|title=ஜனவரி 26ல் வெளியாகும் 'அயலி' வெப்தொடர்.. எந்த ஓடிடியில்?|publisher=tamil.webdunia.com|access-date=|language=ta|archive-date=21 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121130208/https://tamil.webdunia.com/article/tamil-cinema-news-movie-film/ayali-web-series-in-zee-5-ott-123011900105_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://moviewingz.com/zee5-indias-largest-home-grown-video-streaming-platform-announced-its-next-tamil-original-series-ayali/|title=ZEE5, India's largest home-grown video streaming platform, announced its next Tamil original series 'Ayali'.!!|date=19 January 2023 |publisher=moviewingz.com|access-date=|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/ayali-zee5-latest-series-highlights-the-importance-of-women-education-release-date-announced-97190|title=பருவமெய்தியதை மறைத்து டாக்டராக விரும்பும் சிறுமி... ஓடிடியில் வெளியாகும் 2023-ன் முதல் தமிழ் ஒரிஜினல் சீரிஸ் 'அயலி'!|date=20 January 2023|publisher=tamil.abplive.com|access-date=|language=ta|archive-date=20 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120015732/https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/ayali-zee5-latest-series-highlights-the-importance-of-women-education-release-date-announced-97190|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
The story revolves around the life of a young teenage girl (Tamizhselvi) who defies the horrible 500-year-old customs and traditions that oppress the women of Veerappannai village in [[Pudukkottai district|Pudukkottai]] towards her dream of becoming a doctor.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/jan/18/ayali-trailer-out-zee5s-latest-highlights-the-importance-of-womens-education-38940.html|title=Ayali Trailer out: ZEE5's latest highlights the importance of women's education|date=18 January 2023|publisher=www.cinemaexpress.com|access-date=|language=en|archive-date=21 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121130206/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/jan/18/ayali-trailer-out-zee5s-latest-highlights-the-importance-of-womens-education-38940.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Abi Nakshathra]] as Tamizhselvi
* [[Anumol]] as Kuruvammal
* Madhankumar Dhakshinamoorthy as Thavasi
* [[Linga (actor)|Linga]] as Sakthivel
* [[Singampuli]] as Thiruppathi
* [[TSR Srinivasan]] as Dharmaraj
* Lovelyn Chandrasekar as Mythili
* Gayathri Thara as Kayalvizhi
* Pragadheeswaran as a vocally impaired villager
* Jenson
* Rajamani Melodi
* Goutham
* Reshmi
* Muthupandi
*Sunthar

===Guest appearances===
* [[Lakshmi Priyaa Chandramouli|Lakshmi Priya]] as Inspector
* [[Smruthi Venkat]] as English Teacher
* [[Bagavathi Perumal]] as M.L.A
* Kodangi Vadivelu
}}

==Development==
===Production===
The series is produced by Kushmavathi under the production house of Estrella Stories, with music composed by Revaa and screenplay and dialogues by Veenai Maindhan, Sachin, and Muthu Kumar. Muthukumar marked his web series debut with this series.

===Casting===
Abi Nakshatra was cast in the female lead role as Tamizhselvi. Malayalam film Actress [[Anumol]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/anumol-wraps-up-shooting-for-tamil-web-series-ayali-pens-a-long-thank-you-note-news-209926|title=Anumol Wraps Up Shooting For Tamil Web Series 'Ayali'; Pens A Long 'Thank You' Note|date=18 July 2022|publisher=www.outlookindia.com|access-date=|language=en|archive-date=18 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018135834/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/anumol-wraps-up-shooting-for-tamil-web-series-ayali-pens-a-long-thank-you-note-news-209926|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/web-series/actress-anumol-completes-filming-for-tamil-web-series-ayali-expresses-gratitude-see-post-article-92940923|title=Actress Anumol completes filming for Tamil web series Ayali, expresses gratitude|publisher=www.zoomtventertainment.com|access-date=|language=en|archive-date=21 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121130207/https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/web-series/actress-anumol-completes-filming-for-tamil-web-series-ayali-expresses-gratitude-see-post-article-92940923|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.telugustop.com/anumol-wraps-up-shooting-for-tamil-web-series-ayali-pens-long-thank-you-note-latest-eng-news-1495104|title=Anumol Wraps Up Shooting For Tamil Web Series \'Ayali\'; Pens Long \'thank You\' Note|date=17 July 2022|publisher=english.telugustop.com|access-date=|language=en|archive-date=21 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121130207/https://english.telugustop.com/anumol-wraps-up-shooting-for-tamil-web-series-ayali-pens-long-thank-you-note-latest-eng-news-1495104|url-status=live}}</ref> was cast as a Tamizhselvi's mother. Madhan, [[Linga (actor)|Linga]] and [[Singampuli]] were also selected for supporting roles. [[Bagavathi Perumal]], [[Lakshmi Priya]] and [[Smruthi Venkat]] also appear as guest stars.

===Release===
It was announced on Wednesday 26 January 2023<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m-tamil.webdunia.com/article/tamil-cinema-news-movie-film/ayali-web-series-in-zee-5-ott-123011900105_1.html|title=சனவரி 26 இல் வெளியாகும் அயலி தொடர்|publisher=m-tamil.webdunia.com|access-date=|language=ta|archive-date=21 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121130208/https://m-tamil.webdunia.com/article/tamil-cinema-news-movie-film/ayali-web-series-in-zee-5-ott-123011900105_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://filmycharcha.com/digital-world/web-series/on-january-26-zee5-will-debut-its-forthcoming-tamil-original-series-ayali/|title=On January 26, ZEE5 will debut its forthcoming Tamil original series, "Ayali."|date=19 January 2023|publisher=filmycharcha.com|access-date=|language=ta|archive-date=21 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121130209/https://filmycharcha.com/digital-world/web-series/on-january-26-zee5-will-debut-its-forthcoming-tamil-original-series-ayali/|url-status=live}}</ref> that the series will be released in Tamil and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] languages on ZEE5.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pricebaba.com/blog/ayali-ott-release-date-zee5-january-26|title=Tamil series 'Ayali' to stream on Zee5 from January 26|publisher=pricebaba.com|access-date=|language=en|archive-date=21 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121130208/https://pricebaba.com/blog/ayali-ott-release-date-zee5-january-26|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Episodes ==

=== Season 1 ===
{{Series overview|color1=#016640|link1=#Season_1|episodes1=8|released1={{Start date|2023|01|26|df=yes}}}}

{{Episode table |background=#016640 |overall= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = The Achievers' Board
|DirectedBy = Muthu Kumar
|WrittenBy = Muthu Kumar
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|01|26|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = In the '90s, the people of Veerappannai take pride in marrying off girls as soon as they reach puberty. Tamizh Selvi who hails from that village dreams of becoming a doctor.
|LineColor = #016640
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = The Red Pain
|Directed By = Muthu Kumar
|WrittenBy = Muthu Kumar
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|01|26|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Selvi fears that her doctor dream will fail as soon as she reaches puberty. She realizes that her parents will not support her due to the customs of this village. She prays to God that she should never reach puberty so that she can continue her studies. Selvi goes through puberty.
|LineColor = #016640
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Kuruvammal Challenge
|DirectedBy = Muthu Kumar
|WrittenBy = Muthu Kumar
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|01|26|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Selvi hides her puberty from everyone and violates the village's most important belief for the sake of her education. While hoping that God will help her keeping it a secret, When Selvi’s puberty is discovered by her mother Kuruvammal, Selvi successfully manages to convince her mother to support her.
|LineColor = #016640
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Hall Ticket
|DirectedBy = Muthu Kumar
|WrittenBy = Muthu Kumar
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|01|26|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Selvi is the first student in that village to study 10th standard. Many slander her. Selvi happily goes to school despite all the hurdles. A compulsion to go to the town school to write the 10th grade public examination arises for Selvi. Tirupati, the village head forbids Selvi from going out of village citing the customs and restrictions of the village.
|LineColor = #016640
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Three Flowers
|DirectedBy = Muthu Kumar
|WrittenBy = Muthu Kumar
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|01|26|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Selvi and Kuruvammal are happily travelling to town by bus to write 10th class public examination of Selvi. Selvi's father Thavasi gets injured in an accident. Kuruvammal believes this to be a punishment of god for breaking village customs. She forbids Selvi from going to school.
|LineColor = #016640
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = No Boundaries for Bold Women
|DirectedBy = Muthu Kumar
|WrittenBy = Muthu Kumar
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|01|26|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Selvi's friend Kayalvizhi is getting married. Selvi and Kayalvizhi come up with a plan to stop it by breaking the temple based village custom. It causes great shock in the entire village. It overturns all the customs and rituals that have been practiced in that village all the years.
|LineColor = #016640
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = The Revolution
|DirectedBy = Muthu Kumar
|WrittenBy = Muthu Kumar
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|01|26|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = All the women come forward to enter the temple due to Selvi's motivation. She is happy that once the women enter the temple, all the restrictions in the village will be removed and the women will study and live freely. Sakthivel, Thiruppathi’s son crushes her plan to pieces. Selvi reveals the secret of hiding her puberty to save Kayalvizhi.
|LineColor = #016640
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = Ayali
|DirectedBy = Muthu Kumar
|WrittenBy = Muthu Kumar
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|01|26|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Marriage is arranged between Selvi and Sakthivel. All women are trying to stop the marriage. All the women come together and raise the voice for their freedom to break the traditions and customs that is holding them back.
|LineColor = #016640
}}
}}

== Reception ==

=== Critical response ===
Anusha Sundar of [[The New Indian Express]] wrote "Ayali lacks a consistent storytelling. Ayali’s antagonists are over-the-top caricatures. They stick to all the usual tropes of a villain just to reiterate the core message. This repetitive pattern only creates a sense of detachment and a bitter aftertaste. A little subtleness could have gone a long way to tell this tale that every other woman can relate to."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anusha Sundar |title='Ayali' series review: Honest ideas and earnest performances needed consistent writing |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2023/jan/28/ayali-series-review-honest-ideas-and-earnest-performances-needed-consistent-writing-2541921.html |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=www.newindianexpress.com |date=28 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

R. Srinivasan of [[Ananda Vikatan|''Cinema Vikatan'']] wrote "Ramji's cinematography captures the warmth of the village and the nature of its people without diminishing realism. Starting with the title sequence, [[Revaa]]'s music helps convey the impact of several serious scenes. Editor Ganesh Siva has compiled the eight episodes perfectly without losing interest."<ref>{{Cite web |last=ர.சீனிவாசன் |title=Ayali Review: தமிழ் வெப்சீரிஸ்களில் மிக முக்கியமானதொரு இடத்தைப் பிடிக்கும் 'அயலி'; ஏன் தெரியுமா? |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/web-series/ayali-web-series-review-this-sincere-social-drama-also-shines-as-an-entertaining-social-commentary |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=www.vikatan.com |date=26 January 2023 |language=ta |archive-date=27 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127072702/https://cinema.vikatan.com/web-series/ayali-web-series-review-this-sincere-social-drama-also-shines-as-an-entertaining-social-commentary |url-status=live }}</ref>

Mankandan Sakthivel of ''Behind Talkies'' said "All in all “Aayali” is an amazing OTT series that should be watched by people of all ages."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sakthivel |first=Mankandan |date=2023-01-26 |title=பிற்போக்குத்தனங்களை மீறி டாக்டர் ஆகும் பெண் - அயலி முழு விமர்சனம் இதோ. |url=https://tamil.behindtalkies.com/ayali-web-series-review/ |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=Tamil Behind Talkies |language=ta-IN |archive-date=27 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127073407/https://tamil.behindtalkies.com/ayali-web-series-review/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Janani K at ''[[India Today]]'' rated the series 3.5/5, stating "Director Muthukumar’s Ayali, starring Abi Nakshathra, Anumol and Aruvi Madhan, is a bold show that questions patriarchy and holds a mirror to society. The show is a must-watch, says our review."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ayali Review: Muthukumar's show makes you retrospect and question patriarchy |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/reviews/story/ayali-review-muthukumars-show-makes-you-retrospect-and-question-patriarchy-2327102-2023-01-27 |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=India Today |date=27 January 2023 |language=en |archive-date=20 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220083737/https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/reviews/story/ayali-review-muthukumars-show-makes-you-retrospect-and-question-patriarchy-2327102-2023-01-27 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Bharathy Singaravel of ''[[The News Minute]]'' gave 4 stars out of 5 and wrote "''Ayali'', despite a few flaws, is receiving the praise it well deserves. It gives hope that the Tamil web series genre will choose nuanced storytelling over trying to stretch out cinematic mass moments for its actors."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-30 |title=Ayali review: A moving, claustrophobic tale on womanhood & generational trauma |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ayali-review-moving-claustrophobic-tale-womanhood-generational-trauma-172648 |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=20 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220083805/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ayali-review-moving-claustrophobic-tale-womanhood-generational-trauma-172648 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Bhuvanesh Chandar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "the series raises its voice against the socio-religious factors that are used by men to oppress women, but you wish the series used the long format to maximise its potential and with a better screenplay."<ref>{{Cite news |title='Ayali' series review: An emotional, compelling story that takes on the patriarchy – The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ayali-series-review-an-emotional-compelling-story-that-takes-on-the-patriarchy/article66446462.ece |access-date=2023-02-20 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=29 January 2023 |last1=Chandar |first1=Bhuvanesh |archive-date=20 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220083858/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ayali-series-review-an-emotional-compelling-story-that-takes-on-the-patriarchy/article66446462.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* ''[https://www.zee5.com/global/web-series/details/ayali/0-6-4z5289752 Ayali]'' at [[ZEE5]]
*{{IMDb title|id=25966494}}

[[Category:Tamil-language web series]]
[[Category:2023 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:ZEE5 original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language thriller television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language melodrama television series]]

Mundaka Upanishad

2025-12-22T20:57:52Z

GlendaBancroft: minor fix information for clarity and added references

{{short description|Ancient Sanskrit scripture of Hinduism}}
{{italics}}
{{Infobox Upanishad
| image = Mundaka Upanisad verses 3.2.8 to 3.2.10, Atharvaveda, Sanskrit language, Devanagari script.jpg
| caption = ''Mundaka Upanishad'' verses 3.2.8 to 3.2.10 (Sanskrit, Devanagari script)
| name = Mundaka
| Devanagari = मुण्डक
| Sanskrit_transliteration = Muṇḍaka
| composition_date = 1st millennium BCE
| type = [[Mukhya|Mukhya Upanishad]]
| Veda = [[Atharvaveda]]
| commentary = [[Adi Shankara]], [[Madhvacharya]]
}}
{{Hindu scriptures |expanded=Upanishads}}
The '''Mundaka Upanishad''' ({{langx|sa|मुण्डकोपनिषद्}}, {{IAST|Muṇḍakopaniṣad}}) is an ancient Sanskrit Vedic text, embedded inside [[Atharva Veda]].<ref name=maxmullerintro/> It is a [[Mukhya]] (primary) [[Upanishad]], and is listed as number 5 in the [[Muktika]] canon of 108 Upanishads of Hinduism. It is among the most widely translated Upanishads.<ref name=maxmullerintro/>

It is presented as a dialogue between sage Saunaka and sage Angiras. It is a poetic verse style Upanishad, with 64 verses, written in the form of [[mantra]]s. However, these mantras are not used in rituals, rather they are used for teaching and meditation on spiritual knowledge.<ref name=maxmullerintro>Max Muller (1962), The Upanishads - Part II, Dover Publications, {{ISBN|978-0486209937}}, pages xxvi–xxvii.</ref>

The ''Mundaka Upanishad'' contains three ''Mundakams'' (parts), each with two ''khandas'' (''sections'').<ref name=eroerfull/> The first Mundakam, states Roer,<ref name=eroerfull/> defines the science of "Higher Knowledge" and "Lower Knowledge", and then asserts that acts of oblations and pious gifts are foolish, and do nothing to reduce unhappiness in current life or next, rather it is knowledge that frees. The second Mundakam describes the nature of the Brahman, the Self, the relation between the empirical world and the Brahman, and the path to know Brahman. The third Mundakam expands the ideas in the second Mundakam and then asserts that the state of knowing Brahman is one of freedom, fearlessness, complete liberation, self-sufficiency and bliss.<ref name=eroerfull/>

Some scholars<ref name=geisler>Norman Geisler and William D. Watkins (2003), Worlds Apart: A Handbook on World Views, Second Edition, Wipf, {{ISBN|978-1592441266}}, pages 75–81.</ref> suggest that passages in the ''Mundaka Upanishad'' present the [[pantheism]] theory.

In some historic Indian literature and commentaries, the ''Mundaka Upanishad'' is included in the canon of several verse-structured Upanishads that are collectively referred to as "Mantra Upanishad" or "Mantropanishad".<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/n45/mode/2up Introduction to the Upanishads] Max Muller, Volume XV, [[Oxford University Press]], page xliii.</ref>

==Etymology==
''Mundaka'' (Sanskrit: मुण्डक) literally means "shaved (as in shaved head), shorn, lopped trunk of a tree". Eduard Roer suggests that this root is unclear, and the word as title of the Upanishad possibly refers to "knowledge that shaves, or liberates, one of errors and ignorance".<ref name=mmw>[http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/tamil/index.html muNDAka] Monier Williams English Sanskrit Dictionary, Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon</ref><ref name=eroermundaka>Eduard Roer, [https://www.shemtaia.com/SKT/PDF/Upanishads/roermundakaeng.pdf Mundaka Upanishad]{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Bibliotheca Indica, Vol. XV, No. 41 and 50, Asiatic Society of Bengal, page 142</ref> The chapters of the Mundaka Upanishad are also sequentially referred to as "Mundakam" in ancient and medieval texts, for unclear etymological reasons.<ref name=maxmullerintro/><ref name=eroermundaka/>

==Chronology==
The exact chronology of Mundaka Upanishad, like other Vedic texts, is unclear.<ref name=stephenphillips>Stephen Phillips (2009), Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy, Columbia University Press, {{ISBN|978-0231144858}}, Chapter 1</ref> All opinions rest on scanty evidence, an analysis of archaism, style and repetitions across texts, driven by assumptions about likely evolution of ideas, and on presumptions about which philosophy might have influenced which other Indian philosophies.<ref name=stephenphillips/>

Phillips dates Mundaka Upanishad as a relatively later age ancient Upanishad, well after Brihadaranyaka, Chandogya, Isha, Taittiriya, Aitareya, Kena and Katha.<ref name=stephenphillips/> Paul Deussen considers Mundaka Upanishad to be composed in a period where poetic expression of ideas became a feature of ancient Indian literary works.<ref name=ssharma>S Sharma (1985), Life in the Upanishads, {{ISBN|978-8170172024}}, pages 17-19</ref>

[[Patrick Olivelle]]<ref>P Olivelle, 'Contributions to the Semantic History of Samnyasa' (Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 101, No. 3, 1981, pp. 265-274)</ref> writes: "Both the Mundaka and the Mahanarayana are rather late Upanisads and are, in all probability, post-Buddhist."

Most of the teachings in the Upanishads of Hinduism, including Mundaka Upanishad, however, relate to the existence of Self and Brahman, and the paths to know, realize one's Self and Brahman, making the fundamental premise of Mundaka Upanishad distinctly different from Buddhism's denial of "Self or Brahman".<ref name=eroerfull/><ref>KN Jayatilleke (2010), Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge, {{ISBN|978-8120806191}}, pages 246-249, from note 385 onwards; Steven Collins (1994), Religion and Practical Reason (Editors: Frank Reynolds, David Tracy), State Univ of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791422175}}, page 64; Quote: "Central to Buddhist soteriology is the doctrine of not-self (Pali: anattā, Sanskrit: anātman, the opposed doctrine of [[Ātman (Hinduism)|ātman]] is central to Brahmanical thought). Put very briefly, this is the [Buddhist] doctrine that human beings have no soul, no self, no unchanging essence."; Edward Roer (Translator), {{Google books|3uwDAAAAMAAJ|Shankara's Introduction|page=2}}, pages 2-4 Katie Javanaud (2013), [https://philosophynow.org/issues/97/Is_The_Buddhist_No-Self_Doctrine_Compatible_With_Pursuing_Nirvana Is The Buddhist 'No-Self' Doctrine Compatible With Pursuing Nirvana?], Philosophy Now</ref><ref>John C. Plott et al (2000), Global History of Philosophy: The Axial Age, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120801585}}, page 63, Quote: "The Buddhist schools reject any Ātman concept. As we have already observed, this is the basic and ineradicable distinction between Hinduism and Buddhism".</ref>

Some of the ideas and allegories in Mundaka Upanishad have chronological roots in more ancient Vedic literature such as, Brihadaranyaka, Chandogya, and Katha Upanishads. For example, the allegory of "blind leading the blind" in section 1.2 of Mundaka Upanishad is also found in section 1.2 of Katha Upanishad.<ref>Floyd H Ross (2013), The Meaning of Life in Hinduism and Buddhism, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-1135029340}}, page 41</ref> Similarly, the allegory of two birds in section 3.1 of the Mundaka Upanishad is found in hymns of Rig Veda, I.164.<ref>Max Muller (1962), Manduka Upanishad, in The Upanishads - Part II, Dover Publications, {{ISBN|978-0486209937}}, page 38 with footnote 1</ref>

==Structure==
The Mundaka Upanishad has three ''Mundakams'' (parts, or shavings), each part has two ''khanda'' (खण्ड, section or volume).<ref name=eroermundaka/> The section 1.1 has 9 [[mantra]]s structured as metered poetic verses. Section 1.2 has 13 verses, section 2.1 has 10 verses, section 2.2 has 11 verses, section 3.1 has 10, and the last section 3.2 has 11 verses. In total, the Upanishad features 64 mantras.<ref name=eroerfull>Eduard Roer, [https://www.shemtaia.com/SKT/PDF/Upanishads/roermundakaeng.pdf Mundaka Upanishad]{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Bibliotheca Indica, Vol. XV, No. 41 and 50, Asiatic Society of Bengal, pages 142-164</ref><ref name=maxmullerfull>Max Muller (1962), Manduka Upanishad, in The Upanishads - Part II, Dover Publications, {{ISBN|978-0486209937}}, pages 27-42</ref>

Several versions of the Mundaka Upanishad manuscript have been discovered so far. They show minor differences, particularly in the form of additional text insertions and interpolations. The insertions are apparent because they do not fit structurally into the metered verses, and also because the same text is missing in manuscripts discovered in other locations.<ref name=maxmullerfull/>

==Content==
The Mundaka Upanishad opens with declaring Brahma as the first of gods, the creator of the universe, and the knowledge of [[Brahman]] (Ultimate Reality, Eternal Principle, Cosmic Self) to be the foundation of all knowledge.<ref name=maxmuller11a>Max Muller (1962), Manduka Upanishad, in The Upanishads - Part II, Dover Publications, {{ISBN|978-0486209937}}, page 27</ref><ref name=eroer11a>Eduard Roer, [https://www.shemtaia.com/SKT/PDF/Upanishads/roermundakaeng.pdf Mundaka Upanishad]{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Bibliotheca Indica, Vol. XV, No. 41 and 50, Asiatic Society of Bengal, pages 150-151</ref>

The text then lists a succession of teachers who shared the knowledge of Brahman with the next generation. It describes a lineage of knowledge transmission that begins with Brahma, the creator god, who imparted the knowledge of Brahman to Atharva. Atharva then passed this knowledge to Angira, and in turn, it was taught to Satyavaha Bharadvaja. Satyavaha then conveyed it to Angiras.<ref name="roberthume11a">Robert Hume, [https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n387/mode/2up Mundaka Upanishad], Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, page 366-367</ref> Charles Johnston suggests that this announces the Vedic tradition of teacher-student responsibility to transfer knowledge across the generations, in unbroken succession.<ref name="charlesjohnston11a">Charles Johnston, The Mukhya Upanishads: Books of Hidden Wisdom, (1920-1931), The Mukhya Upanishads, Kshetra Books, {{ISBN|978-1495946530}} (Reprinted in 2014), [http://www.universaltheosophy.com/pdf-library/Mundaka%20Upanishad_Johnston.pdf Archive of Mundaka Upanishad, page 249]</ref> Johnston further states that the names recited are metaphors, such as the One who Illuminates, Keeper of Truth, Planetary Spirit, mythological messenger between Gods and Men among others, suggesting the divine nature and the responsibility of man to continue the tradition of knowledge sharing across human generations.<ref name="charlesjohnston11a" />

===The higher knowledge versus lower knowledge - First Mundakam===
In verse 1.1.3 of Mundaka Upanishad, ''Saunaka'' (a [[Grihastha]]) approaches ''Angiras'' (a teacher), and asks,

{{Quote|
कस्मिन्नु भगवो विज्ञाते सर्वमिदं विज्ञातं भवतीति <nowiki>॥ ३ ॥</nowiki>

Sir, what is that through which, if it is known, everything else becomes known?
|Mundaka Upanishad, 1.1.3, Translated by [[Max Müller]]<ref name=maxmuller11a/>}}

The setting of this question is significant, states Johnston, because it asserts that knowledge transfer is not limited to older teachers to young students, rather, even adult householders sought knowledge as pupils from teachers in Vedic tradition.<ref name=charlesjohnston11a/>

''Angiras'' answered, states verse 1.1.4 of the Mundaka Upanishad, by classifying all knowledge into two: "lower knowledge" (''apara vidya'') and "higher knowledge" (''[[Para Vidya|para vidya]]'').<ref name=maxmuller11a/> Hume calls these two forms of knowledge as "traditions of religion" and "knowledge of the eternal" respectively.<ref name=roberthume11a/> The lower knowledge includes knowledge of four Vedas, phonetics, grammar, etymology, meter, astrology, and the knowledge of sacrifices and rituals.<ref name="roberthume21" /> Some manuscripts of Manduka Upanishad expand the list of lower knowledge to include logic, history, [[Puranas]] and [[Dharma]].<ref>Max Müller, The Upanishads, Part 2, [https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/26/mode/2up Mundaka Upanishad], Oxford University Press, page 27 footnote 2</ref> The higher knowledge is the means by which one can comprehend the imperishable ([[Akshara|Aksara]], Brahman). It is the knowledge of Brahman - the one which cannot be seen, seized, has no origin, varna,<ref>Johnston translates this as family and color, Müller translates it as caste with a footnote acknowledging that the medieval era Indian commentator translates it as "origin and qualities"; see [http://www.universaltheosophy.com/pdf-library/Mundaka%20Upanishad_Johnston.pdf Johnston's translation of Mundaka Upanishad, page 250] and [https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/28/mode/2up Müller's translation of verse 1.1.6, page 28 with footnote 1]</ref> eyes, ears, hands, or feet; it is the eternal, all-pervading, infinitesimal, imperishable, indestructible.<ref>Max Müller, The Upanishads, Part 2, [https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/26/mode/2up Mundaka Upanishad], Oxford University Press, page 27-28</ref><ref name="roberthume11a" />

In verse 1.1.7, the Upanishad uses the analogy of a spider to illustrate the relationship between the manifest and unmanifest aspects of existence and to recognize the imperishable as the source and essence of all that is:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Paul Deussen |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.191073 |title=Sixty Upanisads Of The Veda -part- Ist |date=1905 |pages=572|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass }}</ref>

{{Quote|text=Just as a spider spins out and holds (the threads of the web)
just as the plants sprout forth out of the earth,
just as hair grow on the head and body of a man who lives,
similarly everything that is here arises out of the imperishable one.|author=Mundaka Upanishad, 1.1.7}}

===Sacrifices, oblations and pious works are useless, knowledge useful - First Mundakam===
The first seven mantras of second ''khanda'' of first ''Mundakam'' explain how man has been called upon, promised benefits for, scared unto and misled into performing sacrifices, oblations and pious works.<ref name=maxmuller12/> In verses 1.2.7 through 1.2.10, the Upanishad asserts this is foolish and frail, by those who encourage it and those who follow it, because it makes no difference to man's current life and after-life, it is like blind men leading the blind, it is a mark of conceit and vain knowledge, ignorant inertia like that of children, a futile useless practice.<ref name=maxmuller12>Max Muller (1962), Manduka Upanishad, in The Upanishads - Part II, Dover Publications, {{ISBN|978-0486209937}}, pages 30-33</ref><ref name=eroer12>Eduard Roer, [https://www.shemtaia.com/SKT/PDF/Upanishads/roermundakaeng.pdf Mundaka Upanishad]{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Bibliotheca Indica, Vol. XV, No. 41 and 50, Asiatic Society of Bengal, pages 153-154</ref>

{{Quote|
<poem>
But frail, in truth, are those boats, the sacrifices, the eighteen, in which these ceremonies have been told,
Fools who praise this as the highest good, are subject again and again to old age and death.
Fools dwelling in darkness, wise in their own conceit, and puffed up with vain knowledge,
go round and round, staggering to and fro, like blind men led by the blind.
</poem>
|Mundaka Upanishad, 1.2.7 - 1.2.8<ref name=maxmuller12/><ref name=eroer12/>}}

The Mundaka Upanishad, in verses 1.2.11 through 1.2.13, asserts spiritual knowledge liberates man, and those who undertake [[Sannyasa]] (renunciation) to attain such knowledge achieve it through [[Tapas (Sanskrit)|Tapas]] (meditation, austerity), living a simple and tranquil life on alms, without any sacrifices and rituals.<ref name=roberthume12>Robert Hume, [https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n389/mode/2up Mundaka Upanishad], Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, page 369</ref> In verses 1.2.12 and 1.2.13, the Upanishad suggests that "perishable acts cannot lead to eternal knowledge", instead it encourages seekers to gain knowledge from a learned spiritual teacher (guru) focused on Brahman.<ref name=maxmuller12/><ref name=charlesjohnston1210>Charles Johnston, The Mukhya Upanishads: Books of Hidden Wisdom, (1920-1931), The Mukhya Upanishads, Kshetra Books, {{ISBN|978-1495946530}} (Reprinted in 2014), [http://www.universaltheosophy.com/pdf-library/Mundaka%20Upanishad_Johnston.pdf Archive of Mundaka Upanishad, pages 252-253]</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/faith/service-to-the-guru/article30383062.ece|title=Service to the guru|date=2019-12-23|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-01-08|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

===Brahman is the inner Self of all things - Second Mundakam===
Mundaka Upanishad, in the first section of the second Mundakam, defines and expounds on the doctrine of Atman-Brahman. It asserts that just like a blazing fire creates thousand sparks and leaping flames in its own form, beings are brought forth from Brahman in its form.<ref name=roberthume21>Robert Hume, [https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n391/mode/2up Mundaka Upanishad], Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, page 370-371</ref> The Brahman is imperishable, without body, it is both without and within, never produced, without mind, without breath, yet from it emerges the inner Self of all things.<ref name=maxmuller21>Max Muller, The Upanishads, Part 2, [https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/34/mode/2up Mundaka Upanishad], Oxford University Press, page 34-35</ref> From Brahman is born breath, mind, sensory organs, space, air, light, water, earth, everything. The section expands this idea as follows:<ref name=roberthume21/><ref name=maxmuller21/>

{{Quote|
<poem>
The sky is his head, his eyes the sun and the moon,
the quarters his ears, his speech the Vedas disclosed,
the wind his breath, his heart the universe,
from his feet came the earth, he is indeed the inner Self of all things.

From him comes fire, the sun being the fuel,
from the soma comes the rain, from the earth the herbs,
the male pours the seed into the female,
thus many beings are begotten from the [[Purusha]].

From him come the Rig verses, the Saman chants, the Yajus formulae, the Diksha rites,
all sacrifices, all ceremonies and all gifts,
the year too, the sacrificers, the worlds,
where the moon shines brightly, as does sun.

From him, too, gods are manifold produced,
the celestials, the men, the cattle, the birds,
the breathing, the rice, the corn, the meditation,
the Shraddha (faith), the Satya (truth), the [[Brahmacharya]], and the Vidhi (law).
</poem>
|Mundaka Upanishad, 2.1.4 - 2.1.7<ref name=roberthume21/><ref name=maxmuller21/>}}

The section continues on, asserting Brahman as the cause of mountains, rivers of every kind, plants, herbs and all living beings, and it is "the inner Self that dwells in all beings". Brahman is everything, the empirical and the abstract, the object, the subject and the action (karma).<ref name=roberthume21/>

This is a form of pantheism theory, that continues into the second section of the second Mundakam of the Upanishad.<ref name=geisler/><ref>Robert Hume, [https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n391/mode/2up Mundaka Upanishad], Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, page 371-372</ref>

===Om, Self and Brahman - Second Mundakam===
The Mundaka Upanishad, in the second ''Mundakam'', teaches that true wisdom comes from understanding the self and realizing its unity with Brahman. True wisdom is attained by understanding one's self.<ref name="eroer144">Eduard Roer, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ff0IAAAAQAAJ Mundaka Upanishad] Bibliotheca Indica, Vol. XV, No. 41 and 50, Asiatic Society of Bengal, page 144</ref> It asserts that Brahman is beyond sensory perception, known through intellect purified by spiritual knowledge and meditation, not mere reading of Vedas. Such knowledge, coupled with renunciation and meditation, leads to liberation.<ref name=eroer144/> [[Adi Shankara]], in his review of the Mundaka Upanishad, calls the meditation as [[Yoga]].<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/upanishadssrisan00sita#page/138/mode/2up Mundaka Upanishad], in Upanishads and Sri Sankara's commentary - Volume 1: The Isa Kena and Mundaka, SS Sastri (Translator), University of Toronto Archives, page 153 with section in 138-152</ref>

In verse 2.2.2, the Mundaka Upanishad asserts that Atman-Brahman is the real.<ref name=roberthume22/> In verse 2.2.3, it offers an aid to the meditation process, namely [[Om]] (''Aum''). The poetic verse is structured as a teacher-pupil conversation, where the teacher calls the pupil as a friend, as follows:
[[File:Om symbol.svg|thumb|140px|The second part of the Mundaka Upanishad discusses ''Om'' as a means of meditation for self-realization.]]
{{Quote|
<poem>
That which is flaming, which is subtler than the subtle,
on which the worlds are set, and their inhabitants -
That is the indestructible Brahman.<ref>Hume translates this as "imperishable Brahma", Max Muller translates it as "indestructible Brahman"; see: Max Muller, The Upanishads, Part 2, [https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/36/mode/2up Mundaka Upanishad], Oxford University Press, page 36</ref>
It is life, it is speech, it is mind. That is the real. It is immortal.
It is a mark to be penetrated. Penetrate It, my friend.

Taking as a bow the great weapon of the Upanishad,
one should put upon it an arrow sharpened by meditation,
Stretching it with a thought directed to the essence of That,
Penetrate<ref>The Sanskrit word used is ''Vyadh'', which means both "penetrate" and "know"; Robert Hume uses penetrate, but mentions the second meaning; see: Robert Hume, [https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n387/mode/2up Mundaka Upanishad], Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, page 372 with footnote 1</ref> that Imperishable as the mark, my friend.

''Om'' is the bow, the arrow is the Self, Brahman the mark,
By the undistracted man is It to be penetrated,
One should come to be in It,
as the arrow becomes one with the mark.
</poem>
|Mundaka Upanishad, 2.2.2 - 2.2.4<ref name=roberthume22>Robert Hume, [https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n393/mode/2up Mundaka Upanishad], Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pages 372-373</ref><ref>Charles Johnston, The Mukhya Upanishads: Books of Hidden Wisdom, (1920-1931), The Mukhya Upanishads, Kshetra Books, {{ISBN|978-1495946530}} (Reprinted in 2014), [http://www.universaltheosophy.com/pdf-library/Mundaka%20Upanishad_Johnston.pdf Archive of Mundaka Upanishad, pages 310-311] from Theosophical Quarterly journal</ref>}}

The Upanishad, in verse 2.2.8 asserts that the man with the knowledge of the Self and who has become one with Brahman, is liberated, is not affected by ''[[karma]]n'', is free of sorrow and self-doubts, is one who lives in bliss.<ref name=eroerfull/><ref>[https://archive.org/stream/upanishadssrisan00sita#page/138/mode/2up Mundaka Upanishad], in Upanishads and Sri Sankara's commentary - Volume 1: The Isa Kena and Mundaka, SS Sastri (Translator), University of Toronto Archives, pages 138-152</ref>

===Reach the highest Oneness in all beings - Third Mundakam===
The third Mundakam begins with the allegory of two birds, as follows,<ref name=roberthume32/><ref name=maxmuller31/>

{{Quote|
<poem>
Two birds, inseparable friends, cling to the same tree.
One of them eats the sweet fruit, the other looks on without eating.
On the same tree man sits grieving, drowned (in sorrow), bewildered, feeling helpless,<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/upanishadssrisan00sita#page/154/mode/2up Mundaka Upanishad], in Upanishads and Sri Sankara's commentary - Volume 1: The Isa Kena and Mundaka, SS Sastri (Translator), University of Toronto Archives, page 155</ref>
But when he sees the other ''[[Ishvara|Isa]]'' (lord) content, knows his glory, his grief passes away.
When the seer sees the brilliant maker and ''Isa'' as the Purusha who has his source in Brahman,
then he is wise, he shakes off good and evil, stainless he reaches the highest oneness.
</poem>
|Mundaka Upanishad, 3.1.1 - 3.1.2<ref name=roberthume32>Robert Hume, [https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n395/mode/2up Mundaka Upanishad], Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pages 374-375</ref><ref name=maxmuller31>Max Muller, The Upanishads, Part 2, [https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/38/mode/2up Mundaka Upanishad], Oxford University Press, page 38-40</ref>}}

Mathur states that this metaphor of the birds sitting on the same tree refers to one being the empirical self and the other as the eternal and transcendental self.<ref>DC Mathur (1972), The Concept of Self in the Upanishads: An Alternative Interpretation, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Vol. 32, No. 3, pages 390-396</ref> It is the knowledge of eternal self, Atman-Brahman and its Oneness with all others, that liberates. The Upanishad states in verse 3.1.4 that the Self is the life of all things, and there is delight in this Self (Ātman).<ref name=roberthume32/>

These early verses of the third Mundakam have been variously interpreted. To theist schools of Hinduism, the ''Isa'' is God. To non-theist schools of Hinduism, the ''Isa'' is Self. The theosophist Charles Johnston<ref name=charles32>Charles Johnston, The Mukhya Upanishads: Books of Hidden Wisdom, (1920-1931), The Mukhya Upanishads, Kshetra Books, {{ISBN|978-1495946530}} (Reprinted in 2014), [http://www.universaltheosophy.com/pdf-library/Mundaka%20Upanishad_Johnston.pdf Archive of Mundaka Upanishad, pages 312-314] from Theosophical Quarterly journal</ref> explains the theistic view, not only in terms of schools of Hinduism, but as a mirroring the theism found in Christianity and other scriptures around the world. These verses, states Johnston, describe the sorrow that drowns those who are unaware or feel separated from their Lord.<ref name=charles32/> The disciple, when firmly understands his individuality, reaches for meaning beyond individuality, discovers Lord, discovers the wonderful complex life of Eternal God, states Johnston, and then he is on the way of "light of lights". Johnston quotes from Isaiah and ''Revelation'', thus: "The Lord shall be unto thee an everlasting light, and thy God thy glory".<ref name=charles32/>

Adi Shankara's commentary offers, as an example, an alternative interpretation in Hinduism.<ref name=shankara32/> Shankara explains the non-dualistic view as follows: "By meditation and different paths of Yoga, man finds the other, not subject to the bondage of ''Samsara'', unaffected by grief, ignorance, decay and death. He thinks thus: I am the ''atman'', alike in all, seated in every living thing and not the other; this universe is mine, the lord of all; then he becomes absolved of all grief, released entirely from the ocean of grief, i.e. his object is accomplished".<ref name=shankara32>[https://archive.org/stream/upanishadssrisan00sita#page/156/mode/2up Mundaka Upanishad], in Upanishads and Sri Sankara's commentary - Volume 1: The Isa Kena and Mundaka, SS Sastri (Translator), University of Toronto Archives, pages 156-157</ref> This is the state, asserts Shankara, free of grief, when man reaches the supreme equality which is identity with the Brahman. The equality in matters involving duality in certainly inferior to this, states Shankara.<ref name=shankara32/>

===Be ethical, know yourself, be tranquil - Third Mundakam===
The last section of the Mundaka Upanishad asserts the ethical precepts necessary for man to attain the knowledge of the Brahman and thus liberation.<ref name=roberthume32/>

{{quote|
सत्येन लभ्यस्तपसा ह्येष '''आत्मा''' सम्यग्ज्ञानेन ब्रह्मचर्येण नित्यम् <nowiki>।</nowiki>

Through continuous pursuit of [[Satya]] (truthfulness), [[Tapas (Sanskrit)|Tapas]] (perseverance, austerity), ''Samyajñāna'' (correct knowledge), and [[Brahmacharya]], one attains [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Atman]] (Self).|Mundaka Upanishad|3.1.5<ref>MP Pandit (1969), Mundaka Upanishad 3.1.5, Gleanings from the Upanishads, {{oclc|81579}}, University of Virginia Archives, pages 11-12</ref>}}

Through ethical practices combined with meditation, must a man know his Self. Atman-Brahman is not perceived, states the Upanishad, by the eye, nor by speech, nor by other senses, not by penance, nor by karma of rituals.<ref name=maxmuller31/> It is known to those whose nature has become purified by the serene light of knowledge, who meditate on it, who dwell unto it. This is the state, asserts Mundaka Upanishad, when one's thoughts is integrated and interwoven with one's body and all else. When thoughts are pure, the Self arises, states verse 3.1.9.<ref name=maxmuller31/> This state of man is the state of ''Bhuti'' (भूति, inner power, prosperity and happiness).<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/upanishadssrisan00sita#page/166/mode/2up Mundaka Upanishad], in Upanishads and Sri Sankara's commentary - Volume 1: The Isa Kena and Mundaka, SS Sastri (Translator), University of Toronto Archives, pages 166-167</ref><ref name=eroer3110>Eduard Roer, [https://www.shemtaia.com/SKT/PDF/Upanishads/roermundakaeng.pdf Mundaka Upanishad]{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Bibliotheca Indica, Vol. XV, No. 41 and 50, Asiatic Society of Bengal, page 162</ref>

In the second section of the third Mundakam, the Upanishad asserts, "the Self cannot be realized by those who lack inner strength, nor by the careless or heedless, nor by devotion or false notions of austerity, nor by knowledge of the empirical. It is obtained by the Self by which it is desired. His Self reveals its own truth".<ref>Eduard Roer, [https://www.shemtaia.com/SKT/PDF/Upanishads/roermundakaeng.pdf Mundaka Upanishad]{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Bibliotheca Indica, Vol. XV, No. 41 and 50, Asiatic Society of Bengal, page 163</ref> Once such self-knowledge is reached, calmness of mind results, a life of liberation emerges, one becomes and behaves like the Brahman. He is beyond sorrow, he is beyond sin, he is in tranquil union with the Self of all.<ref>Robert Hume, [https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n397/mode/2up Mundaka Upanishad], Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pages 376-377</ref>

==Reception==
The Mundaka Upanishad has been widely translated,<ref name=maxmullerintro/> as well as commented upon in ''Bhasya'' by ancient and medieval era Indian scholars such as Shankara and Anandagiri.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1VL_AQAAQBAJ|title=The Philosophy of the Upanishads and Ancient Indian Metaphysics|last=Gough|first=Archibald Edward|publisher=Routledge|year=2000|isbn=9781136390579|edition=2nd|pages=99|language=en|orig-year=1891}}</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/stream/upanishadssrisan00sita#page/90/mode/2up Mundaka Upanishad], in Upanishads and Sri Sankara's commentary - Volume 1: The Isa Kena and Mundaka, SS Sastri (Translator), University of Toronto Archives, pages 90-180</ref> Mundaka has been one of the most popular Upanishads, in past and present. Badarayana devotes three out of twenty eight adhikaranas to Mundaka Upanishad, while Shankara cites it 129 times in his commentary on the Brahmasutra.<ref>Paul Deussen (Translator), Sixty Upanisads of the Veda, Vol 2, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814691}}, page 569</ref> Deussen states that this popularity is because of the literary accomplishment, purity in expression and the beauty of the verses in expressing the profound thoughts that are otherwise shared by other Upanishads of Hinduism.<ref>Paul Deussen (Translator), Sixty Upanisads of the Veda, Vol 2, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814691}}, pages 569-570</ref>

Gough calls Mundaka Upanishad as "one of the most important documents in ancient Indian philosophy".<ref name=aegough>AE Gough (2000), The Philosophy of the Upanishads and Ancient Indian Metaphysics, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-1136390579}}, pages 97-99</ref> It encapsulates the Vedic teachings, states Gough, that "he that meditates upon any deity as a being other than himself has no knowledge, and is mere victim to the gods", and "there is no truth in the many, all truth is in the one; and this one that alone is the Self, the inmost essence of all things, that vivifies all sentiencies and permeates all things. This is the pure bliss, and it dwells within the heart of every creature".<ref name=aegough/>

Ross, in his chapters on "meaning of life in Hinduism", frequently cites Mundaka Upanishad, and states it to be an example of ancient efforts in India to refine tools and discipline of realizing liberation or [[Moksha]].<ref>Floyd H Ross (2013), The Meaning of Life in Hinduism and Buddhism, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-1135029340}}, page 48, also 39-47</ref>

Johnston states that the ancient message in Mundaka Upanishad is relevant to the modern age where "search for and application of Truth" alone often predominates the fields of science. Mundaka Upanishad reminds the central importance of Truth in its third Mundakam, yet it also emphasizes the need for "beauty and goodness", because "truth, beauty and goodness" together, states Johnston, create arts, music, poetry, painting, meaning and spiritual answers.<ref>Charles Johnston, The Mukhya Upanishads: Books of Hidden Wisdom, (1920-1931), The Mukhya Upanishads, Kshetra Books, {{ISBN|978-1495946530}} (Reprinted in 2014), [http://www.universaltheosophy.com/pdf-library/Mundaka%20Upanishad_Johnston.pdf Archive of Mundaka Upanishad, pages 313-315]</ref>

Jacobs has called Mundaka Upanishad as profound, and counts it as one of the essential philosophical foundations of [[Hinduism]].<ref>Alan Jacobs (2012), The Principal Upanishads: The Essential Philosophical Foundation of Hinduism, {{ISBN|978-1905857081}}, Chapter 7</ref>

==Cultural impact==
[[File:Emblem of India.svg|thumb|140px|Emblem of India with tagline phrase from the Mundaka Upanishad.]]
The Mundaka Upanishad is the source of the phrase ''[[Satyameva jayate|Satyameva Jayate]]'', which is the national motto of [[India]]. It appears in its [[Emblem of India|national emblem]] with four lions.
{{Quote|
<poem>
'''सत्यमेव जयते''' नानृतं<ref>[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/मुण्डकोपनिषद् Mundaka Upanishad (Sanskrit)] Wikisource</ref>
Translation 1: '''Only Truth triumphs''', not falsehood.<ref>Ananthamurthy, et al (2008), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23006353 Compassionate Space], India International Centre Quarterly, Vol. 35, No. 2, pages 18-23</ref>
Translation 2: '''Truth ultimately triumphs''', not falsehood.<ref>Brij Lal, A Vision for Change: Speeches and Writings of AD Patel 1929-1969, Australian National University Press, {{ISBN|978-1921862328}}, page xxi</ref>
Translation 3: '''The true prevails''', not the untrue.<ref name=maxmuller31/>
</poem>
|Mundaka Upanishad, 3.1.6<ref name=eroer3110/>}}

==See also==
* [[Upanishads]]
* [[Vedas]]
* [[Brahman]]
* [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Atman]]
* [[Moksha]]
* [[Hinduism]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{wikisourcelang|sa|मुण्डकोपनिषद्|Mundaka Upanishad (Sanskrit)}}
{{wikisource|1=Sacred_Books_of_the_East/Volume_15/Mundaka-upanishad|2=Mundaka Upanishad (English Translation)}}
; Text and translation
* [https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/mundaka-upanishad-shankara-bhashya/index.html The Mundaka Upanishad with Shankara’s Commentary] Translated by S. Sitarama Sastri, online ebook
*[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/sbe15/#section_002 Mundaka Upanishad] Max Muller (Translator), The Sacred Books of the East, Volume 15, Oxford University Press
*[https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n387/mode/2up Mundaka Upanishad] Robert Hume (Translator), Oxford University Press
*[http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/mundaka.itx Mundaka Upanishad in ITRANS]
*[http://www.universaltheosophy.com/legacy/movements/ancient-east/vedic-india/mundaka-upanishad/ Multiple translations (Raja Ram Mohun Roy, Johnston, Nikhilānanda, Gambhirananda)]
*[http://sanskritdocuments.org/all_pdf/mundaka.pdf Mundaka Upanishad (Sanskrit)] in Devanāgarī script
*[http://www.ancienttexts.org/library/indian/upanishads/mundaka.html Mundaka Upanishad] Sanderson Beck (Translator)
*[http://www.bharatadesam.com/spiritual/upanishads/mundaka_upanishad.php Mundaka Upanishad] Another archive of Nikhilānanda translation

; Recitation
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pG-C-FzcOlE&list=PLzz9KpK4CcMMRNzBr95tQeuOEl9RJW8Ao Mundak Upanishad recited by Pt. Ganesh Vidyalankar]
* {{librivox book | stitle=Upanishad |dtitle=Mundaka Upanishad}}

{{Hindudharma}}
{{Indian Philosophy|state=collapsed}}

{{Mukhya Upanishads}}

[[Category:Upanishads]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophy]]
[[Category:Monism]]
[[Category:Pantheism]]

Devashila Yatra

2025-12-19T02:03:46Z

GlendaBancroft: Created a pg and citations

{{Short description|Historical Hindu Yatra in the Indian subcontinent}}{{See also-text|[[Roti-Beti Ka Rishta]]}}

{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
'''Devashila Yatra''' ([[Devanagari]]: देवशिला यात्रा) was a famous [[Hindus|Hindu]] religious processions journey in which two large and ancient [[Shaligram]] stones were brought from the [[Gandaki River]] in [[Nepal]] to [[Ayodhya]] in [[India]]. The [[Yatra]] was conducted in the year 2023. It was a significant event for Hindu devotees, with large numbers of people gathering along the route to pay their respects to the sacred stones. Initially it was supposed that the sacred stones would be used to construct the idol of [[Rama|Lord Rama]] but later these were not used in the construction of the idol due to some religious reasons.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Devshila Yatra: नेपाल के जनकपुरधाम से मधुबनी पहुंची देवशिला यात्रा, जय श्री राम की गूंज से भक्तिमय हुआ शहर - Devshila Yatra reached Madhubani from Janakpur of Nepal |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/madhubani-devshila-yatra-reached-madhubani-from-janakpur-of-nepal-23313703.html |access-date=22 April 2025 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2023 |title=Devshila Yatra enters India, thousands of devotees welcome holy stones at Indo-Nepal border |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/devshila-yatra-enters-india-devotees-welcome-holy-stones-at-indo-nepal-border-2328256-2023-01-30 |access-date=22 April 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=अयोध्या के श्रीराम मंदिर में जिस शिला से राम परिवार को रूपाकार मिलेगा, करें यहां दर्शन |url=https://www.amarujala.com/bihar/devshila-shaligram-yatra-to-ayodhya-is-approaching-gopalganj-in-bihar-amidst-the-echo-of-jai-siyaram-2023-01-31 |access-date=22 April 2025 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=नेपाल की तरफ से भारत को सिया सुकुमारी के विवाह का उपहार, इस शालिग्राम देवशिला से 9 माह में स्वरुप लेंगे रामलला - shaligram devshila is sita s wedding gift from nepal to india it will take nine months for ramlala to get carved from this devshila |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/madhubani-shaligram-devshila-is-sita-s-wedding-gift-from-nepal-to-india-it-will-take-nine-months-for-ramlala-to-get-carved-from-this-devshila-23314495.html |access-date=22 April 2025 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

== Background ==
Every year, on the ''Shukla Panchami'' of the Hindu month [[Agrahayana|Margashirsha]], a marriage anniversary of [[Rama|Lord Rama]] and [[Sita|Goddess Sita]] known as [[Vivaha Panchami|Vivah Panchami]] is organised at the [[Janaki Mandir]] located in [[Janakpur|Janakpurdham]]. On the occasion of the Vivah Panchami, a wedding procession of Lord Rama arrives to Janakpur from Ayodhya. The wedding procession of Lord Rama is called as ''Ram Baraat''. After the completion of the wedding anniversary of Lord Rama and Goddess Sita, the Ram Baraat departs from Janakpur to Ayodhya. There is a tradition in the Janaki Mandir that at the time of departure of the Ram Baraat, the ''Mahant'' of Janaki Mandir gives some gifts to the wedding guests. The then Mahant ''Ram Tapeshwardas Vaishnav'' of the [[Janaki Mandir]] felt that the idol of ''Ramlala'' to be installed in the [[Ram Mandir]] being built in Ayodhya, should be made from sacred [[Shaligram]] of [[Gandaki River|Krishna Gandaki]] river.<ref name=":0" />

== History ==
These sacred stones were given as gifts to the ''Ram Baraat'' that had come from [[Ayodhya]] to [[Janakpur]] during the occasion of the [[Vivaha Panchami|Vivah Panchami]] festival in the year 2022. These were gifted at the time of the departure of the Ram Baraat from Janakpur to Ayodhya. On 28 November 2022, the Mahant Ram Tapeshwardas Vaishnav of Janakpurdham, had taken resolution during the occasion of the Vivah Panchami that these huge ''Shaligram Devashilas'' would be given as a gift to prepare the idol of Ramlala.<ref name=":0" /> According to Rajendra Pankaj, the convener of Ram Baraat cum coordinator of Devashila Yatra, the resolution was taken after worshipping three small Shaligram stones by the Mahant. After that the Mahant of Janakpurdham asked for Devashilas from the federal Government of Nepal as well as the provincial Government of Gandaki Pradesh to gift in the Janaki Vivah Panchami. These Devashilas were not available at the time of the occasion of the marriage anniversary of Lord Rama and Goddess Sita, then. In 2023, the governments handed over the demanded two huge Devashilas to the Mahant of Janakpurdham. After that it was finally handed over to the convener of Ram Baraat as gifts promised earlier by the Mahant.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
<references />{{Hinduism-stub}}

[[Category:Hinduism]]
[[Category:India–Nepal relations]]
[[Category:Ayodhya dispute]]
[[Category:Ayodhya]]

{{Improve categories|date=April 2025}}

Meena Kakodkar

2025-12-18T19:15:09Z

GlendaBancroft: pg

{{Short description|Indian writer (1944–2024)}}{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}{{Infobox person
| name = Meena Kakodkar
| image = Meena Kakodkar.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date|1944|09|21|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Palolem Beach|Palolem]], [[Canacona]], [[Goa]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2024|11|08|1944|09|21|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Margao]], [[Goa]]
| education = [[Wilson College, Mumbai]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Writer|Civil servant}}
| spouse = Suresh Kakodkar
| children = 2
| notable_works = {{hlist|''Sapan Phulam'' (1990)|''Savlyan Rego'' (2016)}}
| awards = {{hlist|[[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (1991)|[[Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize]] (2016)}}
}}

'''Meena Suresh Kakodkar''' (21 September 1944 – 8 November 2024) was an Indian writer in the [[Konkani language]] and a civil servant. She was the first woman to receive the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for Konkani literature, which she won in 1991 for her short story collection ''Sapan Phulam''.

==Early life and education==
Kakodkar was born on 21 September 1944 in [[Palolem Beach|Palolem]], [[Canacona]], into the Gaitonde family.<ref name="TOINov24">{{Cite news |last=Kamat Maad |first=Govind |date=2024-11-09 |title=1st woman to win Akademi prize for Konkani dies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/1st-woman-to-win-akademi-prize-for-konkani-dies/articleshow/115095170.cms |access-date=2024-12-09 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> She pursued her higher education in [[Mumbai]], graduating with a [[Bachelor of Science]] (B.Sc.) degree from [[Wilson College, Mumbai]]. She also had a keen interest in painting and completed a two-year special training course in the art form in Mumbai.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999">{{cite wikisource |last1=Navelkar |first1=V. R. |editor-first1=Tanaji |editor-last1=Halarnkar |editor-link1=Tanaji Halarnkar |others= |title=Konkani Vishwakosh |trans-title=Konkani Encyclopaedia |wslink=Page:Konkani Viswakosh Vol1.pdf/409 |type= |edition= |series= |pages=409 |volume=1 |year=1999 |publisher=[[Goa University]] |location=Goa |language=gom |wslanguage=gom }}</ref>

==Career==
===Civil service===
Professionally, Kakodkar worked for the Government of Goa. She served in the Directorate of Accounts and eventually retired as a Joint Director.<ref name="TOINov24" />

===Literary work===
Kakodkar began publishing her literary work around 1967–1968. She is credited with bringing a "new dimension" to the art of short story writing in Konkani.<ref name="TOINov24" /> Her first collection of short stories, ''Dongar Chanvalla'', was published in 1972. This collection was later included in the academic curriculum for the 12th standard by the Goa Board and for the first year of the [[Bachelor of Arts]] program at [[Goa University]].<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

Her second collection, ''Sapan Phulam'' (1990), won the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 1991, making her the first woman to achieve this honour for a Konkani work.<ref name="TOINov24" /> In 2016, she was awarded the [[Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize]] for ''Savlyan Rego'', her Konkani translation of [[Amitav Ghosh]]'s novel ''[[The Shadow Lines]]''.<ref name="TOINov24" />

Her body of work includes three collections of short stories, one collection of essays, two novels, and literature for children, including a book of moral stories and a collection of plays.<ref name="TOINov24" /> Her stories have been translated into several languages, including [[English language|English]], [[Kannada]], and [[Malayalam]].<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

===Other activities===
Kakodkar was also involved in theater and social activism. She won the first prize for Best Female Actor in drama competitions organized by the [[Kala Academy]] in 1980 and 1981.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" /> A lover of animals, she served as a trustee of the Goa Animal Welfare Trust.<ref name="TOINov24" />

==Personal life and death==
She was married to Suresh Kakodkar. The couple had two sons, Mangurish and Yogesh.<ref name="TOINov24" />

Kakodkar died in [[Margao]] on 8 November 2024, following a brief illness. She was 80 years old. Her final rites were performed at the Hindu crematorium in Margao.<ref name="TOINov24" />

==Awards==
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (1991) for ''Sapan Phulam''<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />
* [[Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize]] (2016) for ''Savlyan Rego''<ref name="TOINov24" />
* Konkani Bhasha Mandal Award (1977)<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />
* [[Kala Academy]] Award<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />
* Narsinha Damodar Naik Award (1971)<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />
* Kulagar Prakashan Award (1990)<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kakodkar, Meena}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Portuguese India]]
[[Category:People from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Women writers from Goa]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Konkani]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Prize for Translation into Konkani]]

Vidya Shah

2025-12-17T17:39:25Z

GlendaBancroft: minor updated article after review and added references to improve readability

{{more footnotes needed|date=January 2016}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Vidya Shah
| image = Vidya-shah.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| image_size =
| landscape = 
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name = Vidya Subramanyam
| alias =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| origin =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| genre =
| occupation = Singer
| instrument =
| years_active = 
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| website = 
}}
'''Vidya Shah''' is an Indian singer, musician and writer.<ref>{{cite news|title=Vidya Shah, the young musician member of the Culture Sub-Committee|url=http://www.southasiafoundation.org/trans/saf_news/detail.htm?articleid=50440|access-date=26 December 2010|newspaper=South Asia Foundation|date=21 March 2008}}</ref><ref name=TTOA-1/>

==Early life==
Shah's family had a significant musical background.<ref name=TTOA-1/> With her fondness for and exposure to the North Indian style of classical music, she decided to make a foray into this style of vocal music. She has trained under music icon [[Shubha Mudgal]] in Khayal Gayaki and with [[Shanti Hiranand]] in Thumri, Dadra and Ghazal.<ref name="Hindu-2"/> Shah is trained in classical singing.<ref name=TTOA-1/>

==Career==
[[File:Women on record.jpg|thumb|Women on record]]
Vidya Shah had begun her journey into the world of music at the age of 12 when she started learning South Indian Classical music and as a young Carnatic vocalist,<ref name="Hindu-1"/> had several concerts to her credit.

Trained initially in Carnatic music,<ref name="Hindu-1"/> Vidya Shah later received guidance in Khayal from [[Shubha Mudgal]] and learnt thumri, dadra and ghazal gayaki from Shanti Hiranand. During her training in Khyal Gayaki under the guidance of her Guru she gained a rich repertoire of Sufi and Bhakti Music.
She also experimented with tribal music during a short stint of her stay in a tribal area in Western [[Madhya Pradesh]] and developed a flair for [[folk music]].<ref name="Hindu-1"/>

Besides TV, radio, independent films and documentaries, she has performed on various National and International forums and has worked with International Labels. She has to her credits albums like – Anja (Album Realize), "Far From Home" (Album Medieval Punditz).
Her international platforms include [[Alexander von Humboldt Foundation|Humboldt]] Forum, the [[Max Planck Institute]] in Berlin, Kala Utsav in Singapore, [[ICCR]], in [[Trinidad]] and [[Tobago]]. In her concert "[[The Last Mughal]]" she performed with [[William Dalrymple (historian)|William Dalrymple]]. In 2009, she directed a two-day exhibition and music concert 'Women on Record', celebrating Music of women in the Gramophone era, in which she paid a tribute to the iconic female voices of gramophone era by performing their music. In 2014, Shah was the director of Women on Record.<ref name="Hindu-2"/>
A recipient of the Pro Helvetia Residency in 2010, Shah is also a writer and lyricist, and serves as a member of cultural committee of South Asia Foundation.<ref name="Hindu-2"/>

===Social Work===
She started working on social issues in January 1991 with Programme Fellow, Indo-German Social Service Program (IGSSS). Later she worked as an activist with Khedut Mazdoor Chetna Sanghatan (Rights based Trade Union for Agricultural Laborers) [[Jhabua District]] in Madhya Pradesh, India. She has been Research Officer with [[National AIDS Control Organisation]] (NACO).

She was founder member of Paridhi Research – Rights based women's organisation working on reproductive and sexual health with focus on [[birth control]] methods. She has been consultant with [[Centre for Development Studies]], [http://www.wales.ac.uk University of Wales], [http://www.dfid.gov.uk DFID], UK, [[UNIFEM]], [[UNDP]] and HIV and Development Office, South and South West Asia for [[human trafficking|Trafficking]] and Vulnerability of Women and Girls to HIV/AIDS in India, Nepal and Bangladesh for the United Nations Research Institute of Social Development [http://www.unrisd.org (UNRISD)]. She was Programme Co-ordinator with [[Naz Foundation (India) Trust]]. She was Director Education in Breakthrough (A Human Rights Organization) and now she serves as a Program Director at her husband's organisation Centre for Media and Alternative Communication [http://www.cmaconline.org CMAC].<ref name="Tripathi 2011"/>

==Personal life==
Vidya Shah is married to designer-photographer Parthiv Shah of ahmedabad.<ref name="Tripathi 2011">{{Cite news | last=Tripathi | first=Shailaja | title=Show cause, will travel | journal=The Hindu | date=June 16, 2011 | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/show-cause-will-travel/article2108006.ece | access-date=January 9, 2016}}</ref> They have a son Anant and daughter Antara.

==Publications==
* The Challenge of Changing values in [[Indian Culture]]: The case of Music; Presented at a Seminar organised by [http://www.intach.org INTACH] and Nakshband Educational Trust, IIC, 15 March, New Delhi Published in the South Asia Foundation Quarterly, April 2008;
* [http://cmaconline.org/gender1/my-body-is-not-mine My Body is Not Mine]: Book on the MSM community and rights violations across 6 states in India in collaboration with the [[Naz Foundation (India) Trust|Naz Foundation]] International, supported by DFID-PMO, November 2008
* Technical Paper on Gender, Vulnerabilities and HIV/AIDS for the [http://www.unifem.org UNIFEM] South Asian Regional Office, New Delhi, January 2003
* Layers of Silence on Cross Border [[human trafficking|Trafficking]] and Women's vulnerability to HIV/AIDS, for the [http://www.unrisd.org UNRISD] Project on HIV and Development, 2002
* Brokered Livelihood: Debt, labour migration and Development in Tribal Western India in Labor Mobility in Rural Society, edited by Ben Rogaly and Arjaan de Haan, Published by Frank Cass Publishers, UK, 2002
* Strength in Action: An Educators Guide on Preventing Domestic Violence, [http://www.breakthrough.tv Breakthrough] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019023849/http://breakthrough.tv/ |date=19 October 2015 }}, 2004
* Talking HIV and Gender: Media and Messaging a Hand book; Women's Feature Service and [[UNIFEM]], 2006

==Discography==
* Anja (Realize)
* Far From Home (Medieval Punditz)
* Ahsana Om Shanti (Six Degrees and Times Music).
* Har Mann Mein Aman for the [http://ncw.nic.in National Commission for Women]
* Ham se Zameen aur Aasman for the [http://yas.nic.in/index Ministry of Youth Affairs]
* In January 2008 she released her latest CD, [http://underscorerecords.com/artists/details.php?art_id=149 Hum Sab] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221153326/https://underscorerecords.com/artists/details.php?art_id=149 |date=21 February 2020 }}

==Other projects==
* [[Creative Consultant]]: "The World in the Balance" For PBS; Directed by Sarah Holt; Executive Producers Linda Harrar for WGBH; 2004
* Editor "People Plus" a book on the lives of HIV positive people, UNAIDS India, 2001
* Creative writer For Women's day campaign, 2001 for Ministry of Women and Child Welfare and [http://www.cmaconline.org Centre for Media and Alternative Communication (CMAC)], March 2001
* Consultant in an advocacy project on "Peace and Equality" for [http://ncw.nic.in National Commission for Women (NCW)] December 1999
* Script and Research For a documentary film on [[Visual Anthropology]], [https://web.archive.org/web/20130726051932/http://www.ddindia.gov.in/ Doordarshan], National television channel, 1997–98
* Editor Paper on 'Lacquer work in India' for a [http://portal.unesco.org UNESCO] workshop in [[Myanmar]], [[UNESCO]], 1996 and Paper on 'Basic [[Education in India]]' for a UNESCO conference in India, [[UNESCO]] 1995

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Hindu-1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/table-for-two-column-interview-with-vidya-shah/article6590173.ece|title=In harmony with verve|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2014-11-12|last1=Pisharoty|first1=Sangeeta Barooah}}</ref>
<ref name=TTOA-1>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Sufi-music-is-beautiful-Vidya-Shah/articleshow/10007724.cms|title=Sufi music is beautiful: Vidya Shah|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=17 September 2011 }}</ref>
<ref name="Hindu-2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/november-fest/the-hindu-friday-review-music-fest-vidya-shah-and-the-manganiyars-will-perform-a-sufi-and-rajasthani-folk/article6611290.ece|title=A musician activist|journal=The Hindu|date=2014-11-18|last1=Borah|first1=Prabalika M.}}</ref>
}}

==Further reading==
{{commons category}}
* {{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/in-tune-with-gandhi/|title=In tune with Gandhi|date=2 October 2015|work=[[The Indian Express]]}}
* {{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/vidya-shah/article5417768.ece|title=Vidya Shah|journal=The Hindu|date=2013-12-04}}
* {{Cite news|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3041053151.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118083606/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3041053151.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2018-11-18|title=Vidya Shah,'On Record'|journal=DNA: Daily News & Analysis|date=2013-08-10|last1=Mathur|first1=Sapna}} {{subscription required}}
* {{Cite news|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3022601721.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410071724/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3022601721.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-04-10|title=When the Terrier Listened to Their Golden Voices|journal=DNA: Daily News & Analysis|date=2013-07-19|last1=Ramnarayan|first1=Gowri}} {{subscription required}}
* {{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/edelweiss-ceo-rashesh-shahs-bharatnatyam-connect/articleshow/48184179.cms|title=Edelweiss CEO Rashesh Shah's Bharatnatyam connect|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=2015-07-23|last1=Menon|first1=Rashmi}}
* {{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/november-fest/november-fest-2014-nirgun-naad-vidya-shah-the-manganiyars/article6522837.ece|title=Nirgun Naad: Vidya Shah & The Manganiyars|journal=The Hindu|date=2014-10-25}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah, Vidya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women classical musicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women composers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:Writers from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian women singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian male singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Singers from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Women writers from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian social sciences writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Indian women's rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian women activists]]
[[Category:Activists from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Social workers from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Women educators from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Educators from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]

Coimbatore Institute of Technology

2025-12-14T12:45:55Z

GlendaBancroft: added references

{{short description|Autonomous engineering college in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2012}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Coimbatore Institute of Technology
| native_name = கோவை தொழில்நுட்பக் கல்லூரி
| image = Coimbatore Institute of Technology logo.png
| caption = CIT
| motto = Nature in the service of man
| established = {{Start date and age|1956}}
| type = [[Private university|Private]] (Government-Aided)
| president = K. Divya Mohana Rajiv{{failed verification|date=February 2025}}
| principal = A. Rajeswari
| city = [[Avinashi Road, Coimbatore]] – 641 014.
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = [[India]]
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| affiliations = [[Anna University]], [[Chennai]] - 600 025.
| chairman = S. Rajiv Rangasami
| website = {{official URL}}
}}
[[File:CITentrance.jpg|thumb|right|Entrance, Coimbatore Institute of Technology]]
'''Coimbatore Institute of Technology''' ('''CIT''') is a government-aided autonomous [[engineering college]] located in [[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. It was founded in 1956 by V. Rangaswamy Naidu Educational Trust. It is affiliated to [[Anna University]].

==History==
Coimbatore Institute of Technology was founded in the year 1956 by V. Rangaswamy Naidu Educational Trust (VRET). Prof. R. Venkataswamy Naidu and Prof. P. R.Ramakrishnan are the Founders of Coimbatore Institute of Technology. Prof. R.Venkataswamy Naidu was the Founder Correspondent from 1956 to 1994. Prof. P. R. Ramakrishnan was the Principal from 1956 to 1981 and the Correspondent from 1994 to 2008.

CIT was affiliated to [[Madras University]] from 1956 to 1980. In 1980, the Institute became affiliated to [[Bharathiar University]] and subsequently to [[Anna University]] in 2001. CIT is recognized by the [[All India Council for Technical Education]]. The Institute was granted autonomous status in 1987 and is accredited by the [[National Board of Accreditation]].

==Academics==
{{unreferenced section|date=August 2017}}
CIT offers 9 Under Graduate Academic Programmes and 12 Post Graduate Academic Programmes in addition for M.S. and Ph.D. Research Programmes.

The CIT Sandwich Polytechnic College was started in 1961. Presently, 8 Engineering Diploma Programmes are offered by the polytechnic in various engineering disciplines. The National Board of Accreditation has accredited the Mechanical Engineering (Sandwich) and Mechanical Engineering diploma programmes.
[[File:CIT Main Building.jpg|thumb|'''CIT Main building''', [https://www.cit.edu.in/ Coimbatore Institute of Technology]]]

===Rankings===
{{Infobox India university ranking
| type = University and college
|NIRF_E_2024=101-150}}

CIT is ranked 101-150 band in the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) engineering ranking of 2024.<ref name="Rankings_NIRF_E_2024" />

==Student life==
[[File: Cricket ground, Coimbatore Institute of Technology.jpg|thumb|right|CIT cricket ground]]

===Students Union===
The students union consists of 20 clubs which include arts, dramatics, muthamizh mandram (Tamil), film, karate, literary, music, nature, photography, quiz, Kalam Knowledge Club (KKC), space, sports, NSS, NCC, YRC, RSP, Entrepreneurship development cell, Women Empowerment Cell, YHAI and Rotaract.

All the branches of engineering, technology, and applied sciences run associations which organize technical meetings and symposia in their respective disciplines.

The Coimbatore Regional Centre of the [[Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers]] functions with its office at the Department of Chemical Engineering in the Institute.

The Coimbatore centre of the Indian Welding Society (IWS) has been functioning in the Institute since 2002 in the department of Mechanical Engineering.

A student branch of [[IEEE]] functions with its office in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the Institute.

The Institute has facilities for [[ball badminton]], [[basketball]], [[cricket]], [[association football|football]], [[field hockey|hockey]], [[tennikoit]], [[tennis]], and [[volleyball]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.successcds.net/engineeringentranceexam/Top-100-Engineering-Colleges.php |title=Top 100 Engineering Colleges in India -Best Engineering Institutes - College Ranking |publisher=Successcds.net |date=2010-04-18 |access-date=2010-10-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.citindia.com/Ranking%20for%20E_Schools.htm |title=CIT Ranking of E-Schools |publisher=Citindia.com |access-date=2010-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005072505/http://www.citindia.com/Ranking%20for%20E_Schools.htm |archive-date=5 October 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Computer Science Department===

===Interface===
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2021}}
Interface, an inter-collegiate technical symposium, is conducted by the circuit branches of Coimbatore Institute of Technology. Interface is held for two days in the month of February every year and invites the university students across the country, helping the external university students to showcase their projects, present research papers, network with other university students and participate in various events on campus. This symposium is organized entirely by students—of various departments—from fund raising for the events to event management.

===Technovation===
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2021}}
It is a national level technical symposium by the Chemical, Civil and Mechanical engineering students conducted during September every year.

===Cyber Fest===
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2021}}
It is a National Level Student Technical Symposium organized by Department of Computer Applications Association during January every year
conducted By M.sc Software Engineering and M.C.A. Students.

==Notable alumni==
{{alumni|date=January 2018}}
*[[Akkineni Ramesh Prasad]] - 1960 BE Mechanical, director, Prasad Media Corporation, Hyderabad & Prasad Film Laboratories, Chennai
*[[R. Prabhu ]]- 1968 BE Mechanical, former Union Minister of India
*[[Narayanaswamy Balakrishnan]] - 1972 BE ECE, Indian aerospace and computer scientist, associate director, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore.
*[[Natarajan Chandrasekaran]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/8mCvC3uBJy9eo7bTqGDTDM/N-Chandrasekaran-an-avid-runner-faces-marathon-task-as-Ta.html|title=N. Chandrasekaran, an avid runner, faces marathon task as Tata Sons chairman|last=D’Monte|first=Leslie|date=2017-01-13|newspaper=livemint.com|access-date=2017-02-14}}</ref> - 1976 BSc Applied Sciences, current chairman of [[Tata Sons]].
*[[K. Krithivasan]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tcs.com/insights/authors/k-krithivasan|title=K Krithivasan Chief Executive Officer & Managing Director, TCS}}</ref> - 1985 Mechanical, Chief Executive Officer and Managing Director of [[Tata Consultancy Services]].
*[[M. J. Xavier ]]- 1976 BTech Chemical, founding director, Indian Institute of Management Ranchi
*[[Subbiah Arunan]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Isros-agent-Mars-The-name-is-Arunan/articleshow/43366888.cms|title=Isro's agent Mars: The name is Arunan - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2017-02-14}}</ref> Project Director of [[Mars Orbiter Mission]]
*[[VB Chandrasekar]] - 1986 BE Mechanical, former Indian cricket player
*[[Karthik Krishnan]] - 1995 BE Mechanical, Global CEO, [[Britannica]] Group.
*Venkat Panchapakesan - 1988 ECE - Senior Vice President, Engineering, YouTube & Google Inc.
*Er.Jahangir Mohammed - 1991, ECE, Founder and CEO of Jasper Technologies (part of Cisco USA.)
*S.P. Amrith I.A.S - 2005 BE ECE, District Collector, The Nilgiris (Nov 2021-Sep 2023).

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* {{official website|http://www.cit.edu.in/}}

{{Education in Tamil Nadu}}
{{coord|11.028604|77.027225|display=title}}

[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Anna University]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Academic institutions formerly affiliated with the University of Madras]]

Farakka subdivision

2025-12-09T05:05:09Z

GlendaBancroft: Created initial pg w/ infobox.

'''Farakka subdivision''' is a proposed [[Administrative divisions of India|administrative division]] of [[Murshidabad district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], India. The [[Government of West Bengal|State Cabinet]] on 2 June 2025 approved the creation of new Farakka subdivision.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CM announces new subdivision in Murshidabad|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/cm-announces-new-subdivision-in-murshidabad/articleshow/120937614.cms|date=2025-05-06|access-date=2025-08-23|publisher=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ফরাক্কা মহাকুমা নিয়ে মন্ত্রিসভায় গুরুত্বপূর্ণ সিদ্ধান্ত, একাধিক শূন্যপদে নিয়োগে ছাড়পত্র - FARAKKA SUBDIVISION IN MURSHIDABAD|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/!state/west-bengal-cabinet-decided-to-fill-vacancy-of-farakka-subdivision-in-murshidabad-west-bengal-news-wbs25060206101|date=2025-06-02|access-date=2025-08-23|publisher=ETV Bharat]}}</ref>

==Overview==
The subdivision will be formed by dividing [[Jangipur subdivision]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cabinet approves new Farakka subdivision, key recruitments|url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/bengal/cabinet-approves-new-farakka-subdivision-key-recruitments-613331|date=2025-06-02|access-date=2025-08-23|publisher=Millenniumpost}}</ref> The Farakka sub-division will consist of [[Farakka (community development block)|Farakka]], [[Suti I]], [[Suti II]] and [[Samserganj (community development block)|Shamsherganj]] blocks. It will also include the [[Dhuliyan|Dhuliyan Municipality]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Farakka Created as a New Administrative Sub-Division in West Bengal|url=https://apacnewsnetwork.com/2025/06/farakka-created-as-a-new-administrative-sub-division-in-west-bengal/|date=2025-06-03|access-date=2025-08-23|publisher=APAC News Network}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=মুখ্যমন্ত্রীর ঘোষণার একমাসের মধ্যেই, আগামী সপ্তাহ থেকেই নতুন মহকুমা ফরাক্কা, খুশির হাওয়া|url=https://bartamanpatrika.com/news/new-subdivision-farakka-from-next-week-happiness-in-the-air|date=2025-06-06|access-date=2025-08-23|publisher=[[Bartaman|Bartaman Patrika]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=কথা রাখলেন মুখ্যমন্ত্রী! নয়া মহকুমা হচ্ছে ফরাক্কা, ছাড়পত্র মন্ত্রিসভার|url=https://sangbadpratidin.in/kolkata/farakka-will-be-new-sub-division-cabinet-agrees|date=2025-06-02|access-date=2025-10-01|publisher=Sangbad Pratidin}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ফরাক্কায় নতুন মহকুমা, অনুমতি দিল মন্ত্রিসভা|url=https://bartamanpatrika.com/news/cabinet-approves-new-subdivision-in-farakka|date=2025-06-03|access-date=2025-10-01|publisher=[[Bartaman|Bartaman Patrika]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Proposed political divisions]]
[[Category:Murshidabad district]]

Havmor Ice Cream

2025-12-08T06:31:15Z

GlendaBancroft:

{{short description|Indian ice cream manufacturer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Havmor Ice Cream
| logo = Havmor logo.png
| logo_size = 225px
| type = [[Private Company]]
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1944}}<ref name="history" />
| location = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]<ref name="history" /><ref name="ecotimes" />
| industry = [[Global Industry Classification Standard|Consumer Staples]]
| products = {{ubl|[[Ice cream]]}}
| founder = Satish Chandra Chona
| key_people = {{ubl|Kyungwoon Cho|(Chairman)<ref>{{cite web |title=Board of Directors |url=https://www.havmor.com/leadership |website=Havmor |date=December 2024}}</ref>||Komal Anand|(Managing Director)<ref name="md">{{Cite news|last=Sarkar|first=Brinda|title=Lotte's Havmor Ice Cream brings on board Komal Anand as managing director|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/fmcg/lottes-havmor-ice-cream-brings-on-board-komal-anand-as-managing-director/articleshow/80364127.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>}}
| revenue = {{profit}}{{INR}}1,200 crore (2024)
| owner = [[Lotte Wellfood]] (2017–present) HRPL Pvt Ltd (till 2017)
| num_employees = 741<ref name="linkedin">{{Cite web|title=Havmor Ice Cream Pvt Ltd|url=https://www.linkedin.com/mwlite/company/havmor-ice-cream-ltd|access-date=2021-09-13|website=LinkedIn|language=en-US}}</ref>
| parent = [[Lotte Wellfood]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.havmor.com/}}
}}
[[File:India - World Trade Park Jaipur (2022) - img 02.jpg|thumb|A Havmor outlet in [[World Trade Park, Jaipur|WTP]], [[Jaipur]]]]

'''Havmor Ice Cream Company Private Limited''' is an Indian [[List of ice cream brands|ice cream manufacturer]]. Havmor was founded in 1944,<ref name="history">{{Cite web|title=Havmor {{!}} Our History|url=https://www.havmor.com/our-history/|access-date=2021-09-13|language=en-US|archive-date=13 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913072244/https://www.havmor.com/our-history/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and its [[registered office]] is located in [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]].<ref name="ecotimes">{{Cite web|title=Havmor ICE Cream Company Private Limited Information - Havmor ICE Cream Company Private Limited Company Profile, Havmor ICE Cream Company Private Limited News on The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/company/|access-date=2021-09-13|website=The Economic Times|archive-date=8 May 2019|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20190508200151/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/company/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The company is owned and operated by [[Lotte Wellfood]] after its acquisition in 2017.<ref name=BusinessStandard/>

==History==
Havmor was founded by Satish Chandra Chona as 'Have More' in 1944 in [[Colonial India]] in [[Karachi]] (now in [[Pakistan]]). Chona was an engineer who used to work for [[BOAC]] (of [[British Airways]]). After his day job he started working at his uncle’s [[restaurant]], where he learnt to make ice-creams. After [[Partition of India|partition]], he shifted to [[Dehradun]], where he started a small shop. Later, he moved to [[Indore]] and then eventually to [[Gujarat]]. There, Chona set up the first outlet on Relief Road. In 1960s, the brand name was changed from 'Have More' to 'Havmor'.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Havmor's journey from Karachi to Dehradun to Gujarat: The success story of a 73-year-old ice cream brand |url=http://www.firstpost.com/business/havmors-journey-from-karachi-to-dehradun-to-gujarat-the-success-story-of-a-73-year-old-ice-cream-brand-4225817.html|access-date=2021-09-13|website=Firstpost|date=24 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Havmor: Melting Point|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/family-business/havmor-melting-point/52587/1|access-date=2021-09-13|website=Forbes India|language=en}}</ref>

In April 2013, it partnered with [[Zydus Wellness]], a group company of [[Cadila Healthcare]], to source ingredients for its "Sugar Free" ice cream range and to use the "Sugar Free" brand for its products.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Sohini |title=Havmor ties up with Zydus for 'Sugar Free' ice creams |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/havmor-ties-up-with-zydus-for-sugar-free-ice-creams-113042200814_1.html |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |date=April 22, 2013}}</ref>

In 2017, [[Lotte Confectionery]], a [[South Korea]]n company acquired Havmor for {{INRConvert|1020|c}}.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Das|first=Sohini|date=2017-11-24|title=South Korea's Lotte buys Havmor Ice Cream for Rs 1,020 crore|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/south-koreas-lotte-buys-havmor-ice-cream-for-rs-1-020-crore-117112300743_1.html|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref> The then Managing Director of the company, Ankit Chona, who is grandson of founder Satish Chona, told "If someone takes the business and makes it grow much faster and take it to the national level, then we are happy to look at the brand going into a such suitable hands."<ref>{{Cite web|title=South Korean LOTTE buys Havmor Ice Cream for Rs 1,020 cr|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/south-korean-lotte-buys-havmor-ice-cream-for-rs-1020-cr/article9970641.ece|access-date=2021-09-13|website=@businessline|date=23 November 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

In December 2021, [[ITC Limited|ITC]] Master Chef partnered with Havmor Ice Cream to distribute frozen snacks through Havmor's ice cream carts in [[National Capital Region (India)|Delhi-NCR]].<ref>{{cite news |title=ITC Master Chef, Havmor Ice Cream tie up to sell frozen snacks on mobile carts |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/itc-master-chef-havmor-ice-cream-tie-up-to-sell-frozen-snacks-on-mobile-carts-11640150875215.html |publisher=[[Livemint]] |date=December 22, 2021}}</ref>

In January 2023, its parent, Lotte Confectionery announced an investment of ₹4.5 billion (USD 55.1 million) in its Indian unit, Havmor Ice Cream, to build a new greenfield plant at MIDC Talegaon in [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], over the next five years.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Han |first1=Hyeong-je |title=Lotte to invest $55 mn in Indian ice cream subsidiary for 5 years |url=https://www.kedglobal.com/food-beverage/newsView/ked202301180014 |publisher=[[The Korea Economic Daily]] |date=January 18, 2023}}</ref>

In August 2024, it was reported that [[Lotte Wellfood]] had merged its Indian subsidiaries, Lotte India and Havmor Ice Cream, to form an integrated entity named One India, with the merger expected to be completed in the second half of the year.<ref name=BusinessStandard>{{cite news |last1=Srivastava |first1=Akshara |title=Lotte India, Havmor announce merger; aim to achieve sales of Rs 6K cr |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/lotte-india-havmor-announce-merger-aim-to-achieve-sales-of-rs-6k-cr-124080201460_1.html |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |date=August 2, 2024}}</ref>

In 2013, Havmor collaborated with the movie ''[[Krrish 3]]'' to introduce a custom-packaged ice cream range. As part of this campaign, actor [[Hrithik Roshan]] endorsed Havmor ice creams.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pandit |first1=Virendra |title=Film co-brands with ice cream: Now Hrithik to endorse Krrish-3 ice creams! |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/film-co-brands-with-ice-cream-now-hrithik-to-endorse-krrish-3-ice-creams/article64206679.ece |publisher=[[The Hindu Business Line]] |date=October 24, 2013}}</ref>

In September 2020, the company launched a web series titled ''Havmor Passport'', starring actor [[Malhar Thakar]] and written and directed by [[Manan Desai]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Madan |first1=Ankita |title=Havmor Ice Cream breaks the clutter, launches its 1st ever web series |url=https://www.afaqs.com/companies/havmor-ice-cream-breaks-the-clutter-launches-its-1st-ever-web-series |publisher=Afaqs |date=September 28, 2020}}</ref>

== Operations ==
Havmor Ice Cream operates in more than 20 states, has 216 exclusive ice cream parlours, and a network of over 60,000 dealers in India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Havmor Ice Cream to invest ₹450 crore to ramp up capacity in India |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/havmor-ice-cream-to-invest-rs-450-crore-to-ramp-up-capacity-in-india-11673956872834.html |publisher=[[Livemint]] |date=January 17, 2023}}</ref> The company has approximately 70,000 selling points across India, catering to urban markets.<ref name=livemint/> It has manufacturing plants in [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], [[Faridabad]], [[Haryana]]<ref name=livemint>{{cite news |last1=Laghate |first1=Gaurav |title=Lotte plans to widen ice cream biz |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/lotte-plans-to-widen-ice-cream-biz-11698081451351.html |publisher=[[Livemint]] |date=October 23, 2023}}</ref> and one in [[Solapur]], [[Maharashtra]], which was launched in 2019.<ref name=livemintnews>{{cite news |title=Havmor Ice Cream launches third facility in Solapur |url=https://retail.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/food-entertainment/food-services/havmor-ice-cream-launches-third-facility-in-solapur/68832394 |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=April 11, 2019}}</ref> It also established a state-of-the-art facility in [[Pune]], Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETRetail.com |title=Havmor Ice Cream launches third facility in Solapur - ET Retail |url=https://retail.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/food-entertainment/food-services/havmor-ice-cream-launches-third-facility-in-solapur/68832394 |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=ETRetail.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
In 2014 and 2015, Havmor won the 'Times Food Award' for the 'Best Ice Cream Shop'.<ref>{{Cite web|date=March 2, 2015|title=Ahmedabad celebrates the best of food - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad-celebrates-the-best-of-food/articleshow/46419915.cms|access-date=2021-09-14|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Havmor won the 'Times Food Award' for 'Best Snacks - Vegetarian' award in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-07-29|title=Havmor ice cream- you really would want to keep having more and more!!|url=https://www.hungryforever.com/havmor-ice-cream-you-really-would-want-to-keep-having-more-and-more/|access-date=2021-09-14|website=HungryForever Food Blog|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2017, it won the 'Times Food Award' for the 'Best Ice Cream in Casual Dining'.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Anna|date=2017-02-18|title=Havmor Ice Cream Bags Two Awards At The Times Food Awards 2017|url=https://www.hungryforever.com/havmor-ice-cream-bags-two-awards-times-food-awards-2017/|access-date=2021-09-14|website=HungryForever Food Blog|language=en-US}}</ref> And in 2019, it won the 'Times Food Award' for the 'Best Ice Cream Parlor - Casual Dining'.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Times Food and Nightlife Awards '19 - Delhi: Winners {{!}} Times Food and Nightlife Awards '19 - Delhi: Winners Celebrity Pics {{!}} Times Food and Nightlife Awards '19 - Delhi: Winners Photo Gallery - ETimes Photogallery |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/awards/times-food-guide-nightlife-awards/times-food-and-nightlife-awards/times-food-and-nightlife-awards-19-delhi-winners/articleshow/68578972.cms |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=photogallery.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

In 2021, Havmor received the Times Food & Nightlife Award in the Desserts Casual Dining category from ''[[The Times of India]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Times Food & Nightlife Awards 2021: Celebrating The Winners In Ahmedabad! |url=https://www.whatshot.in/ahmedabad/times-food--nightlife-awards-2021-celebrating-the-winners-in-ahmedabad-c-29500 |publisher=Whatshot |date=May 4, 2021}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Food|India}}
* [[List of ice cream brands]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.havmor.com/}}

[[Category:Food and drink companies of India]]
[[Category:Food and drink companies established in 1944]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Fast-food chains of India]]
[[Category:Ice cream brands]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1944]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]

Abhaya Simha

2025-11-11T22:16:18Z

GlendaBancroft: enhanced information per standard format and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Abhaya Simha
| image = Abhaya Simha.JPG
| imagesize = 220px
| caption = Abhaya Simha
| occupation = Film director
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1981|6|12}}
| birth_place = Mangalore
| spouse = Rashmi Abhaya Simha
| yearsactive = 2007 - Present
}}

'''Abhaya Simha''' is a [[Kannada film]] director and screenwriter.

==Early life and career==
He was born and brought up in [[Mangalore]], Karnataka. He did his graduation from St. Aloysius College, Mangalore. He studied Kannada, English Literature and Journalism. After that he specialized in Film Direction from Film and Television Institute of India, Pune. He started his film career in Bangalore in 2007. His debut venture ''Gubbachchigalu'' won the National Award for the best children's film for the year 2008.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/commercial-cinema-is-as-difficult-as-art-house-filmmaking-abhaya-simha/articleshow/22002127.cms|title=Commercial cinema is as difficult as art-house filmmaking: Abhaya Simha|first=Sharanya|last=CR|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 August 2013 }}</ref><ref name="Gubbachigalu Director Abhay Simha Excited">{{cite web | url=http://www.chitraloka.com/2011/01/23/gubbachigalu-director-abhay-simha-excited/ | title=Gubbachigalu Director Abhay Simha Excited | publisher=Chitraloka.com | accessdate=10 March 2012}}</ref> His second venture was a bilingual movie named ''[[Shikari (2012 film)|Shikari]]''. Shikari was released in March 2012 across Karnataka and Kerala. His third film was Sakkare in Kannada starring [[Ganesh (actor)]]. It was released across Karnataka in November 2013. In 2017 he made ''Paddayi'' in [[Tulu Language|Tulu]] won 65th National award for Best Feature Film in Tulu.

==Early life==
Abhaya Simha has completed his graduation from [[St. Aloysius College (Mangalore)|St Aloysius College, Mangalore]]. Later he did his film studies from Film and Television Institute of India (FTII) Pune.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Simha|first1=Abhaya|title=National Film Award Winning Director Abhaya Simha Talks About His Life And Work|url=http://www.officechai.com/off-the-desk/national-film-award-winning-director-abhaya-simha-talks-about-his-work/|website=OfficeChai|date=9 April 2015|accessdate=18 April 2015}}</ref> His grandfather was G.T. Narayana Rao, a well-known [[science writer]] in Kannada, music critic, cultural organiser, and a prominent citizen of the city of [[Mysore]], [[India]].

==Filmography==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 2008 || ''Gubbachigalu'' || [[Kannada]] || '''Winner''' [[National Film Award for Best Children's Film]]
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2012 || rowspan="2"|''[[Shikari (2012 film)|Shikari]]'' ||[[Malayalam]] || rowspan="2"|Bilingual film
|-
| Kannada
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Sakkare]]'' || Kannada ||
|-
|2017
|''[[Paddayi]]'' ||[[Tulu language|Tulu]]
|Best Feature Film in Tulu -2017
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=4401736}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Simha, Abhaya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Artists from Mangalore]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Kannada film directors]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Directors who won the Best Children's Film National Film Award]]

Crime Stories: India Detectives

2025-11-08T11:18:18Z

GlendaBancroft: Created basic info first draft

{{Short description|2021 Netflix documentary series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre = [[Television documentary|Documentary]]
| developer = Jack Warrender
| director = N Amit Jack Rampling
| presenter = Jack Warrender
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* N. Shashi Kumar
* Roopa K.S.
* Gopala Nayak
}}
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 4
| list_episodes =
| opentheme =
| composer = Antonio Pinto Felipe Kim
| executive_producer = Morgan Matthews Fiona Stourton
| producer = Claire Cahill
| cinematography =
| editor = Jules Cornell Ella Newton
| company = Minnow Films
| runtime = 59–63 minutes
| network = [[Netflix]]
| released = {{Start date|2021|09|22|df=y}}
}}
'''''Crime Stories: India Detectives''''' is a 2021 Indian [[List of Netflix original programming|Netflix original]] [[Television documentary|docuseries]] created and directed by N Amit and
Jack Rampling.The series was produced by Claire Cahill under the production banner Minnow Films.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CRIME STORIES: INDIA DETECTIVES – Minnow Films |url=https://minnowfilms.co.uk/projects/crime-stories-india-detectives-2/ |access-date=2022-06-07 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Claire Cahill: We were as invested as police in finding the criminals |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/english/interviews/2021/oct/12/claire-cahill-we-were-as-invested-as-police-in-finding-the-criminals-27238.html |access-date=2022-06-08 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=12 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref> It stars N. Shashi Kumar, Roopa K. S. and Gopala Nayak.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Machaiah |first=Rahul |date=2021-10-07 |title=Netflix's 'Crime Stories' Shows a Disregard for Privacy & Due Process |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/hot-on-web/netflix-true-crime-docuseries-crime-stories-india-detectives-invasion-of-privacy-police-brutality |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref> This four episodes Docu-series chronicles the workings of the [[Bangalore City Police|Bengaluru city police]] as they attempt to solve four violent crimes; Three are related to murder and one involves the [[Child abduction|kidnapping of a child]].<ref>{{Cite news |title='Crime Stories: India Detectives' will get a Netflix release on September 22 |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/crime-stories-india-detectives-will-get-a-netflix-release-on-september-22/articleshow/86199384.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-06-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-10 |title=Producer Claire Cahill on 'Crime Stories India Detectives': Wanted to Show New and Modern India |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/producer-claire-cahill-on-crime-stories-india-detectives-wanted-to-show-new-and-modern-india-4305413.html |access-date=2022-06-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> It released via [[Netflix]] on 22 September 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://decider.com/2021/09/23/crime-stories-india-detectives-netflix-review/|title=Stream It Or Skip It: 'Crime Stories: India Detectives' On Netflix, A Docuseries Following Bangalore Police Detectives As They Investigate Violent Crimes|website=Decider|date=23 September 2021 |accessdate=6 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/crime-stories-india-detectives-review-netflixs-quiet-compliment-to-the-men-in-khaki/article36709413.ece|title='Crime Stories: India Detectives' review: Netflix's quiet compliment to the men in khaki|website=The Hindu|date=28 September 2021 |accessdate=6 June 2022 |last1=Kumar |first1=Anuj }}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
The series follows an [[Police officer|investigating team]] of four [[police station]]s who cracked three murders and one kidnapping case that [[First information report|came to light]] in early 2020 before the [[COVID-19 pandemic|pandemic]].

== Cast ==
* N. Shashi Kumar as Deputy Commissioner of Police
* Roopa K.S. as Sub Inspector
* Gopala Nayak as Police inspector
* V. Dhananjaya as Assistant Commissioner of Police
* B.N. Lohith as Police Inspector
* Latha Mahesh as Sub Inspector

==Episodes==
{{Episode table |background=#B30211 |overall= |title= |director= |airdate= |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = A Murdered Mother
|DirectedBy = Jack Warrender
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|9|22}}
|ShortSummary = A middle-aged women is murdered. Her adult son is injured. The injured son blames his sister and the cop investigation begins.
|LineColor = B30211
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Body In a Bag
|DirectedBy = Jack Warrender
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|9|22}}
|ShortSummary = DCP Shashi Kumar and Inspector Lohith find a dead body of a man. The man's mother believes that her son's wife and mother-in-law did it for the money.
|LineColor = B30211
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Dying for Protection
|DirectedBy = Jack Warrender
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|9|22}}
|ShortSummary = A women is found murdered inside her house while her son is out.
|LineColor = B30211
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = The Stolen Baby
|DirectedBy = Jack Warrender
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|9|22}}
|ShortSummary = A one-year old baby is kidnapped and the parents believe a friend did it.
|LineColor = B30211
}}
}}

== Release ==
On 14 September 2021, Netflix released the official trailer of the series. The series was worldwide premiered on 22 September 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-14 |title=Netflix's new docu-series Crime Stories: India Detectives to release on 22 September |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/netflixs-new-docu-series-crime-stories-india-detectives-to-release-on-22-september-9963231.html |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Nandini Ramnath from [[Scroll.in]] gave a mixed review to the series and stated, "From murders to kidnapping, the hard-working, dedicated, intelligent, honest and caring men and women ensure that justice is served – at least, that’s what the show badly wants us to believe."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |title='Crime Stories: India's Detectives' review: A puff piece about police work in Bengaluru |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1006097/crimes-stories-indias-detectives-review-a-puff-piece-about-police-work-in-bengaluru |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=Scroll.in |date=24 September 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Karnataka newspaper, [[Deccan Herald]] gave 4/5 rating to the series, with a positive verdict and called, "This docu-series is more detailed and takes an intimate look at the criminal justice system as a whole, and policemen's careers marked with risk and uncertainty."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-23 |title=Crime Stories review: Netflix's Kannada debut raises pertinent questions |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/dh-talkies/crime-stories-review-netflixs-kannada-debut-raises-pertinent-questions-1033427.html |access-date=2022-06-08 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

Anuj Kumar from [[The Hindu]] newspaper portal said, "Unlike the crime shows on general entertainment channels, here, craft gets as much importance as the cause. On a fundamental level, the four-episode series seeks to understand the anatomy of a crime, finding a beating heart inside the uniform; a human story in the First Information Report."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=2021-09-28 |title='Crime Stories: India Detectives' review: Netflix's quiet compliment to the men in khaki |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/crime-stories-india-detectives-review-netflixs-quiet-compliment-to-the-men-in-khaki/article36709413.ece |access-date=2022-06-08 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Legal issues ==
On 2 October 2021, [[Karnataka High Court]] passed an [[interim order]] restricting Netflix from airing the first episode of the series, titled "A Murdered Mother", based on the [[plea]] made by one of the accused.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-03 |title=After Karnataka HC order, Netflix blocks episode in crime documentary series |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/karnataka-high-court-netflix-crime-documentary-series-7549949/ |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

On 27 October 2021, the episode was again started streaming after HC dismissed the petition filed by Shridhar Rao, (a 28-year-old co-accused in the murder of 54-year-old Nirmala Chandrasekhar.)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Laghate |first=Gaurav |title=Karnataka HC vacates injunction, allows Netflix to stream blocked episode of 'Crime Stories' |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/karnataka-hc-vacates-injunction-allows-netflix-to-stream-blocked-episode-of-crime-stories/articleshow/87338720.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-06-07}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Netflix title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Netflix original ended series (2019–present)}}

[[Category:Netflix original documentary television series]]
[[Category:Indian documentary television series]]
[[Category:True crime television series]]

The Vakil

2025-10-12T21:10:12Z

GlendaBancroft: adding new post

{{Short description|Urdu language newspaper}}
{{Expand Urdu|date=November 2021|وکیل (اخبار)}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name =
| logo =
| image =
| type = Weekly
| format = Broadsheet
| owners = Sheikh Ghulam Muhammad
| founder =
| publisher =
| editor = Mirza Heyrat Dehlavi [[Insha Allah Khan]] [[Abul Kalam Azad|Abu Kalam Azad]] Abdullah Minhas Shujaullah
| chief_editor =
| associate_editor =
| staff_writers =
| founded = [[1895]]
| language = [[Urdu]]
| ceased_publication =
| headquarters = [[Amritsar]], [[British Raj]]
| circulation =
| sister_newspapers =
| ISSN =
| oclc =
| website =
| circulation_ref =
| circulation_date =
}}

'''The Vakil''' ({{langx|ur|{{nastaliq|وکیل}}}}) was an Urdu language newspaper published from [[Amritsar]] during the [[British Raj]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Khan Ata & the Historic Newspaper, The Vakil Amritsar - The Kashmir Monitor|url=https://www.thekashmirmonitor.net/khan-ata-historic-newspaper-vakil-amritsar/|access-date=2021-11-04|language=en-US}}</ref> Initially it was bi-weekly newspaper but later it became three days. This newspaper was started by [[Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi]]'s father Khan Ata Muhammad Khan in 1895 and published until about July 28, 1931.<ref name="Nasim Yousaf page 3">Nasim Yousaf, ''Pakistan's Freedom & Allama Mashriqi; Statements, Letters, Chronology of Khaksar Tehrik (Movement), Period: Mashriqi's Birth to 1947'', page 3.</ref>

The first editor of the newspaper was Mirza Hairat Dehlavi but separated after editing two pamphlets. In October of the same year, [[Insha Allah Khan]] became the editor.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Aḥmad|first=G̲h̲ulām|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wbwPAQAAMAAJ|title=Tadhkirah: English Translation of the Dreams, Visions and Verbal Revelations Vouchsafed to the Promised Messiah on Whom be Peace by Muhammad Zafrullah Khan|date=1976|publisher=Saffron Books|pages=178|language=en}}</ref> [[Abul Kalam Azad]] was associated with Vakil as one of the editor for five years, from 1903 to 1908.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Yousaf|first=Nasim|date=2018-02-22|title=Khan Ata Mohammad Mentored Abul Kalam Azad In His Early Days Of Activism|url=https://thecompanion.in/khan-ata-mohammad-mentored-abul-kalam-azad-early-days-activism|access-date=2021-11-04|website=The Companion|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Minault|first=Gail|title=The Khilafat Movement Religious Symbolism And Political Mobilization In India|date=2010|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|others=Inc Recorded Books|isbn=978-0-231-51539-9|location=[[New York City|New York]]|pages=39|oclc=945080017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Qaiyoom|first=Nishat|title=Maulana Azad's Journalistic Crusade Against Colonialism|date=2012|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44156263|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=73|pages=679, 680|jstor=44156263|issn=2249-1937}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book|last=Yousaf|first=Nasim|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J0RQrgEACAAJ|title=Men Like Allama Mashriqi Are Born Once in Centuries: A Collection of Articles|date=2015-03-19|publisher=AMZ Publications|isbn=978-0-9826110-4-3|language=en}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vakil}}
[[Category:1895 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Defunct Urdu-language newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:1931 disestablishments in India]]

Papa CJ

2025-09-15T12:50:30Z

GlendaBancroft: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Short description|Indian comedian}}
{{multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=October 2012}}
{{notability|Biographies|date=October 2012}}
{{more footnotes|date=December 2012}}
}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Papa CJ
| image = Papa CJ - black and white photo.jpg
| caption = Papa CJ in one of his show posters
| occupation = Stand-Up Comedian
| website = {{URL|http://PapaCJ.com/|www.papacj.com}}
}}

'''Papa CJ'''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Utpal |date=11 April 2020 |title=The Papa of Comedy |work=The Sunday Guardian |url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/culture/the-papa-of-comedy}}</ref> is a stand-up comedian from India. In November 2014, he won the 'Asia's Best Stand-up Comedian' award by ''Top 10'' Magazine in Kuala Lumpur. He has toured sell-out shows across five continents and in October 2011 he taped a Showtime USA Stand-up Comedy Special with [[Russell Peters]] in Amsterdam.

==Early life and career==
Papa CJ did his schooling at the [[Lawrence School Sanawar]] in India where he was the head boy and then went on to do an MBA at the [[University of Oxford]] from the [[Said Business School]].<ref name=PapaCJ>{{cite web |url=http://www.papacj.com/biog.htm |title=Papa CJ - International Stand-up Comedian from India - Biography |accessdate=2013-05-18 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130630024546/http://www.papacj.com/biog.htm |archivedate=2013-06-30 }}</ref>

He then worked as a management consultant in London. He has also worked as an executive coach and motivational speaker and has trained executives from over 50 blue chip companies all over the world.

==Comedy career==
After visiting the Edinburgh Fringe Festival in 2004, he gave up his corporate career and started performing stand-up comedy in November of that year. He has since performed in North America, Europe, Asia, Australia and Africa. After being a regular on the UK comedy circuit he moved back to New Delhi in early 2008, where he started off the English language stand-up comedy circuit in India and began grooming new talent. In 2008 he was also a contestant on ''[[Last Comic Standing 6]]'' on NBC, where from over 3000 worldwide contestants he made it to the final 10.

In 2009 Papa CJ became the first Indian comedian to be invited to perform at the [[Just for Laughs]] festival in Canada. In 2015 he became the first Indian comedian invited to do a solo show at the [[Melbourne International Comedy Festival]], where he took his comedy special 'Papa CJ | Naked'. He has performed multiple times at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival. In 2016 he sold out the [[Soho Theatre]] in London and got two standing ovations on his Broadway debut in New York when he headlined [[Carolines on Broadway]].

==Publishing career==
Papa CJ's debut book, an autobiography titled 'Naked', was published in the Indian subcontinent by Westland, an Amazon company, on 16 December 2019.

He has also written articles for multiple publications including [[Harvard Business Review]].

==Philanthropy==
Under his initiative called The Papa CJ Happiness Project, he performs in support of charitable causes across the world and particularly in India. In addition to fundraising shows he also performs free shows in hospitals and for long suffering patients in their homes.

==Motivational speaking, corporate training and executive coaching==
Papa CJ runs multiple different training modules for organisations, the most popular of which apply learnings from stand-up comedy into the personal and professional lives of people in the workplace.

Two unique sessions he runs are 'A Comedian's Guide to Communication Strategy' and 'Naked Leadership'. Naked Leadership is a unique approach towards leadership training that combines a multi-genre theatrical production with a learning activity that forces participants to reflect deeply and prioritise their personal and professional lives. They leave the session with a great sense of gratitude.

Papa CJ is regularly invited as a motivational speaker and has spoken on multiple platforms including [[TEDx]] and [[Josh Talks]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.PAPACJ.com}}
* Video clip: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jv2nVO4P7QU
* Razor TV Singapore - comedy in hospitals: https://web.archive.org/web/20131113211144/http://www.razor.tv/video/529118/comedian-brings-laughter-to-hospitals
* Malaysia's 89.9 BFM Radio interview: http://www.bfm.my/finding-the-funny-papa-cj
* Comedy Central: https://archive.today/20130419222850/http://press.comedycentral.co.uk/videos/50520
* Showtime USA: http://www.sho.com/sho/schedules/titles/141920/episode-105#/index
* Paramount Comedy UK: http://www.theworldstandsup.com/Comics-A-Z/cj.aspx
* Omni TV Canada: http://www.omniab.ca/programming/signatureseries/details.php?id=106
* BBC UK: https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8419225.stm
* NPR USA: http://m.npr.org/news/front/17680952?page=5
*BBC UK: <nowiki>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8419225.stm bbc.co.uk]</nowiki>
*CAREER AHEAD INDIA:
https://www.careerahead.in/post/q-a-with-papa-cj

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cj, Papa}}
[[Category:Indian stand-up comedians]]
[[Category:Last Comic Standing contestants]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of Saïd Business School]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Rajinder Kumar (footballer)

2025-09-12T22:06:18Z

GlendaBancroft: formatting fix

{{short description|Indian footballer (born 1993)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Rajinder Kumar
| image =
| image_size = 150
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1993|4|3|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chandigarh]], India
| height = {{height|m=1.75}}
| currentclub = [[Bharat FC]]
| clubnumber = 24
| position = [[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
| youthyears1 = 2007–2010
| youthclubs1 = [[Chandigarh football team|Chandigarh FA]]
| years1 = 2012–2013
| clubs1 = [[Pailan Arrows]]
| caps1 = 18
| goals1 = 1
| years2 = 2013–2014
| clubs2 = [[United S.C.|United]]
| caps2 = 0
| goals2 = 0
| years3 = 2015–
| clubs3 = [[Bharat FC]]
| caps3 = 7
| goals3 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 2011
| nationalteam1 = [[India national under-19 football team|India U19]]
| nationalcaps1 = 3
|nationalgoals1 = 0
| club-update = 19 April 2015
| nationalteam-update =
}}

'''Rajinder Kumar''' (born 3 April 1993, in [[Chandigarh]]) is an Indian [[association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Forward (association football)|forward]] for [[Bharat FC]] in the [[I-League]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Rajinder Kumar|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/people/india/84434/rajinder-kumar|publisher=Goal.com|access-date=21 January 2014|archive-date=21 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121214737/http://www.goal.com/en-india/people/india/84434/rajinder-kumar|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career==

===Pailan Arrows===
Kumar made his professional debut for [[Pailan Arrows]] on 19 September 2012 against [[Dempo S.C.]] in the first match of the [[2012 Indian Federation Cup]] where Pailan drew against the reigning [[I-League]] champions 1–1.<ref>{{cite web|last=Vaz|first=John|title=Pailan Arrows 1-1 Dempo SC: Arrows hold the Goan heavyweights to secure a point|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/91296/dempo-sports-club-vs-pailan-arrows/report|work=Goal.com|accessdate=25 December 2012|archive-date=23 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923232810/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/91296/dempo-sports-club-vs-pailan-arrows/report|url-status=live}}</ref> Kumar scored his first ever goal of his career on 12 January 2013 against [[Air India FC]] in the I-League at the [[Balewadi Sports Complex]] in [[Pune]] to help Pailan Arrows draw the match 1–1.<ref>{{cite web|last=Srivastava|first=Ayush|title=Air India 1–1 Pailan Arrows: An inspired Soram Poirei helps Pailan Arrows grab a point|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/96228/air-india-vs-pailan-arrows/report|work=Goal.com|date=12 January 2013|access-date=13 January 2013|archive-date=16 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116173946/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/96228/air-india-vs-pailan-arrows/report}}</ref>

===United===
Kumar signed for [[United S.C.]] in January 2014. He made his debut on 14 January 2014 in the [[Indian Federation Cup]] match against [[Churchill Brothers]] at [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Kochi]] in which he came on as a substitute for [[C. K. Vineeth]] in the 63rd minute as United lost the match 2–1.<ref>{{cite web|title=Churchill Brothers SC 2–1 United Sports Club: The Goan side held on to get off to a winning start|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/122938/churchill-brothers-sc-vs-united-sports-club/report|work=Goal.com|accessdate=21 January 2014|archive-date=21 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121125905/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/122938/churchill-brothers-sc-vs-united-sports-club/report?|first1=Anselm|last1=Noronha|date=21 January 2014}}</ref>

==Career statistics==

===Club===
{{updated|17 January 2013}}<ref>{{soccerway|rajinder-kumar/267285}}</ref>


{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="2"|League
!colspan="2"|Federation Cup
!colspan="2"|Durand Cup
!colspan="2"|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
| rowspan="1"| [[Pailan Arrows]]
|[[2012-13 I-League|2012–13]]
|18||1||1||0||0||0||—||—||19||1
|-
|[[United S.C.|United]]
|[[2013–14 I-League|2013–14]]
|0||0||3||0||0||0||-||-||3||0
|-
|[[Bharat FC]]
|[[2014–15 I-League|2014–15]]
|3||0||0||0||0||0||-||-||3||0
|-
! colspan="2" | Career total
!21!!1!!4!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!25!!1
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{United S.C. squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Rajinder}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Footballers from Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Indian Arrows players]]
[[Category:United SC players]]
[[Category:India men's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:Men's association football forwards]]

Anurag Singh (musician)

2025-07-02T20:51:40Z

GlendaBancroft: Added a bio

{{BLP sources|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Anurag Singh
| image = Anurag Singh.jpg
| caption = Anurag Singh playing vichitra veena
| image_size =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1966|9|2}}
| years_active = 1977–present
| origin =
| occupation = [[Vichitra Veena]] Player
| instrument = [[Vichitra veena]]
| genre = [[Indian classical music]]
}}

'''Anurag Singh''' (born 2 September 1966) is a player of [[vichitra veena]]. He has received various awards, scholarships and junior fellowship in [[vichitra veena]]. He was born in the city of [[Amritsar]], India to the Late Shri [[Brahm Sarup Singh]]. Anurag Singh belongs to the family of musicians. He has received many awards and scholarships, including a junior fellowship in vichitra veena.<ref name="Youtube">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GO4T2B46e2Y|title=Anurag Singh on DD National TV|via=YouTube}}</ref> {{citation needed|date=December 2015}}

==Early life and career==

Anurag Singh was trained in Vocal Classical music by his father. He later received training in [[sitar]] and further in [[vichitra veena]].
He did Sangeet Bhaskar [[Master of Music|(M.Mus.)]] in Vocal Classical Music, Sangeet Visharad [[Bachelor of Music|(B.Mus.)]] in [[Vichitra Veena]], Sangeet Visharad [[Bachelor of Music|(B.Mus.)]] in [[Sitar]], Sangeet Bhushan (Senior Diploma) in [[Guitar]] and Sangeet Prabhakar [[Bachelor of Music|(B.Mus.)]] in [[Tabla]].<ref name="moovyshoovy">{{cite web|url=http://www.moovyshoovy.com/watch-online/bengali_movie_Raag-Anuraag/Video/Anurag-Singh-Vichitra-Veena-Raga-Bairagi-Tabla-Pradeep-Banerjee/crs=youtube/vid_ID=0xsfbvBJGL1|title=Anurag Singh Playing Vichitra Veena|publisher=moovyshoovy|access-date=22 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222191053/http://www.moovyshoovy.com/watch-online/bengali_movie_Raag-Anuraag/Video/Anurag-Singh-Vichitra-Veena-Raga-Bairagi-Tabla-Pradeep-Banerjee/crs=youtube/vid_ID=0xsfbvBJGL1|archive-date=22 December 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="emp3">{{cite web|url=http://www.emp3.ws/mp3/great-beenkars-brahm-sarup-singh-vichitra-veena-raga-patdeep-tabla-manmohan-singh.html|title=Anurag Singh – Vichitra Veena|publisher=emp3}}</ref> He was honored by Delhi Sanskrit Academy Award on 9 August 2014, for composing Sanskrit Shlokas and [[Qawwali]].

He has been working as a Music Teacher in DAV public school, Delhi Since 1989.
{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

==Awards==
*He was honoured with National Award in Vichitra Veena Recital in the year 1997.
*He was honoured with National Award in Vichitra Veena Recital in the year 2002.
*He was honoured with National Award in Vichitra Veena Recital in the year 2004.
*He was honoured with National Award in Vichitra Veena Recital in the year 2006.
{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Anurag}}
[[Category:Vichitra veena players]]
[[Category:Indian sitar players]]
[[Category:All India Radio people]]
[[Category:Musicians from Amritsar]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Late Bhausaheb Hiray Smaranik Samiti Trust

2025-06-08T13:33:14Z

GlendaBancroft: created!

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2010}}
{{Coord|19.0664671|72.846769|display=title}}

'''Late Bhausaheb Hiray Smaranik Samiti Trust (LBHSST)''' (also known as ''Hiray College'' Or ''Bhausaheb Hiray College'') is an Indian college located at [[Bandra]], Mumbai. Its course include [[Master's degree]] in Computer Application, Architecture, Applied Arts and Interior Design.

==Masters in computer applications==
Information Technology Department was established in 1994, which started with MCA since 2001. This MCA programme is affiliated to [[University of Mumbai]] and approved by [[All India Council Of Technology]]. All students are selected on the basis of an entrance test covering topics on aptitude and computer concepts. It is a three-year full-time [[postgraduate]] course to which graduates from any field with mathematics at 10+2 level are eligible for admission. The duration of three years is divided in six [[semester]]s. The first Five semesters are class room training on theoretical concepts whereas 6th semester consist of Industrial Training to have hands on experience on live projects of industry. This helps them to get ready, to enter the industry. The final year includes one foreign language, which is mandatory for every student to go through. the curriculum has a strong core covering Information Technology, Business Management & Mathematics, along with the technical knowledge. Many students gets placed through campus recruitment.

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.hiray.org.in}}
*[http://www.educationinfoindia.com/underconstr/m_lalabahusahebhireenggp.htm LBHSST on educationinfoindia.com]
*[http://wikimapia.org/375773/ LBHSST, Bandra on Wikimapia]
{{authority control}}
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Mumbai]]

Free Presbyterian Church, Kalimpong

2025-06-02T09:23:10Z

GlendaBancroft:

{{Short description|Church in Kalimpong}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Portal|Reformed Christianity}}
The '''Free Presbyterian Church, Kalimpong''' is a conservative [[Reformed church|Reformed]] and [[Presbyterian]] church in northern [[India]]. In this part of India the [[Church of Scotland]] missionaries did large mission work since 1870. This mission withdrew from the country in 1948. In 1970 several [[Christianity|Christian]] denomination become part of the [[Church of North India]]. This denomination accepted the [[episcopal polity|episcopal]] church government. Opposition against this government grew significantly in different areas to form a new denomination. In 1972 the Free Presbyterian Church, Kalimpong was formed as a separated church. It expanded rapidly and an addition of 4 congregation were instituted. Later a [[Presbyterian polity#Presbytery|Presbytery]] was formed. Two districts were formed the [[Darjeeling]] and [[Kalimpong]]. Now it has 22 congregations and 35 not yet instituted churches, 9 pastors 30 full-time and 12 part-time evangelists. Sister church relations with the [[Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (Liberated)]] was established in May 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbk.gkv.nl/india/705/|title = BBK.GKV » India}}</ref>

The church main goal is to establish dozens of congregations in the [[Himalaya]] foothills area. In 2012 more than 160 people come to faith by evangelism in the region. In the neighbouring [[Bhutan]] the first church was also founded.<ref>[http://www.deverrenaasten.nl/nl/projects/view/41/india-pfc-missionair-werk-hef www.deverrenaasten.nl/nl/projects/view/41/india-pfc-missionair-werk-hef]</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1972 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Presbyterianism in India]]
[[Category:Reformed denominations in Asia]]
[[Category:Kalimpong]]

{{India-stub}}
{{Presbyterianism-stub}}

Chaturbhuj Temple (Orchha)

2025-05-05T00:13:25Z

GlendaBancroft: Created initial place first draft.

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Chaturbhuj Temple (Orchha)
| image = Chaturbhuj Temple, Orchha.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Chaturbhuj Temple at [[Orchha]]
| map_type = India Madhya Pradesh
| map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh
| coordinates = {{coord|25|21|0|N|78|8|24|E|type:landmark_region:IN-MP_source:kolossus-dewiki|display=inline,title}}
| country = India
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Niwari district]]
| location = [[Orchha]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Dedicated to [[Rama]] (a form of [[Vishnu]])
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Nagara architecture]], [[Māru-Gurjara architecture]]
| temple_quantity = 1
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed = 16th century
| creator = [[Bundela]] Rulers of [[Orchha State]]
| website =
|}}

'''Chaturbhuj Temple''', dedicated to [[Vishnu]], is situated at [[Orchha]] in [[Madhya Pradesh, India]]. The name ''[[Chaturbhuj]]'' is a combination of 'chatur' meaning "four" and 'bhuj' meaning "arms" which literally translates to "one who has four arms" and refers to [[Rama]] an [[Avatar]] of [[Vishnu]].{{Sfn|Mitra|2009|p=43}} The temple has a complex multi-storied structural view which is a blend of temple, fort and palatial architectural features.{{Sfn|Singh|Singh|1991|p=57}}{{Sfn|Asher|2003|p=57}}

The temple was originally built to deify an image of Rama, as the chief deity, which was installed in the Rama Raja Temple inside the Orchha Fort complex. At present an image of [[Radha Krishna]] is worshiped in the temple.{{Sfn|Mitra|2009|p=43}} The temple is noted for having one of the [[List of tallest Gopurams#Tallest Vimana|tallest Vimana]] among [[Hindu temple]]s standing at 344 feet.

==Location==
The temple is located in the Orchha town, just outside the limits of the [[Orchha Fort complex]], to the south of the Rama Raja Temple.{{Sfn|Mitra|2009|p=43}} It is in an island formed by the Betwa River.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hooja |first1=Rima |last2=Jain |first2=Shikha |title=Conserving Fortified Heritage: The Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Fortifications and World Heritage, New Delhi, 2015 |date=23 September 2016 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-9637-5 |page=120 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8CFUDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA120 |language=en}}</ref> Orchha is accessible by air from [[Gwalior]] airport which is {{Convert|119|km}} away; regular flights operate from [[Delhi]] and [[Bhopal]]. By road it is accessible from a diversion from the [[Jhansi]]-[[Khajuraho]] highway. The nearest rail-head is Jhansi which is {{Convert|16|km}} away.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.196.72/mptourism/pages/23/orchha.html|title=Orchha|publisher=Official website of Madhya Pradesh Tourism|access-date=30 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031836/http://164.100.196.72/mptourism/pages/23/orchha.html|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==History==
The temple was constructed by the [[Bundela]] [[Rajput]]s of the kingdom of [[Orchha State|Orchha]] during the reign of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar]].<ref name=Orcha>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/c/019pho0000002s4u00059000.html|title=Chutr-bhuj Temple at Orcha|publisher=British Library|access-date=13 February 2014|archive-date=21 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121063957/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/c/019pho0000002s4u00059000.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Its construction was begun by [[Madhukar Shah]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/travel/1998/jul/17snap6.htm|title= Quick Breaks: Orchha|publisher=Rediff}}</ref> and completed by his son, [[Vir Singh Deo]]<ref name=Temple>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/i/019pho000001003u01516000.html|title=Interior of the Chaturbhuj Temple from the entrance archway, Orchha|publisher=British Library|access-date=13 February 2014|archive-date=22 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222141925/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/i/019pho000001003u01516000.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> in the 16th century.{{Sfn|Asher|2003|p=57}} Madhukar Shah built the temple for his wife, Rani Ganeshkuwari.{{Sfn|Mitra|2009|p=43}}

According to a local legend, the temple was built after the queen had a "dream visitation" by Lord Rama directing her to build a temple for Him; while Madhukar Shah was a devotee of [[Krishna]], his wife's dedication was to Rama. Following the approval to build the Chaturbhuja Temple, the queen went to [[Ayodhya]] to obtain an image of Lord Rama that was to be enshrined in her new temple. When she came back from Ayodhya with the image of Rama, initially she kept the idol in her palace, called Rani Mahal, as the Chaturbhuj Temple was still under construction. She was, however, unaware of an injunction that the image to be deified in a temple could not be kept in a palace. Once the temple construction was completed and the idol of the lord had to be moved for installation at the Chatrubhuj Temple, it refused to be shifted from the palace. Hence, instead of the Chaturbuj temple, the Rama's idol remained in the palace whereas the Chaturbhuj Temple remained without an idol in its sanctum. As Rama was worshiped in the palace it was converted into the [[Ram Raja Temple]]; it is the only shrine in the country where Rama is worshiped as a king.<ref>{{cite book|title=Temples of Madhya Pradesh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=THW_OkoTuE4C&pg=PA52|publisher=Goodearth Publications|isbn=978-93-80262-49-9|pages=52–}}</ref>

The management of the temple on a day-to-day basis is the responsibility of the Ram Raja Trust. However, the conservation of the temple structure itself is under the control of the State Archaeology Department.{{Sfn|Mitra|2009|p=44}}

==Features==
[[File:Old temple, Orchha.jpg|thumb|250px|Chaturbhuj Temple at Orchha, is noted for having one of the [[List of tallest Gopurams#Tallest Vimana|tallest Vimana]] among [[Hindu temple]]s standing at 344 feet.]]
The Chaturbhuj temple has tall spires in the shape of pine cones built atop a high platform of {{Convert|4.5| m}} height. The overall height of the temple is {{Convert|105|m}} high and its layout is compared to that of a [[Basilica]] and planned to resemble the four arms of Vishnu for whom it was built.{{Sfn|Mitra|2009|p=43}}<ref name=Temple/> The imposing view of the temple is that of multi-storied palace with arcaded openings, a very large entrance, a large central tower and fortifications.{{Sfn|Asher|2003|p=57}} The climb to the temple facade involves climbing steep and narrow steps numbering 67, each of about {{Convert|1|m}} height, forming a winding stairway.{{Sfn|Mitra|2009|p=44}} The interior has many halls and the main hall or [[mandapa]] of the temple is built in the shape of a cross or cruciform and is stated to be a mix of [[Māru-Gurjara architecture]], and it is at right angles to the [[Lobby (room)|vestibule]], of identical layout on either side.{{Sfn|Mitra|2009|p=43}}

The temple's exterior is richly ornamented with lotus symbols. The building displays a blend of religious and secular styles taken from temple and fort architecture. The temple faces east and is located on an axis with the nearby [[Ram Raja Temple|Ram Mandir]], which is inside Orchha Fort complex. However, there is not much ornamentation in the interior part of the temple.{{Sfn|Mitra|2009|p=43}}<ref name=Temple/> The ceiling of the central dome, which has several kiosks, is covered with bloomed lotuses. The exterior architectural features include "petaled stone moldings, painted floral and geometric designs, cornices supported on lotus bud pendantive brackets, jewelled stone girdles, false balcony projections".{{Sfn|Asher|2003|p=57}}

It is said that the towers of the temple, when built, had been covered with gold plating which over the years has been pilfered.{{Sfn|Mitra|2009|p=43}}

The roof of the temple is accessible from where one can see the scenic views of the Orchha town, the winding Betwa River, the Sawan Bhadon, the Rama Raja Temple and the imposing Laxmi Narayan temple some distance away.{{Sfn|Mitra|2009|p=43}}

==See also==
* [[List of tallest structures built before the 20th century]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

'''Bibliography'''
*{{cite book|last= Asher|first=Frederick M. |title=Art of India: Prehistory to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7fzpAAAAMAAJ|year=2003|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|isbn=978-0-85229-813-8}}
*{{cite book|last= Mitra |first=Swati |title=Orchha, Travel Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zLLHrrD8KrUC&pg=PA43|year=2009|publisher=Goodearth Publications|isbn=978-81-87780-91-5}}
*{{cite book|last1= Singh|first1=Ajai Pal|last2= Singh |first2=Shiv Pal |title=Monuments of Orchha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RQYcAAAAIAAJ|year=1991|publisher=Agam Kala Prakasha}}
{{commons category|Chaturbhuj Temple, Orchha}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Tikamgarh district]]
[[Category:Vishnu temples]]
[[Category:Orchha]]
[[Category:Rajput architecture]]

Basant Mohanty

2025-04-04T00:51:36Z

GlendaBancroft: added info

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1986)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Basant Mohanty
| image =
| country = India
| fullname = Basantkumar Chintamani Mohanty
| nickname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1986|11|24|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Cuttack]], [[Odisha]], India
| heightft =
| heightinch =
| heightm =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm medium
| role = [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowler]]
| club1 = [[Odisha cricket team|Odisha]]
| year1 = 2007/08–present
| clubnumber1 =
| columns = 2
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches1 = 91
| runs1 = 646
| bat avg1 = 14.35
| 100s/50s1 = 0/2
| top score1 = 60[[not out|*]]
| deliveries1 = 9190
| wickets1 = 354
| bowl avg1 = 22.34
| fivefor1 = 21
| tenfor1 = 2
| best bowling1 = 7/27
| catches/stumpings1 = 7/-
| column2 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches2 = 31
| runs2 = 31
| bat avg2 = 31.00
| 100s/50s2 = 0/0
| top score2 = 15*
| deliveries2 = 198
| wickets2 = 43
| bowl avg2 = 28.40
| fivefor2 = 1
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 5/23
| catches/stumpings2 = 0/-
| date = 23 January
| year = 2019
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/324477.html ESPNcricinfo
}}

'''Basant Mohanty''' (born 24 November 1986) is an Indian [[cricket]]er who plays as a medium-pace bowler for [[Odisha cricket team|Odisha]] in domestic cricket.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/324477.html Basant Mohanty – ESPNcricinfo]</ref> He is a right-arm medium-fast bowler and has represented [[East Zone cricket team|East Zone]] in [[Duleep Trophy]]. He was in the winning team Western Samurai Rourkela in 1st edition of Odisha Premiere League and was in Subarnarekha team in the second season.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-domestic-2012/content/squad/586234.html East Zone squad, 2012/13 Duleep Trophy]</ref>

He was the leading wicket-taker for Odisha in the [[2018–19 Ranji Trophy]], with 44 dismissals in eight matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=12592;team=2039;type=tournament |title=Ranji Trophy, 2018/19 – Odisha: Batting and bowling averages |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 January 2019}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/324477.html ESPNcricinfo]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohanty, Basant}}
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Odisha cricketers]]
[[Category:East Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Cuttack]]

{{India-cricket-bio-1986-stub}}

Yerukala

2025-02-12T04:09:34Z

GlendaBancroft:

'''Yerukala''' or '''Yerukula''' may refer to:
* [[Yerukala people]], a local name for the Koravar people of Tamil Nadu, India
* [[Yerukala language]], their Dravidian language

{{Disambiguation}}

Sachin Naik

2024-10-16T00:16:27Z

GlendaBancroft: adding a pg!

{{Short description|Indian painter (1978–2018)}}

'''Sachin Naik''' (1978 – 6 December 2018) was an Indian painter and [[printmaker]], best remembered for his [[watercolour painting]]s, most notably those of [[Pune]] and [[History of Goa|historic Goa]]. A graduate of the [[University of Hyderabad]] and [[Goa University]], his works have been exhibited at the [[Kala Academy]], the [[Institute Menezes Braganza]], the [[Jehangir Art Gallery]], and the [[Lalit Kala Akademi]]. He briefly taught watercolor painting at the [[Savitribai Phule Pune University]] before his death. A posthumous exhibition of his work was exhibited at the [[Darpan Art Gallery]] in 2019. He received the [[Yuva Srujan Puraskar]] for [[fine art]] in 2017.<ref>{{cite news |title=Watercolor Artist Web-Exclusive {{!}} Sachin Naik |url=https://www.artistsnetwork.com/art-mediums/watercolor/sachin-naik-watercolor-gallery/ |access-date=22 February 2024 |work=Artists Network |date=31 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Debarati Palit |title=Remembering the master |url=https://www.thebridgechronicle.com/lifestyle/art-culture/remembering-master-32516 |access-date=22 February 2024 |work=The Bridge Chronicle |date=5 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Khan |first1=Ashwin |title=A wide CANVAS |url=https://punemirror.com/entertainment/unwind/a-wide-canvas/cid5096310.htm |access-date=22 February 2024 |work=Pune Mirror |date=30 April 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=MINISTER FOR ART AND CULTURE SHRI GAUDE PRESENTS 'YUVA SRUJAN PURASKAR 2017' |url=https://www.goanreporter.com/minister-for-art-and-culture-shri-gaude-presents-yuva-srujan-puraskar-2017/ |access-date=22 February 2024 |work=Goan Reporter |date=18 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Getting your art nominated itself is a prestige'- says artist Sachin Naik |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2017/02/26/magazines/buzz/getting-your-art-nominated-itself-is-a-prestige-says-artist-sachin-naik/ |access-date=22 February 2024 |work=The Navhind Times |date=26 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sachin Naik |url=https://collection.waswoxwaswo.com/new-talents-gallery.php?galleryid=81 |website=The Waswo X. Waswo Collection of Indian Printmaking |access-date=22 February 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naik, Sachin}}
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Indian watercolourists]]
[[Category:Indian printmakers]]
[[Category:University of Hyderabad alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian painters]]

{{India-painter-stub}}

Indian Sociological Society

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GlendaBancroft: page fix

{{Infobox organization
| name = Indian Sociological Society
| headquarters = [[New Delhi]], India
| formation = {{Start date|1951|}}
| website= {{URL|http://www.insoso.org}}
}}

'''Indian Sociological Society''' ('''ISS''') is a professional body of sociologists in [[India]].<ref name=j1>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/indian-sociological-society-turns-60/article2715846.ece |title=Indian Sociological Society turns 60 |work=The Hindu |date=2011-12-15 |accessdate=2013-03-31}}</ref> It publishes academic research journals, the '''''Sociological Bulletin''''' in English and the '''''Bhartiya Samajshastra Sameeksha''''' in Hindi language.<ref name=j4/>

== History ==

In December 1951, the ''Indian Sociological Society'' was registered in [[Bombay]] by an initiative of its Founder-President (1951-1966), Prof. G. S. Ghurye, who was then Head of the Department of Sociology at [[University of Bombay]]. Prof. J. V. Fereira and Prof. K. M. Kapadia were the founding Secretaries.<ref name=j2>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-11/delhi/30504136_1_jnu-sociologists-sociology-conference |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411035041/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-11/delhi/30504136_1_jnu-sociologists-sociology-conference |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-04-11 |title=Sociology conference at JNU today |date=2011-12-11 |work=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=2013-03-31}}</ref>

== Activities ==

=== Lifetime Achievement Awards ===

From time to time, ISS grants the ''Lifetime Achievement Award'' to those who contribute to the advancement of knowledge and research in the field of sociology.<ref>"Remembering Professor Arvind M. Shah, a Genial Doyen of Sociology", The Wire, 21 Sep 2020.</ref>

=== Publication of academic journals ===

From March 1952, ISS started publishing a biannual english language academic research journal titled ''Sociological Bulletin''.<ref name=j2/> From January 2014, ISS started publishing a hindi language academic research journal titled ''Bhartiya Samajshastra Sameeksha''.<ref name=j4>[http://www.insoso.org/publications/sameeksha Publication of new journal called Sameeksha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530064946/http://insoso.org/publications/sameeksha |date=2023-05-30 }}, insoso.org, accessed 14 sept 2021.</ref>

=== Seminars ===

It occasionally holds seminars/workshops on selected themes of National Importance. For example, its Diamond Jubilee seminar was attended by over 2000 sociologists from several nations across the world, which was inaugurate by the [[Vice President of India]], [[Mohammad Hamid Ansari|Hamid Ansari]].<ref name=j2/>

== See also ==

* [[Indian Council of Social Science Research]] (ICSSR)
* [[The Indian Sociologist]]
* [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]]

== References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.insoso.org/index.php official website]

{{Sociology2}}
{{Social sciences}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sociological organizations]]
[[Category:Scientific organizations established in 1951]]
[[Category:Professional associations based in India]]
[[Category:Academic journals published in India]]
[[Category:Sociology journals]]